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Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we

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continue speaking about the commonwealth and the

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restoration. In terms of politics, this is an age,

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an era that is so restless. that is so messed up

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in so many ways, because for the first time in the

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history of modern England, we see the king

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executed. And for the first time, England is ruled

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not by a king,

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but by a ruler who does the job probably maybe he

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was better than the king in many ways But again,

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politically speaking, historically speaking, the

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removal of the king, the execution, he wasn't only

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removed, he was executed. Remember, we've seen

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this in literature, we've seen this in

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Shakespeare. And this is how interesting how

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literature prepares people, fiction creates

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reality in a way or another, prepares. But no

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matter how many times you see the king dead,

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killed, On stage, when it happened, people were

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shocked in so many ways because the idea of the

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king and the monarchy was deeply rooted in the

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mentalities, in the mindsets, in the minds of the

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English people. Cromwell rules for about 10 years.

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He was successful, powerful. We've seen people

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praise him. Marvel, and also John Milton, and many

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other people wrote good poetry about him, praised

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him in a way that, again, people praised the kings

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and the queens before.

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When he was old, when he passed away, when he

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died, he was followed, again, ironically, by his

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own son. That's funny. Remember I said in a way

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it's ironic because you remove the king because of

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corruption and sins and vices and deterioration

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and breakdown of many things. But when a ruler

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comes, this should help pave the way, prepare the

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people to a democratic process of choosing their

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own leaders and their own rulers. However, His son

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came after him and he was so weak. I think no

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matter how good he was, he wouldn't be good enough

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because he can't be compared to his father. And

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that's called the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell

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and then his son about 11, 12 years. However, he

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was followed with the death of Cromwell and the

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rule of his son ended abruptly because the people

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decided to bring the king back again. So Oliver's

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son, I don't know his name, excuse me, just go. We

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want the king. We can't live without the king

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because the king gives us security and safety,

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provides us with protection, and because the king

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is part of our culture and tradition and

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literature and society and life and mentality and

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many things. We said in this era, literature has

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become highly political. Remember there was

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nationalism, the strong sense of the English

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identity and nationalism in poetry before where

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you love England, you love the Thames, you love

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the Queen, you praise the Queen. We've seen

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Spencer praising, you know, the fairy queen. But

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now there's political division. Poetry is

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political in the sense that there are two

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political parties and you side with one against

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the other. Now imagine this. Many people,

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including poets and intellectuals, sided with the

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Commonwealth,

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with Oliver Cromwell. When he died and the king

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was restored, they were in trouble. They were in

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real trouble. Some of them were arrested, some of

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them were punished in one way or another. We spoke

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about Andrew Marvell before. Andrew Marvell became

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a politician himself. He started as a poet, but

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later on he ran for president. He was a member of

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the parliament. And although he was a member of

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the parliament, he was almost arrested. John

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Milton, our friend here today, was arrested

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because of his support to the Commonwealth. Some

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say he could have been executed, or he could have

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spent a lot of time in prison. But it was thanks

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to his friend, Andrew Marvell, that helped release

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him. And that's not all bad, because in prison he

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wrote some really good literature. And Milton, by

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the way, when he grew up, he started to lose his

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sight and eventually he went blind. Still, he

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wrote some of the best English poetry ever. Today,

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we'll spend some time, a journey with John Milton.

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A major 17th century poet. A poet who was in many

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ways trying to have influence on the whole English

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literature. He wanted to be as famous, as

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influential as Chaucer himself. And interesting

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how people always go back to Chaucer just to, if

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they want to do great things. And he wanted

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English literature to compete, to be independent

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of Europe in many ways. So he wrote several texts.

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We'll mention some of them. We'll study probably

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in a way, in bits and pieces, two of them. The

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first one is Paradise Lost. Paradise. You know

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paradise? Heaven. Heaven, yeah. What does this

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translate into Arabic? How does it translate into

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Arabic? Yeah, Arabic.

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It has a poetic translation in Arabic.

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Because you're

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not studying translation yet. When you do, you

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will see how sometimes you change a little bit so

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you give it the poetic sense. And later on, he

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wrote another text called Paradise.

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Regained. You know regained? It means restored.

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The restoration. And then the third text is called

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Samson Agonist.

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Have you ever heard of Samson? Samson. Samson.

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Samson. Samson. The text takes place in Gaza by

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the way. So the guy is Gazan like us. Yeah,

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Samsung. Samsung. Does it ring a bell? Samsung.

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There's a character in Spongebob. Samsung.

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Samsung. Simpsons. No, not the Simpsons. Samsung.

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Shamshoon. Yeah, Shamshoon, that's it. Shamshoon

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Al Jabbar, we know this. Yeah, yes. But we'll talk

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about it probably this class, if not the next

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class. John Milton, again, wanted to do something

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great, to write an epic poem. Oh, no, epic poem, a

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very long poem about important issues, important

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themes, important characters, important myths. At

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the beginning, he thought of writing something

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about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round

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Table. You know why he chose this particular text?

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Because everything about it is pure English. I

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don't know why, but he dropped that idea. But

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again, notice how he's intentionally, consciously

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planning something, because he wants to write.

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This is not a sonnet. It's a poem. Paradise Lost

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is about 10,000 lines.

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10,000 lines, Paradise Lost. That's an epic poem.

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What is it about? Do you have any idea? Paradise.

