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42834	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil%20Belgaid	Adil Belgaid	Adil Belgaïd (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 1970) ɗan wasan Judoka ne ɗan ƙasar Maroko. Nasarorin da aka samu Adil Belgaid: A Judo Legend and a Committed Philanthropist in Service of Youth Internationally recognized as an exceptional judo champion, Adil Belgaid embodies the epitome of success in the world of sports. His career showcases a series of dazzling triumphs, highlighting a journey marked by courage, tenacity, and unwavering devotion to judo. However, his impact extends beyond the judo mats, towards a profound commitment to the sports and social community. A Legacy of Success: Adil Belgaid has forged his legacy as a six-time African champion, and his name is synonymous with success, boasting three world master judo champion titles. Yet, beyond medals and titles, it is his perseverance and tireless pursuit of excellence that make him a legendary figure in the world of sports. A Stellar Journey: His numerous medals won at the Francophone Games and Mediterranean Games testify to his mastery of the sport at the international level. Adil Belgaid is also a triple Arab champion, an achievement that demonstrates his determination to excel at all levels. World Conquests: His performances at the World Championships in Hamilton in 1993 and Munich in 2001 proved his ability to compete at the highest level. These successes further fueled his determination to push the boundaries of excellence. Olympic Hero: By participating in the Olympic Games three times and carrying the flag of Morocco at Sydney 2000, Adil Belgaid has left his mark on Olympic history as an accomplished athlete and proud representative of his nation. International Triumphs: Adil Belgaid not only excels in personal victories but also shines in prestigious international tournaments such as the Grand Prix events in New York, Paris, Milan, Rome, and Monaco. His consistent success worldwide demonstrates his ability to shine in the most demanding global competitions. A Committed Philanthropist: However, Adil Belgaid's legacy is not limited to his sporting achievements. He stands out for his concrete commitment to community development and encouraging youth to engage in sports activities. As the president of the Association of Moroccan Sports Ambassadors, he actively works to provide opportunities for underprivileged youth by introducing sports as a means of personal development and community strengthening. His unique approach is rooted in the path of excellence, a philosophy he shares with his fellow association members. Together, they strive not only to achieve excellence but to create an exception. Adil Belgaid and his team work tirelessly to inspire youth to push their limits and aim higher, both in sports and in life. Adil Belgaid's legacy goes beyond medals and titles. He represents the embodiment of determination, dedication, inspiration, and positive impact on society. Adil Belgaid is a complete role model, a champion in the arena of sports, and a beacon of hope for future generations. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
29766	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oles%20Sanin	Oles Sanin	Articles with hCards Oles Hennadiyovych Sanin dan kasar Ukraine; An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1972 a Kamin-Kashyrskyi darektan fina-finai ne na Ukrainian, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai daukar hoto, furodusa, mawaƙa da sculptor. Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ukraine; An ba shi lambar yabo ta Alexander Dovzhenko Ukrainian State Award. Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a Kamin-Kashyrskyi a cikin yankin Volyn. Ya kammala karatunsa a Ivan Karpenko-Kary National University of Theater, Film da TV a Kyiv a shekara ta 1993 a cikin ajin actor (malayi: Valentyna Zymniya) kuma ya gama da kwas na shirya fim na fitattun fina-finai (tutor: Leonid Osyka) a shekara ta 1998. Ya yi horon horo a Netherlands da Amurka. A cikin shekaru 1994-2000 ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fim, darektan daukar hoto, darektan samarwa a cikin sifa da Documentary fina-finai 'sashe na Ukrainian reshe na kasa da kasa kungiyar Internews Network (yanzu Internews Ya samar da da yawa dozin takardun shaida (misali ga irin wannan tashoshi kamar Internews Network, Canal Ukrainian TV tashar 1 1, NTV, TNT, Polsat, DALAS studio, IKON, PRO Helvecia Ya kasance darektan daukar hoto na fina-finai na gaskiya da yawa kuma ya jagoranci wasu ƴan rubuce-rubuce da gajerun fina-finai. Sanin yana shugabantar Ƙungiyar Matasan Cinematographers na Yukren. Yana buga gangunan bandura, torban, hurdy-gurdy kuma yana bin al'adar Volhynia na 'yan wasan hurdy-gurdy. Ya kasance yana yin kayan kida da kansa, ya ƙware da fasaha irin na kakansa. Amfani da pseudonym Oleś Smyk Ukrainian shi memba ne na Kyiv Kobzar Gild Biyu daga cikin fina-finansa na farko, na farko Mamay (2003) da "The Guide (film) (2014), sun kasance fina-finai da hukuma kasar Ukraine ta basu kyautar Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Shirin The Guide ya kasance labari ne akan ƙaddamar da ta fadawa kobzars na Ukrainian a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2014 a 30th Warsaw Film Festival Kyaututtuka da karramawa Alexander Dovzhenko Ukrainian State Award na fim din Mamay Ukrainian 2003), Medal Azurfa na Ukrainian Academy of Arts Kyautar Azurfa ta Brothers Lumière Fina-finai Fina-finan fasali 1995 Atentat osinnie vbivstwo u Miunkheni Kashe-kashen Kaka a Munich (dan wasan kwaikwayo) 2003 Mamay Ukrainian darektan fim, marubucin allo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo) 2012 Match The Match mataimakin darekta 2013 The Guide Ukrainian ma'ana Jagora ko furanni suna da idanu darektan fim, marubucin allo) Fina-finan kundin Tarihi 1994 Matinka Nadiya Mother Nadia 1994 Bura The Storm 1995 Zymno Hutu 1996 Pustyn''' Deserts 1998 Tanok morzha The Danse na Walrus (wanda aka rubuta tare) 1999 Natsiya. Lemky A Nation Lemkos 1999 Natsiya. Yevreyi Ƙasa Yahudawa 1999 Hrikh Sin 2000 Rizdvo, abo iak Hutsuly kintsia svitu chekaly Kirsimeti ko yadda Hutsuls ke jiran Doomsday 2001 kvarel' The Watercolor 2005 Den 'siomyi Ranar Bakwai (Daraktan fim) 2008 Perebyzhchyk The Defector (wanda aka rubuta tare da Mark Jonathan Harris 2017 Perelomnyi lokacin: vijna za demokratiyu v Ukrayini Breaking Point: The War for Democracy in Ukraine'' (co-authored with Mark Jonathan Harris Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official page of The Guide eng. and ukr.) Sanin about his film The Guide at the 30th Warsaw Film Festival, 10.2014 (ukr.) http://www.wff.pl/en/filmy/the-guide01/ http://povodyr.com/en/authors.html Note on the Ukrainian Film Club of Columbia University (2014.10.26) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1972 Marubutan fina-finai 'yan Ukraine Darektocin fim 'yan kasar
12636	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreutz%20sungrazer	Kreutz sungrazer	A Kreutz sungrazers /k r ɔɪ t s link=\| Game da wannan sauti Furta kroits) iyalai ne na sungrazing comets, halin da falakinsu shan su musamman kusa ga Rana a perihelion. anyi ĩmãni ya zama wani ɓaɓɓake daga daya manyan tauraro mai wutsiya cewa karya up tun shekaru da yawa da aka mai suna a gare Jamus falakin Heinrich Kreutz, wanda da farko ya nuna cewa an alaka. A Kreutz sungrazers ta aphelion ne game da 170 AU daga Sun; Wadannan sungrazer suna tafiya daga nesa zuwa Tsarin Hasken rana daga wani yanki a cikin sararin sama a Canis Major, zuwa Tsarin Haske na ciki, zuwa matakin da ke kusa da Rana, sannan kuma su bar Tsarin Haske na ciki yayin dawowar su zuwa matattarar su. Dayawa daga cikin dangin Kreutz sun zama manyan kade-kade, a wasu lokutan ana iya ganinsu kusa da Rana a cikin sararin samaniya. Wanda ya fi kwanannan daga cikinsu shine Comet Ikeya Seki a shekarar 1965, wanda kuma wataƙila ya kasance ɗayan fitattun comets masu haske a cikin karni na ƙarshe. An ba da shawarar cewa wani gungu na kayan kreutz tsarin kwalliya na iya fara zuwa Tsarin Hasken rana a cikin shekaru masu zuwa zuwa shekaru masu zuwa. Yawancin ɗaruruwan membersan dangi, wasu ma 'yan kaxan kaɗan ne kawai, an gano su tun bayan ƙaddamar da tauraron dan adam din na SOHO a 1995. Babu ɗayan waɗannan ƙananan waƙaƙanin waƙoƙin da suka tsira daga matsanancin yanayin da ke ciki. Manyan jujjuyawa kamar Babban Comet na 1843 da C 2011 W3 (Lovejoy) sun tsira daga tsallakewar wucewar su. Masana ilimin sararin samaniya sun yi nasara wajen gano kreutzet ɗin kreutz a cikin bayanan da suke samu a ainihin lokacin ta hanyar Intanet. Ganowa da lura da tarihi comet na farko wacce aka gano kewayarta yakaita kusa da Rana shine Babban Comet na 1680 An gano wannan comet ɗin ya wuce 200,000 km (0.0013) AU sama da saman Rana, daidai yake da kusan bakwai na diamita na Sun, ko kusan rabin nisan da ke tsakanin Duniya da Wata. Ta haka ne ya zama ta farko da aka fi sani da rudani. Nisansa yai daidai da 1.3 hasken rana. Masana ilimin sararin samaniya a lokacin, ciki har da Edmond Halley, sun yi hasashen cewa wannan tauraro ya kasance wani sabon tauraro mai wutsiya wanda aka gani kusa da Rana a sararin sama a shekara ta 1106. Shekaru 163 daga baya, Babban Comet na 1843 ya bayyana kuma ya wuce zuwa kusa da Rana. Duk da lissafin orbital wanda ke nuna cewa yana da lokacin ƙarni da yawa, wasu masanan kimiyyar sararin samaniya suna tunanin ko dawowar waƙoƙin 1680 ne. Wani comet mai haske wanda aka gani a shekarar 1880 an gano yana tafiya kusa da na 1843, kamar yadda Babban Comet na 1882 ya biyo baya. Wasu masanan ilmin taurari sun ba da shawarar cewa wataƙila duk ɗayarsu ɗaya ce, wanda lokacin haihuwar sa ya kasance taqaitaccen gajartawa a kowane yanki na lalacewa, wataƙila ta hanyar jigilar abubuwa ne da ke kewaye da Rana. Nan gaba A taqaice, za a iya ci gaba da binciken sraraz din Kreutz a matsayin dangi na musamman don dubban shekaru da yawa tukuna. Daga karshe za'a rarraba filayensu ta hanyar matsanancin hankali, kodayake ya danganta da yawan gundarin sassan sassan, za'a iya lalata rukunin gaba daya kafin a tarwatsa shi a hankali. Babu ci gaba da gano yawancin mutane na dangin dan kungiyar ta hanyar SOHO to babu shakka zai kai ga samun kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda Comets ke tashi dan samar da dangi. Ba zai yiwu a kiyasta damar wani babban tauraro mai suna Kreutz da ke zuwa a nan gaba ba, amma ganin cewa a kalla 10 sun kai ga tsiraicin ido a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata, wani babban mawaki daga dangin Kreutz ya kusan tabbas tabbas ya isa wani matsayi. Comet White-Ortiz Bolelli a shekarar 1970 ya kai ga alama girma 1. A cikin Disamba 2011, Kreutz sungrazer C 2011 W3 (Lovejoy) ya tsira daga matsanancin yanayin kuma yana da alamun girman −3. Duba kuma Jerin Rungunan Kreutz Manazarta Karin karatu Marsden BG (1989), The Sungrazing Comets Revisited, Asteroids, comets, meteors III, Ayyukan gamuwa (AMC 89), Uppsala: Universitet, 1990, eds CI Lagerkvist, H. Rickman, BA Lindblad., P. 393 Lee, Sugeun; Yi, Yu; Kim, Yong Ha; Brandt, John C. (2007). "Distribution of Perihelia for SOHO Sungrazing Comets and the Prospective Groups". Journal of ilimin taurari da sararin samaniya 24 (3): 227–234. Bibcode 2007JASS 24..227L doi 10.5140 JASS.2007.24.3.227
16594	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Addinai	Jerin Addinai	Addini shi ne hanyar rayuwa bisa bautar wani abun bautawa, bisa amfani da kuma tsare-tsaren da wannan abin bautar, ko kuma makusantansa suka tanadar, domin tafiyar da rayuwar yau da kuma kullum ta mabiya wannan Addini, bisa wasu tanaje-tanaje ko tsare-tsare. Wannan jerin ne da ya ƙunshi addinai da ake da su a fadin duniya. Addinin Dharmic Addinan da suke da ra'ayin Dharma Jainanci Buddha Makarantun Nikaya (waɗanda a tarihi ake kiransu Hinayana a Yamma) Theravada Sri Lankan Amarapura Nikaya Sri Lankan Siam Nikaya Sri Lanka Ramañña Nikaya Bangaladash Sangharaj Nikaya Bangladesh Mahasthabir Nikaya Thai Maha Nikaya Makaungiyar Dhammakaya Thai Thammayut Nikaya Al'adar Gandun Dajin Thai Mahayana Buddhist na 'yan Adam Madhyamika Addinin Buddha na Nichiren Soka Gakkai Kasa Tsarkakakkiya Tathagatagarbha Tiantai Tendai Zen Caodong Fuke Zen Makarantar Kwan Um ta Zen Sanbo Kyodan Sōtō Akubaku (makarantar Buddha) Rinzai Vajrayana Shingon Buddhi yupa Dagpo Kagyu Karma Kagyu Barom Kagyu Tsalpa Kagyu Phagdru Kagyu Drikung Kagyu Drukpa Kagyu Shangpa Kagyu Nyingmapa Sakyapa Jonangpa Navayana Sabbin ƙungiyoyin Buddha Aum Shinrikyo (yanzu ana kiransa Aleph) Diamond Way Abokai na Dokar Buddha ta Yamma Sabuwar Al'adar Kadampa Raba Duniya Makarantar Buddha ta Gaskiya Motsa Vipassana Addinin Hindu Agama Hindu Dharma Tarurrukan Hindu Lingayatism Gyara ƙungiyoyi Arya Samaj Brahmo Samaj Shaivism Shaktism Tantrism Smartism Vaishnavism Gaudiya Vaishnavism ISKCON Hare Krishna Manyan makarantu da ƙungiyoyin falsafar Hindu Nyaya Purva mimamsa Samkhya Vaisheshika Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa) Advaita Vedanta Haɗin Yoga Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Vedanta Yoga Ashtanga Yoga Bhakti Yoga Hatha yoga Siddha Yoga Tantric Yoga Sikh Akhand Kirtani Jatha (AKJ) Amritdhari Sikh Brahm Bunga Dogara (Dodra) Bhaniara Bhavsagar Bayan bayawale Jatha Damdami Taksal (DDT) Dera Sacha Sauda Haripagni Kahna Dhesian Mahant Sikh Minas (Mirharvan) Namdhari Sikh (Kuka) Nanakpanthi Neeldhari Panth Distance Watsa-Nihang (Akali) Nirankari Sikh Nirmala Panth Nirvair Khalsa Daal Ba Kesdhari Ba na Addini ba Farfesa Darshan Singh Khalsa (SGGS Academy) Radhaswami Sikh Ramraiyya (Ram Rai) Ravidassia Dharam Sanatan Sikh Sabha Sant Mat Movement Sant Nirankari Ofishin Jakadancin Sehejdhari Daal Sikh Dharma International (SDI) Sindhi Sikhi Tapoban Tat-Gurmat Udasi Sikh Sauran Ayyavazhi Addinan Ibrahim Rukunin Addinai wadanda suke danganta kansu da Annabi Ibrahim Kiristanci Katolika Catholicungiyar Katolika ta Patasar Katolika (CPCA) Ikklesiyoyin Katolika masu zaman kansu Cocin Katolika na Apostolic na Brazil Cocin mai zaman kansa na Philippine (A cikin tarayya da Cocin Anglican da Union of Utrecht Cocin Katolika na Yaren mutanen Poland Union of Utrecht (A cikin tarayya da Cocin Anglican Tsohon Katolika Cocin Katolika na Liberal Roman Katolika Sui iuris (gami da majami'u na Byzantine Rite Katolika na Gargajiya Cocin Katolika na Gabas Cocin Katolika na Syriac Gabas da Gabas ta Tsakiya Gabas ta Tsakiya Cocin Orthodox na Girka Cocin Orthodox na Rasha Gabas ta Tsakiya Cocin Orthodox na Coptic Cocin Orthodox na Habasha Kiristanci na Siriya Cocin Assuriya na Gabas Cocin Orthodox na Indiya Cocin Siriya na Malankara Orthodox Cocin Orthodox na Syriac Cocin Mar Thoma Furotesta Anglicanism ta kafofin watsa labarai tsakanin Cocin Roman Katolika da Furotesta Licungiyar Angilikan Cocin Ingila Cocin Ireland Cocin Wales Cocin Episcopal (Amurka) Cocin Episcopal na Scotland Furotesta na pre-Lutheran Hussites Lollards Waldeniyas Anabaptists Amish 'Yan'uwa cikin Kristi Cocin 'yan uwa Hutterites Mennonites Germanan’uwa ‘yan’uwan tsohuwar Jamusanci Baptisma 'Yan uwa Cocin Katolika na Apostolic Risarfin motsa jiki Christadelphians Cocin Kiristan Isra'ila Sabuwar Matsayin Addini na Krista Cocin Unification (Moonies) Kimiyyar Kirista 'Ya'yan Allah Haikali na Jama'a Kiristanci na Esoteric Cocin Presbyterian na Ulster kyauta Addinin Lutheranci Tsarin Mulki Addinin Yahudanci na Almasihu Mai Tsarki Coci of Allah a cikin Kristi Yesu Sabon Tunani Pentikostalizim Kadaitaka Pentikostalizim Bautar Allah Tsarkaka motsi Ikklisiya da aka gyara Tsarkakewa Addinin Presbyterian Ikilisiyar ikilisiya Societyungiyar Addini ta Abokai Sihiri Espiritismo Yaren mutanen Sweden Kiristanci na Krista Haɗaɗɗiyar majami'u Rashin hadin kai Duniyar baki daya Maidowa Adventism Millerites Sabbatarianism Ranar Adventists na kwana bakwai Christadelphians Cocin Yesu Kiristi na Ranar karshe s Cocin Kristi (Gidan Haikali) Ofungiyar Kristi Rigdonites Cocin Yesu Kiristi (Bickertonite) Cocin Islama na Yesu Kiristi na Waliyyai na terarshe Cocin Jesus Christ na Waliyyan Gobe (Strangite) Iglesia ni Cristo Sabuwar Ikilisiyar Apostolic Shaidun Jehovah Ƙungiyar Gyarawa Gnosticism Kiristancin kirista Ebioniyawa Cerdonians Marcionism (ba cikakkiyar Gnostic bane) Masu launi Simoniyawa Gnosticism na Farko 'Yan Borborites Kayinuwa Kaftocin Ophites Hermeticism Gnosticism na Zamani Cathars Bogomils Fasikanci Tondrakians Gnosticism na Farisanci Mandaeanism Manichaeism Bagnoliyawa Gnosticism na Siriya da Masar Sethians Basilidians Thomasines Valentines Bardesanites Musulunci Makarantun Kalam Ash'ari Kalam Maturidi Murji'ah Mu'tazili Kawarijawa Ibadi Azraqi Harūriyya Sufri Shi'anci Ismailis Nizari Aga Khani Mustaali Bohra Jafari Ƴan sha biyu Alawiyyawa Alevi Bektashi Zaiddiyah Sufanci Bektashi Chishti Mevlevi Naqshbandi Tariqah Quadiriyyah Suhrawardiyya Tijani Sufanci na Duniya Rawan Aminci na Duniya Sunniyanci Hanafi Berailvi Deobandi Hanbali Wahabiyanci Maliki Shafi'i Maidowa Ghair muqallidism Salafiyya Muwahhidism Qur'ani Kungiyoyin da a wani lokaci ana daukar su ba musulmai ba Wadannan al'adun addinan ba a yarda da su a matsayin bangarorin Islama ta hanyar fiqhu na yau da kullun ba, amma suna ganin kansu a matsayin Musulmai. Ahl-e Haqq (Yarsan) Hadisin Ahl-e Ahl-e Alkur'ani Ahmadiyya Druze Ofasar Islama Nazati Muslim Haikalin kimiyya na Moorish Submitungiyar Submitwararrun Internationalwararrun Internationalasa ta Duniya Zikri Addinin yahudanci Addinin yahudanci na Rabbinci Yahudanci masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Masorti Addinin Yahudanci na Conservadox Unionungiya don yahudawa na Gargajiya Addinin yahudawa na Orthodox Addinin yahudanci mai yalwa Addinin Yahudanci na Hasidic Addinin yahudawa na zamani Gyara Yahudanci Addinin yahudawa na ci gaba Addinin yahudanci mai sassaucin ra'ayi Addinin yahudanci ba Rabbin ba Addinin Yahudanci na dabam Addinin yahudanci na 'yan Adam (ba koyaushe ake bayyana shi a matsayin addini ba) Sabuntar Yahudawa Addinin yahudanci na Karaite Addinin Yahudanci mai sake ginawa Kungiyoyi masu tarihi Essenes Farisawa (kakannin addinin Yahudanci na Rabbinic) Sadukiyawa 'Yan tawaye Sicarii Sauran mazhabobi Samariyawa Ebioniyawa Elkasites Banazare Sabbatewa Frankists Saurann addinai Alevism Manichaism Druze Shabakism Bábism Azali Bangaskiyar Bahá'í Mandaeism Rastafari Sabiyawan Ƙa nanan sifofi da rikice-rikice na manyan addinai Sufancin kirista Kiristanci na Esoteric Kabbalah sufan yahudawa) Kiristanci Sufanci sufancin Islama) Sufancin Hindu Surat Shabd Yoga Tantra Ananda Marga Tantra-Yoga Addinan Iran Manichaeism Mazdakism Yazdânism Alevi Yarsani Yazidi Zoroastrianism Zurvaniyanci Addinan Asiya ta Gabas Cao Dai Chondogyo Addinin jama'ar kasar Sin Confucianiyanci Neo-Confucianism Sabon Confucianism Falun Gong I-Kuan Tao Jeung San Do Doka Mohism Oomoto Shinto Taoism Tenrikyo Addinan asalin Afirkaka Wadannan addinan sune al'adun Afirka wadanda suka zauna a wajen Afirka (mazauna kasashen waje Hakanan wasu lokuta ana kiransu addinin Creole Sun haɗa da wasu addinai masu alaƙa da suka haɓaka a cikin Amurka tsakanin barorin Afirka da zuriyarsu a ƙasashe daban-daban na Tsibirin Caribbean da Latin Amurka, da kuma wasu sassa na kudancin Amurka Hadisai sun fito ne daga addinan gargajiya na Afirka, musamman na Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya Batuque Canomblé Tarihin Dahomey Tarihin Haiti Kumina Macumba Mami Wata Obeah Oyotunji Quimbanda Rastafari Santería (Lukumi) Umbanda Vodou Winti Addinan gargajiya na asali A al'adance, waɗannan addinai duka an lasafta su a matsayin addinan arna, amma masana na zamani sun fi son kalmomin 'yan asalin primal folk ko kabila Afirka Afirka ta Yamma Tarihin Akan Tarihin Ashanti (Ghana) Tarihin Dahomey (Fon) Tarihin Efik (Najeriya, Kamaru) Tarihin Ibo (Najeriya, Kamaru) Tarihin Isoko (Najeriya) Tarihin Yarbanci (Najeriya, Benin) Afirka ta Tsakiya Tarihin Bushongo (Congo) Tarihin Lugbara (Congo) Tarihin Mbuti (Congo) Gabashin Afirka Tarihin Akamba (Gabashin Kenya) Tarihin Dinka (Sudan) Tarihin Lotuko (Sudan) Tarihin Masai (Kenya, Tanzania) Afirka ta Kudu Tarihin Khoikhoi Tarihin Lozi (Zambiya) Tarihin Tumbuka (Malawi) Tarihin Zulu (Afirka ta Kudu) Amurka Addinan gargajiya na ativean Asalin Amurkawa Abenaki tatsuniya Tarihin Anishinaabe Tarihin Aztec Tarihin Blackfoot Tarihin Cherokee Chickasaw tatsuniya Choctaw tatsuniya Tarihin Creek Tarihin gungu Addinin Eskimo Rawar Fatalwa Tarihin Guarani Haida tatsuniya Tarihin Ho-Chunk Hopi tatsuniya Tarihin Huron Inca tatsuniya Inuit tatsuniya Tarihin Iroquois Tarihin Kwakiutl Lakota tatsuniya Tarihin Lenape Addini mai tsawo Tarihin Maya Midewiwin Cocin 'Yan Asalin Amurka Tarihin Navajo Nootka tatsuniya Tarihin Olmec Pawnee labari Tarihin Salish Tarihin Seneca Addini Selk'nam Tsimshian tatsuniya Urarina Tarihin Ute Tarihin Zuni Asiyar Turai Gabas Tarihin kasar Sin Tarihin Jafananci Koshinto Siberiyan Shamaniyancin Siberia Tengriism Tarihin Chukchi Tarihin Aleut Tarihin gargajiya Tarihin Yukaghir Uralic Tarihin Estonia Tarihin Finnish da maguzancin Finnish Addinin mutanen Hungary Addinin Sami (gami da Noaidi Tadibya Oceania Tarihin Aboriginal na Australiya Mafarki Imanin Austronesian Tarihin Balinese Akidun Javanese Tarihin Melanesian Tarihin Micronesian Modekngei Addini na asalin Nauruan Tarihin Philippine Anito Gabâ Kulam Tarihin Polynesia Addinin Hawaii Tarihin Maori Addinin Maori Tarihin Rapa Nui Moai Tangata manu Turancian tatsuniya Ultsungiyoyin kaya John Frum Johnson al'ada Yariman Philip Movement Vailala Hauka Shirka na Tarihi Tsaffin dake Gabas Addinin Masarawa na da Addinan Semitic na da Tarihin Mesofotamiya Tarihin Larabawa Addinin Babila da Assuriya Tarihin Babila Tarihin Kaldiyawa Tarihin Kan'aniyawa Addinin Kan'aniyawa Tarihin Hittite Tarihin Farisanci Tarihin Sumerian Indonesiyar Turau Addini-Indo-Iran addini Zoroastrianism Addini na Veda na tarihi Shirka Baltic Basque tatsuniya Shirka Celtic Tarihin Brythonic Tarihin Gaelic Shirka ta Jamusawa Addinin Anglo-Saxon Norse addini Addinin Jamusawa na gari Shirka na Girka Shirka ta Hungary Shirka ta Finland Shirka ta Roman Shirka na Slavic Hellenistic Addinin asiri Asirin Eleussia Mithraism Orphism Pythagoreanism Kiristancin Farko Addinin Gallo-Roman Maguzanci Kemetism (Masarautar Neopaganism) Rodnovery (Slavic neopaganism) Dievturiba (Latvia neopaganism) Bautar Jamusanci Asatru Odinism Hellenic Polytheism (Girkawa-Roman neopaganism) Druidry Wicca Addinan sihiri Freemasonry Rosicrucianism Tsohuwar Sanarwar Sirri Rosae Crucis Umurnin Tsohon Rosicrucians Icungiyar Rosicrucian Hermeticism Tsarin Hermetic na Dawn Golden Thema Addinan asiri na hagu-hagu Addinin Shaidan Alamar Shaidan LaVey Shaidanci Cocin Shaidan Yaudarar Shaidan Farincikin Shaidan Umurnin kusurwa tara Bautar Allahn da ba ya yarda da Allah Haikalin Shaidan Luciferianism Setianism Haikalin Saiti Vampirism Haikali na Vampire Sihiri ko Tsafi Hoodoo Akidar New Orleans Voodoo Kulam Magick Hargitsi sihiri Enochian sihiri Demonolatry Goetia Pow-wow Seid (shamanic sihiri) Vaastu Shastra Maita Sabbin addinai Anthroposophy Eckankar Meher Baba Farin ciki Kimiyya Kofar Sama Raelism Scientology Addinin barkwanci Yawo Spaghetti Monster ko Pastafarianism Discordianism Cocin SubGenius Dogeism Itunƙwasawa Cocin Volgograd Aghori 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6311	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu%20%28birni%29	Enugu (birni)	Enugu (Igbonci/Inyamuranci Énugwú) birni ne, da ke a jihar Enugu, a ƙasar Najeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Enugu. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimilar mutane 722,664. An gina birnin Enugu a shekara ta 1912. Enugu ta samo asalin sunan ta ne daga kalmomin Inyamuranci guda biyu; Énú ma'ana "saman tsauni" dangane da cewa birnin na bisa tsauni. An sanya wa garin sunan dangane da "Enugwu Ngwuo" inda aka fara samun gawayin coal. Enugwu Ngwuo na ɗaya daga cikin kauyuka goma da suka haɗu suka samar da kabilar Ngwuo, wanda akan kira sun Ngwuako wanda ya kirkiro kabilar tun iyaye da kakanni. Ngwuako ya sanya dansa "Udeneogu" ya tsaya a saman tsaunin (Enu-Ugwu) don kare mutanen kabilar daga makiya. Kalmar Enugwu Ama Udeneogu, na nufin Enugwu garin Udeneogu). Mutanen na rayuwa a saman dutsen sannan su noma filayen dake jikin tsaunukan. Ngwuo tana da iyaka da kabilar Oshie daga kudu, kabilar Ojebeogene daga arewa, sai kuma Nkanu daga gabas. Gano gawayin coal a filayen noma dake jikin Enugwu Ngwuo ya jawo hankalin mutane daga sassa daban daban don neman hanyar cigaban rayuwa kamar yadda aka nuna a taswira, hakan ya jawo samun sabuwar tsarin gwamnati wanda akafi sanida Gwamnatin Enugwu Ngwo, wanda itace muhimmiyar silar wayewar yankin na farko wanda aka sanida da Enugu a yau. Ci gaban ta fara daga kasar Ngwuo wacce akafi sanida Enugwu Ngwuo har zuwa lokacin da garin ta zama birni aka cire kalmar "Ngwuo" daga sunanta, a dalilin hakan karamar alkarya ta Ngwuo tayi silar samar da babban birni a yau, sannan tayi ta bunkasa ta mamaye yankunan birnin Nkanu kamar Nike da Akunino har zuwa Neke da Emene. Tun Karni na 17, mutanen Nike (wani kashi na yaren Igbo) ke zaune a wurin. Acikin 1900 Turawan Mulkin mallaka na daular Burtaniya ta kirkiri yankin Kariyar turawa na Kudancin Najeriya. Gano gawayi da turawa suka yi yayi sanadiyar samar da titin jirgin kasa na Eastern Line don daukan gawayin daga yankin zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Port Harcourt, birnin da aka kirkira saboda haka mai nisan kilomita 243 (151 mi) daga kudancin garin da ake kira da "Enugu Coal Camp". An sauya sunan garin zuwa Enugu kuma ta bunkasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsirarun birane da aka kira ta hanyar cudanya da turawa. Zuwa 1958, Enugu tana da mahaka gawayin coal fiye da mutum 8000. Zuwa shekara ta 2005, babu sauran ayyukan hakar gawayi coal a yankin. Enugu ta zama babban birnin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a 1960; sauyi da aka samu na canje-cajen yankuna a shekara ta 1967, 1976 da kuma 1991 yayi sanadin garin ta zamo babban birnin Jihar Enugu na yanzu. A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu 1967, an kaddamar da Enugu a matsayin babban birnin yankin Tarayyar Biafra, a dalilin hakan Enugu ta zamo babban birnin Kasar Inyamurai. Bayan da sojojin Najeriya suka kwace birnin Enugu, an mayar da Umuahia na zamo babban birnin Biafra. Masana'antu a birnin sun hada da kasuwanni da kuma kamfanonin lemun kwalba. Har wayau, Enugu na daya daga cikin yankin masu bada umurni a kamfanonin shirya fina-finai na Najeriya wacce akeyi wa lakabi da "Nollywood". Muhimmin filin jirgin sama na Enugu shine Akanu Ibiam International Airport. Tarihi Tairihin Fari Mazaunin Enugu na farko shi kauyen Nike na Ogui, wacce take wanzuwa tun zamanin cinikayyar bayi na "Atlantic Slave Trade". Nike da yaren inyamuranci na nufin "da karfi ko iko". Ta sanadiyyar kasuwancin bayi ne mutanen Nike suka mallaki mafi akasarin yankin, wanda mafi yawanci ba'a taba zama da su ba. Mutanen Nike na amfani da bayi a matsayin dabarun yaki, sukan sanya bayi a gefe-gefen garin ta yadda zai yi wuyan gaske makiya su isa ga haifaffun garin. Mutanen Nike sun hada gwiwa da mutanen Aro inda suka samar da kungiya da ake kira Aro Confederacy (1690–1901) wacce ta kasance kungiyar inyamurai masu gudanar da harkokin cinikayyar bayi a yankin Enugu. Tare da mutanen Aro da suke zuwa cinikayya daga Arochukwu akwai kuma hausawa da suke zuwa daga arewa. Hausawa suka kawo dawakai ga inyamurai wanda ake amfani dasu wajen tsubbace-tsubnace. Dukkansu; Hausawa da mutanen aro sukan shigo su fita cikin yankin da ake kira Enugu a yau kuma ana daukansu matsayin baki. Masana'antu A shekarar 1901, kamfe na turawa don kai hari ga mutanen Aro don bude sabon yankin soji da mulkin mallakan turawa ya soma. Yakin tsakanin turawa da mutanen Aro ya fara a ranar 1 ga watan December 1901 har zuwa 24 ga watan March 1902 lokacin da akaci galabar mutanen Aro na yankin. Zamanin tarayyar Aro ya kare kuma aka hade sauran yankunan Aro acikin yankunan kula da kariyan turawan mulkin mallakan Kudancin Najeriya na 1900. Turawa sun fara isa yankin Enugu a 1903 a lokacin da mai binciken ilimin kasa dan Burtaniya da Australia Albert Ernest Kitson ya jagoranci bincike a yankin kudancin Najeriya don bincike musamman akan tattalin arzikin kasa da a karkashin jagoranci da kulawar kungiyar Imperial Institute, London. An gano gawayin coal a 1903 a kauyen Enugwu Ngwo, zuwa 1913 kuma a yakunan Udi da Okoga an gano gawayi adadin da zai isa amfani wajen kasuwanci. Zuwa 1914, turawa sun riga sun hade yankunan arewaci da kudanci Njeriya don samar da yankin mallakan turawa na Najeriya. A shekarar 1915, Turawa sun fara magana da 'yan asalin mutanen Enugu na yanzu danagane da bayar da ita don gina titin jirgin kasa na "Eastern Line" masana'antar hako gawayin coal. Gidajen farko-farko da aka fara ginawa a yankin sun hada da tsofaffin gidajen turɓaya na gargajiyar Igbo W. J. Leck da wasu turawa suka zauna daga saman tsaunin. Akwai kuma wani mazauni da Alfred ya zauna wanda ake kira Ugwu Alfred ma'ana a inyamuranci "Tsaunin Alfred" wanda Alfred Inoma ya zauna (shine shugaban leburorin da suka zo daga Onitsha) yana nan a kusa da tsaunin. Bayan turawa sun amsa filin, Frederick Lugard gwamna jenar na Najeriya a lokacin, ya sanya wa ma wajen hakar gawayin "Enugu Coal Camp", don bambance ta da Enugwu Ngwo, wacce ke kallon birnin daga wani tudu dake yammacin Enugu. An fara aikin hakar gawayin coal na farko ne a ma'aikatar hake-hake na Udi a shekara ta 1915 wacce aka rufe ta bayan shekaru biyu kuma aka musanya ta da mahakar kwarin Iva Valley. Enugu ta zamo muhimmiyar ma'akatar hakan gawayi kuma itace daya isassa a duk fadin Afurka ta Yamma. An gina titin jirgin kasa na Eastern Line wanda ta hada Enugu da Port Harcourt a 1916 don fitar da coal daga Enugu zuwa tashoshin jiragen da aka gina saboda hakan. Enugu ta zamo daya daga cikin daidaikun biranen da aka samar dangane da cudanya da turawa a fadin Afurka ta kudu. Zuwa 1916, gwamnatin mulkin mallakan turawa ta gyara gine sashin da aka keba mata na musamman don zama. Yankin da aka kebawa gwamnati wato (GRA) sun zama mazaunan turawa wanda ke arewacin rafin Ogbete: haka zalika akwaii wuri na musamman da aka gyara don mutanen gari daga kudancin rafin. Yankunan Enugu da aka gina suka kasu kashi biyu kuma, kuma zuwa 1917 garin ya samu zama birni. A yankin Afurka kuwa, sai karuwar jama'a ake samu musamman ma'aikata da suke zaune a kebabben wajajen tsaunin Udi kusa da a'aikatar gawayin da kuma Kwarin Iva. A cikin shekara ta 1938, Enugu ta zamo cibiyar gudanarwa na Yankin Gabas (Eastern Region). Adadin ma'aikatan da ke hakar coal ya kai 6000 (yawanci daga ma'aikatra Udi) a 1948 zuwa 8,000 a 1958. Adadin yawan mutanen Enugu ya karu matuka musamman saboda ma'katun ta; adadin mutanen garin sun kai 62,000 a 1952. Hake-hake a Enugu kan zama tashin hankali musamman al'amarin da ya faru a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamban 1949, lokacin da 'yan sandan turawan mulkin mallaka suka harbe ma'ikata 21 zuwa barzahu, kuma suka raunana akalla mutum 51. Wannan kisan kiyashin ake kira da "Harbe-harben Kwarin Iva" ("The Iva Valley Shooting" a turance) wanda 'yan kishin kasa "Zikist" musamman daga yakunan Gabashin Najeriya suka turara. Zikizanci ("Zikisim") kungiyace na bujurewa da 'yan kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda ya kasance fitaccen dan kishin kasa daga jam'iyyar National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Wannan harbi ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da ma'aikata suka nuna rashin jin dadinsu game da cewa ma'akatar hakan gawayin sun cinye masu ladan ayyukansu, kafafen labarai na kasa ta yada jita-jitan. Da yawa daga ciki mutanen Zikist sunyi amfani da wannan harbe-harbe don amfanin kansu na siyasa don su kuma ture gwamnatin turawa wajen Najeriya. An wallafa cikakken bayani kan al'amarin a wajen tunawa da daya daga cikin turawan da suka zauna a yankin' wato James Stewart Smith. Samun "Yancin kai, yaki, da bayan hakan Enugu ta zamo babban birni a 1956 da Umaru Altine a matsayin magajin gari (mayor). Bayan shekaru hudu da hakan, Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a 1960. A ranar 27 May 1967 ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta raba yankunan Yammain, Arewacin da Gabacin Najeriya zuwa jihohi 12, kuma Enugu ta zamo babban birnin jihohin Gabacin Najeriya ta tsakiya wato "East Central State". A ranar 30 Mayun 1967, an kaddamar da Enugu a matsayin babban birnin Tarayyar Biafra wanda aka samar daga jihohin Gabas ta tsakiya, Cross River da kuma jihar Rivers. Ojukwu yayi sanarwan a matsayin shugabn yankin Gabacin wanda daga baya akai ta kai masu hare-hare aka kashe wasu da dama aka raunata wasu, daga bisani kuma Inyamurai sukai ta juyin mulkin yayinda hakan yasa suka kashe wasu daga cikin manyan-manyan shuwagabannin arewa. Asalin 'yan adawan Inyamurai sune Hausa da Fulani dake arewacin Najeriya. Yakin da Hausawa suka jagoranta don kwato yankin daga hannun Inyamurai yasa Inyamurai da ke sauran Yammacin da Arewacin Najeriya sun koma gida zuwa Gabashin Najeriya kuma Enugu ta zamo babban masaukinsu. Gidan rediyon Biafra wato "Voice of Biafra" (wanda a da akafi sani da "Eastern Nigerian Broadcasting Service") tana nan a Enugu; daga wannan gidan rediyo ne shugaban Biafra Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu yake yada maganganu da karerayi ga 'yan Najeriya da kuma mutanen Biafra. A dalilin wannan yakin, Enugu ta fuskanci karancin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin harshen ba. A ranar 4 October 1967, Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tashi boma-bomai a gabar yankin kafin kwato ta bayan 'yan makonni, daga bayan haka ne babban birnin Biafran ta koma Umuahia. Shekaru da dama bayan maido Enugu cikin jihohin Najeriya, har wayau ana kiranta da "Babban Birnin Inyamurai". Enugu ta komo matsayinta na babban birnin Yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiyar Najeriya a shekakra ta 1970 bayan an warware rikicin tarayyar Biafra. A ranar 3 February 1976 aka maida yankin zuwa jihohi biyu Imo da Anambra; a lokacin akwai jihohi 19 a Najeriya, sai Enugu ta zamo babban birnin Anambra. A ranar 27 August 1991, a lokacin mulkin soja na Ibrahim Babangida aka raba jihar Anambra zuwa jihohi biyu; jihar Enugu da jihar Anambra. Birnin Enugu ta zauna matsayinta na babban birnin sabon jihar da aka samar, a yayin da Awka ta zamo babban birnin sabon jihar Anambra. Labarin Kasa Saman doron-kasa Duk da cewa sunanta saman tsauni da Inyumuranci, Enugu tana gabar kwari ba a saman tsauni ba. Enugu tana zaune a kwarin ruwan rafin Cross River da kuma Benue trough kuma tana da mafi kyawun gawayin coal na zamani. Tsohon dutsen Precambrian ya mamaye yankin. Alamun gawayin ajikin duwatsu kan kai kaurin mita 1 ko 2 (3.3 ko 6.6 ft). Tsaunukan Enugu kan kai tsawon mita 1,000m (3,300 ft). Daga cikin al'amuran kasar Enugu sun hada da tafkin Nike (Lake) inda aka gina Nike Lake Hotel. Akwai kuma rafuka guda shida wanda sune mafi girma a birnin kuma sun hada da Ekulu, Asata, Ogbete, Aria, Idaw da kogin Nyaba. Kogin Ekulu shine ruwa mafi girma a birnin garin kuma yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan amfanin yau da kullum a birnin. Yanayi Enugu tana da yanayi na tropical rain forest zone da alamun yanayi na savannah. Birnin na da kasafin yanayi na tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). Yanayin sararin samaniya a birnin na da gumi da laima da lokuta mafi laima tsakanin watan March zuwa Nuwamba. Matsakaicin yanayi na zafi/sanyi na duka jihar Enugu na tsakanin 26.7 °C (80.1 °F). Kamar kowacce yanki na Afurka ta yamma, yanayin na damuna da rani ne ke wanzuwa a birnin. Adadin matsakaicin ruwan sama a Enugu kan kai milimita 2,000ml (79 in). Wanda ke zuwa yana dauke har zuwa cikin damuna lokacin da zai karfi. Har wayau akwai lokaci na sanyi a garin, mai zuwa da kura wanda ke kwashe makonni a tsakanin watannin December zuwa Junairu. Kaman sauran yankunan Najeriya, Enugu nada zafi kusan ilahirin shekara. Sassan Birni da kuma Gine-Gine Gini mafi tsawo a babban birnin Enugu shine ginin bankin African Continental Bank (ACB) mai bene hawa shida. An ginawa bankin African Continental Bank Limited ne a karshen shekarun 1950s wanda Nnamdi Azikiwe ya kirkira bayan ya zama shugaban kasa na farko bayan sa,um 'yancin kasar a watan October 1960. Anyi bikin bude ginin a ranar 30 Aprelu, 1959. Sauran gine-gine masu tsawo sun hada da Hotel Presidential wanda aka bude a watan August 1963 na da bene hawa bakwai da dakuna 100 kuma yana nan a unguwar Independence Layout. A tsakiyar Enugu akwai ginin Michael Okpara Square, wanda aka gina don tunawa da tsohon shugaban Yankin Gabashin Najeriya Michael Okpara. Sannan akwai ginin Gidan Gwamnatin Enugu a birnin, da Gidan Majalisar dokoki na jihar da kuma gidajen shari'ar garin. Wuraren aikin hake-haken gawayin coal na Enugu sun gefen gari, wanda mafi yawancinsu an kulle su yanzu. Ma'aikatar hako gawayin na kwarin Iva na nan kusa da birnin Ngwo da kuma saman tsaunin Enugu. Ana zuwa kwarin Iva valley ta titi da ya hada Enugu da Ngwo. Sauran mahakar suna nan a Ogbete da kuma Coal Camp layouts; wanda suna wajen garin kuma a kusa da Iva Valley. Zane-zanen gine-ginen Enugu a farkon lamari ya kasance na turawa ne, a dalilin hakan yawancin tsarin gine-ginen Enugu tsari ne irin na turawa. Anyi amfani da salon ginin turawa da tsarin gidajen Victoria wanda turawa da ma'aikatan gwamnatin turawa 'yan Najeriya ke zama musamman a karni na 20. Misalin ire-iren wannan gine-gine sune kaman a ginin cocuka musamman cocin Holy Ghost Cathedral da ke gilasai masu alaman Greco-Roman da an gani anga tsarin turawa. Gwamnati Birnin Enugu tana da kananan hukumomi uku karkashin ta; Enugu East, Enugu North da kuma Enugu South. Duka wadannan kananan hukumomi na da nata majalisar, da 'yan majalisa, da chairman da suke kula da harkokin ilimi da na lafiya a kananan hukumomin. Enugu ta kudu ta kasu kashi biyu, birni da kauye kuma kowacce ana zabar mata chairman dinta daban. Ciyamomin kananan hukumomin sun hada da; Paul Ogbe na birnin Enugu ta kudu, Theresa Egbo na kauyen Enugu ta Kudu, Emma Onoh na Enugu ta Arewa, da kuma Christopher Ugwu a matsayin ciyaman na karamar hukumar Enugu ta Gabas; duka wadannan ciyamomi na wakiltan kananan hukumominsu a majalisar dokoki na jihar. Ma'aikatun Ministry of Lands, Survey and Town Planning (a mataki na jiha) da kuma Local Planning Authority (a matakin karamar hukuma) ke da alhakin kula da gudanar da harkokin filayen a jihar. Enugu ta kasu zuwa Enugu ta Arewa/Kudu wanda Chukwuegbo Ofor ke wakailta and Enugu ta gabas wanda Gilbert Nnaji ke wakilta;dukkansu 'yan jam'iyyar PDP ne kamar gwamnansu Ifeanyichukwu Ugwuanyi wanda ake yiwa lakabi da (GBURU-GBURU). Jama'a Dangane da kidaya na shekara ta 2006, sashin birnin Enugu na mutane kimanin 722,664. Mafi akasarin mutanen Enugu kiristoci ne, kaman dao sauran garuruwan kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mafi yawan mutanen Enugu na amfani da harshen Turanci da kuma harshen su na gado wato Igbonci. Igbo shine asalin harshen Enugu. ana amfani da turancin Najeriya wato pidgin a garin saboda rabe-rabe harsunan Najeriya da Igbo a birni. Enugu tana cikin harsunan Igbo daga arewacin yankin tare da sauran yankuna kaman Owo, Nike, Agbani, da kuma birane kamar Awka da Nsukka. Asalin mutanen Enugu sune mutanen Enugwu-Ngwo dake zaune a yankin tsaunin kusa da tsaunukan Milliken daga yamma. Bayan Inyamurai dake zaune a birnin, akwai sauran yaruka kamar Yarbawa wanda ke da jama'a da dama a garin da kuma saura kaman Hausa, Kanuri, Ijaw, da kuma Fulani. Laifuka Laifuka sun karu a Enugu tun daga 2009 musamman garkuwa da mutane da kuma fashi da makami a musamman watannin Satumba zuwa December. Gwamnatin jihar Enugu ta mika takadda zuwa majalisar dokoki na jihar acikin watan Febreru shekara ta 2009 da ta kaddamar da garkuwa da mutane a matsayin babban laifi a jihar. An kwamushe akalla mutum 1,088 acikin watannun Satumba da kuma December; mutum 270 aka kwamushe a watan Satumba, 303 a watan Octoba, 295 a watan Nuwamba da kuma mutum 220 a December. Masu laifi 477 aka kama da zargin laifin garkuwa da mutane. Suna amsa kudade miliyoyi na kudin Najeriya don musayar abunda suke garkuwa dashi. An sanya kudade kimanin miliyan ₦500 million (3.3 million a Dalar Amurka dangane da chanjin kudi a 26 ga watan June 2010) don musayar sekataren gwamnan Enugu wato Dan Nwomeh, daga baya suka rage zuwa milyan 200, zuwa miliyan 50 har dai daga karshe suke sakeshi ba tare da an biya komai ba; yawancin laifukan Enugu sun hada da garkuwa da mutane. Al'adu Enugu tana da nata al'adun na gargajiya dangane da saura makwaban ta. A bukukuwa na al'ada biyu a Enugu; bikin "Mmanwu festival" da kuma na "New yam festival". Bikin Mmanwu festival na faruwa ne acikin watan Nuwamba kuma ana amfani da dodanni (masquerade) wanda kowanne yana da nashi sunan. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a filin wasan kwallo kafa na the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, kuma ya hada da tattakin dodanni tare da waƙoƙi wanda kungiyar "Enugu Council of Arts and Culture" ke dauka nauyi. Biki na biyu a muhimmanci a jihar Enugu shine bikin "New yam festival" wanda aka fi sani da iwa ji, kuma ana kadda at da bikin ne a tsakanin watan in Augusta da October daidai lokacin girban sabon doya. Doya na daga cikin muhimmanci abu daga al'adan inyamurai. Wasu bukukuwan da aka ƙirƙira daga baya sun hada da; "Enugu Festival of Arts" wanda kungiyar Enugu Council of Arts and Festivals suke shiryawa. An ƙirƙira ƙungiyar ne a shekara ta 1986, kuma ta nunka sa yanayin bikin shagulan musamman ta hanyar canza mata wurin taro daga Ƙauyuka zuwa birni Baƙi dake halartar bikin na samun Daman dandana kayan abincin inyamurai da gargajiya kamar Okpa "Okpa Enugu", Abacha abincin gargajiya ne da ake yi da rogo "African salad" fiofio da makama ta su kamar Nkwobi, farfesu. Wuraren bude idanu na tarihi a Enugu basu da yawa sai dai gwamnati sun inganta wasu kamar tsauni Udi wanda ana iya ganin ko ina na birnin daga zaman sa, takin Nike lake Resort dake wajen gari, karin Iva Valley da makamantansu. Wuraren shakatawa a birnin sun hada da "Murtala Muhammad Part". Tsaffin ma'akatun haƙo gawayi coal wato Onyeama da Okpara duk a bude suke ga masubziyara. Sauran Wurare sun hada da Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Sculptural Garden and Art Gallery, the Eastern Region Parliamentary Building, the Old Government Lodge,[86] and Enugu Golf course. Enugu Zoo wato gidan na mun daji na Enugu shi a wani wajen bude idanu ne a birnin. National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) ke kula da gidan na mun dajin. Akwai kuma "Bona Gallery" a birnin. Nishaɗi Waƙa Enugu tayi fice a fannin wakokin "Highlife music" a 1950s. Salon wakokin Enugu ya wanzu har zuwa yankunan Kudancin Cameroun inda Inyamurai ke da tasiri a yankuna kamar Limbe, Tiko da Douala. Wasu daga cikin fitattun mawaka 'yan asalin Enugu sun hada da; Sonny Okosun mawakin da aka haifa a Enugu kuma yayi wakar sa na farko a birnin a shekara ta 1965, Celestine Ukwu da Michael Ejeagha, 2Face Idibia, rapper Phyno, William Onyeabor, Flavour N'abania da makamantansu. Midiya da littattafai Jaridu da ake wallafawa kuma ake saidawa a Enugu sun hada da Daily Star, Evening Star, The Renaissance da kuma New Renaissance. Daya daga cikin tsaffin gidan jarida itace jaridal Eastern Sentinel wanda kungiyar Nnamdi Azikiwe's ta kirkira a 1955 amma ta rushe a 1960. Wasu daga cikin gidajen telabijin da na rediyo dake Enugu sun hada da reshen gidan telabiin na "Nigerian Television Authority (NTA Enugu)", reshen gidan rediyon Najeriya wato "Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)" wacce ke watsa labaranta da harsunan turanci, Igbo, Efik, Ijaw da kuma harshen Tiv. Akwai kuma gidan telebijin na Enugu watau "Enugu State Broadcasting Service Television (ESBS-TV)" gidan telebijin ne na jiha da ke watsa shirye-shiryen sa'oi 18 a karshen mako. Mafi akasarin fina-finan Najeriya anfi daukan su ne a Lagos da Enugu. A cikin shekara ta 2007 ne Enugu ta kaddamar da bikin shirin fina-finai na Enugu International Film Festival. Wasu daga cikin sanannun marubutan Najeriya sun kasance haifaffun Enugu ne kamar su; Chinua Achebe, marubucin littafin Things Fall Apartyayi rayuwa a Enugu a shekara ta 1958, shekaran da aka wallafa littafin. Ya dawo birnin ne tare da iyalansa bayan yayi kaura daga Lagos zuwa birnin daga bisani ya hadu da abokinsa marubuci Christopher Okigbo inda suka sama da gidan wallafa littattafai na Citadel Press, daga cikin jigogin sun hada da How the Dog was Domesticated and How the Leopard Got His Claws. Akwai kuma marubuciyar littafin Half of a Yellow Sun Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, wacce ta lashe kyautar Orange Prize for Fiction a shekara ta 2007, an haife ta a Enugu a 1977 kuma ta tashi a Nsukka. Wasanni Kungiyar wasan kwallon kafa na Enugu Rangers kungiyace ta kwararrun 'yan wasa masu buga kofin Najeriya (NIgerian Premier League) kuma suna nan a filin wasan kwallon kafa na Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, wanda aka sanya wa sunan a maimakon shugaba kasa na farko a Najeriya. Tsaffin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Enugu rangers sun hada da Jay-Jay Okocha da Taribo West. Filin itace cibiyar wasan I na daukakin yankin Gabashin Najeriya kafin yakin basasa Najeriya. An buga wasannin duniya na 'yan wasan ƙasa da shekarau 17 a shekara ta 2009 wato FIFA U-17 World Cup (24 October 15 November) a Enugu da Sauran jihohi biyar na Najeriya. A dalili wannan gasa aka gyara filin wasa ni zuwa na zamani. Tattalin arziki Kamar yadda ake mata iƙirari da 'birnin gawayi' (coal city) Enugu har zuwa karni na 20 ta dogara ne matuka akan haƙo ma'adanan gawayin coal a tsaunukan Udi wanda hakan ya jawo habakar birnin. Cibiyar haƙo coal na Najeriya wato (Nigerian Coal Corporation) na nan a Enugu tun da aka kirkiri ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta 1950 don kula da harkokin haƙan gawayin a birnin. Dangane da samar da titi jirgin kasa na "Eastern Line", Enugu ta samu hanya zuwa gaɓar tekun Port Harcourt daga kudu sai kuma da jihar Kaduna daga arewaci birnin. Yaƙin basasan Najeriya ya jawo koma baya matuka musamman ta fuskar aikin haƙo ma'adanan Coal a dalilin lalacewa wuri da kayan aiki. Zuwa shekara ta 2005, gawayin ya rage daraja haka za lika aikin haƙo shi. Wasu daga cikin ma'adanan da ake samu a birnin Enugu sun hada da baƙin ƙarfe (iron ore), farar-ƙasa (limestone), farar laka (fine clay), Marmara (marble), da kuma silica sand. A Enugu, yawanci kayan amfani ana saida su a kasuwannin gargajiya ko kuma bisa hanya, yawancin masu saide-saide akan hanyoyin Najeriya yara ne ƙanana. Akwai muhimmanci kasuwannin uku a birnin Enugu; Ogbete Market, Awkunanaw Market da kuma New Market. Kasuwar "New Market" market kasuwa ce ta saida garin kwaki. Ita kuma kasuwa Ogbete kasuwace da 'yan kasuwa daga yankuna makwaban birnin ke zuwa kamar like Onitsha, Aguleri, Abakaliki da Aba kuma ba'a saida kayan abinci a wannan kasuwa sai dai kayan kamfani kamar lemun kwalba, giya da makamantansu. Sanan akwai kamfani hada mota ƙirar Marasandi a kasuwar da kuma wajen hada abubuwa kaman tiles, Ruffin asbestos,man fetur da kuma magunguna. Har na tsawon lokaci filin jirgin sama na Sosoliso Airlines na da reshensu na sufuri a Akanu Ibiam International Airport dake Enugu. Yankin tayi fice a fuskar damar da man kadan ya a duk fadi duniya, amma haƙan ya samu cikas tun a yakin basasan Najeriya a dalilin kayan aikin sun lalace da makamantan haka. Sauran kayan amfani na sayarwa da Enugu ke sa marwa sun haɗa da cocoa, gyaɗa, man-gyaɗa da dai Sauran su. Amma a yau, birnin Enugu da Sauran yankuna Najeriya da aka sani ada suna sanar da kayan abinci ga sassa duniya a yanzu suma sun dogara akan shigowa da kayan abinci daga waje. Ilimi Enugu tana da muhimmanci jam'oin ilimi guda uku "Enugu State University of Science Technology (ESUT)"; Jami'ar Najeriya wato University of Nigeria,sashin Nsukka (UNN) da sashin birnin Enugu (UNEC); da kuma Institute of Management Technology (IMT). Saura sun hada da the Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO). Godfrey Okoye University, Caritas University, Renaissance University, Coal City university, Novena University, Esut Business School. Akwai kuma kwalejin "Saviour Institute of Science and Technology", polytechnic da kuma Bigard Memorial Seminary. Daga cikin makaranta sakandare akwai College of the Immaculate Conception (CIC) built in 1940, Holy Rosary College (HRC) wanda aka gina a 1943, Colliery Comprehensive Secondary school, Queen's Secondary School, Federal Government College, Royal Crown Academy, Nsukka sai kuma sakandare dake cikin Jami'ar Najeriya. Kiwon lafiya Wuraren kiwon lafiya a Enugu sun hada da ESUT (Enugu State University of Science and Technology) Teaching Hospital; University of Nigeria, Enugu, Teaching Hospital; Park Lane General Hospital in the GRA; PMC (Peenok Medical Center) located on Ziks Avenue in Uwani; Hansa Clinic on Awolowo Street in Uwani; Niger Foundation Hospital da asibitin Diagnostic Centreda kuma abitin Ntasi Obi Ndi no n'Afufu Hospital organization wacce ke unguwar Enuguabor Street in the Trans-Ekulu layout da dai sauransu. Wasu daga cikin asibitoci na musamman sun hada da asibitin mahaukata da kuma asibitin 'kashi wato Psychiatric Hospital Enugu da the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE) Mafi akasarin asibitocin Enugu na 'yan kasuwa ne. Asibitin UNTH da kuma asibitin kashi wato National Orthopaedic na daga cikin asibitocin gwamnati a birnin. Asibitin gwamnatin da yafi kowanne bunkusa a Enugu shine asibitin "Park Lane Hospital" Sufuri Enugu na kan karamar hanyar jirgin kasa na Eastern Line wanda ya wuce har birnin Port Harcourt; tashar jirgin kasan kuwa na nan daura da filin wasan kwallon kafa na National stadium kuma dangane da asalinta da ma'aikatar hako gawayi a birnin tana nan a Unguwar Ogui. Motocin bus da tasi sune muhimman hanyoyin zurga-zurga a birnin. A da acaba (okada) na daya daga cikin hanyoyin sufurin har zuwa lokacinda gwamnatin jihar ta hana sufuri ta hanyar okada a watan Aprelun, 2009. Mafi akasarin masu shiga da fita birnin suna bi ne ta tashar Ogbete Motor Park. Acikin shekara ta 2009, gwwamnatin Enugu ta kawo salon sufuri ta hanyar tasi don rage talauci da rashin aikin yi a birnin. Tasi 200 kirar Nissan Sunny da kuma suzuki guda 200 bankin Pro-Credit Micro Finance Bank ta raba bashi ga maras aikin yi a birnin a bisa yarjejeniya kan zasu biya a hankali har su mallaki motocin. A ranar 13 March 2009 ne gwamnatin birnin ta raba manyan motocu 20 wanda ke daukan mutane akalla 82 don sufuri tsakanin birnin Enugu. Muhimmin filin jirgin sama a birnin shine filin jirgin sama na Akanu Ibiam International Airport wanda ake iya zuwa a tasi da kuma manyan motocin haya. An fara gyaran filin a ranar 30 Nuwamban, 2009 don fadada filin jirgin wajen daukan manyan jirage. Tsarin aikin ya hada da kara mita 600m (2,000 ft) ga filin gudun jirgin dake da tsawon mitoci 2,400-metre (7,900 ft) don yakai tsawon kilomita 3km (1.9 mi); kuma za'a kara masa fadi daga mita 45 zuwa mita 60m (148 to 197 ft). An kiyasta kudin aikin zai kai miliyan ₦4.13bn wato mliyan 27.3 na dalar Amurka (a cikin shekara ta 26 June 2010). An bude babban titin A3 na kan hanyar Enugu zuwa Port Harcourt da wuce ta Aba zuwa sauran birane a cikin shekarun 1970s. Titin na A3 ta mike ta arewa zuwa Jos ta hanyar Makurdi. Akwai kuma manyan tituna guda biyu, Babban titin A232 daga birnin Benin City, Asaba da Onitsha zuwa Enugu ta Gabas, da kuma titin A343 daga Abakaliki zuwa Enugu ta yamma, wamda suka sa Enugu ta zamo mahadar yankunan. Manazarta Biranen
32609	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Fante	Mutanen Fante	Mfantsefo ko Fante ("Fanti" tsohon rubutu ne) mutanen Akan ne. Mutanen Fante sun fi zama a yankunan tsakiya da yammacin gabar tekun Ghana. A cikin rabin ƙarni na karshe, saboda balaguron kamun kifi, ana kuma samun al'ummomin Fante har zuwa Gambia, Laberiya har ma da Angola. Manyan garuruwan Fante a Ghana ta zamani sun haɗa da Kasoa, Winneba, Agona Swedru, Tarkwa, Oguaa (Cape Coast), Edina (Elmina), Mankessim, Sekondi da Takoradi. Kamar duk Akan, sun samo asali ne daga jihar Bono. Asali, "Fante" yana nufin "rabin da ya bari" ya rabu da sauran Akans kuma ya fara zama a Mankessim. Wasu daga cikin jihohin da suka haɗa da Fante sun hada da Agona, Ahanta, Kurantsi, Abura, Anyan, Ekumfi, Nkusukum, Ajumako da Gomoa. Fante, kamar sauran Akans masu alaƙa, sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Sahara a cikin tsohuwar daular Ghana. Daga nan Fante ya yi ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Techiman na zamani a yankin Brong Ahafo. Daga nan ne, inji almara, manyan shugabanninsu guda uku Oson, Odapagyan da Obrumankoma suka jagoranci su kudu suka rabu da sauran Akans, zuwa Mankessim. Babban birnin tarihi da na ruhaniya na Mfantseman shine Mankessim (Oman kesi mu). Mutanen Fante suna daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin Akan, tare da "Asantefo" ko Ashantis, Akuapem, Akyem, Bono, Kwahu, Baoule, Nzema, Ahanta da sauransu. Duk da saurin bunkasuwar daular Ashanti da yaki da Ashanti da kawayen Holland a tsakiyar shekarun 1800, Fante sun ci gaba da rike kasarsu har zuwa yau kuma sun yi yaki da dama don kare yankinsu na arewa daga hare-haren Ashanti da wasu yaƙe-yaƙe da dama. Dutch, da Ingilishi. A halin yanzu, sun kai kimanin miliyan 6, rukuni na biyu mafi girma na mutanen Akan, ko kuma kusan kashi 13% na yawan mutanen Ghana na zamani. Gado da gadon mukaman gwamnati a tsakanin Fante ana yin su ne bisa al'ada ta zuriyar matrilineal, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Akan. Sai dai kuma, mazajen Fante da suka kai shekarun fada a al'adance na kamfanin Asafo na mahaifinsu ne. Lokacin da Portuguese suka isa a cikin karni na 15, Fante ya hana su shiga cikin ƙasa da kuma ba da hayar kadarori don ayyukan kasuwanci na Portuguese. Amma a lokacin da 'yan Portugal suka ki amincewa da ka'idoji da ka'idoji na Fante, Fante sun kori su bayan jerin gwanon da fadace-fadace. Bayan haka turawan Holland sun iso, sai kuma turawan Ingila. Fante ya yi aiki a matsayin 'yan tsakiya a cikin kasuwanci tsakanin cikin gida da 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya da Holland a bakin teku. Fante ta zama kasa mai arziki da wadata a kan mu'amalarsu da manyan kasashen Turai daban-daban. A farkon karni na 18, an kafa kungiyar Fante Confederacy ta zamani, da nufin tabbatar da kansu a matsayin al'umma da takwarorinsu na Turai su dauka da muhimmanci da kuma janyewar Turawa daga kasashen Fante. Fantes shekaru aru-aru sun riga sun sami tsarin gwamnatin tarayya mai sarkakiya wanda jihohi daban-daban ke kasancewa tare a cikin kawance. Kowacce jihar Fante tana karkashin jagorancin Babban Shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, a lokacin yaƙi, ko da yaushe suna tattara sojojin gamayya da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Abura. Duk da haka, a lokacin yaƙi, ko da yaushe suna tattara sojojin gamayya da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Abura. Fuskantar irin wannan matsananciyar tsayin daka, Portuguese, Jamusawa, Sweden da Danes bayan shekaru da yawa sun bar duk wani sansani na kasuwanci a Mfantseman. Mutanen Holland sun yanke shawarar zama, wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin Fante da Dutch, waɗanda suka kasa yi musu mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1844, da aka raunana ta akai-akai da yaƙe-yaƙe da Ashanti da ƙawancensu na Dutch, Fante Confederacy ya sanya hannu kan haɗin gwiwa na 1844 tare da Birtaniya. Birtaniya ta bar Cape Coast kuma ta koma babban birnin Gold Coast zuwa Accra a matsayin martani ga yunkurin juriya. An kafa ƙungiyar Fante Confederacy ta zamani don mayar da martani ga barazanar Turawa na ƙoƙarin yin mulkin mallaka a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta zamani. Don haka a cikin 1844 an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Fante Confederacy, a madadin Gold Coast, da Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da damar Gold Coast ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai ba tare da yaki ba bayan shekaru dari. Yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na Ashanti-Fante sun biyo baya, saboda neman Ashanti na hanyoyin kasuwanci kai tsaye zuwa bakin teku. A wani lokaci, Birtaniya sun taimaka wa Fante, wanda duk da haka ya yi nasarar raunana karfi mai karfi na Fante confederation da aka kafa tsakanin 1868 da 1872, yana zaton cewa barazana ce ga mulkinsu a bakin teku. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da na Holand sun goyi bayan wannan yakukuwan Ashanti-Fante, inda turawan Ingila suka goyi bayan Fante, sannan kuma Holland suka marawa Ashanti baya. Yayin da aka san Mfantsefo a matsayin mutane masu zaman lafiya, a lokutan yaki suna yin gangami domin kare kai. Sakamakon yakin da aka yi da Turawan Holand da Ashanti, hadin gwiwar sojojin Fante Union ya kai sama da mutane dubu talatin a shekarar 1844. A karkashin jagorancin Amfo Otu, Babban Hafsan Abura ne suka yi wa garinsu kawanya. Elmina da gidanta na Turai, a ƙarshe sun kori mutanen Holland daga sansaninsu na Elmina. Fante sun samar da fitattun mutane da dama a Ghana, daga cikinsu akwai Kofi Annan (tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); Yakubu Wilson Sey (mai yawan miliyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar na farko a gabar tekun Gold); Dan jarida kuma marubuci dan kasar Burtaniya Ekow Eshun; Ottobah Cugoano (mai son kawar da falsafar haƙƙin halitta), Sam Jonah (tsohon shugaban AngloGold Ashanti); tsohon shugaban kasa, John Atta Mills, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa, Joseph W.S. de Graft-Johnson, Kow Nkensen Arkaah da Kwesi Amissah-Arthur; Peter Turkson (Cardinal na Ghana na farko na Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika) da kuma wasu manyan masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, ba a Ghana kadai ba har ma a yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma mazaunan Afirka, kamar John Mensah Sarbah, James Kwegyir Aggrey, Ottobah Cugoano (Fante-British Slave Abolitionist), Chief Takyi (shugaban tawayen bawa na Jamaica), Paa Grant (wanda ya kafa UGCC) da J.E. Casely Hayford. Sauran fitattun jiga-jigan Fante sun hada da Sir Knight Joseph Panford, Babban Sarkin Fante a Koforidua, yankin Gabas, wanda ya wakilci Cocin Katolika na Ghana baki daya, a Roma kuma ya hadu da Paparoma John Paul I kuma an ba shi jarumi a yin haka; Joseph Ellis da Joseph Biney, wadanda dukkansu suka gano tarin zinare a shekarar 1897 dake Obuasi a yankin Ashanti; baƙar fata navigator Pedro Alonso Niño (1468-c. 1505), kuma aka sani da El Negro ("The Black"), ɗan asalin Sipaniya ɗan asalin Afirka, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da Christopher Columbus a haye Tekun Atlantika a 1492, kuma mahaifinsa ɗan tekun Fante ne. daga Elmina. Ya binciko gabar tekun Afirka a farkon shekarunsa. Ya tuka daya daga cikin jiragen Columbus a cikin balaguron 1492, kuma ya raka shi a lokacin tafiyarsa ta uku da ta ga gano Trinidad da bakin kogin Orinoco. Sunayen iyali Ɗaya daga cikin yanayin zamantakewar sunaye a tsakanin Akan, ciki har da Fante, shine cewa ana amfani da su azaman alamar zamantakewa don nuna ainihin mutum da ƙungiya. Wannan haka yake da sunayen dangi da aka samo daga dangin Ntoro na kakanni 12 na ubanni da ake baiwa yara. Kowanne daga cikin dangin Ntoro 12 na patrilineal yana da sunaye na musamman na iyali. Don haka yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da sunan mutum don gano danginsa/ta. Yaran da suka samo asalin asalinsu ga uba ɗaya na iya raba sunayen dangi iri ɗaya. Sunaye na iyali sun haɗa da Yankah, Osam, Aidoo, da dai sauransu. Haka nan an sami sabbin abubuwa a sakamakon ƙasashen yammaci, ilimi da addinin ƙasashen waje, tare da sunaye masu yawa daga wannan al'amari. An fassara wasu sunayen Fante a zahiri zuwa Turanci kuma sun dawwama azaman sunayen dangi. Tun da Fantes ta hanyar rayuwa a bakin teku sun kasance na farko da suka fara hulɗa da Turawa kuma sun yi ciniki, sun yi aure kuma suka zauna tare da su fiye da shekaru 400, babu makawa cewa a cikin sunayen Fante sun nuna babban tasiri na yammacin duniya idan aka kwatanta da su. kabilu a cikin ƙasa. Misalai na irin wannan suna mai canza canjin anglicised sune: Dua (littafi mai haske/allo) Wood Kuntu (bargo) dan Kuntu Blankson Kumi ba (ɗan Kumi) Kumson ko Koomson Kwei ba (ɗan Kwei) Quayson, Quayeson, Kweison ko Kwaeson Akorɔma (shaho) Hawkson Nyameba Godson ɛbo (dutse) Rockson Don haka, ana iya gano wasu sunayen dangi ta hanyar kari, misali: -son kamar a Yawson -ful, kamar yadda yake cikin Arkorful, -ney, kamar yadda yake a cikin Biney. In ba haka ba, Fante (Akan) sunayen dangi na rubutu suna nuna mahalli iri-iri. Suna iya zama yanayi, yanayin haifuwa, maɗaukakiyar fahimta, sunaye masu ban mamaki, sunaye na zage-zage da karin magana, ƴan ƙungiya da sunayen laƙabi, matsayi, sana'a, ƙwararru, na addini, na aure, da sunayen yamma. Ana iya samun haɗin biyu ko fiye na waɗannan sunaye na rubutu. Tsarin suna Fantes suna amfani da tsarin ba da sunan farko ga yaro bisa ranar mako da aka haifi yaron: Hakanan ana iya ba wa yara suna bisa tsarin da aka haife su. Sunayen da aka bayar sune kamar haka: Hakanan ana iya ba wa tagwaye suna bisa tsarin da aka haife su. Sunayen da aka bayar sune kamar haka: Ana iya ba wa yaron da za a haifa nan da nan bayan haihuwar tagwaye, kamar: Asali Bisa ga al'adar baka Fante ya rabu da sauran kungiyoyin Akan a yau Brong Ahafo a kusa da 1250 AD. Wannan aikin ya zama asalin sunan su, "Fa-atsew" ma'ana "rabin da ya bari". Fante sun bar ’yan uwansu Akan a Krako, Techiman na yanzu a Bono Gabas ta Ghana, kuma suka zama nasu rukunin Akan. Manyan mayaka uku ne suka jagoranci mutanen Fante da aka fi sani da Obrumankoma, Odapagyan da Oson (dabbar whale, Mikiya da giwa bi da bi). Bisa ga al'ada, Obrumankoma da Odapagya sun mutu a kan wannan gudun hijira kuma an yi musu ado tare da sauran hanya. Oson ya jagoranci mutanen zuwa abin da zai zama Mankessim a shekara ta 1252. Tatsuniya ta nuna cewa babban limamin Fante, Komfo Amona, ya dasa mashi a cikin ƙasa lokacin da suka isa wurin da aka zauna. Ana kiran mashin Akyin-Enyim, ma'ana "a gaban allah". Wurin ya zama wurin taro na dattawan Fante da kuma babban limamin coci sa’ad da suke tattauna muhimman al’amura. An naɗa Omanhen (sarkin) na Mankessim na farko a nan, kuma daga baya sarakuna za su ziyarci wurin don shawarwari. A cewar Fante, ba za a iya cire mashin da hannaye masu mutuwa ba. Ƙasar da Fante ta kai tun farko mazaunanta suna kiransa Adoakyir, wanda Fante ke kiransa da "Etsi-fue-yifo" ma'ana mutanen da suke da gashin daji. Fante ya ci wadannan mutane tare da canza sunan yankin Oman-kesemu, ma'ana babban gari. Sunan ya samo asali zuwa sunan yanzu, Mankessim. Fante sun zaunar da ƙasar a matsayin masarautarsu ta farko mai cin gashin kanta, kuma suka binne Obrumakankoma da Odapagya a cikin wani tsattsarkan kurmi mai suna Nana-nom-pow. Komfo Amona ya kuma shuka guntun bishiyar da ya zo da shi daga mahaifar Akan a Krako don ganin ko wuri yana da kyau don zama. Washegari da firist ɗin ya dasa gaɓoɓin, mutanen suka sami bishiya ta fara girma. Ita dai itace sunanta Ebisa-dua, ko kuma bishiyar tuntuba, inda a yau yake daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren ibada na Mankessim. Al'adu Fante suna yin noma, kamun kifi da kiwo. Fante al'umma ne matrilineal. Yawancin Fante suna bin addinin Kiristanci ko akidarsu ta al'ada. Wasu tsiraru suna da'awar sunni Islam. Mutanen Fante sun san abincinsu sosai. Abinci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Fante kuma yana alfahari da wuri. Abincinsu na gargajiya ya hada da Kenkey, Banku (Etsew) da ake ci da kifi da suka hada da Tilapia da sauran abincin teku da barkono da kayan lambu. Yawancin Fante's daga ciki kuma a al'adance suna cin doya da koko (ampesie) da fufu. Oguaa Fetu Afahye (bikin gargajiya na shekara-shekara da ake yi a Cape Coast) haƙiƙa bikin girbin doya ne da aka yi a baya a Masarautar Bono kuma an kawo shi bakin teku a lokacin ƙaura. Fantes ta hanyar dogon haɗin da suka yi da Turawa sun samar da wani nau'i na musamman na abinci wanda a yanzu ake ci a duk faɗin Ghana ciki har da corned naman sa stew, Ghana Jollof, Ghana meat pie, Ice Kenkey, Atadwe milk, abodoo, jollof rice, kumfa da dai sauransu. Manazarta Rebecca Shumway. 2011. The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Rochester: University of Rochester
15466	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkiru%20Balonwu	Nkiru Balonwu	Nkiru Balonwu yar kasuwa ne kuma yar gwagwarmaya da ke zaune a Legas, Nijeriya. Nkiru an san ta da tsayayyun ra'ayoyi game da mata a matsayin maganin matsalolin Afirka kuma ita ce kafa da kuma shugabar kungiyar matan Afirka a kan kungiyar, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, kungiyar mata masu zaman kansu ta Afirka da ke mai da hankali kan ciyar da labarai don inganta al'amuran mata. da 'yan matan gadon Afirka. Ita ce kuma mai kafa da kuma manajan aboki na RDF Strategies, wani kamfani na ba da shawara wanda ke ba da shawarwari kan dabarun sadarwa da hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki. A cikin 2016, a lokacin da take jagorancin Spinlet, Balonwu ya fito a cikin YNaija a matsayin ɗayan "Mata 100 da ke Mostarfafawa a Nijeriya". A watan Oktoba 2019, Balonwu ya sami lambar yabo ta 2020 Powerlist International ta Powerlist UK. Itace wacce ke ganin saka mata a gaba zai kawo matsololin africa Rayuwar kai da yanayin rayuwa Balonwu diya ce ga wasu lauyoyi biyu wadanda suka kware a canjin zamantakewa da adalci. Ilimi Balonwu ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Manchester Ta yi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar London College (UCL) kuma ta yi Digirin Digiri daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Ayyuka Balonwu ta yi aiki a fannoni da dama da suka haɗa da doka, fasaha da sadarwa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a tsangayar koyar da shari'a, Jami'ar Legas A cikin 2014, Balonwu ta zama Shugaba na Spinlet, farkon waƙar yawo da dandamali rarraba dijital a yankin Saharar Afirka. A lokacin da take matsayin Shugaba, Spinlet ta zama Manajan Rikodi na Duniya na Duniya (ISRC) na farko a Nijeriya. A cikin 2017, Balonwu ta kafa Matan Afirka a kan Kwamitin wanda ya ƙaddamar da ƙasashen duniya a Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice, New York, a ranar 26 Satumba 2019 yayin Majalisar duringinkin Duniya (UNGA), da nufin “ba da murya ga matan Afirka da canza yadda ake fahimtar su Shugabanci da nadi A cikin shekarar 2018, an nada Balonwu a matsayin mai ba da shawara daga babbar jam’iyyar adawa ta Najeriya, domin ta sanya mata a lokacin yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa na 2019 na tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma dan takarar adawa Atiku Abubakar. An nadata mashawarcin Balonwu na RDF don inganta manufar Legas ga Duniya (L2W), yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin 2018 a cikin shekara ta 2018 da Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta yi don fitar da saka jari daga ƙetare zuwa jihar. Kyaututtuka da nasarori A ranar 25 ga Oktoba Oktoba 2019, Balonwu ta karɓi kyautar Powerlist 2020 International. Jerin lambar yabo bakake mafi kyaun kyautuka ya kunshi mutum 100 daga cikin bakar fata mafi tasiri a Burtaniya. Balonwu ita ce wacce aka karrama da lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa, "wanda aka ba mutumin da yake zaune a wajen Burtaniya, wanda ake ganin ya bambanta kansu a matsayin mai kawo canji, mai kirkire-kirkire, mai kwazo da kuma mutum mai matukar tasiri" wajen karrama aikinta a Matan Afirka a Jirgin. A watan Maris na 2016, wallafe-wallafen kafofin watsa labarai, YNaija, tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar Leading Ladies Africa sun zabi Balonwu a cikin Mata 100 masu matukar birgewa a Najeriya, wani fitowar shekara-shekara da ke dauke da "matan da ke yin tasiri ga duniya da al'ummominsu da gangan ta hanyar karfi da karfin tunaninsu. da nasara. Balonwu ta sami karramawa ne saboda aikinta a Spinlet a cikin "Juyin juya hali [yadda yake] yadda ake raba da kuma rarraba abubuwan kiɗa". A cikin 2010, Balonwu ta kasance mai karɓar ofungiyar Yankin Foundasa, wanda ke ba da kyauta wanda ke mai da hankali kan "inganta rayuwar mata da 'yan mata a cikin gida da kuma duniya baki ɗaya ta hanyar ba da abokantaka ga mata waɗanda da gaske za su kawo canji a duniya." Balonwu ta lashe kyautar ne a karkashin Dokar da Kimiyyar Zamani da kuma takaddar doka bisa nazarin damar da masana'antar fina-finan Afirka, "Nollywood" ke bayarwa ga mata a matsayin wata hanyar bunkasa tattalin arziki. Jawabin jama'a da sharhin kafofin watsa labarai Balonwu ta kasance a dandamali daban-daban akan batutuwan da suka hada da daidaiton jinsi, fasaha, kirkire-kirkire da kuma kasuwanci. A kan podcast a16z, wanda aka fara daga asusun VC Andreessen Horowitz, tare da manyan bakin da suka gabata wadanda suka hada da dan wasan NBA Andre Iguodala da Oprah Winfrey, Balonwu ya yi magana kan fasaha a Afirka. Makarantar Kasuwancin Havard ta Dynamic Women in Business Conference a cikin 2018 ta nuna Nkiru Balonwu a matsayin 'mata a kan allon kwamiti'. A Rediyon Faransa Internationale (RFI) wani gidan rediyon jama'a na Faransa tare da masu sauraro miliyan 35.6 a duniya, Balonwu ya yi magana kan yadda za a fi dacewa da matan Afirka. An lissafa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar kafawa, mafi girma mafi saurin farawa a duniya. Labarai da aka buga Balonwu ya yi rubuce-rubuce ga kafafen yada labarai daban-daban ciki har da Sahara Reporters, TechCabal da Al Jazeera Turanci. "Matan Afirka A Matsayin Masu Amfani: Mabudin Buɗe Bunkasar Afirka"; Fabrairu 2020 "Yabon matan Afirka yana da mahimmanci ga kasuwancin Afirka"; Disamba 2019 “Me yasa ba MeToo ba? Ta yaya zantuka ke hana ci gaban matan Afirka Oktoba 2019 "Cin zarafin mata Ka manta da #Metoo, Muna Bukatar #Youtoo don Tsayawa tare da Mata"; Yuli 2019 "Babban Daraktan Google Ya Kafa Sabbin Alamar Sadarwa na Zamani: Darasi ga Shugabannin Afirka" 'Fabrairu 2019 “MTN vs. Gwamnati: Shin Sadarwar Sadarwa ce ke cutar da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya? Oktoba 2018 “Brexit, ziyarar Macron: Damar da sabbin kawance ga Najeriya”; Yuli 2018 "Mata a cikin kara: Lokaci don sake yin la'akari da hanyarmu?" Mayu 2018 "Maza a matsayin Kawaye: Matsawa don Cigaba da Daidata Matsayin Aiki a Afirka"; Maris 2018 "Sanya Muryoyin Matan Afirka Gaba Daya"; Janairu 2018, Ranar Kasuwanci Manazarta Mata Yar Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
53136	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Depp	Johnny Depp	John Christopher Depp II (an haife shi a watan Yuni 9, Shekara ta alif 1963) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka kuma mawaƙa. Shi ne mai karɓar lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Actors Guild Award, kuma an zaɓi shi don lambar yabo ta Academy guda uku da kyaututtukan BAFTA guda biyu. Depp ya fara fitowa a fim ɗin sa na farko a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro A Nightmare akan Elm Street (1984) kuma ya bayyana a cikin Platoon (1986), kafin ya yi fice a matsayin tsafi matashi akan jerin talabijin 21 Jump Street (1987 1990). A cikin 1990s, Depp ya yi aiki mafi yawa a cikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tare da masu gudanarwa na mawallafi, sau da yawa yana wasa da haruffa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Cry-Baby (1990), Abin da ke Cin Gilbert Grape (1993), Benny da Joon (1993), Dead Man (1995), Donnie Brasco (1997), da Tsoro da ƙi a Las Vegas (1998). Depp kuma ya fara haɗin gwiwa na tsawon lokaci tare da darekta Tim Burton, yana nuna jagorancin fina-finai Edward Scissorhands (1990), Ed Wood (1994), da Sleepy Hollow (1999) Biography with signature Articles with hCards A cikin 2000s, Depp ya zama ɗaya daga cikin taurarin fina-finai mafi cin nasara ta hanyar buga Kyaftin Jack Sparrow a cikin jerin fina-finai na Walt Disney swashbuckler Pirates of the Caribbean (2003 2017). Ya kuma sami yabo ga Chocolat (2000), Neman Neverland (2004) da Maƙiyin Jama'a (2009), kuma ya ci gaba da cin nasarar kasuwancinsa tare da Burton tare da fina-finai Charlie da Kamfanin Chocolate (2005), Bride Bride (2005), Sweeney Todd The Demon Barber na Fleet Street (2007), da Alice a Wonderland (2010). A cikin 2012, Depp yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan taurarin fina-finai na duniya, kuma Guinness World Records ya jera shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi samun kuɗi a duniya, tare da samun dalar Amurka 75. miliyan a shekara. A cikin 2010s, Depp ya fara samar da fina-finai ta hanyar kamfaninsa Infinitum Nihil Ya kuma sami yabo ga Black Mass (2015) kuma ya kafa babban rukuni na Hollywood Vampires tare da Alice Cooper da Joe Perry, kafin yin tauraro a matsayin Gellert Grindelwald a cikin Wizarding World fina-finai Fantastic Beasts da Inda za a Nemo su (2016) da Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes Grindelwald (2018). Tsakanin 1998 da 2012, Depp yana cikin dangantaka da mawaƙin Faransa Vanessa Paradis, wanda yake da 'ya'ya biyu, ciki har da actress Lily-Rose Depp Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, Depp ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amber Heard Sakin nasu ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai, domin dukkansu sun yi zargin cin zarafi da juna, kuma dukkansu suna aikata laifukan batanci da jama'a suka yi. Rayuwar farko An haifi John Christopher Depp II a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1963, a Owensboro, Kentucky, auta cikin yara hudu na mai hidima Betty Sue Depp née Wells; daga baya Palmer) da injiniyan farar hula John. Christopher Depp. Iyalin Depp suna tafiya akai-akai a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a Miramar, Florida, a cikin 1970. Iyayensa sun sake aure a cikin 1978 lokacin yana 15, kuma mahaifiyarsa daga baya ta auri Robert Palmer, wanda Depp ya kira "wahayi". Mahaifiyar Depp ta ba shi guitar sa'ad da yake ɗan shekara 12, kuma ya fara wasa a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Ya bar makarantar Miramar a 16 a 1979 don zama mawaƙin dutse. Ya yi yunkurin komawa makaranta bayan makonni biyu, amma shugaban makarantar ya gaya masa ya bi mafarkinsa na zama mawaki. A cikin 1980, Depp ya fara wasa a cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira The Kids. Bayan samun nasara a cikin gida a Florida, ƙungiyar ta koma Los Angeles don neman yarjejeniyar rikodin, ta canza sunanta zuwa Hanyar Gun shida. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙungiyar, Depp ya yi ayyuka daban-daban na banƙyama, kamar a cikin tallan waya. A cikin Disamba 1983, Depp ya auri mai yin kayan shafa Lori Anne Allison, 'yar'uwar bassist da mawaƙa. Yara sun rabu kafin su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin a 1984, kuma Depp ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar Rock City Angels Ya haɗu da rubuta waƙar su "Mary", wanda ya bayyana a farkon Geffen Records album Young Man's Blues Depp da Allison sun sake aure a 1985. Depp na asalin Ingilishi ne, tare da wasu zuriyar Faransanci, Jamusanci, da Irish. Sunansa ya fito ne daga Baƙin Huguenot Bafaranshe, Pierre Dieppe, wanda ya zauna a Virginia kusan 1700. Shi ne kuma zuriyar Elizabeth Key Grinstead, daya daga cikin matan farko na asalin asalin Ba'amurke a Arewacin Amurka don neman 'yancinta da nasara. A cikin tambayoyin da aka yi a 2002 da 2011, Depp ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da zuriyar Amirkawa, yana mai cewa: "Ina tsammanin ina da wasu 'yan asalin Amirkawa a cikin layi. Kakata kakata 'yar asalin Amurka ce. Ta girma Cherokee ko watakila Creek Indian Yana da ma'ana dangane da zuwan daga Kentucky, wanda ke cike da Cherokee da Indiyawan Indiya." An bincika iƙirarin Depp lokacin da ƙasar Indiya a Yau ta rubuta cewa Depp bai taɓa yin tambaya game da al'adunsa ba ko kuma an gane shi a matsayin memba na Cherokee Nation Wannan ya haifar da sukar Depp daga al'ummar Amurkawa na asali, kamar yadda Depp ba shi da rubuce-rubuce na asali na asali, da shugabannin al'ummar 'yan asalin suna la'akari da shi "ba Ba Indiyawa ba" kuma mai riya Zaɓin Depp don nuna Tonto, ɗan asalin Ba'amurke, a cikin The Lone Ranger an soki shi, tare da zaɓin nasa na sanya wa ƙungiyar dutsen suna "Tonto's Giant Nuts". A lokacin gabatarwa don The Lone Ranger, Depp an karɓi shi a matsayin ɗan girmamawa ta LaDonna Harris, memba na Comanche Nation, yana mai da shi memba mai daraja na danginta amma ba memba na kowace kabila ba. Sunan Comanche na Depp da aka bayar a lokacin karɓo shine "Mah Woo May", wanda ke nufin canza siffar. Mahimman martani ga da'awarsa daga al'ummar 'yan asalin ya karu bayan wannan, gami da hotunan satirical na Depp na 'yan wasan barkwanci. Tallace-tallacen da ke nuna hotunan Depp da ƴan asalin Amirka, na Dior don ƙamshi "Sauvage", an ja shi a cikin 2019 bayan an zarge shi da cin zarafin al'adu da wariyar launin fata Sana'a 1984–1989: Matsayi na farko da 21 Jump Street Depp ya koma Los Angeles tare da ƙungiyar sa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 20. Bayan ƙungiyar ta rabu, matar Depp a lokacin Lori Ann Allison ta gabatar da shi ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Nicolas Cage Bayan sun zama abokan shayarwa, Cage ya shawarce shi ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Depp ya kasance yana sha'awar yin aiki tun lokacin da ya karanta tarihin James Dean da kallon Rebel ba tare da wani dalili ba Cage ya taimaka wa Depp ya sami kwarewa tare da Wes Craven don A Nightmare akan Elm Street Depp, wanda ba shi da masaniyar wasan kwaikwayo, ya ce "ya yi hatsari ne". Godiya a wani bangare don kama ido na 'yar Craven, Depp ya sami matsayin babban saurayin babban mutum, daya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa na Freddy Krueger Depp ba shi da fitowar fina-finai a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, sai dai taƙaitaccen fim a cikin Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991), kashi na shida a cikin A Nightmare on Elm Street ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. Ya fito a fina-finai uku a shekarar 1993. A cikin wasan barkwanci na soyayya Benny da Joon, ya buga wani fanin fim mai ban mamaki da jahilci wanda ke abokantaka da wata mace mai tabin hankali da dan uwanta; ya zama mai bacci ya buge Janet Maslin na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa Depp "ba zai yi kama da Buster Keaton ba, amma akwai lokutan da ya zama da gaske ya zama Babban Fuskar Dutse, yana kawo dabi'un Keaton mai dadi da sihiri a rayuwa". Depp ya sami zaɓi na biyu na Golden Globe don wasan kwaikwayon. Fim ɗinsa na biyu na 1993 shine Lasse Hallström 's Abin da ke Cin Gilbert Grape, wasan kwaikwayo game da dangin da ba su da aiki tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Juliette Lewis Bai yi kyau a kasuwanci ba, amma ya sami sanarwa mai kyau daga masu suka. Ko da yake mafi yawan sake dubawa sun mayar da hankali kan DiCaprio, wanda aka zaba don lambar yabo ta Academy don wasan kwaikwayonsa, Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya rubuta cewa "Depp yana kula da allo na cibiyar da ke da matukar dacewa, mai ban sha'awa." Sakin Depp na 1993 na ƙarshe shine wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Emir Kusturica Arizona Dream, wanda ya buɗe don sake dubawa mai kyau kuma ya lashe kyautar Azurfa a Bikin Fim na Berlin. A cikin 1994, Depp ya sake saduwa da Burton, yana taka rawa a cikin Ed Wood, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na tarihi. Daga baya Depp ya ce ya damu game da fina-finai da shirya fina-finai a lokacin, amma "a cikin mintuna 10 da jin labarin aikin, na yi alkawari." Ya gano cewa rawar da ta taka ta ba shi "zama don shimfiɗawa da jin daɗi" da kuma yin aiki tare da Martin Landau, wanda ya buga Bela Lugosi, "ya sabunta soyayyata don yin wasan kwaikwayo". Duk da cewa bai samu koma baya da farashinsa na samarwa ba, Ed Wood ya sami kyakkyawar liyafar daga masu suka, tare da rubuta Maslin cewa Depp ya “tabbatar da kansa a matsayin kafaffe, ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo” kuma “ya kama duk wani kyakkyawan fata wanda ya sa Ed Wood ya ci gaba., godiya ga iyawar ban dariya ta musamman don kallon layin azurfa na kowane girgije". An zabi Depp a karo na uku don Mafi kyawun Jarumin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci Golden Globe saboda rawar da ya taka. A shekara ta gaba, Depp ya taka rawa a cikin fina-finai uku. Ya taka leda a gaban Marlon Brando a cikin akwatin-ofishin buga Don Juan DeMarco, a matsayin mutumin da ya gaskanta shi ne Don Juan, babban masoyi a duniya. Ya yi tauraro a cikin Jim Jarmusch 's Dead Man, wani harbin Yamma gaba ɗaya a baki-da-fari; ba nasara ce ta kasuwanci ba kuma tana da sake dubawa masu mahimmanci. Kuma a cikin gazawar kuɗi da mahimmanci Nick of Time, Depp ya buga wani akawu wanda aka gaya masa ya kashe ɗan siyasa don ya ceci 'yarsa da aka sace. A cikin 1997, Depp da Al Pacino sun taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Donnie Brasco, wanda Mike Newell ya jagoranta. Depp ya buga Joseph D. Pistone, wakilin FBI na ɓoye wanda ya ɗauki sunan Donnie Brasco don kutsawa Mafia a birnin New York. Don shirya, Depp ya shafe lokaci tare da Pistone, wanda fim ɗin ya dogara akan abubuwan tunawa. Donnie Brasco ya kasance babban nasara na kasuwanci da mahimmanci, kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayon Depp. Hakanan a cikin 1997, Depp ya yi muhawara a matsayin darekta kuma marubucin allo tare da The Brave Ya yi tauraro a cikinta a matsayin talakan Ba’amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka wanda ya karɓi shawara daga wani attajiri, wanda Marlon Brando ya buga, ya fito a cikin wani fim ɗin snuff don musanya kuɗi ga danginsa. An fara shi a bikin Fim na Cannes na 1997 don sake dubawa mara kyau. Bambance-bambancen da ake kira shi "mai turgitsi da rashin imani neo-western", da Time Out sun rubuta cewa "ban da rashin fahimta, shugabanci yana da lahani guda biyu: yana da jinkirin jinkiri kuma mai ban tsoro kamar yadda kyamarar ke mai da hankali akai-akai akan bandana'd Depp. kai da tsage jiki". Saboda sake dubawa, Depp bai saki The Brave a cikin Amurka ba Depp ya kasance fan kuma abokin marubuci Hunter S. Thompson, kuma ya buga alter ego Raoul Duke a cikin Tsoro da Ƙauna a Las Vegas (1998), fassarar fim na Terry Gilliam na Thompson's pseudo-biographical novel mai suna iri ɗaya gazawar ofishin akwatin ne da masu sukar lamura. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Depp ya yi ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani a Mika Kaurismäki 's LA Ba tare da Taswira ba (nhgb). Depp ya fito a cikin fina-finai uku a 1999. Na farko shi ne sci-fi mai ban sha'awa Matar Astronaut, tare da Charlize Theron tare da haɗin gwiwa, wanda ba wani nasara ba ne na kasuwanci ko mahimmanci. Na biyu, Ƙofar Tara ta Roman Polanski, ta buga Depp a matsayin mai siyar da tsofaffin littattafai wanda ya shiga cikin wani asiri. Ya kasance mai matsakaicin nasara tare da masu sauraro amma ya sami fa'idodi masu gauraya. Na uku shine karbuwar Burton na The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, inda Depp ya buga Ichabod Crane gaban Christina Ricci da Christopher Walken Domin aikinsa, Depp ya dauki wahayi daga Angela Lansbury, Roddy McDowall da Basil Rathbone, yana mai cewa "koyaushe yana tunanin Ichabod a matsayin mutum mai laushi, mai rauni wanda watakila ya ɗan yi hulɗa da gefen mata, kamar yarinya mai firgita" Sleepy Hollow nasara ce ta kasuwanci da mahimmanci. Fim ɗin farko na Depp na sabuwar shekara shine wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya-Faransa Mutumin da ya yi kuka (2000), wanda Sally Potter ya jagoranta kuma ya nuna shi a matsayin ɗan doki na Roma a gaban Christina Ricci, Cate Blanchett, da John Turturro Ba nasara mai mahimmanci ba ce. Depp kuma yana da rawar goyan bayan Julian Schnabel wanda aka fi sani da kafin faɗuwar dare (2000). Fim dinsa na karshe na 2000 shine Hallström mai mahimmanci da cin nasara Chocolat wanda ya buga wani dan Roma da kuma ƙaunar ƙauna na babban hali, Juliette Binoche Matsayin Depp na gaba duka sun dogara ne akan mutanen tarihi. A cikin Blow (2001), ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai safarar hodar Iblis George Jung, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Medellín Cartel a cikin 1980s. Fim ɗin bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba a ofishin akwatin kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban. A cikin karbuwar littafin ban dariya Daga Jahannama (2001), Depp ya zana sufeto Frederick Abberline, wanda ya binciki kisan gillar Jack the Ripper a cikin 1880s London. Fim ɗin kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban amma ya kasance matsakaicin nasara na kasuwanci. Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Early life An haifi John Christopher Depp II a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, shekarata alif 1963, a Owensboro, Kentucky, auta a cikin yara hudu na mai hidima Betty Sue Depp Wells; daga baya Palmer) da injiniyan farar hula John Christopher Depp. Iyalin Depp suna tafiya akai-akai a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a Miramar, Florida, a cikin shekarar 1970. Iyayensa sun sake aure a cikin shekarata alif 1978 lokacin yana Dan shekarata 15, kuma mahaifiyarsa daga baya ta auri Robert Palmer, wanda Depp ya kira "wahayi". Ya bar makarantar Miramar Yana Dan shekara 16 a shekarata alif 1979 don zama mawaƙin dutse. A cikin shekarar 1980, Depp ya fara wasa a cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira The Kids. A cikin Watan Disamba shekarata alif 1983, Depp ya auri mai yin kayan shafa Lori Anne Allison, 'yar'uwar bassist da mawaƙa. Yaran sun rabu kafin su shiga yarjejeniyar rikodin a shekarata alif 1984, kuma Depp ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar Rock City Angels Depp da Allison sun sake aure a shekarata alif 1985. A cikin tambayoyin da aka yi a shekarata 2002 da shekarar 2011, Depp ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da zuriyar 'yan asalin Amirka, yana mai cewa: "Ina tsammanin ina da wasu 'yan asalin Amirkawa a cikin layi. Wani talla mai nuna hoton Depp da ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka, wanda Dior ya yi don ƙamshi "Sauvage", an ja shi a cikin Shekarar 2019 bayan an zarge shi da cin zarafin al'adu da wariyar launin fata Career A shekarata alif 1984–zuwa shekarar alif 1989: Matsayi na farko da 21 Jump Street Ko da yake Depp yace "ba shi da wani sha'awar zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo", ya ci gaba da jefa shi a cikin fina-finai, yana yin abin da ya dace don biyan wasu takardun kudi waɗanda aikinsa na kiɗa ya bar ba tare da biya ba. Bayan rawar tauraro a cikin wasan ban dariya mai zaman kansa na shekarar alif 1985, Depp an jefa shi a matsayin jagorar wasan skating Thrashin na shekarar alif 1986 ta daraktan fim ɗin, amma furodusansa ya yi watsi da shawarar. Madadin haka, Depp ya fito a cikin ƙaramar rawar tallafi a matsayin mai zaman kansa mai magana da Vietnam a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Yaƙin Vietnam na Oliver Stone na shekarar 1986 Platoon Ya zama tsafi matashi a ƙarshen Shekarata alif 1980s, lokacin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin ɗan sanda a ɓoye a cikin wani aiki na makarantar sakandare a cikin jerin talabijin na Fox 21 Jump Street, wanda aka fara a cikin shekarata 1987. A shekarata alif 1990–zuwa shekarar 2002: Fina-finai masu zaman kansu da haɗin gwiwar farko tare da Tim Burton Fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin Shekarata alif 1990 shine John Waters 's Cry-Baby, wasan ban dariya na kiɗa da aka saita a cikin shekarata alif 1950s. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 1990, Depp ya taka rawar gani a fim din Tim Burton na soyayya mai ban sha'awa Edward Scissorhands gaban Dianne Wiest da Winona Ryder Depp ba shi da fitowar fina-finai a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, sai dai taƙaitaccen fim a cikin Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (a shekarata alif 1991), kashi na shida a cikin A Nightmare on Elm Street ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. Ya fito a fina-finai uku a shekarar alif 1993. Fim ɗinsa na biyu na shekarar 1993 shine Lasse Hallström 's Abin da ke Cin Gilbert Grape, wasan kwaikwayo game da dangin da ba su da aiki tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Juliette Lewis Sakin Depp na shekarata alif 1993 na ƙarshe shine wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Emir Kusturica Arizona Dream, wanda ya buɗe don sake dubawa mai kyau kuma ya lashe kyautar Azurfa a Bikin Fim na Berlin. A cikin shekarata alif 1994, Depp ya sake saduwa da Burton, yana taka rawa a cikin Ed Wood, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na tarihi. A cikin shekarata alif 1997, Depp da Al Pacino sun taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Donnie Brasco, wanda Mike Newell ya jagoranta. Depp ya buga Joseph D. Pistone, wakilin FBI na ɓoye wanda ya ɗauki sunan Donnie Brasco don kutsawa Mafia a birnin New York. Hakanan a cikin shekarata 1997, Depp ya yi muhawara a matsayin darekta kuma marubucin allo tare da The Brave Other ventures A cikin shekarar 2004, Depp ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai Infinitum Nihil don haɓaka ayyukan da zai yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasa ko furodusa. Fim ɗin na farko na kamfanin guda biyu shine The Rum Diary (a shekarar 2011) da Hugo (a shekarata 2011). Depp ya mallaki gidan rawanin dare The Viper Room a Los Angeles daga shekarata alif 1993 zuwa shekarar 2003, kuma shi ma wani bangare ne na mashaya gidan cin abinci Man Ray a Paris na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Depp da Douglas Brinkley sun gyara littafin mawaƙin gargajiya na Woody Guthrie 's House of Earth, wanda aka buga a cikin shekarata 2013. Ya kuma yi tare da Manson a Revolver Golden Gods Awards a shekarata 2012. A cikin shekarata alif 1990s, shi ma memba ne na P, ƙungiyar kiɗan da ke nuna mawaƙin Butthole Surfers Gibby Haynes, Red Hot Chili Pepper bassist Flea da Gitatar Jima'i Pistols Steve Jones A cikin shekarar 2015, Depp ya kafa babban rukuni na Hollywood Vampires tare da Alice Cooper da Joe Perry Ƙungiyar ta kuma haɗa da Bruce Witkin, abokinsa daga ƙungiyar a shekarar alif 1980s, The Kids. Hollywood Vampires sun fitar da kundi na farko mai taken kansu a cikin watan Satumba shekarata 2015. Ƙungiyar ta fara halarta ta farko a The Roxy a Los Angeles a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015, kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi balaguron duniya guda biyu a shekarata 2016 da shekarar 2018. Album ɗin su na biyu na studio, Rise, an sake shi a watan Yuni shekarata 2019 kuma ya ƙunshi galibin kayan asali, gami da waƙoƙin da Depp ya rubuta. A cikin shekarar 2020, Depp ya fitar da murfin John Lennon 's Warewa tare da mawallafin guitar Jeff Beck, kuma ya bayyana cewa za su sake fitar da ƙarin kiɗa tare a nan gaba. Tun daga watan Mayu Shekarata 2022, Depp ya shiga Beck onstage don yawan kide-kide a cikin United Kingdom, inda Beck ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rikodin kundi tare. An fitar da rikodin haɗin gwiwar su, mai suna 18, a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, shekarata 2022. A cikin watan Mayu shekarata 2023, Depp ya yi a wurin kide-kide na girmamawa na Jeff Beck da aka gudanar a Hall of Royal Albert a London, yana raba matakin tare da Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, Ronnie Wood da Kirk Hammett da sauransu. A cikin watan Yuli shekarata 2022, zane-zanen da Depp ya yi ya sayar a cikin ƙasa da kwana ɗaya tun lokacin da aka fara yin muhawara a cikin gidan kayan fasaha na Castle Fine Art a cikin Lambun Covent na London. Reception and public image A cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s), ana ganin Depp a matsayin sabon nau'in tauraron fim na namiji wanda ya ƙi ka'idodin waccan rawar. Jaridar Sydney Morning Herald ta bayyana Depp a cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s) a matsayin mugun yaro na Hollywood Sarkar Depp shan taba, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi da halayen sha an rubuta su gabaɗaya a wannan lokacin. A cewar dan jaridar The Guardian Hadley Freeman a cikin shekarar 2020: Bayan shekaru goma na fitowa musamman a cikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tare da cin nasarar kasuwanci daban-daban, Depp ya zama ɗayan manyan ofisoshin akwatin a cikin shekarar 2000s tare da matsayinsa na Kyaftin Jack Sparrow a Walt Disney Studios Pirates of the Caribbean franchise. Fina-finan biyar a cikin jerin sun sami dalar Amurka biliyan 4.5 har zuwa Shekarar 2021. Baya ga ikon mallakar Pirates, Depp ya kuma yi ƙarin fina-finai huɗu tare da Tim Burton waɗanda suka kasance manyan nasarori, tare da ɗaya, Alice in Wonderland (a shekarar 2010), ya zama babban abin kasuwa city na ayyukan Depp kuma ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma a tarihi (kamar na shekarar 2021). A cikin shekarata 2003, a daidai wannan shekarar da aka fito da fim na farko a cikin jerin Pirates, Depp an kira shi "Mutumin Mafi Girma na Duniya" ta Mutane zai sake samun taken a Shekarata 2009. A cikin shekaru goma zuwa cikin shekarar 2010s, Depp ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuma fitattun taurarin fina-finai a duniya kuma an sanya shi ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'ar jama'a a matsayin "Tauraron Fina-Finan Namiji da Aka Fi So" a Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Jama'a kowace shekara don shekarata 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. A cikin Shekarar 2012, Depp ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi samun kuɗi a masana'antar fina-finai ta Amurka, yana samun sama da dala miliyan 75 a kowane fim, kuma har zuwa shekarata 2020, shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na goma mafi girma a duniya, tare da fina-finansa sun sami sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 3.7 a ofishin akwatin Amurka da sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 10 a duk duniya. Ko da yake babban abin da aka fi so tare da masu sauraro, ra'ayoyin masu suka kan Depp sun canza a cikin Shekarar 2000s, sun zama mafi mummunan yayin da aka gan shi ya dace da ainihin Hollywood. Ko da kuwa, Depp ya ci gaba da yin watsi da ƙarin ayyukan jagoranci na gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2000s, lokacin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin John Dillinger a cikin Maƙiyan Jama'a (a shekarar 2009). A cikin shekarata 2010s, fina-finan Depp ba su yi nasara ba, tare da manyan fina-finai na studio na kasafin kudi irin su Dark Shadows (a shekarar 2012), The Lone Ranger (a shekarar 2013), da Alice Ta Gidan Gilashin (a shekarar 2016) waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin. Reception and public image A cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s), ana ganin Depp a matsayin sabon nau'in tauraron fim na namiji wanda ya ƙi ka'idodin waccan rawar. Jaridar Sydney Morning Herald ta bayyana Depp a cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s) a matsayin mugun yaro na Hollywood Sarkar Depp shan taba, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi da halayen sha an rubuta su gabaɗaya a wannan lokacin. A cewar dan jaridar The Guardian Hadley Freeman a cikin shekarar 2020: Bayan shekaru goma na fitowa musamman a cikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tare da cin nasarar kasuwanci daban-daban, Depp ya zama ɗayan manyan ofisoshin akwatin a cikin shekarar 2000s tare da matsayinsa na Kyaftin Jack Sparrow a Walt Disney Studios Pirates of the Caribbean franchise. Fina-finan biyar a cikin jerin sun sami dalar Amurka biliyan 4.5 har zuwa Shekarar 2021. Baya ga ikon mallakar Pirates, Depp ya kuma yi ƙarin fina-finai huɗu tare da Tim Burton waɗanda suka kasance manyan nasarori, tare da ɗaya, Alice in Wonderland (a shekarar 2010), ya zama babban abin kasuwa city na ayyukan Depp kuma ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma a tarihi (kamar na shekarar 2021). A cikin shekarata 2003, a daidai wannan shekarar da aka fito da fim na farko a cikin jerin Pirates, Depp an kira shi "Mutumin Mafi Girma na Duniya" ta Mutane zai sake samun taken a Shekarata 2009. A cikin shekaru goma zuwa cikin shekarar 2010s, Depp ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuma fitattun taurarin fina-finai a duniya kuma an sanya shi ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'ar jama'a a matsayin "Tauraron Fina-Finan Namiji da Aka Fi So" a Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Jama'a kowace shekara don shekarata 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. A cikin Shekarar 2012, Depp ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi samun kuɗi a masana'antar fina-finai ta Amurka, yana samun sama da dala miliyan 75 a kowane fim, kuma har zuwa shekarata 2020, shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na goma mafi girma a duniya, tare da fina-finansa sun sami sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 3.7 a ofishin akwatin Amurka da sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 10 a duk duniya. Ko da yake babban abin da aka fi so tare da masu sauraro, ra'ayoyin masu suka kan Depp sun canza a cikin Shekarar 2000s, sun zama mafi mummunan yayin da aka gan shi ya dace da ainihin Hollywood. Ko da kuwa, Depp ya ci gaba da yin watsi da ƙarin ayyukan jagoranci na gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2000s, lokacin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin John Dillinger a cikin Maƙiyan Jama'a (a shekarar 2009). A cikin shekarata 2010s, fina-finan Depp ba su yi nasara ba, tare da manyan fina-finai na studio na kasafin kudi irin su Dark Shadows (a shekarar 2012), The Lone Ranger (a shekarar 2013), da Alice Ta Gidan Gilashin (a shekarar 2016) waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin. Personal life Depp ya fara Saiyan fam miliyan 13 a Somerset a cikin shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a Landan Depp da mai yin kayan shafa Lori Anne Allison sun yi aure daga shekarata alif1983 har zuwa shekarar alif1985. A ƙarshen Shekarata alif 1980s, ya kasance tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Jennifer Gray da Sherilyn Fenn A cikin shekarar alif 1990, ya ba da shawara ga Edward Scissorhands Winona Ryder, wanda ya fara saduwa da ita a shekarar da ta gabata lokacin tana 17 kuma yana 26. Sun kawo karshen dangantakarsu a shekarar alif 1993; Daga baya Depp ya sanya tattoo "Winona Har abada" a hannun damansa ya canza zuwa "Wino Har abada". Tsakanin shekarata alif 1994 da shekarar alif 1998, yana cikin dangantaka da samfurin Ingilishi Kate Moss Bayan rabuwar shi daga Moss, Depp ya fara dangantaka da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa kuma mawaƙa Vanessa Paradis, wanda ya sadu da shi yayin yin fim na Ƙofar Tara a Faransa a shekarar alif 1998. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, 'yar Lily-Rose Melody Depp (an haifi shi a shekarata alif 1999) da ɗa, Jack (an haifi shi a shekarata
21691	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierno%20Abdourahmane%20Bah%2C	Thierno Abdourahmane Bah,	Tarihin rayuwa: Rayuwa ta farko: 1916-1927 An haifi Thierno Abdourahmane Bah a shekara ta 1916 a Donghol Thiernoya, Labe, Guinea. Shi ne mafi girman girman 'ya'ya maza tara na Thierno Aliou Boûbha Ndiyan. Thierno Abdourahmane shine na uku daga yara hudu daga Nênan Maryama Fadi Diallo, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1978 yana da shekaru 102.A cikin dangi, ana kiran yara maza da suka yi baftisma kamar shi Thierno, saboda girmamawa ga kakan Thierno Abdourahmane Nduyeejo, ɗan Thierno Malal Jafounanke,limamin farko na Labé. Yi caji cewa Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé ne ya damka shi, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin kusan zuriyarsa ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Yara Gidan Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan a cikin Labe Thierno Abdourahmane ya yi rayuwarsa ta farko yayin da aka yarda da mahaifinsa Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan kuma aka yarda da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin ruhun jama'a a cikin Fouta-Djallon, memba na aristocracy na littafin a cikin karni na 18 da 19. Paul Marty, wanda ya halarta a hankali kuma ya "yi nazari" Thierno Aliou a cikin 1915, baya ɓoye ainihin sha'awar da ya ji halartar malamin. Ya dauke shi a matsayin "masanin Larabci mai daraja ta farko, wanda yake da ilimi sosai a fannin larabci da kuma ilimin addinin Islama," wanda "ya shafi kowa da iliminsa, tsoron Allah da darajarsa da dai sauransu. na Karamokos sun shafe ƙaramin shekarunsu a Makarantarsa Ya ambaci lamba, yana mai lura da cewa "waɗannan gabaɗaya sun fi ilimi", ya rubuta: Thierno Aliou ya bayyana cewa ya mai da hankali kan ɗaga wasu hanyoyin koyarwar na Foula na yau da kullun da kuma ba ɗalibansa wasu Maganganun larabci, Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan ba wai kawai babban malamin manyan littattafai ba ne, mai ilimantarwa na zamani, sannan kuma ya kasance shahararren mawaki a cikin Larabci da kuma Poular, wanda Paul Marty ya lura da shi a addinin Musulunci a Guinea 1917. A cewar Ibrahima Caba Bah, 'ya'yansa sun ba da labarai cewa wasu maraice, bayan da wutar ta kare a makarantar, ya kan hada wasu daga cikin daliban, galibi karkashin jagorancin Thierno Oumar Kaana, don sanya su karanta baitocin nasa. daga ɗayan littattafansa (Maqaliida-As-Sa'aadati). Ya saurari daga ɗakinsa a tsaye a ƙarƙashin itaciyar lemu a tsakar gida, wanda wutar da take mutuwa ta haskakawa ta haskaka shi Matasan, suna sane da hankalin da suke nunawa game da hotunan da suke yi wa maigidansu mai girmamawa, za su tafi da zuciya ɗaya, tare da sanya mafi kyawun gwaninta. Ba tare da tunani ba, sun ɗanɗana waƙoƙin, sun haɗu da larabcin mai wadatarwa kuma, ta hanyar haɗuwa. Gaskiyar ita ce, yawancin waɗannan ɗaliban sun bar kyawawan halaye idan ba waƙoƙi masu daɗi ba, galibi a cikin Pular, wanda ya fi bayar da fa'ida shi ne Thierno Jawo Pellel. Saboda haka a cikin dangin dangi inda nazarin littattafai da motsa jiki na hankali shine babban aikin da Thierno Abdourahmane ya fara gano duniya. Lokacin da yara da matasa da yawa, suna zaune a cikin da'ira a sararin sama, a kewayen babbar wuta don nazarin maraice, sautuka ko ayoyin Kur'ani da aka rubuta a kan allunansu, wasan kwaikwayon "Sauti da Haske" yana nuna waƙar da ba za ta iya manta da kowa ba wanda ya rayu ko kuma kawai aka lura. Kada ku nemi wani wuri don asalin da Thierno Abdourahmane yake jan hankalinsa ga rubutacciyar kalmar, da kuma waƙoƙi musamman. Thierno Abdourahmane, duk da ƙuruciyarsa, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, tare da ɗan'uwansa Thierno Habibou, wanda ya haddace Kur'ani Mai Tsarki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsu, ya kammala Bu hanu da Sulaymi, littattafai biyu, na Musulunci. 'Yan uwan biyu sun kuma kammala littafin Shaykh Abu Zayd, sanannen limamin garin Kairouan a Tunisia, da Ricalat, wannan wasiƙar da ke cike da girma da kuma cikakken littafin doka da tsarin addinin Islama, wanda aka koyar a duk makarantun Kur'ani na Fouta-Djallon. Tare da dan dan uwansu Dai, dan Alfa Bakar Diari, ‘yan’uwan biyu sun kasance a cikin bita na Muhayyibi, waka don darajar annabi Muhammad.Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan ya lura da wayayyen da yaron nasa yake dashi, don haka ya karfafa shi bisa tsari, duk da cewa ya rayu shekaru goma sha daya a karkashin inuwar kai tsaye Thierno Aliou.Mutuwar Thierno Aliou tabbas ba ta kasa barin ɗansa mara ƙarfi ba. Amma azurtawa tana lura da shi, mai yiwuwa wataƙila don albarkar Thierno Aliou, wanda ya rubuta a cikin Maqaliida -As- Saaadati: Zan yabi Annabi duk rayuwata. Bayan mutuwata, ta gaji daga gare ni, ina yabon Annabi, wanda yake daidai da ni. Sonan zai nuna fifikon wannan magana a cikin littafinsa, Wasiyyat-tu Al-Walidi. Akwai lokacin da za a yi doudhal, bayan mutuwar Thierno Aliou a cikin watan Maris na 1927, ɗaliban da suka ci gaba, waɗanda suka kasance maimaitawa da mataimakan ilimi. Thierno Mamadou Sow, ɗan Thierno Oumarou Perejo, Thierno Abdoullahi Rumirgo, ɗan Salli Ouri, Thierno Oumarou Kana na Taranbali, mutumin da ke da kwarin gwiwa, "almajirin da aka fi so" na Thierno Aliou, Thierno Jawo Pellel, mawaki, wanda daga baya ya yi rubutu game da abokin aikinsa kuma dattijo: Akwai kuma Thierno Oumarou Taran, wanda ɗalibin maigidana ne; ya mallake ni kuma ya taimake ni na dawo ba tare da kuskure ba. Maigidan ya so shi kuma ya kusance shi Haƙiƙa yawancin sirrinsa, bai ɓoye shi ba. Zai sanya shi a matsayinsa na 'ya'yansa, saboda wannan a bayyane yake soyayyar da ta ci gaba da zama sirri ne wanda ban sani ba. Thierno Abdourahmane Bah yayin huduba kafin sallar Juma'a a Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé a 1989 Akwai a ƙarshen, a Thierno Aliou Doudhal a cikin watan Maris 1927, ɗaliban da suka ci gaba waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin masu koyarwa da mataimakan koyarwa. Thierno Mamadou shuka, ɗan Thierno Oumar Perejo, da Thierno Abdoullahi Roumirgo, ɗan Salli Ouri. Har ila yau akwai Thierno Oumar Kaana na Taranbaali, almajirin da Thierno Aliou ya fi so. Akwai kuma Thierno Jawo Pellel, mawaki, wanda daga baya ya yi rubutu game da abokin aikinsa kuma dattijo: Akwai kuma Thierno Oumarou Taran, wanda ɗalibin maigidana ne; ya mallake ni ya kuma daidaita ni ba kuskure. Maigidan ya ƙaunace shi kuma ya kusace shi. Lallai da yawa daga cikin sirrinsa, bai boye shi baYa sanya shi a cikin 'ya'yansa, saboda abin da ke bayyane soyayyar da ta ci gaba da zama boyayye ba ni da ganewa Ilimi Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a 1927, Thierno Abdourahmane Bah, yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya koyi karatu da rubutu na Kur'ani, farkon zagaye na koyarwar gargajiya Fouta-Djallon. Ya yi karatu a Thierno Oumar Pereedjo Dara Labe, inda ya yi karatu daga 1927 zuwa 1935. Thierno Oumar wani almajiri ne da aka horar a makarantar Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndiyan, wanda ya kasance ɗan wa ne. Thierno Abdourahmane Bah ya koya daga wajen dan uwan nasa: Grammar (nahaw), Law (fiqh), theology (Tawhid), da sauran fannoni (Fannu, bayan, Tasrif, Maani). Tafsir (Kur'ani mai fassara) ya nuna lokacin karatun, kuma ya bashi, bisa ga al'ada, taken Thierno. A cikin shekarunsa na farko na karatu, Thierno Bah Abdourahmane ya nuna ainihin kyaututtukan waƙoƙin da ya bayyana a cikin yanayin larabci da Pular. Ya ci gaba koyaushe wannan aikin adabi a cikin yarukan biyu. Rubutu Thierno Abdourahmane ya samar da adadi mai yawa na rubutu, cikin larabci da kuma Pular (caakal da gimi). Littattafan larabci wadanda suke nuni da halin addini sune hudubobin da ya gabatar kafin sallar juma'a a Masallacin Alpha Karamoko Mo Labé. Wani rukuni na biyu na rubutun larabawa ya kunshi karatun makaranta akan tambayoyin da rayuwar zamani tayi wa alummar musulmai zuwa tarurrukan makarantar koyar da shari'ar musulinci wanda ya kasance memba kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa. Jigogin da aka inganta su ne: mazhabobi a cikin addinin Islama, farashin jini, cika yarjejeniyoyi, 'yancin dan adam, da uwaye mata, tsarin iyali, Taimakawa, da sauransu. Waƙoƙin Larabcin Haɗaɗɗen Baƙin Larabci ya fara ne lokacin da Thierno Abdourahmane, ɗan shekara goma sha uku yana karatu a Thierno Oumarou Pereejo Dara-Labe. An tattara adadi da yawa karkashin taken Banaatu Afkaarii, 'Ya'yan Tunanina, a cikin juzu'i wanda Al-Hajj Hanafiyyou Kompayya ya rubuta. An buga rubutun a Kuwait, bisa shawarar Ministan harkokin kasashen waje na Sarkin kasar. Wannan tarin ya kunshi godiyar da dalibi Thierno Abdourahmane ya yiwa ubangidan nasa a karshen karatunsa, da kuma martanin da Thierno Oumarou Pereejo ya yi, yabo daga manyan larabawa da marubucin ya samu damar haduwa da shi: Gamal Abdel Nasser na Egypt, The King Fahd na Saudi Arabia, Sarkin Kuwait, da sauransu Wasu ayyuka guda biyu: Maqalida As- Saadati, mabuɗan farin ciki, da Jilada Mada.Fii Hizbi Al Qahhar, waɗannan ayyukan guda biyu suna haɓaka waƙoƙin aikin gargajiya a cikin adabin larabci. Duk ayyukan asali suna da alaƙa guda biyu waɗanda ya haɓaka zuwa baiti biyar, suna ƙunshe da asali, suna riƙe da rhyme da mahimmancin ma'anar rubutun farko. Salon ana kiransa Takhmisu, wanda ke da kofa biyar. An buga Maqalida -As- Saadati a kasar Algeria, karkashin wannan taken, tare da taken: Miftahu AlMasarrati, Mabudin Farin Ciki, Waciyyatu-Al- Walidi, wanda Al Hajj Hanafiyyou ya rubuta da hannu, an buga shi a Conakry Agv da yaƙi Rayuwa tana cikin nutsuwa da sauki ga Thierno Abdourahmane tsakanin hisan uwansa, matansa da coman uwansa, tare da aikinsa na al'ada da muke aiwatarwa ba tare da tunani mai yawa ba. Ba zato ba tsammani za a katse shi farat ɗaya lokacin da Hitler ya fara Yaƙin Duniya na II.Hitler ya bayyana cewa yakin nasa,yayin da mutane ke tahowa cikin sauki, har sai lokacin, suna ci gaba da harkokin su, watsar da hakan kuma suka sanya kansu cikin yanayi na fada. Thierno Abdourahmane, mai ɗimbin makamai, ya fara lura da ƙaruwar matsalolin da ke addabar jama'a, 'yan ƙasa. Ya rayu cikin tsananin wahala, mawaƙi wanda ya san kansa a matsayin madubin mutanensa, kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya: Mawaƙi ne wanda ke farantawa mutane rai, wanda ya ninka himmarsu; kuma mawaƙi ne ke girgiza zukata waɗanda ke rayarwa.Bayan yakin, Fulani masu hankali na Fouta Djallon sun kirkiro wata kungiyar al'adu, Amicale Gilbert Viellard (agv) don Renaissance da ci gaban Lafiya mai kyau. Thierno Abdourahmane sha'awar Agv; ya yi daya daga cikin wakokin siyasarsa na farko don karfafawa Fulawa gwiwa don tallafawa kungiyar Amma Foulbhe, dalilinsu ya ɓace tun shekaru masu yawa; babu wani daga cikinmu da ke muhawara game da abin da yake yi. An kora mu kamar shanu zuwa makiyaya,ma'aikata zuwa kowane nau'in taches ashi, faɗuwa, ba tare da sanin dalili ko yaya ba. Wasikar dimokiradiyya wacce take bayanin ainihin manufofinta da hanyoyinta, kayan hadin kai ne ga al'ummar Fulani wacce shuwagabanninsu ya kamata su zama masu gaskiya da kishin kasa:Ya shugaban kasa, zama mai gaskiya, mai kaunar nasa ƙasa da mutanensa, wannan kaɗai ke haifar da manufa;Ya ku membobi, ku kasance a dunkule a kan wannan shugaba, kalli abin da yake yi.Rubutun ya samu karbuwa daga shugabannin Gilbert Viellard (AGV), gami da Mr. Yacine Diallo. An ninka waƙar kuma an rarraba ta ko'ina cikin Fouta. An zabi Thierno Abdourahmane a matsayin shugaban sashen na Agv a Labé, ya tsara, a yayin taron kungiyar a birni, da Hymn to Peace da Fouta Djallon, wanda aka yi maraba da shi da nasarar da ba a taba samu ba. Wakar ta bayyana wani waƙoƙi na ban mamaki da wahalar "yunƙurin yaƙi", ayyuka waɗanda aka ɗora wa zalunci a kan jama'a a lokacin tsakanin 1940-1944. Ya bambanta da bala'in yaƙi da zalunci, an girmama maza da yankuna na Fouta-Djallon, don ƙarfafa ƙaunar ƙasa, suna bayanin menene wannan soyayyar. Wakar ta ƙare da gayyatar foan banzan a wurin aiki da zuwa binciken. Thierno Abdourahmane ya nuna launi daga abubuwan da aka fi so na waƙoƙin da ya rubuta: soyayya da jinƙai ga masu tawali'u, nasiha ga nazari da aiki, kaunar landan :asar: Jigogi suna sane da dimokiradiyya, 'yan gurguzu ko kuma aƙalla masu taimakon jama'a cewa za ta ci gaba fiye da sau daya. Bayyanar asalinsa Fouta Wani jigon Thierno Abdourahmane shi ne kiran Fouta-Djallon, da shimfidar wurare da jama'arta, al'adun gargajiya, da lokutta. Thearshen waɗannan matani, wanda yayi ƙarshe (lannirdhun) yana ba da kyakkyawar ra'ayi game da tsinkaye wanda yake da yanayin. Jin daɗin ilimi bisa ga mawaƙi, yana da tsada, dalili: gayyata ce zuwa aikin kirkirar ci gaba, gabatar da aiki a matsayin ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a, in ba haka ba addini. Ya dan uwa, ka ga kyan da aka yi wa kasarka, da fa'idodi da wadannan dukiyar da ba ta lalacewa! Kiyaye kasar ka, ka so ‘yan kasar ka,‘ ya’yan ka su basu ilimi, ka tabbatar da iyayen ka, ka wahala dasu, baza ka tuba ba! Cewa Anan na tsaya; wannan ya isa a fara fahimtar baiwar Allah Madaukakin Sarki, mara gajiyawa, Allah, ka cece mu, ka ceci Guinea, ka kara imani, Tarayya da fahimtarmu, da ni'imomi ba iyaka. Thierno Abdourahmane ya wadatar da rubutaccen wallafe-wallafen Fouta Djallon na abubuwa masu ban mamaki, duk da yanayin yanayin halittar su. Kagaggen labaran da aka haifa da gaskiya; ayyukan adabin da aka haifar da wani lamari ko wani yanayi da aka lura ko aka samu, ya haifar da hakan, wani yanayi na kirkirarru, wanda iliminsa ke tsara tunanin al'umma. A matsayin mutum na mai al'adu, Thierno Abdourahmane ya kasance mai ci gaba. Ya kasance cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri, kamar yadda yake a cikin imaninsa na Islama. Ya kasance mai ci gaba a cikin kirkirarrun littattafan Fula. Rayuwar jama'a Thierno ya kuma jagoranci ayyukan jama'a da yawa, kuma ya gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, siyasa, da addini. Ayyukan Siyasa 1945: An zaɓa shugaban ɓangaren Amicale Gilbert Vieillard (Agv) a cikin Labé 1956–1959: Mataimakin Magajin Garin Labé 1963-1966: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Thiangel-Boori (Labé) 1967–1969: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Timbi-Madiina (pita) 1971–1973: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Kona (Koin) 1974–1976: Kwamandan Arrondissement na Daara-Labé (Labé) 1975–1983: Sufeto na madrasas (Ecole Franco-Arabe) 1984–1987: Ministan shari'a na Guinea Ayyukan Addini 1950: An zabi Khalife janar na kungiyar 'Yan uwa ta Tidjania don yammacin Afirka ta Cherif Boun Oumar 1950: zababben Ma'ajin Masallacin Karamoko Alfa Mo Labé. 1976–1984: Memba na Majalisar Musulunci ta Kasa ta Guinea, hukumar da ke kula da aikin hajji a Makka 1981: Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar Koyon Addinin Musulunci ta Duniya (Majmau-al-Fiqh) 1973–1983: Limamin Babban Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé 1984–1987: Imam Ratib na Babban Masallacin Faisal Conakry, Guinea 1987–2010: Imam Ratib na babban masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labé Mutuwa Wikimedia Commons tana da kafofin watsa labarai masu alaƙa da Thierno Abdourahmane Bah. Thierno Abdourahmane ya shafe shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa a Labe, inda ya mutu 22 Satumba 2013 yana da shekara 97; an binne shi 23 Satumba 2013 a cikin yardar mahaifinsa, kusa da Babban Masallacin Karamoko Alpha Mo Labe.
