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The 2013 ATP Challenger Tour Finals is a tennis tournament played at the Sociedade Harmonia de Tênis in São Paulo, Brazil, between 13 and 17 November 2013. It will be the third edition of the event. It is run by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and is part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. The tournament serves as the season ending championships for players on the ATP Challenger Tour. The venue went from Ginásio do Ibirapuera to Sociedade Harmonia de Tênis, because of the change of venue, the tournament will be played in outdoor clay courts for the first time. In the previous editions, it was played in indoor hard courts. Format The seven best players of the season and a wild card awardee qualify for the event and are split into two groups of four. During this stage, players compete in a round robin format (meaning players play against all the other players in their group). The two players with the best results in each group progress to the semifinals where the winners of a group face the runners-up of the other group. The winners of the semifinals reach the tournament final. Points and prize money The total prize money for the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour Finals was US$220,000. RR is points or prize money won in the round robin stage. Qualification The top seven players with the most points accumulated in ATP Challenger tournaments during the year plus one wild card entrant from the host country qualified for the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour Finals. Countable points include points earned in 2013 until 21 October, plus points earned at late-season 2012 Challenger tournaments. However, players were only eligible to qualify for the tournament if they played a minimum of eight ATP Challenger Tour tournaments during the season. Moreover, the accumulated year-to-date points were only countable to a maximum of ten best results. Qualified players The tournament line-up was initially announced on 23 October 2013 at the tournament's website, based on the 2013 ATP Year-To-Date Challenger Rankings up to that date. On 28 October 2013, the ATP announced the same line-up at its website. Alejandro González, Jesse Huta Galung, Filippo Volandri, and Teymuraz Gabashvili qualified directly in the event. Dudi Sela, Jiří Veselý, Pablo Carreño Busta, and Mikhail Kukushkin chose not to compete that gave spots to Aleksandr Nedovyesov, Adrian Ungur, and Andrej Martin. Brazilian Guilherme Clezar was given the eight spot as a wildcard. Teymuraz Gabashvili Gabashvili also a former fourth rounder of a slam, also at French Open, but this time in 2010, where he upset Andy Roddick in the third round as a qualifier. The Russian won two Challenger titles in the year both coming in Uzbekistan, at the Karshi Challenger and Samarkand Challenger defeating Radu Albot and Aleksandr Nedovyesov, respectively in straight sets. He also reached the final of the Morocco Tennis Tour – Kenitra retiring a game away from losing to Dominic Thiem. In his third Challenger final in Uzbekistan at the Tashkent Challenger, he lost this time to Israeli Dudi Sela. At the ATP World Tour, the Russian reached the quarterfinals of his home tournament of Kremlin Cup losing to world no. 10 Richard Gasquet Filippo Volandri Volandri is the elder statesman in the draw, at age 32. A two-time champion on the ATP World Tour and has formerly reached the fourth round of the 2007 French Open defeating a then world no. 7 Ivan Ljubičić em route. In the ATP Challenger Tour, the Italian reached five finals all finished in straight sets. He won two titles both in his home country of Italy in the Aspria Tennis Cup defeating Andrej Martin and the Trofeo Stefano Bellaveglia defeating Pere Riba. The other three finals, he was a runner-up to Aljaž Bedene at the Roma Open, to Marco Cecchinato at the San Marino CEPU Open and to Dustin Brown at the AON Open Challenger. The 32 year-old also reached the quarterfinals of the Brasil Open in ATP World Tour losing to Martín Alund. Aleksandr Nedovyesov The 2009 National Player of the Year at Oklahoma State University, has a huge climb in the ranking starting outside the top 200 to entering the top 100. He reached his first Challenger singles final at the Samarkand Challenger losing to Teymuraz Gabashvili. However, he won his next three Challenger finals at the Prague Open over Spaniard Javier Martí, at the Pekao Szczecin Open over another Spaniard Pere Riba, and at the Kazan Kremlin Cup over Andrey Golubev all in straight sets. Jesse Huta Galung At the age of 28, the Dutchman has discovered the best form of his career in 2013, after being below 300 at a point to breaking into the top 100 for the first time in his career in August. Huta Galung had a 4–1 record in the finals of the ATP Challenger Tour. Three of his titles came against French players, against Vincent Millot at the Challenger La Manche in straight sets, at the Open Harmonie mutuelle against Kenny de Schepper in a tight three setter winning it in a tie-break, and at the Tampere Open against Maxime Teixeira in straight sets. He won another title, in his home country in Netherlands at the Sport 1 Open against compatriot Robin Haase in three sets. He also reached another final at the Maserati Challenger losing to Czech Jan Hájek. He also earned a top 30 win in a dead rubber at the Davis Cup World Group play-offs against Austria defeating Jürgen Melzer in three sets. He also reached the doubles final of the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in the ATP World Tour, pairing with Thiemo de Bakker but lost to Robert Lindstedt and Nenad Zimonjić but lost in a Match Tie Break. Alejandro González The 24-year-old Colombian is enjoying a career year on the ATP Challenger Tour, qualifying for the year-end championships after reaching five finals and ascending to a career-high Emirates ATP ranking of 106 in late September. In the five finals he reached, he won three, his first coming in the Challenger ATP de Salinas Diario Expreso defeating Renzo Olivo in a third set tie-break. He followed it up with wins against another two Argentinian in Guido Andreozzi and Eduardo Schwank in straight sets at the Seguros Bolívar Open Medellín and São Paulo Challenger de Tênis respectively. He then lost the other two finals at the Visit Panama Cup barely losing to Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo in a third set tie-break and at the Aberto Rio Preto to João Souza. Adrian Ungur The defending ATP Challenger Tour Finals runner-up is back in São Paulo. The only former contestant in the field, the Romanian fell in a third-set tie-break to Guido Pella in last year's title bout. Ungur claimed two titles in the Challenger Circuit at the Tunis Open defeating Diego Sebastián Schwartzman in three sets dropping only 2 games in the final 2 sets at his home crowd at the BRD Arad Challenger over compatriot Marius Copil in two tight sets. He then fell into the final of the Arimex Challenger Trophy losing to Julian Reister. Andrej Martin Three years removed from his maiden ATP Challenger Tour title, Martin clinched his second in late April, defeating Adrian Mannarino at the Copa Internacional de Tenis Total Digest in three sets. He also lifted another trophy at the Banca dell’Adriatico Tennis Cup defeating João Sousa. He also reached two other finals, losing to Mannarino at the Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie and to Filippo Volandri at the Aspria Tennis Cup. Guilherme Clezar The youngest player in the field, Clezar was awarded the tournament's wild card. The 20-year-old Brazilian is also the lowest ranked, at World No. 177. He won his second title at the Challenger level Tetra Pak Tennis Cup defeating Facundo Bagnis in the final, and did not drop a set all tournament. Player head-to-heads These were the head-to-head records between the qualified players, immediately before the tournament. Head to head includes challengers. {{8TeamRR \| align = center \| title-1= \| standings-overall =Overall \| team-1-abbrev=Gabashvili \| team-1= Teymuraz Gabashvili \| team-2-abbrev=Volandri\| team-2= Filippo Volandri \| team-3-abbrev=Nedovyesov \| team-3= \| team-4-abbrev=Huta Galung \| team-4= Jesse Huta Galung \| team-5-abbrev=González\| team-5= Alejandro González \| team-6-abbrev=Ungur \| team-6= Adrian Ungur \| team-7-abbrev=Martin\| team-7= Andrej Martin \| team-8-abbrev=Clezar \| team-8= Guilherme Clezar \| color-row-1= \|1v2=1–3\|1v3=1–0\|1v4=0–0\|1v5=1–1\|1v6=1–0\|1v7=0–1\|1v8=0–0\|standings-1=4–5 \| color-row-2= \|2v1=3–1\|2v3=1–0\|2v4=2–1\|2v5=0–0\|2v6=2–3\|2v7=2–0\|2v8=0–0\|standings-2=10–5 \| color-row-3= \|3v1=0–1\|3v2=0–1\|3v4=0–0\|3v5=0–0\|3v6=0–0\|3v7=0–0\|3v8=0–0\|standings-3=0–2 \| color-row-4= \|4v1=0–0\|4v2=1–2\|4v3=0–0\|4v5=0–0\|4v6=3–0\|4v7=0–0\|4v8=0–0\|standings-4=4–2 \| color-row-5= \|5v1=1–1\|5v2=0–0\|5v3=0–0\|5v4=0–0\|5v6=0–0\|5v7=0–0\|5v8=0–1\|standings-5=1–2 \| color-row-6= \|6v1=0–1\|6v2=3–2\|6v3=0–0\|6v4=0–3\|6v5=0–0\|6v7=4–0\|6v8=0–1\|standings-6=7–7 \| color-row-7= \|7v1=1–0\|7v2=0–2\|7v3=0–0\|7v4=0–0\|7v5=0–0\|7v6=0–4\|7v8=0–0\|standings-7=1–6 \| color-row-8= \|8v1=0–0\|8v2=0–0\|8v3=0–0\|8v4=0–0\|8v5=1–0\|8v6=1–0\|8v7=0–0\|standings-8=2–0 }} Day-by-day summary Day 1: 13 November 2013 Day 2: 14 November 2013 Day 3: 15 November 2013 Day 4: 16 November 2013 Day 5: 17 November 2013 Champion Filippo Volandri''' def. Alejandro González, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2 See also 2013 ATP Challenger Tour 2013 ATP World Tour Finals 2013 WTA Tour Championships References External links Official Website ATP Challenger Tour Finals 2013 2013 in Brazilian tennis
Joseph De Stefani (October 3, 1879 – October 26, 1940) was an American character actor of the early sound era. Born in Venice, Italy, he began his film career in the 1931 movie, Beau Ideal. He appeared in 25 films over the next decade, his final appearance would be in a small role in 1940's A Dispatch from Reuters, which stars Edward G. Robinson. De Stefani was married to light-opera prima donna Helen Keers until her death in 1938. De Stefani died on October 26, 1940, exactly one week after the release of A Dispatch from Reuters. He is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. Filmography (as per AFI's database) References External links 1879 births 1940 deaths Actors from Venice American male film actors 20th-century American male actors Italian emigrants to the United States
```shell Test disk speed with `dd` Force a time update with `ntp` Find out if the system's architecture is 32 or 64 bit Change your `hostname` on systems using `systemd` Get hardware stack details with `lspci` ```
Berenice was the daughter of Mariamne, daughter of Herod Agrippa, and Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes, son of Chelcias (maybe Hilkiya in Hebrew, who was a friend and an officer at the court). She was born sometime after 50 CE. After her parents had divorced, she lived with her mother in Alexandria. Notes 50s births 1st-century Jews 1st-century women Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire Herodian dynasty Year of death unknown Ancient Jewish women
Prądnik Czerwony is one of 18 districts of Kraków; known as Dzielnica III (District 3), located in the northern part of the city. The name Prądnik Czerwony comes from a village of same name (first mentioned in 1105) that is now a part of the district. According to the Central Statistical Office data, the district's area is and 47 775 people inhabit Prądnik Czerwony. Subdivisions of Prądnik Czerwony Prądnik Czerwony is divided into smaller subdivisions (osiedles). Here's a list of them. Olsza Olsza II Prądnik Czerwony Rakowice Śliczna Ugorek Warszawskie Wieczysta Akacjowa Population References External links Official website of Prądnik Czerwony Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Districts of Kraków
"Atlantic" is a song performed and composed by English alternative rock band Keane, released as the first single from their second studio album Under the Iron Sea, firstly as a download only music video and later as a 7" vinyl limited edition. The song was premiered at a secret gig in London on 5 April 2006. "Atlantic" was featured in the TV series CSI: NY in the eighth episode of the third season "Consequences". Composition "Atlantic" was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley c. 2005 and recorded at the Helioscentric Studios, Rye, East Sussex and at the Magic Shop, New York City. First demos featured Rice-Oxley instead of Chaplin on the lead vocals. The first verse, lyrically, was different from the final version. Sessions at the Magic Shop for the recording of this song were filmed and released on the Under the Iron Sea DVD. Musical structure The song opens with Rice-Oxley's electric piano instrumentally. After 30 seconds, the bass and drums are added. Chaplin's vocals are then introduced, and the drums drop out for 16 beats. Later on, the song drastically changes its tone to introduce the chorus and the final part. While the album version fades with strings, the video version incorporates the outro of "The Iron Sea", with electronic sounds including echoes and voices. Song's meaning According to Keane.at, "This song talks about newly-wed Rice-Oxley feelings about his relationship." Tim also explained this on 22 May 2006: Music video The video for "Atlantic", aired only in Europe, was directed by Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh. It is entirely black and white and starts with scenes of the Atlantic Ocean and a beach in Sussex, and did not feature the band. A long-haired, bearded man with ragged clothes, played by Jonathan Lewis Owen, a business partner of Welsh's, comes out of the ocean and walks quietly along the beach. Firstly, he sees a couple tying a rolled sheet of paper - presumably a message for help - and putting it into a bottle before they throw it to the sea. He stops briefly to watch them, and then continues walking to find a boy kicking a football. The ball rebounds on the cliff and falls into the water; the boy asks the man to fetch it, but he refuses, so the boy kicks him and runs away. When the man recovers he continues walking, and sees a large swimming-costume clad woman, played by Cheryl Fergison, with a life-ring who throws herself to the sea and disappears while the life-ring floats on the waves. The man is shocked, looks around for somebody to help her, sees no one and then walks on. He finds an old man who has a metal detector, and points out a place along the shore and the metal detector finds something in the sand. Digging, they find what seems to be a dead bird. The old man runs away shortly before the main man. When the chorus leads in, the man finds two children building a sand castle, who promptly destroy it upon seeing him. The song ends and a part of the instrumental "The Iron Sea", comes in as the final scenes show three teenagers throwing two unlit petrol bombs into the sea, and when the man turns around, he faces a pale man with a dark hooded cloak representing Death, or the Grim Reaper, and loses himself in Death's eyes. Immediately, for two seconds every person in the video appears, and in the final shot they all follow Death with linked hands - this bears a resemblance to the final shot of the Swedish film The Seventh Seal. Cover art The cover artwork for the single was designed by Sanna Annukka Smith, a Finnish artist in May 2006. The single cover is also the illustration representing the song in the inner pages of the book-shaped CD+DVD edition. Track listing The single came inside a special box designed to contain the remaining singles of the "Under the Iron Sea era" (similar to the one released with "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore") References External links Official site Keaneshaped - Information about record Keane.fr - Information about record in French Keane (band) songs 2006 singles Songs written by Tim Rice-Oxley Songs written by Tom Chaplin Songs written by Richard Hughes (musician) Black-and-white music videos
The 2011 Basque foral elections were held on Sunday, 22 May 2011, to elect the 9th Juntas Generales of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. All 153 seats in the three Juntas Generales were up for election. The elections were held simultaneously with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain. Overall Foral deputation control The following table lists party control in the foral deputations. Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour. Historical territories Álava Biscay Gipuzkoa References Basque 2011
```smalltalk #nullable disable using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace ClosedXML.Excel { public interface IXLDrawingProtection { Boolean Locked { get; set; } Boolean LockText { get; set; } IXLDrawingStyle SetLocked(); IXLDrawingStyle SetLocked(Boolean value); IXLDrawingStyle SetLockText(); IXLDrawingStyle SetLockText(Boolean value); } } ```
Johann Baptist Babel (25 June 1716 – 9 February 1799) was the preeminent sculptor of Baroque era Switzerland. Active mainly in Central Switzerland, he enjoyed an uncommonly long productive period that spanned the transitions from Late Baroque to Rococo and then to Neoclassicism. Life Babel was the fourth son of a wealthy court clerk in Pfronten-Ried near Füssen in the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg (now Bavaria, Germany). After training with local sculptors, probably his cousin Johann Peter Heel (1696–1767), Babel spent his journeyman years traveling in Austria and learning wood and stone sculpting techniques. He probably spent time in Bohemia and with Joseph Päbel (1683–1742), another distantly related sculptor, in St. Pölten. Although this is not documented, similarities in style and composition make it likely that he also trained in stucco with Diego Francesco Carloni between 1734 and 1740. He is first recorded as a master sculptor in 1742 in Mimmenhausen. In 1746 he settled in Einsiedeln, Schwyz, where he married Katharina Willi and served as court sculptor to Prince-Abbot Nikolaus II. Imfeld until 1754. At Einsiedeln Abbey, Babel created a cycle of sculptures that were to outshine all of his later work. The fame they brought him made him sought after by clients from all over Central Switzerland after 1754. On account of his preeminence as a sculptor, he was admitted to the Einsiedeln Guild in 1777. Babel remained active as a sculptor into high age, and was probably the teacher of Joseph Anton, Joseph Benedikt Curiger and Joseph Anton Janser. About a year before his death in 1799, he had to witness the invading French troops vandalizing a great number of his sculptures on 3 May 1798. The political and cultural upheavals after his death prevented him from having a substantial artistic following. Works Babel's works comprise about 270 objects related to 118 attested commissions, mostly sacral art. They include stone and stucco sculptures of saints and angels, mostly for church altars, models for reliquaries and a few secular sculptures for fountains or gardens. His principal and earliest work is the statuary decoration of Einsiedeln Abbey. The choir sculptures (1746–47) elaborately illustrate the death of Christ and display an uncommonly rich variation in clothing forms, influenced by the work of Heel and Carloni. After 1750, Babel increasingly used Rococo elements, beginning with the Allegories on the Einsiedeln main altar (1749–1751), which made him a pioneer of this style in Switzerland. The stone statues on the abbey's main square (1749–1751) illustrate the progression from late Baroque forms, as seen in the Emperor statues, to the more Rococo-like expressive gestures in the allegorical sculptures. Most of Babel's works were small- or medium-sized altar figurines in polished white basswood. The main work of the middle period of his life are the side altars of Our Lady's Chapel in Oberarth (1764–67), considered the most valued Rococo furnishings in Central Switzerland. These furnishings, and those in the palace chapel of Hilfikon illustrate Babel's principal accomplishment: the transformation of Late Baroque templates into a more controlled, constrained and comprehensive form. In 1772–75, Babel created the facade, interior and fountain sculptures for the newly built Neoclassical St. Ursen Cathedral of Solothurn. His concessions to the emerging Neoclassicist style remained reluctant, however. His last major work, the 1794 statue of John of Nepomuk on the Devils's Bridge in Egg (Einsiedeln), based on a 1760 bozzetto, illustrates his unwillingness to fully adapt to the new style. Bibliography References German sculptors German male sculptors 1716 births 1799 deaths Swiss sculptors Rococo sculptors Swiss Baroque sculptors Neoclassical sculptors People from Ostallgäu People from the canton of Schwyz People from Einsiedeln Catholic sculptors
Saedae was a government office of the Taebong state (also known as Later Goguryo or Majin), a short-lived kingdom (901–918) founded by Gung Ye during the Later Three Kingdoms period (892–936) of Korea. According to historical records in Samguk Sagi ("History of the Three Kingdoms"), as Gung Ye changed the name of the state to Majin (摩震) and named the era "Mutae" (武泰) in 904, he revised the administrative system in reference to those of Silla. In the process, he established Gwangpyeongseong (廣評省), the highest administrative office which consisted of 18 departments called Gwanbu including Sadae and Byeongbu (兵部). The Saedae office took charge of education on yeogeo or foreign language. According to the records, learning foreign languages was regarded as important in ancient Korean society. See also Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo References Politics of Korea History of Korea
218 (two hundred [and] eighteen) is the natural number following 217 and preceding 219. In mathematics Mertens function(218) = 3, a record high. 218 is nontotient and also noncototient. 218 is the number of inequivalent ways to color the 12 edges of a cube using at most 2 colors, where two colorings are equivalent if they differ only by a rotation of the cube. There are 218 nondegenerate Boolean functions of 3 variables. The number of surface points on a 73 cube. In other fields 218 is the current number of votes in the US House of Representatives a party or coalition needs to win in order to achieve a majority. The years 218 and 218 BC Area code 218, for northern Minnesota. References Integers
```linker script /* * / #include <zephyr/devicetree.h> / * SRAM base address and size / #if DT_NODE_HAS_PROP(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_sram), reg) && \ (DT_REG_SIZE(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_sram)) > 0) #define SRAM_START DT_REG_ADDR(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_sram)) #define SRAM_SIZE DT_REG_SIZE(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_sram)) #endif / * flash base address and size */ #if DT_NODE_HAS_PROP(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_flash), reg) && \ (DT_REG_SIZE(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_flash)) > 0) #define FLASH_START DT_REG_ADDR(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_flash)) #define FLASH_SIZE DT_REG_SIZE(DT_CHOSEN(zephyr_flash)) #endif #include <zephyr/arch/arc/v2/linker.ld> ```
dvips is a computer program that converts the Device Independent file format (DVI) output of TeX typography into a printable or otherwise presentable form. was written by Tomas Rokicki to produce printable PostScript files from DVI input, and is now commonly used for general DVI conversion. The TeX typesetting system outputs DVI files which are intended to be independent of the output device. In particular, they are not understood by printers and lack information such as font shapes. Thus, a converter (i.e., a backend) is needed to translate from a DVI file to a printer language. Although other DVI backends such as dvilj exist, is one of the most common ways of printing DVI files. Another, more recent solution is the use of pdfTeX to directly generate PDF files, which have readers for most platforms. Given its importance, is a standard part of most TeX distributions, such as teTeX, and TeX Live. By using TeX \special commands, it is possible to directly insert "literal PostScript" into the DVI file and have such snippets of PostScript appear in the final file generated by . This flexibility allows the user to include, say, watermarks on his document (especially via the use of proper packages) or further postprocess the PostScript file. When producing postscript files, dvips embeds fonts inside the file. Most recent distributions will normally embed scalable fonts, also known as Type 1 fonts. Files generated with older distributions, however, may embed raster fonts. To substitute raster for scalable fonts in a postscript file in a situation where the original dvi file is unavailable use a utility called pkfix. References External links Official website PostScript Free TeX software
Wynyard station is a former railway station located in Wynyard, Saskatchewan, Canada. The building was constructed by Canadian Pacific Railway, it is now only used for administrative offices. The station served as a division point on the mainline between Winnipeg and Edmonton and comprises: one 1½-storey clapboard building including a passage waiting area and a 1-storey freight/baggage area a round house and remnants of the station garden The building was designated a historic railway station in 1991. See also List of designated heritage railway stations of Canada References Designated heritage railway stations in Saskatchewan Canadian Pacific Railway stations in Saskatchewan Railway stations in Canada opened in 1909 Disused railway stations in Canada 1909 establishments in Saskatchewan
```javascript PR.registerLangHandler(PR.createSimpleLexer([["var pln",/^\$[\w-]+/,null,"$"]],[["pln",/^[\s=][<>][\s=]/],["lit",/^@[\w-]+/],["tag",/^<\/?[a-z](?:[\w-.:]\w)?\|\/?>$/i],["com",/^$:[\S\s]?:$/],["pln",/^[(),/;[\]{}]$/],["str",/^(?:"(?:[^"\\{]\|\\[\S\s])(?:"\|$)\|'(?:[^'\\{]\|\\[\S\s])(?:'\|$))/,null,"\"'"],["kwd",/^(?:xquery\|where\|version\|variable\|union\|typeswitch\|treat\|to\|then\|text\|stable\|sortby\|some\|self\|schema\|satisfies\|returns\|return\|ref\|processing-instruction\|preceding-sibling\|preceding\|precedes\|parent\|only\|of\|node\|namespace\|module\|let\|item\|intersect\|instance\|in\|import\|if\|function\|for\|follows\|following-sibling\|following\|external\|except\|every\|else\|element\|descending\|descendant-or-self\|descendant\|define\|default\|declare\|comment\|child\|cast\|case\|before\|attribute\|assert\|ascending\|as\|ancestor-or-self\|ancestor\|after\|eq\|order\|by\|or\|and\|schema-element\|document-node\|node\|at)\b/], ["typ",/^(?:xs:yearMonthDuration\|xs:unsignedLong\|xs:time\|xs:string\|xs:short\|xs:QName\|xs:Name\|xs:long\|xs:integer\|xs:int\|xs:gYearMonth\|xs:gYear\|xs:gMonthDay\|xs:gDay\|xs:float\|xs:duration\|xs:double\|xs:decimal\|xs:dayTimeDuration\|xs:dateTime\|xs:date\|xs:byte\|xs:boolean\|xs:anyURI\|xf:yearMonthDuration)\b/,null],["fun pln",/^(?:xp:dereference\|xinc:node-expand\|xinc:link-references\|xinc:link-expand\|xhtml:restructure\|xhtml:clean\|xhtml:add-lists\|xdmp:zip-manifest\|xdmp:zip-get\|xdmp:zip-create\|xdmp:xquery-version\|xdmp:word-convert\|xdmp:with-namespaces\|xdmp:version\|xdmp:value\|xdmp:user-roles\|xdmp:user-last-login\|xdmp:user\|xdmp:url-encode\|xdmp:url-decode\|xdmp:uri-is-file\|xdmp:uri-format\|xdmp:uri-content-type\|xdmp:unquote\|xdmp:unpath\|xdmp:triggers-database\|xdmp:trace\|xdmp:to-json\|xdmp:tidy\|xdmp:subbinary\|xdmp:strftime\|xdmp:spawn-in\|xdmp:spawn\|xdmp:sleep\|xdmp:shutdown\|xdmp:set-session-field\|xdmp:set-response-encoding\|xdmp:set-response-content-type\|xdmp:set-response-code\|xdmp:set-request-time-limit\|xdmp:set\|xdmp:servers\|xdmp:server-status\|xdmp:server-name\|xdmp:server\|xdmp:security-database\|xdmp:security-assert\|xdmp:schema-database\|xdmp:save\|xdmp:role-roles\|xdmp:role\|xdmp:rethrow\|xdmp:restart\|xdmp:request-timestamp\|xdmp:request-status\|xdmp:request-cancel\|xdmp:request\|xdmp:redirect-response\|xdmp:random\|xdmp:quote\|xdmp:query-trace\|xdmp:query-meters\|xdmp:product-edition\|xdmp:privilege-roles\|xdmp:privilege\|xdmp:pretty-print\|xdmp:powerpoint-convert\|xdmp:platform\|xdmp:permission\|xdmp:pdf-convert\|xdmp:path\|xdmp:octal-to-integer\|xdmp:node-uri\|xdmp:node-replace\|xdmp:node-kind\|xdmp:node-insert-child\|xdmp:node-insert-before\|xdmp:node-insert-after\|xdmp:node-delete\|xdmp:node-database\|xdmp:mul64\|xdmp:modules-root\|xdmp:modules-database\|xdmp:merging\|xdmp:merge-cancel\|xdmp:merge\|xdmp:md5\|xdmp:logout\|xdmp:login\|xdmp:log-level\|xdmp:log\|xdmp:lock-release\|xdmp:lock-acquire\|xdmp:load\|xdmp:invoke-in\|xdmp:invoke\|xdmp:integer-to-octal\|xdmp:integer-to-hex\|xdmp:http-put\|xdmp:http-post\|xdmp:http-options\|xdmp:http-head\|xdmp:http-get\|xdmp:http-delete\|xdmp:hosts\|xdmp:host-status\|xdmp:host-name\|xdmp:host\|xdmp:hex-to-integer\|xdmp:hash64\|xdmp:hash32\|xdmp:has-privilege\|xdmp:groups\|xdmp:group-serves\|xdmp:group-servers\|xdmp:group-name\|xdmp:group-hosts\|xdmp:group\|xdmp:get-session-field-names\|xdmp:get-session-field\|xdmp:get-response-encoding\|xdmp:get-response-code\|xdmp:get-request-username\|xdmp:get-request-user\|xdmp:get-request-url\|xdmp:get-request-protocol\|xdmp:get-request-path\|xdmp:get-request-method\|xdmp:get-request-header-names\|xdmp:get-request-header\|xdmp:get-request-field-names\|xdmp:get-request-field-filename\|xdmp:get-request-field-content-type\|xdmp:get-request-field\|xdmp:get-request-client-certificate\|xdmp:get-request-client-address\|xdmp:get-request-body\|xdmp:get-current-user\|xdmp:get-current-roles\|xdmp:get\|xdmp:function-name\|xdmp:function-module\|xdmp:function\|xdmp:from-json\|xdmp:forests\|xdmp:forest-status\|xdmp:forest-restore\|xdmp:forest-restart\|xdmp:forest-name\|xdmp:forest-delete\|xdmp:forest-databases\|xdmp:forest-counts\|xdmp:forest-clear\|xdmp:forest-backup\|xdmp:forest\|xdmp:filesystem-file\|xdmp:filesystem-directory\|xdmp:exists\|xdmp:excel-convert\|xdmp:eval-in\|xdmp:eval\|xdmp:estimate\|xdmp:email\|xdmp:element-content-type\|xdmp:elapsed-time\|xdmp:document-set-quality\|xdmp:document-set-property\|xdmp:document-set-properties\|xdmp:document-set-permissions\|xdmp:document-set-collections\|xdmp:document-remove-properties\|xdmp:document-remove-permissions\|xdmp:document-remove-collections\|xdmp:document-properties\|xdmp:document-locks\|xdmp:document-load\|xdmp:document-insert\|xdmp:document-get-quality\|xdmp:document-get-properties\|xdmp:document-get-permissions\|xdmp:document-get-collections\|xdmp:document-get\|xdmp:document-forest\|xdmp:document-delete\|xdmp:document-add-properties\|xdmp:document-add-permissions\|xdmp:document-add-collections\|xdmp:directory-properties\|xdmp:directory-locks\|xdmp:directory-delete\|xdmp:directory-create\|xdmp:directory\|xdmp:diacritic-less\|xdmp:describe\|xdmp:default-permissions\|xdmp:default-collections\|xdmp:databases\|xdmp:database-restore-validate\|xdmp:database-restore-status\|xdmp:database-restore-cancel\|xdmp:database-restore\|xdmp:database-name\|xdmp:database-forests\|xdmp:database-backup-validate\|xdmp:database-backup-status\|xdmp:database-backup-purge\|xdmp:database-backup-cancel\|xdmp:database-backup\|xdmp:database\|xdmp:collection-properties\|xdmp:collection-locks\|xdmp:collection-delete\|xdmp:collation-canonical-uri\|xdmp:castable-as\|xdmp:can-grant-roles\|xdmp:base64-encode\|xdmp:base64-decode\|xdmp:architecture\|xdmp:apply\|xdmp:amp-roles\|xdmp:amp\|xdmp:add64\|xdmp:add-response-header\|xdmp:access\|trgr:trigger-set-recursive\|trgr:trigger-set-permissions\|trgr:trigger-set-name\|trgr:trigger-set-module\|trgr:trigger-set-event\|trgr:trigger-set-description\|trgr:trigger-remove-permissions\|trgr:trigger-module\|trgr:trigger-get-permissions\|trgr:trigger-enable\|trgr:trigger-disable\|trgr:trigger-database-online-event\|trgr:trigger-data-event\|trgr:trigger-add-permissions\|trgr:remove-trigger\|trgr:property-content\|trgr:pre-commit\|trgr:post-commit\|trgr:get-trigger-by-id\|trgr:get-trigger\|trgr:document-scope\|trgr:document-content\|trgr:directory-scope\|trgr:create-trigger\|trgr:collection-scope\|trgr:any-property-content\|thsr:set-entry\|thsr:remove-term\|thsr:remove-synonym\|thsr:remove-entry\|thsr:query-lookup\|thsr:lookup\|thsr:load\|thsr:insert\|thsr:expand\|thsr:add-synonym\|spell:suggest-detailed\|spell:suggest\|spell:remove-word\|spell:make-dictionary\|spell:load\|spell:levenshtein-distance\|spell:is-correct\|spell:insert\|spell:double-metaphone\|spell:add-word\|sec:users-collection\|sec:user-set-roles\|sec:user-set-password\|sec:user-set-name\|sec:user-set-description\|sec:user-set-default-permissions\|sec:user-set-default-collections\|sec:user-remove-roles\|sec:user-privileges\|sec:user-get-roles\|sec:user-get-description\|sec:user-get-default-permissions\|sec:user-get-default-collections\|sec:user-doc-permissions\|sec:user-doc-collections\|sec:user-add-roles\|sec:unprotect-collection\|sec:uid-for-name\|sec:set-realm\|sec:security-version\|sec:security-namespace\|sec:security-installed\|sec:security-collection\|sec:roles-collection\|sec:role-set-roles\|sec:role-set-name\|sec:role-set-description\|sec:role-set-default-permissions\|sec:role-set-default-collections\|sec:role-remove-roles\|sec:role-privileges\|sec:role-get-roles\|sec:role-get-description\|sec:role-get-default-permissions\|sec:role-get-default-collections\|sec:role-doc-permissions\|sec:role-doc-collections\|sec:role-add-roles\|sec:remove-user\|sec:remove-role-from-users\|sec:remove-role-from-role\|sec:remove-role-from-privileges\|sec:remove-role-from-amps\|sec:remove-role\|sec:remove-privilege\|sec:remove-amp\|sec:protect-collection\|sec:privileges-collection\|sec:privilege-set-roles\|sec:privilege-set-name\|sec:privilege-remove-roles\|sec:privilege-get-roles\|sec:privilege-add-roles\|sec:priv-doc-permissions\|sec:priv-doc-collections\|sec:get-user-names\|sec:get-unique-elem-id\|sec:get-role-names\|sec:get-role-ids\|sec:get-privilege\|sec:get-distinct-permissions\|sec:get-collection\|sec:get-amp\|sec:create-user-with-role\|sec:create-user\|sec:create-role\|sec:create-privilege\|sec:create-amp\|sec:collections-collection\|sec:collection-set-permissions\|sec:collection-remove-permissions\|sec:collection-get-permissions\|sec:collection-add-permissions\|sec:check-admin\|sec:amps-collection\|sec:amp-set-roles\|sec:amp-remove-roles\|sec:amp-get-roles\|sec:amp-doc-permissions\|sec:amp-doc-collections\|sec:amp-add-roles\|search:unparse\|search:suggest\|search:snippet\|search:search\|search:resolve-nodes\|search:resolve\|search:remove-constraint\|search:parse\|search:get-default-options\|search:estimate\|search:check-options\|prof:value\|prof:reset\|prof:report\|prof:invoke\|prof:eval\|prof:enable\|prof:disable\|prof:allowed\|ppt:clean\|pki:template-set-request\|pki:template-set-name\|pki:template-set-key-type\|pki:template-set-key-options\|pki:template-set-description\|pki:template-in-use\|pki:template-get-version\|pki:template-get-request\|pki:template-get-name\|pki:template-get-key-type\|pki:template-get-key-options\|pki:template-get-id\|pki:template-get-description\|pki:need-certificate\|pki:is-temporary\|pki:insert-trusted-certificates\|pki:insert-template\|pki:insert-signed-certificates\|pki:insert-certificate-revocation-list\|pki:get-trusted-certificate-ids\|pki:get-template-ids\|pki:get-template-certificate-authority\|pki:get-template-by-name\|pki:get-template\|pki:get-pending-certificate-requests-xml\|pki:get-pending-certificate-requests-pem\|pki:get-pending-certificate-request\|pki:get-certificates-for-template-xml\|pki:get-certificates-for-template\|pki:get-certificates\|pki:get-certificate-xml\|pki:get-certificate-pem\|pki:get-certificate\|pki:generate-temporary-certificate-if-necessary\|pki:generate-temporary-certificate\|pki:generate-template-certificate-authority\|pki:generate-certificate-request\|pki:delete-template\|pki:delete-certificate\|pki:create-template\|pdf:make-toc\|pdf:insert-toc-headers\|pdf:get-toc\|pdf:clean\|p:status-transition\|p:state-transition\|p:remove\|p:pipelines\|p:insert\|p:get-by-id\|p:get\|p:execute\|p:create\|p:condition\|p:collection\|p:action\|ooxml:runs-merge\|ooxml:package-uris\|ooxml:package-parts-insert\|ooxml:package-parts\|msword:clean\|mcgm:polygon\|mcgm:point\|mcgm:geospatial-query-from-elements\|mcgm:geospatial-query\|mcgm:circle\|math:tanh\|math:tan\|math:sqrt\|math:sinh\|math:sin\|math:pow\|math:modf\|math:log10\|math:log\|math:ldexp\|math:frexp\|math:fmod\|math:floor\|math:fabs\|math:exp\|math:cosh\|math:cos\|math:ceil\|math:atan2\|math:atan\|math:asin\|math:acos\|map:put\|map:map\|map:keys\|map:get\|map:delete\|map:count\|map:clear\|lnk:to\|lnk:remove\|lnk:insert\|lnk:get\|lnk:from\|lnk:create\|kml:polygon\|kml:point\|kml:interior-polygon\|kml:geospatial-query-from-elements\|kml:geospatial-query\|kml:circle\|kml:box\|gml:polygon\|gml:point\|gml:interior-polygon\|gml:geospatial-query-from-elements\|gml:geospatial-query\|gml:circle\|gml:box\|georss:point\|georss:geospatial-query\|georss:circle\|geo:polygon\|geo:point\|geo:interior-polygon\|geo:geospatial-query-from-elements\|geo:geospatial-query\|geo:circle\|geo:box\|fn:zero-or-one\|fn:years-from-duration\|fn:year-from-dateTime\|fn:year-from-date\|fn:upper-case\|fn:unordered\|fn:true\|fn:translate\|fn:trace\|fn:tokenize\|fn:timezone-from-time\|fn:timezone-from-dateTime\|fn:timezone-from-date\|fn:sum\|fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration\|fn:subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration\|fn:substring-before\|fn:substring-after\|fn:substring\|fn:subsequence\|fn:string-to-codepoints\|fn:string-pad\|fn:string-length\|fn:string-join\|fn:string\|fn:static-base-uri\|fn:starts-with\|fn:seconds-from-time\|fn:seconds-from-duration\|fn:seconds-from-dateTime\|fn:round-half-to-even\|fn:round\|fn:root\|fn:reverse\|fn:resolve-uri\|fn:resolve-QName\|fn:replace\|fn:remove\|fn:QName\|fn:prefix-from-QName\|fn:position\|fn:one-or-more\|fn:number\|fn:not\|fn:normalize-unicode\|fn:normalize-space\|fn:node-name\|fn:node-kind\|fn:nilled\|fn:namespace-uri-from-QName\|fn:namespace-uri-for-prefix\|fn:namespace-uri\|fn:name\|fn:months-from-duration\|fn:month-from-dateTime\|fn:month-from-date\|fn:minutes-from-time\|fn:minutes-from-duration\|fn:minutes-from-dateTime\|fn:min\|fn:max\|fn:matches\|fn:lower-case\|fn:local-name-from-QName\|fn:local-name\|fn:last\|fn:lang\|fn:iri-to-uri\|fn:insert-before\|fn:index-of\|fn:in-scope-prefixes\|fn:implicit-timezone\|fn:idref\|fn:id\|fn:hours-from-time\|fn:hours-from-duration\|fn:hours-from-dateTime\|fn:floor\|fn:false\|fn:expanded-QName\|fn:exists\|fn:exactly-one\|fn:escape-uri\|fn:escape-html-uri\|fn:error\|fn:ends-with\|fn:encode-for-uri\|fn:empty\|fn:document-uri\|fn:doc-available\|fn:doc\|fn:distinct-values\|fn:distinct-nodes\|fn:default-collation\|fn:deep-equal\|fn:days-from-duration\|fn:day-from-dateTime\|fn:day-from-date\|fn:data\|fn:current-time\|fn:current-dateTime\|fn:current-date\|fn:count\|fn:contains\|fn:concat\|fn:compare\|fn:collection\|fn:codepoints-to-string\|fn:codepoint-equal\|fn:ceiling\|fn:boolean\|fn:base-uri\|fn:avg\|fn:adjust-time-to-timezone\|fn:adjust-dateTime-to-timezone\|fn:adjust-date-to-timezone\|fn:abs\|feed:unsubscribe\|feed:subscription\|feed:subscribe\|feed:request\|feed:item\|feed:description\|excel:clean\|entity:enrich\|dom:set-pipelines\|dom:set-permissions\|dom:set-name\|dom:set-evaluation-context\|dom:set-domain-scope\|dom:set-description\|dom:remove-pipeline\|dom:remove-permissions\|dom:remove\|dom:get\|dom:evaluation-context\|dom:domains\|dom:domain-scope\|dom:create\|dom:configuration-set-restart-user\|dom:configuration-set-permissions\|dom:configuration-set-evaluation-context\|dom:configuration-set-default-domain\|dom:configuration-get\|dom:configuration-create\|dom:collection\|dom:add-pipeline\|dom:add-permissions\|dls:retention-rules\|dls:retention-rule-remove\|dls:retention-rule-insert\|dls:retention-rule\|dls:purge\|dls:node-expand\|dls:link-references\|dls:link-expand\|dls:documents-query\|dls:document-versions-query\|dls:document-version-uri\|dls:document-version-query\|dls:document-version-delete\|dls:document-version-as-of\|dls:document-version\|dls:document-update\|dls:document-unmanage\|dls:document-set-quality\|dls:document-set-property\|dls:document-set-properties\|dls:document-set-permissions\|dls:document-set-collections\|dls:document-retention-rules\|dls:document-remove-properties\|dls:document-remove-permissions\|dls:document-remove-collections\|dls:document-purge\|dls:document-manage\|dls:document-is-managed\|dls:document-insert-and-manage\|dls:document-include-query\|dls:document-history\|dls:document-get-permissions\|dls:document-extract-part\|dls:document-delete\|dls:document-checkout-status\|dls:document-checkout\|dls:document-checkin\|dls:document-add-properties\|dls:document-add-permissions\|dls:document-add-collections\|dls:break-checkout\|dls:author-query\|dls:as-of-query\|dbk:convert\|dbg:wait\|dbg:value\|dbg:stopped\|dbg:stop\|dbg:step\|dbg:status\|dbg:stack\|dbg:out\|dbg:next\|dbg:line\|dbg:invoke\|dbg:function\|dbg:finish\|dbg:expr\|dbg:eval\|dbg:disconnect\|dbg:detach\|dbg:continue\|dbg:connect\|dbg:clear\|dbg:breakpoints\|dbg:break\|dbg:attached\|dbg:attach\|cvt:save-converted-documents\|cvt:part-uri\|cvt:destination-uri\|cvt:basepath\|cvt:basename\|cts:words\|cts:word-query-weight\|cts:word-query-text\|cts:word-query-options\|cts:word-query\|cts:word-match\|cts:walk\|cts:uris\|cts:uri-match\|cts:train\|cts:tokenize\|cts:thresholds\|cts:stem\|cts:similar-query-weight\|cts:similar-query-nodes\|cts:similar-query\|cts:shortest-distance\|cts:search\|cts:score\|cts:reverse-query-weight\|cts:reverse-query-nodes\|cts:reverse-query\|cts:remainder\|cts:registered-query-weight\|cts:registered-query-options\|cts:registered-query-ids\|cts:registered-query\|cts:register\|cts:query\|cts:quality\|cts:properties-query-query\|cts:properties-query\|cts:polygon-vertices\|cts:polygon\|cts:point-longitude\|cts:point-latitude\|cts:point\|cts:or-query-queries\|cts:or-query\|cts:not-query-weight\|cts:not-query-query\|cts:not-query\|cts:near-query-weight\|cts:near-query-queries\|cts:near-query-options\|cts:near-query-distance\|cts:near-query\|cts:highlight\|cts:geospatial-co-occurrences\|cts:frequency\|cts:fitness\|cts:field-words\|cts:field-word-query-weight\|cts:field-word-query-text\|cts:field-word-query-options\|cts:field-word-query-field-name\|cts:field-word-query\|cts:field-word-match\|cts:entity-highlight\|cts:element-words\|cts:element-word-query-weight\|cts:element-word-query-text\|cts:element-word-query-options\|cts:element-word-query-element-name\|cts:element-word-query\|cts:element-word-match\|cts:element-values\|cts:element-value-ranges\|cts:element-value-query-weight\|cts:element-value-query-text\|cts:element-value-query-options\|cts:element-value-query-element-name\|cts:element-value-query\|cts:element-value-match\|cts:element-value-geospatial-co-occurrences\|cts:element-value-co-occurrences\|cts:element-range-query-weight\|cts:element-range-query-value\|cts:element-range-query-options\|cts:element-range-query-operator\|cts:element-range-query-element-name\|cts:element-range-query\|cts:element-query-query\|cts:element-query-element-name\|cts:element-query\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-values\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-value-match