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Who could be the main characters, the characters

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in it? Religious? Who? The king. Bigger than them.

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He's more ambitious. Adam and Eve. Who else? The

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devil. Satan. Angels. Demons. Who else? More

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significant. God. This is how ambitious he is. But

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it's funny because these are not English people

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and the events don't take place in England. But

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still this is an English text, a major epic

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English text poem, which shows his attempt to do

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this. So the major characters in Paradise Lost are

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God, Satan, Adam, Eve, you should know, you should

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be familiar with these, you know, names. We have

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Adam, you know Adam already. And Eve, this is Eve.

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You know, Christmas Eve. Eve, God, Satan. And we

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have God. And this takes place in heaven,

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paradise. There is a garden of Eden. Garden of

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Eden, Jannat Adan, right? And then we have the

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original sin.

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What's the original sin? This is a Christian term,

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by the way. The original sin is when Adam and Eve

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disobeyed God and ate from the tree of knowledge.

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Tree of knowledge.

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In Islam, we're not sure whether this is an apple

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tree or what. In Christianity, it's mentioned that

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this is an apple tree. In Islam, it's not stated

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whether it was Eve who started, you know, munching

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at the apple, the fruit. In Christianity, it's not

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about that. It's also who you blame more. In

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Christianity, it's clear that Eve starts munching

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at the apple. Right? That's why there is this

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thing that many religious people do this like they

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accuse women in general of committing the first

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sin and causing the fall of Adam, the fall of

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humanity. The fall of humanity from heaven to

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earth, from mercy to sin. Very interesting stuff.

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The fall, you know, fall down because of the

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original sin because Now, we know the biblical

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story. It's similar to the story we have in Islam,

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with tiny little differences. In Islam, again,

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both of them, Adam and Eve, are to blame. And

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sometimes Adam is blamed more. But here, in

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Christianity, we have something different. In the

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text, he takes the story, but he changes it a

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little bit. When you read the story, I'm not sure

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if you can read 10,000 lines now that you have

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midterm exams, but who knows? Maybe you can watch

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some extracts or a dramatization on YouTube. When

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you read the text, you will find that, you will

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feel that the author, John Milton, in a way

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humanizes Satan. Presents sometimes, presents

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Satan as the hero. sometimes equally blaming God,

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Adam, Eve, and Satan equally for what happened.

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And that's why the text is controversial. You know

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the word controversial? Yes. Controversial,

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debatable. Some people don't like it. Some people

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like it. Some people disagree with many things. So

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why does it create controversy here? This because?

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Because he changes the thoughts and he blames as

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well. He changes the Christian idea by one

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presenting who as the hero. But the antagonist.

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The antagonist, Satan. In Islam and in

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Christianity and other religions, Satan is the

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embodiment of evil, the pure evil. Yes. But here,

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he's not. He's real. You feel sorry for him. So if

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you're reading this and you feel sorry for Satan,

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it doesn't mean you are evil. It means the author.

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It means the author is smart, is genius. We do

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this. We watch Hollywood movies. Did you watch The

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Sniper? Yeah. Sniper is a horrible movie about an

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American soldier, war criminal actually, who kills

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over 100, around 150 Iraqis. Some of them women,

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some of them kids, some of them innocent civilian

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people. You watch the movie and you feel sorry for

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him. Yeah, you feel sorry for him in a way. You

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don't have to feel sorry for him, by the way,

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because he's a murderer. But that is how

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influential literature is and movie production is.

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You know? Change your attitudes and sympathize

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with people usually you don't sympathize in real

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life. So this created a huge controversy. Still

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does. Many Christians, for example, don't like

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this. Because they see that the author is equally

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blaming not only Zeta, not only Adam and Eve, but

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also God. Like, this shouldn't have happened. Some

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people, by the way, some people read the whole

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thing as an allegory. An allegory of the

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commonwealth and the restoration. So the

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commonwealth is, I don't know, heaven. And because

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people don't do a good job after Cromwell, they

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fell down. They fall. And then the king is

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restored, where the king, the restoration here

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represents earth and sin. Because after that,

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after the commonwealth, the guy was not doing a

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good job. Later on, in a way, Adam and Eve go down

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to Earth to the unknown, to human knowledge. Later

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on, he wrote another poem, just so you know.

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Paradise Regained. Paradise Regained. In which,

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how would you, in Christianity, how is Paradise

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Regained? What do you expect? Maybe Adam and Eve

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are God's... No, later on, after Adam and Eve.

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How? Who leads humanity to regain paradise? No,

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Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ because Jesus Christ

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suffers for humanity. and leads humanity from sin,

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corruption, vices, to virtue, to salvation, back

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to heaven. And that's why it's regained. At the

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end, I'll tell you the story of Samson Agones. So

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let's go through Milton's Paradise Lost again,

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step by step. Unless someone has a question to

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ask. Please. What is the difference between

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allegory and symbolism? Generally, an allegory is

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a longer story, a bigger story. Like the whole

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story could be an allegory. But symbolism could be

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part of a story. So this is the basic thing you

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need to know. So if you're writing a story, and in

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your story there is a dove. The dove symbolizes

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peace, love, purity, right? Snow. Snow symbolizes

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purity, whiteness, et cetera. But the whole story

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could be an allegory. But also, you can describe

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it as symbolic, like where, for example, you have

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animal characters. But they don't have to be

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animal characters. You have characters who refer

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to something else. So this could be an allegory,

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because everything here could mean something else,

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like the Commonwealth and the Restoration. But in

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the story, the apple, the apple or the tree, the

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apple here is a symbol of what? Of the forbidden,

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of sin maybe, because the moment Eve eats, bites

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the apple, everything turns upside, upside down.

