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The Doomstar Requiem – A Klok Opera Soundtrack is the fourth full-length album by death metal band Dethklok, from the Adult Swim animated series Metalocalypse. It was released digitally on October 27, 2013. It was released on LP and CD in mid March 2014. It is the soundtrack album to the Metalocalypse special of the same name. Production The album features a 50 piece orchestra under the direction of Bear McCreary. There is also a "making of" feature included with the album. For the first time, Dethklok's live guitarist Mike Keneally was featured on a studio album. Release The first single off the album, "Blazing Star", was released on Loudwire on October 17, 2013. "Blazing Star" is the only official Dethklok song on the album, whereas the rest of the tracks are considered Metalocalypse songs. The album was initially released as a digital download, with a physical CD and limited edition LP version released in mid March 2014. The digital download version of the album was released two days earlier than the standard release date and the CD version was released three months earlier than the standard release date exclusively on Brendon Small's website. The digital version of the album comes with a downloadable 34-page libretto of the special. There was no tour to support the album upon release, but select songs from the album were performed live by Brendon Small and the students of the Paul Green Rock Academy in 2014 and 2015. Reception Times Leader gave the album (as well as the special itself) a favorable review, stating, "This 'rock opera' should essentially be approached with a keen sense of humor, although the tunes are most enjoyable as a serious, full-blown metal/Broadway juggernaut". Track listing Personnel Virtual personnel from Metalocalypse Dethklok Nathan Explosion – vocals, piano Pickles the Drummer – drums, vocals Skwisgaar Skwigelf – lead guitar, vocals Toki Wartooth – rhythm guitar, vocals William Murderface – bass guitar, vocals Additional personnel Charles Offdensen – vocals Metal Masked Assassin – vocals Magnus Hammersmith – vocals Ishnifus Meaddle – vocals Abigail Remeltindrinc – vocals Production Dethklok – production Dick "Magic Ears" Knubbler – production, engineering Charles Offdensen – legal Actual personnel Dethklok Brendon Small – vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards, production Gene Hoglan – drums Mike Keneally – vocals Bryan Beller – bass on "Blazing Star" Additional personnel Bear McCreary – orchestra Thundercat – bass on "How Can I Be a Hero" George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher – vocals Raya Yarbrough – vocals Jack Black – vocals Mark Hamill – vocals Victor Brandt – vocals Malcolm McDowell – vocals Production Ulrich Wild – production, mixing, engineering, vocals Mastered by Dave Collins Antonio Cannobio – cover art Michael Mesker – package design References 2013 soundtrack albums Dethklok albums Albums produced by Ulrich Wild Death metal soundtracks Symphonic metal soundtracks
The 1994 season of the Philippine Basketball League (PBL). Occurrences PBL Commissioner Philip Juico slapped a one-year ban on Instafood coach Francis Rodriguez for his violent outburst on American referee Butch Mattias, Juico later lifted the penalty on coach Rodriguez upon the advised of the PBL board. Former Shell team manager Charlie Favis accepted the position as the new PBL commissioner starting the Reinforced Conference. Nikon Electric Fan left the league before the Third Conference and in their place was the new team Kutitap Cavity Fighters. International Invitational Cup Guest teams seeded in the semifinal round were the Fil-Am California-Cebuana Lhuillier and China-Yakult. After the one-round semifinals, Casino Rubbing Alcohol swept all their seven assignments for a perfect 7-0 card, Nikon clinch the second finals berth with a 5-2 won-loss record, three other teams; Otto Shoes, Instafood and Cebuana-Lhuillier were tied at 4-3, Burger Machine at 2-5, China-Yakult and Rica Hotdogs were at the bottom with 1-6. Finals series Casino Rubbing Alcohol won their first championship after eight years of long search for the elusive crown since taking the reins of Cebu-based Mama's Love franchise. Coach Willie Generalao won his first title as a head mentor. The Alcohol Makers unleashed a 9-0 run in the first seven minutes of the fourth quarter of the title-clinching Game Four of the finals series against Nikon Electric Fan. Edward Joseph Feihl scored four straight points and Casino got five more points from Rudolf Belmonte, Gilbert Castillo and Dindo Pastor to shove ahead, 66-57, with three minutes to go. The conference Most Valuable Player Jeffrey Cariaso paced Nikon with 22 points. Reinforced Conference Note: The last playing date of a semifinal double-header on June 22 was no longer played to give the two finalists more time to prepare The Import-flavored Reinforced Conference opens on April 30. The respective teams imports were Alan Ogg of Carol Ann's (formerly Rica Hotdogs), Derek Brower of Chowking, Randy Henry of Red Bull, Mick Kilgore of Burger Machine, Keith Hughes of Instafood, who was replaced by Dietrich Waters, Casino's Hammie Ward, Otto Shoes' Steve Wills and Patrick Eddie of Nikon. Finals series Otto Shoes, which top the eliminations at 12-2 and the semifinals, ended a two-year title-drought with a 3-1 series win over Burger Machine. The Shoe Makers were still known as Sta.Lucia when they last won a championship back in 1992. The conference Most Valuable Player Marlou Aquino, finish with 20 points while Jun Jabar added 15 and import Steve Wills contributed 14 points for Otto. Burger's Mick Kilgore had 35 points, hotshot Kenneth Duremdes and Michael Mustre added 14 points apiece for the Burger Specialists. Invitational Cup During the International Invitational Cup semifinals, two foreign teams; Los Angeles PRO stars and Belgrade Radnicki-CIP were supposed to arrive as guest teams but didn't come. The PBL board was thinking of just naming the tournament "PBL Cup" until a Beijing selection, a national men's club champion to be sponsored by Crispa here, confirm their participation only in the first round of the semifinals, the Crispa-Chinese selection perform poorly in their short stint. Instafood was declared "Champions" in the International Invitational Cup after topping the first round of the semifinals, the word "International" was dropped after and teams battled it out for the year-end Invitational championship. Finals series Instafood defeated Otto, 76-72, in Game four of their finals series for a 3-1 victory. The Mealmasters likewise ended a four-year title-drought since they last won under the name of Magnolia Ice Cream in 1990. Instafood coach Francis Rodriguez' last title was also in 1990 with Sta.Lucia Realtors - the franchise Otto Shoes bought. References External links www.philippinebasketball.ph 1994 Philippine Basketball League season 1994 in Philippine basketball
Raffaele Calabria (11 December 1906–24 May 1982) was an Italian Catholic bishop. During his career, he served as Archbishop of Otranto and Archbishop of Benevento. Biography Raffaele Calabria was born on 11 December 1906 in the town of Lucera in Apulia, Italy. He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University and received his degree in philosophy and theology, subjects he later taught in Salerno. He was ordained a priest on 16 March 1929 and then consecrated a bishop on 29 June 1950, when he was appointed the Titular Archbishop of Soterioupolis on 6 May 1950, which he held until 10 July 1952. Calabria was then appointed the Metropolitan Archbishop of Otranto on 10 July 1952, a position he held until 12 July 1960. Upon resigning as Archbishop of Otranto, he was made the Titular Archbishop of Heliopolis in Phoenicia on 12 July 1960, which he held until 1 January 1962. Finally, on the same date, Calabria was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of Benevento. He held this title until 24 May 1982, when he resigned from pastoral governance. Calabria was a participant in the Second Vatican Council, where he sided with more conservative positions. At the end of the council, he became engaged in a spirited debate with future Cardinal Yves Congar about modernism. Calabria was also responsible for renovating the Benevento Cathedral, including the large organ and the Stations of the Cross. On 24 May 1982, Raffaele Calabria died in Benevento at the age of 75. References External links Archdiocese of Benevento Archdiocese of Otranto 1906 births 1982 deaths People from Lucera Archbishops of Benevento 20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
The American Burn Association (ABA), is a member-based organization of professionals dedicated to burn injury treatment, research, education, and prevention. The 2,000+ members of the ABA span multiple disciplines that specialize in burns, including physicians, surgeons, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, firefighters, social workers, researchers, and hospitals with burn centers. Since it was founded in 1967, the ABA has created a variety of programs in an effort to improve the lives of those affected by burn injuries. History After World War II, interest in burn care began to grow among medical professionals. This is most likely due to the amount of burn injuries sustained during the war, as well as the growing fear of a nuclear war which could result in an unprecedented amount of burn injuries. In 1959, thirteen surgeons from nine institutions held the first National Burn Seminar at the Brooke Army Medical Center in Texas to discuss case studies, treatment techniques, and specific issues in the field. In the following years, further National Burn Seminars were held at different medical centers across the United States and steadily gained more participants. At the Seventh National Burn Seminar in 1966, a committee was appointed to plan a national organization centered around burn care. The organization would be unique in that it would include people from multiple professions (doctors, nurses, allied healthcare professionals) as part of the whole burn care team. The day after the eighth National Burn Seminar in 1967, the committee finalized the bylaws for the American Burn Association, and appointed its officers. The first president of the ABA was trauma surgeon and burn specialist Curtis P. Artz. Programs Burn center verification While there are 120 burn centers in the US, only 64 are verified burn centers, meaning they meet specific criteria set by the ABA and the American College of Surgeons (ACS). In order to become verified, the burn center must go through an extensive process in which the ABA and ACS review the facility's resources, burn team personnel and training, and the center's ability to provide long-term, ongoing care for burn patients. Education The Board of Certification for Emergency Nurses is working with the ABA to develop the Certified Burn Registered Nurse certification, the first burn nursing specialty certification in the world. Nurses will be able to take the exam starting in 2023. The ABA Advanced Burn Life Support certification is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education. It focuses on emergent and immediate care for burn patients within the first 24-hours of sustaining their injuries and encompasses information relevant to a variety of professions involved in burn care. Research and publications The Journal of Burn Care & Research (JBCR) is the official journal of the ABA, and is currently the only medical journal in the US dedicated exclusively to burn care. It began publication in September 1980 as The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation and obtained its present title in 2006. JCBR has published a series of practice guidelines in an effort to standardize burn care. The original practice guidelines were first published in 2000, and later revised by the ABA's Committee on the Organization and Delivery of Burn Care in 2006. Since, there have been a variety of articles expanding upon the guidelines and contributing to the discourse surrounding practices such as pain management, nutrition, managing electrical injuries, preventing and treating necrotizing soft-tissue infections, and the use of orthoses. The American Burn Research Network (ABuRN) facilitates research and clinical trials affiliated with the ABA. The ABA's Burn Care Quality Platform is a dataset of burn research that is provided voluntarily by burn centers each year. Access to the dataset is available to researchers, advocacy groups, and clinicians upon request. Prevention and advocacy The first full week of February is National Burn Awareness Week. See also Trauma Quality Improvement Organization References Medical associations based in the United States Non-profit organizations based in the United States Medical research organizations Burns
The Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion is a government gazetted heritage building located on Leith Street in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. The mansion's external decorations and indigo-blue outer walls make it a very distinctive building, and it is sometimes referred to as The Blue Mansion. Built by the merchant Cheong Fatt Tze at the end of the 19th century, the mansion has 38 rooms, 5 granite-paved courtyards, 7 staircases and 220 vernacular timber louvre windows. It served as Cheong's private residence as well as the seat of his business activities in Penang. The mansion is eclectic, but mainly reflects Chinese architectural styles of the Imperial Period. Features of the house include Gothic louvred windows, Chinese cut and paste porcelain work, Stoke-on-Trent floor tiles made of encaustic clay in geometric pieces all shaped to fit to a perfect square, Glasgow cast iron works by MacFarlane's & Co. and Art Nouveau stained glass windows. The mansion was originally built with careful attention to the principles of Feng Shui. The domestic annexe is built in front of it to prevent any road being built to create a T-junction in front of it; it has water running through a meandering network of pipes that begin from the eaves of the roof, channelled through the upper ceiling, down the walls collecting in the central courtyard before being channelled away from the property via a similar network of pipes, in this case, underneath the entire flooring system and is built with a step in the middle to create a slope (to ride on the dragon's back). The distinctive blue colour of the mansion is the result of mixing lime with natural blue dye made from the indigo plant. The blue was very popular in the Colonial period and the dye was imported from India to Penang by the British. The lime-wash was very effective in a tropical weather as it absorbed moisture and cooled the house whilst dispelling moisture without damage to the structural integrity of the walls. Though white was the most easily available colour, the indigo-blue was chosen because it was highly prized by all communities, adding stature to the mansion. The mansion was purchased from Cheong Fatt Tze's descendants in 1989 by a group of local Penang individuals to save the edifice from encroaching development and possible demolition. The property operates as an 18 Room Hotel-cum-museum as part of the adaptive reuse of an ongoing restoration project which has won awards from UNESCO. Tours are offered in English three times a day to central parts of the house. In 2016, a restaurant called 'Indigo' opened on the first floor of the mansion. The mansion has been featured in various films including the 1993 Oscar-winning French film Indochine starring Catherine Deneuve, The Red Kebaya, Road to Dawn, 3rd Generation and the critically acclaimed The Blue Mansion in 2009 by Singapore director Glen Goei of Forever Fever fame. The mansion has also been featured in programs broadcast on various international television channels (CNN, BCC, The History Channel, Discovery Travel & Living). Most recently the mansion served as one of the locations for the Hollywood blockbuster Crazy Rich Asians. Awards 1995 Malaysian National Architectural Award For Conservation 2000 UNESCO 'Most Excellent' Heritage Conservation Award 'Best Tourist Attraction 2003' Merit Award - Malaysian Ministry of Culture, Arts & Tourism ASEANTA 2004 Excellence Award; ASEAN Cultural Preservation Effort Featured in Hip Hotels of the Orient - TASCHEN Best Boutique Hotel 2008 - Best of Malaysia Travel Awards by Expatriate Lifestyle\ See also Tjong A Fie Mansion References External links Official website Tourism Malaysia - Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion Minor Sights Malaysia: Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion- Buildings and structures in George Town, Penang Houses in Malaysia Art Nouveau architecture in Malaysia Art Nouveau houses Tourist attractions in George Town, Penang
Longchamp is a French leather goods company, founded in Paris in 1948 by Jean Cassegrain. The company pioneered luxury leather-covered pipes before expanding into small leather goods. Longchamp debuted women's handbags in 1971, becoming one of France's leading leather goods makers. Today, the company designs and manufactures leather and canvas handbags, luggage, shoes, travel items, fashion accessories, and women's ready-to-wear. The house is privately owned and managed by the Cassegrain founding family and does business in 80 countries through around 1,500 retail outlets. History Early history In 1948, Jean Cassegrain took over his father's traditional tobacco business "Au Sultan" in Paris. After the Second World War, Jean Cassegrain catered to Allied troops with his tobacco and smoking accessories. Pipe sales were the most profitable part of his business. Little by little, soldiers became the store's best customers. When they left Paris at the end of the conflict, Jean Cassegrain diversified. In the 1950s, he introduced the world's first luxury leather-covered pipes which featured exotic leathers. International celebrities such as Elvis Presley loved them. Jean Cassegrain created his company, called 'Jean Cassegrain et compagnie', to broaden the distribution of his leather-covered items for smokers. However, the products were marketed under another name. Since distant relatives had already used his family name Cassegrain to sell fine paper in Paris, he named his brand after the Parisian Longchamp Racecourse. At that time, there was a flour mill visible on the outskirts of Paris, at the end of the Longchamp Racecourse’s final furlong. Jean Cassegrain named his brand et renamed his company after the racecourse as a nod to the flour mill, as the name ‘Cassegrain’ literally means ‘crush grain’ (miller) in French. Hence a jockey on a galloping race horse was chosen as a logo. 1950s to 1980s Longchamp's success with leather-covered pipes convinced Cassegrain that the firm's future lay in diversifying and expanding its product line to small leather goods, passport covers, wallets, bags and other leather accessories for men. In the early 1950s, he was already prospecting and selling on all continents. He hired an export manager and began exporting his products. Jean and his son Philippe Cassegrain were interested in expanding the company's markets and opportunities. Longchamp opened boutiques in Southeast Asia towards the end of the 1970s and was one of the first European brands to be sold in Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. Longchamp turned into a worldwide business. Company's first women's handbag The company's breakthrough came with the use of nylon in the 1970s, the first company to make bags out of nylon. Longchamp created a leather and nylon luggage collection, allowing for lightweight luggage, contrary to the overweight suitcases typically sold at the time. This innovation led the company to design a women's handbag in the same design, Le Pliage, a few decades later. The Philippe Cassegrain sketched a line of bags in khaki nylon and leather in the 1970s. This collection was an alternative to carrying heavy suitcases and became a wide success. Philippe Cassegrain also invented the Xtra-Bag, a bag that folded down to a quarter of its size and slid into a simple case. The Xtra-bag was the predecessor of the Le Pliage handbag. As the business expanded, Jean Cassegrain noticed that women had become interested in handbags. Longchamp launched its first women's handbag in 1971 by reworking a toiletry case and adding a shoulder strap and two flaps. From that time on, the company began focusing on luggage and women's handbags. In 1978, Longchamp introduced the LM line, its first women's handbags collection. The bags were created from printed leather. Items for smokers disappeared from the catalogue the same year. In 1983, Philippe became Longchamp's CEO. He brought his wife, Michèle, into the company to run the retail side. In 1991, Philippe and Michèle's eldest son, Jean, came to work with his father. Later, their daughter, Sophie, became the company's artistic director. 1990s to present 1993 was a turning point in Longchamp's history. In 1993, Philippe Cassegrain, Longchamp's CEO, personally designed what would become the company's most famous handbag: Le Pliage, which means ‘folding’ in French. Philippe Cassegrain wanted to create a practical yet stylish fold-up bag. The Le Pliage is a handbag that folds into a distinctive trapezoidal shape, evoking the image of an envelope. To keep the bag very light, Philippe Cassegrain combined Russia leather handles with a nylon canvas body. The bag's simple shape and wide range of colors and styles, make it the brand's most successful product and one of the most popular handbags in the world. Longchamp has collaborated with designers and artists such as Tracey Emin, Mary Katrantzou, Jeremy Scott and Sarah Morris to reinterpret its collection of Le Pliage totes. To celebrate its 70th anniversary, in September 2018 the brand put on its first fashion show in New York during Fashion Week. Among the celebrities present were Kendall Jenner, Kate Moss, Kaia Gerber and Isabelle Huppert. Kendall Jenner was named ambassador of Longchamp in April 2018. In May 2018, she appeared in a short film, "The Encounter", directed for the brand by John Christopher Pina. In February 2019, the brand unveiled its fall-winter 2019 collection at a new show on Wall Street in New York. In August 2020, Longchamp launched Green District, its first line of bags designed from recycled nylon fiber “Econyl”. Corporate structure Longchamp is currently run and managed by the 3rd generation of the family, direct descendants of Jean Cassegrain, founder: Jean Cassegrain, Chief Executive Officer Sophie Delafontaine, Artistic director Olivier Cassegrain, Director USA boutiques Michèle Cassegrain, Director of boutiques, died in November 2016. Longchamp is valued at $1.5 billion. The company's independence gives the Cassegrain family stability and allows them to think and plan long-term. Longchamp is one of the last remaining family-owned leather goods manufacturers in France. Philippe Cassegrain has died on November 28, 2020 aged 83 from Covid-19 complications. Collaborations In the 1950s and 1960s, Longchamp's products appeared in French cinema and particularly in Jean Gabin's films. The brand's relationship to art continued in the 1970s when they introduced a limited edition series of bags featuring a design by the famous Franco-Russian artist Serge Mendjisky. In 1971, he added leather patchwork to bags. With this invention, Longchamp was one of the first leather goods brands to enter the world of collaborations with famous artists. Since then, they have continued to work with other artists in designing special products and in store installations. In 2004, Longchamp began its first collaboration with independent designer, Thomas Heatherwick. Heatherwick first designed the best-selling Zip Bag, a handbag constructed of a long zipper. The success of the Zip Bag led to Heatherwick's designing of the Longchamp's New York City flagship store. In 2004 and 2005 Tracey Emin personalized luggage for Longchamp. Tracey Emin realized a patchwork Longchamp bag featuring the message ‘Me Every Time’. Jeremy Scott has regularly designed special editions of Le Pliage tote since 2005 as well as other collections of handbags every year. In 2008, Longchamp reissued its LM collection, offering a version illustrated by Jean-Luc Moerman. In 2009, Jeremy Scott, Charles Anastase and design duo Bless joined forces to celebrate 20 years of the French association ANDAM (Association Nationale pour le Développement des Arts de la Mode), which promotes emerging French and international fashion talent. For the occasion, each of the designers created limited edition variations of Longchamp's Le Pliage handbag. "Le Pliage bag is a French icon, no different from the croissant or the Eiffel tower. It is chic, sophisticated and handsome all in one" said Jeremy Scott. Between 2005 and 2015, Jeremy Scott created 20 styles of bags. Each year, he has taken one of his pop culture-infused designs and used it to give Longchamp's Le Pliage a new look. His designs over the past 10 years have included a poodle in space, zodiac signs, a credit card and tire tracks. The limited-edition of handbags created for the 10th anniversary of his partnership with Longchamp featured a postcard from Hollywood, signed by the designer "Wish you were here". Kate Moss collaborated with the brand to design handbags. She first suggested adding a red lining to the Legende bag. The top model then worked with Longchamp artistic director Sophie Delafontaine and released bags under the label "Kate Moss for Longchamp". In 2010, she launched a whole product line, based on her own use of handbags. The Kate Moss collection was made up of 12 different bags inspired by her "city living". The bags were named after her favorite places in London: Soho, Ladbroke, Goldbourne, Gloucester, Glastonbury. In 2011, Longchamp teamed up with designer Mary Katrantzou to create a range of printed tote bags. They featured her trompe-l'œil fabrics. The designer's bags were inspired by temples in Vietnam and flower parades, and featured bold colors and wild designs. In 2012, the designer created two handbags bearing exclusive new prints. The larger tote bag was decorated with orchids, dragons and corals. For the smaller one, the designer used both an Asian temple and New York's Carnegie Hall as her starting points, adorning both with colorful flowers and lanterns. Mary Katrantzou also designed a Le Pliage handbag featuring orchids and lanterns. In 2014, Longchamp partnered with artist Sarah Morris to create a limited edition of Le Pliage handbags. In April 2016, Longchamp has begun renovations of its historical store on rue Saint-Honoré in Paris. While works take place, the storefront is wrapped in a spectacular work of art "Mindscapes" by American artist, Ryan McGinness. In 2017, Longchamp began an association with the Franco-Armenian artist Vahram Muratyan. In 2018, Longchamp aligned with Shayne Oliver, the founder of New York-based streetwear Hood By Air, to develop an exclusive capsule collection of leather goods, footwear, ready-to-wear garments and garment bags for SS18. In September 2020, during Paris Fashion Week, Longchamp presents a collaboration with Pokemon for the Le Pliage line. The character Pikachu appears with a jockey bomb, in reference to the history of the company. The brand is also present in the Pokemon Go game, in which players may customize their avatar with a virtual Longchamp backpack. Production Initially, Jean Cassegrain purchased items for smokers (particularly pipes) and had them covered with leather by Parisian craftsmen. Faced with the brand's success, and to support the diversification of the products offered, he opened Longchamp's first workshop in Segré, France, in 1959 . The company's production capacity increased regularly in Segré and through new facilities: Rémalard in 1969, Ernée in 1972, then Combrée, Château-Gontier and Montournais in the 2000s. Longchamp continues to manufacture its products in France through its own workshops and owns the largest leather manufacture in France. Six French factories provide half of the handbags sold by the company, with the other half created by partners. Longchamp is currently building its new production site in Pouzauges, France, with plans to move its leather workshops, currently based in Montournais, to this new site. This project is part of the company's plans to develop and modernize its production process. This new site, which measures approximately 7000 square meters, will have space for 100 people (compared to 70 currently) and will include a learning workshop to support the training and the integration of new staff. This new production site should open in 2018. The company manufactures most of its products, except its ready-to-wear clothing and shoes collections, which it has produced by expert manufacturers located mainly in France and Italy. In September 2018, Longchamp inaugurated a new 7,000 sqm production site at Pouzauges, in the Vendée region. This is the company's sixth workshop in France. This new production unit also includes a training facility attached to the workshop. In 2018, half of the brand's production was carried out in France. The company employs 900 people in its workshops located in the west of France. Boutiques In 2013, Longchamp invested in logistics to support company growth. The company built a 23,000 m2 logistics center in Segré, France. This facility is double the size of the company's previous facilities. The company relies on an international distribution network and sells an extensive range of products. The brand has a presence in 80 countries including in Brazil, Israel, Abu Dhabi, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Canada, Austria, Macao, Cambodia, Dubai, Kuala Lumpur, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia... Longchamp plans to expand its network across the Middle-East region with a focus on Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The company has also franchised shops in Mexico, Venezuela and Colombia. In 2018, Longchamp had 1,500 points of sale worldwide, of which 300 are proprietary stores. A total of 3,200 people work for the brand worldwide through company-owned boutiques and franchises, department store concessions, multi-brand fine leather goods dealers, airport shops and online sales, through 20 distribution subsidiaries. North America In the US, Longchamp has been distributed through retailers since the 1950s. The company opened its first US store on Madison Avenue in 1984. Saks Fifth Avenue and Nordstrom were the first major American retailers to carry the brand, followed by Bloomingdale's. In 1993, Longchamp set up its own office in New York City to grow the business. In 2006, the company opened a flagship store, "La Maison Unique" in New York City's SoHo district. This store was the brand's biggest store and was designed by Thomas Heatherwick who also created a handbag called the Zip Bag, which became one of the company's best selling items. In 2014, Longchamp had 17 stores in North America. In April 2018, Longchamp inaugurated a new store on 5th Avenue in New York. The brand also opened a store in Beverly Hills, California. Europe In 1988, Longchamp opened its first dedicated boutique in Paris, France, at 390 rue Saint-Honoré. By 1999, the Paris boutique moved to 404 rue Saint-Honoré to expand its sales floor. In 2013, Longchamp opened a boutique on Regent Street, London, which became the company's largest store in Europe and the second largest in the world after New York City. In December 2014, the company opened a larger boutique on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The store has 500 square meters of retail space split into two levels and is now Longchamp's largest store in Europe. This flagship store houses the brand's entire leatherwear range of accessories for men and women, as well as luggage, women's "ready-to-wear" clothing and shoes. This boutique features a wall of Longchamp's famous Le Pliage handbags and attracts Parisians and tourists from around the world. Longchamp is present in major European cities, including London, Rome, Barcelona, Munich and Vienna. Asia Longchamp has been present in mainland China since 2006. In 2011, Longchamp opened a new flagship store in Hong Kong, "La Maison 8". This boutique is the company's second largest in the world (after the SoHo location). A year later, Longchamp opened seven additional stores in China including in Beijing and Shanghai, making a total of 50 stores. The company also operated 22 stores in Southeast Asia in 2014. These shops accounted for 10% of global sales. In October 2017, Longchamp inaugurated its largest Asian boutique on Omotesando Avenue in Tokyo. The store is spread out over seven floors and displays all of the collections, to include luggage, ready-to-wear, shoes and leather goods. A fresco by Australian artist John Aslanidis is featured on part of the building. In 2018, the brand joined forces with the Chinese blogger Tao Liang, known as Mr. Bags, to design a capsule collection. Longchamp has 18 stores in China and is preparing to launch its Chinese e-commerce site in 2019. See also Leather crafting References 1950s fashion 1960s fashion 1970s fashion 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Bags (fashion) Clothing brands of France Fashion accessory companies High fashion brands Luxury brands Retail companies established in 1948 Eyewear brands of France
Augustin-César d'Hervilly de Devise (1708 – 11 October 1742, in Château de Voisenon) was a French cleric. d'Hervilly de Devise was from a noble family from Picardy. he became canon and archdeacon of Cambrai and provost of Lille when in 1738 he was made bishop of Boulogne and commendatory abbot of Valloires Abbey. In 1745 he was also made commendatory abbot of Ham Abbey. His secretary was canon Lesage, son of the author Alain-René Lesage. References Eugène Van Drival, Histoire des évêques de Boulogne, Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1852. Bishops of Boulogne 1708 births 1742 deaths 18th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
Malexander is a small village in Boxholm Municipality, Sweden, about southwest of Linköping and southeast of Boxholm. It is located close to the lake Sommen and has a jetty where the steamboat S/S Boxholm II stops. It is well known for the 1999 Police Murders. History There is evidence of a church in Malexander from at least the 13th century. The current church, Malexander Church, was built in 1881 and partly rebuilt following a fire in 1929. Malexander murders On 28 May 1999, one of the most high-profile murders in Sweden took place in Malexander when two police officers were executed following a bank robbery in Kisa. Notable people Hilding Hagberg, chairman of the Swedish Communist Party (1951–1963) Sven Stolpe, author Bengt Åkerblom, author of Åkerblomstolen Pelle Björnlert, riksspelman. References External links Official website Boxholm Municipality Populated lakeshore places in Sweden Populated places in Östergötland County Populated places in Boxholm Municipality Sommen
The Aragusuku Islands (Japanese: 新城島, Aragusuku-jima, Yaeyama: パナリ, Panari) consist of two smaller islets, named Kamiji and Shimoji. They are located in the Yaeyama Islands of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Aragusuku has a population of 15, all of them living on Kamiji. Shimoji is used as a pasture for cattle. Aragusuku is administered by the town of Taketomi on nearby Iriomote. The island can be accessed via tours. History The Aragusuku Islands used to be a part of the Ryukyu Kingdom until 1879. During the Ryukyuan era, the islands had as many as 700 people. After World War II, the islands were administered by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands before being returned to Japan in 1972, along with the rest of Okinawa. Culture The Aragusuku Islands, like Hamahiga, is known for its preservation of traditional lifestyles. Among locals, the island is referred to as "パナリ (Panari)", meaning "separated" in the Aragusuku dialect of the Yaeyama language. See also Ryukyu Islands Yaeyama Islands References Yaeyama Islands Okinawa Prefecture
The 1969–70 FA Cup was the 89th season of the world's oldest football cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup. First Division Chelsea won the competition for the first time, first drawing with Leeds United 2–2 in the final at Wembley, before winning 2–1 in the replay at Old Trafford. Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played. Calendar Results First round proper At this stage clubs from the Football League Third and Fourth Divisions joined 30 non-league clubs having come through the qualifying rounds. To complete this round, North Shields and Sutton United given byes. Matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 15 November 1969. Thirteen matches were drawn, of which two went to second replays and one of these to a third. Second round proper The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 6 December 1969. Seven matches were drawn, with replays taking place later the same week. Two games needed a second replay, and one of these a third. Third round proper The 44 First and Second Division clubs entered the competition at this stage. The matches were scheduled Saturday, 3 January 1970, but three were played at later dates. Nine matches were drawn and went to replays, with one of these requiring a second replay. Fourth round proper The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 24 January 1970. Five matches were drawn, with the replays taking place three or four days later. Fifth round proper The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 7 February 1970, with one replay played four days later. Sixth round proper The four quarter-final ties were played on the 21 February 1970. There was one replay on the following Wednesday. Replay Semi-finals The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 14 March 1970 with the Manchester United–Leeds United tie needing two replays to settle the contest over the following 12 days, with the tie needing 219 minutes to produce a goal. Manchester United were made to pay for missed chances in the first two games, including George Best falling over the ball in the first replay, as Leeds came through in the second replay with a Billy Bremner goal. Chelsea came through the other semi final to meet Leeds at Wembley. Replay Second Replay Third place play-off Between 1970 and 1974, a third place playoff between the two losing semi-finalists was held. Final The 1970 FA Cup Final was contested by Leeds United and Chelsea at Wembley on the 11 April 1970. The match finished as a 2–2 draw after extra time and so went to a replay. The second final match took place at Old Trafford, Manchester on the 29 April 1970. This match finished 1–1 after 90 minutes, again requiring extra time to be played before Chelsea finished as the victors. Replay References General The FA Cup Archive at TheFA.com English FA Cup 1969/70 at Soccerbase F.A. Cup results 1969/70 at Footballsite Specific FA Cup seasons Fa Eng
was a Japanese businessman, author and pseudoscientist who claimed that human consciousness could affect the molecular structure of water. His 2004 book The Hidden Messages in Water was a New York Times best seller. His conjecture evolved over the years, and his early work revolved around pseudoscientific hypotheses that water could react to positive thoughts and words and that polluted water could be cleaned through prayer and positive visualization. From 1999, Emoto published several volumes of a work entitled Messages from Water, containing photographs of ice crystals and accompanying experiments such as that of the ‘rice in water’ 30 day experiment. Biography Emoto was born in Yokohama, Japan, and graduated from Yokohama Municipal University after taking courses in International Relations. He worked in the Nagoya Office (Central Japan Office) of the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, then founded the International Health Medical company in 1986. In 1989, he received exclusive rights to market the Magnetic Resonance Analyzer, a device patented by Ronald Weinstock (USP 5,592,086), which was alleged to be able to detect the magnetic field around a human hair, for example, and diagnose almost any disease. He renamed it the "Vibration-o-Meter," became an operator himself, and started a business dealing in vibrations. He was President Emeritus of the International Water For Life Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Oklahoma City in the United States. In 1992, he became a Doctor of Alternative Medicine at the Open International University for Alternative Medicine in India, a diploma mill which targeted quacks to sell its degrees and was later shut down. Ideas Emoto claimed that water was a "blueprint for our reality" and that emotional "energies" and "vibrations" could change its physical structure. His water crystal experiments consisted of exposing water in glasses to various words, pictures, or music, then freezing it and examining the ice crystals' aesthetic properties with microscopic photography. He claimed that water exposed to positive speech and thoughts created visually "pleasing" ice crystals, and that negative intentions yielded "ugly" ice formations. Emoto held that different water sources produced different ice structures. For example, he held that water from a mountain stream, when frozen, showed structures of beautifully shaped geometric designs; but that water from polluted sources created distorted, randomly formed ice structures. He held that these changes could be eliminated by exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves. In 2008, Emoto published his findings in the Journal of Scientific Exploration, a journal of the Society for Scientific Exploration that has been criticized for catering to fringe science. He co-conducted and co-authored the work with Takashige Kizu of Emoto's own IHM General Institute, and Dean Radin and Nancy Lund of the Institute of Noetic Sciences, which is on Stephen Barrett's Quackwatch list of questionable organizations. Reception Commentators have criticized Emoto for insufficient experimental controls and for not sharing enough details of his experiments with the scientific community. He has also been criticized for designing his experiments in ways that permit manipulation or human error. Biochemist and Director of Microscopy at University College Cork William Reville wrote, "It is very unlikely that there is any reality behind Emoto's claims." Reville noted the lack of scientific publication and pointed out that anyone who could demonstrate such phenomena would become immediately famous and probably wealthy. Writing about Emoto's ideas in the Skeptical Inquirer, physician Harriet A. Hall concluded that it was "hard to see how anyone could mistake it for science". In 2003, James Randi published an invitation on his website, offering Emoto to take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge, in which Emoto could have received US$1,000,000 if he had been able to reproduce the experiment under test conditions agreed to by both parties. Randi did not receive a response. Emoto's book The Hidden Messages in Water was a New York Times best seller. Writing in The New York Times Book Review, literary critic Dwight Garner described it as "spectacularly eccentric", and said its success was "one of those 'head-scratchers' that makes me question the sanity of the reading public." Publishers Weekly described Emoto's later work, The Shape of Love, as "mostly incoherent and unsatisfying". Emoto's ideas appeared in the movies Kamen Rider: The First and What the Bleep Do We Know!?. Publications Books English edition: English edition: English edition: English edition: The True Power of Water (Book): Healing and Discovering Ourselves; Beyond Words Pub, 2005. . The Hidden Messages in Water; Beyond Words Pub, 2004. See also Water memory Polywater Water (2006 film) Pseudoscience References Further reading External links 1943 births 2014 deaths People from Yokohama Japanese writers Japanese activists New Age writers Pseudoscientific physicists Parapsychologists Quantum mysticism advocates
Fritz Albrecht (23 December 1905 – 29 April 1977) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II and a Brigadegeneral in the Bundeswehr of West Germany. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Awards and decorations Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (7 October 1939) & 1st Class (29 May 1940) Honour Roll Clasp of the Army (17 February 1944) German Cross in Gold on 14 January 1942 as Major in Artillerie-Regiment 13 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 April 1945 as Oberst and commander of Kampfgruppe Magdeburg References Citations Bibliography 1905 births 1977 deaths Bundeswehr generals German police officers Recipients of the Gold German Cross Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Military personnel from Berlin Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg Brigadier generals of the German Army
The 1986–87 Luxembourg National Division was the 73rd season of top level association football in Luxembourg. Overview It was performed in 12 teams, and Jeunesse Esch won the championship. League standings Results References Luxembourg - List of final tables (RSSSF) Luxembourg National Division seasons Lux 1986–87 in Luxembourgian football
Curtain coating is a process that creates an uninterrupted curtain of fluid that falls onto a substrate. The substrate is transported on a conveyor belt or calender rolls at a regulated speed through the curtain to ensure an even coat of the die. The curtain is created by using a slit or die at the base of the holding tank, allowing the liquid to fall upon the substrate. Some polymers are melted and extruded for coating. Many manufactures will also include a catch pan to retrieve and reuse the excess fluid. Process Curtain coating is a process in which the object or substrate to be coated is guided through a curtain of fluid located in a gap between two conveyors. The mechanism is formed by a tank of fluid from which a thin screen falls down in between the two conveyors. The thickness of the coating layer that falls upon the object is mainly determined by the speed of the conveyor and the amount of material leaving the tank (pump speed). Curtain coating is a premetered method, which means that the amount of liquid required is supplying from the tank to the screen, to be deposited on the substrate. Curtain coating is one of the technologies used in the converting industry to modify the properties of substrates. Edging To be certain the flow of the liquid is disrupted, an edging along both sides of the slit is required. This is to prohibit the surface tension from causing the coating to taper in; sometimes edging alone is not enough and a surfactant must be added to lower the surface tension. Flow rate It is also important to note that each fluid has its own minimum flow rate. The minimum flow rate is the smallest amount of dye at a given moment to keep the curtain flowing continuously. The minimum flow rate is directly proportional to the surface tension while viscosity is inversely proportional. Curtain coating is a pre-metered coating method, which means that the exact amount of coating needed to coat the substrate can be calculated before the process is actually accomplished. This is can be done by using the ratio of the flow rate (with respect to volume) and width of the substrate to the speed at which the substrate passes under the "curtain" of coating fluid. Because of the ability to calculate the exact (or nearly so) amount of fluid needed for a given project, film thickness variations on the finished product can be kept within +/− 0.5% of the target thickness . Benefits of curtain coating Faster coating velocity Ability to produce a thinner coat Easily coat abstract surfaces Lower cost of dies Lower waste of coating Coats a more uniform layer Deficits of curtain coating Minimum flow rate Air entrainment Rough surfaces are more likely to have air entrainment Management of airflow around the apparatus Geometrical possibilities Curtain coating is usually only effective on relatively flat substrates. Because of the possibility of air pockets being formed beneath the coating, it is not advisable to use curtain coating on substrates with extremely rough or angular surfaces with grooves and pits etc. Production rates Production rates are only limited by the maximum speed that the fluid can be laid down on the substrate without breaking the curtain or getting air bubbles between the substrate and the coating material. This is dependent mainly upon the viscosity of the coating fluid. See also Coating and printing processes External links A magazine article with more information and equations for curtain coaters A quick description and simplified diagram of a curtain coater A good example of curtain coating Mathematical modelling of curtain coating Machinery for curtain coating Curtain Coater Equipment References Coatings Industrial processes