29906	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafiya%20ta%20hanyoyin%20ruwa%20a%20Kerela	Tafiya ta hanyoyin ruwa a Kerela	Hanyoyin ruwa koyaushe sun kasance muhimmin yanayin sufuri a Kerala Jimlar tsawon hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita a Kerala ya kai kusan kilomita 1,900 kuma kogunan da ake kewayawa sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 54 na hanyoyin ruwa. Koguna 41 da ke gudana zuwa Yamma tare da magudanar ruwa wani sashe ne mai haɗin gwiwa na tsarin kewayawa cikin ƙasa a Kerala. A cikin Kerala sufurin ruwa ta waɗannan tashoshi galibi ƙananan sabis na fasinja ne, jiragen ruwa na ƙasa na yau da kullun, jigilar kaya zuwa PSU kamar takin zamani da Chemical Travancore, Kochi da sauransu. Magudanan ruwa na cikin jihar suna ratsa ta yankuna masu yawan jama'a babban har yanzu ba a gama dakatar da Canal Coast na Yamma ba (WCC). Yawancin mazauna yankin sun tsunduma cikin sana'o'in gargajiya kamar su coir, cashew, yin bulo da kamun kifi. Duk wani yunƙuri na haɓaka magudanan ruwa na cikin ƙasa zai yi tasiri sosai ga jin daɗin waɗannan mutane. Hakanan tare da Tiruvananthapuram-Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor da Babban Hanyar Kasa 66 Kanyakumari zuwa Mumbai (Trivandrum Kasaragod shimfidawa a Kerala) WCC zai kammala hanyar sadarwa na multimodal arewa maso kudu corridor a fadin Kerala A zamanin kafin samun yancin kai, musamman sufuri a Kerala ya kasance ta hanyar jiragen ruwa. Cibiyoyin hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin jihar ba su isa sosai ba. Duk da haka daga baya lokacin da hanyoyin mota da na dogo suka fara haɓaka mahimmancin hanyoyin ruwa sun fara raguwa. A wani bangare na karni na 20 daukakar magudanan ruwa da suka gabata a karni na 18 da na 19 ya ragu cikin sauri. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 21st an fara samun sabuntawa kan hanyoyin ruwa na jihar. A cikin shekarata 2005 Shugaban Indiya Shri. APJ Abdul Kalam ta gabatar da ajandar ci gaba mai maki 10 da nufin mayar da jihar ta zama cibiyar tattalin arziki nan da shekarar 2015. Duk A cikin wannan ya ambata da ƙarfi game da yuwuwar hanyoyin ruwa na Kerala. Manyan hanyoyin ruwa na Kerala Kusan dukkanin manyan hanyoyin ruwa a Kerala wani bangare ne na tsarin canal na gabar Yamma (WCC). Wannan tsarin magudanar ruwa ya haɗu da kogin baya, kogunan kogi da tsarin magudanar ruwa da mutum ya yi. Kadan mahimman shimfidar kewayawa a cikin dukkan wannan babban tsarin Kuma shiyasa(wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin lalacewa a halin yanzu) sune kamar haka, National Waterway 3 Kollam zuwa Kozhikkode 375 km wanda ya ƙunshi tashar Kogin Yamma, Champakkara Canal da, Udyogamandal Canal, Lake Ashtamudi, Kayamkulam Kayal, Tekun Vembanad da masu rarraba Periyar (kogin) Thiruvananthapuram Shoranur canal wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin kogin Bharathappuzha, Kollam Canal, Kadinamkulam Kayal da sauransu. Canal Canal kusan 200 km, Kodungallur zuwa Vatakara ta hanyar Kozhikode Alappuzha-Sherthala AS Canal 22 km daga Vada Canal a Alappuzha zuwa tafkin Vembanad kusa da Cherthala. Hanyar Ruwa ta Kasa 8 Canal Alappuzha-Changanassery 28 km. Hanyar Ruwa ta Kasa 9 Alappuzha-Kottayam-Athirampuzha Canal 38 km. Wannan magudanar ruwa na iya inganta yanayin kewayawa na kaya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Kottayam Hakanan yana amfani da tsarin kogin Meenachil da Vembanad Ya haɗa Mannanam da Kainikkara, wurin haifuwar St.Kuriakose Elias Chavara Hanyar Ruwa ta Kasa 59 Kottayam-Vaikom Canal 28 km. Ya fara kusa da Kodimatha a cikin garin Kottayam kuma ya wuce ta kogin Meenachil ta Ilikkal, Thiruvaataa, Pulikkuttisseri don shiga tafkin Vembanad kusa da Cheepungal sannan ya isa Vaikom ta Thanneermukkom Bund Canal AVM (Hanyar Ruwa ta Ƙasa 13) 11 km daga Colachel a Tamil Nadu zuwa Pozhiyoor a cikin Trivandrum. Tsarin Canal na Kogin Yamma (WCC). WCC ita ce hanyar ruwa ta cikin kasa ta Jiha, wacce ake kera ta zuwa ma'auni na hanyar ruwa ta kasa. Wannan shine Rs 2,300-crore rupees aikin wanda aka yi niyya don yin duka 633 hanyoyin ruwa mai nisa kilomita tare da bakin tekun Kerala daga Kovalam gundumar Thiruvananthapuram zuwa Bekal gundumar Kasaragod mai cikakken kewayawa da haɗa manyan filayen jirgin saman Kerala guda uku kamar Filin jirgin saman Trivandrum International Airport, Filin Jirgin Sama na Cochin International da Filin Jirgin Sama na Kannur ta hanyoyin ruwa ta Mayu shekarata 2020. Aikin Kerala Waterways and Infrastructure Development Ltd., Mota na Musamman (SPV) da aka kafa a watan Oktoba 2017 don bunkasa hanyoyin ruwa na cikin kasa a kan lokaci. Gwamnatin Kerala da CIAL suna da ruwa da tsaki a ciki. An danƙa wa SPV ayyuka kamar gine-ginen giciye, Kuma zubar da ruwa, faɗaɗawa da tsaftace hanyoyin ruwa. Aikinsu na farko shi ne sabunta ayyukan 18 km Akkulam Kovalam stretch na Parvathi Puthannaar a Trivandrum da aka ba su a watan Mayu shekarata 2018. Cibiyar Tsare-tsare da Tsare-Tsare na Sufuri ta kasa, a cikin bincikenta na yuwuwar fasaha da tattalin arziki, ta ce kashi 16.6 na yawan zirga-zirgar kayayyaki ta hanya za a iya karkatar da su zuwa tsarin jigilar ruwa na cikin gida da zarar an kammala WCC. Daban-daban na WCC daga Kudu zuwa Arewacin Kerala sune kamar haka. Kovalam Aakkulam Parvathi Puthannaar (Trivandrum) yanki TS Canal (Vallakkadavu tafkin Kadinamkulam tafkin Anchuthengu Varkala Tunnel Edava Nadayara Kaayal Paravur Kayal Kollam Canal National Waterway 3 yana shimfiɗa har zuwa Ponnani ban da Ponnani Shoranur stretch) National Waterway 3 Kollam zuwa Kozhikode 375 km. Canoli Canal Vatakara Mahe Canal 17.4 kilomita yana wucewa ta Thiruvallur, Maniyoor, Villiyapilly, Purameri, da Ayancherry a cikin mazabar Kuttiyadi; Edacherry a cikin mazabar Nadapuram; da Eramala da Azhiyoor a mazabar Vadakara. Wannan kuma wani bangare ne na Vision Vadakara zuwa shekarar 2025. Mahé Valapattanam Canal 51 km (26 km ya bi ta rafukan ruwa da ke da sauran 25 km yana buƙatar yanke wucin gadi) wannan wata hanyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta ɓace a cikin tsarin ruwan baya da ke tafiya daidai da Tekun Kerala ta Arewa don haka, babban cikas ga yuwuwar kewayawa cikin ƙasa na yankin. Wannan shimfidawa yana buƙatar ɗan adam ya yi magudanan ruwa a kan shimfida uku don haɗa tsarin kogin Mahé tare da tsarin kogin Valapattanam ta kogin Anjarakkandy, Kuyyalipuzha da kogin Dharmadom Matsakaicin kogin Anjarakkandy daga canal har zuwa Mattanur za a yi amfani da shi don haɗa WCC tare da Filin Jirgin Sama na Kannur Daidaiton wannan magudanar ruwa kamar haka ne, Yana farawa azaman yanke wucin gadi yana farawa daga Kogin Mahé kusa da Peringathur kuma yana ƙarewa a Kuyyalipuzha kusa da Ponniam ta hanyar Palathayi, Elankode, Kannamvally da Mokery na nesa na 9.2 km. Sa'an nan kuma ta ci gaba da gudana ta Kuyyalipuzha har zuwa kusa da yankunan Thalassery Daga Kuyyalipuzha tashar da mutum ya yi ta 0.85 kilomita an yi shi don magudanar ruwa don shiga cikin kogin Dharmadom wanda ke rarraba kogin Anjarakkandy A cikin tsarin kogin Anjarakkandy, magudanar ruwa tana tafiya har zuwa ƙarshen tsibirin Dharmadam sannan kuma wani yanki na wucin gadi na mutum ya fara kusa da Mamakunnu wanda ke tafiya 15. kilomita mai tsawo ta hanyar Kadachira, Chala, Varam da Chelora kuma ku hadu da kogin Valapattanam Bayan haka magudanar ruwa ta gangara zuwa ƙasa har zuwa garin Valapattanam ta cikin kogin. Valapattanam Neeleeswaram hanyar ruwa 50 km Wannan ita ce hanyar ruwa mafi tsayi a yankin Malabar Yana tafiya daga Valapattanam zuwa Pazhayangadi na nisa na 13 km ta hanyar saukar da rafin Valapattanam har zuwa Azhikal estuary sannan a haye kan Kogin Kuppam har zuwa Pazhayangadi A Pazhayangadi yana shiga cikin Sulthan Thodu ko Canal Sulthan a 4 km man made canal har Madayi. An kammala Canal Canal a cikin 1766 yayin mamayewar Mysorean na Malabar ta Sultanate na Mysore Daga Madayi hanyar ruwa ta shiga cikin tsarin kogin Perumba kuma ta fita zuwa Valiyaparamba Kavvayi Backwaters a Kavvayi. Sannan ta wuce ta Ayitti Thrikaripur Padanna na gundumar Kannur Kasaragod Neeleeswaram Bekal, Kasaragod waterway 24 km (kammala 140 kilomita mai tsayi Payyoli Bekal isar WCC). Canals da Waterways na Alappuzha Alappuzha ana kiransa Venice na Gabas. Babu wani gari a Kerala da ya dogara da hanyoyin ruwa da magudanar ruwa kamar Alappuzha. Tsarin hanyar ruwa a Alappuzha ya haɓaka saboda gine-ginen birnin Raja Kesavadas a ƙarni na goma sha takwas 18. Manyan magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa a cikin garin Alappuzha da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su su ne. AS Canal Vada canal Link Canal Canal na Kasuwanci Kottaram Thodu Kappirithode Jirgin ruwa Har ila yau, sufurin ruwa yana wanzuwa a matsayin ƙaramin jirgin ruwa kadathu a yaren gida) a sassa daban-daban na jihar musamman akan koguna. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe tsallakawa daga wannan gaɓa zuwa wancan inda babu gadoji. Yana da tasiri mai tsada kuma ana iya kafa shi har ma a mafi girma na kogin waɗanda galibi ba su da wuraren kewayawa na yau da kullun. Akwai kuma manya-manyan jiragen ruwa masu saukaka hatta ababen hawa don tsallakawa tashar. Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jihar. Azhikode Munambam Jangar Ferry Fort Kochi Vypin RoRo Jangar Ferry Kannankadu Ferry, Munroe Island Perumon Jangar, Munroe Island Manjapetty Ferry a haye Periyar (kogin) Chaliyam Beypore jirgin ruwa Azhikal Matool jirgin ruwa. Jirgin ruwa a Dam Hakanan akwai sabis na jirgin ruwa a cikin tafkunan ruwa da yawa a Kerala. Waɗannan sabis na jirgin ruwa ana yin su ne da farko don dalilai na yawon buɗe ido. Hakanan akwai ƴan wurare kamar su Amboori, Neyyar Dam inda akwai sabis na jirgin ruwa na ƙasa ta hanyar tafki don haɗa ƙauyuka na kabilanci. Manyan wuraren jirgin ruwa na tafki sune, Sai Mala Dam Thekkady Kakkayam Dam Matupetty Dam Idukki Dam Bhoothankettu Sengulam Dam Malampuzha Dam Neyyar Dam Kallarkutti Dam Adavi Eco Tourism da dai sauransu. Muhimmanci Filin jirgin sama na Trivandrum shine kawai filin jirgin sama a cikin ƙasa wanda ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin ruwa, watau Canal TS SmartCity, Kochi da Technopark Kollam wuraren shakatawa ne na IT guda biyu na Kerala waɗanda ke da alaƙar hanyar ruwa. Ramin Varkala a Kerala shine mafi tsayi kuma kawai rami a cikin hanyar ruwa a Indiya. Kollam KSWTD Terminal Tafiya na jirgin ruwa Alappuzha shine sabis na jirgin ruwa mafi tsayi a Kudancin Indiya Tafiya Sashen Sufuri na Jihar Kerala SWTD Sashen Sufuri na Ruwa na Jiha yana jigilar fasinjoji kusan lakhs 150 a kowace shekara ta amfani da katako ƙarfe da fiber Glass Boats. Kimanin mutane kimanin 40,000 ke amfani da sabis ɗin su kowace rana. Yana aiki da jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya (Biyu) a cikin sabis na jirgin ruwa. Nisan aiki a kowace rana shine 700 km kusan. Sashen Sufurin Ruwa na Jiha na Kerala (SWTD), yana da sabis na jirgin ruwa na fasinja a cikin gundumomi masu zuwa, Kollam (Tafkin Ashtamudi) Alappuzha (Tafkin Kayamkulam, tafkin Vembanad) Kottayam (Tafkin Vembanad) Ernakulam (Lake Vembanad, Champakara Canal da Udyogmandal Canal) Kannur Kogin Valapattanam Kasaragod Viyaparamba backwaters Suna da sabis na taksi na ruwa a Alappuzha Hakanan akwai sabis na motar daukar marasa lafiya na ruwa wanda SWTD ke gudanarwa. Kochi Water Metro Irinsa ne na farko a Indiya An yi niyya don haɗawa tare da Kochi Metro kuma ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta birnin Kochi Tafiyar kaya Taki da Sinadarai Travancore yana gudanar da jiragen ruwa ta hanyar Champakkara a Kochi don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Ambalamedu da tashar Kochi. Hakanan akwai motsin kwantena tsakanin Kottayam Inland Port da Tashar jigilar kwantena ta kasa da kasa, Kochi Yawon shakatawa Ana samun Boats masu yawon buɗe ido da yawa da Kettuvallam (Jirgin gidaje) na Kerala kusa da Kollam, Alappuzha, Kumarakom, Kochi da Valiyaparamba a cikin Arewacin Malabar. Alumkadavu kusa da Karunagappalli babbar cibiyar kera kwale-kwalen gidaje na alfarma a Kerala. Akwai sabis na jirgin ruwa da aka yi a cikin tafkunan ruwa da yawa a Kerala don masu yawon bude ido. Manyan Hatsari 1924 Pallana Boat Accident in Alappuzha, Mahakavi Kumaran Asan da wasu 23 sun mutu. 1980 Hatsarin Kannamaali a Ernakulam, mutane 29 sun mutu. 1983 Vallarpadam Accident, 18 an kashe shi. 1990 Peppara Dam Hatsarin, An kashe 7. 1991 Punnamada Accident, uku sun rasa rayuka. 1994 Vellayikkode hatsarin jirgin ruwa, Kozhikkode, shida samu kashe. 1997 Aluva Accident,4 ya mutu 2002 Kumarakom Boat Accident, 29 samu kashe. 2007 Thattekad Accident, 18 aka kashe. 2009 Thekkady jirgin ruwa bala'i, 31 aka kashe. Duba wasu abubuwan Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation Sashen Sufuri na Jihar Kerala Kottayam Port Manazarta Hanyoyi Ruwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30479	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batutuwan%20muhalli%20a%20Uruguay	Batutuwan muhalli a Uruguay	Wannan shafin yana Magana akan batutuwan muhalli a Uruguay Bayanin Ƙasar savanna ta Uruguay ta kasance tana lulluɓe da filayen ciyawa, dabino, da gandun daji na gallery tare da kogin Uruguay, Negro, Yaguarí, Queguay da Tacuarembó Abin takaici, noma da kiwo sun yi matukar canza waɗannan al'ummomi. Savannas suna cikin haɗari sosai saboda akwai ƴan guraben wuraren zama marasa kyau. Gaba dayan yankin ya sami sauyi mai tsanani ta hanyar kiwo, daya daga cikin manyan ginshikan tattalin arzikin kasa a Uruguay Ana amfani da kusan kashi 80% na yankin Uruguay don kiwo a kan savannas na halitta da na wucin gadi. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu Gurbatar Ruwan Sha Kogin Santa Lucia, zai iya zama jikin ruwa wanda ke ba da sama da 60% na Uruguay tare da ruwan famfo, ya sami raguwar inganci tun a Shekarar 2014. Ƙara yawan zubar da ruwa daga kamfanonin noma a cikin tsarin tsafta ya haifar da adadin masu guba a cikin ruwa, kuma raguwar ruwan sama ba ya ba da damar narkewar wannan sharar ta faru. Yawan yawan takin zamani, zubar da sharar gida da kuma masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da ke aiki da rabin karfinsu su ma manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa a cikin wannan kwandon. Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin ruwa yana da yawa don cinyewa ta hanyar phytoplankton (waɗanda ke kiyaye yanayin muhalli daidaitacce), don haka ya ƙare ya lalata ruwa kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka cyanobacterias, wanda ke lalata ruwan sha. Sannan kuma Yawancin sharar da ake zubarwa a cikin kwanduna na taimakawa wajen samar da wannan wuce gona da iri na phosphorus. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da ke da tace ruwa a gidajensu, suna samun sakamako mai kyau a makaranta, ba tare da la’akari da yanayin zamantakewar su ba. Sannan Kashi 30% na yara a Uruguay suna da yawan gubar dalma a tsarinsu, saboda kasancewarsu a cikin ruwan famfo. Bayyanar gubar Mafi yawan bayyanar da gubar a cikin ƙasar ya ta'allaka ne a Montevideo inda yawancin masana'antu masu amfani da gubar suka tattara. Misali, masana'antar batir ta Radesca SA a Montevideo na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin tushen gubar dalma a ƙasar, Kuma a wani ɓangare saboda rashin zubar da ciki. Musamman ma, gano cutar gubar a cikin unguwar La Teja daga gurɓataccen masana'antu, yana haifar da haifar da motsi na adalci na muhalli a cikin unguwar, sannan wanda aka tsara a karkashin ƙungiyar al'umma Comisión Vivir Sin Plomo (Hukumar Rayuwa ba tare da Jagoranci ba). Wani malami dan kasar Uruguay dan kasar Amurka Daniel Renfrew ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'ummar sun ƙirƙiri motsin adalci na muhalli na farko a ƙasar. ]Bayan La Teja, an kafa kwamitocin gwamnati sannan kuma saka hannun jarin jama'a ya kai ga duka biyun nazari da daidaita gubar a yawancin masana'antu da aka yi. An kafa wani asibiti a asibitin Pereira Rossell a Montevideo, wanda ake kira The Health Clinic for Environmental Chemical Contaminants, wanda ya zama cibiyar kula da gubar. Likitan da ya kafa, Elena Queirolo, Kuma zai cigaba da samun babban adadin gubar a cikin kasar. Dabbobi da tasirinsa akan ruwa A duk duniya, noman Dabbobi na ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar noma mafi girma cikin sauri. Uruguay yana da dogon tarihi tare da samar da dabbobi, tare da 70-80% na ƙasar da aka keɓe ga makiyaya, na halitta da kuma noma; kuma tun a shekarata 1960, samar ya ninka sau biyu. Wannan yana ƙara matsa lamba akan filayen ciyawa, kuma tare da raguwar ingancin ƙasa, kuma ana buƙatar amfani da takin mai magani don yaƙar wannan fanko. To Amma wannan yana da sakamako; karuwar noman na iya sa amfanin gona ya katse ruwan da ake samu a cikin gida, saboda ana bukatarsa don noman ruwa wanda hakan ke sa sauran tsirorin ke da wuya su yi girma. Baya ga haka, an kawar da manyan dazuzzukan don samar da sabbin filayen noma, don noman abinci don ciyar da adadin shanun da ke karuwa. Yin amfani da taki da yawa na iya haifar da lalatar halittun ruwa, yayin da aka wanke takin da ya wuce gona da iri a cikin rafuka ko tafkuna, kuma yana haifar da fashewar algae, wanda a cikin kowane ruwa maras nauyi na iya haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen kuma ya sa ruwan ya zama ba za a iya rayuwa ba ga yawancin halittu. sare itatuwa Gandun daji na daya daga cikin manyan masana'antu da ake nomawa a kasar, wanda ya yi illa ga ci gaban dajin Uruguay. Sama da kashi 10% na gandun dajin Uruguay an lalata su, amma duk da haka tare da aiwatar da dokar gandun daji a shekarar 1988 an sami wasu hani kan yadda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu, ta hanyar hana su sare bishiyu. Uruguay had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.61/10, ranking it 147th globally out of 172 countries. Pulp Mills An kafa Botnia a Fray Bentos a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya cika duk buƙatun muhalli da IFC da MIGA suka gabatar. An kuma nuna yadda Botnia a haƙiƙa za ta taimaka wa tsarin tsaftar muhalli na birnin Fray Bentos ta hanyar sanya sharar su ta cikin matatun Botnia. An sayar da Botnia zuwa UPM a cikin shekarar 2009, kuma yanzu sun dauki samar da makamashin halittu a cikin kayayyakinsu. Gandun daji Uruguay ƙasa ce da ta ƙunshi galibin filayen gonaki, tare da kashi 3.6% kawai na gandun daji. Dashen daji shine lokacin da ake dasa bishiyoyi don ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren daji. To Amma babbar matsalar ita ce bullo da sabbin nau’o’in da ba na asali ba a cikin wannan tsari, wadanda a wasu wuraren, suna yin takara da na gida. An mayar da manya-manyan yankunan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan noma, sannan ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da ciyayi masu tarin yawa domin kiyaye bishiyar daga qwari da ciyawa, kuma idan an girbe waxannan itatuwa sai qasar ta zama babu kowa. wanda ke haifar da hadarin gobara. An kara habaka noman dazuzzuka sakamakon bukatar itacen da masana’antun ke yi, kuma wanda ya kara barna. Gabatar da sabbin gandun daji na iya wargaza dazuzzukan na asali, don haka ya shafi bambancin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar rabuwar allopatric Gurbacewar Karfe mai nauyi Ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin Uruguay ana iya kwatanta shi ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Montevideo, wani yanki na Montevideo Bay, wanda ke rufe wani yanki na kusa da 12 km2, da kuma wani yanki na Rìo de la Plata estuary. Bay yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 5 da mahalli mai raɗaɗi, tare da iskar da ke sarrafa yanayin ruwa Sharar da ba a kula da su ba daga kananan hukumomi a sama; da kuma fitar da masana'antu daga masana'antar petrochemical, da kuma wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki ta kwarara zuwa cikin bay. Har ila yau, shi ne mai karɓar ruwan Pantanoso da Miguelete, koguna biyu tare da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a cikin su. Sannna Kuma Fitowar da ba a kayyade ba ya haifar da yawan karafa masu nauyi (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag da Hg) da kuma hydrocarbons da ke taruwa a cikin ruwa, kuma wadannan manyan matakan na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga muhalli, da kuma cutar da mutane. Karafa masu nauyi yawanci suna ƙarewa a ƙasa tare da laka, ko kuma ɗaukar kwayoyin ruwa. Sannan Kodayake kwayoyin halittun ruwa suna buƙatar gano adadin ion ƙarfe mai nauyi don aikin jikinsu na yau da kullun, yawan adadin karafa masu nauyi da aka samu a cikin bay da kewayen Rìo de la Plata estuary, ya haifar da haɓakar tattarawarsu a cikin tsoka, da kyallen hanta na kifi. Daga nan sai gurbatar yanayi ke tafiya sama da sarkar abinci, daga wannan kwayar halitta zuwa wata, ta haka tana shafar nau'ikan halittu masu yawa, kuma tana kara yawa sosai tare da kowane matakin trophic, a cikin tsarin da ake kira biomagnification. ’Yan Adam, ta dalilin kasancewar su na cikin sarkar abinci, za su iya samu a cikin abincinsu, Kuma yawan tarin karafa masu nauyi, ya zarce buqatarsu na dabi’a, ta hanyar girma da girma da ke haifar da kewayon tasirin bio-toxic a jiki. Duk da cewa gwamnatin kasar Uruguay ta dauki wasu matakai, domin tantance ma'aunin karafa da ke cikin ruwa; Kuma An yi watsi da tasirin tasirinsa akan kifi da sauran membobin marine biota da yawa. Makamashi Makamashin Iska Kashi 22% na makamashin lantarki ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar iska. A shekara ta 2017, sun yi imanin cewa adadin zai karu zuwa 38%, wanda ke nufin na biyu a duniya zuwa Denmark kawai. A cikin shekaru 10 kacal, Uruguay ta sami damar haɓaka wutar lantarki ta hanyar taimakawa yanayin makamashin ruwa wanda ya ga kansa a koyaushe yana raguwa saboda karuwar fari a yankin. A shekara ta 2005, Uruguay ba ta da wutar lantarki da iska ke samarwa, a shekarar 2015 yawan abin da ya samar ya kai megawatt 580, kuma an yi hasashen kasar za ta samar da megawatt sama da shekara 2000, inda ta zama kan gaba a duniya a fannin makamashin iska. Saboda shimfidar wuri mai faɗi sosai, Uruguay tana da ƙarfin iska mai tsayi da tsayi. Energyarfin iska na Uruguay yana samarwa daga kashi 40% zuwa 50% na cikakken iya aiki, wato idan injin turbin ya kasance koyaushe yana motsawa cikin cikakken iko. Kuma A gefe guda kuma, makamashin iska na Amurka yana samar da kashi 34% na cikakken ƙarfinsa. Dukkanin aikin samar da makamashin iskar an shirya kashe dala biliyan 3. Makamashin Solar Uruguay na da burin bunkasa makamashin hasken rana nan gaba kadan. Wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna Tecnova Renovables tana da tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana wanda a yanzu ke samar da kwatankwacin wutar lantarki na gidaje 100. Sannan Haka kuma gwamnati na samar da tsare-tsare na amfani da hasken rana. Kasancewar ba a iya hasashen shi ne dalilin da ya sa gwamnati ke ci gaba da zargin zuba makudan kudade a wannan makamashin. Hydro Energy An yi amfani da makamashin lantarki don samar da sama da rabin makamashi mai dorewa ga Uruguay. Kuma Manyan madatsun ruwa suna kan kogin Uruguay, mafi girma shine Dam din Salto Grande Za a sake gina wasu madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Uruguay, ba tare da motsin kowane gida ko yawan jama'a ba. Duk da cewa ana gina wadannan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, kasar na da niyyar kawar da wutar lantarki saboda sauyin yanayi. Sannan kuma Fari da ake fama da shi yana shafar yankin da kuma dogaro da wadannan madatsun ruwa ya tilastawa kasar Uruguay sayen dimbin albarkatun mai daga wasu kasashe domin samar da wutar lantarki. Biomass Energy Uruguay tana da ci gaban gandun daji, shanu da masana'antar noma. Daga kasancewa a zahiri babu shi a cikin shekarata 2004, kawai samar da 1% na makamashin lantarki na ƙasar Kudancin Amurka, ya kai kowane lokaci a cikin shekarata 2014, yana samun 13%. Manyan hukumomi guda biyu da suka kirkiro wannan hanyar samar da makamashi sune UPM da Montes del Plata, masana'antun sarrafa kayan marmari guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da himma sosai wajen kula da muhalli. Hukumomi Babban hukumar jihar da ke kula da muhalli ita ce National Directorate for Environment Spanish DINAMA) wanda ke cikin ma'aikatar gidaje, tsare-tsare da muhalli Green jam'iyyun Siyasa kore ba ta kafa tushe a Uruguay na dogon lokaci ba. A zaben 1989 jam'iyyar Green Eto-Ecologist Party ta samu kashi 0.5% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada; gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin muhalli suna da ƙarancin mahimmancin siyasa, galibi a matsayin ɓangare na sauran manyan jam'iyyu. A cikin zaɓe na shekarata2014 wata sabuwar ƙungiyar siyasa tana shiga, Jam'iyyar Ecologist Radical Intransigent Party Cesar Vega ne ke jagoranta, suna wa'azi game da adana albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna adawa da hakar ma'adinai na buɗaɗɗiya Duba wasu abubuwan Rikicin mirgine kogin Uruguay Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30128	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola%20Leontovych	Mykola Leontovych	Mykola Dmytrovych Leontovych 13 December 1877 23 ga Janairu 1921; ɗan Ukraine ne; Har ila yau, Leontovich ɗan Ukraine mawaki ne, jagora, ethnomusicologist kuma malami. Mykola Lysenko da Makarantar Kiɗa ta Ƙasar Yukren sun yi wahayi zuwa ga kiɗansa. Leontovych ya ƙware a cikin waƙar cappella choral, kama daga abubuwan ƙirƙira na asali, zuwa kiɗan coci, don fayyace shirye-shiryen kiɗan jama'a An haife shi kuma ya girma a lardin Podolia na Daular Rasha (yanzu a Ukraine Ya sami ilimi a matsayin firist a makarantar tauhidi ta Kamianets-Podilskyi sannan ya ci gaba da karatun kiɗan sa a Kotun Saint Petersburg Capella da darussa na sirri tare da Boleslav Yavorsky Tare da 'yancin kai na kasar Ukrainian a cikin juyin juya halin 1917, Leontovych ya koma Kyiv inda ya yi aiki a Kyiv Conservatory da Mykola Lysenko Institute of Music and Drama An san shi don <i id="mwKA">tsara Shchedryk</i> a cikin 1904 (wanda aka fara a 1916), wanda aka sani da Ingilishi a duniya kamar Carol of the Bells ko Ring, Kirsimeti Karrarawa An san shi a matsayin shahidi a cikin Eastern Orthodox Ukrainian Church, inda ya kuma tuna da liturgy, na farko liturgy hada a cikin vernacular, musamman a cikin zamani Ukrainian harshen Wani wakilin Soviet ne ya kashe shi a shekara ta 1921. A lokacin rayuwarsa, da tsare-tsaren Leonovych da kuma shirye-shirye sun shahara tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da masu koyo na yankin masarautar Russia. Ayyukan da ya yi a yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amirka ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Ukrainian Bach a Faransa Baya ga shahararsa Shchedryk, Leontovych's music ana yin shi da farko a cikin Ukraine da kuma Ukrainian waje Tarihin Rayuwa Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Mykola Leontovych a December 13 1877 a cikin al'ummar Monastyrok, kusa da ƙauyen Selevyntsi, a cikin lardin Podolia na Ukraine (sa'an nan wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha Mahaifinsa, kakansa, da kakansa limaman ƙauye ne. Mahaifinsa, Dmytro Feofanovych Leontovych, ya ƙware wajen rera waƙa da wasa cello, biyu bass, harmonium, violin, da guitar, ban da jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makaranta. Leontovych ya sami darussan kiɗa na farko daga gare shi. Mahaifiyarsa, Mariya Yosypivna Leontovych, ta kasance mawaƙiya. Sauran 'yan uwa sa na dangi sun girma har sun sami sana'ar kiɗa. Kanensa ya zama ƙwararren mawaƙa, 'yar uwarsa Mariya ta yi karatun rera waƙa a Odesa, 'yar uwarsa Olena ta yi karatun fortepiano a Kyiv Conservatory, kuma 'yar uwarsa Victoria ta san yadda ake kunna kayan kida da yawa. A lokacin rani na 1879, Dmytro Leontovych an maida wani sabon Ikklesiya a kauyen Shershni a cikin unguwannin bayan gari na Bar, Ukraine a cikin gundumar Bar, inda zai ciyar da yarantaka. Sa'an nan, a 1887, Leontovych aka shigar a Nemyriv gymnasium. Saboda matsalolin kudi bayan shekara guda, mahaifinsa ya tura shi zuwa Makarantar Mafarin Ruhaniya ta Sharhorod, wanda ɗalibansa suka sami cikakken tallafin kuɗi. A makaranta, Leontovych ya ƙware a rera waƙa, kuma ya sami damar karanta ayoyi masu wuyar gaske daga ayoyin addini na mawaƙa. Makarantar tiyoloji A cikin shekara ta 1892, Leontovych ya fara karatunsa a makarantar tauhidi a Kamianets-Podilskyi, wanda mahaifinsa da kakansa suka halarta. Kanensa Oleksandr shima ya shiga makarantan, ya kammala karatunsa shekaru biyu bayan Mykola. A lokacin yana karatu a can, Leontovych ya ci gaba da haɓaka fasaharsa a kan na'urar violin kuma ya koyi wasa da sauran kayan kida iri-iri. Har ila yau, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta hauhawa, kuma lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin shekara ta uku na karatu, Leontovych ya shiga, yana buga violin har zuwa kammala karatunsa. Leontovych yayi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa kuma ya fara rubuta shirye-shiryen choral a matsayin dalibi a makarantar hauza. Lokacin da darektan mawaƙa na makarantan ya mutu, hukumar makarantar ta bukaci Leontovych ya karɓi wannan matsayi. A matsayinsa na jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Leontovych ya ƙara kiɗan da ba na addini ba a cikin repertore na kiɗan cocin gargajiya. Wannan ya haɗa da waƙoƙin mutanen Yukren wanda Mykola Lysenko ya shirya, Porfyriy Demutskiy, da kansa. Leontovych ya sauke karatu daga Kamianets-Podilskiy Theological Seminary a 1899 kuma ya karya al'adar iyali ta zama malamin kiɗa maimakon firist. Farkon sana'ar Waƙa da iyali A lokacin, sana'ar sa waka a Ukraine yana nufin samun kudin da basu isarsa, wanda ya sa Leontovych ya nemi aikin yi a duk inda ya samu. Leontovych ya yi aiki a Kyiv, Yekaterinoslav, da Podolia gwamna a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa domin ya ci gaba da samun aikin yi. Matsayinsa na farko bayan kammala karatunsa shine a makarantar sakandare a kauyen Chukiv (yanzu Vinnytsia Oblast a matsayin malamin murya da lissafi. A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya ci gaba da rubutawa da shirya waƙoƙin jama'a. Ya kammala Haɗin Wakokinsa na Farko daga Podolia kuma ya fara aiki akan harhadawa ta biyu. Ya kuma zaburar da yaran makarantar da su yi waka a cikin mawaka da wasa a cikin makada. Daga baya zai rubuta littafi game da wannan a matsayin farfesa a Kyiv Conservatory, mai suna Yadda na Shirya Orchestra a Makarantar Kauye). Bayan rikice-rikice da dama da yayi da jagororin makarantar, Leontovych ya sami sabon aiki a matsayin malamin waka aa coci da kuma kiraigraphy a Kwalejin tauhidi a Tyvriv Bayan yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kwaleji, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar makaɗa mai son wanda sau da yawa yakan yi a taron koleji. Kamar yadda ya yi a baya tare da mawaƙa, Leontovych ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a a cikin ayyukan addini da aka saba rera a makarantun tauhidi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsare-tsare na Mykola Lysenko, nasa shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin waƙoƙin jama'a, da kuma gabaɗayan ayyukan asali. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan aikin ya dogara ne akan wata waƙa ta Taras Shevchenko mai suna Oh My Evening Star A wannan lokacin, Leontovych ya hadu da wata yarinya Volynhia mai suna Claudia Feropontivna Zhovtevych, wanda ya aura a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1902. An haifi 'yar sa ta farko, Halyna a shekarar 1903. Daga baya suka haifi 'ya ta biyu mai suna Yevheniya. Matsalar kuɗi ya sa Leontovych ya karɓi tayin ƙaura zuwa birnin Vinnytsia don koyarwa a Kwalejin Church-Educators' College. Bugu da ƙari, ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma, daga baya, ƙungiyar kiɗa, tare da abin da ya yi kiɗa na duniya da na ruhaniya A cikin 1903, ya buga Rubutun Waƙoƙi na Biyu daga Podolia wanda ya keɓe ga Mykola Lysenko. A tsakanin shekarar 1903 da 1904, a lokacin hutunsa daga Kwalejin Coci-Educators' College, Leontovych ya yi tafiya zuwa St. Petersburg A can, ya halarci laccoci da aka gudanar a St. Petersburg Kotun Capella, wanda aka hade da mawaki Maksym Berezovsky, Dmytro Bortniansky, da Mikhail Glinka Ya yi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa, jituwa, da polyphony tare da Semen Barmotin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo tare da Aleksey Puzyrevskiy, dukansu sun kasance sanannun a lokacin. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1904, ya sami shaidar shaidarsa a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙa na mawakan coci. Har ila yau, jayayya dangane da gudanarwa na kwalejin ya haifar da neman Leontovych don neman sabon aiki. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1904, ya bar Podolia ya koma lardin Donbas a gabashin Ukraine, inda ya zama malamin koyar da kade-kade da kade-kade a makarantar yaran ma'aikatan jirgin kasa. A lokacin juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905, Leontovych ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi a tarurruka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a na Ukrainian, Bayahude, Armenian, Rashanci, da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland. Ayyukan Leontovych sun ja hankalin hukumomin gida, kuma a cikin bazara na 1908, an tilasta masa komawa zuwa lardin Podolia na asali zuwa birnin Tulchyn. Lokacin Tulcyn Yunkurin Leontovych don komawa Tulchyn alama ce ta farkon na karin basira da samun nasara dangane da fasaha a rayuwarsa na mawaki. A Tulchyn, Leontovych ya koyar da waka a Kwalejin Mata ta Tulchyn Eparchy ga 'ya'yan limaman ƙauye. A can, ya sadu da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko wanda dalibin Mykola Lysenko ne kuma ya kware a wakokin choral. Stetsenko ya zauna a wani ƙauye kusa a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin firist, kuma saninsu ya zama abokantaka mai ɗorewa wanda ya shafi kiɗan Leontovych. Stetsenko shi ne ya fara sukar waƙar Leontovych, yana mai cewa, “Leontovych sanannen ƙwararren masani ne daga Podolia. Ya rubuta waƙoƙin jama'a da yawa. An daidaita waɗannan waƙoƙin don gauraya mawaƙa. Wadannan jita-jita sun bayyana marubucin a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙar waƙa da kuma nazarce-nazarce.” Har ila yau Leontovych ya canza zuwa ga fitattun kide-kide a lokacin wasan kwaikwayonsa na mawaka, irin su mawakan Rasha Mikhail Glinka, Alexey Verstovsky, da Peter Tchaikovsky ban da mawallafin Ukrainian Mykola Lysenko, Kyrylo Stetsenko, da Petro Nishchynskyi. Daga shekara ta 1909, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin ka'idar waka na Boleslav Yavorsky, wanda ya ziyarta lokaci-lokaci a Moscow da Kyiv a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. Har ila yau Leontovych ya shiga cikin kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Tulchyn da rayuwar al'ummarta ta hanyar kula da wata ƙungiya ta gida mai suna Prosvita, ma'ana "haske". Wannan lokacin a rayuwarsa na mawaki yana daga cikin mafi inganci, saboda ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye da waƙoƙi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da shahararren Shchedryk, da kuma The Roosters are Singing Wata Uwa tana da 'ya Daya Ƙan wasan Dudka O, Tauraro ya tashi da sauransu. A cikin 1914, Stetsenko ya shawo kan Leontovych don yin waƙarsa ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Jami'ar Kyiv a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Koshetz A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1916, aikin da ya shirya na Shchedryk ya kawo babban nasara ga Leontovych daga jama'a a Kyiv kuma ya tada sha'awar masana. Aiki a Kyiv A lokacin juyin tsarin mulki na Oktoba da kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Ukraine a 1918, Leontovych ya ƙaura ba tare da iyalinsa ba zuwa Kyiv babban birnin Ukraine, inda ya kasance mai jagoranci da kuma mawaki. Da yawa daga cikin yanki ya sami jama'a a tsakanin ƙwararru da masu aure, gungun kungiyoyin aure, wanda ya kara da su zuwa sauƙin. A farkon 1919, sauran danginsa kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv. A wannan lokacin, Leontovych kuma ya fara koyar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa tare da Hryhoriy Veryovka a Kyiv Conservatory, kuma ya koyar a Cibiyar Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ta Mykola Lysenko Leontovych na ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko ta Ukrainian State Orchestra. Ya halarci kafa Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella wanda ya kasance kwamishinansa. Komawa zuwa Tulchyn da kisan kai A lokacin da aka kwace birnin Kyiv a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1919, sojojin Denikin sun tsananta wa masu hankali na Ukrainian. Gudun zalunci, Leontovych ya koma Tulchyn tare da iyalinsa. A can, ya fara makarantar kiɗa na farko na birnin, tun lokacin da Bolsheviks ya rufe kwalejin da ya yi aiki. Ya kuma fara aiki a kan babban aikinsa na farko, wasan opera (A kan ruwa nymph 's Great Day). A cikin daren 22-23 ga Janairu 1921, Chekist (mai tsaron Sobiet) Afanasy Grishchenko ya kashe Mykola Leontovych. Leontovych ya kasance a gidan iyayensa, wanda ya ziyarce su don bikin Eastern Orthodox na Nativity (25 Disamba a cikin kalandar Julian, wanda, a cikin kalandar Gregorian, wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta karɓa kawai a 1918, ya fado a cikin watan Janairu). Jami'in na sirri wato Chekist ya nemi ya kwana a gidan shima a daki daya da Mykola. Da asuba tayi sai ya harbe mawakin (wanda ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini bayan ‘yan sa’o’i) daga baya kuma ya yi wa iyalinsa fashi. Bayanai da dama na nuni da wata manufa ta siyasa ne dalilin da ya haddasa kisan. Shiga Leontovych a cikin motsi na 'yancin kai, kamar ƙaddamar da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella, da nufin inganta Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ya ba shi abokan gaba da yawa. Babbar 'yarsa Halyna daga baya ta tuno da mahaifinta yana cewa, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, yana da takaddun da zai bar ƙasar zuwa Romania, kuma yana da waɗannan takaddun tare da shi a cikin waƙar sa a yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da haka, bayan dawowa daga shayi bayan wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych ya lura cewa wani ya shiga cikin takardunsa. Shirye-shiryensa na barin ƙasar, tare da cewa wani jami'in Soviet ya kashe shi, ya kuma nuna dalilan siyasa na mutuwarsa. Hali Mykola Leontovych ya soki kansa sosai. A cewar mawallafin tarihin rayuwarsa na farko Oles' Chapkivskyi, wanda ya yi zamani da mawaƙin, Leontovych wani lokaci yakan yi aiki a kan tsarin waƙoƙi ɗaya ba tare da barin wani ya gan shi har tsawon shekaru huɗu ba. Bayan buga wakokinsa na biyu daga Podolia, ya canja ra’ayinsa kuma bai gamsu da wakokin ba, haka yasa ya saye duka faya-fayen wakokin 300 kuma ya lalata su. Chapkivskyi ya kuma bayyana vych a matsayin mutum mai al-kunya, yana mai cewa "Ya kaurace wa shahara, yana jin tsoron jawo hankulan mutane zuwa kansa da tallace-tallace." A gefe guda kuma, Chapkivskyi ya yi iƙirarin cewa kishin Leontovych, tsoron gasa, da kuma tsoron rashin karɓuwa daga ƙungiyar kiɗan da aka kafa, ya sa ba a san kidan Leontovych ba. Zynoviy Yaropud na Jami'ar Pedagogical ta Jihar Kamianets-Podilskyi ya rubuta cewa "dukkanin mutanen zamanin [Leontovych] sun kira shi mutum mai shiru, mai taushin hali. Ba shi ne jagoran gwagwarmaya na juyin juya hali na kasa ba, wanda ya bayyana a cikin shekarun 1917-1921 da yawa daga cikin fitattun mayaka ga jamhuriyar Ukrainian," yana nuna cewa mawakin ya yi shiru a siyasance, amma ba ruwan sha. Abokin Leontovych, O. Buzhanskiy, ya tuna cewa mawaƙin ya kasance "koyaushe cike da ban dariya; yana magana don kowa yayi dariya da hawaye, amma ya kasance da gaske kuma ya natsu." Stetsenko ya kuma bayyana Leontovych a matsayin "mai ba da labari mai wayo" kuma dalibansa a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Coci da ke Tulchyn "suna son shi" saboda labaran da ya rubuta. Ra'ayin addini Mykola Leontovych ya girma a cikin karkashin shiriyar addini sosai. Ya kasance memba na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, ya fito daga layin limaman ƙauye. Ya kuma sauke karatu a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia da ke Kamianets-Podilskyi, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta, ya horar da limaman Kirista na Orthodox. A matsayinsa na mutumin da ke da ƙwararren ilimin tauhidi, Leontovych ya ci gaba da motsi na kafawa da kuma amincewa da Cocin Orthodox na Ukrainian Autocephalous, wanda aka sake kafa a 1918. Fitar da mawaki a wannan lokacin ya zama mai arziki a cikin sababbin kiɗa na tsarki, bin misalin Kyrylo Stetsenko (aboki na kusa da Leontovych, kuma firist na Orthodox da mawaki da Alexander Koshetz Ayyukan Leontovych sun kasance a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Akan Tashin Kiristi Ku yabi sunan Ubangiji da kuma Oh Quiet Light da sauransu. Wani ci gaba a cikin ci gaban kiɗan ruhaniya na Ukrainian shine tsarin liturgy, wanda aka fara yi a cikin Cathedral na St. Nicholas na Soja a Kyiv, Pechersk a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1919. Tunawa da shi A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1921, kwanaki tara bayan mutuwar Leontovych, manyan mawaka da dama, furofesoshi, da ɗaliban Cibiyar Kiɗa da Watsa Labarai ta Mykola Lysenko a Kyiv sun taru don tunawa da shi, kamar yadda ake sa ran bisa ga al'adar Kirista Sun kafa kwamitin tunawa da Mykola Leontovych, wanda daga baya ya zama All-Ukrainian Mykola Leontovych Music Society, da kuma inganta Ukrainian music har 1928. Marubuci dan kasar Ukraine kuma dan siyasa na jamhuriyar Socialist Socialist ta Ukrainian, Pavlo Tychyna, ya kasance mai sha'awar Leontovych kuma ya rubuta game da mutuwar mawaki a cikin litattafai Mawaƙa Maksym Rylskyi da Mykola Bazhan su ma sun sadaukar da waƙa gare shi. ƙungiyoyin kiɗa da dama suna amfani da sunan Leontovych, irin su Leontovych Bandurist Capella, da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi kamar Vinnytsia College of Arts and Culture. An sanya wa titunan Kyiv da sauran garuruwan sunan sa. Akwai gidan tarihi na tunawa da aka keɓe masa a birnin Tulchyn, kuma an kafa wani a 1977 a ƙauyen Markivka inda aka binne shi. A cikin shekara ta 2002, don bikin cika shekaru 125 na haihuwar mawakin, birnin Kamianets-Podilskyi ya gudanar da taron kimiyya na Ukraine mai suna "Mykola Leontovych da Ilimin Zamani da Kimiyya," tare da baƙi daga ma'aikatar ilimi da kimiyya ta Ukrainian, Ukrainian. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da ƙananan hukumomi da yawa. A yayin wannan taron, birnin ya gudanar da bikin buɗe wani allo na tunawa da mawaƙin, wanda aka sanya kusa da tsohon ginin da Makarantar Tauhidi ta Podollia ke amfani da ita a da. Waka Mykola Leontovych ya kware a waƙar cappella choral. Ana tunawa da shi a yau galibi ta hanyar ayyukan wakokin da ya bari, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi sama da 150. Wadannan kewayon daga m shirye-shirye na jama'a songs, addini ayyuka (ciki har da liturgy cantatas, da choral qagaggun saita zuwa kalmomi na daban-daban Ukrainian mawaƙa. Shahararrun ayyukansa guda biyu su ne ƴan wasan choral <i id="mwAZU">Schedryk</i> da Dudaryk Har ila yau Leontovych ya fara aiki a kan wasannin opera Na rusalchyn velykden''' Akan Ista na Ruwa Nymph) bisa tatsuniyoyi na Ukrainian da ayyukan Borys Hrinchenko A karshen 1920, ya gama na farko na uku ayyuka. Duk da haka, an kashe Leontovych kafin ya iya kammala wasan opera. Yukren mawaki Mykhailo Verykivsky ne ya yi ƙoƙarin kammalawa da gyara wasan opera. Mawaƙin Myroslav Skoryk da mawaki Diodor Bobyr sun yi amfani da kayan kida na wasan opera da ba a gama ba don yin wasan operetta guda ɗaya; An fara wannan a 1977 a Kyiv State Opera da Ballet Theater, shekara ɗari bayan haihuwar Leontovych. An gudanar da wasan farko na Arewacin Amurka a Toronto a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2003. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasirin a wakokin Mykola Leontovych shine na Mykola Lysenko, wanda ake la'akari da "mahaifin kiɗan gargajiya na Ukrainian". Leontovych ya sha'awar kiɗan Lysenko tun yana ɗalibi a Makarantar tauhidi ta Kamianets-Podilskyi, lokacin da ya sa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar hauza ta yi waƙar mawakin. Tun daga nan, zai yi waƙar Lysenko a cikin kide-kide a duk inda ya yi aiki. Shchedryk/Carol na Karrarawa Mykola Leontovych's Shchedryk shine sanannen aikin sa. A cikin Turanci version a matsayin Kirsimeti carol, an san shi da biki fi so Carol of the Bells Ya shahara don motif ɗin bayanin kula huɗu na ostinato kuma an shirya shi sama da sau 150 tun 2004. Rubutun asali na Ukrainian Shchedryk yayi amfani da hemiola, canzawar lafazin a cikin kowane ma'auni tsakanin 6/8 da 3/4, wanda ya ɓace a cikin fassarar Turanci. Mafi shaharar gyare-gyaren Ingilishi shi ne Peter J Wilhousky ya tsara shi a cikin 1936 wanda al'adun iyayensa na Gabashin Turai suka rinjayi shi da kuma tarihin Kiristanci na gargajiya na waƙoƙin da aka yi a lokacin haihuwar Yesu, ko da yake an yi wasu nau'in Turanci na waƙar a cikin 1947 ta ML Holman, 1957, da 1972. ]a Ana amfani da waƙar sa sau da yawa a cikin waƙoƙin sauti don fina-finai da talabijin. Alal misali, an yi amfani da shi a cikin akwatin ofishin buga The Santa Clause da Home Alone, Will Vinton 's award-winning A Claymation Christmas Celebration, kuma a matsayin parody da ake kira Carol of the Meows in The OC 's episode Chrismukkah Wanda Bai Kusa Ba An buga wani sabon salo na Carol of the Bells a cikin Ofishin Hakanan an tsara shi kuma ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun tsara shi, ba tare da la'akari da salon waƙa ko salon waƙa ba, kama daga na gargajiya Vienna Boys Choir zuwa ƙungiyoyin kiɗan gargajiya Mace Celtic zuwa mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi Jessica Simpson da Ɗan Ƙaddara Salon waka Leontovych yana da salon sa na asali. Yawancin ayyukansa suna da "yin amfani da ƙima da daidaituwar ra'ayi Ya yi matukar sha’awar wakarsa ta tada hankali, musamman ganin ido, yana mai cewa, “Ina sha’awar irin kalar da kuka yi amfani da su wajen yin sauti mai girma, da kuma na masu karamin karfi. Ni kaina na kan yi tunani game da hakan, don haɗa sauti da launi." Ƙungiyoyin waƙoƙinsa sun ƙunshi jituwa mai kyau, yawan sautin murya, da amo. Shirye-shiryen waƙoƙinsa na farko na waƙoƙin jama'a sun kasance na musamman shirye-shiryen waƙar. Yayin da mawaƙin ya ƙara samun gogewa, tsarin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa da kuma shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a sun kasance suna haɗuwa da rubutu akai-akai. Leontovych ya shirya waƙoƙin mutanen Ukrainian da yawa, yana ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin mawaƙa masu zaman kansu bisa ga waƙoƙin waƙa da waƙoƙi. Ya bi hadisai na inganta kobzars na Ukrainian, wanda zai fassara kowane sabon strophe daban. Ya kuma yi amfani da humming da sauye-sauye a cikin muryoyin mawaƙa a matsayin dabarun kaiwa ga abin da ake so na motsin rai ko sha'awa. Babban zance dangane da da ayyukan Leontovych shine kiɗan choral game da rayuwar yau da kullun. Kiɗarsa akai-akai yana nuna ainihin ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru. Misalin wannan shi ne shchedrivka Oh can bayan Dutsen wanda a farkon tenor ya fara waƙar da solo kuma sauran muryoyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna shigowa a hankali, yana nuna rawar jiki lokacin da sababbin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa suka shiga. in. Sa'an nan kuma, sauyawar sassa yana farawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, suna sake haifar da yanayi mai ban tsoro na Sabuwar Shekara liyafar da farin jini Domin yawancin aikinsa, Leontovych yayi wakokinsa ne ga kansa, kawai yana yin ta a lokacin nasa kide-kide. Hakan ya faru ne saboda irin halin da mawaƙin yake da shi sosai. Leontovych na farko mai sukar shi ne abokinsa kuma ɗan'uwansa firist da mawaki Kyrylo Stetsenko, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙa da kuma nazarin ka'idoji". Ya kuma shawo kan Leontovych ya buga waƙarsa kuma Jami'ar Kyiv ta yi ta. Nasarar halarta a karon na farko na "Shchedryk" ya sa Leontovych ya shahara a tsakanin kwararru da masu sha'awar kidan choral a Kyiv Leontovych mai ba da shawara-ya juya-abokin aiki a Kyiv Conservatory, Boleslav Yavorsky, Har ila yau, ya kimanta sababbin ayyukan da aka rubuta. A yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo, Leontovych's Lehenda, wanda Mykola Voronyi ya kafa wa waƙa, ya sami babban shahara. Bayan nazarin Leontovych na Second Compilation na Waƙoƙi daga Podolia, Lysenko ya rubuta: "Leontovych yana da asali, kyauta mai ban sha'awa. A cikin shirye-shiryensa na sami sassa daban-daban, motsi na muryoyin, wanda daga baya ya ci gaba a cikin hanyar sadarwar kiɗan da aka saƙa." Ƙaruwar shaharar kiɗan Leontovych ya sami taimakon daga shugaban jamhuriyar ƙasar Ukraine Symon Petliura, wanda ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ƙungiyar mawaƙa guda biyu waɗanda za su haɓaka wayewar kai da al'adun Ukraine Wata kungiyar mawaka da Kyrylo Stetsenko ke jagoranta ta zagaya a duk fadin kasar Ukraine, yayin da Capella na kasar Ukraine karkashin Alexander Koshetz ya zagaya kasashen Turai da Amurka. Ayyukan da Jamhuriyar Ukrainian Capella ta yi sun sa Leontovych ya san shi a ko'ina cikin yammacin duniya. A Faransa, Leontovych ya sami sunan barkwanci, "Ukrainian Bach A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1921, Capella ta yi Shchedryk a cikin Carnegie Hall a birnin New York A cikin 1936, dan kabilar Ukrainian Peter J. Wilhousky, wanda ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon NBC, ya rubuta waƙarsa don waƙar, wanda aka sani da Carol of the Bells.'' Baya ga Shchedryk, ko Carol of the Bells, a halin yanzu ana jin waokin Leontovych galibi a Ukraine kuma an sadaukar da faifai kaɗan gare shi kaɗai. Mutanen Ukrainian sun tuna da shi kuma suna yin ayyukansa. Misali, Olexander Koshetz Choir da ke Winnipeg, Manitoba, Kanada, yana yin kiɗan mawaƙa na Ukrainian ciki har da Leontovych kuma sun yi rikodin kiɗan sa. Duba kuma Jerin Ukrainian composers duba sauran Ukrainian composers na lokaci guda Kiɗa kida Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Free scores by Mykola Leontovych Works by or about Mykola Leontovych Works by Mykola Leontovych Leontovych Mykola, Intanet Encyclopedia na Ukraine Gidan kayan gargajiya-Apartment na MDLeontovych a Tulchyn Masu koyar da waka a Ukraine Wadanda aka kashe yan Ukraine Mutanen da aka kashe a Ukraine Haihuwan 1877 Mutuwar 1921 Mawakan gargajiya na Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32051	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak%20Belfodil	Ishak Belfodil	Ishak Belfodil an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga Hertha BSC da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. Tsohon matashin dan wasan Faransa ne, an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Algeria a karon farko a watan Agustan 2012. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Belfodil ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne a OSC Elancourt, kungiyar da ke yammacin birnin Paris, kuma ya kwashe shekarunsa na girma a kungiyar. Daga baya ya koma kulob din Trappes FC na kusa. Yayin da yake Trappes, Belfodil ya ci jarabawar shiga da ake buƙata don halartar makarantar Clairefontaine, amma ba a zaɓa ba bayan gazawar gwajin ƙarshe. A sakamakon haka, ya koma Paris Saint-Germain yana ba da shekara guda kawai a Camp des Loges, cibiyar horar da kulob din. Belfodil ya danganta shekara guda kawai a can musamman saboda rashin mayar da hankali kan karatunsa da rashin samun isasshen lokacin wasa tare da sashin matasa. A cikin 2004, ya shiga AC Boulogne Billencourt, ƙungiyar wasanni wanda kuma ya horar da 'yan wasan duniya Hatem Ben Arfa da Issiar Dia. A cikin 2007, Belfodil ya tabbatar da tafiya zuwa kulob din Ligue 2 Clermont Foot. Belfodil ya shafe shekara guda ne a Clermont kuma, a lokacin da yake wasa da kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 16, ya zura kwallaye tara daga cikin 15 na farko da kungiyar ta ci a gasar Championnat National Under-16 league inda ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. Wasansa ya haifar da sha'awar kungiyoyi da yawa, musamman kulob din Lyon na Faransa da kungiyoyin Ingila na Chelsea da Manchester United. A ranar 13 Nuwamba 2008, Lyon ta sanar da cewa sun sayi Belfodil kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar mai neman (matasa) tare da kulob din har zuwa Yuni 2011. Lyon A tsawon lokacin kakar 2008–09, Belfodil ya taka leda a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 ta kulob din. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na 2008–09 Coupe Gambardella wanda ya bayyana a wasanni shida ya zura kwallaye biyu. Belfodil ya kuma buga wasa daya a kungiyar ta Championnat de France mai son kungiyar. A cikin mako na uku na kakar 2009–10, an kira shi zuwa babban kungiyar wasan da kulob din zai buga da Auxerre a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta kuma ya fara halarta a wannan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jean-Alain Boumsong a cikin minti na 85. Lyon ta ci wasan da ci 3-0. Belfodil ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar zakarun Turai bayan kwanaki uku, a wasa na biyu na wasan zagaye na biyu na gasar da Anderlecht ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Lisandro López a minti na 60. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 2010, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko da ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku har zuwa 2014. Saboda har yanzu yana da sauran shekara a kan kwangilar kwangilar ta fara aiki daga 1 ga Yuli 2011. Club career A cikin Shekarar 2004, ya shiga AC Boulogne Billencourt, ƙungiyar wasanni wanda kuma ya horar da 'yan wasan duniya Hatem Ben Arfa da Issiar Dia A cikin Shekarar 2007, Belfodil ya tabbatar da tafiya zuwa kulob din Ligue 2 Clermont Foot A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata 2008, Lyon ta sanar da cewa sun sayi Belfodil kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar mai neman (matasa) tare da kulob din har zuwa watan Yuni shekarata 2011. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na shekarar 2008-zuwa shekarata 2009 Coupe Gambardella wanda ya bayyana a wasanni shida yana zura kwallaye biyu. A cikin mako na uku na kakar 2009–10, an kira shi zuwa babban kungiyar wasan da kulob din zai buga da Auxerre a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta kuma ya fara halarta a wannan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jean-Alain Boumsong a cikin minti na 85th. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2010, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko da ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku har zuwa shekarar 2014. Saboda har yanzu yana da sauran shekara a kan kwangilar mai nemansa (matasa), kwangilar ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2011. Bayan ya shafe watanni shida a matsayin aro a Bologna daga watan Janairu zuwa watan Yuni shekarata 2012, Belfodil ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Parma na Seria A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2012 kan Yuro miliyan 2.5 da kari na Yuro 600,000 da kuma ribar 20% na canja wuri nan gaba. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2013, bayan dogon tattaunawa, an sanar da Belfodil a matsayin ɗan wasan Internazionale Canja wurin ya shafi 50% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikin Belfodil da ya rage tare da Parma, yayin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Inter akan kuɗin canja wurin 5.75 miliyan. (50% na ƙimar Yuro miliyan 11.5) A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 2014, FIFA kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa Lyon ta cancanci karɓar Yuro miliyan 1.8 saboda batun kari. An gabatar da shi bisa hukuma a matsayin ɗan wasan Inter a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2013 a Paladolomiti a Pinzolo a cikin taron manema labarai iri ɗaya kamar Icardi A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2013, Belfodil ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga Inter a cikin nasarar 3-1 pre-season nasara a kan Vicenza bayan da mai tsaron gida ya farke bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, daga kusurwar da ta biyo baya a minti na 42, Belfodil ne ya jagoranci kwallon cikin raga ta hanyar da kai mai karfi. Bayan buga wasanni takwas kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-14 Seria A, dukkansu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin, Belfodil ya koma kulob din Seria A Livorno a matsayin aro na sauran kakar a ranar 31ga watan Janairu shekarata 2014. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2014, Parma ta sayi 50% na kwangilar Belfodil daga Inter ta yadda Crociati ya sake mallakar gabaɗayan kwangilar ɗan wasan. Bayan rikicin kudi na kulob din da ke gudana wanda Parma da kamfaninsa na tsaka-tsaki aka sanar da cewa sun yi fatara a tsakiyar kakar wasa, Belfodil ya soke kwantiraginsa da Parma a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2015, wanda ya yafe wa kulob din alhaki na albashin da ba a biya ba, duk da cewa kulob din ya sha fama da rubuta ragowar darajar kwantiragin Belfodil kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan 8.25. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2015, Belfodil ya shiga kungiyar Baniyas a hukumance, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar UAE Arab Gulf League A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2016, Belfodil ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Belgian Standard Liège, tare da zaɓi don tsawaita wani shekara. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekarata 2017, ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar rani ta Jamus, ya koma Werder Bremen ta Bundesliga a matsayin aro na shekara guda, an ba da rahoton cewa a kan kuɗin lamuni na Yuro 600,000. A cikin watan Mayu shekarata 2018, an sanar da cewa Belfodil zai koma 1899 Hoffenheim don kakar shekarar 2018-19 bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa shekarata 2022 tare da kulob din. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarata 2019 ya ci baya da baya 2 kwallaye a cikin ban mamaki sake dawowa da Dortmund a Bundesliga Hoffenheim ya koma baya ne da ci 0-3, sannan ya zura kwallo ta farko a minti na 75 da kuma ƙwallaye a minti na 87 don kammala dawowar. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2022, Belfodil ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Al-Gharafa a Qatar. Parma Bayan ya shafe watanni shida a matsayin aro a Bologna daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2012, Belfodil ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Parma na Seria A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2012 kan Yuro miliyan 2.5 da kari na Yuro 600,000 da kuma ribar 20% na canja wuri nan gaba. Ya samu nasara a kakar farko da Parma, inda ya zura kwallaye takwas a gasar Seria A a matsayin dan wasan gaba da kuma na hagu.<refname=":0">Ishak Belfodil Club matches". worldfootball.net Retrieved 26 October 2017.</ref> Inter A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2013, bayan dogon tattaunawa, an sanar da Belfodil a matsayin ɗan wasan Internazionale. Canja wurin ya ƙunshi 50% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikin Belfodil da ya rage tare da Parma, yayin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Inter akan kuɗin canja wurin 5.75 miliyan. (50% na ƙimar Yuro miliyan 11.5) A ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 2014, FIFA kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa Lyon ta cancanci karɓar Yuro miliyan 1.8 saboda ƙimar kari. An bai wa Belfodil riga mai lamba 7 a Inter. An gabatar da shi bisa hukuma a matsayin dan wasan Inter a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2013 a Paladolomiti a Pinzolo a cikin taron manema labarai guda kamar Icardi. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 2013, Belfodil ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Inter a cikin nasara na 3-1 pre-season a kan Vicenza bayan da mai tsaron gida ya farke kwallon da ya fara yi, daga kusurwar da ta biyo baya a minti na 42, Belfodil ya jagoranci kwallon cikin raga ta hanyar da kai mai karfi. Bayan buga wasanni takwas kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-14 Seria A, dukkansu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin, Belfodil ya koma kulob din Seria A Livorno a matsayin aro na sauran kakar a ranar 31 Janairu 2014. A Livorno, Belfodil ya samu lokacin wasa da yawa amma tsarinsa bai yi kyau ba a bangaren da aka yi watsi da shi daga karshe, ya kasa yin rajistar kwallo ko taimakawa a lokacinsa. Koma zuwa Parma A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2014, Parma ta dawo da kashi 50% na kwangilar Belfodil daga Inter ta yadda Crociati ya sake mallakar gabaɗayan kwangilar ɗan wasan. Kudin canja wuri ya kai Yuro miliyan 5.75, duk da cewa an yi musayar ‘yan wasa marasa kudi da suka hada da Lorenzo Crisetig (€4.75 million) da Yao Eloge Koffi (na Yuro miliyan 1). Bayan rikicin kudi na kulob din da ke gudana wanda Parma da matsakaiciyar kamfaninsa aka ayyana sun yi fatara a tsakiyar kakar wasa, Belfodil ya soke kwantiraginsa da Parma a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2015, wanda ya yafe wa kulob din alhaki na albashin da ba a biya ba, duk da cewa kulob din ya sha fama da rubuta ragowar darajar kwantiragin Belfodil kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan 8.25. Baniyas A 28 Yuli 2015, Belfodil ya shiga kungiyar Baniyas a hukumance, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar UAE Arab Gulf League. Standard Liege A ranar 31 Agusta 2016, Belfodil ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Belgian Standard Liège, tare da zaɓi don tsawaita wani shekara. Werder Bremen (layi) A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017, ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar rani ta Jamus, ya koma Werder Bremen ta Bundesliga a matsayin lamuni na shekara ɗaya, a kan kuɗin lamuni na Yuro 600,000. Werder Bremen ya sami zaɓi don siyan shi na dindindin, a gwargwadon rahoto kan kuɗin canja wuri na Yuro miliyan 6.5, tare da daraktan wasanni Frank Baumann ya ce yana cikin kewayon "miliyan lambobi ɗaya". Hoffenheim A cikin watan Mayu 2018, an sanar da cewa Belfodil zai koma 1899 Hoffenheim a kakar 2018-19 bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa 2022 tare da kulob din. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya zuwa Standard Liege a matsayin Yuro miliyan 5.5. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2019 ya ci baya da baya a raga a cikin ban mamaki dawowa da Dortmund a Bundesliga. Hoffenheim ya kasance a baya da ci 0-3, sannan ya zura kwallo ta farko a minti na 75 da kuma ƙwallaye a minti na 87 don kammala dawowar.<refname=":1"/> Ayyukan kasa Belfodil ya cancanci buga wasa a Faransa da Algeria. Tun yana matashi, ya dauki Algeria a matsayin bai cancanci wakiltar Faransa ba saboda bai karbi fasfo ba. Belfodil ya bukaci mahaifinsa da ya sanar da Algeria niyyarsa ta buga musu wasa; duk da haka, ba a lura da tambayoyinsa ba. Bayan komawarsa Lyon, hukumar kwallon kafar Algeria ta aike da takardar gayyata, amma Belfodil ya sanar da su cewa lokaci ya kure. A cikin 2009, Belfodil ya sami kyautar fasfo ɗin Faransa kuma daga baya an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar ƙasa da 17 don shiga gasar 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni ukun da kungiyar ta buga yayin da aka fitar da su a matakin rukuni. Belfodil ya koma aikin kasa da kasa na kakar 2009-10 karkashin koci Philippe Bergeroo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2009 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, ya zira kwallonsa na farko na matasa a duniya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Ukraine. A cikin 2010, ya gama kamfen ta hanyar zura kwallo a ragar Jamus a filin wasa na Cloppenburg a wani canjaras 1-1. Belfodil ya kasance cog a cikin kungiyar a karkashin koci Bergeroo don aikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19. A ranar 12 ga Satumba 2010, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko tare da tawagar a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Brazil a gasar cin kofin Sendai na 2010. A zagayen farko na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Turai ta 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan karshe na matakin rukuni da kungiyar ta doke Austria. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2012, Vahid Halilhodžić ya kira Belfodil zuwa tawagar kasar Algeria a karon farko don neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2013 da Libya. Sai dai kuma har yanzu FIFA ba ta yi watsi da batun sauya sheka zuwa kasar Algeria ba, kuma kungiyarsa ta ki sakin shi a wasan. Mohamed Seguer ne ya maye gurbinsa. A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2012, FIFA ta sanar da cewa an aiwatar da bukatar Belfodil kuma ya cancanci wakiltar Algeria. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Kwallayensa na kasa da kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallon da Aljeriya ta ci gaba Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Profile on Parma FC Website[Usurped!] Ishak Belfodil French league stats at LFP also available in French Ishak Belfodil at Soccerbase Ishak Belfodil at the French Football Federation (in French) Ishak Belfodil at the French Football Federation (archived 2019-04-07) (in French) Rayayyun mutane 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
27904	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela%20Deckert	Gisela Deckert	Gisela Deckert (Gisela Haagen,19. Yuni 1930 a Berlin) yar asalin kasar Jamus kuma likitar dabbobi ce kuma mai taka tsantsan. Farkon Rayuwa Gisela Deckert ta girma a Schöneiche kusa da Berlin. Daga 1948 ta karanci ilimin dabbobi a Jami'ar Humboldt a Berlin sannan ta kammala karatun digiri a kan ayyukan gini a cikin warblers. Wannan ya biyo bayan digiri na uku tare da Erwin Stresemann tare da binciken Ethologische Untersuchungen am Feldsperling. Gisela Deckert ta kasance koyaushe mai zaman kanta. Ta shirya rahotannin ƙwararrun halaye da halayyar ɗabi'a don Tierpark Berlin. Don talabijin na GDR ta shirya abubuwan tarihin tarihin halitta daga finafinan dabbobi na kasashen waje. Ya kirkiro rahotannin masana ilimin muhalli a matsayin tushen kirkirar wuraren kariya da ayyukan kariya na nau'ikan. Gisela Deckert tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar kiyaye yanayin yanki a yankin tafkin Dahme. Dangane da dokar al'adun yanki na farko na GDR, ta kafa sashen kula da kayan ado da na halitta na gundumomin Königs Wusterhausen da Zossen a 1971. Daga 1980 ta shugabanci ƙungiyar ornithology na gundumar Königs Wusterhausen na forungiyar Yanayi da Muhalli (GNU) a cikin ƙungiyar al'adun GDR. Daga 1990 ta kasance mai aiki a kan kwamitin Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU), Regionalverband Dahmeland e.V. kuma ita ce shugabar ta farko daga 2006 zuwa 2009. Tun shekara ta 2009 ta kasance shugabar girmamawa ta ƙungiyar NABU ta yankin Dahmeland. Daga 1993 zuwa 2001 tana kan kwamitin ba da shawara na karamar hukumar kiyaye yanayin gundumar Dahme-Spreewald. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin amintattu na Dahme-Heideseen Nature Park tun daga 2001. Yana nufin barazanar zuwa fauna na gida daga tururin iska kuma yana ta yin kamfen don kare wuraren gandun daji a kusa da Kallichen a matsayin yanki mai kariya daga yanayin tun 2010. Kyauta Zinariya na kiyaye dabi'a na Naturschutzbund Jamus 2010: Medal Medal na Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus Ayyuka Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Nestbautechnik deutscher Sylviiden. In: J. Orn. 96, 1955, S. 186–206. Zwergammern (Emberiza pusilla) bei Berlin beobachtet. In: J. Orn. 99, 1958, S. 104. Der Feldsperling. Die neue Brehm-Bücherei. Zimsen, Wittenberg Lutherstadt 1968. Zur Ethologie und Ökologie des Haussperlings (Passer d. domesticus L.). In: Beitr. Vogelkd. 15, 1969, S. 1–84. mit Kurt Deckert: Wie verhalten sich Tiere? Urania, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1974. Siedlungsdichte und Nahrungssuche bei Elster, Pica p. pica (L.) und Nebelkrähe, Corvus corone cornix (L.) In: Beitr. Vogelkd. 26, 1980, S. 305–334. Tiere-Pflanzen-Landschaften. Vom Gleichgewicht in der Natur. Urania, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1988. Bugawa a cikin jerin Kiyaye Halitta a Dahmeland na NABU Dahmeland: Wie verhalten wir uns in Naturschutzgebieten? 1992, S. 22. Der Flußregenpfeifer Vogel des Jahres 1993. 1993, S. 3–5. Die Nachtigall Vogel des Jahres 1995. 1995, S. 28–29. Die Bedeutung von Brachland für den Artenschutz. 1995, S. 42–46. Der Kiebitz (Vanellus vanellus) Vogel des Jahres 1996. 1996, S. 32–36. Verfemte Räuber. 1997, S. 32–40. Das Naturschutzgebiet Töpchiner Seen und die Bedeutung von Wildnis für den Naturschutz. 1998, S. 6–15. Die Feldlerche Vogel des Jahres 1998. 1998, S. 15–16. Sind nur gefährdete Arten schützenswert? 1998, S. 11–19. Das Naturschutzgebiet Mahnigsee-Dahmetal. 1999, S. 20–21. Bugawa a cikin littafin NABU Dahmeland da Dahme-Heideseen Nature Park, Prieros, ISSN 1869-0920 Die Tierwelt unserer Parks. 2000, S. 55–58 Was lebt denn da an der alten Eiche? 2001, S. 63–65. Das Röhricht und seine Bewohner. 2002, S. 62–64. Die Entwicklung zum naturnahen Wald. 2003, 52–54. Feldreine und Gehölze der Agrarlandschaft. 2004, S. 8–11. Verlust der Biodiversität durch eingeschleppte Arten. 2006, S. 8–11. Wovon ernähren sich Kormorane? 2006, S. 82–84. Unsere Tierwelt verändert sich.2007, S. 84–90. Fledermäuse, nächtliche Insektenjäger. 2008, S. 9–15. Darüber ist viel zu wenig bekannt Ein Apell zum Mitmachen. 2008, S. 94–98. Der NABU zieht Bilanz. 2009, S. 13–21. Zwanzig Jahre NABU Dahmeland e.V. 2009, S. 22. Das Klima und wir Menschen. 2010, S. 7–13. Wanderungen durch Feld und Flur. 2011, S. 62–64. Wandern an Seen und Flüssen. 2011, S. 98–100. Warum war gerade der Kormoran Vogel des Jahres 2010? Eine aktuelle Nachbetrachtung. 2010, S. 122–125. Fischotter ein heimlicher Bewohner unserer Gewässer. 2012, S. 16. Sommergoldhähnchen, ein Gartenvogel. 2012, S. 24. Der Gartenrotschwanz. 2012, S. 128. Der Wendehals. 2013, S. 54. Die Zossener Heide. 2013, S. 116–118. Klimapolitik gegen Artenschutz? 2014, S. 83–84. Erfolge beim Erhalt der Artenvielfalt? 2014, S. 83–84. Das Leben der Sperlinge. 2016, S. 36–39. Wir füttern unsere Gartenvögel. 2016, S. 46–47. Bedeutung der Wälder für Artenvielfalt und Klimaschutz. 2017, S. 76–79. Adabi Hans Sonnenberg: Immer mit der Natur. Das Wirken der Biologin Dr. Gisela Deckert im Dahmeland. JahreBuch des NABU Dahmeland und Naturpark Dahme-Heideseen. Prieros 2009, ISSN 1869-0920, shafi na 7-13. Manazarta Haifaffun 1930 Rayayyun
29447	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak%20Mohammed%20Muntaka	Mubarak Mohammed Muntaka	Alhaji Mohammed Mubarak Muntaka shi ne dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Asawase a yankin Ashanti na kasar Ghana na majalisar wakilai ta 4 da ta 5, da ta 6, da ta 7, da ta 8 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu. A halin yanzu, shi ne shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Muntaka ne a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba,na shekarar ta alif 1971, ya fito ne daga Akuse da ke yankin Gabashin kasar Ghana amma asalin iyayensa sun fito ne daga yankin arewacin Ghana a wani gari mai suna Kumbungu. Ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Ya samu digirin digirgir na Kimiyya a fannin Siyasa da Tsare-tsare daga jami'a. Wannan ya kasance a cikin 2004. Aiki Muntaka mai tsara shirin ci gaba ne ta hanyar sana'a. Ya kasance shugaban daya daga cikin rukunin (RME) na Adwumapa Buyers Limited, kamfanin siyan koko. Aikin siyasa Dan majalisa Muntaka ya fara shiga majalisar dokokin Ghana ne a kan tikitin takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a shekarar 2005 lokacin da ya lashe zaben cike gurbi a mazabar Asawase da kuri'u 11,142, inda ya maye gurbin marigayi Dr Gibril Adamu Mohammed na jam'iyyar NDC wanda ya lashe zaben. a cikin Disamba 2004 tare da rinjaye 4,474. Cibiyar ci gaban demokradiyya ta Ghana ta dauki wannan zaben a matsayin "mai gaskiya da gaskiya, amma ba tare da tsoro ba." Daga bisani ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana da aka gudanar a watan Disambar 2008. Ya kuma lashe zabe na gaba a 2012. Muntaka shi ne babban mai rinjaye a majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar NDC, mafi rinjaye a gwamnati. Ministan Matasa da Wasanni Ya kasance ministan matasa da wasanni a gwamnatin Ghana. A cikin Janairun 2009, Shugaba John Evans Atta Mills ya nada Mubarak a matsayin wanda aka nada a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni. Majalisar matasa ta kasa ta yaba da nadin nasa saboda kuruciya da farincikin kuruciya domin a lokacin da aka nada shi yana da shekaru 39. Ya rike mukamin ministan matasa da wasanni har zuwa lokacin da ya tafi hutu yayin da ake binciken zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi masa. Sai dai ya yi murabus daga gwamnati ne bayan amincewar da shugaba Mills ya yi na sakamakon binciken kwamitin binciken. Daga baya Dr. Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo ya maye gurbinsa. Kwamitoci Muntaka memba ne na kwamitin majalisar, kuma memba na kwamitin nadi, kuma mamba a kwamitin dindindin, kuma memba a kwamitin lafiya, kuma memba a kwamitin ma'adinai da makamashi, kuma memba na kasuwanci. Kwamitin da kuma memba na kwamitin Zabe. Zabe An zabi Muntaka a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase a zaben fidda gwani na 2005 bayan rasuwar Dr. Gibril Adamu Mohammed dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase a lokacin. A shekara ta 2008, ya lashe zaben gama gari a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 3 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta samu a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta samu rinjayen kujeru 113 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 36,557 daga cikin 64,443 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 56.73% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Dokta Mohammed Abdul-Kabir na New Patriotic Party, Elyasu Mohammed na People's National Convention, Mohammed Bashir Tijani na Jam’iyyar Democratic Freedom Party da Alhaji Baba Musah na Jam’iyyar Convention People’s Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 27,168, 371, 86 da 261 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Wannan ya yi daidai da 42.16%, 0.58%, 0.13 da 0.41% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. A shekarar 2012, ya sake lashe zaben gama gari na wannan mazaba. An zabe shi da kuri'u 43,917 daga cikin 77,034 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da 57.01% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Nana Okyere-Tawiah Antwi na New Patriotic Party, Jerry Joseph Quayson na Jam’iyyar Progressive People’s Party, Abdulai Umaru na People's National Convention, Elias Mohammed na Jam’iyyar Convention People’s Party, Yakubu Adams Zakaria na National Democratic Party da Alhassan Abdul Majeed dan takara mai zaman kansa. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 31,013, 458, 267, 251, 182 da 946 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Wadannan sun yi daidai da 40.26%, 0.59%, 0.35%, 0.33%, 0.24% and 1.23% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Mutaka ya ci gaba da rike kujerar dan majalisa a babban zaben shekarar 2020 domin wakilci a majalisa ta 8 ta jamhuriya ta hudu. Ya samu kuri'u 51,659 yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar NPP ya samu kuri'u 31,256. Rigingimu A yayin babban zaben shekarar 2020, an ce Muntaka ya bai wa ‘yarsa ‘yar shekara 6 damar kada kuri’a a madadinsa, lamarin da ya jawo cece-ku-ce saboda dokokin zaben Ghana sun ba wa mutane sama da shekaru 18 damar shiga zabe. Shugaban kasar John Atta Mills ne ya bukace shi da ya ci gaba da hutu yayin da ake binciken zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi masa. Sai dai ya yi murabus daga gwamnati bayan amincewar da shugaba Mills ya yi na binciken kwamitin binciken. A watan Janairun 2021, ya yi zargin cewa wani alkalin kotun koli ya bayar da tursasa wata ‘yar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a kokarin lallashin ta ta kada kuri’a ga Mike Oquaye a lokacin zaben shugaban majalisar. Lauyoyin sun yi Allah wadai da shi, inda suka bukaci ya bayar da shaida. Rayuwa ta sirri Muntaka yayi aure da ‘ya’ya biyar(5). Shi Musulmi ne. Manazarta Rayayyun
31459	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Bayanai	Yancin Bayanai	Ƴancin bayanai shine ƴancin mutum ko mutane su buga da cinye bayanai. Samun bayanai shine ikon mutum don nema, karɓa da kuma ba da bayanai yadda ya kamata. Wannan wani lokaci ya haɗa da "ilimin kimiyya, ƴan asali, da na gargajiya; 'yancin yin bayanai, gina albarkatun ilimi, ciki har da bude Intanet da ka'idoji na budewa, da budewa da samun damar bayanai; adana kayan tarihi na dijital girmama bambancin al'adu da harshe, irin su. a matsayin haɓaka damar yin amfani da abun ciki na gida a cikin harsuna masu isa; ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa, gami da tsawon rai da koyan e-e-ilimi watsa sabbin kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin ilimi da ƙwarewa, da haɗaɗɗiyar zamantakewa akan layi, gami da magance rashin daidaito dangane da ƙwarewa, ilimi, jinsi, shekaru, ƙabilanci, da samun dama ga nakasassu; da haɓaka haɗin kai da ICTs masu araha, gami da wayar hannu, Yanar gizo, da abubuwan more rayuwa na broadband”. Samun damar jama'a ga bayanan gwamnati, gami da ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen bayanai, da dokokin ƴancin bayanai, ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin muhimmin tushe na dimokuraɗiyya da mutunci a cikin gwamnati. Michael Buckland ya bayyana nau'o'in shinge guda shida waɗanda dole ne a shawo kan su don samun damar samun damar bayanai: gano tushen, samuwan tushen, farashin mai amfani, farashi ga mai bayarwa, damar fahimta, yarda. Yayin da ake amfani da "samun damar bayanai", "ƴancin samun bayanai", yancin sanin da "'yancin bayanai" a wasu lokuta a matsayin ma'anar ma'ana, mabanbantan kalmomi suna nuna ma'auni na musamman (ko da yake suna da alaƙa) na batun. Ƴancin bayanai yana da alaƙa da ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, wanda zai iya amfani da kowane matsakaici, zama na baka, rubutu, bugu, lantarki, ko ta hanyar fasahar fasaha. Wannan yana nufin cewa kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a matsayin haƙƙin ya haɗa da ba kawai abubuwan da ke ciki ba, har ma da hanyoyin faɗar albarkacin baki. Ƴancin bayanai wani ra'ayi ne daban wanda wani lokaci yakan zo cikin cin karo da 'yancin keɓewa a cikin abubuwan Intanet da fasahar bayanai. Kamar yadda yake da ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, yancin yin sirri wani haƙƙin ɗan adam ne da aka sani kuma 'yancin yin bayanai yana aiki azaman kari ga wannan haƙƙin. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin karin ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki, da kuma ƴancin ɗan adam An san shi a cikin dokokin duniya. Jam'iyyar Pirate Party ta ƙasa da ƙasa da Amurka sun kafa tsarin siyasa da ya danganci ƴancin bayanai. Bayani An sami gagarumin haɓakar shiga Yanar gizo, wanda ya kai sama da biliyan uku masu amfani da shi a cikin 2014, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 42 cikin ɗari na al'ummar duniya. Amma rarrabuwar kawuna na ci gaba da keɓance fiye da rabin al'ummar duniya, musamman mata da ƴan mata, musamman a Afirka da ƙasashe mafi ƙanƙanta da ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa. Bugu da ari, mutanen da ke da naƙasa na iya samun fa'ida ko ƙara rashin ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙirar fasaha ko ta gaban ko rashin horo da ilimi. Magana Rarraba Dijital Samun bayanai yana fuskantar manyan matsaloli saboda rarrabuwar dijital ta duniya. Rarraba dijital shine rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da zamantakewa dangane da samun dama, amfani, ko tasirin fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa (ICT). Rarraba tsakanin ƙasashe (kamar rarrabuwar dijital a Amurka na iya nufin rashin daidaito tsakanin mutane, gidaje, kasuwanci, ko yankunan yanki, yawanci a matakan zamantakewa daban-daban ko wasu nau'ikan alƙaluma. Rarraba tsakanin ƙasashe ko yankuna daban-daban na duniya ana kiranta da rarraba dijital ta duniya, yin nazarin wannan gibin fasaha tsakanin ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa akan sikelin duniya. rarrabuwar ƙabilanci Ko da yake ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin al'umma suna fama da rashin samun damar kwamfuta ko intanet, ana lura da al'ummomin masu launi na musamman don yin mummunar tasiri ta hanyar rarraba dijital. Wannan yana bayyana idan aka zo ga lura da shiga gida-yanar gizo tsakanin jinsi da ƙabilu daban-daban. 81% na Farar fata da 83% na Asiyawa suna da damar intanet na gida, idan aka kwatanta da 70% na Hispanics, 68% na Baƙar fata, 72% na Indiyawan Indiyawa Alaska, da 68% na ƴan asalin Hawaii/Pacific Islanders. Ko da yake samun kuɗin shiga shi ne ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida-internet, har yanzu akwai rashin daidaiton kabilanci da na kabilanci da ke tsakanin waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin samun kuɗi. Kashi 58% na masu karancin kuɗin shiga an bayar da rahoton cewa Farar fata na da damar shiga gida-internet kwatankwacin kashi 51% na Hispanic da 50% na Baƙar fata. An ruwaito wannan bayanin a cikin rahoton mai taken "dijital na dijital: Tushen nuna wariyar launin fata" wanda aka buga ta hanyar rukunin yanar gizo na DC-tushen fress na Yanar gizo. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa shingen tsari da nuna wariya da ke ci gaba da nuna kyama ga mutanen jinsi da kabilu daban-daban na taimakawa wajen yin tasiri kan rarrabuwar kawuna. Rahoton ya kuma kara da cewa har yanzu wadanda ba su da hanyar intanet na da matukar bukatar hakan, kuma rage farashin shiga intanet zai ba da damar a kara shiga tsakani cikin adalci da kuma inganta karɓuwar yanar gizo daga ƙungiyoyin da ba su sani ba. Ana lura da tashe-tashen hankula na dijital da son zuciya na algorithmic suna kasancewa a cikin rarrabuwar kabilanci. Dokokin kalaman ƙiyayya da kuma kalaman ƙiyayya da dandamali na kan layi irin su Facebook sun fifita maza farare da waɗanda ke cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma fiye da ƙungiyoyin da ba a sani ba a cikin al'umma, kamar mata da masu launi. A cikin tarin takardu na cikin gida da aka tattara a cikin wani aiki da ProPublica ya gudanar, ƙa'idodin Facebook game da bambance maganganun ƙiyayya da kuma gane ƙungiyoyin da aka karewa sun bayyana nunin faifai waɗanda suka gano ƙungiyoyi uku, kowannen su yana ɗauke da ko dai direbobin mata, yara baƙar fata, ko kuma maza farare. Lokacin da aka gabatar da tambayar wane rukunin rukunin ke da kariya, amsar da ta dace ta kasance fararen fata. Harshen rukunin marasa rinjaye yana da mummunar tasiri ta kayan aikin gano ƙiyayya ta atomatik saboda son zuciya wanda a ƙarshe ke yanke shawarar abin da ake ɗaukar maganganun ƙiyayya da abin da ba haka ba. Hakanan an lura da dandamali na kan layi don jure abubuwan ƙiyayya ga mutane masu launi amma suna hana abun ciki daga masu launi. An buga memes na Aborigin a shafin Facebook tare da abubuwan batanci na wariyar launin fata da kuma sharhi da ke nuna mutanen Aborigin a matsayin na kasa. Yayin da mafarin suka cire abubuwan da ke cikin shafin bayan wani bincike da Hukumar Sadarwa da Yada Labarai ta Australia ta gudanar, Facebook bai goge shafin ba kuma ya bar shi ya ci gaba da zama a karkashin rarrabuwar kawuna na ban dariya. Sai dai kuma, wani sakon da wata Ba’amurkiya ta yi na nuna rashin jin dadinta da kasancewarta mutum daya tilo a wani gidan cin abinci na karamin gari ya gamu da sakonnin wariyar launin fata da kyama. A lokacin da take kai rahoton cin zarafin ta ta yanar gizo ga Facebook, Facebook ya dakatar da asusunta na tsawon kwanaki uku saboda ta buga hotunan yayin da ba a dakatar da wadanda ke da alhakin maganganun wariyar launin fata ba. Abubuwan da aka raba tsakanin mutane masu launi na iya zama cikin haɗarin yin shiru a ƙarƙashin manufofin cirewa don dandamali na kan layi. Rarraba nakasa Rashin daidaito wajen samun damar amfani da fasahar bayanai yana kasancewa tsakanin mutanen da ke da nakasa idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa tare da nakasa. A cewar The Pew Internet kashi 54% na gidajen da ke da nakasa suna samun intanet a gida idan aka kwatanta da kashi 81% na gidajen da ke da intanet a gida kuma ba su da mutumin da ke da nakasa. Nau'in nakasa da mutum ke da shi na iya hana mutum yin mu'amala da allon kwamfuta da na'urorin wayar salula, kamar samun naƙasa quadriplegia ko samun nakasu a hannu. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai rashin samun damar yin amfani da fasaha da hanyar intanet a gida a tsakanin waɗanda ke da nakasar fahimta da na ji kuma. Akwai fargabar ko karuwar amfani da fasahohin bayanai zai kara daidaito ta hanyar bayar da damammaki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ko kuma hakan zai kara haifar da rashin daidaito a halin yanzu da kuma haifar da nakasassu a bar su a baya a cikin al'umma. Batutuwa kamar ra'ayi na nakasa a cikin al'umma, manufofin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi, manufofin kamfanoni, fasahohin kwamfuta na yau da kullum, da sadarwar kan layi na ainihi an samo su don taimakawa wajen tasiri na rarrabuwar dijital a kan mutane masu nakasa. Mutanen da ke da nakasa kuma su ne abin da ake zaginsu ta yanar gizo. Laifukan ƙiyayya na naƙasa akan layi sun karu da kashi 33 cikin ɗari a cikin shekarar da ta gabata a duk faɗin Burtaniya a cewar wani rahoto da Leonard Cheshire.org ya buga. An raba asusun cin zarafi ta yanar gizo ga mutanen da ke da nakasa yayin wani lamari a cikin 2019 lokacin da ɗan Katie Price ya ci zarafinsa ta hanyar yanar gizo wanda aka danganta shi da nakasa. Dangane da wannan cin zarafi, Katie Price ta kaddamar da wani kamfen don tabbatar da cewa 'yan majalisar dokokin Biritaniya sun rike waɗanda suke da laifin ci gaba da cin zarafin nakasassu ta yanar gizo. Cin zarafi akan nakasassu akan layi abu ne da zai iya hana mutane shiga yanar gizo wanda zai iya hana mutane koyon bayanan da zasu inganta rayuwarsu. Yawancin mutanen da ke da naƙasa suna fuskantar cin zarafi ta yanar gizo ta hanyar zarge-zarge na zamba da kuma "karya" nakasa su don samun kuɗi, wanda a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da binciken da ba dole ba. Rarraba jinsi 'Yancin mata na samun bayanai da samun bayanai a duniya bai kai na maza ba. Abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewa kamar jahilci da rashin ƙarfin dijital sun haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin kewaya kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don samun bayanai, yawanci rashin fahimtar al'amurran da suka shafi mata da jinsi kai tsaye, kamar lafiyar jima'i Hakanan an sami misalan ƙarin tsauraran matakai, kamar hukumomin yankin na hana ko hana amfani da wayar hannu ga 'yan mata da matan da ba su yi aure ba a cikin al'ummominsu. A cewar Wharton School of Public Policy, fadada fasahar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa (ICT) ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da yawa wadanda suka yi tasiri ga mata wajen samun damar yin amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta ICT inda tazarar jinsi ya kai kashi 31% a wasu kasashe masu tasowa da kuma 12. a duniya a cikin 2016. Matsalolin zamantakewar zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambance ana kiran su da abin da muke kira rarrabuwar dijital. A cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da kuma yankuna masu karamin karfi, tsadar intanet na kawo cikas ga mata tunda gaba daya mata ba a biya su albashi mai tsoka kuma suna fuskantar rashin daidaito tsakanin ayyukan da ake biya da kuma na rashin biya. Ka’idojin al’adu a wasu kasashe na iya hana mata shiga yanar gizo da fasahar kere-kere tare da hana mata samun wani matakin ilimi ko kuma zama masu cin abinci a gidajensu, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin kula da kudaden gida. Koyaya, ko da lokacin da mata suka sami damar yin amfani da ICT, rarrabuwar dijital har yanzu tana yaɗuwa. Rarrabuwar LGBTQIA, da danniya daga jihohi da kamfanonin fasaha Yawancin jihohi, ciki har da wasu waɗanda suka gabatar da sababbin dokoki tun daga 2010, musamman tace muryoyin daga da abubuwan da suka shafi al'ummar LGBTQI, suna haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samun damar yin amfani da bayanai game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi. Kafofin watsa labaru na dijital suna taka rawa mai ƙarfi wajen iyakance isa ga wasu abun ciki, kamar shawarar YouTube na 2017 don rarraba bidiyon da ba na fayyace ba tare da jigogin LGBTQIA a matsayin 'ƙantatacce', rarrabuwa da aka tsara don tace "abun ciki mai yuwuwar rashin dacewa". Yanar gizo tana ba da bayanan da za su iya samar da wuri mai aminci ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar al'ummar LGBTQIA don haɗawa da wasu da shiga cikin tattaunawa da tattaunawa na gaskiya da ke shafar al'ummominsu. Hakanan ana iya kallonsa azaman wakili na canji ga al'ummar LGBTQIA da samar da hanyar shiga cikin adalcin zamantakewa. Yana iya ba wa mutanen LGBTQIA da za su iya zama a yankunan karkara ko a wuraren da suke keɓe don samun damar samun bayanan da ba a cikin tsarin karkararsu da kuma samun bayanai daga wasu mutanen LGBT. Wannan ya haɗa da bayanai kamar kiwon lafiya, abokan hulɗa, da labarai. GayHealth yana ba da bayanan likitanci da lafiya ta kan layi da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararru da Ƙungiyoyin Maɗigo ya ƙunshi wallafe-wallafen kan layi da labaran da ke mayar da hankali kan yakin 'yancin ɗan adam da al'amurran da suka shafi LGBTQIA. Yanar gizo kuma yana ba wa mutane LGBTQIA damar ɓoye suna. Rashin shiga intanet na iya kawo cikas ga wadannan abubuwa, saboda rashin hanyoyin sadarwa a yankunan karkara. LGBT Tech ya jaddada ƙaddamar da sabbin fasahohi tare da fasahar 5G don taimakawa rufe rarrabuwar dijital wanda zai iya sa membobin al'ummar LGBTQIA su rasa damar yin amfani da ingantaccen fasaha da sauri wanda zai iya ba da bayanai kan kiwon lafiya, damar tattalin arziki, da amintattun al'ummomi. Hakanan akwai wasu abubuwan da za su iya hana membobin LGBTQIA samun damar bayanai akan layi ko sanya su a ci zarafin bayanansu. Hakanan ana amfani da matatun Yanar gizo don tantancewa da taƙaita abubuwan LGBTQIA waɗanda ke da alaƙa da al'ummar LGBTQIA a makarantun gwamnati da ɗakunan karatu. Akwai kuma kasancewar cin zarafi ta kan layi ta hanyar mafarauta ta kan layi waɗanda ke kai hari ga membobin LGBTQIA ta hanyar neman bayanansu na sirri da ba su bayanan da ba daidai ba. Yin amfani da intanet zai iya ba da wata hanya ga mutanen LGBTQIA don samun damar samun bayanai don magance matsalolin al'umma ta hanyar shawarwarin warkewa, tsarin tallafi na zamantakewa, da kuma yanayin layi wanda ke haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ra'ayoyi, damuwa, da kuma taimakawa mutanen LGBTQIA su ci gaba. Ana iya haɓaka wannan ta hanyar ƙwararrun sabis na ɗan adam waɗanda za su iya amfani da intanet tare da shaida da kimantawa don ba da bayanai ga daidaikun LGBTQIA waɗanda ke fuskantar yanayin fitowar da yiwuwar sakamakon da ka iya biyo baya a sakamakon. Hujjar tsaro Tare da juyin halitta na zamani na dijital, aikace-aikacen 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da haɗin kai ('yancin yin amfani da bayanai, samun damar yin amfani da bayanai) ya zama mafi rikici yayin da sababbin hanyoyin sadarwa da ƙuntatawa suka taso ciki har da sarrafa gwamnati ko hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke sanya bayanan sirri ga haɗari. Samun damar dijital 'Yancin bayanai (ko 'yancin bayanai) kuma yana nufin kariyar ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki dangane da Intanet da fasahar sadarwa Ƴacin bayanai na iya damuwa da yin katsalandan a cikin mahallin fasahar bayanai, watau ikon shiga abun ciki na Yanar Gizo, ba tare da tantancewa ko hani ba Bayani da ilimin watsa labarai A cewar Kuzmin da Parshakova, samun damar bayanai ya ƙunshi koyo a cikin tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. Hakanan ya haɗa da haɓaka ƙwarewar bayanai da ilimin kafofin watsa labaru waɗanda ke ba masu amfani damar ƙarfafawa da yin cikakken amfani da damar shiga Yanar gizo. Taimakon UNESCO ga ilimin aikin jarida misali ne na yadda UNESCO ke neman ba da gudummawa ga samar da ingantattun bayanai masu zaman kansu da za su iya shiga sararin samaniya Haɓaka samun dama ga nakasassu taron da UNESCO ta kira a cikin 2014 ya ƙarfafa shi, wanda ya amince da "Sanarwar New Delhi akan Haɗa ICTs ga Masu Nakasa: Samar da Ƙarfafa zama Gaskiya" Buɗe ma'auni A cewar Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU), ""Open Standards" ƙa'idodi ne da aka samar wa jama'a gabaɗaya kuma an haɓaka (ko an amince da su) kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da yarjejeniya. "Open Standards" yana sauƙaƙe hulɗar aiki da musayar bayanai tsakanin samfura ko ayyuka daban-daban kuma an yi niyya don ɗauka da yawa." Binciken UNESCO ya yi la'akari da cewa ɗaukar buɗaɗɗen ƙa'idodi yana da yuwuwar bayar da gudummawa ga hangen nesa na 'haɗin kai na dijital' wanda 'yan ƙasa za su iya samowa, raba, da sake amfani da bayanai cikin ƴanci. Haɓaka software na buɗaɗɗen tushe, wanda ba shi da tsada kuma ana iya daidaita shi da yardar rai zai iya taimakawa wajen biyan buƙatun shawarwarin masu amfani da keɓaɓɓu a madadin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru, kamar isar da niyya, ingantaccen samar da hanyar Intanet, abubuwan ƙarfafa haraji ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki inganta samun dama, da magance matsalolin rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Ƙungiyar Labarai da ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki Babban Taron Duniya akan Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai (WSIS) Bayanin Ƙa'idodin da aka karɓa a cikin 2003 ya sake tabbatar da dimokuraɗiyya da duniyoyin duniya, rashin rarrabawa da haɗin kai na duk haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴanci na asali. Sanarwar ta kuma yi nuni na musamman game da mahimmancin ƴyancin fɗdin albarkacin baki ga Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai a cikin cewa: Mun sake tabbatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin tushe na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai, kuma kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 19 na Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya, cewa kowa yana da ƴancin yin ra'ayi da ra'ayi cewa wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da 'yancin yin ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi ta kowace kafofin watsa labaru ba tare da la'akari da iyaka ba. Sadarwa wani muhimmin tsari ne na zamantakewa, buƙatun ɗan adam na asali da ginshiƙi na duk ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Yana da tsakiya ga Information Society. Kowa, a ko'ina ya kamata ya sami damar shiga kuma kada a ware kowa daga fa'idodin da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai ke bayarwa. Sanarwar ƙa'idojin WSIS ta 2004 ta kuma yarda cewa "ya zama dole a hana amfani da albarkatun bayanai da fasahohi don dalilai na laifi da ta'addanci, tare da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". Wolfgang Benedek yayi tsokaci cewa sanarwar ta WSIS ta ƙunshi nassoshi da dama ne kawai game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma baya fayyace wata hanya ko hanya don tabbatar da cewa ana la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a aikace. Hacktivismo Ƙungiyar haƙƙin dijital Hacktivismo, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1999, yana jayayya cewa samun damar bayanai shine ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam. An kwatanta imanin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya a cikin "Sanarwar Hacktivismo" wanda ke kira ga Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Alkawari na Duniya akan Ƴancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) don amfani da Intanet. Sanarwar ta tuno da aikin da ƙasashe membobin ke da su ga ICCPR don kare yancin faɗar albarkacin baki game da yanar gizo da kuma a cikin wannan yanayin ƴancin yin bayani. Sanarwar Hacktivismo ta amince da "muhimmancin yaƙi da cin zarafin bil'adama game da samun damar samun bayanai a kan Intanet" tare da yin kira ga jama'ar masu fashin baki da su "nazarci hanyoyi da hanyoyin da za a bi wajen dakile ayyukan tace bayanan intanet" da "aiwatar da fasahohin don kalubalantar take hakkin bayanai." Sanarwar Hacktivismo ta yi, duk da haka, ta gane cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki yana ƙarƙashin iyakancewa, yana mai cewa "mun amince da haƙƙin gwamnatoci don hana buga bayanan sirrin ƙasa yadda ya kamata, batsa na yara, da batutuwan da suka shafi sirrin sirri da gata, a tsakanin sauran hani da aka yarda da su”. Duk da haka, sanarwar Hacktivist ta ce "amma muna adawa da amfani da ikon gwamnati don sarrafa damar yin amfani da ayyukan masu sukar, ƙwararrun ƙwararru, masu fasaha, ko masu addini." Ƙaddamarwar hanyar sadarwa ta Duniya A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2008 an kafa Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Sadarwar Duniya (GNI) akan "Ka'idodin Ƴancin Magana da Keɓantawa". An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da shirin ne a cikin shekaru 60 na Cikar Ƙirar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) kuma ta dogara ne akan dokoki da ƙa'idodi na duniya da aka amince da su akan yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da keɓantawa da aka tsara a cikin UDHR, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Jama'a da Siyasa Hakkoki (ICCPR) da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR). Mahalarta cikin Ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki, Human Rights Watch, Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, wasu manyan kamfanoni, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin bil'adama, masu zuba jari, da malaman ilimi. A cewar rahotanni an gayyaci Cisco Systems zuwa tattaunawar farko amma ba ta shiga cikin shirin ba. Harrington Investments, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Cisco ya kafa hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta yi watsi da GNI a matsayin ƙa'idar aikin son rai ba ta da wani tasiri. Babban jami'in gudanarwa John Harrington ya kira GNI "hayaniyar da ba ta da ma'ana" a maimakon haka ya yi kira da a bullo da dokokin da ke tilasta wa shuwagabannin zartarwa su amince da haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Binciken Yanar gizo Jo Glanville, editan Index on Censorship, ya baiyana cewa "yanar gizo A cewar the Reporters without Borders (RSF) "jerin maƙiyan intanet" jihohi masu zuwa suna shiga aikin tantancewar intanet: Cuba, Iran, Maldives, Myanmar Burma, Koriya ta Arewa, Siriya, Tunisia, Uzbekistan da Vietnam Misalin da aka fi sani da jama'a shine abin da ake kira Babban Firewall na kasar Sin (dangane da rawar da take takawa a matsayin bangon hanyar sadarwa da tsohuwar babbar ganuwa ta kasar Sin Tsarin yana toshe abun ciki ta hanyar hana adiresoshin IP surkushe su kuma ya ƙunshi daidaitattun bangon wuta da sabar wakili a ƙofofin Intanet Hakanan tsarin yana zaɓin shiga cikin guba na DNS lokacin da ake buƙatar takamaiman rukunin yanar gizo. Gwamnati ba ta ga alama tana bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin Intanet cikin tsari, saboda wannan yana da alama ba shi da amfani. Ana gudanar da aikin tantance Intanet a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a karkashin dokoki da ka'idojin gudanarwa iri-iri. Bisa ga waɗannan dokoki, fiye da dokokin Intanet sama da sittin ne gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) ta tsara, kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin tantancewa da ƙarfi daga rassan larduna na ISPs mallakar gwamnati, kamfanonin kasuwanci, da ƙungiyoyi. A cikin 2010, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, da ke magana a madadin Amurka, ta bayyana "muna tsayawa kan intanet guda daya inda dukkanin bil'adama ke da damar samun ilimi da ra'ayoyi daidai." A cikin ''Remarks on Internet Freedom' ta kuma ja hankali kan yadda ''ko a ƙasashe masu mulki, hanyoyin sadarwa na taimaka wa mutane gano sabbin abubuwa da kuma sa gwamnatoci su zama masu kishin kasa', yayin da ta ba da rahoton furucin Shugaba Barack Obama na ƙarin yadda bayanai ke gudana cikin ƴanci. al'ummomin da suka fi ƙarfi sun zama'. Kariyar sirri Keɓantawa, sa ido da ɓoyewa Ƙara samun dama da dogaro ga kafofin watsa labaru na dijital don karɓa da samar da bayanai sun ƙara dama ga Jihohi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don bin ɗabi'un mutane, ra'ayoyinsu da hanyoyin sadarwa. Jihohi sun ƙara ɗaukar dokoki da manufofi don halatta sa ido kan sadarwa, tare da tabbatar da waɗannan ayyuka tare da buƙatar kare kansu da muradun ƙasa. A wasu sassan Turai, sabbin dokokin yaki da ta'addanci sun ba da damar sanya ido sosai ga gwamnati da kuma ƙaruwar ƙarfin hukumomin leken asiri na samun bayanan ƴan ƙasar. Yayin da doka ta kasance wani sharadi na halalcin iyakance haƙƙin ɗan adam, batun kuma shine ko wata doka da aka bayar ta dace da wasu sharuɗɗa don tabbatarwa kamar larura, daidaito da manufa ta halal. Tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa Hukumar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ɗauki matakai da dama don nuna mahimmancin haƙƙin sirri na duniya ta yanar gizo. A cikin 2015, a cikin ƙuduri kan haƙƙin keɓantawa a cikin shekarun dijital, ta kafa Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Haƙƙin Keɓantawa. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta jaddada cewa 'sa ido ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma ba da izini ba da kuma ko kutsawa cikin hanyoyin sadarwa, da kuma tattara bayanan sirri ba bisa ƙa'ida ko ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a matsayin manyan kutse, keta haƙƙin sirri, na iya tsoma baki tare da sauran ɗan adam. hakkoki, gami da ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki da kuma riƙe ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba'. Tsarin yanki Yawan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na yanki, musamman ta hanyar kotuna, don kafa ƙa'idoji waɗanda suka shafi kariyar bayanai, keɓantawa da sa ido, waɗanda ke shafar dangantakarsu da amfani da aikin jarida. Majalisar Turai ta Yarjejeniya ta 108, Yarjejeniyar Kare Mutane game da sarrafa bayanan sirri ta atomatik, ta yi wani tsari na zamani don magance sabbin ƙalubalen sirri. Tun daga shekara ta 2012, sabbin kasashe hudu na majalisar Turai sun rattaba hannu ko kuma amince da yarjejeniyar, da kuma kasashe uku da ba na cikin majalisar, daga Afirka da Latin Amurka. Kotunan yanki kuma suna taka rawar gani wajen haɓaka ƙa'idojin sirrin kan layi. A cikin 2015 Kotun Shari'a ta Turai ta gano cewa abin da ake kira 'Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Harbor', wanda ya ba kamfanoni masu zaman kansu damar isar da bayanan sirri daga masu biyan kuɗin Turai zuwa Amurka bisa doka, ba ta da inganci a ƙarƙashin dokar Turai a cikin hakan. bai ba da isassun kariya ga bayanan ƴan ƙasa na Turai ba ko kuma ya kare su daga sa ido na sabani. A cikin 2016, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Gwamnatin Amurka sun cimma yarjejeniya don maye gurbin Safe Harbour, Garkuwar Sirri na EU-US, wanda ya haɗa da wajibcin kariyar bayanai akan kamfanonin da ke karɓar bayanan sirri daga Tarayyar Turai, kariya ga gwamnatin Amurka samun damar shiga bayanai, kariya. da gyara ga daidaikun mutane, da kuma nazarin haɗin gwiwa na shekara-shekara don sa ido kan aiwatarwa. Hukuncin Kotun Turai ta 2014 a cikin shari'ar Google Spain ya ba wa mutane damar da'awar haƙƙin mantawa ko "haƙƙin da za a cire su" a cikin mahawara mai yawa don daidaitawa tsakanin sirri, ƴancin faɗar gaskiya da gaskiya. Bayan shawarar Google Spain an amince da "haƙƙin mantawa" ko "haƙƙin cire sunayen" a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a duniya, musamman a Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Recital 153 na EU General Data Protection Regulation ya ce "Dokar ƙasashe membobi yakamata su daidaita ka'idojin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki da bayanai, gami da aikin jarida tare da haƙƙin kare bayanan sirri bisa ga wannan Dokar. Gudanar da bayanan sirri kawai don dalilai na aikin jarida…ya kamata ya kasance cikin ɓata lokaci ko keɓancewa daga wasu tanade-tanaden wannan Dokar idan ya cancanta don daidaita haƙƙin kare bayanan sirri tare da ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki da bayanai, kamar yadda yake a cikin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniya." Tsarin ƙasa Yawan ƙasashen duniya da ke da dokokin kariyar bayanai kuma ya ci gaba da karuwa. Bisa ga rahoton Trends na Duniya na 2017/2018, tsakanin 2012 da 2016, kasashe mambobin UNESCO 20 sun amince da dokokin kare bayanai a karon farko, wanda ya kawo jimlar duniya zuwa 101. A cikin wadannan sabbin riko, tara sun kasance a Afirka, hudu a Asiya da Pacific, uku a Latin Amurka da Caribbean, biyu a yankin Larabawa daya kuma a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin wannan lokaci, ƙasashe 23 sun yi wa dokokin kare bayanansu kwaskwarima, wanda ke nuna sabbin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen kare bayanan a zamanin dijital. A cewar Global Partners Digital, Jihohi huɗu ne kawai suka sami cikakken haƙƙin ɓoyewa a cikin dokokin ƙasa, kuma 31 sun ƙaddamar da dokar ƙasa wacce ta bai wa hukumomin tilasta doka ikon kutse ko ɓoye bayanan sirri Tasirin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu Tun daga 2010, don haɓaka kariyar bayanai da sadarwar masu amfani da su da haɓaka amana ga ayyukansu'. Manyan misalan wannan shine yadda WhatsApp ya aiwatar da cikakken ɓoye bayanan ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe a cikin sabis ɗin saƙon sa, da fafatawar Apple na sammacin tilasta doka don buɗe iPhone ɗin da masu kai harin ta'addanci suka yi amfani da su. Kare tushen sirri da busa busa Canje-canje cikin sauri a cikin yanayin dijital, haɗe tare da aikin ɗan jarida na zamani wanda ke ƙara dogaro da fasahar sadarwar dijital, yana haifar da sabbin haɗari don kare tushen aikin jarida. Manyan barazana na wannan zamani sun haɗa da fasahohin sa ido na jama'a, manufofin riƙe bayanan dole, da bayyana ayyukan dijital na sirri ta masu shiga tsakani na ɓangare na uku. Ba tare da cikakkiyar fahimtar yadda za a kare hanyoyin sadarwar su na dijital ba, ƴan jarida da majiyoyi na iya bayyana bayanan da ba da gangan ba. Yin aiki da dokokin tsaron ƙasa, kamar dokokin yaƙi da ta'addanci, don ƙetare kariyar doka da ake da su don kariyar tushe shima ya zama al'ada ta gama gari. A yankuna da yawa, dokokin sirri na dindindin ko sabbin dokokin tsaro ta yanar gizo suna yin barazana ga kariya daga tushe, kamar lokacin da suke bai wa gwamnatoci haƙƙin kutse hanyoyin sadarwar yanar gizo don amfanin fa'idodin ma'anar tsaron ƙasa. An sami ci gaba a game da dokokin kariya daga tushe tsakanin 2007 zuwa tsakiyar 2015 a cikin 84 (kashi 69 cikin 100) na kasashe 121 da aka bincika. Yankin Larabawa ya sami cigaba mafi shahara, inda kashi 86 cikin 100 na Jihohi suka nuna sauyi, sai Latin Amurka da Caribbean (kashi 85), Asiya da Pacific (kashi 75), Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka (66 bisa dari). cent) kuma a ƙarshe Afirka, inda kashi 56 cikin 100 na Jihohin da aka bincika sun sake duba dokokin kare tushen su. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, aƙalla ƙasashe 60 sun karɓi wani nau'i na kariyar bayanan sirri. A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2005. A watan Yulin 2017, yawancin ƙasashe na duniya, 179 gaba ɗaya, sun amince da Yarjejeniyar, wanda ya haɗa da tanade-tanade don kare bayanan sirri An kuma amince da yarjejeniyoyin yanki na yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa wanda ke kunshe da kariya ga masu busa bayanan sirri. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa tsakanin Amurka da Amurka, wadda kasashe membobi 33 suka amince da ita, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Hana da Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, wadda ƙasashe mambobin UNESCO 36 suka amince da ita. A cikin 2009, Majalisar Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Ci Gaba (OECD) ta amince da Shawarar don Ci gaba da Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Jami'an Jama'a na Ƙasashen waje a cikin Ma'amaloli na Kasuwanci na Duniya. Jam'in watsa labarai A cewar rahoton Trends na Duniya, samun damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labaru iri-iri ya ƙaru tsakanin 2012 da 2016. Intanit ya yi rajista mafi girma a cikin masu amfani da ke tallafawa ta hanyar zuba jari mai yawa a cikin abubuwan more rayuwa da kuma gagarumin ci gaba a amfani da wayar hannu. Yanar gizo da wayar hannu Ajenda na 2030 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don Ci gaba mai dorewa, aikin Hukumar Broadband don Ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda UNESCO ke jagoranta, da ayyukan tsaka-tsaki na Majalisar Gudanar da Intanet kan 'Haɗa Biliyan Na gaba' tabbaci ne na alƙawuran duniya na samar da Intanet. samun dama ga kowa. A cewar ƙungiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa (ITU), a karshen shekarar 2017, an kiyasta kashi 48 cikin 100 na mutane a kai a kai suna yin amfani da intanet, daga kashi 34 cikin 100 a shekarar 2012. Duk da gagarumin ci gaban da aka samu a cikakken lambobi, duk da haka, a cikin wannan lokacin haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar masu amfani da intanet ya ragu, tare da haɓakar kashi biyar cikin 100 na shekara a cikin 2017, ya ragu daga haɓakar haɓakar kashi 10 cikin 100 a cikin 2012. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 'Yancin Bayani: Nazarin Kwatancen, nazarin ƙasa na 57 ta Global Integrity. Tace Intanet: Nazarin Kwatancen, nazarin ƙasa 55 ta Global Integrity. Right2Info Archived Kyakkyawan doka da aiki daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da FOI da sauran dokoki masu dacewa da tanadin tsarin mulki daga wasu ƙasashe 100. Mike Godwin, Haƙƙin Cyber: Kare Magana Kyauta a Zamanin Dijital Koyi game da sabbin shari'o'i daga Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai da Kotuna ta hanyar Sabuntawar Bayanai na Kwasfan fayiloli da gidajen yanar sadarwa, http://www.informationlaw.org.uk Amazon ya kawar da WikiLeaks Shin Intanet Kyauta ta mutu? Archived Paul Jay na Labaran Gaskiya (TRNN) ya tattauna batun tare da Marc Rotenberg, Tim Bray da Rebecca Parsons of ThoughtWorks Disamba 8, 2010 (bidiyo: 43: 41) Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
61682	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah	Fatah	Fatah tsohuwar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasɗinawa ta Falasdinu, jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Falasɗinawa mai kishin ƙasa da zamantakewa Wannan dai shi ne bangare mafi girma na jam'iyyu masu fafutukar 'yantar da 'yancin Falasdinu (PLO) kuma jam'iyya ta biyu mafi girma a Majalisar Dokokin Falasdinu (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, shugaban hukumar Falasdinu, shi ne shugaban kungiyar Fatah. An yi la'akari da cewa kungiyar Fatah ta kasance da hannu a cikin gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali a baya kuma ta ci gaba da rike kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da dama Fatah dai an san shi da shugabancin wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Yasser Arafat, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da Farouk Kaddoumi bisa tsarin mulki ya gaje shi zuwa mukamin shugaban Fatah, ya kuma ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2009, lokacin da aka zabi Abbas a matsayin shugaba. Tun bayan rasuwar Arafat, qungiyoyin bangaranci a cikin harkar aqida sun fara bayyana. A zaben 2006 na PLC, jam'iyyar ta rasa rinjaye a PLC a hannun Hamas Nasarar majalisar dokokin Hamas ta haifar da rikici tsakanin Fatah da Hamas, tare da Fatah ta ci gaba da rike ikon Hukumar Falasdinawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ta hannun shugabanta. Har ila yau, Fatah na taka rawa wajen kula da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu Asalin suna Cikakken sunan wannan yunkuri shi ne ḥa rakat al- ta ḥrīr al-waṭanī al- F ilasṭīnī, ma'ana "Falasdinawa National Liberation Movement". Daga wannan aka ƙirƙira juzu'i da juzu'i Fatḥ (wanda aka fassara shi da Ingilishi a matsayin "Fatah") ma'ana "buɗe", "ci", ko "nasara". Ana amfani da kalmar “fatḥ” ko “fatah” a cikin jawaban addini don ma’anar fadada Musulunci a ƙarni na farko na tarihin Musulunci. kamar yadda yake a cikin Fatḥ al-Sham, “Masarautar yan Shi’a “Fatah” kuma yana da ma’ana ta addini domin ita ce sunan <i id="mwWQ">sura</i> ta 48 (babi) na Alqur’ani wanda a cewar manyan malaman tafsirin musulmi ya yi cikakken bayani kan labarin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah A cikin shekaru biyu na zaman lafiya bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, da dama sun musulunta, wanda hakan ya kara wa bangaren musulmi karfi. Sabanin wannan yarjejeniya da kuraishawa suka yi ne ya jawo mamaye Makka Yasser Arafat ya ba da misali da wannan kafa ta Musulunci a matsayin hujjar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo da Isra'ila. Tarihi Kafuwa An kafa kungiyar Fatah a shekara ta 1959 daga wasu 'yan uwa na Palasdinawa, musamman kwararrun da ke aiki a kasashen Tekun Fasha wadanda suka yi karatu a Alkahira ko Beirut kuma suka kasance 'yan gudun hijira a Gaza Wadanda suka kafa sun hada da Yasser Arafat, sannan shugaban kungiyar daliban Falasdinawa (GUPS) a jami'ar Alkahira Salah Khalaf Khalil al-Wazirir da Khaled Yashruti, sannan GUPS shugaban a Beirut. Fatah ta amince da akidar kishin kasa ta Falasdinu wadda larabawan Falasdinawan za su sami 'yanci ta hanyar ayyukansu. 1967-93 Fatah ta zama mai karfi a siyasar Falasdinu bayan yakin kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967. Fatah ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) a cikin 1967, kuma an kasafta kujeru 33 cikin 105 a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na PLO Yasser Arafat na Fatah ya zama Shugaban PLO a 1969, bayan Yahya Hammuda ya ba shi mukamin. A cewar BBC, "Mr Arafat ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kwamitin zartarwa na PLO a shekara ta 1969, a shekarar da aka ce Fatah ta kai hare- hare 2,432 a kan Isra'ila." Yaƙin Karameh A cikin 1968, Fatah da sauran kungiyoyin Falasdinawa masu dauke da makamai sun kasance wani babban hari da dakarun tsaron Isra'ila (IDF) suka kai a kauyen Karameh na Jordan, inda hedkwatar Fatah.da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu masu matsakaicin girmasun kasance. Sunan garin shi ne kalmar larabci da ake kira "daraja" wanda ya daga darajarsa ga al'ummar Larabawa, musamman bayan shan kayen da Larabawa suka yi a shekarar 1967. An kai harin ne a matsayin martani ga hare-haren da ake kai wa Isra'ila, ciki har da makaman roka da kungiyar Fatah da wasu mayakan Falasdinawa suka harba a yankin yammacin gabar kogin Jordan da ta mamaye. An samu ilimin aikin tun kafin lokaci, kuma gwamnatin Jordan (da kuma wasu kwamandojin Fatah) sun sanar da Arafat game da manyan shirye-shiryen soji na Isra'ila. Da jin wannan labari, kungiyoyin 'yan daba da dama a yankin da suka hada da sabuwar kungiyar George Habash da aka kafa ta Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) da kungiyar Nayef Hawatmeh ta ballewar kungiyar Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), sun janye dakarunsu daga garin. Wani kwamandan sashin da ke goyon bayan Fatah na Jordan ya shawarci shugabannin Fatah da su janye mutanensu da hedkwatarsu zuwa tsaunuka da ke kusa, amma bisa umarnin Arafat, Fatah ta ci gaba da zama, kuma Sojojin Jordan sun amince su mara musu baya idan aka yi kazamin fada. A daren ranar 21 ga Maris, IDF ta kai hari Karameh da manyan makamai, motoci masu sulke da jiragen yaki. Fatah dai ta rike madafun iko, tana ba sojojin Isra'ila mamaki. Yayin da sojojin Isra'ila ke kara kaimi, sojojin Jordan sun shiga hannu, lamarin da ya sa Isra'ilawa suka ja da baya domin gudun kada a gwabza yaki. A karshen yakin, an kashe mayakan Fatah kusan 150, da kuma sojojin Jordan 28 da sojojin Isra'ila ashirin da takwas. Duk da yawan mutuwar Larabawa, Fatah sun dauki kansu a matsayin masu nasara saboda saurin janyewar sojojin Isra'ila. Baƙar Satumba A karshen shekarun 1960, rikici tsakanin Palasdinawa da gwamnatin Jordan ya karu matuka; Ƙungiyoyin juriya na Larabawa masu ɗauke da makamai sun haifar da "kasa a cikin ƙasa" a cikin Jordan, wanda a ƙarshe ya mallaki wurare masu mahimmanci a wannan ƙasa. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Karameh, Fatah da sauran mayakan Falasdinawa sun fara mamaye harkokin rayuwar jama'a a Jordan. Sun kafa shingayen hanya, sun wulakanta jami'an 'yan sandan Jordan a bainar jama'a, suna lalata da mata da kuma karbar harajin da ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda Arafat ya amince ko ya yi watsi da su. A cikin 1970, gwamnatin Jordan ta koma don dawo da ikon yankinta, kuma washegari. Sarki Hussein ya ayyana dokar ta-baci A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, sojojin Jordan sun sami galaba a yakin, kuma bayan kwana biyu Arafat da Hussein sun amince da tsagaita wuta. Sojojin Jordan sun yi mummunar barna kan Falasdinawa ciki har da fararen hula wadanda suka yi asarar kusan 3,500. Mayakan Fatah dubu biyu ne suka yi nasarar shiga Syria Sun tsallaka kan iyakar kasar ta Labanon ne domin hada kai da dakarun Fatah a kasar, inda suka kafa sabuwar hedikwatarsu. Wani babban gungun mayakan sa-kai karkashin jagorancin kwamandan yankin Fatah Abu Ali Iyad ne suka kaddamar da farmakin da sojojin Jordan suka kai a garin Ajlun da ke arewacin kasar har zuwa lokacin da aka fatattake su a watan Yulin shekarar 1971. An kashe Abu Ali Iyad tare da wasu daga cikin dakarunsa da suka tsira sun kafa kungiyar ta Fatah ta Black September A watan Nuwamban 1971, kungiyar ta kashe firaministan kasar Jordan Wasfi al-Tal a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga hukuncin kisa na Abu Ali Iyad. A shekarun 1960 da 1970, Fatah ta ba da horo ga kungiyoyin 'yan tada kayar baya na Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya, da Afirka da dama, tare da kai hare-hare da dama kan wuraren da Isra'ila ta harba a yammacin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Wasu kungiyoyin 'yan ta'addan da ke da alaka da Fatah, da wasu daga cikin yan ta'addan da ke cikin Fatah ita kanta, sun kai hare-haren ta'addanci na farar hula da hare-haren ta'addanci, tare da alakanta su da Black September, Majalisar Fatah-Revolutionary Council Abu Nidal, kungiyar Abu Musa, PFLP, da PFLP-GC. Fatah ta samu makamai da bama-bamai da horo daga Tarayyar Soviet da wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu na Gabashin Turai. Kasashen Sin da Aljeriya su ma sun ba da kayan yaki. Fatah ta taimaka wa Uganda a lokacin Yaƙin Uganda-Tanzaniy. Mambobin kungiyar sun yi yaki tare da sojojin Uganda da na Libya da sojojin kasar Tanzaniya a lokacin yakin Lukaya da faduwar Kampala, amma daga karshe aka tilasta musu ja da baya daga kasar. Lebanon Tun bayan mutuwar Eljamal a shekara ta 1968, lamarin Falasdinu yana da babban sansanin magoya baya a Lebanon. Ko da yake da farko sun yi jinkirin shiga cikin rikicin, Arafat da Fatah sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin basasar Lebanon Da yake mika wuya ga matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin PLO irin su PFLP, DFLP da Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), Fatah ta hada kai da 'yan gurguzu da Nasserist Lebanon National Movement (LNM). Ko da yake tun asali yana da alaka da Fatah, shugaban Syria Hafez al-Assad na fargabar a rasa wani tasiri a Lebanon tare da sauya sheka. Ya aike da sojojinsa tare da kungiyoyin Falasdinawa na As-Sa’iqa da ke samun goyon bayan Siriya da kuma Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command (PFLP-GC) karkashin jagorancin Ahmad Jibril don su yi yaki tare da dakarun Kirista da ke yakar PLO da Farashin LNM. Babban bangaren mayakan kiristoci shine Maronite Phalangists Sojojin Phalangist sun kashe masu horar da Fatah ashirin da shida a cikin wata motar safa a cikin watan Afrilun 1975, wanda ke nuna a hukumance fara yakin basasar Lebanon na tsawon shekaru 15. A cikin wannan shekarar, kawancen mayakan sa-kai na Kirista sun mamaye sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinawa na Karantina inda suka kashe fararen hula sama da 1,000. PLO da LNM sun yi ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari a garin Damour, wani yanki na Phalangist da Tigers (Ahrar), inda suka kashe fararen hula 684. Yayin da yakin basasar ya ci gaba sama da shekaru 2 na yakin birane, bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma yin amfani da sandunan sari-ka-noke, yayin da bangarorin biyu suka aikata ta'asa da laifukan yaki. A cikin 1976, tare da taimakon dabarun tsare-tsare daga Sojojin Labanon, kawancen mayakan sa kai na Kirista, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta National Liberal Party na tsohon shugaban kasa Cammille Chamoun reshen tsageru, noumour el ahrar (NLP Tigers), ya dauki wani muhimmin sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a yankin Gabas. na Beirut, sansanin Tel al-Zaatar, bayan da aka shafe watanni shida ana yi masa kawanya, wanda aka fi sani da Tel al-Zaatar, inda daruruwan mutane suka halaka. Arafat da Abu Jihad sun zargi kansu da rashin nasarar shirya wani aikin ceto. Hare-haren wuce gona da iri na PLO kan Isra'ila ya dan yi girma a karshen shekarun 1970. mafi tsananiwanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin titin Coastal Roadya faru a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1978. Dakarun mayakan na Fatah kusan goma ne suka sauka da kwale-kwalen su a kusa da wata babbar hanyar gabar teku da ta hada birnin Haifa da Tel Aviv-Yafo A can ne suka yi awon gaba da wata motar safa tare da yin harbe-harbe a ciki da kuma kan motocin da ke wucewa, inda suka kashe fararen hula talatin da bakwai. Dangane da mayar da martani, dakarun na IDF sun kaddamar da Operation Litani bayan kwanaki uku, da nufin karbe ikon Kudancin Lebanon har zuwa kogin Litani IDF ta cimma wannan buri, kuma Fatah ta koma arewa zuwa Beirut Isra'ila ta sake mamaye Lebanon a 1982. Ba da daɗewa ba IDF ta yi wa Beirut kawanya tare da jefa bama-bamai; don kawo karshen kewayen, gwamnatocin Amurka da na Turai sun kulla yarjejeniya da ke ba da tabbacin wucewa ga Arafat da Fatah.dakarun kasa da kasa ke gadinsudon gudun hijira a Tunis Duk da gudun hijirar, kwamandoji da mayakan Fatah da dama sun kasance a Labanon, kuma sun fuskanci yakin sansanonin a shekarun 1980 a yakin da suka yi da kungiyar Shi'a Amal da ma alaka da rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin bangarorin Palasdinawa. Bayan 1993 Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa Har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, Arafat ya jagoranci hukumar Falasdinawa ta Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance na wucin gadi da aka kirkira a sakamakon yarjejeniyar Oslo. Jim kadan bayan rasuwar Arafat ne aka zabi Farouk Kaddoumi a matsayin wanda yake ci gaba da rikewa. Fatah ta zabi Mahmoud Abbas a zaben shugaban kasar Falasdinu a shekara ta 2005 A cikin 2005, Hamas ta yi nasara a kusan dukkanin gundumomin da ta yi takara Wani mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Salah Abdel-Shafi ya shaida wa BBC irin wahalhalun da shugabancin Fatah ke fuskanta: "Ina ganin abu ne mai matukar tsanani.a fili yake cewa ba za su iya cimma matsaya kan komai ba.” Ana ganin Fatah “yana matukar bukatar gyara,” kamar yadda “Ayyukan PA din ya kasance labarin cin hanci da rashawa da gazawa.kuma Fatah ta lalace.” Bangarorin da ke dauke da makamai Fatah dai na rike da kungiyoyi da dama tun kafuwarta. Babban reshensa na soja shine al-'Asifah An yi la'akari da cewa Fatah yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci a baya, ko da yake ba kamar kungiyar Hamas mai kishin Islama ba, Fatah ba ta kasance a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci ba a kowace gwamnati. Fatah ya kasance a matsayin dan ta'adda a karkashin dokokin Isra'ila kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun dauke ta a matsayin ta'addanci har sai da ta yi watsi da ta'addanci a 1988. Fatah dai tun kafuwarta, ta kirkiri, jagoranci ko daukar nauyin kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wani jami'i a matsayin reshen kungiyar, wasu kuma ba a san su a bainar jama'a ko a cikin gida ba. Kungiyar ta kuma mamaye dakaru daban-daban na PLO da dakarun gwamnatin Falasdinawa da jami'an tsaro wadanda ba su da alaka da Fatah a hukumance, amma a aikace sun kasance runfunan da ke goyon bayan Fatah gaba daya, kuma mambobin kungiyar ne ke da ma'aikata. Asalin sunan reshen Fatah da ke dauke da makamai shi ne al-'Asifah ("Guguwar Guguwa"), kuma wannan shi ne sunan da Fatah ta fara amfani da shi a cikin bayananta na wani lokaci na kokarin boye sunan ta. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana amfani da wannan sunan gabaɗaya ga dakarun Fatah, kuma bai dace da rukunin guda ɗaya a yau ba. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Fatah sun hada da: Karfi 17 Yana taka rawa mai kama da Rundunar Tsaron Shugaban kasa ga manyan shugabannin Fatah. Kungiyar Black September Kungiyar da aka kafa ta manyan mambobin Fatah a cikin 1971, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Bakar Satumba a Jordan, don shirya hare-haren sirri da Fatah ba ta so a bayyana su a fili. Wadannan sun hada da yajin aikin da aka yi kan manyan ‘yan siyasar kasar Jordan a matsayin hanyar daukar fansa da kuma kara farashin kai wa yunkurin Palastinu hari; da kuma, mafi yawan cece-kuce, don "ayyukan kasa da kasa" (misali kisan gillar Olympics na Munich da nufin sanya matsin lamba kan Amurka, Turai da Isra'ila, don tada hangen nesa na Palasdinawa da kuma tayar da abokan hamayya kamar PFLP Fatah dai ta fito fili ta ware kanta daga kungiyar, amma ana kyautata zaton tana jin dadin goyon bayan Arafat kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar da ta dace. An dakatar da shi a cikin 1973-1974, yayin da tsarin siyasar Fatah ya sake komawa baya, kuma ana ganin ayyukan Black September da dabarun da ke bayan su sun zama abin alhaki na siyasa, maimakon wata kadara. Fatah Hawks Mayakan da ke dauke da makamai suna aiki ne har zuwa tsakiyar 1990s. Tanzim Wani reshe na Fatah a karkashin jagorancin Marwan Barghouti, mai tushe a cikin gwagwarmayar Intifada ta farko, wadda ta kai hare-hare da makamai a farkon Intifada na biyu. Daga baya sojojin shahidai na al-Aqsa suka mamaye ko kuma suka koma gefe. Brigades Shahidai Al-Aqsa An ƙirƙira a lokacin Intifada na biyu don ƙarfafa ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke tsaye ga ƙungiyar Hamas mai adawa, wacce ta jagoranci kai hare-hare a Isra'ila bayan 1993, kuma tana samun karbuwa cikin sauri tare da bayyanar Intifada. Birged din dai na cikin gida ne kuma an ce suna fama da rashin hadin kai da tarbiyyar cikin gida, a wasu lokutan kuma suna yin watsi da tsagaita bude wuta da sauran tsare-tsare da kungiyar ta Fatah ta tsakiya ta sanar. Gabaɗaya ana ganin sun ɗaure su da “matasan masu gadi” na siyasar Fatah, suna shirya matasa a matakin titi, amma ba a bayyana cewa suna kafa ƙungiya a cikin su cikin siyasar Fatah ba; a maimakon haka, ƙungiyoyin Brigades daban-daban na iya ɗaure su da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin Fatah daban-daban. Tsarin Mulki A watan Agustan 2009, a babban taron Fatah na shida a Baitalami, wakilan Fatah sun tsara sabuwar "yarjejeniya ta cikin gida". Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40761	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Locke	John Locke	John Locke FRS (/lɒk/; 29 ga Agusta 1632 -28 ga Oktoba 1704) wani masanin falsafa ne kuma likita dan kasar Ingila, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu tunani na Fadakarwa kuma wanda akafi sani da "father of 'liberalism". An yi la'akari ya ɗaya daga cikin na farko na masu mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, bin al'adar Francis Bacon, Locke yana da mahimmanci ga ka'idar kwangilar zamantakewa. Ayyukansa sun shafi ci gaban ilimin kimiyya da falsafar siyasa. Rubuce-rubucensa sun rinjayi Voltaire da Jean-Jacques Rousseau, da kuma masu tunani da yawa na Hasken Scotland, da kuma juyin juya halin Amurka. Gudunmawar da ya bayar ga tsarin jamhuriya na gargajiya da ka'idar sassaucin ra'ayi suna nunawa a cikin sanarwar 'Yancin kai na Amurka. A duniya baki daya, ka'idojin siyasa-dokar Locke na ci gaba da yin tasiri mai zurfi kan ka'idar da ayyuka na gwamnati mai iyaka da kare hakki da 'yanci na asali a karkashin doka. Sau da yawa ana ambaton ka'idar Locke a matsayin asalin tunanin zamani na identity and the self wanda ya yi fice a cikin ayyukan masana falsafa na baya kamar Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, da Immanuel Kant. Locke shine farkon wanda ya ayyana self ta hanyar ci gaba da sani. Ya sanya cewa, lokacin haihuwa, mind ba komai bane, ko tabula rasa Sabanin falsafar Cartesian dangane da abubuwan da suka rigaya sun kasance, ya ci gaba da cewa an haife mu ba tare da ra'ayoyi na asali ba, kuma ilimin da aka ƙaddara shi ne kawai ta hanyar kwarewa da aka samo daga fahimtar hankali, ra'ayi da aka sani da empiricism. Da yake nuna akidar kimiyya a cikin abubuwan da ya gani, wanda dole ne wani abu ya kasance mai iya gwadawa akai-akai kuma babu wani abu da ya kebe daga karya, Locke ya bayyana cewa "duk abin da na rubuta, da zarar na gano cewa ba gaskiya ba ne, hannuna zai kasance. wanda zai jefa shi a cikin wuta”. Irin wannan misali ɗaya ne na gaskatawar Locke ga empiriricism. Ƙuruciya An haifi Locke a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta a karni na 1632, a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin gida mai daɗaɗɗen coci a Wrington, Somerset, kimanin mil 12 daga Bristol. Ya yi baftisma a wannan rana, domin dukan iyayensa ’yan Puritan ne. Mahaifin Locke, wanda kuma ake kira John, lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda ga alkalai na Aminci a Chew Magna kuma a matsayin kyaftin na sojan doki ga sojojin majalisar a farkon yakin basasar Ingila. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Agnes Keene. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar Locke, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Market house na Pensford, kimanin mil bakwai kudu da Bristol, inda Locke ya girma a wani gidan Tudor na karkara a Belluton. A cikin karni na 1647, an aika Locke zuwa babbar makarantar Westminster da ke Landan a ƙarƙashin tallafin Alexander Popham, ɗan majalisa kuma tsohon kwamandan John Sr. Bayan ya kammala karatu a can, an shigar da shi Cocin Christ, Oxford, a cikin kaka na 1652 yana ɗan shekara 20. Shugaban kwalejin a lokacin shi ne John Owen, mataimakin shugaban jami'ar. Kodayake ɗalibi ne mai ƙwazo, Locke ya fusata da tsarin karatun digiri na lokacin. Ya sami ayyukan masana falsafa na zamani, irin su René Descartes, mafi ban sha'awa fiye da kayan gargajiya da aka koyar a jami'a. Ta hanyar abokinsa Richard Lower, wanda ya san daga Makarantar Westminster, Locke an gabatar da shi ga likitanci da falsafar gwaji da ake bi a wasu jami'o'i da kuma a cikin Royal Society, wanda daga bisani ya zama memba. An bawa Locke digiri na farko a cikinwa watan Fabrairu 1656 da digiri na biyu a watan Yuni 1658. Ya sami digirin farko na likitanci a cikin watan Fabrairu 1675, bayan ya yi nazarin batun sosai a lokacinsa a Oxford kuma, ban da Lower, ya yi aiki tare da manyan masana kimiyya da masu tunani kamar Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis da Robert Hooke. A cikin karni na 1666, ya hadu da Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley, wanda ya zo Oxford don neman maganin ciwon hanta. Ashley ya ji daɗin Locke kuma ya lallashe shi ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyarsa. Sana'a Aiki Locke ya kasance yana neman aiki kuma a cikin 1667 ya koma gidan Ashley a Exeter House a Landan, don zama likitan kansa. A London, Locke ya ci gaba da karatun likitancinsa a karkashin kulawar Thomas Sydenham. Sydenham ya sami babban tasiri akan tunanin falsafar LockeTasirin da zai bayyana a cikin Maƙala Game da Fahimtar Dan Adam. An gwada ilimin likitancin Locke a lokacin da cutar hanta Ashley ta zama mai barazana ga rayuwa. Locke ya haɗu da shawarar likitoci da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa ya taimaka wajen shawo kan Ashley don yin tiyata (sa'an nan kuma mai barazanar rai a kanta) don cire cyst. Ashley ya tsira kuma ya ci gaba, yana yaba Locke da ceton rayuwarsa. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15658	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo%20Ayoola-Amale	Ayo Ayoola-Amale	Ayo Ayoola-Amale mawakiya (An haife ta ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, 1970) a jos babban birnin jihar Plateau a tarayyar nijeriya. yar Afirkace kuma lauya. Tarihin rayuwa Rayuwar farko An haifi Ayo Ayoola-Amale ne Adebisi Ayo Adekeye a Jos, Najeriya Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar zaman lafiya tun tana ƙarama kuma ta zama Jagoran ƙungiyar Rotaract da Jagorar Girlsan mata a lokacin da take saurayi lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyoyin Gudanar da Girlan mata tare da mai da hankali kan yin aiki a kan batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa, kamar tashin hankali ga mata da girlsan mata Ta kasance mamba a kungiyar Rotary da kuma Women in Nigeria (WIN). Mahaifinta lauya ne kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar London kuma ya kasance jami’in tsaro na Jiha wanda ya bauta wa Najeriya ba tare da sadaukar da kai ba a matsayin mai ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Tsaro, Mai ba Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Shawara kan Harkokin Tsaro da Daraktan Hukumar Tsaron Jiha An karrama shi da lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da lambobin yabo daga Amurka. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaba na babban kayan tsaro kuma shugaban wasu kamfanoni; mahaifiyarta wata Gimbiya yar kasuwa. Tana da shekara goma, ta koma Arewacin Najeriya sakamakon aikin da mahaifinta ya yi a hukumance, inda ta girma a keɓantaccen yanki na keɓewar gwamnati na Kano. Saurayi Ayo yana son littattafai kuma tana karantawa ba daɗi ba kuma a ko'ina. Ta kasance daliba a makarantar St Louis Secondary School, Bompai, Kano. Ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, kuma an kira ta zuwa mashaya a 1993. Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Legas, inda ta samu digiri na farko na LLM da Jami'ar Ghana ta kammala da LLM (ADR). Ta dauki sunan suna Amale lokacin da tayi aure. A halin yanzu, tana zaune a Accra kuma galibi tana yawo a duniya a kan ayyukan salama na duniya da ke isar da saƙonni masu motsa rai na zaman lafiya da haɗin kan duniya. Ayyuka Ayo lauya ce, kwararriya ne mai sasanta rikici, mai kula da yadda ake rikici, amintaccen malama kuma jagora, ayyukan sasanta rikici na farko, Inc. Ta kasance memba na rtungiyar rtwararrun Maɗaukaki, Burtaniya. Ayo tana da takaddun takaddun gida da na duniya da dama na sauƙaƙawa, gudanar da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire kuma ya halarci bita daban-daban na gida, na ƙasa da na duniya da kuma taron karawa juna sani kan rubuce-rubuce da gabatarwa. Ta kasance Babban Malami kuma Shugabar Sashin Shari'a, Kwalejin Shari'a, Kwalejin Jami'ar Kings, Jami'ar Wisconsin da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ghana, Accra, Ghana A matsayina na lauya kuma masanin sasanta rikici Ayo tana da sama da shekaru 18 na aikin lauya a cikin kamfanonin lauyoyi masu daraja da kuma sama da shekaru 15 a matsayin malamin Lauya, a Dokar Kasuwanci, Dokar Kasuwanci da Aiki, Dokar Kamfani, ADR, Ka'idodin Shari'a da sauransu, a Nijeriya, Ghana da Senegal Ta kasance abokiyar aiki kuma Shugabar sashen Shari'a ta Kasuwanci a Ayo, Ajibulu da Co., Kwararrun Kwararru da Sanarwa, Lagos da Bayo Ayorinde da Co., Kwararrun Lauyoyi, Lagos. Ayo Ombudsman ce kuma mai shiga tsakani don masu shiga tsakani bayan Border International, USA Ta gabatar da takardu a tarurruka daban-daban na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa kan warware rikice-rikice, Dokoki na Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci da kuma aiki, Ilimin Zaman Lafiya, Mata Salama da Tsaro, da dai sauransu. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na kungiyar marubutan Ghana (GAW), Accra. A matsayinsa na mai ilimi Ayo ta tabo rayuka da yawa a matsayin Malama, mai son zaman lafiya da ba tashin hankali, mai ba da shawara game da zaman lafiya da kuma mai da'awar kawo sauyi cikin zamantakewar al'umma. Ta sanya murmushi ga waɗanda aka zalunta, masu ƙarancin gata a cikin al'umma. Ta hanyar Gidauniyar ta, tana da ayyukan jin kai da aka sani da Sun Ilmin Ilimi don Makarantu, Hasken Haske don sadaka da nasiha da kuma Kungiyar Wakoki na Splendors Performance tun daga matakin farko har zuwa Makarantar Firamare. Wadannan ayyukan sun yi tasiri sosai ga rayuwar yara da matasa da yawa a cikin al'umma. Kyauta Ambasada na Duniya don Aminci (Kyauta daga Peaceungiyar Peaceasashen Duniya ta Duniya) 2013 An ba da lambar girmamawa ga Mai shiga tsakani na Duniya (Kungiyar sasantawa ta Duniya) Berlin, Jamus, saboda girmamawar da take yi wa bil'adama da kuma sadaukar da kai ga zaman lafiya. Cibiyar Kwalejin 2016 ta Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, Birnin New York, Doctor na Falsafa (Amincin Duniya). IAEWP Jakadan Duniya na Duniya, IAEWP Mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Peace Messenger ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1987 Ambasada, Gidauniyar Soyayya, Burtaniya 2011 Academy of Universal Global Peace, New York City- Ambasada a Babban don Amincin Duniya Musa na Yarjejeniyar Mawaka, 2011 Jakadan zaman lafiya da jituwa, Global Harmony International, 2010 Mai karɓar kyautar kyautar Mawaki ta Pentasi B Universal, 2017 Manazarta Mata Ƴan
59337	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography%20na%20Rwanda	Geography na Rwanda	Rwanda ta na cikin Gabashin Afirka, a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo, a cikin daidaitar 2.000°S 30.000°E -2.000; 30.000. A 26,338 (10,169 sq mi),Rwanda ita ce ƙasa ta 149 mafi girma a duniya. Tayi dai-dai da girman Haiti ko jihar Massachusetts a Amurka.Dukkan ƙasar tana da tsawo mai tsawo:mafi ƙanƙanta shine Kogin Rusizi a mita 950 (3,117) sama da matakin teku. Rwanda tana cikin Tsakiyar/Gabashin Afirka,kuma tana da iyaka da Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo a yamma,Uganda a arewa, Tanzania a gabas, da Burundi a kudu. Tana kwance a 'yan digiri a kudancin ma'auni kuma ba shi da iyaka. Babban birnin, Kigali, yana kusa da tsakiyar Rwanda. Manyan siffofin ƙasa Rashin ruwa tsakanin manyan tafkunan kongo da Nilu yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu ta hanyar Rwanda,tare da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na yankin ƙasar da ke gudana cikin Kogin Nilu da kashi 20 cikin 100 zuwa Kongo ta hanyar Kogin Rusizi.Kogin da yafi tsayi a ƙasar shi ne Nyabarongo,wanda ke tashi a kudu maso yamma yana gudana a arewa, gabas da kudu maso gabas kafin ya haɗu da Akanyaru don samar da Akagera; sannan Akagera yana gudana zuwa arewa tareda iyakar gabashin Tanzania.Nyabarongo-Akagera daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin Tafkin Victoria,kuma asalin sa acikin dazuzzukan Nyungwe mai fafatawane ga asalin da ba a tantance shiba na Kogin Nilu. Rwanda tana da tabkuna da yawa,mafi girma shine Tafkin Kivu.Wannan tafkin yana zaune a ƙasa na Albertine Rift,tare da mafi yawan tsawon iyakar yammacin Rwanda,kuma tareda matsakaicin zurfin (1,575 ft), yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya. Sauran tabkuna masu girma sun haɗa da Burera, Ruhondo,Muhazi,Rweru, da Ihema, na ƙarshe shine mafi girma daga cikin tabkuna a gabashin filin shakatawa na Akagera. Duwatsu sun mamaye tsakiyar da yammacin Rwanda. Waɗannan duwatsu suna daga cikin tsaunukan Albertine Rift dake gefen reshen Albertine na Gabashin Afirka. Wannan reshe yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu tareda iyakar yammacin Rwanda. Ana samun tsaunuka mafi girma acikin sarƙar dutsen mai aman wuta na Virunga a arewa maso yamma;wannan ya haɗada Dutsen Karisimbi, mafi girman matsayi na Rwanda, a mita4,507 (14,787). Wannan ɓangaren yammacin Rwanda, wanda ke cikin yankin gandun daji na Albertine Rift, yana da tsawo na 1,500 (4,921 zuwa mita 2,500 (8,202 ft). Cibiyar kasar ta fi yawan tuddai masu juyawa, yayin da yankin iyakar gabashin ya ƙunshi savanna, filayen da maras kyau. Rwanda tana da yanayin zafi mai zafi, tare da ƙananan zafin jiki fiye da yadda ya saba ga ƙasashen equatorial saboda girmansa. Kigali, a tsakiyar kasar, yana da yanayin zafin jiki na yau da kullun tsakanin C (54 F) da C (81 F), tare da ɗan bambanci a cikin shekara. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance na zafin jiki a duk faɗin ƙasar; tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da arewa suna da sanyi fiye da ƙananan gabas. Akwai lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu a cikin shekara. Na farko yana gudana daga Fabrairu zuwa Yuni kuma na biyu daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. Wadannan an raba su da lokutan bushewa guda biyu: babban daga Yuni zuwa Satumba, lokacin da sau da yawa babu ruwan sama kwata-kwata, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi ƙarancin gaske daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu. Ruwan sama ya bambanta da ƙasa, tare da yamma da arewa maso yammacin ƙasar da ke karɓar ruwan sama a kowace shekara fiye da gabas da kudu maso gabas. Yanayin siyasa Rwanda tana kan iyaka da Burundi na kilomita 290, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo na kilomita 217, Tanzania na kilomita 217 da Uganda na kilomita 169. Tsinkaya a Gabashin Afirka ya nuna cewa ana hasashen zafin jiki zai tashi kuma ya kasance tsakanin 1.8-4.3 sama da 1980 zuwa 1999 ma'ana ta 2100. Yanayin jiki Rwanda tana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 26, wanda kashi 3 cikin dari ruwa ne. Yanayi Rwanda tana da yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi da kuma yanayin subtropical (Köppen climate classification Aw da Cwb CFb), tare da lokacin rigar da lokacin fari. Albarkatun halitta Rwanda tana da albarkatun kasa masu zuwa: zinariya cassiterite (ma'adinai) wolframite (tungsten ore) columbite-tantalite (tantalum da niobium ore) methane wutar lantarki ta ruwa kofi shayi ƙasa mai noma wake mai launin kore Amfani da ƙasa a Rwanda galibi don ƙasar noma ne, da sauran dalilai. 40 km2 na ƙasa a Rwanda ana ban ruwa. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya bayyana amfani da ƙasa a Rwanda, tun daga shekara ta 2011. Muhalli Haɗarin yanayi a Rwanda sun haɗa da fari na lokaci-lokaci da aikin dutsen wuta na Dutsen Virunga, wanda ke arewa maso yammacin ƙasar, tare da iyaka da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Batutuwan yanzu Batutuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu game da muhalli a Rwanda sun haɗa da: sakamakon lalacewar gandun daji ba tare da kulawa ba don man fetur, yawan kiwo, gajiya da ƙasa da kuma yaduwar farauta. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa Rwanda ta kasance jam'iyya ga yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa masu zuwa: Biodiversity Canjin yanayi Canjin Yanayi-Tsarin Kyoto Yunkurin hamada Dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari Rashin Kasuwanci Mai Hadari Hana gwajin nukiliya Kariya ta Yankin Ozone Yankunan ruwa Rwanda ta sanya hannu, amma ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Tekun ba. Abubuwa masu tsananin gaske Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na Rwanda, wuraren da suka fi arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri. Yankin arewacin wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da Uganda nan da nan arewa maso yammacin ƙauyen Kagitumba, lardin Gabas Gabashin Gabas wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da Tanzania a kogin Kagera, lardin Gabas Yankin kudu wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da Burundi, lardin Kudancin Yammacin Yamma wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a cikin kogin Ruzizi nan da nan a kudancin garin DRC na Bukavu, lardin Yamma Dubi kuma Jerin tabkuna a Rwanda Bayanan da aka ambata Climate change Geography of Rwande Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19150	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Crous	Marie Crous	Marie Crous (fl. 1641),Ta kasan ce wata bafaranshi yace mai ilimin lissafi kuma. Ta gabatar da tsarin adadi ga Faransa a karni na 17. Tarihin rayuwa Ya zo ne daga asalin asali, Marie Crous ta zama fitacciyar marubuciya kuma malama a Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force An buga ta a shekarar 1636, kuma a shekarar 1641 ta buga wani bincike kan tsarin adadi, wanda ta sadaukar da ita ga "gimbiya mai sanyin saffron" Madame de Combalet, Duchesse d'Aiguillon, yayar Cardinal de Richelieu kuma sanannen majiɓinci; ta kasance abokiyar Marin Mersenne Koyaya, mashahuran mambobi na masana ilimi da masana kimiyya a cikin tsarin addinin Katolika na Minim Roman Katolika ba za a taɓa ambata ta ba, wanda ya mamaye binciken kimiyya a Faransa a wannan lokacin, kuma ba a taɓa yarda da ita a matsayin mace mai ilimi ba. Her work, printed by Simon Stevin, goes well beyond what was provided at the time in calculation manuals. She wrote, Aikinta ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa guda biyu: matakin adama (a yau ana kiransa budurwa a cikin Faransanci) don raba mantissa na sassan goma, haka kuma amfani da sifili a cikin adadi don nuna cewa wuri baya nan. A yin hakan, ta ba da lamba ga lambobin adadi na yanzu. Ta sanya sifili nuls kamar yadda Jamusawa suke yi. Gwaninta a rubuce har da lissafi, ta kirkiro wasu abubuwan hanyar Pestalozzi da abin da ta kira bangaranci, wanda ke da matukar amfani ga lissafin tunani, musamman wajen aiwatar da shi a dokar mutum uku Aikin Crous (bugun farko ya fara ne daga 1635-1636) ya fara da wasiƙa zuwa ga majiɓinta. Tana nuna godiya ga taimakon da ta yi ta waɗannan kalmomin: Koyaya, ba ta danganta cancantar abubuwan da ta ƙirƙiro mata ba. A cikin gabatarwar karatun Abrégé (Abstract Research), Marie Crous ta ba da tabbacin cewa ta yi aikinta A cikin gabatarwar ta ga Charlotte de Caumont, ta yi magana game da masu sana'o'in kasuwanci a cikin Paris, waɗanda a wancan lokacin suka fara maye gurbin ma'aunin ma'auni, kamar toise, tare da auna a cikin goma a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin: Daga wannan hangen nesan, Marie Crous ta samar da tushe don tsarin tsarin awo Masanin lissafi Olry Terquem ya yi nadamar cewa har yanzu ba a bai wa sunanta wani titi a birnin Paris ba. Kwanan nan, Catherine Goldstein ta sadaukar da wani ɓangare na labarin nata, "Ba na jama'a bane ko na sirri: ilimin lissafi a farkon zamanin Faransa na zamani" ga Crous. Duba kuma 0 (lamba) Mantissa Mahimmanci Dokar uku (lissafi) Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Manazarta Duba kuma Catherine Goldstein, Neither public nor private: mathematics in early modern France Abrégée recherche de Marie Crous, pour tirer la solution de toute proposition d'arithmétique, dépendantes des règles y contenues avec quelques propositions sur les changes, escomptes, intérêt, compagnie, associations, paiements, départements de deniers, mélanges, bureau des monnaies et toisages, divisé en trois parties. ENsemble un avis sur les dixmes ou dixièmes du sieur Stevin, à Paris, chez Jacques Auvray. 1661. M. Olry Terquem, published by T. Bachelier, article on Marie Crous p. 200 et seq. Ou Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques Volume 14, p. 200 et seq (1852). Georges Maupin, Opinions et curiosités touchant la mathématique (deuxième série) d'après les ouvrages français des XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle, édité à Paris chez Naud (1898). pp.
19596	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Ali%20al-Farisi	Abu Ali al-Farisi	Abū 'Ali al-Fārisī wanda ake kira Abū Alī al Ḥasan Aḥmad Abd al-Ghaffār Ibn Muḥammad bin Sulaimān bin Abān al-Fārisī (c. 901 987) ya kasance jagorar ilimin nahawun Iran na makarantar al-Baṣrah Ya rayu a Baghdād sannan daga baya yayi aiki a kotunan Sayf al-Dawla a Aleppo da 'Aḍud al-Dawlah a Shiraz nean dan uwansa shi ne Abi al-Hussein Muhammad Bin al-Hassan Bin Abd al-Wareth al-Faressi al-Nawawi, wanda ya ba wa malamin nan mai suna al-Jurjānī umarni game da rubutun nahawun al-Fārisī, Idah Rayuwa Abū 'Ali al-Ḥasan ibn Ahmad ibn al-Ghaffār al-Fārisī, an san shi da Abū Alī, ko kuma wani lokacin al-Fasawī. An haife shi a garin Fasa a Fars lardin a 901. Ya aka haife su a Persian uba da wani Arab mahaifiyarsa. A shekarar 919 ya tafi Bagdad don yin karatu. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa kuma ya ɗauki lokaci tare da Sayf ad-Dawlah ibn Hamdān mai mulkin Hamdanid a Aleppo a shekarar 952/953 inda ya gudanar da taro tare da shahararren mawaƙin kotu al-Mutanabbi (915-965). Ya ci gaba da zuwa Fars, kuma ya sami tagomashi a kotun Buyid ta 'Audud-Dawlah bin Buwaih da ke Shirāz Ibn Khallikan ya ba da labarin wata gasa ta nahawu a hippodrome ('Maidān') tsakanin Abū Alī da yariman 'Aḍud al-Dawlah a kan mafi kyawun lafazin nahawu kan amfani da shari'ar tuhuma. A cikin magana: Yarima yayi jayayya cewa 'Zaid'ya kasance cikin wannan aka zaba ba Wanda ake zargi ba.lokacin da Abu Ali ya kiyaye cewa Furuci da yayi an fahimce shi ta wata mahanga daban.saboda haka 'zaid' zargi ya tabbata a kanshi,yarima yayi kalubale:cewa me yada baza' ayi da wata hanya ba don cike gurbin. Abū Alī conceded he was stumped by this remark saying; Abū Alī ya sadaukar da ayyukan ilimin nahawu, Idāh (hoto) da Takmila (kari) ga 'Aḍud kuma ya rubuta yarjejeniya kan batun muhawararsa da yariman wanda ya kunshi amincewar' Aḍud ad-Dawlah. A cikin Idah ya ambaci cewa keɓewa yake gudana a cikin tuhuma da kalmar aiki wacce ta gabata (watau ta kalmar 'zo'), sakamakon tabbatarwar ta da kalmar sai. Ibn Khallikān ya sake ba da labarin wani labari game da tattaunawa tsakanin mawaki Abū 'l-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Andalusī da Abū Alī. Malamin nahawu ya nuna kishin Ab of 'l-Qāsim na wayayyen waka kuma ya yarda da rashin nasa, duk da cewa, a matsayin mai ilimin nahawu, yana da gogewa a fagen ilimin waka. Ya yi iƙirarin to kawai ya taɓa yin ayoyi uku waɗanda ke gudana: 'Aud ad-Dawlat ya kasance mai son maimaita abin da Abū Tammām ya faɗi, wanda aka bayar a cikin littafin Abū Alū na Idāh don bayyana doka game da kalmar 'ya zama': Ibn Khallikān ya alakanta shi da wani mafarki da yayi lokacin da take Cairo wai ya hadu da wadu mahajjata Uku a tsohuwar makabarta. in the village of Kalyūb. One pilgrim mentioned that the sheikh Abū Alī ‘l-Fārisī had lived there for many years; and that he had been a talented poet among other things. Ibn Khallikān had never came across any of his poetry. So in a sweet voice the man recited three verses. When he awoke the charming voice was still in his ears, but he could only recall this, the last verse:An yi zargin cewa shi Mutazilite ne Ya mutu a Baghdād a ranar Lahadi 17 ga Rabi 'al-thani (wasu suna cewa Rabi' al-awwal 377 h. (Aug 987) An saka shi cikin hurumi na "Shūnīzi". Ayyuka Idāh 'Hoto' da Takmila (kari); ayyukan nahawu; Kitāb al-masā'il al-maslahat yurwiha 'an az-Zajjāj wa-tu'raf bi-al-Aghfāl da Aghfāl (sakaci), ko 'Tambayoyi masu amfani (Gyara)', inda yake musanta al-Zajjāj a cikin Maāni (maganarsa); Kitāb ḥujja (Hujja) Hujja Cewa Masu Karatu Bakwai Imaman Garuruwan ne, kamar yadda Abū Bakr Aḥmad bin Mūsā bin al-'Abbās ibn Mujāhid ya tsara; Kitāb taḍkira Tunawa (Tunawa), babban juzu'i; Kitāb mukhtaṣir 'awāmil al'a'rāb Tabbatarwa a cikin Nahawu; Kitāb abyāt al-a'rāb Ayoyi (Tanti) na Larabawa; Narkar da kalmomin Gudanarwa a cikin Declension Conjugation Tambayoyin da aka tattauna a cikin al-Baghdādī al-Ḥalabī al-Shirāzī da al-Baṣrah Magani akan gajere da dogon Alif Wakilan Dari (ko sassan magana); Tambayoyi da aka tattauna a Taro, da sauransu
36282	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Wadai%28Ya%C6%99in%20Ouaddai%29	Yaƙin Wadai(Yaƙin Ouaddai)	Yaƙin Wadai (wanda aka fi sani da "Yaƙin Ouaddai") Kasar Faransa da kawayenta na Afirka suka yi yaƙi da Daular Wadai da ƙawayenta daga shekara ta 1906 zuwa shekara ta 1912. Wadda take cikin abin da zai kasance gabashin Chadi da yammacin Sudan a yau, Wadai ta yi tsayayya da mamayar Faransa. Ba tare da la'akari ba, yawancin Wadai gami da babban birninta Abéché ya fada hannun maharan a cikin shekara ta 1909, wanda ya tilasta mai mulkin masarautar Dud Murra ci gaba da adawarsa daga lardunan da ke kusa da jihohin da ke tare da ita. Ya sami nasarar samun goyon bayan masarautar Musamman ta yankin Darfur da Dar Masalit, kuma ya yi amfani da wadannan yankuna a matsayin sansanonin baya yayin yunkurin korar Faransawan. Yin haka, ya more ɗan nasara, kuma ya haifar da nasara da yawa ga sojojin da Faransa ke jagoranta. Don halatta shigarsu, Faransawa suka sanya dangin Dud Murra Adam Asil a matsayin mai mulkin yar tsana a Wadai. Bayan rasa galibin sojojinsa da abokansa, an tilasta Dud Murra ya mika wuya a cikin shekara ta 1911. Ba tare da la'akari ba, tashin hankali da farko ya ci gaba: wata babbar tawaye ga Faransawa ta ɓarke jim kaɗan bayan kayen da Dud Murra ya sha, kuma an yi zargin cewa an shirya makircin adawa da Turai tare da goyon bayan Adam Asil. Karshen gwagwarmaya ta ƙarshe ta adawa da Faransa a Wadai an murƙushe ta a shekara ta 1912 kuma yankin ya kasance ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa har zuwa shekara ta 1960. Bayan Fage Mutanen Tunjur ne suka kafa shi a karni na 16 kuma yake a gabashin Basin Chadi, tattalin arzikin Wadai ya dogara ne da kiwon shanu da fataucin bayi. Dangane da haka, ta haɓaka ƙwararrun sojoji waɗanda babban dalilinsu shine mamaye wasu yankuna don bayi. Duk da cewa addinin Islama ya kasance a matsayin addinin ƙasa, al'adun gargajiya sun kasance gama gari a tsakanin jama'ar Wadai. Ba tare da la'akari ba, an yi amfani da addini don ba da hujjar farmakin bayi ga mutanen da ba Musulmi ba a kudu. A cikin karni na 19, Wadai ya kara samun karfi sakamakon gogewar sarakuna da suka cancanta (kolak), duk da yake-yake na basasa lokaci-lokaci. Daga karshe jihar ta kulla kawance da babban umarnin Senussi wanda ya kasance a hamada zuwa arewa kuma yake sarrafa mahimman hanyoyin kasuwanci na Saharar ya zama mafi rinjaye a gabashin yankin Basin. Wadai ya sami ci gaba a karkashin tsayayyun sarakunan Ali bin Muhammad Sharif (r. 1858-1874) da Yusuf ibn Muhammad Sharif (r. 1874-1898). Caravans sun ƙara son yin tafiya ta cikin Wadai, suna ganin ya fi aminci, kuma sun kawo wa yankin wadata mai yawa. Dogaro da tattalin arzikinta da ke bunkasa da kuma bindigogin da aka shigo da su daga Senussi, Wadai ya fadada tare da fatattakar wasu batutuwan da dama kamar su Bornu da Sultanate na Bagirmi, yana tilasta musu yin haraji da kuma sace ƙwararrun masu fasaha don wadatar da daular. A lokaci guda, Scramble na Afirka ya haifar da mulkin mallaka na Sahel cikin sauri. Gabashin Wadai, Turawan ingila sun fatattaki Mahdin Sudan kuma suka sake kafa Masarautar Darfur a matsayin kasar kare kai. Mai mulkin yankin Darfur, Ali Dinar, ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa masarauta mai tasiri da cin gashin kai. A yamma, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Kasar Faransa sun fara fadada cikin Tekun Chadi, inda suka shiga rikici da wasu kananan hukumomi, kabilu, da motsi ciki har da umarnin Senussi. Sakamakon tattaunawar a shekara ta 1898–99, gwamnatocin Birtaniyya da Faransa sun amince su raba Kogin Chadi a tsakaninsu. Sun yanke shawarar sanya Wadai zuwa Kasar Faransa, yayin da Darfur a hukumance aka sanya shi cikin yankin turawan ingila. Har yanzu dai rashin tabbas ya kasance, yayin da ake takaddama kan iyakar tsakanin Wadai da Darfur kuma a kai a kai ana kan karatowa. Lokacin da Ali Dinar na Darfur ya sami labarin Yarjejeniyar Turai, sai ya kuduri aniyar fadada yankinsa cikin sauri zuwa yamma don hana Faransawa mamaye wasu yankunan da ya yi imanin mallakinsa ne. Ya ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga Senussi saboda dalilai na soji da na tattalin arziki, don haka ya zama sannu a hankali ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da Kasar Faransa gaba zuwa yamma. A cikin shekara ta 1898, Kolak Yusuf na Wadai ya mutu, wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar maye gurbin a yayin da Ahmad al-Ghazali, wanda Ali Dinar ya goyi bayansa, ya sami kursiyin. Bayan shekaru biyu, Faransawa suka rusa daular Rabih az-Zubayr suka kafa Chadi ta Faransa, kai tsaye take iyaka da Wadai. Sakamakon haka Faransanci ya fara tsoma baki a gwagwarmayar maye gurbin Wadai. A cikin shekara ta 1901, Muhammad Salih, wanda aka fi sani da "Dud Murra" (Zakin Murra) wanda ya sami goyon bayan umarnin Senussi ya hambarar da Ahmad al-Ghazali. Don saka wa abokan aikinsa na Senussi, Dud Murra ya ba su damar yin kasuwanci da yardar kaina a masarautarsa. A sakamakon haka, Dud Murra da Senussi sun kulla kawance. Duk da hawansa, mulkin Dud Murra ya ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale daga abokan hamayya. Dan uwan nasa Adam Asil yi yunkurin juyin mulki, amma bai yi nasara ba ya gudu don gudun makanta. Adam Asil ya sami mafaka tare da Faransawan da suka fara tallafawa da'awar sa ta gadon sarauta. Sun yi niyyar nada shi a matsayin 'yar tsana mai mulkin Wadai. Dakarun adawa Wadai Wadai tana da haziki kuma gogaggen soja, wanda ya kware sosai game da gwagwarmayar tafi da gidanka da kuma kai hare-hare wanda yake nuna yakin gargajiya a yankin. Babban jigon sojojinta sune fitattun sojojin doki, da yawa daga cikinsu na fada ne. Zuwa shekara ta 1900, Wadai ta sami damar tara 7,000 zuwa 11,000 daga cikin wadannan sojoji da aka hau. Manyan sojoji sun sami ƙarin sojoji, waɗanda yawancinsu bayi ne. Sarakunan Wadai sun kasance masu son zamanantar da sojojinsu, kuma sun fara shigo da bindigogin zamani daga Arewacin Afirka a farkon karni na 19. An haramtawa fararen hula mallakar bindigogi, yayin da cinikin bindiga don fadada rumbun ajiyar kayan aikin Wadai ya karu yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba. A mafi yawan lokuta ana musayar bindigogin ne ga bayi. Musamman, Dud Murra ya fadada kayan Wadai sosai, kuma ya tara bindigogi guda 10,000, tun daga tsofaffin manyan duwatsu masu inganci zuwa Martini Henry, Remington, Gras, da Winchester bindigogi, har ma da jakuna A mafi yawan lokuta, dole ne a shigo da bindigogin zamani zuwa Wadai ta hanyar umarnin Senussi, kamar yadda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai da Daular Usmaniyya gaba ɗaya suka hana sayar da su a yankin Sahara. Sakamakon haka, shigo da bindigogi ya kasance yana da matukar tsada ga jihohin Saharar da suka hada da Wadai. Wani matafiyi ya bayyana a shekara ta 1881 cewa darajar makamin Kasar Italiya na zamani zai ninka har sau goma a lokacin da ya isa kudu da hamada. Isar da kayayyakin gyara da alburusai na bindigogin zamani ya kasance matsala, kuma da yawa mayaƙan Saharar a kan haka sun ci gaba da fifita ƙanƙantar duwatsu waɗanda ke fama da ƙarancin wadata. Faransanci Sojojin Kasar Faransa na yau da kullun daga Turai waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Chadi ba su da isassun kayan aiki da rauni a adadi. A sakamakon haka, Faransawa sun dogara ga sojojin Afirka a yakin da suke yi a yankin, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu aka dauke su daga sojojin manyan hafsoshi da sarakuna. Yawancin sojojin da Faransa ta jagoranta wadanda suka yi yaki da Wadai a zahiri tsoffin sojoji ne na rusasshiyar rundunar Rabih az-Zubayr wadanda suka koma ga Turawan. Yaƙin Tare da goyon bayan Faransawa Adam Asil, a fili rikici tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai da Wadai ya barke a shekara ta 1906. Sannu a hankali Faransawa suka ci gaba zuwa gabas, suna gina kagaggun mukamai don tallafa wa yakinsu, kuma suka kai hari kan garuruwa masu karfi na Senussi Zawiya a cikin Hamada wanda ya rage karfin ikon Musulunci da karfin tattalin arziki. Zuwa shekara ta 1907, sojojin Faransa sun kasance a tsakanin na Abéché. A halin yanzu, Adam Asil ya fara kaddamar da samame akai-akai zuwa cikin yankin Wadai daga yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka. Waɗannan hare-haren ba su da izinin shugabannin Turai, waɗanda ke haifar da rikici. Faransawa ma sun yi watsi da shi na ɗan lokaci a cikin shekara ta 1908, amma ba da daɗewa ba sun ci gaba da goyon bayansu ga aikinsa. Duk da matsalolin da suka dabaibaye Adam Asil, Faransawa sun ci gaba da samun ci gaba. Wani rukuni na sojoji guda 200 karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Jérusalemy ya yi mummunan rauni a kan sojojin Wadai a Dokotchi a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekara ta 1908 da Djoua a ranar 16 ga Yuni. Faransawa sun kashe gwamnonin lardin Wadai na Mahamid da Debaba yayin yakin na baya. Godiya ga nasarar da aka samu a Djoua, wani rukunin Faransa na 180 karkashin Kyaftin Jean-Joseph Fiegenschuh ya sami damar mamaye Abéché a ranar 2 ko 12 ga Yunin shekara ta 1909. Wadai ya zama wani ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa, kuma an saka Adam Asil kamar yadda sabon kolak Dud Murra ya ƙi miƙa wuya, duk da haka, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki azaman “inuwa” <i id="mwpg">kolak</i> Ya koma arewa zuwa yankunan da kuma ya yi tawaye ga Faransawan da ikon Wadai ya kasance mai tsananin wahala. Kamar yadda Faransawa suka yi ikirarin duk yankunan da sarakunan Wadai suka mallaka a baya, su ma sun yi rikici da Darfur. Ali Dinar ya dauki ci gaban su zuwa yankin iyakar Wadai-Darfur da ake takaddama a kansa a matsayin cin zarafi, kuma ya fara goyon bayan manufar Dud Murra. A halin yanzu, Captain Fiegenschuh aka aiko bayan da ɗan gudun hijira kolak wanda aka tushen a cikin ƙasa na Sultan Taj ad-Din, mai mulkin Dar Masalit. Sojojin Wadaian sun kashe Fiegenschuh da rundunarsa gaba ɗaya a Wadi Kadja a ranar 4 ga Janairun shekara ta 1910. Nan da nan aka tara wata rundunar ta Faransa. Idan aka kirga sojoji guda 300, wannan rukunin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Yankin Chadi Joseph Édouard Maillard, kuma ya gamu da sojoji na 'yan asalin yankin guda 5,000 karkashin jagorancin Dud Murra da Sultan Taj ad-Din a Dorothe a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1910. Sojojin Afirka sun yi nasarar kewaye Faransawan, kuma ya shafe su cikin yaƙin da aka yi. Dukkanin bangarorin sun yi asara mai yawa, gami da Maillard da Sultan Taj ad-Din. Gabaɗaya, Yaƙin Dorothe babbar nasara ce ga Dud Murra, kuma ya dawo da ikonsa na ɗan lokaci. Fahimtar munin halin da ake ciki, shugabanin Faransa sun shirya wani harin. A wannan karon, an sanya tsohon sojan mulkin mallaka Victor Emmanuel Largeau cikin kwamandan Yakin Wadai. Ya ƙaddamar da kamfen na yaƙar tawaye, wanda ya sami nasarar tilasta Dud Murra ya miƙa wuya a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1911. Kolak da ya sha kaye an tsare shi a Fort-Lamy, kodayake har yanzu ana ci gaba da rikici. Jim kaɗan bayan mika wuya na Dud Murra, wani babban tawaye ya ɓarke a Wadai. Bayan an murkushe wannan tawayen, Faransawa sun tabbatar da ikonsu a kan yankin. Shi ma ɗan tsana na Wadai ya riga ya fa'ida daga amfaninsa. Adam Asil ya kori Faransawa a cikin shekara ta 1911, wanda ake zargi da tallafawa wata makarkashiyar Turai. Faransawa sun mamaye Wadai gaba daya a shekara ta 1912. Bayan haka Yaƙin Wadai ya haifar da asarar rayuka a ɓangarorin biyu, kuma ya lalata tattalin arzikin yankin. Yunwa da annoba sun zama gama gari a cikin Chadi, kuma yawan mutanen Wadai ya faɗi daga mutum guda 700,000 a shekara ta 1912 zuwa mutum guda 400,000 a shekara ta 1914. Chadi, haɗe da Wadai, sun kasance da wahalar sarrafawa, kuma wasu sarakuna na gari sun ci gaba da tabbatar da 'Yancin kai tsaye har zuwa shekara ta 1917. A waccan shekarar, wani kwamandan Faransa ya kuma ba da umarnin kisan wasu mashahuran Wadai sama da mutum guda 100 a cikin abin da ake kira Kashe-kashe kisan kiyashi Tsohon daular ta ilimi ta amsa ta gudu sun mayar zuwa Darfur da kuma Misira. Kiyayya ga gwamnatin Kasar Faransa ta karu, kuma adawa ta karu da Faransa a cikin Chadi ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1920. Manazarta Afirka Afirka a 1911 Afirka a 1907 Afirka a 1909 Afirka a