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This is Milton again. In many ways, he links the

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Renaissance, the age of Shakespeare, later on with

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the Commonwealth and the Restoration. He lived in

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all these turbulent times. He was very ambitious.

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Why? Because he wanted to be one of the greatest

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poets in English literature, mainly like Chaucer,

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always Chaucer. Someone asked me, why not

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Shakespeare? Shakespeare is the greatest literary

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figure probably ever. But Shakespeare is a

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dramatist, and you'll ask, but drama was written

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in verse. So it's a little bit different. That's

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yeah, verse, but still as a drama here, okay?

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Of course, he was engaged in politics, writing

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essays about religion and many other things. He

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became the Latin secretary to Cromwell. This is

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how close he was to Cromwell. And it's because of

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this he later on was arrested.

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When he was blind, started to be blind, eventually

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he wrote Paradise Lost. I should add the inverted

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commas. Don't forget this. He wrote Paradise Lost.

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Yeah, I think it took him some time, but

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eventually he went blind. And I know many people

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who study, you know, in Arabic literature, we have

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blind poets also.

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Tahseen wasn't a poet. He was a northerner. Bashar

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bin Bord, you know? I think. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma

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'ari, was he blind? No. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma'ari? Are

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you sure? Anyway, so some, maybe you study

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comparative literature in the future, you compare

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how blindness does something to literature and

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how, because there are so many references to the

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fact that he's blind. There is, I think, a poem he

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wrote on his blindness. Okay, so Paradise Lost is

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a major epic poem in English. by John Milton about

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God, Adam, Eve, Satan, and the fall of mankind.

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Now, the question is, why did Milton write this?

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This is actually poetry from Paradise Lost. At the

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beginning, in the opening, he addresses the

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audience. He tells them why he is engaging in

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writing a 10,000-line poem. What do you think?

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He's saying to assert eternal providence.

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Providence means, do you know what providence is?

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Providence means basically that there is a God,

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and that God is taking care of us all, and

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eventually everything is going to be fine because

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there is a merciful just God. So to assert, to

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make sure, to convince people that, to assert

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eternal providence and to justify the ways of God

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to men. Whose job is it to do this generally in

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life? Whose job is it to assert eternal providence

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and to justify the ways, the means of God to men?

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Prophets, yeah. It's usually a prophet. who does

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this to assert eternal prophethood, to tell people

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there is a God and God is merciful. Yes, God

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sometimes tries us. In a way, we're punished

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sometimes. We suffer sometimes. But this is for

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our own good, to justify the ways of God to men.

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And this is how ambitious he is. So in a way, he's

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claiming, assuming the role of the prophet.

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Prophet. You know what a prophet is? Yes. Like a

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messenger. So he knew he's doing something great.

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He knew that. And indeed, he's one of the greatest

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English poets ever. Okay? Why did... Can you

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answer this question? Don't look here. Why did the

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text... I could ask you this in the exam. Why did

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Paradise Lost cause controversy?

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Please. Very good. He contradicts the Christian

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beliefs. How? Can you give examples? Yes?

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Sometimes as the hero. How? Because he challenges

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God. God tells Satan, kneel. And he says, I don't

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want to kneel. Leave Adam and Eve alone. I don't

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want to leave them alone. And he tempts Eve to eat

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from the tree of knowledge. What else? There is

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another reason here.

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Some level of blame. They're all equally to blame,

335
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equally responsible for this. Okay? But there is a

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discussion here about freedom of choice and good

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free will, free will and freedom of choice. Are we

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destined to do something or can we choose our own

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destiny? Here, yes, we can choose our own destiny.

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At the end of the text, this happens. Someone

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read, please. Yeah, please.

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They hand in hand with wandering steps and walk

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through Eden took their solitary way. Who's they

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here and them? Who are they? Adam and Eve. This is

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at the end, eventually, when everything goes as it

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goes here in the poem. Adam and Eve walk hand in

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hand, not to God's mercy, not back to heaven, to

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providence. They go back to human knowledge, to

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the unknown. In many ways, this symbolizes the

350
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Renaissance, how the Renaissance was trying to

351
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break the barriers, to break the rules, to push

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the barriers, to go perfection, to seek

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perfection. We've seen this in Dr. Faustus. He

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wanted unlimited access to knowledge. But how did

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the whole Renaissance end? It ended in

356
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disillusionment. It ended in decline. It ended in

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criticism. It ended in censorship. It ended with

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the execution of the king and the closure of the

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theater. Remember by the Puritans? So in a way,

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they're going to the unknown. Disobeying God takes

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you to the unknown. But in literature, this is

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sometimes a good theme because you choose your own

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future. So the world was all before them were to

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choose. They could have, you know, chosen

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differently. Their place of rest, you know, rest,

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peace, heaven, and Providence, their guide, they,

367
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however, they hand in hand still stick together

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with wandering steps, slow wandering, slow steps,

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through Eden. And this is really heartbreaking. So

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this is like I imagine this way this is like if

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this is heaven how they go back down to earth so

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they have to cross all the way through heaven

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where they see all beauty and the rest and the

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providence and they still They determine, and they

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go. That was because of the original scene we saw.