"'As the Deer" is a praise and worship hymn song by Martin J. Nystrom, a native of Seattle. Written in 1984, this song is based on Psalm 42:1; "As the deer panteth for the water, so my soul longeth after Thee; You alone are my heart's desire, and I long to worship Thee" References External links As the Deer Guitar Tab Contemporary Christian songs 1984 songs
Chima is a town and municipality in the Santander Department of northeastern Colombia. Municipalities of Santander Department
Paqua Naha ( 1890–1955), also known as "Frog Woman", was a Hopi-Tewa potter. She worked in the "black-and-red on yellow" style of pottery, which Nampeyo popularized as Sikyátki revival ware. She became well known as a potter by the 1920s and started using a frog hallmark to sign her works. Late in her career, she experimented with white slips and innovated a whiteware technique. Naha was the matriarch of the Naha/Navasie family, and several of her descendants went on to become notable potters in their own right, including Joy Navasie and Helen Naha. Her works are included in the collections of the National Museum of the American Indian, the Museum of Northern Arizona, and the Heard Museum. Early life and family Paqua Naha was born around 1890 into the Kachina/Cottonwood clan. She was among several women of Hano who were potters. Her name, Paqua, means frog in Hopi and she later became known as "Frog Woman". Pottery career Naha's pottery was preceded by the success of fellow Hopi-Tewa potter Nampeyo, whose Sikyátki revival ware used a black-and-red on yellow scheme. Naha became a respected potter by the 1920s. For much of her career, her pieces were often yellow or beige, and very occasionally she made redware. She worked in the "black-and-red on yellow" style, using yellow unslipped pottery with black and white designs. She was known for making complicated pots, including ollas and low seed jars. Naha started using a frog symbol to sign her works, probably by 1925. In 1931, she participated in the second annual Hopi Craftsman Exhibition. Towards the end of her career, around 1951 or 1952, she started experimenting with white slips, innovating polychrome whiteware. Naha is the matriarch of the Naha/Navasie family, which has produced a number of notable potters. Many of her descendants adopted her whiteware pottery technique and her frog hallmark. Her daughter Joy Navasie used a flower mark before switching to her mother's frog mark. Naha's frog hallmark can be differentiated from that of her daughter, as Joy's frog has webbed feet and Paqua's has long, straight-lined toes. Naha's son Archie married Helen Naha, who became known as "Feather Woman" for her use of a feather glyph. Naha's works are included in the collections of the National Museum of the American Indian, the Museum of Northern Arizona, and the Heard Museum. References 1890s births 1955 deaths 20th-century American ceramists 20th-century American women artists Pueblo artists Native American potters American potters American women ceramists 20th-century Native American artists 20th-century Native American women
C. robustum may refer to: Calophyllum robustum, a flowering plant species found only in Papua New Guinea Commidendrum robustum, the Saint Helena gumwood, a tree species of the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean See also Quebcec
A dethatcher or lawn scarifier is a device that removes thatch from lawns. Types of dethatchers include motorized dethatchers or those that can be pulled behind a garden tractor. Thatch removal (dethatching) Scarification or de-thatching of lawns or turf is a mechanical process whereby the surface and subsurface of the lawn, green or sports pitch is rigorously abraded by penetrating metal blades, tines or prongs. The process is usually carried out by machines of a professional standard which are normally powered by gasoline engines. Smaller, less rigorous electric machines are also available for the domestic market. The process of scarifying is designed to remove thatch from lawns. Thatch is a build-up of organic matter which can include dead grass, leaves, stems, stolons, rhizomes and overcrowded grass roots and lateral weed growth. Thatch can stifle the growth and health of grass or turf. Removing the thatch helps the grass by encouraging it to thicken up and also makes it stronger and less susceptible to disease. Reducing thatch levels increases the levels of water, air and nutrients that can get through to the root zone of the grass plants. Significant thatch problems in lawns can cause diseases and can encourage moss to grow in the areas where grass has died. A by-product of scarifying or de-thatching is that moss is also removed, and depending on how deep the scarifying blades are set, root cutting can also occur, and this in turn helps grass to thicken up over time. Scarifying is normally carried out in autumn or spring. When scarifying or de-thatching, not all thatch should be removed as a small amount of thatch is beneficial to the lawn. A lawn that has excessive thatch may feel spongy when trodden upon. After removing thatch, it can be swept or raked up using a lawn sweeper. References External links Gardening tools Horticultural techniques Lawn care
Remain may refer to: Remain (José González EP) Remain (KNK EP) Remain, poetry book by Jennifer Murphy, 2005 Remain, album by Tyrone Wells, 2009 Remain, album by Great Divide, 2002 Remain, album by Them Are Us Too, 2015 "Remain", song by Kubb, 2005 "Remain", song by Upside Down "Remain", song by Robert Forster from Inferno "Remain" (a member of the European Union), one of the two options available to voters in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Remainer, a person holding that opinion
Jockin Arputham (15 August 1947 – 13 October 2018) was an Indian community leader and activist, known for his campaigning work of more than 40 years on issues related to slums and shanty towns. He was born in Karnataka, India and moved to Mumbai, where he quickly became politicized and established himself as a community leader. In 2014, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, alongside the organisation he helped to found, Slum Dwellers International. Early life Arputham was born to Tamil parents who lived in Kolar Gold Fields (in present-day Kolar district of Karnataka) on 15 August 1947, the same day of India's independence from the United Kingdom . When he was 16, he moved to Bangalore looking for work. Politicization When he was eighteen, he moved to Mumbai where he worked as a carpenter and building contractor. Since he had nowhere to live, he slept on the street in Janata Colony, a slum of 70,000 people. He worked at the construction of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Seeing that he did not need credentials to do so, he began a company to manage workers and organised a school in the slum. The city did not organize a rubbish collection, so he encouraged 3,000 children to bring a bag of garbage to a picnic at the council offices and won a regular rubbish collection service. Between 1971 and 1972, Arputham went to Kolkata to work with refugees escaping war in Bangladesh. Back in Mumbai, when Janata colony was threatened with eviction in the 1970s, he helped organize protests and court cases. He was arrested over 40 times. He also sat outside the Parliament in Delhi for 18 days until the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi would see him. She promised they would not be evicted, but in 1976, 12,000 police stormed the slum and evicted all 70,000 people in one night. Everyone was forcibly transferred to the still extant Cheetah Camp slum. When India declared a state of emergency, Arputham was forced to flee the country in 1977 to avoid imprisonment. With the help of the World Council of Churches he went to the Philippines visiting local slumdwellers groups. Every three months he had to leave the country to renew his visa so he went to Japan, Malaysia and South Korea. Career Arputham was the president of the National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) which he founded in the late 1970s. He was also co-founder of Slum Dwellers International (SDI) which networks slum and shack dweller organizations and federations from over thirty countries across the world. The National Slum Dwellers Federation works closely with Mahila Milan, a collective of savings groups formed by homeless women and women living in slums across India, and with SPARC, a Mumbai-based NGO. This alliance has supported thousands of the urban poor access better housing and sanitation. Slum Dwellers International claimed the alliance helped 1 million people in 15,000 slum dwellers-managed saving groups. Further they had secured land rights for 128,000 families, building over 20,000 toilets and 100,000 houses. The National Slum Dwellers Federation stated it had helped 60,000 families improve their housing situation in Mumbai. Arputham has also worked with the police to set up "police panchayats" in many of the informal settlements in Mumbai. Here, for the first time, police are assigned to work in these settlements and are supported by a committee of ten residents from the community (made up of three men and seven women). The concept was pioneered by Anami Narayan Roy, the Police Commissioner of Pune. A week after his death, Arputham was commemorated by a large poster calling him the "slum king" in Dharavi, where he lived. Awards 2000: The Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding. 2009: Honorary Ph.D. from KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. 2011: The Government of India bestowed on him its fourth highest civilian honor, the Padma Shri award. 2014: Skoll award for social entrepreneurship. 2014: Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by Stefan Attefall, Swedish minister for public administration and housing. Selected works Arputham, Jockin. 2008. "Developing new approaches for people-centred development". Environment and Urbanization, 20 (2) 319–337 doi:10.1177/0956247808096115 Arputham, Jockin; Bartlett, Sheridan; Patel, Sheela. 2015. "'We beat the path by walking': How the women of Mahila Milan in India learned to plan, design, finance and build housing". Environment & Urbanization, 28(1) doi:10.1177/0956247815617440 Arputham, Jockin; Patel, Sheela. 2008. "Plans for Dharavi: negotiating a reconciliation between a state-driven market redevelopment and residents’ aspirations". Environment and Urbanization 20(1) 243–254. References External links Citation for Jockin Arputham on Ramon Magsaysay Award website Indian urban planners 1947 births 2018 deaths Shack dwellers People from Kolar district Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work Artists from Karnataka 20th-century Indian architects Social workers from Karnataka 20th-century Indian educational theorists Indian squatter leaders
Larry Davidson (born 19 January 1983) is an Australian former professional basketball player who played 12 seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL). Junior career A scholarship-holder at the Australian Institute of Sport, Davidson led New South Wales to a national title at the 2002 U20 Australian Junior Championships with an MVP performance, earning the Bob Staunton Medal. Following the U20 tournament, Davidson moved to the United States to play college basketball for Boise State. However, he was forced to redshirt the 2002–03 season after having surgery on both knees. He returned to practice in the fall of 2003 but suffered further knee injuries that prevented him playing in 2003–04, and in November 2003, he departed Boise State. Professional career Early years (2004–2007) In 2004, after recovering from his rash of knee injuries, Davidson was recruited by Adrian Hurley to turn pro and join the Hunter Pirates of the National Basketball League. He played two seasons for the Pirates before the club moved to Singapore in 2006 to become the Singapore Slingers. Davidson joined the Slingers for the 2006–07 season. Wollongong / Illawarra Hawks (2007–2016) Davidson joined the Wollongong Hawks for the 2007–08 NBL season and produced career-best numbers, as he averaged 10.5 points and 7.2 rebounds per game. However, the Hawks were on the brink of capitulation after his first season with the club, and despite being saved, Davidson's second season was plagued by injury. While the Hawks survived a couple of near-misses and Davidson dealt with a string of knee problems and other injury setbacks, he became a cornerstone for the Wollongong Hawks. Davidson led the Hawks in rebounding in 2009–10 (6.8), 2010–11 (8.0, career high) and 2012–13 (6.6). He knocked down 32 three-pointers at 45.1% in 32 games during the 2009–10 season. He later recorded five double-doubles during the 2012–13 season, including a 20-point, 15-rebound performance in a win over the Adelaide 36ers on 23 March 2013. He also earned All-NBL Third Team in 2009–10, Hawks club MVP in 2009–10, and Hawks Most Improved Player in 2007–08. On 23 January 2014, Davidson played his 250th NBL game. Exactly a year later, he became the sixth Hawks player to notch 200 games for the club, joining Glen Saville, Mat Campbell, Chuck Harmison, Gordie McLeod and Melvin Thomas. Davidson's final NBL season came in 2015–16 with the renamed Illawarra Hawks. Personal Davidson comes from a family with a strong sporting history. His great grandfather Herb Gilbert was a dual international, playing both Rugby League and Rugby Union for Australia. His grandfather Jack Gilbert was in the first St George team to win a premiership. His grandmother is Ray Lindwall's cousin, and his cousin Sam Gilbert plays in the Australian Football League with St Kilda. References External links NBL player profile NBL stats 1983 births Living people Australian men's basketball players Australian Institute of Sport basketball players Boise State University alumni Centers (basketball) Hunter Pirates players Illawarra Hawks players Singapore Slingers players Sportspeople from Gosford Power forwards (basketball) Wollongong Hawks players Basketball players from New South Wales 20th-century Australian people 21st-century Australian people Sportsmen from New South Wales
Sleep Dealer is a 2008 futuristic science fiction film directed by Alex Rivera. Sleep Dealer depicts a dystopian future to explore ways in which technology both oppresses and connects migrants. A fortified wall has ended unauthorized Mexico-US immigration, but migrant workers are replaced by robots, remotely controlled by the same class of would-be emigrants. Their life force is inevitably used up, and they are discarded without medical compensation. Plot Sleep Dealer is set in a future, militarized world marked by closed borders, virtual labor, and a global digital network that joins minds and experiences, where three strangers risk their lives to connect with each other and break the technology barriers. Memo Cruz works at a factory, one of several sleep dealers. Here, workers are connected to the network via suspended cables that plug into nodes in their arms and back, allowing them to control the robots that have replaced them as unskilled labor on the other side of the border. The sleep dealers are called so because one may collapse if one works long enough. The story is told as a flashback, as Memo remembers his home in Santa Ana Del Rio, Oaxaca. His father wants him to participate in growing crops on the meager family homestead. Memo's passion, however, is electronics and hacking. The homestead also has dried up because of a dam built nearby and owned by the private corporation Del Rio Water. Memo and his father must trek on foot to buy water by the bag while monitored by security cameras armed with machine guns. The media on American hi-def TV shows glimpses of a technological dystopia, although in a positive light with superficial spin-doctoring. Memo is building an electronic receiver that can tap into communications as a hobby. As he continues to work on it, its range increases to faraway cities. One summer, a remote-controlled military aerial vehicle operated by the security forces of Del Rio Water catches Memo monitoring a frequency used by the drones. This act warrants a brutal attack. He disconnects in time before the drone can locate him with certainty. On another occasion, he and his brother watch a live TV broadcast about a drone action that is about to destroy a building known to be intercepting drone communication. They quickly realize that the building is their own home, where Memo has his equipment, and run to save their father, whose life is in danger. However, they are too late, and the vehicle launches a rocket at the father, instantly killing him. The drone pilot is a Mexican-American named Rudy Ramirez. Memo boards a bus to the city of Tijuana to find work. Luz Martínez also boards the same bus. Memo notices that Luz has nodes on the wrist for interfacing with the digital network and asks her where he can get them for free. She tells him that he can find someone, known as a coyotek, to connect him by asking around in a certain alley. Luz has loans and may default. She makes a living by uploading memories to an online memory trading company, TruNode, where viewers pay for content. She uploads her memory of meeting Memo. Memo is robbed of his money during his first attempt to seek a coyotek. He finds an abandoned shack in which to stay at the edge of the city, where other node workers live. Luz gets a sale for her memory of Memo and a prepaid offer for her next memory of him. Luz finds him and learns he is out of money. She helps him get a node job at a bar that has the equipment. She is the coyotek, having learned from her ex-boyfriend, and she does him a favor. Luz tries to upload more experiences. TruNode makes her reveal feelings rather than just the story. The person who requested the information is revealed to be Ramirez working for Del Rio Water. Luz and Memo open up to each other and have connected sex. Upon receiving the next upload, Ramirez has his doubts confirmed that his work made him kill a good man. Memo discovers that Luz has been paid to upload her memories of him, and so he leaves her feeling betrayed. He works overtime at the sleep dealer, risking exhaustion. Luz writes to him and mails him a recording of her memories as a parting gift. In the meantime, Ramirez has crossed the fortified US-Mexican border to meet Memo. As Ramirez explains himself, Memo tries to run, perceiving danger. Ramirez catches up and explains he was under orders and offers to help. Memo rejoins Luz and recruits her help to connect Ramirez to the network. He accesses the Del Rio Water security network to control one of the company's drones. Upon discovery that Ramirez is not heeding orders, other drones pursue Ramirez. After heated aerial dogfighting, Ramirez manages to blast a hole in the dam, directly where Memo's father had once tossed a pebble in helpless frustration. Memo receives news from his home and neighboring subsistence farms, celebrations of returning ancestral waters, albeit not necessarily a permanent one. Ramirez goes farther south in Mexico as he can no longer return to his family in the US. Memo moves on with his life in Tijuana. Cast Leonor Varela as Luz Martínez Jacob Vargas as Rudy Ramirez Luis Fernando Peña as Memo Cruz Reception Sleep Dealer was generally well received by critics, with a 70% on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie won the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award, the Alfred P. Sloan Prize at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival, The H.R. Giger Award for the Best International Film at The Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival, and a special mention Amnesty International Film Prize at the 2008 Berlin Film Festival. The film was nominated for the Breakthrough Director Award at the Gotham Independent Film Awards 2008, and an Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature in 2009. A.O. Scott, of The New York Times wrote "Exuberantly entertaining — a dystopian fable of globalization disguised as a science-fiction adventure…. Mr. Rivera — a brilliant young director — takes his audience into a future of “aqua-terrorism” and cyberlabor that I wish I could dismiss as implausible..." in his review of the 2008 New Directors/New Films Festival. Kenneth Turan, of the Los Angeles Times wrote "Adventurous, ambitious and ingeniously futuristic, "Sleep Dealer" is a welcome surprise. It combines visually arresting science fiction done on a budget with a strong sense of social commentary in a way that few films attempt, let alone achieve..." in his review of the film. Cultural impact Sleep Dealer’s cultural impact relates to its social commentary on contemporary issues through the lens of science-fiction. Javier Ramírez remarks that Rivera’s “innovative deployment of science fiction encourages us to question our present reality, by projecting into the future.” Through his imagining of a possible future, Rivera critiques today’s issues including immigration, drone warfare, and technological advances. His film is part of the emerging genre of speculative fiction called Latinxfuturism or Chicanafuturism, of which both have roots in Afrofuturism. Latinxfuturism defamiliarizes the familiar and challenges the status quo of society by reimagining reality or providing alternative representations. In his film review in the New York Times, A.O. Scott writes that “Mr. Rivera’s vision of Tijuana…is…an unsettlingly plausible extrapolation of what that city already represents.” In this way, Rivera uses the reality of what Tijuana and the maquiladoras represent for Mexicans and society as a whole to project a dystopic possibility of what its progress may become, making the audience question current conditions. The possibility of complete human exploitation of foreign labor markets through the use of nodes becomes a little less fictional with the referential point of Tijuana today, thus, defamiliarizing what is familiar. Arguably the most important cultural impact of the film, Sleep Dealer provides POC representation and humanizes political issues through characters such as Memo and Luz. David Montgomery of The Washington Post comments that the film “puts a human face on all” the problems explored in the movie. The significance of seeing oneself in the stories told about the future is not lost on the film makers or its reviewers. Part of the goal of Latinxfuturist works is situating people of color as the protagonists in the representations of what our world could be. Montgomery goes on to comment, “The whole world has a future, yet ‘Sleep Dealer’ is one of the first science fiction films largely set in the underdeveloped parts — a milestone in film history.” The placing of bodies of color within a pre-existing system is part of the rebellion against hegemonic colonial narratives with which Latinxfuturism contends. The other Latinxfuturist path is creating alternative systems that people of color exist in without the restraints of the present reality. In Aimee Bahng’s book Migrant Futures, she points out that “Sleep dealer argues for and instantiates the production of alternative futures that fight against not only obsolescence but also obfuscations of the past that paved the way for the colonization of the future.” That is to say, sleep dealer not only criticizes the current system but works to deconstruct the narrative mechanisms that uphold colonial influences. Sleep Dealer contributes to the Latinxfuturist works that try to represent people of color as well as reimagine a future without the colonialist androcentric oppressive forces that mark today’s society. See also Speculative Fiction (by writers of color) Weird Fiction References External links 2008 films 2008 multilingual films 2008 science fiction films Alfred P. Sloan Prize winners American science fiction films Cyberpunk films 2000s English-language films American multilingual films Mexican multilingual films Films about telepresence American independent films Mexican science fiction films 2000s Spanish-language films Films set in Tijuana Films set in San Diego Films set in Colombia Films scored by Tomandandy Drone films Films about privatization Mexican independent films 2008 independent films 2000s American films 2000s Mexican films
WKEB (99.3 FM) is a radio station, licensed to Medford, Wisconsin, United States, that broadcasts an adult hits music format from a tower just north of the city. The station is currently owned by WIGM, Incorporated, and features programming from ABC Radio. History The station was assigned call sign WIGM-FM on December 31, 1968. On July 11, 1997, the station changed its call sign to the current WKEB. References External links KEB Adult hits radio stations in the United States
The Celle–Wittingen Light Railway () was founded on 21 June 1902 by the Prussian state, the town of Celle and 33 municipalities. On 15 August 1904 it opened the 51 km long, standard gauge line from Celle Stadt (Nord) via Beedenbostel and Hankensbüttel to Wittingen West (now the Celle–Wittingen railway). This line was also called the Lachte Valley Railway (Lachtetalbahn) because part of it ran along the river Lachte. The journey time on the Celle–Wittingen line in 1906 was about 2 hours and 20 minutes. In 1908 the station at Wittingen West was moved to the east side of the state station in order to enable a common station to be created with the Kleinbahn Wittingen-Oebisfelde, opened in 1909, and the Kleinbahn Bismark-Gardelegen-Wittingen, later the Altmärkische Kleinbahn AG. The new route made the construction of embankments and a bridge over the state railway necessary. From 22 July 1912 the 'Salt Railway' (Salzbahn), a 7 km long branch, ran from Beedenbostel in a northerly direction via Mariaglück to Habighorst, where potash and salt works had been established in two separate locations. But by 1924 Mariaglück had become the terminus for trains on the branch. The Celle–Wittingen Light Railway had reached an agreement before 1914 to run operations jointly with the Celle-Garßen-Bergen Light Railway. From 1910 this company called itself the Celle-Soltau, Celle-Munster Light Railway GmbH. On 8 November 1940 the Celle–Wittingen Light Railway became a public transport railway. From 23 February 1940 it was renamed the Celle-Wittingen Railway (Eisenbahn Celle-Wittingen AG). On 27 March 1944 this firm took over the Kleinbahn Celle-Soltau, Celle-Munster GmbH, with which it was already linked as part of the operating group of Celle Light Railways (Celler Kleinbahnen) and was renamed again into the Celle Railways (Celler Eisenbahnen AG). On 10 July 1944 it was merged into the East Hanoverian Railways (Osthannoversche Eisenbahnen or OHE) along with several other railway companies. Sources Klaus-Peter Sebastian (Herausgeber): Die Geschichte der Kleinbahnen im Isenhagener Land; Der OHE-Bahnbetrieb im Landkreis Gifhorn. Landkreis Gifhorn, Museumsverein Gifhorn e. V. und Heimatverein Brome e. V., Gifhorn 2001, Hans Wolfgang Rogl: Die Osthannoverschen Eisenbahnen. alba-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1996, Defunct railway companies of Germany Gifhorn (district) Celle (district) Wittingen
Incumbents Caudillo: Francisco Franco Events November 9 – Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez premieres in Barcelona, Spain. Births Robert Saladrigas, Spanish writer, journalist and literary critic (d. 2018) February 25 – Jesús López Cobos, Spanish-born conductor (d. 2018) April 20 – Pilar Miró, Spanish screenwriter and film director (d. 1997) Deaths February 8 - Antonio Escobar Huertas (born 1879) 26 September — Walter Benjamin, German-Spanish philosopher and critic (born 1892) October 15 - Lluís Companys, execution by firing squad (born 1882) November 3 - Manuel Azaña (born 1880) See also List of Spanish films of the 1940s External links 1940s in Spain Years of the 20th century in Spain
Orlando Allen (1803–1874) was a member of the New York State Assembly and the 18th mayor of the City of Buffalo, New York. Allen began his political career as city treasurer, followed by two separate terms as Second Ward Alderman. He served an extended single term as mayor after being appointed in January 1848. He was elected to a full term in March of that year, and served until the term expired in 1849, when he declined to run for a second term. He was a member of the State Assembly in 1850 and 1851. He later served on the Buffalo Board of Supervisors, representing the Second Ward in 1856–1857, before winning one final term in the State Assembly in 1860. He ran for most of his offices as a Whig, however, after the collapse of that party, he served his final term in the Assembly as a Republican. References External links William Clement Bryant, "Orlando Allen. Glimpses of life in the village of Buffalo." (Buffalo, N.Y: Buffalo Historical Society, 1877) 1803 births 1874 deaths New York (state) Whigs 19th-century American politicians Mayors of Buffalo, New York Members of the New York State Assembly New York (state) Republicans
See article above for overview of 50% endpoints and comparison with other methods of calculating 50% endpoints. The Reed–Muench method is a simple method for determining 50% endpoints in experimental biology, that is, the concentration of a test substance that produces an effect of interest in half of the test units. Examples include LD50 (the median lethal dose of a toxin or pathogen), EC50 and IC50 (half maximal effective or inhibitory concentration, respectively, of a drug), and TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose of a virus). The reason for using 50% endpoints is that many dose-response relationships in biology follow a logistic function that flattens out as it approaches the minimal and maximal responses, so it is easier to measure the concentration of the test substance that produces a 50% response. Notes Toxicology tests
Open Source Industry Australia (OSIA) is an Australian body created to "further the cause of both Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)". Founded in 2004 by Arjen Lentz, Con Zymaris and Brendan Scott, OSIA was formed after discussions between prominent members of the open source business community at linux.conf.au 2004 in Adelaide. Del Elson took on the role of the Secretary. See also AUUG Linux Australia External links OSIA's homepage References Free and open-source software organizations Organizations established in 2004
The least seedsnipe (Thinocorus rumicivorus) is a xerophilic species of bird in the Thinocoridae family. It breeds in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. They are common across South America and have been recorded in Ecuador, the Falkland Islands, Uruguay, Brazil, and as far away as Antarctica. The range of the least seedsnipe is estimated to be about 1,300,000 km2. Its natural habitats are temperate grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and pastureland, but it can be found in habitats ranging from sandy beaches to the open steppe, and even some open deserts in northern Chile. Etymology The least seedsnipe was described in 1829 by Eschscholtz. The genus name comes from the Greek thin-, thinos- (θινος) 'sand'or 'desert' and Latin 'corys' (from Greek κορυδος) 'lark'. The species name comes from Latin rumicis “sorrel” and vorā “eater”. Taxonomy There are three subspecies of the least seedsnipe: T. r. cuneicauda, (Peale, 1848): southwest Ecuador & coastal Peru T. r. bolivianus, (Lowe, 1921): southern Peru, western Bolivia, northern Chile & northwestern Argentina T. r. rumicivorus, (Eschscholtz, 1829): Patagonia to Tierra del Fuego Description The least seedsnipe is the smallest member of the Thinocoridae family. They have short tails and long pointed wings. Their legs and toes are a dull greenish yellow. The beak of the least seedsnipe is an ashy color and is conical like that of a finch or a sand grouse. Adult males have a gray face, neck, and breast, and have black lines at the center of the throat that form an inverted “T” shape. The eyes are a dark gray color. Behavior Male seedsnipe will commonly perch on a prominent bush or fence post to deliver nuptial calls that sound like a series of a “rapid pu-pu-pu-pu-pu”s, very similar to that of the Common Snipe. Seedsnipes are well-adapted to arid environments and show no increases in water loss between 20 and 36 °C. The thermoneutral zone extends from 33 to 38 °C in this species, but they have the capacity to dissipate heat through evaporative water loss up to 42 °C. Their metabolic rate is 38% lower than other non-passerine birds of similar body mass (~50 g), reducing the contribution to the total heat budget. Nesting Only the female incubates the eggs. The average clutch size of the least seedsnipe is four eggs laid in a simple nest scrape, which the female buries using her feet (rather than her bill, as is seen in some African Charadrii) whenever she leaves the nest. If loose, dry plant material is available, she will use this to cover the hatchlings until her return. This behavior appears to have arisen independently in Thinocoridae. The primary purpose for nest covering in Thinocorus rumicivorus is most likely concealment from predators, but thermoregulation probably also plays a factor. Diet As the common name suggests, least seedsnipes rely mostly on seeds, but they will also eat leaves and buds and as such are strictly vegetarian in their natural habitat. However, in captivity they have been known to eat mealworms. Unlike most Charadriiformes, least seedsnipes possess a crop, a gizzard and long intestinal caeca. They have been observed foraging from a crouched position, rapidly snapping off plants and swallowing the fragments whole. They also stretch to bite off the top of grasses and tall herbs and are well-suited to browsing. They derive most if not all of their water needs from succulent plants and are only very rarely seen drinking water. They visit the beds of Calceolaria uniflora (Scrophularaceae) and feed on the fleshy growths on the lower lips of the flower and in the process transfer pollen across flowers. Status and conservation This species has an extremely large range and is one of the most common birds of southern Patagonia. According to the IUCN, the population appears stable. It has therefore been labeled as species of Least Concern. References External links Image at ADW least seedsnipe Birds of Ecuador Birds of Peru Birds of the Bolivian Andes Birds of the Southern Andes Birds of Chile Birds of Patagonia Birds of Tierra del Fuego least seedsnipe Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa named by Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
Carl Franz Robinow (10 April 1909 – 20 October 2006) was a German researcher in bacterial and fungal cytology. He studied medicine in Freiburg and Vienna, obtained his M.D. in Hamburg in 1934. Following formative research experience in Denmark, England, and the U.S. he came to Canada in 1949 and worked in Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario. References External links Obituaries German microbiologists 1909 births 2006 deaths German emigrants to Canada
Susan Peters (born September 27, 1956) is a former news anchor. She worked for KAKE, the ABC affiliate in Wichita, Kansas from 1995 to 2016. She has won regional Emmy awards for her reporting in both California and Kansas. After graduating from Western Illinois University with a B.A. in Communications, she started as a reporter at WRAU-TV in Peoria, Illinois in 1978. She became an anchor and reporter at KWCH-DT in 1983. In 1991, she moved to KFMB-TV in San Diego. She returned to Wichita in 1995 to work at KAKE until May 25, 2016. Peters returned to the air in late 2017, co-hosting Hatteberg's People on KPTS with former KAKE co-anchor Larry Hatteberg. In January 2007, this Wikipedia article on Peters was featured on the national public radio program Weekend America. The discussion revolved around whether the article on Wikipedia should be deleted based upon Wikipedia's notability guidelines. The result of the AfD in question was "keep", and Weekend America announced it as such. An MSNBC.com investigation into partisan journalists/newspersons who donate to political parties and causes, Peters was found to have donated to a liberal organization with ties to the Democratic party. References External links Biography from KAKE-TV Living people American television journalists American women television journalists Kansas television personalities People from Peoria, Illinois Television anchors from San Diego Western Illinois University alumni 1956 births
The Maserati 3200 GT (Tipo 338) is a four-seater grand tourer produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Maserati from 1998 to 2002, replacing the Shamal as the flagship grand tourer of the marque. The luxury coupé was designed by Italdesign, whose founder and head Giorgetto Giugiaro previously designed, among others, the Ghibli, Bora and Merak. Interior design was commissioned to Enrico Fumia and completed by 1995. 4,795 cars were produced before it was replaced by the Maserati Coupé. History Introduction The 3200 GT was announced in July 1998 and was presented to the press in September by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, in the presence of veteran Maserati racing driver Sir Stirling Moss and Giorgetto Giugiaro. The car made its public debut at the October 1998 Mondial de l'Automobile in Paris. Maserati initially wanted to name the car “Mistral” but after discovering that Volkswagen owned the copyrights to the name, decided to name the car 3200 GT. Its name honoured the 3500 GT, the company's first series production grand tourer. Sold mainly in Europe, the 3200 GT was powered by the twin-turbocharged, 32-valve, dual overhead cam 3.2-litre V8 engine featured in the Quattroporte Evoluzione, rated at against the Quattroporte's and achieved per litre. The manual transmission model was produced until 2001. The tail-lights consisted of LEDs arranged in the shape of a boomerang. The outer layer of the 'boomerang' provided the brake light, with the inner layer providing the directional indicator. This was the world's first car with LED taillights. Deliveries started in March 1999. In total 2,689 manual GT models were produced. 3200 GT Automatica In 1999, an automatic transmission equipped model of the 3200 GT became available, either referred to as 3200 GT Automatica or 3200 GTA. Introduced at the March 1999 Geneva Motor Show, it was equipped with a 4-speed conventional torque converter automatic transmission supplied by Australian firm BTR. Engine output remained unchanged, though the engine was set up specifically for the automatic transmission; according to Maserati, the weight increase over the manual gearbox was limited to , for a total kerb weight. In Italy the Automatica commanded a million Lire premium over the 3200 GT's 149.5 million Lire list price. This model was produced until 2002. In June 1999 the 1,000th 3200 GT left the factory. In total 2,106 GTA cars were produced. 3200 GT Assetto Corsa Presented to the public at the 2001 Geneva Motor Show, the 3200 GT Assetto Corsa was a limited edition variant of the 3200 GT with a special handling package. Limited to 259 units, 3 of which were special orders, it was available in three standard colours: Grigio Touring, Nero Carbonio and Rosso Mondiale; and available with a manual or automatic transmission. The Assetto Corsa was lowered by 15 mm, had larger front anti-roll bar, stiffer springs, soft compound Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres on dark grey or silver painted BBS alloy wheels, and specific brake ventilation ducts. The interior featured black perforated Connolly leather seats with red stitching and 'Assetto Corsa' script on the sill kick panels. Both kerb weight and performance were unchanged from their regular counterparts. Production was divided between 163 manual and 96 automatic cars. Specifications The 3200 GT's coupé body seats four people and has a . The steel unibody structure was complemented by a front tubular subframe supporting the drivetrain and a rear subframe supporting the suspension links and the differential. Suspension was of the double wishbone type all around, with forged aluminium control arms and uprights, coaxial aluminium-bodied dampers and coil springs, and two anti-roll bars. The gearbox was in line with the front-mounted engine, and transmitted power to the rear limited slip differential via a two-piece aluminium driveshaft. Brembo supplied the braking system, consisting of vented and cross-drilled discs with four-piston callipers on all four wheels. Active safety systems included a four channel anti-lock braking system and Bosch ASR traction control system. Engines and performance The all-aluminium V8 engine (bore and stroke 80 mm) had two overhead camshafts per bank operating four valves per cylinder, two crossflow turbochargers, and a crossplane crankshaft; it featured "drive by wire" electronic throttle control. The engine itself weighs . Maserati 320S The Maserati 320S is a concept racing car in a barchetta bodystyle designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and based on the 3200 GT. It was first shown at the 2001 Geneva Motor Show as a glimpse of an open top Maserati model. A true barchetta design, the 320S was a single-seater and was fully outfitted for competition with six-point racing belts, an exposed roll bar behind the driver, fire extinguishing system and racing seat supplied by Sparco; weather protection was limited to a small aeroscreen in front of the driver. Compared to the 3200 GT, the 320S's wheelbase was shortened by , while the engine remained the same as the 3200 GT with a 6-speed manual transmission. The bodywork of the 320S features modifications to the aerodynamic shaping of the spoiler on the rear bumper, which features a supplementary nolder to increase the vertical load to the rear. References External links Maserati 3200 GT official website 3200 GT Italdesign vehicles Cars introduced in 1998 2000s cars Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Grand tourers Coupés
The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior is a peer-reviewed academic journal of psychology that was established in 1958 by B.F. Skinner and Charles Ferster. JEAB publishes empirical research related to the experimental analysis of behavior and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.The current editor-in-chief is Mark Galizio (University of North Carolina, Wilmington). The 2022 impact factor is 2.7. The mission of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) is "the original publication of experiments relevant to the behavior of individual organisms." See also Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) Behavior Modification (journal) Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior References External links Behaviorism journals Wiley-Blackwell academic journals English-language journals Academic journals established in 1958 Experimental psychology journals
Sport, Sport, Sport () is a 1970 Soviet sports film directed by Elem Klimov. The film combines staged scenes, documentary episodes about Soviet and foreign athletes, newsreels. Plot The film tells the history of the development of sports, showing the stadiums of Moscow, Philadelphia, Stockholm and Mexico City in the past and future. Cast Zinoviy Gerdt as narrator (voice) Georgiy Svetlani as uncle Volodya (voiced by Rolan Bykov) Larisa Shepitko as queen Nikita Mikhalkov as Kiribeevich Leonid Tarnovsky as accordionist Yevgeny Moskalyov as swimmer Igor Klass as Ivan the Terrible Boris Romanov as merchant Kalashnikov Valeri Brumel as cameo Yevgeny Matveev as cameo Bella Akhmadulina as cameo Daniel Olbrychski as cameo Vadim Sinyavsky as cameo Vladimir Andreev as cameo References External links 1970 films 1970 documentary films 1970s sports comedy films 1970s Russian-language films Soviet documentary films Soviet sports comedy films Films directed by Elem Klimov Mosfilm films Russian sports comedy films Films scored by Alfred Schnittke Documentary films about sports
