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This is a list of the heritage sites in KwaZulu-Natal as recognized by the South African Heritage Resource Agency. For performance reasons, the following district has been split off from this page:
List of heritage sites in Pietermaritzburg
|}
References
Tourist attractions in KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal
Heritage sites |
Mohamed Bey Naguib Youssef Qutb El-Qashlan (, ; 19 February 1901 – 28 August 1984), also known as Mohamed Naguib, was an Egyptian revolutionary, and, along with Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Free Officers movement of 1952 that toppled the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Egypt, and the independence of Sudan.
A distinguished and decorated general who was wounded in action in the Arab-Israeli War of 1948, he became the leader of the Free Officers Movement of nationalist army officers opposed to the continued presence of British troops in Egypt and Sudan, and the corruption and incompetence of King Farouk. Following the toppling of Farouk in July 1952, Naguib went on to serve as the head of the Revolutionary Command Council, the prime minister, and first president of Egypt, successfully negotiating the independence of Sudan (hitherto a condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom), and the withdrawal of all British military personnel from Egypt. His tenure as president came to end in November 1954 due to disagreements with other members of the Free Officers, particularly with Nasser, who forced him to resign and succeeded him as president.
Early life and education
Mohamed Naguib was born on 19 February 1901 in Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan to Youssef Naguib and Zohra Ahmed Othman. Zohra was from an Egyptian family residing in Sudan, while Youssef was a ranking officer of the Egyptian Armed Forces who had come from a notable Egyptian family of army officers. Naguib was the eldest of nine children.
Naguib attended secondary and military school at Gordon Memorial College in Khartoum, graduating in 1918. He joined the Egyptian Royal Guard in 1923. In 1927, Naguib became the first Egyptian military officer to obtain a law license. In 1929 he earned a postgraduate degree in political economy, and then another postgraduate degree in civil law in 1931.
Military career
In December 1931, Naguib was promoted to the rank of captain. He moved to the border patrol in Arish in 1934. He was part of the military committee that carried out the terms of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936. In Khartoum, he founded a newspaper for the Egyptian Armed Forces in 1937, and he was promoted to the rank of major on 6 May 1938.
Naguib tendered his resignation in protest following the Abdeen Palace incident of 1942. Naguib wrote in his autobiography that he had resigned because he had broken his oath of allegiance to the King by failing to prevent the British siege of the palace, but that Abdeen Palace officials thanked him for his actions regardless and refused to accept his resignation.
Naguib subsequently continued his upward trajectory through the hierarchy of the Egyptian military, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel and the post of regional governor of the Sinai Peninsula in 1944. He took on leadership of the mechanized infantry of the Sinai in 1947, and was promoted to brigadier general in 1948.
Naguib performed outstandingly during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, where he was wounded seven times. For his service he was awarded the first military star of Fuad as well as the title of Bey. He was also subsequently awarded with the directorship of the Egyptian Military Academy, where he would ultimately encounter the members of the Free Officers Movement.
Free Officers Movement
Mohamed Naguib was first introduced to the Free Officers Movement by Abdel Hakim Amer during his tenure as the director of the Royal Military Academy in Cairo. The Free Officers were a group of nationalist army officer veterans of the unsuccessful nationalist uprisings of 1935-36 and 1945-46 as well as the 1948 Arab Israeli War, fiercely opposed to the continuing presence of British military personnel in Egypt and Sudan since 1882, and the attendant political role that the United Kingdom had in Egyptian affairs. Additionally, they viewed the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy as weak, corrupt, and incapable of protecting Egyptian and Sudanese national interests, particularly against the United Kingdom, and the State of Israel. In particular, they held King Farouk responsible for the poor conduct of the war in Palestine in which 78% of the former Mandate for Palestine was lost to the newly proclaimed State of Israel, and some three quarters of Palestine's Muslim and Christian population were variously expelled from the country, or fled into exile.
The movement had been led originally by Gamal Abdel Nasser, and was composed exclusively of servicemen who were all under 35 years of age and from low-income backgrounds. Nasser, who like Naguib was a veteran of the Arab-Israeli War, felt that the movement needed an older officer from a distinguished military background in order to be taken seriously. The highly respected and nationally famous Naguib was the obvious choice, and he was invited to assume leadership of the movement. While this proved successful in strengthening the Free Officers, it would later cause great friction within the movement, and an eventual power struggle between the elder Naguib and the younger Nasser. Historians have noted that whilst Naguib understood his position and duty as being the movement's bona fide leader, the younger Free Officers saw him as a figurehead who would yield to the collective decision-making of the movement, giving Naguib a more limited, symbolic role.
Revolution of 1952
On 23 July 1952 at about 1 am, the Free Officers launched the revolution with a coup d'état to depose King Farouk. Naguib was immediately appointed as Commander in Chief of the Army in order to keep the loyalty of the Armed Forces firmly behind the Revolution. His celebrated status as a hero of the Arab-Israeli War, along with his jovial personality and elder statesmen demeanor also made him appear as a reassuring figure to the Egyptian public, who had not previously been exposed to Nasser and the other Free Officers.
The Free Officers chose to govern at first via Aly Maher Pasha, a former prime minister who was known for his opposition to the United Kingdom's occupation of Egypt, and its interference in Egyptian affairs. The next evening, Naguib met with British diplomat John Hamilton. During the meeting Hamilton assured Naguib that the British government supported the abdication of King Farouk, that the Churchill government viewed the coup as an internal Egyptian matter, and that the United Kingdom would intervene only if it felt that British lives and property in Egypt were in danger.
The prospect of British intervention on behalf of Farouk was the biggest threat to the Revolution, and Hamilton's message to Naguib gave the Free Officers the reassurance that they needed to follow through with deposing the King. On the morning of 26 July 1952, Maher arrived at the Ras El Tin Palace where Farouk was staying in order to present him with an ultimatum from Naguib: he was to abdicate his throne, and leave Egypt by 6 pm the following day, or the Egyptian troops gathered outside Ras El Tin would storm the palace and arrest him. Farouk agreed to the terms of the ultimatum, and the following day, in the presence of Maher, and the United States Ambassador Jefferson Caffery, boarded the Royal yacht Mahrousa, and left Egypt. In his memoirs, Naguib described how his journey to the dock to meet the deposed Farouk before the former King departed the country was delayed by throngs of people celebrating the Revolution. Caffery confirmed that Naguib was angry at missing the former King's departure. Upon arrival at the dock, Naguib immediately took sail in a small vessel to meet Farouk on the Mahrousa, and formally bid him farewell.
In September, Naguib was appointed prime minister, and a member of the Royal Regent Council, with Nasser serving as the minister of interior. Farouk's infant son succeeded him as Fuad II, and would be the last King of Egypt. The succession was designed to deny the United Kingdom a pretext for intervention, allowing the revolutionaries to maintain that they were opposed only to the corrupt regime of Farouk, and not to the monarchy itself. However, after consolidating their power, the Free Officers quickly moved to implement their long-held plans for abolishing the monarchy. Ali Maher's government resigned on 7 September 1952, and Naguib was appointed prime minister. On 18 June 1953, almost 11 months after the revolution, the revolutionaries stripped the infant King Fuad II of his title, declared the end of the Kingdom of Egypt and the establishment of the Republic of Egypt.
Presidency
With the declaration of the Republic, Naguib was sworn in as its first President. Owing to the non-Egyptian ancestry of Muhammad Ali Pasha (the progenitor of the Muhammad Ali dynasty), and the earlier dynasties that had governed Egypt, Naguib was referenced in Western media as being the first native Egyptian ruler of Egypt since the Roman conquest of Egypt, or even earlier to Pharaoh Nectanebo II, whose reign ended in 342 BC. Naguib himself objected to this characterisation, stating:"It has been said in the foreign press that I am the first Egyptian to govern Egypt since Cleopatra. Such words flatter but they do not align with our knowledge of our own history. For the sake of glorifying our own Blessed Movement, are we to say that the Fatimads were never Egyptian despite their centuries in Egypt? Do we now deny our kinship with the Ayyubids because of their origin even as we join Saladin's eagle with the Liberation Flag as the symbol of our Revolution? And what of the members of the Mohammed Ali dynasty? Should our grievances against the former King and the flawed and corrupt rulers before him blind us to the nationalism of Abbas Hilmi II, whose devotion to Egypt against the occupiers cost him his throne, or the achievements of Ibrahim Pasha, the very best of the dynasty, who himself declared that the Sun of Egypt and the water of the Nile had made him Egyptian? Are we now to go through the family histories of all Egyptians and invalidate those born to a non-Egyptian parent? If so, I must start with myself. It is fairer and more accurate to say that we are all Egyptians, but I am the first Egyptian to have been raised from the ranks of the people to the highest office to govern Egypt as one of their own. It is an honour and a sacred burden great enough without the embellishments that foreign observers would add to it."
Forced resignation
When Naguib began showing signs of independence from Nasser by distancing himself from the RCC's land reform decrees and drawing closer to Egypt's established political forces, namely the Wafd and the Muslim Brotherhood, Nasser resolved to depose him. In late 1953, Nasser accused Naguib of supporting the recently outlawed Muslim Brotherhood and of harboring dictatorial ambitions. A brief power struggle broke out between Naguib and Nasser for control of the military and of Egypt. Nasser ultimately won the struggle and managed to force Naguib to resign from the presidency of Egypt in November 1954. Nasser then placed Naguib under informal house arrest in a suburban Cairo villa owned by Zeinab Al-Wakil, the wife of former Prime Minister Mostafa El-Nahas. Naguib was released from house arrest in 1971 by President Anwar Sadat.
Personal life and death
Naguib was married and had four children, three sons and a daughter. His sons were Farouk, Yusuf and Ali. Life magazine reported shortly after the revolution in August 1952 that his eldest son Farouk, who was 14 years old, was planning to change his name. His daughter died in 1951.
On 28 August 1984, Naguib died from liver cirrhosis in Cairo, Egypt. He was 83. Naguib had a military funeral that was attended by President Hosni Mubarak.
Legacy
Shortly before his death in 1984, Naguib published his memoirs under the title I Was a President of Egypt. The book was widely circulated and was also translated into English under the title Egypt's Destiny. A station of the Cairo Metro is named in his honor. A major road in the Al Amarat District of Khartoum is also named after him.
In December 2013, Interim Egyptian President Adly Mansour posthumously awarded Naguib the Order of the Nile, the highest honor of the Egyptian state. The award was received by his son, Mohamed Yusuf.
See also
List of rulers of Egypt
References
Citations
Sources
Thornhill, Michael. (September 2004). "Britain, the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader: The Politics and Diplomacy of Nasser's Consolidation of Power, 1952–4". The English Historical Review 119 (483):892–921.
Aburish, Said K. (2004), Nasser, the Last Arab, New York City: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5.
Kandil, Hazem (2012), Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt's Road to Revolt, Brooklyn: Verso Books, ISBN 978-1-844467-962-1.
Further reading
Mohammed Naguib (w/uncredited Leigh White), Egypt's Destiny (London, 1955)
External links
The forgotten President
1901 births
1984 deaths
20th-century presidents of Egypt
20th-century prime ministers of Egypt
Egyptian generals
Egyptian revolutionaries
Egyptian nationalists
Free Officers Movement (Egypt)
Leaders who took power by coup
Egyptian people of Sudanese descent
Politicians from Cairo
People from Khartoum
Naguib family
Deaths from cirrhosis
Egyptian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
20th-century presidents in Africa |
Kaitlyn Christian and Sabrina Santamaria were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.
Olga Govortsova and Valeria Savinykh won the title, defeating Cori Gauff and Ann Li in the final, 6–4, 6–0.
Seeds
Draw
References
External Links
Main Draw
Dow Tennis Classic - Doubles |
Emma is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Putnam County, West Virginia |
John Marshall is a Scottish international lawn bowler.
Bowls career
He won a bronze medal in the men's fours at the 1974 Commonwealth Games in Christchurch with Morgan Moffat, Bill Scott and John McRae.
References
Living people
Scottish male bowls players
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Scotland
Bowls players at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games |
```go
package helm
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"github.com/spf13/cobra"
"github.com/werf/3p-helm/cmd/helm"
"github.com/werf/3p-helm/pkg/action"
"github.com/werf/nelm/pkg/lock_manager"
"github.com/werf/werf/v2/cmd/werf/common"
"github.com/werf/werf/v2/pkg/deploy/helm"
"github.com/werf/werf/v2/pkg/deploy/helm/chart_extender"
"github.com/werf/werf/v2/pkg/deploy/helm/command_helpers"
)
var upgradeCmdData common.CmdData
func NewUpgradeCmd(
actionConfig *action.Configuration,
wc *chart_extender.WerfChartStub,
namespace *string,
) *cobra.Command {
cmd, _ := helm_v3.NewUpgradeCmd(actionConfig, os.Stdout, helm_v3.UpgradeCmdOptions{
StagesSplitter: helm.NewStagesSplitter(),
StagesExternalDepsGenerator: helm.NewStagesExternalDepsGenerator(&actionConfig.RESTClientGetter, namespace),
ChainPostRenderer: wc.ChainPostRenderer,
})
SetupRenderRelatedWerfChartParams(cmd, &upgradeCmdData)
oldRunE := cmd.RunE
cmd.RunE = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
ctx := cmd.Context()
if err := common.GetOndemandKubeInitializer().Init(ctx); err != nil {
return err
}
releaseName := args[0]
if err := InitRenderRelatedWerfChartParams(ctx, &upgradeCmdData, wc); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("unable to init werf chart: %w", err)
}
if m, err := lock_manager.NewLockManager(helm_v3.Settings.Namespace(), true, nil, nil); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("unable to create lock manager: %w", err)
} else {
return command_helpers.LockReleaseWrapper(ctx, releaseName, m, func() error {
return oldRunE(cmd, args)
})
}
}
return cmd
}
``` |
The World Maritime University (WMU) in Malmö, Sweden, is a postgraduate maritime university founded within the framework of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations. Established by an IMO Assembly Resolution in 1983, the aim of WMU is to further enhance the objectives and goals of IMO and IMO member States around the world through education, research, and capacity building.
Status
WMU is considered an international university and has been granted the status of a UN institution by its host country, the Government of Sweden. Serving as a center for people of many nationalities to participate in teaching and learning, WMU encourages international co-operation to address international maritime problems and coordinate international action. Programmes offered include Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees in Maritime Affairs as well as an M.Phil. Post-graduate diplomas are offered via distance education in Marine Insurance Law & Practice, Maritime Energy, Executive Maritime Management, and International Maritime Law. An LLM in International Maritime Law is also available via distance learning. Customized Executive Professional Development Courses (EPDCs) and international conferences and events cater to the professional maritime community. The University has an active research portfolio that includes maritime and ocean-related projects.
WMU is an education provider that is independent of any individual national education system, and is not a Swedish institution. The MSc in Maritime Affairs and the PhD in Maritime Affairs are accredited by the Government of Sweden, as well as the Ministry for Education and by ZEvA (Zentrale Evaluations- und Akkreditierungsagentur Hannover/ Central Evaluation and Accreditation Agency Hanover). WMU is operated for all IMO member States and is entitled to conduct activities in Sweden under the agreement concluded between IMO and the Government of Sweden and the provisions of the Charter of WMU adopted by IMO for WMU activities in Sweden (A 25/Res. 1030).
History
In the early 1980s, the IMO recognized that there was a shortage of well-qualified, highly educated maritime experts, particularly in lesser developed nations. To address this gap, the IMO endeavored to found an institution to support member States with the high-level education necessary to implement international Conventions. Subsequently, in 1981 it passed Resolution A. 501(XII), which requested that the Secretary-General of the United Nations take all steps in order to establish a world maritime university.
In determining the institution's location, then IMO Secretary-General, Dr. C.P. Srivastava, approached the Swedish Ministry of Transport who welcomed the idea and Malmö was determined as the home of the institution. With the financial support of the Swedish government, the City of Malmö, and private donations, WMU was inaugurated on 4 July 1983.
Campus
WMU headquarters are in the City of Malmö which has always provided facilities for the University. In April 2015, WMU moved to the historic Old Harbour Master's building, Tornhuset, in the center of Malmö. Completed in 1910 and designed by the eminent Swedish architect Harald Boklund, Tornhuset served as the main office for Malmö's harbor administration and was intended to provide panoramic views of shipping in the Öresund and in Malmö harbor.
An architectural competition by the City of Malmö sought the best possible design for the extension to Tornhuset. The winning entry by renowned architect Kim Utzon of Kim Utzon Architects in collaboration with the Australian firm of Terroir Architects, centered on the concept of the building as an "urban hinge" linking the historic city center of Malmö to the docklands. The new facilities were inaugurated in 2015 and successively received the City Building Prize (Stadsbyggnadspriset), the highest architecture prize awarded by the City of Malmö. The building was also awarded the 2015 Region Skåne Architecture Prize based on its design as well as how it transforms the surroundings and returns the historic Old Harbour Master's building to a maritime use. In 2016, the building was shortlisted for a World Architecture Festival Award in the category of Higher Education and Research. In addition to the main building, the City of Malmö provides space for the WMU-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute and administrative and research staff in nearby buildings.
Organization
WMU is governed by a Charter and Statutes, approved by IMO Assembly. The WMU Board of Governors (BoG) is appointed by the IMO
Secretary-General, and consists of 30 members, who each serve two-year renewable terms. The Board of Governors meets annually, chaired by WMU's Chancellor who to date has been the IMO Secretary-General. The BoG reports to IMO Council which consists of the 40 leading maritime States.
An 11-person Executive Board (EB) is appointed by the IMO Secretary-General to help facilitate the work of WMU, provide oversight between sessions of the BoG, give directions and guidelines as necessary, consider draft plans of work and budgets, report to the BoG, and meet no less than three times a year. Members of the EB serve renewable two-year terms.
WMU's current Charter was established by IMO Resolution A.1130(30), which took effect on 1 January 2018. The appointment and functions of the Chancellor, the Board of Governors, the Executive Board, and the Academic Council are detailed in the Charter. Any amendment to the WMU Charter is submitted by the Board of Governors to the IMO Council for approval and thereafter to the IMO Assembly for adoption.
Programmes
WMU offers only postgraduate studies, meaning the students must have completed a relevant university education. In addition, students are expected to have worked in the industry for at least five years. A solid understanding of English is a requirement of all WMU programmes and students must pass internationally recognized tests of English as a foreign language. Students who need to sharpen their English skills prior to the start of the Malmö M.Sc. studies can enroll in the intensive, three-month English and Study Skills Programme (ESSP) focusing on maritime English. Programmes available as of 2022 include:
Doctoral programme
WMU offers a doctoral programme in Maritime Affairs within the following research priority areas:
Environmental Impacts of Marine Activities
Maritime and Marine Technology & Innovation
Maritime Economics & Business
Maritime Energy Management
Maritime Law, Policy & Governance
Maritime Safety
Maritime Social & Labour Governance
WMU-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute
Master of Science in Maritime Affairs offered in Malmö, Sweden
The following areas of specialization include:
The areas of specialization in Malmö, Sweden include:
Maritime Safety and Environmental Administration (MSEA)
Ocean Sustainability, Governance and Management (OSGM)
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
Maritime Law and Policy (MLP)
Port Management (PM)
Shipping Management and Logistics (SML)
Maritime Energy Management (MEM)
Master of Science in Maritime Affairs offered in China
The International Transport & Logistics (Shipping & Finance) specialization is offered in Shanghai, China in cooperation with Shanghai Maritime University (Shanghai Maritime University)
The Maritime Safety & Environmental Management specialization is offered in Dalian, China in cooperation with Dalian Maritime University (Dalian Maritime University)
Master of Philosophy in International Maritime Law & Ocean Policy
Offered in cooperation with WMU's sister institution, the IMO International Maritime Law Institute (IMLI) in Malta.
Distance learning
WMU offers several programmes via distance learning; Executive Maritime Management postgraduate diploma in cooperation with DNV, International Maritime Law LLM and postgraduate diploma in co-operation with Lloyd's Maritime Academy, and postgraduate diplomas in Marine Insurance Law & Practice and Maritime Energy Management offered solely by WMU. In addition, the Maritime Welfare (MARI-WEL) Professional Development Programme was created in partnership by the ITF Seafarers’ Trust and WMU. MARI-WEL is the first programme of its kind to deliver a comprehensive overview of the topics and issues that relate to seafarer welfare and as of Day of the Seafarer, 25 June 2021, is offered free of charge. Those wishing to pursue an official certificate of completion for the MARI-WEL programme pay a minimal administrative fee and must pass an exam.
Student life
The average age of the students is around mid-30s with representation from over 50 countries. WMU actively works to implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including Goal 5 regarding gender equality. Until the late 1990s, female students made up less than 5% of the Malmö intake. Recruitment strategies and support from fellowship donors have resulted in the proportion of female students rising to around a third of the annual intake.
Roughly half of the students are funded by their own companies, governments, or national funding agencies. Financial support from WMU donors accounts for the remaining students with only a fraction of the students paying out-of-pocket.
Teaching and learning
WMU has an international faculty of roughly 20-25 resident members, plus research associates, from countries across the world. There are also more than 100 Visiting Lecturers annually. Many of the faculty have backgrounds as mariners, and almost a quarter of WMU faculty are female.
In general, courses in the M.Sc. programmes are intensive, 1-2 week long classes allowing students to focus on a particular topic, and facilitating the incorporation of Visiting Lecturers. The first term focuses on Foundation studies that are completed by all students before specialized studies take place during Terms 2 and 3. The final Term 4 focuses on finalizing a dissertation, allowing students to deepen their specialization through research.
An important part of the Malmö M.Sc. education is the Field Study programme that provides the opportunity for students to travel and to see what they are learning in class being put into practice. Each student in the M.Sc. Malmö programme spends essentially 2–3 weeks traveling for field studies to host organizations in such countries as Chile, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Korea, Malta, Norway, Portugal, The Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Field studies are also a part of the M.Sc. programmes in Shanghai and Dalian, China, but are typically more regionally oriented.
International conferences
WMU organizes and hosts a range of successful international maritime conferences, often co-hosted with international organizations, including IMO, UNEP, and the EU. With keynote speakers and participants from government, industry, and academia from around the globe, these events underscore the University's commitment to high-level discussions on important issues of the day but also its engagement to promote effective partnerships in the maritime and ocean community in support of the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
Professional development courses
WMU offers an extensive range of Executive Professional Development Courses (EPDCs) in a variety of subjects with the potential for tailor-made courses at any location worldwide.
WMU has a unique relationship with the IMO that allows for unprecedented access to maritime experts and a close connection to the broad spectrum of key maritime issues. EPDC topics are based on the current needs and projected requirements of the maritime market particularly in key IMO mandated areas of maritime safety, security and environmental management. Led by WMU faculty, EPDCs can range in length from a few days to several weeks.
Research
Parallel to the academic programmes, research is a priority at WMU with Research Priority Areas in Environmental Impact of Maritime Activities, Maritime Safety, Maritime Energy Management, Maritime Social & Labour Governance, Maritime & Marine Technology & Innovation, Maritime Economics & Business, and Maritime Law, Policy & Governance. In May 2012, IMO Secretary General Koji Sekimizu inaugurated the Maritime Risk and Safety (MaRiSa) Simulation Laboratory, a specialized research lab offering unique experimental facilities, particularly in the field of e-navigation.
WMU-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute
The WMU-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute was inaugurated in May 2018. As an independent focal point for the ocean-science-policy-law-industry interface where policy makers, the scientific community, regulators, industry actors, academics, and representatives of civil society meet to discuss how best to manage and use ocean spaces and their resources for the sustainable development of present and future generations. The Institute undertakes challenge-led, interdisciplinary, evidence-based research as well as educational and capacity-building training with a particular focus on the implementation of Goal 14 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The work of the institute is supported by The Nippon Foundation of Japan, Sweden, Germany, Canada, the European Commission and the City of Malmö.
Institutional publications
The WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (WMU JoMA) was established in October 2002 and since 2011 has been published by Springer. It is an international journal that covers the subject areas of maritime safety, marine environment protection and shipping operations, giving special attention to the human element and the impact of technology. WMU JoMA is for professionals in maritime administration, industry and education. It aims at serving the international maritime community by presenting fresh ideas and current thinking on subjects of topical interest, reporting on relevant research findings and addressing interrelationships between safety, environment protection and efficiency of maritime transport.
Alumni
, there are 5,807 alumni from 170 countries and territories. WMU alumni assume positions of prominence around the world such as prime minister, ministers and senior maritime officials, directors of shipping companies and ports, and as heads of maritime academies and naval organizations. They hold prominent positions within UN organizations including Secretary-General of the IMO, and many represent their home countries at IMO and in international forums and organizations.
References
World Maritime University
Buildings and structures in Malmö
Organizations based in Malmö
Intergovernmental universities
International Maritime Organization
International research institutes
Educational institutions established in 1983
1983 establishments in Sweden |
Verge Rocks () is a two rocks lying 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) north of Chavez Island, off the west coast of Graham Land. It was mapped by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956–57, and was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) because the rocks lie on the edge of Grandidier Channel.
Links
Rock formations of Graham Land
Graham Coast |
The Martz Rock Shelters was an archaeological site located near Myersdale, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, US, on the farm of Harry Martz. The Somerset County Archaeological Survey began its excavations on June 14, 1938, and was completed six days later. The site was located about 30 miles from Metropolitan Pittsburgh. The site was discovered around 1938 during the Works Projects Administration excavation project, necessary for the construction of state highway 219. It was located at a hill overlooking the Casselman River from which a shale ledge protruded about two hundred and fifty feet above the river. The opening of the caves faced south. The site was destroyed during the construction of the highway.
Artifacts found at the site included:
charcoal and ash
flint, chert and quartz spalls
animal bones
projectile points
potsherds
scrapers
Chert and quartz are not naturally found in Somerset County.
Findings
The deposition was found to be thirty-six inches in depth. Local knowledge of the site attributes the occupation to Native Americans. The excavation confirmed that the site was occupied as early as other sites located in eastern parts of Pennsylvania. The site indicates that the settlement was occupied by a subsistence based group. Characteristics of subsistence settlements were dependence on maize, villages that were located above the river floodplain and the use of underground storage.
References
Archaic period in North America
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Demolished buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
History of Pennsylvania
Museums in Washington County, Pennsylvania
National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Archaeological museums in Pennsylvania
Native American museums in Pennsylvania
Rock shelters in the United States
Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Pennsylvania |
The Western Athletic Conference (WAC) sponsored football and crowned a champion every year from 1962 to 2012. Once considered one of the best conferences in college football, steady attrition from 1999 to 2012 forced the WAC to drop football after fifty-one years.
On January 14, 2021, the WAC announced its intention to reinstate football as a conference-sponsored sport at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) level, as well as the addition of five new members to the conference in all sports, including football. The new members announced include: Abilene Christian University, Lamar University, Sam Houston State University, and Stephen F. Austin State University, all currently of the Southland Conference (SLC), along with Southern Utah University, currently of the Big Sky Conference. Original plans were for all new members to join in July 2022, but after the SLC expelled its departing members, the WAC moved the arrival of those four schools and the relaunch of football to July 2021. Southern Utah's entry remained on the 2022 schedule. The WAC football league also included Dixie State University (renamed Utah Tech University in 2022) and Tarleton State University, both of which played as FCS independents in 2020–21 after having moved from NCAA Division II to the WAC for non-football sports in July 2020. The conference also announced that it will most likely add another football-playing institution at a later date. The conference has been speculated to move back up to the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) in the future following the reestablishment of the football conference at the FCS level.
On the same day, news broke that The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV), a non-football playing member of the conference, had committed to create an FCS football program by 2024. At the time, the program would most likely have competed as part of the newly-reinstated WAC football conference.
For its first two planned seasons in 2021 and 2022, the relaunched WAC football league was branded as the ASUN–WAC (or WAC–ASUN) Challenge, with the WAC establishing a temporary football partnership with the ASUN Conference. The ASUN eventually started its own FCS football league in 2022. Under the partnership, three FCS programs that joined the ASUN in July 2021 played alongside current WAC members.
The ASUN–WAC partnership was renewed for the 2022 season after the start of FBS transitions by ASUN member Jacksonville State and WAC member Sam Houston rendered both ineligible for the FCS playoffs, also dropping both conferences below the 6 football members needed to qualify for an automatic berth in the FCS playoffs. The WAC's playoff-eligible membership soon dropped further to 3, after Incarnate Word backed out of its planned move from the SLC to the WAC and Lamar, which had announced it would leave the WAC in 2023 to return to the SLC, accelerated this move to 2022.
The 2022 season proved to be the last for the WAC as a standalone football conference. On December 20, 2022, the ASUN and WAC jointly announced that they would fully merge their football conferences effective with the 2023 season under the tentative name of ASUN–WAC Football Conference. The ASUN is contributing Austin Peay, Central Arkansas, Eastern Kentucky, and North Alabama to the new league, with the WAC contributing Abilene Christian, Southern Utah, Stephen F. Austin, Tarleton, and Utah Tech. UTRGV, which put off the start of its football program to 2025, will join at that time. The merged conference will play a six-game schedule in 2023 before adopting a full round-robin in 2024.
Former members
The WAC has 28 former football-playing members.
Current members
The WAC resumed play in the 2021 fall season with 9 members. Before the reinstatement of football was officially announced, media reports indicated that the WAC might add two more schools to join the conference for football. On the same day that WAC confirmed the return of football, full conference member UTRGV announced that it would start an FCS football program no later than 2024. By the end of January 2021, three more schools were brought into WAC football for the 2021 fall season only. All are incoming members of the ASUN Conference, which plans to start an FCS football league in 2022. The WAC–ASUN Challenge consists of the seven teams that are eligible for the FCS playoffs. Utah Tech and Tarleton are included in alliance scheduling, but because of their ongoing transitions from NCAA Division II to Division I are ineligible for the playoffs until the 2024 season. Games against these schools do not count in alliance standings, although games against full WAC members count in the separate WAC league table. Jacksonville State and Sam Houston State will leave the WAC for the 2023 season as they begin transitioning to the FBS level as members of Conference USA.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Team || Location || Nickname || Stadium || Capacity ||Current Primary Conference || Starting Year
|-
|Abilene Christian
|Abilene, TX
|Wildcats
|Anthony Field at Wildcat Stadium
|12,000
| WAC
|2021
|-
| Central Arkansas
| Conway, AR
| Bears
|Estes Stadium
|12,000
| ASUN
|2021
|-
|Eastern Kentucky
|Richmond, KY
|Colonels
|Roy Kidd Stadium
|20,000
| ASUN
|2021
|-
|Jacksonville State
|Jacksonville, AL
|Gamecocks
|Burgess–Snow Field at JSU Stadium
|24,000
| ASUN
|2021
|-
|Stephen F. Austin
|Nacogdoches, TX
|Lumberjacks
|Homer Bryce Stadium
|14,575
| WAC
|2021
|-
|Tarleton State
|Stephenville, TX
|Texans
|Memorial Stadium
|17,000
| WAC
|2021
|-
|Southern Utah
|Cedar City, UT
|Thunderbirds
|Eccles Coliseum
|8,500
|WAC
|2022
|-
|Utah Tech|
|Trailblazers
|Greater Zion Stadium
|10,000
| WAC
|2021
|-
|UTRGV'|Edinburg, TX
|Vaqueros
|TBD
|TBD
|WAC(forming a new program)
|2024
|}
Conference championships
By year
By team
Championship game
Bowl games
The first bowl game appearance by a WAC team was at the 1964 Liberty Bowl, where Utah defeated West Virginia of the Southern Conference, 32–6.
The WAC had conference tie-ins with various bowl games during its history, including:
Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (2000–2012)
Hawaii Bowl (2002–2011)
Holiday Bowl (1978–1997)
Bowl Championship Series
The WAC champion received an automatic berth in one of the five Bowl Championship Series (BCS) bowl games if they were the highest ranked non-automatic qualifying conference champion and either of the following:
Ranked in the top 12 of the BCS Rankings.
Ranked in the top 16 of the BCS Rankings and its ranking was higher than that of an automatic qualifying conference champion.
By qualifying under the first criterion above, Boise State landed a berth in the 2007 Fiesta Bowl, and Hawaii received a bid to play in the 2008 Sugar Bowl. In 2009, the Mountain West champion TCU Horned Frogs received the automatic BCS bid by finishing higher than Boise State in the final BCS rankings. However, Boise State received a BCS at-large bid and defeated TCU in the 2010 Fiesta Bowl. In three BCS bowl games, the WAC recorded two wins and one loss. In addition to those three teams that played in BCS bowls, four other WAC teams qualified for a BCS berth but were not selected to play in a BCS bowl game: TCU in 2000 and Boise State in 2004, 2008, and 2010.
Rivalries
Notable football rivalries involving WAC teams are listed below. Records are not'' limited to years that the WAC was active.
Divisional alignment
Starting in 1996, the 16 conference members were divided info four pods, each with four teams. Two pods comprised the Pacific Division, and the other two pods were the Mountain Division. Pod one would always compete in Pacific, while pod four would always compete in Mountain. The other two pods were scheduled to swap divisions every two years, with the new alignment to take effect in even-numbered years. The pods and divisional alignment were discontinued after 1998.
References |
The 1980 Major League Baseball postseason was the playoff tournament of Major League Baseball for the 1980 season. The winners of each division advance to the postseason and face each other in a League Championship Series to determine the pennant winners that face each other in the World Series.
For the fourth time in the past six years, the postseason once again featured the New York Yankees, Kansas City Royals, and Philadelphia Phillies. The Houston Astros also made their first postseason appearance in franchise history this year. All four teams would return during the expanded 1981 postseason, as due to the lockout-shortened season, the season was split in half and the division leaders during each half qualified for the postseason.
The playoffs began on October 7, 1980, and concluded on October 21, 1980, with the Phillies defeating the Royals in six games in the 1980 World Series. This was the first championship in franchise history for the Phillies.
Playoff seeds
The following teams qualified for the postseason:
American League
New York Yankees - 103–59, Clinched AL East
Kansas City Royals - 97–65, Clinched AL West
National League
Philadelphia Phillies - 91–71, Clinched NL East
Houston Astros - 93–70, Clinched NL West
Playoff bracket
American League Championship Series
New York Yankees vs. Kansas City Royals
This was the fourth meeting between these two teams in the ALCS in the past five years. After three previous failed attempts, the Royals finally broke through, sweeping the Yankees to advance to their first World Series in franchise history.
Kansas City ace Larry Gura outdueled Ron Guidry as the Royals blew out the Yankees in Game 1. In Game 2, the Royals jumped out to an early lead and managed to hold it, as they fended off a late rally by the Yankees in the top of the eighth to win by a 3-2 score and go up 2-0 in the series headed to the Bronx. In Game 3, the Yankees held a 2-1 lead after six innings, but couldn't hold it as George Brett hit a three-run home run off Yankees' relief pitcher Goose Gossage, putting the Royals ahead for good. The Royals clinched the pennant with a one-two-three ninth inning, exacting long-awaited revenge on the team that eliminated them from the postseason three consecutive times.
The Royals returned to the ALCS in 1984, but were swept by the eventual World Series champion Detroit Tigers. They would win their next AL pennant in 1985, against the Toronto Blue Jays in seven games.
The Yankees returned to the ALCS the next year, sweeping the Oakland Athletics en route to the World Series. This was the last time the Yankees were swept in the ALCS until 2012.