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Through Eden, took their solitary way, the

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unknown. And this is a theme here, of the theme of

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the unknown. Where is humanity going? Where are we

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going? We're going to the unknown. This is very

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ambitious. And at the same time, very sad, very

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heartbreaking, very risky.

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I can't tell whether Milton is promoting this or

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condemning this. What do you think from this? Do

384
00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:56,420
you think Milton wants us to be this adventurous

385
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and this risky? Or is he telling us, see, if you

386
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disobey God, if you don't follow the rules, you're

387
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going to end up with the unknown? Yeah, so?

388
00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:14,430
He's blaming God, and I think he's saying that you

389
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have to, I don't know. What do you think? You

390
00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:22,830
don't have to know. What do you think, generally?

391
00:26:22,990 --> 00:26:27,250
I think he's, the first place, he blamed God, but

392
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I don't think that he wants us to obey God. He put

393
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God as the antagonist. Okay, but not necessarily,

394
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it doesn't mean, listen, in literature generally,

395
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I said this before, Literature usually, or

396
00:26:43,980 --> 00:26:46,860
sometimes, doesn't seek to give us answers, but to

397
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raise questions. That's one. In literature, we

398
00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:53,280
don't usually have pure evil or pure good

399
00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,080
characters, because literature is usually focused

400
00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,180
on the gray area. If the text, if the movie is

401
00:26:59,180 --> 00:27:03,020
about a family that is too good, it's boring. Or

402
00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:05,380
too evil, sometimes it's frightening. There's too

403
00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:09,100
much evil there. It's about good people who do bad

404
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:13,470
things. No? Bad people who do good things. Oh,

405
00:27:13,650 --> 00:27:17,050
interesting. You ask a question, would I do the

406
00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:20,170
same if I were in their position? Would I do the

407
00:27:20,170 --> 00:27:24,510
same? And it's interesting because we see how

408
00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:27,310
people react, how good people sometimes react when

409
00:27:27,310 --> 00:27:28,850
they want to do evil. It's very interesting.

410
00:27:28,950 --> 00:27:31,010
There's a movie I watched. It's called Death

411
00:27:31,010 --> 00:27:33,050
Sentence. You know what it means, death sentence?

412
00:27:34,150 --> 00:27:36,510
sentence in this context what does sentence mean

413
00:27:36,510 --> 00:27:40,170
when you say somebody was sentenced to 10 years in

414
00:27:40,170 --> 00:27:44,790
prison sentence it's a time someone a criminal

415
00:27:44,790 --> 00:27:50,330
spends in prison for life sentence death sentence

416
00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:54,910
A movie called Death Sentence, really beautiful

417
00:27:54,910 --> 00:27:57,190
movie. It starts with, again, a beautiful family,

418
00:27:57,390 --> 00:27:59,650
the perfect family, the husband, the wife, and the

419
00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,430
two kids. One of them is very promising, very

420
00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:06,130
ambitious. He has a very good job. They're rich.

421
00:28:06,210 --> 00:28:10,470
They're comfortable. And after like 10 or 15

422
00:28:10,470 --> 00:28:14,070
minutes, the son they loved the most was killed by

423
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a gang member. How would a loving father, a

424
00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:21,590
peaceful father, a father who has never touched a

425
00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:26,990
gun would react in this? I'm not going to spoil

426
00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:31,610
it. It's one of my top movies actually. Try to

427
00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:34,320
watch it. Really interesting stuff. But again,

428
00:28:34,540 --> 00:28:38,780
until this moment, I asked myself, God forbid, how

429
00:28:38,780 --> 00:28:41,780
would a person who's not into revenge and fighting

430
00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:45,220
and everything, movies and literature, give us

431
00:28:45,220 --> 00:28:48,680
these scenarios? And that's why when you see the

432
00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:51,280
conclusion, the ending, and how it ends, probably

433
00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,160
you say, OK, I'll do the same. But it gives you a

434
00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:56,700
whole story, a whole world in front of you, where

435
00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,600
to choose. What should I do? Should I leave the

436
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,650
law to take its course? When you lose someone you

437
00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:08,190
love the most, you wouldn't wait for Allah to take

438
00:29:08,190 --> 00:29:11,250
your revenge. But is that good? If we do this, the

439
00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:13,670
whole world is going to turn into a jungle. But

440
00:29:13,670 --> 00:29:16,650
you wouldn't be OK if you didn't do this. We

441
00:29:16,650 --> 00:29:19,470
should. Because yeah, there is this thing in our

442
00:29:19,470 --> 00:29:22,490
hearts about revenge. But literature teaches us to

443
00:29:22,490 --> 00:29:26,770
forgive. You might be the best person on Earth.

444
00:29:27,090 --> 00:29:31,750
But still, it's your right to feel angry and to

445
00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:34,940
want to take revenge. But if you want to kill

446
00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:38,280
somebody because Toronto, like Shylock, if you

447
00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:41,460
want to do, you know, we discussed this in another

448
00:29:41,460 --> 00:29:43,580
class, I think. Would you do like Shylock? Would

449
00:29:43,580 --> 00:29:45,420
you insist on taking a pound of flesh to take

450
00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:48,680
revenge? It's his right, because he was attacked.