Since the first award in 1901, conferment of the Nobel Prize has engendered criticism and controversy. After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established that an annual prize be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Nobel sought to reward "those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind". One prize, he stated, should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics". Awards committees have historically rewarded discoveries over inventions: up to 2004, 77 per cent of Nobel Prizes in physics have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23 per cent to inventions. In addition, the scientific prizes typically reward contributions over an entire career rather than a single year. No Nobel Prize was established for mathematics and many other scientific and cultural fields. An early theory that envy or rivalry led Nobel to omit a prize to mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler was refuted because of timing inaccuracies. Another myth that states that Nobel's spouse had an affair with a mathematician (sometimes attributed as Mittag-Leffler) has been equally debunked; Nobel was never married. A more likely explanation is that Nobel did not consider mathematics as a practical discipline, and too theoretical to benefit humankind, as well as his personal lack of interest in the field and the fact that an award to mathematicians given by Oscar II already existed at the time. Both the Fields Medal and the Abel Prize have been described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics". The most notorious controversies have been over prizes for Literature, Peace, and Economics. Beyond disputes over which contributor's work was more worthy, critics most often discerned political bias and Eurocentrism in the result. The interpretation of Nobel's original words concerning the Literature prize has also undergone repeated revisions. A major controversies-generating factor for the more recent scientific prizes (Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine) is the Nobel rule that each award can not be shared by more than two different researches and no more than three different individuals each year. While this rule was adequate in 1901, when most of the science research was performed by individual scientists working with their small group of assistants in relative isolation, in more recent times science research has increasingly become a matter of widespread international cooperation and exchange of ideas among different research groups, themselves composed of dozens or even hundreds of researchers, spread over the years of effort needed to hypothesize, refine and prove a discovery. This has led to glaring omissions of key participants in awarded researches: as an example see below the case of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Physics, or the case of the Atlas/CMS Collaboration that produced the scientific papers that documented the Higgs boson discovery and included a list of researchers filling 15 single-spaced pages. Chemistry 2020 The Lithuanian and Spanish scientific communities expressed disappointment when the committee did not include Virginijus Šikšnys or Francisco Mojica along with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna in the award as both of them made crucial contributions to the development of CRISPR gene editing technology. 2019 When the 2019 prize was awarded, numerous scientific societies reacted to Rachid Yazami's omission for his co-invention of the lithium-ion battery with Stanley Whittingham who was recognized. Whittingham shared the prize with John Goodenough for their cathodes and Akira Yoshino for the first working prototype unlike the importance of the working graphite anode invented by Yazami. Due to the Nobel Prize's limitation of up to three recipients, Yazami believes the committee had to make a difficult decision between Whittingham and himself. He nevertheless congratulated the three recipients of the prize. 2008 The 2008 prize was awarded to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien for their work on green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fact that a fourth potential recipient, Douglas Prasher, the first to clone the GFP gene and suggest its use as a biological tracer, was working as a courtesy shuttle bus driver received considerable media coverage. Lack of support for Prasher's work, and failure to get tenure at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts where he was employed, caused Prasher to leave this field of research in 1992, but not before he offered samples of the gene to any interested researchers, including Chalfie and Tsien. Tsien noted the prize is usually awarded for "specific discoveries" and that he had put forward Shimomura and Prasher to the Nobel Committee in 2004. Chalfie stated, "Douglas Prasher's work was critical and essential for the work we did in our lab. They could've easily given the prize to Douglas and the other two and left me out." Roger Tsien had offered Prasher a job when his academic career stalled. Eventually, Prasher accepted the offer and moved in 2013 to UCSD to join Tsien's lab. 2007 Gerhard Ertl, who was the sole recipient of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of the catalytic effects of metal surfaces, has expressed surprise and disappointment that Gábor Somorjai, a foundational pioneer in modern surface science and catalysis, did not share the prize. Somorjai and Ertl had previously shared the Wolf Prize for Chemistry in 1998. The Nobel Prize committee's decision to exclude Somorjai was criticized in the surface-science community and remains mysterious. 2003 Peter Agre was awarded the 2003 prize "for the discovery of water channels". Agre published his study about aquaporin in 1988; Gheorghe Benga had showed the existence of a protein water channel in the red blood cell membrane in 1986. The omission of Benga from the 2003 prize has been called a mistake in the awarding of Nobel Prizes. Agre acknowledged the contribution of Benga and others to the field discovery of aquaporins in his Nobel Lecture: "Their [aquaporins] existence was suggested by a group of pioneers in the water transport field who preceded us by decades". 1922–1946 From 1922 to 1946, Gilbert N. Lewis, who was widely known for his coining of the covalent bond, electron pair, Lewis structure and other seminal contributions that have become near-universal conventions in chemistry, was nominated 41 times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry but never won. It has been speculated that while working in Walther Nernst's lab, Lewis developed a lifelong enmity with Nernst. In the following years, Lewis started to criticize and denounce his former teacher on many occasions, calling Nernst's work on his heat theorem "a regrettable episode in the history of chemistry". A friend of Nernst's, , was a member of the Nobel Chemistry committee. There is evidence that he used the Nobel nominating and reporting procedures to block a Nobel Prize for Lewis in thermodynamics by nominating Lewis for the prize three times, and then using his position as a committee member to write negative reports. 1918 The 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Fritz Haber for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, which allowed for the efficient synthesis of ammonia, leading to the economical mass production of chemical fertilizers. The award was controversial, as Haber had overseen Germany's chemical weapons program during World War I. The Nobel Prize committee considered his war activities but noted his ammonia synthesis process was "the greatest benefit to mankind". Others While Henry Eyring (1901–1981) allegedly failed to receive the prize because of his membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, it is also possible that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences did not understand Eyring's theory until it was too late to award him the prize; the academy awarded him the Berzelius Medal in 1977 as partial compensation. Dmitri Mendeleyev, the original creator of the periodic table of the elements, never received a Nobel Prize. He completed his first periodic table in 1869. However, a year earlier, another chemist, Julius Lothar Meyer, had reported a somewhat similar table. In 1866, John Alexander Reina Newlands presented a paper that first proposed a periodic law. However, none of these tables were correct—the 19th-century tables arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight (or atomic mass). It was left to the English physicist Henry Moseley to base the periodic table on the atomic number (the number of protons). Mendeleyev died in 1907, six years after the first Nobel Prizes were awarded. He came within one vote of winning in 1906, but died the next year. Hargittai claimed that Mendeleyev's omission was due to behind-the-scenes machinations of one dissenter on the Nobel Committee who disagreed with his work. Economics Economics was not on Nobel's original list of prize disciplines. Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank created the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969. Although it is governed by the same rules as the others, many, including members of the Nobel family, criticized this prize for violating Nobel's intent. , the faculty of the University of Chicago had garnered nine Prizes—far more than any other university. This led to claims of bias against alternative or heterodox economics. 1994 The 1994 prize to John Forbes Nash and others "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games" caused controversy within the selection committee because of Nash's mental illness and alleged anti-Semitism. The controversy resulted in a change to the governing committee: members served three-year instead of unlimited terms and the prize's scope expanded to include political science, psychology, and sociology. 1976 The 1976 prize was awarded to Milton Friedman "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy". The award caused international protests because of Friedman's association with Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. During March 1975, Friedman visited Chile and gave lectures on inflation, meeting with Pinochet and other government officials. Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature has a history of controversial awards. Many major authors have been ignored by the Nobel Committee, including Irishman James Joyce, Frenchman Marcel Proust, Argentinian Jorge Luis Borges and Americans Henry James, W. H. Auden, Philip Roth, and John Updike. Joseph Epstein, writing in the Wall Street Journal, noted: "You may not know it, but you and I are members of a club whose fellow members include Leo Tolstoy, Henry James, Anton Chekhov, Mark Twain, Henrik Ibsen, Marcel Proust, Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, Thomas Hardy, Jorge Luis Borges and Vladimir Nabokov. The club is the Non-Winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature. All these authentically great writers, still alive when the prize, initiated in 1901, was being awarded, didn't win it." This led him to speculate that "Criteria other than high art seem to be involved." From 1901 to 1912, the committee's work reflected an interpretation of the "ideal direction" stated in Nobel's will as "a lofty and sound idealism", which caused Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola and Mark Twain to be rejected. Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia was cited as the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov took the prize. During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries. Another notable omission for the prize is R. K. Narayan, an Indian writer known for his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi and for abridged versions of the Indian epics – The Ramayana and The Mahabharata. Despite being nominated and shortlisted for the Nobel Prize in Literature multiple times, Narayan never won the honour. In the 1960s, Graham Greene, who took it upon himself to work as Narayan's agent for his works, expressed confidence that Narayan would one day win the Nobel Prize. Agreeing with Greene's views, Jeffrey Archer more recently echoed the view that R. K. Narayan should have indeed won the Nobel Prize. One of the jokes in literary circles was that the Nobel Literature Committee ignored his books or was confused because of the misleading titles: many people supposedly thought that they were self-help books on various subjects – The Guide, The English Teacher, The Painter of Signs, The Vendor of Sweets, etc. Other humorous speculations on what might have tripped him, "His writing is too simple, and too readable, requiring no effort on the part of the reader. He has created a new map called Malgudi in which his characters live and die. Story after story is set in the same place, which is not progressive, a rather stagnant background." The heavy focus on European authors, and Swedes in particular, is the subject of mounting criticism, including from major Swedish newspapers. The majority of the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Literature have been European. Swedes in particular have received more prizes in this category than all of Asia. In 2008, Horace Engdahl, then the permanent secretary of the academy, declared that "Europe still is the center of the literary world" and said that American writers did not win often (the most recent at the time was Toni Morrison, 15 years prior) because "the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature." In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, Peter Englund, rejected this sentiment ("In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well"), and acknowledged the Eurocentric bias of the selections, saying that, "I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition." 2019 The 2019 prize awarded to Austrian novelist and playwright Peter Handke came under heavy criticism due to his history of denying the Bosnian genocide and his vocal support for late Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, even speaking at his funeral in 2006. Authors Miha Mazzini, Hari Kunzru, Jonathan Littell, Slavoj Žižek, and Salman Rushdie each heavily criticized the choice, and it was further condemned by PEN International and Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt, who said that the award gave his views a platform that "he does not deserve and the public does not need him to have". The governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Turkey issued condemnations against the award, and the ambassadors from Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Turkey boycotted the award ceremony. Hundreds of people protested outside the award ceremony, and a petition to revoke the award received close to 60,000 signatures. 2016 The 2016 prize awarded to Bob Dylan was controversial, since it marked the first time that a songwriter-musician had been awarded the prize. Many writers and commentators, mostly novelists, objected, feeling it cheapened the prize. Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh stated "I'm a Dylan fan, but this is an ill-conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies", while Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine argued that "Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars." However, others noted that poetry has long been recognized by the committee and speculated that the popularity of Dylan's work was the true motive behind those objecting. Songwriter Leonard Cohen said that awarding Dylan the prize was "like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain". In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian, Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that "I'm very divided. I love that the Nobel committee opens up for other kinds of literature – lyrics and so on. I think that's brilliant. But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon, Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, makes it very difficult for me to accept it." 2010 The 2010 prize awarded to Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa stirred controversy, mainly due to his right-wing political views. Vargas Llosa was even dubbed "king of controversies" for focusing more on politics than literature. 2009 The 2009 prize awarded to Herta Müller was criticized because many U.S. literary critics and professors had never heard of Müller before. This reignited criticism that the committee was too Eurocentric. 2005 The 2005 prize went to Harold Pinter, "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms". The award was delayed for some days, apparently due to Knut Ahnlund's resignation. In turn, this renewed speculation about a "political element" existing in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize. Although poor health prevented him from giving his controversial Nobel Lecture, "Art, Truth and Politics", in person, Pinter appeared on video, which was simultaneously transmitted on Britain's Channel Four. The issue of "political stance" was also raised in response to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing, prizewinners in 2006 and 2007, respectively. 2004 The 2004 prize was awarded to Elfriede Jelinek. Academy member Knut Ahnlund, who had been inactive since 1996, resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage" to the prize's reputation. 1997 The 1997 prize went to Italian actor-playwright Dario Fo who was initially considered "rather lightweight" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer and had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church. Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been favoured to receive the prize, but a committee member was later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular". 1974 The 1974 prize was awarded to the Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson: both themselves members of the Swedish Academy and little known outside their home country. Graham Greene, Jorge Luis Borges, Saul Bellow and Vladimir Nabokov were favourites to win the award that year. Bellow won in 1976; neither Greene, Borges nor Nabokov were awarded the prize. 1970 The 1970 prize was awarded to Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who did not attend the ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the Soviet Union would prevent his return. His works there were available only in samizdat-published, clandestine form. After the Swedish government refused to hold a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself". Solzhenitsyn later accepted the award on 10 December 1974, after the Soviet Union banished him. Critics suggest that Solzhenitsyn was awarded the prize because of his political stance, not his writing. 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre declined the Nobel Prize in Literature, claiming that he refused official distinctions and did not want to be institutionalised and for fear that it would limit the impact of his writing. While Sartre's statement to the Swedish press was polite, in the 1976 documentary film (Sartre by Himself) he revealed quite opposite reasons for rejecting the Nobel Prize: "Because I was politically involved, the bourgeois establishment wanted to cover up my past errors. Now there's an admission! And so they gave me the Nobel Prize. They pardoned me and said I deserved it. It was monstrous!" 1902–1910 Leo Tolstoy was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 but never won, and in 1901 he was not even nominated, resulting in a major controversy. The 1901 prize went instead to French poet Sully Prudhomme, and the year after to German historian Theodor Mommsen. Reports suggest that Tolstoy did not receive the prize because of the jury's reservations towards his political and religious positions as well as Sweden's historical enmity towards Russia. In 1901, 42 Swedish writers, including August Strindberg, wrote Tolstoy a letter following the announcement, expressing their dissatisfaction with the decision. Others Czech writer Karel Čapek's War With the Newts was considered too offensive to the German government, and he declined to suggest a non-controversial publication that could be cited in its stead ("Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation"). He never received a prize. French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was considered for the Literature prize in the 1950s, according to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper on their opening in 2008. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus, but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, "so long as he does not come back to the novel", while Camus won the prize in 1957. Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated several times but never won. Edwin Williamson, Borges' biographer, stated that the author's support of Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators may have been a factor. Borges' failure to win the Nobel Prize contrasts with awards to writers who openly supported left-wing dictatorships, including that of Joseph Stalin in the case of Jean-Paul Sartre and Pablo Neruda, and of Fidel Castro in the case of Gabriel García Márquez. The academy's refusal to express support for Salman Rushdie in 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwā on his life, led two Academy members to resign. Peace Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticisms that have been levelled against some of the awards include allegations that they were politically motivated, premature, or guided by a faulty definition of what constitutes work for peace. 2016 On 7 October 2016 Nobel Peace Prize went to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos for his efforts working with the Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) to bring the more than 50-year-long Colombian civil war to an end. The award was noted as being premature since it was conferred five days after the nation narrowly rejected his peace plan in the 2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum On November 24, 2016, the Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised peace deal, which the Colombian Congress approved on 30 November. 2012 The 2012 prize went to the European Union for "over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe". Among other objections, some former laureates disputed the award, claiming that the EU is "clearly not a champion of peace". 2010 The 2010 prize went to Liu Xiaobo "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China". Liu was imprisoned at the time of the award and neither he nor his family were allowed to attend the ceremony. The Chinese government alleged that Liu did not promote "international friendship, disarmament, and peace meetings", the prize's stated goal. The award led to a diplomatic dispute between Norway and China. Relations were normalized in December 2016. Pro-Chinese government and state-controlled media had criticized Liu's selection due to his low profile and obscurity within China and among Chinese youth. Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, writing in The Guardian, also criticized Liu's selection for his long support of American involvement in wars in other nations, particularly Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, and Iraq. 2009 The 2009 prize went to Barack Obama "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples". The award, given just nine months into Obama's first term as president, received criticism that it was undeserved, premature, politically motivated, and wishful. Obama himself said that he felt "surprised" by the win and did not consider himself worthy of the award, but nonetheless accepted it. Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by The New York Times. Much of the surprise arose from the fact that nominations for the award had been due by 1 February 2009, only 12 days after Obama took office. In an October 2011 interview, Thorbjørn Jagland, chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, was asked whether Obama had lived up to the prize, and replied: In 2015, Geir Lundestad, director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute (who sat in on the committee's meetings but did not have a vote), wrote in his memoir, Secretary of Peace, that he regretted giving the prize to Obama. The committee "thought it would strengthen Obama and it didn't have this effect", Lundestad told the Associated Press, though he fell short of calling the award a mistake. "In hindsight, we could say that the argument of giving Obama a helping hand was only partially correct", Lundestad wrote. Critics also argued that the award was a symbolic rejection of the George W. Bush Administration. 2004 The 2004 prize went to Wangari Maathai "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace". Controversially, she was reported by the Kenyan newspaper The Standard and Radio Free Europe to have stated that HIV/AIDS was originally developed by Western scientists in order to depopulate Africa. She later denied these claims, although The Standard stood by its reporting. Additionally, in a Time magazine interview, she hinted that she believed HIV had a non-natural origin, saying that someone knows where it came from and that it "did not come from monkeys". 2002 The 2002 prize went to Jimmy Carter for "decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development". The announcement of the award came shortly after the US House and Senate authorized President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq in order to enforce UN Security Council resolutions requiring that Baghdad give up weapons of mass destruction. Asked if the selection of the former president was a criticism of Bush, Gunnar Berge, head of the Nobel Prize committee, said: "With the position Carter has taken on this, it can and must also be seen as criticism of the line the current US administration has taken on Iraq." Carter declined to comment on the remark in interviews, saying that he preferred to focus on the work of the Carter Center. 2000 The 2000 prize went to Kim Dae-jung "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular". Criticisms argued that Kim made a historical event in North Korea, which was tainted significantly by allegations that at least several hundred million dollars had been paid to Pyongyang. His Chief of Staff, Park Ji-won, was sentenced to twelve years in prison in 2003 for, among other charges, his role in the Hyundai payment to North Korea for the North–South summit. Also in order to persuade North Korea to attend the summit, several "unconverted long-term prisoners" kept by South Korea were released and returned to North Korea. 1994 The 1994 prize went to Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Rabin "for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East". Kåre Kristiansen, a member of the Nobel Committee, resigned in protest at Arafat's award, citing his sponsorship of terrorism through the PLO and calling him the "world's most prominent terrorist". On the other hand, Edward Said was critical of Peres and Rabin and the entire Oslo Accords. 1992 The 1992 prize went to Rigoberta Menchú for "her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples". The prize was controversial because the prize-winner's memoirs, which had brought her to fame, turned out to be partly fictitious. 1973 The 1973 prize went to North Vietnamese communist leader Lê Đức Thọ and United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger "for the 1973 Paris Peace Accords intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces". Thọ later declined the prize, on grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were not for him and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full. Kissinger was also privately skeptical about sharing the prize, saying to Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin "I figure it like Groucho Marx said 'any club that took him in he would not want to join'. I would say that anything Lê Đức Thọ is eligible for, there must be something wrong with it." North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in April 1975 and reunified the country whilst Lê Đức Thọ was still in government. Thọ had also been in government during the Tet Offensive, a Viet Cong surprise assault that killed and wounded over 25,000 civilians, destroyed 75,000 homes, and displaced over 670,000 people. Kissinger's history included the secret 1969–1975 bombing campaign against Khmer Rouge and North Vietnamese Army troops in Cambodia, U.S. involvement in Operation Condor—a mid-1970s campaign of kidnapping and murder coordinated among the intelligence and security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile (see details), Paraguay, and Uruguay—as well as the death of French nationals under the Chilean junta. He also supported the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, resulting in the de facto partition of the island. According to Irwin Abrams in 2001, this prize was the most controversial to date. Two Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigned in protest. The American press also reacted with consternation to the award: the New York Times dubbed it the "Nobel War Prize"; the Washington Post quoted retired diplomat George Ball as saying that on the evidence "The Norwegians must have a sense of humour." The well-known comedian and political satirist Tom Lehrer said: "Political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel peace prize." When the award was announced, hostilities were continuing. Kissinger did not attend the award ceremony in Oslo over concern that it would be targeted by anti-war protest groups. He requested that the prize money be donated to a scholarship fund for US servicemen killed or missing in Indochina. In 1975, as Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces, he offered to return the medal, an offer not accepted by the Nobel Committee. 1939 In a submission not intended to be taken seriously, antifascist member of the Swedish parliament Erik Gottfrid Christian Brandt nominated German dictator Adolf Hitler, but the nomination was cancelled. No prize was awarded in 1939 to anyone for peace. 1935 The prize of 1935 was retroactively awarded one year later to Carl von Ossietzky, a German pacifist who had been convicted of high treason and espionage for exposing German re-armament. In an unprecedented move, King Haakon VII of Norway was absent from the award ceremony, two committee members resigned in protest, and the Norwegian conservative press, including leading daily Aftenposten, condemned giving the award to a convicted criminal. Ossietzky, interned in the concentration camp Esterwegen and severely ill with tuberculosis, accepted the award by letter but was prevented from traveling to Oslo. The award led to Adolf Hitler's forbidding any German to receive any of the Nobel Prizes in the future, and Ossietzky's prize was not allowed to be mentioned in the German press. Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) never received the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948. In 1948 Gandhi received six letters of nomination and was on the shortlist for the Peace Prize but he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, two days before the closing date for nominations. The Nobel Committee decided against awarding the prize, saying the laureate could only be awarded posthumously if the laureate died after the committee's decision had been made. The Nobel Committee ultimately made no award in 1948, stating "there was no suitable living candidate". Decades later, a Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006, said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, [but] whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question". Physics 2017 The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Reiner Weiss, Kip Thorne, and Barry Barish for their contribution to LIGO, which led to the detection of gravitational waves. Despite the contributions of the upwards of a thousand scientists and engineers in LIGO, the Nobel Committee continued its tradition of awarding the prize to only three physicists. All three winners commented saying that the prize belongs to the entire LIGO Collaboration (LSC). Thorne said "It is unfortunate that, due to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, the prize has to go to no more than three people, when our marvelous discovery is the work of more than a thousand." 2014 The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for the blue light-emitting diode, did not recognize the decades of incremental work in developing the LED by other pioneers such as Oleg Losev, Nick Holonyak, and Gertrude Neumark and overlooked a prior claim for invention of the blue LED by RCA materials researcher Herbert Paul Maruska. 2013 Peter Higgs and François Englert were awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for their theoretical predictions related to the Higgs boson. This ran into the problem of the Nobel only awarding three individuals since three separate 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers have been credited with the discovery of the Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson. These PRL papers were written by 1) Robert Brout and François Englert, 2) Peter Higgs, and 3) Gerald Guralnik, C. Richard Hagen, and Tom Kibble. Brout died a few years earlier and was not included. There was debate over whether Guralnik/Hagen/Kibble should have been included in the Nobel Prize for their 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers. CERN, whose experiments proved the existence of the Higgs boson, was also excluded from the 2013 Prize. 2010 The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov of the University of Manchester "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene". Several problems with the factual accuracy of the supporting documents issued by the Nobel committee have been pointed out, including that they seem to wrongly attribute the discovery of graphene to Geim and Novoselov, and they did not take into account other contributions to graphene research. 2009 The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics, divided between three recipients over two disciplines, led to some omissions. Charles Kuen Kao's award for his work in fiber optics led to claims that Narinder Singh Kapany's previous work had been overlooked. Willard Boyle and George E. Smith's award for the development of the charge-coupled device led to Eugene I. Gordon and Michael Francis Tompsett claiming that it should have been theirs for establishing that the technology could be used for imaging. 2008 Half of the 2008 prize went to Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa for their 1972 work on quark mixing. This postulated the existence of three additional quarks beyond the three then known to exist and used this postulate to provide a possible mechanism for CP violation, which had been observed 8 years earlier. Their work expanded and reinterpreted research by the Italian physicist Nicola Cabibbo, dating to 1963, before the quark model was even introduced. The resulting quark mixing matrix, which described probabilities of different quarks to turn into each other under the action of the weak force, is known as CKM matrix, after Cabibbo, Kobayashi, and Maskawa. Cabibbo arguably merited a share of the award. The recipient of the other half of the 2008 prize was Yoichiro Nambu for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. The fundamental step in this field is the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model (NJL model), developed together with the Italian theoretical physicist Giovanni Jona-Lasinio, who was left out of the prize like Cabibbo. In recognition to his colleague's work, Nambu asked Jona-Lasinio to hold the Nobel Lecture at the Stockholm University in his place. As the prize is awarded each year to at most three people for no more than two different research works, the committee was forced to skip one member each from both the CKM and the NJL workgroups. 2005 Half of the 2005 prize went to Roy J. Glauber "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence". Several physicists wrote to the Swedish Academy, protesting that Indian theoretical physicist E. C. George Sudarshan should have been awarded a share of the Prize for the Sudarshan diagonal representation (also known as Glauber–Sudarshan representation) in quantum optics, for which Glauber won his share of the prize. Sudarshan and other physicists sent a letter to the Nobel Committee claiming that the P representation had more contributions of "Sudarshan" than "Glauber". 1997 The 1997 prize went to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light". The award was disputed by Russian scientists who questioned the awardees' priority in the acquired approach and techniques, which the Russians claimed to have carried out more than a decade before. 1983 Half of the 1983 prize went to William Alfred Fowler "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe". Fowler acknowledged Fred Hoyle as the pioneer of the concept of stellar nucleosynthesis but Hoyle did not receive a share in the prize. Hoyle's championing of many disreputable and disproven ideas may have damaged his overall reputation and invalidated him in the Nobel committee's view. Hoyle's obituary in Physics Today notes that "Many of us felt that Hoyle should have shared Fowler's 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics, but the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences later made partial amends by awarding Hoyle, with Edwin Salpeter, its 1997 Crafoord Prize". 1978 The 1978 prize was awarded for the chance "detection of cosmic microwave background radiation" by Bell Labs physicists Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson. There was some controversy over the award for a serendipitous discovery since it did not include Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, who predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1948, or Princeton physicist Robert Dicke who was also searching for the same phenomenon and co-published with Penzias and Wilson, explaining their results. 1974 The 1974 prize went to Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars". Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Hewish's graduate student, was not recognized, despite being the first to notice the stellar radio source, later recognized as a pulsar. Hewish had initially mistaken Bell's findings as 'radio interference'. While Fred Hoyle argued that Bell should have been included in the prize, Bell said, "I believe it would demean Nobel Prizes if they were awarded to research students, except in very exceptional cases, and I do not believe this is one of them." Over four decades later, Bell was recognized with a three million dollar Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics of which she donated the entirety to assist female, minority, and refugee students in becoming physics researchers. 1938 The 1938 prize went to Enrico Fermi in part for "his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation". His team's discovery of slow neutrons and different types of radioactivity were correct but the transuranic elements he thought they had created (specifically, hesperium) actually turned out to be fission products—isotopes of much lighter elements than uranium). The fact that this interpretation was incorrect was discovered shortly after he received his prize and he added a footnote to this effect to his Nobel Prize acceptance speech. 1923 The 1923 prize went to Robert Millikan "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect". Millikan might have won in 1920 but for Felix Ehrenhaft's incorrect claim to have measured a smaller charge. Some controversy, however, still seems to linger over Millikan's oil-drop procedure and experimental interpretation, over whether Millikan manipulated his data in the 1913 scientific paper measuring the electron charge. Allegedly, he did not report all his observations. Other major unrecognized discoveries None of the contributors to the discovery of nuclear fission won the prize for Physics. Instead, the prize for Chemistry was awarded to Otto Hahn for his discovery of fission in Berlin in 1938. Lise Meitner also contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission, through her collaboration with Hahn. From the beginning, she had worked with Hahn on the neutron bombardment of Uranium, but left Germany for Sweden before fission was discovered. Working there with the experimental data supplied to her by Hahn, she managed, with Otto Robert Frisch's participation, to incorporate Niels Bohr's liquid drop model (first suggested by George Gamow) into fission's theoretical foundation. She also predicted the possibility of chain reactions. In an earlier collaboration with Hahn, she had independently discovered a new chemical element (called protactinium). Bohr nominated both for this work, in addition to recommending the Chemistry prize for Hahn. Hahn's assistant, Fritz Strassmann, was not considered for the Physics prize. Chien-Shiung Wu disproved the law of the conservation of parity (1956) and was the first Wolf Prize winner in physics. She died in 1997 without receiving a Nobel. Wu assisted Tsung-Dao Lee personally in his parity laws development—with Chen-Ning Yang—by providing him in 1956 with a possible test method for beta decay that worked successfully. Her book Beta Decay (1965) is still a sine qua non reference for nuclear physicists. Bose–Einstein statistics Several Nobel Prizes were awarded for research related to the concepts of the boson, Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate—the latest being the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics given for advancing the theory of Bose–Einstein condensates although Satyendra Nath Bose himself was not awarded the Nobel Prize. In his book The Scientific Edge, physicist Jayant Narlikar observed: "SN Bose's work on particle statistics (c.1922), which clarified the behavior of photons (the particles of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas on statistics of Microsystems that obey the rules of quantum theory, was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science and could be considered in the Nobel Prize class." The work of other 20th century Indian scientists which Narlikar considered to be of Nobel Prize class were Srinivasa Ramanujan, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman and Meghnad Saha. However, when asked about the omission, Bose himself said: "I have got all the recognition I deserve." Rolf-Dieter Heuer, the director general of European organization for nuclear research CERN, commented in a scientific meet in Kolkata titled Frontiers of Science that "it is unfortunate that pioneering Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose did not win the Nobel Prize for work on quantum physics in the 1920s that provided the foundation of the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate". Einstein's annus mirabilis Albert Einstein's 1921 Nobel Prize Award mainly recognized his 1905 discovery of the mechanism of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics". The Nobel committee passed on several nominations for his many other seminal contributions, although these led to prizes for others who later applied more advanced technology to experimentally verify his work, most notably the 2017 prize awarded to the heads of LIGO. Many predictions of Einstein's theories have been verified as technology advances. Recent examples include the bending of light in a gravitational field, gravitational waves (detected by LIGO), gravitational lensing and black holes. It was not until 1993 that the first evidence for the existence of gravitational radiation came via the Nobel Prize-winning measurements of the Hulse–Taylor binary system. The committee also failed to recognize the other contributions of his Annus Mirabilis papers on Brownian motion and special relativity. Often these nominations for Special Relativity were for both Hendrik Lorentz and Einstein. Henri Poincaré was also nominated at least once for his work, including on Lorentz's relativity theory. However, Kaufmann's then-experimental results (incorrectly) cast doubt on Special Relativity. These doubts were not resolved until 1915. By this time, Einstein had progressed to his general theory of relativity, including his theory of gravitation. Empirical support—in this case the predicted spectral shift of sunlight—was in question for many decades. The only piece of original evidence was the consistency with the known perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. Some additional support was gained at the end of 1919, when the predicted deflection of starlight near the Sun was confirmed by Arthur Eddington's Solar Eclipse Expedition, though here again the actual results were somewhat ambiguous. Conclusive proof of the gravitational light deflection prediction was not achieved until the 1970s. Physiology or medicine 2011 The 2011 prize was awarded in part to Ralph Steinman, who died of cancer days before the award, a fact unknown to the Nobel committee at the time of the award. Committee rules prohibit posthumous awards, and Steinman's death created a dilemma unprecedented in the history of the award. The committee ruled that Steinman remained eligible for the award despite his death, under the rule that allows awardees to receive the award who die between being named and the awards ceremony. 2010 The decision to award the 2010 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine to Robert Edwards for developing the technique of in vitro fertilisation was bitterly denounced by the Catholic Church, which objects to all artificial methods of human conception and fertilization as well as to contraception. One Vatican official called the award "out of order", and the International Federation of Catholic Medical Associations issued a statement saying that the use of human embryos, created and discarded "as experimental animals destined for destruction, has led to a culture where they are regarded as commodities rather than the precious individuals which they are". 2009 When the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak for their work in cell-ageing and telomeres it was pointed out in Russian media that Alexey Olovnikov should have been co-awarded the Prize for his work in the same field in 1971. Olovnikov recognized the problem of telomere shortening, predicted the existence of telomerase, and suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the relationship of telomeres to cancer. 2008 The 2008 prize was awarded in part to Harald zur Hausen "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses (HPV) causing cervical cancer". The Swedish police anticorruption unit investigated charges of improper influence by AstraZeneca, which had a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines. The company had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web and had strong links with two senior figures in the process that chose zur Hausen. The other half of the 2008 prize was split between Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus". The omission of Robert Gallo was controversial: 106 scientists signed a letter to the journal Science stating that "While these awardees fully deserve the award, it is equally important to recognize the contributions of Robert C. Gallo", which "warrant equal recognition". Montagnier said that he was "surprised" that the award had not been shared with Gallo. 2006 The 2006 prize went to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello "for their discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA". Many of the discoveries credited by the committee to Fire and Mello, who studied RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans, had been previously studied by plant biologists, and it was suggested that at least one plant biologist, such as David Baulcombe, should have been awarded a share of the prize. 2003 The 2003 prize was awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" (MRI). Two independent alternatives have been alleged. Raymond Damadian first reported that nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) could distinguish in vitro between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues on the basis of different proton relaxation times. He later translated this into the first human scan. Damadian's original report prompted Lauterbur to develop NMR into the present method. Damadian took out large advertisements in an international newspapers protesting his exclusion. Some researchers felt that Damadian's work deserved at least equal credit. Separately, Herman Y. Carr both pioneered the NMR gradient technique and demonstrated rudimentary MRI imaging in the 1950s. The Nobel prize winners had almost certainly seen Carr's work, but did not cite it. Consequently, the prize committee very likely was unaware of Carr's discoveries, a situation likely abetted by Damadian's campaign. Mansfield said in his autobiography that "the person who really missed out" the prize was Erwin Hahn for his contribution to the principles of spin echoes. 1998 The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1998 to Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro and Ferid Murad "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system". There followed protest by the scientific community due to the omission of Salvador Moncada, who was internationally recognized as the major contributor to the discovery of this field together with Robert Furchgott. 1997 The 1997 prize was awarded to Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of prions. This award caused a long stream of polemics. Critics attacked the validity of the work and questioned whether prions exist at all, which claim had been criticized by other researchers as not yet proven. The existence of prions was not fully accepted by the scientific community for at least a decade after the awarding of the prize. 1993 The 1993 prize went to Phillip Allen Sharp and Richard J. Roberts "for their discoveries of split genes", the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA, and the mechanism of gene splicing. Several other scientists, such as Norman Davidson and James Watson, argued that Louise T. Chow, a China-born Taiwanese researcher who collaborated with Roberts, should have had part of the prize. In 1976, as Staff Investigator, Chow carried out the studies of the genomic origins and structures of adenovirus transcripts that led directly to the discovery of RNA splicing and alternative RNA processing at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island in 1977. Norman Davidson, a Caltech expert in electron microscopy under whom Chow apprenticed as a graduate student, affirmed that Chow operated the electron microscope through which the splicing process was observed, and was the crucial experiment's sole designer, using techniques she had developed. 1952 The 1952 prize was awarded to Selman Waksman "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis". Albert Schatz, who was a graduate student working under Waksman's direction at the time of discovery in 1943, petitioned the Nobel committee saying he had done all the work in isolating the antibiotic properties of Streptomyces griseus. Schatz, who two years earlier had successfully sued Waksman and Rutgers University for his share in the discovery, patent, and resulting royalties, was turned down by the Nobel committee. It was a reflection of the times when department heads were normally awarded the prize and has been looked on as a considerable mistake. 1935 The 1935 prize was awarded to Hans Spemann "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development". In 1991 Howard M. Lenhoff, then Professor of Developmental and Cell Biology at the University of California, published a paper pointing out that Ethel Browne Harvey should have shared in Spemann's Nobel Prize, because, as a graduate student, she had made a similar discovery many years earlier and understood its significance. Her work, done in 1909, preceded the experiments in 1924 by Spemann and Hilde Mangold that are credited with discovering the "organizer" — the work that was the basis of the Nobel Prize. Lenhoff noted there is evidence that Spemann knew about Ethel Browne Harvey's work, as she had sent a copy of her paper to Spemann, and in his copy the portion that discussed the significance of her work had been underlined. 