\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-query-weight\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-query-region\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-query-options\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-query-longitude-name\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-query-latitude-name\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-query-element-name\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-query\|cts:element-pair-geospatial-boxes\|cts:element-geospatial-values\|cts:element-geospatial-value-match\|cts:element-geospatial-query-weight\|cts:element-geospatial-query-region\|cts:element-geospatial-query-options\|cts:element-geospatial-query-element-name\|cts:element-geospatial-query\|cts:element-geospatial-boxes\|cts:element-child-geospatial-values\|cts:element-child-geospatial-value-match\|cts:element-child-geospatial-query-weight\|cts:element-child-geospatial-query-region\|cts:element-child-geospatial-query-options\|cts:element-child-geospatial-query-element-name\|cts:element-child-geospatial-query-child-name\|cts:element-child-geospatial-query\|cts:element-child-geospatial-boxes\|cts:element-attribute-words\|cts:element-attribute-word-query-weight\|cts:element-attribute-word-query-text\|cts:element-attribute-word-query-options\|cts:element-attribute-word-query-element-name\|cts:element-attribute-word-query-attribute-name\|cts:element-attribute-word-query\|cts:element-attribute-word-match\|cts:element-attribute-values\|cts:element-attribute-value-ranges\|cts:element-attribute-value-query-weight\|cts:element-attribute-value-query-text\|cts:element-attribute-value-query-options\|cts:element-attribute-value-query-element-name\|cts:element-attribute-value-query-attribute-name\|cts:element-attribute-value-query\|cts:element-attribute-value-match\|cts:element-attribute-value-geospatial-co-occurrences\|cts:element-attribute-value-co-occurrences\|cts:element-attribute-range-query-weight\|cts:element-attribute-range-query-value\|cts:element-attribute-range-query-options\|cts:element-attribute-range-query-operator\|cts:element-attribute-range-query-element-name\|cts:element-attribute-range-query-attribute-name\|cts:element-attribute-range-query\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-values\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-value-match\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-query-weight\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-query-region\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-query-options\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-query-longitude-name\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-query-latitude-name\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-query-element-name\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-query\|cts:element-attribute-pair-geospatial-boxes\|cts:document-query-uris\|cts:document-query\|cts:distance\|cts:directory-query-uris\|cts:directory-query-depth\|cts:directory-query\|cts:destination\|cts:deregister\|cts:contains\|cts:confidence\|cts:collections\|cts:collection-query-uris\|cts:collection-query\|cts:collection-match\|cts:classify\|cts:circle-radius\|cts:circle-center\|cts:circle\|cts:box-west\|cts:box-south\|cts:box-north\|cts:box-east\|cts:box\|cts:bearing\|cts:arc-intersection\|cts:and-query-queries\|cts:and-query-options\|cts:and-query\|cts:and-not-query-positive-query\|cts:and-not-query-negative-query\|cts:and-not-query\|css:get\|css:convert\|cpf:success\|cpf:failure\|cpf:document-set-state\|cpf:document-set-processing-status\|cpf:document-set-last-updated\|cpf:document-set-error\|cpf:document-get-state\|cpf:document-get-processing-status\|cpf:document-get-last-updated\|cpf:document-get-error\|cpf:check-transition\|alert:spawn-matching-actions\|alert:rule-user-id-query\|alert:rule-set-user-id\|alert:rule-set-query\|alert:rule-set-options\|alert:rule-set-name\|alert:rule-set-description\|alert:rule-set-action\|alert:rule-remove\|alert:rule-name-query\|alert:rule-insert\|alert:rule-id-query\|alert:rule-get-user-id\|alert:rule-get-query\|alert:rule-get-options\|alert:rule-get-name\|alert:rule-get-id\|alert:rule-get-description\|alert:rule-get-action\|alert:rule-action-query\|alert:remove-triggers\|alert:make-rule\|alert:make-log-action\|alert:make-config\|alert:make-action\|alert:invoke-matching-actions\|alert:get-my-rules\|alert:get-all-rules\|alert:get-actions\|alert:find-matching-rules\|alert:create-triggers\|alert:config-set-uri\|alert:config-set-trigger-ids\|alert:config-set-options\|alert:config-set-name\|alert:config-set-description\|alert:config-set-cpf-domain-names\|alert:config-set-cpf-domain-ids\|alert:config-insert\|alert:config-get-uri\|alert:config-get-trigger-ids\|alert:config-get-options\|alert:config-get-name\|alert:config-get-id\|alert:config-get-description\|alert:config-get-cpf-domain-names\|alert:config-get-cpf-domain-ids\|alert:config-get\|alert:config-delete\|alert:action-set-options\|alert:action-set-name\|alert:action-set-module-root\|alert:action-set-module-db\|alert:action-set-module\|alert:action-set-description\|alert:action-remove\|alert:action-insert\|alert:action-get-options\|alert:action-get-name\|alert:action-get-module-root\|alert:action-get-module-db\|alert:action-get-module\|alert:action-get-description\|zero-or-one\|years-from-duration\|year-from-dateTime\|year-from-date\|upper-case\|unordered\|true\|translate\|trace\|tokenize\|timezone-from-time\|timezone-from-dateTime\|timezone-from-date\|sum\|subtract-dateTimes-yielding-yearMonthDuration\|subtract-dateTimes-yielding-dayTimeDuration\|substring-before\|substring-after\|substring\|subsequence\|string-to-codepoints\|string-pad\|string-length\|string-join\|string\|static-base-uri\|starts-with\|seconds-from-time\|seconds-from-duration\|seconds-from-dateTime\|round-half-to-even\|round\|root\|reverse\|resolve-uri\|resolve-QName\|replace\|remove\|QName\|prefix-from-QName\|position\|one-or-more\|number\|not\|normalize-unicode\|normalize-space\|node-name\|node-kind\|nilled\|namespace-uri-from-QName\|namespace-uri-for-prefix\|namespace-uri\|name\|months-from-duration\|month-from-dateTime\|month-from-date\|minutes-from-time\|minutes-from-duration\|minutes-from-dateTime\|min\|max\|matches\|lower-case\|local-name-from-QName\|local-name\|last\|lang\|iri-to-uri\|insert-before\|index-of\|in-scope-prefixes\|implicit-timezone\|idref\|id\|hours-from-time\|hours-from-duration\|hours-from-dateTime\|floor\|false\|expanded-QName\|exists\|exactly-one\|escape-uri\|escape-html-uri\|error\|ends-with\|encode-for-uri\|empty\|document-uri\|doc-available\|doc\|distinct-values\|distinct-nodes\|default-collation\|deep-equal\|days-from-duration\|day-from-dateTime\|day-from-date\|data\|current-time\|current-dateTime\|current-date\|count\|contains\|concat\|compare\|collection\|codepoints-to-string\|codepoint-equal\|ceiling\|boolean\|base-uri\|avg\|adjust-time-to-timezone\|adjust-dateTime-to-timezone\|adjust-date-to-timezone\|abs)\b/], ["pln",/^[\w:-]+/],["pln",/^[\t\n\r \xa0]+/]]),["xq","xquery"]); ```
Defending champion Novak Djokovic defeated Juan Martín del Potro in the final, 6–1, 3–6, 7–6(7–3) to win the singles tennis title at the 2013 Shanghai Masters. Seeds The top eight seeds receive a bye into the second round. Draw Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Bottom half Section 3 Section 4 Qualifying Seeds Qualifiers Qualifying draw First qualifier Second qualifier Third qualifier Fourth qualifier Fifth qualifier Sixth qualifier Seventh qualifier References Main Draw Qualifying Draw Shanghai Rolex Masters - Singles 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters
William A. McCleave (1825 – February 3, 1904) was an Irish-born American soldier and officer in the U.S. Army who served in the Indian Wars and the American Civil War. Biography William McCleave was born in northern Ireland in 1825. Losing his wife and child in the Great Famine; he immigrated to the United States in 1850. He went to California and enlisted in the 1st U.S. Regiment of Dragoons. He served in Company K under Captain James H. Carleton. Within the next decade he reached the rank of First Sergeant. In 1861 he served as camel herder for the United States Camel Corps and delivered 31 camels from Fort Tejon to Los Angeles. After the American Civil War began McCleave was named Colonel and ordered to recruit a cavalry regiment in California. However, only a battalion of five companies could be organized at that time and he was made a captain in what would eventually become the 1st California Cavalry Regiment instead. He commanded Company A and established Camp Carleton before moving out to Arizona. There, on March 6, 1862, he was captured by Sherod Hunter and his Arizona Rangers. He was exchanged for two lieutenants four months later. He was promoted to major in January 1863 and spent the rest of the war fighting Indians in New Mexico. When it ended he was a Brevet Lieutenant Colonel and commanded Fort Sumner. McCleave was mustered out on October 19, 1866; commanding the regiment at that time. Having already accepted a commission in the Regular Army; he therefore became a Second Lieutenant in the 8th U.S. Cavalry. He retired in 1879 as a captain. He had married Marry Crooke in 1872, eventually fathering six children, and after his retirement they settled in Berkeley, California. There he dealt real estate and commanded the Veterans Home of California Yountville. The freemason died on February 3, 1904. He was outlived by his widow, one daughter and his four sons (three of whom would serve in the army as well). References External links 1825 births 1904 deaths 19th-century Irish people Irish emigrants to the United States Irish soldiers in the United States Army People of California in the American Civil War Union Army officers United States Army officers American military personnel of the Indian Wars Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery People from Berkeley, California
The Scout and Guide movement in São Tomé e Príncipe is served by the Associação dos Escuteiros de São Tomé e Príncipe, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement the Associação Guias de São Tomé and Príncipe, association "working towards WAGGGS membership" See also
Lanphier is a surname and may refer to: Fay Lanphier (1905–1959), model James Lanphier (1920–1969), American actor Jeremiah Lanphier (1809–1898), lay missionary Thomas George Lanphier Sr. (1890–1972), early aviator Thomas George Lanphier Jr. (1915–1987), World War II pilot See also Lanphier High School, Springfield, Illinois
Sierra Quirragua Natural Reserve is a nature reserve in Nicaragua. It is one of the 78 reserves that are under official protection in the country. Protected areas of Nicaragua
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Zinc L-carnosine}} Zinc L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc) (''N''-(3-aminopropionyl)-L-histidinato zinc), often simply called zinc carnosine, and also known as polaprezinc, is a mucosal protective chelate compound of zinc and L-carnosine invented by Hamari Chemicals, Ltd. It is a quadridentate 1:1 complex of a polymeric nature. Although it contains 23% zinc and 77% L-carnosine by mass, zinc carnosine is a molecule and not a mixture of zinc and L-carnosine. It is an approved drug requiring a medical prescription in Japan and South Korea where it is clinically used to treat gastric ulcers. Clinical studies have also shown its efficacy for oral mucositis, esophagitis, proctitis, taste alteration and dermatitis during and after radiotherapy. In the United States, zinc carnosine is regulated as a New Dietary Ingredient, where notification with the US-FDA is required. In Australia, it is regulated as a complementary medicine. In Canada, it is regulated as a Natural Health Product. Mechanisms of action Gastrointestinal Its mechanism of action is oxygen radical scavenging, anti-oxidation, and acceleration of gastrointestinal wound healing. It exhibits ROS-quenching activities. It can remain in the stomach without rapid dissociation and adhere specifically to ulcerous lesions, after which L-carnosine and zinc are released to heal the ulcer. It has been shown to stimulate mucus production and to maintain the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier. It maintains homeostasis of the gastric mucosa by prostaglandin-independent cytoprotective effects due to anti-oxidative membrane stabilizing actions, and it promotes the repair of damaged tissues by wound healing action. It exerts cytoprotection through regulating heat shock proteins and chemokines, and by stabilizing mast cells. It does so without affecting the secretion of gastric acid. It has a potential to stimulate Hsp70 expression, with overexpression of Hsp70 being found to prevent the development of inflammatory process in the large intestinal mucosa provoked by various damaging factors. It decreases p53, p21 and Bax expression and apoptosis in the intestine after irradiation. It possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and genomic stability enhancement effects, thereby having potential in preventing gastrointestinal cancer development. It exhibits an inhibitory effect on H. pylori. Comparisons Its healing efficacy against ulceration is significantly greater than that of other zinc complexes, free L-carnosine, and zinc D-carnosine (which is not sold as a supplement to consumers). The pharmacological activity of zinc L-carnosine seems attributable mainly to zinc ion, presumably transported effectively into the ulcer by means of L-carnosine together with the action of L-carnosine itself. In contrast, a simple mixture of L-carnosine and zinc had a lesser effect, presumably due to rapid diffusion of L-carnosine and zinc ion in the entire stomach. Per preclinical data, zinc L-carnosine is superior to zinc sulfide for mucositis. Other It has a stimulatory effect on bone formation and a restorative effect on bone loss under various pathophysiologic conditions. Usage Zinc L-carnosine has been used orally or as an oral rinse, lozenge or suppository. The typical clinical oral dose is 150 mg/day, containing 34 mg zinc and 116 mg L-carnosine. (The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for total zinc intake from all sources in adults is 40 mg/day.) As an oral rinse, it has been used three to four times a day, with or without swallowing, providing a total amount of 150 mg/day. A solution of 5% sodium alginate has been used. Alternatively, it has been used as a lozenge containing 18.75 mg, four times a day. It has also been used as a suppository of 75 mg with Witepsol as a base. Safety Good clinical compliance was observed at the typical clinical oral dose of 150 mg/day, with no symptomatic side effect reported. The adverse event rate was higher at high dose zinc L-carnosine (300 mg/day) without additional benefits, and therefore high dose is not recommended. Side-effects are associated with the amount of zinc intake. According to the Japanese product monograph, safety in children below the age of 12, pregnant women and lactating women are not established (no experience in use); and the level of use in the elderly population is suggested and recommended at 100 mg zinc L-carnosine per day because of reduced digestive system function in the general elderly population; and those with poor liver functions should be under medical supervision. Those with copper deficiency should also be under medical supervision. Although zinc L-carnosine caused an increase in serum zinc level, the serum copper level and copper:zinc ratio decreased, and a case of preexisting copper deficiency deteriorated. As a mitigative, supplementation of 2 mg/day copper as glycinate chelate safely increases Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity. There is no evidence of a reduced tumor response to radiotherapy. See also Compounds of zinc Zinc deficiency Zinc toxicity References Dietary supplements Dietary minerals L-carnosine
Dune Drifter is a 2020 British science fiction action thriller film written and directed by Marc Price and produced by Michelle Parkyn, starring Phoebe Sparrow, Daisy Aitkens,, Daisy Aitkens, Simon Dwyer Thomas, Alastair Kirton, Richard Corgan, and Michael Geary with Noel Darcy (director of photography), Nicky Evans (production designer), and Adam Langston (music composer). Plot The human race, now based at Terra Prime, are at war with an alien race called the Drekks, who have already devastated cities on Earth, such as New York City, Istanbul, and Quebec City. Adler (Phoebe Sparrow) is Grey 6 gunner, flying in hyperspace with pilot Yaren (Daisy Aitkens), as part of Dune Squadron, Reserve Gemini Unit, a squadron of seven Terra Prime space fighters. They receive a video briefing from Colonel Danforth (Alastair Kirton) of the starship Valiant, directing them to rendezvous with them at the planet Erebus, where he assumes that Terra Prime forces will have repelled Drekk ships. But upon leaving hyperspace, Dune Squadron see the Valiant under heavy attack by Drekk ships. Colonel Danforth directs the squadron to attack six Drekk ships, warning them that the Drekk shields have been configured to resist plasma blasts. Grey leader, Callaghan (Charlotte Mounter), leads an attack on the six Drekk ships, where their plasma blasts have little or no effect on the Drekk shields. With difficulty, the squadron manages to destroy one Drekk ship, but this leads to most of the squadron being destroyed by the Drekks, except for Adler's ship, which is damaged by an exploding ship, and crash lands on the planet Erebus. On Erebus, with a corrosive, unbreathable atmosphere, Adler, wearing her flight suit and helmet, moves the injured Yaren to an emergency inflatable life raft with an atmosphere inside. Back at the ship, Adler needs the start-up code to activate communications, but Yaren gives her a code which does not work: 16305. Adler manages to use 1234 as the start-up code. But they are out of communications range from Terra Prime ships. At night, Adler hears another ship crash-land on Erebus, and on her ship's radio, discovers that it is a Drekk ship. Yaren dies in the morning. On the second night, a creature attacks the life raft, deflating it, so Adler escapes into the ship where she manages to shoot the creature dead with plasma blasts. Adler picks up communications from the Valiant which orders the Terra Prime ships to retreat, leaving Adler alone on Erebus. The next morning, Adler walks to where the Drekk ship crash landed, as her ship needs a replacement plasma injector coil. This leads to a confrontation with a Drekk warrior, who is able to resist being shot at by her plasma pistol, and ends with Adler killing the Drekk with a knife. Adler finds the Drekk ship, and attacks the two Drekks guarding it, with her plasma pistol and a fuel grenade. Adler manages to grab a Drekk rifle, which she uses to shoot dead one Drekk, and almost destroy the Drekk ship. From the ship, she extracts the plasma injector coil that she needs for her ship. Meanwhile, the last Drekk warrior, obtains a rifle and shoots at a departing Adler, damaging the rifle she had. At a geyser field, Adler is attacked by the Drekk who has caught up with her, and she falls into a cave where her helmet is damaged. The Drekk picks up the plasma injector coil with the aim of taking Adler's ship. Adler crawls back to her ship ahead of the Drekk, where she replaces her damaged helmet with Yaren's helmet. When the Drekk arrives at her ship, Adler attacks the Drekk with plasma blasts from the ship, as well as with a rock in her hand, and she eventually kills the Drekk with their rifle. With the Drekk rifle stowed aboard, Adler installs the plasma injector coil into her ship and flies it out of Erebus. She remembers to use the code that Yaren had given to her, 16305, which happens to be the navigation pre-set code to set course for the ship to fly via hyperspace back to Terra Prime. Cast Phoebe Sparrow as Adler (Grey 6 gunner) Daisy Aitkens as Yaren (Grey 6 pilot) Simon Dwyer Thomas as Drekk warrior Alastair Kirton as Colonel Danforth Richard Corgan as Kanner Michael Geary as Kinnear Marcus Shakesheff as Meyln Charlotte Mounter as Callaghan (Grey leader) Alexander Tol as Farleigh Jen Nelson as Hawthorn James Groom as Hordern Tom Nolan as Ackland Linda Louise Duan as Sousie Michael Lagin as Ferrier Asher Green as Richardson Claire Burley as Collins Chris Rogers as Squadron Commander Peppard Abigail Parmenter as Jenna (Blue 5) Angela Peters as Danning (Blue 5) Holly Field as (Erebus Pilot) Martyn Luke as Erebus Pilot Production The space fighter and battle scenes were filmed in London, during COVID-19 restrictions, where actors performed in a mock-up of the space fighter cockpit, in a flat. The outdoor Erebus scenes were filmed in Iceland. Release Home media Dune Drifter was released on DVD, on 1 December 2020, with a running time of 95 minutes, and included the Producer's Cut of the film. The DVD also had a behind-the-scenes featurette where Marc Price said his film-making was inspired by the science fiction films of Roger Corman. The film was also streamed during the virtual Arrow Video Frightfest film event in October 2020, and featured during the Leeds International Film Festival in 2021 Critical response Rotten Tomatoes scored Dune Drifter 100%, with positive reviews. The film attracted a positive review from Jennie Kermode on Eye for Film, who said "Dune Drifter is an object lesson for all low budget filmmakers. The plot may be simple, the effects work in the opening section may look a bit rough, but the acting is superb and director Marc Price creates a powerful atmosphere. The result punches well above its weight." She also praised Phoebe Sparrow’s performance as Adler: “Sparrow's work is gripping, even though she has to do most of her acting through a visor. We really feel her despair and understand the desperate nature of her situation. Distressing though this is, Adler's determination to keep on fighting for the slenderest of chances makes it impossible not to root for her, and even though familiar genre conveniences are present - from humanoid aliens to guns that miss at all the right times - she makes it easy to suspend disbelief.” Eric Mortensen on Geeky Hobbies welcomed Dune Drifter in 2020, saying that "Dune Drifter has a decent amount of action sequences, but they are spaced out. The movie has a much greater emphasis on the main character just surviving. This means that character development plays a big role in the movie. I think this is one of the film’s greatest strengths. While most of the movie features only one character, I thought the character development was good. The plot is compelling and is well written in my opinion. The movie does a good job telling an interesting story about trying to survive on an alien planet." Following Frightfest in 2020, Dune Drifter was reviewed by Kim Newman, who said Marc Price had delivered an ambitious science fiction film, featuring a simple, gritty story with few frills, and a nice sense of widescreen spectacle. For Exit 6 Film Festival, Marc Price was interviewed in 2021, about his work, and Dune Drifter was praised for boasting some great miniature and in-camera visual effects for a film with a modest budget. Reviews made comparisons between Dune Drifter, and Enemy Mine, Battlestar Galactica, and Star Wars. Film Authority said that “A week’s shoot in Iceland gives Dune Drifter the look it needs for the alien planet, without having to hit the same green-screen switch that most films hit all too readily. But it’s the space-action that’s more impressive, by dint of practical choices; those who dug the dirty space look of 70’s classics like Star Wars and Battlestar Galactica should apply here. Although filmed in a UK living room, the results look dynamic enough to keep the attention, and make Dune Drifter a cut above the average.” Starburst magazine said “Punching way above its weight, Dune Drifter does a great job of transporting us to a different world. The first third – set during an epic space battle is fabulously claustrophobic and tense. The CGI is more than adequate and has a Star Wars/Battlestar Gallactica (the original one) feel. Once on the planet, it’s a fight for survival of a different kind. The introduction of the foe doesn’t lead to a recreation of Enemy Mine, fortunately as there are a number of well-choreographed fights and added trauma.” In 2022, two years after the film was released, Dune Drifter was reviewed by Jim McLennan on Girls with Guns, who commented on “an admirable effort in terms of its budget”, and he also said that Phoebe Sparrow “portrays the heroine with a no-nonsense approach, prepared to do whatever is necessary to survive”. References British science fiction films 2020 films Films shot in London
Details concerning Confederate officers who were appointed to duty as generals late in the war by General E. Kirby Smith in the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, who have been thought of generals and exercised command as generals but who were not duly appointment and confirmed or commissioned, and State militia generals who had field commands in certain actions in their home states but were never given appointments or commissions in the Confederate States Army are in this list. Not all colonels or lower-ranking officers who exercised brigade or division command at any time are in this list but those most often erroneously referred to as generals are in the list. A few acting or temporary Confederate generals were duly appointed and confirmed as such. The full entries for these officers are in the List of American Civil War generals (Confederate). Abbreviations and notes: Rank column: conf. = date appointment confirmed by Confederate Senate; nom. = date nominated by Confederate President Jefferson Davis; rank = date of rank. USMA = United States Military Academy at West Point, New York; "VMI" refers to the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, Virginia; and South Carolina Military Institute or South Carolina Military Academy refers to their predecessor The Citadel at Charleston, South Carolina. Additional notes: ranks: lt. = lieutenant. Assigned to duty by E. Kirby Smith After the fall of Vicksburg, communication between the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department and the Confederate government in Richmond was slow and difficult. The commander of the department, General E. Kirby Smith, appointed several officers to duty as brigadier generals and as major generals. He tried to get President Jefferson Davis to formally appoint these officers and nominate them to the Confederate Senate for approval. While Davis did appoint some of Smith's earlier nominees, at least nine officers who were appointed by Smith late in the war and may have served in the capacity of generals for a period of time were never appointed and confirmed by the civilian authorities. The ten acting generals assigned to duty by General Smith listed below are in this category. One of them, Horace Randal, was killed in action while commanding a brigade at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry under the overall command of General Smith. Incomplete appointments, unconfirmed appointments, refused appointments, posthumous appointments or undelivered commissions The following Confederate officers are often referred to in historical writings as generals but their appointments were never completed or confirmed or their commissions were not properly delivered. The appointments of a few were withdrawn before they were voted upon by the Confederate Senate. Some of the officers' appointments were nominated to but not confirmed by the Confederate Senate. Some of the officers' commissions as generals were not delivered until after they had died. In a few cases, promotions of officers to general officer grades were posthumous even as early as the dates of appointment or nomination and clearly were meant only to be tokens of respect or honor. Other general officer commissions remained undelivered when the war ended. At least two general officer appointments that appear in the historical record were unauthorized battlefield appointments which were not approved and confirmed by the civil authorities as the war was coming to a close. Nonetheless, these officers are notable because of their assignments or actions in the capacity of a general, almost always a brigadier general. The Eichers call most or all such officers "might-have-beens." About 24 of the officers in the alphabetical tables above are shown by Warner and Wright as full grade general officers but in fact their appointments, confirmations or commissions were incomplete or they died or the war ended before they received their commissions. The entries for these officers will be moved to the section below as the article is completed. State militia generals At the beginning of the Civil War, the Union Army incorporated most State militia units from the States adhering to the Union, mainly because they were offered for federal service by their States in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to put down the rebellion of the Confederate States. If the generals of these units did not receive appointments by the President of the United States and confirmation by the United States Senate and come into federal service with their units, new Union Army generals were appointed and confirmed for the Union Army brigades or divisions in which the units were placed. States often retained or further recruited some militia units for local defense but these units, including any generals, saw little, if any, combat in the Civil War as State units. State militia units remaining under State control did not leave their States for service elsewhere and few battles or lesser actions were fought in the Northern States. The battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Gettysburg and Monocacy were among the more notable exceptions. The Confederate States Army followed a similar pattern with respect to incorporating volunteer militias but certain States retained a significant number of militia units for local defense. Because most of the battles of the Civil War occurred in Southern States, some of these units, and their State-appointed generals, saw significant service and combat. They were usually brought under the command of Confederate State Army commanders and forces in their areas but on a few occasions were the only forces available to oppose Union forces. State units fought in Texas, in Missouri, especially early in the war, in Virginia, especially during Jackson's Valley Campaign, in Mississippi, especially during the Vicksburg Campaign, in Georgia, especially during Sherman's March to the Sea, and in South Carolina, especially in the Carolinas Campaign. Authors have not always pointed out that the generals in certain Civil War battles, actions or campaigns were State militia generals, not duly appointed and confirmed Confederate States Army (almost always Provisional Army of the Confederacy) generals. They were fighting for the Confederate cause and may have commanded a large number of troops but they are still properly described only as State militia generals. Many of the Southern States' militia officers are identified by historian Bruce C. Allardice. Allardice, and others like him who take an expansive view of Confederate general officer appointments, identify many militia officers who were never mustered into national service for the Confederacy, nor did they serve as generals in any campaign or significant battle. The list below does not include those officers. It is limited to those known to have served in the field in command of militia units, on in another significant capacity such as guard duty in an active theater or in temporary command of Confederate Army brigades or divisions. Below is a list of the more significant State militia generals from the Confederate States. These generals commanded and participated in battles and campaigns, at least in their home states, and thus provided some field service during the war. As such, they are likely to be referred to as Confederate generals in some books, articles or sources, even though they were State militia generals and not duly commissioned Confederate generals. See also General officers in the Confederate States Army General officers in the United States List of American Civil War generals List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of American Civil War generals (Union) List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union) Notes References Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. (pbk.). Boatner, III, Mark M., The Civil War Dictionary. David McKay Company, Inc., New York, 1959. . Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001. . Faust, Patricia L., ed., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York, 1986. . Entries by Faust, various authors. Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. . Entries by Heidler and Heidler, various authors. Sifakis, Stewart, Who Was Who in the Civil War. Facts On File, New York, 1988. . United States War Department, The Military Secretary's Office, Memorandum relative to the general officers appointed by the President in the armies of the Confederate States--1861-1865 (1908) (Compiled from official records). Caption shows 1905 but printing date is February 11, 1908. https://archive.org/details/memorandumrelati01unit, retrieved August 5, 2010. Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1959. . External links American Civil War Generals, retrieved February 18, 2008 Confederate Generals from West Point, retrieved February 18, 2008 The Generals of the American Civil War, retrieved from Archive.org, April 9, 2009 US Civil War Generals, retrieved September 12, 2010 Civil War generals Confederate Acting Acting American Civil War Generals American Confederate acting pl:Lista generałów wojny secesyjnej
Lucha Underground has held a number of professional wrestling tournaments involving wrestlers that are a part of their roster as part of their television series. Tournaments Trios Tournament Lucha Underground Trios Championship Tournament (2015) Lucha Underground held a tournament to determine which team of three wrestlers would become the first to hold Lucha Underground Trios Championship. The matches took place over four weeks, starting with Episode 21 ("Uno! Dos! Tres!) and culminating on episode 24 ("Trios Champions"). Tournament participants Pentagon Jr., Sexy Star and Super Fly Big Ryck, Killshot and Willie Mack Angélico, Ivelisse and Son of Havoc Aero Star, Drago and Fenix Hernandez, Johnny Mundo and Prince Puma Cage, King Cuerno and Texano Lucha Underground Trios Championship Tournament (2016) Lucha Underground held a tournament to determine which team of three wrestlers would become the new Lucha Underground Trios Championship The matches took place over four weeks, starting with Episode 11 ("Bird of War") and culminating on episode 16 ("Graver Consequences"). The champions were allowed a bye to the finals beings the defending champions. Tournament participants Mariposa, Marty Martinez and Willie Mack Cortez Castro, Joey Ryan and Mr. Cisco Angélico, Ivelisse and Son of Havoc Cage, Johnny Mundo and Taya Fenix, Jack Evans and P. J. Black Dragon Azteca Jr., Prince Puma and Rey Mysterio The Disciples of Death (Barrio Negro, El Sinestro de la Muerte and Trece). Tournament 4 A Unique Opportunity (2016) Battle of the Bulls Tournament Lucha Underground held a tournament to determine which wrestler would become the new Lucha Underground Championship number 1 contender and face the winner of the match between Sexy Star and Johnny Mundo, which resulted to be the latter. The matches took place in fatal four-way matches over three weeks, starting with Episode 14 ("Bulls of Boyle Heights") and culminating on episode 16 ("The Battle of the Bulls"). The Cueto Cup A 32-person tournament, part of Lucha Underground Season 3. The tournament was announced on episode 21, and began on episode 22. Matches Aztec Warfare Aztec Warfare I Lucha Underground held a 20-person intergender elimination match where a wrestler could be eliminated by pinfall or submission and has to take place inside a ring and not by throwing over the tope ropes and having both feet must landing the floor. There are no count outs and no disqualifications. The match took place on October 5, 2014 and was broadcast as Episode 9 of Lucha Underground on January 7, 2015. The 20 wrestlers entered the match at timed intervals, every 90 seconds. The previous week (Episode 8, "A Unique Opportunity") Mil Muertes defeated Fénix, giving Muertes the last entrant and Fénix would start the match. In the end Prince Puma pinned Johnny Mundo to become the first ever Lucha Underground Champion. Aztec Warfare I entrances and eliminations Aztec Warfare II Lucha Underground held the second ever Aztec Warfare match during the second season, which featured 21 participants in total with the Lucha Underground Championship at stake. The match was recorded on December 12, 2015. The match was broadcast as Episode 9 of Lucha Underground's second season on March 23, 2016. Aztec Warfare 2 entrances and eliminations Aztec Warfare III Lucha Underground held the third ever Aztec Warfare match during the third season, which featured 20 participants in total with the Lucha Underground Championship at stake. The match was recorded on April 9, 2016. The match was broadcast as Episode 11 of Lucha Underground's third season on November 16, 2016. Aztec Warfare 3 entrances and eliminations Aztec Warfare IV Lucha Underground held the fourth ever Aztec Warfare match during the fourth season, which featured 20 participants in total with the Lucha Underground Championship at stake. The match was recorded on February 24, 2018. The match was broadcast as Episode 1 of Lucha Underground's fourth season on June 13, 2018. Aztec Warfare 4 entrances and eliminations Battle royales Season 1 Episode 8 battle royale Episode 37 battle royale Other accomplishments Golden Aztec Medallion Season 1 holders Season 2 holders Episode 22 holders Season 3 holders Season 4 holders See also Professional wrestling tournament References Tournaments Professional wrestling tournaments Professional wrestling-related lists