451
00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:53,260
He was, you know, many times. But in this case,

452
00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:57,640
the revenge wouldn't be killing. He might take

453
00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:00,310
revenge by something else. By slapping him? No,

454
00:30:00,470 --> 00:30:04,530
maybe by doing the same to him. Like what? He

455
00:30:04,530 --> 00:30:06,610
killed someone, you killed someone? No, I don't

456
00:30:06,610 --> 00:30:11,270
know. Nothing like that. At least like, but that's

457
00:30:11,270 --> 00:30:14,870
where when we have like, if we have a good legal

458
00:30:14,870 --> 00:30:19,190
system where criminals can be punished as they

459
00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:21,610
should be, at least you don't have to go there.

460
00:30:22,190 --> 00:30:25,590
Anyway, think of this, please. I think he's

461
00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:30,360
promoting hearing to unknown. Because he said hand

462
00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:33,940
in hand with wandering steps. He didn't mention

463
00:30:33,940 --> 00:30:37,640
that there was any disagreement. And that's the

464
00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:40,240
best thing about Adam and Eve, by the way. In

465
00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,720
Islam and Christianity, I'm not sure we have this

466
00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,280
in the text. I'll have to go back to it. Adam and

467
00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:48,620
Eve were the perfect couple, in a way. They're not

468
00:30:48,620 --> 00:30:51,460
the odd couples that are always fighting, like our

469
00:30:51,460 --> 00:30:54,160
parents sometimes. They're always fighting over

470
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,800
trivial things. You don't see this, although this

471
00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,060
is the most serious thing. Sometimes you do

472
00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,200
something, and then the wife gets at you. The wife

473
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,260
does something, and the husband is angry and

474
00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:09,590
everything. What a perfect couple they are. Hand

475
00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:13,810
in hand, slowly wandering, despite the fact that

476
00:31:13,810 --> 00:31:17,410
they lost the most important thing a human person,

477
00:31:17,690 --> 00:31:22,130
humanity has ever lost. Paradise. Providence.

478
00:31:22,950 --> 00:31:26,500
Being close to God. What a perfect, what a good

479
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:28,860
couple. But they were the only ones on the earth,

480
00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,040
maybe because of that they wouldn't leave each

481
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,080
other for no reason. Yeah, so if I leave, but

482
00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:36,900
still you fight a little bit because fighting

483
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:38,860
doesn't mean end in a war. Maybe they fought.

484
00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,760
Maybe they did, but it's not in the Quran or the

485
00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,310
Bible or in the text. And this is how literature

486
00:31:45,310 --> 00:31:47,770
literature doesn't give us everything. It leaves

487
00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:50,430
gaps for us to think. But yeah, interesting how

488
00:31:50,430 --> 00:31:53,150
you think that at least when they take the

489
00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,190
decision, they take it together, hand in hand.

490
00:31:56,590 --> 00:31:59,210
Adam is not leading him, and she's not pushing

491
00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:03,070
him. They're hand in hand. They are equal to the

492
00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:09,290
other. OK. Now in Paradise Lost, we have a lot of

493
00:32:09,290 --> 00:32:14,980
very memorable lines. So neither Adam nor Eve is

494
00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:21,260
to blame because they are all equally to blame.

495
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,540
There are several memorable lines and

496
00:32:27,540 --> 00:32:31,160
descriptions, descriptive passages, descriptive

497
00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,820
stanzas and poetry in Paradise Lost. One of them

498
00:32:34,820 --> 00:32:37,700
is a description of hell, hellfire. You know

499
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,380
dungeon? A dungeon is a dark place like a prison.

500
00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,620
It's where sometimes you describe the prison as a

501
00:32:44,620 --> 00:32:47,620
dungeon or a particular room. I don't like to sit

502
00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:50,080
in this room. It's like a dungeon. Dungeon is a

503
00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:55,140
dark place where you sit in. Could describe a

504
00:32:55,140 --> 00:32:57,860
prison, but here it is used to describe hell

505
00:32:57,860 --> 00:33:01,160
itself. And notice how horrible, how spooky this

506
00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,420
is. This is very close to the Bible and the

507
00:33:03,420 --> 00:33:07,740
description of the religious text here. So hell

508
00:33:07,740 --> 00:33:14,600
is? Horrible on all sides around as one great

509
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:19,440
furnace. Do you know furnace? We took it before,

510
00:33:19,540 --> 00:33:24,420
furnace. What is oven? What's an oven? You don't

511
00:33:24,420 --> 00:33:29,180
know an oven? But furnace, where did we come

512
00:33:29,180 --> 00:33:32,920
across furnace before? All the world's stage.

513
00:33:34,020 --> 00:33:36,460
There was the furnace, the lever, the fighter, ah,

514
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,320
it's like a furnace. So you know what a furnace

515
00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:44,480
is. There's fire all over the place. Flame, yit.

516
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,080
And again, see this paradox. There's a paradox

517
00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:51,900
here. If there is fire, yes, there is heat. It's

518
00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,720
negative in this sense. But fire means warmth. And

519
00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:58,660
sometimes it means what do we have from fire other

520
00:33:58,660 --> 00:34:01,600
than warmth? Light. Thank you very much. But this

521
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:06,210
is not an ordinary fire. This is hell fire. Yet

522
00:34:06,210 --> 00:34:11,750
from these flames, from the fire, no light, but

523
00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:15,550
rather darkness visible. It's funny that you say

524
00:34:15,550 --> 00:34:19,010
darkness visible because darkness is darkness.