1926 In 1926, no prize was awarded because the works of the two nominees Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger and Katsusaburo Yamagiwa were considered undeserving. Fibiger had demonstrated that he could induce stomach cancer in rats using a roundworm Gongylonema neoplasticum that he discovered (but which he preferred to call Spiroptera carcinoma). Yamagiwa followed suit and induced cancer in rabbit by applying coal tar on the rabbit's ears. Theirs were the first experimental induction of cancer. One of the assessors Hilding Bergstrand concluded that "one cannot, at this point, find much support for the possibility that the work of Fibiger and Yamagiwa will have great importance in the solving of the riddle of cancer. Under such circumstances I do not consider these discoveries worthy of the Nobel Prize." In 1927, Fibiger was again nominated alongside Otto Heinrich Warburg and Julius Wagner-Jauregg; but Yamagiwa was excluded. The Nobel Committee decided to award the 1926 prize jointly to Fibiger and Warburg, and the 1927 prize to Wagner-Jauregg. But at the final selection, Karolinska Institute rejected Warburg. The 1926 prize went solely to Fibiger "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma". Fibiger's "finding" was discredited by other scientists shortly thereafter. Particularly after the last major experiment in 1952, it was established that the roundworm is not carcinogenic, and that cancers developed in Fibiger's experiments were due to vitamin A deficiency. Yamagiwa's exclusion was also criticised, because his experiment was a valid finding. Coal tar (and substances containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs) are now known to be true carcinogens. Yamagiwa's work has become the primary basis for this line of research. Encyclopædia Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes in cancer research mentions Yamagiwa's work as a milestone without mentioning Fibiger. 1923 The 1923 prize was awarded to Frederick Banting and John Macleod "for the discovery of insulin". Banting clearly deserved the prize, but the choice of Macleod as co-winner was controversial. Banting felt that Charles Best was the proper corecipient, while Macleod had merely given them laboratory space at the University of Toronto while Macleod was away for the summer. On his return, though, Macleod pointed out some flaws in their experimental design and gave them advice about directions in which to work. Banting's original method of isolating insulin required performing surgery on living dogs, which was too labor-intensive to produce insulin on a large scale. Best then set about finding a biochemical extraction method, while James Collip, a chemistry professor on sabbatical from the University of Alberta, joined Macleod's team and worked in parallel with Best. The two of them succeeded within days of each other. When Banting agreed to receive the prize, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod, in turn, split his half of the prize money with Collip. 1906 Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly awarded "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system". However, their interpretation of discoveries were directly in opposition. Much as Golgi made significant contributions to the techniques in the study of nervous system in terms of actual structure, he made a completely erroneous conclusion that nervous system is nothing but a single continuous network, the notion called reticular theory. On the other hand, Ramón y Cajal described nervous system as composed of interlinking nerve cells or neurons as suggested by a theory called the neuron doctrine. Golgi strongly advocated the reticular theory such that even his Nobel lecture was a direct attack on Cajal's work and the neuron doctrine, and even depicted a diagram of continuous network which he claimed was "an exact reproduction after life". Therefore, recognising a work on wrong conclusion is inappropriate. The controversy and rivalry between the two scientists lasted even after the award of the Nobel Prize. The award is even dubbed as creating the "storm center of histological controversy". Cajal even commented that: "What a cruel irony of fate of pair, like Siamese twins united by the shoulders, scientific adversaries of such contrasting character!" The neuron doctrine turned out to be a more correct description, and Golgi was proved wrong with the development of electron microscopy in the 1950s by which it was clearly demonstrated that neurons are individual cells in the nervous system, and that they are interconnected through gaps called synapses. Recent studies suggest that there are notable exceptions. Electrical synapses are more common in the central nervous system than previously thought. Thus, rather than functioning as individual units, in some parts of the brain large ensembles of neurons may be active simultaneously to process neural information. 1902 Ronald Ross was awarded basically for his discovery of the life cycle of malarial parasite (as the citation goes: "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism"). In 1897, independent of Ross, Giovanni Battista Grassi, along with his Italian associates, had established the developmental stages of malaria parasites in anopheline mosquitoes; and they described the complete life cycles of P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae the following year. The initial opinion of the Nobel Committee was that the prize should be shared between Ross and Grassi. Then Ross made a defamatory campaign accusing Grassi of deliberate fraud. The weight of favour ultimately fell on Ross, largely upon the influences of Robert Koch, the appointed "neutral arbitrator" in the committee; as reported, "Koch threw the full weight of his considerable authority in insisting that Grassi did not deserve the honor". The indelible irony was that Ross was definitely the first to show that malarial parasite was transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes, in his case the avian Plasmodium relictum. But Grassi's work was much more directly relevant to human health as he demonstrated that human malarial parasites were infected only by female Anopheles (Ross never identified the mosquito species, not being a zoologist; "grey mosquito with dappled wings" was all that he could offer). Grassi identified the species correctly, and in 1898 who first established the complete life cycle of P. falciparum, the first human malarial parasite for which the entire cycle was determined. By today's standard, they should have undoubtedly shared the Nobel. Others Oswald Theodore Avery, best known for his 1944 demonstration that DNA is the cause of bacterial transformation and potentially the material of which genes are composed, never received a Nobel Prize, although two Nobel laureates, Joshua Lederberg and Arne Tiselius, praised him and his work as a pioneering platform for further genetic research. According to John M. Barry, in his book The Great Influenza, the committee was preparing to award Avery, but declined to do so after the DNA findings were published, fearing that they would be endorsing findings that had not yet survived significant scrutiny. Carlos Chagas' 1909 discovery of the tropical parasitic disease which bears his name, Chagas disease, has been looked on by some historical researchers as worthy of a Nobel prize (he received one nomination in 1913 and again in 1921), but may have been denied it because of misunderstandings and infighting between him and his colleges and government officials. The Nobel Committee does not rescind prizes, even when their validity is eventually disproven. For example, António Egas Moniz received the prize in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy which was bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Laureates who declined the prize Forced refusals Forced refusals under Nazi Germany In 1936, the Nobel Foundation offended Adolf Hitler when it awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to Carl von Ossietzky, a German writer who publicly opposed Hitler and Nazism. (The prize was awarded the following year.) Hitler reacted by issuing a decree on 31 January 1937 that forbade German nationals to accept any Nobel Prize. Awarding the peace prize to Ossietzky was itself considered controversial. While fascism had few supporters outside Italy, Spain, and Germany, those who did not necessarily sympathize felt that it was wrong to (deliberately) offend Germany. Hitler's decree prevented three Germans from accepting their prizes: Gerhard Domagk (1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Richard Kuhn (1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), and Adolf Butenandt (1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry). The three later received their certificates and medals, but not the prize money. On 19 October 1939, about a month and a half after World War II had started, the Nobel Committee of the Karolinska Institutet met to discuss the 1939 prize in physiology or medicine. The majority favoured Domagk and someone leaked the news, which traveled to Berlin. The Ministry of Culture in Berlin replied with a telegram stating that a Nobel Prize to a German was "completely unwanted" (). Despite the telegram, a large majority voted for Domagk on 26 October 1939. Once he learned of the decision, hopeful that it only applied to the peace prize, Domagk sent a request to the Ministry of Education in Berlin asking permission to accept the prize. Since he did not receive a reply after more than a week had passed, Domagk felt it would be impolite to wait any longer without responding, and on 3 November 1939 he wrote a letter to the Institute thanking them for the distinction, but added that he had to wait for the government's approval before he could accept the prize. Domagk was subsequently ordered to send a copy of his letter to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Berlin, and on 17 November 1939, was arrested by the Gestapo. He was released after one week, then arrested again. On 28 November 1939, he was forced by the Ministry of Culture to sign a prepared letter, addressed to the institute, declining the prize. Since the Institute had already prepared his medal and diploma before the second letter arrived, they were able to award them to him later, during the 1947 Nobel festival. Domagk was the first to decline a prize. Due to his refusal, the procedures changed so that if a laureate declined the prize or failed to collect the prize award before 1 October of the following year, the money would not be awarded. On 9 November 1939, the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences awarded the 1938 Prize for Chemistry to Kuhn and half of the 1939 prize to Butenandt. When notified of the decision, the German scientists were forced to decline by threats of violence. Their refusal letters arrived in Stockholm after Domagk's refusal letter, helping to confirm suspicions that the German government had forced them to refuse the prize. In 1948, they wrote to the academy expressing their gratitude for the prizes and their regret for being forced to refuse them in 1939. They were awarded their medals and diplomas at a ceremony in July 1949. Other forced refusals Boris Pasternak at first accepted the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature, but was forced by Soviet authorities to decline, because the prize was considered a "reward for the dissident political innuendo in his novel, Doctor Zhivago." Pasternak died without ever receiving the prize. He was eventually honoured by the Nobel Foundation at a banquet in Stockholm on 9 December 1989, when they presented his medal to his son. The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Liu Xiaobo while he was serving a prison sentence for "subversion of the state", with the Chinese government not allowing him or his family members to attend the ceremony. Voluntary refusals Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. Jean-Paul Sartre declined the 1964 prize for Literature, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form." The second person who refused the prize is Lê Đức Thọ, who was awarded the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Peace Accords, which sought to end the Vietnam war. He declined, saying there was no actual peace in Vietnam. The war resumed four months after he was declared the winner. Mistakes in the award notification Physics 1989—The Nobel Committee mistakenly phoned Washington DC economist Norman Ramsey, trying to award him the Nobel Prize in Physics. They meant to call the Harvard University physicist Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.. Chemistry 1987—The Nobel Committee mistakenly phoned Southern California carpet cleaner Donald O. Cram, trying to award him Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They meant to call the Southern California chemist Donald J. Cram. Nobel rumors 1915 saw a newspaper rumor (starting with a 6 November Reuters report from London) along the lines that the Nobel Prize in Physics was to be awarded to both Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. The story had gone to press in many publications before a 15 November Reuters story from Stockholm with the announcement that the prize that year was being awarded to William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla and Edison had won the prize and that the Nobel committee had changed recipients when Tesla and/or Edison refused the award (a claim also made many years later attributed to Tesla). The Nobel Foundation declined to comment on the rumors other than saying, "Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous", further stating a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner. Otto Heinrich Warburg, a German national who won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, was rumored to have been selected for the 1944 prize but forbidden to accept it. According to the Nobel Foundation, this story is not true. Other prizes Prizes in non-Nobel domains Multiple primary fields of human intellectual endeavor—such as mathematics, philosophy and social studies—were not included among the Nobel Prizes, because they were not part of Alfred Nobel's will. When Jakob von Uexkull approached the Nobel Foundation with a proposal to establish two new awards for the environment and for the lives of the poor, he was turned down. He then established the Right Livelihood Award. In 2003 purportedly a new Nobel-equivalent Award was also created especially for mathematics, the Abel Prize, though the older Fields Medal is often considered as the mathematical Nobel equivalent. However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel. In his speech at the 1974 Nobel banquet, awardee Friedrich Hayek stated that had he been consulted whether to establish an economics prize, he would "have decidedly advised against it" primarily because "the Nobel Prize confers on an individual an authority which in economics no man ought to possess... This does not matter in the natural sciences. Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But the influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally." The Kluge Prize, a $1 million prize given by the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress, is awarded for lifetime achievement in fields of humanistic and social science studies that are not included in the Nobel Prizes, most notably history, philosophy, politics, psychology, anthropology, sociology, religious studies, linguistics, and criticism in the arts and humanities. The Shaw Prize is awarded for achievements in the fields of astronomy and mathematical sciences besides life science and medicine. The Tang Prize categories include areas of sustainable development and rule of law which are not included in Nobel Prize, and also include biopharmaceutical science and sinology. The panels of judges are convened by Academia Sinica, located in Taiwan, Republic of China. Alternatives to the Nobel Prizes Following the announcement of the award of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize to incarcerated Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo, the Chinese tabloid Global Times created the Confucius Peace Prize. The award ceremony was deliberately organized to take place on 8 December, one day before the Nobel ceremony. Organizers said that the prize had no relation to the Chinese government, the Ministry of Culture or Beijing Normal University. The German National Prize for Art and Science was Hitler's alternative to the Nobel Prize. The Ig Nobel Prize is an American parody of the Nobel Prize. See also Nobel disease Notes References Bibliography . . . . First published in the United Kingdom as Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told. . . External links Article on Why Was Gandhi Never Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? BBC article on Nobel Peace Prize controversies Nobel Foundation official site Controversies Discovery and invention controversies Controversies in Sweden
The Capetian House of Anjou, or House of Anjou-Sicily, was a royal house and cadet branch of the direct French House of Capet, part of the Capetian dynasty. It is one of three separate royal houses referred to as Angevin, meaning "from Anjou" in France. Founded by Charles I of Anjou, the youngest son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century. The War of the Sicilian Vespers later forced him out of the island of Sicily, which left him with the southern half of the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Naples. The house and its various branches would go on to influence much of the history of Southern and Central Europe during the Middle Ages until it became extinct in 1435. Historically, the house ruled the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Provence and Forcalquier; the Principalities of Achaea and Taranto; and the Kingdoms of Sicily, Naples, Hungary, Croatia, Albania and Poland. Rise of Charles I and his sons A younger son of House of Capet king Louis VIII of France the Lion, Charles was first given a noble title by his brother Louis IX of France who succeeded to the French throne in 1226. Charles was named Count of Anjou and Maine; the feudal County of Anjou was a western vassal state of the Kingdom of France, which the Capetians had wrested from the House of Plantagenet only a few decades earlier. Charles married the heiress of the County of Provence named Beatrice of Provence, she was a member of the House of Barcelona; this meant Charles' holdings were growing as Count of Provence. After fighting in the Seventh Crusade, Charles was offered by Pope Clement IV the Kingdom of Sicily — which at the time included not only the island of Sicily but also the southern half of the Italian Peninsula. The reason for Charles being offered the kingdom was because of a conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, the latter of whom were represented by the ruling House of Hohenstaufen. It was at the Battle of Benevento that the Guelph Capetians gained the Sicilian kingdom from the Ghibelline Swabians, this was cemented after victory at Tagliacozzo. In keeping with the political landscape of the period, Charles is described by scholars as shrewd, energetic and highly ambitious. He signed the Treaty of Viterbo in 1267 with Baldwin II of Courtenay and William II of Villehardouin, the political alliance gave many of the rights of the Latin Empire to Charles and a marriage alliance for his daughter Beatrice of Sicily. The Byzantines had taken back the city of Constantinople in 1261 and this was a plan to take it back from Michael VIII Palaiologos. It also recognised Charles' possession of Corfu and cities in the Balkans such as Durazzo, as well as giving him suzerainty over the Principality of Achaea and sovereignty of the Aegean islands aside from those already held by the Republic of Venice. For a while Charles was preoccupied helping his French brother in the unsuccessful Eighth Crusade on Tunis. After this he once again focused on Constantinople, but his fleet was wrecked in a freak storm off the coast of Trapani. With the elevation of Pope Gregory X, there was a truce between Charles and Michael in the form of the Council of Lyons, as Christians focused on improving ecumenical relations, with hopes of regaining the Kingdom of Jerusalem back from the Muslims. Charles had fully solidified his rule over Durazzo by 1272, creating a small Kingdom of Albania for himself, out of previously Despotate of Epirus territory; he was well received by local chiefs. Charles was driven out of Sicily in 1282, but his successors ruled Naples until 1435. Charles II and division of the inheritance This House of Anjou included the branches of Anjou-Hungary, which ruled Hungary (1308–1385, 1386–1395) and Poland (1370–1399), Anjou-Taranto, which ruled the remnants of the Latin Empire (1313–1374) and Anjou-Durazzo, which ruled Naples (1382–1435) and Hungary (1385–1386). The senior line of the House of Anjou-Durazzo became extinct in the male line with the death of King Ladislaus of Naples in 1414, and totally extinct with the death of his sister Joanna II in 1435. Cadet branches Hungary During the Middle Ages, there were several marriages between the Árpád dynasty and the House of Capet. Charles I, founder of the House of Anjou-Sicily, with his first wife, Beatrice of Provence fathered his eldest son, Charles II of Naples. (Their youngest daughter, Elizabeth was given in marriage to the future Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her, and the marriage remained childless). In 1270, Charles II married Mary of Hungary, daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth the Cuman. They had fourteen children which provided the House of Anjou-Sicily with a secure position in Naples. The childless Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1262–1290), was succeeded by Andrew III as King of Hungary. He was the son of Stephen the Posthumous, considered by Stephen's much older half-brothers (Béla IV of Hungary, Coloman of Halych, Andrew II of Halych) a bastard son of infidelity. For this reason, after the death of Ladislaus IV. some of the Árpád dynasty's cognates sought the family as extinct. In Naples, Charles Martel of Anjou, the eldest son of Mary of Hungary announced his claim to the Hungarian crown, backed by his mother, and the Pope. He started to style himself King of Hungary, but he never managed to gain enough support from the Hungarian magnates to realize his claim. With Andrew III's childless death (1301), the "last golden branch" of the tree of King Saint Stephen's family ended. The Hungarian diet was determined to keep the blood of Saint Stephen (first king of Hungary) on the throne in the maternal line at least. In the upcoming years, a civil war followed between various claimants to the throne. After the short period of rule of Wenceslaus of Bohemia (1301–1305), and Otto of Bavaria (1305–1307) the civil war ended with Charles Robert's (1308–1342) victory, the son of Charles Martel of Anjou, but he was forced to continue fighting against the powerful Hungarian lords up to the early 1320s. I. Charles I of Anjou 1226/7–1285 king of Sicily(-Naples) = Beatrice of Provence II. Blanche (died 1269) = Robert lord of Béthune II. Beatrice 1252–1275 = Philip titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople II. Elisabeth 1261–1303 = Ladislaus IV of Hungary II. Charles II of Naples the Lame 1254–1309 = Mary of Hungary III. Charles Martel (1271–1295), titular King of Hungary = Clemence of Austria IV. Charles I (1288–1342), King of Hungary = 1. Maria of Galicia (?), 2. Mary of Bytom, 3. Beatrice of Luxembourg, 4. Elisabeth of Poland V. (1.) Catherine (died 1355) = Henry II, Duke of Świdnica V. (4.) Charles (1321–1321/3) V. (4.) Ladislaus (1324–1329) V. (4.) Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382) = 1. Margaret of Bohemia, 2. Elizabeth of Bosnia VI. (2.) Catherine (1370–1378) VI. (2.) Mary of Hungary 1371–1395 = Sigismund of Luxembourg VI. (2.) Jadwiga of Poland 1373/4–1399 = Władysław II Jagiełło V. (4.) Andrew, Duke of Calabria (1327–1345) = Joanna I of Naples VI. Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria (1345–1348) V. (4.) Elizabeth (?) (b. 1327/1332) = Boleslaus II of Troppau V. (4.) Stephen (1332–1354) duke of Slavonia = Margaret of Bavaria VI. Elizabeth 1352–1380 = Philip II, Prince of Taranto, titular Emperor of Constantinople VI. John (1354–1360), duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia V. Coloman (1317–1375), Bishop of Győr - illegitimate son with daughter of Gurke Csák IV. Beatrice (1290–1354) = Jean II de La Tour du Pin, Dauphin du Viennois IV. Clementia of Hungary (1293–1328) = Louis X of France III. Margaret (1273–1299) = Charles of Valois III. Saint Louis of Toulouse (1274–1298), Bishop of Toulouse III. Robert the Wise (1275–1343), King of Naples = 1. Yolanda of Aragon, 2. Sancia of Majorca IV. (1.) Charles (1298–1328), Duke of Calabria, Viceroy of Naples = 1. Catherine of Habsburg (1295–1323), 2. Marie of Valois (1309–1332) V. (2.) Eloisa (1325–1325) V. (2.) Joanna I of Naples (1326–1382) = Andrew, Duke of Calabria (1327–1345) V. (2.) Charles Martel (1327–1327) V. (2.) Maria of Calabria (1329–1366) = 1. Charles, Duke of Durazzo 2. Robert of Baux, Count of Avellino 3. Philip II, Prince of Taranto IV. (1.) Louis (1301–1310) IV. (i.) Charles d'Artois , grand chamberlain for Queen Joanna I - illegitimate with Cantelma Cantelmo IV. (i.) Maria d'Aquino (Boccaccio's Fiammetta) - illegitimate IV. (i.) Helene - illegitimate = Andrea Thopia, Lord of Matija. III. Philip I 1278–1331, Prince of Taranto and Achaea = 1. Thamar Angelina Komnene 2. Catherine of Valois–Courtenay IV. (1.) Charles of Taranto 1296–1315, vicar of Romania IV. (1.) Joan of Anjou 1297–1323 = 1.Oshin of Armenia 2. Oshin of Korikos IV. (1) Margarete 1298–1340 = Walter VI, Count of Brienne titular duke of Athens IV. (1.) Philip, Despot of Romania 1300–1330 = Violante (daughter of James II of Aragon) IV. (1.) Maria 1301/4–1368, abbess in Conversano IV. (1.) Blanche 1309–1337 = Ramon Berenguer infante of Aragon, count of Prades (son of James II of Aragon) IV. (1.) Beatrice = Walter II of Brienne. IV. (2.) Margaret = Francis de Baux duke of Adria IV. (2.) Robert, Prince of Taranto 1326–1365, titular Latin emperor of Constantinople IV. (2.) Louis, Prince of Taranto 1327/8–1362, king of Naples as husband of Joanna I of Naples IV. (2.) Philip, Prince of Taranto 1329–1374, prince of Achaea, titular Latin emperor of Constantinople = 1. Maria of Calabria 2. Elisabeth of Slavonia III. Blanche of Anjou (1280–1310) = James II of Aragon III. Raymond Berengar (1281–1307), Count of Provence, Prince of Piedmont and Andria = Margaret of Clermont III. John (1283–1308), a priest III. Tristan (1284–bef. 1288) III. Eleanor of Anjou, (1289–1341) = Frederick III of Sicily III. Maria of Naples (1290–c. 1346) = 1. Sancho I of Majorca, 2. Jaime de Ejerica III. Peter Tempesta (1291–1315), Count of Gravina III. John (1276–1335), Duke of Durazzo, Prince of Achaea, and Count of Gravina = 1. Matilda of Hainaut (1293–1336), 2. Agnes of Périgord (d. 1345) IV. (2.) Charles, Duke of Durazzo (1323–1348) = Maria of Calabria V. Joanna, Duchess of Durazzo 1344–1387 = 1. Louis, Count of Beaumont 2. Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu V. Agnes of Durazzo 1345–138 = Cansignorio della Scala lord of Verona 2. James of Baux V. Margaret of Durazzo 1347–1412 = Charles III of Naples IV. (2.) Louis, Count of Gravina (1324–1362) = Margaret of Sanseverino V. Louis (1344–d. young) V. Charles III (1345–1386), king of Naples (1382–1386) and Hungary (1385–1386) = Margaret of Durazzo VI. Joanna II of Naples 1371–1435 = 1. William, Duke of Austria 2. James II, Count of La Marche VI. Ladislaus of Naples 1377–1414 = 1. Costanza Chiaramonte, 2. Mary of Lusignan, 3. Mary of Enghien V. Agnes (1347–d. young) IV. (2.) Robert of Durazzo (1326–1356) III. Beatrice (1295–c. 1321) = 1. Azzo VIII d'Este, marchese of Ferrara, 2. Bertrand III of Baux, Count of Andria (d. 1351) II. Philip 1256–1277, elected king of Sardinia - died childless II. Robert 1258–1265 - died childless The three surviving sons of Charles Robert (Charles I of Hungary) were Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), Andrew, Duke of Calabria (1327-1345), and Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (1332-1354). Louis I had only two surviving daughters, Mary of Hungary (1371-1395), who married the future Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, and Hedwig of Poland (1373/74-1399), who was given in marriage to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Władysław II Jagiełło, the future King of Poland. (See the section of Poland.) After Louis I's death without male heirs, Mary's husband, Sigismund of Luxembourg (1368-1437) managed to be accepted as Mary's co-ruler, by the Hungarian lords. When the queen died (1395) the Hungarian crown passed over to the House of Luxembourg. In 1333, the six years old second son of Charles Robert, Andrew (1327–1345) was taken to the court of Naples by his father for dynastic purposes, who put him under guardianship of Robert the Wise. Andrew was betrothed in 1334 to his cousin Joanna, granddaughter and heiress apparent of King Robert of Naples; Andrew's father was a fraternal nephew of King Robert. At the age of 15 he married Joanna I of Naples. After the death of Robert (1343), the King of Naples, Andrew became a victim of power clashes in the court of Naples. Robert's claim to the throne was rather tenuous and did not follow primogeniture. Andrew's grandfather, Charles Martel of Anjou, had died young; therefore, the throne should have passed to Andrew's father. However, due to fears of impending invasion from Sicily, it was felt that a seven-year-old heir was too risky and would not be able to hold off invasions. The throne was offered to the next son of Charles II of Naples, Louis, but he refused on religious grounds, and it thus passed to Robert. To recompensate Andrew's father, Charles II decided to assign him the claim to Hungary. When King Robert died in 1343, in his last will and testament, he formally bequeathed his kingdom to his granddaughter Joanna, making no mention of Andrew and thus denying him the right to reign along with Joanna. With the approval of Pope Clement VI, Joanna was crowned sole monarch of Naples in August 1344. Fearing for his life, Andrew wrote to his mother Elizabeth that he would soon flee the kingdom. She intervened, and made a state visit, before she returned to Hungary allegedly bribing Pope Clement to reverse himself and permit the coronation of Andrew. Hearing of the Pope's reversal, a group of noble conspirators (the involvement of Queen Joanna is unproved) determined to forestall Andrew's coronation. During a hunting trip at Aversa, Andrew left his room in the middle of the night and was set upon by the conspirators. A treacherous servant barred the door behind him, and, as Joanna cowered in their bed, a terrible struggle ensued, Andrew defending himself furiously and shrieking for aid. He was finally overpowered, strangled with a cord, and flung from a window. Isolde, Andrew's Hungarian nurse took the Prince's corpse to the church of the monks, and remained with it until next morning mourning it. When the Hungarian knights arrived she told them everything in their mother tongue so no one else would learn about the truth, and soon they left Naples reporting everything to the Hungarian King. The deed would taint the rest of Joanna's reign, although she was twice acquitted of any charge in the trials that followed. Andrew's elder brother Louis I of Hungary several times invaded the Kingdom of Naples and drove out Joanna, only to meet with reverses. In November 1347, Louis set out for Naples with some 1,000 soldiers (Hungarians and Germans), mostly mercenaries. When he reached the border of Joanna's kingdom, he had 2,000 Hungarian knights, 2,000 mercenary heavy cavalry, 2,000 Cuman horse archers and 6000 mercenary heavy infantry. Joanna in the meantime had married her cousin Louis of Taranto and had signed a peace with Naples' traditional enemy, the Kingdom of Sicily. The army of Naples, 2,700 knights and 5,000 infantrymen, was led by Louis of Taranto. On January 11, 1348, in the Battle of Capua, the king of Hungary defeated the army of Louis of Taranto. Four days later the queen repaired to Provence, while her husband followed soon afterwards. All the kingdom's barons swore loyalty to the new ruler as he marched to Naples from Benevento. While visiting Aversa, where his brother had been murdered, Louis had Charles of Durazzo assassinated in revenge by his condottiero. The Neapolitans, who had quickly grown unhappy with the severe Hungarian rule, called back Joan, who paid for her return expedition by selling her rights on Avignon to the popes. She landed near Naples and easily captured it, but the Hungarian commander Ulrich von Wolfart commanded a strong resistance in Apulia. Joanna and Louis would await a new trial on Andrew's assassination, to be held in Avignon. The verdict was Joanna's acquittal from any charge in January 1352, and a peace was signed with Hungary on March 23, 1352. Ultimately, 37 years later, Louis' kinsman Charles III of Naples conquered Naples with Hungarian aid and put Joanna to death. Stephen of Anjou (1332–1354), Duke of Slavonia, the third surviving son of Charles Robert, died before his older brother. For this reason, he (and his son) had no chance to take over the rule neither in Hungary, nor in Poland. In 1350, he married Margaret of Bavaria. His marriage with a German princess made him unpopular in Poland. The Polish noblemen acknowledged Louis as Casimir III's sole heir in July 1351 only after he had promised that he would not allow Stephen to participate in the government of Poland. Margaret gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth (in 1370 she married Philip of Taranto), and a son John, who inherited Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia from his father, but he was still a child when he died in 1360. On the death of Louis I of Hungary, Charles III of Naples, son of Louis of Durazzo (1324–1362), the great-grandson of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, claimed the Hungarian throne as the senior Angevin male, and ousted Louis' daughter Mary of Hungary in December 1385. It was not difficult for him to reach the power, as he counted with the support of several Croatian lords, and many contacts which he made during his period as Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia. However, Elizabeth of Bosnia, widow of Louis and mother of Mary, arranged to have Charles assassinated on 7 February 1386. He died of wounds at Visegrád on 24 February. His son, Ladislaus of Naples would try to obtain the crown of Hungary in the future, but never reached his goal. Poland In 1355, the last Piast king of Poland, Casimir III, designated his sororal nephew, the Angevin king Louis I of Hungary, as his heir presumptive by the Privilege of Buda. Upon the death of Casimir (5 November 1370), who left no legitimate sons, Louis ascended the Polish throne virtually unopposed. The Polish nobility welcomed his accession, rightly believing that Louis would be an absentee king who would not take much interest in Polish affairs. He sent his mother Elizabeth, sister of Casimir III, to govern Poland as regent. Louis probably considered himself first and foremost king of Hungary; he visited his northern kingdom three times and spent there a couple of months altogether. Negotiations with the Polish nobility frequently took place in Hungary. Hungarians themselves were unpopular in Poland, as was the king's Polish mother who governed the kingdom. In 1376, circa 160 Hungarians in her retinue were massacred in Kraków and the queen returned to Hungary disgraced. Louis replaced her with their relative, Vladislaus II of Opole. The Hungarian-Polish union fell apart after Louis died in 1382. The dissatisfied Polish nobles demanded that his successor in Hungary, Mary, move to Kraków and reign over Hungary and Poland from there. Mary's mother, Elizabeth of Bosnia (widow of Louis and grandniece of Casimir III's father, Vladislaus I), knew that the lack of supporters would render her influence at least as restricted as that of her mother-in-law and refused to move. She abandoned the idea of attempting to subdue the Polish nobility by force and agreed to send her younger surviving daughter, Hedwig, to be crowned as Louis' successor in Poland. Hedvig (known as Jadwiga in Poland) was crowned "king" in Poland's capital, Kraków, on 16 October 1384. Her coronation either reflected the Polish nobility's opposition to her intended husband, William, becoming king without further negotiation, or simply emphasized her status as queen regnant. With her mother's consent, Jadwiga's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who was still a pagan, concerning his potential marriage to Jadwiga. Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo, pledging to convert to Roman Catholicism and to promote his pagan subjects' conversion. Jogaila, who took the baptismal name Władysław, married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386. Jogaila, now in Polish styled Władysław Jagiełło, was crowned King of Poland on 4 March 1386. As Jadwiga's co-ruler, Jagiełło worked closely with his wife. Hedvig (or Jadwiga) was childless for over a decade. She became pregnant in late 1398 or early 1399. A newborn princess named Elizabeth Bonifacia was delivered on 22 June 1399 at Wawel Castle. However, the infant died after only three weeks, on 13 July 1399.[153] Jadwiga, too, was on her deathbed. She died on 17 July 1399, four days after her newborn daughter. Thus, the Polish throne went over to the Jagiellonian dynasty of Lithuanian origin. The union of Poland and Lithuania was a decisive moment in the histories of both countries; it marked a beginning of the four centuries of shared history. By 1569, the Polish–Lithuanian union grew into a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and lasted until the Third Partition in 1795. Naples Taranto Albania The Kingdom of Albania, or Regnum Albaniae, was established by Charles of Anjou in the Albanian territory he acquired from the Despotate of Epirus in the year 1271. He took the title of "King of Albania" in February 1272. The kingdom briefly extended from the region of Dyrrhachium (present-day Durrës in Albania) south along the coast to Butrint. A major attempt to advance further in direction of Constantinople, failed at the Siege of Berat (1280–1281). A Byzantine counteroffensive soon ensued, which drove the Angevins out of the interior by 1282. The Sicilian Vespers further weakened the position of Charles, and the kingdom was soon reduced by the Epirotes to a small area centered around Durrës. The Angevins held Durrës until 1368, when Karl Thopia captured the city. Genealogy of Capetian-Anjou Titles Designation and details List of monarchs Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland References Sources External links Anjou Hungarian royal houses Hungarian nobility Neapolitan royal houses Italian nobility Neapolitan nobility Polish royal houses
The Philippines national basketball team was led by head coach Chot Reyes in the early part of 2022 until the appointment of Nenad Vucinic in June. The Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas announced Reyes' appointment as head coach of the team on January 31 following Tab Baldwin's departure shortly prior to the February 2022 window of the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualifiers. Baldwin's departure was unexpected with Reyes tasked to prepare the team on short notice. Reyes was able to lead the team to a win against India but lost a game to New Zealand. South Korea who were part of the same group had to withdraw after it forfeited two games due to some of its players testing positive for COVID-19 pursuant to COVID-19 pandemic-related protocols. The Philippines took part in the 2021 Southeast Asian Games in Vietnam which was postponed by a year due to the pandemic. The team settled for silver, with Indonesia winning the gold medal. The result was considered an upset; the only other time the Philippines did not win the title was in the 1989 edition. In June, Nenad Vucinic who has been Reyes' assistant coach was designated as head coach of the Philippines for the June-July 2022 window of the World Cup qualifiers. Reyes would return as the team's head coach for the 2022 FIBA Asia Cup. Tournaments 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia) 2021 Southeast Asian Games 2022 FIBA Asia Cup Exhibition games Rosters Southeast Asian Games The following was the roster of the Philippines national team for the 2021 Southeast Asian Games in Vietnam FIBA Asian Cup The following was the roster of the Philippines national team for the 2022 FIBA Asia Cup References Philippines men's national basketball team results 2021–22 in Philippine basketball 2022–23 in Philippine basketball
Vincent Guignery (born 18 August 1978 in Sainte-Adresse, Seine-Maritime) is a French retired footballer who played as a left-back. He previously played professionally in Ligue 2 for FC Martigues and also represented a number of other clubs, including Libourne-Saint-Seurin, Boulogne, Chamois Niortais and RC Strasbourg. Career Early career Guignery began his senior career in 1999 playing for FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth tier of the French football league system. Guignery played 57 league games in his two seasons with Libourne, helping the team to consecutive 5th-placed and 11th-placed finishes. At the end of that season, Guignery's contract came to an end and he was released by Libourne. His performances in the CFA had attracted bigger clubs, and in the summer of 2001 he signed for Ligue 2 side Martigues. Martigues Guignery found his first team opportunities limited in a higher division, making just 9 league appearances as the team ended the season bottom of the division, nine points adrift from safety. On their return to the Championnat National, the club finished fifth in the league. Guignery made only four more appearances for Martigues and his contract came to an end following the 2002–03 season, and he signed for another CFA side, US Boulogne. Boulogne In his first season with Boulogne, Guignery played 31 league games as the team finished the season in 11th position. In Guignery's second season, the team finished top of the CFA Group A by two points, winning promotion to the Championnat National. The team also managed to reach the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France. In the club's first season back in the National division, they achieved a comfortable 6th-placed finish with Guignery playing 28 games in the league. In the summer of 2006, Boulogne decided not to renew Guignery's contract and he returned to the CFA, signing for Quevilly. Quevilly Guignery's first season with Quevilly was largely uneventful, with the team securing safety by seven points ahead of Pontivy, finishing 14th in the CFA Group D. For the 2007–08 term the team was moved to the CFA Group A and the season was more successful for the club as they finished 3rd behind Pacy Vallée-d'Eure and FC Rouen, missing out on the league title and promotion by six points. Guignery's performances in the lower leagues had again alerted professional clubs and in July 2008, he signed for Championnat National side AS Beauvais Oise. Beauvais Guignery played 21 league games in his only season with Beauvais as the team cemented a 10th-placed finish in the Championnat National. Chamois Niortais On 6 July 2009, it was announced that he had agreed a one-year contract with Niort, as the club aimed to return to the Championnat National at the first attempt. He went on to play 44 league matches for Niort before leaving at the end of the 2010–11 season. References External links 1978 births Living people People from Sainte-Adresse French men's footballers Men's association football defenders FC Libourne players FC Martigues players US Boulogne players US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole players AS Beauvais Oise players Chamois Niortais F.C. players RC Strasbourg Alsace players Ligue 2 players Championnat National players Footballers from Seine-Maritime
The New York Islanders are an American ice hockey team based in Elmont, New York. They compete in the National Hockey League (NHL) Eastern Conference's Metropolitan Division. Since their inaugural season in 1972, the team has played home games at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum (1972–2015, 2018–2021), Barclays Center (2015–2020) and currently play at UBS Arena (since 2021). In forty-nine completed seasons, the team has won the Stanley Cup championship four times and has qualified for the playoffs twenty-seven times. They have played more than 310 playoff games, winning 172. As of the end of the 2021–22 season, New York has won more than 1,700 regular season games, the 15th-highest victory total among NHL teams. The Islanders were founded in 1972 during the season, and won their first of four consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 1980. The team has since lost the conference finals in 1993 to eventual Stanley Cup champions Montreal Canadiens. The Islanders did not qualify for the playoffs from 1995 to 2001, but appeared in three straight postseasons from 2002 to 2004. The Islanders have never won the Presidents' Trophy, although they led the NHL in regular-season points in three seasons before the league began awarding the trophy; they won the Stanley Cup in two out of the three seasons. They last reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1984, their fifth consecutive appearance and first Finals loss. As of 2022, the Islanders are the last North American team to win four consecutive league championships. In the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season, the Islanders returned to the playoffs for the first time since 2007, and just the second time since the 2004–05 NHL Lockout. After defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Patrick Division final in 1993 the Islanders did not win another playoff series until 2016. The Islanders advanced to the second round in the playoffs from 2019 to 2021 and advanced to the third round in both the 2019–20 and 2020–21 postseasons, marking the first time since 1984 they’d advanced to the third round in consecutive years. The Islanders lost to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Tampa Bay Lightning in both trips to the third round. Table key Year by year All-time records Notes The NHL realigned before the 1974–75 season. The Islanders were placed in the Clarence Campbell Conference's Patrick Division. Before the 1981–82 season, the NHL moved the Patrick Division to the Prince of Wales Conference. The NHL realigned into Eastern and Western conferences prior to the 1993–94 season. New York was placed in the Eastern Conference's Atlantic Division. The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 1994–95 NHL lockout. Beginning with the 1999–2000 season, teams received one point for losing a regular season game in overtime. The season was canceled because of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. Before the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five-minute overtime period, which prevented ties. The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012–13 NHL lockout. The season was suspended on March 12, 2020, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The top 24 teams in the league qualified for the playoffs. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020–21 NHL season was shortened to 56 games. References General Specific External links New York Islanders seasons