Embrace of the Serpent () is a 2015 internationally co-produced adventure drama film directed by Ciro Guerra, and written by Guerra and Jacques Toulemonde Vidal. Shot almost entirely in black and white, the film follows two journeys made thirty years apart by the indigenous shaman Karamakate in the Colombian Amazonian jungle, one with Theo, a German ethnographer, and the other with Evan, an American botanist, both of whom are searching for the rare plant yakruna. It was inspired by the travel diaries of Theodor Koch-Grünberg and Richard Evans Schultes, and dedicated to lost Amazonian cultures. Embrace of the Serpent was premiered on 15 May 2015 during the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Art Cinema Award. The film was released in Colombia on 21 May 2015, and worldwide over the course of the following twelve months. It has received universal acclaim from critics, who praised the cinematography and the story's theme, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and way of life by white colonialism. It has won numerous awards, including the Alfred P. Sloan Prize at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival, the Grand Jury Prize for Best Picture at the 2017 Riviera International Film Festival, and seven awards at the 3rd Platino Awards to recognise the best Ibero-American films of 2015, including the Platino Award for Best Ibero-American Film. In 2016 the film was submitted as Colombia's entry for the category of Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards and was included among the final five nominees, becoming the first Colombian film ever to receive a nomination for an Academy Award. Plot The film tells two stories thirty years apart, both featuring Karamakate, an Amazonian shaman and last survivor of his tribe. He travels with two scientists, firstly with the German Theo von Martius in 1909 and then with an American named Evan in 1940, to look for the rare yakruna, a (fictional) sacred plant. Theo, an ethnographer from Tübingen who has already been residing in the Amazon for several years, is very sick and is travelling by canoe with his field notes and a westernised local named Manduca whom he had saved from enslavement on a rubber plantation. Karamakate prolongs his life, blasting white powder called "the sun's semen" (possibly a hallucinogenic made from virola) up his nose, but is reluctant to become involved with a westerner and refuses his money. Theo is searching for yakruna as the only cure for his disease and the three set off in the canoe to search for it. Many years later an American botanist, Evan, paddles up to a much older Karamakate who has apparently forgotten the customs of his own people. Evan says he is hoping to complete Theo's quest and Karamakate does assist, again reluctantly, saying his knowledge is spent. Evan has a book of Theo's final trek, which his aide had sent back to Europe, as he did not survive the jungle. The book includes an image of Karamakate, which he refers to as his chullachaqui, a native term for hollow spirit. Karamakate agrees to help him only when Evan describes himself as someone who has devoted himself to plants, although Evan's real purpose is actually to secure disease-free rubber trees, since the United States' supplies of rubber from South East Asia had dwindled due to the Japanese wartime advance. Both expeditions feature a Spanish Catholic Mission by the side of an Amazon tributary, run in 1909 by a sadistic, lone Spanish priest who beats orphan boys for any "pagan" behaviour, and in 1940 by a delusional Brazilian figure who believes he is the Messiah. He only trusts the visitors when he believes they are the Biblical Magi, but Karamakate wins his respect when he heals his wife. By now the children of 1909 have grown into disturbed and violent acolytes. In 1909, we are left with Theo, sick and having fled the Mission, arriving at a frontier post just about to be invaded by Colombian soldiers during the Amazon rubber boom, where the sacred yakruna is being abused by drunken men, and cultivated, against local traditions. Karamakate is furious and destroys it. In 1940, Karamakate does show Evan the origin of the plant in striking denuded dome-shaped mountains (Cerros de Mavecure), allegedly the home of yakruna. He reveals one yakruna flower that is on the last plant – he has destroyed all the others – and prepares it for Evan. The preparation, being hallucinogenic, aids Evan in undergoing a superconscious experience. While most of the film is in black-and-white, a part of this experience is shown in colour to signify its intensity. The film ends with a transformed Evan remaining enamoured by a group of butterflies. Cast In Cineaste magazine, the film's writer and director Ciro Guerra noted how the process of finding an actor who can successfully communicate the film's narrative was considered to be a difficult task. After his attempt in reaching out to a variety of indigenous people, it had come to his attention that the older generation were completely detached from the time depicted within the film. Through watching a film over 10 years ago in a workshop with Colombia's Ministry of Culture, Guerra was able to find the perfect actor, Antonio Bolívar. Bolívar's two minute presence in the short film had a great impact on Guerra, encouraging him to pursue appointing him the role of Karamakate as "There was nobody else that could play this guy. He's one of the last Ocaina people remaining. There's only about sixteen of them left." The cast are as follows: Nilbio Torres as Young Karamakate Antonio Bolívar as Old Karamakate as Theo Brionne Davis as Evan Luigi Sciamanna as Gaspar Yauenkü Migue as Manduca Nicolás Cancino as Anizetto Themes The film explores the representation of the first people nations of the Amazon. In the film multiple languages are spoken: Ocaina (which is most frequently spoken), Ticuna, Bora, Andoque, Yucuna (Jukuna), and Muinane. The indigenous peoples are shown to have suffered at the hands of colonizers, and Colombian film critic and author Pedro Adrián Zuluaga states that Guerra highlights this by "shooting peripheric geographies... and bringing to the centre of the narrative an unavoidable contradiction between progress and tradition". Daniela Berghahn, professor of film studies at the Royal Holloway, University of London, notes how through time-lapse, Guerra highlights the pillaging of the Amazon rain forest by conquistadors, missionaries and rubber barons, and also the enslavement and degradation of the indigenous peoples, who were converted to Christianity — the character Manduca is both enslaved and Westernised — at the cost of their traditions and beliefs. Similarly, Nicolás Cadena wrote for NACLA that Guerra's filmmaking illustrates how "the white man’s knowledge, expressed through symbols like the compass and the characters of Theo and Evans, extracts the spirit, tradition, and humanity of the indigenous inhabitants much like rubber is extracted from the Amazonian rubber trees". The black and white cinematography bears similarity to the daguerreotype photography of early twentieth-century explorers who initially documented the Amazon and inspired the film. Production Before production started, the director spent two and a half years researching the Colombian Amazon. They discovered a part of the jungle in the north west that had not yet been heavily affected by tourism or commerce and after gaining permission from the local community, they decided on the location. The pre-production and shooting took place over the course of three months with the help of around 40 people from outside the Amazon and 60 people from indigenous communities within the Amazon. The director extensively collaborated with the community and invited them to participate and collaborate both in front and behind the camera. To avoid any problems caused by the harsh environment, the indigenous people taught the crew how to work with the jungle and performed rituals for spiritual protection. There were no accidents or illnesses and the shooting ran smoothly. Additionally, to improve accuracy, indigenous individuals worked with Guerra to translate and rewrite parts of the script. Embrace of the Serpent was filmed in the Amazonía region of Colombia. Seven weeks were spent filming in the Department of Vaupés, and one week in the Department of Guainía. Location details include: Cerros de Mavicure – three mounds that form part of the westernmost part of the Guiana Shield in northern South America. Fluvial Star Inírida – a Ramsar Wetland that includes part of the Inírida River. Vaupés River – tributary of the Amazon River that forms part of the international border between Colombia and Brazil. Crew Ciro Guerra – director, screenwriter Jacques Toulemonde – screenwriter Cristina Gallego – producer David Gallego – cinematographer Carlos E. García – sound designer, re-recording mixer, additional music composer Angélica Perea – production designer Catherine Rodriguez – costume designer Andrés Barrientos – acting coach Etienne Boussac – editor Nascuy Linares – music composer Soundtrack The soundtrack album of the movie was released by Plaza Major Company on 22 January 2016 and contains nine songs composed by Nascuy Linares. The film also features The Creation by Joseph Haydn. Track listing Reception Critical response The film has received universal acclaim from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 96% approval rating, based on 145 reviews, with an average score of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "As rich visually as it is thematically, Embrace of the Serpent offers a feast of the senses for film fans seeking a dose of bracing originality". On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating, the film has a score of 82 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Indiewire'''s Jessica Kiang awarded the film an A rating, calling it "a soulful, strange and stunning discovery". She also described the character of Karamakate as "an immaculate portrait of the unfathomable loneliness and crushing survivor's guilt that comes with being the last of one's kind". Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as "a visually mesmerizing exploration of man, nature and the destructive powers of colonialism" and compared it to Miguel Gomes' Tabu (2012). He also praised the black-and-white cinematography and the sound design which he said "makes the jungle truly come alive". Justin Chang of Variety gave a positive review of the film. He wrote: "At once blistering and poetic, not just an ethnographic study but also a striking act of cinematic witness...". About the parallel narrative he wrote it "delivers a fairly comprehensive critique of the destruction of indigenous cultures at the hands of white invaders". Will Lawrence of Empire awarded the film four stars out of five and said that "though inspired by real-life journals, Guerra's film transports us into the realm of the mystical and surreal". Video essayist Kogonada voted for the film on Sight & Sound magazine's poll for best film of 2015, stating that "Embrace of the Serpent is a mesmerizing feat of cinema. Guerra had me at frame one." Response from the indigenous community The film was well received by the Amazonian community featured in the film. A special screening was held in the jungles of Colombia, in a makeshift cinema. With tribal people from all over the area showing up, not everyone could be seated. After the film finished, they asked for it to be shown again. Although the film was celebrated, director Ciro Guerra did stress that the film should not be used as an attempt to share traditional knowledge of the tribes, as what you see in the film "is an imagined Amazon because the real Amazon doesn't fit in one film". Accolades The film was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Art Cinema Award. The film won the Golden Apricot at the 2015 Yerevan International Film Festival, Armenia, for Best Feature Film; the Special Jury Award at the Odesa Film Festival, and the Spondylus Trophy at the Lima Film Festival. The Governor of the Guainía Department decorated Ciro Guerra with the Order of the Inírida Flower for "exalting the respect and value of the indigenous populations, likewise giving the Department recognition for tourism and culture". The film was announced as Colombia's submission for the 2016 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and was selected among the final five contenders, being the first Colombian film to be nominated for the award. Top ten lists In The Observer Mark Kermode included Embrace of the Serpent in his top ten list of best films of 2016. Embrace of the Serpent is ranked 2nd in Rotten Tomatoes' Best-Reviewed Foreign Language Movies 2016, and 23rd in the Top 100 Movies of 2016 list. It also was named the 12th best film of 2016 by Esquire. Sight & Sound ranked it 21st with seven votes. Some other top ten lists in which Embrace of the Serpent was listed are: 1st – J. R. Jones, Chicago Reader 2nd – Lincoln Journal Star 2nd – Randy Myers, San Jose Mercury News 3rd – Little White Lies 4th – Stephen Holden, The New York Times 4th – The Irish Times 7th – Time Out London 8th – Brian Formo, Collider 10th – Simon Abrams, RogerEbert.comSee also List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Colombian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film List of films featuring hallucinogens References External linksEmbrace of the Serpent'' at Science & Film 2015 drama films 2015 films Alfred P. Sloan Prize winners Colombian black-and-white films Colombian drama films Films directed by Ciro Guerra Films set in 1909 Films set in 1940 Films set in the Amazon Films set in Colombia Films shot in Colombia Indigenous cinema in Latin America 2010s Spanish-language films 2010s Colombian films 2010s Argentine films
Pixelles, located in Montreal, is a non-profit grassroots organization devoted to increasing gender diversity in the video game industry as a response to issues of sexism. History The debut of the Pixelles in Montreal coincided with the Twitter awareness hashtag campaign called #1reasonwhy, where women in the game industry provided personal experiences about sexism in the industry. The idea for Pixelles was inspired by Toronto's Difference Engine Initiative, a game-making incubator organized in 2011 by the Hand Eye Society, a video game arts organization. Feminists in Games, an organization of feminist digital researchers, approached game-hobbyist Rebecca Cohen Palacios and game designer Tanya Short to bring a similar project to Montreal. The first incubator had received over sixty applications. In 2015, Pixelles officially became a non-profit organization. Activities Through annual incubators, game jams, and monthly workshops, Pixelles helps women realize their own potential at making whatever game they can dream of. As an art form, games benefit from having more diverse voices contributing to its growth. Incubator, Follow Along, & Showcase A set of classes that span once day a for six weeks provides advice on tools and applications, input from mentors, and support from the rest of the group. The incubator is open to anyone who identifies as female and can attend the workshops in Montreal, no former development experience required. Participants are selected through an application process. In 2013, ten women were chosen from over sixty applicants. At the end of each incubator, Pixelles hosts a showcase to celebrate the new game makers. The 2013 showcase clocked over 150 attendees from friends to indies to people from AAA industry coming out to support and celebrate women and video games. The showcase is archived on the official website where you can play games from the 2013 and 2014 showcases. Men could not sign up, but are able to participate either as mentors or as play-testers. They are also able to sign up for the follow-along program, where material and exercises covered in the program were posted online. Follow-Alongs do not have access to the meetings or the workspace, but they can still follow the deadlines and make a game. In 2013, out of over thirty follow along sign ups, four successfully made a game during the allotted time. Workshops Monthly workshops encourage them to learn new game development skills such as programming languages, 3d modelling, game design, etc. Volunteer led workshops are about 2 hours long with a maximum of 20 participants. They are usually hosted on the 2nd last Thursday or Tuesday evening of the month. Previous workshops covered topics such as working with Twine; an introduction to game design, 3D sculpting with ZBrush, 3ds max animation, programming with C#; and making a dating sim. Mentoring Through the 1:1 mentorship program and socials, Pixelles helps women network to gain role models and career advice. One of the most successful events was a speed mentoring night where twenty professionals and twenty aspirants conducted round-robin interviews. The mentorship program connects aspiring and junior women in game development to experienced professionals. Mentors, who come from a network of experts from every discipline, are male and female. Mentors provide feedback on your portfolio, code, and/or CV while also discussing how to improve your chances in an increasingly competitive industry. Social Events Picnic Socials Game Jams Pixelles Petites A future initiative of Pixelles which will be a coding camp for young girls. Recognition The organization's contributions have been recognized by CNet, has used IndieGoGo for fundraising initiatives, has been sponsored by the International Game Developers Association Foundation, and has been sponsored by Unity, and Square Enix and Edios to send the Pixelles Ensemble, a group of 25 women and genderqueer game developers from 8 countries, to Game Developers Conference. See also Women in computing in Canada Dames Making Games Black Girls Code Native Girls Code Women Who Code References External links Official Website Women's organizations based in Canada Women and video games Organizations based in Montreal Women in computing Video game organizations
"Last Resort" is the ninth episode of the fifth season of House and the ninety-fifth episode overall. It aired on November 25, 2008. This episode is an "extended episode" as it runs for an extra seven minutes (excluding ads), taking the total episode's length without ads to 50 minutes. Plot A gun-wielding man named Jason takes House, Thirteen, a nurse, and several patients hostage in Cuddy's office. The man claims to be sick with a long undiagnosed illness and demands medical attention from the best doctor in the hospital. With a room full of already sick patients, House must use them as guinea pigs to assure the hostage-taker that the medications he is administering to him are legitimate. As Cuddy and the rest of House's team communicate with House over the phone to run tests and offer possible diagnoses, they ponder the possibility that everyone in Cuddy's office could wind up dead. With one hostage already shot, Thirteen wagers her own already diminished health as she simultaneously receives the experimental treatments the hostage-taker patient is receiving as he wants to make sure they are not sedatives. At one point, House gets the gun in order to do a CT scan, but gives it back afterwards in order to continue the standoff and the search. After receiving medicine for Cushing's syndrome, Thirteen develops kidney failure. This gives House a clue as Jason's kidneys are not failing and the team realizes that some of the drugs he had previously been given must be protecting his kidneys. Next the team believes that it is melioidosis, but Jason's medical history says he has not been to tropical climates. When pressed, he says he's never traveled farther south than Florida. House calls him an idiot, as Florida's climate does in fact qualify as a tropical one, and sends for a drug to treat the disease. Jason sends House out in exchange for the drug and demands that Thirteen take the injection first. Thirteen's suicidally reckless behavior comes to a head as she is faced with taking a drug that certainly will kill her due to her kidney failure. She breaks down, pleading that she doesn't want to die, and at the last second, Jason grabs the syringe and injects himself as the SWAT team blows the wall down and storms the room. Outside, as Jason is arrested, House signals him to take a deep breath and let it out, and as he is able to do it, the diagnosis of melioidosis is confirmed. After nearly dying, Thirteen asks Foreman to admit her into a clinical trial for a potential Huntington's treatment, after having turned down his offer to get her in at the beginning of the episode. At the end of the episode, Cuddy is looking around at her destroyed office when House enters. They argue over who is to blame, him for being so obsessed with solving the case that he gave the man back the gun, or her for doing everything he told her. Music This episode featured the song "Between The Lines" (feat. Bajka) by British musician, producer and DJ, Bonobo, "Herzog" by Chris Clark, as well as "Glue of the World" by Four Tet, "It's Not The Same" by Yppah and "A Chronicle of Early Failures Pt. One" by The Dead Texan. See also Chvostek sign External links House (season 5) episodes 2008 American television episodes Hostage taking in fiction fr:Un diagnostic ou je tire
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Donnie Gerald Green (July 21, 1948 – August 28, 2019) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills, Philadelphia Eagles, and the Detroit Lions. He played college football at Purdue University and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1971 NFL Draft. Early life Donnie Green was the sixth of nine children of Irene and James Green in Annapolis, Maryland, where he attended elementary school. At age 10, his mother died and Green moved to live with his father in Chesapeake, Virginia, where he played football and basketball at Crestwood High School. College Green was recruited by Purdue out of Crestwood high school in Virginia. Green was an AP and UPI All-American in 1970, and also was named a team captain during his senior year. The previous season, Green's blocking played a role in the team finishing with an 8-2 record under head coach Jack Mollenkopf. The quarterback on that team was Mike Phipps, who would be the first round draft choice of the Cleveland Browns in the next NFL draft. That 1969 team finished the season ranked number 18 in the AP poll. While at Purdue, Green majored in Physical Education. In Green's senior year, Purdue went 4-6 under head coach Bob DeMoss, with one of the highlights of the season being an upset 26-14 win over Stanford. Some of Green's teammates on that Purdue squad that would go on to play in the NFL include quarterback Gary Danielson, Running back Otis Armstrong and wide receiver Darryl Stingley. NFL Green was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round (107th player taken overall), one round after Jim Braxton, who'd be a back field mate of O. J. Simpson and part of the Bills famed "Electric Co." offense of the 1970s. Green played in ten games his rookie season, starting nine of them as the Bills struggled to an 1-13 record under coach Harvey Johnson. After that season, Johnson was fired and Lou Saban was named as head coach. Saban made Green the full-time starter at right tackle, as the Bills improved to 4-9-1. The next season the Bills improved to 9-5 as Green along with Dave Foley, Reggie McKenzie, Bruce Jarvis, and Joe Delamielleure formed the line that helped Simpson rush for 2,003 yards in a season. In 1974, Green only started 10 games, but he recorded his only pass reception, a one yarder from quarterback Joe Ferguson in a 24-16 loss to the Miami Dolphins. 1975 would be Green's last as a full-time starter. He started all 14 games that year, eleven in 1976. He played for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1977 as a back-up, and spent 1978 seeing spot duty for the Detroit Lions. He retired after that season. Post career and death Green struggled with life after pro football. He soon separated from his wife and battled drug use. He lost the lease on the home he was in and ended up living for a time in a shelter in Hagerstown, Maryland and worked there as a night monitor. On August 28, 2019, the Buffalo Bills issued a press release that confirmed that Green had died, though an exact cause was not announced. References 1948 births 2019 deaths Players of American football from Washington, D.C. American football offensive linemen Purdue Boilermakers football players Buffalo Bills players Philadelphia Eagles players Detroit Lions players
The Yerwa Kanuri are a Kanuri subgroup alongside manga Kanuri that live in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Sudan. They speak Central Kanuri, a Nilo-Saharan language. The population numbers several million. Most Yerwa Kanuri are Muslims and farmers. They are also traditionally sheep and cattle herders. References Ethnic groups in Nigeria Ethnic groups in Sudan Ethnic groups in Cameroon Ethnic groups in Chad Ethnic groups in Niger Muslim communities in Africa
La'Sean Pickstock (born 4 August 1989) is a male sprinter from Nassau, Bahamas, who mainly competed in the 400m. He ran second leg of the 4x400 relay at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics in Doha, Qatar and first leg of the 4 × 400 m relay at the 2010 Commonwealth Games that placed fourth in the final. He ran the anchor leg of the 4 x 400m Relay at the NACAC U23 Championships in Athletics where the Bahamas won the silver medal in the final. He attended CR.Walker High School in the Bahamas before joining countryman and Olympic gold medalist Ramon Miller at Dickinson State University where he was an All American. He now works for the Dickinson Police Department in Dickinson, North Dakota. Personal bests References External links Athletics.net World Athletics 1989 births Living people Bahamian male sprinters Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for the Bahamas Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games competitors for the Bahamas Dickinson State University alumni
Vmobile was a Nigerian mobile phone network provider with close to a million subscribers in 2004. The company was previously owned by Econet Wireless Nigeria, but after a shareholder dispute was purchased (for a month) by Vodacom of South Africa. The Vodacom deal was short-lived, and the operator soon thereafter began trading as VMobile Nigeria, owned by Vee Networks Limited. The name Vee was based on Vee from Vodacom after Vodacom pulled out of the deal. Vodacom's South African staff was retained by the Nigerian Investors, to run the now called VMobile network. Willem Swart was appointed as CEO, with several previous Econet staff as directors. The company claimed that all investors were Nigeria-based. They included the state governments of Lagos, Delta , and Akwa Ibom. On April 16, 2006, Celtel made a conditional offer for Vmobile and in May 2006, Vmobile was bought by Celtel for US$1.005. billion after Celtel acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Vmobile During its time, Vmobile branded itself as the network for the Nigerian people, with the catchphrase being "it's all about you". References External links Celtel Company Website Interview with Willem Swart Telecommunications companies of Nigeria Defunct mobile phone companies
Otomārs Aleksandrs Oškalns (12 April 1904 — 1 September 1947) was a prominent Latvian communist and partisan fighter. He was one of three Latvian Soviet partisans who became Heroes of the Soviet Union. Life Born in to the family of a farm laborer, in 1925 Oškalns received his teacher's exam. In 1934 he was arrested for political activities after the Ulmanis Coup. In 1939 he joined the Communist Party of Latvia, and in 1940 he became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR. After Nazi Germany invaded Latvia in 1941, Oškalns was active as a leader of communist partisans. from April 30, 1942 he was commissar of the Latvian Soviet partisan detachment "For Soviet Latvia" ("Par Padomju Latviju"), which operated as part of the 2nd Leningrad Partisan Brigade. Later, he was the commander of the 3rd Latvian partisan brigade. Member of the Task Force of the Central Committee of the CPL (b). In 1944, Oškalns became the first secretary of the Riga Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia. After the war, In 1946 he became the Minister of Technical Cultures of the Latvian SSR and a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. He is buried in Riga. Awards Hero of the Soviet Union (1945) Order of Lenin Order of the Patriotic War II class medals Memory Small bronze monument was erected in Jēkabpils after his death. After his death, Riga's second largest railway station was named after him. When Latvia became independent in 1991, Oškalns was viewed as a Soviet collaborator, and his name was stripped from the railway station. Monuments to him were also removed from public locations. See also Arturs Sproģis Imants Sudmalis Vasiliy Kononov Communist Party of Latvia References Ошкалнс Отомар Петрович / сайт "Герои страны" (Russian) 1904 births 1947 deaths People from Cēsis Municipality People from Kreis Wenden Communist Party of Latvia politicians People's commissars and ministers of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Deputies of the People's Saeima Second convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Soviet Army officers Soviet Latvian partisans Heroes of the Soviet Union Recipients of the Order of Lenin
The Imam's Army (Turkish: İmamın Ordusu) is a book by Turkish journalist Ahmet Şık on the life and work of Fethullah Gülen and his Gülen movement. Şık was detained in March 2011, before the book was published, and the draft book was seized by the government and banned, claiming it was an "illegal organizational document" of the secret organization Ergenekon. Şık was detained pending trial, being eventually released pending trial in March 2012. In the interim, in an act of anti-censorship defiance, a version of the book was released in November 2011 under the name 000Kitap (000Book), edited by 125 journalists, activists and academics, and published by Postacı Publishing House. Events On 3 March 2011 eleven people were detained in Istanbul and Ankara, including the journalists Ahmet Şık and Nedim Şener. On 6 March they and another seven people were arrested on the allegation they were members of the secret organization Ergenekon. On or around 23 March Istanbul Heavy Penal Court 12 ordered the confiscation of a draft for a book that Ahmet Şık wanted to publish under the title of "The Imam's Army". On 1 April 2011 unknown people made the book available on the Internet, and over 200,000 copies were downloaded. Şık was indicted in the Ergenekon Odatv case because of The Imam's Army, a copy of which was allegedly found on odatv computers. On 26 August 2011 İstanbul prosecutor Cihan Kansız sent a 134-page indictment on 14 defendants, 12 of them in pre-trial detention to the newly founded Istanbul Heavy Penal Court 16. One of the imprisoned defendants was Ahmet Şık. The charges included membership or support of an armed organization and incitement to hatred and enmity. Ahmet Şık was charged with support of an armed organization. On 13 September 2011 Istanbul Heavy Penal Court 16 decided that the trial would start on 22 November 2011. The printing house, İthaki, was the publisher that owned the rights to "İmamın Ordusu" (The Army of the Imam), but in an act of anti-censorship defiance, a version of the book was released in November 2011 under the name 000Kitap (000Book), edited by 125 journalists, activists and academics, and published by Postacı Publishing House. Şık was released pending trial on 12 March 2012 along with fellow defendants Coşkun Musluk, , and Nedim Şener. Summary The book deals with the religious community of the Turkish Islamic preacher and former imam Fethullah Gülen, usually referred to as the Gülen movement. This fact has led to suspicions that Şık was arrested due to the book's contents, rather than his involvement in the alleged Ergenekon organization, which he has worked as a journalist to expose. The co-author of Ahmet Şık's earlier books on Ergenekon, Ertuğrul Mavioğlu, made a summary of the book. In the book, there are long passages on the life of Fethullah Gülen, already contained in many articles and books, but the book offers further details on the conflict between Necmettin Erbakan and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). The book also presents confessions of one of the founders of the Akyazılı Foundation that in 1966 became the basis for the establishment of the Gülen movement. The book also explains how Gülen developed schools and made use of certain media institutions. Relating to the government of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), the book details the installment of members of the Gülen community into the Turkish bureaucracy. The question is asked whether the community includes most members of the armed unit of the police. The Democratic Turkey Forum has translated some passages of the book into English. In his draft book, Şık draws heavily on other sources, including quoting extensively from intelligence reports from before the AKP came to power in 2002 and more recent work by other journalists and analysts. Proponents of Gülen have said that "the book aims to create a sensation, rather than provide objective information". New section analyzing 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt was added to the newer versions of the book. In this section Şık talks about lack of unity inside the military and concludes the coup d'état attempt as two reactionary forces fighting for control. References 2011 non-fiction books Books about Turkey 21st-century Turkish books
Balls Mills is an unincorporated community on Route 973 in Hepburn Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. It is located seven miles north of Williamsport on Mill Creek, which flows southwest into the Lycoming Creek. English immigrant John Ball founded a saw mill in the village in the 1790s and, after he drowned, his son Bill Ball opened a wool mill and named the place Balls Mills with the apostrophe omitted. Blooming Grove Road provides access to Williamsport, where it becomes Market Street. The village uses the Cogan Station zip code of 17728. References Unincorporated communities in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania
Jon Haber is an American writer and political activist. The Jewish Week calls Haber "a key resource for anti-BDS activists." Activism Haber's pro-Israel activism dates to November 3, 1994, when during an MIT forum on the subject of Jewish fundamentalism hosting Noam Chomsky and Israel Shahak, he circulated an unsigned pamphlet denouncing the two speakers, later rising during the presentation to announce his authorship of the text when challenged. Haber later took to USENET to reprint the writing and to defend his actions. In 2004, he renewed his commitments when anti-Israel activists proposed that the Board of Aldermen in his hometown of Somerville, Massachusetts should boycott Israel. Haber has written internationally on the subject of divest-from-Israel campaigns and their impact on civil institutions such as municipalities, religious institutions and schools. Haber is the creator of the Web site Somerville Middle East Justice, which chronicled the three-year battle against municipal divestment in Somerville, Massachusetts He also worked with Presbyterian anti-divestment activist Will Spotts on the Web site Bearing Witness (now defunct) which contributed to the successful 2006 campaign to see the Presbyterian Church PCUSA overturn its 2004 decision to begin a "phased, selective" program in corporations that do business in Israel. He is also the creator of the Web site DivestThis!, which chronicles the ongoing failures of the BDS movement, and an online guide of the same name. A recurring theme in the author's work is what he refers to as the "corrupting impact" of divestment programs on the organizations that embrace them. He dubs this phenomenon "The Vampire's Kiss", an allusion to the legend that vampires (which he likens to the destructive force of divestment programs on civic institutions) can only enter one's house if invited. In addition to providing commentary on divestment campaigns to various publications, Haber has been a movie reviewer for The Boston Globe and Boston NPR station WBUR, as well as writing on the intersection of politics, economics and popular culture for the online publication TCS Daily. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American activists American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers Anti-BDS activists
Opabiniidae is an extinct family of marine stem-arthropods. Its type and best-known genus is Opabinia. It also contains Utaurora. Opabiniids closely resemble radiodonts, but their frontal appendages were basally fused into a proboscis. Opabiniids also distinguishable from radiodonts by setal blades covering at least part of the body flaps and serrated caudal rami. History of study Opabiniidae was named by Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1912, alongside its type species Opabinia. Walcott interpreted Opabiniidae as a family of anostracan crustaceans, most closely related to Thamnocephalidae. Opabinia was restudied in the 1970s, and reinterpreted as a stranger animal. Stephen Jay Gould referred to Opabinia as a "weird wonder", and an illustration of Opabinia prompted laughter when it was first revealed at a paleontological conference. In 2022, a second opabiniid, Utaurora, was identified. Myoscolex from Emu Bay Shale is sometimes suggested to be an opabiniid, but morphological features supporting this interpretation are controversial. Mieridduryn is a panarthropod from the Middle Ordovician that shares features with both radiodonts and opabiniids. References Works cited Prehistoric arthropod families Dinocaridida
Alexei Dmitrievich Stupin (Russian: Алексей Дмитриевич Ступин; (12 February 1844, Serpukhov — 1915, Moscow) was a Russian publisher and bookseller. His company was one of the first in Moscow, and the largest in the late 19th century. Life and work His career began in a bookstore owned by , as a contracted sales agent and manager, working on commission. He asked Sharapov for permission to publish an illustrated tutorial on dancing, a subject of interest to him, and was allowed to do so. The book went through several editions, prompting him to ask Sharapov for a release from his contract, so he could open his own publishing firm. He rented a small shop, but soon found it necessary to expand; renting some space in a nearby church, where he set up a warehouse. His business grew even more rapidly, as he was also a commissioned agent for the synodal publishing house, many of whose books were required purchases for the clergy. In addition, many of his books were educational in nature, so he received recommendations from the Ministry of National Education and the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria. These played a significant role in increasing his sales to libraries. His original catalog contained a variety of subjects, including popular, religious, folk, artistic, reference and educational works. He was especially well known for his children's books, including a series known as the Библиотечка Ступина (Stupin Library), containing fairy tales, historical stories, travels, popular essays about the life of nature, and games. Each volume had a press run from 2,000 to 10,000 copies. Toward the end of the century, he began to focus on works of literature, both Russian and Western European. In 1889, he published his first annual Современный календарь (Modern Calendar). He enjoyed filling his books with engraved illustrations, and paid his illustrators very well, although he was quite demanding and would personally oversee every step of the process; from the materials used to the printing method. Only the most prestigious printing companies were employed, and their bills were always paid in full. His exact date of death is unrecorded, due to its occurrence during the Great Retreat, and his grave at Vagankovo Cemetery has since been lost. His son, Alexei, inherited the company, and attempted to continue as before, but it ceased operations permanently in 1918. References "50th Anniversary of A. D. Stupin's Bookselling Activities", In: Книжный вестник (Book Bulletin), 1909, N° 1 External links "Издательство А. Д. Ступина" (Publishing House of A. D. Stupin) @ Лаборатория Фантастики "A. D. Stupin", biographical notes @ Yandex 1844 births 1915 deaths Russian publishers (people) Booksellers (people) People from Serpukhov
Leptosphinctes is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil cephalopods, the ammonites. It lived during the Jurassic Period, which lasted from approximately 200 to 145 million years ago. Distribution Jurassic deposits of British Columbia, Egypt, Hungary, Iran, Mexico, Poland, Saudi Arabia and Spain. References Jurassic ammonites Ammonites of Europe
Amanullah Khan was an Indian politician in Hyderabad Old City. Khan joined the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen in 1960. He contested from the Chandrayangutta Assembly segment for the first time in 1978 and won against the Indian Congress nominee, K. Baliah. Amanullah Khan retained the seat for five terms. He represented Chandrayangutta assembly constituency between 1978 and 1994. Four times he was elected as an AIMIM candidate (1978, 1983, 1985, and 1989) and in 1994 as an MBT candidate. Amanullah Khan retained the seat for five terms. He represented Chandrayangutta constituency between 1978 and 1999. Four times he was elected as an AIMIM candidate and in 1994 as an MBT candidate. In 1999 he ran as an MBT candidate, but lost to AIMIM candidate Akbaruddin Owaisi by margin of (6.2%) 11,920 votes. He was also the founder of Majlis Bachao Tehreek save majlis movement and was its president at the time of his death on 10 November 2002. See also Majlis Bachao Tehreek Majeed Ullah Khan References External links Amanullah Khan dislodged BJP from Hyderabad – Khayam Khan http://www.siasat.com/english/news/10th-death-anniversary-mbt-founder-amanullah-khan-observed 2002 deaths 1950 births Politicians from Hyderabad, India Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983 Majlis Bachao Tehreek politicians Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985 Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989 Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994 Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999
Phra Nang Klao Bridge station (, ) is a Bangkok MRT station on the Purple Line. The station opened on 6 August 2016 and is located on Rattanathibet road on the eastern end of Phra Nang Klao Bridge crossing the Chao Phraya River in Nonthaburi Province. The station has three entrances. References MRT (Bangkok) stations
Kandola Khurd is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 10.4 km away from Nurmahal, 14 km from Phillaur, 35.4 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 124 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch, who is an elected representative. Demography According to the report published by Census India in 2011 , Kandola Khurd has a total number of 179 houses and population of 904 of which include 460 males and 444 females. Literacy rate of Kandola Khurd is 75.27%, lower than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 83 which is 9.18% of total population of Kandola Khurd, and child sex ratio is approximately 965 higher than state average of 846. Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 55.9% of total population in Kandola Khurd. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far. As per census 2011, 297 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Kandola Khurd which includes 269 males and 28 females. According to census survey report 2011, 90.24% workers describe their work as main work and 9.76% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Transport Nurmahal railway station is the nearest train station however, Phillaur Junction train station is 13.5 km away from the village. The village is 43.8 km away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 129 km away in Amritsar. References Villages in Jalandhar district
The Hastings Community Center was an historic building in Hastings, Florida, United States. It was located at 401 N. Main Street. It was built in 1937 with a combination of local government and Works Progress Administration funding. The building included an auditorium and meeting halls and its uses included government offices, a library and fire department. Many civic and social groups including the American Legion and American Red Cross used the building for meetings and other events. On February 21, 2007, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. State of Disrepair When the town of Hastings was dissolved in 2018, any and all decisions were made by the St. Johns County Commission. St. Johns County building inspectors determined the structure was in very poor condition, and was potentially unsafe. The structure was in a bad state of disrepair as it was vacant and deteriorating. It was devoid of most of its windows, and was suffering from severe roof failure. St. Johns County officials cited the building's dilapidated condition and the cost to preserve it (estimated in the millions of dollars) as the reasons to order its demolition. Demolition On January 28, 2019, St. Johns County, Florida issued Demolition Permit number 11900992. The Hastings Community Center was demolished in 2019 by the Peter Jerome Burkhalter contractor firm from Jacksonville. Delisting from the National Register of Historic Places In October 2022, a petition to delist the Hastings Community Center from the National Register of Historic Places was sent to the Florida Department of Historic Resources. External links Abandoned Florida: Hastings Community Center. University of North Florida: Hastings Community Center. Gallery References National Register of Historic Places in St. Johns County, Florida
Kinminity is a former village located south-east of Birse, Aberdeenshire in Scotland. History The property was in hands of the cadet family of Sutherlands of Kinminitie, from the Sutherland of Duffus family in the 16th century. The manor house was in ruins by the 18th century. Kinminity Farm is located nearby. Notes References Clan Sutherland Aberdeenshire
During the 1894–95 season Hearts competed in the Scottish First Division, the Scottish Cup and the East of Scotland Shield. Fixtures Rosebery Charity Cup Scottish Cup Edinburgh League Scottish First Division See also List of Heart of Midlothian F.C. seasons References Statistical Record 94-95 External links Official Club website Scottish football championship-winning seasons Heart of Midlothian F.C. seasons Heart of Midlothian