525
00:34:20,530 --> 00:34:25,290
This is fire that gives darkness not light.

526
00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:32,130
Isn't that the most horrifying thing ever? So when

527
00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:34,870
someone tells you it's dark, OK, I can light some

528
00:34:34,870 --> 00:34:37,830
fire. But fire there doesn't give light. It gives

529
00:34:37,830 --> 00:34:44,870
more darkness. We have this. Usually religious

530
00:34:44,870 --> 00:34:53,290
texts do this all the time. We all

531
00:34:53,290 --> 00:34:59,150
hear about this, the food of the sinners, the

532
00:34:59,150 --> 00:35:03,810
people in hell. In the Quran, there is a simile.

533
00:35:04,330 --> 00:35:06,730
And usually, a simile, a metaphor, brings things

534
00:35:06,730 --> 00:35:09,790
closer to our imagination. So someone tells you,

535
00:35:09,890 --> 00:35:13,690
have you ever tasted or tried cheesecake? Yes. No.

536
00:35:14,570 --> 00:35:17,130
What does it taste like? It's like ice cream, but

537
00:35:17,130 --> 00:35:19,410
it's far, far, far bitter than ice cream.

538
00:35:20,230 --> 00:35:24,350
Interesting. Delicious. So the tree of Zaqqum was

539
00:35:24,350 --> 00:35:28,030
brought out as if it were a simile. We want to

540
00:35:28,030 --> 00:35:36,790
know. So this A fruit in hell. The fruits there on

541
00:35:36,790 --> 00:35:41,290
the trees look like the heads of devils. We don't

542
00:35:41,290 --> 00:35:44,270
know what they look like originally, right? So

543
00:35:44,270 --> 00:35:47,030
something spooky with something even more

544
00:35:47,030 --> 00:35:49,550
terrifying. And this is religious text. And he's

545
00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:54,870
doing this. So this hellfire is all darkness. It's

546
00:35:54,870 --> 00:36:00,300
a furnace, flame. But do we have light? No.

547
00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:03,240
There's no light here. Please. I think this stanza

548
00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:07,840
supports the idea that the stanza before this one,

549
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:13,200
it supports the idea that he's advising us to obey

550
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,300
God and listen to him to make you follow his plan.

551
00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:18,500
Because eventually, if you don't, you're going to

552
00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:21,960
be there. So he's terrifying us in a way. You have

553
00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:26,640
to obey God. Another extract I liked is when he

554
00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:27,500
describes

555
00:36:30,580 --> 00:36:32,820
Eve. Maybe someone wants to do a presentation on

556
00:36:32,820 --> 00:36:35,520
this, how he describes Eve and how he describes

557
00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:38,680
Adam. You know, you have to do a presentation for

558
00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:42,920
the course assessment. This is Milton talking

559
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:47,580
about Eve. In a way, he's saying Eve is the most

560
00:36:47,580 --> 00:36:51,260
beautiful woman. At that time, you said this,

561
00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:54,440
there were no women, no men. So of course, she is

562
00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:58,490
the most beautiful woman on earth. But he compares

563
00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,510
her to even more beautiful creatures.

564
00:37:03,530 --> 00:37:09,510
Soft, she withdrew. Unlike a wood nymph, light.

565
00:37:09,590 --> 00:37:11,990
You know a wood nymph? What's a nymph? A wood?

566
00:37:12,510 --> 00:37:16,210
Nymph? It's like a goddess. Goddesses. Yeah, like

567
00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:20,950
goddesses. Like purely beautiful creatures living

568
00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:24,210
in heaven. Those imaginary creatures, the

569
00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:26,790
creatures we imagine all the time. Perfect

570
00:37:26,790 --> 00:37:31,430
creatures. So she withdrew, she moves, she

571
00:37:31,430 --> 00:37:37,610
behaves, she acts like a nymph. Light. We took her

572
00:37:37,610 --> 00:37:41,590
to the groves, but Delia's self-engaged surpassed

573
00:37:41,590 --> 00:37:45,550
and goddess-like deposed. She looks like? Goddess.

574
00:37:46,270 --> 00:37:50,650
Goddess. She's a goddess. She's a nymph, she's

575
00:37:50,650 --> 00:37:56,240
beautiful, she's perfect. So maybe you want to see

576
00:37:56,240 --> 00:38:00,420
how the text talks about. But here, notice the

577
00:38:00,420 --> 00:38:03,360
description is mainly physical description. Are

578
00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,500
there any references to her mind? Or is this the

579
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,280
case? A woman has to be beautiful, and that's it.

580
00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:14,660
More important than her mind and her intellect.

581
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,120
Look into the text. If someone is interested in

582
00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:19,920
this, to do a presentation, you can look into

583
00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,130
this. And maybe you can see how Adam is. So maybe

584
00:38:24,130 --> 00:38:28,570
Adam is not described physically. Maybe he's more

585
00:38:28,570 --> 00:38:29,350
into the mind.

