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1 |
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00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:05,920 |
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ุจุณู
ุงููู ุงูุฑุญู
ู ุงูุฑุญูู
ูุณุชูู
ู ู
ุน ุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงูุณุงุจุนุฉ |
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2 |
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00:00:05,920 --> 00:00:11,160 |
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ูุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุจุนููุงู non-protein nitrogen compounds |
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3 |
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00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:18,560 |
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ูุญูููุง ูู ุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ ุนู ุฃูู ู
ุฑูุจ ู
ู ูุฐู |
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4 |
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00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:24,160 |
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ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช ูุฅู ูู ุจูุดูู ุงูุฃุนูู ูุณุจุฉ ูู non-protein |
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5 |
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00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:27,660 |
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nitrogen compounds ุณูุงุก ูู ุงู plasma ุฃู ูู ุงู |
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6 |
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00:00:27,660 --> 00:00:33,430 |
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urineูุงูู
ุฑูุจ ุงูุชุงูู ุงููู ููุญูู ุนููู ูู ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู |
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7 |
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00:00:33,430 --> 00:00:40,170 |
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ู ุงู .. ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ุจูุฌู ู
ู ุงู breakdown ู |
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8 |
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00:00:40,170 --> 00:00:45,290 |
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ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู .. ู
ุฑูุจ ุงููุฑูุงุชูู is |
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9 |
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00:00:45,290 --> 00:00:49,790 |
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synthesized in liver from arginine, glycine and |
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10 |
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00:00:49,790 --> 00:00:57,530 |
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methionine ู ุจุชุญูู ุจุนุฏ ููู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ุฅูู ูุฑูุงุชูู |
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11 |
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00:00:57,530 --> 00:01:05,830 |
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ููุณููุชู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุฑููุจ ุจูุญุชูู ุนูู ุทุงูุฉ ุนุงููุฉ ู ุจูุชู
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12 |
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00:01:05,830 --> 00:01:11,390 |
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ู ูู ุงู muscle tissue ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูุทุงูุฉ |
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13 |
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00:01:11,390 --> 00:01:17,850 |
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ูุจูู high energy compound ุชู
ุงู
ุ ู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุฑููุจ |
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14 |
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00:01:17,850 --> 00:01:22,130 |
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ุงููุฑูุฑูุง ุชููููุณููุช ุจูู
ุฏ ุงู muscles ุจูู
ุฏ ุงูุนุถูุงุช |
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15 |
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00:01:22,130 --> 00:01:26,710 |
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ุจุงูุทุงูุฉ ุงููุงุฒู
ุฉ ูุนู
ููุงุงูุงู ุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุงูู |
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16 |
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00:01:26,710 --> 00:01:30,890 |
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ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู is produced as a waste product of |
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17 |
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00:01:30,890 --> 00:01:36,650 |
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keratin and ูุฑูุงุชูู ููุณูุงุช ูุจูู ุงู breakdown ู |
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18 |
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00:01:36,650 --> 00:01:41,450 |
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ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ุงู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ููุณูุงุช ุงููุงุชุฌ ุนูุฏูุง ุจูููู |