National League Championship Series
Houston Astros vs. Philadelphia Phillies
This was the first postseason meeting between the Astros and Phillies, as well as the first postseason series ever played in the state of Texas. This edition of the NLCS is remembered as the closest and most grueling playoff series in MLB history. The series went to its five-game limit, with the final four games going into extra innings. The Phillies prevailed after a 10-inning Game 5 to return to the World Series for the first time since 1950.
Game 1 was the only game of the series to not go into extra innings - the Astros held a 1-0 lead going into the bottom of the sixth, until Greg Luzinski hit a two-run home run to put the Phillies ahead for good (Luzinski's home run was the only one of this series).
Game 2 was an offensive duel which went into extra innings - in the top of the tenth, the Astros scored four runs with three hits - an RBI single by José Cruz, a run-scoring groundout by César Cedeño, and a two-run triple by Dave Bergman. The Phillies got an unearned run in the bottom of the inning on an error by Craig Reynolds at shortstop, but Astros reliever Joaquín Andújar came in and held on for the save to tie the series at 1–1 headed to Houston.
Game 3 was the first postseason game played in Texas, and it was a long and grueling pitchers' duel between both teams’ pitching staffs. Houston's Joe Niekro pitched ten shutout innings, but it wasn't enough for him to get the win, which went to Astros relief pitcher Dave Smith. The Astros won 1-0 in the bottom of the eleventh as Denny Walling hit a sacrifice fly to drive in Joe Morgan, and were now one win away from their first ever World Series appearance.
Game 4 went into extra innings yet again, and the Phillies would even the series as Luzinski entered as a pinch-hitter and doubled home Pete Rose with the go-ahead run on a close play at the plate, with Rose running over Astros catcher Bruce Bochy. Manny Trillo then singled home Luzinski with an insurance tally.
Game 5 was the most notable of the series. The Astros held a 5-2 lead after seven innings and were six outs away from clinching the pennant. However, in the top of the eighth, the Phillies loaded the bases with nobody out on three straight singles, including an infield hit by Bob Boone and a bunt single by Greg Gross. Two runs came in on a walk to Rose and a ground-out by Keith Moreland. An RBI single by Del Unser tied the game at 5, and then Trillo put the Phillies ahead with a two-run triple. The Astros tied the game in the bottom of the eighth, with Rafael Landestoy and Cruz each singling in a run. The game went scoreless through the ninth, and went into extra innings for the fourth straight time. In the top of the tenth, the Phillies got doubles from Unser and Garry Maddox in the tenth to take the lead for good. Dick Ruthven retired the Astros in order in the bottom of the tenth the last out being a soft liner to Maddox, clinching the pennant for the Phillies.
The Astros returned to the postseason the next year, but lost to the eventual champion Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS. This was the first of three consecutive losses in the NLCS for the Astros - in 1986 they would fall to the New York Mets in six games, and in 2004 they fell to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. They would win their first pennant in 2005 over the Cardinals in six games, which would be the only one the team won as a member of the National League.
The Phillies would win their next NL pennant in 1983, against the Los Angeles Dodgers in four games before falling in the World Series to the Baltimore Orioles.
The Astros and Phillies would meet again 42 years later in the 2022 World Series which the Astros, now members of the American League, won in six games.
1980 World Series
Kansas City Royals (AL) vs. Philadelphia Phillies (NL)
This was the first edition of the World Series since 1920 to feature two teams that had not won a World Series title before. The Phillies defeated the Royals in six games to win their first World Series title in franchise history.
Game 1 was an offensive duel which the Phillies won 7-6 - it marked the first time that the Phillies won a World Series game since Game 1 of the 1915 World Series against the Boston Red Sox. The Phillies rallied late to take Game 2 after scoring four unanswered runs in the bottom of the eighth to take a 2-0 series lead headed to Kansas City. The Royals got on the board in Game 3, as Willie Aikens drove in Willie Wilson with an RBI single in the bottom of the tenth. In Game 4, the Royals jumped out to an early 5-1 lead and did not relinquish it, as closer Dan Quisenberry held off a potential rally by the Phillies to even the series at two. In Game 5, the Royals held a 3-2 lead after eight innings, but the Phillies managed to come back. Del Unser drove in Mike Schmidt with an RBI double to tie the game, and then Manny Trillo drove in the go-ahead run with a line shot that ricocheted off Quisenberry for an infield hit, which was almost thrown out by George Brett. Phillies' closer Tug McGraw held the Royals' offense at bay in the bottom of the ninth, giving the Phillies a 3-2 lead headed back home. The Phillies clinched the title in Game 6, as they jumped out to an early lead and did not relinquish it, winning 4-1 to secure their first title in franchise history.
The Phillies became the last of the "Original Sixteen" franchises to win a World Series title (although the St. Louis Browns never won a Series in St. Louis, waiting until , twelve years after becoming the Baltimore Orioles). It was the first time the city of Philadelphia won a World Series since the Athletics did so in 1930, as well as the second straight World Series title won by a team from Pennsylvania after the Pittsburgh Pirates did so the previous year.
The Phillies would return to the postseason the next year, but fell to the Montreal Expos in the NLDS in five games. They would return to the World Series in 1983 and 1993, but they would lose both to the Baltimore Orioles and the Toronto Blue Jays respectively. The next title for the Phillies would come in 2008, where they defeated the Tampa Bay Rays in five games.
The Royals also returned to the postseason the next year, but were swept by the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS. They would not taste championship success until 1985, where they defeated their fellow Missouri rival in the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games.
Broadcasting
ABC televised both LCS nationally in the United States. Each team's local broadcaster also televised coverage of LCS games. NBC aired the World Series.
References
External links
League Baseball Standings & Expanded Standings - 1980
Major League Baseball postseason |
Biovail Corporation was a Canadian pharmaceutical company, operating internationally in all aspects of pharmaceutical products. Its major production facility was located in Steinbach, Manitoba. It merged with Valeant Pharmaceuticals International in 2010.
History
As noted in the February 2009 Settlement Agreement with the Ontario Securities Commission: "Biovail admitted that [...] it violated Ontario securities law and engaged in conduct contrary to the public interest."
On September 28, 2010, Biovail merged with Valeant Pharmaceuticals (Bausch Health). The company retained the Valeant name and J. Michael Pearson as CEO, but was incorporated in Canada and temporarily kept Biovail's headquarters.
Legal issues
A class action suit was filed against Biovail by investors who between December 14, 2006, and July 19, 2007, bought Biovail stock, alleging that the company had failed to disclose that the multi-dose study on depression drug Aplenzin would not be sufficient for the FDA to approve it.
SAC/Gradient Analytics lawsuit and SEC complaint
In March 2006, CBS program 60 Minutes featured Biovail in a story about its lawsuit against hedge fund SAC Capital Partners and Camelback (now known as Gradient Analytics), among others. According to Eugene Melnyk, "there's a group of people that got together and essentially attacked the company by putting out false reports, and we're just fighting back for our shareholders."
The alleged conspiracy began with Camelback, an Arizona stock-analysis firm that advertises that it publishes impartial financial reports on companies to help investors evaluate stocks. In the spring of 2003, the hedge fund SAC asked them for a report on Biovail. Darryl Smith, Mark Rosenblum, Demetrios Anifantis, and Robert Ballash, former Camelback employees, alleged that Camelback had allowed their client SAC to determine the content and timing of their reports on Biovail.
Camelback said those former employees were lying and disgruntled, that Anifantis and Ballash were fired because of unethical conduct; Smith for poor performance; Rosenblum was laid off. These four say they were let go after they complained to their superiors about Camelback's practices. SAC denied all the charges in Biovail's lawsuit and said that the decline in the Biovail's stock was due to earnings shortfalls and regulatory investigations.
In March 2008, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Biovail and some of its former officers, alleging that "present and former senior Biovail executives, obsessed with meeting quarterly and annual earnings guidance, repeatedly overstated earnings and hid losses in order to deceive investors and create the appearance of achieving earnings goals. When it ultimately became impossible to continue concealing the company's inability to meet its own earnings guidance, Biovail actively misled investors and analysts about the reasons for the company's poor performance." Biovail settled for . Gradient Analytics, successor to Camelback, issued a press release stating that the SEC's suit "confirms the validity of Gradient's critical analysis of Biovail but raises serious questions about how companies retaliate against analysts with threats, intimidation, and lawsuits."
60 Minutes has been accused of botching the Biovail story by the Columbia Journalism Reviews Audit columnist and The New York Times Joe Nocera, who felt Lesley Stahl accepted Biovail's conspiracy theories about short sellers without proper consideration.
SAC and Gradient filed a suit against Biovail for malicious prosecution in February 2010.
Penalties against Eugene Melnyk
In May 2011, the Ontario Securities Commission in Canada banned Eugene Melnyk from senior roles at public companies in Canada for five years and fined him $565,000. Earlier in the same year Melnyk had settled with the U.S. SEC, agreeing to pay a civil penalty of US$150,000; he had previously paid US$1 million to settle other claims with the SEC.
References
External links
Official site
Herb Greenberg- Why suing critics usually backfires
Pharmaceutical companies of Canada
Canadian companies established in 2010
Health care companies established in 2010
2010 establishments in Canada
Accounting scandals
Fraud in Canada
2010 mergers and acquisitions |
Madan-e Nakhlak (, also Romanized as Maʿdan-e Nakhlak; also known as Nakhlak) is a village in Chupanan Rural District, Anarak District, Nain County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 55, in 52 families.
Nakhlak Lead Complex has a history of 2500 years which is one of the oldest Underground mines in the country, and lies on the side-line of the Central Desert in Iran.
The method of extraction in this mine is accumulative. Nakhlak, in recent years, has been able to produce more than its nominal capacity which is sent to the market.
The amount of the sustainable Mineral is 30,000 tons annually which through processing, 3000 tons of concentrate is produced in a year.
The establishment of a 6,000-ton processing plant, revival of Lead Mines in Anarak region, new exploration projects and the establishment of Iran Mining Museum are all in progress in the Complex.
The Mine holds ISO14001, ISO9001 & OHSAS 18001 certificates.
The Nakhlak mine, 55 kilometers northeast of Anarak is the largest and one of the most ancient lead ore deposits ever exploited in the Anarak region. Mining history, based on dated material from the mine adits and nearby historical ruins (e.g. the Qaleh-Bozorg fortress), was traced to the earliest stages of the Sassanid Empire (224-651 AD), and possibly even the latest stages of the Parthian Empire (247 BC-224 AD) (Hallier, 1972; Stöllner and Weisgerber, 2004). The Gombad and Shaft no. 1 of the Nakhlak mine are nearby undated historical digging sites (which may reach 80 m depth), where smelters and mining tools (e.g. picks, hammers, wooden shoes, lamps, etc) are still preserved (Pernicka et al. 2011). Old reports on Iranian lead ores, including Nakhlak, can be found in the articles of Vaughan (1896) and Stahl (1897). More modern mining started in the mid-1930s, in co-operation with German and Austrian engineers and geologists like E. Fischer, E. Bohne, G. Ladame and M. Mazcek.
The lead mineralization is situated mainly in the lower part of the Late Cretaceous carbonate rocks at Nakhlak, where sandstones and conglomerates are more common. Many characteristics of the ore deposit fit well with that of the typical Iranian MVT deposits (Rasa, 1987). The ore bodies occur within dolomites and dolomitized sandy limestones as steeply dipping quartz-calcite-barite veins or vein clusters of massive galena. Their thickness varies from 0.25 to 25 meters and extends up to 500 meters in length; it can be traced down along the dip to 400 meters deep (Romanko et al. 1984). Mining reserves have been estimated at ca. 7 million tons of lead (8.33%), zinc (0.38%) and a considerable amount of silver (72 g/t) (Cherepovsky, Chinakov and Kokorin, 1981). The lead greatly predominates over the zinc and silver contents, suggesting a basinal brine origin or fluid release model for the deposit (Rasa, 1987). The northern and southern flanks, as well as the deeper levels, offer potential supplementary mining possibilities, where even new ore bodies may be found.
The primary ore seems to be monomineralic, consisting solely of galena. Cerussite in various forms is common in the oxidized zone.
References
Populated places in Nain County |
Tectonatica rizzae is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.
References
Naticidae
Gastropods described in 1844 |
The Sivakanta Athikarappatthiram is one of the sub-sections of Arul Nool which was the secondary scripture of Ayyavazhi.
The author of the content is unknown. This contains the rules and regulations for the world. It is meant in the way that Ayya giving the acts to Hari Gopalan Citar by sitting in the Pathi facing the north direction while Citar face the south.
Ayyavazhi texts |
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 12th Marine Regiment
| image = 12th Marines logo.jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption = 12th Marine Regiment Insignia
| dates = October 4, 1927 – present
| country =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type = Artillery Regiment
| role = Provide fires in support of 3rd Marine Division
| size =
| command_structure = 3rd Marine Division
| current_commander = Colonel Peter B. Eltringham
| garrison = Camp Smedley Butler, Okinawa, Japan
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| nickname = Thunder and Steel
| patron =
| motto = Honor, Fidelity, Valor
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = World War II
Battle of Bougainville
Battle of Guam
Battle of Iwo Jima
Vietnam War
Operation Desert Storm
War on Terror
Operation Enduring Freedom| notable_commanders = Donald M. WellerClifford B. Drake
| anniversaries =
}}
The 12th Marine Regiment''' is an artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Camp Smedley Butler, Okinawa, Japan. Nicknamed "Thunder and Steel," the regiment falls under the command of the 3rd Marine Division.
Mission
Provide close and continuous fire support by neutralizing, destroying, or suppressing targets which threaten the success of the supported unit.
Current Units
The regiment is made up of two artillery battalions and one headquarters battery:
Headquarters Battery, 12th Marines (HQ Battery, 12th Marines)
3rd Battalion, 12th Marines (3/12 Marines)
History
Activated October 4, 1927, at Tientsin, China and assigned to the 3rd Marine Brigade.
World War II
The regiment was reactivated September 1, 1942, at San Diego, California, as the 12th Marines and assigned to the 3rd Marine Division. It relocated during October 1942 to Camp Dunlap, California. From there it deployed during March 1943 to Auckland, New Zealand. In July 1943 it moved to Guadalcanal.
The regiment participated in the following World War II campaigns:
Bougainville campaign (1944–45)
Northern Solomons
Battle of Guam
Battle of Iwo Jima
Following the war, the 12th Marines relocated in December 1945 to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.
Post World War II history
Reactivated March 17, 1952, at Camp Pendleton, California, and assigned to the 3rd Marine Division. Deployed during August 1953 to Camp McNair, Japan. Redeployed during February 1956 to Okinawa. Redeployed from March–July 1965 to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).
Participated in the War in Vietnam, May 1965 – November 1969, operating from:
Da Nang
Phu Bai
Chu Lai
Huế
Đông Hà
Redeployed from August–November 1969 to Camp Hansen, Okinawa.
Relocated during August 1971 to Camp Hauge, Okinawa. Elements participated in the Southeast Asia Evacuations, April–June 1975. Elements participated in the recovery of the SS Mayaguez in May 1975. Relocated during August 1976 to Camp Zukeran, Okinawa. Camp Zukeran renamed Camp Foster during March 1980.
Elements participated in the Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, Southwest Asia, September 1990-April 1991. Relocated during July 1998 to Camp Hansen, Okinawa.
Global War on Terror
Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Enduring Freedom is an ongoing war in Afghanistan entering its twelfth year. Marines from the battalion took part in the Helmand Province Campaign, particularly the Battle of Sangin.
See also
History of the United States Marine Corps
List of United States Marine Corps regiments
Notes
External links
12th Marines' official website
012
Artillery |
Harold Arundel Moody (8 October 1882 – 24 April 1947) was a Jamaican-born physician who emigrated to the United Kingdom, where he campaigned against racial prejudice and established the League of Coloured Peoples in 1931 with the support of the Quakers.
Biography
Harold Moody was born in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1882, the son of pharmacist Charles Ernest Moody and his wife Christina Emmeline Ellis. He completed his secondary education at Wolmer's Schools. In 1904, he sailed to the United Kingdom to study medicine at King's College London, finishing top of his class when he qualified in 1910, aged 28. Having been refused work because of his colour, he started his own medical practice in Peckham, south-east London, in February 1913.
In March 1931, Moody formed and became president of the League of Coloured Peoples (LCP), which was concerned with racial equality and civil rights in Britain and elsewhere in the world. Its first members included C. L. R. James, Jomo Kenyatta, Una Marson, and Paul Robeson.
He also campaigned against racial prejudice in the armed forces, and is credited with overturning the Special Restriction Order (or Coloured Seamen's Act) of 1925, a discriminatory measure that sought to provide subsidies to merchant shipping employing only British nationals and required alien seamen (many of whom had served the United Kingdom during the First World War) to register with their local police. Many black and Asian British nationals had no proof of identity and were made redundant. In 1933, he became involved in the Coloured Men's Institute, founded by Kamal Chunchie as a religious, social and welfare centre for sailors.
A devout Christian, Moody was active in the Congregational Union, the Colonial Missionary Society (of which he became chair of the board of directors in 1921) and later was appointed president of the Christian Endeavour Union (1936).
Having become a respected and influential doctor in Peckham, Moody was very involved in organising the local community during the Second World War. Historian Stephen Bourne has noted: "In 1944 there was a terrible bombing in south London and he was the first doctor on the scene. He played an important role in these events, saving many lives. Yet this wartime history is not known."
In the last months of his life, Moody undertook a speaking tour of North America. He died at his home at 164 Queen's Road, Peckham, in 1947, aged 64, after contracting influenza.
Personal life
Moody married Olive Mable Tranter, with whom he worked at the Royal Eye Hospital in London, and they had six children. Their son Charles Arundel became the second black commissioned officer in the British Army in 1940, rising to the rank of colonel. Another son, Harold, was a British shot putter.
Moody's brother, Ludlow, also studied medicine at King's College London, where he won the Huxley Prize for physiology. Ludlow married Vera Manley and they moved to the Caribbean. Another brother was the sculptor Ronald Moody.
Legacy
The book Negro Victory: The life story of Dr Harold Moody, by David A. Vaughan, was published in 1950.
The house where Moody lived at 164 Queen's Road, Peckham, now has a blue plaque dedicated to him that was erected in 1995 by English Heritage.
The National Portrait Gallery, London, has a bronze bust of Moody, cast in 1997 from a 1946 portrait, by his brother Ronald (1900–1984).
In 2008, Stephen Bourne's short biography Dr Harold Moody was published by Southwark Council and distributed free of charge to schools and public libraries in the London Borough of Southwark.
A short silent animation (by Jason Young) about his married life was produced in 1998, entitled The Story of Dr. Harold Moody.
Dr Harold Moody Park in Nunhead was officially opened in 1999.
Moody is named on the list of "100 Great Black Britons".
On 13 March 2019, a Nubian Jak Community Trust commemorative blue plaque was unveiled outside the YMCA Club at Tottenham Court Road, where the League of Coloured Peoples was founded at a meeting 88 years earlier.
On 1 September 2020, a Google Doodle celebrating his life was shown, marking the day on which he arrived in the UK in 1904 to pursue his medical studies.
In 2020, Dr Harold Moody was featured in Stephen Bourne's book Under Fire: Black Britain in Wartime 1939–45 (The History Press).
In 2021, Stephen Bourne's eBook The Life of Dr Harold Moody was published by Pearson Education for use in primary schools (Key Stage 2, 9–11 years).
References
External links
"Harold Moody", Making Britain, The Open University.
"Black History Month 2018: Harold Moody", SOAS Archives and Special Collections, 26 October 2018.
"Harold Moody", Spartacus Educational.
.
1882 births
1947 deaths
20th-century British medical doctors
Alumni of King's College London
Black British health professionals
Black British activists
British civil rights activists
Emigrants from British Jamaica to the United Kingdom
People from Kingston, Jamaica
People from Peckham |
The Palace of the Nation (, , ) is a neoclassical palace in Brussels, Belgium, housing the Belgian Federal Parliament.
The palace was built from 1778 to 1783 to a neoclassical design by the French architect Gilles-Barnabé Guimard and includes sculptures by Gilles-Lambert Godecharle. Under Austrian rule, it housed the Sovereign Council of Brabant before being used as a courthouse during the French period. During the Dutch period, it was one of two homes of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the other being in The Hague. Following Belgian independence in 1830, the Provisional Government of Belgium and Belgian National Congress moved into the building and the first session of the Chamber of Representatives and Senate was held there a year later.
The building stands across the street from Brussels Park's northern entrance, near the site of the former palace of the Dukes of Brabant, which was destroyed by fire in 1731, and has itself been badly damaged by fire, in 1820 and 1883. In the 1930s, a bunker was built underneath the park, connected by tunnels to the House of Parliament. This area is served by Brussels Central Station, as well as by the metro stations Parc/Park (on lines 1 and 5) and Arts-Loi/Kunst-Wet (on lines 1, 2, 5 and 6).
History
Austrian Netherlands
The initial building, which was then called the Palace of the Council of Brabant (), was built between 1778 and 1783, during the time of the Austrian Netherlands, to the plans of the French architect Gilles-Barnabé Guimard.
At the time, it consisted of three parts:
a central part, consisting of a U-shaped building around a main courtyard (currently called the /), intended to house the Sovereign Council of Brabant, the highest court and administrative body of the Duchy of Brabant, which administered the Belgian provinces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands;
a west wing (left wing) intended for the Chancellor;
an east wing (right wing) intended for the Chamber of Accounts.
The pediment of the central part is decorated with a bas-relief by the sculptor Gilles-Lambert Godecharle, which represents Justice punishing Vices and rewarding Virtues.
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
The central body of the building was transformed in 1816–1818 by the architect to house the States General established by King William I of the Netherlands. The hemicycle built for this occasion at the rear burned down in 1820 and was rebuilt in 1821–22 by Vander Straeten.
Kingdom of Belgium
The Chamber
In 1831, after Belgian independence, the building, merged with the palaces of the Chancellery and the Chamber of Accounts, took the name of Palace of the Nation (, , ). The semicircular hall built by Vander Straeten has since housed the Chamber of Representatives.
In 1883, the Chamber was ravaged by a second fire and it took the architect Henri Beyaert three years, until 1886, to rebuild it.
The Senate
In 1847–1849, a second hemicycle was built by the architect Tilman-François Suys to house the Senate. It was enlarged in 1902–03 by Gédéon Bordiau.
Gallery
See also
Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
History of Brussels
Belgium in "the long nineteenth century"
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Palaces in Brussels
City of Brussels
Government buildings in Belgium
Belgian Federal Parliament
Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
Neoclassical palaces
18th century in Brussels
Houses completed in 1783
Establishments in the Austrian Netherlands
1783 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire |
Sanghi Nagar is suburb of Hyderabad, India.
Sanghi Nagar is an industrial complex set up by the Sanghi Group of Industries. The temple complex has been built around the heavenly temple over a hill. Industries belonging to the sanghi group surround the temple as though it is being blessed by the Almighty. The temple is a treat to watch especially at night. It is very close to the famous Ramoji film city. Sanghi nagar is around 25 km away from Dilsukh Nagar, Hyderabad.
Apart from the group's manufacturing facilities, Sanghi Nagar contains a full-fledged housing complex and health care facilities for its employees. They include Captive Power plants, Communication facilities, Higher Secondary School, Excellent Accommodation facilities for all grades of staff & labour, Hospital, Food Marts, Entertainment facilities, post office, Cable and internet access etc.
Sanghi Nagar STD Code is 08415.
Similar facilities and amenities exist at the other Sanghi township at Sanghipuram, Gujarat, where the group operates a large Lignite based cement plant under Sanghi Industries Ltd.
Transport
TSRTC runs buses from Hyderabad City, they are
Route No. : 290S & 205K Secunderabad - Sanghi Nagar/Ramoji Film City
Suburbs covered are Lalaguda, Tarnaka, Uppal Ring Road, Kamineni Hospitals, LB Nagar, Sanghi Nagar)
Route No. : 202u, 204u from Women's college - Sanghi Nagar
Suburbs covered are Women's college, Chaderghat, Malakpet, Dilsuknagar, LB Nagar, Sanghi Nagar)
See also
Sanghi Temple
Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India
Industries in Hyderabad, India |
500 Global (previously 500 Startups) is an early-stage venture fund and seed accelerator founded in 2010 by Dave McClure and Christine Tsai. The fund admitted a first "class" of twelve startups to its incubator office in Mountain View, California in February 2011. They expanded to a second class of 21 in June 2011 and a third class of 34 in October 2011.
History
In 2012, 500 Global acquired Mexican.VC, an accelerator in Mexico City, expects to substantially ramp up its investment in Mexico. Through its investment in Alta Ventures, 500 Global planned to have better access to deal flow in this region. 500 Global LATAM is directed by Santiago Zavala and has startups like Platzi in its portfolio.
As of February 2021, 500 Global had invested in over 2,400 companies including Eat App, IDreamBooks, Little Eye Labs, myGengo, Cypheme, Cucumbertown, Visual.ly, Canva, Convoz, Udemy, RidePal and Aircall. As of August 2015, more than 20% of the companies had participated in other incubators, 20–30% were international, and over 60 had been acquired.
As of 2015, some of the firm's active companies were Credit Karma, Twilio, GrabTaxi, and Talkdesk. The exits include $403M acquisition of MakerBot by Stratasys, $350M acquisition of Wildfire by Google, $200M acquisition of Viki by Rakuten, and $117M acquisition of Simple by BBVA.
500 Global has investment partners and advisors from all over the world, e.g. Jassim Alseddiqi (United Arab Emirates), Enis Hulli (Turkey), Binh Tran (Vietnam), and Tilo Bonow (Germany). A famous partner, Monique Woodard from Black Founders, left the early-stage venture fund in 2018. 500 Global has locations in San Francisco, Mexico City, Miami, Dubai, Bahrain, Istanbul, Seoul, Singapore, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, and Kuala Lumpur. In 2015, they announced they would be starting a three-month growth program in London, UK as well as a pre-accelerator in Oslo, Norway. Full global programs have expanded to Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Cambodia, Georgia, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Canada.
In July 2017, co-founder Dave McClure resigned as general partner of all funds and entities managed by 500 Startups amid allegations of sexual harassment.
In March 2018, 500 Startups announced that it chose Downtown Miami as its first East Coast U.S. outpost.
In July 2019, Courtney Powell was named Chief Operating Officer of the firm.
In November 2020, 500 Startups formed a two-year partnership with Khmer Enterprise, a unit under the Cambodian Ministry of Economy and Finance. Through the Angkor 500 initiative, the firms will bring together founders throughout Cambodia to form teams and technology companies.
In September 2021, 500 Startups announced their rebranding to 500 Global and the closing of a $140M global flagship fund – the firm’s largest fund to date–bringing assets under management to $1.8B. The firm has stated it is expanding its investment strategy beyond the accelerator and seed stage.
In October 2021, 500 Global had its first fully virtual accelerator class. In early 2023, the firm announced that it has launched an accelerator program in Tbilisi, Georgia as a part of its expansion in Eastern Europe.
References
01
Business incubators of the United States
Investment promotion agencies
Startup accelerators
Venture capital firms of the United States
Financial services companies based in California
Companies based in Mountain View, California
Financial services companies established in 2010
2010 establishments in California |
The 1988 Virginia State Elections took place on Election Day, November 8, 1988, the same day as the U.S. Senate and U.S. House elections in the state. The only statewide election on the ballot was one referendum. Because Virginia state elections are held on off-years, no statewide officers or state legislative elections were held. The referendum was referred to the voters by the Virginia General Assembly.
Question 1
This referendum asked voters to approve legislation that would legalize and regulate parimutuel betting on horse racing. Voters had previously rejected the measure in 1978. Greyhound racing was already legal but was outlawed in 1995, although it remains legal in West Virginia.
References
1988 Virginia elections |
The 2023 J2 League, also known as the for sponsorship reasons, is the 25th season of the J2 League, the second-tier Japanese professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1999.
Overview
This is the last season to be played with 22 participating clubs, as the number of clubs will be reduced to 20 from the 2024 season.
FC Ryukyu and Iwate Grulla Morioka were relegated to the 2023 J3 League, finishing the previous J2 League season as 21st and 22nd-placed team, respectively.
Relegated from J1, both Shimizu S-Pulse and Júbilo Iwata were the only Shizuoka-based J1 teams last season. Now, they return to J2 after spending six and one season, respectively, at the top flight.
J3 winners Iwaki FC and runners-up Fujieda MYFC were both promoted from the J3 League. Both teams make their debut in J2 League, with Iwaki being promoted to the J2 just a season after being promoted to J3.
For the first time ever since the 2004 season, three teams from the same prefecture participate in the J2 League, as Shimizu S-Pulse, Júbilo Iwata and Fujieda MYFC are all based on Shizuoka Prefecture.
Participating clubs
Personnel and kits
Managerial changes
Foreign players
As of the 2023 season, there are no more restrictions on a number of signed foreign players, but clubs can only register up to five foreign players for a single match-day squad. Players from J.League partner nations (Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Malaysia, Cambodia, Singapore, Indonesia and Qatar) are exempt from these restrictions.
Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the midseason transfer window.
Player's name in italics indicates the player has Japanese nationality in addition to their FIFA nationality, or is exempt from being treated as a foreign player due to having been born in Japan and being enrolled in, or having graduated from school in the country.
League table
Play-offs
The usual format is applied in the 2023 season. Promotion play-offs will be held from the semi-final stage, where the match-ups are previously semi-determined. Based on the J2 placements at the end of the regular season: The 3rd-placed team plays against the 6th-placed, while the 4th-placed team plays against the 5th-placed. The winners of the semi-finals will play the Promotion Play-offs Final, with who ever wins being promoting to the J1.
Should a match be tied at any of the play-off matches, the team with the best placement will qualify for the next stage. The placement order currently is: J2 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th place.
For the 2023 season, three teams will be promoted to the 2024 J1 League. There will not be relegation playoffs between J1 and J2.
Season statistics
Goal contributions
Top scorers
Top assists
Clean sheets
Discipline
Player
Most yellow cards: 11
Juanma Delgado (V-Varen Nagasaki)
Most red cards: 2
Pereira (Oita Trinita)
Kotaro Yamahara (Fujieda MYFC)
Club
Most yellow cards: 64 (V-Varen Nagasaki)
Most red cards: 5 (Fujieda MYFC)
Awards
Monthly awards
Club seasons
2023 Blaublitz Akita season
2023 Fagiano Okayama season
2023 FC Machida Zelvia season
2023 Fujieda MYFC season
2023 Iwaki FC season
2023 JEF United Chiba season
2023 Júbilo Iwata season
2023 Mito HollyHock season
2023 Montedio Yamagata season
2023 Oita Trinita season
2023 Omiya Ardija season
2023 Renofa Yamaguchi FC season
2023 Roasso Kumamoto season
2023 Shimizu S-Pulse season
2023 Thespakusatsu Gunma season
2023 Tochigi SC season
2023 Tokushima Vortis season
2023 Tokyo Verdy season
2023 Vegalta Sendai season
2023 Ventforet Kofu season
2023 V-Varen Nagasaki season
2023 Zweigen Kanazawa season
See also
National association
Japan Football Association (JFA)
League
Japanese association football league system
J.League
2023 J1 League
2023 J3 League
2023 Japan Football League
Cup
2023 Emperor's Cup (national open cup)
References
External links
Official website on jleague.co
J2 League
2
Japan
Japan |
Little Black River may refer to:
Little Black River (Alaska)
Little Black River (Current River tributary), a stream in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas
Little Black River (Saint John River), a tributary of the Saint John River in Quebec and northern Maine
Little Black River (Cheboygan County), a tributary of Lake Huron in Michigan
Little Black River (Gogebic County), a tributary of the Black River in Michigan
Little Black River (Minnesota), a tributary of the Black River
Little Black River, a left tributary of the Black River (Abitibi River), in Ontario
Little Black River, a left tributary of the Black River (Thunder Bay District), in Ontario
(Little) Black River First Nation, an Ojibwa First Nation located on the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg
See also
Big Black River (disambiguation)
Black River (disambiguation) |
Jaakko Valtanen (born 9 February 1925) is a Finnish general. He is the former Chief of Defence of the Finnish Defence Forces from 1983 to 1990. He was the last Finnish Chief of Defence to have served in the Continuation War. He has been the first guest to greet the President of Finland in the annual Independence Day Receptions since 2016.
References
External links
The Finnish Defence Forces: Chiefs of Defence
1925 births
Living people
People from Hämeenlinna
Chiefs of Staff (Finnish Defence Forces)
Finnish generals
Finnish military personnel of World War II |
Mic in track (as well as Line in track and Mixer in track) was the default name of a file created after recording with the program MusicMatch Jukebox. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Mic in track files began appearing on file-sharing networks such as Napster, usually without the knowledge of their creators. Because of the unique name, voyeurs could easily search for the files and listen to audio of unknowing individuals performing karaoke or joking around with friends. Several websites are devoted to cataloging and featuring their favorite Mic in track files.
See also
List of music software
External links
Mic in track recordings at Stark Effect
Mic in track recordings at Evolution Control
Music software |
Senator Corman may refer to:
Doyle Corman (1932–2019), Pennsylvania State Senate
Jake Corman (born 1964), Pennsylvania State Senate
Randy Corman (born 1960s), New Jersey State Senate |
The Worst Day of My Life is an Australian children's television anthology series that first screened on the ABC in 1991–1992.
Cast
Garry Perazzo as Paul
Michael Hammett as Guy
Erica Kennedy as Kerry
Jim Mckinnon as Tim
Eamon Kelly as Danny
Aimee Robertson as Lucy
Rodney McLennan as Goomy
Episodes
On The Run
Out of Your Mind
Normal
War and Puss
Mum's Going To Kill You
Up The Creek
See also
List of Australian television series
References
External links
The Worst Day of My Life at the Australian Television Information Archive
The Worst Day of My Life at Screen Australia
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
Australian children's television series
1991 Australian television series debuts
1992 Australian television series endings
English-language television shows |
Sir James Creed Meredith (17 September 1842 – 23 January 1912) was Deputy Grand Master and Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Ireland; Chancellor of the Diocese of Limerick; Secretary to the Royal University of Ireland and the National University of Ireland. A prominent Freemason, J. Creed Meredith Masonic Lodge at Belfast was named in his honour. He is not to be confused with his son, Judge James Creed Meredith.
Early life
Born at Chatham, Kent, where his Anglo-Irish father was stationed as Commandant of the 13th Somerset Light Infantry. He was the son of Major Richard Martin Meredith (1792–1869) and his wife Adelaide (1803–1870), daughter of James Creed (1756–1844) of Uregare (also known as Newlawn House), near Kilmallock, County Limerick. His mother's family had lived at Ballygrennan Castle near Kilmallock, since the 17th century but her uncle divided up the land after his only daughter, Mrs Eliza (Creed) Bowyer Bower, removed with her husband to Iwerne Minster House, Dorset. When Meredith's father - a lifelong friend and correspondent of Robert James Graves (whose sister married his brother Thomas Meredith) - was eventually offered to purchase a colonelcy, he instead retired and invested in just over 1,000 acres of land in County Cork, while living at St Stephen's Green in Dublin, where Meredith grew up.