586
00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:36,850
The apple, we'll see, yeah. We'll have to go back

587
00:38:36,850 --> 00:38:40,810
to this and see what exactly he said about her,

588
00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:46,570
how she behaved, what she exactly thought. I'll

589
00:38:46,570 --> 00:38:51,270
conclude this with more memorable lines. We have

590
00:38:51,270 --> 00:38:56,780
one. Two and three. Three, again, beautiful, very

591
00:38:56,780 --> 00:38:58,520
memorable. Some of these, by the way, have become

592
00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:01,980
English proverbs. We use them all the time, and

593
00:39:01,980 --> 00:39:04,460
sometimes we don't know that they are from Milton.

594
00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,940
Sometimes we use so many things from Shakespeare

595
00:39:06,940 --> 00:39:08,300
and Milton and John Donne and everything.

596
00:39:09,180 --> 00:39:11,320
Especially this one. I like using this all the

597
00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:16,120
time. So farewell hope and with hope farewell

598
00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:21,140
fear. So, farewell. You know farewell? Goodbye.

599
00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:27,380
Goodbye to hope. But if somebody loses hope, you

600
00:39:27,380 --> 00:39:31,640
have nothing else to lose. So, you don't fear

601
00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:37,280
anything. And usually they say, you need to fear

602
00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,760
someone who has nothing to fear. Beware of a

603
00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:42,640
person who has nothing to fear. Because if you

604
00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:46,200
have no family, nobody to love, no home to live,

605
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:48,940
no country, nothing, everything is threatened,

606
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,320
everything is taken away by occupations or by

607
00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:56,960
something, this person is very dangerous. Why?

608
00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:00,160
Because sometimes we want to do stuff, but we are

609
00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:02,520
afraid maybe we're going to go, we would go to

610
00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:05,600
prison, we'd be arrested because, and then my wife

611
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,860
and my kids and my family and my job and my

612
00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:12,580
students. But if you have nothing to lose, no one

613
00:40:12,580 --> 00:40:16,940
to love, no family, no job, you would be fearless.

614
00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:19,860
And it's good in a way and it's also bad in

615
00:40:19,860 --> 00:40:25,230
another way. Number one, Long is the way. Notice

616
00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:28,910
the word order here. The way is long, but that's

617
00:40:28,910 --> 00:40:36,430
poetic. Long is the way. And hard. Some only long,

618
00:40:37,250 --> 00:40:41,430
but also hard. That's life. Life is hard. Life is

619
00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:42,710
so long.

620
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:50,220
that out of hell leads up to life. It's like the

621
00:40:50,220 --> 00:40:54,040
way to heaven is not an easy way. It's long, it's

622
00:40:54,040 --> 00:41:01,000
hard. It's very difficult. In a way, when you read

623
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:02,740
this, you think it's from the Bible, by the way,

624
00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,000
because of the religious nature of the text,

625
00:41:06,180 --> 00:41:10,380
because he assumes this role. Finally, someone

626
00:41:10,380 --> 00:41:15,000
read the last quote, please. Just are the ways of

627
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:19,780
God unjustifiable to men unless they're beings who

628
00:41:19,780 --> 00:41:23,060
think not God at all. Okay, someone else, please.

629
00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:31,620
Just are the ways of God unjustifiable to men

630
00:41:31,620 --> 00:41:35,640
unless they're beings who think not God at all.

631
00:41:50,730 --> 00:41:58,990
I think he's talking about prophets, how they give

632
00:41:58,990 --> 00:42:03,750
us the message of God. The ways of God.

633
00:42:12,410 --> 00:42:15,550
You suffer, but this suffering is good for you,

634
00:42:15,890 --> 00:42:20,030
because eventually God is going to reward you for

635
00:42:20,030 --> 00:42:24,730
this. So generally, remember to assert eternal

636
00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,490
providence and justify the means or the ways of

637
00:42:28,490 --> 00:42:31,630
God to men. It's too difficult. And again, notice

638
00:42:31,630 --> 00:42:34,050
the word order here. There's emphasis on

639
00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,080
But it's interesting also because if you follow

640
00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:45,380
the path, you will finally go to God. It's the end

641
00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:49,300
of the sentence. If you follow the long and hard

642
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:54,840
way to heaven, and you know it is just, you trust

643
00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:57,100
God, you beg God, eventually you will love Him.

644
00:42:57,860 --> 00:43:01,160
Just are the ways of God. Unjustifiable to men.

645
00:43:01,220 --> 00:43:05,840
It's easy to see that God loves us, even if we

646
00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,280
suffer. However,

647
00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:16,390
People who originally don't believe in God. So if

648
00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,350
you don't believe in God, you will not see

649
00:43:19,350 --> 00:43:23,030
justice. You will not see that even if you suffer

650
00:43:23,030 --> 00:43:26,130
eventually you will be rewarded, whether here or

651
00:43:26,130 --> 00:43:33,040
there, hereafter. OK? So this is, in a way,

652
00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:35,920
basically in brief. I know because this is an

653
00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,500
introduction to English literature. We take like

654
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,840
little things about it. But I hope my lectures or

655
00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:45,680
the lectures or the stuff in the book also helps

656
00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:52,600
you to see something in literature, to love to do

657
00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:53,740
something more on literature.

658
00:43:56,850 --> 00:43:59,030
time especially these days with the exams coming

659
00:43:59,030 --> 00:44:01,970
up please contribute you to watch some videos

660
00:44:01,970 --> 00:44:06,870
about these or go google famous quotes from

661
00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,950
paradises you will love what you see you can do

662
00:44:10,950 --> 00:44:15,830
this for your extra portfolio so after this we

663
00:44:15,830 --> 00:44:16,990
have paradise

664
00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:22,210
I have probably two or three minutes to speak

665
00:44:22,210 --> 00:44:25,630
about Samson Agnes. I'll be very brief. Maybe we

666
00:44:25,630 --> 00:44:29,110
can continue this after the class. Samson Agnes

667
00:44:29,110 --> 00:44:33,450
tells the story of an Israelite, Jewish person.