Lady Killer is a 1933 American pre-Code crime drama film starring James Cagney, Mae Clarke, and Margaret Lindsay, based on the story "The Finger Man" by Rosalind Keating Shaffer. The picture was directed by Roy Del Ruth. Plot After being fired as a theater usher, Dan Quigley tracks down Myra Gale to her apartment and returns the purse she dropped. He then sits in on a poker game with her "brother-in-law", Spade Maddock, Duke, Smiley and Pete. After he loses all his money, he leaves, only to run into another person trying to return Myra's purse. Realizing he has been conned, he threatens to go to the police ... unless they let him join them, telling them he has some profitable ideas. He is as good as his word. Eventually, they are running a nightclub and casino, a perfect cover to scout the rich as burglary targets. Dan stages a car accident so a passing "doctor" can persuade Mrs. Marley to let him rest for a while in her nearby mansion. This gives Dan an opportunity to check out the place, so that they can break in later. More burglaries follow, but Dan decides to quit when a butler is killed during the latest one. However, Pete cracks under police interrogation and betrays the others; when the police come for them, Duke kills Pete and everyone flees. Dan and Myra head to Los Angeles. Dan is picked up for questioning at the train station, so he gives his money to Myra for safekeeping. She then runs into Spade. When Dan telephones her to have her post his bail, Spade persuades her to go with him to Mexico instead. Dan is released anyway. Broke, he runs away from what he mistakes for a policeman, only to discover his pursuer is actually hiring extras for a film. Dan gladly accepts $3 a day and a box lunch. On his fourth day of work, he meets star Lois Underwood and is surprised to find her friendly, even to a lowly extra. Meanwhile, National Studio head Ramick is looking for fresh, "rough and ready" faces, as the public is tiring of handsome stars. One of his executives suggests Dan. Dan helps his career along by writing himself hundreds of fan letters a week, and is soon a rising star. He and Lois start going out together. When he spots a critic who had written harsh things about Lois, he forces the man to literally eat his words, making him swallow the newspaper column, and warns him against panning Lois again. He then takes Lois home to see his new suite. However, when they unexpectedly find Myra in his bedroom, Lois leaves. Dan throws Myra out, but she is not alone. Spade and their old gang want Dan to use his connections to get them inside stars' homes in preparation for robberies. Dan refuses, and offers them $10,000, all the money he has, to leave town and never come back. Spade has no intention of departing. When burglaries start occurring using the modus operandi of Dan's old gang, the police suspect he is the ringleader. Dan tracks the crooks down after they rob Lois. He retrieves her jewels at gunpoint, but just as he is leaving, the police arrive. He is arrested, while the others get away. In spite of the protests of the studio bigwigs, Lois adamantly intends to pay Dan's bail and stand by him. However, Spade worries that Dan will tell all he knows and has Myra bail Dan out so they can kill him. Myra tells Dan, but he already suspected as much and had the police tail them both. After a car chase, the thieves are either dead or in custody, Dan is exonerated and he asks the authorities to guarantee leniency for Myra. Dan and Lois then fly to another state to get married without delay. Cast James Cagney as Dan Quigley Mae Clarke as Myra Gale Margaret Lindsay as Lois Underwood Leslie Fenton as Duke Douglass Dumbrille as Spade Maddock Russell Hopton as Smiley Raymond Hatton as Pete Henry O'Neill as Ramick Robert Elliott as Detective Joe Brannigan Marjorie Gateson as Mrs. Marley Willard Robertson as Detective Conroy William Davidson as Director Williams Edwin Maxwell as Jeffries Robert Homans as Jailer (uncredited) Olaf Hytten as Butler (uncredited) Sam McDaniel as Porter (uncredited) Release The film received mixed reviews at the time of its release, as reflected in a collection of excerpts published in The Hollywood Reporter: the World-Telegram called it "a sprightly, more or less daring, thoroughly entertaining film," while less favorable reviewers dismissed it as "premeditated hokum" and "more a collection of jokes than a sustained narrative." Cagney's performance, however, was unanimously praised. References External links 1933 films 1930s crime comedy-drama films American black-and-white films 1930s English-language films Films about actors Films directed by Roy Del Ruth Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Warner Bros. films American crime comedy-drama films American crime drama films 1930s American films
The B.C. Home Owner Mortgage and Equity partnership is a program offered by the Executive Council of British Columbia to first-time homebuyers who have been either citizens or permanent residents of Canada for the last five years and have been residents of British Columbia for at least a year before applying and have never owned a home. The province offers qualifying individuals an amount to match their down payment which is limited to 5% of the purchase price of a home not exceeding $750,000. Applications can be filed starting January 17, 2017. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104911/http://housingaction.gov.bc.ca/tile/home-owner-mortgage-and-equity-partnership Housing finance in Canada
The Anderson Greenwood AG-14 is a two-seat utility aircraft developed in the United States shortly after World War II. It is an all-metal, shoulder-wing monoplane of pod-and-boom configuration, equipped with a pusher propeller, side-by-side seating and fixed tricycle undercarriage. Development Anderson Greenwood's sole aircraft design was actually a collaborative effort of three engineers: Ben Anderson, Marvin Greenwood & Lomis Slaughter Jr. The name of the last member of the design team was not included in the product name as it was thought it would not boost sales. The prototype first flew in October 1947, but plans to mass-produce the aircraft were interrupted by the Korean War. Eventually, only five more examples were built before Anderson Greenwood abandoned the project in favour of producing aircraft components for other manufacturers. The aircraft's design placed the wing behind the cabin and allowed easy entry via automobile-like doors on each side of the cabin. The propeller is well protected and provides safety on the ground in comparison to tractor configuration aircraft. The airfoil employed is a NACA 4418 giving high lift and a stable stall characteristics. The flaps are two-position and mechanically operated by a flap handle on the cabin floor between the seats. The engine starter is foot-actuated and the nose-wheel steering is connected to the control wheel. Wind tunnel testing determined that a shoulder wing was ideal for minimal wing-body airflow separation that is intrinsic to a pusher configuration. The aspect ratio of 9.6:1 was high for aircraft at the time it was designed. The wing has 7 degrees of dihedral for directional stability. A four inch propeller shaft extension allows the engine to be mounted closer to the aircraft's center of gravity. The nose gear steers through the control yoke and not the rudder pedals. The AG-14 has very good visibility and one reviewer termed it "amazing". The aircraft was certified on 20 September 1950 in the normal category. The certification includes a prohibition on aerobatics and spins. One reviewer termed it as "positively spin resistant." Serial numbers 1, 2 and 3 were produced in 1950, while 4 and 5 were built in 1953. The five pre-production prototypes were the only examples built. The retail price of the aircraft was set at $4,200 - $4,500. In 1969 one AG-14 aircraft was acquired by Cessna Aircraft Company and taken to Wichita, Kansas for evaluation. Cessna designed and constructed a single prototype aircraft of similar configuration, the Cessna XMC, equipped with a Continental O-200 engine of , with the goal of a possible Cessna 150 replacement. The Cessna evaluation program ran through 1971 and 1972. While performance was similar to a C-150, the aircraft suffered from high cabin noise levels as well as cooling problems, while not providing any performance advantages over the Cessna 150. An AG-14 was also used as the basis of the XAZ-1 Marvelette test bed aircraft built by the Mississippi State University in the 1960s. Operational history In 1986 the Anderson Greenwood Company donated an AG-14, serial number 3, registered as N314AG to the Experimental Aircraft Association Aviation Foundation. By the end of August 2008 it was no longer registered to the foundation. In May 2009 the five production aircraft were still on the US registry listed as Anderson Greenwood AND-51-A. By August 2018 only two remained registered in the US. Aircraft on display The final AG-14 built in 1953 was donated to the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas where it is on display. Specifications (AG-14) References Hoadley, E. "The Anderson Greenwood AG-14." Flying December, 1950. External links Photos of prototype and production aircraft Photo of production aircraft at Oshkosh 2009 See also AG-14 Single-engined pusher aircraft 1940s United States civil utility aircraft Shoulder-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1947
Tetraspanin-31 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSPAN31 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. This encoded protein is thought to be involved in growth-related cellular processes. This gene is associated with tumorigenesis and osteosarcoma. References Further reading
Jerry White may refer to: Jerry White (activist) (born 1963), co-founder of the Landmine Survivors Network Jerry White (criminal) (1948–1995), criminal executed in Florida Jerry White (baseball) (born 1952), player and coach in Major League Baseball Jerry White (Navigators) (born 1937), President Emeritus and Chairman of the U.S. Board of Directors of The Navigators Jerry White (socialist) (born 1959), presidential candidate for the Socialist Equality Party and reporter for the World Socialist Web Site Jerry White (historian), British historian specialising in the history of London Son of Perry White, in the fictional Superman universe See also Gerry White (1943–2008), businessman Jeremy White (disambiguation) Jeremiah White (disambiguation) Jerome White (disambiguation) Gerald White (born 1964), American football player
Surrogate advertising is a form of advertising which is used to promote products which are banned or limited from advertising under government regulations, such as cigarettes and alcohol via advertising another product produced by the same company in order to raise brand awareness. A product in a fairly close category may be advertised, such as club soda or mineral water in the case of alcohol, or products in a completely different category, such as music CDs or playing cards. The intention is that when the brand name is mentioned, people will associate it with its main product. In India a large number of companies have used surrogate advertising, including Bacardi Blast music CD's, Bagpiper Club Soda, and Officers Choice playing cards, though the practice has since been banned under Central Consumer Protection Authority guidelines since June 2022. History The origin of surrogate advertising can be traced to Britain, where housewives protested against liquor advertisements which appealed to their husbands. Companies circumvented the ban by instead promoting fruit juices and soda under the same brand names. In Canada, in 1988 tobacco product manufacturers were banned from directly advertising their products, but were permitted to continue sponsoring events, on condition that any promotional material reference only the corporate name of the manufacturer and not the brand names of their products. Tobacco companies got around this rule by incorporating new subsidiaries that matched the names of their key products, which in turn sponsored events such as the du Maurier Ltd. Open tennis tournament. The subsidiaries adopted the respective trade dresses of the products as their corporate colours, which were also used in event imagery, and on various promotional products like T-shirts and towels. This form of marketing was eventually prohibited by the Canadian government effective October 1, 2003. Surrogate advertising in India India has held a strong stance on the ban on advertising tobacco and liquor products since 1995. The ban was enforced after extensive research from the Indian Ministry of Health found that cigarettes and liquor have adverse effects on a person's health. In addition to this, the Indian government holds the notion that these products are especially harmful to a person's mental health, making them lazy and unmotivated. The combination of these factors led to an eventual ban on advertising these products throughout its media channels. However, the negative outlook on advertising these products can be traced back to 1975, when the Indian government introduced the Cigarette advertising act, forcing tobacco companies to display health warnings on the packaging and advertisements for cigarettes. The Indian government and health ministry continued to push for stronger restrictions on the advertising of tobacco and liquor until its eventual complete ban in 1995. However, the increase in population saw the sales of tobacco and liquor increase at an exponential rate. Therefore, companies were forced to seek alternative means of advertising, which led to the eventual creation of surrogate advertising in India. Some of the first evidence of surrogate advertising was seen by the Indian tobacco Company ‘Azad Bidi, which sponsored an international cricket match in India. In India, extensive surveys resulted in similar findings which showed that liquor ads had a direct influence on consumers' purchasing behavior. Soon afterwards, the Cable TV Regulation Act banned liquor and cigarette advertisements; thus, India gradually adopted surrogate advertisements. Such companies usually either go for brand extension and promote the extended products, or promote certain products which might not be available in the market. The excessive pressure of the ban forced companies to focus more on brand building and thus liquor companies started sponsoring and hosting glamorous events, yet many others started distributing t-shirts, caps, key chains, and drinking glasses with the brand name displayed on these products. Surrogate advertising mandates a requirement for the product being marketed to have a revenue model associated with it. On 7 October 2022, the consumer affairs ministry of India issued notices to 6 alcohol and tobacco brands due to their surrogate advertising. Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has sent notices to Premium Black, Sterling Reserve, Seagram's Imperial Blue, Vimal Pan Masala, Rajnigandha Pan Masala and Kamala Pasand Pan Masala and told them to give answers on violating advertising guidelines. CCPA also asked them to discontinue these ads with immediate effect. Many Betting websites, and mobile apps do surrogate advertising in India. For example, they open similar name websites as apps to advertise their main betting company. Some examples include 1xBet running 1XNews, and 1XBat, extensively advertised as sporting blog and sportswear brands respectively. 1xBet signed Indian former cricketer Yuvraj Singh as their brand ambassador. Fair Play, and Betway also use similar type of tactics, to attract people to their main betting app, website. They are using national TV channels such as Star Sports etc. and YouTube channels, online media for advertising. But due to weak Indian laws these illegal betting apps are running and advertising in India. An Example outside of India Mission Winnow is owned by Phillip Morris International to get around the tobacco sponsorship ban, especially in Formula 1 for Scuderia Ferrari. An Indonesian football team is having an inquiry due to officials deem the sponsorship as a gambling company, whilst according to football team officials, it's registered under a news site. Effectiveness of surrogate advertisements According to the inferences drawn from several surveys and interviews, 42 out of 50 people can understand the actual liquor or tobacco product being advertised. Surrogate advertisements do impact a consumer's buying decision as well. They also inform consumers about the leading liquor brands and thus promote sales. Current scenario With the Indian government now enforcing a ban on surrogate advertisements, companies are turning to event sponsorship, event organising, corporate films and more and more innovative integrated marketing communications strategies, though surrogate advertising is still a common practice. Brand extensions, which are the expansion of a company towards products it did not sell previously, are allowed and somewhat common. The main difference between this practice and surrogate advertising is that surrogate advertising does not want to sell the supposed new product and it actually wants to promote a product whose advertising is prohibited. See also Fraud in India - List of articles related to fraud in India Fraud Internet fraud Misleading advertisement Mission Winnow False advertising List of Commercial crimes articles Deception References External links Banning Liquor Surrogate Advertising Advertising techniques
Montreal Bulldogs was a Canadian football team in Interprovincial Rugby Football Union. The team played in the 1940 and 1941 seasons. During their first season the team did not have a nickname, and was simply called Montreal Football Club, until the next season. Canadian Football Hall of Famers John Ferraro IRFU season-by-season References CFLdb - Montreal Bulldogs Interprovincial Rugby Football Union teams Defunct Canadian football teams Ind
Jiang Jianchun (born 9 February 1955) is a Chinese forestry engineer who is a researcher at the Institute of Forest Chemical Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Biography Jiang was born in Liyang County, Jiangsu, on 9 February 1955. After graduating from East China University of Science and Technology in January 1980, he was despatched to the Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences. He is now a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Forest Chemical Industry. Honours and awards 2013 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) 2016 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) 27 November 2017 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) References 1955 births Living people People from Liyang Engineers from Jiangsu East China University of Science and Technology alumni Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Fusion IP plc was a UK-based listed company that capitalised on intellectual property extracted from four UK-based universities, three of which were part of the Russell Group of universities: University of Sheffield, Cardiff University, University of Nottingham, Swansea University. It did this by creating companies around commercially opportunistic research and discoveries from the four universities. These companies were grown to eventually be sold (see spin-out companies). Fusion IP was acquired by IP Group plc on 20 March 2014. Fusion IP was one of a handful of companies that specialised in the commercialisation of university intellectual property within the UK through the sourcing of funding from public markets. The other two notable companies operating in the same field were IP Group plc () and Imperial Innovations plc (). Additionally, smaller companies operated within the field of university intellectual property but did not have such a focus on spinning out companies, nor a formal contractual relationship with universities over intellectual property rights. Incubation Model Fusion IP's model of growing companies focused around a business incubation model in which Fusion IP employees initially ran, then continued to support the growth of every company within its portfolio. Stages to the Fusion IP company creation and growth model: Review commercial opportunities produced by university partners, selecting those with the most potential for further development - "mining for ideas" Convert the idea into a small start-up company - incubation stage Grow the company using a traditional venture capital approach Sell the company Partnerships University Partnerships Fusion IP had current intellectual property agreements with four UK universities, three of which are part of the Russell Group of Universities. Fusion IP intends to further increase the number of university agreements it holds in the future. University of Sheffield In 2005, Fusion IP signed a 10-year agreement with the University of Sheffield for the exclusive rights to commercialise all of their university-owned medical intellectual property, through either licensing or the creation of spin-out companies. In July 2008, Fusion IP signed a new expanded agreement with the University of Sheffield to add all university-owned intellectual property from physical sciences to the original agreement, such that Fusion had the rights over all of the University of Sheffield's intellectual property, through either licensing or the creation of spin-out companies. This new expanded agreement gives Fusion IP the exclusive rights to all physical sciences intellectual property until 2018, in addition to the exclusive medical intellectual property rights, which currently runs to 2015. Cardiff University In 2007, Fusion IP signed a second exclusive 10-year agreement with Cardiff University to commercialise all of their intellectual property. This agreement was almost identical to that which the company entered into with Sheffield. This differed only through a limitation which requires Fusion IP to create a company around intellectual property in order to commercialise it. University of Nottingham Fusion IP partnered with the University of Nottingham in 2013. This was announced as part of a new £20m funding round. The agreement is less formal than the company's first two agreements, and in effect gives Fusion first “look-see” rights to IP generated at the university. The agreement with the university was referred to as an MOU (memorandum of understanding). Swansea University Fusion IP partnered with Swansea University in 2013, at the same time as it entered an agreement with the University of Nottingham. The agreements for each university are identical. Financing Partnerships Finance Wales The Finance Wales Group managed funds of more than £335 million and had invested more than £189 million. It entered a memorandum of understanding with Fusion IP during 2007 and renewed this agreement in 2013, at which time Swansea University was added to the terms of reference. Finance Wales had co invested with Fusion IP in a number of companies including Diurnal, Medaphor, Q-Chip, Mesuro and Asalus. IP Group IP Group plc was a leading UK intellectual property commercialisation company, developing technology innovations primarily from its research-intensive partner universities. IP Group provided more than traditional venture capital, providing its companies with access to business building expertise, networks, recruitment and business support. Since its admission to AIM in 2003, the Group had raised approximately £85 million of net proceeds from its shareholders (most recently through a placing raising £53 million after expenses in June 2011). This had provided the Group with strong cash reserves from which to provide capital to its spin-out opportunities and portfolio companies as they develop. Companies within the Fusion IP Portfolio (A-Z) (As of 1 September 2013) References External links Fusion IP website Cardiff University Innovation in the United Kingdom Technology companies of the United Kingdom University of Nottingham
Bleeding Star is the final studio album by New Zealand band Jean-Paul Sartre Experience. It was released in 1993 via Matador Records and is credited to JPS Experience. The album peaked at #6 on the New Zealand albums chart. Critical reception Trouser Press called Bleeding Star "an immaculate big-budget production [that] ... unveils a new commercial face for the band." The Washington Post wrote that the album "is unfailingly pretty, but the lovestruck ethereality of songs like 'Breathe' is a little too wistful for its own good." Miami New Times praised "Into You," writing that it "kicks in with the powerful, hypnotic, ambient guitar sounds the band's known for, with great pop melodies skipping across the top." Track listing "Intro" - 0:28 "Into You" - 3:49 "Ray of Shine" - 3:16 "I Believe in You" - 3:16 "Spaceman" - 2:46 "Still Can't Be Seen" - 2:56 "Bleeding Star" - 5:07 "Breathe" - 3:13 "Modus Vivendi" - 3:03 "Block" - 5:48 "Angel" - 5:30 References 1993 albums Jean-Paul Sartre Experience albums Flying Nun Records albums
Linwood Borough School No. 1, also known as the Leedsville Schoolhouse, is a former one-room schoolhouse built in 1873 and located at 16 West Poplar Avenue in the city of Linwood in Atlantic County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 1984 for its significance in architecture and education. The Linwood Historical Society now uses the building as a museum. History The community was known as Leedsville until 1880. The first school was built , a log Quaker Meeting House. The second was built 1843 and known as the Leeds Ville Academy. The third and current building was built in 1873. It was used as an elementary school from 1873 to 1908. It later served as the Linwood municipal hall until 1965, when it was converted for use as the city library. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Atlantic County, New Jersey List of museums in New Jersey References External links Linwood, New Jersey One-room schoolhouses in New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in Atlantic County, New Jersey School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey New Jersey Register of Historic Places School buildings completed in 1873 1873 establishments in New Jersey Museums in Atlantic County, New Jersey Victorian architecture in New Jersey
Free space may refer to: A perfect vacuum, that is, a space free of all matter In electrical engineering, free space means air (as opposed to a material, transmission line, fiber-optic cable, etc.): Free-space optical communication is communication by shining light through air Free-space path loss, the spreading-out of light as it travels through 3D space Free-space display is a 3D display projected into the air, often with the help of mist Autonomous free space, community centers in which non-authoritarians enact principles of mutual aid Social centre the free shared space in a community Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War, a space combat simulation computer game The area of a data storage device (for example, a computer disk drive) that is still available for more data storage , the subset of a configuration space where a robot will not collide with obstacles See also Deep Space (disambiguation)
Seekarajapuram is a village panchayat located in the Walajah taluk of Ranipet district in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located around away from Chennai. Villages in Vellore district
Day of Fire is an American Christian rock band from Nashville, Tennessee. The band announced an indefinite hiatus in June 2010, leaving open the possibility for a return to the music scene. They were first signed to Essential Records, and later to Razor & Tie Records. Their last album Losing All was released January 26, 2010 and was produced by Rogers Masson. History Formation & Day of Fire Day of Fire's lead vocalist, Josh Brown, was formerly the vocalist for Full Devil Jacket. Signed to Island/Def Jam Records, Full Devil Jacket enjoyed a successful, though short, career. They made one album and one EP, and toured with Nickelback and Creed. In 2000, while in Full Devil Jacket, Brown nearly died of a heroin overdose but was able to recover through a drug rehabilitation program. While recording the second Full Devil Jacket album he decided to leave the music industry and turn his life around, embracing Christianity. Several years later, he started Day of Fire, and signed to an imprint of Sony Music. Day of Fire's 2004 self-titled debut album featured hits like "Cornerstone" and "Detainer". The album was produced by Scott Humphrey, who has also worked with Metallica and Rob Zombie. It won a Dove Award for Rock Album of the Year and was also nominated for a Grammy Award. Cut & Move Their second album, called Cut & Move, was released on June 6, 2006. "Run", a track from Cut & Move, was the theme song for WWE Unforgiven 2006. Other hit songs from the album include "Love", "Hole In My Hand", and "Frustrating". In the fall of 2006, Day of Fire supported Pillar on their "Days of the Reckoning Tour". The tour lasted from October to November 2006 and also featured the rock/metal bands The Showdown and Decyfer Down. In early 2007, Day of Fire announced they were no longer signed to Essential Records, but that they had made plans to record a new album sometime in 2008. Losing All and Current Events Throughout 2008 and 2009 Day of Fire toured with bands like Days of the New, Daughtry, and others and wrote a few songs with Chris Daughtry and Brian Cradock to be on their next record. Day of Fire recorded an album independently with producer Rogers Masson, using financial support from fans in late 2008. In early 2009, Day of Fire announced they had signed a Record Deal with Razor and Tie Records. On January 26, 2010, Day of Fire released their new album with Razor and Tie Records titled Losing All. The first single "Lately" was a hit on rock radio stations and reached No. 33 on Billboard's Active Rock Chart. The live performance of "Lately" from this album is now selling as a music video on iTunes. In support of the new record, Day of Fire toured with Cold, Nonpoint, Edisun, 16 Second Stare, Sevendust, Papa Roach, Saving Abel, and Hail the Villain, and played several festival dates with likes of Thousand Foot Krutch, Pop Evil, We the Kings, After Midnight Project, and Trapt. The band announced in early June 2010 that they are on an indefinite hiatus from touring and recording. On June 19, Josh Brown played a one-time reunion show with Full Devil Jacket to benefit the James Michael Reaves Medical Expense Fund, after that show the band decided to reunite and plans to release new material. Reaves died in 2011. In October 2010 it was announced that Josh Brown and his Full Devil Jacket bandmate and former Saliva guitarist Jonathan Montoya formed a new band called A New Rebel with David Fraizer of Outspoken, Jarred Mankin of Bobaflex, and Jason Null of Saving Abel. In April 2013, the band posted a picture on Facebook hinting at a reunion, however given the schedule of Full Devil Jacket, no reunion happened. Influences Day of Fire cites some of their major musical influences as Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden, AC/DC, Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, and Booker T and the MG's Members Josh Brown - lead vocals Joe Pangallo - guitar Chris Pangallo - bass guitar Zach Simms - drums Former Gregg Hionis - guitar Dusty Beach - bass guitar Discography Studio albums Day of Fire (October 26, 2004) Cut & Move (June 6, 2006) Losing All (January 26, 2010) Singles Awards GMA Dove Awards Grammy Awards References Musical groups from Nashville, Tennessee American post-grunge musical groups Christian rock groups from Tennessee Musical groups established in 2003
Watty Burnett, also known as King Burnett (born Derrick Burnett in Port Antonio, Jamaica, 28 May 1950) is a reggae artist who had a long association with Lee Perry. Biography Burnett grew up in Port Antonio, the eldest of nine children, and learned to sing in the Baptist church his family attended. His nickname of "Watty" was given to him by childhood friend Murvin Smith Jr (aka Junior Soul), in reference to Burnett's prominent stutter as a child. Burnett formed a duo with Jimmy Nelson in the late 1960s, known alternately as The Soul Twins and Jimmy & Derrick, and they travelled to Kingston on Sundays, hoping to get a recording session. Although they were rejected by several producers (including Duke Reid who told them "You're too young, come back in five years"), Lee Perry saw potential in their song "Pound Get a Blow", a commentary on the attempts of Canada and the United States to replace the island's currency. The song was a moderate success in Jamaica in 1968, and placed in the Festival Song Contest. Burnett moved to the Allman Town district of Kingston, living with his brother Fitzy, and also recorded as "King Burnett" for Perry in late 1974, releasing "I Man Free" and "Babylon a Fall" under that name. Burnett became a regular session vocalist and instrumentalist (drums, percussion and bass guitar) for Perry at his Black Ark studio, and recorded singles in his own right for the producer, with "Rise and Shine", "Open The Gate", which became the title track of a Trojan Records collection of Perry productions, and his biggest hit, "Rainy Night In Portland" (a version of Brook Benton's "Rainy Night in Georgia"). When The Congos began working with Perry, he added Burnett to the group in 1977 to add baritone to the harmonies, as he was aiming to record a classic falsetto-tenor-baritone group. Burnett sang on seven tracks on the Heart of the Congos album, and also contributed mooing noises, recorded earlier by Perry, who got Burnett to moo down a cardboard tube from a roll of tin foil, and these sounds were also used on other Black Ark recordings. The Congos left Perry after a dispute over the release of the Heart of the Congos album, but after recording another Congos album, Burnett returned to Perry. He continued working as a session vocalist, providing baritone on Jimmy Cliff's reworking of "Bongo Man" on the Give Thankx album, and backing vocals on Bob Marley's Exodus album. Burnett rejoined Cedric Myton in the Congos in the 1990s, releasing the Revival album. Burnett released his first solo album proper, To Hell and Back, in 2002. Discography Studio albums Megawatt Dub (1997) Shanachie (dubs of Burnett tracks, credited to Lee Perry & King Tubby) To Hell and Back (2002) Wajesskow Music Connection Rasta at Di Kontrol (2010), World Beat Singles "Dash It Pon Him" (1974) "I Man Free" (as King Burnett) (1974) "Babylon a Fall" (as King Burnett) (1974) "Rise and Shine" (with Clinton Fearon) (197?) "What a War" Micron (Watty and Tony) (1974) "Perfidia" (Watty Burnett & Cultured Stars) (1975) "Open The Gate" (1978) "Rainy Night In Portland" (1977) "Too Late/Come By Yah" Rhythm Force (1981) "Dancin' Shoes" (1982) Appeared on A Live Injection (Produced by Lee Perry) Song : "Rainy Night in Portland" References External links Official website Watty Burnett at Roots Archives Jamaican reggae musicians People from Port Antonio 1950 births Living people
The Ames Moot Court Competition is the annual upper level moot court competition at Harvard Law School. It is designed and administered by the HLS Board of Student Advisers and has been in existence since 1911, when it was founded by a bequest in honour of the erstwhile dean of the School who had died the year before, James Barr Ames. Cases take place in a hypothetical United States state named Ames. Format and history As currently structured, the official competition begins in the fall (usually October or November) of students' 2L year with a round-robin qualifying round. Each team at this stage consists of four participants, who each argue twice in teams of two. The four teams with the highest scores advance to the semi-finals in the spring. Each team is then allowed to add two participants, for a total of six people per team; two members of each team present oral argument in this round, typically before a panel of one federal appellate judge, one district judge, and one state court judge. In the competition's final round, held in the fall of the 3L year, the two remaining teams argue a case before a panel that usually consists of one U.S. Supreme Court justice and two judges from the United States courts of appeal. Prizes are awarded for the best brief, best oralist, and best overall team. The competition originally was organized around the school's now-defunct law clubs. The competition occurs primarily in students' 2L year because the faculty found that, for students who did not finish at the very top of their first year class, "it [was hard] for them to take the same interest in their work, particularly in the work within the law clubs, participation in which depends entirely upon their own volition." Thus, to encourage students to continue working hard, the Ames finalists received prizes of $200 for first place and $100 for second place. After several years of a single-elimination tournament, the format changed to a round-robin that more closely resembles the current qualifying round structure. The final round competition is one of the most popular events at the Law School each year, especially because a justice from the U.S. Supreme Court usually presides. The Ames Final Round has occasionally been televised on C-SPAN. Many have found the Ames competition to be a demanding but rewarding experience. Chief Justice Mary Mullarkey of the Colorado Supreme Court, an Ames semi-finalist in her time at Harvard, wrote that "what was most rewarding was the opportunity to work as a team with other students. We could debate, argue, and challenge each other as we analyzed the case and prepared the briefs. The process was much more satisfying than the routine of classroom lectures and solitary examinations. The Ames competition provided a realistic view of what practicing law could be like." Winners Previous notable winners include: References External links Official website Harvard University Harvard Law School Competitions Moot court competitions
Ernest James "Tubby" Capell (July 1912 – April 1995) was an English amateur cyclist who in 1934 won the British Best All-Rounder competition, by dominating all of the qualifying events - 50 mile, 100 mile and 12 hours. His achievements were further celebrated in 1935 when Cycling Weekly awarded him his own page in the Golden Book of Cycling. Personal life Capell was born in July 1912 in London, England. He married Dora Fenwick in March 1940 and died in Australia in April 1995 at the age of 82. Career Competition In 1934 Capell won the British Best All-Rounder competition, by dominating all of the qualifying distances - 50 mile, 100 mile and 12 hours. In the 'Shaftesbury' 50 mile Time trial he won with a time of 2 hours, 9 minutes, 59 seconds. He won the 'Bath Road' "100 mile time-trial in 4 hours, 32 minutes, 1 second." Finally he won the Anerley 12-hour race by covering 236¾ miles. He later described his simplistic feeding regime for the Anerley as "... half to three-quarter-pint drink of a milk food at about every 30 miles for the first 150 miles, and at every 20 miles from there to the finish, with a small sandwich of brown bread and a meat extract at every alternate drink." The Golden Book Capell's achievements were celebrated in 1935 when Cycling Weekly awarded him his own page in the Golden Book of Cycling. Cycle touring Capell was also a photographer. Many of his photographs appeared in English cycling magazines during the 1930s and 1940s. References External links - Adelaide Touring Cyclists, Nostalgia, Profile of Tubby Capell and collection of his photographs 1912 births 1995 deaths English male cyclists Cyclists from Greater London
John Cobbett is a sculptor born in Edinburgh in 1929. He was educated at Bournemouth Municipal College, before moving to the Royal Academy Schools. He created three works for Sir Edward Maufe's Guildford Cathedral; the "Madonna and Child" and "St Francis" statues inside the cathedral, and the work "Faith". The latter was a gift to the cathedral from the Women's Royal Army Corps. References 1929 births Living people People educated at Charterhouse School English sculptors English male sculptors Modern sculptors Artists from Edinburgh
Đuro Dukanović (22 April 1902 – 1 April 1945) was a Yugoslav cyclist. He competed in two events at the 1924 Summer Olympics. References External links 1902 births 1945 deaths Yugoslav male cyclists Olympic cyclists for Yugoslavia Cyclists at the 1924 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing People from Zagreb County
The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) () is a state agency of Louisiana that monitors the environment of the state. It is headquartered in the Galvez Building in downtown Baton Rouge. Structure The Department of Environmental Quality is split up into 5 sections: Office of the Secretary Office of Environmental Assessment Office of Environmental Compliance Office of Environmental Services Office of Management and Finance History The Stream Control Commission from 1940 to 1979 was the first regulatory commission dealing with water in Louisiana. Typed transcripts for each SCC meeting during the 1970s exist in the archives of the DEQ.The transcripts list each facility discussed at the meeting. "In most cases, the regulations are contained within the proceedings themselves." The DEQ publishes annual reports since 2016. See also Climate change in Louisiana References External links Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality environment State environmental protection agencies of the United States
Epitacio Huerta is a municipality in the Mexican state of Michoacán, located approximately northeast of the state capital of Morelia. It is named after General , who fought in the Mexican–American War and under Juan Álvarez in the Revolution of Ayutla, and served as governor of Michoacán from 1858 to 1862. Geography The municipality of Epitacio Huerta is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in northeast Michoacán at an altitude between . It borders the Queretan municipalities of Huimilpan to the north and Amealco de Bonfil to the northeast, the Michoacanese municipalities of Contepec to the southeast and Maravatío to the southwest, and the Guanajuatean municipalities of Jerécuaro to the southwest and Coroneo to the northwest. The municipality covers an area of and comprises 0.72% of the state's area. As of 2009, farmland covered 59% of Epitacio Huerta's land area, while grasslands covered 22% and forests cover 14%. Hydrography The reservoir of the Tepuxtepec Dam on the Lerma River forms part of Epitacio Huerta's southern border with Contepec. Built from 1926 to 1950, the dam and its reservoir are used for hydroelectricity generation, flood control and irrigation. Climate Epitacio Huerta's climate is temperate with rain in the summer. Average temperatures in the municipality range between , and average annual precipitation ranges between . History At the time of Spanish contact, the area of what is now Epitacio Huerta was a buffer zone between the Tarascan state to the west and the Aztec Empire to the east, and was inhabited by the Guamare and Pame peoples. By 1632 the ranch of San José Buena Vista was established in what was then the hacienda of Coroneo. In 1822, San José Buena Vista was itself recorded as a hacienda attached to Tlalpujahua. In 1962, San José Buena Vista was renamed in honour of General Epitacio Huerta. Effective 31 March 1962, it and the surrounding localities were separated from Contepec to form the municipality of Epitacio Huerta, in accordance with Decree No. 83 of 1 March 1962. Administration The municipal government comprises a president, a councillor (Spanish: síndico), and seven trustees (regidores), four elected by relative majority and three by proportional representation. The current president of the municipality is Margarito Fierros. Demographics In the 2010 Mexican Census, the municipality of Epitacio Huerta recorded a population of 16,218 inhabitants living in 3992 households. The 2015 Intercensal Survey estimated a population of 16,622 inhabitants in Epitacio Huerta. There are 82 localities in the municipality, of which only the municipal seat, also known as Epitacio Huerta, is classified as urban. It recorded a population of 1222 inhabitants in the 2010 Census. Economy Agriculture is the main economic activity in Epitacio Huerta. Sand and gravel are mined at Palos Altos, located north of the municipal seat. References Municipalities of Michoacán 1962 establishments in Mexico States and territories established in 1962
Are We Not Horses is an album by Rock Plaza Central. Despite being first released independently, the disc made many top ten lists for 2006, including #8 for CMJ Editor-in-Chief Kenny Herzog, Pitchfork staff writer Stephen Deusner and Americana-UK lead writer David Cowling. Because the album did not receive an official US release through Yep Roc Records until mid-2007, it made several of those year-end lists as well, including Magnet'''s "10 Great Hidden Treasures of 2007", calling it "2007's finest folk/rock find". The album has also recently been taught in a graduate English course at the University of South Alabama, alongside frontman Chris Eaton's first novel, 2003's The Inactivist''. Track listing "I Am an Excellent Steel Horse" – 3:12 "How Shall I to Heaven Aspire?" – 2:02 "My Children, Be Joyful" – 5:51 "Anthem for the Already Defeated" – 2:03 "Fifteen Hands" – 3:50 "Are We Not Horses?" – 3:06 "When We Go, How We Go (Part 1)" – 2:25 "Our Pasts, Like Lighthouses" – 4:13 "8/14/03" – 0:56 "Our Hearts Will Not Rust" – 3:44 "When We Go, How We Go (Part II)" – 3:25 "We've Got a Lot to Be Glad For" – 3:58 References 2006 albums Rock Plaza Central albums Outside Music albums Yep Roc Records albums
Las Margaritas is a city, and the surrounding municipality of the same name, in the Mexican state of Chiapas. The municipal seat is located some 25 km to the northeast of Comitán de Domínguez, while the municipality extends to the east as far as the border with Guatemala. Part of the Lagunas de Montebello National Park is in the municipality's territory. Demographics As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 111,484, As of 2010, the city of Las Margaritas had a population of 20,786. Other than the city of Las Margaritas, the municipality had 486 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Plan de Ayala (3,164), classified as urban, and Veinte de Noviembre (2,207), Jalisco (1,915), Yasha (1,862), Chiapas (1,808), Nuevo San Juan Chamula (El Pacayal) (1,684), Bajucú (1,665), Francisco I. Madero (1,626), Justo Sierra (San Francisco) (1,386), El Edén (1,283), Saltillo (1,222), El Vergel (1,177), Rafael Ramírez (1,075), Veracruz (1,062), Lomantán (1,034), and El Progreso (1,007), classified as rural. History The municipality was created and the settlement given the status of a pueblo (village) on 9 December 1871, by Governor José Pantaleón Domínguez. On 24 March 1981, under Governor Juan Sabines Gutiérrez, the municipal seat was given city (ciudad) status. In January 1994 it was one of the cities seized by the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) during their uprising. The village of La Realidad, headquarters of the EZLN military command, is located in the municipality. Geography 1,521 metres above sea level Postal code: 30187 LADA area code: 963 Media XEVFS, a government-run indigenous community radio station. References Las Margaritas (Enciclopedia de los municipios de México) External links Las Margaritas Municipalities of Chiapas
The Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette (D.I.G.), founded July 4, 1996, was a pioneering online science magazine. It is arguably the first continuously published online science magazine in history. The founder-publisher was Edward Summer. The webzine was hosted by Interport, an early ISP in New York City that was eventually taken over by RCN. The Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette covered news related to all the sciences, but paleontology in particular. Paleontology and dinosaurs were only an initial topic that led to all forms of related sciences and other fields: mathematics, physics, biology, sociology, literature, motion pictures. Awards and International Readership Although it was originally intended for younger readers, the style of writing apparently made it accessible to readers of all ages and it was popular literally worldwide. The publication received mail from readers in more than 159 countries. The magazine currently (July 2006) claims to have readers in 175 countries. Over the initial five years of publication, it was recognized with more than 30 awards. It was recommended by the National Education Association (NEA) along with only one other science site published by Bill Nye The Science Guy. It was a featured website in Netscape, The New York Times, Natural History Magazine. Pioneering Website D.I.G. was one of the earliest websites to run continuous "public appearances" by working scientists. Organized through early "message boards," a feature called "The Bone Zone" (tm) allowed the world's most famous paleontologists to receive and answer questions from the magazine's readers. More than two dozen renowned paleontologists, writers, artists and journalists participated in this early experiment in public education and entertainment. Celluloid Dinosaurs One of the most enduring features of The Dinosaur Interplanetary Gazette was Celluloid Dinosaurs. Celluloid Dinosaurs was a history not only of dinosaur movies, but also of the related arts and sciences. The feature took the viewpoint that dinosaurs as we know them in movies like Jurassic Park or King Kong are a product of the collaboration of many different sciences and literary disciplines. Dinosaurs exist only as fossils, so visualizing them on the screen (or in books) involves extensive research and imagination. This feature has been cited in university level textbooks and standard reference works in the field of paleontology. References External links It is still online at www.dinosaur.org The Bone Zone Celluloid Dinosaurs All Dinosaur Games Children's magazines published in the United States Defunct magazines published in the United States Education magazines Magazines established in 1996 Magazines with year of disestablishment missing Magazines published in New York City Online magazines published in the United States Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Derek Cha is the founder of Sweet Frog, an American frozen yogurt chain, which originated in Richmond, Virginia in 2009. Early life and career Derek Cha was born and raised in the Republic of South Korea. At age 12, Cha migrated to the United States. In 1985, Cha started two framing businesses named "Art and Frame Depot" and "Art and Frame Warehouse." He eventually grew both businesses into a large chain of 80 stores nationwide, generating between $5 million and $10 million a year in revenue. As the housing market declined in 2006 and the US economy went into recession, Cha found his stores struggling. In the year 2009, there weren't many of the initial 80 stores that remained open or operating profitably. Six months later, Cha opted for a completely new venture - frozen yogurt. Founding of Sweet Frog In 2009, Cha and his wife opened the first Sweet Frog in Short Pump, Virginia. It was their first self-service frozen yogurt shop. Several months later, on July 7, they opened their second store, in Chesterfield, Virginia, which was even more successful than the first store. Their next stores were then opened in Chesterfield, Richmond, Charlottesville, Lynchburg, and Williamsburg, all located in Virginia. The growth continued in 2011, as Sweet Frog opened 29 stores, and accelerated in 2012 as 113 more Sweet Frog stores opened, mostly located in the east coast states of Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, South Carolina, and Pennsylvania. On April 17, 2012, at a time when Sweet Frog had 180 stores operating in the United States and a few foreign countries, Boxwood Capital Partners bought into Derek Cha's vision of growth and made a minority investment into Sweet Frog Enterprises, LLC, the company that owns and operates Sweet Frog. References Haas School of Business alumni American people of Korean descent American food industry businesspeople Fast-food chain founders Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Businesspeople from Richmond, Virginia
Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras. Sometimes the term is used when a shallow depth of field is simulated with digital post-processing; the name may derive from a perspective control lens (or tilt–shift lens) normally required when the effect is produced optically. "Tilt–shift" encompasses two different types of movements: rotation of the lens plane relative to the image plane, called tilt, and movement of the lens parallel to the image plane, called shift. Tilt is used to control the orientation of the plane of focus (PoF), and hence the part of an image that appears sharp; it makes use of the Scheimpflug principle. Shift is used to adjust the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; this is often helpful in avoiding the convergence of parallel lines, as when photographing tall buildings. History and use Movements have been available on view cameras since the early days of photography; they have been available on smaller-format cameras since the early 1960s, usually by means of special lenses or adapters. Nikon introduced a lens providing shift movements for their 35 mm SLR cameras in 1962, and Canon introduced a lens that provided both tilt and shift movements in 1973; many other manufacturers soon followed suit. Canon and Nikon currently offer four lenses that provide both movements. Such lenses are frequently used in architectural photography to control perspective, and in landscape photography to get an entire scene sharp. Some photographers have popularized the use of tilt for selective focus in applications such as portrait photography. The selective focus that can be achieved by tilting the plane of focus is often compelling because the effect is different from that to which many viewers have become accustomed. Ben Thomas, Walter Iooss Jr. of Sports Illustrated, Vincent Laforet and many other photographers have used this technique. Perspective-control lenses In photography, a perspective-control lens allows the photographer to control the appearance of perspective in the image; the lens can be moved parallel to the film or sensor, providing the equivalent of corresponding view camera movements. This movement of the lens allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; it is often used to avoid convergence of parallel lines, such as when photographing a tall building. A lens that provides only shift is called a shift lens, while those that can also tilt are called tilt–shift lenses. The terms PC and TS are also used by some manufacturers to refer to this type of lens. Short-focus perspective-control (PC) lenses (i.e., 17 mm through 35 mm) are used mostly in architectural photography; longer focal lengths may also be used in other applications such as landscape, product, and closeup photography. PC lenses are generally designed for single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras, as rangefinder cameras do not allow the photographer to directly view the effect of the lens, and view cameras allow for perspective control using camera movements. A PC lens has a larger image circle than is required to cover the image area (film or sensor size). Typically, the image circle is large enough, and the mechanics of the lens sufficiently limited, that the image area cannot be shifted outside of the image circle. However, many PC lenses require a small aperture setting to prevent vignetting when significant shifts are employed. PC lenses for 35 mm cameras typically offer a maximum shift of 11 mm; some newer models offer a maximum shift of 12 mm. The mathematics involved in tilt lenses are described as the Scheimpflug principle, after an Austrian military officer who developed the technique for correcting distortion in aerial photographs. The first PC lens manufactured for an SLR camera in any format was Nikon's 1961 3.5 35 mm PC-Nikkor; it was followed by an 2.8 35 mm PC-Nikkor (1968), an 4 28 mm PC-Nikkor (1975), and an 3.5 28 mm PC-Nikkor (1981). In 1973, Canon introduced a lens, the TS 35 mm 2.8 SSC, with tilt as well as shift functions. Other manufacturers, including Venus Optics Laowa, Olympus, Pentax, Schneider Kreuznach (produced as well for Leica), and Minolta, made their own versions of PC lenses. Olympus produced 35 mm and 24 mm shift lenses. Canon currently offers 17 mm, 24 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm and 135 mm tilt/shift lenses. Nikon currently offers 19 mm, 24 mm, 45 mm, and 85 mm PC lenses with tilt and shift capability. Venus Optics Laowa offers the world's widest 15mm shift lens with an extremely good optical distortion control. Shape control When the camera back is parallel to a planar subject (such as the front of a building), all points in the subject are at the same distance from the camera, and are recorded at the same magnification. The shape of the subject is recorded without distortion. When the image plane is not parallel to the subject, as when pointing the camera up at a tall building, parts of the subject are at varying distances from the camera; the more distant parts are recorded at lesser magnification, causing the convergence of parallel lines. Because the subject is at an angle to the camera, it is also foreshortened. When the camera back is not parallel to a planar subject, it is not possible to have the entire subject in focus without the use of tilt or swing; consequently, the image must rely on the depth of field to have the entire subject rendered acceptably sharp. With a PC lens, the camera back can be kept parallel to the subject while the lens is moved to achieve the desired positioning of the subject in the image area. All points in the subject remain at the same distance from the camera, and the subject shape is preserved. If desired, the camera back can be rotated away from parallel to the subject, to allow some convergence of parallel lines or even to increase the convergence. Again, the position of the subject in the image area is adjusted by moving the lens. Available lenses The earliest perspective control and tilt–shift lenses for 35 mm format were 35 mm focal length, which is now considered too long for many architectural photography applications. With advances in optical design, lenses of 28 mm and then 24 mm became available and were quickly adopted by photographers working in close proximity to their subjects, such as in urban settings. The Arri motion-picture camera company offers a shift and tilt bellows system that provides movements for PL-mount lenses on motion-picture cameras. Canon currently offers five lenses with tilt and shift functions: the TS-E 17 mm 4, the TS-E 24 mm 3.5L II, the TS-E 50mm f/2.8L MACRO, the TS-E 90 mm 2.8L MACRO, and the TS-E 135 mm f/4L MACRO. The lenses are supplied with the tilt and shift movements at right angles to each other; they can be modified so that the movements operate in the same direction. Canon filed a patent in 2016 for an autofocus system for use in a Tilt-Shift lens, but has not yet released such a lens as of 2022. The 17 mm and the 24 mm version II lenses allow independent rotation of the tilt and shift movements. The 50 mm, the 90 mm and the 135 mm providing macro capability of 0.5×, with extension tube some up to 1.0×. All five lenses provide automatic aperture control. Laowa released the 15mm f/4.5 Shift-only lens in 2020. With the +/-11mm shift movement, it is currently the widest shift lens ever made for full frame cameras and mounts for all major camera brands are available. Hartblei makes tilt-and-shift lenses to fit various manufacturers’ camera bodies. It currently offers four Super-Rotator Tilt/Shift lenses for 35 mm bodies: the TS-PC Hartblei 35 mm 2.8, the TS-PC Hartblei 65 mm 3.5, the TS-PC Hartblei 80 mm 2.8, and the TS-PC Hartblei 120 mm 2.8. It also offers the TS-PC Hartblei 45 mm 3.5 to fit several medium-format camera bodies. The tilt and shift movements can be independently rotated in any direction. Hasselblad offers a tilt-and-shift adapter, the HTS 1.5, for use with the HCD 28 mm 4, HC 35 mm 3.5, HC 50 mm 3.5, HC 80 mm 2.8 and HC 100 mm 2.2 lenses on H-System cameras. To allow infinity focus, the adapter includes optics that multiply the lens focal lengths by 1.5. Autofocus and focus confirmation are disabled when using the adapter. Leica is currently providing the TS-APO-ELMAR-S 1:5,6/120 mm ASPH lens for its new S-System of digital SLRs. Minolta offered the 35mm 2.8 Shift CA lens for its manual focus SR-mount cameras in the 1970s and 1980s. The lens was unique among perspective-control lenses in that, rather than offering a combination of tilt-and-shift, Minolta designed the lens with variable field curvature, which could make the field of focus either convex or concave (essentially a three-dimensional, spherical form of tilt). Nikon offers several PC lenses, all of which feature tilt and shift functions: a new (Oct. 2016) PC-E Nikkor 19mm 4.0 ED lens, a PC-E Nikkor 24 mm 3.5D ED lens, PC-E Micro-Nikkor 45 mm 2.8D ED, and PC-E Micro Nikkor 85 mm 2.8D ED. The 45 mm and 85 mm "Micro" lenses offer close focus (0.5 magnification) for macrophotography. In 2016, Nikon added the PC NIKKOR 19mm f/4E ED extra wide angle view lens with a magnification factor of 0.18 and 25 cm focus distance. The PC-E lenses offer automatic aperture control with the Nikon D3, D300, and D700 cameras. With some earlier camera models, a PC-E lens operates like a regular Nikon PC (non-E) lens, with preset aperture control by means of a pushbutton; with other earlier models, no aperture control is provided, and the lens is not usable. The mechanisms providing the tilt and shift functions can be rotated 90° to the left or right so that they operate horizontally, vertically, or at intermediate orientations. The lenses are supplied with the tilt and shift movements at right angles to each other; they can be modified by Nikon so that the movements operate in the same direction. In Pentax high-end DSLRs (K-7, K-5, K-5 II, K-5 IIs and K-30) the shake reduction hardware unit can be manually adjusted in the X/Y direction to achieve a shift effect with any lens using the Composition Adjust function in the menu system. Although available for any lens that fits the camera body, this adjustment can not fully replace regular shift lenses as those may provide a larger shift movement. Schneider-Kreuznach offers the PC-Super Angulon 28 mm 2.8 lens that provides shift movements, with preset aperture control. The lens is available with mounts to fit cameras by various manufacturers, and also with 42 mm screw mount. The Sinar arTec camera offers tilt and shift with the full range of Sinaron digital lenses. All perspective-control and tilt–shift lenses are manual-focus prime lenses, but are quite expensive compared to regular prime lenses. Some medium format camera makers, such as Mamiya, have addressed this problem by offering shift adapters that work with the maker's other prime lenses. In 2013, Samyang Optics introduced one of the cheapest today tilt–shift lenses, the Samyang T-S 24mm f/3.5 ED AS UMC, which can tilt up to 8.5 degrees and shift up to 12mm of axis. ARAX introduced a 35 mm f/2.8 and an 80 mm f/2.8 tilt–shift lens, which are available for several camera mounts. Both lenses retail for less than the Samyang T-S 24mm. ARAX also produces a 50 mm f/2.8 tilt–shift lens for Micro 4/3 and Sony NEX mounts. Aperture control Most SLR cameras provide automatic aperture control, which allows viewing and metering at the lens's maximum aperture, stops the lens down to the working aperture during exposure, and returns the lens to maximum aperture after exposure. For perspective-control and tilt–shift lenses, the mechanical linkage is impractical, and automatic aperture control was not offered on the first such lenses. Many PC and TS lenses incorporated a feature known as a "preset" aperture, which lets the photographer set the lens to working aperture, and then quickly switch between working aperture and full aperture without looking at the aperture control. Though slightly easier than stopped-down metering, operation is less convenient than automatic operation. When Canon introduced its EOS line of cameras in 1987, the EF lenses incorporated electromagnetic diaphragms, eliminating the need for a mechanical linkage between the camera and the diaphragm. Because of this, the Canon TS-E tilt–shift lenses include automatic aperture control. In 2008, Nikon introduced its PC-E perspective-control lenses with electromagnetic diaphragms. Automatic aperture control is provided with the D300, D500, D600/610, D700, D750, D800/810, D3, D4 and D5 cameras. With some earlier cameras, the lenses offer preset aperture control by means of a pushbutton that controls the electromagnetic diaphragm; with other earlier cameras, no aperture control is provided, and the lenses are not usable. Camera movements Tilt A camera lens can provide sharp focus on only a single plane. Without tilt, the image plane (containing the film or image sensor), the lens plane, and the plane of focus are parallel, and are perpendicular to the lens axis; objects in sharp focus are all at the same distance from the camera. When the lens plane is tilted relative to the image plane, the plane of focus (PoF) is at an angle to the image plane, and objects at different distances from the camera can all be sharply focused if they lie in the same plane. With the lens tilted, the image plane, lens plane, and PoF intersect at a common line; this behavior has become known as the Scheimpflug principle. When focus is adjusted with a tilted lens, the PoF rotates about an axis at the intersection of the lens's front focal plane and a plane through the center of the lens parallel to the image plane; the tilt determines the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of the lens, and the focus determines the angle of the PoF with the image plane. In combination, the tilt and focus determine the position of the PoF. The PoF can also be oriented so that only a small part of it passes through the subject, producing a very shallow region of sharpness, and the effect is quite different from that obtained simply by using a large aperture with a regular camera. Using tilt changes the shape of the depth of field (DoF). When the lens and image planes are parallel, the DoF extends between parallel planes on either side of the PoF. With tilt or swing, the DoF is wedge shaped, with the apex of the wedge near the camera, as shown in Figure 5 in the Scheimpflug principle article. The DoF is zero at the apex, remains shallow at the edge of the lens's field of view, and increases with distance from the camera. For a given position of the PoF, the angle between the planes that define the near and far limits of DoF (i.e., the angular DoF) increases with lens f-number; for a given f-number and angle of the PoF, the angular DoF decreases with increasing tilt. When it is desired to have an entire scene sharp, as in landscape photography, the best results are often achieved with a relatively small amount of tilt. When the objective is selective focus, a large amount of tilt can be used to give a very small angular DoF; however, the tilt fixes the position of the PoF rotation axis, so if tilt is used to control the DoF, it may not be possible to also have the PoF pass through all desired points. View camera users usually distinguish between rotating the lens about a horizontal axis (tilt), and rotation about a vertical axis (swing); small- and medium-format camera users often refer to either rotation as "tilt". Shift If a subject plane is parallel to the image plane, parallel lines in the subject remain parallel in the image. If the image plane is not parallel to the subject, as when pointing a camera up to photograph a tall building, parallel lines converge, and the result sometimes appears unnatural, such as a building that appears to be leaning backwards. Shift is a displacement of the lens parallel to the image plane that allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without changing the camera angle; in effect the camera can be aimed with the shift movement. Shift can be used to keep the image plane (and thus focus) parallel to the subject; it can be used to photograph a tall building while keeping the sides of the building parallel. The lens can also be shifted in the opposite direction and the camera tilted up to accentuate the convergence for artistic effect. Shifting a lens allows different portions of the image circle to be cast onto the image plane, similar to cropping an area along the edge of an image. Again, view camera users usually distinguish between vertical movements (rise and fall) and lateral movements (shift or cross), while small- and medium-format users often refer to both types of movements as "shift". Lens image circle Whereas the image circle of a standard lens usually just covers the image frame, a lens that provides tilt or shift must allow for displacement of the lens axis from the center of the image frame, and consequently requires a larger image circle than a standard lens of the same focal length. Applying camera movements On a view camera, the tilt and shift movements are inherent in the camera, and many view cameras allow a considerable range of adjustment of both the lens and the camera back. Applying movements on a small- or medium-format camera usually requires a tilt–shift lens or perspective control lens. The former allows tilt, shift, or both; the latter allows only shift. With a tilt–shift lens, adjustments are available only for the lens, and the range is usually more limited. Tilt–shift and perspective-control lenses are available for many SLR cameras, but most are far more expensive than comparable lenses without movements. The Lensbaby SLR lens is a low-cost alternative for providing tilt and swing for many SLR cameras, although the effect is somewhat different from that of the lenses just described. Because of the simple optical design, there is significant curvature of field, and sharp focus is limited to a region near the lens axis. Consequently, the Lensbaby's primary application is selective focus and toy camera–style photography. Selective focus Selective focus can be used to direct the viewer's attention to a small part of the image while de-emphasizing other parts. With tilt, the effect is different from that obtained by using a large f-number without tilt. With a regular camera, the PoF and the DoF are perpendicular to the line of sight; with tilt, the PoF can be almost parallel to the line of sight, and the DoF can be very narrow but extend to infinity. Thus parts of a scene at greatly different distances from the camera can be rendered sharp, and selective focus can be given to different parts of a scene at the same distance from the camera. With tilt, the depth of field is wedge shaped. As noted above, using a large amount of tilt and a small f-number gives a small angular DoF. This can be useful if the objective is to provide selective focus to different objects at essentially the same distance from the camera. But in many cases, effective use of tilt for selective focus requires a careful choice of what is sharp as well as what is unsharp, as Vincent Laforet has noted. Because the tilt also affects the position of the PoF, it may not be possible to use a large amount of tilt and have the PoF pass through all desired points. This may not be a problem if only one point is to be sharp; for example, if it is desired to emphasize one building in a row of buildings, the tilt and f-number can be used to control the width of the sharp area, and the focus used to determine which building is sharp. But if it is desired to have two or more points sharp (for example, two people at different distances from the camera), the PoF must include both points, and it usually is not possible to achieve this while also using the tilt to control DoF. Selective focus using tilt appears in motion pictures such as Minority Report, (2002). Director of photography Janusz Kamiński says he prefers using tilt–shift lenses to digital post-production as too much digital can detract and "It doesn’t look organic." Miniature faking Selective focus via tilt is often used to simulate a miniature scene, so much that "tilt-and-shift effect" has been used as a general term for some miniature faking techniques. Basic digital post-processing techniques can give results similar to those achieved with tilt, and afford greater flexibility and control, such as choosing the region that is sharp and the amount of blur for the unsharp regions. Moreover, these choices can be made after the photograph is taken. One advanced technique, Smallgantics, is used for motion-pictures; it was first seen in the 2006 Thom Yorke music video "Harrowdown Hill", directed by Chel White. Artist Olivo Barbieri is well known for his miniature-faking skills in the 1990s. Artist Ben Thomas's series Cityshrinker extended this concept to miniature faking major cities around the world, his book Tiny Tokyo: The Big City Made Mini (Chronicle Books, 2014), depicts Tokyo in miniature. Applications When making photographs of a building or other large structure from the ground, perspective can be eliminated by keeping the film plane parallel to the building. With ordinary lenses, this results in capturing only the bottom part of the subject. Tilting the camera upwards results in a perspective effect that causes the top of the building to appear smaller than its base, which is often considered undesirable. The perspective effect is proportional to the lens's angle of view. With a perspective control lens, however, the lens may be shifted upwards in relation to the image area, placing more of the subject within the frame. The ground level, the camera's point of perspective, is shifted towards the bottom of the frame. Another use of shifting is in taking pictures of a mirror. By moving the camera off to one side of the mirror, and shifting the lens in the opposite direction, an image of the mirror can be captured without the reflection of the camera or photographer. Shifting can similarly be used to photograph “around” an object, such as a building support in a gallery, without producing an obviously oblique view. Perspective-control in software Computer software (such as Photoshop's perspective and distort functions) can be used to control perspective effects in post-production. However, this technique does not allow the recovery of lost resolution in the more distant areas of the subject, or the recovery of lost depth of field due to the angle of the film/sensor plane to the subject. Areas of the image enlarged by these digital techniques may suffer from the visual effects of pixel interpolation, depending on the original image resolution, degree of manipulation, print/display size, and viewing distance. The effect of using tilt or swing movements is less easily accomplished in post-production. If every part of the image is within the depth of field, it is fairly easy to simulate the effect of shallow depth of field that could be achieved by using tilt or swing; however, if the image has a finite depth of field, post-production cannot simulate the sharpness that could be achieved by using tilt or swing to maximize the region of sharpness. See also Brenizer Method Canon TS-E 24mm lens Lensbaby, another type of movable lens Nikon PC-E Nikkor 24mm f/3.5D ED Tilted plane focus View camera, a camera type that allows tilt and shift control References Further reading Ray, Sidney F. 2000. The geometry of image formation. In The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging, 9th ed. Ed. Ralph E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray, Geoffrey G. Atteridge, and Norman R. Axford. Oxford: Focal Press. External links Major Cities of the World in tilt–shift by Ben Thomas, project Cityshrinker About Canon's Tilt–Shift Lens – Utilizing the shift feature on a Canon wide-angle tilt–shift lens Tilt–Shift Software Photoscape Tutorial – Simple Photoscape tutorial to stimulate fake tilt–shift effects Examples of Tilt–Shift Photography What is perspective correction? How Shift Lenses Change your Life History of the PC-Nikkor lens Instruction manual for 35 mm PC-Nikkor lens Perspective Control (Shift Lenses) in Architectural Photography Perspective Control (Tilt/Shift range) Architectural View Camera Using the 35 mm Perspective Control Lens Dictionary of Film and Photography: Perspective control (PC) lens Using a perspective control lens (shift lens) Tutorial: Perspective Control Lenses Tilt–shift lens selection and difference Perspective Correction Using Software Page of Links to Galleries and Information on Tilt–Shift Photography and Lenses Sinar arTec camera with tilt and shift Rokinon 24 mm shift lens Photographic lenses Photographic techniques
Joseph Cervantes (born January 19, 1961) is an American attorney in private practice in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and currently a member of the New Mexico Senate, representing the 31st District since 2012. Early life and education Joseph Cervantes was born in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and raised farming near La Mesa in southern Doña Ana County. Cervantes graduated from Las Cruces High School in 1979, and the University of New Mexico with a Bachelor of Arts in architecture in 1983. In 1985, Cervantes received a Master of Architecture degree from California Polytechnic State University. He was licensed as an architect by the State of California in 1987 and became an associate member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). In 1991 Cervantes received his law degree from the University of New Mexico School of Law. Professional and business careers Cervantes practiced architecture in La Jolla, California, with Dale Naegle & Associates before returning to New Mexico in 1987 to oversee construction of new schools for the Gadsden School District in Anthony and Sunland Park N.M. Cervantes then graduated from University of New Mexico Law School in 1991 where he was a member of the Law Review and Moot Court Teams. Cervantes began his legal career as an associate of the Albuquerque law firm Modrall Sperling Roehl Harris & Sisk. In 1995 he founded Cervantes Law Firm. In 2017 Cervantes joined partners to form the trial law firm Cervantes Scherr Legate PLC. Cervantes is a member of the New Mexico State Bar, the ABA Litigation Section, and a former member of the Inn of Courts. Cervantes represents New Mexico on the Uniform Law Commission (ULC). As a recognized courtroom lawyer Cervantes was trial and appellate counsel part of the Santa Fe jury wrongful death verdict against FedEx for $165 million. Cervantes successfully argued the appeal upholding that jury verdict by the New Mexico Supreme Court. Cervantes has multiple wrongful death, trucking and medical malpractice verdicts upheld in reported decisions from the New Mexico Court of Appeals and Supreme Court. Since 2000 Cervantes has been selected to the list of Southwest Super Lawyers In addition to practicing law, Cervantes with his family has business interests in southern New Mexico including commercial real estate development, farming and agricultural processing. Community affairs Cervantes is a recipient of the Dixon First Amendment Freedom Award from the New Mexico Foundation for Open Government. Cervantes has served on the Board of Directors for New Mexico First, and for Leadership New Mexico, as well as other statewide boards and commissions associated with his Senate position. Cervantes is a member of the New Mexico Amigos. In 2022 the law firm of Cervantes Scherr Legate donated $3 million to the University of New Mexico Law School to permanently endow full annual student scholarships. Elective office Cervantes was first elected to public office in 1998 defeating Republican incumbent Doña Ana County Commissioner Dora Harp. In 2001, Cervantes was appointed to the New Mexico House of Representatives, and was reelected in five successive campaigns through 2012. In the New Mexico House of Representatives, Cervantes was appointed as Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, Vice-Chairman of the House Rules Committee, and Chairman of the interim Water & Natural Resources Committee. In 2012, Cervantes announced he would seek the New Mexico Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Sen. Cynthia Nava. In the June 2012 Democratic primary election Cervantes defeated former Sunland Park Mayor Jesus Ruben Segura. Cervantes went on to win with 68.26% of the general election vote. Cervantes has been re-elected to the Senate in 2016 and 2020. Cervantes announced his bid for Governor of New Mexico for the 2018\|2018 election]], but was unsuccessful in the Democrat Party primary. In the Senate Cervantes was then selected Chairman of the Conservation Committee in 2017. In 2020 Cervantes was appointed Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, where he continues to serve. Personal life Cervantes and his wife, New York Times bestselling author Jennifer Cervantes, are parents of three daughters, Alex, Bella, and Jules and reside in Doña Ana County. A Roman Catholic, Cervantes made news when a local parish priest and bishop advised Cervantes he would be denied Holy Communion because of his votes to advance legislation on reproductive freedoms for women, and for end of life medical care for terminally ill patients. In his role as Senate Judiciary Chairman Cervantes rejected conditions imposed by his local prelate to withhold hearings on pending legislation. Cervantes remains the only U.S. elected official to be denied communion in his home parish, and attends Mass elsewhere. References External links Representative Joseph Cervantes at the NM House website Project Vote Smart - Representative Joseph Cervantes (NM) profile Follow the Money - Joseph Cervantes 2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions 1961 births Living people 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American lawyers 21st-century American politicians Hispanic and Latino American lawyers Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New Mexico Democratic Party members of the New Mexico House of Representatives Democratic Party New Mexico state senators Politicians from Las Cruces, New Mexico Lawyers from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Halifax Media Group was an American newspaper company owning more than 30 newspapers in five Southeastern U.S. States. It was founded on March 31, 2010 when a group of investors purchased The Daytona Beach News-Journal from the Davidson family, who had owned it for 82 years. On December 27, 2011, The New York Times Company announced it was selling its Regional Media Group to Halifax Media Group. On June 1, 2012, Halifax announced it was acquiring the Florida and North Carolina papers of Freedom Communications. In 2013, Halifax acquired three newspapers from HarborPoint Media: the Daily Commercial of Leesburg, Florida, the South Lake Press in Clermont, Florida and News-Sun of Sebring, Florida. In 2014, Halifax acquired the Telegram & Gazette of Worcester, Massachusetts. In November 2014, New Media Investment Group announced its acquisition of Halifax. The company was created with the assistance of Stephens Inc. In 2015, GateHouse Media purchased the 36 newspapers then owned by Halifax Media. In 2019, GateHouse Media merged with Gannett, Inc., owner of the USA Today and more than 100 other daily newspapers. Assets The Halifax Media Group owns the following assets: Alabama The Gadsden Times of Gadsden, Alabama The Tuscaloosa News of Tuscaloosa, Alabama Florida Daily Commercial of Leesburg, Florida The Daytona Beach News-Journal of Daytona Beach, Florida The Gainesville Sun of Gainesville, Florida The Ledger of Lakeland, Florida News Chief of Winter Haven, Florida The News Herald of Panama City Northwest Florida Daily News of Fort Walton Beach Sarasota Herald-Tribune of Sarasota, Florida Star-Banner of Ocala, Florida Weekly newspapers: Crestview News Bulletin of Crestview The Destin Log of Destin Eglin Dispatch of Eglin Air Force Base Holmes County Times-Advertiser of Bonifay Hurlburt Warrior of Hurlburt Field News-Sun of Sebring Press Gazette of Milton South Lake Press of Clermont The Star of Port St. Joe The Times of Apalachicola The Walton Sun of Santa Rosa Beach Washington County News of Chipley Louisiana The Daily Comet, Thibodaux, Louisiana The Houma Courier, Houma, Louisiana Massachusetts Telegram & Gazette of Worcester, Massachusetts North Carolina The Dispatch of Lexington, North Carolina The Daily News of Jacksonville The Gaston Gazette of Gastonia The Free Press of Kinston Times-News of Hendersonville, North Carolina The Shelby Star of Shelby Star-News of Wilmington, North Carolina Sun Journal of New Bern Times-News of Burlington Weekly newspapers: The Havelock News of Havelock Jones Post of Trenton The Topsail Advertiser of Surf City South Carolina Spartanburg Herald-Journal of Spartanburg, South Carolina References External links Newspaper companies of the United States Mass media companies established in 2010 2010 establishments in Florida Privately held companies based in Florida Gannett 2014 mergers and acquisitions
Emamzadeh Mahmud () may refer to: Emamzadeh Mahmud, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Emamzadeh Mahmud, Mazandaran
Xalapa Cathedral or in full, Catedral Metropolitana de la Inmaculada Concepción de Xalapa is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of Xalapa, Veracruz, in eastern Mexico. The see of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Xalapa, it is one of the oldest constructions of the city. The cathedral was originally built in 1641, but in 1772 it underwent massive change that reconstructed it in the baroque style. Some details in some parts of cathedral remain from this, including the bell tower. The clock itself was imported from England. The consecration of the status of cathedral was announced in 1864, coinciding with the creation of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Xalapa to support it. In 1896, it underwent further modification forming an appearance, much of which remains today. External links Information about Xalapa Cathedral Xalapa Roman Catholic cathedrals in Mexico Buildings and structures in Veracruz Tourist attractions in Veracruz 1640s establishments in New Spain 1770s establishments in Mexico Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico Gothic Revival church buildings in Mexico Baroque church buildings in Mexico Roman Catholic churches completed in 1641 Roman Catholic churches completed in 1772 17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Mexico 18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Mexico
Several different far-left-oriented organizations in Peru refer to themselves as communist (comunista) parties, movements, organizations, groups, etc. Some are still active, under their original or other appellation, some have merged or split, and some have ceased operating. Brief history The oldest communist party in Peru is the Peruvian Communist Party (Partido Comunista Peruano), founded in 1928 by José Carlos Mariátegui, under the name Socialist Party of Peru (Partido Socialista del Perú). In 1930, the name was changed to Peruvian Communist Party. Jorge Del Prado was the party's General Secretary between 1966 and 1991. Currently, the General Secretary is Roberto de la Cruz. The main political base of PCP-Unidad is currently located at Plaza Ramón Castilla, Lima and is led by Renán Raffo Muñoz. PCP publishes Unidad ("Unity") and Nuestra Bandera ("Our Banner"). Another party that also considers itself the Communist Party of Peru is the Partido Comunista del Perú – Patria Roja, founded in 1970, and now, as of 2006, headed by Alberto Moreno. It descends from the mainstream faction of PCP-Bandera Roja, which, in turn, originated as a Maoist faction within the Partido Comunista Peruano. Both PCP-Bandera Roja and PCP-Unidad are named after their traditional press organs. The name "PCP-Unidad" is an informal designation; the official name of the PCP-Unidad is simply "Partido Comunista Peruano". There was a faction called PCP-Mayoría around 1980: its members considered that PCP-Unidad had taken a Eurocommunist turn, while they themselves preferred a more hard-line Soviet stance. There are a few more groups that also consider themselves the Communist Party of Peru. The best known is the group generally referred to as the "Shining Path" (a name which the group itself does not use). This armed group, regarded by the Peruvian state as a terrorist organization, is an offshoot of PCP-Bandera Roja, having splintered from it in the early 1970s. The "Shining Path" considers PCP-Patria Roja and PCP-Unidad to be revisionist; it has assassinated several of their militants and elected officials. Political parties that have used the name The Peruvian Communist Party was founded with the name of Peruvian Socialist Party (Partido Socialista del Perú) by José Carlos Mariátegui, and is considered the first communist party in Peru. A number of political parties claim the name and legacy of the original party: Communist Party of Peru (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland Communist Party – Red Star Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path Peruvian Communist Party – Red Flag Proletarian Party of Peru Revolutionary Communist Party – Red Trench Revolutionary Communist Party (Working Class) Revolutionary Socialist Party (Marxist–Leninist) Revolutionary Vanguard (Communist Proletarian) Revolutionary Workers' Party (Peru) Worker Peasant Student and Popular Front Workers' Revolutionary Party (Peru) The United Left movement was a loose alliance of several of these leftist parties that gained a strong political presence in the 1980s. See also Anarchism in Peru Shining Path José Carlos Mariátegui References Left-wing politics in Peru
Tođevac () is a village in the municipality of Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. References Villages in Republika Srpska Populated places in Foča
Berlin-Wilhelmsruh (in German S-Bahnhof Berlin-Wilhelmsruh) is a railway station in the neighbourhood of Reinickendorf, right adjacent to the locality of Wilhelmsruh, in the city of Berlin, Germany. Until the 1938 administrative border shift, the station happened to be within the boundaries of Wilhelmsruh. It is served by the Berlin S-Bahn and a local bus. The reconnection of the station with the Berlin–Groß Schönebeck Railway is planned. History The station was opened on 10 July 1877 under the name Rosenthal Station and served to develop the town Rosenthal. Initially, it was a demand stop point for the suburban traffic between Gesundbrunnen and Oranienburg. This was then called "bus traffic". As a result of the increase in suburban traffic, the single-track northern runway in the soft image of Berlin has increasingly become a bottleneck. Between 1887 and 1888 "the KED [Royal Railway Directorate] Berlin set up new, only operational purposes [!] Serving intersection stations: at [!] Reinickendorf (Rosenthaler road) ..." To change the timetable on 1 June 1891, the northern run between Gesundbrunnen and Oranienburg has been double-tracked. At this time, the station is called Reinickendorf (Rosenthaler road). However, from the time before 1883, other names handed down: Reinickendorf-Rosenthalerstraße and road to Rosenthal. In the Official Journal of the Royal Railway Directorate Berlin from 1883, the following stations are called: "... Pankow 4.70 km, Schönholz 5.90 km, Reinickendorf 7.40 km, Dalldorf 10.25 km ..." (Distances from Szczecin Railway Station) - presumably there is only a confusion here. The "Timetable of the Berlin Northern Railway" of 10 July 1877 indicates the order of the stations with Prinzen-Allee, Reinickendorf, Rosenthal and Dalldorf. Since 1 October 1891 the breakpoint has become a regular stop, having previously been regarded as a request stop. After an order of the Royal Railway Directorate Berlin of 18 March 1893, the station was renamed Reinickendorf-Rosenthal. On 30 April 1899, the so-called road to Rosenthal at the station was named Kopenhagener Strasse. The continued increase in passenger numbers on suburban trains (in 1907 there were 7.05 million) made the four-track extension of the northern railway, separated for long-distance and suburban traffic, also north of the station Schönholz-Reinickendorf required. The track was laid on a dam to allow a level-crossing of the road traffic. The work between Reinickendorf-Rosenthal and Wittenau began in 1908. "The completely new suburban stations in Reinickendorf-Rosenthal, ... were put into operation on 20 December 1910 .... Their platforms had now the usual height of 76 cm above the rails on the suburban railways ... Special reception buildings were not built on these stations, but again arranged under well-established pattern under and between the tracks reception halls, which received all necessary facilities for the handling of suburban travelers ".[1] This gave the station its classic Berlin S-Bahn face, which it retains until the 21st century. An access building was only erected on the southern platform, towards Copenhagen Street. The two entrances point parallel to the road towards Wilhelmsruh and towards Reinickendorf. From 1924 to 1960, the station had a connection to the Berlin tram, which joined Reinickendorf with Wilhelmsruh. On 5 June 1925 the suburban line from Gesundbrunnen to Birkenwerder was electrified and recorded the electric train operation with initially three "electric train pairs". The term rapid-transit railway was introduced only some years later. In 1929, the number of departing travelers increased from 1,180,000 to 1,682,000 compared to the years 1912/13. On 3 October 1937, the station received its present name: Berlin-Wilhelmsruh. At that time, the district Wilhelmsruh belonged to the district of Berlin Reinickendorf. This changed only in 1938 with a territorial exchange between Pankow and Reinickendorf. The railway station also represented the junction of two abandoned branches of the Prussian Northern Railway and the Heidekraut Railway. Due to its position outside the Wall (in Reinickendorf), from 1961 to 1989 the S-Bahn station was usable only for West Berlin, at the southern entrance. The Heidekraut rail terminal was instead moved to Rosenthal station, now abandoned. While in the context of dismantling after the end of the Second World War in the summer of 1945, the second mainline railway track of the Northern Railway was removed, keeping the S-Bahn station on both tracks of the suburban line. The second S-Bahn track was located north of the station to Borgsdorf. The interrupted at the end of the war, suburban traffic on the northern railway was resumed between 6 and 11 June 1945, first with two train pairs pulled back. From 18 August 1945, electric S-Bahn trains could again run via Berlin-Wilhelmsruh every hour, first to Berlin-Hermsdorf. From 19 November 1945, the S-Bahn operation to Wilhelmsruh was again double-tracked, but due to lack of crossing possibilities, only at 30-minute intervals on the northern section of the track. Only from 9 May 1946 was a 20-minute interval again offered. Long-distance and freight traffic on the northern runway at Wilhelmsruh station became more difficult as a result of the politically increasingly pronounced border. When the Deutsche Reichsbahn took over the operation of the Niederbarnimer railway on 1 July 1950, it passed its trains via the (private) Wilhelmsruh station and the siding to the Schönholz freight depot on the Nordbahn railway to the station in Szczecin, which initially relieved the pressure on the S-Bahn. Railways trains led. For the timetable change on 18 May 1952, passenger traffic was set on the Berlin part of the Northern Railway since the Szczecin station was closed. The heather path ended again in Wilhelmsruh. From September 1950, the northern freight yard Hermsdorf was no longer allowed to be served (as before) from Oranienburg, but only from Schönholz. While in this time, the (at station Wilhelmsruh passing) long-distance traffic fell away, the use of the S-Bahn increased massively. Since 1953 also run on the northern railway on weekdays, so-called run-through trains of the S-Bahn, which did not stop at the stations of the western sectors. For various members of state enterprises the exit and later the passage of the Western sectors was forbidden "for security reasons". On the northern railway, two trains every morning from Oranienburg travel back to the city and in the evening. The runners reversed until 3 May 1958. Thereafter, they were replaced by locomotive-hauled trains between Oranienburg and the station Lichtenberg or Ostbahnhof (the S-Bahn connection Hohen Neuendorf - Blankenburg on the Berlin outer ring (BAR) was only on 9 November Put into operation in 1961). Since 1948, a 20-minute interval train service was offered during the day, the mid-1950s no longer met the requirements. The German Reichsbahn, therefore, tried to establish a 10-minute cycle by extending the amplifier trains that ended in Schönholz to Hermsdorf. Due to the single track north of Wilhelmsruh, the travel times had to be shortened for this. While on the S-Bahn routes at this time a maximum of 60 km/h was allowed, the maximum speed was increased from Schönholz to 70 km/h, between Wilhelmsruh and Waidmannslust to 80 km/h. Neither vehicles nor power supply allowed such a power increase, so the German Reichsbahn had to cancel this "experiment" on 26 May 1955 - after only four days. There followed announcements to build the track again with two tracks (first to Borgsdorf, then to Frohnau or Hermsdorf) - but nothing was realized. Previously, in April 1955, the long-distance railway line to Oranienburg in front of Birkenwerder was already interrupted. Here the curve from Birkenwerder to the Berlin outer ring was built. The timetable change on 28 May 1961 was a 10-minute cycle to Berlin-Wilhelmsruh introduced. In 1960, the two were - last only from Reinickendorf forth to the sector border at the train station - tram lines set. After the construction of the Berlin Wall, the S-Bahn trains (to Frohnau) continue as a train group 1 at 20-minute intervals. The location of the S-Bahn station directly on the sector border now shows significant effects, the eponymous district is out of reach to the east. For West Berlin, the station is rather uninteresting, because the nearest residential houses just under a kilometer south, and even behind the Kremmener Bahn (S-Bahn station Reinickendorf, today Alt-Reinickendorf) are. At the end of the 1960s, a construction project by the state of Berlin (West) for the development of the Märkisches Viertel led to a change of ownership. When building a new bridge over the Schorfheidestraße (connection to the street Am Nordgraben), although the abutments were designed for four tracks, only two superstructures installed. Bley reports on p. 86: "Since the construction of this new bridge at the latest, the freight trains between Schönholz and Hermsdorf used to run on the S-Bahn track" - that means that a bridge superstructure was available for the mainline track but was not tracked. The remaining long-distance railway track in the area of Wilhelmsruh station was no longer used. Another bridge construction around 1975 at Wilhelmsruher dam, so at the S-Bahn station Wittenau (Northern Railway), brought no change for the described station. During the strike of the West Berlin Reichsbahner the traffic rested between 17 and 28 September 1980. However, the S-Bahn traffic over Wilhelmsruh was resumed thereafter. Nearly three years later, with the takeover of the "western" S-Bahn by the BVG on 9 January 1984, the route to Frohnau and thus also the Wilhelmsruh station was shut down. The Berlin Senate had the intention to take the line to Frohnau long-term operation again. The pressure of the population led to a quick restart, so that the track and the station Wilhelmsruh on 1 October 1984 went back into operation. The line north of the station initially remained a single track and was expanded in 1986 double track to allow a 10-minute cycle. The station itself was not affected by this expansion because it was already double-tracked. From 18 August 1986 the 10-minute clock was introduced, first to Wittenau (Northern Railway), towards the end of the year to Frohnau. The fall of the Berlin Wall initially had no effect on the station. On 7 April 1990 the Kopenhagener Straße border crossing was opened, but station access remained possible only from the south. On 31 May 1992 the gap was closed on the West Berlin city boundary between Frohnau and Hohen Neuendorf, for the station Wilhelmsruh it remained at 10-minute intervals. At the end of May 1995 an additional train group (at 20-minute intervals) was introduced, to/from Waidmannslust. Along with a shortening of the trains to Oranienburg a situation similar to that of 1955 was created, only that one did not stop the "experiment", but tried to get a grip on it by changing the timetable. The station was renovated in 2000 and 2001, since 2001, the northern entrance is accessible again. The S-Bahn station has a lift, so it is barrier-free. The further expansion of the station and the route depend on when the planned in the Federal Transport Plan rebuilding the long-distance railway tracks, but there is still a date for this. Heidekrautbahn At the beginning of the 20th century, the railroad station was at the same level as the S-Bahn stop. was opened in 1901 and then steadily expanded. While between 1905 and 1906 the northern railway was laid on a dam, the station of the Heidekrautbahn remained on level ground. The transfer of passengers took place via Kopenhagener Strasse. The actual station had two platform tracks for passenger traffic and several parking and Rangiergleise. The Rangiergleise and a siding were also usable for the goods traffic, which in turn allowed a direct connection to the Nordbahn, after its raising over a 1.57 km long ramp. Further equipment of the station included a goods shed, a loading lane with head and side ramps, two independent engine sheds as well as a coal yard and a water crane. On 14 November 1907 the track connection went to Schönholz in operation. It had become necessary due to the dam construction of the Northern Railway and replaced the direct siding with a long ramp to the elevated freight yard Schönholz-Reinickendorf (at the later station Berlin-Schönholz). After the construction of Bergmann Elektrizitätswerke in 1907, the station also received a siding for this factory. On 3 October 1937 the station was renamed Berlin-Wilhelmsruh (Niederbarnimer railway) (or shortened Berlin-Wilhelmsruh (NBE)). On several occasions he was also called Berlin-Wilhelmsruh (Klbf). On 21 March 1939 the small station received its own reception building. By 1950, the station had two platform tracks, two siding to the S-Bahn embankment, six through siding east of the platform and a loading road with head and side ramp. Furthermore, two (or only one) engine shed at the northern end of the station. From 1 July 1950 to 18 May 1952 trains of the NBE ran to the station of Szczecin and the North Station as terminus. After the closure of the North Station, the trains ended again in Berlin-Wilhelmsruh (NBE). In May 1953, a separate works station on the Lessingstrasse was opened for the power stations in the vicinity of the Heidekraut station. After the closure of West Berlin, the construction of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961, the station was shut down on 9 November 1961. In 1962 it was relatively quickly razed to the ground, as it lay in the border strip. Passenger and goods traffic between Wilhelmsruh and Rosenthal was discontinued, the siding to Schönholz interrupted. On 24 March 1962 Deutsche Reichsbahn informed the Niederbarnimer railway A.G. (based in Berlin-Wilhelmsruh, Fontanestr. 