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19 |
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00:01:41,450 --> 00:01:47,830 |
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ูุฑูุงุชูููู ู ูุฏูู ุงูู
ุนุงุฏูุชูู ุจููุถุญูุง ุนูุฏูุง |
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20 |
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00:01:47,830 --> 00:01:51,730 |
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ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ููุณูุงุช ุจูุชู
ูุฒุน phosphoric acid ู
ูู |
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21 |
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00:01:51,730 --> 00:01:57,170 |
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ุจูุญุตู ุนูู ูุฑูุงุชููููุฃู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ุจุชู
ูุฒุน ุงู water |
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22 |
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00:01:57,170 --> 00:02:05,670 |
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ู
ูู ุจูุญุตู ุนูู ูุฑูุงุชูููู ููุฐุง ุงู figure ุจููุถุญ ุงู |
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23 |
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00:02:05,670 --> 00:02:12,990 |
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ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ู
ุน ATP ุจูุญุตู ุนูู ูุฑูุงุชูู ููุณูุงุช ุงููู |
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24 |
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00:02:12,990 --> 00:02:19,330 |
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ููููุง ุงูู
ุฑูุจ ุงููู ุจูุณุชุฎุฏู
ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ูู |
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25 |
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00:02:19,330 --> 00:02:26,990 |
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ุงูุนุถูุงุช ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ููุณูุงุชุจุชู
ูุฒุน ุงู phosphoric acid |
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26 |
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00:02:26,990 --> 00:02:34,110 |
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ู
ูู ุจูุญุตู ุนูู ูุฑูุงุชูููู ู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ุฅุฐุง ูุฒุนูุง |
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27 |
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00:02:34,110 --> 00:02:39,950 |
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ุงูู
ูู ุจูุญุตู ุนูู ูุฑูุงุชูููู ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ุจุนุฏ ุชูููู |
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28 |
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00:02:39,950 --> 00:02:44,410 |
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ุจูุณูู release into circulation ุจูุณูู release ูู |
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29 |
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00:02:44,410 --> 00:02:51,870 |
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ุงูุฏู
ููุฐุง ุจููููrelease at a stable rate |
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30 |
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00:02:51,870 --> 00:02:57,090 |
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proportional to muscle mass ูุจูู ู
ุนุฏู ุงู release ู |
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31 |
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00:02:57,090 --> 00:03:05,290 |
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ุงููุฑูุงุทูููู ุชู
ุงู
ุจูุชูุงุณุจ ุชุฑุถู ู
ุน ุงู muscle mass |
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32 |
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00:03:05,290 --> 00:03:11,270 |
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ูุจูู ูู ู
ุง ุจูุฒูุฏ ุฃู ุงู muscle mass ู
ู
ูู ูุฒูุฏ ุงู |
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33 |
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00:03:11,270 --> 00:03:17,140 |
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release ู ุงููุฑูุงุทูููู ูู ุงูุฏู
ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ุจูุตูู |
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34 |
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00:03:17,140 --> 00:03:21,700 |
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ุจุฑุถู filtration ุฒู ู
ุง ุดูููุง ูู
ุง ุญูููุง ุนู ุงูููุฑูุง |
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35 |
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00:03:21,700 --> 00:03:25,480 |
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ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ุงูุถุง ุจูุตูู filtration ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงู |
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36 |
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00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:31,540 |
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glomerulus ูู ุงูููุฑู ูู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูููุฉ ู ุจูุตูู ุจุนุฏ ููู |
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37 |