668
00:44:33,710 --> 00:44:38,450
Israelite, not Israeli. Israelite. God sent him to

669
00:44:38,450 --> 00:44:40,710
help the Israelites, because they were sinners, to

670
00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:43,790
protect them against the Philistines. You know

671
00:44:43,790 --> 00:44:46,990
Philistines? It's people who were living in

672
00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:50,710
Palestine at that time. Palestine, the dictionary

673
00:44:50,710 --> 00:44:53,290
is a negative word. It means a certain person who

674
00:44:53,290 --> 00:44:56,430
doesn't appreciate the heart. And we can hopefully

675
00:44:56,430 --> 00:45:00,210
talk about this later on. The Philistines were the

676
00:45:00,210 --> 00:45:06,250
enemies of the Jews, the Jewish people. So Samson

677
00:45:06,250 --> 00:45:12,610
was a fearless, powerful person, so strong that he

678
00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:18,410
could sometimes kill 1,000 Philistines with only

679
00:45:18,410 --> 00:45:24,010
something like, I don't know, a rubber. In one

680
00:45:24,010 --> 00:45:27,050
story, he kills all about, I'm not sure how many,

681
00:45:27,130 --> 00:45:31,530
but hundreds of Philistines only with a donkey's

682
00:45:31,530 --> 00:45:34,520
jaw. You know what a jaw is? Jaw. This area is

683
00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:38,700
called the Jaw. So a dead donkey's jaw, he killed

684
00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:43,260
hundreds of people, armored with swords and with

685
00:45:43,260 --> 00:45:47,020
arrows and everything. One time, he was attacked

686
00:45:47,020 --> 00:45:53,640
by a lion, and with his bare hands, he rips the

687
00:45:53,640 --> 00:46:01,300
lion into pieces. So powerful. And now, one

688
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:16,100
Palestinian woman from Gaza named Delilah. I know

689
00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:17,420
people all over

690
00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:44,320
There is a book, someone named, called in the book

691
00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:47,280
Iris in Gaza, taken from this reference and it's

692
00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:51,040
from the Bible in a way or another. So Delilah, he

693
00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:54,320
shouldn't fall in love with any Palestinian woman,

694
00:46:54,420 --> 00:46:57,840
he shouldn't deal with them. What he does, this is

695
00:46:57,840 --> 00:47:00,540
a sin in a way. And she was like, Samson,

696
00:47:03,560 --> 00:47:06,640
Samson, she keeps nagging and nagging and nagging

697
00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:08,460
and nagging and nagging. He doesn't want to tell

698
00:47:08,460 --> 00:47:12,000
anyone, but eventually he does. He tells her it's

699
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:16,640
because of my hair. This is Samson and he has this

700
00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:19,540
long curly hair.

701
00:47:25,060 --> 00:47:27,680
He cut him. The Philistines caught him. He was

702
00:47:27,680 --> 00:47:30,080
asleep, and they cut his hair. He's now hairless.

703
00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:33,440
They chain him. He tries to break the chains, but

704
00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:37,540
he's powerless now. He loses his power. They

705
00:47:37,540 --> 00:47:40,560
arrest him. They put him in a temple, and they

706
00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:43,560
gold his eyes. He's now blind. Interesting. A

707
00:47:43,560 --> 00:47:47,580
blind Samson, blind Meltem also. But because the

708
00:47:47,580 --> 00:47:49,680
Philistines are backward and stupid, presented

709
00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:53,380
this way, they forget about him, and his hair

710
00:47:53,380 --> 00:47:54,640
grows white out.

711
00:48:06,220 --> 00:48:10,280
and killing all the Palestinians. And that's the

712
00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,520
story of Samson Adams. It's in the Bible, it's

713
00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:15,140
typical, but it's part myth, part fiction in a

714
00:48:15,140 --> 00:48:17,460
way. Unless you believe that there are people, we

715
00:48:17,460 --> 00:48:19,920
see sometimes people with supernatural powers,

716
00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,120
they can drag, you know, lorries and trucks with

717
00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:25,800
their teeth. Yes, with their ears. They're

718
00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:28,640
trained, they were not born. Okay, so this is the

719
00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:30,820
story of Samson Adams. If you are interested in

720
00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:33,160
doing a presentation about this, maybe you can

721
00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:37,660
think of how the line that's Or how the

722
00:48:37,660 --> 00:48:40,660
Philistines as the others, as the enemies were

723
00:48:40,660 --> 00:48:44,560
represented. Because in a way, they were the

724
00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:48,440
natives here in Gaza, like us here in Gaza. Maybe

725
00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:51,860
someone wants to do more history research and find

726
00:48:51,860 --> 00:48:55,600
out where this took place in Gaza. I was kidding

727
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,620
with the other class. I thought that Samson was

728
00:48:57,620 --> 00:49:00,840
from Syria. Some people say, no, maybe he's from

729
00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:04,660
there and back or somewhere. So look into this.

730
00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:13,530
Thank you very much. Good luck.