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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ู†ุณุชูƒู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ diabetes
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mellitus ูˆูˆุตู„ู†ุง ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ insulin ูˆ ุงู„ antibodies
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to insulin
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ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู†ุชุฌ antibody against the exogenous
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ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนุงู„ุฌูˆุง ุจุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู…ู…ูƒู†
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ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ antibodies ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠู†ุชุฌ antibodies ุถุฏ ู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ exogenous insulin
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antibody syndrome
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ุงู„ู€ these antibodies are usually present at low
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titers ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ concentration ู„ู„ antibodies ู‡ุฐูŠ
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ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุงุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุฃูŠ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ on real...real occasions high titers of
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insulin antibodies may cause insulin resistance
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุต ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… type 2
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diabetes mellitus ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ู…ู†
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏูˆุง ูŠุงุฎุฏูˆุง insulin ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„
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concentrations ู„ู„ insulin antibodiesูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน
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ุณูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ insulin resistance
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ุŸ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ several
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therapeutic approaches for treating these patients
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ูˆู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ approaches ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ double
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filtration ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุงููˆุฑูŠุณ ุฃูˆ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ plasma exchange
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ู„ู…ุฏุฉ two weeks ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ู€ุฃุนุทุงู‡ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰
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prednisolone ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ synthetic hydrocortisone ูˆู‡ุฐุง
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ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ immune
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response
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ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุถู„ ููŠู†ุง ู…ุชุงุจุน ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ูŠุชู… ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ quantitative estimate ู„ุฅู† ุงู„
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concentration of the circulating insulin
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antibodies does not appear to be of significant
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benefit ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠููŠุฏูƒุชูŠุฑ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ุนุงุฑูู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง antibodies ูˆ ุงู„ antibodies ู‡ุฐู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‡ุง
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ู…ูุนูˆู„
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู†...ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ insulin resistance ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง therapeutic approach ูˆ ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฐูƒุฑู†ุงู‡
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ุงู„ุชุญุณูŠู† ููŠ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
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ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ู‚ุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
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ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุทุจุนุงู‹ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู† ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ ุนู„ู‰
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ
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ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ู„ู„ุช ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„
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antibodies ู„ู€
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exogenous insulin ู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ purification
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ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู„ู€ recombinant insulin
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ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ antibodies
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against ุงู„ exogenous insulinุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู„ูŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ less invasive ูŠุนู†ูŠ ways ุงูˆ delivery
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system ู„ุฃ ุงู„ insulin ู„ู„ุฃุณู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฒุงุฏุช ู…ู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„
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antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„ exogenous insulinูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฒูŠ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ continuous subcutaneous insulin
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infusion ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ inhaled insulin has
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resulted in significantly increased concentrations
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of insulin antibodies
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Antibodies to insulin really develop in patients
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who have not received exogenous insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„Exogenous insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง
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ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ administration ู„Exogenous insulin ู…ู…ูƒู†
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ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชูƒูˆู† Antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู†
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ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุชูˆุตูŠุงุช ุทูŠุจ ู‡ู„ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠุงู†ุง ูุญุต ู…ุซู„ุง
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ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑูˆุชูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ diabetes ูˆ
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ุจู†ุนุทูŠู‡ู… exogenous insulin ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุตูŠุงุช
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุงูŠุตูŠุฑุด ููŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ routine ูŠุนู†ูŠ quantitation ุฃูˆ
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measurement ู„ุงู„ insulinูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุซุงุฑุฉ ู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ุทูŠุงุจูŠู†
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุจุชุณ
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ุทุจุนุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู†
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ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ antibodies ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุทู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู‡ูˆ
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ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู† resistance ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰
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ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ postprandial blood glucose ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ู„ุฃู†
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ุงู„ู€ Antibodies ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†
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ู…ุด ู‡ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุฑุถู‡
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ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ุฅู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู€ Antibodies ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†
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reversibleู„ู…ุง ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ antibody ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุถุงู„ ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู„ูˆ
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ุชุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠููƒ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุจูŠู† ุงู„ insulin ูˆ
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ antibody ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„
79
00:06:43,470 --> 00:06:48,410
insulin concentration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุฏู… ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
80
00:06:48,410 --> 00:06:54,430
ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ at night ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุงู„ู€ pH at night ู…ู…ูƒู†
81
00:06:54,430 --> 00:06:59,670
ูŠุนู…ู„ dissociation ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู† ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ antibody
82
00:06:59,670 --> 00:07:04,930
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู…ุนุงู‡ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ ุงู„
83
00:07:04,930 --> 00:07:08,690
concentration ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู† ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰
84
00:07:08,690 --> 00:07:14,490
hypoglycemia ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„
85
00:07:14,490 --> 00:07:18,770
antibodies ู‡ูˆ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†
86
00:07:18,770 --> 00:07:27,650
receptor ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู†ุจุฌ ู…ุดูƒู„ุชูŠู† ุงู„
87
00:07:27,650 --> 00:07:32,190
antibodies ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน ุงู„ receptor ู…ู…ูƒู†
88
00:07:32,190 --> 00:07:38,350
ุชุดุชุบู„ ูƒ antagonist ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงุดุชุบู„ุช ูƒ antagonist ู…ุนู†ุงู‡
89
00:07:38,350 --> 00:07:41,690
ุทุจุนุง ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ competition ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ ุงู„
90
00:07:41,690 --> 00:07:44,670
insulin ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุชุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน ุงู„ receptor ูˆ ุชู…ู†ุน ู…ู†
91
00:07:44,670 --> 00:07:51,820
ุงุฑุชุจุงุทุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆ ู‡ุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ hyperglycemia
92
00:07:51,820 --> 00:07:57,300
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุจูŠุดูˆููˆู‡ ูู‰ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ patients with
93
00:07:57,300 --> 00:08:05,080
acanthosis nigricans ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒู‰
94
00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:10,960
epidermal skin cells begin to reproduce rapidly
95
00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:18,040
ูุจุตูŠุฑ ูู‰ ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
96
00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:23,320
ุงู„ skin growth ูˆ ุจูŠุจูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
97
00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:29,490
ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ุณูˆุงุก ุชุญุช ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑู‚ุจุฉ ูˆู‡ุฐุง
98
00:08:29,490 --> 00:08:32,850
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„
99
00:08:32,850 --> 00:08:40,110
receptors ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„...ุงู„ insulin
100
00:08:40,110 --> 00:08:45,890
ูˆุจูŠ...ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ insulin ููŠ
101
00:08:45,890 --> 00:08:50,870
ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ abnormal ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ skin cell growth
102
00:08:50,870 --> 00:08:55,470
ุจู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ antibodies ุงุดุชุบู„ุช ูƒ antagonist
103
00:08:55,960 --> 00:08:59,320
ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ Antibodies of
104
00:08:59,320 --> 00:09:03,320
the Receptors ุชุดุชุบู„ ูƒู€ agonists agonists ูŠุจู‚ู‰
105
00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:09,260
ู‡ุชุดุชุบู„ ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุท ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง
106
00:09:09,260 --> 00:09:17,660
ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ hypoglycemia ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚
107
00:09:17,660 --> 00:09:22,520
ุจุงู„ู€ Metabolism of Insulin Action ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช
108
00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:29,320
ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ุจุงุชุช ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ
109
00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:34,260
ูˆู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ metabolic effects ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ูƒู†
110
00:09:34,260 --> 00:09:39,220
ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ molecular mechanism ูˆูƒูŠู ุงู„ู€ Insulin
111
00:09:39,220 --> 00:09:44,300
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
112
00:09:44,300 --> 00:09:48,560
different metabolic effects ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ุช ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰
113
00:09:48,560 --> 00:09:56,660
ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‡ู… ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ InsulinุŒ
114
00:09:56,660 --> 00:09:59,920
ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุŸ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ receptor
115
00:09:59,920 --> 00:10:06,020
ุงู„ุฎุงุต ููŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ cell membrane ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุงุฑุชุจุงุท ู…ุน
116
00:10:06,020 --> 00:10:13,230
specific receptors ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ plasma membraneูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€
117
00:10:13,230 --> 00:10:19,850
Insulin receptor ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุฑุจุน sub units ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
118
00:10:19,850 --> 00:10:25,030
ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† hetero tetrameribiana four proteinsุŒ
119
00:10:25,030 --> 00:10:28,570
four sub units ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ sub units ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† two
120
00:10:28,570 --> 00:10:36,500
alpha and two beta sub unitsุงู„ู€ Alpha subunit is
121
00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:39,260
located on the outer surface of the plasma
122
00:10:39,260 --> 00:10:45,180
membrane and contains the site where insulin binds
123
00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,000
ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ูˆุถุนู†ุง ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ figure ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€
124
00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:55,460
Alpha subunits ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ู†
125
00:10:55,460 --> 00:11:01,000
ุงู„ receptor ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ subunits ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฑุชุจุท ู…ุนู‡ุง ุงู„
126
00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:07,230
insulin ูˆ ุงู„ beta subunitsุนู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
127
00:11:07,230 --> 00:11:10,150
polypeptide ูู‰ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ transmembrane
128
00:11:10,150 --> 00:11:17,950
ูˆูู‰ ุนู†ุง ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasmic domain ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุท
129
00:11:17,950 --> 00:11:23,550
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ confirmation change
130
00:11:23,550 --> 00:11:31,450
ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ beta sub unitsูˆุงู„ู€ Insulin receptor ูŠูุนุชุจุฑ
131
00:11:31,450 --> 00:11:40,430
subfamily ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ receptor tyrosine kinases ูˆู…ุง ุฒุงู„
132
00:11:40,430 --> 00:11:46,150
ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ kinase ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰
133
00:11:46,150 --> 00:11:52,540
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ phosphorylation ู„ other proteinsูˆู‡ุฐุง
134
00:11:52,540 --> 00:11:56,260
ูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู€ Insulin ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ Alpha
135
00:11:56,260 --> 00:11:59,140
-subunit ุจูŠุนู…ู„ confirmation change ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Beta
136
00:11:59,140 --> 00:12:03,940
-subunits ูˆูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ auto phosphorylation ู„ู€ Beta
137
00:12:03,940 --> 00:12:08,800
-subunits ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ recruitment ู„ู€
138
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:13,960
other cytoplasmic proteins to be phosphorylatedุงู„ู€
139
00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:17,320
Phosphorylation ุจูŠุณุชุฏุนู‰ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡
140
00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:21,220
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ูŠุตู„ู‡ุง Phosphorylation ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚
141
00:12:21,220 --> 00:12:26,400
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Active Tyrosine Kinase ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุงุต
142
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:31,890
ุจุงู„ู€ Receptor ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Phosphorylation
143
00:12:31,890 --> 00:12:37,390
ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasmic domain ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ Beta-subunit
144
00:12:37,390 --> 00:12:42,190
ุจูŠุณุชุฏุนูŠ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ SHC ูˆ ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง
145
00:12:42,190 --> 00:12:47,390
Phosphorylation ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
146
00:12:47,390 --> 00:12:52,370
ุงู„ู€ IRS Insulin Receptor Substrate ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
147
00:12:52,370 --> 00:12:57,660
ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง Phosphorylationูˆุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
148
00:12:57,660 --> 00:13:03,780
ุจุชุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€Cytoplasm
149
00:13:03,780 --> 00:13:12,640
ูˆุจุชุนู…ู„ู„ู‡ุง activation ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุทุจุนุง ุจุงู„ูˆู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
150
00:13:12,640 --> 00:13:19,920
ุงู„ู€Cascade ู‡ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€metabolic
151
00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:25,340
pathways ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทุจุนุง ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุดู„ูŠู†
152
00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:30,340
ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ู€ cell growth ูˆ
153
00:13:30,340 --> 00:13:34,140
differentiation ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ protein
154
00:13:34,140 --> 00:13:37,980
synthesis ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุงู„ู€ glycogen synthesis ููŠ ุนู†ุง
155
00:13:37,980 --> 00:13:44,300