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00:03:31,540 --> 00:03:39,080 |
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execution in urine ุจูุฏุฎู ูู ุงู filtrateู ุจุนุฏ ููู |
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38 |
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00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:44,120 |
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ุจูุตูู release ู ุจูุทูุน ู
ู ุงูุฌุณู
ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงููููุฏ ุงู |
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39 |
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00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:47,260 |
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plasma creatinine concentration is a function of |
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40 |
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00:03:47,260 --> 00:03:50,940 |
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it ุจููุด ุงูู
ุญุฏุฏุงุช ู ุงู creatinine concentration ูู |
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41 |
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00:03:50,940 --> 00:03:54,860 |
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ุงูุฏู
ุฒู ู
ุง ุญูููุง ููููุง ุงู ูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงู relative |
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42 |
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00:03:54,860 --> 00:04:01,870 |
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muscle massููู
ูุฉ ุงูุนุถูุงุช ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุงูู
ุญุฏุฏ ุงูุซุงูู ุงู |
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43 |
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00:04:01,870 --> 00:04:06,010 |
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rate of keratin turnover ูุนูู ุฃูู ุจุดูู ุทุจูุนู |
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44 |
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00:04:06,010 --> 00:04:11,830 |
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ุชูุฑูุจุง ุงุชููู ุงุฌุฑุงู
ู
ู ุงู keratin ููู
ูุง ููู ูุฐุง |
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45 |
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00:04:11,830 --> 00:04:17,470 |
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ู
ู
ูู ูุฒูุฏ ูุนูู ููููุง ูู ุญุงู ุชู
ุชูุงูู ูุนูู ูู
ูุงุช |
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46 |
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00:04:17,470 --> 00:04:23,740 |
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ุงูุจุฑ ู
ู ุงู keratin ุงู ู
ู
ูููููุงุณ ุงููู ุจูุงุฎุฏูุง |
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47 |
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00:04:23,740 --> 00:04:29,920 |
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supplements ุงูู
ุญุฏุฏ ุงูุซุงูุซ ูู ุงู renal function |
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48 |
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00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:36,320 |
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ุงููู ูู ูุธููุฉ ุงูููุงุจ ู ุฒู ู
ุง ุญูููุง ุงูู ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู |
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49 |
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00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:41,900 |
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ุจูุณูู ุงู execution ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงู kidney ุชู
ุงู
ู |
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50 |
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00:04:41,900 --> 00:04:47,160 |
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ุจุงูุชุงูู ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุนูุฏูุง ุงู kidney functionุณูุทุฉ |
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51 |
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00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:52,140 |
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ุงููููุฑูุดู ูุฒูุช ุตุงุฑ ูู ุงูุง kidney disease ูุจูู ู
ู
ูู |
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52 |
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00:04:52,140 --> 00:04:57,720 |
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ุงู filtration ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงููุฏู ุชุชุฃุซุฑ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุงูุถุง ุงู |
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53 |
|
00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:03,220 |
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filtration ู ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ู
ู
ูู ุงูู ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุชุฑุชูุน |
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54 |
|
00:05:03,220 --> 00:05:07,580 |
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ุงู concentration ูู ุงูุฏู
daily keratinin excretion |
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55 |
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00:05:07,580 --> 00:05:13,870 |