Stephen McLin was a longtime executive in the banking industry who came to the industry from an engineering, rather than a finance background. McLin, the oldest of six children, was the son of an Air Force doctor. He grew up moving every few years, including almost three years in Wiesbaden, Germany, where his father was chief of surgery. Returning to the United States, McLin went to high school in Laredo, Texas, and graduated in 1964. McLin's father was then named hospital commander at Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul, Illinois, so McLin went to college at the nearby University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He majored in chemical engineering (now called the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering) and graduated with a bachelor of science in 1968. Career After graduation, McLin took a job with Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) in Anaheim, California. After working there for a year, McLin attended Stanford University and earned a master's degree in mechanical engineering (1970). Along the way he discovered he was more interested in finance, so then stayed at Stanford and earned an MBA in 1972. McLin worked much of his career at Bank of America (BofA), buying and selling other companies. He started out as assistant vice president in the cashiers division and in seven years rose to become BofA's top strategist. His first major deal was BofA's purchase of Charles Schwab Corporation, a major discount broker, in 1981. This transaction developed into what New York Times reporter Tom Friedman called a “historic test case for Federal banking laws.” McLin also “engineered” the purchase of failing Seattle-based bank, Seafirst, which enabled Bank of America to enter a state outside California, where it was based. McLin invented a financial structure, which he called “shrink-to-fit financing,” that protected BofA if Seafirst's losses in the energy sector became even worse than they already were., In 1985 McLin was BankAmerica's third-highest-paid executive, receiving $285,330 in salary. In 1986 McLin became executive vice president and BankAmerica Corp. a subsidiary of Bank of America. In the course of his career at Bank of America, America First and STM Holdings, LLC, McLin negotiated more than 40 transactions, acquisitions and sales, which represented total assets in excess of $32 billion. In 1987, at the age of 40, McLin left BofA to become president of America First Financial Fund. There he raised $100 million in equity capital to buy two Northern California S&Ls. When America First shut down a decade later it had returned more than $500 million in dividends and gains to its shareholders. McLin retired at the age of 51, created the McLin Family Foundation, and continues to serve on the Schwab board, which he joined in 1988. References 1946 births Living people American bankers American financial businesspeople American philanthropists Bank of America executives People from St. Louis Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni Stanford University School of Engineering alumni Grainger College of Engineering alumni
George Anderson (20 January 1826 – 27 November 1902) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Sheffield Cricket Club from 1850 to 1862 and then for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from its inception in 1863 until 1869. Life He was born in Aiskew, Bedale, Yorkshire and showed athletic aptitude as a high and long jumper and as a cricketer. His cricket was greatly improved by the visit to Bedale of the eminent bowler William Clarke in 1848. He was employed as a clerk in his youth before making cricket his profession in early manhood. Anderson appeared at Lord's in 1851, when he played for the North against the South, and for the Players against the Gentlemen in 1855. From 1857 until 1864 he was a member of the All England XIs captained by William Clarke, and George Parr. He visited Australia with Parr's team travelling on board the in the winter of 1863, but met with little success. His most successful season was in 1864, when in first-class matches he averaged 42 runs an innings, and scored 99 not out for Yorkshire against Notts. He captained the Yorkshire team for a few seasons and in May 1869 a match was played for his benefit at Dewsbury between the All England XI and the United All England XI. Anderson was a right-handed batsman. He played in 99 first-class games, mainly for Yorkshire teams, scoring 2,535 runs at an average of 16.35, with a highest score of 99 not out. His style as a batsman was described as "the model of manliness"; he had a good defence, and though he took time to get set, he was in his day the hardest and cleanest hitter of the best bowling. In 1862, he made a drive for eight runs at the Oval, when playing for the North of England against Surrey. Another hit by him off Bennett, the Kent slow bowler, was reputed to have pitched farther than any previously recorded at the Oval. On retiring from professional cricketing, Anderson became in 1873 actuary of the Bedale Savings Bank, and held the office until the bank's failure in 1894. He died at Bedale on 27 November 1902. References Attribution 1826 births 1902 deaths Yorkshire cricketers All-England Eleven cricketers English cricketers English cricketers of 1826 to 1863 English cricketers of 1864 to 1889 People from Bedale Players cricketers Cricketers from Yorkshire Yorkshire with Stockton-on-Tees cricketers North v South cricketers Yorkshire and Durham cricketers
John Meinert Printing (Pty) Ltd was a publishing house in Namibia, named after its founder John Meinert, businessman and later mayor of Windhoek. It owned the country's only large printing works. In 1991 the business was sold to Namibia Media Holdings. The publishing house was founded as Windhuker Druckerei in German South West Africa. John Meinert entered as managing director in 1913 and bought the business in 1917. John Meinert Printing owned the publishing house Deutscher Verlag, the publisher of the German-language daily Allgemeine Zeitung. Later, the weekly Windhoek Advertiser was launched. It also ran Namibia's only large printing works. All major Namibian newspapers were printed at John Meinert. In 1991 the company was incorporated into Democratic Media Holdings (today Namibia Media Holdings) which founded its own printing works (Newsprint Namibia) one year later. The rights to the name were sold in 1999; the John Meinert Printing company in Windhoek is otherwise unrelated to the entity that owned Namibia's printing works. References Mass media in Namibia Companies based in Windhoek 1917 establishments in South West Africa 1991 disestablishments in Namibia Publishing companies established in 1917 Publishing companies disestablished in 1991
Fulton Township is a civil township of Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,413 at the 2000 census. Communities The village of Perrinton is within the township. Middleton is an unincorporated community in the township, about one mile west of Perrinton and just north of Fulton High School on M-57 at . The ZIP code is 48856. Pompeii is an unincorporated community in the township about four miles east of Perrinton on the boundary with neighboring Washington Township at . Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (1.57%) is water. The township contains portions of the Maple River State Game Area. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,413 people, 884 households, and 670 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 963 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 96.77% White, 0.17% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 1.08% from other races, and 1.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.36% of the population. There were 884 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.06. In the township the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $41,667, and the median income for a family was $48,060. Males had a median income of $36,319 versus $27,452 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,101. About 8.0% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over. References Townships in Gratiot County, Michigan Townships in Michigan
Road to UFC Season 2 is the 2023 cycle of Road to UFC, a mixed martial arts (MMA) event series in which top Asian MMA prospects compete to win contracts with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Background The event series features four divisions—flyweight, bantamweight, featherweight and lightweight—each for which eight fighters compete in a "win-and-advance" tournament format. The tournament winner for each division is awarded a UFC contract. Each event in the series is to feature five bouts including one non-tournament bout. The opening quarterfinal round of the tournament is to be held across two days, May 27-28, 2023 at the UFC Performance Institute Shanghai, with two five-bout events for each day for a total of 10 bouts per day. Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Flyweight tournament bracket Bantamweight tournament bracket Featherweight tournament bracket Lightweight tournament bracket {{Round8 \|\| Hong Seong-chan \| 1\| Rong Zhu \|TKO \|\| Kazuma Maruyama \| 1\| Kim Sang-wook \| SUB \|\| Wendris Patilima \|2 \| Shin Haraguchi \| TKO \|\| Ki Won-bin \| 2 \| Park Jae-hyun, who was scheduled to fight Quillan Salkilld in a non-tournament bout, replaced Batebolati Bahatebole who weighed in at 161lbs and was not medically cleared to fight. External links Road to UFC See also Ultimate Fighting Championship Road to UFC References Ultimate Fighting Championship events Scheduled mixed martial arts events 2023 in mixed martial arts
Almighty Records is an English electronic dance music record label established in 1989. Almighty Records specialises in pop song remixes, dance-pop, and hi-NRG. The label's record producers, Almighty Associates, have remixed such performers as Rihanna, Cher, Katy Perry, Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez, Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Elton John, Elvis Presley, Enrique Iglesias, Kelly Clarkson, Kylie Minogue, LeAnn Rimes, Nelly Furtado, Ricky Martin, Shakira, Shania Twain, Sheena Easton, Usher, Whitney Houston, Adam Lambert, S Club and Liza Fox. Almighty Records' sublabels include Blast Records, Daisy Chain, East Side Records, Euphoric, Unit 4 Productions. Development of a fanbase Since their first UK release in 1989, Almighty Records has covered popular chart songs that had no dance mix, or those that had officially commissioned dance mixes which did not fit the dance-pop genre. Starting its life as a record stall just off the dance-floor of Bromptons in Earls Court, one of London's historic night clubs, its mission has always been devoted to DJs, dancers and dance music. Launched and staffed by disc jockeys and club enthusiasts for twenty years, the first 12-inch release on the Almighty label was a cover of the Limahl single "Never Ending Story", the title song to the 1984 film of the same name. Chosen because the artist's original label, EMI, had allowed the extended version of that song go out of production, while club-goers still wanted to dance to it and buy it. Almighty feature various artist names, which are in fact projects rather than actual singers or groups, with many different vocalists and session singers behind artists' names, many of them already famous as recording artists and even hit songwriters. Almighty's policy of not identifying its singers' birth names is down to the belief that faces and names aren't important and that the music speaks for itself. By 1992 Almighty had enjoyed notable success thanks in part to their cover versions of ABBA tracks under the guise Abbacadabra. It was at this point that label boss Martyn Norris decided to give up his job and concentrate on Almighty full-time. Pop producer Pete Waterman played some of these tracks on his UK television show The Hitman and Her which boosted interest in the songs and the label, so much so that Waterman picked up some tracks, including "Dancing Queen" for his own label PWL. In September 1992, "Dancing Queen" charted at number 57 on the UK singles chart countdown and became a club hit in the US after being licensed to BMG, who had the track remixed by Love To Infinity. Almighty achieved their first UK Singles Chart top 20 hit in 1993 with "I Will Always Love You", a cover of the song by Dolly Parton, Whitney Houston and others, which was performed by Sarah Washington and reached position 12 in the UK chart. Almighty Records has been successful with various projects over the years, remaking almost all ABBA songs, including a track recorded, but unreleased by ABBA called "Just Like That". To date, Almighty have produced 5 albums and over 10 singles under the Abbacadabra project name, which has sold more than 250,000 units for the label. However, the project which has been the most successful internationally for Almighty is the Queer as Folk CD soundtrack which went gold within one month of going on sale in March 1999 in the UK. The release of this CD followed a request from the makers of the TV series, Red Productions, after another major record company turned down the opportunity due to poor rating of previous music-led television shows on Channel 4. Given a list of tracks, Almighty had one month to compile the music; however, some tracks could not be cleared in time for the release mainly due to time scales, including one by the group Steps who initially said that the show would be too "low profile" for them to be associated with. It was the success of this album which prompted Channel 4 to launch their own music division when the second series of Queer As Folk was made – an international franchise which is still around today. By the end of 1999, at the label's ten-year anniversary, it was still making 12" vinyl and manufactured CD singles; even now the 12" vinyl single and CD single are considered obsolete formats, Almighty is still mailing out hard copies of their new product catalogues to mail order customers. To celebrate their ten-year success, Almighty released an album called A Decade Of Dance. Since it started, 90% of the music shops Almighty dealt with all over the world have closed. Customers choose now to buy their CDs online or as a digital download from an online store such as Almighty's own shop or from Amazon. However, physical product sales still count for two-thirds of the label's business from their own online store. In 2009, the label celebrated its 20th anniversary and in early 2010 released Almighty: Two Decades of Dance to mark the anniversary. This collection spans two decades, and includes all the tracks that in 2010 still remain Almighty's very best sellers over the full twenty years. The manufactured album is megamixed with 20 tracks on each disc – disc one from 2000 to 2010 and disc two from 1990 to 1999. Marketing During the latter half of the 1990s Almighty concentrated efforts on producing remixes for record companies for the global club and dance scene and became de rigueur, and the most in-demand name in the pop-dance world, producing up to 5 mixes a week at their peak. It wasn't until 2004 when, in a change of direction for the label, Almighty stopped actively soliciting their remix services to record companies and closed their studio complex. However, following on from the success of four Cilla Black remixes in 2009 for record label EMI, including one of "Something Tells Me" which was released as Cilla's 37th UK single, Almighty once again sought to produce official remixes. Following increased interest and visibility, Almighty were contacted by management company MWR (Matt Waterhouse Represents) which boasts the most in demand remixers including Cahill, Digital Dog, Moto Blanco, StoneBridge, Wideboys and more. Under Matt's management, Almighty have recently created mixes for top acts including but not limited too – Alexandra Burke, Cher(Burlesque), Cheryl Cole, Elvis Presley, Inna, Katy Perry, Matthew Morrison (Glee), The Saturdays, The Wanted, and Usher. Today Almighty are popular around the world, especially among gay communities and often market themselves as a gay label; advertising in gay press and releasing various albums specifically targeted at a gay audience. In recent years Almighty have made their productions available to a wider customer base after making a deal with Universal Music, and more recently with The Orchard, which allows Almighty to sell on most digital platforms including iTunes and Amazon.com. Recently some Almighty Productions have also been made available on Beatport. 2010 is the first year that Almighty products have been made available in the US and Canada. Not all of Almighty's productions are available on general release, however fans can become members of the Almighty Club. Members receive most items that Almighty produce including special promotional material and additional, previously unreleased recordings. It can take Almighty from one to three people to produce a track, working on all elements of the production to the final mix down. Single releases are usually a fashion item, preferably chosen if there are no dance remixes of the song in question in the Hi-NRG genre, in the style that Almighty produce. Albums, on the other hand, are planned months in advance. Over the years Almighty has featured mixes from other dance / pop producers, including Bimbo Jones, Stonebridge, Love To Infinity, Matt Pop, Wayne G, Porl Young, Tony Moran, Way Out West and The Rhythm Masters. MD Martyn Norris has always overseen all Almighty productions and remixes. Almighty have worked with many talented producers over the years including Craig Hardy, Graham Wilcox, Gary Miller, Ian Gant, Ian Stephens, Jono Buchanan, Jon Musgrave, Richard Cottle, Rod Warren, Steve Hilton, and Jewels And Stone who worked at Almighty under the Mary Brazzle alias. Jon Dixon joined Almighty in 1996 as it first in-house producer / engineer and was responsible for helping set up the Almighty studios. Jon left Almighty in 2002 with colleague Gulio Perruci to set up a new remix team ‘Crash’. Jon returned to Almighty on a freelance basis from 2004 until 2010, during which time he has set up another joint venture 7th Heaven with ex Almighty employee Andy Wetson who had left Almighty back in 2005 when their London offices closed. Almighty continues with a number of well known producers and have recently been joined by two new young associates who are working under the guise of ‘Almighty Boys’. Studios With the increase in remix work, and the continuation of their own production work Almighty updated their Gloucestershire based studios to include new Mac Pro computers, plus a plethora of new soft synths to join the existing keyboards. These include vintage Juno's, a Prophet-5 (previously owned by disco and Hi-NRG dance music composer and recording artist Patrick Cowley, which has been on loan to the label for a number of years) and an MKS-80 Super Jupiter. The studio also boasts hard synths such as a Nord Lead, a Roland JV-2080, and a Korg M1. Previously Almighty had used software such as Cubase to produce mixes, but with the recent upgrades to the studio Almighty have opted to use Apple's Logic 9 in the production of new music in addition to their outboard equipment. Almighty are also converting many of their old Cubase files from many years ago, and backing them up in Logic. Rather than rebuild a mix using the new software Almighty have stated that they would prefer to update a track, or remix it. Ten to 12 years ago, all of the effects came from outboard equipment, now many of these similar effects are produced on a computer and whilst they are similar they are not the same. The vocals, or A cappellas are stored separately from the music on DATs of which there are approximately 1000 to 1500. Almighty will not copy and back them all up on disc, citing reasons including time constraints. It is just not realistic to copy them all and back them up. Almighty's main priority is to back up the remaining vocals from the four TASCAM 88 machines to DVD. See also Cruz 101 Natalie Browne References External links Almighty Remixography, a list of official remixes produced by Almighty Records British record labels Dance-pop English electronic dance music record labels Hi-NRG Remixers
BBC Gardeners' World is a monthly British gardening magazine owned by Immediate Media Company, containing tips for gardening from past and current presenters of the television series Gardeners' World. History and profile BBC Gardeners' World was established in 1991. The magazine is part of Immediate Media Company and is published on a monthly basis. It often has offers on plants, free supplements and giveaways. Copies are sold at newsagents and by subscription. The circulation of BBC Gardeners' World was 237,650 copies for the first half of 2013. Its circulation dropped to 219,222 copies for the first half of 2014. Contributors Contributors have included: Monty Don Carol Klein Show A trade show and floral exhibition, Gardeners' World Live, promoted by the magazine, is held every June at the National Exhibition Centre near Birmingham. Presenters from the show usually make guest appearances. See also List of horticultural magazines References External links BBC Gardeners' World magazine website 1991 establishments in the United Kingdom Gardeners' World Horticultural magazines published in the United Kingdom Magazines established in 1991 Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities in the Yucatán Peninsula, a vast limestone plain covering south-eastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and all of Belize. The Spanish conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula was hindered by its politically fragmented state. The Spanish engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in newly founded colonial towns. Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight into inaccessible regions such as the forest or joining neighbouring Maya groups that had not yet submitted to the Spanish. Among the Maya, ambush was a favoured tactic. Spanish weaponry included broadswords, rapiers, lances, pikes, halberds, crossbows, matchlocks, and light artillery. Maya warriors fought with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows and stones, and wore padded cotton armour to protect themselves. The Spanish introduced a number of Old World diseases previously unknown in the Americas, initiating devastating plagues that swept through the native populations. The first encounter with the Yucatec Maya may have occurred in 1502, when the fourth voyage of Christopher Columbus came across a large trading canoe off Honduras. In 1511, Spanish survivors of the shipwrecked caravel called Santa María de la Barca sought refuge among native groups along the eastern coast of the peninsula. Hernán Cortés made contact with two survivors, Gerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero, eight years later. In 1517, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba made landfall on the tip of the peninsula. His expedition continued along the coast and suffered heavy losses in a pitched battle at Champotón, forcing a retreat to Cuba. Juan de Grijalva explored the coast in 1518, and heard tales of the wealthy Aztec Empire further west. As a result of these rumours, Hernán Cortés set sail with another fleet. From Cozumel he continued around the peninsula to Tabasco where he fought a battle at Potonchán; from there Cortés continued onward to conquer the Aztec Empire. In 1524, Cortés led a sizeable expedition to Honduras, cutting across southern Campeche, and through Petén in what is now northern Guatemala. In 1527 Francisco de Montejo set sail from Spain with a small fleet. He left garrisons on the east coast, and subjugated the northeast of the peninsula. Montejo then returned to the east to find his garrisons had almost been eliminated; he used a supply ship to explore southwards before looping back around the entire peninsula to central Mexico. Montejo pacified Tabasco with the aid of his son, also named Francisco de Montejo. In 1531 the Spanish moved their base of operations to Campeche, where they repulsed a significant Maya attack. After this battle, the Spanish founded a town at Chichen Itza in the north. Montejo carved up the province amongst his soldiers. In mid-1533 the local Maya rebelled and laid siege to the small Spanish garrison, which was forced to flee. Towards the end of 1534, or the beginning of 1535, the Spanish retreated from Campeche to Veracruz. In 1535, peaceful attempts by the Franciscan Order to incorporate Yucatán into the Spanish Empire failed after a renewed Spanish military presence at Champotón forced the friars out. Champotón was by now the last Spanish outpost in Yucatán, isolated among a hostile population. In 1541–42 the first permanent Spanish town councils in the entire peninsula were founded at Campeche and Mérida. When the powerful lord of Tutul-Xiu Maya in Maní converted to the Roman Catholic religion, his submission to Spain and conversion to Christianity encouraged the lords of the western provinces to accept Spanish rule. In late 1546 an alliance of eastern provinces launched an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish. The eastern Maya were defeated in a single battle, which marked the final conquest of the northern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. The polities of Petén in the south remained independent and received many refugees fleeing from Spanish jurisdiction. In 1618 and in 1619 two unsuccessful Franciscan missions attempted the peaceful conversion of the still pagan Itza. In 1622 the Itza slaughtered two Spanish parties trying to reach their capital Nojpetén. These events ended all Spanish attempts to contact the Itza until 1695. Over the course of 1695 and 1696 a number of Spanish expeditions attempted to reach Nojpetén from the mutually independent Spanish colonies in Yucatán and Guatemala. In early 1695 the Spanish began to build a road from Campeche south towards Petén and activity intensified, sometimes with significant losses on the part of the Spanish. Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, governor of Yucatán, launched an assault upon Nojpetén in March 1697; the city fell after a brief battle. With the defeat of the Itza, the last independent and unconquered native kingdom in the Americas fell to the Spanish. Geography The Yucatán Peninsula is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the east and by the Gulf of Mexico to the north and west. It can be delimited by a line running from the Laguna de Términos on the Gulf coast through to the Gulf of Honduras on the Caribbean coast. It incorporates the modern Mexican states of Yucatán, Quintana Roo and Campeche, the eastern portion of the state of Tabasco, most of the Guatemalan department of Petén, and all of Belize. Most of the peninsula is formed by a vast plain with few hills or mountains and a generally low coastline. A stretch of high, rocky coast runs south from the city of Campeche on the Gulf Coast. A number of bays are situated along the east coast of the peninsula, from north to south they are Ascensión Bay, Espíritu Santo Bay, Chetumal Bay and Amatique Bay. The north coast features a wide, sandy littoral zone. The extreme north of the peninsula, roughly corresponding to Yucatán State, has underlying bedrock consisting of flat Cenozoic limestone. To the south of this the limestone rises to form the low chain of Puuc Hills, with a steep initial scarp running east from the Gulf coast near Champotón, terminating some from the Caribbean coast near the border of Quintana Roo. The hills reach a maximum altitude of . The northwestern and northern portions of the Yucatán Peninsula experience lower rainfall than the rest of the peninsula; these regions feature highly porous limestone bedrock resulting in less surface water. This limestone geology results in most rainwater filtering directly through the bedrock to the phreatic zone, from whence it slowly flows to the coasts to form large submarine springs. Various freshwater springs rise along the coast to form watering holes. The filtering of rainwater through the limestone has caused the formation of extensive cave systems. These cave roofs are subject to collapse forming deep sinkholes; if the bottom of the cave is deeper than the groundwater level then a cenote is formed. In contrast, the northeastern portion of the peninsula is characterised by forested swamplands. The northern portion of the peninsula lacks rivers, except for the Champotón River – all other rivers are located in the south. The Sibun River flows from west to east from south central Quintana Roo to Lake Bacalar on the Caribbean Coast; the Río Hondo flows northwards from Belize to empty into the same lake. Bacalar Lake empties into Chetumal Bay. The Río Nuevo flows from Lamanai Lake in Belize northwards to Chetumal Bay. The Mopan River and the Macal River flow through Belize and join to form the Belize River, which empties into the Caribbean Sea. In the southwest of the peninsula, the San Pedro, Candelaría, and Mamantel Rivers, which all form a part of the Gulf of Mexico drainage. The Petén region consists of densely forested low-lying limestone plain featuring karstic topography. The area is crossed by low east–west oriented ridges of Cenozoic limestone and is characterised by a variety of forest and soil types; water sources include generally small rivers and low-lying seasonal swamps known as bajos. A chain of fourteen lakes runs across the central drainage basin of Petén; during the rainy season some of these lakes become interconnected. This drainage area measures approximately east–west by north–south. The largest lake is Lake Petén Itza, near the centre of the drainage basin; it measures . A broad savannah extends south of the central lakes. To the north of the lakes region bajos become more frequent, interspersed with forest. In the far north of Petén the Mirador Basin forms another interior drainage region. To the south the plain gradually rises towards the Guatemalan Highlands. The canopy height of the forest gradually decreases from Petén northwards, averaging from . This dense forest covers northern Petén and Belize, most of Quintana Roo, southern Campeche and a portion of the south of Yucatán State. Further north, the vegetation turns to lower forest consisting of dense scrub. Climate The climate becomes progressively drier towards the north of the peninsula. In the north, the annual mean temperature is in Mérida. Average temperature in the peninsula varies from in January to in July. The lowest temperature on record is . For the peninsula as a whole, the mean annual precipitation is . The rainy season lasts from June to September, while the dry season runs from October to May. During the dry season, rainfall averages ; in the wet season this increases to an average . The prevailing winds are easterly and have created an east–west precipitation gradient with average rainfall in the east exceeding and the north and northwestern portions of the peninsula receiving a maximum of . The southeastern portion of the peninsula has a tropical rainy climate with a short dry season in winter. Petén has a hot climate and receives the highest rainfall in all Mesoamerica. The climate is divided into wet and dry seasons, with the rainy season lasting from June to December, although these seasons are not clearly defined in the south; with rain occurring through most of the year. The climate of Petén varies from tropical in the south to semitropical in the north; temperature varies between , although it does not usually drop beneath . Mean temperature varies from in the southeast to in the northeast. Highest temperatures are reached from April to June, while January is the coldest month; all Petén experiences a hot dry period in late August. Annual precipitation is high, varying from a mean of in the northeast to in central Petén. Yucatán before the conquest The first large Maya cities developed in the Petén Basin in the far south of the Yucatán Peninsula as far back as the Middle Preclassic (c. 600–350 BC), and Petén formed the heartland of the ancient Maya civilization during the Classic period (c. AD 250–900). The 16th century Maya provinces of northern Yucatán are likely to have evolved out of polities of the Maya Classic period. From the mid-13th century AD through to the mid-15th century, the League of Mayapán united several of the northern provinces; for a time they shared a joint form of government. The great cities that dominated Petén had fallen into ruin by the beginning of the 10th century AD with the onset of the Classic Maya collapse. A significant Maya presence remained in Petén into the Postclassic period after the abandonment of the major Classic period cities; the population was particularly concentrated near permanent water sources. In the early 16th century, when the Spanish discovered the Yucatán Peninsula, the region was still dominated by the Maya civilization. It was divided into a number of independent provinces referred to as kuchkabal (plural kuchkabaloob) in the Yucatec Maya language. The various provinces shared a common culture but the internal sociopolitical organisation varied from one province to the next, as did access to important resources. These differences in political and economic makeup often led to hostilities between the provinces. The politically fragmented state of the Yucatán Peninsula at the time of conquest hindered the Spanish invasion, since there was no central political authority to be overthrown. However, the Spanish were also able to exploit this fragmentation by taking advantage of pre-existing rivalries between polities. Estimates of the number of kuchkabal in the northern Yucatán vary from sixteen to twenty-four. The boundaries between polities were not stable, being subject to the effects of alliances and wars; those kuchkabaloob with more centralised forms of government were likely to have had more stable boundaries than those of loose confederations of provinces. When the Spanish discovered Yucatán, the provinces of Maní and Sotuta were two of the most important polities in the region. They were mutually hostile; the Xiu Maya of Maní allied themselves with the Spanish, while the Cocom Maya of Sotuta became the implacable enemies of the European colonisers. At the time of conquest, polities in the north included Maní, Chakan, and Cehpech. Chakan was largely landlocked with a small stretch of coast on the north of the peninsula. Cehpech was a coastal province to its east; further east along the north coast were Ah Kin Chel, Cupul, and Chikinchel. The modern city of Valladolid is situated upon the site of the former capital of Cupul. Cupul and Chinkinchel are known to have been mutually hostile, and to have engaged in wars to control the salt beds of the north coast. Tazes was a small landlocked province south of Chikinchel. Ecab was a large province in the east. Uaymil was in the southeast, and Chetumal was to the south of it; all three bordered on the Caribbean Sea. Cochuah was also in the eastern half of the peninsula; it was southwest of Ecab and northwest of Uaymil. Its borders are poorly understood and it may have been landlocked, or have extended to occupy a portion of the Caribbean coast between the latter two kuchkabaloob. The capital of Cochuah was Tihosuco. Hocabá and Sotuta were landlocked provinces north of Maní and southwest of Ah Kin Chel and Cupul. Ah Canul was the northernmost province on the Gulf of Mexico coast of the peninsula. Canpech (modern Campeche) was to the south of it, followed by Chanputun (modern Champotón). South of Chanputun, and extending west along the Gulf coast was Acalan. This Chontal Maya-speaking province extended east of the Usumacinta River in Tabasco, as far as what is now the southern portion of Campeche state, where their capital was located. In the southern portion of the peninsula, a number of polities occupied the Petén Basin. The Kejache occupied a territory to the north of the Itza and east of Acalan, between the Petén lakes and what is now Campeche, and to the west of Chetumal. The Cholan Maya-speaking Lakandon (not to be confused with the modern inhabitants of Chiapas by that name) controlled territory along the tributaries of the Usumacinta River spanning southwestern Petén in Guatemala and eastern Chiapas. The Lakandon had a fierce reputation amongst the Spanish. Although there is insufficient data to accurately estimate population sizes at the time of contact with the Spanish, early Spanish reports suggest that sizeable Maya populations existed in Petén, particularly around the central lakes and along the rivers. Before their defeat in 1697 the Itza controlled or influenced much of Petén and parts of Belize. The Itza were warlike, and their martial prowess impressed both neighbouring Maya kingdoms and their Spanish enemies. Their capital was Nojpetén, an island city upon Lake Petén Itzá; it has developed into the modern town of Flores, which is the capital of the Petén department of Guatemala. The Itza spoke a variety of Yucatecan Maya. The Kowoj were the second in importance; they were hostile towards their Itza neighbours. The Kowoj were located to the east of the Itza, around the eastern Petén lakes: Lake Salpetén, Lake Macanché, Lake Yaxhá and Lake Sacnab. The Yalain appear to have been one of the three dominant polities in Postclassic central Petén, alongside the Itza and the Kowoj. The Yalain territory had its maximum extension from the east shore of Lake Petén Itzá eastwards to Tipuj in Belize. In the 17th century the Yalain capital was located at the site of that name on the north shore of Lake Macanché. At the time of Spanish contact the Yalain were allied with the Itza, an alliance cemented by intermarriage between the elites of both groups. In the late 17th century, Spanish colonial records document hostilities between Maya groups in the lakes region, with the incursion of the Kowoj into former Yalain sites including Zacpeten on Lake Macanché and Ixlu on Lake Salpetén. Other groups in Petén are less well known, and their precise territorial extent and political makeup remains obscure; among them were the Chinamita, the Icaiche, the Kejache, the Lakandon Chʼol, the Manche Chʼol, and the Mopan. Impact of Old World diseases A soldier arriving in Mexico in 1520 was carrying smallpox and caused the plagues that swept through the native populations of the Americas. The European diseases that ravaged the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas also severely affected the various Maya groups of the entire Yucatán Peninsula. Modern estimates of native population decline vary from 75% to 90% mortality. The terrible plagues that swept the peninsula were recorded in Yucatec Maya written histories, which combined with those of neighbouring Maya peoples in the Guatemalan Highlands, suggest that smallpox was rapidly transmitted throughout the Maya area the same year that it arrived in central Mexico with the forces under the command of Pánfilo Narváez. Old World diseases are often mentioned only briefly in indigenous accounts, making it difficult to identify the culprit. Among the most deadly were smallpox, influenza, measles and a number of pulmonary diseases, including tuberculosis; the latter disease was attributed to the arrival of the Spanish by the Maya inhabitants of Yucatán. These diseases swept through Yucatán in the 1520s and 1530s, with periodic recurrences throughout the 16th century. By the late 16th century, the reports of high fevers suggest the arrival of malaria in the region and yellow fever was first reported in the mid-17th century, with a terse mention in the Chilam Balam of Chumayel for 1648. That particular outbreak was traced back to the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean, from whence it was introduced to the port city of Campeche, and from there was transmitted to Mérida. Mortality was high, with approximately 50% of the population of some Yucatec Maya settlements being wiped out. Sixteen Franciscan friars are reported to have died in Mérida, probably the majority of the based there and who had probably numbered not much more than twenty before the outbreak. Those areas of the peninsula that experience damper conditions, particularly those possessing swamplands, became rapidly depopulated after the conquest with the introduction of malaria and other waterborne parasites. An example was the one-time well-populated province of Ecab occupying the northeastern portion of the peninsula. In 1528, when Francisco de Montejo occupied the town of Conil for two months, the Spanish recorded approximately 5,000 houses in the town; the adult male population at the time has been conservatively estimated as 3,000. By 1549, Spanish records show that only 80 tributaries were registered to be taxed, indicating a population drop in Conil of more than 90% in 21 years. The native population of the northeastern portion of the peninsula was almost eliminated within fifty years of the conquest. In the south, conditions conducive to the spread of malaria existed throughout Petén and Belize. At the time of the fall of Nojpetén in 1697, there are estimated to have been 60,000 Maya living around Lake Petén Itzá, including a large number of refugees from other areas. It is estimated that 88% of them died during the first ten years of colonial rule owing to a combination of disease and war. In Tabasco the population of approximately 30,000 was reduced by an estimated 90%, with measles, smallpox, catarrhs, dysentery and fevers being the main culprits. Weaponry, strategies and tactics The Spanish engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in new colonial towns, or reducciones (also known as congregaciones). Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight of the indigenous inhabitants into inaccessible regions such as the forest or joining neighbouring Maya groups that had not yet submitted to the Spanish. Those that remained behind in the reducciones often fell victim to contagious diseases. An example of the effect on populations of this strategy is the province of Acalan, which occupied an area spanning southern Campeche and eastern Tabasco. When Hernán Cortés passed through Acalan in 1525 he estimated the population size as at least 10,000. In 1553 the population was recorded at around 4,000. In 1557 the population was forcibly moved to Tixchel on the Gulf of Mexico coast, so as to be more easily accessible to the Spanish authorities. In 1561 the Spanish recorded only 250 tribute-paying inhabitants of Tixchel, which probably had a total population of about 1,100. This indicates a 90% drop in population over a 36-year span. Some of the inhabitants had fled Tixchel for the forest, while others had succumbed to disease, malnutrition and inadequate housing in the Spanish reducción. Coastal reducciones, while convenient for Spanish administration, were vulnerable to pirate attacks; in the case of Tixchel, pirate attacks and contagious European diseases led to the eradication of the reducción town and the extinction of the Chontal Maya of Campeche. Among the Maya, ambush was a favoured tactic. Spanish weaponry and armour The 16th-century Spanish conquistadors were armed with broadswords, rapiers, crossbows, matchlocks and light artillery. Mounted conquistadors were armed with a lance, that also served as a pike for infantrymen. A variety of halberds and bills were also employed. As well as the one-handed broadsword, a long two-handed version was also used. Crossbows had arms stiffened with hardwoods, horn, bone and cane, and supplied with a stirrup to facilitate drawing the string with a crank and pulley. Crossbows were easier to maintain than matchlocks, especially in the humid tropical climate of the Caribbean region that included much of the Yucatán Peninsula. Native weaponry and armour Maya warriors entered battle against the Spanish with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows and stones. They wore padded cotton armour to protect themselves. Members of the Maya aristocracy wore quilted cotton armour, and some warriors of lesser rank wore twisted rolls of cotton wrapped around their bodies. Warriors bore wooden or animal hide shields decorated with feathers and animal skins. First encounters: 1502 and 1511 On 30 July 1502, during his fourth voyage, Christopher Columbus arrived at Guanaja, one of the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras. He sent his brother Bartholomew to scout the island. As Bartholomew explored the island with two boats, a large canoe approached from the west, apparently en route to the island. The canoe was carved from one large tree trunk and was powered by twenty-five naked rowers. Curious as to the visitors, Bartholomew Columbus seized and boarded it. He found it was a Maya trading canoe from Yucatán, carrying well-dressed Maya and a rich cargo that included ceramics, cotton textiles, yellow stone axes, flint-studded war clubs, copper axes and bells, and cacao. Also among the cargo were a small number of women and children, probably destined to be sold as slaves, as were a number of the rowers. The Europeans looted whatever took their interest from amongst the cargo and seized the elderly Maya captain to serve as an interpreter; the canoe was then allowed to continue on its way. This was the first recorded contact between Europeans and the Maya. It is likely that news of the piratical strangers in the Caribbean passed along the Maya trade routes – the first prophecies of bearded invaders sent by Kukulkan, the northern Maya feathered serpent god, were probably recorded around this time, and in due course passed into the books of Chilam Balam. In 1511, the Spanish caravel Santa María de la Barca set sail along the Central American coast under the command of Pedro de Valdivia. The ship was sailing to Santo Domingo from Darién to inform the colonial authorities there of ongoing conflict between conquistadors Diego de Nicuesa and Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in Darién. The ship foundered upon a reef known as Las Víboras ("The Vipers") or, alternatively, Los Alacranes ("The Scorpions"), somewhere off Jamaica. There were just twenty survivors from the wreck, including Captain Valdivia, Gerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero. They set themselves adrift in one of the ship's boats, with bad oars and no sail; after thirteen days during which half of the survivors died, they made landfall upon the coast of Yucatán. There they were seized by Halach Uinik, a Maya lord. Captain Valdivia was sacrificed with four of his companions, and their flesh was served at a feast. Aguilar and Guerrero were held prisoner and fattened for killing, together with five or six of their shipmates. Aguilar and Guerrero managed to escape their captors and fled to a neighbouring lord who was an enemy of Halach Uinik; he took them prisoner and kept them as slaves. After a time, Gonzalo Guerrero was passed as a slave to the lord Nachan Can of Chetumal. Guerrero became completely Mayanised and served his new lord with such loyalty that he was married to one of Nachan Chan's daughters, Zazil Ha, by whom he had three children. By 1514, Guerrero had achieved the rank of nacom, a war leader who served against Nachan Chan's enemies. Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, 1517 In 1517, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba set sail from Cuba with a small fleet, consisting of two caravels and a brigantine, with the dual intention of exploration and of rounding up slaves. The experienced Antón de Alaminos served as pilot; he had previously served as pilot under Christopher Columbus on his final voyage. Also among the approximately 100-strong expedition members was Bernal Díaz del Castillo. The expedition sailed west from Cuba for three weeks, and weathered a two-day storm a week before sighting the coast of the northeastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula. The ships could not put in close to the shore due to the shallowness of the coastal waters. However, they could see a Maya city some two leagues inland, upon a low hill. The Spanish called it Gran Cairo (literally "Great Cairo") due to its size and its pyramids. Although the location is not now known with certainty, it is believed that this first sighting of Yucatán was at Isla Mujeres. The following morning, the Spanish sent the two ships with a shallower draught to find a safe approach through the shallows. The caravels anchored about one league from the shore. Ten large canoes powered by both sails and oars rowed out to meet the Spanish ships. Over thirty Maya boarded the vessels and mixed freely with the Spaniards. The Maya visitors accepted gifts of beads, and the leader indicated with signs that they would return to take the Spanish ashore the following day. The Maya leader returned the following day with twelve canoes, as promised. The Spanish could see from afar that the shore was packed with natives. The conquistadors put ashore in the brigantine and the ships' boats; a few of the more daring Spaniards boarded the native canoes. The Spanish named the headland Cape Catoche, after some words spoken by the Maya leader, which sounded to the Spanish like cones catoche. Once ashore, the Spaniards clustered loosely together and advanced towards the city along a path among low, scrub-covered hillocks. At this point the Maya leader gave a shout and the Spanish party was ambushed by Maya warriors armed with spears, bows and arrows, and stones. Thirteen Spaniards were injured by arrows in the first assault, but the conquistadors regrouped and repulsed the Maya attack. They advanced to a small plaza bordered by temples upon the outskirts of the city. When the Spaniards ransacked the temples they found a number of low-grade gold items, which filled them with enthusiasm. The expedition captured two Mayas to be used as interpreters and retreated to the ships. Over the following days the Spanish discovered that although the Maya arrows had struck with little force, the flint arrowheads tended to shatter on impact, causing infected wounds and a slow death; two of the wounded Spaniards died from the arrow-wounds inflicted in the ambush. Over the next fifteen days the fleet slowly followed the coastline west, and then south. The casks brought from Cuba were leaking and the expedition was now running dangerously low on fresh water; the hunt for more became an overriding priority as the expedition advanced, and shore parties searching for water were left dangerously exposed because the ships could not pull close to the shore due to the shallows. On 23 February 1517, the day of Saint Lazarus, another city was spotted and named San Lázaro by the Spanish – it is now known by its original Maya name, Campeche. A large contingent put ashore in the brigantine and the ships' boats to fill their water casks in a freshwater pool. They were approached by about fifty finely dressed and unarmed Indians while the water was being loaded into the boats; they questioned the Spaniards as to their purpose by means of signs. The Spanish party then accepted an invitation to enter the city. They were led amongst large buildings until they stood before a blood-caked altar, where many of the city's inhabitants crowded around. The Indians piled reeds before the visitors; this act was followed by a procession of armed Maya warriors in full war paint, followed by ten Maya priests. The Maya set fire to the reeds and indicated that the Spanish would be killed if they were not gone by the time the reeds had been consumed. The Spanish party withdrew in defensive formation to the shore and rapidly boarded their boats to retreat to the safety of the ships. The small fleet continued for six more days in fine weather, followed by four stormy days. By this time water was once again dangerously short. The ships spotted an inlet close to another city, Champotón, and a landing party discovered fresh water. Armed Maya warriors approached from the city while the water casks were being filled. Communication was once again attempted with signs. Night fell by the time the water casks had been filled and the attempts at communication concluded. In the darkness the Spaniards could hear the movements of large numbers of Maya warriors. They decided that a night-time retreat would be too risky; instead, they posted guards and waited for dawn. At sunrise, the Spanish saw that they had been surrounded by a sizeable army. The massed Maya warriors launched an assault with missiles, including arrows, darts and stones; they then charged into hand-to-hand combat with spears and clubs. Eighty of the defenders were wounded in the initial barrage of missiles, and two Spaniards were captured in the frantic mêlée that followed. All of the Spanish party received wounds, including Hernández de Córdoba. The Spanish regrouped in a defensive formation and forced passage to the shore, where their discipline collapsed and a frantic scramble for the boats ensued, leaving the Spanish vulnerable to the pursuing Maya warriors who waded into the sea behind them. Most of the precious water casks were abandoned on the beach. When the surviving Spanish reached the safety of the ships, they realised that they had lost over fifty men, more than half their number. Five men died from their wounds in the following days. The battle had lasted only an hour, and the Spanish named the locale as the Coast of the Disastrous Battle. They were now far from help and low on supplies; too many men had been lost and injured to sail all three ships back to Cuba. They decided to abandon their smallest ship, the brigantine, although it was purchased on credit from Governor Velásquez of Cuba. The few men who had not been wounded because they were manning the ships during the battle were reinforced with three men who had suffered relatively minor wounds; they put ashore at a remote beach to dig for water. They found some and brought it back to the ships, although it sickened those who drank it. The two ships sailed through a storm for two days and nights; Alaminos, the pilot, then steered a course for Florida, where they found good drinking water, although they lost one man to the local Indians and another drank so much water that he died. The ships finally made port in Cuba, where Hernández de Cordóba wrote a report to Governor Velázquez describing the voyage, the cities, the plantations, and, most importantly, the discovery of gold. Hernández died soon after from his wounds. The two captured Maya survived the voyage to Cuba and were interrogated; they swore that there was abundant gold in Yucatán. Based upon Hernández de Córdoba's report and the testimony of the interrogated Indian prisoners, Governor Velázquez wrote to the Council of the Indies notifying it of "his" discovery. Juan de Grijalva, 1518 Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, the governor of Cuba, was enthused by Hernández de Córdoba's report of gold in Yucatán. He organised a new expedition consisting of four ships and 240 men. He placed his nephew Juan de Grijalva in command. Francisco de Montejo, who would eventually conquer much of the peninsula, was captain of one of the ships; Pedro de Alvarado and Alonso d'Avila captained the other ships. Bernal Díaz del Castillo served on the crew; he was able to secure a place on the expedition as a favour from the governor, who was his kinsman. Antón de Alaminos once again served as pilot. Governor Velázquez provided all four ships, in an attempt to protect his claim over the peninsula. The small fleet was stocked with crossbows, muskets, barter goods, salted pork and cassava bread. Grijalva also took one of the captured Indians from the Hernández expedition. The fleet left Cuba in April 1518, and made its first landfall upon the island of Cozumel, off the east coast of Yucatán. The Maya inhabitants of Cozumel fled the Spanish and would not respond to Grijalva's friendly overtures. The fleet sailed south from Cozumel, along the east coast of the peninsula. The Spanish spotted three large Maya cities along the coast, one of which was probably Tulum. On Ascension Thursday the fleet discovered a large bay, which the Spanish named Bahía de la Ascensión. Grijalva did not land at any of these cities and turned back north from Ascensión Bay. He looped around the north of the Yucatán Peninsula to sail down the west coast. At Campeche the Spanish tried to barter for water but the Maya refused, so Grijalva opened fire against the city with small cannon; the inhabitants fled, allowing the Spanish to take the abandoned city. Messages were sent with a few Maya who had been too slow to escape but the Maya remained hidden in the forest. The Spanish boarded their ships and continued along the coast. At Champotón, where the inhabitants had routed Hernández and his men, the fleet was approached by a small number of large war canoes, but the ships' cannon soon put them to flight. At the mouth of the Tabasco River the Spanish sighted massed warriors and canoes but the natives did not approach. By means of interpreters, Grijalva indicated that he wished to trade and bartered wine and beads in exchange for food and other supplies. From the natives they received a few gold trinkets and news of the riches of the Aztec Empire to the west. The expedition continued far enough to confirm the reality of the gold-rich empire, sailing as far north as Pánuco River. As the fleet returned to Cuba, the Spanish attacked Champotón to avenge the previous year's defeat of the Spanish expedition led by Hernández. One Spaniard was killed and fifty were wounded in the ensuing battle, including Grijalva. Grijalva put into the port of Havana five months after he had left. Hernán Cortés, 1519 Juan de Grijalva's return aroused great interest in Cuba, and Yucatán was believed to be a land of riches waiting to be plundered. A new expedition was organised, with a fleet of eleven ships carrying 500 men and some horses. Hernán Cortés was placed in command, and his crew included officers that would become famous conquistadors, including Pedro de Alvarado, Cristóbal de Olid, Gonzalo de Sandoval and Diego de Ordaz. Also aboard were Francisco de Montejo and Bernal Díaz del Castillo, veterans of the Grijalva expedition. The fleet made its first landfall at Cozumel, and Cortés remained there for several days. Maya temples were cast down and a Christian cross was put up on one of them. At Cozumel, Cortés heard rumours of bearded men on the Yucatán mainland, who he presumed were Europeans. Cortés sent out messengers to them and was able to rescue the shipwrecked Gerónimo de Aguilar, who had been enslaved by a Maya lord. Aguilar had learnt the Yucatec Maya language and became Cortés' interpreter. From Cozumel, the fleet looped around the north of the Yucatán Peninsula and followed the coast to the Tabasco River, which Cortés renamed as the Grijalva River in honour of the Spanish captain who had discovered it. In Tabasco, Cortés anchored his ships at Potonchán, a Chontal Maya town. The Maya prepared for battle but the Spanish horses and firearms quickly decided the outcome. The defeated Chontal Maya lords offered gold, food, clothing and a group of young women in tribute to the victors. Among these women was a young Maya noblewoman called Malintzin, who was given the Spanish name Marina. She spoke Maya and Nahuatl and became the means by which Cortés was able to communicate with the Aztecs. Marina became Cortés' consort and eventually bore him a son. From Tabasco, Cortés continued to Cempoala in Veracruz, a subject city of the Aztec Empire, and from there on to conquer the Aztecs. In 1519, Cortés sent the veteran Francisco de Montejo back to Spain with treasure for the king. While he was in Spain, Montejo pleaded Cortés' cause against the supporters of Diego de Velásquez. Montejo remained in Spain for seven years, and eventually succeeded in acquiring the hereditary military title of adelantado. Hernán Cortés in the Maya lowlands, 1524–25 In 1524, after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Hernán Cortés led an expedition to Honduras over land, cutting across Acalan in southern Campeche and the Itza kingdom in what is now the northern Petén Department of Guatemala. His aim was to subdue the rebellious Cristóbal de Olid, whom he had sent to conquer Honduras; Olid had, however, set himself up independently on his arrival in that territory. Cortés left Tenochtitlan on 12 October 1524 with 140 Spanish soldiers, 93 of them mounted, 3,000 Mexican warriors, 150 horses, a herd of pigs, artillery, munitions and other supplies. He also had with him the captured Aztec emperor Cuauhtemoc, and Cohuanacox and Tetlepanquetzal, the captive Aztec lords of Texcoco and Tlacopan. Cortés marched into Maya territory in Tabasco; the army crossed the Usumacinta River near Tenosique and crossed into the Chontal Maya province of Acalan, where he recruited 600 Chontal Maya carriers. In Acalan, Cortés believed that the captive Aztec lords were plotting against him and he ordered Cuauhtemoc and Tetlepanquetzal to be hanged. Cortés and his army left Acalan on 5 March 1525. The expedition passed onwards through Kejache territory and reported that the Kejache towns were situated in easily defensible locations and were often fortified. One of these was built on a rocky outcrop near a lake and a river that fed into it. The town was fortified with a wooden palisade and was surrounded by a moat. Cortés reported that the town of Tiac was even larger and was fortified with walls, watchtowers and earthworks; the town itself was divided into three individually fortified districts. Tiac was said to have been at war with the unnamed smaller town. The Kejache claimed that their towns were fortified against the attacks of their aggressive Itza neighbours. They arrived at the north shore of Lake Petén Itzá on 13 March 1525. The Roman Catholic priests accompanying the expedition celebrated mass in the presence of Aj Kan Ekʼ, the king of the Itza, who was said to be so impressed that he pledged to worship the cross and to destroy his idols. Cortés accepted an invitation from Kan Ekʼ to visit Nojpetén (also known as Tayasal), and crossed to the Maya city with 20 Spanish soldiers while the rest of his army continued around the lake to meet him on the south shore. On his departure from Nojpetén, Cortés left behind a cross and a lame horse that the Itza treated as a deity, attempting to feed it poultry, meat and flowers, but the animal soon died. The Spanish did not officially contact the Itza again until the arrival of Franciscan priests in 1618, when Cortés' cross was said to still be standing at Nojpetén. From the lake, Cortés continued south along the western slopes of the Maya Mountains, a particularly arduous journey that took 12 days to cover , during which he lost more than two-thirds of his horses. When he came to a river swollen with the constant torrential rains that had been falling during the expedition, Cortés turned upstream to the Gracias a Dios rapids, which took two days to cross and cost him more horses. On 15 April 1525 the expedition arrived at the Maya village of Tenciz. With local guides they headed into the hills north of Lake Izabal, where their guides abandoned them to their fate. The expedition became lost in the hills and came close to starvation before they captured a Maya boy who led them to safety. Cortés found a village on the shore of Lake Izabal, perhaps Xocolo. He crossed the Dulce River to the settlement of Nito, somewhere on the Amatique Bay, with about a dozen companions, and waited there for the rest of his army to regroup over the next week. By this time the remnants of the expedition had been reduced to a few hundred; Cortés succeeded in contacting the Spaniards he was searching for, only to find that Cristóbal de Olid's own officers had already put down his rebellion. Cortés then returned to Mexico by sea. Francisco de Montejo, 1527–1528 The richer lands of Mexico engaged the main attention of the conquistadors for some years, then in 1526 Francisco de Montejo (a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for the right to conquer Yucatán. On 8 December of that year he was issued with the hereditary military title of adelantado and permission to colonise the Yucatán Peninsula. In 1527, he left Spain with 400 men in four ships, with horses, small arms, cannon and provisions. He set sail for Santo Domingo, where more supplies and horses were collected, allowing Montejo to increase his cavalry to fifty. One of the ships was left at Santo Domingo as a supply ship to provide later support; the other ships set sail and reached Cozumel in the second half of September 1527. Montejo was received in peace by the lord of Cozumel, Aj Naum Pat, but the ships only stopped briefly before making for the Yucatán coast. The expedition made landfall somewhere near Xelha in the Maya province of Ekab, in what is now Mexico's Quintana Roo state. Montejo garrisoned Xelha with 40 soldiers under his second-in-command, Alonso d'Avila , and posted 20 more at nearby Pole. Xelha was renamed Salamanca de Xelha and became the first Spanish settlement on the peninsula. The provisions were soon exhausted and additional food was seized from the local Maya villagers; this too was soon consumed. Many local Maya fled into the forest and Spanish raiding parties scoured the surrounding area for food, finding little. With discontent growing among his men, Montejo took the drastic step of burning his ships; this strengthened the resolve of his troops, who gradually acclimatised to the harsh conditions of Yucatán. Montejo was able to get more food from the still-friendly Aj Nuam Pat, when the latter made a visit to the mainland. Montejo took 125 men and set out on an expedition to explore the north-eastern portion of the Yucatán peninsula. His expedition passed through the towns of Xamanha, Mochis and Belma, none of which survives today. At Belma, Montejo gathered the leaders of the nearby Maya towns and ordered them to swear loyalty to the Spanish Crown. After this, Montejo led his men to Conil, a town in Ekab that was described as having 5,000 houses, where the Spanish party halted for two months. In the spring of 1528, Montejo left Conil for the city of Chauaca, which was abandoned by its Maya inhabitants under cover of darkness. The following morning, the inhabitants attacked the Spanish party but were defeated. The Spanish then continued to Ake, some north of Tizimín, where they engaged in a major battle against the Maya, killing more than 1,200 of them. After this Spanish victory, the neighbouring Maya leaders all surrendered. Montejo's party then continued to Sisia and Loche before heading back to Xelha. Montejo arrived at Xelha with only 60 of his party, and found that only 12 of his 40-man garrison survived, while the garrison at Pole had been entirely wiped out. The support ship eventually arrived from Santo Domingo, and Montejo used it to sail south along the coast, while he sent Ávila over land. Montejo discovered the thriving port city of Chaktumal (capital of the Chetumal Province). At Chaktumal, Montejo learnt that shipwrecked Spanish sailor Gonzalo Guerrero was in the region, and Montejo sent messages to him, inviting him to return to join his compatriots, but the Mayanised Guerrero declined. The Maya at Chaktumal fed false information to the Spanish, and Montejo was unable to find Ávila and link up with him. Ávila returned overland to Xelha, and transferred the fledgling Spanish colony to nearby Xamanha, modern Playa del Carmen, which Montejo considered to be a better port. After waiting for Ávila without result, Montejo sailed south as far as the Ulúa River in Honduras before turning around and heading back up the coast to finally meet up with his lieutenant at Xamanha. Late in 1528, Montejo left Ávila to oversee Xamanha and sailed north to loop around the Yucatán Peninsula and head for the Spanish colony of New Spain in central Mexico. Francisco de Montejo and Alonso d' Ávila, 1531–1535 Montejo was appointed alcalde mayor (a local colonial governor) of Tabasco in 1529, and pacified that province with the aid of his son, also named Francisco de Montejo. Alonso d' Ávila was sent from eastern Yucatán to conquer Acalan, which extended southeast of the Laguna de Terminos. Montejo the Younger founded Salamanca de Xicalango as a base of operations. In 1530 Ávila established Salamanca de Acalan as a base from which to launch new attempts to conquer Yucatán. Salamanca de Acalan proved a disappointment, with no gold for the taking and with lower levels of population than had been hoped. Ávila soon abandoned the new settlement and set off across the lands of the Kejache to Champotón, arriving there towards the end of 1530. During a colonial power struggle in Tabasco, the elder Montejo was imprisoned for a time. Upon his release, he met up with his son in Xicalango, Tabasco, and they then both rejoined Ávila at Champotón. In 1531, Montejo moved his base of operations to Campeche. Alonso d' Ávila was sent overland to Chauaca in the east of the peninsula, passing through Maní, where he was well received by the Xiu Maya. Ávila continued southeast to Chetumal where he founded the Spanish town of Villa Real ("Royal Town"). The local Maya fiercely resisted the placement of the new Spanish colony and Ávila and his men were forced to abandon Villa Real and make for Honduras in canoes. At Campeche, the Maya amassed a strong force and attacked the city; the Spanish were able to fight them off, a battle in which the elder Montejo was almost killed. Aj Canul, the lord of the attacking Maya, surrendered to the Spanish. After this battle, the younger Francisco de Montejo was despatched to the northern Cupul province, where the lord Naabon Cupul reluctantly allowed him to found the Spanish town of Ciudad Real at Chichén Itzá. Montejo carved up the province amongst his soldiers and gave each of his men two to three thousand Maya in encomienda. After six months of Spanish rule, Cupul dissatisfaction could no longer be contained and Naabon Cupul was killed during a failed attempt to kill Montejo the Younger. The death of their lord only served to inflame Cupul anger and, in mid 1533, they laid siege to the small Spanish garrison at Chichén Itzá. Montejo the Younger abandoned Ciudad Real by night after arranging a distraction for their attackers, and he and his men fled west, where the Chel, Pech and Xiu provinces remained obedient to Spanish rule. Montejo the Younger was received in friendship by Namux Chel, the lord of the Chel province, at Dzilam. In the spring of 1534 he rejoined his father in the Chakan province at Dzikabal, near Tʼho (the modern city of Mérida). While his son had been attempting to consolidate the Spanish control of Cupul, Francisco de Montejo the Elder had met the Xiu ruler at Maní. The Xiu Maya maintained their friendship with the Spanish throughout the conquest and Spanish authority was eventually established over Yucatán in large part due to Xiu support. The Montejos, after reuniting at Dzikabal, founded a new Spanish town at Dzilam, although the Spanish suffered hardships there. Montejo the Elder returned to Campeche, where he was received with friendship by the local Maya. He was accompanied by the friendly Chel lord Namux Chel, who travelled on horseback, and two of the lord's cousins, who were taken in chains. Francisco de Montejo the Younger remained behind in Dzilam to continue his attempts at conquest of the region but, finding the situation too difficult, he soon retreated to Campeche to rejoin his father and Alonso d' Ávila, who had returned to Campeche shortly before Montejo the Younger. Around this time, the news began to arrive of Francisco Pizarro's conquests in Peru and the rich plunder that his soldiers were taking there, undermining the morale of Montejo's already disenchanted band of followers. Montejo's soldiers began to abandon him to seek their fortune elsewhere; in seven years of attempted conquest in the northern provinces of the Yucatán Peninsula, very little gold had been found. Towards the end of 1534 or the beginning of the next year, Montejo the Elder and his son retreated from Campeche to Veracruz, taking their remaining soldiers with them. Montejo the Elder became embroiled in colonial infighting over the right to rule Honduras, a claim that put him in conflict with Pedro de Alvarado, captain general of Guatemala, who also claimed Honduras as part of his jurisdiction. Alvarado's claim ultimately turned out successful. In Montejo the Elder's absence, first in central Mexico, and then in Honduras, Montejo the Younger acted as lieutenant governor and captain general in Tabasco. Conflict at Champotón The Franciscan friar Jacobo de Testera arrived in Champotón in 1535 to attempt the peaceful incorporation of Yucatán into the Spanish Empire. Testera had been assured by the Spanish authorities that no military activity would be undertaken in Yucatán, while he was attempting its conversion to the Roman Catholic faith, and that no soldiers would be permitted to enter the peninsula. His initial efforts were proving successful when Captain Lorenzo de Godoy arrived in Champotón at the command of soldiers despatched there by Montejo the Younger. Godoy and Testera were soon in conflict and the friar was forced to abandon Champotón and return to central Mexico. Godoy's attempt to subdue the Maya around Champotón was unsuccessful and the local Kowoj Maya resisted his attempts to assert Spanish dominance of the region. This resistance was sufficiently tenacious that Montejo the Younger sent his cousin from Tabasco to Champotón to take command. His diplomatic overtures to the Champotón Kowoj were successful and they submitted to Spanish rule. Champotón was the last Spanish outpost in the Yucatán Peninsula; it was increasingly isolated and the situation there became difficult. Conquest and settlement in northern Yucatán, 1540–1546 In 1540, Francisco de Montejo the Elder, who was now in his late 60s, turned his royal rights to colonise Yucatán over to his son, Francisco de Montejo the Younger. In early 1541, Montejo the Younger joined his cousin in Champoton; he did not remain there long, and quickly moved his forces to Campeche. Once there, Montejo the Younger, commanding between 300 and 400 Spanish soldiers, established the first permanent Spanish town council in the Yucatán Peninsula. Shortly after establishing the Spanish presence in Campeche, Montejo the Younger summoned the local Maya lords and commanded them to submit to the Spanish Crown. A number of lords submitted peacefully, including the ruler of the Xiu Maya. The lord of the Canul Maya refused to submit and Montejo the Younger sent his cousin against them; Montejo himself remained in Campeche awaiting reinforcements. Montejo the Younger's cousin met the Canul Maya at Chakan, not far from Tʼho. On 6 January 1542, he founded the second permanent town council, calling the new colonial town Mérida. On 23 January, Tutul-Xiu, the lord of Maní, approached the Spanish encampment at Mérida in peace, bearing sorely needed food supplies. He expressed interest in the Spanish religion and witnessed a Roman Catholic mass celebrated for his benefit. Tutul-Xiu was greatly impressed and converted to the new religion; he was baptised as Melchor and stayed with the Spanish at Mérida for two months, receiving instruction in the Catholic faith. Tutul-Xiu was the ruler of the most powerful province of northern Yucatán and his submission to Spain and conversion to Christianity had repercussions throughout the peninsula, and encouraged the lords of the western provinces of the peninsula to accept Spanish rule. The eastern provinces continued to resist Spanish overtures. Montejo the Younger next sent his cousin to Chauaca where most of the eastern lords greeted him in peace. The Cochua Maya resisted fiercely but were soon defeated by the Spanish. The Cupul Maya also rose up against the newly imposed Spanish domination, and also their opposition was quickly put down. Montejo continued to the eastern Ekab province, reaching the east coast at Pole. Stormy weather prevented the Spanish from crossing to Cozumel, and nine Spaniards drowned in the attempted crossing. Another Spanish conquistador was killed by hostile Maya. Rumours of this setback grew in the telling and both the Cupul and Cochua provinces once again rose up against their would-be European overlords. The Spanish hold on the eastern portion of the peninsula remained tenuous and a number of Maya polities remained independent, including Chetumal, Cochua, Cupul, Sotuta and the Tazes. On 8 November 1546, an alliance of eastern provinces launched a coordinated uprising against the Spanish. The provinces of Cupul, Cochua, Sotuta, Tazes, Uaymil, Chetumal and Chikinchel united in a concerted effort to drive the invaders from the peninsula; the uprising lasted four months. Eighteen Spaniards were surprised in the eastern towns, and were sacrificed. A contemporary account described the slaughter of over 400 allied Maya, as well as livestock. Mérida and Campeche were forewarned of the impending attack; Montejo the Younger and his cousin were in Campeche. Montejo the Elder arrived in Mérida from Chiapas in December 1546, with reinforcements gathered from Champotón and Campeche. The rebellious eastern Maya were finally defeated in a single battle, in which twenty Spaniards and several hundred allied Maya were killed. This battle marked the final conquest of the northern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. As a result of the uprising and the Spanish response, many of the Maya inhabitants of the eastern and southern territories fled to the still unconquered Petén Basin, in the extreme south of the peninsula. The Spanish only achieved dominance in the north and the polities of Petén remained independent and continued to receive many refugees from the north. Petén Basin, 1618–1697 The Petén Basin covers an area that is now part of Guatemala; in colonial times it originally fell under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Yucatán, before being transferred to the jurisdiction of the Audiencia Real of Guatemala in 1703. The Itza kingdom centred upon Lake Petén Itzá had been visited by Hernán Cortés on his march to Honduras in 1525. Early 17th century Following Cortés' visit, no Spanish attempted to visit the warlike Itza inhabitants of Nojpetén for almost a hundred years. In 1618 two Franciscan friars set out from Mérida on a mission to attempt the peaceful conversion of the still-pagan Itza in central Petén. Bartolomé de Fuensalida and Juan de Orbita were accompanied by some Christianised Maya. After an arduous six-month journey the travellers were well received at Nojpetén by the current Kan Ekʼ. They stayed for some days in an attempt to evangelise the Itza, but the Aj Kan Ekʼ refused to renounce his Maya religion, although he showed interest in the masses held by the Catholic missionaries. Attempts to convert the Itza failed, and the friars left Nojpetén on friendly terms with Kan Ekʼ. The friars returned in October 1619, and again Kan Ekʼ welcomed them in a friendly manner, but this time the Maya priesthood were hostile and the missionaries were expelled without food or water, but survived the journey back to Mérida. In March 1622, the governor of Yucatán, Diego de Cárdenas, ordered Captain Francisco de Mirones y Lezcano to launch an assault upon the Itza; he set out from Yucatán with 20 Spanish soldiers and 80 Mayas from Yucatán. His expedition was later joined by Franciscan friar Diego Delgado. In May the expedition advanced to Sakalum, southwest of Bacalar, where there was a lengthy delay while they waited for reinforcements. En route to Nojpetén, Delgado believed that the soldiers' treatment of the Maya was excessively cruel, and he left the expedition to make his own way to Nojpetén with eighty Christianised Maya from Tipuj in Belize. In the meantime the Itza had learnt of the approaching military expedition and had become hardened against further Spanish missionary attempts. When Mirones learnt of Delgado's departure, he sent 13 soldiers to persuade him to return or continue as his escort should he refuse. The soldiers caught up with him just before Tipuj, but he was determined to reach Nojpetén. From Tipuj, Delgado sent a messenger to Kan Ekʼ, asking permission to travel to Nojpetén; the Itza king replied with a promise of safe passage for the missionary and his companions. The party was initially received in peace at the Itza capital, but as soon as the Spanish soldiers let their guard down, the Itza seized and bound the new arrivals. The soldiers were sacrificed to the Maya gods. After their sacrifice, the Itza took Delgado, cut his heart out and dismembered him; they displayed his head on a stake with the others. The fortune of the leader of Delgado's Maya companions was no better. With no word from Delgado's escort, Mirones sent two Spanish soldiers with a Maya scout to learn their fate. When they arrived upon the shore of Lake Petén Itzá, the Itza took them across to their island capital and imprisoned them. Bernardino Ek, the scout, escaped and returned to Mirones with the news. Soon afterwards, on 27 January 1624, an Itza war party led by AjKʼin Pʼol caught Mirones and his soldiers off guard and unarmed in the church at Sakalum, and killed them all. Spanish reinforcements arrived too late. A number of local Maya men and women were killed by Spanish attackers, who also burned the town. Following these killings, Spanish garrisons were stationed in several towns in southern Yucatán, and rewards were offered for the whereabouts of AjKʼin Pʼol. The Maya governor of Oxkutzcab, Fernando Kamal, set out with 150 Maya archers to track the warleader down; they succeeded in capturing the Itza captain and his followers, together with silverware from the looted Sakalum church and items belonging to Mirones. The prisoners were taken back to the Spanish Captain Antonio Méndez de Canzo, interrogated under torture, tried, and condemned to be hanged, drawn and quartered. They were decapitated, and the heads were displayed in the plazas of towns throughout the colonial Partido de la Sierra in what is now Mexico's Yucatán state. These events ended all Spanish attempts to contact the Itza until 1695. In the 1640s internal strife in Spain distracted the government from attempts to conquer unknown lands; the Spanish Crown lacked the time, money or interest in such colonial adventures for the next four decades. Late 17th century In 1692 Basque nobleman Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi proposed to the Spanish king the construction of a road from Mérida southwards to link with the Guatemalan colony, in the process "reducing" any independent native populations into colonial congregaciones; this was part of a greater plan to subjugate the Lakandon Chʼol and Manche Chʼol of southern Petén and the upper reaches of the Usumacinta River. The original plan was for the province of Yucatán to build the northern section and for Guatemala to build the southern portion, with both meeting somewhere in Chʼol territory; the plan was later modified to pass further east, through the kingdom of the Itza. As governor of Yucatán (1695-1696) now, Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi, began to build the road from Campeche south towards Petén. At the beginning of March 1695, Captain Alonso García de Paredes led a group of 50 Spanish soldiers, accompanied by native guides, muleteers and labourers. The expedition advanced south into Kejache territory, which began at Chunpich, about north of the modern border between Mexico and Guatemala. He rounded up some natives to be moved into colonial settlements, but met with armed Kejache resistance. García de Paredes decided to retreat around the middle of April. In March 1695, Captain Juan Díaz de Velasco set out from Cahabón in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, with 70 Spanish soldiers, accompanied by a large number of Maya archers from Verapaz, native muleteers, and four Dominican friars. The Spanish pressed ahead to Lake Petén Itzá and engaged in a series of fierce skirmishes with Itza hunting parties. At the lakeshore, within sight of Nojpetén, the Spanish encountered such a large force of Itzas that they retreated south, back to their main camp. Interrogation of an Itza prisoner revealed that the Itza kingdom was in a state of high alert to repel the Spanish; the expedition almost immediately withdrew back to Cahabón. In mid-May 1695 García de Paredes again marched southwards from Campeche, with 115 Spanish soldiers and 150 Maya musketeers, plus Maya labourers and muleteers; the final tally was more than 400 people, which was regarded as a considerable army in the impoverished Yucatán province. Ursúa also ordered two companies of Maya musketeers from Tekʼax and Oxkʼutzkabʼ to join the expedition at Bʼolonchʼen Kawich, some southeast of the city of Campeche. At the end of May three friars were assigned to join the Spanish force, accompanied by a lay brother. A second group of Franciscans would continue onwards independently to Nojpetén to make contact with the Itzas; it was led by friar Andrés de Avendaño, who was accompanied by another friar and a lay brother. García de Paredes ordered the construction of a fort at Chuntuki, some 25 leagues (approximately 65 miles or 105 km) north of Lake Petén Itzá, which would serve as the main military base for the Camino Real ("Royal Road") project. A company of native musketeers from the town of Sajkabʼchen (or Sahcabchén) in Campeche, pushed ahead with the road builders from Tzuktzokʼ to the first Kejache town at Chunpich, which the Kejache had fled. The company's officers sent for reinforcements from García de Paredes at Tzuktokʼ but before any could arrive some 25 Kejache returned to Chunpich with baskets to collect their abandoned food. The nervous Sajkabʼchen sentries feared that the residents were returning en masse and discharged their muskets at them, with both groups then retreating. The musketeer company then arrived to reinforce their sentries and charged into battle against approaching Kejache archers. Several musketeers were injured in the ensuing skirmish and the Kejache retreated along a forest path without injury. The Sajkabʼchen company followed the path and found two more deserted settlements with large amounts of abandoned food. They seized the food and retreated back along the path. Around 3 August García de Paredes moved his entire army forward to Chunpich, and by October Spanish soldiers had established themselves near the source of the San Pedro River. By November Tzuktokʼ was garrisoned with 86 soldiers and more at Chuntuki. In December 1695 the main force was reinforced with 250 soldiers, of which 150 were Spanish and pardo (descendants of Southern Europeans, Amerindians, and West Africans) and 100 were Maya, together with labourers and muleteers. Avendaño's expedition, June 1695 In May 1695, friar Antonio de Silva, the provincial superior of the Franciscan Order in Yucatán, had appointed two groups of Franciscans to head for Petén; the first group was to join up with García de Parede's military expedition. The second group was to head for Lake Petén Itza independently. This second group was headed by friar Andrés de Avendaño. Avendaño was accompanied by another friar, a lay brother, and six Christian Maya. This latter group left Mérida on 2 June 1695. Avendaño continued south along the course of the new road, finding increasing evidence of Spanish military activity. The Franciscans overtook García de Paredes at Bʼukʼte, about before Tzuktokʼ. On 3 August García de Paredes advanced to Chunpich but tried to persuade Avendaño to stay behind to minister to the prisoners from Bʼukʼte. Avendaño instead split his group and left in secret with just four Christian Maya companions, seeking the Chunpich Kejache that had attacked one of García de Parede's advance companies and had now retreated into the forest. He was unable to find the Kejache but did manage to get information regarding a path that led southwards to the Itza