ุงู„ู…ู†ุน ู„ู„ู€ gluconeogenesis ูˆุนู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€
156
00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:51,490
lipogenesisุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Translocation
157
00:13:51,490 --> 00:13:56,970
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุงู„ู€ transporters
158
00:13:56,970 --> 00:14:01,310
ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุงู„ูˆุฒูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุชุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†
159
00:14:01,310 --> 00:14:07,030
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasm ูˆู…ุน ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู†
160
00:14:07,030 --> 00:14:11,110
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง Translocation ูˆุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุจูุนู„
161
00:14:11,110 --> 00:14:18,150
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูŠุณู…ู‰ AKT ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ
162
00:14:18,150 --> 00:14:22,690
Translocation ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€
163
00:14:22,690 --> 00:14:27,310
Cytoplasm ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุทู‡ุง
164
00:14:27,310 --> 00:14:33,770
ุจุงู„ู€ Cell Membrane ู„ู„ุณู…ุงุญ ุจุฃูƒุชุฑ ุงู„ู€ Glucose ู„ู„ุฏุฎูˆู„
165
00:14:33,770 --> 00:14:40,430
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ Slider ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุดุฑูŠุญ ู„ู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ
166
00:14:40,430 --> 00:14:45,500
ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡ ุจุงู„ู€ Slider ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง
167
00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:51,040
activation ุจุณุจุจ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู† ุงู„ู€
168
00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:55,540
Phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฏู‡ ุทุจุนุง
169
00:14:55,540 --> 00:15:00,940
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุจุชูƒูˆู† ูˆููŠู‡ุง growth factor receptor bound
170
00:15:00,940 --> 00:15:05,720
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ GRP2 ูˆู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ two proteins
171
00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:12,780
ุจูŠู„ุนุจูˆุง ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู€ signal ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฏุงุฎู„
172
00:15:13,090 --> 00:15:18,550
ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Signaling Pathway ุขุฎุฑ
173
00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:22,370
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู€ Insulin ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
174
00:15:22,370 --> 00:15:26,530
Receptors ุงู„ู€ Mitogen Activated Protein ูƒูŠู†ุงุฒูŠ
175
00:15:26,530 --> 00:15:31,370
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ MAP ูƒูŠู†ุงุฒูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„
176
00:15:31,370 --> 00:15:39,620
activation ู„ู„ุฑุฃุณ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ PI3 ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุจุณู„ู‡
177
00:15:39,620 --> 00:15:45,200
activation ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ activation ู„ู€ AKT ูˆ
178
00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:51,820
ุงู„ู€ AKT ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€
179
00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:57,160
Translocation ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ุฌู„ูˆุช Transporter
180
00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:04,420
ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ AKT ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ PDK1
181
00:16:06,190 --> 00:16:12,070
ุงู„ effect ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชู†ุชุฌ ุจุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ tissue ุงู„ู„ูŠ
182
00:16:12,070 --> 00:16:17,390
ู‡ูŠุฑุชุจุท ููŠู‡ ุงู„ insulin ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู
183
00:16:17,390 --> 00:16:22,090
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† tissue ู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู
184
00:16:22,090 --> 00:16:28,910
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ insulin ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ cells
185
00:16:28,910 --> 00:16:33,790
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง enescalatal muscle and
186
00:16:33,790 --> 00:16:37,680
adipose tissueุงู„ู€ AKT ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ู€ glucose
187
00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:43,180
transporter GLUT4 ูƒู…ุง
188
00:16:43,180 --> 00:16:48,160
ู‚ู„ุชุŒ ุงู„ู€ glucose transporter GLUT4 ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ
223
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:57,120
ุงู„ู€ Sodium ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ ูˆ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ู€
224
00:19:57,120 --> 00:20:02,420
Glucose ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุงุŒ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
225
00:20:02,420 --> 00:20:04,860
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุนุงุกุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
226
00:20:04,860 --> 00:20:08,940
EnterocytesุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ุชู‡
227
00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:13,720
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ absorption ู„ู„ู€ Glucose ูˆ ุฏุฎูˆู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰
228
00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:17,740
ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุนุงุกุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Enterocytes
229
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:28,700
ุงู„ู€ SGLT ุชุฏูุน ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุงู„ุงูƒุชูˆุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู…ุน ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ
230
00:20:28,700 --> 00:20:36,440
ูˆุงู„ุชุนุงุฏู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ู…ุนุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒู…ุงู† ุงู„ู€ SGLT
231
00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:41,420
ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุชู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ Reabsorption ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
232
00:20:41,420 --> 00:20:44,900
ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุชุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€
233
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:50,840
filtrationุŒ ูˆ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุถู…ู† ุงู„ูู„ุชุฑุงุชุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู†ุญู†
234
00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:54,240
ุนุงุฑููŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ tubules ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€