Law and education
In 1863, Meredith graduated from Trinity College, Dublin in History and English Literature. He entered Gray's Inn at London and was called to the Irish Bar in 1864, becoming a Doctor of Laws (LL.D) in 1868. Meredith practised as a barrister at the Four Courts until 1878, when he was appointed secretary to the Endowed Schools Commission. On the establishment of the Royal University of Ireland in 1880, he was appointed one of the joint secretaries, and this office he filled until 1909, when the new National University of Ireland was brought into existence, and he became secretary to that new institution. He was knighted in 1899 in recognition of his services to education, and in 1910 attended the coronation of George V.
Anglican Church
Throughout his life, Meredith had taken an interest in the welfare of the Church of Ireland, and for many years he was an attendee at the annual meetings of the General Synod in Dublin. His views on the financial business of the Church always commanded attention, which led him to be appointed Chancellor of the diocese of Limerick and one of the two honorary lay secretaries to the Synod.
When the Church of Ireland made an appeal on behalf of the Auxiliary Fund, which was established to provide against losses in investments in consequence of the depreciation of Irish land stock, Meredith gave assistance. He spoke at a number of meetings which were held at Dublin in support of the appeal. He was also a member of the Representative Church Body of Ireland, and took a part in the compilation of the reports which were annually issued. He was a member of the legal, financial and executive committees of the Representative Body; a member of the Diocesan Synod of Dublin; Governor of the Diocesan Board of Education and a member of the Trinity College Divinity School Special Committee.
Freemasonry
Meredith joined the Order in 1869. In 1899, on the death of R.W. Shackleton K.C., he was appointed Deputy Grand Master of Ireland by James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn, who was the Grand Master. He took a deep interest in the work of the Masonic Orphan Schools in Dublin, of which he was a vice patron. In 1898, a new Masonic Lodge (Number 253) was established at Belfast and named in his honour, known as J. Creed Meredith Lodge. His portrait hangs in the Masonic Hall at Dublin, in full masonic regalia. The Masonic Veterans' Association said "there were few more familiar figures in the public life of Dublin than Sir James Creed Meredith".
Family
Meredith was married three times. His first wife, Florence Hargrave, was a member of one of Ireland's best known architectural families, being a granddaughter of Abraham Hargrave of Ballynoe, County Cork, and a first cousin of Sir Thomas Newenham Deane. Her father was William Hargrave, President of the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland in 1853. They were the parents of one surviving son, before she died. This son was Richard Meredith (21 May 1867 - 7 January 1957) who became Chief Engineer of the Indian Telegraph Department in 1916. His second wife, Catherine Carew Meredith, was a daughter of one of his first cousins, and the sister of Richard Edmund Meredith, Master of the Rolls in Ireland. The marriage took place on 29 January 1870. She died without children. His third wife, Eleanor Graves Meredith, was a daughter of another of his first cousins, Rev. Richard Graves Meredith (the eldest son of his uncle Thomas Meredith), by his second wife Eleanor, daughter of Eliza Scott of Coolmain Castle and John Howe J.P., of Glanavirane House, Howe's Strand; High Sheriff of County Cork. They were the parents of seven children, who included Judge James Creed Meredith and the Ven. Ralph Creed Meredith. Meredith, together with his wife, lived at Clonewin House, 83 Pembroke Road, Dublin. They also kept a country residence on 38 acres of land at Closes, County Cork, inherited from Meredith's grandfather. He died at his Dublin home, 23 January 1912. Sir J. Creed Meredith was a nephew of Sir Edward Newenham Meredyth, and a first cousin of John Walsingham Cooke Meredith, Sir William Collis Meredith and Edmund Allen Meredith.
References
1842 births
1912 deaths
Irish Anglicans
Irish Freemasons
British people of Irish descent
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin |
Julica is a monotypic genus of gastropods belonging to the family Clausiliidae. The only species is Julica schmidtii.
The species is found near Alps.
References
Clausiliidae |
Viktor Andreevich Polupanov (born January 1, 1946, in Moscow, Soviet Union) is a retired ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for HC CSKA Moscow and Krylya Sovetov Moscow. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1967.
External links
Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame bio
1946 births
Living people
HC CSKA Moscow players
Ice hockey people from Moscow
Russian ice hockey players
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Ice hockey players at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union |
Mikhail Mikhailovich Basov (September 16, 1977, Taganrog) is a Russian media artist, documentary filmmaker.
Biography
Mikhail Basov was born on September 16, 1977, in Taganrog, in the family of a doctor and artist Mikhail Semyonovich Basov.
In 1999 he graduated from the Faculty of Russian Language and Literature of the Taganrog State Pedagogical Institute. He taught literature at the Gymnasium A. P. Chekhov, Taganrog Lyceum TMOL (2000–2007).
In 2009, his video installation Perforated Memory was shown at the II Moscow International Festival of Contemporary Contemporary Music Another Space accompanied by an improvisational soundtrack by pianist and composer Roman Stolyar and Polish flutist Edita Fil.
In May 2010, together with Natalia Basova, he created The 400 Blows cinema club in Taganrog.
In 2013 he was nominated in 2 positions at the Brazilian Festival of Video Art and Experimental Cinema Art Deco in São Paulo (Prize for the best video art and Audience Award).
In 2015, Mikhail and Natalia Basov's video installation Film for Imaginary Music was nominated for the Golden Cube award at the 32. Kasseler Dokfest Kassel Film and Video Festival (Germany).
In 2017, Basov took part in the Ryuichi Sakamoto Async International short film competition, in which his work «Poetry of Banality» received a special prize from Apichatpong Weerasethakul. Weerasethakul in his review of Basov's film, writes: «I was struck by Michael Basov's Poetry of Banality. I appreciate the evocation of early cinema's spirit in which simple gestures are marveled. One can imagine that the filmmaker was taking pleasure in hanging out, looking for images but found none but the flowers and a mobile phone. The seemingly purposeless mission turns into a poetry of love and of light addiction. This expression jumps between the composed and the candid, primitive and contemporary. Ryuichi's tune conspires to make this film a light of loneliness».
In 2020, he was a member of the jury of the experimental film section of the Message to Man international festival (St. Petersburg).
Basov's works were shown on TV channels Souvenirs from Earth (Germany, France, Austria), Art Television / Art Channel (France), VisualcontainerTV, IkonoTV (Germany).
Basov lives and works in Taganrog.
Participation in exhibitions and festivals
2021 – The 6th Moscow International Experimental Film Festival.
2021 – Curta Kinoforum – 32° Festival Internacional de Curtas-Metragens de São Paulo.
2021 – Rencontres internationales Paris/Berlin (in the program Carte blanche to Apichatpong Weerasethakul). Paris, France.
2020 – International online experimental film festival Seek the Sun. France.
2020 – Exhibition Collection of Recollection. Yotsuya Unconfirmed Studio, Tokyo, Japan.
2019 – 17th Signs of the Night International Festival (Thai Film Archive). Bangkok, Thailand.
2019 – The Magikal Charm Experimental Video & Film Festival VII. Maya Deren Theatre, Anthology Film Archives, New York, USA.
2018 – Exhibition of video art and experimental cinema Panorama Internacional VOL #1 (curated by Muriel Paraboni), Porto Alegre Pinacoteca, Brazil.
2018 – Burnt Experimental Video Art and Film Festival. Montreal, Canada.
2018 – Festival «Message to Man», St. Petersburg, Russia.
2018 – Japan Media Arts Festival Kyoto Exhibition Ghost, ROHM Theater Kyoto, Japan.
2017 – Ryuichi Sakamoto Async International short film competition, Japan.
2017 – Kinodot. Experimental Film Festival (Competition program), St. Petersburg.
2017 – VIDEOFORMES. International Digital Arts Festival. Clermont-Ferrand, France.
2017 – Stuttgarter Filmwinter – Festival for Expanded Media; nomination for an award in the section Media in Space.
2016 – Festival Celebración V / de Pirámide Selva, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
2016 – DOKer Shorts: International Documentary Film Festival "DOKer", Moscow.
2016 – Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival, Jihlava, Czech Republic.
2016 – Video Art Festival Festival Miden, (Kalamata, Greece).
2016 – Video Art Festival International Video Art House Madrid, Madrid.
2016 – Show at Experimental Art Gallery, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi.
2015 – Japan Media Arts Festival, Tokyo.
2015 – Instants Video, Marseille.
2015 – FAÇADE VIDEO FESTIVAL, Plovdiv
2015 – Kasseler Dokfest, Kassel.
2015 – Usurp Zone5 Film Festival, London.
2015 – Wroclaw Biennale (WRO Media Art Biennale), Wroclaw[10].
2014 – Shown in Videoscape. A screening inspired by Nicolas Party's exhibition Landscape; Kunsthall Stavanger, Norway.
2014 – Oslo Screen Festival, Oslo, Norway.
2013 – Cologne Videoart festival.
2013 – Exhibition of contemporary art Route 64. Moscow Contemporary Art Center Winzavod, Moscow.
2013 – Video art exhibition Audiovisioni digitali / Scicli #1 - Mostra internazionale di ricerche audiovisive (Sicily, Italy).
2013 – Video art festival Festival Miden / parallel program Move(In), (Kalamata, Greece).
2013 – Video Art Biennale VIDEOAKT (Barcelona, Spain).
2013 – FILMIDEO 2013 Festival (Newark, USA).
2013 – Art Deco Festival in São Paulo, Brazil.
2013 – Portland Experimental Film Festival.
2009 – Russian-French exhibition Action planning in the center of contemporary art Angle Art Contemporain in Saint-Paul Trois Chateau (France) and at the Winery in Moscow.
2009 – V Moscow International Festival of Actual Animation and Media Arts Linoleum.
2009 – Exhibition Parallel Worlds: Escaping Reality (in the parallel program of the 53rd Venice Biennale), curated by Dovrat ana Meron, 2009.
2009 – Video Art Festival Tramuntana 09 (Spain).
2009 – Festival of video installation and performance Light, Site, Text & Concept (Busan, South Korea) 2009.
2009 – Busan International Video Art Festival, South Korea.
2008 – About the mortal in art. In memory of Nikolai Konstantinov, M-gallery, Rostov-on-Don.
Stills from films
Links
Mikhail Basov's page on VIMEO
Mikhail Basov's page on Art Television
Mikhail Basov's interview with Stigmart 10 Videofocus magazine Mikhail (Russian version)
Interview to the magazine «ABOUT»
References
1977 births
Artists from Taganrog
Russian video artists
Living people |
Proportionate reduction of error (PRE) is the gain in precision of predicting dependent variable from knowing the independent variable (or a collection of multiple variables). It is a goodness of fit measure of statistical models, and forms the mathematical basis for several correlation coefficients. The summary statistics is particularly useful and popular when used to evaluate models where the dependent variable is binary, taking on values {0,1}.
Example
If both and vectors have cardinal (interval or rational) scale, then without knowing , the best predictor for an unknown would be , the arithmetic mean of the -data. The total prediction error would be .
If, however, and a function relating to are known, for example a straight line , then the prediction error becomes . The coefficient of determination then becomes and is the fraction of variance of that is explained by . Its square root is Pearson's product-moment correlation .
There are several other correlation coefficients that have PRE interpretation and are used for variables of different scales:
References
Statistical forecasting |
The Klutschak Peninsula () is on the north side of the Nunavut mainland in Canada. To the west is O'Reilly Island and Queen Maud Gulf, and to the east is the Adelaide Peninsula. It is named after Heinrich Klutschak, an Austrian-American author and explorer.
Peninsulas of Kitikmeot Region |
Just for a Song is a 1930 British musical film directed by Gareth Gundrey and starring Lillian Hall-Davis, Roy Royston and Constance Carpenter. It was made at Islington Studios. Some singing and dancing sequences were photographed in an early colour process, believed to be Pathécolor. This film is believed to be lost.
Main cast
Lillian Hall-Davis as Norma Wentworth
Roy Royston as Jack
Constance Carpenter as Jill
Cyril Ritchard as Craddock
Nick Adams as Agent
Syd Crossley as Stage Manager
Dick Henderson
Albert Rebla
Syd Seymour and His Mad Hatters as Themselves
References
Bibliography
Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927–1939. British Film Institute, 1986.
External links
See also
List of early color feature films
List of lost films
1930 films
1930s color films
1930 lost films
British musical films
1930 musical films
British films based on plays
Films directed by Gareth Gundrey
Gainsborough Pictures films
Islington Studios films
British black-and-white films
Lost British films
Lost musical films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films |
The Canary is a left-wing news website based in the United Kingdom. While focusing on UK political affairs, it also has a "Global" section, a satire section ("Off the Perch"), and "Science", "Environment", and "Health" sections. Founded in 2015 by Kerry-Anne Mendoza and her wife Nancy Mendoza, the website increased in popularity around the time of the 2017 United Kingdom general election. It was initially funded through a combination of advertising and a group of about 1500 supporters, but by 2020 had moved to a largely reader-funded model.
According to Press Gazette, in July 2022 The Canary was the third most popular politics news website in the UK behind Politico and Politics Home.
History
According to editor-in-chief Kerry-Anne Mendoza, The Canary was created in October 2015 with five founding members in an attempt to "diversify the media". The website was funded by advertising and monthly contributions from around 1,500 supporters in August 2016. It published 9,000 articles in its first two years. According to Mendoza, a major factor motivating The Canary founders was scepticism of the mainstream media, a scepticism that was shared by Jeremy Corbyn, the leader of the Labour Party. In his first address as Labour leader, he attacked pundits, arguing that they did not understanding the discontent among many ordinary British voters, and talked about the "power of social media". Following the 2017 United Kingdom general election, the BBC reported that websites "such as The Canary, The Skwawkbox, and Another Angry Voice are making a huge impact and earning a massive following" and such sites were considered to have contributed to sensationalist reporting of the election.
In September 2020, The Canary announced it would fund a new investigative unit staffed by two journalists for six months. In a statement, it said "A reader-funded investigative unit that is responsive to the requests and demands of The Canary readership is something people have asked us for since our inception. We believe this unit will be of value to our existing readers and attract new readers. We hope they will work with us to secure funding to continue the unit after the initial six months." Drew Rose, formerly director of operations, became editor-in-chief, replacing Bex Sumner. Rose said the site had survived the "decimation" of its advertising income and "politically-motivated attacks on our staff", and had shifted to a 95% reader-funded model. In July 2021, Mendoza stepped down as director and editor-at-large, handing over her shares in Canary Media Limited to colleagues. She was named as chief operating officer and Emily Apple as senior editor.
Political standpoint
The Canary is left-leaning and is frequently sceptical of the mainstream British press. It was generally supportive of former labour leader Jeremy Corbyn. In common with other left-wing alternative media in the United Kingdom, its stance towards the Labour leadership became more critical after Corbyn stepped down and Keir Starmer won the 2020 Labour Party leadership election.
Describing her website to Journalism.co.uk, Canary editor-in-chief Kerry-Anne Mendoza said: "For us, this is ultimately about democracy. Informed consent in the public is the bedrock of democracy, and if that informed consent isn't there because people aren't aware of the kind of information that they need to be, they won't be equipped to make the decent democratic decisions that they need to, say, for example, on climate change, the justice system, or whether austerity is a positive economic policy." Mendoza stated it was "a complete coincidence" that the website was created shortly after Corbyn's leadership victory, and added: "We don't have any affiliations with political parties, we don't have any affiliations with political organisations, and we're not actually ostensibly left-wing." She called the site's editorial stance "a counterpoint to conservative media" and "broadly liberal". Mendoza also stated that The Canary was "biased in favour of social justice, equal rights – those are non-negotiable things. We're in this as an issue-driven organisation. ... Every press organisation has an editorial stance and we're certainly no different."
Regulation and accuracy
In August 2017, The Canary joined the voluntary state-approved press regulator IMPRESS. In its first year with the regulator, The Canary was the most complained about IMPRESS member, but the regulator upheld just two of the 58 complaints they received during 2017–2018 about its news reporting. In April 2019, The Canary was given an overall pass rating and a pass on eight out of nine factors (it failed on "handles the difference between news and opinion responsibly") by NewsGuard, an organisation which evaluates news outlets for trustworthiness.
A 2018 study by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described The Canary as "a left-wing partisan site" and an example of "alternative and partisan brands" which have "a political or ideological agenda and their user base tends to passionately share these views." Its trust rating was given as 4.69 where 10 is fully trusted, making it more trusted than the Daily Mail, Buzzfeed News, and The Sun but less than the Daily Mirror, the regional press, or any broadsheet newspaper, although its trust level among its own users was at 6.65 (a similar level to The Independent, The Daily Telegraph, and the regional press).
In response to criticism, Mendoza said: "We are human beings and we make mistakes. We clean up the mess and make sure it's clear to our readership." On 14 March 2019, The Canary said that it had produced 10,000 articles since its creation and two of its articles required deletion after editorial review, representing 0.02% of its content.
Business model
In April 2016, Mendoza said in Free & Fearless (a magazine produced by Hacked Off) that "we are attracting an audience of 3.5 million unique users per month. On top of this: every two hours, 24 hours a day, seven days a week – someone becomes a paid subscriber of The Canary. ... Our growing traffic is attracting advertisers who are now offering us a floor RPM (payment per 1,000 hits) of £3 and a ceiling of £9." According to The Canarys FAQ, around half of the website's revenue is raised from online advertising, and the other half from reader subscriptions. According to one journalism lecturer, while the website is skilled at promoting its stories, the primary reason for its viral popularity may be its political standpoint.
In its FAQ, the website explains its business model, as "Each writer and section editor is paid in two ways. Firstly, each and every article receives a flat-rate equal payment from our monthly income from supporters. So with each new supporter, the pay per article goes up for everyone every month. Secondly, each article receives a top-up payment based directly on the percentage of web traffic, and therefore advertising income, that articles generate during a given calendar month." This pay-per-click model has been criticised for promoting clickbait as writers are only paid for their work if it becomes viral. Mendoza disputes this, saying that the payment structure means that people who generate the revenues get a fair share.
During 2016–2018, the website had an editorial team of around 30, although only five of The Canary staff earn enough money to work full-time. It had an annual turnover of £250,000 in 2016. In August 2019, The Canary emailed users to announce that it would rely more on its team and less on freelance contributors due to a reduced income. After the email was shared online, Mendoza said on Twitter that by the middle of this August the website would "leave the gig economy". The Canary said this was due to Facebook and Google changing their algorithms, which reduced the site's traffic and therefore advertising income, and to the campaign to persuade advertisers to blacklist the site. It said it was "susceptible to pressure from political Zionists, and our advertising revenue is under fire." The Canary mounted a recruitment drive for one thousand additional subscribers, which it reported it had achieved by early August, saying this had secured its immediate future.
In October 2022 staff at the organisation announced that they had "overthrown" the site’s management and had been running the publisher as a co-operative since June of that year, after discovering evidence of "gross inequalities and gross mismanagement that was rampant in the company".
Reception
In 2016, Carl Miller of Demos has said that, while the "digital world" has been "democratizing", he believes that sites such as The Canary, which reflect a single worldview, cut down on dissenting information and are likely to make people "even angrier, more outraged, more certain that that people we disagree with are evil ... which isn't good for reasoned, civil debate." In January 2017, Owen Jones told PR Week that the website "promotes conspiracy theories and a lot of things that just aren't right. I worry about the Canary-isation of the left, where it ends up in a bizarre sub-culture that anyone who doesn't agree is seen as part of a conspiracy. But then you do get those blogs on left and right." In July 2017, Len McCluskey, the general secretary of Unite the Union, said to the Morning Star: "The media needs regulating, the control of information shouldn't be in the hands of a few billionaires. Alternative media needs supporting ... . But I'd support everything that chips away at Establishment control of the narrative — The Canary, the Skwawkbox, all of it."
In September 2017, Nick Robinson of the BBC listed the website, along with right-wing sites such as Westmonster, among alternative news sites waging a "guerrilla war" against the BBC to promote an anti-establishment agenda. Drew Rose, The Canarys director of operations, responded that "Nick Robinson's analogy that we are waging a 'guerrilla war' is apt – but it's not the war he suggests. ... For years now, swaths of the population have been ignored or otherwise failed by the established media. We're fighting to serve those people. We're doing that by helping to build a more diverse media operating outside of the establishment."
In November 2020, Leeds University political scientist Jonathan Dean wrote that "websites such as Evolve Politics, Skwawkbox and The Canary have aped a more tabloid style, with short, punchy headlines and an often rather sensationalised style of reporting. The Canary, in particular, has faced criticism for its highly partisan presentation of political news stories, with critics often deeming it symptomatic of the rise of so-called 'fake news' ... ."
Allegations of antisemitism
In early 2019, the campaign organisation Stop Funding Fake News (SFFN) described The Canary as promoting conspiracy theories, defending antisemitism, and publishing fake news. SFFN launched a campaign to pressure advertisers not to allow their ads to run on certain websites. SFFN persuaded Macmillan Cancer Support to suspend advertising on The Canary while it reviewed online ad placement. Then-MP Chris Williamson described the SFFN's campaign against The Canary as "sinister". In March 2020, advertising for Tom Stoppard's play Leopoldstadt, which is about the legacy of the Holocaust, was removed from The Canary after allegations of antisemitism from SFFN. In response to criticism from SFFN, The Canary co-founder Nancy Mendoza, who is Jewish, said that The Canary had taken a position of solidarity with the Palestinian people, and was therefore critical of the Israeli government and of Zionism, but that it was firmly opposed to antisemitism.
In January 2021, Antisemitism and the Alternative Media, a report by Daniel Allington and Tanvi Joshi, academics at King's College London, commissioned by John Mann, Baron Mann, the UK government's independent advisor on antisemitism, stated that The Canary, alongside The Skwawkbox, "promote[s] a negative view of Jews" and views "life [as] a struggle between the oppressors and the oppressed, which leaves an in-group of 'socialists' – i.e. those who understand themselves to side with the oppressed – at constant risk of attack from a politically-defined Zionist enemy that must be driven out of the Labour Party." The authors of the report said that a quote from one of The Canarys co-founders "characterise[s] Israel as a European settler state, suggesting that practically every aspect of Israel is racist." In response, the press regulator IMPRESS began a preliminary investigation into both websites, reviewing 41 articles and one tweet from the two publications to assess whether they were in breach of the IMPRESS Standards Code Clause on discrimination.
In November 2021, IMPRESS released its findings that the material that they reviewed was "not sensationalist and does not use language that is likely to provoke hatred or put a person or group in fear, nor does it appear to be intended to have that effect. Those that disagree with the Publisher's views on subjects such as Zionism may find these views offensive, adversarial or provocative but this in and of itself does not rise to the level of threat to, or targeting of, persons or groups on the basis of their protected characteristics as envisaged by the Code." IMPRESS dismissed the matter after finding that "of the material in remit, none of it reached the threshold which would engage the discrimination clause and, therefore, further investigation would be unjustified".
Notable articles
The Canary has published a number of stories which have been notable enough to be picked up by mainstream media outlets.
Electoral fraud investigations
Following the 2015 United Kingdom general election, The Canary "dug into assorted expense claims and activities in (target) seats", according to Michael White in The Guardian, after a whistleblower contacted the website to allege illegal telephone push polling by the Conservatives.
Portland Communications story
In June 2016, a Canary article saying that the 2016 parliamentary revolt against Corbyn "appears to have been orchestrated" by Portland Communications went viral and was repeated by Len McCluskey on Andrew Marr's Sunday morning BBC programme. The article listed links between partners and employees of the PR firm, where Alastair Campbell is a senior advisor, and members of the centre-left Fabian Society and other politicians on the right of the Labour Party, without providing evidence that the firm had organised the revolt.
Laura Kuenssberg
The Canary has been critical of Laura Kuenssberg's coverage of Jeremy Corbyn, and BBC News politics coverage more generally. The website promoted a petition calling for Kuenssberg's resignation, hosted by 38 Degrees. 38 Degrees later took the petition down, with the agreement of the originator, saying that the petition "had become a focal point for sexist and hateful abuse made towards Laura Kuenssberg on Twitter." The Canary reported Craig Murray's view that the petition was probably taken down due to "Establishment pressure", while ethical entrepreneur Ian Middleton wrote in The Huffington Post that "if one looks at the list of comments published ... it's difficult to find anything remotely aggressive or sexist", and the accusations of abuse "may have been part of an orchestrated campaign on behalf of those looking to discredit the petition itself."
In the fourteen months between the withdrawal of the petition in May 2016 and 20 July 2017, according to Jasper Jackson of the New Statesman, The Canary ran "at least 17 articles criticising Kuenssberg. In September 2017, The Canary published an inaccurate headline that "(Kuenssberg's) listed as a speaker at the Tory Party conference". Although the article itself stated correctly that she had been invited to speak at a fringe event, the website made several changes to its article after it was first published, without detailed clarifications. The Canary later modified its headline and added a statement released by the BBC in response, stating that she would not be speaking. In December 2017, the press regulator IMPRESS adjudicated that the website had broken its code by publishing an inaccurate headline, not making sufficient efforts to check the facts, and failing to correct the inaccuracy with due prominence. During the IMPRESS investigation, two board members were recused after publicly criticising Kuenssberg. The Canarys tweet remained online and was widely shared on social media.
Carl David Goette-Luciak
In September 2018, The Canary republished an article by Max Blumenthal (originally published by MintPress News) attacking Nicaragua-based Carl David Goette-Luciak, a freelance journalist reporting on anti-government protests for The Guardian, days after the Committee to Protect Journalists warned that that Goette-Luciak was the victim of a "targeted online harassment campaign" by supporters of the government. Shortly afterwards, Goette-Luciak was detained, interrogated and deported. The Canary published a further article by Blumenthal attacking the reporter, and a lecture by The Canarys editor due to be given at The Guardians offices was protested against by the National Union of Journalists and subsequently cancelled, leading to some controversy.
Readership
During July 2016, The Canary achieved over 7.5 million page views, ranking 97th in readership among British media organisations, slightly higher than The Spectator and The Economist. The site's publishers, Canary Media, rose 47 spots from 126th in June to 79th in July among the top UK publishers. By June 2020, the site had fallen out of the top 1,000 with just over 600,000 pageviews. The majority of its site traffic comes from Facebook.
A 2018 study by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism found The Canary to be used by 2% of the UK news audience, compared with The Times website on 5% or The Guardian on 15%. Its readers were more left wing than readers of all but one other publication in the survey.
According to Press Gazette, in July 2022 The Canary had a readership of 654,000, with 2.3 million page views, and reached 1.31% of the UK population, making it the third most popular politics news website in the UK behind Politico and Politics Home.
See also
The London Economic
Paul Staines
References
Further reading
External links
2015 establishments in the United Kingdom
Alternative journalism organizations
British news websites
British political websites
Internet properties established in 2015
Left-wing politics in the United Kingdom
Mass media in Bristol |
Disinformation attacks involve the coordinated dissemination of false information, with an end goal of misleading, confusing, or manipulating an audience. Disinformation can be considered an attack when it occurs as an adversarial narrative campaign that weaponizes multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths, half-truths, and value-laden judgements—to exploit and amplify identity-driven controversies. Disinformation attacks may be executed by political, economic or individual actors to influence state or non-state entities and domestic or foreign populations. These attacks are commonly employed to reshape attitudes and beliefs, drive a particular agenda, or elicit certain actions from a target audience. Tactics include the presentation of incorrect or misleading information, the creation of uncertainty, and the undermining of both correct information and the credibility of information sources.
Disinformation attacks can be employed through traditional media outlets, such as state-sponsored TV channels and radios. However, disinformation attacks have become increasingly widespread and potent with the advent of social media. Digital tools such as bots, algorithms, and AI technology are leveraged to spread and amplify disinformation and micro-target populations on online platforms like Instagram, Twitter, Google, Facebook, and YouTube. Due to their nature, disinformation attacks have been called to be formally classified as an actual cyber threat by advocates.
Disinformation attacks are being used against governments, organizations, and individuals. They can pose threats to democracy, the integrity of electoral processes, and national security in general. Experts worry that disinformation attacks will increasingly be used to influence national elections and undermine democratic processes. Disinformation attacks are also used to undermine the credibility of science and to influence individual action and public policy, particularly in areas of public health and environmental science. Long-term disinformation attacks include denials of the dangers of leaded gasoline, smoking, and fossil fuel-driven climate change. Claire Wardle encourages people to move beyond a siloed approach to disinformation that focuses on single areas of health, climate, or politics. She also emphasizes the need to address disinformation in terms of larger narratives, not just individual facts.
Defensive measures address a convergence of factors involving technology, media, and human behavior. Defensive measures include machine learning applications that can flag disinformation on platforms, fact-checking and algorithmic adjustment systems, and collaboration between private social media companies and governments in creating solutions and sharing key information. Educational programs are also being developed to teach people how to better discern between facts and disinformation online and best practices for countering disinformation. Research into scientific disinformation suggests that a number of tactics can prove useful against disinformation. Individually-focused Interventions include actions that can be taken by websites and information providers to encourage more thoughtful interaction on the part of individuals (warning and fact-checking labels, accuracy prompts, friction and self-reflection tools); actions that can be taken by individuals to improve their own skills in dealing with information (lateral reading, media-literacy tips); and actions that can be taken by individuals or organizations to challenge disinformation (debunking, inoculation, rebuttals of science denialism, strengthening of social norms).
Goals
Disinformation attacks involve the intentional spreading of false information, with an end goal of misleading, confusing, or manipulating others to gain money, power, or reputation. They may involve political, economic, and individual actors. They may attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs, drive a specific agenda, get people to act in specific ways, or destroy credibility of individuals or institutions. The presentation of incorrect information may be the most obvious part of a disinformation attack, but it is not the only purpose. The creation of uncertainty and the undermining of both correct information and the credibility of information sources are often intended as well.
Convincing people to believe incorrect information
If individuals can be convinced of something that is factually incorrect, they may make decisions that are in fact run counter to the best interests of themselves and those around them. If the majority of people in a society can be convinced of something that is factually incorrect, the misinformation may lead to political and social decisions that are not in the best interest of that society. This can have serious impacts at both individual and societal levels.
In the 1990s, a British doctor who held a patent on a single-shot measles vaccine promoted distrust of combined MMR vaccine. His fraudulent claims were meant to promote sales of his own vaccine. The subsequent media frenzy increased fear and many parents chose not to immunize their children.
This was followed by a significant increase in cases, hospitalizations and deaths that would have been preventable by the MMR vaccine. It also led to the expenditure of substantial money on follow-up research that tested the assertions made in the disinformation, and on public information campaigns attempting to correct the disinformation. The fraudulent claim continues to be referenced and to increase vaccine hesitancy.
In the case of the 2020 United States presidential election, disinformation was used in an attempt to convince people to believe something that was not true and change the outcome of the election. Repeated disinformation messages about the possibility of election fraud were introduced years before the actual election occurred, as early as 2016. Researchers found that much of the fake news originated in domestic right-wing groups. The nonpartisan Election Integrity Partnership reported prior to the election that "What we're seeing right now are essentially seeds being planted, dozens of seeds each day, of false stories... They're all being planted such that they could be cited and reactivated … after the election." Groundwork was laid through multiple and repeated disinformation attacks for claims that voting was unfair and to delegitimize the results of the election once it occurred. Although the 2020 United States presidential election results were upheld, some people still believe the "Big Lie".
People who get information from a variety of news sources, not just sources from a particular viewpoint, are more likely to detect disinformation. Tips for detecting disinformation include reading reputable news sources at a local or national level, rather than relying on Social Media. Beware of sensational headlines that are intended to attract attention and arouse emotion. Fact-check information broadly, not just on your usual platform or among your friends. Check the original source of the information. Ask what was really said, who said it, and when? Consider possible agendas or conflicts of interest on the part of the speaker or those passing along the information.
Undermining correct information
Sometimes undermining belief in correct information is a more important goal of disinformation than convincing people to hold a new belief. In the case of combined MMR vaccines, disinformation was originally intended to convince people of a specific fraudulent claim and by doing so promote sales of a competing product. However, the impact of the disinformation became much broader. The fear that one type of vaccine might pose a danger fueled general fears that vaccines might pose a risk. Rather than convincing people to choose one product over another, belief in a whole area of medical research was eroded.
Creation of uncertainty
There is widespread agreement that disinformation is spreading confusion.
This is not just a side effect; confusing and overwhelming people is an intentional objective. Whether disinformation attacks are used against political opponents or "commercially inconvenient science", they sow doubt and uncertainty as a way of undermining support for an opposing position and preventing effective action.
A 2016 paper describes social media-driven political disinformation tactics as a "Firehose of Falsehood" that "entertains, confuses and overwhelms the audience." Four characteristics were illustrated with respect to Russian propaganda. Disinformation is used in a way that is 1) high-volume and multichannel 2) continuous and repetitive 3) ignores objective reality and 4) ignores consistency. It becomes effective by creating confusion and obscuring, disrupting and diminishing the truth. When one falsehood is exposed, "the propagandists will discard it and move on to a new (though not necessarily more plausible) explanation." The purpose is not to convince people of a specific narrative, but to "Deny, deflect, distract".
Countering this is difficult, in part because "It takes less time to make up facts than it does to verify them." There is evidence that false information "cascades" travel farther, faster, and more broadly than truthful information, perhaps due to novelty and emotional loading.
Trying to fight a many-headed hydra of disinformation may be less effective than raising awareness of how disinformation works and how to identify it, before an attack occurs. For example, Ukraine was able to warm citizens and journalists about the potential use of state-sponsored deepfakes in advance of an actual attack, which likely slowed its spread.
Another way to counter disinformation is to focus on identifying and countering its real objective. For example, if disinformation is trying to discourage voters, find ways to empower voters and elevate authoritative information about when, where and how to vote. If claims of voter fraud are being put forward, provide clear messaging about how the voting process occurs, and refer people back to reputable sources that can address their concerns.
Undermining of trust
Disinformation involves more than just a competition between inaccurate and accurate information. Disinformation, rumors and conspiracy theories call into question underlying trust at multiple levels. Undermining of trust can be directed at scientists, governments and media and have very real consequences. Public trust in science is essential to the work of policymakers and to good governance, particularly for issues in medicine, public health, and the environmental sciences. It is essential that individuals, organizations and governments have access to accurate information when making decisions.
An example is disinformation around COVID-19 vaccines. Disinformation has targeted the products themselves, the researchers and organizations who developed them, the healthcare professionals and organizations who administer them, and the policy-makers that have supported their development and advised their use.
Countries where citizens had higher levels trust in society and government appear to have mobilized more effectively against the virus, as measured by slower virus spread and lower mortality rates.
Studies of people's beliefs about the amount of disinformation and misinformation in the news media suggest that distrust of traditional news media tends to be associated with reliance on alternate information sources such as social media. Structural support for press freedoms, a stronger independent press, and evidence of the credibility and honesty of the press can help to restore trust in traditional media as a provider of independent, honest, and transparent information.
Undermining of credibility
A major tactic of disinformation is to attack and attempt to undermine the credibility of people and organizations whose research or position of authority puts them in position to oppose the disinformation narrative. This can include politicians, government officials, scientists, journalists, activists, human rights defenders and others.
For example, a New Yorker report in 2023 revealed details about the campaign run by the UAE, under which the Emirati President Mohamed bin Zayed paid millions of euros to a Swiss businessman, Mario Brero, for ‘dark PR’ against their targets. Brero and his company Alp Services used the UAE money to create damning Wikipedia entries and publish propaganda articles against Qatar and those with ties to the Muslim Brotherhood. Targets included the company Lord Energy, which eventually declared bankruptcy following unproven allegations of links to terrorism. Alp was also paid by the UAE to publish 100 propaganda articles a year against Qatar.