kingdom. Avendaño returned to Tzuktokʼ and reconsidered his plans; the Franciscans were short of supplies, and the forcefully congregated Maya that they were charged with converting were disappearing back into the forest daily. Antonio de Silva ordered Avendaño to return to Mérida, and he arrived there on 17 September 1695. Meanwhile, the other group of Franciscans, led by Juan de San Buenaventura Chávez, continued following the roadbuilders into Kejache territory, through IxBʼam, Bʼatkabʼ and Chuntuki (modern Chuntunqui near Carmelita, Petén). San Buenaventura among the Kejache, September – November 1695 Juan de San Buenaventura's small group of Franciscans arrived in Chuntuki on 30 August 1695, and found that the army had opened the road southwards for another seventeen leagues (approximately 44.2 miles or 71.1 km), almost to Lake Petén Itzá, but returned to Chuntuki due to the seasonal rains. San Buenaventura was accompanied by two friars and a lay brother. With Avendaño's return to Mérida, provincial superior Antonio de Silva despatched two additional friars to join San Buenaventura's group. One of these was to convert the Kejache in Tzuktokʼ, and the other was to do the same at Chuntuki. On 24 October San Buenaventura wrote to the provincial superior reporting that the warlike Kejache were now pacified and that they had told him that the Itza were ready to receive the Spanish in friendship. On that day 62 Kejache men had voluntarily come to Chuntuki from Pakʼekʼem, where another 300 Kejache resided. In early November 1695, friar Tomás de Alcoser and brother Lucas de San Francisco were sent to establish a mission at Pakʼekʼem, where they were well received by the cacique (native chief) and his pagan priest. Pakʼekʼem was sufficiently far from the new Spanish road that it was free from military interference, and the friars oversaw the building of a church in what was the largest mission town in Kejache territory. A second church was built at Bʼatkabʼ to attend to over 100 Kejache refugees who had been gathered there under the stewardship of a Spanish friar; a further church was established at Tzuktokʼ, overseen by another friar. Avendaño's expedition, December 1695 – January 1696 Franciscan friar Andrés de Avendaño left Mérida on 13 December 1695, and arrived in Nojpetén around 14 January 1696, accompanied by four companions. From Chuntuki they followed an Indian trail that led them past the source of the San Pedro River and across steep karst hills to a watering hole by some ruins. From there they followed the small Acté River to a Chakʼan Itza town called Saklemakal. They arrived at the western end of Lake Petén Itzá to an enthusiastic welcome by the local Itza. The following day, the current Aj Kan Ekʼ travelled across the lake with 80 canoes to greet the visitors at the Chakʼan Itza (a subgroup of the Itza) port town of Chʼichʼ, on the west shore of Lake Petén Itza. The Franciscans returned to Nojpetén with Kan Ekʼ and baptised over 300 Itza children over the following four days. Avendaño tried to convince Kan Ekʼ to convert to Christianity and surrender to the Spanish Crown, without success. The king of the Itza, cited Itza prophecy and said the time was not yet right. On 19 January AjKowoj, the king of the Kowoj, arrived at Nojpetén and spoke with Avendaño, arguing against the acceptance of Christianity and Spanish rule. The discussions between Avendaño, Kan Ekʼ and AjKowoj exposed deep divisions among the Itza. Kan Ekʼ learnt of a plot by the Kowoj and their allies to ambush and kill the Franciscans, and the Itza king advised them to return to Mérida via Tipuj. The Spanish friars became lost and suffered great hardships, including the death of one of Avendaño's companions, but after a month wandering in the forest found their way back to Chuntuki, and from there returned to Mérida. Battle at Chʼichʼ, 2 February 1696 By mid-January, Captain García de Paredes had arrived at the advance portion of the Camino Real at Chuntuki. By now he only had 90 soldiers plus labourers and porters. Captain Pedro de Zubiaur, García's senior officer, arrived at Lake Petén Itza with 60 musketeers, two Franciscans, and allied Yucatec Maya warriors. They were also accompanied by about 40 Maya porters. They were approached by about 300 canoes carrying approximately 2,000 Itza warriors. The warriors began to mingle freely with the Spanish party and a scuffle then broke out; a dozen of the Spanish party were forced into canoes, and three of them were killed. At this point the Spanish soldiers opened fire with their muskets, and the Itza retreated across the lake with their prisoners, who included the two Franciscans. The Spanish party retreated from the lake shore and regrouped on open ground where they were surrounded by thousands of Itza warriors. Zubiaur ordered his men to fire a volley that killed between 30 and 40 Itzas. Realising that they were hopelessly outnumbered, the Spanish retreated towards Chuntuki, abandoning their captured companions to their fate. Martín de Ursúa was now convinced that Kan Ekʼ would not surrender peacefully, and he began to organise an all-out assault on Nojpetén. Work on the road was redoubled and about a month after the battle at Chʼichʼ the Spanish arrived at the lakeshore, now supported by artillery. Again a large number of canoes gathered, and the nervous Spanish soldiers opened fire with cannons and muskets; no casualties were reported among the Itza, who retreated and raised a white flag from a safe distance. Expedition from Verapaz, February – March 1696 Oidor Bartolomé de Amésqueta led the next Guatemalan expedition against the Itza. He marched his men from Cahabón to Mopán, arriving on 25 February 1696. On 7 March, Captain Díaz de Velasco led a party ahead to the lake; he was accompanied by two Dominican friars and by AjKʼixaw, an Itza nobleman who had been taken prisoner on Díaz's previous expedition. When they drew close to the shore of Lake Petén Itzá, AjKʼixaw was sent ahead as an emissary to Nojpetén. Díaz's party was lured into an Itza trap and the expedition members were killed to a man. The two friars were captured and sacrificed. The Itza killed a total of 87 expedition members, including 50 soldiers, two Dominicans and about 35 Maya helpers. Amésqueta left Mopán three days after Díaz and followed Díaz's trail to the lakeshore. He arrived at the lake over a week later with 36 men. As they scouted along the south shore near Nojpetén they were shadowed by about 30 Itza canoes and more Itzas approached by land but kept a safe distance. Amésqueta was extremely suspicious of the small canoes being offered by the Itza to transport his party across to Nojpetén; as nightfall approached Amésqueta retreated from the lakeshore and his men took up positions on a small hill nearby. In the early hours of the morning he ordered a retreat by moonlight. At San Pedro Mártir he received news of an Itza embassy to Mérida in December 1695, and an apparent formal surrender of the Itza to Spanish authority. Unable to reconcile the news with the loss of his men, and with appalling conditions in San Pedro Mártir, Amésqueta abandoned his unfinished fort and retreated to Guatemala. Assault on Nojpetén The Itzas' continued resistance had become a major embarrassment for the Spanish colonial authorities, and soldiers were despatched from Campeche to take Nojpetén once and for all. Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi arrived on the western shore of Lake Petén Itzá with his soldiers on 26 February 1697, and once there built the heavily armed galeota attack boat. The galeota carried 114 men and at least five artillery pieces. The piragua longboat used to cross the San Pedro River was also transported to the lake to be used in the attack on the Itza capital. On 10 March a number of Itza and Yalain emissaries arrived at Chʼichʼ to negotiate with Ursúa. Kan Ekʼ then sent a canoe with a white flag raised bearing emissaries, who offered peaceful surrender. Ursúa received the embassy in peace and invited Kan Ekʼ to visit his encampment three days later. On the appointed day Kan Ekʼ failed to arrive; instead Maya warriors amassed both along the shore and in canoes upon the lake. A waterbourne assault was launched upon Kan Ek's capital on the morning of 13 March. Ursúa boarded the galeota with 108 soldiers, two secular priests, five personal servants, the baptised Itza emissary AjChan and his brother-in-law and an Itza prisoner from Nojpetén. The attack boat was rowed east towards the Itza capital; across the lake it encountered a large fleet of canoes spread in an arc across the approach to Nojpetén – Ursúa simply gave the order to row through them. A large number of defenders had gathered along the shore of Nojpetén and on the roofs of the city. Itza archers began to shoot at the invaders from the canoes. Ursúa ordered his men not to return fire but arrows wounded a number of his soldiers; one of the wounded soldiers discharged his musket and at that point the officers lost control of their men. The defending Itza soon fled from the withering Spanish gunfire. The city fell after a brief but bloody battle in which many Itza warriors died; the Spanish suffered only minor casualties. The Spanish bombardment caused heavy loss of life on the island; the surviving Itza abandoned their capital and swam across to the mainland with many dying in the water. After the battle the surviving defenders melted away into the forests, leaving the Spanish to occupy an abandoned Maya town. Martín de Ursúa planted his standard upon the highest point of the island and renamed Nojpetén as Nuestra Señora de los Remedios y San Pablo, Laguna del Itza ("Our Lady of Remedy and Saint Paul, Lake of the Itza"). The Itza nobility fled, dispersing to Maya settlements throughout Petén; in response the Spanish scoured the region with search parties. Kan Ekʼ was soon captured with help from the Yalain Maya ruler Chamach Xulu; The Kowoj king (Aj Kowoj) was also soon captured, together with other Maya nobles and their families. With the defeat of the Itza, the last independent and unconquered native kingdom in the Americas fell to the European colonisers. See also Index of Mexico-related articles Yucatan Notes Citations References Further reading Maya civilization Colonial Mexico + History of Mesoamerica 16th century in Belize Maya Contact Period 16th century in the Maya civilization 16th century in New Spain 16th century in Guatemala 16th-century conflicts History of Yucatán History of Campeche 1510s in Mexico 1520s in Mexico 1530s in Mexico 1540s in Mexico 1520s conflicts 1530s conflicts 1540s conflicts 1520s in New Spain 1530s in New Spain 1540s in New Spain Conflicts in 1546 1546 in New Spain Yucatán
Francis Hedley Auld, OBE (14 June 1881 – 15 February 1967) was a Canadian agricultural scientist who served as Saskatchewan's Deputy Minister of Agriculture from 1916 to 1946. Auld was instrumental in increasing the province's farm production during his career in the civil service. He was also appointed Secretary for the Better Farming Commission (1920) and Secretary of the Royal Commission on Grain (1928). Biography Auld was born in Prince Edward Island and attended Prince of Wales College at Charlottetown. Upon graduation in 1899, he taught public school briefly. In 1902, aged 21, he moved to western Canada, intending to settle in Edmonton, Alberta. He visited his brother who taught in Abernethy, and met the Honourable W. R. Motherwell. A general store job did not last long, as Motherwell secured employment for him in the provincial government's Dairy Branch. He married and had several children. Auld was the first Director of Extension at the University of Saskatchewan (1910–1912). On 31 January 1911 Auld met with 42 women in Regina and the Saskatchewan Homemakers clubs were initiated. These clubs provided networking on homemaking, temperance issues, gardening, health, and poultry raising. Auld returned to the province's civil service in 1914, rejoining the Provincial Department of Agriculture. In 1916, Auld became Deputy Minister of Agriculture, serving until 1946. He was elected to the University of Saskatchewan Senate in 1944. F. H. Auld was a member of the Saskatchewan Institute of Agrologists in 1946. He became the fifth Chancellor of the University of Saskatchewan. From 1950 to 1951 F.H. Auld was Grand Lodge of Saskatchewan, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons Past Grand Masters. Until 1966, Auld was a member of the Board of Governors of St. Andrew's College. He died on 15 February 1967. Quotation My personal opinion is that too many farmers are depending entirely upon grain farming. It is, of course, also true that present prices for live stock are rather discouraging, but it is my opinion also that the safest and surest means of successful farming is by diversifying to the greatest possible extent. A few cows, a few pigs, some hens with a variety of crops necessary to provide a good variety of feed for these various classes of live stock will provide the greatest measure of safety...(F.H. Auld to Thomas Rennie, East Anglia, Sask. December 3, 1920) Saskatchewan Archival Papers The book A Capsule History Settling and Abandoning the Prairie Dry Belt by David C. Jones states that there are few records chronicling the drought years which began in Alberta in the 1920s. The papers of Deputy Minister of Agriculture F.H. Auld and other Saskatchewan ministers held in the Saskatchewan Archives help to understand municipal and village disintegration and debt relief programs for a succession of crop failures. Publications "Farmer's Institutes in the North-West Territories." by F. H. Auld. Saskatchewan History Magazine, 1957, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 41. Other awards The University of Saskatchewan bestowed an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree on F. H. Auld in 1936. Auld was initiated as a Fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE), which is a British order of chivalry, was bestowed upon him in 1946. In 1973 he was inducted into the Saskatchewan Agriculture Hall of Fame. See also Agriculture policy Agrology List of University of Saskatchewan alumni Notes External links 1881 births 1967 deaths Canadian university and college chief executives Chancellors of the University of Saskatchewan Members of the Order of the British Empire Saskatchewan civil servants People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island Canadian agronomists Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Diao is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written in Chinese character. It is romanized as Tiao in Wade–Giles. Diao is listed 148th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 245th most common surname in China, shared by 300,000 people. Notable people Diao Jian (刁间), one of the richest merchants of the Western Han dynasty Diao Zidu (刁子都; died 26 AD), Xin dynasty rebel leader Diao Xie (刁協; died 322), Eastern Jin dynasty prime minister Diao Yi (刁彝), son of Diao Xie, avenged his father's death Diao Yong (刁雍; 390–484), Eastern Jin official, great-grandson of Diao Xie Diao Guangyin or Diao Guang (刁光胤; ca. 852–935), Tang dynasty painter George Tiao (刁錦寰; born 1933), statistician, member of the Academia Sinica Diao Wenyuan (刁文元; born 1943), table tennis player and coach David Diao (born 1943), Chinese-American artist Diao Guoxin (刁国新; born 1958), PLA lieutenant general Diao Yinan (born 1969), filmmaker and actor Diao Xiaojuan (born 1986), female Hong Kong cyclist Barbie Diao (刁扬; born 1990), model Diao Linyu (刁琳宇; born 1994), women's volleyball player Chuti Tiu, American actress See also Salif Diao, Senegalese footballer References Chinese-language surnames Individual Chinese surnames
Brian Walsh (born 28 September 1972) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway West constituency from 2011 to 2016. He also served as Mayor of Galway from 2006 to 2007. He sat for a time as an independent TD, having lost the Fine Gael parliamentary party whip, from July 2013 to April 2014. Local politics He was elected to Galway City Council in 2004 and re-elected in 2009. He was the Mayor of Galway from 2005 to 2006 and was the city's youngest ever mayor. Redevelopment work on Eyre Square in Galway began in 2004. There was controversy when the building contractors, Samuel Kingston Construction, left the site and did not return. Some businesses were affected by the abandoned building site which had become an embarrassment to the city. On becoming Mayor of Galway, Walsh set up a task force to take charge of the project, and he led the effort to complete the works. The square re-opened on 13 April 2006. 2011 general election In December 2010, Walsh was selected by Fine Gael to contest the next general election in Galway West. The then Fine Gael deputy Pádraic McCormack subsequently announced his retirement after not being selected at the party convention. Senator Fidelma Healy Eames was also selected by the party to contest the election. Councillors Seán Kyne and Hildegarde Naughton were subsequently added to the ticket as the party adopted an offensive electoral strategy in the constituency. Expulsion from parliamentary party Walsh was expelled from the Fine Gael parliamentary party on 2 July 2013, when he defied the party whip by voting against the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill 2013. He was re-admitted to the parliamentary party on 30 April 2014. He did not contest the 2016 general election. He resigned as a TD on 14 January 2016, due to health concerns. Controversies since resignation On 28 February 2016, the Irish Sunday Times ran an article stating that Walsh has applied for a medical pension to the Oireachtas Pension Scheme on 16 December 2015, weeks prior to his resignation the following month. The Irish Sunday Times stated that the pension was requested on "grounds of ill health" and could be worth €500,000 if granted. On 6 March 2016, the Irish Sunday Times ran an article stating that Walsh had directly lobbied NAMA in respect of the sale of lands by NAMA which were subsequently sold to a business partner of Brian Walsh. On 13 March 2016, the Irish Sunday Times ran an article stating that Walsh had lobbied NAMA from 2012 to 2014 on half of a long term property developer associate who owned a Hotel in Galway, and who owed NAMA over €100m. On 13 March 2016, Walsh indicated to Galway Media Outlets his intention to sue the Sunday Times, and that "he's absolutely confident that his good name will be vindicated". However, no such proceedings were ever taken. References 1972 births Living people Fine Gael TDs Independent TDs Mayors of Galway Members of the 31st Dáil Politicians from County Galway Alumni of Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology Members of Galway City Council
Smolne (German: Schmollenhagen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Będzino, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Będzino, west of Koszalin, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References Smolne
```smalltalk // // ARSkeleton2D.cs: Nicer code for ARSkeleton2D // // Authors: // Vincent Dondain <vidondai@microsoft.com> // // using System; using System.Runtime.InteropServices; #if NET using Vector2 = global::System.Numerics.Vector2; #else using Vector2 = global::OpenTK.Vector2; #endif #nullable enable namespace ARKit { public partial class ARSkeleton2D { public unsafe Vector2 [] JointLandmarks { get { var count = (int) JointCount; var rv = new Vector2 [count]; var ptr = (Vector2) RawJointLandmarks; for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) rv [i] = ptr++; return rv; } } } } ```
Annan may refer to: People Annan (surname) Places Australia Annan River, Queensland, a river just south of Cooktown Canada Annan, Ontario, a community within the municipality of Meaford China Annan (Tang protectorate), the southernmost province of the Tang dynasty United Kingdom Annan, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland Annan Academy, a secondary school Annan Athletic F.C., a football club Annan Castle Annan railway station River Annan, Dumfries and Galloway Taiwan Annan District, in the north of Tainan City Others Annan (kata), karate kata Annan (film) See also Battle of Annan Battle of Annan Moor Annanhead Hill Annandale (disambiguation) RAF Annan Annan Plan for Cyprus, United Nations proposal to reunify Cyprus Annam (disambiguation) Anann, a goddess in Irish mythology
Eclipta amanoaphila is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Penaherrera-Leiva and Tavakilian in 2003. References Eclipta (beetle) Beetles described in 2003
Elton Bennett (June 2, 1910 – January 30, 1974) was a 20th-century American artist living and working in the Northwest. Born in 1910 in Cosmopolis, Washington, Bennett grew up and worked on the Washington coast, attended art school at the age of 36 and by 1956 became a full-time artist making serigraphs or silk screen prints. He continued working until his death with his wife in 1974 in a commercial plane crash. Style Bennett chose the silkscreen medium because of his belief that original art should be accessible to everyone. Prints allowed him to produce many original silkscreens at relatively affordable prices. Despite the fact that his prints now sell for hundreds or thousands of dollars, according to his daughter during his lifetime he never sold one for more than $15. Using silkscreens allowed him to vary the work by changing the colors and recombining or reusing elements to the point where a work was never finished and continually evolving - he could always tinker with it and improve it more. For example, a catalog of his artwork might include multiple images of a scene such as "Around the Cape" using different color pallets, such as blues, gold, greens, etc. or the same middle-background sailing ship may appear in multiple scenes such as "Down to the Sea", "Return to the River", and "Forest of Spars". Subjects The coast of the Pacific Northwest, the sea, ships, and landscapes that Bennett grew up with and worked among were his primary subjects. People are relatively rare, and almost never the main subject, appearing as silhouettes on shore or on a ship. Often the rain and weather of the north pacific coast are nearly as prominent as the main subject. These elements often contribute to a peaceful loneliness in the images. The subjects also very much reflect the technology of the early period of his life. Tall ships, steam ships and old lumber mills are often featured in his prints. Sometimes the transition in technology is represented, as with the steam tug-boat pulling the sailing ship in "Down to the Sea" or the inboard-powered, double-ended fishing troller passing the schooner going the opposite direction in "Journey into Silence". References Elton Bennett Serigraphs The Art of Elton Bennett Comes to Issaquah Keeping Artist Vision Alive Art by Elton Bennett in the Seattle Public Library's Northwest Art Collection 1910 births 1974 deaths People from Grays Harbor County, Washington American printmakers
The Flitfire is a special edition of the Piper J-3 Cub that was used to raise funds to support the British war effort in World War II. The name "Flitfire" is a play on words referring to the RAF's most well-known fighter, the Supermarine Spitfire, which was and is a symbol of British resistance during the Battle of Britain. In April 1941, prior to the United States' entry into World War II, Piper Aircraft and its distributors donated special edition Piper J-3 Cubs as a publicity event and a fundraiser for the Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund. These donated Cubs — painted with Royal Air Force insignia — were known as "Flitfires." This fund raising program consisted of 49 Flitfire aircraft, one paid for by Piper Aircraft and 48 by Piper distributors. All were built by Piper. There was a Flitfire named for each of the 48 states in the union at that time. These airplanes were colloquially known as "The Flitfire Brigade." Conception During the Battle of Britain (10 July - 31 October 1940) the Royal Air Force (RAF) suffered heavy casualties, losing 1,420 members: 520 in Fighter Command, 700 in Bomber Command and 200 in Coastal Command. The Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund (RAFBF), an independent charity established post World War I to support RAF casualties and their families, worked to provide welfare to the RAF and families who were affected in the new conflict. The RAFBF was supported by a light aircraft manufacturer in the United States, Piper Aircraft Corporation of Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. As an expression of encouragement to the RAF, Piper's President William T. Piper decided to donate a single Piper J-3 Cub as a grand national prize, with all proceeds going to the RAFBF. At the start of April 1941, Bill Strohmeier, Piper’s Sales and Promotion Manager, then encouraged Piper dealers across the country to order further ones for their own use. The special silver finish with RAF-style insignia was included at no additional cost to the dealers. Strohmeier requested the 48 U.S. Piper dealers to donate one Cub, which would represent the state of their choice. For every donation, Piper set aside 20 minutes of manufacturing time, which was sufficient to build one aircraft. A total of 49 Cubs were donated to support the fund raiser, one named for each of the 48 states, plus William Piper's initial donation registered as NC1776. All funds collected went to the RAFBF and none went toward expenses. Silver Cub with RAF insignia The first Flitfire, NC1776, a J3F-65, serial number 6600, was powered by a Franklin engine that was donated by the manufacturer Air Cooled Motors Corporation. The Civil Aeronautics Administration assigned registration number NC1776 to this aircraft, symbolizing the Benevolent Fund's aid to Britain in the same manner as the Lend Lease Act, which had Congressional number HR1776. The March 1941 Lend Lease Act was the principal vehicle for the U.S. to provide military aid to foreign nations before its entry in World War II. The other forty-eight Cubs had one of three engines: Continental, Lycoming or Franklin. To honor the RAF, instead of the signature yellow Cub color, the Flitfire airplanes were painted silver with RAF insignia. Royal Air Force roundels were painted on the wings and fuselage; a red, white and blue fin flash was painted on the vertical stabilizer. NC1776 was distinguished from the other 48 Flitfires by the full words "Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund" painted on its fuselage to the rear of the RAF roundel; the other Flitfires had the abbreviated "R.A.F. Benevolent Fund". The name of the state of each aircraft was painted on its nose cowl. All Flitfires were manufactured at the Lock Haven plant in twelve days between 10 – 22 April 1941. The 49 Cubs were nicknamed "Flitfires" by Piper factory workers because of their markings, which were similar to the famed Supermarine Spitfire aircraft used during the Battle of Britain. From Lock Haven to New York The silver Cubs that made up the "Flitfire Brigade" left Lock Haven on Sunday, 27 April 1941. T.H. Miller of the Lehigh Aircraft Co. was flight commander. Considerable preparations were made to organize the flight into military formation. The Flitfires were flown in precise formation by Piper employee-pilots, known as Cub Fliers. William Piper flew in the Brigade as a line pilot. Seven squadrons of seven airplanes took off, one after another, under direction of squadron leaders that included William Piper's brother, Tony Piper. The Cubs landed at Allentown-Bethlehem Airport (now Lehigh Valley International Airport) for refueling. Despite winds, gusting to , all Cubs landed in Allentown in 12 minutes. Five thousand people turned out to witness the quick refueling and departure. After a mass take off from Allentown, the airplanes flew in formation over the New York metropolitan area. The formation flight was first seen over Staten Island at which point they dipped in salute to the Statue of Liberty; then proceeded over to Manhattan and Central Park and on to the George Washington Bridge. A wide swing to the left 180 degrees brought the brigade down the river to the Empire State Building, then east to a point south of the World's Fair grounds to Flushing Airport where they were parked before going on to LaGuardia Field. On Tuesday, 29 April 1941, the Flitfires left Flushing Airport and were ferried to LaGuardia Field in groups of six, plus squadron leader flying in close formation. The normal $2.50 landing fee was waived by Mayor LaGuardia. Traffic was handled by airport cars using two way radios. Each aircraft was equipped with a portable radio loaned by Lear Avia Inc. Control of the flights was possible through these radio sets, despite the fact the Flitfires were not equipped with external antennas or shielded ignitions. The Flitfire Brigade's New York landing was the largest mass landing ever attempted up to that time. Gala at New York More than 1,000 social and business leaders, stage and screen stars, and aviation enthusiasts attended a black tie event to celebrate the arrival of the Flitfire Cubs in New York City. Also in attendance were the guests of honor, several Royal Navy officers whose ship, the battleship HMS Malaya, was in New York for repair and refit. New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia appointed Thomas Beck, President of the RAFBF, as the "Special and Extraordinary Mayor of the City of New York" from 9:00 p.m. until the close of the festivities. The airplanes were christened simultaneously by 48 fashion models who popped red, white and blue toy air balloons that were fastened to the propeller of each aircraft. With Mayor LaGuardia looking on, William Piper turned over the airplanes to Thomas Beck. The festivities were held in the Kitty Hawk Room at the airport's administration building. There was a dinner and a show followed by cocktails. Next was the raffle drawing for NC1776, which was won by Jack Krindler from New York City. This was followed by games which included a garter toss and a state-of-the-art machine where guests could “Bomb Berlin for a Buck!” along with other entertainment. These activities raised more funds for the RAF. That night the 1,000 gala attendees raised an additional $12,000.00 for the RAFBF. Fund raising tours The day after the ceremonies, the 48 Flitfires left LaGuardia for fund-raising tours, each heading to the state for which it was named. Subsequently, little is known about each Flitfire. Many distributors used joy rides and other gimmicks to raise money for families of RAF pilots who had been lost in combat. Some of the Flitfires were raffled off. Some Flitfires were sold to flight schools and continued to support the war by training pilots in the Civilian Pilot Training Program and the War Training Service (WTS). The original Flitfire, NC1776, was flown all over the United States on a War Bond Tour by several pilots, including J. Raymond Worth, Leo Arany and Orville Wright. After touring the U.S., NC1776 was sold to Safair, a fixed-base operator (FBO) located in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, where it served as a training plane for the Department of Defense. On 9 August 1941, a 17-year-old high school senior, Kenneth A Turner, won "Flitfire New Jersey" at the Basking Ridge Fire Company's 32nd annual carnival. Turner immediately sold it for $1,200.00 to the Army Air Corps flight training facility at Somerset Hills Airport. In September 1941, Ivan Stone of West Virginia flew his Flitfire to the now abandoned Princeton Airport in West Virginia. Also in 1941, Leo Arany flew a Flitfire to Clatsop Airport in Astoria, Oregon. In June 1941 Lon Cooper, a Civilian U.S. Army Air Corps Primary Flight Instructor, reported training in a silver Flitfire at Johnston Flying Service at Albert Whitted Airport in St. Petersburg, Florida. "Flitfire Wisconsin" was purchased 24 April 1941 by Stainislaw Aircraft Inc., a Piper dealer in West Bend, Wisconsin. It was sold to Racine Flying Service, Inc. in July 1941, who operated it in Wisconsin until 1951. Current Flitfires After the war, all the Flitfires vanished into private hands and into obscurity. Over the next 70 years many became non-airworthy. The few still flying were repainted the traditional yellow Cub color, concealing the Flitfire's history. As more was learned about their unique story, several were restored back to their original paint scheme. In 1991 "Flitfire Wisconsin", the 22nd Cub to come off Piper's Flitfire line on 16 April 1941, was restored at Rickenbacker International Airport in Columbus, Ohio. It was the first Flitfire aircraft in the United States to be restored to the original 1941 colors. Since then at least three other Flitfires are known to have been restored to their original silver-doped finish: "Flitfire NC1776", "Flitfire New Jersey" and "Flitfire Indiana". After a meticulous restoration, "Flitfire NC1776" is on display at the North Carolina Aviation Museum in Asheboro, North Carolina. In 2015 "Flitfire New Jersey" won the Sentimental Journey Award for Best J-3 Cub. Also as of 2015, twelve Flitfires are airworthy and registered with the FAA. In 1963 a Flitfire was exported to Canada and in 1971 another was exported to Germany. In 1992 the Flitfire in Germany was reported to still be flying. Notes References External links Image of restored NC37916 (Flitfire New Jersey) Piper aircraft Aviation in World War II High-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1941
"Ex-Old Man" is a song recorded by American country music artist Kristen Kelly. It was released in April 2012 as Kelly's first single. Kelly wrote the song with Paul Overstreet. Critical reception Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song two and a half stars out of five, writing that "the plucky, mid-tempo cut showcases her big country voice, but seems written too long after the fact." Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song a favorable review, saying that "the melody recalls classic hits of the distant past but it also has a sunny disposition to it as well." Ben Foster of Country Universe gave the song a B+ grade, writing that "it’s a refreshing change of pace to hear a new artist taking a back-to-basics approach – revisiting a classic yet often ignored country music theme, with a simple drum and acoustic guitar-driven arrangement that actually makes the song feel like country music." Music video The music video was directed by Anna Mastro and premiered in August 2012. Chart performance "Ex-Old Man" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of March 24, 2012. Year-end charts References Kristen Kelly songs Arista Nashville singles Songs written by Paul Overstreet Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer) 2012 debut singles 2012 songs
Vice-Admiral S. Tauqir H. Naqvi (, is a retired three-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy, politician, and a diplomat who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC) from 2000 until 2007, the longest serving chairman in the national flag carrier's history. Biography Naqvi joined the Pakistan Navy in 1960 whose career mostly spent in the Navy SEALs Teams of the Special Service Group of the Pakistan Navy, having helped in preparing a documentary on SEALs. His military training as a military diver comes from the United States Navy SEALs after 1965. He served in the second war in 1965 and Western front of third war with India in 1971, having commanding the SX-404-class submarine as a Lieutenant-Commander. In 1971, Lt-Cdr. Naqvi successfully spied on Indian Navy's movement, notably the and . An order of firing off the torpedo was issued but the SX-404-class failed to struck the Indian Navy's Petya-class frigates; the Indian Navy's flotilla, unaware of being spied and watched on, passed through safely, which he called the captains of the Petya-class as the "lucky ones." After the war, Commander Naqvi served as a Navy SEAL instructor at the Naval Base Iqbal in the Karachi coast, eventually serving as commanding officer of the SX-404-class and overseeing its phasing out from the Navy in the 1990s. In 1991–93, he was appointed as military attaché at the Pakistan Embassy in Tokyo, Japan. In 1993–94, Rear-Admiral Naqvi was assigned to join the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's administration, eventually taking an assignment as Additional Secretary at the Defense Division of the Ministry of Defense. In 1994–96, R-Adm. Naqvi later went to serve as the DG Joint Warfare (DG TJ) and DG Training (DG Trig) at the Joint Staff Headquarters. In 2000, Vice-Admiral Naqvi was eventually taken as an secondment in the Musharraf administration when he was appointed Chairman of the National Shipping Corporation, which he served till 2007. His tenureship was credited for overseeing the fleet expansion of the National Shipping Corporation. On 21 August 2002, Adm. Naqvi's name was shortlisted and was considered in a race of joining the Aziz administration as an Interior Minister, eventually Faisal Hayat was later confirmed. After his retirement, he remained associate with the tradition of Navy SEALs, having helped in preparing a documentary on SEALs. See also Pakistan Navy References Living people Muhajir people Military personnel from Karachi Pakistan Military Academy alumni Pakistani expatriates in the United States N Pakistani spies N National Defence University, Pakistan alumni Naval War College alumni Academic staff of Pakistan Naval War College Pakistani expatriates in Japan Pakistan Navy admirals Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel Pakistani diplomats Year of birth missing (living people)
James Clifton Colquhoun (1 December 1893 – 9 February 1977) was a Scottish first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Colquhoun was born in December 1893, to Elizabeth Scott Wallace Colquhoun and James Colquhoun. His father was an engineer with the Scottish owned Arizona Copper Company, based in Clifton, Arizona. Returning to the United Kingdom for schooling, Colquhorn was educated at Campbell College and Glenalmond College, playing cricket for the latter's school team from 1909 to 1912. He played first-class cricket in June 1914, when he played for GJV Weigall's XI against Oxford University at Oxford. Opening the batting in both innings', Colquhoun was dismissed for 15 runs in the first-innings by Orme Bristowe, and for the same score in their second-innings by Donald Johnston. He served during World War I with the Highland Light Infantry, enlisting in 1914 with the rank of second lieutenant. He was promoted to temporary lieutenant in May 1916. He transferred to the Durham Light Infantry in 1917, where he supervised physical and bayonet training. He remained with the Durham Light Infantry following the war and by June 1919 he held the rank of temporary captain, which he relinquished with the cessation of his supervisory duties and military service in 1919. He later played minor counties cricket for Cornwall in 1929 and 1930, making six appearances in the Minor Counties Championship. He was later made an MBE. Colquhoun died in hospital at London in February 1977. Notes and references External links Photograph of Lieutenant James Clifton Colquhoun in the Imperial War Museum Collection 1893 births 1977 deaths People from Greenlee County, Arizona People educated at Campbell College People educated at Glenalmond College Scottish cricketers British Army personnel of World War I Highland Light Infantry officers Durham Light Infantry officers Cornwall cricketers Members of the Order of the British Empire Military personnel from Arizona
Ganesh and Kumaresh are an Indian duo of violinists who are a part of the Carnatic music (South India) fraternity. The brothers are known as modern contemporary artists in "Sastriya Sangitam". They were awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2018 for Carnatic Instrumental Music (Violin). Kumaresh's wife, Jayanthi Kumaresh, is a noted Veena player. Early life Ganesh and Kumaresh were born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh in 1964 and 1967 respectively, where their father Sri T.S. Rajagopalan was employed in Life Insurance Corporation of India. Their musical training started at home at the early ages of 3 & 2 respectively, under their father, who also taught other students in the neighborhood. Music career Ganesh and Kumaresh, apart from performing, they also score music for films and dance productions. They played music for the movies Dance Like a Man and Chandrikai. Their own musical form raga pravaham brings out the intricacies of the Indian ragam and thalam. They have performed at several global festivals in countries and regions including India, the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Maldives, and Australia. They also appeared in Doordarshan Bharati's musical clip advertisement for national unity along with veterans in music, sports and various fields (as the national representatives of their respective field). Discography Colours of India Navarasa Shadjam Aksharam Carnatic Chills Expressions Samarpan Brahmma Seasons Aditya Vasantham Bowing with Passion Music Singles Milky way Flights of Anjaneya Modi Begada Nalinakanti Awards Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2018 Academy of Music Chowdiah Award for the year 2016 Asthana Vidwans of the Sri Matam of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam and Sringeri Sharada Madhom. Dwaram Venkata Swami Naidu award Titles: Kalaimamani, Sunaada Sironmani, Sangeetha Saragnya, "Sarasa Gaana Praveena" and many more. Views of other artists Ustad Zakir Hussain: The duos were child prodigies who started performing before they entered the age of ten. Since then they have entered the ranks of the great living performers of IndianMusic. I have performed with Ganesh Kumaresh in the USA and Europe as well as in India. They are creative in their performances and their style includes a unique touch that expresses every emotion in the raga. They have remarkable stage presence and enthrall the audiences with their performances. Dr. Balamuralikrishna: Ganesh and Kumaresh are very accomplished musicians who have contributed to the enrichment of Indian style of violin playing. Their style of music bridges the gap between the young and old and opens up fresh ideas and avenues of creativity. A.R. Rahman: "After traveling extensively to four countries when I come back to Chennai I am often asked why I choose to live here? The reason is simple because my house is here and Ganesh and Kumaresh are here." So said A.R Rahman as he launched the new age violin album "Carnatic chills" brought out by Ganesh Kumaresh.(Deccan chronicle 12 February 2007) M.S. Gopalakrishnan: Music fraternity knows the great living legend Shri M.S.Gopalakrishnan did inimitable Tapas on the art of mastering to play the violin. He was the first person to perfect a style to perform both the branches of Indian Sastriya Sangitam. He declares the young brothers as the best duo of the present generation. Isaignani Ilayaraja: This made the "Isaignani Ilayaraja" who was also present on the occasion (see the photograph below), to tell the brothers, what better encomiums they could look forward. He compared the occasion to that of Brahmarishi Vasishtar conferring the title of "Brahmarishi" on Maharishi Viswamitra. Until recently all instrumentalists have been emulating faithfully what the vocal musicians performed in the popularly known gayaki style. Each instrument has its place of originality, individuality and limitations. Introduction of violin to Sastriya Sangitam has brought about a drastic change inasmuch as this instrument could surpass the melodic skeins, contents and possibilities. Ragapravaham, the brain child of these young brothers has over a short period of time become an instant hit all over the world. It is nothing but elaborating the traditional ragas, unfathoming their hypnotising melodic contents. Embracing and encompassing the other brotherly western instruments, like the Guitar, keyboard, drum in addition to the traditional Mridangam, Kanchira, Ghatam etc. Ragapravaham has caught the imagination of the youth in a big way. In 1983, M.G. Ramachandran, the former Chief minister of Tamil Nadu, has occasion to hear a television concert of the gifted brothers. He was so moved by their talent and accomplishment that he sent them a personal note of appreciation. He wrote, "I was wonderstruck with your talent. My hearty greetings to both of you. I am sure you will reach greater heights in your career." He subsequently made them State Artistes of Tamil Nadu. References Carnatic violinists Indian musical duos Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Olivier Thouin is a Canadian violinist. He has performed as a soloist with several leading symphony orchestras in Canada, including the Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal, Les Violons du Roy, and the Montreal Symphony Orchestra. A highly active chamber musician, he has performed several times at the Caramoor International Music Festival, the Marlboro Festival, and the Toronto International Music Festival among others. He is a founding member of Trio Contrastes with whom he actively performed from 1998 to 2003. He can be heard on recordings made for Amberola Records and ATMA Records. Born in Joliette, Quebec, Thouin began studying the violin at the age of four with Hratchia Sevadjian. He is a graduate of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal where he studied with Sonia Jelinkova and was awarded the Prix avec Grande Distinction in 1995. After winning the Prix d’Europe and the Canadian Music Centre’s Prize in 1997, he pursued further studies at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague with Ivan Straus. He has also attended masterclasses taught by Igor Ozim in Switzerland. Thouin is the former concertmaster of the Jeunesses Musicales World Orchestra with whom he toured Asia, Europe and Israel. For his work with that ensemble he received the Cécile-Mesnard-Pomerleau Prize. In 1998 he won the Jules C. Reiner Violin Award at the Tanglewood Music Festival and in 2002 he received the Young Canadian Musicians’ Award. He served as the concertmaster of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in the 2004–2005 season. References Academy of Performing Arts in Prague alumni Canadian classical violinists Male classical violinists Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal alumni People from Joliette Living people Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century classical violinists 21st-century Canadian male musicians 20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers 21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers Canadian male violinists and fiddlers French Quebecers