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is fairly stable ูุจูู ุจุดูู ุนุงู
ุงูุงู .. ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู |
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56 |
|
00:05:13,870 --> 00:05:17,850 |
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ุงู execution fairly stable ูุจูู ูู
ูุฉ ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู |
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57 |
|
00:05:17,850 --> 00:05:22,390 |
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ุจูุตูู execution ุชูุฑูุจุง ุซุงุจุชุฉ ุจูู ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุฅูุณุงู |
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58 |
|
00:05:22,390 --> 00:05:28,310 |
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ุทุจูุนู ู
ุด ุนูุฏู ุฃู ู
ุดุงูู ูู ุงู .. ุงูููุฉ ูุจูู ุนูุฏูุง |
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59 |
|
00:05:28,310 --> 00:05:34,710 |
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ุงู execution ู ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ูุชููู stable ูุจุงูุชุงูู |
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60 |
|
00:05:34,710 --> 00:05:38,670 |
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ุจูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ูุนุชุจุฑ very good test to |
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61 |
|
00:05:38,670 --> 00:05:43,630 |
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evaluate renal function ุชู
ุงู
ุ ููุนุชุจุฑุฅุฐุง ู
ุง ูุฑุฑูุงู |
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62 |
|
00:05:43,630 --> 00:05:49,010 |
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ุจ ุงูููุฑูุง ูุนูู ูุนุชุจุฑ ุฃูุถู ู
ู ุงูููุฑูุง ูุฃู ุฒู ู
ุง |
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63 |
|
00:05:49,010 --> 00:05:55,330 |
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ูููุง ุงูููุฑูุง ุจุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุจุงู diet ู ุงูุชูุงูู ูู
ูุงุช ูุจูุฑุฉ |
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64 |
|
00:05:55,330 --> 00:06:00,210 |
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ู
ู ุงูุจุฑูุชููุ ุชู
ุงู
ุ ููู ุงู keratinin ุจูุฎุชูู ุนู |
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65 |
|
00:06:00,210 --> 00:06:04,820 |
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ุงูููุฑูุงูุฒู ู
ุง ููููุง ุงู execution ูุนูู ูุนุชุจุฑ fairly |
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66 |
|
00:06:04,820 --> 00:06:09,660 |
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stable ููู
ูุง ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุนูู ู
ู
ูู ูููู ู
ุคุดุฑ ุฃูุถู |
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67 |
|
00:06:09,660 --> 00:06:14,100 |
|
ููrenal function disease correlations ุงู
ุชู ู
ู
ูู |
|
|
|
68 |
|
00:06:14,100 --> 00:06:19,440 |
|
ูุฑุชูุน ููุง ุงููุฑูุงุทูููู ู
ู
ูู ูุฑุชูุน ูู ุญุงูุงุช ุงู |
|
|
|
69 |
|
00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:23,240 |
|
kidney disease ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุฃูุง ูู ุนูุฏู abnormal renal |
|
|
|
70 |
|
00:06:23,240 --> 00:06:29,690 |
|
function ุนูุฏ ูุธููุฉ ุงูููุง ูููุง ู
ุดููุฉูุฅุฐุง ุงูููุฉ ูููุง |
|
|
|
71 |
|
00:06:29,690 --> 00:06:33,110 |
|
ู
ุดููุฉ ูุจูู ู
ุนูุงุชู ุฅู ุงูู Glomerular filtration |
|
|
|
72 |
|
00:06:33,110 --> 00:06:40,030 |
|
rate ูุชุชุฃุซุฑ ููุชูู ุงููู ูู ู
ุนุฏู ุงูููุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฏู
ูู |
|
|
|
73 |
|
00:06:40,030 --> 00:06:44,630 |
|
ุงูุฏูููุฉ ุงููุงุญุฏุฉ ูุจูู ู
ู
ูู ุฃู ุฃุนุฑู ุงูglomerular |
|
|
|
74 |
|
00:06:44,630 --> 00:06:50,330 |
|
filtration rate ุนูู ุฅููุง the volume of a fluid |
|
|
|
75 |
|
00:06:50,330 --> 00:06:56,210 |
|
filtered from the glomerular capillaries into |
|
|
|
76 |
|
00:06:56,210 --> 00:07:01,700 |
|
Bowman's capsuleper unit time a measurement of |
|
|
|
77 |
|
00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:05,780 |
|
keratinine concentration is used to determine ูุจูู |
|
|
|
78 |
|
00:07:05,780 --> 00:07:10,600 |
|
ุงูุด ุงูุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงุช ููุด ุจูุทูุจ ูุญุต ุงู keratinine |
|
|
|
79 |
|
00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:15,100 |
|
concentration ุงูู ุงุดู sufficiency of kidney |
|
|
|
80 |
|
00:07:15,100 --> 00:07:22,180 |
|
function ูุจูู ุนุดุงู ูุดูู ุงูุนู
ู ุงู kidney ููุฏููุด ุงู |
|
|
|
81 |
|
00:07:22,180 --> 00:07:26,650 |
|
efficiency ุงูุนู
ู ุงู kidney ูู ููู
ูุฉ ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ุฃูููุง |
|
|
|
82 |
|
00:07:26,650 --> 00:07:32,250 |
|
ุชุณุนูู ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ุชู
ุงููู ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ูุจูู ูู ู
ุง ุงุฑุชูุน ุงู |
|
|
|
83 |
|
00:07:32,250 --> 00:07:38,010 |
|
ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู concentration ูู ุงูุฏู
ูุจูู ูุฏู ูุนูู ุงู |
|
|
|
84 |
|
00:07:38,010 --> 00:07:42,090 |
|
ุงู sufficiency ุงู ุงู efficiency ู ุงู kidney |
|
|
|
85 |
|
00:07:42,090 --> 00:07:46,810 |
|
function ู
ุนูุงูุง ุจุชูู ุงูุถุง the severity of kidney |
|
|
|
86 |
|
00:07:46,810 --> 00:07:52,070 |
|
damage ูุฃูู ุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุงู ูู ู
ุง ุฒุงุฏ ุนูุฏูุง ุงู |