Disinformation attacks on scientists and science, including attacks funded by the tobacco and fossil fuels industries, have been painstakingly documented in books such as Merchants of Doubt, Doubt Is Their Product, and The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception (2020). While scientists, doctors and teachers are considered the most trustworthy professionals globally scientists are concerned about whether confidence in science has decreased. Sudip Parikh, CEO of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2022 is quoted as saying "We now have a significant minority of the population that’s hostile to the scientific enterprise... We’re going to have to work hard to regain trust.” That said, at the same time that disinformation poses a threat, the widespread use of social media by scientists offers an unprecedented opportunity for scientific communication and engagement between scientists and the public, with the potential to increase public knowledge.
The American Council on Science and Health has advice for scientists facing a disinformation campaign, and notes that disinformation campaigns often incorporate some elements of truth to make them more convincing. The five recommendations include identifying and acknowledging any parts of the story that are actually true; explaining why other parts are untrue, out of context or manipulated; calling out motivations that may be behind the disinformation, such as financial interests or power; preparing an "accusation audit" in anticipation of further attacks; and maintaining your own calm and self-control. Others recommend educating yourself about the platforms you use and the privacy tools that platforms offer, so that you know how to protect your personal information and how to mute, block, and report online participants. Disinformers and online trolls are unlikely to engage in reasoned discussion or interact in good faith, and responding to them is rarely useful.
Studies clearly document the harassment of scientists, personally and in terms of scientific credibility. In 2021, a Nature survey reported that nearly 60% of scientists who had made public statements about COVID-19 had their credibility attacked. Attacks disproportionately affected those in nondominant identity groups such as women, transgender people, and people of color.
A highly visible example is Anthony S. Fauci. He is deeply respected nationally and internationally as an expert on infectious diseases. He also has been subjected to intimidation, harassment and death threats fueled by disinformation attacks and conspiracy theories. Despite those experiences, Fauci encourages early-career scientists "not to be deterred, because the satisfaction and the degree of contribution you can make to society by getting into public service and public health is immeasurable."
Undermining of collective action including voting
Individual decisions, like whether or not to smoke, are major targets for disinformation. So are policymaking processes such as the formation of public health policy, the recommendation and adoption of policy measures, and the acceptance or regulation of processes and products. Public opinion and policy interact: public opinion and the popularity of public health measures can strongly influence government policy and the creation and enforcement of industry standards. Disinformation attempts to undermine public opinion and prevent the organization of collection actions, including policy debates, government action, regulation and litigation.
An important type of collective activity is the act of voting. In the 2017 Kenyan general election, 87% of Kenyans surveyed reported encountering disinformation before the August election, and 35% reported being unable to make an informed voting decision as a result. Disinformation campaigns often target specific groups such as black or Latino voters to discourage voting and civic engagement. Fake accounts and bots are used to amplify uncertainty about whether voting really matters, whether voters are "appreciated", and whose interests politicians care about. Microtargeting can present messages precisely designed for a chosen population, while geofencing can pinpoint people based on where they go, like churchgoers. In some cases, voter suppression attacks have circulated incorrect information about where and when to vote. During the 2020 U.S. Democratic primaries, disinformation narratives arose around the use of masks and the use of mail-in ballots, relating to whether and how people would vote.
Undermining of functional government
Disinformation strikes at the foundation of democratic government: "the idea that the truth is knowable and that citizens can discern and use it to govern themselves." Disinformation campaigns are designed by both foreign and domestic actors to gain political and economic advantage. The undermining of functional government weakens the rule of law and can enable both foreign and domestic actors to profit politically and economically. At home and abroad, the goal is to weaken opponents. Elections are an especially critical target, but the day-to-day ability to govern is also undermined.
The Oxford Internet Institute at Oxford University reports that in 2020, organized social media manipulation campaigns were active in 81 countries, an increase from 70 countries in 2019. 76 of those countries used disinformation attacks. The report describes disinformation as being produced globally "on an industrial scale".
A Russian operation known as the Internet Research Agency (IRA) spent thousands on social media ads to influence the 2016 United States presidential election, confuse the public on key political issues and sow discord. These political ads leveraged user data to micro-target certain populations and spread misleading information, with an end goal of exacerbating polarization and eroding public trust in political institutions. The Computational Propaganda Project at Oxford University found that the IRA's ads specifically sought to sow mistrust towards the U.S. government among Mexican Americans and discourage voter turnout among African Americans.
An examination of twitter activity prior to the 2017 French presidential election indicates that 73% of the disinformation flagged by Le Monde was traceable to two political communities: one associated with François Fillon (right-wing, with 50.75% of the fake link shares) and another with Marine Le Pen (extreme-right wing, 22.21%). 6% of accounts in the Fillon community and 5% of the Le Pen community were early spreaders of disinformation. Debunking of the disinformation came from other communities, and was most often related to Emmanuel Macron (39.18% of debunks) and Jean-Luc Mélenchon (14% of debunks).
Another analysis, of the 2017 #MacronLeaks disinformation campaign, illustrates frequent patterns of election-related disinformation campaigns. Such campaigns often peak 1–2 days before an election. The scale of a campaign like #MacronLeaks can be comparable to the volume of regular discussion in that time period, suggesting that it can obtain considerable collective attention. About 18 percent of the users involved in #MacronLeaks were identifiable as bots. Spikes in bot content tended to occur slightly ahead of spikes in human-created content, suggesting bots were able to trigger cascades of disinformation. Some bot accounts showed a pattern of previous use: creation shortly before the 2016 U.S. presidential election, brief usage then, and no further activity until early May 2017, prior to the French election. Alt-right media personalities including Britain's Paul Joseph Watson and American Jack Posobiec prominently shared MacronLeaks content prior to the French election. Experts worry that disinformation attacks will increasingly be used to influence national elections and democratic processes.
In A Lot of People Are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy (2020) Nancy L. Rosenblum and Russell Muirhead examine the history and psychology of conspiracy theories and the ways in which they are used to de-legitimize the political system. They distinguish between classical conspiracy theory in which actual issues and events (such as the Assassination of John F. Kennedy) are examined and combined to create a theory, and a new form of "conspiracism without theory" that relies on repeating false statements and hearsay without factual grounding.
Such disinformation exploits our human bias towards accepting new information. Humans constantly share information and rely on others to provide information we can’t verify for ourselves. In our daily experience, much of that information will be true, whether we ask if it's cold outside or cold in Antarctica. As a result, we tend to believe what we hear. Studies even show an “illusory truth effect”: the more often we hear a claim, the more likely we are to consider it true. This is the case even when people identify a statement as false the first time they see it; they are likely to rank the probability that it is true higher after multiple exposures.
Social media is particularly dangerous as a source of disinformation because robots and multiple fake accounts are used to repeat and magnify the impact of false statements. Algorithms track what you click on and recommend content similar to what you've chosen, creating confirmation bias and filter bubbles. In more tightly-focused communities an echo chamber effect is enhanced.
Autocrats have employed domestic voter disinformation attacks to cover up electoral corruption. Voter disinformation can include public statements that assert local electoral processes are legitimate and statements that discredit electoral monitors. Public-relations firms may be hired to execute specialized disinformation campaigns, including media advertisements and behind-the-scenes lobbying, to push the narrative of an honest and democratic election.
Independent monitoring of the electoral process is essential to combatting electoral disinformation. Monitoring can include both citizen election monitors and international observers, as long as they are credible. Norms for accurate characterization of elections are based on ethical principles, effective methodologies, and impartial analysis. Democratic norms emphasize the importance of open electoral data, the free exercise of political rights, and protection for human rights.
Increasing polarization and legitimizing violence
Disinformation attacks can increase political polarization and alter public discourse. Foreign manipulation campaigns may attempt to amplify extreme positions and weaken a target society, while domestic actors may try to demonize political opponents.
States with highly polarized political landscapes and low public trust in local media and government are particularly vulnerable to disinformation attacks.
There is concern that Russia will employ disinformation, propaganda, and intimidation to destabilize NATO members, such as the Baltic states and coerce them into accepting Russian narratives and agendas.
During the Russo-Ukrainian War of 2014, Russia combined traditional combat warfare with disinformation attacks in a form of hybrid warfare in its offensive strategy, to sow doubt and confusion among enemy populations and intimidate adversaries, erode public trust in Ukrainian institutions, and boost Russia's reputation and legitimacy. Since escalating the Russo-Ukrainian War with the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia's pattern of disinformation has been described by CBC News as "Deny, deflect, distract".
Thousands of stories have been debunked, including doctored photographs and deepfakes. At least 20 main "themes" are being promoted by Russia propaganda, targeting audiences far beyond Ukraine and Russia. Many of these try to reinforce ideas that Ukraine is somehow Nazi-controlled, that its military forces are weak, and that damage and atrocities are due to Ukrainian, not Russian, actions. Many of the images they examine are shared on Telegraph. Government organizations and independent journalistic groups such as Bellingcat work to confirm or deny such reports, often using open-source data and sophisticated tools to identify where and when information has originated and whether claims are legitimate. Bellingcat works to provide an accurate account of events as they happen and to create a permanent, verified, longer-term record.
Fear-mongering and conspiracy theories are used to encourage polarization, to promote exclusionary narratives, and to legitimize hate speech and aggression. As has been painstakingly documented, the period leading up to The Holocaust was marked by repeated disinformation and increasing persecution by the Nazi government, culminating in the mass murder of 165,200 German Jews by a "genocidal state".
Populations in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America today are considered to be at serious risk for human rights abuses. Changing conditions in the United States have also been identified as increasing risk factors for violence.
Elections are particularly tense political transition points, emotionally charged at any time, and increasingly targeted by disinformation. These conditions increase the risk of individual violence, civil unrest, and mass atrocities. Countries such as Kenya whose history has involved ethnic or election-related violence, foreign or domestic interference, and a high reliance on the use of social media for political discourse, are considered to be at higher risk.
The United Nations Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes identifies elections as an atrocity risk indicator: disinformation can act as a threat multiplier for atrocity crime. Recognition of the seriousness of this problem is essential, to mobilize governments, civic society, and social media platforms to take steps to prevent both online and offline harm.
Disinformation channels
Scientific research
A pattern for disinformation attacks involving scientific sources developed in the 1920s. It illustrates tactics that continue to be used.
As early as 1910, industrial toxicologist Alice Hamilton documented the dangers associated with exposure to lead. In the 1920s, Charles Kettering, Thomas Midgley Jr. and Robert A. Kehoe of the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation introduced lead into gasoline. Following the sensational madness and deaths of workers at their plants, a Public Health Service conference was held in 1925, to review the use of Tetraethyllead (TEL). Hamilton and others warned of leaded gasoline's potential danger to people and the environment. They questioned the research methodology used by Kehoe, who claimed that lead was a "natural" part of the environment and that high lead levels in workers were "normal". Kettering, Midgley and Kehoe emphasized that a gas additive was needed, and argued that until "it is shown ... that an actual danger to the public is had as a result", the company should be allowed to produce its product. Rather than requiring industry to show that their product was safe before it could be sold, the burden of proof was placed on public health advocates to show uncontestable proof that harm had occurred. Critics of TEL were described as "hysterical". With industry support, Kehoe went on to became a prominent industry expert and advocate for the position that leaded gasoline was safe, holding "an almost complete monopoly" on research in the area. It would be decades before his work was finally discredited. In 1988, the EPA estimated that over the previous 60 years, 68 million children suffered high toxic exposure to lead from leaded fuels.
By the 1950s, the production and use of biased "scientific" research was part of a consistent "disinformation playbook", used by companies in the tobacco, pesticide and fossil fuels industries. In many cases, the same researchers, research groups, and public relations firms were hired by multiple industries. They repeatedly argued that products were safe while knowing that they were unsafe. When assertions of safety were challenged, it was argued that the products were necessary. Through coordinated and widespread campaigns, they worked to influence public opinion and to manipulate government officials and regulatory agencies, to prevent regulatory or legal action that might interfere with profits.
Similar tactics continue to be used by scientific disinformation campaigns. When proof of harm is presented, it is argued that the proof is not sufficient. The argument that more proof is needed is used to put off action to some future time. Delays are used to block attempts to limit or regulate industry, and to avoid litigation, while continuing to profit. Industry-funded experts carry out research that all too often can be challenged on methodological grounds as well as over conflicts of interest. Disinformers use bad research as a basis for claiming that scientists are not in agreement, and to generate specific claims as part of a disinformation narrative. Opponents are often attacked on a personal level as well as in terms of their scientific work.
A tobacco industry memo summarized this approach by saying "Doubt is our product". Scientists generally consider a question in terms of the likelihood that a conclusion is supported, given the weight of the best available scientific evidence. Evidence tends to involve measurement, and measurement introduces a potential for error. A scientist may say that available evidence is sufficient to support a conclusion about a problem, but will rarely claim that a problem is fully understood or that a conclusion is 100% certain. Disinformation rhetoric tries to undermine science and sway public opinion by using a "doubt strategy". Reframing the normal scientific process, disinformation often suggests that anything less than 100% certainty implies doubt, and that doubt means there is no consensus about an issue. Disinformation attempts to undermine both certainty about a particular issue and about science itself.
Decades of disinformation attacks have considerably eroded public belief in science.
Scientific information can become distorted as it is transferred among primary scientific sources, the popular press, and social media. This can occur both intentionally and unintentionally.
Some features of current academic publishing like the use of preprint servers make it easier for inaccurate information to become public, particularly if the information reported is novel or sensational.
Steps to protect science from disinformation and interference include both individual actions on the part of scientists, peer reviewers, and editors, and collective actions via research, granting, and professional organizations, and regulatory agencies.
Traditional media outlets
Traditional media channels can be used to spread disinformation. For example, Russia Today is a state-funded news channel that is broadcast internationally. It aims to boost Russia's reputation abroad and also depict Western nations, such as the U.S., in a negative light. It has served as a platform to disseminate propaganda and conspiracy theories intended to mislead and misinform its audience.
Within the United States, sharing of disinformation and propaganda has been associated with the development of increasingly "partisan" media, most strongly in right-wing sources such as Breitbart, The Daily Caller, and Fox News. As local news outlets have declined, there has been an increase in partisan media outlets that “masquerade” as local news sources. The impact of partisanship and its amplification through the media is documented. For example, attitudes to climate legislation were bipartisan in the 1990s but became intensely polarized by 2010. While media messaging on climate from Democrats increased between 1990 and 2015 and tended to support the scientific consensus on climate change, Republican messaging around climate decreased and became more mixed.
A “gateway belief” that affects people's acceptance of scientific positions and policies is their understanding of the extent of scientific agreement on a topic. Undermining scientific consensus is therefore a frequent disinformation tactic. Indicating that there is a scientific consensus (and explaining the science involved) can help to counter misinformation. Indicating the broad consensus of experts can help to align people's perceptions and understandings with the empirical evidence. Presenting messages in a way that aligns with someone's cultural frame of reference makes them more likely to be accepted.
It is important to avoid false balance, in which opposing claims are presented in a way that is out of proportion to the actual evidence for each side. One way to counter false balance is to present a weight-of-evidence statement that explicitly indicates the balance of evidence for different positions.
Social media
Perpetrators primarily use social media channels as a medium to spread disinformation. They leverage a variety of tools to carry out disinformation attacks, such as bots, algorithms, deep fake technology, and psychological principles.
Personas and websites may be created with the intention of presenting and spreading incorrect information in a way that makes it appear credible. A faked website may present itself as being from a professional or educational organization. A person may imply that they have credentials or expertise. Disinformation actors may create whole networks of interconnected supposed "authorities". Whether we assume that someone is truthful and whether we choose to fact-check what we see are predictors of susceptibility to disinformation. Carefully consider sources and claims of authority; cross-check information against a wide range of sources.
Astroturfing is the practice of putting out overwhelming amounts of content promoting similar messages from multiple fake accounts. This gives an impression of widespread consensus around a message, simulating a grassroots response while hiding its origin. Flooding is the spamming of social media with messages to shape a narrative or drown out opposition. Repeated exposure to a message is more likely to establish it in someone's mind. Disinformation actors will often tailor messages to a particular audience, to engage with individuals and build credibility with them, before exposing them to more extreme or misleading views.
Bots are automated agents that can produce and spread content on online social platforms. Many bots can engage in basic interactions with other bots and humans. In disinformation attack campaigns, they are leveraged to rapidly disseminate disinformation and breach digital social networks. Bots can produce the illusion that one piece of information is coming from a variety of different sources. In doing so, disinformation attack campaigns make their content seem believable through repeated and varied exposure. By flooding social media channels with repeated content, bots can also alter algorithms and shift online attention to disinformation content.
Algorithms are leveraged to amplify the spread of disinformation. Algorithms filter and tailor information for users and modify the content they consume. A study found that algorithms can be radicalization pipelines because they present content based on its user engagement levels. Users are drawn more to radical, shocking, and click-bait content. As a result, extremist, attention-grabbing posts can garner high levels of engagement through algorithms. Disinformation campaigns may leverage algorithms to amplify their extremist content and sow radicalization online.
An app called “Dawn of Glad Tidings,” developed by Islamic State members, assists in the organization's efforts to rapidly disseminate disinformation in social media channels. When a user downloads the app, they are prompted to link it to their Twitter account and grant the app access to tweeting from their personal account. This app allows for automated Tweets to be sent out from real user accounts and helps create trends across Twitter that amplify disinformation produced by the Islamic State on an international scope.
A deep fake is digital content (audio and video) that has been manipulated. Deep fake technology can be harnessed to defame, blackmail, and impersonate. Due to its low costs and efficiency, deep fakes can be used to spread disinformation more quickly and in greater volume than humans can. Disinformation attack campaigns may leverage deep fake technology to generate disinformation concerning people, states, or narratives. Deep fake technology can be weaponized to mislead an audience and spread falsehoods.
Emotion is used and manipulated to spread disinformation and false beliefs. Arousing emotions can be persuasive. When people feel strongly about something, they are more likely to see it as true. Emotion can also cause people to think less clearly about what they are reading and the credibility of its source. Content that appeals to emotion is more likely to spread quickly on the internet. Fear, confusion, and distraction can all interfere with people's ability to think critically and make good decisions.
Human psychology is leveraged to make disinformation attacks more potent and viral. Psychological phenomena, such as stereotyping, confirmation bias, selective attention, and echo chambers, contribute to the virality and success of disinformation on digital platforms. Disinformation attacks are often considered a type of psychological warfare because of their use of psychological techniques to manipulate populations.
Perceptions of identify and a sense of belonging are manipulated so as to influence people. Feelings of social belonging are reinforced to encourage affiliation with a group and discourage dissent. This can make people more succeptible to an "influencer" or leader who may encourage his “engaged followership” to attack others. The type of behavior has been compared to the collective behavior of mobs and is similar to dynamics within cults.
In many cases, individuals and companies in different countries are paid to create false content and push disinformation, sometimes earning both payments and advertising revenue by doing so. "Disinfo-for-hire actors" often promote multiple issues, or even multiple sides in the same issue, solely for material gain. Others are motivated politically or psychologically.
More broadly, social media can be examined in terms of its market practices, and the ways in which its structures and practices "monetize" viewer engagement. Media outlets (1) provide content to the public at little or no cost, (2) capture and refocus public attention and (3) collect, use and resell user data. Advertising companies, publishers, influencers, brands, and clients may benefit from disinformation in a variety of ways.
In 2022, the Journal of Communication published a study of the political economy underlying disinformation around vaccines. Researchers identified 59 English-language "actors" that provided “almost exclusively anti-vaccination publications". Their websites monetized disinformation through appeals for donations, sales of content-based media and other merchandise, third-party advertising, and membership fees. Some maintained a group of linked websites, attracting visitors with one site and appealing for money and selling merchandise on others. In how they gained attention and obtained funding, their activities displayed a "hybrid monetization strategy". They attracted attention by combining eye-catching aspects of "junk news" and online celebrity promotion. At the same time, they developed campaign-specific communities to publicize and legitimize their position, similar to radical social movements.
Defense measures
Disinformation is an ethical, social, legal and technological problem.
Defensive measures against disinformation can occur at a wide variety of levels, in diverse societies, under different laws and conditions. Responses to disinformation can involve institutions, individuals, and technologies, including government regulation, self-regulation, monitoring by third parties, the actions of private actors, the influence of crowds, and technological changes to platform architecture and algorithmic behaviors. It is important to develop and share best practices for countering disinformation and building resilience against it.
Existing social, legal and regulatory guidelines may not apply easily to actions in an international virtual world, where private corporations compete for profitability, often on the basis of user engagement. Ethical concerns apply to some of the possible responses to disinformation, as people debate issues of content moderation, free speech, the right to personal privacy, human identity, human dignity, suppression of human rights and religious freedom, and the use of data. The scope of the problem means that "Building resilience to and countering manipulative information campaigns is a whole-of-society endeavor."
National and international laws
While authoritarian regimes have chosen to use disinformation attacks as a policy tool, their use poses specific dangers for democratic governments: using equivalent tactics will further deepen public distrust of political processes and undermine the basis of democratic and legitimate government. "Democracies should not seek to covertly influence public debate either by deliberately spreading information that is false or misleading or by engaging in deceptive practices, such as the use of fictitious online personas."
Further, democracies are encouraged to play to their strengths, including strong rule of law, respect for human rights, cooperation with partners and allies, soft power, and technical capability to address cyber threats.
The constitutional norms that govern a society are needed both to make governance effective and to avert tyranny. Providing accurate information and countering disinformation are legitimate activities of government. The OECD suggests that public communication of policy responses should follow open government principles of integrity, transparency, accountability and citizen participation.
A discussion of the US government's ability to legally respond to disinformation argues that responses should be based on principles of transparency and generality. Responses should avoid ad hominem attacks, racial appeals, or selectivity in the person responded to. Criticism should focus first on providing correct information and secondarily on explaining why the false information is wrong, rather than focusing on the speaker or repeating the false narrative.
In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple factors created "space for misinformation to proliferate". Government responses to this public health issue indicate several areas of weakness including gaps in basic public health knowledge, lack of coordination in government communication, and confusion about how to address a situation involving significant uncertainty. Lessons from the pandemic include the need to admit uncertainty when it exists, and to distinguish clearly between what is known and what is not yet known. Science is a process, and it is important to recognize and communicate that scientific understanding and related advice will change over time on the basis of new evidence.
Regulation of disinformation raises ethical issues. The right to freedom of expression is recognized as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law by the United Nations. Many countries have constitutional law that protects free speech. A country's laws may identify specific categories of speech that are or are not protected, and specific parties whose actions are restricted.
United States
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects both freedom of speech and freedom of the press from interference by the United States Congress. As a result, the regulation of disinformation in the United States tends to be left to private rather than government action.
The First Amendment does not protect speech used to incite violence or break the law, or "obscenity, child pornography, defamatory speech, false advertising, true threats, and fighting words".
With these exceptions, debating matters of "public or general interest" in a way that is "uninhibited, robust and wide-open" is expected to benefit a democratic society.
The First Amendment tends to rely on counterspeech as a workable corrective measure, preferring refutation of falsehood to regulation.
There is an underlying assumption that identifiable parties will have the opportunity to share their views on a relatively level playing field, where a public figure being drawn into a debate will have increased access to the media and a chance of rebuttal. This may no longer hold true when rapid, massive disinformation attacks are deployed against an individual or group through anonymous or multiple third parties, where "A half-day’s delay is a lifetime for an online lie."
Other civil and criminal laws are intended to protect individuals and organizations in cases where speech involves defamation of character (libel or slander) or fraud. In such cases, being incorrect is not sufficient to justify legal or governmental action. Incorrect information must demonstrably cause harm to others or enable the liar to gain an unjustified benefit. Someone who has knowingly spread disinformation and used that disinformation to gain money may be chargeable with fraud.
The extent to which these existing laws can be effectively applied against disinformation attacks is unclear. Under this approach, a subset of disinformation, which is not only untrue but "communicated for the purpose of gaining profit or advantage by deceit and causes harm as a result" could be considered “fraud on the public,” and no longer considered a type of protected speech. Much of the speech that constitutes disinformation would not meet this test.
European Union
The Digital Services Act (DSA) is a Regulation in EU law that establishes a legal framework within the European Union for the management of content on intermediaries, including illegal content, transparent advertising, and disinformation.
The European Parliament approved the DSA along with the Digital Markets Act on 5 July 2022. The European Council gave its final approval to the Regulation on a Digital Services Act on 4 October 2022. It was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on the 19th of October, 2022. Affected service providers will have until 1 January 2024 to comply with its provisions. DSA aims to harmonise differing laws at the national level in the European Union including Germany (NetzDG), Austria ("Kommunikationsplattformen-Gesetz") and France ("Loi Avia"). Platforms with more than 45 million users in the European Union, including Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and TikTok would be subject to the new obligations. Companies failing to meet those obligations could risk fines of up to 10% of their annual turnover.
As of April 25, 2023, Wikipedia was one of 17 platforms to be designated a Very Large Online Platform (VLOP) by the EU Commission, with regulations taking effect as of August 25, 2023. In addition to any steps taken by the WIkimedia Foundation, Wikipedia's compliance with the Digital Services Act will be independently audited, on a yearly basis, beginning in 2024.
Russia and China
It has been suggested that China and Russia are jointly portraying the United States and the European Union in an adversarial way in terms of the use of information and technology. This narrative is then used by China and Russia to justify the restriction of freedom of expression, access to independent media, and internet freedoms. They have jointly called for the “internationalization of internet governance”, meaning distribution of control of the internet to individual sovereign states. In contrast, calls for global internet governance emphasize the existence of a free and open internet, whose governance involves citizens and civil society. Democratic governments need to be aware of the potential impact of measures used to restrict disinformation both at home and abroad. This is not an argument that should block legislation, but it should be taken into consideration when forming legislation.
Private regulation
In the United States, the First Amendment limits the actions of Congress, not those of private individuals, companies and employers. Private entities can establish their own rules (subject to local and international laws) for dealing with information. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Telegram could legally establish guidelines for moderation of information and disinformation on their platforms. Ideally, platforms should attempt to balance free expression by their users against the moderation or removal of harmful and illegal speech.
Sharing of information through broadcast media and newspapers has been largely self-regulating. It has relied on voluntary self-governance and standard-setting by professional organizations such as the US Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ). The SPJ has a code of ethics for professional accountability, which includes seeking and reporting truth, minimizing harm, accountability and transparency. The code states that "whoever enjoys a special measure of freedom, like a professional journalist, has an obligation to society to use their freedoms and powers responsibly." Anyone can write a letter to the editor of the New York Times, but the Times will not publish that letter unless they choose to do so.
Arguably, social media platforms are treated more like the post office—which passes along information without reviewing it—than they are like journalists and print publishers who make editorial decisions and are expected to take responsibility for what they publish. The kinds of ethical, social and legal frameworks that journalism and print publishing have developed have not been applied to social media platforms.
It has been pointed out that social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have not had strong incentives to control disinformation or to self-regulate. To the extent that platforms rely on advertising for revenue, it is to their financial benefit to maximize user engagement, and the attention of users is demonstrably captured by sensational content. Algorithms that push content based on user search histories, frequent clicks and paid advertising leads to unbalanced, poorly sourced, and actively misleading information. It is also highly profitable. When countering disinformation, the use of algorithms for monitoring content is cheaper than employing people to review and fact-check content. People are more effective at detecting disinformation. People may also bring their own biases (or their employer's biases) to the task of moderation.
Privately owned social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter can legally develop regulations, procedures and tools to identify and combat disinformation on their platforms.
For example, Twitter can use machine learning applications to flag content that does not comply with its terms of service and identify extremist posts encouraging terrorism. Facebook and Google have developed a content hierarchy system where fact-checkers can identify and de-rank possible disinformation and adjust algorithms accordingly. Companies are considering using procedural legal systems to regulate content on their platforms as well. Specifically, they are considering using appellate systems: posts may be taken down for violating terms of service and posing as a disinformation threat, but users can contest this action through a hierarchy of appellate bodies.
Blockchain technology has been suggested as a potential defense mechanism against internet manipulation.
While blockchain was originally developed to create a ledger of transactions for the digital currency bitcoin, it is now widely used in applications where a permanent record or history of assets, transactions, and activities is desired. It provides a potential for transparency and accountability,
Blockchain technology could be applied to make data transport more secure in online spaces and the Internet of Things networks, making it difficult for actors to alter or censor content and carry out disinformation attacks.
Applying techniques such as blockchain and keyed watermarking on social media/messaging platforms could also help to detect and curb disinformation attacks. The density and rate of forwarding of a message could be observed to detect patterns of activity that suggest the use of bots and fake account activity in disinformation attacks. Blockchain could support both backtracking and forward tracking of events that involve the spreading of disinformation. If the content is deemed dangerous or inappropriate, its spread could be curbed immediately.
Understandably, methods for countering disinformation that involve algorithmic governance raise ethical concerns. The use of technologies that track and manipulate information raises questions about "who is accountable for their operation, whether they can create injustices and erode civic norms, and how we should resolve their (un)intended consequences".
A study from the Pew Research Center reports that public support for restriction of disinformation by both technology companies and government increased among Americans from 2018-2021. However, views on whether government and technology companies should take such steps became increasingly partisan and polarized during the same time period.
Collaborative measures
Cyber security experts claim that collaboration between public and private sectors is necessary to successfully combat disinformation attacks. Recommended cooperative defense strategies include:
The creation of "disinformation detection consortiums" where stakeholders (i.e. private social media companies and governments) convene to discuss disinformation attacks and come up with mutual defense strategies.
Sharing critical information between private social media companies and the government, so that more effective defense strategies can be developed.
Coordination among governments to create a unified and effective response against transnational disinformation campaigns.
However, in the United States, the Republican party is actively opposing both disinformation research and government involvement in fighting disinformation. Republicans gained a majority in the House in January 2023. Since then, the House Judiciary Committee has used legal action to send letters, subpoenas, and threats of legal action to researchers, demanding notes, emails and other records from researchers and even student interns, dating back to 2015. Institutions affected include the Stanford Internet Observatory at Stanford University, the University of Washington, the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab and the social media analytics firm Graphika. Projects include the Election Integrity Partnership, formed to identify attempts “to suppress voting, reduce participation, confuse voters or delegitimize election results without evidence” and the Virality Project, which has examined the spread of false claims about vaccines. Researchers argue that they have academic freedom to study social media and disinformation as well as freedom of speech to report their results. Despite conservative claims that the government acted to censor speech online, "no evidence has emerged that government officials coerced the companies to take action against accounts".
At the state level, state governments that were politically aligned with anti-vaccine activists successfully sought a preliminary injunction to prevent the Biden Administration from urging social media companies to fight misinformation about public health. The order issued by United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in 2023 "severely limits the ability of the White House, the surgeon general, [and] the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention... to communicate with social media companies about content related to Covid-19... that the government views as misinformation".
Strengthening civil society
Reports on disinformation in Armenia and Asia identify key issues and make recommendations. These can be applied to many other countries, particularly those experiencing "both profound disruption and an opportunity for change". The report emphasizes the importance of strengthening civil society by protecting the integrity of elections and rebuilding trust in public institutions. Steps to support the integrity of elections include: ensuring a free and fair process, allowing independent observation and monitoring, allowing independent journalistic access, and investigating electoral infractions. Other suggestions include rethinking state communication strategies to enable all levels of government to more effectively communicate and to address disinformation attacks.
National dialogue bringing together diverse public, community, political, state and nonstate actors as stakeholders is recommended for effective long-term strategic planning. Creating a unified strategy for legislation to deal with information spaces is recommended. Balancing concerns about freedom of expression with protections for individuals and democratic institutions is critical.
Another concern is the development of a healthy information environment that supports fact-based journalism, truthful discourse, and strong independent reporting at the same time that it rejects information manipulation and disinformation. Key issues for the support of resilient independent media include transparency of ownership, financial viability, editorial independence, media ethics and professional standards, and mechanisms for self-regulation.
During the 2018 Mexican general election, the collaborative journalism project Verificado 2018 was established to address misinformation. It involved at least eighty organizations, including local and national media outlets, universities and civil society and advocacy groups. The group researched online claims and political statements and published joint verifications. During the course of the election, they produced over 400 notes and 50 videos documenting false claims and suspect sites, and tracked instances where fake news went viral. Verificado.mx received 5.4 million visits during the election, with its partner organizations registering millions more. To deal with the sharing of encrypted messages via WhatsApp, Verificado set up a hotline where WhatsApp users could submit messages for verification and debunking. Over 10,000 users subscribed to Verificado's hotline.
Organizations promoting civil society and democracy, independent journalists, human rights defenders, and other activists are increasingly targets of disinformation campaigns and violence. Their protection is essential. Journalists, activists and organizations can be key allies in combating false narratives, promoting inclusion, and encouraging civic engagement. Oversight and ethics bodies are also critical. Organizations that have developed resources and trainings to better support journalists against online and offline violence and violence against women include the Coalition Against Online Violence,
Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas,
International Women’s Media Foundation,
UNESCO,
PEN America. and others.
Education and awareness
Media literacy education and information on how to identify and combat disinformation is recommended for public schools and universities. In 2022, countries in the European Union were ranked on a Media Literacy Index to measure resilience against disinformation. Finland, the highest ranking country, has developed a strong curriculum to teach critical thinking and resistance to information warfare, and made it part of its public education system. Fins also rank high in trust in government authorities and the media.
Following a 2007 cyberattack that included disinformation tactics, the country of Estonia focused on improving its cyberdefenses and made media literacy education a major focus from kindergarten through to high school.
In 2018, the Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age gathered a group of experts to produce a report with recommendations for teaching digital literacy. Proposed digital literacy curricula familiarize students with fact-checking websites such as Snopes and FactCheck.org. This curricula aims to equip students with critical thinking skills to discern between factual content and disinformation online.
Suggested areas to focus on include skills in critical thinking,
information literacy, science literacy and health literacy.
Another approach is to build interactive games such as the Cranky Uncle game, which teaches critical thinking and inoculates players against techniques of disinformation and science denial. The Cranky Uncle game is freely available and has been translated into at least 9 languages.
Training and best practices for identifying and countering disinformation are being developed and shared by groups of journalists, scientists, and others (e.g.
Climate Action Against Disinformation,
PEN America,
UNESCO,
Union of Concerned Scientists,
Young African Leaders Initiative).
Research suggests that a number of tactics have proven useful against scientific disinformation around climate change. These include: 1) providing clear explanations about why climate change is occurring 2) indicating that there is scientific consensus about the existence of climate change and about its basis in human actions 3) presenting information in ways that are culturally aligned with the listener 4) "inoculating" people by clearly identifying misinformation (ideally before a myth is encountered, but also later through debunking).
A "Toolbox of Interventions Against Online Misinformation and Manipulation" reviews research into Individually-focused Interventions to combat misinformation and their possible effectiveness. Tactics include:
Accuracy prompts - Social media and other sources of information can cue people to think about accuracy before sharing information online
Debunking - To expose false information, first focus on highlighting the true facts, before pointing out that misleading information is going to be given, and only then specifying the misinformation and explaining why it is wrong. Finally, the correct explanation should be reinforced. This way of countering disinformation is sometimes referred to as a "truth sandwich".