The Una da Aldeia River () is a river in the south of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a tributary of the Ribeira de Iguape River. Course The Una da Aldeia River originates in the municipality of Juquiá, São Paulo, near the BR-116 highway. In its upper course it is named the Itimirim River It flows in a southeast direction, roughly parallel to the SP-222 highway, entering the municipality of Iguape. It is joined by the Espraiado River from the left, which flows from the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station. The Una da Aldeia River continues southeast and joins the Ribeira de Iguape River not far from that river's mouth on the Atlantic Ocean. See also List of rivers of São Paulo References Sources Rivers of São Paulo (state)
Brodniczka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świedziebnia, within Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies east of Świedziebnia, south-east of Brodnica, and east of Toruń. References Brodniczka
Táborsko may refer to: 17607 Táborsko, an asteroid FC Silon Táborsko, a Czech football club
Temple University's College of Science and Technology houses the departments of Biology, Chemistry, Computer & Information Sciences, Earth & Environmental Science, Mathematics, and Physics. It is one of the largest schools or colleges of its kind in the Philadelphia region with more than 200 faculty and 4000 undergraduate and graduate students. Michael L. Klein is dean of the college and Laura H. Carnell Professor. Founded in 1998 from the science departments in what was then the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Science and Technology offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in all six departments as well as science with teaching bachelor's degrees through the TUteach program, based on the UTeach program. Undergraduate Research Program The College of Science and Technology offers the CST Undergraduate Research Program (URP). Students selected to participate work with a faculty sponsor to perform research in the faculty member's lab. It may also be possible for students to earn a stipend for additional work performed in the lab in excess of the required research course requirements. Students may be asked to participate in conferences, author papers or to showcase their research work in the department or at the URP Research Symposium. Centers and Institutes for Advanced Research & Education Center for Advanced Photonics Research Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics Center for Materials Theory Institute for Computational Molecular Science Sbarro Health Research Organization Research Support Facilities Research and Instructional Support Facility (RISF) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis and Analysis (SPPS) Materials Research Facility Notable faculty Antonio Giordano, Biology Michael L. Klein, Chemistry Jie Wu, Computer & Information Sciences Igor Rivin, Mathematics Xiaoxing Xi, Physics Notable alumni F. Albert Cotton, chemist Angelo DiGeorge, pediatric endocrinologist Bernard Roizman, virologist Herbert Scarf, mathematical economist References Temple University
Mimi Wong Chi Chung (; born 11 October 1982 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong former professional football player who currently plays as an amateur for Hong Kong Second Division club North District. Club career In 2004, Wong signed with Hong Kong First Division club Mutual when he was 26 years old, after this season, Wong returned to Hong Kong Second Division. In 2010, Wong signed for First Division club Tuen Mun. In 2014, Wong signed for Hong Kong Premier League club Eastern. In 2015, Wong got more and more chance to play for Eastern. In 2017, Wong was signed by Dreams. On New Years Day 2019, Wong announced his retirement from professional football. References External links Wong Chi Chung at HKFA 1982 births Living people Hong Kong Premier League players Tuen Mun SA players Double Flower FA players Eastern Sports Club footballers Hong Kong Sapling players Hong Kong men's footballers Men's association football defenders
USS Congress may refer to: , was a galley built on Lake Champlain, which served as flagship in the Battle of Valcour Island , was a 28-gun frigate built under authority of an act of the Second Continental Congress dated 13 December 1775 , was a 38-gun sailing frigate launched in 1799 and in service periodically until she was broken up in 1834 , was a 52-gun frigate launched in 1841 and destroyed by the ironclad CSS Virginia in 1862 , was a screw sloop in commission from 1870 to 1876 , was a patrol vessel in commission from 1918 to 1919 , a proposed guided missile frigate United States Navy ship names
An Thượng may refer to several places in Vietnam: An Thượng, Bắc Giang, a rural commune of Yên Thế District , a rural commune of Hải Dương city An Thượng, Hanoi, a rural commune of Hoài Đức District
Leutnant Walter Göttsch HoH, IC (10 June 1896—10 April 1918) was a German World War I flying ace credited with 20 aerial victories. His final combat assignment was commanding Jagdstaffel 19 in Jagdgeschwader II. Early life and service Walter Göttsch was born in Altour, Germany on 10 June 1896. He volunteered for the German army on 1 July 1915. He was originally assigned to Flieger-Abteilung 33 to fly artillery cooperation missions in Flanders as a Vizefeldwebel. Service as a fighter pilot After training as a fighter pilot, Göttsch was assigned to Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 8 on 10 September 1916. On 4 November 1916, he destroyed a Belgian observation balloon for his first victory. He then scored twice more before winning a momentous dogfight on 7 January 1917; his opponent that day was Thomas Mottershead, who won a posthumous Victoria Cross. Göttsch won a double victory on 1 February, but then was shot down and wounded in action for the first time two days later. Because of his wounding, he would not score again until 6 April 1917. By 5 May, he had doubled his victory total to twelve. He was once again downed, probably by the observer of Harry G. E. Luchford's Royal Aircraft Factory FE.2d on 29 June. After this wounding, he did not win again until 17 July 1917. By 16 September, he had pushed his tally to 17, downing a Sopwith Camel that day. On 25 September, he fell under the guns of a Bristol F.2 Fighter, wounded once again in the same combat that saw Rudolf Wendelmuth's downing. Göttsch returned to duty, but had no luck, being wounded for the fourth time on 25 November 1917 by James Dennis Payne. Command and death Göttsch would not return to action until January 1918. On 14 February, he was given command of Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 19. The new Staffelführer would score only twice before his end, with back to back triumphs on 31 March and 1 April. Göttsch was killed in action on 10 April 1918 over Gentelles, apparently by return fire from the observer of an RE-8 (his final victim), although German accounts also claim he was hit by ground fire. His Fokker Dr.I triplane, marked with a white swastika, fell behind British lines and was salvaged. Walter Göttsch's 20 victories included seven from 20 Squadron RAF; the score of victories would also have qualified him for a Blue Max had he survived. Honors and awards Iron Cross Second and First Class Knight's Cross with Swords of the House Order of Hohenzollern: 23 August 1917 Notes References Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell. Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Grub Street, 1993. , . Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell. Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. Grub Street, 1990. , . 1896 births 1918 deaths Aviators killed by being shot down German military personnel killed in World War I German World War I flying aces Luftstreitkräfte personnel People from Altona, Hamburg Military personnel from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein Prussian Army personnel Military personnel from Hamburg
Çayırlı () is a village in the Adıyaman District, Adıyaman Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 56 in 2021. References Villages in Adıyaman District Kurdish settlements in Adıyaman Province
Tournières () is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Population See also Communes of the Calvados department References Communes of Calvados (department) Calvados communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
The Semmelweis Museum, Library and Archive of the History of Medicine () is a museum, library and archive in Budapest, Hungary. It was founded in 1965, and became a department of the Hungarian National Museum in 2017. The museum is located in the 18th-century house where Ignaz Semmelweis was born in 1818. The exhibition covers the development of healthcare in Hungary and the main stages in the history of medicine in Europe. Meindl House Meindl House is an 18th-century building at the foot of Várhegy (Castle Hill) in the Tabán neighbourhood, near the Danube river (the present address is no. 1-3 Apród utca). The house is a listed national monument due to its architectural significance and being the birthplace of Ignaz Semmelweis, an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Described as the "saviour of mothers", Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of childbed fever could be drastically reduced by requiring hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics. Ignaz Semmelweis was born in the house on 1 July 1818; he was the fifth child of Joseph Semmelweis and Theresia Müller. The Semmelweis family were ethnic Germans, his father was born in Kismarton near the Austrian border, and his mother was the daughter of a coachbuilder from Buda. Joseph Semmelweis was granted citizenship in Buda in 1806 and, in the same year, he opened a wholesale business for spices and general consumer goods. The shop was named Zum weißen Elefanten (At the White Elephant), and it was located on the ground floor of Meindl House (to the right of the entrance). Joseph Semmelweis lived in a flat on the first floor with his growing family. There was a cafe on the ground floor (on the left side) that belonged to the owner of the house, Johann Meindl. In 1823 the Semmelweis family moved their grocery shop and their residence into a house on the other side of the street that Joseph Semmelweis bought a year before. Ignaz Semmelweis lived there with his parents until 1837 when he went to study at the university in Vienna. Meindl House was constructed around 1790 but it was rebuilt in Late Baroque (Zopf) style after the Great Tabán Fire of 1810. At the time its location near the Pest-Buda Floating Bridge was prominent. The bridge connected the two cities, and the square on the Buda side was an important crossroads from where streets led to the north, south and up to Buda Castle. The latter was called Várfeljárat (Festungsauffahrt, now Apród utca), and the house was built facing this road on the corner of a flight of steep steps (now called Sándor Móric lépcső). After the Chain Bridge was opened in 1849 the area lost its role as a trade and traffic hub. Architecturally the most interesting feature of the facade is the cornice, onetime regarded as the most beautiful in Buda; it has a twin corbels and exquisite hanging stucco garlands. Due to the steep slope of Castle Hill, the narrow rear wing of the house was built upon a stone retaining wall with four cellars dug into the ground. There were hanging corridors on three sides of the courtyard on the upper floor while the northern wing had a spacious terrace. Behind the existing house there was an upper courtyard with smaller ancillary buildings but these were demolished in the late 1890s when new lodging for the gardeners of the Royal Palace was built there. The house remained in possession of Johann Meindl until 1844. Later its owners were Lőrinc Jankovits (between 1844 and 1852) and Leo Schallinger (from 1852). Schallinger's heirs sold the house in 1885 to a wealthy grocer, Márton Wolf who remained its owner until his death during the final years of World War I. There were shops and pubs on the ground floor, among them the most famous clockmaker's shop in Budapest which was established by Victor Hoser and carried on by his son. The shop operated here from 1880 until 1935 when it moved to nearby Attila körút. Another longstanding business was Mór Fried's shoemaker's shop. Herculanum mulató was a popular café chantant (zengeráj, Sängerei) in the 1880s that was frequented by Crown Prince Rudolf and his friends according to local legends, and it had a beer garden in the interior courtyard. In 1906 commemorations were held in Budapest to celebrate the achievements of Ignaz Semmelweis. The events were organised by the Budapesti Királyi Orvosegyesület (Budapest Royal Society of Physicians), and a red granite plaque was unveiled at his boyhood home in Apród utca. Around 1918 the house was bought by Gyula Kalmár, the owner of a liquor factory, who wanted to demolish it in 1936 but his application for a six-storey apartment building was denied by the municipality. Two years later the municipality bought the house for 152'000 pengő with the intention to raze it as part of the ongoing urban renewal project of the Tabán area. By that time the old house has fallen into a state of disrepair, and its occupants were extremely poor. The building was vacated in 1939 but two years later it was inhabited again by destitute families who lived there in unhealthy conditions. The fate of the house remained uncertain for years because some argued that it should be restored due to its historical connection with Semmelweis while others claimed that it deteriorated beyond repair. Although remaining a crowded slum, it was finally listed as a protected monument in 1942 by ministerial decree. The municipality intended to create a museum and a kindergarten there but the house suffered serious bomb damage in the Siege of Budapest in 1945. The surrounding area was almost completely destroyed in the war, and the ruins were cleared in the following years. Meindl House was an exception: although the northern and rear wings were lost (including the former flat of the Semmelweis family), the surviving part was hastily repaired after the war to make it habitable again. The plaque above the gate also survived the war but disappeared a few years later in unknown circumstances. Seven families lived in the remaining half of the house in 1959 without running water, also there was a car repair shop in the courtyard and a heap of overgrown rubble where the destroyed wing had stood. Medical history museum The dilapidated building was still bearing the scars of the war in 1958 when the Ministry of Health decided the creation of a museum of medical history in the birthplace of Hungary's most famous doctor. The tenants were moved out in 1962, and the much delayed reconstruction of the house finally began. A number of artefacts and memorabilia in the Library of Medical History (Orvostörténeti Könyvtár) and the university became the nucleus of the collection but a nationwide campaign was started as well to gather more relevant objects. The museum was officially established on 13 August 1965, the 100th anniversary of Semmelweis' death. Meindl House was reconstructed by the Budapesti Városépítési Tervező Vállalat (BVTV) according to the plans of Egon Pfannl. The exterior was carefully restored and the missing half of the building was rebuilt. The shopfronts and the doors on the ground floor were replaced by windows, and a metal framed glass door was installed to allow passers-by a glimpse into the vaulted gateway and the courtyard. The Late Baroque facade was painted red and white. The new north and west wings flanking the courtyard were built in mid-century modern style with rough-hewn stone walls on the ground floor and large ribbon windows on the upper story. The surviving parts of the house with the staircase, the hanging corridors around the courtyard and a few vaulted rooms were restored. The ground-floor spaces were converted to offices, library, council room and other auxiliary uses while the upper floor housed the exhibition with the Ignaz Semmelweis Memorial Room at the northwest corner, and the relocated interior of the Török Pharmacy in a neighbouring room. The modern exhibition spaces were designed by István Németh who worked on the new interiors of Buda Castle at the time. The remains of Ignaz Semmelweis were moved from the Kerepesi Cemetery to the museum in 1963, and reinterred in a niche of the retaining wall on the western side of the courtyard. This tomb became the fifth burial place of the famous doctor. Motherhood, a bronze sculpture by Miklós Borsos was unveiled in front of it on 13 August 1965. The first director of the museum was a distinguished gynecologist and medical historian, Sándor Fekete, the biographer of Ignaz Semmelweis. He was appointed in 1964, and served as director until his retirement in 1971. The next director was internist Emil Schultheisz (from 1972 to 1973) who was also deputy minister of health at the time. The Library of Medical History was merged into the museum in 1968, and the combined institution became a museum of national significance in 1972. The first permanent exhibition was opened in 1968 titled "Pictures from the History of Medicine" (Képek a gyógyítás múltjából). The rearranged and expanded exhibition was reopened on 21 May 1974 by Emil Schultheisz who was Minister of Health at the time. An independent exhibition on pharmaceutical history was created in 1974 in the old Arany Sas Pharmacy in Buda Castle. The permanent exhibition of the museum remained unchanged for a long time, and its basic arrangement is still the same (as of 2022). The Semmelweis Museum of Medical History played an important part in the career of József Antall, the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary after the end of communism. As a historian he wrote biographies of 80 doctors for the Lexicon of Hungarian Biographies in 1963, and became interested in the history of medicine. He started working in the museum next year as a research fellow, and was promoted to deputy director in 1967. He was appointed acting director general in 1974, and remained in this position until May 1990 when he became prime minister after the first free elections. As a medical historian Antall was recognised internationally, and under his leadership the museum has built relationships with scientific institutions in Western Europe and the US. The methodology of medical history research was developed by Antall and his colleagues in these decades as it was still a relatively new field of study at the time in Hungary. Antall also supervised the establishment of museum pharmacies in other cities (Sopron, Győr, Pécs, Székesfehérvár, Kőszeg, Kecskemét, Eger), and the preservation of protected furnitures of some 60 pharmacies. He organized the International Medical Historical Congress in 1974 in Budapest and the International Pharmaceutical-Historical Congress in 1981. The museum was a place of refuge for Antall during the years of communist dictatorship after his participation in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and his subsequent banishment from teaching due to his anticommunist views. It was still his workplace during the last years of the Kádár regime when he became politically active again in the opposition movements, and during the transition period to democracy. The museum created a series of innovative temporary exhibitions and redefined itself beginning from the late 2000s; it won the Museum of the Year Award in 2010. Director general Benedek Varga was appointed to director general of the Hungarian National Museum in 2016, and the two institutions were merged. The facade of Meindl House was restored and repainted to its original cream colour in 2014. Governance Director: 1964–1971: Sándor Fekete Director Generals: 1972–1973: Emil Schultheisz 1974–1990: József Antall 1990–1998: Mária Vida 2000–2008: Károly Kapronczay 2008–2016: Benedek Varga Director: 2021–: Benedek Varga Semmelweis Memorial Room The first floor flat, where the Semmelweis family had lived, was totally destroyed when the house was hit by a bomb in 1945. Nothing is known about its original arrangement or furniture. A memorial room was established in the corner room on the first floor with the aim of recreating the atmosphere of Semmelweis' home in Pest in the 1860s. In 1964 the museum bought a few pieces of Biedermeier furniture (writing desk, bookcases, coffee table) and a 19th-century Shiraz rug from Ignác Semmelweis' grandson, obstetrician Kálmán Semmelweis-Lehocky. The pieces were inherited from Ignác Semmelweis according to the family tradition. The late 19th-century white ceramic stove was bought on the art market. The bookcases contain the remnants of Semmelweis' personal library with books of classical authors and contemporary journals of obstetrics. The memorial room was rearranged in 2020, and a new exhibition was added. Two oval portrait medallions by August Canzi showing Ignaz Semmelweis and his wife, Mária Weidenhofer on their betrothal in 1857 were also bought from the doctor's grandson. The watercolour remains the only authentic painting from Semmelweis' adult life, created by a well-known contemporary artist working in Pest-Buda. Another portrait was painted about 1830 by Lénárt Landau, a painter in Pest. This oil-painting shows him as a child holding a Latin grammar-book in his hands. It was exhibited at the Semmelweis celebrations in 1894, and has been loaned permanently to the museum by its owner, the Budapest Historical Museum. Two oil paintings from an unknown contemporary painter, the portraits of his parents, Theresia Müller and Joseph Semmelweis were bought from the family and put on display in the memorial room. References External links Official website — Medical museums Museums in Budapest Ignaz Semmelweis Tabán 1965 establishments in Hungary National museums of Hungary History museums in Hungary Landmarks in Budapest Museums established in 1965 Baroque architecture in Hungary Houses completed in 1810
```objective-c #ifndef VALHALLA_BALDR_TRANSITSTOP_H_ #define VALHALLA_BALDR_TRANSITSTOP_H_ #include <cstdint> #include <stdexcept> #include <valhalla/baldr/graphconstants.h> namespace valhalla { namespace baldr { /** * Information held for each transit stop. This is information not required * during path generation. Such information is held within NodeInfo (lat,lng, * type, etc.). / class TransitStop { public: // Constructor with arguments TransitStop(const uint32_t one_stop_offset, const uint32_t name_offset, const bool generated, const uint32_t traversability) : generated_(generated), traversability_(traversability), spare_(0) { if (one_stop_offset > kMaxNameOffset) { throw std::runtime_error("TransitStop: Exceeded maximum name offset"); } one_stop_offset_ = one_stop_offset; if (name_offset > kMaxNameOffset) { throw std::runtime_error("TransitStop: Exceeded maximum name offset"); } name_offset_ = name_offset; } /* * Get the one stop Id offset for the stop. * @return Returns the one stop Id offset. / uint32_t one_stop_offset() const { return one_stop_offset_; } /* * Get the text/name offset for the stop name. * @return Returns the name offset in the text/name list. / uint32_t name_offset() const { return name_offset_; } /* * Get the generated flag that indicates if * the stop has been generated or exists in * real world * @return Returns the generated flag. / bool generated() const { return generated_; } /* * Get the traversability indicates if * the egress can be entered, exited, or both * in the real world. * @return Returns the traversability. */ Traversability traversability() const { return static_cast<Traversability>(traversability_); } protected: uint64_t one_stop_offset_ : 24; // one stop Id offset. uint64_t name_offset_ : 24; // Stop name offset in the text/name list. uint64_t generated_ : 1; uint64_t traversability_ : 2; uint64_t spare_ : 13; // size of tests }; } // namespace baldr } // namespace valhalla #endif // VALHALLA_BALDR_TRANSITSTOP_H_ ```
The 21st Arabian Gulf Cup () was the twenty-first edition of the biennial football competition. It took place in Bahrain in January 2013. The competition was originally scheduled to be hosted in the city of Basra, Iraq, but was moved to Bahrain in October 2011 to ensure that Iraq could suitably host the competition in the 22nd edition. Seeding of teams The eight participating teams were divided into two groups, Bahrain (the host nation) were placed in Group A, Kuwait (the holder) in Group B, while the rest of the teams were placed in a pot based on FIFA rankings. The draw was held in Bahrain on 18 October 2012. Venues Opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 21st Arabian Gulf Cup took place in the Bahrain National Stadium on 5 January. The event featured the attendance of Hamad bin Isa al Khalifa, the King of Bahrain, members of the ruling family, Sepp Blatter, the president of FIFA, Michel Platini, the president of UEFA as well as other officials. Blatter commended the ceremony, stating that "The opening ceremony was very nice: 9.5 out of 10 because perfection does not exist". Following the ceremony, Blatter also stated that the organisational level of the Gulf Cup would have to be improved if it was to be a FIFA-sanctioned event and wanted the cup to be played simultaneously with the Africa Cup of Nations. Squads Group stage All times are local time (UTC+03:00). Group A Group B Knockout stage Semi-finals Third place play-off Final Goalscorers 3 goals Abdulhadi Khamis Ahmed Khalil 2 goals Hammadi Ahmad Younis Mahmoud Bader Al-Mutawa Yousef Nasser Khalfan Ibrahim Omar Abdulrahman Ali Mabkhout 1 goal Faouzi Mubarak Aaish Hussain Ali Baba Abdulwahab Al Malood Abdulla Yusuf Helal Dhurgham Ismail Salam Shaker Abdulrahman Bani Abdulaziz Al Salimi Ismail Al Hammadi Majed Hassan Mohamed Ahmed Gharib Fahad Al-Muwallad Yasser Al-Qahtani Hussain Al-Hadhri Mohamed El-Sayed 1 own goal Osama Hawsawi (playing against Iraq) Team statistics This table shows all team performance. Prize money and awards Prize money The football associations were given prize money for a fourth place and above finish in the competition in riyals. First Place: 2,000,000 Riyals Second Place: 1,500,000 Riyals Third Place: 500,000 Riyals Fourth Place: 250,000 Riyals Playing awards The following awards were given: References External links Official Site Gulf Cup website 2013 2013 in Asian football 2012–13 in Bahraini football 2012–13 in Omani football 2012–13 in Emirati football 2012–13 in Yemeni football 2012–13 in Saudi Arabian football 2012–13 in Kuwaiti football 2012–13 in Iraqi football 2012–13 in Qatari football Arabian Gulf Cup
The Antioch School is the oldest democratic school in the United States. The school is located in Yellow Springs, Ohio and was founded in 1921 through Antioch College. History Prior to the official founding of the Antioch School, Antioch College operated a school called "Little Antioch" for the children of faculty founded during the tenure of the first president of the college, Horace Mann. It was founded to counteract traditional American education by promoting progressive education principles. In 1921, the school was reorganized as a laboratory school for the college and renamed the Antioch School by college president Arthur Ernest Morgan. Morgan first began his path in experimental education in 1917 when he founded the Moraine Park School in Dayton. The school was located at the mansion of Judge William E. Mills and students from elementary to high school were supervised by college faculty. Student teachers, including Coretta Scott King, were able to have autonomy over their classrooms due to the distributed hierarchy of the school. The school was the first democratic school in the United States with children directing their own learning. Students were involved in democratic meetings where they participate in the self governing of the school. They were divided into three groups according to social maturity and charged a yearly tuition with access to scholarships. In 1929, the school moved to Bryan High School and only enrolled elementary students. In 1950, the Antioch School moved to a new building designed by Eero Saarinen and Max Mercer with three classrooms, meeting space, and porch. It became independent of Antioch College in 1979 when the college was having financial solvency issues and ended its role in their education program. Members of the Yellow Springs community purchased the school and it became an independent school in the 1980s. In 1969, a teacher purchased a used unicycle and it became emblematic of the school as a way for students to challenge themselves to succeed at something new, different, and difficult. Since the first unicycle, the school acquired them in various sizes for students of all ages. Program The Antioch School offers programs for nursery, kindergarten, and two mixed-age groups of students ages 6-12. The school is run democratically developed through the principles of child-centered learning where students create curriculum and make rules with oversight from teachers. Students resolve conflicts with each other through mediation and grades are not administered. Notable alumni John Lithgow Tucker Viemeister References External links Antioch School Democratic free schools Alternative schools in the United States Private elementary schools in Ohio
Jamaica competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. Six years after their famous first appearance at the Winter Olympics, the Jamaican four sled stunned many of their critics by finishing in 14th place, ahead of the United States, Russia, France and one sled from Italy. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games. Bobsleigh References Official Olympic Reports Nations at the 1994 Winter Olympics 1994 Winter Olympics Olympics
Placé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. See also Communes of Mayenne References Communes of Mayenne
John Payne Ltd was a shipbuilder in Bristol, England, who built coastal colliers and cargo ships, and small craft such as tugs, during the 19th and 20th centuries. History Origins In around 1850, John Payne established himself as a millwright, engineer, iron founder and steam boiler maker, inland from the River Avon at Tower Hill in Bristol. In 1859, he branched out into shipbuilding, a natural expansion of his marine business, firstly completing the Jane, a small wooden steam tug. This had to be launched into Bristol Harbour after transportation by truck, and she was used by the company to tow barges with machinery from the wharf near the workshops. Her small size once enabled her to save the crew of a stricken barque in Bristol Harbour. The company built three wooden tugs at Tower Hill, likely including the diminutive 11 t Merrimac, and later built up the towing fleet over a number of years. Expansion Following some initial success with wooden-hulled tugs, in 1862 John Payne acquired the former Acraman Yard in Bedminster in order to build iron vessels. A number of these ships were fitted with steam engines built in his own foundry in Tower Hill. The first iron tug was the Emma of 1862, and several new construction orders followed for several iron-hulled vessels for local operators. In 1864 the company moved away from the traditional tug building business and built the first coastal collier, the Isca a sloop-rigged steamer of 65 t. Having built in iron for some years, an experimental composite-hulled design was built in 1865, the Cardiff Castle, a paddle steamer tug of 62 t, later converted to a yacht in 1880 with an unusual dandy rig and wrecked on Cardiff Grounds on 15 April 1897. The same year the Kate was completed, and these were the first paddle vessels built at the Acraman's Yard by John Payne. The Kate was a double-ended design which later operated from Penarth beach. The Harlequin of 1868 was the first tug design with twin screws, which provided superior towage control and had advanced engine arrangements for their day. The same year, John Payne completed two river steamers for Brazil, the Corruipe and Mondahu, steel twin-screw vessels of 200 t and the largest vessels yet built by the yard. These appear to have been the companies only exports. The steamer Henry Allen, completed in 1874, was even larger at 225t. A new chairman In 1880, John Payne Snr. died, and his son also called John took over the running of the firm. By the close of the decade the first steel-hulled vessel was built, the steamer Teal of 131 t and launched in 1889, although the company continued to also build in iron until 1893. Under John Payne Jnr.'s leadership the company continued to build a steady stream of cargo ships, tugs and a barge Bristol Safe, later rebuilt in 1912 to be the 129 t twin-screw ketch-rigged steamer Garthavon. Lean years Things changed in 1910 when John Payne Jnr. died, leaving the company to be run by Mrs. Amelia Payne, who set up a limited company as John Payne Ltd, to run both the shipyard and towage business. The tug Bristol Scout was the only order before World War I, when three of the company's tugs were requisitioned by the Port Examination Service, with the larger John Payne seeing service in the Dardanelles in Turkey. A large tug of 134t was ordered by the Admiralty late in the war, and was completed after the armistice as the West Winch and bought by the company. Both the John Payne and West Winch were later sold to C.J. Kings, who operated a fleet of tugs from Avonmouth. James Towers Shipbuilding Company With new orders in the early 1920s for two large coasting vessels, the company was sold to new owners James Towers Shipbuilding Co. in 1924. These vessels, the largest built by John Payne, were completed that year, with the Reedham being the largest at 483 t. The steel cargo ships were later sold to Coast Lines Ltd. and the other to an operator in Canada. Unfortunately the new owners joined the industry at the wrong time, as the post-war depression hit the area quite badly, and in 1925 the yard closed itself to shipbuilding, and was reopened by Harry Payne as the factory for Bristol Metal Spraying and Welding Company. John Payne built vessels The company built more than 40 vessels. Known ships include: Coastal colliers and cargo ships Isca (1864), 65t iron steam screw sloop Enid (1867), 88t iron steam screw sloop Monmouth (1869), 65t iron steam screw sloop Ethel (1870), 100t iron steam screw sloop Pendragon (1870), 59t iron steam screw sloop Henry Allen (1874), 225t iron steam twin-screw schooner Ibis (1881), 169t iron steam schooner Teal (1889), 131t steel steam screw ketch Reedham (1924), 483t steel screw steamer Smitham (1924), 447t steel screw steamer River steamers Corruipe (1868), 200t iron twin-screw river steamer Mondahu (1868), 200t iron twin-screw river steamer Coastal and harbour tugs Jane (1859), 27t wooden steam screw tug Emma (1862), 22t iron steam screw tug Kate (1865), 30t iron steam paddle sloop-rigged tug Cardiff Castle (1865), 62t composite steam paddle dandy-rigged tug Dolphin (1866), 42t iron steam screw tug Harlequin (1868), 58t iron steam twin-screw tug Leo (1871), 95t iron steam paddle tug Merlin (1871), 19t iron steam paddle tug Oberon (1871), 56t iron steam screw sloop-rigged tug Queen Mab (1872), 48t iron steam screw tug Star (1875), 40t wooden steam screw tug Oberon (1876), 56t iron steam twin-screw tug Elf (1876), 53t wooden steam screw tug Kimberley (1878), 54t iron steam screw tug Fawn (1878), 29t iron steam screw tug Stag (1883), 41t iron steam screw tug Columbine (1886), 60t iron steam screw tug Staghound (1892), 39t iron steam screw tug Antelope (1893), 36t iron steam screw tug Brunel (1895), 36t steel steam screw tug Cabot (1899), 61t steel steam screw tug Gazelle (1901), 57t steel steam screw tug Contract (1907), 38t steel steam screw tug John Payne (1909), 145t steel steam screw tug Bristol Scout (1911), 54t steel steam screw tug West Winch (1920), 134t steel steam screw tug Barges Bristol Safe (1904), 106t steel barge References Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom British companies established in 1859 Manufacturing companies established in 1859 Defunct companies based in Bristol 1859 establishments in England
George Hayduke is the pen name of a prolific anonymous author of prank books. The name is believed to be based on the character George Washington Hayduke III, created by Edward Abbey in his 1975 book The Monkey Wrench Gang, and 1990 book Hayduke Lives!. Often in collaboration with perhaps equally pseudonymous co-author M. Nelson Chunder, Hayduke has authored numerous guides to pranks and practical jokes, primarily intended for vengeance. Activities suggested range from the merely annoying and mischievous to the illegal and extremely dangerous. Hayduke's book Getting Even: The Complete Book of Dirty Tricks was found in the locker of a man accused of the USS Iowa turret explosion, which killed 47 people. Works References American humorists
April Run (1978–1994) was an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who competed internationally and who in 1982 was voted a Champion both in France and the United States. A granddaughter of U.S. Hall of Famer Tom Rolfe, April Run was bred at Bertram & Diana Firestone's Gilltown Stud in Kilcullen, County Kildare, Ireland. The filly was trained in France by François Boutin where she won several important races before finishing a fast-closing third in the 1981 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. She was then shipped to the United States where she won the first of her two consecutive Turf Classic Invitational Stakes. She finished second in the 1981 Washington, D.C. International, but came back to win the same race in 1982. That same year, she was sent to Japan where she finished third in the Japan Cup. Retired to broodmare service at the end of her four-year-old racing season, April Run was the Dam of 7 foals to race, producing 5 winners. In 1992, she was sent to a breeding farm in Japan. She died on April 28, 1994. References 1978 racehorse births 1994 racehorse deaths Racehorses bred in Ireland Racehorses trained in France Eclipse Award winners Thoroughbred family 42
Konstantina Birbili () (born 1969), commonly known as Tina Birbili, was the Minister for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change of Greece until June 17, 2011. Birbili was the first holder of this office, which was created to succeed the former Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works by Greek prime minister George Papandreou in October 2009. Career Birbili had no prior government experience on her appointment, but she had worked as an advisor to prime minister Papandreou during his tenure at the foreign ministry. She was regarded as a strong advocate for environmental issues within the Panhellenic Socialist Movement party. A physicist by training, Birbili attended the University of Athens and London's Imperial College, obtaining a PhD in 1995. See also List of ministers of climate change List of ministers of the environment References External links 1969 births Living people Government ministers of Greece Environment ministers of Greece Energy ministers National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni Alumni of Imperial College London Politicians from Athens