235
00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:57,140
proximal convoluted tubulesุŒ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
236
00:20:57,140 --> 00:21:03,620
Reabsorption ู„ู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ู€ Glucose
237
00:21:03,620 --> 00:21:08,340
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูู„ุชุฑุงุชุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
238
00:21:08,340 --> 00:21:12,540
ุงู„ู€ ReabsorptionุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู€ SGL2
239
00:21:12,540 --> 00:21:17,900
ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุฒุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน
240
00:21:17,900 --> 00:21:22,220
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Transporters ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Glut
241
00:21:22,220 --> 00:21:26,460
family of membrane proteins that are encoded by
242
00:21:26,460 --> 00:21:38,660
the SLC2 genesุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุนุฏุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ proteins ู…ู†
243
00:21:38,660 --> 00:21:44,940
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ Glut 1 ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ Glut 14ุŒ ูˆุชู… ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ
244
00:21:44,940 --> 00:21:49,920
ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ุช ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ู…ุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆ Glut 1 ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
245
00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:56,900
ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูˆู„ protein ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุชู…
246
00:21:56,900 --> 00:22:01,760
ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง
247
00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:04,000
ุงุญู†ุง ุดุงูŠููŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง class oneุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง class
248
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:08,400
twoุŒ ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ class threeุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู…ุฉ
249
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:13,400
ุชู…ุช ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ sequence similaritiesุŒ ูˆุจู†ุงุกู‹
250
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:19,380
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุดุงุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
251
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:26,260
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง
252
00:22:26,260 --> 00:22:30,680
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ TableุŒ ููŠู‡ tissues ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€
253
00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:33,660
Glut1ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ู€
254
00:22:33,660 --> 00:22:37,800
ErythrocyteุŒ ุงู„ู€ BrainุŒ Blood-Brain BarrierุŒ Fetal
255
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,300
TissuesุŒ Glut2 ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Liver ูˆ Beta Cells of
256
00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:45,200
the PancreasุŒ Glut4ุŒ Skeletal Muscle ูˆ Cardiac
257
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,480
MuscleุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡
258
00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:52,860
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ tissues ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†
259
00:22:52,860 --> 00:23:01,270
ู†ูˆุน ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ tissueุŒ ูˆุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู†
260
00:23:01,270 --> 00:23:07,550
ุงู„ู€ protein ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Glut ุจูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
261
00:23:07,550 --> 00:23:13,530
ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู†ู‚ู„ ู„ู€ GlucoseุŒ ุฒูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Glut 9 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
262
00:23:13,530 --> 00:23:18,300
transports UreaุŒ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ "Glut
263
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:24,260
-13"ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง transporter myo-inositolุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
264
00:23:24,260 --> 00:23:29,000
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ tissues ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ Brain ูˆุงู„ู€ adipose
265
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:35,200
tissueุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุบู„ุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู€
266
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:41,000
GlucoseุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจูŠู†ู‚ู„
267
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:42,360
ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
268
00:23:46,070 --> 00:23:49,510
ู‡ุฐู‡ transporters ุชู… ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ุง ู…ู† Glut-1 ุฅู„ู‰ Glut-14
269
00:23:49,510 --> 00:23:55,390
ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุงุŒ 11 ู…ู†ู‡ุง
270
00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:02,410
ุฃูุธู‡ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ
271
00:24:02,410 --> 00:24:07,470
ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠู†ู‚ู„ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุณูƒุฑูŠุงุช ู…ุซู„ Galactose, Fructose,
272
00:24:07,930 --> 00:24:14,310
Mannose ูˆ XyloseุŒ ูƒู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ
273
00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:19,310
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ู„ูˆ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ Glut4ุŒ when
274
00:24:19,310 --> 00:24:23,150
circulating insulin concentrations are low, most of
275
00:24:23,150 --> 00:24:26,630
the Glut4 is localized in intracellular
276
00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:30,810
compartmentsุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
277
00:24:30,810 --> 00:24:35,830
ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉุŒ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ glucose
278
00:24:35,830 --> 00:24:40,020
concentration ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Reference
279
00:24:40,020 --> 00:24:43,860
Interval ุฃูˆ ุถู…ู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Reference RangeุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
280
00:24:43,860 --> 00:24:47,400
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Glucose Transporter ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง
281
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:53,240
ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง Glut4ุŒ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ Cytoplasm ููŠ
282
00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:57,420
ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ cell membrane
283
00:24:57,420 --> 00:25:00,960
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ Localized in Intracellular compartments and
284
00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:08,310
is inactiveุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุจูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…ุŒ ูˆ
285
00:25:08,310 --> 00:25:12,330
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ carbohydratesุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠุตูŠุฑ
286
00:25:12,330 --> 00:25:19,410
ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูู†ุง ุจุงู„ู€
287
00:25:19,410 --> 00:25:24,570
figure ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ุฒู…ุŒ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู€ mechanisms ุงู„ู„ูŠ
288
00:25:24,570 --> 00:25:30,910
ุจูŠู‚ูˆู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Activation ู„ู€ AKTุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ
289
00:25:30,910 --> 00:25:37,410
ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ุญุฏูˆุซ Translocation ู„ู€ Glut4 ู„ู„ู€ plasma membrane
290
00:25:37,410 --> 00:25:42,630
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฏุฎูˆู„ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ into skeletal
291
00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:50,510
muscle and fatุŒ ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุฏูุน ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰
292
00:25:50,510 --> 00:25:54,250
ุงู„ู€ muscleุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ููุงุฑู‚ู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Type 2
293
00:25:54,250 --> 00:25:58,450
Diabetes MellitusุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠุฒู… ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุฅุตู„ุงุญู‡ุŒ
294
00:25:58,450 --> 00:26:02,430
ู„ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… Type
295
00:26:02,430 --> 00:26:05,860
2 Diabetes MellitusุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Insulin
296
00:26:05,860 --> 00:26:09,780
Stimulated Glucose TransportุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง
297
00:26:09,780 --> 00:26:12,360
ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Translocation ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู„ู„ู€
298
00:26:12,360 --> 00:26:15,900
TransportersุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณู…ุญ ุจุฏุฎูˆู„ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€
299
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:20,880
GlucoseุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู…
300
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,520
Type 2 Diabetes MellitusุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุจุนู‹ุง
301
00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:28,880
ุงู„ู€ HyperglycemiaุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Glucose
302
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:33,180
ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุฌุจุงุช
303
00:26:36,140 --> 00:26:40,380
ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€
304
00:26:40,380 --> 00:26:46,460
Regulation ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ GlucagonุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
305
00:26:46,460 --> 00:26:52,320
29-Amino Acid PolypeptideุŒ ูˆุจูŠุชู… ุฅูุฑุงุฒู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
306
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:56,820
ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Alpha cellsุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Islets of
307
00:26:56,820 --> 00:27:04,370
Langerhans ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณุŒ ุงู„ู€ Glucagon ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูŠููุฑุฒ
308
00:27:04,370 --> 00:27:10,530
ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุชู… ุชุตู†ูŠุนู‡ ุจู€ cellosynthesis ููŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ูุนุงู„ุฉุŒ Pro
309
00:27:10,530 --> 00:27:18,140
-GlucagonุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุชูุนูŠู„ ู„ู‡ุฐุง
310
00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:22,640
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ Pro-Hormone Convertase-II
311
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:27,860
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุชู‚ุณูŠู… ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Pro-GlucagonุŒ ูˆุจูŠุชุญูˆู„
312
00:27:27,860 --> 00:27:33,100
ุฅู„ู‰ Active-GlucagonุŒ Major target organ for
313
00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:37,960
glucagon is the liverุŒ ูˆุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Glucagon
314
00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:43,600
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† hyperglycemic agentุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูุน
315
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:53,280
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตูŠุงู…ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
316
00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:57,660
ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏุŒ ุงู„ู€ glucagon ุจูŠุฑุชุจุท ู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู€
317
00:27:57,660 --> 00:28:01,660
receptors ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ G-protein coupled receptor
318
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:08,720
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนุจุฑ ุนู†ู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ู ุนุงู„ู ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู„ุจุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‚ู„
319
00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:14,400
ู…ุฏู‰ ููŠ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ุŒ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ
320
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:20,420
ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠ. ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู† ูŠูุญูุฒ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ
321
00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:24,840
ุจุดูƒู„ู ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ GlucogenolysisุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช
322
00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:28,820
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู† ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰
323
00:28:28,820 --> 00:28:32,500
ุฑูุน ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
324
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:35,660
GlucogenolysisุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ
325
00:28:35,660 --> 00:28:42,400
ู„ู„ู€ Glycogen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู… ุชุฎุฒูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ
326
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:48,180
ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Glycogen storesุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุฑุถู‡
327
00:28:48,180 --> 00:28:52,090
ููŠู‡ GluconeogenesisุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ production of
328
00:28:52,090 --> 00:28:56,470
glucose from non-carbohydrate sourcesุŒ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุฑุถู‡
329
00:28:56,470 --> 00:29:03,670
ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุชุชู… ุจู€ activationุŒ ูˆุจุฑุถู‡ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ู†ุง
330
00:29:03,670 --> 00:29:07,890
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฎุฒูŠู† ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุจู€ inhibition
331
00:29:07,890 --> 00:29:11,690
ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ glucogenesis ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุจู€ inhibitionุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงุญู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง
332
00:29:11,690 --> 00:29:17,130
ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…
333
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:23,220
ุงู„ู€ Glucagon secretion is regulated primarily by
334
00:29:23,220 --> 00:29:27,420
plasma glucose concentrationsุŒ ุจูŠุญุณุจ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰
335
00:29:27,420 --> 00:29:31,700
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงู†ุฎูุถ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…
336
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:37,460
ุนู† 70ุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง stimulation ู„ู„ู€
337
00:29:37,460 --> 00:29:41,160
alpha cells ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณุŒ ุนุดุงู† ุชุนู…ู„ release
338
00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:42,580
ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู†
339
00:29:44,380 --> 00:29:47,700
with low and high plasma glucose being stimulatory
340
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:52,220
and inhibitory respectivelyุŒ ูˆู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€
341
00:29:52,220 --> 00:29:56,360
plasma glucose ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฏู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ stimulation ู„ู€
342
00:29:56,360 --> 00:30:01,480
ุงู„ู€ release of glucagonุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ plasma
343
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:06,190
glucose ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉุŒ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
344
00:30:06,190 --> 00:30:10,250
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ Release ู„ู„ู€ InsulinุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ Inhibition
345
00:30:10,250 --> 00:30:15,030
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Alpha CellsุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุฅูุฑุงุฒ
346
00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:19,590
ุงู„ู€ GlucagonุŒ Long-standing diabetes mellitus impairs
347
00:30:19,590 --> 00:30:24,110
the glucagon response to hypoglycemiaุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
348
00:30:24,110 --> 00:30:30,790
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
349
00:30:30,790 --> 00:30:37,630
ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… diabetesุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ Hypoglycemia
350
00:30:37,630 --> 00:30:42,810
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Longstanding Diabetes Mellitus ุจูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰
351
00:30:42,810 --> 00:30:49,010
ุงู„ู€ Glucagon response to HypoglycemiaุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ
352
00:30:49,010 --> 00:30:52,310
ุฅุญู†ุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุนู†
353
00:30:52,310 --> 00:30:56,210
70 ู…ู„ูŠุฌุฑุงู… per deciliterุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ูŠุตูŠุฑ
354
00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:01,150
ููŠู‡ release ู„ู„ู€ GlucagonุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ
355
00:31:01,150 --> 00:31:05,430
ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุจู€ Diabetes MellitusุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰
356
00:31:05,430 --> 00:31:10,910
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Hypoglycemic
357
00:31:10,910 --> 00:31:12,050
episodes
358
00:31:15,550 --> 00:31:19,530
ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… Type 1 diabetes
359
00:31:19,530 --> 00:31:27,410
mellitusุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆุฌุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ
360
00:31:27,410 --> 00:31:29,770
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ response ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ glucagon response
361
00:31:29,770 --> 00:31:37,130
ู„ู€ Hypoglycemia ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉุŒ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
362
00:31:37,130 --> 00:31:40,880
ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… Type 1 diabetes mellitusุŒ ุทุจุนู‹ุงุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู†
363
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:46,300
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
364
00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:52,380
ู„ุง ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุดู‡ุฑ ุฃูˆ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู†ุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
365
00:31:52,380 --> 00:31:58,340
ููŠู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ GlucagonุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ
366
00:31:58,340 --> 00:32:02,520
ุงู„ู€ Glucagon response to hypoglycemiaุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง
367
00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:09,680
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
368
00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:14,360
ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ู€ hypoglycemia episodesุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰
369
00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:19,340
StressุŒ exerciseุŒ ูˆ amino acids induce glucagon
370
00:32:19,340 --> 00:32:24,040
releaseุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ
371
00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:29,840
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€
372
00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:33,940
release of glucagonุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ stressุŒ ุงู„ู€ exerciseุŒ ู†ุญู†
373
00:32:33,940 --> 00:32:37,300
ู…ุชูู‚ูŠู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ
374
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:40,140
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุฏู†ุง Glucagon releaseุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ amino acids