Avoid confrontation. Evidence suggests that when someone feels challenged or threatened by information that does not fit their existing worldview, they will "double down" on their previous beliefs rather than considering the new information. However, if strong evidence can be presented in a friendly and non-confrontational way, without arousing aggression or hostility, the new information is more likely to be considered.
Friction - Clickbait aimed at spreading disinformation tries to get people to react quickly and emotionally. Cueing people to slow down and think about their actions (e.g. by displaying a prompt like "Want to read this before sharing?") can limit the spread of disinformation.
Inoculation - Preemptively warning people about possible disinformation and techniques sued to spread disinformation, before they are exposed to an intended false message, can help them to identify false messages and attempts at manipulation. Short videos that describe specific tactics like fearmongering, the use of emotional language, or fake experts, help people resist online persuasion techniques.
Lateral reading - Fact check information by looking for independent and reputable sources. Verify the credibility of information on a website by independently searching the Web, not just looking at the original site.
Media-literacy tips - Specific strategies for spotting false news, such as those used in Facebook’s 2017 “Tips to Spot False News" (e.g. "be sceptical of headlines," "look closely at the URL") can help users to better discriminate between real and fake news stories.
Rebuttals of science denialism - Scientific denial can involve both inaccurate assertions about a particular topic (topic rebuttal) and rhetorical techniques and strategies that undermine, mislead or deny the validity of science as an activity (technique rebuttal). Countering science denial must address both types of tactics. Research into science denial raises questions about the societal understanding of science and scientific processes and how to improve science education.
Self-reflection tools - Various cognitive, social and affective factors are involved in beliefs, judgments and decisions. Individual differences in personality traits such as extroversion and the tendency to feel anger, anxiety, stress or depression, and fear are associated with a higher likelihood of sharing rumors online. Higher levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness and open-mindedness, and lower levels of extraversion are related to greater accuracy when identifying headlines as true or false. People who are more accurate in identifying headlines also report spending less time reading the news each week. Self-reflection tools that help people to be aware of their possible vulnerability may help them to identify microtargeting directed at individual traits.
Social norms - Disinformation often works to undermine social norms, normalizing and thriving on an atmosphere of confusion, distrust, fear and violence. In contrast, changing or emphasizing positive social norms is often a focus in programs attempting to improve health and social behaviors. Social norms may help to reinforce the importance of accurate information, and discourage the sharing and using of false information. Strong social norms may encourage the adoption of best practices and higher standards for dealing with disinformation, on the part of the news industry, technology companies, educational institutions, and individuals.
Warning and fact-checking labels - Online platforms have made intermittent attempts to flag information whose content or source is considered questionable. Warning labels can indicate that a piece of information or a source may be misleading. Fact-checking labels can give the ratings of professional or independent fact-checkers using a rating scale (e.g., as false or altered) or indicating grounds for their rating.
See also
Disinformation
Propaganda
Russian web brigades
Media manipulation
Deepfake
Doomscrolling
Algorithm
Psychological warfare
Social media
Fake news
Internet Research Agency
References |
The English Target Shooting Federation (ETSF) is the umbrella governing body for shooting sports in England. ETSF represents the Clay Pigeon Shooting Association, English Smallbore Shooting Union and the English Twenty Club. It is recognised by the UK Sports Councils; Sport England; Team England, British Shooting and others.
ETSF administers the England Performance Pathways for athletes training for the Commonwealth Games and nominates athletes to Commonwealth Games England for Commonwealth Games selection.
World Class Performance
Commonwealth Games
Shooting has historically been a highly successful sport for England at the Commonwealth Games, with England placed third in the all-time medal table for Shooting at the Commonwealth Games - after India and Australia. Shooting has been contested at every Games since Kingston in 1966, with the exception of Edinburgh in 1970 and Birmingham in 2022.
At the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, England shooter Michael Gault won his eighteenth medal - matching the record for most-medalled Commonwealth athlete in any sport. The record was jointly held with Australian shooter Phillip Adams.
Rankings based on overall number medals, tie-break by counting Gold/Silver/Bronze
See Also
England at the Commonwealth Games
Shooting at the Commonwealth Games
References
External Links
Sports governing bodies in England
Rifle associations
Shooting sports in the United Kingdom
Shooting sports organizations |
Barkeh-ye Chupan (, also Romanized as Barkeh-ye Chūpān and Barkeh Chūpān; also known as Bargeh Choopan) is a village in Howmeh Rural District of the Central District of Kangan County, Bushehr province, Iran.
At the 2006 census, its population was 238 in 56 households. The following census in 2011 counted 689 people in 150 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,235 people in 223 households; it was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Populated places in Kangan County |
Placentia may refer to:
Palace of Placentia, an English royal palace
Placentia, California, United States
Placentia, Italy, a Roman city known today as Piacenza
Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Battle of Placentia (disambiguation)
Placentia Bay
, the name of two ships of the Royal Navy
See also
Placencia, Belize
Plasencia, Extremadura, Spain
Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
Piacenza (disambiguation)
Plaisance (disambiguation), a French word
Not to be confused with Placenta |
Donald's Ostrich is an animated short film produced in Technicolor by Walt Disney Productions and released to theaters on December 10, 1937, by RKO Radio Pictures. It was the first film in the Donald Duck series of short films, although billed at the time as a Mickey Mouse cartoon. It was the first of the series to be released by RKO.
Donald's Ostrich was directed by Jack King and features the voices of Clarence Nash as Donald Duck, Pinto Colvig as Hortense the Ostrich, and Elvia Allman and Billy Bletcher as radio voices.
Plot
Donald is working along as a custodian at a whistle stop train station and is responsible for loading and unloading luggage. A train passes the station and dumps a large pile of luggage on Donald without stopping. Donald finds that one of the crates contains an ostrich and tied around the ostrich's neck he finds the following note: "My name is HORTENSE. Please see that I am fed and watered. P.S. I eat !"
Hortense begins to eat anything she can find at the station starting with the message. This includes Donald Duck's bottom. She then eats a concertina, a wind-up alarm clock and several balloons. This causes Hortense to have hiccups which Donald tries to cure by scaring her.
Finally Hortense swallows Donald's radio and her body begins to react to what is playing on the radio. Donald realizes Hortense has swallowed the radio and grabs a pair of forceps to try to pull it out (but ends up getting the concertina out instead). But when Hortense starts to react to a broadcast car race, Donald is unable to control her. Hortense finally crashes through a door which at last knocks the radio out of her, but she also gives Donald the hiccups.
Hortense
While Donald's Ostrich was the first and only time that Hortense the Ostrich appeared in animation, she later appeared as a comic book character as Donald's pet. Her first comic appearance was in the first publication of the Donald Duck Annual in 1938.
Hortense also appeared in the Donald Duck comic strip, first appearing on October 3, 1938 for a few weeks, and then appearing very occasionally until her last appearance on October 30, 1944.
Deleted scenes
One of the scenes involves Donald dressing up as Frankenstein's monster and scaring Hortense. The reason for cutting this out of the official version might have been that the design of the monster was copyrighted by Universal. These scenes were not included for theatrical release in the United States. However, they are left intact on a Pathescope 9.5mm home movie release of the film in the United Kingdom, dated from February 1938. The scenes were also compiled as a separate Pathescope release, titled Donald's Disguise.
Voice cast
Clarence Nash as Donald Duck
Pinto Colvig as Hortense the Ostrich
Elvia Allman as Lady Chef on Radio
Billy Bletcher as Villain on Radio
Fred Toones as Bass Singer
Adriana Caselotti as Opera Singer
Home media
The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume One: 1934-1941.
It was also released on VHS on Walt Disney Cartoon Classics Vol. 2: Here's Donald.
References
External links
1930s color films
Donald Duck short films
1930s Disney animated short films
1937 films
1937 animated films
Films directed by Jack King
Films produced by Walt Disney
Films scored by Oliver Wallace
Animated films about birds
Ostriches
Films with screenplays by Carl Barks
1930s American films |
Country–western dance encompasses any of the dance forms or styles which are typically danced to country-western music, and which are stylistically associated with American country and/or western traditions. Many are descended from dances brought to the United States by immigrants from the United Kingdom and Europe as early as the 1700s, which became integrated into American popular culture. Country dancing is also known as "kicker dancing" in Texas.
Dances
Western couple dancing is a form of social dance. Many different dances are done to country-western music. These dances include: Two Step, Waltz, Cowboy or Traveling Cha Cha, Polka Ten Step (also known as Ten Step Polka), Schottische, and other Western promenade dances, East Coast Swing, West Coast Swing, and Nightclub Two Step. The Two Step and various Western promenade or pattern couples dances are unique to country western dancing.
Western group dances include the following:
Line dance
Square dance
Traditional square dance
Modern western square dance
Country dancing is informal. Because of cowboy boots, country western dance is more likely to feature a flat-footed glide with some heel and toe touches rather than a lot of "toe type" dancing.
There are many versions of each dance, and many have no one "correct" set of steps. Individual dances may have different names in different areas of the United States. Some dances even have specific names local to particular dance venues. Cowboy, or "country" waltz consists of gliding steps that are consistent with wearing cowboy boots, rather than "on the balls of the feet" quick steps of the classic version. Neither foot is lifted completely from the ground. Steps should be a light footed glide rather than a flat footed shuffle.
Lead and follow
In traditional country–western dance, the man leads the dance by establishing the pace and length of stride, as well as deciding when to change the step. He leads his partner, usually a woman, by assertively yet gently directing her movements. The partner is expected to synchronize with the man, performing her part of the dance at his pace. In cases where the woman knew the routine and the man did not, it was acceptable for her to subtly direct the man, although she would still be the following partner.
In frontier days men danced with each other when women were not available. According to an early settler in Texas, "The gentle sex were few in number at the dance... Two men had to dance together to make a set." Another account states that "due to the scarcity of young women, a number of young bachelors who were either smooth shaven or wore polished shoes were designated as ladies." There were also "stag" dances with no women. "Heifer branded" men, those dancing the woman's role, wore handkerchiefs tied around one arm. A photograph from one early "stag" dance shows a "closed" dance position, with the "man's" right arm around the back of the "woman". At other times men dancing the role of the woman wore aprons.
History
Early history
Country–western dance originated in the dances and music brought to the United States by the people of the British Isles and continental Europe. In particular, there was a fad for French culture in the United States during the French Revolution of 1789–1799, and many French dances were absorbed into American popular culture. The American version of the Virginia Reel, for example, is based on the French dance called "Sir Roger de Coverly". French dancing teachers also brought quadrilles, dances which featured four couples dancing in a square. The cotillion appears to have originated from a quadrillion. These dances were particularly influential in the development of the square dance.
These dances soon developed into less formal dances, particularly the jig. One 1774 account states that "Betwixt the country dances they have what I call everlasting Jigs. A couple gets up and begins to cut a jig (to some Negro tune). Others come and cut them out, and these dances always last as long as the fidler can play." Another author wrote of whites doing "giggs". Southern wrote that "the whites themselves, and especially the younger ones, were apt to move into reels and jigs at their own dances after a few perfunctory bows in the direction of "society sets" such as minuets and cotillions.
Popular reels, danced with a partner, included Lady Walpole's Reel, aka Boston Fancy, Lady Washington's Reel and Speed the Plow. In the 1880s the "Devil's Dream", which bore a decided resemblance to the "Old Zip Coon", was a popular dance. In the late 19th century a type of country dance known as "swinging" appeared, which involved couples twirling around the dance floor together at high speed, much to the disapproval of many "etiquette experts".
In the early 19th century, large farmhouses were sometimes built with rooms intended for dancing. In smaller houses, the kitchen was used for this purpose. Town halls were also used for gatherings. House dances were called "junkets" or "heel-burners," and they were casual affairs. These dances would last from mid-afternoon through the next morning. In the early 19th century, Richmond, Virginia closed out yearly horse racing with a ball featuring reels, contradances, congos, hornpipes, and jigs.
Early solo dancing was composed mostly of extemporaneous jigging done by men. The term "jig" has been used to describe various forms of solo dance steps, as well as music, and has not been well defined. Jigs, clogs, shuffles, leaps, heel clicking, hornpipes, and other step dances may have come from various ethnic traditions, or nothing more than an individual improvisation. Other early terms used to describe either solo dancing or steps done as part of a circle or square dance were buck-and-wing, flat-footing, double shuffle, hoedown, and breakdown. Jigging was sometimes referred to as "making the splinters fly", and jig contests were sometimes held as side entertainment at dance parties. A Texan "stag dance" held in 1829 included jigs and hornpipes accompanied by patting juba. Music was often provided by fiddlers, many of whom were black, or with improvised "instruments": clevis and pin, scraping on a cotton hoe with a knife, patting of the foot, blowing on a comb through a thin piece of paper, tapping against drinking glasses, or even blowing on a peach leaf. Military bands and string bands were used in larger towns and/or on special occasions.
Dances on the prairie frontier included the scamperdown, double shuffle, western-swing, and half-moon.
"Frolics" were community events often associated with communal work such as corn shucking or house raising. When the work was complete, the participants celebrated with a feast and dancing. A fiddler, often a black man, was the main source of music for dances at these events. The banjo, too, derived from earlier African instruments, was also important. Reels, square dances, waltzes, polkas and other couple dances were performed with a spirit of freedom and improvisation, which music historian Bill C. Malone describes as "all so mingled that it is a dance without a name".
In West Texas, large dance events were a major community function. Those held at ranches were sometimes called "ranch dances". Dances for local people in smaller areas lasted for the evening, and the participants would go home after. Larger dances drew participants from a wider area, some of whom travelled by horseback or car to attend. Because it would be tiring to return the same day, these events could go on all night. While children slept, adults danced and socialized until morning. Unusually, the cooking at these events was handled by cowboys rather than women. They would serve a large midnight meal of barbecue and other country foods. When crowds were large, dancers would take turns dancing, paying a fee each time they danced so that the musicians could be paid.
1920s onwards
Commercialization of country music ramped up in the 1920s. Despite that trend, dance parties in private homes were still popular in the American South, featuring popular music played by fiddlers. Although many of the songs they played, such as "The Sailor's Hornpipe", or "The Virginia Reel" were once associated with specific dances, these associations faded over the years until the songs were completely separated from their original dances.
From the late 1930s to the 1950s, Western swing was extremely popular at dance venues in the Great Plains. Popular steps for the dance-focused style included foxtrots, waltzes of the "Mexican" and "cowboy" varieties, and even simple one-step and two-steps.
The extensive movements of workers and troops within the United States and overseas as a result of World War II indirectly caused the spread of country music, as enthusiasts brought their favored music and dances to their new homes. During World War II, the Venice neighborhood of Los Angeles teemed with National Guardsmen keeping watch for enemy ships. As a result, Venice developed a bustling nightlife scene of dance halls and lounges that featured country western and swing music.
From 1951 to 1961, the largest barn dance in California was held in Compton. Broadcast on radio and television as the Town Hall Party, the Town Hall featured popular country and western musicians of the day.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the country and western dance club Gilley's Club in Pasadena, Texas was certified by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's largest nightclub, with a capacity of 6,000 people and a floor space of .
One writer, Skippy Blair, noted in 1994 that, "At this writing, Country has become the dance of the decade." Blair lists Two Step, Waltz, East Coast Swing and West Coast Swing as the most popular couple country dances.
Clogging
Clogging is a step dance which is usually danced in groups to bluegrass music. It originates from the Appalachian region and is associated with the predecessor to bluegrass — "old-time" music, which is based on Irish and Scots-Irish fiddle tunes. It could be described as a more animated version of Irish step dance or a country version of tap dancing. There are dance competitions for clogging.
See also
List of basic dance topics
Country dance
United Country Western Dance Council
References
Social dance
Group dances
American folk dances |
The College of Journalism and Communications (CJC) is an academic college of the University of Florida. The centerpiece of the journalism programs at UF is WUFT, which consists of both a WUFT (TV) Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Public television and WUFT-FM NPR public radio station. The commercial broadcasting radio station, WRUF, is also one of the oldest stations in the state.
History
The college traces its origins to 1925, when the Department of Journalism was formed in Language Hall (now Anderson Hall). Orland K. "O.K." Armstrong was the first head of the department. The first three journalism degrees were awarded in 1928.
The department moved into Buckman Hall, a renovated dormitory, in 1937.
Rae O. Weimer, former managing editor at the New York City daily newspaper PM, began teaching in the Department of Journalism in 1949. In 1950, the journalism program was accredited, although it still had only "one classroom, no equipment and only two teachers." In late 1953, broadcasting was transferred to journalism and the department became a school, the School of Journalism and Communications.
In 1967, the school became a full-fledged college. Weimer was named the first dean; the current journalism building, Weimer Hall, is named for him.
From 1976 to 1994, Ralph Lowenstein served as dean and carried out the digital transformation of the college.
On July 1, 2021, Hub Brown assumed the role of Dean. Hub Brown was an associate dean and associate professor at the S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University. He succeeds Diane McFarlin, who retired after having served eight years in that role.
Academics
The department comprises four departments:
Department of Journalism (journalism)
Department of Media Production, Management, & Technology (MPMT)
Department of Advertising (advertising)
Department of Public Relations (public relations)
The College of Journalism and Communications offers several Bachelor of Science in Journalism, Media Production, Management, and Technology, Advertising, and Public relations. It offers Master of Arts in Journalism, mass communications, and Advertising, along with Ph.D.
The Center for Public Interest Communications
The Center for Public Interest Communications operates as a unit of the College of Journalism and Communications. The first of its kind in the nation, the Center studies, tests and helps organizations apply behavioral, cognitive and social science to create strategic communication designed to achieve positive social change.
Public interest communications is a science-driven approach to strategic communications that results in lasting change on an issue that transcends the interests of any single person or organization and advances our greater good.
The Center provides training to government agencies, universities, foundations, public interest communications agencies and nonprofits on how to incorporate elements of public interest communications in their work. It also partners with a number of organizations to help them create more effective communications strategies to drive positive social change. In addition, The Center develops workshops to share research with social change leaders and scientists to help them develop better communication strategies, and it hosts frank, an annual conference dedicated to public interest communications. It also publishes the Journal of Public Interest Communications, the first-ever, open-access, interdisciplinary journal featuring peer-reviewed research in the emerging field of public interest communications.
The Center grew out of The Frank Karel Chair in Public Interest Communications made possible by a $2 million grant made to the university in 2008 from Trellis Fund. The endowment was used to create a curriculum in public interest communications, and to mentor and advise students who plan to build careers in the field.
In May 2019, The Center for Public Interest Communications, in collaboration with UF CJC Online, launched the nation's first master's degree program in Public Interest Communications.
UF CJC Online
The College of Journalism and Mass Communications launched its online graduate program (UF CJC Online) in 2012 with an MA degree in Mass Communication with a specialization in global strategic communication. The college currently offers a master's degree with eight areas of specialization including Audience Analytics, Digital Strategy, Global Strategic Communication, Political Communication, Public Interest Communication, Public Relations, Social Media, and Web Design. Additionally, four graduate certificates are offered in Global Strategic Communication, Media Sales, Social Media and Web Design. The online graduate program has been recognized as a top rated online program (Ranked #1 online Master's in Communications Program by The Best Schools in 2019) UF CJC Online is administered by an in-house staff. Dr. Evan Kropp was named the Director of UF CJC Online in May 2019.
ABC News at UF
ABC News opened a "mini-bureau" at the College of Journalism and Communications in September 2008. It was one of five universities chosen for the ABC News on Campus program, along with Arizona State University, Syracuse University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the University of Texas at Austin.
Student organizations
In October 2011, the University of Florida chapter of the Public Relations Student Society of America (PRSSA) was named Most Outstanding Chapter of the Year.
See also
WRUF (AM)
WUFT-FM
WUFT (TV)
References
External links
Journalism and Communications
Journalism schools in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1925
1925 establishments in Florida |
Turkmen, Türkmen, Turkoman, or Turkman may refer to:
Peoples
Historical ethnonym
Turkoman (ethnonym), ethnonym used for the Oghuz Turks during the Middle Ages
Ethnic groups
Turkmen in Anatolia and the Levant (Seljuk and Ottoman-Turkish descendants):
Iraqi Turkmen, a Turkish minority living mostly in the Turkmeneli region in northern Iraq
Israeli Turkmen, a Turkish minority living in Israel
Turks in Lebanon, a Turkish minority living in Lebanon
Syrian Turkmen, a Turkish minority living mostly in northern Syria
Yörüks, a semi-nomadic group in Anatolia often referred to as Turkmen in Turkey
Anatolian beyliks, small principalities in Anatolia governed by Beys, late 11th–13th centuries
Turkmens, a Turkic people native to Central Asia living primarily in Turkmenistan and North Caucasus
Iranian Turkmens, Turkmen minority living in Iran
Afghan Turkmens, Turkmen minority living in Afghanistan
Turkmen in Pakistan, mostly Turkmen refugees from Afghanistan and Turkmenistan living in Pakistan
Turkmen tribes, the major modern Turkmen tribes that live in Turkmenistan, Iran and Afghanistan
Other uses for people
Türkmen (surname), list of people with the surname
Qarapapaqs or Terekeme, an ethnic minority living in Turkey, Iran and the South Caucasus
Oghuz Turks, a large branch of Turkic peoples, historically Muslim nomadic Oghuz Turks (in the 10th–18th centuries)
Languages
Eastern Oghuz
Turkmen language, the official language of Turkmenistan
Turkmen alphabet, used for official purposes in Turkmenistan
Western Oghuz
Iraqi Turkmen/Turkman dialects, a Turkish dialect in Iraq
Syrian Turkmen/Turkman dialects, a Turkish dialect in Syria
Places
Afghanistan
Turkman Valley
Azerbaijan
Türkmən, Barda
Türkmən, Goychay
Türkmən, Qabala
Iran
Turkmen Sahra
Torkamanchay
Torkaman County
Central District (Torkaman County)
Bandar Torkaman
Torkaman, West Azerbaijan
Tappeh Torkaman
Qarah Tappeh, Torkaman
Iraq
Turkmeneli
Northern Cyprus
Kontea, known in Turkish as Türkmenköy
Syria
Turkmen Mountain
Turkey
Türkmen, Çüngüş
Türkmen, Emirdağ
Türkmen, Gölpazarı
Türkmen, Keşan
Türkmen, Vezirköprü
Türkmenakören, Emirdağ
Turkmenistan
Türkmenabat
Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan
Culture
Music of Turkmenistan
Turkmen rug, a type of handmade floor-covering originating in Central Asia
Media
Türkmen Owazy, a music TV channel in Turkmenistan
Türkmeneli TV, a bilingual (Arabic and Turkish) TV channel based in Iraq and Turkey
Other uses
Someone or something related to Turkmenistan
Animals
Hybrid camel, sometimes called a Turkoman
Central Asian Shepherd Dog, known as the Turkmen Alabai
Turkoman horse, or Turkmene, an extinct breed of horse from Turkmenistan
Turkmenian kulan, Equus hemionus kulan, a type of wild ass
Turkoman (horse) (born 1982), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
Films
Torkaman (film), a 1974 Iranian film
See also
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Turkmen manat, the currency of Turkmenistan
Turkoman people (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
Anna Nazarov is an American ultimate player, best known for playing with UCLA Bruin Ladies Ultimate, San Francisco Fury, and multiple USA National Teams. Nazarov has many on-field strengths, but particularly notable are her throwing prowess and ability to generate blocks.
She has also co-authored an academic paper on the epidemiology of injuries to college ultimate players.
Ultimate career
Nazarov played ultimate at the University of California at Los Angeles, joining the inaugural women's team in the fall of 2003, and going on to win the Callahan Award in 2007. She helped lead Bruins Ladies Ultimate (BLU) to a finals appearance in the 2006 College Championships, where they fell to Stanford Superfly after defeating University of British Columbia in the quarterfinals and University of Colorado Boulder in the semifinals.
Nazarov played with San Francisco Blackbird in 2011, winning her first club title that season. In 2012, she joined San Francisco Fury, with whom she would win titles in 2012, 2017, 2018, and 2021. She captained Fury during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. In the 2014 and 2016 seasons, she was named to Ultiworld's all-club women's first team.
Nazarov has played for multiple USA National Teams. She won gold on the 2013 World Games Team (as an alternate) in Cali, Colombia, gold on the 2015 WCBU Women's Team in Dubai, UAE, gold on the 2016 WUGC Women's Team in London, England, gold on the 2017 World Games team in Wroclaw, Poland, and gold on the 2022 World Games Team (as an alternate) in Birmingham, Alabama. She was also named to the 2020 USA women's national team, which was set to compete in the 2020 World Ultimate and Guts Championships in the Netherlands, but was ultimately cancelled due to Covid-19.
She was the winner of the Kathy Pufahl Spirit Award in 2016. This award is given annually to a player "who has exhibited personal responsibility, integrity and selfless contribution to ultimate, combined with a high standard of playing ability." Nominees for this award are nominated by their club teams, and the winner is determined by a vote of teams playing at the National Championships.
She has been coaching in the women's ultimate program at the University of California, Berkeley since 2015.
Honors
Callahan Award Winner 2007
USAU National Champion 2011, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2021
World Games 1st Place 2013, 2017, 2021
WUGC 1st Place 2016, selected to 2020 team (cancelled due to Covid)
WCBU 1st Place 2015
Ultiworld All-Club Women's Team: 1st Team 2014, 2016, 2nd Team 2015
References
Ultimate (sport) players
Living people
1984 births |
Scolopax brachycarpa, is an extinct species of woodcock in the family Scolopacidae that was endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
Taxonomy
It belonged to an insular radiation of woodcocks that may have once existed throughout the Greater Antilles; another extinct member of this radiation is Scolopax anthonyi from Puerto Rico. Both birds shared more osteological characteristics with the Eurasian woodcock (S. rusticola) than the American woodcock (S. minor).
History and extinction date
It was described from Trouing Jean Paul, a late Holocene limestone cave in Haiti, and was the fourth most common species in the fossil assemblage collected from it. The fossils collected date to between 650 and 1600 years ago, which is over 5 millennia after the first Paleo-Indian presence on Hispaniola. Thus, S. brachycarpa may have survived the Amerindian colonization of Hispaniola and possibly even into the European colonization of the island, as scientific knowledge of the island's avifauna did not rigorously start until the 19th century, at which point S. brachycarpa may have been already wiped out by invasive species, such as cats, dogs, and mongooses.
References
Scolopax
Holocene extinctions
Extinct birds of the Caribbean
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Endemic birds of Hispaniola
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Haiti
Extinct animals of the Dominican Republic
Extinct animals of Haiti
Birds described in 2015
Fossil taxa described in 2015
Taxa named by David Steadman |
Max M. Axelrod (February 22, 1911 – March 30, 2004) was a businessman, sports pioneer, and social welfare activist from Cleveland, Ohio. He is known for founding the Cleveland Jewish News and Lake Forest Country Club and his charitable work with the Jewish Welfare Fund Appeal, Cleveland State University and the United Negro College Fund.
Early life
Axelrod was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1911 to Russian immigrants Peter and Mary Axelrod. Peter Axelrod founded The Cleveland Dairy, as farming and the production of kefir was the family business in Russia. His great uncle was Russian Menshevik revolutionary Pavel Borisovich Axelrod , the founder of Pravda, the official newspaper of Russia and inventor of keifer.
Max Axelrod graduated from Western Reserve University during the Great Depression with degrees in mathematics and law. Axelrod served in WWII with the U.S. Army in Eritrea, Somalia and throughout the Middle East, as both a lawyer and an intelligence officer for the US government.
Career
Axelrod founded The Cleveland Concession Co. in 1929 and held concession contracts with venues such as The Cleveland Municipal Stadium, The Cleveland Arena, The Cleveland Convention Center, Old League Park, The Public Auditorium and the Akron Rubber Bowl. He also served concessions at special community events, such as the Great Lakes Exposition in 1937.
For three years, Axelrod was chairman of the Cleveland Boxing Commission and ran the Cleveland Arena. He was an avid supporter of young African-American boxers and legitimized the sport by moving it from underground, Mafia-run warehouses to the Cleveland Arena. The most notable of these boxing matches was Jake LaMotta vs. Laurent Dauthuille in 1950. The fight was profiled in the 1980 film Raging Bull.
He bought several delicatessens in Cleveland, most famously the New Yorker Deli on Chester Avenue.
In the 1960s, Axelrod partnered with Yankees owner George Steinbrenner in an attempt to buy the Cleveland Browns. The pair also worked together to restart the Cleveland Air Show in 1964.
Axelrod founded and later served as president of Lake Forest Country Club in Hudson, Ohio. Prior to WWII, country clubs didn't allow Jews or African-Americans to join, so Axelrod created his own that did not discriminate in employment or membership.
Jewish Community activism
In the late 1950s Axelrod began his social welfare and charitable work in the Cleveland area.
He became a lifelong trustee of the Jewish Federation of Cleveland. In 1972 he headed the Jewish Welfare Fund Appeal, helping to raise millions and making numerous trips to Israel to serve on the board of the National Conference of Christians and Jews. Together with Lloyd Schwenger and several other Cleveland community leaders, Axelrod founded the Cleveland Jewish News in 1964 and served as the paper's first president. Max is listed as "President Emeritus" in the papers history.
Legacy
Following his death in 2004, Axelrod's daughter Lisa Axelrod fulfilled his wishes by scattering his ashes below what was remaining of the wall of Old League Park in a private ceremony. Max wanted his final resting place to be where his business and love of the game first started. The City of Cleveland reopened the Old League Park to the public on August 23, 2014 as the Baseball Heritage Museum and Fannie Lewis Community Park at League Park. It features murals of the great Cleveland League and Negro league players who worked with Axelrod.
References
1911 births
Businesspeople from Cleveland
20th-century American Jews
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
2004 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American Jews |
Shahs of Sunset is an American reality television series on Bravo in the United States and on OMNI in Canada. The series debuted on March 11, 2012, and the first season finale was the highest rated episode of the series, at the time, with 1.8 million total viewers. The series follows a group of Iranian American friends living in Beverly Hills (and the greater area known as "Tehrangeles"), who are trying to juggle their active social lives and up-and-coming careers while balancing the demands of their families and traditions. The current cast includes: Reza Farahan, Golnesa "GG" Gharachedaghi, Asa Soltan Rahmati, Mike Shouhed, Mercedes "MJ" Javid, and Shervin Roohparvar.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
Season 2 (2012–13)
Season 3 (2013–14)
Season 4 (2015)
Season 5 (2016)
Season 6 (2017)
Season 7 (2018)
Season 8 (2020)
Season 9 (2021)
References
External links
Official website
Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes
Lists of American reality television series episodes |
Dongjiao Subdistrict () is a subdistrict of Xinhua District, in the heart of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China. , it has 6 residential communities () and 1 village under its administration.
See also
List of township-level divisions of Hebei
References
Township-level divisions of Hebei |
The 2010 FedEx Orange Bowl game featured the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Iowa Hawkeyes on Tuesday, January 5, 2010, at Land Shark Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Iowa won the game 24–14, securing the Hawkeyes' first major bowl win since the 1959 Rose Bowl.
Georgia Tech was selected to participate in the Orange Bowl after an 11–2 season that culminated in a 39–34 victory in the 2009 ACC Championship Game. Iowa was selected as the other half of the matchup after a 10–2 season that ended with a 12–0 win against Minnesota. In the weeks between the teams' selection and the playing of the game, media attention focused on Georgia Tech's proficient offense and Iowa's highly rated defense.
The game was part of the 2009–10 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season and the last game of the season for both teams. It was the coldest Orange Bowl in Miami's history with a kick-off temperature of 49 degrees.
The game was televised in the United States on FOX, and marked the end of the broadcast agreement between the BCS and FOX, as ESPN took over all BCS broadcast rights in 2011. This was Iowa's second Orange Bowl appearance (first appearance in 2003 Orange Bowl), and Georgia Tech's sixth appearance, but first since 1967. It was the first time that the two teams had played against each other.
On July 14, 2011, the NCAA vacated Georgia Tech's appearance in the bowl game as a consequence for violations committed by the football program.
Team selection
The Orange Bowl is one of five Bowl Championship Series (BCS) bowl games that have been played at the conclusion of every college football season since 2006. As defined by contract, the bowl matches the champion of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) against an at-large pick chosen by a special committee. On December 5, 2009, the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2009 ACC Championship Game, thus winning an automatic bid to the 2010 Orange Bowl Game.
The at-large spot in the Orange Bowl was filled via a round-robin selection procedure defined by the other Bowl Championship series games (the Sugar, Fiesta, and Rose bowls) and the automatic bids. The order of at-large selections rotates annually among the BCS bowls. In 2010, after the bowls who lost host teams to the 2010 BCS National Championship Game chose their replacements, the Orange Bowl picked first, followed by the Fiesta Bowl, then the Sugar Bowl.
Having lost their SEC tie-in (Alabama Crimson Tide) to the national title game, the Sugar Bowl chose the Florida Gators as the replacement. Likewise, the Fiesta Bowl picked the Texas Christian Horned Frogs to replace the Big-12 champion 2010 Texas Longhorns. The Orange Bowl then selected the Iowa Hawkeyes, while the Fiesta Bowl picked the Boise State Broncos to set up a battle of the unbeatens. The Sugar Bowl was thus left to select Big East Conference champion Cincinnati Bearcats, fulfilling the BCS' contractual obligation to provide a game for the conference's champion.
Iowa
The Hawkeyes entered the 2009 season after a 9–4 overall 2008 record that included a 31–10 win in the 2009 Outback Bowl over South Carolina. Iowa's first game over Northern Iowa was a sign of things to come in the season. With 7 seconds left in the game, Northern Iowa attempted a 40-yard field goal that was blocked. Iowa avoided touching the ball thinking the ball had crossed the line of scrimmage, while in fact it had not. Northern Iowa's recovery allowed for another attempt with 1 second left. But once again, the attempt was blocked, giving Iowa a 17–16 victory.
Iowa won their next seven games, including a 21–10 win over top-five-ranked Penn State, a last-minute stop to beat Michigan, and a last-second touchdown to get a win over Michigan State.
On November 7, Iowa appeared to be headed for a 10–0 record when they took an early 10–0 lead against the Northwestern Wildcats. However, early in the second quarter, quarterback Ricky Stanzi was knocked out of the game with an ankle injury, in a play that resulted in the Wildcats' first touchdown. Iowa did not score again in the game, and lost, 17–10. The Hawkeyes' following game, vs. Ohio State, would determine which team would earn a berth to the Rose Bowl. Down 24–10 with 11:11 left, Iowa staged a comeback to force overtime. But redshirt freshman quarterback James Vandenberg, filling in for the injured Stanzi, threw an interception in the first overtime series. Ohio State took advantage and sealed a 27–24 victory with a 39-yard field goal. Iowa ended the season with a 12–0 shutout over the Minnesota Gophers. Iowa stayed at the Fountaine Bleu in Miami, before the Orange Bowl.
Georgia Tech
Georgia Tech ended the 2008 college football season with a 9–4 record under first-year head coach Paul Johnson, including a share of the ACC Coastal Crown, a win over Florida State, rival Georgia Bulldogs, and a 38–3 loss in the 2008 Chick-fil-A Bowl.
The Yellow Jackets opened the 2009 college football season with a 37–17 win over Jacksonville State. Georgia Tech's second game against the Clemson Tigers saw the Yellow Jackets build up a 24-0 lead, only to see Clemson crawl back to take a 27-24 lead in the fourth quarter. GT would survive, winning 30-27 on a last minute field goal. In Tech's first road game of the year, the Yellow Jackets left Land Shark Stadium with a 17–33 loss to the Miami Hurricanes.