31) of the clearing of railway facilities "a) of the reception building and b) of the dike" and supplemented "The implementation of a) has already taken place. The object to b) is still in progress ". On a photo dated 7 July 1962 the platform is still recognizable, so only the reception building on Copenhagen Street was demolished. At the same time, the photo documents the borderline: While the railway station on the embankment is already on the Pankow area, the Kopenhagener Straße, which runs at right-angles, still belongs to Reinickendorf for a few meters. Until the construction of a rail connection for the VEB Bergmann-Borsig from the north around 1970 transfer trains with freight cars on the station Wilhelmsruh were led to the factory. As a result of the later expansion of the border fortifications in this area, the tracks and remaining facilities of the station were cleared away, but even today remains of the station can be found among wild vegetation, such as low platform surrounds and short track rests. The connecting track to the south to the goods station Schönholz was located immediately before the border in the French sector and therefore remained (unused). On 12 August 2011, a commemorative stele was inaugurated by the NEB at the Wilhelmsruh S-Bahn station, informing about the history and future of the Heidekrautbahn. The Niederbarnimer Eisenbahn is planning the re-establishment of the route from the Märkisches Viertel to the station Berlin-Wilhelmsruh. Contrary to the original course, however, the station is not to be built at ground level, but in dam position at the height of the northern runway and in the form of a side platform, accessible via a ramp from the northern station forecourt and via a staircase from the Mauerweg. The trains of the Heidekrautbahn can then be led back to the station Berlin-Wilhelmsruh, with a transfer to the S-Bahn. The state of Berlin supports this project, the rebuilding is included in the urban development plan traffic. The related planning approval decision was published in early 2011. In particular, the financing of the construction work as well as an order for the associated public transport services by the states of Berlin and Brandenburg are open. After reconstruction of the long-distance railway tracks of the Nordbahn a transition to the railway lines of the Deutsche Bahn is provided via a switch connection south of the platform. This would allow the continuation of the passenger traffic of the Heidekrautbahn to the long-distance station Berlin-Gesundbrunnen. References External links Station information Berlin S-Bahn stations Railway stations in Berlin Buildings and structures in Reinickendorf Berlin Wilhelmsruh
Punjab women's cricket team may refer to: Punjab women's cricket team (India) Punjab women's cricket team (Pakistan)
Keo Coleman is a former linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). Biography Coleman was born Keombani Coleman on May 1, 1970 in Los Angeles, California. He attended high school in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Career Coleman was drafted in the fourth round of the 1992 NFL Draft and spent that season with the team. He would spend the 1993 NFL season with the Green Bay Packers. After leaving the NFL he would join the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League. He played at the collegiate level at Navarro College and Mississippi State University. See also List of New York Jets players List of Green Bay Packers players References Players of American football from Los Angeles Players of American football from Milwaukee New York Jets players Green Bay Packers players Tampa Bay Storm players American football linebackers Navarro Bulldogs football players Mississippi State Bulldogs football players Living people 1970 births
The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina, often referred to as small carpenter bees, is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and is not closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. The genus presently contains over 300 species in 23 subgenera. They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, a number are subsocial, with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies (where one bee forages and the other remains in the nest and lays eggs). One species is unique for having both social and asocial populations, Ceratina australensis, which exhibits all of the pre-adaptations for successful group living. This species is socially polymorphic with both solitary and social nests collected in sympatry. Social colonies in that species consist of two foundresses, one contributing both foraging and reproductive effort and the second which remains at the nest as a passive guard. Cooperative nesting provides no overt reproductive benefits over solitary nesting in this population, although brood survival tends to be greater in social colonies. Maternal longevity, subsociality and bivoltine nesting phenology in this species favour colony formation, while dispersal habits and offspring longevity may inhibit more frequent social nesting in this and other ceratinines. Ceratina are commonly dark, shining, even metallic bees, with fairly sparse body hairs and a weak scopa on the hind tibia. Most species have some yellow markings, most often restricted to the face, but often elsewhere on the body. They are very commonly mistaken for "sweat bees" (family Halictidae), due to their small size, metallic coloration, and some similarity in wing venation; they can be easily separated from halictids by the mouthparts (with a long glossa) and the hindwings (with a tiny jugal lobe). In Ceratina nigrolabiata, a Mediterranean species, males may guard the opening to the nest of a female they hope to mate with, and are often not the father of the brood within the nest; this is the first bee species in which male nest-guarding has been classified as a form of biparental care, but males guarding nests and mating with females has been documented in other species (e.g., Macrotera portalis). A few species of Ceratina are exceptional among bees in that they are parthenogenetic, reproducing without males. Species Ceratina acantha Provancher, 1895 Ceratina accusator Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina acuta Friese, 1896 Ceratina aeneiceps Friese, 1917 Ceratina aenescens Friese, 1917 Ceratina aereola Vachal, 1903 Ceratina aetana Shiokawa, 2006 Ceratina ahngeri Kokujev, 1905 Ceratina albopicta Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina albosticta Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina alexandrae Baker, 2002 Ceratina aliceae Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina allodapoides Strand, 1912 Ceratina aloes Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina angulata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina apacheorum Daly, 1973 Ceratina apatela Engel, 2018 Ceratina arabiae (Daly, 1983) Ceratina arizonensis Cockerell, 1898 Ceratina armata Smith, 1854 Ceratina aspera Schrottky, 1902 Ceratina asunciana Strand, 1910 Ceratina asuncionis Strand, 1910 Ceratina atopura Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina atra Friese, 1917 Ceratina atrata H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina augochloroides Ducke, 1911 Ceratina auriviridis H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina australensis (Perkins, 1912) Ceratina azteca Cresson, 1878 Ceratina azurea Benoist, 1955 Ceratina ballotae Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina barbarae Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina basaltica Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina beata Cameron, 1897 Ceratina belizensis Baker, 1907 Ceratina belliata Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina benguetensis Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina bhawani Bingham, 1908 Ceratina bicolorata Smith, 1879 Ceratina bicuneata Cockerell, 1918 Ceratina bifida Friese, 1900 Ceratina biguttulata (Moure, 1941) Ceratina bilobata Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina binghami Cockerell, 1908 Ceratina bispinosa Handlirsch, 1889 Ceratina boninensis Yasumatsu, 1955 Ceratina braunsi Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina braunsiana Friese, 1905 Ceratina breviceps Michener, 1954 Ceratina bryanti Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina buscki Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina calcarata Robertson, 1900 Ceratina callosa (Fabricius, 1794) Ceratina canaliculata Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina canarensis Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina capitosa Smith, 1879 Ceratina carinifrons Baker, 2002 Ceratina catamarcensis Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina caveata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina cavifrons Shiokawa, 2006 Ceratina chalcea Spinola, 1841 Ceratina chalcites Germar, 1839 Ceratina chalybea Chevrier, 1872 Ceratina chiangmaiensis Warrit et al., 2012 Ceratina chinensis (Wu, 1963) Ceratina chloris (Fabricius, 1804) Ceratina christellae Terzo, 1998 Ceratina chrysocephala Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina chrysomalla Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina citrinifrons Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina citriphila Cockerell, 1935 Ceratina cladura Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina claripennis Friese, 1917 Ceratina cobaltina Cresson, 1878 Ceratina cockerelli H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina cognata Smith, 1879 Ceratina collusor Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina combinata Friese, 1910 Ceratina compacta Smith, 1879 Ceratina congoensis Meunier, 1890 Ceratina coptica Baker, 2002 Ceratina corinna Nurse, 1904 Ceratina correntina Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina cosmiocephala Cameron, 1908 Ceratina crassiceps Friese, 1925 Ceratina crewi Cockerell, 1903 Ceratina cucurbitina (Rossi, 1792) Ceratina cupreiventris Smith, 1879 Ceratina cuprifrons Strand, 1910 Ceratina currani Schwarz, 1934 Ceratina cyanea (Kirby, 1802) Ceratina cyanicollis Schrottky, 1902 Ceratina cyaniventris Cresson, 1865 Ceratina cyanura Cockerell, 1918 Ceratina cypriaca Mavromoustakis, 1954 Ceratina dallatorreana Friese, 1896 Ceratina dalyi Terzo, 1998 Ceratina daressalamica Strand, 1912 Ceratina darwini Friese, 1910 Ceratina demotica Baker, 2002 Ceratina denesi Terzo, 1998 Ceratina dentipes Friese, 1914 Ceratina dentiventris Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina diligens Smith, 1879 Ceratina diloloensis Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina dimidiata Friese, 1910 Ceratina diodonta H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina duckei Friese, 1910 Ceratina dupla Say, 1837 Ceratina egeria Nurse, 1904 Ceratina electron Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina elisabethae Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina emeiensis Wu, 2000 Ceratina ericia Vachal, 1903 Ceratina esakii Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1969 Ceratina excavata Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina eximia Smith, 1862 Ceratina fastigiata Fox, 1896 Ceratina ferghanica Morawitz, 1875 Ceratina fimbriata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina fioreseana Oliveira, 2020 Ceratina flavipes Smith, 1879 Ceratina flavolateralis Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina flavopicta Smith, 1858 Ceratina floridana Mitchell, 1962 Ceratina foveifera Strand, 1912 Ceratina fuliginosa Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina fulvitarsis Friese, 1925 Ceratina fulvofasciata Ducke, 1908 Ceratina fumipennis Friese, 1917 Ceratina glossata Michener, 1954 Ceratina gnoma Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina gomphrenae Schrottky, 1909 Ceratina gossypii Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina grandis Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina gravidula Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina guarnacciana Genaro, 1998 Ceratina guineae Strand, 1912 Ceratina gurkhana Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina hakkarica Kocourek, 1998 Ceratina haladai Terzo & Rasmont, 2004 Ceratina hexae Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina hieratica Baker, 2002 Ceratina hieroglyphica Smith, 1854 Ceratina himalayana Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina huberi Friese, 1910 Ceratina humilior Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina hurdi Daly, 1973 Ceratina ignara Cresson, 1878 Ceratina immaculata Friese, 1910 Ceratina incertula Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina incognita Bingham, 1898 Ceratina indica (Hirashima, 1969) Ceratina indigovirens Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina inermis Friese, 1905 Ceratina interrupta Alfken, 1926 Ceratina itzarum Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina iwatai Yasumatsu, 1936 Ceratina jacobsoni van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina japonica Cockerell, 1911 Ceratina jejuensis S. Lee, 2005 Ceratina kankauensis Strand, 1913 Ceratina kopili Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina kosemponis Strand, 1913 Ceratina kraussi Michener, 1954 Ceratina labrosa Friese, 1905 Ceratina laevifrons Morawitz, 1895 Ceratina laeviuscula Wu, 1963 Ceratina langenburgiae Strand, 1912 Ceratina langi Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina latisetis Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina lativentris Friese, 1905 Ceratina lehmanni Friese, 1910 Ceratina lepida Smith, 1879 Ceratina liberica Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina lieftincki van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina liliputana Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina lineola Vachal, 1903 Ceratina litoraria van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina loa Strand, 1912 Ceratina loewi Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina longiceps Smith, 1879 Ceratina loquata Nurse, 1902 Ceratina lucidula Smith, 1854 Ceratina lucifera Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina ludwigsi Strand, 1914 Ceratina lunata Friese, 1905 Ceratina maai Shiokawa & Hirashima, 1982 Ceratina macondiana Flórez-Gómez & Griswold, 2020 Ceratina maculifrons Smith, 1854 Ceratina madecassa Friese, 1900 Ceratina maghrebensis Daly, 1983 Ceratina malindiae (Daly, 1988) Ceratina mandibularis Friese, 1896 Ceratina manni Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina marginata Baker, 1907 Ceratina mariannensis Yasumatsu, 1939 Ceratina mauritanica Lepeletier, 1841 Ceratina megastigmata Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1969 Ceratina melanochroa (Moure, 1941) Ceratina melanoptera Cockerell, 1924 Ceratina mendozina Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina metaria Cockerell, 1920 Ceratina mexicana Cresson, 1878 Ceratina micheneri Daly, 1973 Ceratina mikmaqi Rehan & Sheffield, 2011 Ceratina minima Friese, 1909 Ceratina minuta Friese, 1905 Ceratina mocsaryi Friese, 1896 Ceratina moderata Cameron, 1897 Ceratina moerenhouti Vachal, 1903 Ceratina monstrata Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina montana Holmberg, 1886 Ceratina morawitzi Sickmann, 1894 Ceratina moricei Friese, 1899 Ceratina morrensis Strand, 1910 Ceratina muelleri Friese, 1910 Ceratina muscatella Nurse, 1902 Ceratina namibensis Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina nanula Cockerell, 1897 Ceratina nasalis Friese, 1905 Ceratina nasiinsignita Strand, 1912 Ceratina nativitatis Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina nautlana Cockerell, 1897 Ceratina neocallosa Daly, 1983 Ceratina neomexicana Cockerell, 1901 Ceratina nigra Handlirsch, 1889 Ceratina nigriceps Friese, 1905 Ceratina nigrita Ashmead, 1900 Ceratina nigritula Michener, 1954 Ceratina nigroaenea Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina nigrolabiata Friese, 1896 Ceratina nigrolateralis Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina nilotica Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina nitidella Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina nitidifrons Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina nyassensis Strand, 1912 Ceratina obtusicauda Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina okinawana Matsumura & Uchida, 1926 Ceratina opaca Friese, 1905 Ceratina opipara Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina oxalidis Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina pacifica H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina pacis Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina palauensis Yasumatsu, 1939 Ceratina papuana van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina paraguayensis Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina parvula Smith, 1854 Ceratina paulyi (Daly, 1988) Ceratina pembana Cockerell, 1935 Ceratina penicillata Friese, 1905 Ceratina penicilligera Strand, 1912 Ceratina perforatrix Smith, 1879 Ceratina perpolita Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina personata Friese, 1905 Ceratina picta Smith, 1854 Ceratina pictifrons Smith, 1861 Ceratina piracicabana Schrottky, 1911 Ceratina placida Smith, 1862 Ceratina polita Friese, 1902 Ceratina politifrons Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina politula Shiokawa, 2006 Ceratina popovi Wu, 1963 Ceratina propinqua Cameron, 1897 Ceratina psaenythia Engel, 2018 Ceratina pubescens Smith, 1879 Ceratina pulchripes Shiokawa, 2002 Ceratina punctaticeps Van der Vecht, 1953 Ceratina punctigena Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina punctiventris Friese, 1910 Ceratina punctulata Spinola, 1841 Ceratina pusilla Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina quadripunctata Wu, 2000 Ceratina quinquemaculata Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina raquelitae Flórez-Gómez & Ayala, 2022 Ceratina rasmonti Terzo, 1998 Ceratina rectangulifera Schwarz & Michener, 1954 Ceratina regalis Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina rehanae Flórez-Gómez & Ayala, 2022 Ceratina rhodura Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina richardsoniae Schrottky, 1909 Ceratina ridleyi Cockerell, 1910 Ceratina roseoviridis Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina rossi (Daly, 1988) Ceratina rothschildiana Vachal, 1909 Ceratina rotundiceps Smith, 1879 Ceratina rufigastra Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina rufipes Smith, 1879 Ceratina rugifrons Smith, 1879 Ceratina rugosissima Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina rukaina Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina rupestris Holmberg, 1884 Ceratina ruwenzorica Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina sakagamii Terzo, 1998 Ceratina sakagamina Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina samburuensis Cockerell, 1910 Ceratina sapphira Flórez-Gómez & Ayala, 2022 Ceratina satoi Yasumatsu, 1936 Ceratina saundersi Daly, 1983 Ceratina sauteri Strand, 1913 Ceratina schwarzi Kocourek, 1998 Ceratina schwarziana Terzo, 1998 Ceratina sclerops Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina sculpturata Smith, 1858 Ceratina seikii Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina senegalensis Strand, 1912 Ceratina sequoiae Michener, 1936 Ceratina sericea Friese, 1910 Ceratina shinnersi Daly, 1973 Ceratina silvicola Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina simillima Smith, 1854 Ceratina smaragdula (Fabricius, 1787) Ceratina spectata Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina speculifrons Cockerell, 1920 Ceratina speculina Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina spilota Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina spinipes Shiokawa, 2009 Ceratina splendida Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina stilbonota Moure, 1941 Ceratina strenua Smith, 1879 Ceratina stuckenbergi Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina subcarinata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina subquadrata Smith, 1854 Ceratina subscintilla Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina sutepensis Cockerell, 1929 Ceratina tabescens Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina taborae Strand, 1912 Ceratina takasagona Shiokawa & Hirashima, 1982 Ceratina takeshii Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina tanganyicensis Strand, 1911 Ceratina tanoi Shiokawa, 2010 Ceratina tantilla (Moure, 1941) Ceratina tarsata Morawitz, 1872 Ceratina tawangensis Ghosh, Jobiraj, Subramanian, 2023 Ceratina tejonensis Cresson, 1864 Ceratina tenkeana Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina tepetlana Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina teunisseni Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 Ceratina texana Daly, 1973 Ceratina tibialis Morawitz, 1895 Ceratina timberlakei Daly, 1973 Ceratina titusi Cockerell, 1903 Ceratina triangulifera Cockerell, 1914 Ceratina tricolor Michener, 1954 Ceratina trimaculata Friese, 1917 Ceratina tropica Crawford, 1910 Ceratina truncata Friese, 1905 Ceratina tucumana Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina turgida (Moure, 1941) Ceratina umbricosta Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina unicolor Friese, 1911 Ceratina unimaculata Smith, 1879 Ceratina velthuisi Terzo & Rasmont, 2001 Ceratina verhoeffi Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 Ceratina vernoniae Schrottky, 1920 Ceratina virescens Friese, 1910 Ceratina viridicincta Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina viridifrons Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina viridis Guérin-Méneville, 1844 Ceratina volitans Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina wagneri Friese, 1910 Ceratina waini (Shiokawa & Sakagami, 1969) Ceratina warnckei Terzo, 1998 Ceratina whiteheadi Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina xanthocera (Moure, 1941) Ceratina xanthostoma Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina yamanei Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina yasumatsui Hirashima, 1971 Ceratina yonagunensis Shiokawa, 2011 Ceratina yucatanica Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina zandeni Terzo, 1998 Ceratina zeteki Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina zwakhalsi Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 † Ceratina disrupta (Cockerell 1906) References External links Guide to the Ceratina of Eastern North America. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Bee genera
Cré-sur-Loir (, literally Cré on Loir; before 2014: Cré) is a former commune in the Sarthe department in the Pays de la Loire region in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bazouges Cré sur Loir. Its population was 778 in 2019. See also Communes of the Sarthe department References Former communes of Sarthe
Marten van Valckenborch or Marten van Valckenborch the Elder (1535 in Leuven – 1612 in Frankfurt), was a Flemish Renaissance painter, mainly known for his landscapes and city scapes. He also made allegorical paintings and some portraits. After commencing his career in the Spanish Netherlands, he later migrated to Frankfurt in Germany where he and other members of his extended family of artists played an important role in local artistic developments. Life Marten van Valckenborch was born in Leuven in what would become one of the most prominent Flemish families of artists. Spanning three generations, 14 artists are recorded in the family of whom his younger brother Lucas the Elder and his own sons, Frederik van Valckenborch and Gillis van Valckenborch, were the most important personalities. Marten joined the Guild of St Luke in Mechelen on 13 August 1559. On 3 December 1563 Gysbrecht Jaspers was recorded as his pupil. The early biographer Karel van Mander reported that Marten van Valckenborch learned to paint landscapes in Mechelen, which was known at the time as a center for oil and water-colours and especially landscape painting. In 1564 Marten moved to Antwerp, where his brother Geraard van Valckenborch trained with him until 1568. At the start of the iconoclastic fury of the Beeldenstorm in 1566 he left town with his brother Lucas. The brothers made a trip from Liège to Aachen along the Meuse (river), painting river valley views. In 1566 the artist was in Aachen, where he was joined in 1570 by his brother Lucas. In Aachen, the two brothers were also joined for two years by Hans Vredeman de Vries, friend and fellow artist. Hendrik van Steenwijk the Elder also resided in Aachen where he married Marten van Valckenborch's daughter. Marten became a citizen of Aachen in 1573. Marten was recorded back in Antwerp in the years 1575-1576 and was referred to as an ouderman (elder) in the Antwerp Guild of St Luke in 1584. He left the Spanish Netherlands after the Fall of Antwerp in 1585. He was registered in Frankfurt from 1586 onwards. On 7 July 1586 Marten became a citizen of Frankfurt, together with his son-in-law Hendrik van Steenwijk the elder. At the beginning of 1593 his brother Lucas joined Marten in Frankfurt after a residence in Austria. Marten and his brother operated in Frankfurt a large workshop, which his sons Gillis and Frederik joined. Marten died in 1612 in Frankfurt. Work Marten's subject matter was principally landscapes populated with religious or allegorical themes or depicting agricultural or mining scenes. He also produced some portraits and also collaborated as a staffage painter with the still life painter Georg Flegel. His work has been overshadowed by that of his brother Lucas the Elder, who achieved prominence as the court painter of Archduke Matthias of Austria, during the Archduke's term as governor of the Spanish Netherlands and afterwards. In his early works, Marten showed a preference for landscapes of uniform terrain with shallow undulations, in which he always placed oak trees as an articulating element. He also often included large or numerous incidental figures, as he did in the 11 paintings representing allegories of the months (all in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna). He later developed towards a more late Mannerist idiom. Landscapes in this late style are characterised by dramatically agitated clouds and large mountains. An example is The tower of Babel (1595, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister). He thus represented the final iteration of the panoramic, so-called world landscape combining linear and aerial perspective as developed by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. His landscapes meticulously represent topographical details in a limited range of sober colours and are enlivened by the people placed in them. He painted, like his brother Lucas, a number of mining scenes, which were probably based on his drawings of scenes along the Meuse river valley around present-day Huy in Belgium. There he had likely witnessed and sketched mining activities related to the iron industry. Some of his paintings of mining scenes such as River valley with iron mining scenes provide detailed depictions of the mining and smelting process of the late 16th and early 17th century. Marten van Valckenborch regularly returned to the subject of the Tower of Babel, which was also depicted by Pieter Bruegel the Elder and later by a whole range of Flemish artists. The subject of the Tower of Babel is usually interpreted as a critique of human hubris, and in particular of the Roman Catholic Church which at the time was undertaking at great expense large-scale construction projects such as the St. Peter's Basilica. However, it has also been viewed as a celebration of technical progress, which would herald a better and more organized world. References External links 1535 births 1612 deaths Flemish Renaissance painters Flemish history painters Flemish landscape painters Flemish portrait painters Artists from Leuven
Mariette Leslie Cotton (1866–1947) was an American artist who usually gave her name as Mrs. Leslie Cotton. A student of William Merritt Chase, Carolus-Duran, and Jean-Jacques Henner , she worked mainly in Paris but also maintained studios in London and New York. By birth and marriage she possessed a level of wealth and social prestige that, together with her artistic skill, enabled her to obtain lucrative commissions from prominent individuals. The portraits she painted were praised for their veracity, style, and fine technique. Their subjects included kings, aristocrats, celebrities, and members of wealthy families. Late in her career a critic wrote that her "popularity has a sound basis, for her portraits combine such abstract artistic qualities as effective and infinitely varied design and daringly unconventional arrangements of color, with strong characterization and a likeness that never fails to be convincing," and added, "her concern with the artistic problem never makes her obtrude her own personality or offend the sitter's susceptibilities." Early life Cotton was born on May 17, 1866, in Schenectady, New York. Her birth name was Mariette Benedict and until she was twenty she was generally known as Pansy Benedict. Her early training appears to have come from her mother, a woman who was considered to be talented both as artist and singer and she may also have received informal training from an art instructor at the college where her parents had their home. However she came by it, Cotton's talent was such that she was considered to be an accomplished amateur artist before she was twenty. In 1888, newly married and having moved to Manhattan from her parents' home, Cotton sought to become a student of William Merritt Chase. He agreed to teach her and at the same time asked whether she would sit for a portrait. In 1908 Chase described the meeting: "One morning a young lady came into my Tenth street studio, just as I was leaving for an art class in Brooklyn. She came as a pupil, but the moment she appeared before me I saw her only as a splendid model. Half way to the elevated station I stopped, hastened back, and overtook her. She consented to sit for me; and I painted that day, without an interruption, till late in the evening. The result is the Lady in Black, now hung in the Metropolitan Museum." In 1889 a second Chase portrait of her, "Lady in Pink," was shown at the Spring Exhibition at the National Academy of Design in New York. Career In the early months of that year Cotton and her husband sailed for Europe. In leaving his position in a New York firm of importers, he indicated that the couple intended to live abroad permanently. Not long after their arrival Cotton began study in a Parisian studio run by the portraitists, Carolus-Duran and Jean-Jacques Henner, who were known for taking on women students, particularly Anglo-Americans. Early portrait work In 1889 a painting of Cotton's, "Portrait of Miss S.," was accepted for exhibition at the Paris Salon of that year and proved to be the only painting by an American artist to receive an award. In 1891 she showed two portraits—a pastel, "Mrs. Mahlon Sands," and an oil, "F. T. Martin, Esq."—at the annual exhibition at London's Royal Academy. A review of the 1891 exhibition in Art Journal called the portraits "meritorious performances" and a review in The Royal Academy gave a more extensive evaluation, praising her "technical mastery" in an "ultra-French style" and looking forward to her development of an artistic individuality. By 1895 Cotton had become known for portraits she had made of prominent European men including the Duke of Cambridge and Otto von Bismarck. Early that year paintings of two men to whom she had social and family connections appeared at Knoedler's Galleries in New York. One showed her husband's friend, Samuel M. Roosevelt and the other showed Howard Potter to whom Cotton was related via her husband's first marriage. Later in the year five portraits by Cotton appeared in a loan exhibition to aid two local charities. A critic for The Sun singled out "Miss E. Winslow" as the best of the group, saying the portrait contained a "dignity and distinction quite apart from any charm of feature or expression." The critic also defended the dignity conveyed in two other portraits which the critic said had been unfairly criticized as "unnecessarily realistic in regard to the ravages of time." Of the self-portrait a society writer said a viewer at the exhibition would be astonished because the "smiling, young, modish society woman, seemingly coming out of the frame with outstretched hand to greet you, looked too much the woman of fashion to be the hard working artist." In the fall of the following year Cotton showed a self-portrait and portraits of two wealthy New Yorkers at Knoedler's. The sitters were William Seward Webb and James L. Breese. Writing in The Sun, a critic said the paintings were made "in a vigorous style unusual in a woman" and another, in the New York Times, saw the portraits as having minor defects but nonetheless showing "much promise and unusual cleverness." The New York Times critic associated Cotton's style with John Singer Sargent's, calling him her "master." The Times critic did not explain why he thought Cotton to be a follower of Sargent, but a few years later another critic noted that Cotton had received advice and criticism from him. Mature style In 1900 Cotton showed five portraits at Knoedler's. The exhibition attracted the attention of critics who praised her versatility and evident sympathy with her sitters as well as the "dash and spirit" of her style. Her relationship with Knoedler's continued with exhibitions every few years from 1901 through 1921. Critics liked the 1901 show, one praising improvement in her work. When twenty-one portraits appeared at Knoedler's in 1904, reviewers praised her character research, directness and simplicity, and clever brushwork. One of them also noted her "ability to secure a good likeness, much power of characterization, and as a rule good drawing and effective color." A reviewer also noted an unevenness in the show, some portraits giving evidence of having been rushed or given only perfunctory attention. In 1906 Cotton was seen to have "a brilliant career before her," already earning enough from commissioned portraits to support herself and her family. By this time her sitters were increasingly from European countries, many of them titled. Two of these were women who had befriended Cotton, Lady Cunard and Lady Savile. Lady Bache Cunard was the former Maude Alice Burke, an American from a wealthy New York family. She had married an English baronet named Bache Edward Cunard who was a grandson of the founder of the Cunard Line. Prominent in London social circles, she was a noted promoter of literary and artistic careers. Gertrude Lady Savile, who was raised in a well-connected English family, developed strong ties in the United States after she married a man who had a diplomatic appointment at the British embassy in Washington, D.C. During her stay in the country she became "the toast of the town not only in the national capital, but also in New York." After her first husband's untimely death, she married another diplomat, John Savile, who, on the death of a childless uncle, also named John Savile, inherited a title, 2nd Baron Savile, and much wealth. Like Lady Cunard, Lady Savile was a highly respected London society matron. Acting somewhat in competition with each other, the two women worked to advance Cotton's career in London. With their help she was able to obtain commissions from a growing list of titled English sitters including Lord Howard de Walden; the daughter of a duke, Lady Marjorie Manners; and a Lady in Waiting to the Queen, the Honorable Violet Vivian. While in Marienbad during the summer of 1907, Cotton began work on a portrait of an English socialite named Mrs. Hall Walker. A close friend of Edward VII, Walker provided Cotton with an introduction that resulted in a request from the king that she paint his portrait as well. Mrs. Hall Walker, later Baroness Wavertree, was a popular hostess seen as liking to surround herself with beautiful women such as Cotton. Begun in Marienbad, the portrait was completed the following winter at Cotton's London studio. When the portrait was shown in an exhibition at Knoedler's later that year, a critic praised an innovative informality of clothing and pose which revealed the king's amiability without compromising his dignity. The portrait pleased him so much that he commissioned another, more formal, portrait of himself and one of the queen. Early in 1914, Cotton brought some of her London portraits to New York for exhibition at Knoedler's eliciting this concise evaluation from a critic for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle: "There is little doubt of the talent of Mrs. Leslie Cotton, who shows portraits in oil, in the upper gallery at Knoedler's, for she paints with conviction, with much feeling and with convincing result." From the time of her marriage through the 1920s Cotton lived mainly in London and Paris, making frequent visits to New York. She showed her work infrequently in New York galleries, instead inviting acquaintances to her studio to see recently completed portraits and ones still in progress. These events, usually afternoon teas, became popular among the social set in which she moved. On the occasions that she did show her work in New York galleries the exhibitions were widely reported in the press. For example, when in 1917 she showed fifteen portraits she had made in Paris over the previous few years, the exhibition attracted notice from the New York Herald, the Christian Science Monitor, the Sun, the Schenectady Gazette, American Art News, and the Fine Arts Journal. Reviewers praised the show in general, saw some unevenness in the quality of her work, and were impressed with both the social standing and attractiveness of her sitters. One influential critic, Henry McBride, said "Mrs. Cotton realizes her personages for us so vividly that one is tempted to run off into personal gossip rather than to thread the tedious intricacies of a discussion of artistic technique." During the years when she made her home abroad Cotton had paintings accepted for exhibition in the annual Paris Salons. Her appearances were infrequent early in her career and nearly annual during the 1920s. Throughout her career Cotton moved about frequently and had no permanent or even long-term studio. She sometimes worked in hotel rooms and occasionally stayed in a private home as the guest of one of her sitters. During the winter of 1902-1903 she painted Mrs. Henry Flagler at her home in Palm Beach. In August 1903 she stayed with one of her sitters, Mrs. William B. Leeds, as her guest in Bar Harbor on the Leeds's yacht and by December of that year she had a studio in New York that was likened to a drawing room complete with luxurious old tapestries. A year later she was painting in a studio within an apartment hotel, the Schuyler, on West 45th Street. In 1906 she occupied rooms in a London townhouse owned by her friend, Lady Savile. The following summer, when she began work on her portrait of King Edward, she had a studio in Marienbad and while completing that portrait during the winter months she was occupying a studio on Tite Street in Chelsea that had formerly been used by James McNeill Whistler. In 1913 her she had another London studio, this one on Devonshire Street, and two years later, in the midst of World War I, she was working in Paris. Returning to the United States in 1916, she painted portraits in private houses and had no studio. During the 1920s she worked mainly in Paris studios and thereafter, until the end of her life, mainly in New York. The society woman as professional artist During the time that Cotton was establishing herself as a professional artist reporters found it odd that an influential society woman would, as one of them said, challenge the successful male portraitists such as Sargent or George Burroughs Torrey. Another showed surprise that a woman would prefer to be better known as artist than as hostess. A third saw her as a type of new woman such as Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Edith Wharton, Emily Post, and other successful women in American literature and the arts. As a fourth put it, "The true American society woman does not think millions an excuse for idleness." A fifth echoed this sentiment and elaborated: "In the circles of great wealth are a dozen women who are doing meritorious work with brush, pen, and chisel. And they are professionals in the fullest sense of the word. ... In every case they are professionals because they wish to be tested on the broadest basis of merit. Hence they put their work side by side with the product of those who make their living in such ways and let the purchaser decide which is the most meritorious." Throughout her career critics noted Cotton's popularity with the public and her success in gaining prestigious commissions. They found much to like in many of her portraits but some complained of unevenness in her output and even sloppy handling. In 1917 a reviewer said, "Mrs. Cotton is a disappointing painter in that her work varies so greatly, some of it unusually good, and some of it so weak as to make it difficult to understand how it could proceed from the same brush." In 1926 another reviewer attributed at least some of this variability to a necessary compromise. As a professional portraitist she was obliged to please her subjects. This meant that at least some of the time she had to balance her desire to create good art with the sitter's desire to be presented in a certain way. The reviewer suggested that Cotton's best work was made when she painted "for her own pleasure" and was not forced to make this compromise. After she turned sixty years old, Cotton rarely showed her work and attracted little notice from the press. She attended the occasional social function, including a function at the White House at the invitation of Eleanor Roosevelt in 1940, but seems to have remained quietly in New York during the last years of her life. Personal life At the time of her birth Cotton's family lived on the campus of Union College. Although both her parents had ties to it, neither worked at the school. Her father, Samuel Tweedy Benedict, had entered as a freshman in 1856 and graduated in 1860. He went on to become a lawyer and state legislator. Her mother, Julia Averill Jackson Benedict, was a daughter of Isaac Jackson, who had taught at the college and who, by living with them after his retirement, helped assure that they were welcome to make their home there. Sources vary as to the year of her birth. They give May 17 as month and day, but some give 1866 as year and others give 1868. The sources most likely to be accurate give the former. Cotton received at least part of her early education at home from a governess. As noted above, Cotton may have received early art training from her mother and a Union College art teacher. When she was twenty Cotton married a man who had connections both to her family and to Union College. Her husband was Joseph Leslie Cotton whose connection to Cotton and Union College came via his first marriage to Maria Louisa Potter who had died in childbirth six years before. She was the granddaughter of Alonzo Potter, a Union College vice president, and Sarah Maria Nott Potter, daughter of the school's president. Cotton was herself related to the Potter family, although the relationship was apparently a distant one. Cotton was seen to have an attractive personality and appearance. Shortly after her marriage a reporter called attention to her beauty and some years later she was included among the women featured in An American Book of Beauty (New York, Harper & Bros., 1904). In 1903 and again in 1907 she was credited with great charm of manner. Cotton's husband, Joseph Leslie Cotton, was born in Barbados in 1856 to Dudley Page Cotton and Rebecca Jane Roach Cotton. Dudley P. Cotton was a successful merchant, trading in the West Indies, who belonged to a wealthy and well connected family based originally in New Hampshire. At the time of his first marriage J. Leslie Cotton had lived in Boston and managed a ranch in Wyoming Territory. By the time he married Cotton in 1888 he had joined with two friends in a New York firm that imported wine and spirits from Europe. He left the firm when he and Cotton, then married, decided to live abroad. The couple's wealth together with Cotton's gift for social advancement enabled them to gain acceptance within the British aristocracy and a few years after their arrival in London they were granted the privilege of a presentation to the Court at Buckingham Palace. While living in both Paris and London they were known for the "entertainments" they hosted. In 1893, while staying in London, their first and only child was born, a son named Hugh Dudley Benedict Cotton. By 1901 J. Leslie Cotton had re-established himself in New York and was working as an architect. Cotton continued to reside mainly abroad and during her visits to the United States the society press would make note of events that the two of them attended together. Increasingly, however, their social activities would be reported separately and in 1916 it was apparent that they were separated when they both attended a performance at the Metropolitan Opera yet sat in separate boxes. When their son married in New York in 1920 a New York address was given for his father and his mother was listed as "Mrs. Cotton of Paris." By 1921 they had divorced and at J. Leslie Cotton's death in 1929 the New York Times obituary listed survivors but made no mention of Cotton as former wife. Other names Cotton generally used Mrs. Leslie Cotton as her professional name, but early in her career she was called (in France) Mlle. M. Cotton and Miss or Mrs. Mariette Cotton (in the United States). After her divorce she sometimes used Mariette Leslie Cotton or Mariette Cotton. Apart from professional use, the names used for her include the following: Miss Mariette Benedict, her maiden name, sometimes given as Miss Marietta Benedict. Pansy Benedict, her nickname. Mrs. Leslie-Cotton. Mrs. Marietta Leslie Cotton. Marietta Benedict Cotton. Portraits A list of people who were well known among their contemporaries for whom Cotton made portraits. Notes References 1866 births 1947 deaths 19th-century American painters 20th-century American painters 20th-century American women artists 19th-century American women artists American socialites Artists from New York (state)