|
|
|
87 |
|
00:07:52,070 --> 00:07:57,620 |
|
kidney diseaseูู ู
ุง ูุงู ุนูุฏูุง ุงู functional |
|
|
|
88 |
|
00:07:57,620 --> 00:08:05,200 |
|
nephrons ู
ุนูุงู ุญูุฒูุฏ ุนูุฏูุง ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ูุจูู ุฅุฐุง |
|
|
|
89 |
|
00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:11,140 |
|
ูุงู ูุญุตูุง ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ู
ู
ูู ูุนุฑู ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ููุฏุงุด ุญุฌู
|
|
|
|
90 |
|
00:08:11,140 --> 00:08:15,920 |
|
ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ูู ุงู kidney ู ุฃูู ุจุฑุถู ููุณ ุงูุฃุดูุงุก to |
|
|
|
91 |
|
00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:18,680 |
|
monitor the progression of kidney disease ูุจูู |
|
|
|
92 |
|
00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:21,400 |
|
ุงููุงุณ ุงููู ุนูุฏูู
kidney disease ุจูุนู
ููููู
|
|
|
|
93 |
|
00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:25,430 |
|
ูุฑูุงุชูููู ุจุงุณุชู
ุฑุงุฑ ุนุดุงู ูุดูููุงุงููู ูู ุชุทูุฑ ุงูู
ุฑุถุ |
|
|
|
94 |
|
00:08:25,430 --> 00:08:29,850 |
|
ูุดูููุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ู
ุณุชูุฑุฉ ููุง ููุนุฏ ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู
ุฑุถ |
|
|
|
95 |
|
00:08:29,850 --> 00:08:34,390 |
|
ุจูุชุทูุฑ ูุจูุฒูุฏุ ูุจูู ุฏู ุชุนุฑูู ุงูู glomerular |
|
|
|
96 |
|
00:08:34,390 --> 00:08:37,590 |
|
filtration rate ุฒู ู
ุง ุญูููุง ูู ุงูู slide ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ |
|
|
|
97 |
|
00:08:37,590 --> 00:08:41,070 |
|
ุงูู volume of plasma filtered by the glomerulus |
|
|
|
98 |
|
00:08:41,070 --> 00:08:47,520 |
|
per unit timeุ ุงูู GFRุ ุงููู ูู ุงูู volumeุนูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
99 |
|
00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:52,560 |
|
time ู ุงูู GFR is used to estimate renal function |
|
|
|
100 |
|
00:08:52,560 --> 00:08:58,140 |
|
ูุจูู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงู glomerular filtration rate ู
ู
ูู |
|
|
|
101 |
|
00:08:58,140 --> 00:09:03,580 |
|
ูุญุฏุฏ ุฒู ู
ุง ููููุง ุฃู ูุนู
ู estimation ู ุงู renal |
|
|
|
102 |
|
00:09:03,580 --> 00:09:08,620 |
|
function ู
ู
ูู ุฃูุถุง ูุนู
ู estimation ู ุงู renal |
|
|
|
103 |
|
00:09:08,620 --> 00:09:13,200 |
|
function ู
ู ุฎูุงู keratinin clearance ุญุณุงุจูุง ู ุงู |
|
|
|
104 |
|
00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:20,660 |
|
keratinic clearanceู
ู
ูู ูุนูููุง ูุญุณุจ ุงูู Estimated |
|
|
|
105 |
|
00:09:20,660 --> 00:09:24,500 |
|
Glomerular Filtration Rate ุงูู Estimated |
|
|
|
106 |
|
00:09:24,500 --> 00:09:29,660 |
|
Glomerular Filtration Rate ุจูุนุจุฑ ุนููุง ุจ .. ูู .. |
|
|
|
107 |
|
00:09:29,660 --> 00:09:32,660 |
|
ุฃู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู Keratinin Clearance ุทุจุนูุง ูู ุนูุฏูุง |
|
|
|
108 |
|
00:09:32,660 --> 00:09:36,820 |
|
ู
ุนุงุฏูุฉ ูุญุณุงุจ ุงูู Keratinin Clearance ุฒู ู
ุง ููุดูู |
|
|
|
109 |
|
00:09:36,820 --> 00:09:41,580 |
|
ุจูู ุงูู slide ุงููุงุฏู
ุฉูุจูู ุงูู keratinin clearance |
|
|
|
110 |
|
00:09:41,580 --> 00:09:44,740 |
|
measure of the amount of keratinin eliminated from |
|
|
|
111 |
|
00:09:44,740 --> 00:09:49,340 |
|
the body by the kidneys per unit time ูู
ูุฉ ุงู |
|
|
|
112 |
|
00:09:49,340 --> 00:09:54,300 |
|
keratinin ุงููู ุญูุตููุง execution ุฃู ุญุชุชุฎูุต ู
ููุง |
|
|
|
113 |
|
00:09:54,300 --> 00:09:59,820 |
|
ุงูููุฉ per unit time ุงู plasma concentration of |
|
|
|
114 |
|
00:09:59,820 --> 00:10:03,380 |
|
keratinin is inversely proportional to a clearance |
|
|
|
115 |
|
00:10:03,380 --> 00:10:09,420 |
|
ูุนูู ุฃููุง ุชูุงุณุจ ุนูุณูุจูู ุงู clearance ูุจูู ุงู |
|
|
|
116 |
|
00:10:09,420 --> 00:10:15,420 |
|
plasma concentration ูู ู
ุง ุฒุงุฏ ุนูุฏูุง ุงู clearance |
|
|
|
117 |
|
00:10:15,420 --> 00:10:20,600 |
|
ูุนูู ูู ู
ุง ุฒุงุฏ ุนูุฏูุง ุงู execution ู ุงููุฑููุชูููู |
|
|
|
118 |
|
00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:27,260 |
|
ู
ุนูุงู ูู ู
ุง ูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงููุฑููุชูููู ูู ุงู plasmaูู ู
ุง |
|
|
|
119 |
|
00:10:27,260 --> 00:10:31,960 |
|
ุฒุงุฏ ุงูู Execration ูู ู
ุง ุฒุงุฏ ุงูู Clearance ูู ู
ุง |
|
|
|
120 |
|
00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:36,720 |
|
ูููู ุฃู ุงูู Concentration ู ุงููุฑููุชูููู ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
121 |
|
00:10:36,720 --> 00:10:40,200 |
|
Plasma Therefore, increased plasma levels mean |
|
|
|
122 |
|
00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:45,160 |
|
decreased glomerular filtration rate ูุนูู ุจู
ุนูู |
|
|
|
123 |
|
00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:49,200 |
|
ุขุฎุฑ ุฃู ุงู glomerular filtration rate ุชุชูุงุณุจ ุจุฑุถู |
|
|
|
124 |
|
00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:55,160 |
|
ุนูุณู ู
ุน ุงููุฑููุชูููู concentrationููุฐู ุงูู
ุนุงุฏูุฉ |
|
|
|
125 |
|
00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:58,700 |
|
ุงููู ู
ู
ูู ู
ู ุฎูุงููุง ูุญุณุจ ุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุงููู ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
126 |
|
00:10:58,700 --> 00:11:04,060 |
|
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ูุฐุง ุจูููู ุนู |
|
|
|
127 |
|