Following the loss, Georgia Tech won eight straight games, including a win over number 4 Virginia Tech. The win was GT's first home win over a top-five team since 1962.
In Tech's final game of the regular season, the Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate rivalry game vs Georgia, GT would lose its second game of the season. Down 6 with less than two minutes remaining, the Yellow Jackets gave up their run offense and had four consecutive incomplete "Hail Mary" passes. On 4th and 10 at Georgia's 46-yard line, quarterback Josh Nesbitt's pass to a wide open Demaryius Thomas was dropped, sealing a 30-24 win for the Bulldogs.
In a week 2 rematch, GT faced Clemson in the 2009 ACC Championship Game. In an exciting, high scoring game that saw no punts, the Yellow Jackets barely eked out a 39-34 victory to earn their first BCS berth.
Pregame buildup
Iowa offense
Iowa entered the Orange bowl ranked 83rd (of 120 Division I FBS teams) in total offense. The team was ranked 42nd in passing offense and 95th in rushing offense.
Georgia Tech offense
At the conclusion of the regular season before the Orange Bowl, Georgia Tech's offense was among the best in Division I, ranked 10th in total offense, 2nd in rushing offense, but only 116th in passing offense (out of 120 teams). The triple option was able to rack up an average of 306.23 rushing yards per game before the Orange Bowl.
Iowa defense
Iowa's defense was considered among the best in Division I, ranking 10th in total defense. The Hawkeyes ranked 34th in rushing defense and 4th in passing defense.
Georgia Tech defense
The Yellow Jackets were ranked 54th in total defense, 68th in rushing defense, and 45th in passing defense.
Game summary
First Quarter
The first drive of the coldest Orange Bowl ever started with an Iowa fumble at its own 47-yard line. Despite having good starting field position, Georgia Tech was forced to punt. On Iowa's second drive of the game, quarterback Ricky Stanzi drove the Hawkeyes 80 yards, culminating in a 3-yard touchdown pass to Marvin McNutt. The Yellow Jackets' second drive ended in another punt. Iowa scored another touchdown on the following drive, with Stanzi hitting Colin Sandeman for 21 yards, giving the Hawkeyes a 14-0 lead. On the ensuing drive, GT punted for the third time in a row. On Iowa's next drive, Stanzi was intercepted by Jerrard Tarrant. Tarrant returned the interception for a touchdown, cutting Iowa's lead in half.
Second Quarter
The second quarter started with 6 straight punts. With less than one minute left in the half, Iowa faced a 4th and 5 on Georgia Tech's 43. But Stanzi's pass fell incomplete to Marvin McNutt. With only 12 seconds left, GT quarterback Josh Nesbitt was sacked, ending the quarter.
Third Quarter
Georgia Tech started the third quarter off with the ball. Their first drive ended in a 41-yard field goal attempt that was missed by kicker Scott Blair. On the next drive, Iowa's Daniel Murray connected on a 33-yard field goal to give Iowa a 17-7 lead.
Fourth Quarter
On the first drive of the fourth quarter, Georgia Tech's Anthony Allen rushed for a 1-yard touchdown to cut Iowa's lead to 17-14. Iowa was forced to punt on its following drive. On the first play of the next drive, Nesbitt was intercepted, giving Iowa great field position at Georgia Tech's 15. On a 4th and goal on the 3-yard line, Iowa attempted a fake field goal. Kicker Murray fumbled the ball on the attempt giving GT possession. On the first play of the next drive, while trying to evade defenders, Jonathan Dwyer ended up in his own endzone. He narrowly avoided a safety by dodging tacklers and reaching the 1-yard line. But the 11-yard loss hurt the Yellow Jackets and they were once again forced to punt. Iowa's next drive ended with a Brandon Wegher 32-yard touchdown rush, giving the Hawkeyes a 24-14 lead. Down 10, with less than 2 minutes left, Georgia Tech was forced to go for it on a 4th and 8 on their own 32. Nesbitt's pass to Demaryius Thomas fell incomplete, allowing Iowa to run out the clock. A final sack of Nesbitt by Iowa Defensive end Adrian Clayborn helped to seal the deal for the Hawkeyes, giving them their first major bowl victory in 51 years.
Awards
Iowa's win gave them the 2010 Orange Bowl trophy, and Iowa defensive end Adrian Clayborn was named the MVP. Clayborn and Stanzi, during the press conference at the end of the game, both announced their intention to return to Iowa for their senior years.
Scoring summary
Final statistics
Iowa statistical recap
Georgia Tech statistical recap
Notes
References
Orange Bowl
Orange Bowl
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football bowl games
Iowa Hawkeyes football bowl games
Orange Bowl
January 2010 sports events in the United States |
Heroes of the Storm is a crossover multiplayer online battle arena video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment. Announced at BlizzCon 2010, it was released on June 2, 2015 for macOS and Windows. The game features various characters from Blizzard's franchises as playable heroes, as well as different battlegrounds based on Warcraft, Diablo, StarCraft, and Overwatch universes.
Players form into five-player teams and fight against another team in 5-versus-5 matches, with an average game duration of roughly 20 minutes. The first team to destroy opponents' main structure, known as the "King's Core", wins the match. Each themed battleground has a different metagame and secondary objectives to secure, whose completion gives your team massive advantages, typically through pushing power. Every player controls a single character, known as a "hero", with a set of distinctive abilities and differing styles of play. Heroes become more powerful over the course of a match by collecting experience points and unlocking "talents" that offer new abilities or augment existing ones, contributing to the team's overall strategy.
Heroes of the Storm is inspired by Defense of the Ancients, a community-created mod based on Warcraft III, another video game developed by Blizzard Entertainment. The game is free-to-play and is supported by microtransactions which can be used to purchase heroes, visual alterations for the heroes in the game, mounts, and other cosmetic elements. Blizzard used to call the game as a "hero brawler", but later started using the more common term for the genre — "multiplayer online battle arena" (MOBA).
As of July 2022, Blizzard had stopped all major development of the game and entered it into maintenance mode.
Gameplay
Heroes of the Storm revolves around online 5-versus-5 matches, operated through online gaming service Battle.net, with an average game duration of roughly 20 minutes. In every match, players work together as a team to achieve the ultimate victory condition of destroying the opposing team's main structure, the "Core", before enemy team does the same. To reach the Core, at least one line of defensive structures, known as "forts" and "keeps", needs to be destroyed. Players can use the assistance of mercenary camps, battleground bosses, and a small group of computer-controlled units, called "minions", to assault the enemy more efficiently. Minions periodically spawn throughout the game in groups, marching along the lanes toward the enemy base. There are currently 15 battlegrounds available to play, each of which has different metagame and secondary objectives to secure. Completing these secondary objectives can give your team massive advantages, typically through pushing power.
In all game modes, each player controls one of the 90 playable characters (as of November 2020), called "heroes", with each having a unique design, strengths, and weaknesses. Heroes are divided into six separate roles: tank, bruiser, ranged assassin, melee assassin, healer, and support. Initially, no heroes are permanently available for use; however, players may choose from a list of heroes that are free to use from a weekly rotation. By using the in-game currency, called "Gold", or through microtransactions, they can gain permanent access to a hero.
Each individual hero comes with a set of distinctive abilities. Ability kit is generally composed of three basic abilities usable right from level 1, a passive or active trait, and a powerful "heroic ability". Upon reaching level 10, players can choose between two "heroics" which often have a devastating effect and a long cooldown. Heroics are usually the strongest tools in an arsenal that define a hero's strengths and playstyle. A hero can only gain one type of heroic per match. If a hero runs out of health points and dies, they are removed from active play until a respawn timer counts down to zero, after which they subsequently respawn at the rear of their team's base, known as the "Hall of Storms". Furthermore, the Hall of Storms allows heroes to quickly restore their health and mana over time as long as they are within the Hall. The Hall also offers protection from enemy damage and effects, and enemy players are repelled outward a slight distance in a sudden fashion upon entering an opposing team's Hall.
Experience points, which players can gain by gathering experience globes from fallen minions, are shared across the entire team. This is uncommon for the MOBA genre, in which most games employ a system of separate, per-player experience and leveling. In addition, certain enemy structures, such as towers, forts and keeps, will provide experience to the team who destroys them, as well as captured mercenary camps. When a team during the course of the match reaches a certain experience point threshold, every hero on that team levels up, acquiring slightly amplified powers, up to a maximum level of 30. Every few levels, players may select a "talent" which offers a new ability or augments an existing one. Two significant power spikes are at level 10 and level 20, where heroes gain access to some of the most powerful talents in the game, referred to as "heroic" and "storm talents", respectively. This leveling system emphasizes the importance of teamwork and planning since a player's action can affect the whole team.
In addition to the talent system, each player is able to use a "Hearthstone", an ability that allows heroes to teleport back to their base from anywhere on the battleground after a few seconds of channeling without receiving damage, using abilities, or attacking. Players can also utilize various mounts, such as animals, bikes, and clouds, to increase their movement speed, automatically dismounting when attacking, receiving damage or using most abilities.
Game modes
Heroes of the Storm includes several game modes from which players can choose, including the option to play either against computer-controlled Heroes or other players.
Tutorials - The tutorials are composed of three scripted 'levels' that are aimed at new players with the intent of teaching movement, use of abilities and other basic controls. The player controls Jim Raynor, who is teleported from the StarCraft universe into the Nexus, receiving instructions from Uther Lightbringer from the Warcraft series.
Training - A reduced experience mode where a player teams up with four AI teammates against five AI opponents set at the Beginner difficulty.
Versus A.I. - Players face off against five AI opponents. Before starting the match, the player can choose to have human-controlled or AI allies. The difficulty setting of the AI can also be chosen prior to initiating a match.
Quick Match - Players choose their heroes before entering the match without knowing what map they are playing, or what heroes they will be matched with and against. This mode sets two teams of five human-controlled heroes against each other on a random map in player versus player (PvP) style combat. These teams are selected based on the player's past performance to create an even playing field, as well as the roles of heroes chosen. For example, if a player queues without other party members as a Support, they are extremely unlikely to be matched with four other Support teammates.
Unranked Draft - Before the start of an Unranked Draft game, opposing teams must engage in a "draft", alternating in choosing characters for each team's respective composition of 5 Heroes. As this draft progresses, each team is aware of the choices of the other, as well as the battleground the game on which the game will be played. This invites a higher level of skill in which players must wisely choose their characters according to the compositions of each team and their knowledge of how the various battlegrounds differ. Throughout the draft, each team may ban a total of 3 Heroes, prohibiting either team from picking these Heroes for the remainder of the draft. Unranked Draft is often seen as a mode to introduce players to a system more similar to the ranked Storm League mode than Quick Match, but without the risk of a player potentially altering their MMR.
Storm League - Storm League uses a draft phase before gameplay which functions identically to the draft system used in Unranked Draft; however, players are chosen to play with and against each other based on rankings established through their past Storm League performance. Players are ranked in leagues from Bronze (lowest) to Grand Master (highest) based on their in-game performance. Each league below Master (the second-highest league) is divided into 5 subcategories, referred to as divisions. These divisions number 1-5, with 1 being the highest-ranked and 5 being the lowest-ranked. Within Master, divisions are not used. Instead, players are sorted directly by their MMR points, and the top 100 Master-ranked players who have won at least 35 games in the current season are considered Grand Masters. An online leaderboard maintained by Blizzard shows the list of current Grand Master players in each major region, updated nightly. Players who choose to play competitively as an individual or as part of a team of up to 5 players can play in a Storm League match to be matched with other players in the region of their choice. In order to play in Storm League, players must have access to 16 heroes at hero-level 5 or higher and have an account-level of 50 or higher. Heroes that the player does not technically own but has unlocked through the weekly rotation of free Heroes count toward the requisite 16 Heroes. As players compete in these matches, they will be awarded rank points which will alter their rank and be used to match them against other players of similar rankings. Player rank is expressed in the form of League Tiers and Divisions, and this rank is assigned separately for each individual player. Rank is determined by the player's MMR directly and adjusted by penalties, such as Leaver Penalty. The first official Ranked Play season began on June 14, 2016, and ended on September 13. Each Ranked Play season is set to last for approximately 3–4 months.
Heroes Brawl - Added on October 18, 2016, this game mode had three different subcategories with varying rules. Completing 3 games of Heroes Brawl each week would earn the player a reward of one loot box. Heroes Brawl was removed as an available game mode on September 8, 2020, and replaced with ARAM. While the game mode was active, the rules of Heroes Brawl would change every week, including the following variations:
Arenas - Players pick one of three (mostly) randomly selected Heroes and try to complete the objective. The first team to complete the objective will claim victory. The first to win two rounds wins the match. There are multiple arena maps exclusively designed for this mode. The Hero options given to the players are not entirely random, as certain characters are banned from the game mode, and certain precautions have been made to ensure team balance. For example, if one team is offered the choice of a healer-role Hero, the other team will be offered a healer as well.
Mutators - Unique mechanics change the way you play on existing Battlegrounds. For example, one version allowed players to play the game using only "mages", or Heroes who primarily focus on dealing damage via magic rather than supporting their allies or dealing damage through more physical means.
Single-Lanes - One-lane Battlegrounds with no objectives other than the destruction of the enemy's structures. Heroes are chosen using the same "choose from three" method employed in the Arenas subcategory of Heroes Brawl. Usage of the "Hearthstone" to teleport to the Hall of Storms is disabled, and the Hall of Storms provides no healing or mana restoration, although it will still grant immunity damage and disabling effects to players within its area. Due to the altered geography of a single-lane battleground drastically changing the strategy necessary to win the game and subsequently the game's balance between characters, certain Heroes have been restricted from the pool of available characters to choose at the start of the game.
ARAM - Added on September 8, 2020, ARAM (All Random, All Mid) is functionally identical to the aforementioned Single-Lanes game mode of Heroes Brawl. Thus, the shift from Heroes Brawl to ARAM amounted to an effective removal of the Arenas and Mutator subcategories of Heroes Brawl.
Custom Games - Often used for tournament play, players can create a lobby and make a predetermined match-up of up to five players versus five players, with the ability to choose the map, whether to enable draft mode, and whether to add AI-controlled heroes and/or allow up to six observers.
Matchmaking
Matchmaking is based on the Elo rating system with proprietary adjustments. MMR (matchmaking rating) is calculated individually for each player, and it is tracked separately for every game mode. In ranked mode matchmaker tries to place players with similar ratings together, while generally attempts to balance both teams based on each player's MMR to find and create even games.
Business model
Heroes of the Storm is free-to-play, based on the freemium business model, and is supported by micropayments using three in-game currencies: "Gems", "Gold", and "Shards". Gold is in-game currency that can be earned by playing the game, completing daily, seasonal and event quests, and leveling up (Loot Chests can be acquired in the same way). Gold can be used to buy heroes, gold-only mounts, hero mastery rings, Loot Chests and Shards. Gems can be earned in-game or purchased with real money, and Shards are acquired from duplicate items from Loot Chests or purchased with Gold. Players can use either Gems or Shards to buy skins, mounts and other cosmetic elements, such as banners, sprays, announcers, voice lines, emojis, and portraits. Heroes, as the only category in Collection with a material effect on gameplay, may be purchased by either Gems or Gold.
Gem-only items in Collection are "bundles" (dynamic groups of Heroes of the Storm content), and "boosts" (formerly called "stimpacks") which increase Gold and account experience earned per match.
Development
As a part of the arcade feature for StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, a custom map called "Blizzard DOTA" was announced alongside several other mods of Blizzard Entertainment at BlizzCon 2010. At that time, the map was developed to showcase the modding abilities that were to be added to StarCraft II. In 2011, however, development of Blizzard DOTA was rebooted and demoed at BlizzCon 2011. In comparison to the previous iteration previewed at BlizzCon 2010, the gameplay was described as "fast" and "streamlined."
Following the announcement of Dota 2 by Valve, Rob Pardo, the executive vice president of Blizzard Entertainment, expressed concern at Valve using and trademarking a name that originated from within the Warcraft III community. Following a failed trademark injunction on the part of Riot Games, Blizzard acquired Riot's subsidiary, DotA-Allstars, LLC., the original company that represented the servicing of Defense of the Ancients. Subsequently, Blizzard filed an opposition against Valve for claiming the DotA trademark. On May 11, 2012, Blizzard and Valve announced that the dispute had been settled, with Valve retaining the commercial franchising rights to the term "Dota", while Blizzard would change the name of Blizzard DOTA to Blizzard All-Stars. Blizzard, however, will retain the right to use DOTA name non-commercially. This includes promoting DOTA-style maps made for Blizzard games by the community.
In June 2012, Dustin Browder, the director of StarCraft II, stated that Blizzard All-Stars did not have a release date, but that it would definitely be after the release of StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm. In February 2013, the Activision Blizzard fourth quarter 2012 earnings report listed Blizzard All-Stars as one of the areas of continued investment for Blizzard throughout 2013. Browder commented in March 2013 that a few artists had transitioned from the StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm team, to work on Blizzard All-Stars for the time being along with the few designers on the team. One challenge faced by art team, according to the senior art director Samwise Didier, was bringing in three different art styles and themes from Warcraft, StarCraft, and Diablo in line to make the art style for the game.In August 2013 the game went into wider internal testing. Blizzard president Mike Morhaime described it as Blizzard's version of an "action real-time strategy" game. The Blizzard All-Stars team was expanded in May 2013, from some of the resources who were reallocated when Blizzard's Titan project was rebooted and the team downsized. On October 17, 2013, the name of the game was changed to Heroes of the Storm.Heroes of the Storm entered a technical alpha testing phase on March 13, 2014, which went offline on September 22, 2014. The technical alpha went back online on October 7, 2014, for North America, Latin America, South East Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. The servers for Europe, Korea, China, and Taiwan went online in the following weeks. The technical alpha continued until the beginning of the closed beta. Closed beta testing started on January 13, 2015. As of February 2015, over 9 million players had signed up for eligibility to receive an invite to beta testing. The open beta of the game began on May 19, 2015, and the full version of the game was released on June 2, 2015.
Post-release
Promotions
While the game was in Alpha testing, Blizzard ran a promotion as part of the pre-order for Diablo III: Reaper of Souls which unlocked Valla as a free hero. To mark the release of Heroes of the Storm, Blizzard had crossovers implemented between Blizzard games. Players who reached account level 12 in Heroes of the Storm received the Heroes of the Storm themed card back in Hearthstone and after winning 100 play mode matches in Hearthstone received the Hearthstone Card mount in Heroes of the Storm. Players who reached account level 20 in Heroes of the Storm received a Grave Golem battle pet in World of Warcraft and after reaching level 100 in World of Warcraft received an Ironside Dire Wolf mount in Heroes of the Storm. After the Diablo hero patch, any player who purchased Diablo III was given the Diablo hero (Al'Diabolos) free for a limited time; players who reach level 12 in Heroes of the Storm will receive a unique pennant and portrait frame in Diablo III and reaching level 70 Season 4 and beyond receive Malthael's Phantom mount in Heroes of the Storm. Players who purchase the StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void deluxe or collector's editions receive a Void Seeker mount in Heroes of the Storm and purchasing any edition of Legacy of the Void unlocks the Artanis hero. Players who purchase the Origins Edition of Overwatch unlock Tracer as a free hero.
During the Nexus Challenge event (November 15, 2016 – January 4, 2017), each player who completed 15 games of Heroes of the Storm together with a friend received the Oni Genji skin, Oni Genji Portrait and Oni Genji Spray in Overwatch, and Zarya as a free hero in Heroes of the Storm. After completing 30 games with a friend, players unlocked four additional heroes (Auriel, Greymane, Kerrigan, and Li-Ming), the Orochi Hovercycle mount, and a 30-Day stimpack in Heroes of the Storm.
During the For Azeroth! event (February 14, 2017 – March 14, 2017, then extended for March 17, 2017 – March 26, 2017), each player who completed 15 games of Heroes of the Storm together with a friend while playing as a Warcraft character, received a Flames of Judgement Charger mount and a 10-day stimpack to use in-game. They also received a Primal Flamesaber mount for World of Warcraft.
During the Nexus Challenge 2.0 event (April 24, 2017 – May 22, 2017), all players could choose to permanently unlock 1 of 4 Mega Bundles; Assassin, Flex, Support & Specialist, and Tanks & Bruisers. For each of the 4 weeks of the event, players who completed 5 matches with a friend could unlock various Overwatch-themed rewards for the players' Heroes of the Storm and Overwatch accounts.
Heroes of the Storm 2.0
On March 29, 2017, game director Alan Dabiri announced Heroes of the Storm 2.0, described as "a culmination of all the ways Blizzard transformed the Nexus since launch, plus plenty of radical additions on their way". A major feature of the patch was a revamp of the player and hero progression systems. The level caps (40 for players in general, and 20 for individual heroes) were removed, and the uneven experience curve for leveling heroes was smoothed out. Another feature was the introduction of Loot Chests which contain cosmetic rewards, similar to the system used in Overwatch. In addition to heroes, skins, and mounts, the chests can also include new portraits, banners, emojis, custom announcer voices (similar to StarCraft II), hero voice lines, and graffiti sprays (both similar to Overwatch). Loot Chests can be acquired by leveling up or purchased with Gold. The in-game shop was remodeled and retitled "Collection", and two new currencies, "Gems" and "Shards", were added in addition to the existing "Gold" which was the only in-game currency before Heroes 2.0 update. A loadout system for cosmetic additions was also included. As part of the announcement, a new Diablo hero, the Amazon Cassia, was highlighted.Heroes 2.0 went into beta testing on March 29, and was released on April 25.
Downsizing
On December 13, 2018, Blizzard President J. Allen Brack and Blizzard Chief Development Officer Ray Gresko jointly announced that some developers from Heroes of the Storm would be moving to other projects, and that the game would be transitioning to a long-term support phase. Blizzard also announced the cancellation of their esports tournaments, Heroes Global Championship and Heroes of the Dorm. Members of the esports community around Heroes stated they were caught off guard by the announcement and had been told as recently as BlizzCon 2018 that HGC would continue. In a message posted on the game's official forums, production director Kaéo Milker confirmed the game would continue receiving updates and new content, though at a slower pace than before.
Blizzard officially stated in July 2022 that Heroes of the Storm would no longer see any major updates with those remaining on the development team to support the game in a maintenance mode.
Nexus Anomalies
Nexus Anomalies were seasonal gameplay changes that directly affected all game modes in Heroes of the Storm. These events lasted for entire ranked seasons, allowing the developers time to receive feedback on them. Depending on this evaluation, some of the new game mechanics became permanent additions to the game, while others were discarded after some time. Experience Globes were the first Nexus Anomaly, being introduced in the Deathwing patch of December 2019. As a result of this Nexus Anomaly, players no longer receive experience from simply being near enemy minion deaths, but instead need to gather an Experience Globe dropped by dying Minions, similar to the Regeneration Globes already present in the game. Before the introduction of the Nexus Anomalies, major gameplay updates were typically announced once a year, toward the end of the year. The introduction of any new Nexus Anomalies was ended on December 1, 2020, with Blizzard promising to continue attempting to improve the game in other ways.
Setting and plot Heroes of the Storm takes place in the Nexus, a strange limbo of clashing universes which collide from across space, time, and dimensions. The Nexus exists in the center of a trans-dimensional cosmic storm and is connected to other universes. The storm of the Nexus, which has incomprehensible amounts of energy, can rip worlds and universes in and out of existence, and it can also pull worlds into stability. Some of the central realms in the Nexus, such as Raven Court, King's Crest, and Luxoria, are examples of these points of stability. Every Realm within the Nexus has one stone called "Singularity", and only the one who achieves it through conquest can become the Realm Lord. A singularity stone grants to its possessor an almost demigod-like status, but not immortality. Many powerful warriors have been sucked into the Nexus, including combatants from Azeroth, Sanctuary, and the Koprulu sector. New combatants are constantly arriving, some of them are chosen after they died in their original reality. A hero called Qhira, came into the Nexus after her world Iresia and its singularity stone were destroyed, holding only a singularity shard from Iresia, and calling it the "mother crystal".
Numerous worlds exist within the multiverse of the Nexus which are referred to as "realms". While many of these worlds are nexus-generated, some are mirrored versions of those found within Blizzard's franchises, but they can contain alternate universe versions of various heroes, indicated by hero skins in the game.
MusicHeroes of the Storm's playlist combines an original soundtrack with soundtracks from Blizzard's other franchises. The original soundtrack for Heroes of the Storm was composed by Blizzard Entertainment's composers, Glenn Stafford, and Jason Hayes. Other music in the game is present as background music, or represents specific universes with connections to the various Heroes within Heroes of the Storm. Also present within the game's playlist are soundtracks from Starcraft, such as Terran and Zerg Theme; various soundtracks from World of Warcraft, such as Obsidian Sanctum from Wrath of the Lich King, and The Wandering Isle from Mists of Pandaria; soundtracks from Diablo, such as Jungle from Diablo II (Act III), and Reaper of Souls from Diablo III; as well as soundtracks from Overwatch, such as Overture and Hanamura theme; and Smugglers Cove from The Lost Vikings 2.The Battle Begins by Glenn Stafford is the main theme of Heroes of the Storm.
ReceptionHeroes of the Storm received generally favorable reviews upon release. Metacritic calculated an average score of 86 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 57 reviews.
GameSpot awarded it 9 out of 10, summarizing "A fantastic casual-competitive game that offers untold hours of enjoyment." Positive reviews praised its objective-based gameplay and greater accessibility than its competitors, with Destructoid's Chris Carter giving it a 9.5 out of 10 and calling it "A hallmark of excellence." In a review for PC Gamer, Chris Thursten focused on the game's accessibility, giving it a score of 84 out of 100 and concluding "The most any studio has done to open up a complex genre to a new audience. Inviting, entertaining, and deceptively deep."
The Escapist's CJ Miozzi stated that while its improved accessibility would make it interesting to players normally not interested in the genre, it could be less attractive to experienced players. Giving it 4 out of 5 stars, he summarized that "At the very least, it's a game that all gamers should try." Polygon's Arthur Gies approved of the title's accessibility but expressed worry that "sometimes something [felt] lost along the way," scoring it at 7.5 out of 10.
On release, IGN's Mitch Dyer gave the game a mixed review and concluded, "Heroes of the Storm'' is a flawed, varied MOBA with terrific team fighting and poor objectives," awarding it a 6.5 out of 10. This review prompted an initially negative reaction from the game's community that turned the score into an internet meme, eventually being recognized by Blizzard themselves in a humorous promotional video for an update to the game. IGN's re-review by Ian Nowakowski awarded it 8 out of 10 in March 2018, saying the game "packs a ton of variety and excellent characters. Some of this MOBA's modes work better than others, but it's a safe bet that it'll deliver a fun match."
The game was nominated for "Choice Video Game" at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards.
Notes
References
External links
2015 video games
Blizzard games
Crossover video games
Esports games
Free-to-play video games
Multiplayer online battle arena games
Multiplayer online games
Multiplayer video games
MacOS games
Science fantasy video games
Video games adapted into comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games about parallel universes
Windows games |
Investment value is the value of a property to a particular investor. In the U.S. and U.K., it is equal to market value for the investor who has the capacity to put the property to good use—its highest-and-best-use, its most valuable use. For other investors with limited capacity or vision, investment value is lower because they cannot put the property to use in a way that is maximally productive.
International Valuation Standards
The current edition of International Valuation Standards (IVS 2011) defines Investment Value in a way which allows for either a higher value than market value or a lower value than market value:
Investment value - the value of an asset to the owner or a prospective owner for individual investment or operational objectives.
Investment Value is a subjective measure of value, a 'value-in-use', whilst Market Value is an objective 'value-in-exchange'. As defined in IVS2, Investment Value is the valuation equivalent of the accountancy concept of Value-in-use. Whereas IFRSs define the accountancy concepts of fair value and Value-in-use in operational terms, IVSs define Market Value and Investment Value by way of generalised definitions.
References
Real estate valuation
Valuation (finance)
Real estate investing |
Ernest Taylor may refer to:
Ernest Taylor (Australian rules footballer) (1898–1980), played for the Richmond Football Club between 1920 and 1926
Ernie Taylor (footballer, born 1925) (1925–1985), English footballer with Newcastle United, Blackpool, Manchester United and Sunderland
Ernie Taylor (footballer, born 1871) (1871–1944), English footballer with Southampton
Ernest Taylor (rugby union) (1869–?), English rugby union footballer and captain of the national side
Sir Ernest Augustus Taylor (1876–1971), British Royal Navy officer and politician
Ernest Mervyn Taylor (1906–1964), New Zealand engraver, commercial artist and publisher |
Garrha oncospila is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1946. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.
References
Moths described in 1946
Garrha |
Eisbachtaler Sportfreunde is a German association football club based in Nentershausen, Rhineland-Palatinate.
History
Eisbachtaler Sportfreunde were formed in 1966 as a merger of local teams SC Großholbach, TuS Girod-Kleinholbach, VfR Nomborn, TuS Heilberscheid and TuS Nentershausen. The oldest of these clubs was founded in 1919, which is recognized as the official founding year. Eisbachtal immediately began their rise through the league system and eventually reached the Regionalliga Südwest in 1972, then the second-highest tier in German football. Due to the introduction of the 2. Bundesliga in 1974, the club was relegated to the Amateurklasse. In 1978, Sportfreunde were founding members of the newly introduced Oberliga Südwest, and stayed in this league until their relegation in 1986. The next years were spent in the Verbandsliga Rheinland, before they eventually returned to the Oberliga in 1990. Eisbachtal established themselves as one of the better teams for the next decade, missing out on promotion to the Regionalliga West/Südwest several times. At the beginning of the new millennium, the strength of the club gradually decreased and eventually culminated in relegation to the fifth-tier Verbandsliga Rheinland in 2003.
After four years in the Verbandsliga Rheinland, which had been renamed Rheinlandliga in the meantime, Eisbachtal surprisingly dropped yet another level to the Bezirksliga in 2007. They made their immediate return to the Rheinlandliga in 2008 after winning a four team relegation round before achieving promotion to the Oberliga Südwest at the end of the 2008–09 season.
After two Oberliga seasons the club dropped to the Rheinlandliga once more, where it played for an additional eight until 2019, when Eisbachtal won the league and earned another promotion to the renamed Oberliga Rhineland-Pfalz/Saar where the club plays today.
Honours
The club's honours:
Oberliga Südwest / Rhineland-Pfalz/Saar
Runners-up: 1995, 1998, 2022
Rheinlandliga
Champions: 1972, 1990, 2009, 2019
Stadium
Sportfreunde Eisbachtal currently play in the Eisbachtalstadion, which has a capacity of 6,000.
The stadium is in use since 1972. Before that, the club played in the Waldstadion Großholbach, the ground of co-founders SC Großholbach.
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. In 2012 the Oberliga Südwest was renamed Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar.
References
External links
Official team site
Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Rhineland-Palatinate
Association football clubs established in 1966
1966 establishments in West Germany |
The Diocese of Antigonish () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in Nova Scotia, Canada. Its current diocesan ordinary is Wayne Joseph Kirkpatrick.
History
The Diocese was established on 22 September 1844, under the name of the Diocese of Arichat, on territory split off from the Diocese of Halifax. Its proto-cathedral (now Église Notre Dame de l’Assomption) was located on Cape Breton Island, in the port town of Arichat.
In both Scottish and Canadian folklore, the first ordinary of the Diocese, Bishop William Fraser of Strathglass, is a folk hero. He is said to have been a man of enormous physical strength and to have been able to break steel horseshoes with his bare hands. On both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, many legends have been collected of the Bishop's exploits.
On 23 August 1886, the diocese was renamed the Diocese of Antigonish, and its episcopal see moved to St. Ninian's Cathedral, on the Nova Scotia mainland in the town of Antigonish.
Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, the highly influential Antigonish Movement, which combined adult education, co-operatives, microfinance and rural community development to help small, resource-based villages throughout the Maritimes to improve their economic and social circumstances, was largely founded and led by a small group of Diocesan priests: Father James Tompkins, Father Moses Coady, and Fr. Hugh MacPherson.
In 1946, Scottish nationalist, folklorist, and scholar of Scottish Gaelic literature John Lorne Campbell was received into the Roman Catholic Church inside St. Ninian's Cathedral in Antigonish. Campbell, along with his American-born musicologist wife, Margaret Fay Shaw, had previously collected much folklore and traditional music from Diocesan Catholics in both Canadian Gaelic and the indigenous Mi'kmaq language, which was recorded onto Ediphone wax cylinders.
2009–2010 apostolic administration
On August 7, 2009, Bishop Raymond Lahey announced that the Diocese of Antigonish had reached a $15 million settlement in a class action lawsuit filed by 125 victims of sexual abuse by Hugh Vincent MacDonald and other diocese priests dating from 1950 to 2009. On September 26, 2009 Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation of Bishop Raymond Lahey, one day after a warrant was issued for his arrest by the Ottawa Police Service relating to child pornography charges (cf. sexual abuse scandal in Antigonish diocese). The bishop pleaded guilty to child pornography charges and was jailed.
Archbishop Anthony Mancini of the Archdiocese of Halifax was named the Apostolic Administrator effective September 26, 2009, and remained in that position until the installation of Brian Dunn on January 25, 2010.
Extent
The Diocese of Antigonish covers 18,800 square kilometers, comprising the counties of Pictou, Antigonish, Guysborough, Inverness, Victoria, Richmond and Cape Breton.
As of 2006, the diocese contained 123 parishes, 119 active diocesan priests, 8 religious priests, and 129,905 Catholics. It also has 290 women religious, 12 religious brothers and 1 permanent deacon. In 2012 in order to satisfy its legal obligations to pay out $15 million to the victims of sexual abuse, the diocese had to sell a large number of its lands and properties, liquidating the bank accounts of many of its churches, and borrowing $6.5 million from private lenders to make the payout.
Until 2015, the Bishop of Antigonish served ex officio as Chancellor of St. Francis Xavier University.