375
00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:45,900
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุงู„ู€ amino acidsุŒ ุฃู…ุชู‰ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ
376
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:48,240
ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ู€ concentration ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุชู†ุงูˆู„
377
00:32:48,240 --> 00:32:52,980
ูˆุฌุจุฉุŒ ุทูŠุจ ู„ูŠุด ุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุฑุชูุน ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
378
00:32:52,980 --> 00:32:56,120
ุงู„ู€ GlucagonุŸ ู…ุน ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
379
00:32:56,120 --> 00:33:01,400
ุงู†ุฎูุงุถุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุฑุชูุน ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ InsulinุŒ ูˆูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง
380
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:07,740
ุงู„ู€ Insulin ุจูŠุฑุชูุนุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู„ูƒู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู€ Amino Acids
381
00:33:07,740 --> 00:33:15,570
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ุงู„ู€ GlucagonุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง
382
00:33:15,570 --> 00:33:21,290
ุชูˆุงุฒู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจู€ glucose concentrationุŒ ูˆู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ
383
00:33:21,290 --> 00:33:27,570
ุจุงู„ู€ Insulin ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุขู† ุจุนุฏ
384
00:33:27,570 --> 00:33:31,870
ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ูˆุฌุจุฉุŒ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Amino AcidsุŒ ุตุงุฑ
385
00:33:31,870 --> 00:33:36,350
ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ู„ู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
386
00:33:36,350 --> 00:33:40,210
ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุฎูุถ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
387
00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:44,550
ุงุญู†ุง ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฏุฑุด ุฃู† ู†ูˆู‚ู ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู€ Alpha cells
388
00:33:44,550 --> 00:33:48,630
ูˆู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ููŠู†ุง Glucagon ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู†
389
00:33:48,630 --> 00:33:52,750
ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ HypoglycemiaุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
390
00:33:52,750 --> 00:33:57,110
ููŠู‡ุง ุชูˆุงุฒู†ุŒ ูˆุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ Release ู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช
391
00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:02,580
ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ GlucagonุŒ ุนุดุงู† ูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุญุฏูˆุซ
392
00:34:02,580 --> 00:34:09,040
ุงู„ู€ HypoglycemiaุŒ ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุซุจุท ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู€ Glucagon ู…ู†
393
00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:13,360
ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณุŒ ูˆูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู€ Glucagon ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ.
394
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:17,920
ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุจูŠูˆุณู†ุชูŠุฒุงุชู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉุŒ
395
00:34:17,920 --> 00:34:22,000
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู† ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจูŠุนู…ู„ Inhibition ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Alpha
396
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:29,090
cellsุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู€ glucagon releaseุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง
397
00:34:29,090 --> 00:34:33,490
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฎูุถ ุงู„ู€ glucagon gene
398
00:34:33,490 --> 00:34:41,110
expression ููŠ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู€ alpha cellsุŒ increase
399
00:34:41,110 --> 00:34:44,350
in glucagon concentrations secondary to insulin
400
00:34:44,350 --> 00:34:47,
445
00:38:26,930 --> 00:38:34,350
ุงู„ู€ GLP-1 ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุด ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณ
446
00:38:34,350 --> 00:38:40,550
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ widely expressed ูˆุจุชู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ
447
00:38:40,550 --> 00:38:45,210
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ regulation ู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ู†
448
00:38:45,210 --> 00:38:51,670
ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠุฒู…ุฒ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุถู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠุฒู…ุฒ ุฃู†
449
00:38:51,670 --> 00:38:55,930
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ inhibition of glucose production and food
450
00:38:55,930 --> 00:39:02,500
intake. ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€
451
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:04,560
mechanismsุŒ ุทุจุนุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู‘ุช ุฃู†ุง ุณุงุจู‚ุงุŒ ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุฒูŠุฏ
452
00:39:04,560 --> 00:39:10,780
ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ glucose
453
00:39:10,780 --> 00:39:15,580
production ูˆุจูŠู…ู†ุน ุจุฑุถู‡ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู…ุชุตุงุต glucose
454
00:39:15,580 --> 00:39:22,080
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† food intakeุŒ ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู€ GLP-1
455
00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:26,020
analogues are generating interest in the treatment
456
00:39:26,020 --> 00:39:31,800
of type 2 diabetes. ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
457
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:37,800
GLP-1 Analogs. ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุจูŠุบูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุนู…ู„ release
458
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:41,920
ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ
459
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:50,240
ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุจุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู…ุชุตุงุตู‡. ูˆููŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู…ู‘
460
00:39:50,240 --> 00:39:55,240
ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Approval ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Food and
461
00:39:55,240 --> 00:40:00,580
Drug Administration ู„ุฅุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ุน ู…ุฑุถู‰ Type 2
462
00:40:00,580 --> 00:40:02,440
Diabetes Mellitus