Sione Kite (born 14 January 1988), also known as John Kite is an Australian rugby league footballer for the Thirlmere Roosters in the Group 6 Rugby League. He previously played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and Melbourne Storm in the National Rugby League and the Widnes Vikings in the Super League. He primarily plays and . Playing career Born in Canterbury, New South Wales, Kite played his junior football for the St. John Eagles and St. George before being signed by the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. He played for the Bulldogs' Toyota Cup team in 2008, scoring 3 tries in 15 games. In Round 17 of the 2008 NRL season he made his NRL début for the Bulldogs against the South Sydney Rabbitohs. At the end of the 2008 season, Kite was named at in the 2008 Toyota Cup Team of the Year. At the end of the 2009 season, Kite signed with the Melbourne Storm. He made his début for the Storm in Round 21 of the 2010 NRL season. On 26 January 2012, Kite signed a 1-year contract with the Widnes Vikings in the Super League. He made his début for the Vikings in Round 6 of the 2012 Super League season. Representative career In 2008, Kite was named in the Tonga training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup but did not make the final squad. Personal life Kite is believed to be the biggest baby born at Canterbury hospital, weighing in at 15 pounds. He completed his schooling at Hampden Park Public School, followed by Holy Spirit College. References External links 2012 Widnes Vikings profile Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs profile 1988 births Living people Australian rugby league players Australian sportspeople of Tongan descent Australian expatriate sportspeople in England Melbourne Storm players Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players Rugby league props Rugby league second-rows Rugby league players from Sydney Widnes Vikings players
Stewart Cameron may refer to Stewart Cameron (cartoonist) (1912–1970), Canadian editorial and cowboy cartoonist Stewart Cameron (cricketer) (1920–2001), New Zealand cricketer Stewart Cameron (nephrologist) (1934–2023), British nephrologist See also Stuart Cameron (disambiguation)
Kristensson is a Swedish patronymic surname meaning "son of Kristen". Notable people with the surname include: Krister Kristensson (1942–2023), Swedish footballer Tom Kristensson (born 1991), Swedish rally driver See also Ulf Kristersson (born 1963), Swedish politician Swedish-language surnames Patronymic surnames
Leucophlebia edentata is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found from Guinea east to Sudan and Uganda. References Leucophlebia Moths described in 1916
Things to Learn is the debut album released by Australian band The Silents. It was released on 29 March 2008 through Ivy League Records. It features the singles "Nightcrawl", "23" and "Little Girl Lost". The album was mixed by Doug Boehm at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles. Track listing All songs written by Lloyd Stowe, James Terry, Sam Ford, Alex Board, except where noted. "Things To Learn" - 2:50 "Ophelia" - 3:18 "23" - 2:31 "Tune for a Nymph" - 3:01 "Turn Black" - 2:28 "Nightcrawl" - 2:49 "Little Girl Lost" - 3:34 "Devils" - 3:38 "See The Future" - 5:58 "Astral Child" - 3:41 "Generation Space" - 2:58 "Bruised Sky" (Lloyd Stowe, Alex Board) - 3:54 References External links Rave Magazine review Mess + Noise Magazine review Beat Magazine review The Dwarf.com review RTRFM review 2008 debut albums The Silents albums Ivy League Records albums
Kapital Bank is a commercial bank operating in Azerbaijan. Founded in 1874 as Azerbaijan Savings Bank, it is headquartered in Baku. History The bank was founded on July 24, 1874. The first service point of Kapital Bank, which is the legal successor of Savings Bank of Azerbaijan, started to function as from July 24, 1874. For the first time, savings banks began their activity under Baku city branch of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. The Executive Manager of the branch was Ivan Samsonovich Khandojevsky. The Steering Committee included such well-known Azerbaijanis as Zeynalabdin Taghiyev, Haji Baba Hashimov, and . After the proclamation of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Azerbaijan State Bank opened on September 30, 1919 and the activity of savings banks was restored on December 1, 1919. On April 28, 1920, after the collapse of the ADR, the activity of the Baku branch of the Russian State Bank was suspended by the decree of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan dated June 9, 1920. In January of 1924, State Labour Savings Banks, operating under the State Bank of Azerbaijan SSR, were established. In 1988, these banks were merged into Azerbaijan Republican Bank of Savings Bank of the USSR. On February 11, 1992, Saving Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan was formed on the basis of this Bank. On 21 February 2000, the merger of Savings Bank, Azerbaijan Agro-Industrial Bank and Azerbaijan Industrial Investment Bank resulted in the establishment of Azerbaijan United Universal Stock Bank (BUSBank). On December 29, 2004, at the meeting of bank shareholders, it was decided to change the name of BUSBank to "Kapital Bank". 99.87% of shares of "Kapital Bank" OJSC belong to PASHA Holding. The share capital of the Bank is 185 million AZN. Kapital Bank is a financial institution with the largest service network in Azerbaijan and has 102 branches and 20 departments. Kapital Bank is a universal bank and serves physical and corporate clients. The bank serves more than 3 million individuals and more than 22,000 legal entities. At the same time, Kapital Bank closely participates in a number of state-owned social projects and implements a number of development programs of real sector. Rating In 2012, Kapital Bank was awarded ratings by international rating agencies Fitch Ratings and Moody's. Fitch agency gave the Kapital Bank a long-term "B+" rating, defined the bank's rating forecast as "stable". The short-term rating was "B", the support rating was "4". Moody's Investors Service has determined the long-term rating of the Kapital Bank's foreign currency deposits at the level of "Ba3", the financial support rating at the level of "E+". All ratings have a "stable" forecast. Supervisory Board Chairman of the Supervisory Board - Jalal Alakbar Oglu Gasimov Member of the Supervisory Board - Farid Usad Mammadov Member of the Supervisory Board - Rauf Yusif Oglu Hajiyev Member of the Supervisory Board - Kamala Hasan Gizi Nuriyeva Member of the Supervisory Board - Ogtay Arif Oglu Hasanov Audit Committee Chairman of the Audit committee - Parvin Shirali Oghlu Ahadzade Member of Audit Committee - Murad Faig Oghlu Ahmadov Member of Audit Committee - Jamil Vahid Mammadov Management Chairman of the board - Allahverdiyev Rovshan Shamil (since 10 June 2013) First Deputy Chairman of the board - Huseynov Farid Arif Deputy Chairman of the board of Directors, Chief Information Officer - Zeynalov Nahid Vidadi Deputy Chairman of the board - Yashar Zeynalabdi Mammadov Member of the Board, Chief Financial Officer - Emin Agaverdi Mammadov See also Banking in Azerbaijan Central Bank of Azerbaijan List of banks in Azerbaijan Azerbaijani manat Economy of Azerbaijan References External links Government of Azerbaijan Economy of Azerbaijan Banks of Azerbaijan Banks established in 2000 2000 establishments in Azerbaijan Azerbaijani brands
The Wichter Ee is a gat between the East Frisian Islands of Norderney (to the west) and Baltrum (to the east). At the eastern end of the island of Norderney in the Wichter Ee are sandbanks occupied by common and grey seals. The western end of Baltrum is formed by the port and massive coastal defences, that protect the island from storm surges driven by westerly winds that would otherwise flood the island. Wadden Sea Geography of East Frisia Norderney Baltrum
Mandurah () is a coastal city in the Australian state of Western Australia, situated approximately south of the state capital, Perth. It is the state's second most populous city, with a population of 90,306. Mandurah's central business district is located on the Mandurah Estuary, which is an outlet for the Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary. The city's name is derived from the Noongar word mandjar, meaning "meeting place" or "trading place". A townsite for Mandurah was laid out in 1831, two years after the establishment of the Swan River Colony, but attracted few residents, and until the post-war boom of the 1950s and 1960s it was little more than a small fishing village. In subsequent years, Mandurah's reputation for boating and fishing attracted many retirees, including to the canal developments in the city's south. Along with four other local government areas (Boddington, Murray, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, and Waroona), the City of Mandurah is included in the wider Peel region. Mandurah is sometimes grouped together with Perth for statistical purposes, especially since the extension of the Kwinana Freeway and the completion of the Mandurah railway line in the late 2000s. The two cities now form a conurbation along the Indian Ocean coastline, although the Perth metropolitan area officially ends at Singleton around north of Mandurah's city centre. Geography Mandurah has grown from isolated holiday communities along the shores of the Peel-Harvey Estuary to a major regional city in just over a decade, in a similar vein to the Gold Coast in Eastern Australia. In recent times, it has formed a conurbation with Perth along the coast; it is only south of Rockingham, a southern suburb of Perth. Mandurah has also become a popular lifestyle alternative for Perth retirees and its connection with the Perth CBD has been strengthened with the opening of the Perth-Mandurah railway line in December 2007 and a direct road connection to the Kwinana Freeway built by late 2010. A housing affordability survey of 227 cities in 2008 ranked it the least affordable city in Australia. Geology The waters of the Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary (one of Australia's larger inlet systems) form the centre of Mandurah. The estuary is approximately twice the size of Sydney Harbour. The city lies in and around this freshwater system which in turn feeds into the Indian Ocean. The city and its suburbs have many kilometres of ocean coastline most of which is sandy beaches. Mandurah also has a number of suburbs built around artificially created canal systems that extend from the Peel Inlet, such as Halls Head, Dudley Park and Wannanup. In terms of geology, much of Mandurah lies on the dune systems which dominate South Western WA's coastline, progressively grading towards the Swan Coastal Plain as one travels inland. The area has infertile soils due to the dunes being rather sandy, having poor water retention qualities. Limestone outcrops are found to the north of the city especially along the Mandurah railway line. Mandurah is the closest city to Yalgorup National Park which is home to modern thrombolites as well as an array of flora and fauna. Mandurah is located in the Swan Coastal Plain ecoregion. The ecoregion contains an array of vegetation, from coastal dune and sandplains to banksia and eucalypt woodlands. Mandurah is covered by shoreline and dune deposits from the Pleistocene and Holocene that overlie Paleozoic and Neogene deposits of the Perth Basin. Coastal dunes feature scrub-heath communities, though banksia low woodlands occur on the soils of coastal dunes. Progressing inland give way to eucalypt woodlands. Seasonal wetlands (dry in the summer and wet in winter) are the most diverse habitat in the Swan Coastal Plain, which Mandurah has several wetland regions around the Peel Inlet. The wetlands feature several osprey nests, spoonbill and darters. Other fauna includes galah, short-billed black cockatoo, long-billed black cockatoo, and Australian ringneck among others. Australian ringnecks face competition for nesting space from rainbow lorikeet, an introduced species in Western Australia, that has now spread to Mandurah. Despite attempts to eradicate rainbow lorikeets, the population has grown to the point that they can no longer be eradicated. Political Mandurah is typically considered a marginal area for the major parties in Australian politics. Northern Mandurah lies in the safe Labor Federal seat of Brand, held by Gary Gray, while southern and central Mandurah lies in the more marginal Canning, held by the Liberal Party's Andrew Hastie. At state level, northern and central Mandurah is located in the safe Labor seat of Mandurah held by David Templeman, while southern Mandurah is located in Dawesville, a traditionally safe Liberal seat that was swept up in Labor's landslide of 2021, and is now held by Labor's Lisa Munday. A sliver of eastern Mandurah is located in Murray-Wellington, held by Labor's Robyn Clarke. Despite technically being in a regional area, the National Party vote is negligible. Climate Mandurah has a typical Mediterranean climate (Köppen classification Csa) with hot dry summers and mild wet winters. During summer (December to February), the average maximum temperature is 27 °C (80 °F) with an average minimum temperature of 19 °C (66 °F). At its extreme it can get very hot, often having a couple of days exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in the latter half of summer. In winter (June to August), the average maximum temperature is 18 °C (64 °F) with an average minimum temperature of 9 °C (48 °F). Mandurah's proximity to the ocean moderates diurnal temperatures somewhat, with temperatures a few kilometres inland often 4 or 5 degrees warmer during summer days (or cooler during winter nights). Frosts are very rare as a result, but do occur annually around areas such as Greenfields. The current weather station opened in 2001 and is situated on the coastline, causing data recorded to appear warmer during winter nights and cooler in summer days compared to surrounding areas. Mandurah also receives a moderate though highly seasonal rainfall of about 850 mm a year, however recent trends have seen this once reliable rainfall drop significantly. In addition, most of the winter rains are usually accompanied by severe winds and storms capable of causing widespread damage, making Mandurah one of the windiest cities in Australia. These conditions are perfect for tornado formation, which Mandurah's climate is remarkable for producing one of the highest densities of tornadoes in the world. Summer storms are rare due to the Mediterranean climate in the city, but not unheard of. Mandurah was affected to a lesser degree than Perth in the 2010 Western Australian storms, but the 2011–12 summer was notable for Mandurah bearing the brunt of three severe thunderstorms. One such storm on 12 December 2011 gave Mandurah almost seven times its monthly average (69.4 mm compared to an average of 15.5 mm), which was eclipsed exactly one year later on 12 December 2012 (74.2 mm). Another storm on 20 January 2012 dumped 57 mm on the city causing power outages and flash flooding. One man and numerous buildings in the city were struck by lightning during the storm, which produced 2,300 strikes within 30 kilometres of the city, which was more than what neighbouring Perth receives in an entire year and comparable to the most severe electrical storms for which places in the tropics like Darwin are known. History The Noongar (or Bibbulmun) people, who inhabited the southwest of Western Australia, named the area Mandjar ("meeting place"), which became the present day name "Mandurah". In December 1829, Thomas Peel arrived in Western Australia from the United Kingdom with workmen, equipment and stores on the ship . He had financed the trip in exchange for a grant of land in the Swan River Colony. A term of the grant was that he arrive no later than 1 November 1829, thus his original land grant was forfeited. Undaunted, Peel built a small settlement named Clarence south of the Swan River Colony at what is known today as Woodman Point. Facing many problems with the settlement and his own ill-health, Peel led the remaining Clarence settlers to the area known today as Mandurah. Soon after, other settlers also took up land in Mandurah including the families Hall (whose cottage at Halls Head is one of the region's most notable heritage places), Tuckey and Eacott. The census of 1837 records only 12 settlers at Mandurah, probably representing only 3 households. Thomas Peel died in 1865 but Mandurah continued to grow, albeit very slowly, over the years leading to the 20th century. Fish were abundant, and in 1870 a fish cannery was established at Mandurah. Canning factories sustained the preservation of produce from local fishing and fruit industries. A railway line between Perth and Pinjarra was opened in 1893, which allowed Mandurah to emerge as a tourism hub in the region. The population of the town was 160 (95 males and 65 females) in 1898. Mandurah was administered under the Murray Road Board until 1949, when the Mandurah Road Board was established. However, dissension within the board during the 1950s saw it suspended and Commissioner Richard Rushton oversaw the town's affairs. On 26 April 1960, the Mandurah Road Board was reconstituted, and on 1 July 1961, in accordance with the Local Government Act 1960, the Shire of Mandurah was founded. Industrial development at Kwinana (1955), a mining boom in nearby Jarrahdale (1963) and Wagerup (1984), with the associated industrial boom in Pinjarra (1963), combined with an idyllic lifestyle by the coast, saw Mandurah grow rapidly, and on 1 July 1987 it became the Town of Mandurah. Three years later, on 14 April 1990, Mandurah became the fifth non-metropolitan settlement in Western Australia to be named a city. Places of cultural heritage significance Cooper's Mill (c.1843), Murray Terrace, Cooleenup Island, North Yunderup. Christ's Church (historically Christ Church) (Anglican) (c.1870), 34–36 Pinjarra Road (corner Sholl Street), Mandurah. Peel's house site (1830), southern side of the corner of Mandurah Terrace & Stewart Street, Mandurah. Uniting Church (Former Methodist Church – 1940), 26 Sutton Street (corner of Gibson Street), Mandurah. Eacott Cottage (1830), 35 Gibla St Mandurah. Brighton Hotel (1882), 8–10 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah. Little Theatre and site of the old Fish Cannery (aka Peel Inlet Preserving Works), 5 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah. Sutton's Corner Store and house, Eureka Shops/Cottage (1862, 1928), 2 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah. Tuckey Store & House & Slim Jim Cotton Palm, 1 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah. Mandurah Museum (incorporating old school – 1900), corner Mandurah Terrace & Pinjarra Road, Mandurah. Mandurah Bridge (1894, replaced 1953, 2018), linking the town centre to Halls Head. Hall's Cottage (1833), 7 Leighton Place, Halls Head. Sutton's Farm (1860s), Apollo Place & Picaroon Place, Halls Head. Sutton's graveyard (1860s), corner Finistere Island Retreat & Picaroon Place, Halls Head. Allandale Homestead (Dawes House – 1913), Lot 102 Estuary Road, Dawesville. Herron Homestead (1866), Lot 85 Quail Road, Herron Lake, Clifton. Hardy House (c.1853), 860 Estuary Rd Mandurah. Fouracres Cottage ruin (c.1854), west side of Old Coast Road between Peppermint Grove and Coronation Roads, Waroona. Population According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 107,641 people living in Mandurah. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2.9% of the population. 68.0% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 10.8%, New Zealand 3.5%, South Africa 1.6%, Scotland 1.2% and Philippines 1.2%. 87.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Afrikaans 0.7%, Tagalog 0.5%, Filipino 0.4%, Thai 0.3% and Mandarin 0.3%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 46.0%, Anglican 15.8% and Catholic 15.3%. Economy and employment Much of Mandurah's economy is based on construction, tourism, professional, scientific and technical services, and retail trade, and to a lesser extent on mining and agriculture. Tourism Mandurah is considered the unofficial gateway to the South West and possesses a variety of tourist attractions, most of which are located near the water. It is a major fishing and crabbing area in Western Australia, with the city well known for the blue manna crab (Portunus pelagicus) with a festival held in March known as Mandurah Crab Fest. Mandurah is home to WA's largest population of Bootlenose Dolphins (Tursiops), currently estimated at 120. Like neighbouring settlements Bunbury and Rockingham dolphins and whales frequent the city annually and dolphin and whale watching are a popular pastime. In December, the canal areas in Mandurah becomes well known for their Christmas lights and special boat cruises are often promoted as a result. There are two zoos within the outskirts of the city, as well as a miniature village, a tourist railway and a national park. Retail Mandurah has year-round seven-day shopping. Mandurah has five distinct shopping areas, including Mandurah Forum, which opened in 1983 and has had major renovations during 2016 to 2018 and is located at the intersection of Pinjarra and Mandurah Roads, The Bridge Quarter (or The Foreshore) located in the CBD, and Dolphin Quay/Mandurah Ocean Marina built at the intersection of Mandjar Bay and the Peel Inlet. There are also significant retail centres in Meadow Springs, Greenfields, Halls Head and Falcon. Mining Although not a mining settlement, Mandurah has a number of mines within two hours of the city. This includes bauxite mining and alumina refining at Pinjarra and Wagerup with the Huntly Mine at Pinjarra the largest in the world. Mandurah is also just one hour away from the Boddington Gold Mine, which has recently become Australia's largest producing gold mine. Festivals The Mandurah Crab Fest is held annually on the estuary foreshore on the third weekend in March. Celebrating the region's seafood, the event features food stalls and cooking demonstrations as well as live music and entertainment. It was first held in 1999, succeeding the Kanyana Carnival, which was held annually between 1966 and 1988, with sporadic events held during the 1990s. Every New Year's Eve, there are fireworks and live entertainment and activities throughout the evening through to midnight. Transport Highway 1 bisects the city of Mandurah as Mandurah Road towards Fremantle and Old Coast Road towards Bunbury. Meanwhile, Pinjarra and Gordon/Lakes Roads serve as major east-west corridors for the northern part of the city. The Kwinana Freeway and Forrest Highway also provides a rural bypass for the city. Mandjoogoordap Drive (formerly the Mandurah Entrance Road) also provides a direct link from the Kwinana Freeway. The Mandurah railway line, opened in December 2007, links Mandurah to Perth, with a travel time of approximately 50 minutes. Public transport within Mandurah is provided by Transperth, due to its proximity to Perth itself, with eleven bus routes servicing the city. Mandurah is also a stop on Transwa bus services between Perth and the South West. The Mandurah Estuary Bridge was constructed between 1981 and 1986, and was the first incrementally-launched box girder bridge in Australia. The Dawesville Channel (also known as the Dawesville Cut), a large man-made channel, was opened in April 1994. It was created to allow saline seawater from the Indian Ocean to flush into the Peel Inlet, to deal with the incidence of algal blooms which had plagued the estuary for many years. Media Mandurah lies at the southern end of the Perth TV licence area, and is close to the regional Western Australia licence area. Local translators provide five digital free to air networks from Perth: ABC, SBS, Seven Perth, Nine and 10 and three networks from southern Western Australia: Seven Regional WA, WIN and West Digital Television. Two local newspapers service the city, the weekly Mandurah Coastal Times and the Mandurah Mail. Mandurah is served by two commercial radio stations, 91.7 The Wave (formerly known as 6MM 1116) and 97.3 Coast FM. Perth radio stations can also be heard in the city. Water use Mandurah is at the centre of a water recycling project known as the Halls Head Indirect Water Reuse Project. Based in Mandurah, it has been awarded the Western Australian Water Corporation Award for Water Treatment and Recycling in 2009. An aquifer is used to filter the area's sewage water providing safe, quality irrigation water for local parks, gardens and ovals. Mandurah is also linked to Perth's water supply. Sport Mandurah is home to the Peel Thunder Football Club in the West Australian Football League, Mandurah City in the Football West State League and the Pirates Rugby Union club in the RugbyWA competition. Greyhound racing is held weekly at the Greyhounds WA Mandurah venue. Mandurah also hosts the Mandurah Magic of the State Basketball League at the Mandurah Aquatic and Recreation Centre. Mandurah City FC was established in 1970 and is the main representative for soccer in the Peel region. They currently compete in the Football West State League Division 1 which is the second highest league in West Australia. There are several golf courses in the area including the Mandurah Country Club, Meadow Springs Golf Club, Secret Harbour. Mandurah is a private, tree lined course. Meadow Springs is a public course inhabited by kangaroos. Secret Harbour is a public links course near the beach. One club, The Cut, was rated 4th best golf course in Western Australia and 30th nationally in 2015. The Mandurah area boasts family friendly beaches such as Doddis Beach, Blue Bay and Mandurah Beach and surf beaches around Wannanup and Dawesville such as Avalon, 4th Groyne, Giri's, Pyramids and The Wedge. In popular culture A photograph of Mandurah taken in 1961 adorns the cover of the 1986 album Born Sandy Devotional by The Triffids. Electro pop duo Tim and Jean hail from Mandurah. Mandurah was featured in the 1986 film Windrider, starring Nicole Kidman. People from Mandurah Hayden Ballantyne – Fremantle Dockers player Brian Taylor – football commentator Daniel Wells – Collingwood Magpies player Tim Brown – darts player Nathan Wilson – Fremantle Dockers player Harley Bennell – Fremantle Dockers player References External links Official City of Mandurah website Visitors to Mandurah website Local Mandurah Website Cities in Western Australia Coastal cities in Australia
Feni Government College is a traditional higher education institute of Feni District of Bangladesh. It is one of the oldest educational institutions in southeastern Bengal. It is located in the heart of Feni City. History In 1918, various initiatives were taken to establish the college. In 1922, Khan Bahadur Bazlul Huq constituted a trustee board and since then the college was originally started. The member of this college birth of the first governing bodies were Khan Bahadur Abdul Aziz, Khan Saheb Maulabhi Bajlul Haque, Maulvi Abdul Khaliq, Maulvi Hasan Ali, Maulvi Abdus Sattar, Sarbaprayata Sriramani Mohan Goswami, Mahendra Kumar Ghosh, Kalicarana Nath, Shandip Roy, Sriguru Das Kor, Srikalijaya Chakraborty, Inayat Hazari, Birendra Bhattacharjee and Ambikacharan Rakkhit Roy Bahadu. The first chairman of this committee was Akramuzzaman Khan who was the sub-divisional officer of Feni and the first secretary of this committee was Maulvi Abdul Khaleq. Finance and land acquisition Feni College was established in the Feni region. At that time, Tk 20,000 was raised locally in the first phase. After the Noakhali district board to 50 thousand Tk, Calcutta inmate Feni amiragamora overload Candricarana Saha gave the 4 thousand Tk, District overload Kumar Arun Chandra Singh Bahadur, gave two thousand Tk, Sattendra Chandra Ghosh 1 thousand Tk, Lakshmipur Sahesta the landlord Pyarilala Roy Chowdhury passed the five hundred Tk, Chandra Kumar Chowdhury, the zamindar family of Banspara family of Feni gave 1 thousand taka. Old Harjari house of Feni donated some land and money. The college's activities started at the annual gift of Feni High School (Tk. Later, some of the khas lands and private land surrounding the college were included in the donation and purchase sources. The current college size is 9.25 acres (6.5 acres in Feni mound, 3 acres in Faleshwar Mouza). The journey of this college started with a college building, a Hindu and a Muslim hostel on both sides of the pond. Since its inception, the college is free from all financial problems of student support and student wages. On 10 August 1926 the then British India, His Excellency the Governor, Sir Hugh, who stiphenasana Lansdowne CI, SI CS College, was inaugurated two-storey main building. Alumni Muhammad Shamsul Huq, Bangladeshi academic and former Minister of Foreign Affairs Selim Al Deen, playwright References Feni District Universities and colleges established in 1922 Colleges in Feni District Universities and colleges in Feni District Colleges affiliated to National University, Bangladesh 1922 establishments in British India
Pre-Christian may refer to: Before Christianization (the spread of Christianity): Historical polytheism (the worship of or belief in multiple deities) Historical paganism (denoting various non-Abrahamic religions) Before Christ (BC), the era before the year 1 in the Julian and Gregorian calendars Classical antiquity, a period of history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, lasting from around the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD Iron Age, lasting from around the 12th century BC to the 8th century AD
Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was Tsar Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria. It is very popular in Russia, Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Belarus, North Macedonia, and Montenegro and has also become more popular in Romance-speaking countries since the 20th century. Etymology Ivan is the common Slavic Latin spelling, while Cyrillic spelling is two-fold: in Bulgarian, Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Montenegrin it is Иван, while in Belarusian and Ukrainian it is Іван. The Old Church Slavonic (or Old Cyrillic) spelling is . It is the Slavic relative of the Latin name , corresponding to English John. This Slavic version of the name originates from New Testament Greek (Iōánnēs) rather than from the Latin . The Greek name is in turn derived from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (), meaning "YHWH (God) is gracious". The name is ultimately derived from the Biblical Hebrew name (), short for (), meaning "God was merciful". Common patronymics derived from the name are Ivanović (Serbian and Croatian), Ivanov (Russian and Bulgarian), and Ivanovich (Russian, used as middle name), corresponding to "Ivan's son". Popularity The name is common among Slovenes, Croats, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Belarusians, Macedonians, Serbs, Bosnians, Montenegrins, and to a smaller extent Czechs and Slovaks. Ivan is the most common male name in Bulgaria (as of 2013) and Croatia (as of 2013). In Serbia, it was the 9th most common male name in the period of 1971–1980; 6th in 1981–1990; 9th in 1991–2000. It is also the 6th most common name in Slovenia. In Croatia, with over thirty thousand namesakes, the name Ivan was the most popular between 1930 and 1940, and waned in popularity from 2003 to 2013. The name Ivan was the most common masculine given name until 1959, and between 1980 and 1999. Since the 20th century, it is becoming more popular in the Romance-speaking world; Italian (both the original form and the italianized version, Ivano), Spanish (as Iván), and Portuguese (sometimes Ivã). Ivan (pl. die Ivans) was also occasionally used by various parties during World War II as a general name for the Soviets. Forms Its female forms are Ivana (West and South Slavic) and Ivanna (East Slavic), while Ivanka and Iva are diminutives by origin. Slavic male diminutives (including historical) are Vanya or Vanja, Ivaniš, Ivanko, Ivanča, Ivanče, etc. A shorter form of the name is Ivo. Notable people Mononymously known as Ivan (footballer, born 1984), Brazilian football player Ivan (footballer, born 1997), Brazilian football player Ivan (model) (Liera Manuel Ivan, born 1984), Japanese fashion model and musician Iván (singer) (Juan Carlos Ramos Vaquero, born 1959 or 1962), Spanish singer Ivan (Belarusian-Russian singer) (Alexander Ivanov), Belarusian-Russian singer Ivan, German codename of Serbian spy Duško Popov Royalty Ivan Vladislav, Bulgarian emperor (1015–1018) Ivan Asen I, Bulgarian emperor (1189–1196) Kaloyan, Bulgarian emperor (1197–1207) Ivan Asen II, Bulgarian emperor (1218–1241) Ivan II, Bulgarian emperor (1298-1299) Ivan Stephen, Bulgarian emperor (1330–1331) Ivan Alexander, Bulgarian emperor (1331–1371) Ivan Shishman, Bulgarian emperor in Tarnovo (1371–1395) Ivan Stratsimir, Bulgarian emperor in Vidin (1356–1396) Ivan I, "The Moneybag", Grand Duke of Moscow (1325–1340) Ivan II, "The Fair", Grand Duke of Moscow (1353–1359) Ivan III, "The Great", Grand Prince of Moscow (1462–1505) Ivan IV, "The Terrible", Russian emperor (1547–1584) Ivan V, Russian emperor (1682–1696) Ivan VI, Russian emperor (1740–1741) Nobility Ivanko, a Bulgarian boyar who killed Tsar Ivan Asen I in 1196 John Horvat (Ivan Horvat, d. 1394), Hungarian-Croatian nobleman, Ban of Macsó (1376–1381, and 1385–1386) John of Palisna (Ivan od Paližne, d. 1391), Hungarian-Croatian nobleman, Ban of Croatia (1385–1386) Ivanko, a Bulgarian despot of the Despotate of Dobruja, ruled 1385-1399 Ivan Bohun (died 1664), Cossack colonel Ivan Bot, Hungarian-Croatian nobleman, Ban of Croatia (1493) Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Ivan Mažuranić, Austro-Hungarian nobleman, Ban of Croatia (1873–1880), and poet Ivan Pidkova (died 1578), Cossack leader Ivan Sirko (c. 1610–1680), Cossack military leader Ivan Sulyma, Cossack leader Clergy Ivan Rilski (John of Rila), Bulgarian Orthodox hermit and patron saint (876 - 946) Military Ivan Konev, a Russian/Soviet general Ivan Mihailov, a Bulgarian revolutionary Ivan Kolev, a Bulgarian general during First World War Ivan Valkov, a Bulgarian general during First World War and later Minister of War Sports Ivan Almeida (born 1989), Cape Verdean basketball player Ivan Aska (born 1990), American basketball player in the Israeli National League Iván Campo (born 1974), Spanish footballer Ivan Cleary (born 1971), Australian Rugby League player and coach Iván Córdoba (born 1976), Colombian footballer Ivan Fedotov (born 1996), Russian ice hockey goaltender Iván González Ferreira (born 1987), Paraguayan footballer Iván Helguera (born 1975), Spanish footballer Iván Hurtado (born 1974), Ecuadorian footballer Ivan Leko (born 1978), Croatian soccer player and coach Ivan Lendl (born 1960), Czech-American tennis player Ivan Leshinsky (born 1947), American-Israeli basketball player Ivan Ljubičić (born 1979), Croatian tennis player Iban Mayo (born 1977), Spanish cyclist Ivan Miljković (born 1979), Serbian volleyball player Ivan Osiier (1888–1965), Danish épée, foil, and sabre fencer, 25x Danish champion Ivan Pace Jr. (born 2000), American football player Ivan Perišić (born 1989), Croatian footballer Ivan Pravilov (1963–2012), Ukrainian ice hockey coach charged with child molestation Ivan Rakitić (born 1988), Croatian soccer player Iván Rodríguez (born 1971), Major League Baseball player Ivan Rudež (born 1979), Croatian basketball coach Ivan Runje (born 1990), Croatian footballer Ivan Sproule (born 1981), Northern Irish footballer Ivan Toney (born 1996), English footballer Ivan Wilfred Johnson (1898–1979), Canadian hockey player Iván Zamorano (born 1967), Chilean footballer Iván Zarandona (born 1980), Equatoguinean footballer Ivan Zaytsev (disambiguation), several sportsmen Ivan Ivanov, Bulgarian footballer Arts Ivan Barias, Dominican-American music producer and songwriter Ivan Brunetti (born 1967), cartoonist Ivan Bunin (1870–1953), Russian writer and Nobel laureate in literature Ivan Della Mea (1940–2009), Italian singer-songwriter Ivan Dixon (1931–2008), American actor, director and producer Ivan Doroschuk (born 1957), lead vocalist for Men Without Hats Ivan Dorschner (born 1990), Filipino-American actor, host and model Ivan Franko (1856–1916), Ukrainian writer Ivan (gorilla), painter Ivan Graziani (1945–1997), Italian singer-songwriter Ivan Jones, British Writer and poet Ivan Král (1948–2020), Czech-American musician Ivan Meštrović (1883–1962), Croatian sculptor and architect Van Morrison (George Ivan Morrison, born 1945), Northern Irish singer-songwriter and musician Ivan Moody (born 1980), singer of heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch Ivan Ozhogin(born 1978), Russian singer and actor Ivan Reitman (1946–2022), Czechoslovak-born Canadian film and television director, producer and screenwriter Ivan Šijak (born 1969), Serbian visual artist, professor, director, and cinematographer Ivan Turgenev (1818–1893), Russian novelist Ivan Urgant (born 1978), Russian television personality, presenter, actor and musician Ivan Vazov (1850 – 1921), Bulgarian poet, novelist and playwright, often referred to as "the Patriarch of Bulgarian literature" Ivan Shishmanov (1862 – 1928), Bulgarian writer, ethnographer, politician and diplomat Science, academia, business and other Ivan Aboimov (1936–2022), Russian diplomat and ambassador Ivan Agayants (1911–1968), Soviet intelligence officer of Armenian origin Ivan Ahčin (1897–1960), Slovene sociologist, publicist, journalist, author, and politician Ivan Aksakov (1823–1886), Russian littérateur and notable Slavophile Ivan Benediktov (1902–1983), Soviet politician Ivan Boesky (born 1937), Wall Street trader who inspired the character of Gordon Gekko in the film Wall Street. Ivan Chermayeff, graphic designer Ivan Corea, Sri Lankan Anglican priest Iván Duque Márquez (born 1976), President of Colombia Ivan Fadeev (1906–1976), Soviet economist and politician Ivan Gazidis (born 1964), chief executive of the AC Milan Ivan Glasenberg (born 1957), CEO of Glencore, director of Xstrata and Minara Resources Ivan Greenberg (1896–1966), English journalist Ivan Ilyin (1883–1954), Russian religious and political philosopher Ivan Knotek (1936–2020), Slovak politician Ivan Massow (born 1967), chairman of the Institute of Contemporary Arts Ivan Menezes (born 1959), CEO of Diageo, non-executive director at Coach, Inc. Ivan Misner, chairman of BNI Ivan Milat, Croatian Australian serial killer famous for the backpacker killings Ivan Vsevolodovich Meshcherskiy (1859–1935), Russian mathematician Ivan J. Parron, entertainment attorney and entrepreneur Ivan Pavlov (1849–1946), Russian physiologist and Nobel laureate in Medicine & Physiology Ivan Rogers (born 1960), British civil servant, former Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union Ivan Samoylovych (died 1690), Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine Ivan Seidenberg (born 1946), chairman & CEO at Verizon Communications Ivan Selin (born 1937), former chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Fulbright scholar Ivan Semwanga, Ugandan-born South African philanthropist Ivan Šramko, (born 1957), Governor of the National Bank of Slovakia (2005–2010) Ivan Vasyunyk (born 1959), Ukrainian politician Ivan Warner (1919–1994), New York politician and judge Ivan Wettengel (1876–1935), Naval Governor of Guam Ivan Kostov (born 1949), 47th Prime Minister of Bulgaria Ivan Evstratiev Geshov (1849 - 1924), 18th Prime Minister of Bulgaria Other notable people with the given name "Ivan" Fiction Ivan Braginsky, the given name for the national personification of Russia from the anime series Hetalia: Axis Powers Ivan, a secondary character of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends Ivan the Fool, a character of the eponymous story Ivan Vanko, an antagonist from the Marvel Comics franchise The Invincible Iron Man who appears as the primary antagonist in the sequel to the film adaptation Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, a character of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Ivan, a Nintendo character in the Golden Sun series Ivan, a Nintendo character in Devil's Third and Pokémon series Ivan, a Nintendo character in New game Action in 2019 Ivan Vassilevich Lomov, a character in Anton Chekhov's one-act play, A Marriage Proposal Ivan Raidenovich Raikov, a character in video game Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater Ivan Ilych, the title character of Leo Tolstoy's book, The Death of Ivan Ilyich Ivan Karamazov, brother of protagonist Alyosha Karamazov, in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, The Brothers Karamazov Ivan, in the 2006 film Curious George Ivan Veen, in Vladimir Nabokov's Ada or Ardor Ivan Drago, in Rocky IV Ivan Nikolayevich Ponyryov (Bezdomny), in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel, The Master and Margarita Ivan Shawbly, from the television series Mona the Vampire Ivan Ooze, the villain in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie Sir Ivan of Zandar, the Gold Ranger in Power Rangers Dino Charge and Power Rangers Dino Super Charge Ivanhoe, an 1820 novel by Sir Walter Scott Ivan, a Western lowland Gorilla, the star and basis of the 2012 K.A. Applegate novel The One and Only Ivan and its film adaptation. Ivan Bruel, in the animated series Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir References Slavic masculine given names Bosnian masculine given names Bulgarian masculine given names Croatian masculine given names Masculine given names Czech masculine given names Macedonian masculine given names Russian masculine given names Serbian masculine given names Slovene masculine given names Slovak masculine given names Ukrainian masculine given names
This party should not be confused with the better-known Future New Zealand, a continuation of the Christian Democrats. Future New Zealand was the name chosen by Peter Dunne for the party he founded after leaving the Labour Party. After spending several months as an independent, Dunne formed Future New Zealand as a centrist party in late 1994. The new party lasted only a short time before being overtaken by United New Zealand, established by a group of centrist MPs from both major parties. Dunne opted to integrate his Future New Zealand into the larger United in 1995, hoping to establish a broad centrist coalition. Dunne later became leader of United when all its other MPs were defeated in the 1996 election. In 2002, United merged with a different party also named Future New Zealand, and adopted its modern name, United Future. References Political parties established in 1994 1994 establishments in New Zealand Defunct political parties in New Zealand Political parties disestablished in 1995 1995 disestablishments in New Zealand
```python """ Given a string s, partition s such that every substring of the partition is a palindrome. Find the minimum cuts needed for a palindrome partitioning of s. Time Complexity: O(n^2) Space Complexity: O(n^2) For other explanations refer to: path_to_url """ def find_minimum_partitions(string: str) -> int: """ Returns the minimum cuts needed for a palindrome partitioning of string >>> find_minimum_partitions("aab") 1 >>> find_minimum_partitions("aaa") 0 >>> find_minimum_partitions("ababbbabbababa") 3 """ length = len(string) cut = [0] * length is_palindromic = [[False for i in range(length)] for j in range(length)] for i, c in enumerate(string): mincut = i for j in range(i + 1): if c == string[j] and (i - j < 2 or is_palindromic[j + 1][i - 1]): is_palindromic[j][i] = True mincut = min(mincut, 0 if j == 0 else (cut[j - 1] + 1)) cut[i] = mincut return cut[length - 1] if __name__ == "__main__": s = input("Enter the string: ").strip() ans = find_minimum_partitions(s) print(f"Minimum number of partitions required for the '{s}' is {ans}") ```

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