James Burton Hairstone, also known as "Harry" (April 6, 1891 – October 1978), was an American baseball outfielder in the Negro leagues. He was described as a "brainy" player and was one of the "original" Baltimore Black Sox players, playing for the team during a period (1916–1921) when they were transitioning from a semipro team to a major professional team that would later be one of the founding members of the Eastern Colored League. In 1922, he finished his professional playing career with the Bacharach Giants. He was a manager late in his career, and also served as an umpire. In 1925, he was seriously injured by a bayonet wound suffered while serving at a National Guard encampment. In 1933, Hairstone led a group that established a new, independent team that claimed the name of "Baltimore Black Sox", obtaining an injunction forcing Joe Cambria's Negro National League team to temporarily rename itself as the "Sox". Hairstone's team played at Maryland Baseball Park, while Cambria's team played at Bugle Field. Both teams folded in 1934. References External links 1891 births 1978 deaths Bacharach Giants players Baltimore Black Sox players Baseball players from Virginia People from Martinsville, Virginia 20th-century African-American sportspeople
Rashit Luftulovich Khamidulin (; 28 November 1936 − 27 November 2013) was a Soviet and Russian diplomat. After graduating from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1960, Khamidulin entered the service of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs, working in various posts in the central offices and in diplomatic missions abroad. From 1988 to 1990, Khamidulin was the Soviet Ambassador to Kampuchea, and from 1990 to 1996 the Soviet and Russian ambassador to Vietnam. From 1996 to 1998, he was Director of the Third Asia Department at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 31 August 1998, Khamidulin was appointed as Ambassador of Russia to Australia, with concurrent accreditation to Fiji, Nauru and Vanuatu, and held the post until 20 July 2001 when he retired. Khamidulin spoke Russian, English, French and Vietnamese. Khamidulin died on 27 November 2013, aged 76. References 1936 births 2013 deaths Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni Ambassadors of Russia to Australia Ambassadors of Russia to Fiji Ambassadors of Russia to Nauru Ambassadors of Russia to Vanuatu Ambassadors of Russia to Vietnam Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Vietnam Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Cambodia
```rust // // // path_to_url // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. //! A module for representing a set of breaks, typically used for //! storing the result of line breaking. use crate::interval::Interval; use crate::tree::{DefaultMetric, Leaf, Metric, Node, NodeInfo, TreeBuilder}; use std::cmp::min; use std::mem; /// A set of indexes. A motivating use is storing line breaks. pub type Breaks = Node<BreaksInfo>; const MIN_LEAF: usize = 32; const MAX_LEAF: usize = 64; // Here the base units are arbitrary, but most commonly match the base units // of the rope storing the underlying string. #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)] pub struct BreaksLeaf { /// Length, in base units. len: usize, /// Indexes, represent as offsets from the start of the leaf. data: Vec<usize>, } /// The number of breaks. #[derive(Clone, Debug)] pub struct BreaksInfo(usize); impl Leaf for BreaksLeaf { fn len(&self) -> usize { self.len } fn is_ok_child(&self) -> bool { self.data.len() >= MIN_LEAF } fn push_maybe_split(&mut self, other: &BreaksLeaf, iv: Interval) -> Option<BreaksLeaf> { //eprintln!("push_maybe_split {:?} {:?} {}", self, other, iv); let (start, end) = iv.start_end(); for &v in &other.data { if start < v && v <= end { self.data.push(v - start + self.len); } } // the min with other.len() shouldn't be needed self.len += min(end, other.len()) - start; if self.data.len() <= MAX_LEAF { None } else { let splitpoint = self.data.len() / 2; // number of breaks let splitpoint_units = self.data[splitpoint - 1]; let mut new = self.data.split_off(splitpoint); for x in &mut new { *x -= splitpoint_units; } let new_len = self.len - splitpoint_units; self.len = splitpoint_units; Some(BreaksLeaf { len: new_len, data: new }) } } } impl NodeInfo for BreaksInfo { type L = BreaksLeaf; fn accumulate(&mut self, other: &Self) { self.0 += other.0; } fn compute_info(l: &BreaksLeaf) -> BreaksInfo { BreaksInfo(l.data.len()) } } impl DefaultMetric for BreaksInfo { type DefaultMetric = BreaksBaseMetric; } impl BreaksLeaf { /// Exposed for testing. #[doc(hidden)] pub fn get_data_cloned(&self) -> Vec<usize> { self.data.clone() } } #[derive(Copy, Clone)] pub struct BreaksMetric(()); impl Metric<BreaksInfo> for BreaksMetric { fn measure(info: &BreaksInfo, _: usize) -> usize { info.0 } fn to_base_units(l: &BreaksLeaf, in_measured_units: usize) -> usize { if in_measured_units > l.data.len() { l.len + 1 } else if in_measured_units == 0 { 0 } else { l.data[in_measured_units - 1] } } fn from_base_units(l: &BreaksLeaf, in_base_units: usize) -> usize { match l.data.binary_search(&in_base_units) { Ok(n) => n + 1, Err(n) => n, } } fn is_boundary(l: &BreaksLeaf, offset: usize) -> bool { l.data.binary_search(&offset).is_ok() } fn prev(l: &BreaksLeaf, offset: usize) -> Option<usize> { for i in 0..l.data.len() { if offset <= l.data[i] { if i == 0 { return None; } else { return Some(l.data[i - 1]); } } } l.data.last().cloned() } fn next(l: &BreaksLeaf, offset: usize) -> Option<usize> { let n = match l.data.binary_search(&offset) { Ok(n) => n + 1, Err(n) => n, }; if n == l.data.len() { None } else { Some(l.data[n]) } } fn can_fragment() -> bool { true } } #[derive(Copy, Clone)] pub struct BreaksBaseMetric(()); impl Metric<BreaksInfo> for BreaksBaseMetric { fn measure(_: &BreaksInfo, len: usize) -> usize { len } fn to_base_units(_: &BreaksLeaf, in_measured_units: usize) -> usize { in_measured_units } fn from_base_units(_: &BreaksLeaf, in_base_units: usize) -> usize { in_base_units } fn is_boundary(l: &BreaksLeaf, offset: usize) -> bool { BreaksMetric::is_boundary(l, offset) } fn prev(l: &BreaksLeaf, offset: usize) -> Option<usize> { BreaksMetric::prev(l, offset) } fn next(l: &BreaksLeaf, offset: usize) -> Option<usize> { BreaksMetric::next(l, offset) } fn can_fragment() -> bool { true } } // Additional functions specific to breaks impl Breaks { // a length with no break, useful in edit operations; for // other use cases, use the builder. pub fn new_no_break(len: usize) -> Breaks { let leaf = BreaksLeaf { len, data: vec![] }; Node::from_leaf(leaf) } } pub struct BreakBuilder { b: TreeBuilder<BreaksInfo>, leaf: BreaksLeaf, } impl Default for BreakBuilder { fn default() -> BreakBuilder { BreakBuilder { b: TreeBuilder::new(), leaf: BreaksLeaf::default() } } } impl BreakBuilder { pub fn new() -> BreakBuilder { BreakBuilder::default() } pub fn add_break(&mut self, len: usize) { if self.leaf.data.len() == MAX_LEAF { let leaf = mem::take(&mut self.leaf); self.b.push(Node::from_leaf(leaf)); } self.leaf.len += len; self.leaf.data.push(self.leaf.len); } pub fn add_no_break(&mut self, len: usize) { self.leaf.len += len; } pub fn build(mut self) -> Breaks { self.b.push(Node::from_leaf(self.leaf)); self.b.build() } } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use crate::breaks::{BreakBuilder, BreaksInfo, BreaksLeaf, BreaksMetric}; use crate::interval::Interval; use crate::tree::{Cursor, Node}; fn gen(n: usize) -> Node<BreaksInfo> { let mut node = Node::default(); let mut b = BreakBuilder::new(); b.add_break(10); let testnode = b.build(); if n == 1 { return testnode; } for _ in 0..n { let len = node.len(); let empty_interval_at_end = Interval::new(len, len); node.edit(empty_interval_at_end, testnode.clone()); } node } #[test] fn empty() { let n = gen(0); assert_eq!(0, n.len()); } #[test] fn fromleaf() { let testnode = gen(1); assert_eq!(10, testnode.len()); } #[test] fn one() { let testleaf = BreaksLeaf { len: 10, data: vec![10] }; let testnode = Node::<BreaksInfo>::from_leaf(testleaf.clone()); assert_eq!(10, testnode.len()); let mut c = Cursor::new(&testnode, 0); assert_eq!(c.get_leaf().unwrap().0, &testleaf); assert_eq!(10, c.next::<BreaksMetric>().unwrap()); assert!(c.next::<BreaksMetric>().is_none()); c.set(0); assert!(!c.is_boundary::<BreaksMetric>()); c.set(1); assert!(!c.is_boundary::<BreaksMetric>()); c.set(10); assert!(c.is_boundary::<BreaksMetric>()); assert!(c.prev::<BreaksMetric>().is_none()); } #[test] fn concat() { let left = gen(1); let right = gen(1); let node = Node::concat(left, right); assert_eq!(node.len(), 20); let mut c = Cursor::new(&node, 0); assert_eq!(10, c.next::<BreaksMetric>().unwrap()); assert_eq!(20, c.next::<BreaksMetric>().unwrap()); assert!(c.next::<BreaksMetric>().is_none()); } #[test] fn larger() { let node = gen(100); assert_eq!(node.len(), 1000); } #[test] fn default_metric_test() { use super::BreaksBaseMetric; let breaks = gen(10); assert_eq!( breaks.convert_metrics::<BreaksBaseMetric, BreaksMetric>(5), breaks.count::<BreaksMetric>(5) ); assert_eq!( breaks.convert_metrics::<BreaksMetric, BreaksBaseMetric>(7), breaks.count_base_units::<BreaksMetric>(7) ); } } ```
Gadow's Mill (Barton Roller Mills) is a former grist mill on the Milwaukee River in West Bend, Wisconsin, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Description In 1843, Robert Price built a sawmill on the Milwaukee River. When completed, the mill measured , and was two and one half stories high. In 1847, the mill was converted to grind wheat into flour and Price renamed the facility as the Barton Roller Mills. For many years Washington County farmers brought their wheat to Price's mill where it was ground, packed into wooden barrels, and shipped by wagon to Allenton from where it was then shipped by rail to larger markets. Barton Roller Mills remained active into the 1890s. During this time ownership of the building changed hands several times. In 1894, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Suckow of Milwaukee purchased the mill. In 1900, Mr. Suckow erected a new elevator (not extant) on the east side of the mill. William F. Gadow acquired a majority interest in the mill in 1905. Nine years later fire destroyed most of the equipment and some of the structure itself. Gadow turned this misfortune into an opportunity to update his mill. That year he replaced the lost machinery with five new Allis-Chalmers rollers for wheat, five mills for rye, and a French Burr Stone which was used to produce coarsely ground flour. The mill remained in the Gadow family until 1964, at which time the owners discontinued operations. In 1966, the city of West Bend purchased the mill, and in 1975, the city turned the building over to Leonard S. Dricken (son-in-law of Water A. Gadow) who would later restore the mill. The Gadow mill was the last mill in Wisconsin to grind wheat flour and also one of the last to operate on water power. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Wisconsin References External links Grinding mills in Wisconsin National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Wisconsin Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin Dams in Wisconsin Buildings and structures completed in 1843
Arturo Carmassi (2 July 1925 – 27 January 2015) was an Italian sculptor and painter. Life and career Born in Lucca, Italy, Carmassi studied at the Accademia Albertina in Turin, and held his first exhibition in 1948. In 1950 he moved to Milan, where he embraced informalism. Exhibitions of his works held around the world include the Venice Biennale, the Brooklyn Museum in New York, the Antwerp Biennale of Sculpture and the São Paulo Art Biennial. References Further reading Micieli, Nicola. "Carmassi: l’ossessione del segno e il debito collettivo di Duchamp", in ContemporArt. Issue 77, January 2014. 1925 births 2015 deaths Artists from Lucca 20th-century Italian sculptors 20th-century Italian male artists Italian male sculptors 20th-century Italian painters Italian male painters Accademia Albertina alumni
The 62nd Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in films, documentary and television in 2009, were presented on January 30, 2010 at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza. The ceremony was hosted by Carl Reiner. The nominees for the feature film category were announced on January 7, 2010, the nominations for the television and commercial categories were announced on January 8, 2010, and the nominees for documentary directing were announced on January 12, 2010. Winners and nominees Film Television Commercials Lifetime Achievement in Feature Film Norman Jewison Lifetime Achievement in News Direction Roger Goodman Frank Capra Achievement Award Cleve Landsberg Franklin J. Schaffner Achievement Award Maria Jimenez Henley Honorary Life Member Bob Iger Barry Meyer References External links Directors Guild of America Awards 2009 film awards 2009 guild awards 2009 television awards Direct Direct 2009 awards in the United States
A Girl with Temperament (German: Ein Mädel mit Temperament) is a 1928 German silent comedy film directed by Victor Janson and starring Maria Paudler, Eugen Neufeld and Luigi Serventi. It was shot at the EFA Studios in Berlin. The film's art direction was by Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle. Cast Maria Paudler as Lillebil Eugen Neufeld as Tobias Budd, Lillebils Vater Luigi Serventi as Prinz Solm Paul Biensfeldt as Take Miliescu Grit Haid as Prinzessin Gaby Margot Landa as Rita Kurt Vespermann as Bela Körtecz Harry Gondi as Werner Straaten Dene Morel as Charlie Toddie Gertrud de Lalsky as Minchen Minding Ernst Udet as Kunstflieger - Himself References Bibliography Alfred Krautz. International directory of cinematographers, set- and costume designers in film, Volume 4. Saur, 1984. External links 1928 films Films of the Weimar Republic German silent feature films Films directed by Victor Janson Films based on German novels German black-and-white films Films shot at Halensee Studios 1928 comedy films German comedy films 1920s German-language films
```go package protocol import ( "encoding/base64" "encoding/json" "fmt" "strconv" "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws" ) // EscapeMode is the mode that should be use for escaping a value type EscapeMode uint // The modes for escaping a value before it is marshaled, and unmarshaled. const ( NoEscape EscapeMode = iota Base64Escape QuotedEscape ) // EncodeJSONValue marshals the value into a JSON string, and optionally base64 // encodes the string before returning it. // // Will panic if the escape mode is unknown. func EncodeJSONValue(v aws.JSONValue, escape EscapeMode) (string, error) { b, err := json.Marshal(v) if err != nil { return "", err } switch escape { case NoEscape: return string(b), nil case Base64Escape: return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(b), nil case QuotedEscape: return strconv.Quote(string(b)), nil } panic(fmt.Sprintf("EncodeJSONValue called with unknown EscapeMode, %v", escape)) } // DecodeJSONValue will attempt to decode the string input as a JSONValue. // Optionally decoding base64 the value first before JSON unmarshaling. // // Will panic if the escape mode is unknown. func DecodeJSONValue(v string, escape EscapeMode) (aws.JSONValue, error) { var b []byte var err error switch escape { case NoEscape: b = []byte(v) case Base64Escape: b, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(v) case QuotedEscape: var u string u, err = strconv.Unquote(v) b = []byte(u) default: panic(fmt.Sprintf("DecodeJSONValue called with unknown EscapeMode, %v", escape)) } if err != nil { return nil, err } m := aws.JSONValue{} err = json.Unmarshal(b, &m) if err != nil { return nil, err } return m, nil } ```
The men's 400 metres event at the 2002 Commonwealth Games was held on 26–28 July. Medalists Results Heats Qualification: First 4 of each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the quarterfinals. Quarterfinals Qualification: First 4 of each heat qualified directly (Q) for the semifinals. Semifinals Qualification: First 4 of each heat qualified directly (Q) for the final. Final References Official results Results at BBC 400 2002
Delicatessen were an English indie-rock group formed at The hub in the early 1990s. They released three albums and four singles before splitting in 1998. They were associated with the Britpop era. Biography Delicatessen was formed by Neil Carlill (vocals, guitar), Craig Bown (guitar, flute), Pete Capewell (bass) and Stuart Dayman (drums), taking their name from the French film. Signing to Starfish records, they debuted in October 1994 with the single "Inviting Both Sisters To Dinner", followed by "C.F. Kane" in April 1995. Debut album Skin Touching Water was released a month later. They headlined the little tent at Reading that summer, with Jonny Wood added on keyboards, percussion, backing vocals, and violin from then on. Capewell had already left, replaced by Joe wood. The second album Hustle Into Bed, a dark, piano/string led album, was issued in 1996, produced by longtime Nick Cave/Bad Seeds/Birthday Party engineer, Tony Cohen. The band reappeared in early 1998, with a third album There's No Confusing Some People on Viper Records. After two token gigs, the band split, Carlill and Foster joining members of Supergrass and Powder in indie supergroup Lodger. Delicatessen recorded two sessions for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show, both in 1995. The first was a four track studio session and the second six tracks recorded at the Reading Festival. Will Foster now plays keyboards in The Tears. Neil Carlill is making music in the United States, with Vedette, Me Me the Moth & Chicanery. Stuart Dayman is a photographer. Pete Capewell has become a maths teacher at Rainhill High School, teaching the most gifted young man (Daniel Greenhalgh) at this subject. Jonny Wood played keyboards with Ten Benson, and bass and violin with early Poptones band, January. Discography Singles "Inviting Both Sisters to Dinner" (1994, Starfish) "C.F. Kane" (1995, Starfish) "I'm Just Alive" (1995, Starfish) "Monkey Suit" (1996, Starfish) Albums Skin Touching Water (1995, Starfish) Hustle Into Bed (1996, Starfish) There's No Confusing Some People (1998, Viper) References External links Delicatessen's official website Raggett, Ned "[ Skin Touching Water Review]", Allmusic, Macrovision Corporation Delicatessen at the NME Musical groups from Leicester Britpop groups
Tail fat is the fat of some breeds of sheep, especially of fat-tailed sheep. It is fat accumulated in baggy deposits in the hind parts of a sheep on both sides of its tail and on the first 3–5 vertebrae of the tail. The weight of this part of a sheep's anatomy (for example, the sheep of the Hissar breed) may be up to . These hind parts are used to accumulate fat for subsequent use during dry seasons, similar to a camel's humps. It is known under the name kurdyuk in Russian and in Central Asian languages, from the proto-Turkic *kudruk 'tail'. Tail fat is known in Arabic as لية, (leeyeh, leyyah, or layeh), zaaka in Algeria, kuyruk yağı 'tail fat' in Turkish, and دنبه [donbe or dombe] in Iran, אַלְיָה (Alya) in Hebrew, words which may be found in ancient texts as well as in local food culture and in sheep breeds' names. The rendered tail fat does not solidify at room temperature and is used in cuisine. Cracklings left after the rendering or frying of kurdyuk may be used as an appetizer. When being rendered, kurdyuk emits a strong odour, described as "acidy-poisonous". However, it has a rich flavor when ready to eat. In particular it is used to cook kofta, pilav, and other traditional dishes. References Meat Sheep Animal fat products Cooking fats
This article lists the healthcare statements of some candidates for president during the 2008 US presidential election. Barack Obama On January 24, 2007, Mr. Obama spoke about his position on health care at Families USA, a health care advocacy group. Obama said: "The time has come for universal health care in America . . . I am absolutely determined that by the end of the first term of the next president, we should have universal health care in this country." Obama went on to say that he believed that it was wrong that forty-six million Americans are uninsured, noting that taxpayers already pay over $15 billion annually to care for the uninsured. Mitt Romney Health insurance: As governor of Massachusetts, Romney signed legislation that required that nearly all Massachusetts residents obtain health insurance coverage by establishing means-tested state subsidies for people without adequate employer insurance, by directing funds designated to compensate for the health costs of the uninsured, and also specified penalties for those who fail to obtain coverage. Legislation, effective on July 1, 2007, requires health insurance for all state residents, provided a plan is available to the individual that is deemed affordable according to state standards. Employers with eleven or more employees are mandated to offer approved insurance plans for employees. Romney had vetoed eight sections of the health care legislation, including a $295 per person fee on businesses with 11 employees or more that do not provide health insurance. Romney also vetoed provisions providing dental and eyeglass benefits to poor residents on the Medicaid program, and providing health coverage to senior and disabled legal immigrants not eligible for federal Medicaid. However, the state legislature overrode all of the vetoes. It remains to be seen if the resulting law can be fully implemented because of conflicts with the Federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) that limits state regulation of employer health insurance. Ron Paul Paul has called for passage of tax relief bills to reduce health care costs for families: He would support a tax credit for senior citizens who need to pay for costly prescription drugs. He would also allow them to import drugs from other countries at lower prices. He has called for health savings accounts that allow for tax-free savings to be used to pay for prescriptions. H.R. 3075 allows families to claim a dollar-for-dollar tax credit for health insurance premiums. H.R. 3076 provides a dollar-for-dollar tax credit that permits consumers to purchase "negative outcomes" insurance prior to undergoing surgery or other serious medical treatments. Negative outcomes insurance is designed to guarantee that those harmed receive fair compensation, while reducing the burden of costly malpractice litigation on the health care system. Patients receive this insurance payout without having to endure lengthy lawsuits, and without having to give away a large portion of their award to a trial lawyer. This also drastically reduces the costs imposed on physicians and hospitals by malpractice litigation. Under HR 3076, individuals who pay taxes can purchase negative outcomes insurance at essentially no cost. H.R. 3077 creates a $500 per child tax credit for medical expenses and prescription drugs that are not reimbursed by insurance. It also creates a $3,000 tax credit for dependent children with terminal illnesses, cancer, or disabilities. H.R. 3078 waives the employee portion of Social Security payroll taxes (or self-employment taxes) for individuals with documented serious illnesses or cancer. It also suspends Social Security taxes for primary caregivers with a sick spouse or child. Paul voted for the Medicare Prescription Drug Price Negotiation Act, which would allow the government to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to get the best price for drugs provided in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program. Rep. Paul believes that the more government interference in medicine, the higher prices rise and the less efficient care becomes. He points to how many people today are upset with the HMO system, but few people realize that HMOs came about because of federal mandate in 1973. He also points to the 1974 ERISA law that grants tax benefits to employers for providing insurance but not individuals; he prefers a system which grants tax credits to individuals. He supports the U.S. converting to a free market health care system, saying in an interview on New Hampshire NPR that the present system is akin to a "corporatist-fascist" system which keeps prices high. He says that in industries with freer markets prices go down due to technological innovation, but because of the corporatist system, this is prevented from happening in health care. He opposes socialized health care promoted by Democrats as being harmful because they lead to bigger and less efficient government. Paul has said that although he prefers tax credits to socialized medicine, he would be willing to "prop up" the current systems of Medicare and Medicaid with money saved by bringing troops home from foreign bases in places such as those in South Korea. He opposes government regulation of vitamins and minerals (some proposals he opposes would require a prescription for vitamins). References 2008 presidential election
Shir-e Mard (, also Romanized as Shīr-e Mard and Shīr Mard; also known as Āqā Shīr Mard) is a village in Ahram Rural District, in the Central District of Tangestan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 37, in 12 families. References Populated places in Tangestan County
Antonio Delli Rocioli Ferreira better known as Antonio Delli is a Venezuelan actor of television, theater, films, announcer and dubbing. Born in Caracas, Venezuela. Delli ventured into television in 2006 in the Venezuelan telenovela Ciudad Bendita. Biography Delli began doing theater at the same time of studying administration in the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. But later he decided to leave the university and began to form as an actor in the National Theater Workshop at the Rajatabla Foundation, and later graduated with a degree in Social Communication at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. Filmography References External links Living people Venezuelan male telenovela actors Venezuelan male television actors Venezuelan film actors Venezuelan stage actors Venezuelan male voice actors Male actors from Caracas 21st-century Venezuelan male actors Year of birth missing (living people)
Regragui () is a surname. It may refer to: Places Sidi Aissa Regragui, a small town and rural commune in Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, Morocco People Abdesselem Regragui (born 1939), Moroccan gymnast Nezha Regragui (born 1957), Moroccan theatre, TV and film actress Walid Regragui (born 1975), Moroccan footballer and manager
Saint Kuksha may refer to: Saint Kuksha of the Kiev Caves (died after 1114), monk and martyr from the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Kyiv Monastery of the Caves) Kuksha of Odessa (1875 - 1964), modern saint canonized by Ukrainian Orthodox Church
Ellurema is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Ellurema indica. References External links Index Fungorum Xylariales Monotypic Ascomycota genera
Wyartite ·7H2O is a uranium bearing mineral named after Jean Wyart (1902–1992), mineralogist at the Sorbonne, Paris. It has greenish-black, black, or violet-black, translucent to opaque orthorhombic crystals. A hardness of 3 - 4 Mohs. Its other names are Ianthinite (of Bignand), Wyartit and Wyartita. It belongs to the uranium carbonate group of minerals. It is found next to rutherfordine in Shinkolobwe, Shaba, Zaire. Determination of the structure of wyartite provided the first evidence for a pentavalent uranium mineral. Like all uranium minerals it is radioactive. References Uranium minerals Calcium minerals Carbonate minerals Orthorhombic minerals Minerals in space group 19 Uranium(V) compounds Uranyl compounds
```c++ /* * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions. / #ifndef OS_LINUX_OS_LINUX_HPP #define OS_LINUX_OS_LINUX_HPP #include "runtime/os.hpp" // os::Linux defines the interface to Linux operating systems namespace svm_container { class os::Linux { friend class CgroupSubsystem; friend class os; friend class OSContainer; #ifndef NATIVE_IMAGE static int (_pthread_getcpuclockid)(pthread_t, clockid_t ); static int (_pthread_setname_np)(pthread_t, const char); static address _initial_thread_stack_bottom; static uintptr_t _initial_thread_stack_size; static const char _libc_version; static const char _libpthread_version; static bool _supports_fast_thread_cpu_time; static GrowableArray<int> _cpu_to_node; static GrowableArray<int>* _nindex_to_node; static julong available_memory_in_container(); #endif // !NATIVE_IMAGE protected: static julong _physical_memory; #ifndef NATIVE_IMAGE static pthread_t _main_thread; static julong available_memory(); static julong free_memory(); #endif // !NATIVE_IMAGE static int active_processor_count(); #ifdef NATIVE_IMAGE public: #endif // NATIVE_IMAGE static void initialize_system_info(); #ifndef NATIVE_IMAGE static int commit_memory_impl(char* addr, size_t bytes, bool exec); static int commit_memory_impl(char* addr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment_hint, bool exec); static void set_libc_version(const char s) { _libc_version = s; } static void set_libpthread_version(const char s) { _libpthread_version = s; } static void rebuild_cpu_to_node_map(); static void rebuild_nindex_to_node_map(); static GrowableArray<int>* cpu_to_node() { return _cpu_to_node; } static GrowableArray<int>* nindex_to_node() { return _nindex_to_node; } static void print_process_memory_info(outputStream* st); static void print_system_memory_info(outputStream* st); static bool print_container_info(outputStream* st); static void print_steal_info(outputStream* st); static void print_distro_info(outputStream* st); static void print_libversion_info(outputStream* st); static void print_proc_sys_info(outputStream* st); static bool print_ld_preload_file(outputStream* st); static void print_uptime_info(outputStream* st); public: struct CPUPerfTicks { uint64_t used; uint64_t usedKernel; uint64_t total; uint64_t steal; bool has_steal_ticks; }; static void kernel_version(long* major, long* minor); // which_logical_cpu=-1 returns accumulated ticks for all cpus. static bool get_tick_information(CPUPerfTicks* pticks, int which_logical_cpu); static bool _stack_is_executable; static void dlopen_helper(const char name, char ebuf, int ebuflen); static void dll_load_in_vmthread(const char name, char ebuf, int ebuflen); static const char dll_path(void lib); static void init_thread_fpu_state(); static int get_fpu_control_word(); static void set_fpu_control_word(int fpu_control); static pthread_t main_thread(void) { return _main_thread; } // returns kernel thread id (similar to LWP id on Solaris), which can be // used to access /proc static pid_t gettid(); static address initial_thread_stack_bottom(void) { return _initial_thread_stack_bottom; } static uintptr_t initial_thread_stack_size(void) { return _initial_thread_stack_size; } #endif // !NATIVE_IMAGE static julong physical_memory() { return _physical_memory; } static julong host_swap(); #ifndef NATIVE_IMAGE static intptr_t* ucontext_get_sp(const ucontext_t* uc); static intptr_t* ucontext_get_fp(const ucontext_t* uc); // GNU libc and libpthread version strings static const char libc_version() { return _libc_version; } static const char libpthread_version() { return _libpthread_version; } static void libpthread_init(); static void sched_getcpu_init(); static bool libnuma_init(); static void* libnuma_dlsym(void* handle, const char* name); // libnuma v2 (libnuma_1.2) symbols static void* libnuma_v2_dlsym(void* handle, const char* name); // Return default guard size for the specified thread type static size_t default_guard_size(os::ThreadType thr_type); static bool adjustStackSizeForGuardPages(); // See comments in os_linux.cpp static void capture_initial_stack(size_t max_size); // Stack overflow handling static bool manually_expand_stack(JavaThread * t, address addr); static void expand_stack_to(address bottom); // fast POSIX clocks support static void fast_thread_clock_init(void); static int pthread_getcpuclockid(pthread_t tid, clockid_t clock_id) { return _pthread_getcpuclockid ? _pthread_getcpuclockid(tid, clock_id) : -1; } static bool supports_fast_thread_cpu_time() { return _supports_fast_thread_cpu_time; } static jlong fast_thread_cpu_time(clockid_t clockid); static jlong sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, jlong offset, jlong count); // Determine if the vmid is the parent pid for a child in a PID namespace. // Return the namespace pid if so, otherwise -1. static int get_namespace_pid(int vmid); // Output structure for query_process_memory_info() (all values in KB) struct meminfo_t { ssize_t vmsize; // current virtual size ssize_t vmpeak; // peak virtual size ssize_t vmrss; // current resident set size ssize_t vmhwm; // peak resident set size ssize_t vmswap; // swapped out ssize_t rssanon; // resident set size (anonymous mappings, needs 4.5) ssize_t rssfile; // resident set size (file mappings, needs 4.5) ssize_t rssshmem; // resident set size (shared mappings, needs 4.5) }; // Attempts to query memory information about the current process and return it in the output structure. // May fail (returns false) or succeed (returns true) but not all output fields are available; unavailable // fields will contain -1. static bool query_process_memory_info(meminfo_t* info); // Tells if the user asked for transparent huge pages. static bool _thp_requested; static void large_page_init(); static bool thp_requested(); static bool should_madvise_anonymous_thps(); static bool should_madvise_shmem_thps(); static void madvise_transparent_huge_pages(void* addr, size_t bytes); // Stack repair handling // none present private: static void numa_init(); typedef int (sched_getcpu_func_t)(void); typedef int (numa_node_to_cpus_func_t)(int node, unsigned long buffer, int bufferlen); typedef int (numa_node_to_cpus_v2_func_t)(int node, void mask); typedef int (numa_max_node_func_t)(void); typedef int (numa_num_configured_nodes_func_t)(void); typedef int (numa_available_func_t)(void); typedef int (numa_tonode_memory_func_t)(void start, size_t size, int node); typedef void (numa_interleave_memory_func_t)(void start, size_t size, unsigned long nodemask); typedef void (numa_interleave_memory_v2_func_t)(void start, size_t size, struct bitmask mask); typedef struct bitmask* (numa_get_membind_func_t)(void); typedef struct bitmask (numa_get_interleave_mask_func_t)(void); typedef long (numa_move_pages_func_t)(int pid, unsigned long count, void *pages, const int nodes, int status, int flags); typedef void (numa_set_preferred_func_t)(int node); typedef void (numa_set_bind_policy_func_t)(int policy); typedef int (numa_bitmask_isbitset_func_t)(struct bitmask bmp, unsigned int n); typedef int (numa_distance_func_t)(int node1, int node2); static sched_getcpu_func_t _sched_getcpu; static numa_node_to_cpus_func_t _numa_node_to_cpus; static numa_node_to_cpus_v2_func_t _numa_node_to_cpus_v2; static numa_max_node_func_t _numa_max_node; static numa_num_configured_nodes_func_t _numa_num_configured_nodes; static numa_available_func_t _numa_available; static numa_tonode_memory_func_t _numa_tonode_memory; static numa_interleave_memory_func_t _numa_interleave_memory; static numa_interleave_memory_v2_func_t _numa_interleave_memory_v2; static numa_set_bind_policy_func_t _numa_set_bind_policy; static numa_bitmask_isbitset_func_t _numa_bitmask_isbitset; static numa_distance_func_t _numa_distance; static numa_get_membind_func_t _numa_get_membind; static numa_get_interleave_mask_func_t _numa_get_interleave_mask; static numa_move_pages_func_t _numa_move_pages; static numa_set_preferred_func_t _numa_set_preferred; static unsigned long* _numa_all_nodes; static struct bitmask* _numa_all_nodes_ptr; static struct bitmask* _numa_nodes_ptr; static struct bitmask* _numa_interleave_bitmask; static struct bitmask* _numa_membind_bitmask; static void set_sched_getcpu(sched_getcpu_func_t func) { _sched_getcpu = func; } static void set_numa_node_to_cpus(numa_node_to_cpus_func_t func) { _numa_node_to_cpus = func; } static void set_numa_node_to_cpus_v2(numa_node_to_cpus_v2_func_t func) { _numa_node_to_cpus_v2 = func; } static void set_numa_max_node(numa_max_node_func_t func) { _numa_max_node = func; } static void set_numa_num_configured_nodes(numa_num_configured_nodes_func_t func) { _numa_num_configured_nodes = func; } static void set_numa_available(numa_available_func_t func) { _numa_available = func; } static void set_numa_tonode_memory(numa_tonode_memory_func_t func) { _numa_tonode_memory = func; } static void set_numa_interleave_memory(numa_interleave_memory_func_t func) { _numa_interleave_memory = func; } static void set_numa_interleave_memory_v2(numa_interleave_memory_v2_func_t func) { _numa_interleave_memory_v2 = func; } static void set_numa_set_bind_policy(numa_set_bind_policy_func_t func) { _numa_set_bind_policy = func; } static void set_numa_bitmask_isbitset(numa_bitmask_isbitset_func_t func) { _numa_bitmask_isbitset = func; } static void set_numa_distance(numa_distance_func_t func) { _numa_distance = func; } static void set_numa_get_membind(numa_get_membind_func_t func) { _numa_get_membind = func; } static void set_numa_get_interleave_mask(numa_get_interleave_mask_func_t func) { _numa_get_interleave_mask = func; } static void set_numa_move_pages(numa_move_pages_func_t func) { _numa_move_pages = func; } static void set_numa_set_preferred(numa_set_preferred_func_t func) { _numa_set_preferred = func; } static void set_numa_all_nodes(unsigned long* ptr) { _numa_all_nodes = ptr; } static void set_numa_all_nodes_ptr(struct bitmask *ptr) { _numa_all_nodes_ptr = (ptr == nullptr ? nullptr : ptr); } static void set_numa_nodes_ptr(struct bitmask *ptr) { _numa_nodes_ptr = (ptr == nullptr ? nullptr : ptr); } static void set_numa_interleave_bitmask(struct bitmask* ptr) { _numa_interleave_bitmask = ptr ; } static void set_numa_membind_bitmask(struct bitmask* ptr) { _numa_membind_bitmask = ptr ; } static int sched_getcpu_syscall(void); enum NumaAllocationPolicy{ NotInitialized, Membind, Interleave }; static NumaAllocationPolicy _current_numa_policy; public: static int sched_getcpu() { return _sched_getcpu != nullptr ? _sched_getcpu() : -1; } static int numa_node_to_cpus(int node, unsigned long buffer, int bufferlen); static int numa_max_node() { return _numa_max_node != nullptr ? _numa_max_node() : -1; } static int numa_num_configured_nodes() { return _numa_num_configured_nodes != nullptr ? _numa_num_configured_nodes() : -1; } static int numa_available() { return _numa_available != nullptr ? _numa_available() : -1; } static int numa_tonode_memory(void start, size_t size, int node) { return _numa_tonode_memory != nullptr ? _numa_tonode_memory(start, size, node) : -1; } static bool is_running_in_interleave_mode() { return _current_numa_policy == Interleave; } static void set_configured_numa_policy(NumaAllocationPolicy numa_policy) { _current_numa_policy = numa_policy; } static NumaAllocationPolicy identify_numa_policy() { for (int node = 0; node <= Linux::numa_max_node(); node++) { if (Linux::_numa_bitmask_isbitset(Linux::_numa_interleave_bitmask, node)) { return Interleave; } } return Membind; } static void numa_interleave_memory(void start, size_t size) { // Prefer v2 API if (_numa_interleave_memory_v2 != nullptr) { if (is_running_in_interleave_mode()) { _numa_interleave_memory_v2(start, size, _numa_interleave_bitmask); } else if (_numa_membind_bitmask != nullptr) { _numa_interleave_memory_v2(start, size, _numa_membind_bitmask); } } else if (_numa_interleave_memory != nullptr) { _numa_interleave_memory(start, size, _numa_all_nodes); } } static void numa_set_preferred(int node) { if (_numa_set_preferred != nullptr) { _numa_set_preferred(node); } } static void numa_set_bind_policy(int policy) { if (_numa_set_bind_policy != nullptr) { _numa_set_bind_policy(policy); } } static int numa_distance(int node1, int node2) { return _numa_distance != nullptr ? _numa_distance(node1, node2) : -1; } static long numa_move_pages(int pid, unsigned long count, void pages, const int nodes, int status, int flags) { return _numa_move_pages != nullptr ? _numa_move_pages(pid, count, pages, nodes, status, flags) : -1; } static int get_node_by_cpu(int cpu_id); static int get_existing_num_nodes(); // Check if numa node is configured (non-zero memory node). static bool is_node_in_configured_nodes(unsigned int n) { if (_numa_bitmask_isbitset != nullptr && _numa_all_nodes_ptr != nullptr) { return _numa_bitmask_isbitset(_numa_all_nodes_ptr, n); } else return false; } // Check if numa node exists in the system (including zero memory nodes). static bool is_node_in_existing_nodes(unsigned int n) { if (_numa_bitmask_isbitset != nullptr && _numa_nodes_ptr != nullptr) { return _numa_bitmask_isbitset(_numa_nodes_ptr, n); } else if (_numa_bitmask_isbitset != nullptr && _numa_all_nodes_ptr != nullptr) { // Not all libnuma API v2 implement numa_nodes_ptr, so it's not possible // to trust the API version for checking its absence. On the other hand, // numa_nodes_ptr found in libnuma 2.0.9 and above is the only way to get // a complete view of all numa nodes in the system, hence numa_nodes_ptr // is used to handle CPU and nodes on architectures (like PowerPC) where // there can exist nodes with CPUs but no memory or vice-versa and the // nodes may be non-contiguous. For most of the architectures, like // x86_64, numa_node_ptr presents the same node set as found in // numa_all_nodes_ptr so it's possible to use numa_all_nodes_ptr as a // substitute. return _numa_bitmask_isbitset(_numa_all_nodes_ptr, n); } else return false; } // Check if node is in bound node set. static bool is_node_in_bound_nodes(int node) { if (_numa_bitmask_isbitset != nullptr) { if (is_running_in_interleave_mode()) { return _numa_bitmask_isbitset(_numa_interleave_bitmask, node); } else { return _numa_membind_bitmask != nullptr ? _numa_bitmask_isbitset(_numa_membind_bitmask, node) : false; } } return false; } // Check if bound to only one numa node. // Returns true if bound to a single numa node, otherwise returns false. static bool is_bound_to_single_node() { int nodes = 0; unsigned int node = 0; unsigned int highest_node_number = 0; if (_numa_membind_bitmask != nullptr && _numa_max_node != nullptr && _numa_bitmask_isbitset != nullptr) { highest_node_number = _numa_max_node(); } else { return false; } for (node = 0; node <= highest_node_number; node++) { if (_numa_bitmask_isbitset(_numa_membind_bitmask, node)) { nodes++; } } if (nodes == 1) { return true; } else { return false; } } static const GrowableArray<int> numa_nindex_to_node() { return _nindex_to_node; } static void* resolve_function_descriptor(void* p); #ifdef __GLIBC__ // os::Linux::get_mallinfo() hides the complexity of dealing with mallinfo() or // mallinfo2() from the user. Use this function instead of raw mallinfo/mallinfo2() // to keep the JVM runtime-compatible with different glibc versions. // // mallinfo2() was added with glibc (>2.32). Legacy mallinfo() was deprecated with // 2.33 and may vanish in future glibcs. So we may have both or either one of // them. // // mallinfo2() is functionally equivalent to legacy mallinfo but returns sizes as // 64-bit on 64-bit platforms. Legacy mallinfo uses 32-bit fields. However, legacy // mallinfo is still perfectly fine to use if we know the sizes cannot have wrapped. // For example, if the process virtual size does not exceed 4G, we cannot have // malloc'ed more than 4G, so the results from legacy mallinfo() can still be used. // // os::Linux::get_mallinfo() will always prefer mallinfo2() if found, but will fall back // to legacy mallinfo() if only that is available. In that case, it will return true // in might_have_wrapped. struct glibc_mallinfo { size_t arena; size_t ordblks; size_t smblks; size_t hblks; size_t hblkhd; size_t usmblks; size_t fsmblks; size_t uordblks; size_t fordblks; size_t keepcost; }; static void get_mallinfo(glibc_mallinfo out, bool* might_have_wrapped); // Calls out to GNU extension malloc_info if available // otherwise does nothing and returns -2. static int malloc_info(FILE* stream); #endif // GLIBC #endif // !NATIVE_IMAGE }; } // namespace svm_container #endif // OS_LINUX_OS_LINUX_HPP ```
Peursum is a former village and municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. The website was located on the north bank of the small river Giessen. Peursum was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1956, when it became part of Giessenburg. In 1857 Peursum was enlarged with the former municipality of Nederslingeland. References Former municipalities of South Holland Molenlanden
The College of the Arts (COTA) is an institution of arts education in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. In 2011, it employed 39 lecturers full-time and 75 on a part-time basis. The institution had 450 students studying towards a diploma, a further 650 enrolled in fee-financed courses, and 4,800 students participated in community-based programs organised by the college. COTA was established by people of German heritage in 1971 as a Whites-only state conservatory of music. In the mid-80s, drama and visual arts were added to the Conservatory's programs, and in 1990 it was renamed College for the Arts. The seven full-time degree programs currently offered are African Performing Arts, Visual Arts and Fashion Design, Television Production, Radio Production, New Media Design, and Music and Sound Production. Tertiary programs are offered as three-year courses of studies. COTA's leitmotiv is "Lifelong learning through the arts". References Education in Windhoek Educational institutions established in 1971 Windhoek Art schools in Namibia Universities in Namibia 1971 establishments in South West Africa

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