00:11:04,060 --> 00:11:10,020 |
|
ุทุฑูู ุญุณุงุจูุง ูุณูุฑุงู
ูุฑูุงุชูููู ููู ุงุนุชุจุงุฑุงุชูุง ุทุจุนุง |
|
|
|
128 |
|
00:11:10,020 --> 00:11:17,440 |
|
ูุนู
ุฑ ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู Male ุฃู Female ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุนูุฏูุง Black |
|
|
|
129 |
|
00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:24,920 |
|
ุฃููุนูู ุนุฑู ุขุฎุฑ ุทุจุนุง ุงู .. ุงู male hand ุจุฑุถู ุจุฎุชูู |
|
|
|
130 |
|
00:11:24,920 --> 00:11:29,720 |
|
ุนู ุงู female ูุฃูู ุงุญูุง ููููุง ุงูู ู
ู ุงูู
ุญุฏุฏุงุช ู ุงู |
|
|
|
131 |
|
00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:34,780 |
|
creatinine muscle mass ู ุทุจุนุง ุฒู ู
ุง ุงูุชูุง ุนุงุฑููู |
|
|
|
132 |
|
00:11:34,780 --> 00:11:40,300 |
|
ุงูู ุงู male ุนูุฏู ุงููู
ูุฉ ุงูุนุถูุงุช ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ู ุงู female |
|
|
|
133 |
|
00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:45,080 |
|
ู ูู ุจุงูุชุงูู ุจ .. ูู ุนูุฏูุง ูุนููุง ูุนูู ุงุฎุชูุงู ุญุชู |
|
|
|
134 |
|
00:11:45,080 --> 00:11:47,840 |
|
ูู ุงู reference interval ุฃู ุงููู ูู ุงู normal |
|
|
|
135 |
|
00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:52,500 |
|
rangeูู ุงูู keratinin concentration ุจูู ุงูู
ุงูู |
|
|
|
136 |
|
00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:57,680 |
|
ูุจูู ุงูููู
ุงูู ุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุฃูู ู
ู
ูู ูุณุชุฎุฏู
ุงูู |
|
|
|
137 |
|
00:11:57,680 --> 00:12:02,700 |
|
keratinin ูุนููุงู ูู
ุชุงุจุนุฉ |
|
|
|
138 |
|
00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:09,680 |
|
ุงูู
ุฑุถู ุงููู ุนูุฏูู
ุงููู ูู chronic disease ููุฐุง ุงู |
|
|
|
139 |
|
00:12:09,680 --> 00:12:15,100 |
|
figure ุจููุถุญ ุงู stages ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ ูุจููุถุญ |
|
|
|
140 |
|
00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:18,880 |
|
ุงูglomerular filtration rateุทุจุนุง ุงุญูุง ู
ู ุฎูุงู |
|
|
|
141 |
|
00:12:18,880 --> 00:12:23,740 |
|
ุญุณุงุจูุง ููุงูู ุงูู Creatinine ู ุจุนุฏ ููู ูุณุชุฎุฏู
|
|
|
|
142 |
|
00:12:23,740 --> 00:12:29,980 |
|
ุงูู
ุนุงุฏูุฉ ุนุดุงู ูุญุณุจ ุงููู ูู ุงูู GFR ู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุทุจุนุง |
|
|
|
143 |
|
00:12:29,980 --> 00:12:33,480 |
|
ุงูููู
ุฉ ุงููู ุจูุญุตู ุนูููุง ุงูู GFR ุจูุนุฑู ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุฅู |
|
|
|
144 |
|
00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:41,020 |
|
ุงู kidney ุณููู
ุฉ ุฃู ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุดุฎุต ูุฐุงู
ู
ูู ุจุฏุง ูู |
|
|
|
145 |
|
00:12:41,020 --> 00:12:45,520 |
|
kidney disease ููู ุฃู stage ู
ู ุงู kidney disease |
|
|
|
146 |
|
00:12:45,520 --> 00:12:49,780 |
|
ูุฐุง ุงูุดุฎุต ูุจูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงู kidney ุฅุฐุง ูุงู normal |
|
|
|
147 |
|
00:12:49,780 --> 00:12:56,920 |
|
ุจูููู ุนูุฏูุง ุงู GFR ุชุณุนูู ู .. ูุนูู ู
ู
ูู ูุตู ูู
ูุฉ ู |
|
|
|
148 |
|
00:12:56,920 --> 00:13:01,600 |
|
ุชูุงุชูู ู ู
ุนูุงู ูุนูู ุนูุฏูุง ุฃู ุงู function ู ุงู |
|
|
|
149 |
|
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:06,960 |
|
kidney ุงู coefficient ู
ู ุชุณุนูู ุฅูู ู
ูุฉ ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ุทุจุนุง |
|
|
|
150 |
|
00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:14,980 |
|
ูู ู
ุงููุต ุฃู ุงูู Function ูู Kidney ูู ู
ุง ูุฌุฏ ุฃู |
|
|
|
151 |
|
00:13:14,980 --> 00:13:19,440 |
|
ุงูู Glomerular Filtration Rate ููุช ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูู |
|
|
|
152 |
|
00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:26,460 |
|
ู
ุนูุงู ู
ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ุงู Stage ูู Disease ูุบุงูุฉ ู
ุง ูุตู ุฅูู |
|
|
|
153 |
|
00:13:26,460 --> 00:13:31,820 |
|
ุฃู ูุตู ุฃู ุงู Glomerular Filtration Rate ูุฃูู ู
ู 15 |
|
|
|
154 |
|
00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:37,940 |
|
ูุจูู ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุดุฎุต ูููููุนููุง ูุตู ูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงููู |
|
|
|
155 |
|
00:13:37,940 --> 00:13:42,500 |
|
ูู ุงู kidney failure ู ุงููู ุจูุญุชุงุฌ ุทุจุนุง ูููุง ุฅูู |
|
|
|
156 |
|
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:47,420 |
|
ุนู
ู dialysis ุงููู ูู ุบุณูู ุงูุฏู
ุงู analytical |
|
|
|
157 |
|
00:13:47,420 --> 00:13:53,680 |
|
methods ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ ูุญุณุงุจ ุงู concentration ููุฑูุงุชูููู |
|
|
|
158 |
|
00:13:53,680 --> 00:14:00,120 |
|
ูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูุฌุงูู reaction most frequently used ุชู
|
|
|
|
159 |
|
00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:02,920 |
|
ูุนูู ุนู
ู ูุฐุง ุงููุญุต ูู ุนุงู
1886 |
|
|
|
160 |
|
00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:07,840 |
|
ูู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูู Jaffrey reaction ุนูุฏูุง ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู |
|
|
|
161 |
|
00:14:07,840 --> 00:14:14,680 |
|
ุจูุชูุงุนู ู
ุน ุจูุฑูู ุฃุณุฏ in alkaline solution ููุฐุง |
|
|
|
162 |
|
00:14:14,680 --> 00:14:19,940 |
|
ุจูุนุทููุง red orange chromagin ููู ุนูุฏูุง ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ูุงุฏ |
|
|
|
163 |
|
00:14:19,940 --> 00:14:24,580 |
|