Bishops
Bishops of Arichat
William Fraser [Frazer] (1844-1851), previously titular Bishop of Tanis (1825.06.03 – 1842.02.15), Apostolic Vicar of Nova Scotia (Canada) (1825.06.03 – 1842.02.15), Bishop of Diocese of Halifax (Canada) (1842.02.15 – 1844.09.27)
Colin Francis MacKinnon (1851-1877), later Titular Archbishop of Amida (1877.08.30 – 1879.09.26)
John Cameron (1877.07.17 – 1886.08.23 see below), previously Titular Bishop of Titopolis (1870.03.11 – 1877.07.17) and Coadjutor Bishop of Arichat (Canada) (1870.03.11 – 1877.07.17)
Bishops of Antigonish
John Cameron (see above) (1886.08.23 – 1910.04.06)
James Morrison (1912–1950), created Archbishop ad personam (1944.02.26 – 1950.04.13)
John Roderick MacDonald (1950–1959), previously Bishop of Peterborough (Canada) (1943.06.05 – 1945.04.14), Titular Bishop of Ancusa (1945.04.14 – 1950.04.13), Coadjutor Bishop of Antigonish (Canada) (1945.04.14 – 1950.04.13)
William Edward Power (1960–1986), also President of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (1971 – 1973)
Colin Campbell (1986–2002)
Raymond Lahey (2003–2009), previously Bishop of Saint George's (Canada) (1986.07.05 – 2003.04.05); later Lay state (May 2012)
Apostolic Administrator Anthony Mancini - (2009 - 2010), while Metropolitan Archbishop of Halifax(-Yarmouth) (Canada) (2007.10.18 – 2009.10.22)
Brian Dunn (2010–2019), previously Titular Bishop of Munatiana and Auxiliary Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie (Canada) (2008.07.16 – 2009.11.21); appointed, 13 Apr 2019, Coadjutor Archbishop of Halifax-Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
Wayne Joseph Kirkpatrick (2019-), previously Titular Bishop of Aradi and Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto (2012.05.18 - 2019.12.18)
Other priests of this diocese who became bishops
Thomas Sears, appointed Prefect of Western Newfoundland (St. George’s) in 1871
Neil McNeil, appointed Vicar Apostolic of Western Newfoundland (St. George’s) in 1895
Ronald MacDonald, appointed Bishop of Harbour Grace, Newfoundland in 1881
Alexander MacDonald, appointed Bishop of Victoria, British Columbia in 1908
John Hugh MacDonald, appointed Bishop of Victoria, British Columbia in 1934
Malcolm Angus MacEachern, appointed Bishop of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1954
Joseph Neil MacNeil, appointed Bishop of Saint John, New Brunswick in 1969
In Canadian literature
Following Bishop William Fraser's death in 1851, local Catholic poet Ailean a' Ridse MacDhòmhnaill, a major figure in both Scottish Gaelic literature and in that of Canadian Gaelic, composed the poem Cumha do' n Easguig Friseal ("Lament for Bishop Fraser"), which MacDhòmhnaill set to the air A' bliadhna leum dar milleadh. According to Effie Rankin, Ailean a' Ridse adapted the traditional verse iconography of a Highland clan mourning for the death of their Chief to the Catholic Gaels of the Diocese mourning for the death of their Bishop.
Canadian writer Linden MacIntyre, fictionalized the events of the ongoing sexual abuse scandal in Antigonish diocese in his award-winning novel The Bishop's Man, which was published in 2009. The novel's guilt-ridden protagonist is a Roman Catholic priest and former fixer for the Diocese of Antigonish named Fr. Duncan MacAskill. After years of quietly burying potential scandals involving the Diocese's priests, Fr. MacAskill has been assigned by his Bishop to a remote parish on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and ordered to maintain a low profile.
References
Diocese of Antigonish page at catholichierarchy.org retrieved July 17, 2006
Sources and external links
GigaCatholic, with incumbent biography links
St. Francis Xavier University
Virtual Tour of the Architectural Heritage of Antigonish, Nova Scotia
Antigonish
Catholic Church in Nova Scotia
Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
Cape Breton County
Guysborough County, Nova Scotia
Inverness County, Nova Scotia
Pictou County
Richmond County, Nova Scotia
Victoria County, Nova Scotia
Religious organizations established in 1844
1844 establishments in Nova Scotia |
Davor Bubanja (born 26 September 1987) is a retired Slovenian footballer who played as a forward.
Career
Bubanja was released by Triglav in November 2013 due to financial issues and later had a short stint with Austrian 4th-tier side Spittal/Drau.
References
External links
PrvaLiga profile
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Kranj
Men's association football forwards
Slovenian men's footballers
NK Šenčur players
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005) players
FC Koper players
NK Triglav Kranj players
SV Spittal/Drau players
Slovenian Second League players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Austrian Landesliga players
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria |
"Behind the sofa" is a British pop culture phrase describing the fearful reaction of hiding behind a sofa to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme, the sofa offering a place to hide from the on-screen threat, with the implication that one wants to remain in the room to watch the rest of the programme. The phrase is most commonly associated with Doctor Who. Although the phrase is sometimes employed in a serious context, its use is usually intended to be humorous or nostalgic.
Origin in Doctor Who
The expression originated from popular media commentary on young children being frightened by episodes of the BBC science-fiction television series Doctor Who, particularly during the 1960s to the 1980s. The idea that young children would hide behind furniture when especially frightening scenes and monsters were being shown, as they were unwilling to miss the programme altogether, was also popularised in the media as early as 1973. The phrase is strongly associated with Doctor Who in the United Kingdom, so much so that in 1991 the Museum of the Moving Image in London named its exhibition celebrating the programme "Behind the Sofa".
"Everyone remembers hiding behind the sofa," journalist Sinclair McKay wrote of the programme during its thirtieth anniversary year of 1993. "Remember hiding behind the sofa every time Doctor Who came on the television?" the Daily Mirror newspaper asked its readers in a feature article two years later. In a 2006 interview with Sky News, Prince Andrew, Duke of York said that he hid from Daleks behind a Windsor Castle settee while watching Doctor Who as a child. The Economist has presented "hiding behind the sofa whenever the Daleks appear" as a British cultural institution on a par with Bovril and tea-time; furthermore, it appeared (without any explanation of the idiom) in BBC reportage of the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign.
Paul Parsons, author of The Science of Doctor Who, explains the appeal of hiding behind the sofa as the activation of the fear response in the amygdala in conjunction with reassurances of safety from the brain's frontal lobe.
A feature in the Doctor Who Collection Blu-Rays is called Behind the Sofa, featuring actors and other people related to Doctor Who, watching and discussing Classic Series episodes.
In other popular culture
Despite the phrase being so closely associated with Doctor Who, it has also found more general usage in the UK as a humorous or satirical metaphor for being in a state of fear or terror. For example, after he was sacked as the presenter of the comedy programme Have I Got News for You in 2002 due to revelations about his private life, Angus Deayton released a press statement which concluded: "I sincerely wish the show well in the future and look forward to watching this Friday's episode – from behind the sofa." Another example comes from sports coverage; in a live text commentary on a cricket match in the 2005 Ashes series for the Guardian Unlimited website, journalist Rob Smyth wrote of one moment during the game: "Now that Warne's gone, it's safe for Gilo to come out from behind the sofa: his second ball is chipped tantalisingly over the blundering Hoggard at mid-off by Gillespie."
In scripted programming, a reference occurred in a 2001 episode of the BBC sitcom Coupling, where the central character Steve, while extolling the virtues of a sofa, remarks on its usefulness in avoiding Daleks. Coupling writer Steven Moffat went on to write for and then become executive producer of the revived series of Doctor Who.
References
External links
Behind the Sofa. The Collaborative Doctor Who Blog
Behind the Sofa. DVD and Blu-ray review show from Cult TV and Edge Media Television
Culture of the United Kingdom
Doctor Who concepts |
Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac CBE (22 January 1917 – 8 April 2015) was a French journalist, a member of the French Resistance and a historian. During World War II he directed the Free French propaganda radio broadcasts to Europe. After the war he helped create France's state-owned publishing house, La Documentation Française.
Early life
Crémieux was born to a middle class Jewish family in the Colombes suburb of Paris. His political awareness was raised in high school by his uncle Benjamin Crémieux (1888-1944), a literary critic. Through his uncle, Crémieux met and was influenced by the anti-authoritarian surrealism of André Malraux and the liberal internationalism of Stefan Zweig. He graduated from the Lycée Condorcet in 1933. But it was first during a school vacation in 1931 that he visited Germany and in subsequent trips saw first-hand the work of the Nazi Party. In 1935 he joined, and became the youngest member of the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes (CVIA) which spearheaded the unification of left-wing politics in France.
During the Second World War he served as General Charles de Gaulle's 'propaganda chief in London'.
Honours
2016: Knight Grand Cross in the Legion of Honour.
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac in The Guardian
Cremieux-Brilhac: A farewell to France's war broadcaster at BBC News
1917 births
2015 deaths
People from Colombes
French Resistance members
20th-century French historians
Lycée Condorcet alumni
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France) |
William W. McGaa (17 April 1824, Wigtown – 15 December 1867, Denver) was a mountain man and one of the early figures in the history of the Colorado settlement of St. Charles (now called Denver). Born in Scotland, he immigrated to the United States and was living with the Arapaho under the name Jack Jones by the time of the Colorado Gold Rush.
McGaa claimed an upper-class ancestry. He declared he was the son of the Lord Mayor of London and had a family estate in Scotland, Glenarm.
William Larimer worked with McGaa, who camped on the bank of Cherry Creek, to steal the land for the town of St. Charles from the local Native Americans, the official owners of the land as recognized in 1851 by the Fort Laramie Treaty. This was possible because McGaa 'claimed' various native wives as property and therefore represented that he had the authority to make the land transfer.
As a reward to the Native Americans, McGaa supposedly named several Denver streets in their honor. Wazee and Wewatta Streets are named for his wives. Champa is also acknowledged as one of McGaa's Indian names, although its exact etymology is uncertain; one source claims it is the Sioux word for "cherry." McGaa also named Glenarm Street after his alleged family castle and after himself, McGaa Street.
McGaa's contemporaries did not think highly of him. Jerome Smiley wrote, "McGaa had promised more than he could perform, was a troublesome customer to manage, and a hard man to browbeat." In his book Sketches from America, John White wrote he met McGaa one day "in a state approaching sobriety," and, during the ensuing interview McGaa kept throwing "longing looks toward the bar." Eventually, the city street named in his honor was renamed lest McGaa Street damage the town's reputation. It was renamed after McGaa's death to Holladay Street, after stagecoach entrepreneur Ben Holladay. It was later renamed to what is now known today as Market Street.
His son, William Denver McGaa, with wife Jennie Adams is noted as being the first child, both white and Native American, born in Denver, on March 8, 1859.
Notes
References
1824 births
1867 deaths
History of Denver
Mountain men
People from Denver
People from Wigtown
Scottish emigrants to the United States |
Ádám Kónya (born 19 December 1992) is a Hungarian cross-country skier. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1992 births
Sportspeople from Veszprém
Living people
Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Hungarian male cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for Hungary
21st-century Hungarian people |
Rama Akkiraju is an Indian-born American computer scientist. She is vice president of AI for IT at Nvidia and performs research in the field of artificial intelligence.
Akkiraju started her career at the T. J. Watson Research Center in New York and later moved to IBM Almaden Research Center. She served as the Distinguished Engineer and Director of Engineering at IBM's Watson Division from 2015 to 2019.
Akkiraju was named an IBM Fellow in 2019. She has been an IBM Master Inventor since 2014.
Education
Akkiraju received her MBA at New York University, Stern School of Business in 2004, where she earned a gold metal for highest academic excellence. She received her M.S. in Computer Science from Utah State University in 1995 and her B.Tech. in Electronics engineering from JNTU College of Engineering, in Andhra Pradesh, India in 1993.
Professional contributions
Akkiraju served as the President for ISSIP, a Service Science professional society for 2018, and actively drives AI projects through ISSIP. Akkiraju is the co-chair for the AI Council at CompTIA industry forum. Akkiraju has served as program committee chair, and program committee member for various academic conferences & journals including those organized by IEEE, and ACM.
While at IBM, Akkiraju led the "People Insights" on the IBM Watson team, developing technologies to infer personalities, emotions, tone, attitudes, and intentions from social media data.
Akkiraju has co-authored over 100 technical papers. Akkiraju has 45+ issued patents and 25+ pending. She is the recipient of 4 best paper awards in AI and Operations Research areas from AAAI and INFORMs.
Akkiraju has delivered many keynote addresses, podcasts and blog posts on artificial intelligence, bias, AI for IT operations etc.
Awards and honors
May 2017: Top 20 Women in AI Research, Forbes
July 2018: A-Team in AI, Fortune
December 2019: Top 10 pioneering women in AI and Machine Learning, Enterprise Management 360
2020: Athena Award for Executive Leadership, University of California
2019, 2020: Excellence in Service Innovation Award, International Society of Service Innovation Professionals
2021: Nominee, women in AI Award, VentureBeat
Selected publications
Akkiraju, Rama, Joel Farrell, John A. Miller, Meenakshi Nagarajan, Amit P. Sheth, and Kunal Verma. "Web service semantics-wsdl-s." (2005).
Doshi, Prashant, Richard Goodwin, Rama Akkiraju, and Kunal Verma. "Dynamic workflow composition: Using markov decision processes." International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR) 2, no. 1 (2005): 1–17.
Akkiraju, Rama, Richard Goodwin, Prashant Doshi, and Sascha Roeder. "A Method for Semantically Enhancing the Service Discovery Capabilities of UDDI." In IIWeb, pp. 87–92. 2003.
Elmeleegy, Hazem, Anca Ivan, Rama Akkiraju, and Richard Goodwin. "Mashup advisor: A recommendation tool for mashup development." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Web Services, pp. 337–344. IEEE, 2008.
References
External links
Rama Akkiraju at NVIDIA Research
NPR article on IBM's work by Akkiraju
IBM Tone Analyzer website
IBM: Humanizing Digital Conversations, by Akkiraju on App Developer Magazine
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
IBM Fellows
IBM Research computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women in computing
IBM employees
IBM people
IBM Women
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century American women educators
21st-century American educators
Utah State University alumni
New York University Stern School of Business alumni |
```java
/*
*
* All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
*
* path_to_url
*/
package org.locationtech.jts.geom;
import org.locationtech.jts.geom.impl.CoordinateArraySequenceFactory;
import org.locationtech.jts.geom.impl.PackedCoordinateSequenceFactory;
import org.locationtech.jts.io.ParseException;
import org.locationtech.jts.io.WKTReader;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
import junit.textui.TestRunner;
/**
* Tests for {@link GeometryFactory}.
*
* @version 1.13
*/
public class GeometryFactoryTest extends TestCase {
PrecisionModel precisionModel = new PrecisionModel();
GeometryFactory geometryFactory = new GeometryFactory(precisionModel, 0);
WKTReader reader = new WKTReader(geometryFactory);
public static void main(String args[]) {
TestRunner.run(GeometryFactoryTest.class);
}
public GeometryFactoryTest(String name) { super(name); }
public void testCreateGeometry() throws ParseException
{
checkCreateGeometryExact("POINT EMPTY");
checkCreateGeometryExact("POINT ( 10 20 )");
checkCreateGeometryExact("LINESTRING EMPTY");
checkCreateGeometryExact("LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)");
checkCreateGeometryExact("MULTILINESTRING ((50 100, 100 200), (100 100, 150 200))");
checkCreateGeometryExact("POLYGON ((100 200, 200 200, 200 100, 100 100, 100 200))");
checkCreateGeometryExact("MULTIPOLYGON (((100 200, 200 200, 200 100, 100 100, 100 200)), ((300 200, 400 200, 400 100, 300 100, 300 200)))");
checkCreateGeometryExact("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POLYGON ((100 200, 200 200, 200 100, 100 100, 100 200)), LINESTRING (250 100, 350 200), POINT (350 150))");
}
public void testCreateEmpty() {
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createEmpty(0), Point.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createEmpty(1), LineString.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createEmpty(2), Polygon.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createPoint(), Point.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createLineString(), LineString.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createPolygon(), Polygon.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createMultiPoint(), MultiPoint.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createMultiLineString(), MultiLineString.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createMultiPolygon(), MultiPolygon.class);
checkEmpty( geometryFactory.createGeometryCollection(), GeometryCollection.class);
}
private void checkEmpty(Geometry geom, Class clz) {
assertTrue(geom.isEmpty());
assertTrue( geom.getClass() == clz );
}
public void testDeepCopy() throws ParseException
{
Point g = (Point) read("POINT ( 10 10) ");
Geometry g2 = geometryFactory.createGeometry(g);
g.getCoordinateSequence().setOrdinate(0, 0, 99);
assertTrue(! g.equalsExact(g2));
}
public void testMultiPointCS()
{
GeometryFactory gf = new GeometryFactory(new PackedCoordinateSequenceFactory());
CoordinateSequence mpSeq = gf.getCoordinateSequenceFactory().create(1, 4);
mpSeq.setOrdinate(0, 0, 50);
mpSeq.setOrdinate(0, 1, -2);
mpSeq.setOrdinate(0, 2, 10);
mpSeq.setOrdinate(0, 3, 20);
MultiPoint mp = gf.createMultiPoint(mpSeq);
CoordinateSequence pSeq = ((Point)mp.getGeometryN(0)).getCoordinateSequence();
assertEquals(4, pSeq.getDimension());
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
assertEquals(mpSeq.getOrdinate(0, i), pSeq.getOrdinate(0, i));
}
/**
* CoordinateArraySequences default their dimension to 3 unless explicitly told otherwise.
* This test ensures that GeometryFactory.createGeometry() recreates the input dimension properly.
*
* @throws ParseException
*/
public void testCopyGeometryWithNonDefaultDimension() throws ParseException
{
GeometryFactory gf = new GeometryFactory(CoordinateArraySequenceFactory.instance());
CoordinateSequence mpSeq = gf.getCoordinateSequenceFactory().create(1, 2);
mpSeq.setOrdinate(0, 0, 50);
mpSeq.setOrdinate(0, 1, -2);
Point g = gf.createPoint(mpSeq);
CoordinateSequence pSeq = ((Point) g.getGeometryN(0)).getCoordinateSequence();
assertEquals(2, pSeq.getDimension());
Point g2 = (Point) geometryFactory.createGeometry(g);
assertEquals(2, g2.getCoordinateSequence().getDimension());
}
private void checkCreateGeometryExact(String wkt) throws ParseException
{
Geometry g = read(wkt);
Geometry g2 = geometryFactory.createGeometry(g);
assertTrue(g.equalsExact(g2));
}
private Geometry read(String wkt) throws ParseException
{
return reader.read(wkt);
}
}
``` |
The European Curling Championships are annual curling tournaments held in Europe between various European nations. The European Curling Championships are usually held in early to mid December. The tournament also acts as a qualifier for the World Championships, where the top eight nations qualify.
In November 1974, a six-nations tournament was held in Zürich, Switzerland which included Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and Norway. In March 1975, it was decided that the championships would be competed in December. At the semi-annual general meeting in Gävle, Sweden in April 2004, a new competition called the European Mixed Curling Championships was formed.
Champions
All-time medal table
As of the conclusion of 2022 European Curling Championships.
Combined
See also
European Mixed Curling Championship
European Junior Curling Challenge
World Curling Tour
World Qualification Event
References
Recurring sporting events established in 1975
International curling competitions
European championships
Curling competitions in Europe
1975 establishments in Europe |
Swan Village is an area of West Bromwich, in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell in the West Midlands County of England.
It is now divided by the Black Country New Road and was the site of the Swan Village Gas Works. Nearby was the junction of the Ridgacre Branch with the Wednesbury Old Canal, both now disused.
Swan Village railway station served the area on the former Birmingham-Wolverhampton line and a branch line to Great Bridge, which closed in 1964 as a result of the Beeching cuts. The line to Birmingham and Wolverhampton closed in 1972 as did the station. A level crossing was situated at one end of the former station, and Black Lake tram stop on the West Midlands Metro route is situated on the other side of this crossing.
References
External links
Areas of the West Midlands (county)
West Bromwich |
Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South was a publication of the Atlanta Historical Society. It was established in 1927 with one issue per year as the Atlanta Historical Bulletin. In 1937, the journal began publishing three or four issues annually. At least one issue per year was published during World War II. By the middle 1950s, the publication again failed to have issues available each year. There were no issues between 1957 and 1965, with nearly a decade represented by Vol. X. Things proceeded smoothly from 1966 until the 1990s, except for no issues during the year 1974. There were occasional combined issues (1-2 or 3-4) too, and Volume XLV is particularly spotty signaling a major slowdown.
The issue dated Spring 1978 changed the name to The Atlanta Historical Journal and the issue dated Spring 1987 finally changed the name to Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South, then edited by Bradley R. Rice. with a similar design to the previous volumes. The issue marked Fall 1993 announced the opening of the new museum at the history center and presented a new logo, design, and layout for the magazine which continued into 2006. The last issue was Vol. 48 No. 1, dated Spring 2006.
Franklin M. Garrett's death in March 2000 may have contributed to the current slowdown.
Beginning with the resumption of the Bulletin in 1965 with issue No.39, a chapter or two from Franklin Garrett's book Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of its People and Events was included in each issue up to the last issue of 1973 by which time they had reprinted chronologically to 1872 – almost the entirety of Volume I.
References
External links
Complete tables of content
Partial collection of digitized issues
1927 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
2006 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Annual magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
History magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1927
Magazines disestablished in 2006
Magazines published in Atlanta
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Triannual magazines published in the United States |
Babelomurex santacruzensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
References
santacruzensis
Gastropods described in 1970 |
Gannett Glacier is the largest glacier in the Rocky Mountains within the United States. The glacier is located on the east and north slopes of Gannett Peak, the highest mountain in Wyoming, on the east side of the Continental Divide in the Wind River Range. Gannett is but one of dozens of glaciers located in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness of Shoshone National Forest.
As is true with many glaciers around the world, Gannett Glacier is slowly disappearing. Photographic evidence clearly demonstrates that there has been an enormous reduction in the area of the glacier since the 1920s. The area of the glacier was estimated in 1950 to be and was measured in 1999 to be . Measurements taken in 1958 and again in 1983 showed a depth reduction of over 25 years. A general warming pattern and a reduction in moisture is widely believed to be the reason for the glacier retreating. Numerous other glaciers are located in the immediate area including six more that are within the top ten in size within the Rocky Mountains of the U.S.
In a 1989 study, both Gannett and Dinwoody glaciers were researched to determine the amount of melt water they supplied to streams. Both glaciers supply melt water which flows into Dinwoody Creek, which in turn flows into the Wind River. The melt water was found to have contributed increasingly lower amounts to the total water supplied to Dinwoody Creek. This has been attributed to the glaciers thinning and retreating, especially since 1950, when Gannett Glacier was measured to be almost 20 percent larger than in 1999. The impact on reduced stream flow from Gannett Glacier due to glacial retreat affects more than just the amount of water available for the local ecosystem and downstream agricultural and ranching interests.
See also
List of glaciers in the United States
References
Glaciers of Fremont County, Wyoming
Shoshone National Forest
Glaciers of Wyoming |
```java
Ternary operator
Distinction between `public` and `private` methods
Using Inheritance to reduce code repetition
Limit Accessibility of `Fields`
Implementing an `interface`
``` |
was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period, from Udono clan, who served the Imagawa clan. He was Lord of Kaminogō Castle in Mikawa Province and Imagawa Yoshimoto's nephew. In 1560 he fought at the Battle of Okehazama against Oda Nobunaga and 1562 at the Siege of Kaminogō Castle against Tokugawa Ieyasu.
References
Japanese Wiki article on Nagateru (14 Sept. 2007)
Samurai
1562 deaths
Year of birth unknown |
Schonfeld is a surname that may refer to
Heinrich Schönfeld (born 1900), Austrian football player
Julie Schonfeld (born 1965), American female rabbi
Reese Schonfeld, Maurice "Reese" Schonfeld, American television journalist and co-founder of CNN and the Food Network
Solomon Schonfeld (1912-1984), British rabbi
See also
Schönfeld (disambiguation)
Sonnenfeld (disambiguation)
Schoenfeld (disambiguation) |
Home is an album by David Murray, released in 1982 on the Italian Black Saint label and the second to feature his Octet. It features performances by Murray, Henry Threadgill, Olu Dara, Lawrence "Butch" Morris, George E. Lewis, Anthony Davis, Wilbur Morris and Steve McCall.
Reception
The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide said, "both Ming and Home display an excellent balance between written material and solos by a distinguished group of sidemen".
The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected this album, along with its predecessor Ming, as part of its suggested Core Collection.
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "All of the brilliant players have their opportunities to make strong contributions to Murray's five originals (best known of which is '3-D Family'), and the leader's writing is consistently colorful and unpredictable. Recommended."
Track listing
"Home" – 5:58
"Santa Barbara and Crenshaw Follies" – 7:30
"Choctaw Blues" – 7:20
"Last of the Hipmen" – 9:12
"3-D Family" – 8:35
All compositions by David Murray
Recorded at Right Track Recording Studios, NYC, October 31 & November 1, 1981
Personnel
David Murray – tenor saxophone, bass clarinet
Henry Threadgill – alto saxophone, flute, alto flute
Olu Dara – trumpet
Lawrence "Butch" Morris – cornet
George E. Lewis – trombone
Anthony Davis – piano
Wilber Morris – bass
Steve McCall – drums
References
1982 albums
David Murray (saxophonist) albums
Black Saint/Soul Note albums |
Colenso Parade were an alternative rock band from Belfast, Northern Ireland formed in 1984. Taking their name from a street in the Stranmillis area of their native city, the original line-up was Oscar (Thomas) Askin (vocals), Linda Clendinning (keyboards), Andrew Middleton later replaced by Neil Lawson (bass guitar), Jackie Forgie (guitar) and Jeff Beattie later replaced by Robert Wakeman (drums). After releasing two singles on their own Goliath label, they moved to London and signed to their manager Dave Bedford's Fire Records, with Forgie being replaced by future The House of Love/Levitation guitarist Terry Bickers. After an EP on Fire Records (Hallelujah Chorus and Other Coyote Yelps) and a subsequent LP, Bickers departed to join The House of Love, to be replaced by John Watt (previously of Kissed Air and currently composer for BBC's Dragons' Den). Wakeman also left, his replacement being ex-Big Self drummer Owen Howell. Their next release, "Fontana Eyes" was arguably their best, receiving heavy airplay, although they split soon after, in 1986. Singer Oscar was offered the job of replacing Ian McCulloch in Echo & the Bunnymen but declined, and went on to work in corporate events as MD of the Technical Production company Metro Ecosse. Drummer Wakeman later resurfaced in the band Salad.
Discography
Singles
"Standing Up" (1984, Goliath)
"Down By The Border" (1985, Goliath)
Hallelujah Chorus and other Coyote Yelps EP (1985, Fire)
"Fontana Eyes" (1986, Fire)
Albums
Glentoran (1986, Fire)
References
Alternative rock groups from Northern Ireland
Musical groups from Belfast |
The domain name .cyou is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Added in March 2015, this name is marketed as the phrase "see you."
According to IANA published reports, this domain name was initially delegated to Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd., a Beijing company, on March 31, 2015. It was transferred to ShortDot SA, a Luxembourgish company, on May 14, 2020.
Reference section
Generic top-level domains
Internet properties established in 2015 |
USS Meyer (DD-279) was a built for the United States Navy during World War I.
Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced at standard load and at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.
Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of at .
The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.
Construction and career
Meyer, named for George von Lengerke Meyer, was laid down 6 February 1919 at the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, Squantum, Massachusetts; launched 18 July 1919; sponsored by Mrs. C. R. P. Rodgers, daughter of Mr. Meyer; and commissioned 17 December 1919.
After an east coast shakedown, Meyer departed Boston, Massachusetts 9 February 1920 for the west coast. She arrived San Diego, California 1 April only to depart soon afterward for a cruise to San Francisco, California and various Alaskan ports. Returning to San Diego 18 August, she continued to operate along the west coast, ranging from Alaska to Panama, with occasional voyages to Hawaii, for the next 8 and a half years. During that time her assignments were varied and in August, 1927, Meyer served as one of the ships used to assist pilots participating in the Dole Race from the mainland to Hawaii. Early in 1929 the destroyer began inactivation overhaul and on 15 May 1929 was decommissioned at San Diego. On 17 June she was towed to Mare Island for scrapping. Struck 25 November 1930, her materials were sold 25 February 1932.
As of 2019, no other ships have been named Meyer.
Meyer can be briefly seen in the movie, "Tin Pan Alley", just after the two male leads enlist in the army to serve in WW1. About 1 hour 15 mins into the film .
Notes
References
External links
http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/279.htm
Clemson-class destroyers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1919 ships |
Bryce Dale Lyon (April 22, 1920 – 2007) was an American medievalist who taught at the University of Colorado, Harvard University, the University of Illinois, the University of California at Berkeley and Brown University. By the end of his career, Lyon wrote, co-authored, or edited over twenty books; published over fifty scholarly articles; and wrote over one hundred book reviews.
Early life and education
Bryce Dale Lyon was born April 22, 1920, in Bellevue, Ohio, to E. Paul Lyon and Florence Gundrum. Life in Bellevue explained Lyon's interest in economic history. Bellevue was a railroad town serviced by the Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad, the Toledo-Norwalk Railroad, the Nickel Plate Railroad, the Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad. These railroads connected Bellevue with Cleveland and Toledo, enabling trade and commerce in Bellevue. The wealth of Bellevue contributed to the creation of Standard Oil.
In 1942 Lyon obtained a B.A. in history, graduating summa cum laude from Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio. World War II delayed Lyon's goal to obtain a Ph.D. in history. World War II also delayed Lyon's marriage to Mary Elizabeth Lewis, a fellow student at Baldwin-Wallace. Mary was the perfect personal and professional companion, having majored in classics and possessing a keen grasp of Latin. As Lyon's career progressed, Mary transitioned from typist and editor to co-researcher and co-author.
In June 1946, Lyon and his wife Mary moved to Ithaca, New York, to attend Cornell University for his Ph.D. in history. The luminaries at Cornell University allowed Lyon to pursue both ancient and medieval history. Professor Carl Stephenson, an eminent medievalist, became Lyon's thesis director. Lyon also received a minor in ancient history with Professor M.L.W. Laistner and a minor in political theory with Professor George H. Sabine.
Professor Stephenson introduced Lyon to Henri Pirenne's writings. Henri Pirenne, a renowned Belgian medieval historian, theorized the Roman Empire ended when subsistence living replaced trade. Pirenne believed trade first reappeared in the Low Countries. According to Pirenne, this trade explains why many institutions from Middle Ages started in the Low Countries. Building upon Pirenne's theories, Stephenson suggested Lyon write his thesis on feudalism. Lyon narrowed his thesis to The Money Fief Under the English Kings, 1066-1485.
Career
After earning his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1949, Lyon accepted a position in the history department at the University of Colorado. S. Harrison Thomson, the chair of the department of history, greeted Lyon, saying: “You will be gone within three years. Either you will publish yourself out of Colorado or I will fire you.” Lyon taught medieval history at University of Colorado from 1949 through 1951.
In 1952, Lyon received a fellowship to work in Belgium. Lyon found material in the Belgian archives to revise his thesis on the transition from feudal to non-feudal contracts in England and the Low Countries during the late Middle Ages. The book emerging from this research defined Lyon's career.
While in Belgium, Lyon accepted a position as an assistant professor of history at Harvard University, a position he held from 1951 to 1956. Lyon received this offer largely based on his thesis he revised in Belgium, From Fief to Indenture: The Transition from Feudal to Non-Feudal Contract in Western Europe. In 1954 Lyon compiled and edited a volume of Carl Stephenson's finest articles, Medieval Institutions: Selected Essays by Carl Stephenson, to recognize his mentor's scholarly career.
From 1956 to 1959, Lyon was an associate professor of history at the University of Illinois. Together with other professors from the department of history at Illinois, Lyon co-wrote A History of the World' in 1960. Additionally, Lyon wrote "The Middle Ages in Recent Historical Thought" published in 1959. During this time, Lyon also began his book entitled A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England published in 1960. Lyon recognized trade required a mature legal system.
From 1959 through 1965, Lyon was a professor of history at the University of California at Berkeley. Lyon also served as assistant dean to the College of Arts and Sciences from 1959 through 1965. While at Berkeley, Lyon revised Medieval History, Europe from the Second to the Sixteenth Century by Carl Stephenson.
From 1965 until his retirement in 1986, Lyon was the Barnaby C. and Mary Critchfield Keeney Professor of History at Brown University in Providence, RI. Lyon also chaired the department of history at Brown University from 1968 through 1975. During this time, Lyon's notable books included: Medieval Finance. A Comparison of Financial Institutions in Northwestern Europe, A History of the Western World, Studies of West European Medieval Institutions, and The Emergence of Common Law and Parliament. While at Brown, Lyon also researched the life of Henri Pirenne and the Annales School of History. This research resulted in published editions of Pirenne's correspondence with Marc Bloch and Karl Lamprecht, a major article on Maurice Prou’s ties to Pirenne, and the biography entitled Henri Pirenne: A Biographical and Intellectual Study. Working as a team, Lyon and his wife, Mary, translated The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340. Deciphering Latin abbreviations into full Latin, Lyon and his wife gave future scholars access to the account books of Edward III revealing his military, political, financial and logistical strategy during the Hundred Years’ War.
Post-Retirement
Lyon and his wife translated another Wardrobe book, resulting in The Wardrobe Book of 1296-1297: A Financial and Logistical Record of Edward I’s 1297 Campaign in Flanders Against Philip IV of France. This work is a primary source of English diplomacy and logistics during the early stages of the Hundred Years’ War.
Honors
Doctor of Pedagogy, Baldwin-Wallace College.
Fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Fellow of the Belgian Royal Historical Society
Festschrift honoring Bryce Lyon's retirement: Law, Customs, and Social Fabric in Medieval Europe: Essays in Honor of Bryce Lyon [1990]
Festschrift honoring Bryce Lyon's life: Comparative Perspectives on History and Historians: Essays in Memory of Bryce Lyon (1920–2007) [2012]
Visiting Member, Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton
References
Footnotes
Sources
Comparative Perspectives on History and Historians by Bernard S. Bachrach / David Nicholas / James M. Murray
Essays in Memory of Bryce Lyon (1920–2007) by Walter Prevenier
List of Books by Bryce Lyon
Bryce and Mary Lyon Prize
1920 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American historians
American medievalists
University of Colorado faculty
Brown University faculty
Harvard University faculty
University of Illinois faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
People from Bellevue, Ohio |
Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Althea, after a shrub of the mallow family; the rose of sharon or a hollyhock.
was a collier that served during the Civil War.
was a tugboat that served during the Civil War.
was a motorboat built in 1907.
Sources
United States Navy ship names |
Guy III may refer to:
Guy III of Châtillon (1254–1317)
Guy III of Spoleto (died 894)
Guy III, Count of Saint-Pol (died 1289)
Other
Guy III (album), from American R&B group Guy |
Francisco de Aguilar (1479 — 1571?), born Alonso de Aguilar, was a Spanish conquistador who took part in the expedition led by Hernán Cortés that resulted in the conquest of the Aztec Empire and the fall of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec state in the central Mexican plateau.
He was granted an encomienda after the conquest, but in 1529, eight years after the fall of Tenochtitlan, he gave up his encomienda and entered the Dominican Order, adopting the name Francisco. Aguilar spent the remaining 40 years of his life as a Dominican friar. According to Patricia de Fuente, who translated his account to English, Aguilar "was contemplative by nature, and ... he brooded about the moral aspect of the Conquest."
Late in his long life, in his early 80s, his fellow Dominicans urged him to write an account of the Aztec conquest drawing from his experiences. This account, known as Relación breve de la conquista de la Nueva España ("Brief Record [Account] of the Conquest of New Spain"), went unpublished in his lifetime, however a manuscript copy of it was preserved at the royal library of El Escorial outside of Madrid, Spain. It was first published in 1900 by the Mexican historian and archivist, Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. A modern English translation of Aguilar's chronicle is published in The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico,
In his elderly years, he was diagnosed with gout and he soon died in Mexico at the age of 92.
References
Spanish conquistadors
Encomenderos
Spanish Dominicans
16th-century Mesoamericanists
Novohispanic Mesoamericanists
People from New Spain
1479 births
1571 deaths
Historians of Mesoamerica
16th-century Spanish writers
16th-century male writers
Colonial Mexico
Castilian-Manchegan conquistadors |
Spywatch is an educational serial produced by the BBC as part of Look and Read. It originally aired on BBC2 from 15 January to 25 March 1996. Its main educational focus was World War II.