ุงููู ู
ู
ูู ุชุนู
ู interference ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ |
|
|
|
164 |
|
00:14:24,580 --> 00:14:31,120 |
|
ู
ุน ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ูุนูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูุฌููููุฒ ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงุฑุชูุนุช |
|
|
|
165 |
|
00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:36,520 |
|
ู
ุณุชููุฉ ุงูุฌููููุฒ ุงู keto acids ุงูููุฑู ุฃุณุฏูุฐู ูููุง |
|
|
|
166 |
|
00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:46,660 |
|
ู
ู
ูู ุชุฒูุฏ ูุฑูุงุชูููู ุจุงูุฏู
ูุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏู
ูุง ุงูุฌุงูู |
|
|
|
167 |
|
00:14:46,660 --> 00:14:53,040 |
|
reaction ููุงู ุฃู ุงู concentrations ููุฌููููุฒ ู
ุฑุชูุนุฉ |
|
|
|
168 |
|
00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:58,360 |
|
ููุฐุง ุณูุฃุซุฑ ุนูู ุงู concentration ูููุฑูุงุชูููู ู |
|
|
|
169 |
|
00:14:58,360 --> 00:15:04,940 |
|
ุณูุฑูุนูู ู
ู ุงู concentration ูููุฑูุงุชููููุนูุง ุงููููุงุช |
|
|
|
170 |
|
00:15:04,940 --> 00:15:09,960 |
|
ุงูุฌุงูู reaction rate of change in absorbance is |
|
|
|
171 |
|
00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:15,480 |
|
measured ูุนูุง ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุชุงูุชุฉ ุงูุฒูู
ุงุชูููุฉ method |
|
|
|
172 |
|
00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:20,580 |
|
using keratinase ูุฑูุงุชูู ูููุงุฒ ุจูุฑูููุช ูููุงุฒ and |
|
|
|
173 |
|
00:15:20,580 --> 00:15:26,180 |
|
ููุชุงุช ุฏู ููุฏุฑูุฌูููุฒ ูุนูู ุงูุฒูู
ุงุชูููุง coupled |
|
|
|
174 |
|
00:15:26,180 --> 00:15:31,350 |
|
reaction ุจูุณู
ููุงูุฃูู ู
ุงุนูุงุด ุชูุงุนู ูุงุญุฏ ููุท ูุฃ ุนูุง |
|
|
|
175 |
|
00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:39,910 |
|
ุฃูุชุฑ ู
ู ุชูุงุนู ุนุดุงู ุจุงูุขุฎุฑ ูุตู ูู
ุฑูุจ ุงููู ูู
ูู |
|
|
|
176 |
|
00:15:39,910 --> 00:15:44,110 |
|
ููุงุณู ุชู
ุงู
ุจุฌูุฉ ุงุญูุง ุฏุงูู
ุง ุจ ุงู ุงู methods ุงููู |
|
|
|
177 |
|
00:15:44,110 --> 00:15:49,190 |
|
ุจุชู
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ูุง ูููุดู ุนู ุงู analytes ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ ูุนูู |
|
|
|
178 |
|
00:15:49,190 --> 00:15:53,990 |
|
ู
ู
ูู ูููู ุนูุง ุชูุงุนู ูุงุญุฏ ููุท ุชู
ุงู
ู
ู
ูู ูููู ุนูุง |
|
|
|
179 |
|
00:15:53,990 --> 00:15:58,920 |
|
ุชูุงุนููู ุจูุตูุฑ ู
ุนุงุฏูุชููู
ู
ูู ุฒู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ูุฐู ุฃูู ุฃุฑุจุน |
|
|
|
180 |
|
00:15:58,920 --> 00:16:05,860 |
|
ู
ุนุงุฏูุงุชุ ูุจูุงุด ุงููู ุจูุญุฏุฏุ ุงููู ุจูุญุฏุฏ ูู ุฃูู ูุญุตู |
|
|
|
181 |
|
00:16:05,860 --> 00:16:12,720 |
|
ูู ุงูููุงูุฉ ุนูู product ุงููู ูู
ูู ููุงุณูุ ุชู
ุงู
ุ ูุจูู |
|
|
|
182 |
|
00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:17,860 |
|
.. ูุฏุงุด ุนุฏุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏูุงุช ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุจูุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุฃูู ุฃู
ุชู |
|
|
|
183 |
|
00:16:17,860 --> 00:16:22,480 |
|
ููุตูุฑ ูู ุนูุฏู product ุงููู ูู
ูู ููุงุณููุนูู ููุญุชุงุฌูุง |
|
|
|
184 |
|
00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:26,860 |
|
ุฅูู ุฃุฑุจุน ู
ุนุงุฏูุงุช ุน ุจุงู ู
ูุตููุง ู product ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
185 |
|
00:16:26,860 --> 00:16:30,780 |
|
ูู
ูู ูููุงุณู ุงููู ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุงูู Nod H ุงููู |
|
|
|
186 |
|
00:16:30,780 --> 00:16:36,500 |
|
ุจุชุญูู ู Nod ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃุญูุงู ู
ู
ูู ู
ู ุฃูู ู
ุนุงุฏูุฉ ูููู ูู |
|
|
|
187 |
|
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:41,060 |
|
ุฅูู ู
ุฑูุจ ุงููู ูู
ูู ูููุงุณู ู
ู
ูู ูู ุงูู
ุนุงุฏูุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ |
|
|
|
188 |
|
00:16:41,060 --> 00:16:44,730 |
|
ูุญุตู ุนูู ู
ุฑูุจ ุงููู ูู
ูู ูููุงุณูุทุจุนุง ูุจุฌู ูุฐุง ุงู .. |
|
|
|
189 |
|
00:16:44,730 --> 00:16:47,750 |
|
ุงู .. ุงูุฃุณุงุณ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุนูุฏูุง ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ูู |
|
|
|
190 |
|
00:16:47,750 --> 00:16:51,610 |
|
ูุฌูุฏ ุงููุฑูุงุชููููุงูุฒ ููุฏููุง ุงููู ูู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู |
|
|
|
191 |
|
00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:57,890 |
|
ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ู
ุน ATP ููุนุทููุง ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ููุณูุงุช ุนูุฏูุง ุงู |
|
|
|
192 |
|
00:16:57,890 --> 00:17:02,550 |
|
.. ุงู ADP ุงููู ูุชุฌุช ูุงู ู
ุน ููุณูููููู ุจูุฑูููุช |
|
|
|
193 |
|
00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:08,010 |
|
ููุนุทููุง ATP ู ุจูุฑูููุช ุงู ุจูุฑูููุช ุงููู ูุชุฌุช ู
ุน ูุงุฏ |
|
|
|
194 |
|
00:17:08,010 --> 00:17:11,490 |
|
ุฃุชุด ู ูู ูุฌูุฏ ููุชุงุชุฏูููุฏุฑูุฌูููุงุฒ ููุนุทููุง ููุชุงุช ู |
|
|
|
195 |
|
00:17:11,490 --> 00:17:17,300 |
|
ูุงุฏูุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ูุงู ุงููุงุฏ H ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุฑูู ูููุง ุฅูู ููุง |
|
|
|
196 |
|
00:17:17,300 --> 00:17:21,840 |
|
maximum absorbance ุนูู 340 ููู ุงููุงุฏ ู
ุงููุงุด |
|
|
|
197 |
|
00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:29,540 |
|
ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุงู ุฅูู ุงูููุต ูู ุงู absorbance ุนูู 340 |