Story
In the modern day, adult Norman Starkey goes to the fictional village of Westbourne in Shropshire where he was evacuated during the Second World War. With the help of the local librarian, he writes the story of his adventure. The modern day parts include the educational aspects, which form the middle of each episode. The main adventure is set in 1942, in the middle of World War II. Three children, young Norman, Dennis and Mary are evacuated to Westbourne, away from the bombs. The boys stay at a farm, owned by Amy Hobbs (Aunty Amy) and her granddaughter Polly, and Mary stays at Westbourne Hall with the wealthy Miss Millington and Mr Grainger. The children come across what they think is a trail of spies, but the number of suspects is very high and the children have to solve the mystery.
Episodes
Episode 1 (Sent Away)
15 January 1996
Middle-aged Norman Starkey, a former wartime evacuee, finds his old scrapbook, and decides to write a book about his experience, so he heads back to Westbourne. He recounts being sent off to Westbourne where he meets Cyril Jenkins and another evacuee, Mary Parker. Cyril drives them to Westbourne Hall, home to Phillip Grainger, and his housekeeper, Miss Millington. They refuse to take Norman, but take Mary instead. Norman is driven to nearby Wells Farm where he is taken in by kindly Amy Hobbs, who has recently taken in another evacuee named Dennis Sealey.
Episode 2 (Grainger Danger)
22 January 1996
Norman and Dennis, both strangers to country life, are put to work on Amy's farm by Amy's granddaughter, Polly, and are both terrified when they find themselves surrounded by cows. Meanwhile, Mary is being forced to do the housework by Grainger and Millington. Grainger also pays Wells Farm a visit and tries to get Amy to move out of the farm, to which he was the landlord, but she refuses.
Episode 3 (Spies All Around)
29 January 1996
Amy's cows have escaped and it looks as if the fence has been cut. Norman, Dennis, and Polly suspect Grainger is to blame. Later, the whole village attends a lecture where Cyril Jenkins shows them a series of posters of people who may be spies in disguise, but one poster in particular startles Norman, Dennis and Polly; an image of a woman in half a Nazi uniform and half normal clothing stays in their minds. Meanwhile, in the present, Norman decides to track down Polly.
Episode 4 (Trouble For Mary)
5 February 1996
Luigi Balzoni, an Italian P.O.W, arrives to help on the farm. Amy initially doesn't trust Luigi, but he soon wins her trust. Also, Miss Millington steals Mary's money and accuses Mary of stealing from her. Later, Mary writes a letter to her parents and gives it to Millington to post. However, Millington reads the letter in which Mary describes to her parents how horrible Grainger and Miss Millington are, how badly they're treating her, and begs them to come and get her. Millington throws the letter in the fire.
Episode 5 (The Poster Comes To Life)
12 February 1996
Norman becomes homesick after receiving a letter from his mother. He goes for a walk by the river and meets Mike Johnson, a lieutenant from the nearby U.S. Army base who shows him how to fish. Meanwhile, Mary agrees to help Polly and Dennis find out if Grainger is a spy. On the way back to the Farm, Polly and Dennis encounter a strange woman who bears a striking resemblance to the woman in the poster Cyril Jenkins showed them. When the woman asks for directions to the village, Polly, convinced she's an enemy spy, intentionally sends her the wrong way and thinks they've seen the last of her – until she turns up at the front door!
Episode 6 (Bombs In The Country)
19 February 1996
The mystery woman introduces herself as Vivienne Belling, and she claims to be a government photographer. However, the kids are suspicious of her. Meanwhile, Mary overhears an interesting conversation between Grainger and Miss Millington. Mike gives the children chocolate which is rationed. Also, Polly and Dennis spot a German plane.
Episode 7 (Surprise)
4 March 1996
Polly and Dennis narrowly avoid being killed by the German plane's bombs. Norman later spies Grainger giving a package to Vivienne Belling. Mary tries to uncover evidence to prove Grainger's a spy. Also, Norman's mother comes to visit him on his birthday. The next day, however, an even bigger surprise awaits the kids in their secret meeting place (the greenhouse at Westbourne Hall).
Episode 8 (The Pilot)
11 March 1996
The kids find an injured German pilot in the greenhouse. The pilot is later arrested, and the kids suspicions of Vivienne Belling deepen when they hear her speaking German to the pilot. Also, in another attempt to get Amy to leave the farm, Grainger pulls some strings to have Luigi moved to Westbourne Hall. That night, Mary follows Grainger and Millington to try to find out what they're up to.
Episode 9 (The Secret Quarry)
18 March 1996
The kids find a tunnel leading from an abandoned quarry to Westbourne Hall. Norman and Dennis are caught by Grainger, but are saved by Luigi, who Grainger has arrested shortly afterwards for stealing from the Hall.
Episode 10 (Captured)
25 March 1996
The children learn that Grainger and Miss Millington are simply black marketeers rather than spies. Norman and Mary try to call the police from Westbourne Hall, but are caught by Grainger and Millington and locked in a shed. Seeing them captured, Polly goes off to find a phone, only to bump into Vivienne Belling. Polly attacks her, but is stopped by Mike. Polly leads them to the quarry where Dennis has managed to free Norman and Mary, who trap Grainger and Millington in the shed. The blackmarketeers are arrested, and Vivienne Belling reveals she was investigating Grainger the whole time. Mary is moved to Wells Farm and the charges against Luigi are dropped and he returns to work on the Farm. Norman's mother arrives at the Farm to take Norman home. In the present, Norman is finally reunited with Polly.
Characters
Norman Starkey played by Raymond Pickard
Dennis Sealey played by Russell Tovey
Mary Parker played by Josie McCabe
Polly Hobbs played by Sophie Ward
Amy Hobbs played by Rosemary Leach
Miss Millington played by Lesley Joseph
Philip Grainger played by Guy Henry
Cyril Jenkins played by Norman Bird
Luigi Balzoni played by Joseph Alessi
Vivienne Belling played by Abigail Thaw
Norman Starkey (adult) played by Keith Barron
Miss Lee played by Josie d'Arby
Cedric David Rom (CD-ROM) played by Roger Kitter
Singer (female) Janie Dee
Singer (male) Tony Timberlake
Bald-headed man/Spiv played by Andrew Tansey
Mike Johnson played by Terence Maynard
Private Wilson played by Rab Christie
Mrs Starkey played by Carol Harvey
Mrs Calver played by Pauline Delaney
Ethel Higson played by Victoria Hasted
Harrison played by Vincent Pickering
German pilot played by Reinhard Michaels
Polly Peters (Hobbs) played by Jeannie Crowther
References
1996 British television series debuts
1996 British television series endings
1990s British children's television series
BBC children's television shows
British children's education television series
British television shows for schools
Look and Read
Reading and literacy television series
English-language television shows |
```hcl
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
output "project_id" {
description = "GCP project id"
value = resource.google_container_cluster.ml_cluster[0].project
}
output "region" {
description = "GCP region"
value = resource.google_container_cluster.ml_cluster[0].location
}
output "cluster_name" {
description = "The name of the GKE cluster"
value = resource.google_container_cluster.ml_cluster[0].name
}
output "kubernetes_host" {
description = "Kubernetes cluster host"
value = resource.google_container_cluster.ml_cluster[0].endpoint
}
output "cluster_certicicate" {
description = "Kubernetes cluster ca certificate"
value = base64decode(resource.google_container_cluster.ml_cluster[0].master_auth[0].cluster_ca_certificate)
sensitive = true
}
``` |
Olinalá is one of the 81 municipalities of Guerrero, in south-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Olinalá. The municipality covers an area of 1,028.1 km2.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 22,645.
References
Municipalities of Guerrero |
Pierse is both a surname and a given name. The name originated from the Anglo-Saxon culture of Britain during the late Middle Ages, meaning "son of Peter". Notable people with the surname or given name include:
Surname
Annamay Pierse (born 1983), Canadian swimmer
Catherine Pierse, Irish solicitor
Peter Pierse (1947–1991), Australian rugby league referee
Toddy Pierse (1898–1968), Irish Gaelic footballer
Given
Pierse Loftus (1877–1956), Irish-born British businessman and politician
Pierse Long (1739–1789), American merchant
Pierse Joseph Mackesy (1883–1956), Irish-born British Army officer
See also
Peirse (disambiguation)
Pierce (disambiguation)
Piers (disambiguation)
Surnames of English origin
English-language surnames
Patronymic surnames |
Mehmed Pasha or Mehmet Pasha may refer to:
Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1483–1539), Ottoman grand vizier
Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1662–1712), Ottoman grand vizier
Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha (died 1521), Ottoman vizier and east front commander
Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (died 1665), Ottoman grand vizier
Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1624–1625), Ottoman grand vizier
Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1598–1599), Ottoman grand vizier
Damat Mehmet Ali Pasha (1813–1868), Ottoman grand vizier
Dervish Mehmed Pasha (disambiguation)
Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1661–1697), Ottoman grand vizier
Emin Pasha (1840–1892), also known as Mehmet Emin Pasha, German physician who entered Ottoman service
Emir Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1589–1600), Ottoman defterdar, governor of Egypt (1596–1598) and of Damascus (1599–1600)
Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (died 1665), Ottoman grand vizier
Hadım Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1622–1623), Ottoman grand vizier
Haseki Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1648–1661), Ottoman governor of Egypt, Damascus, Baghdad, and Aleppo
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1769–1855), Ottoman grand vizier and admiral
İvaz Mehmed Pasha (died 1743), Ottoman grand vizier
Izzet Mehmed Pasha (disambiguation)
Kadri Pasha (1832–1884), Ottoman grand vizier
Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913), Ottoman grand vizier
Kara Mehmed Pasha (died 1619), Ottoman grand vizier and governor of Egypt, also known as Öküz Mehmed Pasha
Kara Mehmed Pasha (died 1722), Ottoman governor of various provinces, including Egypt
Karamani Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1477–1481), Ottoman grand vizier
Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha (1769–1849), better known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1813–1871), Ottoman grand vizier
Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (fl. 1429–1439), Ottoman grand vizier
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1575–1661), Albanian Ottoman grand vizier
Kurd Mehmed Pasha (died 1605), Ottoman governor of Egypt (1594/1595–1596) and of Aleppo
Lala Mehmed Pasha (died 1595), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmet Pasha (mayor of Salonica), mayor of Ottoman Salonica in 1874
Mehmed Ali Pasha (disambiguation)
Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal) (1827–1878), German-born Ottoman soldier
Mehmed Emin Pasha (disambiguation)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1859), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1815–1869), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1851–1914), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Hâdî Pasha (1861–1932), Ottoman general and statesman
Mehmed Hasib Pasha (died 1870), Ottoman statesman
Mehmed Necib Pasha (died 1851), Ottoman governor of Baghdad
Mehmed Namık Pasha (1804–1892), Ottoman statesman
Mehmed Riza Pasha (1809–1877), Ottoman military officer
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1811–1882), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1825–1901), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Said Pasha (1830–1914), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Şakir Pasha (1855 – 1914), Ottoman, diplomat, historian and general
Mehmed Selim Pasha (1771–1831), Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmed Şükrü Pasha (1857–1916), Ottoman general
Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874–1921), better known as Talaat Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier
Mehmet Vasıf Pasha Gürcü (died 1865), Ottoman field-marshal
Muhammad Ali of Egypt (1769–1849), also known as Mehmet Ali Pasha, Albanian Ottoman commander
Piri Mehmed Pasha (died 1533), Ottoman grand vizier
Rami Mehmed Pasha (1645–1704), Ottoman grand vizier and poet
Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1780–1839), Ottoman grand vizier
Rum Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1466–1469), Ottoman grand vizier
Saffet Pasha (fl. 1878), Ottoman grand vizier
Sofu Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1648–1649), Ottoman grand vizier
Sofu Mehmed Pasha (governor) (died 1626), Ottoman governor of Egypt, Rumelia, Sivas, and Budin
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1506–1579), Ottoman grand vizier
Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (fl. 1604–1606), Ottoman grand vizier
Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (died 1646), Ottoman grand vizier
Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (died 1637), Ottoman grand vizier
Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (died 1638), Ottoman grand vizier
Veli Mehmed Pasha (died 1716), Ottoman Kapudan Pasha and governor of Bosnia and Egypt
See also
List of Ottoman grand viziers, the greatest minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire
A number of rulers of Damascus were named Mehmed Pasha
A number of colonial heads of Algeria were named Mehmed Pasha
Mahmud Pasha (disambiguation)
Mehmed (name)
Pasha (title) |
Saint-Vincent-de-Cosse (; Languedocien: Sent Vincenç de Còssa) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France, on the Dordogne River.
The commune is located south of Sarlat-la-Canéda. It has two church buildings: an original Romanesque twelfth century church, Saint Vincent le Salvadou, and a nineteenth century replacement. It is named for St Vincent de Agen, a local third century saint.
Population
See also
Communes of the Dordogne department
References
Communes of Dordogne |
Ivan Werner (18 June 1887 – 26 June 1944) was a Croatian politician in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Independent State of Croatia who served as the mayor () of Zagreb from 1941 to 1944. A member of the fascist Ustaše party, Werner is best known for ordering the demolition of the Zagreb Synagogue in 1941 and for collaborating and cooperating with the Nazis during the Holocaust.
A butcher by trade, Werner was an expert on food processing and logistics. Werner died on June 26, 1944, and is buried in Mirogoj Cemetery.
References
1887 births
1944 deaths
Mayors of Zagreb
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Ustaše |
RPV may mean:
Rancho Palos Verdes
Reactor pressure vessel
Remote-Person View
Remotely Piloted Vehicle
Republican Party of Virginia
Rilpivirine, a drug against HIV/AIDS |
There are 65 lakes known as Long Lake in Ontario, Canada.
Algoma
Long Lake (Varley Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Albanel Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (North Shore, Ontario)
Long Lake (Fontaine Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Sampson Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Bruyere Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Common Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Huron Shores, Ontario)
Cochrane
Long Lake (Timmins)
Long Lake (Potter Township, Ontario)
Frontenac County
Long Lake (South Frontenac, Ontario)
Long Lake (Central Frontenac, Ontario)
Haliburton County
Long Lake (Highlands East, Ontario)
Long Lake (Dysart et al, Ontario)
Kenora
Long Lake (Pelican Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Machin, Ontario)
Long Lake (Kamungish River)
Long Lake (Redvers Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Wabigoon River)
Manitoulin
Long Lake (Central Manitoulin, Ontario)
Long Lake (Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands, Ontario)
Muskoka
Long Lake (Bracebridge, Ontario)
Long Lake (Wood Township, Ontario) (Muskoka Lakes)
Long Lake (Cardwell Township, Ontario) (Muskoka Lakes)
Long Lake (Bala, Ontario) (Muskoka Lakes)
Nipissing
Long Lake (Kearney, Nipissing District, Ontario)
Long Lake (East Ferris, Ontario)
Long Lake (Calvin, Ontario)
Parry Sound
Long Lake (Humphrey Township, Ontario) (Seguin)
Long Lake (Kearney, Parry Sound District, Ontario)
Long Lake (Joly, Ontario)
Long Lake (East Mills Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Wilson Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Nipissing, Ontario)
Long Lake (The Archipelago, Ontario)
Long Lake (Foley Township, Ontario) (Seguin)
Peterborough County
Long Lake (Douro-Dummer, Ontario)
Long Lake (Havelock-Belmont-Methuen, Ontario)
Long Lake (North Kawartha, Ontario)
Rainy River
Long Lake (Rainy River District, Ontario)
Renfrew County
Long Lake (Laurentian Valley, Ontario)
Long Lake (Greater Madawaska, Ontario)
Long Lake (Wylie Township, Ontario) (Laurentian Hills)
Long Lake (Rolph Township, Ontario) (Laurentian Hills)
Sudbury
Long Lake (Sables-Spanish Rivers, Ontario)
Long Lake (Sudbury, Ontario) (Greater Sudbury)
Long Lake (Ermatinger Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Capreol, Ontario) (Greater Sudbury)
Long Lake (Kelly Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Turner Township, Ontario)
Timiskaming
Long Lake (Sharpe Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Lorrain Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Milner Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Lebel Township, Ontario)
Thunder Bay
Long Lake (Saganagons Lake)
Long Lake (Laberge Township, Ontario)
Long Lake (Kashabowie, Ontario)
Long Lake (Terrace Bay, Ontario)
Long Lake (Shuniah, Ontario)
Long Lake (Athelstane Lake)
Long Lake (Thunder Bay District) (Longlac, )
Southern Ontario
Long Lake (Lanark County)
Long Lake (Simcoe County)
Long Lake (Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario)
Long Lake (Kawartha Lakes)
Long Lake (Hastings County)
See also
List of lakes in Ontario
References
Search at Geographical Names of Canada using parameters "Name: Long Lake Feature type: LAKE Province/Territory: ON". Accessdate 2010-06-13.
Lakes of Ontario |
Sir Ronald Ian Campbell (7 June 1890 – 22 April 1983) was a British diplomat.
Campbell was the second son of Sir Guy Campbell, 3rd Baronet (see Campbell baronets), and Nina, daughter of Frederick Lehmann. He was educated at Eton and graduated from Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1912 with a Bachelor of Arts. In 1939, Campbell was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a post he held until 1941 when he became Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (deputy head of mission) at Washington, D.C., until 1944. He became Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office in 1945, and served as the United Kingdom's ambassador to Egypt from 1946 to 1950. He was invested as a Privy Counsellor in 1950.
References
General
Specific
External links
Photographs
1890 births
1983 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Yugoslavia
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Younger sons of baronets |
Brian Roy Haas (born March 18, 1974) is an American jazz pianist and founding member of the band Jacob Fred Jazz Odyssey.
Haas spent his formative years in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, a suburb of Tulsa. He began studying classical piano at age five. He won local and regional piano competitions at a young age. When he was sixteen, he won the Oklahoma Concerto Competition. He performed with the Tulsa Philharmonic. After graduating from high school, he received a scholarship to study classical music at the University of Tulsa, but while in college he became interested in jazz and switched his major.
In January 2011 JFJO recorded a suite of music based on the Tulsa Race Riot. Haas signed with Rykodisc/Hyena Records, which released his first album, The Truth About Hollywood (2005), a combination of Hass's compositions and cover versions of songs by Thelonious Monk.
Discography
References
External links
Official site
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Aspen Music Festival and School alumni
Living people
1974 births
University of Tulsa alumni
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians |
The fencing competition at the 1983 Mediterranean Games was held in Casablanca, Morocco.
Medalists
Men's events
Women's events
Medal table
References
1983 Mediterranean Games report at the International Committee of Mediterranean Games (CIJM) website
List of Olympians who won medals at the Mediterranean Games at Olympedia.org
M
Sports at the 1983 Mediterranean Games
1983 |
Gerhard Dünnhaupt, FRSC (born August 15, 1927, in Bernburg (Saale)) is a German bibliographer, literary historian, emeritus professor of the University of Michigan, an honorary life member of the Modern Language Association of America, Elected Fellow and Life Member of the Royal Society of Canada (Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada). In September 1983, he chaired the international "Martin Luther Quincentennial Conference" in Ann Arbor, MI. He is the author of the only annotated bibliography of German Baroque literature.
Ancestry and background
Dünnhaupt is the son of a printer and newspaper publisher in Köthen (Anhalt). After graduation from high school in 1945 he entered the family business, attaining the master's degree in printing in 1949. He managed the estimating department of Giessen university press until his emigration to Canada, where he continued to work in printing and advertising. Beginning in 1964, he studied Modern Languages and Literatures at the University of Toronto, and, at Brown University in 1972, he submitted his dissertation about the German versions of the Italian Renaissance epics of Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso.
Beginning in 1972, he taught German Literature and Bibliography at the University of Washington; four years later, he relocated to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor where he taught German Literature and Comparative Literature until 1992. During these years, he also fulfilled visiting professorships at the University of Illinois, the Universität Göttingen and Cornell University. Since 1992 he is Professor Emeritus at the University of Michigan and Adjunct Professor at Queen's University at Kingston. Dünnhaupt is an honorary life member of the Modern Language Association and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada/Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada.
Main research
Dünnhaupt's main research interests involve German Renaissance and Baroque literature, history of printing and publishing, bibliography, and cultural history of the Early Modern Period; his scholarly articles deal frequently with the Fruitbearing Society as well as the history of his homeland of Anhalt. He was Editor of Rarissima litterarum and Book Review Editor for Michigan Germanic Studies. In September 1983, he organised the "Martin Luther Quincentennial Conference".
Honours
He was awarded the Prix Triennal de Bibliographie by the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB) for his annotated Bibliographisches Handbuch der Barockliteratur, and upon his retirement, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
Publications
Bibliographisches Handbuch der Barockliteratur: Hundert Personalbibliographien deutscher Autoren des 17. Jahrhunderts. 3 vols. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1980–1981,
Diederich von dem Werder. Versuch einer Neuwertung seiner Hauptwerke. Herbert Lang, Bern 1973,
Die Fürstliche Druckerei zu Köthen. (AGB XX.4). Buchhändler-Vereinigung, Frankfurt am Main 1979,
Personalbibliographien zu den Drucken des Barock. 6 vols. Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1990–1993,
Editions
Rarissima litterarum (Editor)
Torquato Tasso (Ed.), Diederich von dem Werder (Trans.): Gottfried von Bulljon. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1974,
Andreas Gryphius: Horribilicribrifax Teutsch. Scherzspiel. Critical variorum edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 1976,
Andreas Gryphius: Absurda Comica oder Herr Peter Squenz. Schimpfspiel. Critical variorum edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 1983,
Giovanni Francesco Loredano (Ed.), Diederich von dem Werder (Trans.): Dianea oder Rähtselgedicht. Reprint of the 1644 edition. Peter Lang, Bern 1984,
Martin Luther Quincentennial. Wayne State Univ. Press, Detroit 1985,
Abraham a Sancta Clara: Stern so aus Jacob aufgangen Maria. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1994,
Johann Ludwig Prasch: Gründliche Anzeige von Fürtrefflichkeit und Verbesserung teutscher Poesie. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1995,
Gabriel Rollenhagen: Vier Bücher wunderbarlicher … und unglaublicher indianischer Reisen. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1995,
"Perseus Sperantes" (Ps.): Der Königliche Einspruch (anon. German version of the anon. French novel Jehan de Paris, ca. 1494). Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1995,
probably Johannes Riemer: Der ausgekehrte politische Feuermäuerkehrer. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1996,
Johann Joseph Beckh: Elbianische Florabella … nach Arth einer Schäfferey. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1997,
Johann Vogel mit Georg Philipp Harsdörffer: Icones mortis (Dance of Death). Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1998,
Conrad Vetter: Paradeißvogel. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1999 (roman catholic hymnal 1613),
Sources
Adalbert Elschenbroich: Modell eines Handbuchs. Gerhard Dünnhaupts monumentale Bibliographie. In: Die Zeit. Jahrgang 37, Nr. 49 (1982), Lit. S. 5.
Karl F. Otto Jr.: Dünnhaupt's Handbuch der Barockliteratur in: Monatshefte 76 (1984), 332–340.
Gerhard Dünnhaupt: Ein Barockbibliograph plaudert aus der Schule in: Philobiblon 37 (1993), 337–349.
Europäische Literatur der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit, meist aus der Sammlung Prof. Gerhard Dünnhaupt. Bassenge, Berlin 1996 (380 pages).
Mara R. Wade, ed.: Collections and Books, Images and Texts: Early Modern German Cultures of the Book. Brill, Leiden 2023 (Chloe 49),
External links
Dünnhaupt Digital, project of the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel
Literature by and about Dünnhaupt from the catalogue of the German National Library
1927 births
Living people
People from Bernburg
People from the Free State of Anhalt
German bibliographers
German male non-fiction writers
German emigrants to Canada
Canadian academics
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada |
Cargreen () is a small settlement in southeast Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated beside the River Tamar approximately two miles (3 km) north of Saltash. It is in the civil parish of Landulph.
Cargreen has a yacht club and once had a thriving industry ferrying flowers across the river to Devon.
"The earliest known reference to Cargreen was in 1018 when the bounds of the manor of Tinnel mentioned "Carrecron". It was then probably no more than, as the name implies (in Cornish), an outbreak of hard rock jutting into the Tamar."
Cargreen is mentioned in John Leland's The Antiquary 1534-43: "Myles fro Asshe [Saltash] Northward ynto the Land is a smaul Village cawled Caregrin, Est of this is Bere Parke and Hous in Devonshire dividid from Caregrin tantum Tamara."
The BBC TV series The Coroner features the now-closed Crooked Spaniards Inn, shown on the right, as the set for The Black Dog Inn. As of 2021, the pub remains closed although its surrounding buildings have been converted into holiday accommodation.
References
External links
Villages in Cornwall |
Elmar Salumaa (15 December 1908 Vara Parish – 1 January 1996 Kilingi-Nõmme) was an Estonian theologian.
In 1935 he graduated from Tartu University in religion. From 1937 to 1940 and 1942 to 1944, he taught at Tartu University. From 1944 to 1945 he was a pastor at Laiuse Congregation. In 1945 he was arrested and until 1955 he was imprisoned. From 1956 to 1995 he was a professor at the Institute of Theology of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church. From 1969 to 1995 he was a pastor at Saarde Congregation.
Works
Sören Kierkegaard (1939, 1992)
Antiikfilosoofia ajalugu (1991)
Filosoofia ajalugu (5 volumes, 1992–1998).
References
1908 births
1996 deaths
Estonian theologians |
The Portrait of Karl V with a Dog is a portrait of Karl V, Holy Roman Emperor with a hunting dog, painted by Titian in 1533. It passed from Karl to the Spanish royal collection, from which it passed to its present owner, the Prado in Madrid.
Description
It is a copy or reinterpretation of a portrait of Karl painted in 1532 by Jakob Seisenegger. That portrait was natural but had not pleased its subject and so during his stay in Bologna in 1533 (when Titian also happened to be there) Karl paid Titian 500 ducats to paint a new version of it.
This new version is similar to its predecessor but completely transforms its composition, stylising Karl' body by increasing the size of the fur wrap, decreasing the size of the doublet, raising the position of the eyes and lowering the horizon to make Karl fill the space. He is also shown approaching the viewer and the space around him has been emptied and simplified, with warmer colours than in the original. It later inspired Goya's 1799 Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes.
See also
List of works by Titian
References
Falomir, Miguel (ed.) Tiziano, catálogo de la exposición celebrada en el Museo del Prado, Madrid, 2003, ISBN 84-8480-050-4
Ferino-Pagden, Sylvia. ‘La imagen ideal y "natural" del poder: los retratos de Carlos V por Tiziano’, en Carolus, catálogo de la exposición celebrada en el Museo de Santa Cruz de Toledo, 2000-2001, pp. 67-78, ISBN 84-95146-45-2
Stefano Zuffi. Tiziano. Mondadori Arte, Milano 2008. ISBN 978-88-370-6436-5
1533 paintings
Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Paintings by Titian in the Museo del Prado
Portraits of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V
Dogs in paintings by Titian |
The L'Estrange Baronetcy, of Hunstanton in the County of Norfolk, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 1 June 1629 for Nicholas L'Estrange, son of Hamon le Strange. The fourth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Castle Rising. The title became extinct on the death of the seventh Baronet in 1762.
Hamon L'Estrange and Roger L'Estrange were the younger brothers of the first Baronet.
L'Estrange baronets, of Hunstanton (1629)
Sir Nicholas L'Estrange, 1st Baronet (1604–1655)
Sir Hamon L'Estrange, 2nd Baronet (1631–1656)
Sir Nicholas L'Estrange, 3rd Baronet (1632–1669)
Sir Nicholas L'Estrange, 4th Baronet (1661–1724)
Sir Thomas L'Estrange, 5th Baronet (1689–1751)
Sir Henry L'Estrange, 6th Baronet (1698–1760)
Sir Roger L'Estrange, 7th Baronet (1682–1762)
References
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England |
David Soudry (born 1956) is a professor of mathematics at Tel Aviv University working in number theory and automorphic forms.
Career
Soudry was born in 1956. He received his PhD in mathematics from Tel Aviv University in 1983 under the supervision of Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro. From 1983 to 1984, he was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study. He is a professor of mathematics at Tel Aviv University.
Research
Together with Stephen Rallis and David Ginzburg, Soudry wrote a series of papers about automorphic descent culminating in their book The descent map from automorphic representations of GL(n) to classical groups. Their automorphic descent method constructs an explicit inverse map to the (standard) Langlands functorial lift and has had major applications to the analysis of functoriality. Also, using the "Rallis tower property" from Rallis's 1984 paper on the Howe duality conjecture, they studied global exceptional correspondences and found new examples of functorial lifts.
Selected publications
References
External links
20th-century Israeli mathematicians
21st-century Israeli mathematicians
Number theorists
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Tel Aviv University alumni
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
1956 births |
Kathryn Starkey is Professor of German Studies and, By Courtesy, English, History, and Comparative Literature, at Stanford University. She is author of several books and articles on medieval German philology and visual culture.
She has also co-edited multiple books on different aspects of medieval literature and culture. Her recent translation of the works of Neidhart von Reuental was the first published in English. She is the PI on the Global Medieval Sourcebook, and has worked in multiple international collaborations, including through the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation on Tristan and Isolde and Cultures of Emotion in the Middle Ages.
Education
Before earning her PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, she studied at Queen's University in Canada.
References
Stanford University faculty
American women academics
1966 births
Living people
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Germanists
Stanford University Department of German faculty
Professors of German in the United States
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
21st-century American women |
The 1879 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Tuesday, 4 November 1879.
This year was the nineteenth running of the Melbourne Cup.
This is the list of placegetters for the 1879 Melbourne Cup.
See also
Melbourne Cup
List of Melbourne Cup winners
Victoria Racing Club
References
External links
1879 Melbourne Cup footyjumpers.com
1879
Melbourne Cup
Melbourne Cup
19th century in Melbourne
1870s in Melbourne |
Donald Bailey, also known as Don Bailey, is an Australian architect, and executive director of the RAIA in Canberra after his own private practice. In 1960 Donald Bailey setup Howlett and Bailey Architects with Jeffrey Howlett in Perth, Western Australia. Other than having won the competition for Perth Town hall, they went on and built up a reputation by winning a couple of successful practice in Perth including Perth concert hall. Their firm were also involved in other projects such as the already demolished Manager's House, the Public Suite, the Beatty Park Pool kiosk.
Personal life
It was during the days of working with Stephenson and Turner which Donald met his wife Janet. As for Janet, she was often seen playing the role of hostess to many RAIA committees and meetings. Initially Donald had been working with Stephenson and Turner in Melbourne. He was then given an opportunity for an overseas stint to work in England and Canada and travelling in Europe and North America for five years. He only returned to Australia in mid–fifties.
Putting a couple of his notable projects aside, Donald Bailey is also the chief executive of the national secretariat of RAIA consisting of four divisional directors and a staff of eleven, including the practice division based in Melbourne. His tasks includes assisting the President in representing the Institute at the highest levels of government and in the national consultative bodies of the professions and the building industry and also the advising of RAIA Executive on policy matters in order to keep in touch with the broad spectrum of Institute activities at top level. It is widely known that different presidents have found Donald Bailey's reign within the Institute invaluable. During those days one of Donald Bailey's antics is he is known to 'secretly' appear in disguises in Melbourne University meetings from time to time, with the purpose towards his vision to draw closer ties between the national body and chapters.
Notable projects
Perth Town Hall (1960)
Perth Council House (1961–1963)
Reserve Bank Of Australia (Canberra branch)
Perth Concert Hall (1971–1973)
Awards and competitions
New Perth City Council administration buildings competition (1960)
Competition for a town hall and auditorium for Perth (1961)
External links
http://www.architecturemedia.com/aa/aaissue.php?article=16&issueid=200603&typeon=3
https://web.archive.org/web/20110630202851/http://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/icons_per_councilhse.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20121125225844/http://www.perthconcerthall.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=63
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Howlett-and-Bailey-Architects/138504986179188
https://web.archive.org/web/20090531103205/http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/PDF_Files/C%20-%20A-D/02097%20Council%20House%20%28I-AD%29.PDF
Architects from Melbourne
Living people
Recipients of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects’ Gold Medal
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Stein Reinertsen (born 21 January 1960) is a Norwegian Lutheran clergyman who since January 2013 has been bishop in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark of the Church of Norway.
Early life and education
Stein Reinertsen was born and grew up in Oslo, with parents originally from Lista in Southern Norway. His father died when he was 14.
Reinertsen obtained a cand.theol. degree from the MF Norwegian School of Theology in Oslo in 1986. After finishing practical theological studies, he was consecrated as a pastor of the Church of Norway in the Oslo Cathedral in 1987.
Career
In 1988, Reinertsen worked as a military chaplain in Hans Majestet Kongens Garde (the Royal guards). From 1989 to February 1992, he worked for the Norwegian Christian Student and School Association. Then he worked as a student pastor at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences from 1992 to 1995. In 1995, he was head of Credo Forlag, a publishing house owned by the Norwegian Christian Student and School Association.
He served as parish priest in Farsund from 1996 to 2012; between 2010 and 2012 he also worked as a hospital pastor at the Sørlandet Hospital Flekkefjord.
In March 2012, he became dean of the Mandal prosti (deanery).
Stein Reinertsen was one of five nominated candidates to become bishop after Olav Skjevesland announced his retirement in 2012. After a round of input from various church bodies, Reinertsen remained as a candidate together with Anne-May Grasaas and Ludvig Bjerkreim. In the second round, he obtained the most votes among local parishes and priests. Eight bishops preferred Anne-May Grasaas, while four preferred Reinertsen. The Church's National Council, having the final say, voted ten for Reinertsen and five for Grasaas.
His appointment was announced in December 2012. It was the first time after the reformation that a bishop in the Church of Norway was appointed by a body of the church and not by the Norwegian government. This was a result of changes to the Constitution of Norway in 2012.
He was consecrated bishop in Kristiansand Cathedral on 27 January 2013. King Harald attended the ceremony, which was the first time he attended a without being head of the Church. Minister of Church affairs Rigmor Aasrud also attended the event which was led by bishop Helga Haugland Byfuglien who was the Preses.
Theological profile
Stein Reinertsen is considered a conservative theologian, but refuses the label of theological conservative.
Early in his career, he was opposed to ordination of women to priesthood, but he changed his view as a result of further studies of bible texts and conversations with former bishop Odd Bondevik. After he was elected bishop, Aftenposten featured a story about Reinertsen being opposed to marrying people who are divorced. This stance was criticised by politicians and others, with the leader of the Vest-Agder Labour Party Linda Verdal leaving the church in protest. In subsequent interviews, Reinertsen underlined that subordinate priests in the diocese were free to follow their own conscience on the issue and he would not discourage them from marrying divorced persons.
In 2013, Reinertsen was among a minority of four bishops who opposed a proposal to allow gay marriages in the Church of Norway, as well as opposing a compromise of allowing church blessing of gay couples who have married secularly. The church's national council has the final say on the issue.
He has been engaged in multicultural work to include immigrants in the Church of Norway, and took courses in the topic in 2008 and 2009.
Personal life
Reinertsen is married and has three grown children. As bishop, he lives in an apartment in the centre of Kristiansand which is owned by the Church of Norway.
References
Bishops of Agder og Telemark
21st-century Lutheran bishops
MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society alumni
Norwegian Lutherans
Norwegian military chaplains
1960 births
Living people |
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