|
|
|
198 |
|
00:17:29,540 --> 00:17:34,640 |
|
ุจูุนูุณ ูู
ุนุฏู ุงููุฑูุงุทูููู ุงููู ูุงู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุนูุฏู ูู |
|
|
|
199 |
|
00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:40,020 |
|
ุงูุนููุฉ ูุงู ุฅูู ุงู reference interval ูููุฑูุงุทูููู |
|
|
|
200 |
|
00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:45,580 |
|
ุทุจุนุง ูุงู ุจูุฎุชูู ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงู method ุจูุฎุชูู ุจูุฎุชูู |
|
|
|
201 |
|
00:17:45,580 --> 00:17:51,500 |
|
ููููุง ุงู ูุงู ุงูุฌุงูู ู ูุงู ุงููุง enzymatic ูู ุงู |
|
|
|
202 |
|
00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:57,190 |
|
female 0.6 ู 1.1ุจููู
ุง ุจุงูู
ุงูู point 9.1 ู point 3 |
|
|
|
203 |
|
00:17:57,190 --> 00:18:01,290 |
|
ู ุฒู ู
ุง ููููุง ุงูู
ุงูู ุนูุง ุฃุนูู ููููุง ู
ู ุงู female |
|
|
|
204 |
|
00:18:01,290 --> 00:18:07,570 |
|
ูุฃูู ุนูุง ุงู muscle mass ุทุจุนุง ุฃูุจุฑ ู ุงู child ุนูุง |
|
|
|
205 |
|
00:18:07,570 --> 00:18:13,170 |
|
point 3 ูุฃ ุงููู ูู point 7 ุจููู
ุง ุจุงู enzymatic |
|
|
|
206 |
|
00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:18,670 |
|
point ุงููู ูู 0 ูุบุงูุฉ point 6 ุทูุจ ุนูุง non-protein |
|
|
|
207 |
|
00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,370 |
|
nitrogen compound ุขุฎุฑ ุงููุฑูุงุชูู |
|
|
|
208 |
|
00:18:25,530 --> 00:18:29,010 |
|
ูุงููุฑูุงุชูู ู
ู
ูู ูุฑุชูุน ุงูู ูู ุงู plasma ู ุงู urine |
|
|
|
209 |
|
00:18:29,010 --> 00:18:32,510 |
|
ูู ุญุงูุงุช ู
ุฑุถูุฉ ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ุฒู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงู wall muscular |
|
|
|
210 |
|
00:18:32,510 --> 00:18:38,570 |
|
dystrophy hyperthyroidism ู ูู ุญุงูุงุช ุงูุญูุงุฏุซ ู ุงู |
|
|
|
211 |
|
00:18:38,570 --> 00:18:43,850 |
|
trauma ูุจูู ุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุงูู ููุฒูุฏ ุงูู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ููู |
|
|
|
212 |
|
00:18:43,850 --> 00:18:48,510 |
|
ููุฒูุฏ ุงูู ุงู execution ู ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงู |
|
|
|
213 |
|
00:18:48,510 --> 00:18:53,600 |
|
urine ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุงู plasmaุงูู creatinine levels |
|
|
|
214 |
|
00:18:53,600 --> 00:19:00,600 |
|
ูุชููู normal ููู ุงู urinary ููููู elevated ุจุฎุตูุต |
|
|
|
215 |
|
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:06,100 |
|
ุงู creatine ู ุงู testing ู ุงู creatine ูู ุงูุฏู
ูุฐุง |
|
|
|
216 |
|
00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:10,460 |
|
ูุนุชุจุฑ ู
ู ุงู specialized testing ูุง ูุชู
ุจุดูู ุฑูุชููู |
|
|
|
217 |
|
00:19:10,460 --> 00:19:17,320 |
|
ูู ุงูู
ุฎุชุจุฑุงุชููู ู
ู
ูู ููุญุต ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ูู ุงูุฏู
ุ |
|
|
|
218 |
|
00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:20,040 |
|
Analysing the sample for creatinine before and |
|
|
|
219 |
|
00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:24,460 |
|
after heating in acid solution using an Endpoint |
|
|
|
220 |
|
00:19:24,460 --> 00:19:29,940 |
|
Geography method.ูุนูู ููุณุชุฎุฏู
ููุณ ุงููู ูู ุงู .. ุงู |
|
|
|
221 |
|
00:19:29,940 --> 00:19:35,120 |
|
.. ุงู kit ุงููู ุงุณุชุฎุฏู
ูุงูุง ูููุฑูุงุชูููู ููู ุจุนุฏ ู
ุง |
|
|
|
222 |
|
00:19:35,120 --> 00:19:42,460 |
|
ูุชู
ุงููุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุชุณุฎูู ููุนููุฉ in acid solutionุงูุงู |
|
|
|
223 |
|
00:19:42,460 --> 00:19:48,180 |
|
ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุชุณุฎูู ูุฐู ูู ูุฌูุฏ ุงู acid ููุญูู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู |
|
|
|
224 |
|
00:19:48,180 --> 00:19:53,100 |
|
ุฅูู ูุฑูุงุชูููู ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุฒู ู
ุง ููููุง ุจุนุฏ ููู ู
ุง ุฒุงู |
|
|
|
225 |
|
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:56,520 |
|
ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ุชุญูู ุฅูู ูุฑูุงุชูููู ูุจุนุฏูู ุจูุณุชุฎุฏู
ุงููู |
|
|
|
226 |
|
00:19:56,520 --> 00:19:59,940 |
|
ูู ููุณ ุทุฑููุฉ ุงู .. ููุณ ุงู kit ุงููู ุงุณุชุฎุฏู
ูุงูุง |
|
|
|
227 |
|
00:19:59,940 --> 00:20:07,100 |
|
ููุฑูุงุชูููู ู ุจูุดุชุบู ุฃูุถุง ุงูุนููุฉ ู
ุฑุฉ ุชุงููุฉ ุจุฏูู |
|
|
|
228 |
|
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:13,690 |
|
heatingูุจูู ู
ุฑุฉ ุจูุดุชุบู ุงูุนููุฉ ุจูู ุงููู ูู heating |
|
|
|
229 |
|
00:20:13,690 --> 00:20:18,550 |
|
ุนุดุงู ูุญูู ุงููุฑูุงุชูู ู ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ู ุจูููุณ |
|
|
|
230 |
|
00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:23,690 |
|
ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ูู ุงูุนููุฉ ู ู
ุฑุฉ ุชุงููุฉ ุจูุดุชุบู ุงูุนููุฉ |
|
|
|
231 |
|
00:20:23,690 --> 00:20:30,190 |
|
ุจุฏูู heating ู ุจูููุณ ุงููุฑูุงุชูููู ูู ุงูุนููุฉ ุงููุฑู |
|
|
|
232 |
|
00:20:30,190 --> 00:20:36,100 |
|
ุจููุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุฃููู ูุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ ูู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุงูู |
|
|
|
233 |
|
00:20:36,100 --> 00:20:40,320 |
|
keratin concentration ุงููู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ูู ุงู sample ุงููู |
|
|
|
234 |
|
00:20:40,320 --> 00:20:40,800 |
|
ุนูุฏูุง |
|
|
|
|