30150	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Motsi%20a%20%C6%98ar%C6%99ashin%20Dokar%20Amurka	Yancin Motsi a Ƙarƙashin Dokar Amurka	Yancin motsi a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka ana gudanar da shi ne da farko ta Dokokin Gata da Kariya na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda ya ce, Jama'ar kowace Jiha za su sami 'yancin samun duk wata gata da kariya ta 'yan ƙasa a cikin jihohi da dama." Tun bayan hukuncin kotun da'ira a Corfield v. Coryell, 6 Fed. Cas. 546 (1823), 'yancin motsi an amince da shi ta hanyar shari'a a matsayin ainihin haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki. A cikin Paul v. Virginia, 75 US 168 (1869), kotu ta ayyana 'yancin motsi a matsayin "yancin kutsawa cikin wasu Jihohi, da fita daga gare su." Duk da haka, Kotun Koli ba ta saka hannun jari ga gwamnatin tarayya da Iƙon kare 'yancin motsi ba. Ƙarƙashin sashe na "gata da kariya", an ba da wannan Iƙon ga jihohi, matsayin da kotu ta ɗauka tsawon shekaru a lokuta kamar Ward v. Maryland, 79 US 418 (1871), shari'o'in Gidan yanka, 83 US 36 (1873) da Amurka v. Harris, 106 US 629 (1883). Tafiya cikin Amurka Tun da Kundin Tsarin Mulki Majalisar ta amince da 'yancin motsi (Mataki na 4), kodayake ana tunanin haƙƙin yana da mahimmanci yayin rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin kamar yadda ba a buƙatar ƙidayar bayyane. Kotun Koli ta Amurka a Crandall v. Nevada, 73 Amurka 35 (1868) ya bayyana cewa 'yancin motsi wani hakki ne na asali don haka wata ƙasa ba za ta iya hana mutane barin jihar ta hanyar saka su haraji ba. A Amurka v. Wheeler 254 US 281 (1920), Kotun Koli ta sake nanata matsayinta cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai bai wa gwamnatin tarayya ikon kare 'yancin motsi ba. Duk da haka, Wheeler yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a wasu hanyoyi. Shekaru da yawa, tushen sashe na “gata da kariya” na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba a fayyace kawai ba. A cikin shekara ta 1823, kotun da'ira a Corfield ta ba da jerin haƙƙoƙin (wasu na asali, wasu ba) waɗanda sashin zai iya rufewa. Kotun Wheeler ta canza wannan sosai. Ita ce farkon gano haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye a cikin jigon gata da kariya, yana ba da haƙƙi tare da takamaiman garantin kariyar tsarin mulki. Ta hanyar yin la'akari da cewa juzu'in da aka samo daga Mataki na IV na Labaran Tarayyar, shawarar ta ba da shawarar tsarin haƙƙin waɗanda aka lissafta a Corfield, amma kuma sun fi bayyana waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a matsayin ainihin asali. Kotun Koli ta fara ƙin yarda da tunanin Wheeler a cikin ƴan shekaru. A ƙarshe, a Amurka v. Bako, 383 US 745 (1966), Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da matakin Babban Mai Shari'a White na cewa gwamnatin tarayya na iya kare 'yancin yin balaguro kawai daga cin zarafi na jihohi. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci musamman cewa Crandall baya nufin 'yancin yin amfani da kowane nau'in tafiye -tafiye, kamar tuƙin mota. A cikin Hendrick v. Maryland (1915), wanda ya shigar da kara ya bukaci kotu da ta ɓata dokar motar Maryland a matsayin cin zarafin 'yancin motsi. Kotun ta sami "babu wani tushe mai tushe" ga gardamar mai shigar da kara kuma gaba ɗaya ta ce "idan babu dokar kasa da ta shafi batun, wata kasa na iya yin daidai da ƙa'idojin bai daya da suka wajaba don kare lafiyar jama'a da oda dangane da aiki a kan manyan hanyoyinta na kowa da kowa. ababan hawa waɗanda ke motsawa a cikin kasuwancin jihohin da sauransu." Kotun kolin Amurka ta kuma yi magana game da 'yancin yin balaguro a cikin shari'ar Saenz v. Roe, 526 US 489 (1999). A wannan yanayin, Mai Shari'a John Paul Stevens, yana rubutawa ga mafi rinjaye, ya gudanar da cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya kare nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku na 'yancin yin tafiya a tsakanin jihohi: (1) Haƙƙin Shigar da Jiha ɗaya kuma ku bar wani (muhimmin dama tare da tallafi na tarihi daga labaran Confederation), (2) haƙƙin da za a bi da shi azaman baƙo maraba maimakon baƙo mai ƙiyayya (kare ta hanyar "Gata da Immunities" a cikin Mataki na IV, 2), da kuma (3) (ga waɗanda suka zama mazaunin dindindin na wata jiha) haƙƙin a bi da su daidai ga ƴan ƙasar da aka haifa (wannan yana kiyaye shi ta 14th Amendment's Gata ko Immunities yana ambaton mafi rinjaye ra'ayi a cikin Kisa-House Cases, Adalci). Stevens ya ce, "Gata ko Kariya na Tsarin Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu a ko da yaushe ya kasance alƙawarin gama gari cewa wannan Fassara ta kare kashi na uku na haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye." Dokar Mann Dokar Mann ta 1910 (Dokar zirga-zirgar Bawan Bawa a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ta haramta safarar mata a cikin jihohi don in ba haka ba "abubuwan lalata" waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun haɗa da jima'i na yarda da juna. An yi amfani da wannan doka, baya ga kararrakin da ba a samu sabani ba, don ba da damar gurfanar da ma’auratan da ba su yi aure ba a gwamnatin tarayya, wadanda bisa wasu dalilai suka zo wurin hukuma; ma'auratan (misali ɗan dambe Jack Johnson da mutanen da ke da ra'ayi na hagu (misali An gurfanar da Charlie Chaplin Tun daga lokacin an gyara dokar don zama tsaka-tsaki tsakanin jinsi kuma yanzu ta shafi yin jima'i ne kawai wanda ya sabawa doka (kamar karuwanci da jima'i da yarinya). Ƙaddamar da kotun ta kafa ƙwaƙƙwarar 'yancin walwala da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya ba shi ya yi tasiri mai yawa. Misali, Kotun Koli ta soke haramcin jihohi kan biyan jindadi ga mutanen da ba su zauna a cikin hurumin akalla shekara guda ba a matsayin nauyi mara izini kan Haƙƙin tafiya Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 US 618 (1969)). Kotun ta kuma soke sharuddan zama na shekara guda don kada kuri'a a zabukan jihohi Dunn v. Blumstein, 405 US 330 (1972)), lokutan jira na shekara guda kafin samun kulawar jinya ta jihar Asibitin Memorial v. Maricopa County, 415 US 250 (1974)), abubuwan da ake so na ma'aikatan gwamnati don tsoffin sojoji na jiha Lauyan Janar na New York v. Soto-Lopez, 476 US 898 (1986)), amma ya ba da ƙarin kamun kifi da kuɗin lasisin farauta ga mazaunan waje Baldwin v. Kifi da Hukumar Wasan Montana, 436 US 371 (1978)). Lambar Amurka ta yanzu tana magance balaguron iska musamman. A cikin 49 USC 40103, "Mallaka da amfani da sararin samaniya", kundin ya ƙayyade cewa "Dan ƙasar Amurka yana da haƙƙin jama'a na wucewa ta sararin samaniyar kewayawa." Ƙaƙƙarfan haƙƙin 'yancin motsi na iya samun ma'ana mai zurfi. Kotun koli ta amince da cewa 'yancin motsi yana da alaƙa da 'yancin yin ƙungiyoyi da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Ƙarfin kariyar tsarin mulki don haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye na iya yin tasiri ga yunƙurin jihohi na iyakance haƙƙin zubar da ciki, hana ko ƙin amincewa da auren jinsi, da kafa dokar hana aikata laifuka ko kariyar mabukaci Yana iya ma lalata tunanin tsarin tarayya na zamani na kotu. Yankunan magana kyauta Wani batu mai alaka da shi ya shafi yankunan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da aka kebe yayin zanga-zangar siyasa. Kodayake ana amfani da irin waɗannan yankuna a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970 saboda zanga-zangar zamanin Vietnam, ba a ba da rahotonsu sosai a kafafen yada labarai ba. Koyaya, takaddamar amfani da su ta sake kunno kai a lokacin shugabancin Bush na shekara ta 2001-2009. Mahimmanci, Yankunan Magana na Kyauta suna hana mutum samun cikakkiyar motsi sakamakon amfani da haƙƙinsa na yin magana kyauta Kotuna sun amince da takunkumin lokaci, wuri, da kuma hanyoyin hana 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki a Amurka, amma irin wadannan hane-hane dole ne a daidaita su kaɗan, kuma yankunan 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki sun kasance batun shari'a. Tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen duniya Tarihi Daga shekara ta 1776 zuwa 1783, babu gwamnatin jiha da ke da buƙatun fasfo. Labaran gwamnatin tarayya (1783-1789) ba su da buƙatun fasfo. Daga 1789 zuwa ƙarshen 1941, gwamnatin da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na buƙatar fasfo na Amurka na 'yan ƙasa kawai a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka (1861-1865) da kuma lokacin da jim kadan bayan yakin duniya na (1914-1918). Bukatar fasfo na zamanin yakin basasa ba shi da ikon doka. Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na daya, ana buƙatar fasfo ta hanyar zartarwa, ko da yake babu wata hukuma ta doka don abin da ake bukata. Dokar Kula da Balaguro ta Mayu 22, shekara ta 1918, ta ba wa shugaban ƙasa, lokacin da Amurka ke yaƙi, ya yi shelar fasfo, kuma an ba da sanarwar a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1918. Ko da yake Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 1918, buƙatun fasfo ɗin ya daɗe har zuwa Maris 3, 1921. Akwai rashin buƙatun fasfo a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 1921 da shekara ta 1941. Yaƙin Duniya na II (1939-1945) ya sake haifar da buƙatun fasfo a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Balaguro na 1918. Canje-canjen 1978 ga Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa ta 1952 ya sa ba bisa doka ba shiga ko fita Amurka ba tare da fasfo ba ko da a lokacin zaman lafiya. A lura cewa gyaran ya ba wa shugaban kasa damar yin keɓancewa; a tarihi, an yi amfani da waɗannan keɓancewar don ba da izinin tafiya zuwa wasu ƙasashe (musamman Kanada) ba tare da fasfo ba. Kamar yadda na 2016-08-10, wuraren yawon shakatawa har yanzu suna tattauna waɗanne wasu takaddun da aka yarda da su, kuma waɗanda suka daina isa a 2007 ko 2008. Ƙuntatawa Dangane da 215 na Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa ta 1952 (a halin yanzu an daidaita shi a 8 USC 1185 haramun ne ga ɗan ƙasar Amurka shiga ko fita Amurka ba tare da ingantaccen fasfo na Amurka ba. Kamar yadda Haig v. Agee da Dokar Fasfo na 1926 (a halin yanzu an tsara shi a 22 USC 211a et seq.), Gwamnatin shugaban kasa na iya hana ko soke fasfo don manufofin kasashen waje ko dalilan tsaron kasa a kowane lokaci. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta tarihi a lokacin zaman lafiya ya ƙi fasfo saboda ɗaya daga cikin dalilai uku: zama ɗan ƙasa ko aminci, aikata laifuka, ko lokacin da mai nema ke neman "gujewa ayyukan doka". Dokoki da ƙa'idoji kan ƙuntata fasfo gabaɗaya an kasafta su azaman ƙuntatawa na sirri ko ƙuntatawa yanki kuma gabaɗaya an ba su barata don tsaron ƙasa ko dalilan manufofin ƙasashen waje. Wataƙila mafi kyawun misali na aiwatar da wannan ikon shine 1948 hana fasfo ga Wakilin Amurka Leo Isacson, wanda ya nemi zuwa Paris don halartar taro a matsayin mai sa ido ga Majalisar Amurka ta Demokradiyyar Girka, ƙungiyar gurguzu ta gaba saboda rawar da kungiyar ta taka wajen adawa da gwamnatin Girka a yakin basasar Girka A cikin Kent v. Dulles, 357 US 116 (1958), Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya ƙi ba da fasfo ga wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka bisa zargin cewa mai shigar da ƙara yana zuwa ƙasashen waje don inganta tsarin gurguzu (hana kai tsaron ƙasa). Ko da yake kotun ba ta kai ga batun tabbatar da tsarin mulki ba a wannan shari’ar, kotun, a wani ra’ayi na mai shari’a William O. Douglas, ta ce gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta tauye ‘yancin yin tafiye-tafiye ba ba tare da bin ka’ida ba Haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye wani ɓangare ne na 'yanci' wanda ba za a iya hana ɗan ƙasa ba tare da bin ka'idar doka a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima ta biyar. Idan ana so a daidaita wannan "'yancin", dole ne ya kasance daidai da ayyukan kafa doka na Majalisa. 'Yancin tafiya ta kan iyakoki ta kowane bangare, da kuma iyakoki ma, wani bangare ne na gadonmu. Tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje, kamar tafiya cikin ƙasa. na iya zama kusa da zuciyar mutum kamar zabin abin da yake ci, ko sawa, ko karantawa. Shekaru shida bayan haka, kotu ta soke dokar hana tafiye-tafiye daga 'yan gurguzu Aptheker v. Sakataren Gwamnati, 378 US 500 (1964)) (hani na sirri, Tsaron ƙasa, Gyaran Farko). Amma kotun ta yi ta faman nemo hanyar da za ta kare muradun kasa (kamar tsaron kasa) bisa la’akari da wadannan hukunce-hukuncen. Shekara guda bayan Aptheker, Kotun Koli ta tsara gwajin tushen ma'ana don tsarin mulki a cikin Zemel v. Rusk, 381 US 1 (1965) (ƙananan yanki, manufofin ƙasashen waje), a matsayin hanyar daidaita haƙƙin mutum tare da buƙatun jihar. Ƙuntatawa azaman hukunci Matsayin Nauyin Mutum da Dokar Sasanci Dama na Aiki na 1996 (PRWORA), wanda aka tsara a 42 USC 652 (k), ya ga farkon hane-hane akan 'yancin motsi a matsayin hukunci ga masu ba da bashi tallafin yara. Ƙalubalen tsarin mulki ga waɗannan hane-hane ya zuwa yanzu sun gaza a cikin Weinstein v. Albright da Eunique v. Powell Kotunan daukaka kara ta tarayya da ke da'ira ta biyu da ta tara, duk da cewa sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda ya kamata, amma sun yi imanin cewa tara tallafin yara wani muhimmin al'amari ne na gwamnati, cewa 'yancin yin balaguro zuwa ƙasashen duniya ba wani muhimmin hakki ba ne, kuma dokokin da suka tauye wannan hakki ba su da tsaiko. dubawa A cikin wani ra'ayi na rashin amincewa a cikin Eunique, Alkalin kotun Andrew Kleinfeld ya rarraba ma'aunin a matsayin hukunci na basussukan da ba a biya ba. “Wannan haramcin fasfo an fi ganinsa a hankali, idan aka yi la’akari da hukuncin da ake bukatar jihohi su sanya na rashin biyan kudin tallafin yara. ba a matsayin hanyar sauƙaƙe tarawa ba, amma a matsayin hukunci na rashin biyan kuɗi na baya." “Duk wanda ake bi bashi ya biya basussukansa. Bashi don tallafawa yara yana da ƙarfin ɗabi'a na musamman. Amma wannan ba ya ba da hujjar kawar da 'yancin tsarin mulki mai mahimmanci da ya kasance rikodi na dokokin Anglo-Amurka tun Magna Carta, da kuma tunanin wayewa tun daga Plato." Da yawa daga cikin malaman tsarin mulki da masu fafutukar kawo sauyi suna adawa da tauye hakkin dan Adam na yin tafiye-tafiye ga mutumin da bai aikata wani laifi ba, suna masu cewa hakan ya saba wa muhimman hakkokin tsarin mulki. Hakazalika, duk wanda ke da’awar cewa yana bin bashin tallafin yaro na iya soke wasu nau’ikan lasisin tukin mota ko kuma a dakatar da shi, suna tauye musu ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye sosai. Masu sukar sun yi nuni da lamuran da rashin aikin yi ya haifar da gazawar biyan tallafin amma duk da haka martanin soke haƙƙin yin tafiye-tafiye Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ƙasashen Duniya suna ne na yau da kullum da aka ba wa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam (wanda aka karɓa a cikin shekara ta 1948), Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1966) tare da ka'idoji guda biyu na Zaɓuɓɓuka, da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. Hakkokin Al'adu (1966). Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya tana karantawa kamar haka: (1) Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha. (2) Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace ƙasa, ciki har da nasa, kuma ya koma ƙasarsa. Mataki na 12 na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa ya kunshi wannan hakki cikin dokar yarjejeniya: (1) Duk wanda ke cikin ƙasa bisa doka, a cikin wannan yanki, yana da 'yancin yin motsi da 'yancin zabar wurin zama. (2) Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin barin kowace ƙasa, ciki har da nasa. (3) Haƙƙoƙin da aka ambata a sama ba za su kasance ƙarƙashin kowane hani sai waɗanda doka ta tanadar, waɗanda suka wajaba don kare lafiyar ƙasa, zaman lafiyar jama'a (ordre publique), lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a ko haƙƙi da ƴancin wasu, kuma sun daidaita. tare da sauran haƙƙoƙin da aka gane a cikin wannan alkawari. (4) Ba wanda za a tauye masa haƙƙin shiga ƙasarsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Duba kuma Dokar aiki ta Amurka Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya Dokokin Tarayyar Turai Manazarta Dokar Najeriya Dokoki Doka Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22187	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella%20Turk	Stella Turk	Stella Maris Turk, MBE (an haife ta a shekara ta 1925 ta mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2017) ta kasance masaniyar masaniyar dabbobin Biritaniya, 'yar asalin ƙasa, kuma mai kiyaye muhalli An san ta da ayyukanta a cikin ilimin halittun ruwa da kiyayewa, musamman kuma kamar yadda ya shafi molluscs da dabbobi masu shayarwa Turk ya zama memba na Mafi Kyawun Umarni na Masarautar Burtaniya a shekara ta 2002, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Stamford Raffles ta Zungiyar Dabbobi ta London a shekara ta 1979. Tarihi An haifi Stella Turk a cikin shekara ta 1925 a cikin Isles of Scilly, dan nesa da ƙarshen yammacin Cornwall, Burtaniya An haife ta Stella Maris Treharne; sunayenta biyu na farko, "Stella Maris", kalmomin Latin ne ma'ana "tauraruwar teku", taken da a wasu lokuta ake baiwa Budurwa Maryamu Kodayake Turk ta rayu a New Zealand tun tana ƙarama, amma da farko ta girma ne a Cornwall, kuma ta kwashe mafi yawan rayuwarta tana zaune tare da yin bincike a wannan yankin. Turk shi masanin kimiyyar aiki ne kuma masanin kimiyyar dabbobin da aka wallafa. Bugu da kari ta yi aiki tare da mijinta marigayi masanin ilmin halitta Frank Turk a fagen ilimin manya. Stella Turk da Frank Turk sun kafa "Kundin Tarihi na Kundin Tsarin Halitta" a Jami'ar Exeter 's, Cibiyar Nazarin Masana Wannan daga baya an sanya shi cikin cikin Cornwall Wildlife Trust Turk aiki a matsayin Birtaniya Tsibirin National Recorder ga marine molluscs ga Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland, kazalika da Strandings Recorder (watau strandings na marine dabbobi masu shayarwa, da sauran marine vertabrate, kuma a gaskiya da wani sabon abu kwayoyin) ga Cornish Halittu Records Naúrar Ta kasance babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga Red Data Book for Cornwall da Isles of Scilly (edita Adrian Spalding), kamar yadda marubucin sassa talatin da shida ciki har da yawancin dabbobin da ba a saba da su ba kamar Thorn- skin (Kinorhyncha) da Entoprocta Shekaru da yawa, ta rubuta labarin yanayi a Yammacin Briton. A cikin shekara ta 1979, Kamfanin Zoological Society of London ya ba da lambar yabo ta Turkford Raffles ta lambar yabo "Don gudummawa ga nazarin rayuwar dabbobin ruwa da molluscs na teku A cikin shekara ta 1980 an ba Turkista lambar girmamawa Jagora na Kimiyya (MSc) daga Jami'ar Exeter An bai wa Turkkin lambar yabo ta MBE a cikin Jerin Karramawa na Sabuwar Shekarar 2003, "Don aiyuka ga Kula da Yanayin Halitta, Cornwall, yayin da yake rike da mukaminsa a matsayin Rikodin Rikodin Strandings". An nuna fim don nuna farin cikin gudummawarta ba tare da gajiyawa ba a shekara ta 2013. Littattafai Littattafan Turk sun hada da: Turk, SM "Cornish Marine Conchology", Journal of Conchology vol. 31, kashi na 3, 1983 Turk, SM "Edward Mataki da Dogon Ruwa, Portscatho, Cornwall". Jaridar Conchologists 'Newsletter 70: 159-162. 1979. Turk, SM Gabatarwa zuwa Rayuwar Tekun a cikin Cornwall da Tsibirin Scilly (DB Barton, Mayu 1970) Turk, SM Tattara Shell (Foyle, 1966) YA cikin 1966, Turk tare ya rubuta takarda tare da Arthur Erskine Ellis Ungiyoyin Cornish na Arion lusitanicus, Newsletter na Conchologists '16 108 Duba kuma Frank Turk, mijinta da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa a kan batutuwan kiyayewa Manazarta Kara karantawa J. Haske, 2003. "A tattaunawa da Stella Turk." Duniya Mollusc 3: 16-17, 20. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hoton Stella Maris Turk a cikin labarin da ya ambaci wani fim game da ita[ <span title="Dead link since March 2021">mahada madawwami</span> Muhalli Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed
50227	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty%20Lee%20Jenner	Kitty Lee Jenner	Articles with hCards Kitty Lee Jenner (12 Satumba 185321 Oktoba 1936) 'yar wasan Ingilishiyace, Bard kuma marubuciya wanda ta taimaka wajen kafa Cornish Gorsedh.Ta girma a Cornwall kuma ta yi karatun fasaha a Landan.Daga baya ta zama marubuciya,ta buga litattafai shida a ƙarƙashin sunan Katharine Lee, da kuma rubuta littattafai akan alamar Kirist.An san ta da Mrs Henry Jenner da Katharine Jenner bayan aurenta da Henry Jenner a 1877. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa daya tare.Da farko,ita ce ta fi shahara a cikin dangantakar. Kazalika da neman aikinta na rubuce-rubuce, Jenner ta yi aiki tare da mijinta kan jigogi kamar fasaha mai tsarki da farfaɗowar harshen Cornish. Bayan zama Bard na Gorsed Cymru a 1904,ta ɗauki sunan Morvoren.Ta mutu a gida a shekara ta 1936,tana da shekaru 83. Rayuwar farko An haifi Katharine Lee Rawlings a Hayle a Cornwall a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1853,babbar 'yar Catherine da William Rawlings.Ta yi karatu a gida sannan ta yi karatu a Landan a Makarantar Koyar da Fasaha ta Kasa (yanzu Royal College of Art) a Kudancin Kensington da Slade School of Fine Art a Bloomsbury. Ta samar da zane-zane da launukan ruwa kuma daga baya ta shahara wajen rubuce-rubucenta. Rawlings ta auri Henry Jenner a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1877 kuma ya zama sananne da Kitty Jenner ko Mrs Henry Jenner. Mijinta ya yi mata rubutu tun 1873, lokacin da ta yi hira da mahaifinta game da harshen Cornish, batun wanda daga baya ya zama babban sha'awar bincike ga ma'aurata. Sun yi farin ciki a Turai kuma a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1878 Jenner ta haifi ɗa tilo, Cecily Katharine Ysolt Jenner. Aiki Jenner ta buga littafinta na farko a 1882.An ba shi suna A Western Wildflower kuma ta yi amfani da sunan mai suna Katharine Lee. Za ta sake buga wasu litattafai guda biyar,na ƙarshe shine Lokacin da Fortune Frowns: Kasancewar Rayuwa da Kasadar Gilbert Coswarth, Gentleman na Cornwall; Yadda ya yi yaƙi da Yarima Charles a shekarun 1745 da 1746,da abin da ya same shi Bayan haka (1895).Har sai da sunan mijinta ya girma a lokacin da ta tsufa,aikin rubuce-rubucen da ta yi ya sa aka fi saninta da su biyun. Horace Cox ne ya buga shi akan farashin shillings 6. Jenner ta sake ba da labarin tashin Yakubu na 1745 da yakin Culloden,The Times review commenting "ta wanke kanta da bashi". Jenner da mijinta sun kasance masu sha'awar Yakubu,suna shiga cikin Order of the White Rose a matsayin wani ɓangare na Revival Neo-Jacobit. Sun koma garin Jenner na Hayle a cikin 1909 kuma suka nutsar da kansu cikin al'adun Cornish,suna zaune a wani gida da ake kira Bospowes. Sun yi aiki tare a kan farfaɗo da harshen Cornish da fasaha mai tsarki A cikin 1904, Jenner ta zama Bard, ana ba ta suna Morvoren a Gorsedd Cymru. A cikin watan Agustan 1928, an ƙaddamar da mutanen Cornish goma a matsayin barade a Gorsedd a Treorchy kuma sun shirya kafa Cornish Gorsedh don inganta harshe da al'adun Cornish. Jenner da mijinta sun shiga ƙungiyar don kafa Majalisar Gorsedh Kernow.An gudanar da Gorsedh na farko a da'irar dutse na Boscawen-Un a cikin Satumba 1928. A cikin 1900s, Jenner ta buga ayyuka uku marasa almara akan amfani da alamomi a cikin Kiristanci. Da yake magana game da Alamar Kiristanta (1910), DH Lawrence ya rubuta "Ya zama dole a fahimci Gabaɗaya.A ƙarshe na samu." Bayan karanta littafin,ya fara amfani da phoenix a matsayin alamarsa. Jenner ta bayyana ma'anar alama ta Phoenix a cikin littafinta a matsayin "tashin matattu da nasararsa bisa mutuwa", tana mai sharhi cewa "Pixenix a kanta alama ce ta tashin Kristi". Jenner ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta A cikin Alsatian Mountains: Labarin Tafiya a cikin Vosges (Tare da Taswira) (1883) wanda ta ba da labarin balaguron Turai da aka yi a 1882 kuma an sadaukar da shi ga 'yarta Ysolt. Ta fitar da littafin wakoki mai suna Wakokin Taurari da Teku a shekarar 1926. Gallery na ayyuka Mutuwa Jenner ta mutu a gida daga myocarditis a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1936. Ta bar kusan £23,000 a cikin wasiyyarta (daidai 1,700,000 a cikin 2021 An binne ta tare da mijinta a Lelant a yammacin Cornwall. Nassoshi Kara
29971	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya%20hannu%20kan%20yarjejeniyar%20kare%20ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20yara%20a%20Iran	Sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin yara a Iran	Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta sanya hannu kan yar jejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (CRC) a shekara ta 1991, kuma ta amince da shi a shekara ta 1994. Bayan amincewa da ita, Iran ta yi tanadi kamar haka: "Idan nassin yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya saba wa dokokin gida da ma'auni na Musulunci a kowane lokaci ko kuma a kowane hali, gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ba za ta yi aiki da shi ba." Ko da yake ƙasar Iran na da alaka da yarjejeniyar a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da gwamnatocin kasashen waje sun sha suka a kai a kai kan gazawarta wajen kiyaye wajibcin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Tarihi Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda Iran ta kasance memba a cikinta, ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba shekarata 1924. A shekarata 1959 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara ba tare da jefa kuri'a ba. Iran ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara a ranar 5 ga Satumba shekarar 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarata 1994. Bugu da kari, Iran ta rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Zabi kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwanci da Batsa na Yara sannan ta sanya hannu (amma ba ta amince da) Yarjejeniyar Zabin Kan Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai ba. Har yanzu Iran ba ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Yara kan Hanyar Sadarwar Zabi ba. A cikin shekarata 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na lokaci-lokaci na uku da na hudu game da aiwatar da tanade-tanaden da ake kira CRC. Aiwatarwa A ranar 3 ga Janairu, shekarar 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Yara (NBCRC) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Hukumar ta NBCRC ita ce ke da alhakin sa ido, tsarawa, da daidaita duk wasu batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin kasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma a matakin kananan hukumomi ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin kananan hukumomi da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman guda huɗu don taimaka mata wajen cika ayyukanta: Ƙungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Rukunin Ayyuka na Shari'a da Shari'a, Ƙungiyar Ayyuka na Horo da Bayani, da Ƙungiyoyin Ayyuka na Kariya da Daidaitawa. Yayin da ake ɗaukar kafa ta a matsayin mataki mai kyau, ƙungiyoyin waje sun yi tambaya game da tasirin NBCRC. Musamman rashin samun ‘yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikon da yake da shi na yin tasiri ga manufofin gwamnati a wajen ba da shawara ya taso. A halin yanzu babu wata Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran da ke da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafen daidaikun mutane da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara. Matsayin yara na shari'a a Iran Ko da yake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta amince da CRC, doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halaccin kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa kowace doka ta dace da wasu "ma'auni na Musulunci". Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin yara ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa da ta janye ajiyarta ga yarjejeniyar, a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ajiyayyen da bai dace da abu da manufarsa ba. Ba za a yarda da Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba." A sakamakon haka, yara suna bin hanyar da ba ta dace ba inda ake fassara "ma'auni na Musulunci" daga Hukumomin Jihohi, wato Majalisar (Majalissar), Jagoran Jagora da Majalisar Kulawa. Mai yiyuwa ne kowane yara su gabatar da kararrakin cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a gaban kotu. Sai dai kuma hakan bai shafi shari'o'in aikata laifuka ba kuma yara 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar kan bukaci gabatar da kararsu a gaban kotu ta hannun mai kula da su. Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya yi nuni da cewa: “Kare mutumin da ke karkashin kulawa da kuma wakilcinsa na shari’a a cikin dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi dukiyarsa da hakkokinsa na kudi, sun kasance ne ga waliyyi”. Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yi wuya ba yayin da mai yin ta'addanci shi ne waliyyai, yawanci uwa. Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin mahaluƙi mai haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da sanin doka ba, don haka ya Zama ba ta mutunta Babban Magana No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin sauraron yaro. A shekarar 2013, an kai rahoton sace yara fiye da kimanin 2,400 ga kungiyar kare hakkin yara a Iran. Kungiyar kare hakkin yara da ke kula da layin ba da shawarwari ta wayar tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin 100 na yaran an fuskanci hukunci na tunani da tunani sannan kashi 45 cikin 100 na fuskantar horo na jiki. Bisa kididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri mamba na kungiyar kare hakkin yara ya yi, ya shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA cewa, kashi kusan 93% na wadanda suka tuntubi kungiyar a shekarar 2013, iyayen yaran ne kashi uku cikin dari. 'ya'yan da kansu, kuma kashi biyu na kiran waya daga ubanninsu ne. Yara a cikin tsarin adalci Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka Dangane da ma'anar "yaro", dabi'un da ke cikin dokokin kasa da kasa shine na saita iyaka tsakanin yara da balaga da shekaru goma sha takwas. Misali, kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance cikin ɗaurin kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 18 kuma kada su kasance da ƙwazo a cikin rikice-rikice a ƙasa da shekaru 15. Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun girma. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairun shekarata 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Iran ta sauya dokar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana. A cikin sabuwar dokar, za a yi la'akari da shekarun 18 (shekarar rana) a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekarun girma kuma masu laifin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta daban. Hukumcin jiki Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a wuraren kulawa da rana bisa ga labarin 8 (23) na Dokokin Gyara don Kafa, Gudanarwa da Rusa Duk nau'ikan Cibiyoyin Kula da Rana (2008). Haka dokar ta shafi cibiyoyin gyaran yara. A gaskiya ma, bisa ga Dokokin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Kula da Gidajen Yari, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro a shekarata (2005), "Halayen zalunci, cin zarafi na wadanda ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa da cin mutunci an haramta ta kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da gidajen yari". A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "dukkan nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar fitar da ikirari ko samun bayanai haramun ne", wanda ya dace da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa. Sai dai a baya-bayan nan an samu rahotannin azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga wasu matasa da suka aikata laifin, wadanda aka tilasta musu yin ikirari ta hanyar tilastawa. Daya daga cikin kararrakin na baya-bayan nan shi ne Alireza Tajiki, wanda aka kama yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya amsa laifin azabtar da shi da laifin fyade da kuma kisan wani abokinsa, laifukan da ya saba janyewa a gaban kotu. Yin bulala a matsayin hukumcin laifi, al'ada ce da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a cikin tsarin shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. A cewar dokar da ta bayyana shekarun da suka kai ga aikata laifuka, ‘yan mata da suka haura tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar, ana yanke musu hukunci tare da hukunta su kamar yadda kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Iran ya tanada, wanda kuma ya shafi hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan da suka shafi jima’i, tuhumar karya, shan barasa, da shan barasa, da kuma shan barasa. ya haifar da rauni. Don haka, ‘yan mata da suka haura shekara tara da kuma maza sama da shekara goma sha biyar ana iya yi musu bulala. Duk da haka, idan an gane cewa masu laifin "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ba ko haramcinsa ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da ci gaban kwakwalwarsu", ba za a iya aiwatar da hukuncin jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifin ko kuma a tuhume shi da shi. tarar. Koyaya, don yin la'akari da Mataki na kusan 91 kuma a yi aiki da shi, ana buƙatar waɗanda suka yi laifin da kansu su yi iƙirarin samun damar sake yin shari'ar da labarin ya ba da izini. Wadanda suka aikata laifin kasa da goma sha takwas 18 da iyalansu galibi ba su san da hakan ba kuma ba za su iya ba lauyan da zai sanar da su hakkokinsu ba, kadan ne daga cikinsu ke neman a sake shari’ar. Hukuncin jiki a cikin gida A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta ƙasar Iran, "Yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya ga iyayensa kuma ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsa ba" kuma idan aka yi rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokokin Iran sun ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida matukar dai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kasance. waliyin yaron. A cewar dokar farar hula ta Iran, "Iyaye na da hakkin hukunta 'ya'yansu amma kada su yi amfani da wannan hakkin ta hanyar hukunta 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakokin gyara". Bayan haka kuma, dokar hukunta laifuka ta Musulunci ta bayyana cewa: Duk “Ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara kanana da mahaukata suke aikatawa domin azabtar da su ko kare su matukar dai an aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al’ada da kuma iyakokin addini don azabtarwa da kariya”. Kisa kan yara masu laifi A halin yanzu ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran kuma adadin hukuncin kisa ya karu da kashi 300 daga shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2015. Ita ma Iran tana rike da kambun tarihi na kasa da kasa wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara. Yawan kisa na kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya ragu a cikin shekarata 2015. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarar shekarata 2016, masu laifi 160 sun kasance a kan "layin kisa" (suna jiran a kashe su) a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A shekarar 2016, kwamitin kare hakkin yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara da kuma mutanen da suka aikata wani laifi a lokacin da suke kasa da shekaru 18. A ranar 18 ga Oktoban shekarar 2017, kwararrun masana kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya iri-iri sun jaddada cewa "Iran na ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana" Kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna rashin jin dadin yadda ake ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara a Iran. Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran ta gaggauta soke hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara ba tare da wani sharadi ba, tare da aiwatar da wani tsari na sassauta duk wani hukuncin kisa da aka yanke kan kananan yara, daidai da ka'idojin shari'a na yara." An bayar da rahoton cewa Iran ta zartar da hukuncin kisa kan akalla yara kanana hudu daga watan Janairu zuwa Oktoban shekarata 2017, kuma an san akalla wasu 86 da ake yanke musu hukuncin kisa a lokacin, ko da yake adadin na iya karuwa. Dalilan da aka yanke wa masu laifin kisa musamman kisan kai da fyade amma “kiyayya ga Allah” moharebeh sata da laifuffukan da ke da alaka da miyagun kwayoyi sun kasance cikin dalilan yanke hukuncin kisa ga kananan yara. Wani hali na baya-bayan nan dangane da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shi ne na tsare wadanda suka aikata laifin har sai sun cika shekara goma sha takwas sannan a kashe su kawai a lokacin. Sai dai kuma babu wani wajibci na shari'a da ya kamata a dage aiwatar da hukuncin har sai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kai shekara sha takwas. Sabon fasalin Kundin Laifukan Musulunci na shekarar 2013 ya hada da cewa matasa daga tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas wadanda suka aikata laifukan da aka yankewa hukuncin ta'azir za a kebe su daga kisa. A maimakon haka za a ci gaba da tsare su na wasu lokuta daban-daban, ko kuma tarar ƙima daban-daban, ya danganta da girman laifukan. Amma, idan aka kasafta laifin da aka aikata a karkashin hudud da qisas, wadanda suka aikata kasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ana daukarsu a matsayin halaltacce. Ko da a cikin hudud da qisa, lokacin da masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru sha takwas ba ana tunanin ba su gane girman laifin ba, ana iya amfani da sashe na 91 na kundin hukunta laifuka na Iran kuma mai laifin yana iya zama keɓe daga hukuncin kisa. Rataye shi ne mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran kuma ana aiwatar da shi a gidajen yari ko kuma a bainar jama'a a kan Wasu filaye. An iyakance aikin jifa a cikin sigar dokar hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran shekarata (2013). Koyaya, sabon juzu'in Kundin Laifukan ya ci gaba da amfani da jifa a matsayin hukunci mai tsanani. Mataki na ashirin da 225 ya bayyana cewa hukuncin haddi na zina da mace da namiji da suka cika sharuddan ihsan za a yi su ne da jifa har lahira". Duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a ƙasar Iran tare da jaddada girman aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, an bayar da rahoton aiwatar da wannan aiki a Iran. A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 2019 wasu gungun kwararrun kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da ake yi wa Mohammad Kalhory mai shekaru 15 a lokacin da ya aikata laifin. Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa Wariyar jinsi Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Iran ya tabbatar da kare doka daidai gwargwado ga maza da mata. Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, dokokin hukunta laifuka na Iran da na farar hula sun ayyana yaro yana da shekara 9 ga wata ga ’yan mata, da shekara 15 ga maza. Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin kariyar yara ga 'yan mata fiye da maza, kuma ya hana su wasu kariyar Yarjejeniyar. Mataki na 907 na kundin dokokin farar hula, game da rabon gado, ya kuma nuna wariya dangane da jinsi ta hanyar bai wa maza magada ninki biyu na mata a cikin yara da yawa. Bugu da kari, sashi na 911 na dokar farar hula ya bayyana cewa, idan marigayin ba shi da ‘ya’ya masu rai, jikoki sun gaji gwargwadon nawa ne iyayensu za su samu. 'Ya'yan 'ya'ya maza don haka sun fi 'ya'yan 'ya'ya mata. Dan kasa da hakkin dan kasa Dokar kabilanci ta Iran ta ƙunshi ka'idoji na jus sanguinis da jus soli An ratsa kasa ta hannun uba, ma'ana 'ya'yan uwayen Iran da uban da ba na Iran ba suna fuskantar wahala wajen samun dan kasar Iran. Sanin hakan, a cikin rahoton lokaci na uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta yi ishara da dokar da aka kafa a shekarar 2006 a kan yanke hukunci kan 'ya'yan da aka haifa a sakamakon auren matan Iran da maza na kasashen waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haifa a Iran sakamakon auren matan Iran da mazan kasashen waje, idan sun kai shekaru kusan 18, suna iya neman izinin zama dan kasar Iran. Za a ba da wannan damar idan yaron ba shi da wani bayanan laifi ko tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wata ƙasa da ba ta Iran ba. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kusan yara kimanin 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "lalatawar 'yan kasa". An dai soki wannan doka da rashin yin nisa don kare hakkin yara. A Yawancin iyaye Ko ubanni da ba na Iran ba ’yan gudun hijira ne ko kuma ‘yan gudun hijirar da ba su da takardun zama ‘yan Afghanistan ko Iraqi. Dokokin Iran sun bukaci mace 'yar kasar Iran ta samu izinin auren wata 'yar kasar waje, kuma da yake masu neman mafaka ba su da rajista a bisa ka'ida, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba, don haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar haihuwa ba. Ilimi Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa, gwamnati ce ke da alhakin baiwa dukkan 'yan kasar ilimi kyauta har zuwa sakandare Gwamnatin tsakiya ta hannun ma'aikatar ilimi ce ke da alhakin bayar da kudade da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, kula da ma'auni, tsara manhajoji da horar da malamai, samar da kayayyakin ilimi, da kiyayewa da inganta ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin larduna da ofisoshin gundumomi a matakin kananan hukumomi. Kudaden da Iran take kashewa a fannin ilimi ya zarce na duniya. A cewar UNESCO, kashi kusan 17% na kudaden gwamnati a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%. Auren wuri yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan barin makaranta, saboda dokokin kasar Iran sun kayyade damar zuwa makaranta ga yaran da suka yi aure, saboda an ba su damar shiga jarrabawar karshe ne kawai, kuma ba su cancanci zuwa darasi ko makarantun dare. Aikin Yara Dokar kwadago ta Iran ta haramta aikin yi wa yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 aiki. Yara masu shekaru 15-18, da ake magana da su a matsayin "matasan ma'aikata", ana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen likita na yau da kullun don samun cancantar shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana masu ɗaukar ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "ayyukan kari, aiki na canzawa, ko aiki mai wahala, cutarwa ko haɗari". Koyaya, Dokar Ma'aikata ta ba da izinin keɓance kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata ƙasa da Kashi 10 daga wasu tanade-tanaden doka, gami da matsakaicin buƙatun sa'o'in aiki, biyan kari, da fa'idodin nakasa. Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ILO) kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara Duk da wasu tsare-tsare na shari'a na hana cin zarafin kananan yara, Iran na shan suka saboda yawan masu yi wa kananan yara aikin yi, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da dama. Alkaluma game da adadin yara da matasa ƴan kwadago sun bambanta. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba sa cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14. Wasu daga cikin dalilan rashin zuwa makaranta sun hada da aurar da yara da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya sa ake barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayani a hukumance kan adadin masu aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki, tare da alkaluman baya-bayan nan a hukumance daga kidayar al'ummar Iran ta shekarar 2011. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2011, akwai ma'aikata kimanin 68,558 da ke aiki da yara masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18. A cewar Majalisar Resistance na Iran (NCRI), kusan yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabinsu na cikin ma'aikata. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a na Iran a shekarata 1996, fiye da kashi 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 14. A cikin wannan kididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kasance mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka adadin yaran da ke aiki yana da shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance kashi 4%, ya kai kimanin dubu 600. A cikin shekarata 1996, akwai kimanin yara kusan guda 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun ayyuka. Yara da yawa a garuruwa daban-daban kuma suna shiga cikin masu sayar da tituna. Iyayen mafi yawansu sun sha shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi kuma wadannan yaran na fuskantar cin zarafi da lalata da yara. Fataucin yara Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a bi don safarar jima'i na yara. Matasa 'yan mata na Iran sun fi fuskantar matsalar fataucin, wanda aka ce wani bangare na talauci da kuma dokokin gwamnati da suka kebanta da mata. Ma'aikata sun mamaye maza sosai, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata ne ke da aiki. Ana zargin 'yan matan da suka gudu sun fi fuskantar fataucin mutane da karuwanci. A wata hira da BBC a shekarata 2005, Dr. Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin cututtuka na ma'aikatar lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan matan da suka gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, akasarin wadanda aka yiwa fyaden ana watsi da su bayan sun koma ga iyalansu. Matsugunan da aka kafa don gudun hijira kuma sun zama sananne a matsayin tushen samun karuwai da yara masu siyarwa. A cewar babbar hukumar shari'a ta lardin Teheran, masu fataucin kan yi fataucin 'yan mata ne masu shekaru tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, ko da yake an samu wasu rahotannin cewa ana fataucin 'yan matan masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10. Haka kuma an samu rahotannin fataucin jarirai da dama a Iran. Auren wuri A halin yanzu karancin shekarun auren ‘ya’ya mata a Iran shine shekara goma sha uku a wata yayin da maza ke cika shekaru goma sha biyar. Duk da haka, ga namiji har yanzu yana yiwuwa ya kai ƙarar kotu da nufin ya auri yaron da bai kai ƙaramar shekarun aure ba saboda hukuncin ko yaron ya yi aure ko a'a yana hannun wanda yake kula da shi. A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta Iran, bayan cika shekaru goma sha uku, 'yan matan budurwowi da suka yi aure a karon farko suna bukatar izinin uba ko kakan kaka kawai. A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure shine shekaru a ƙalla 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru kimanin 18 ga maza kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu, 'yan mata masu shekaru 13 da maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Don haka an haramta auren ‘yan kasa da shekara 13 gaba daya. Dokar Kariya ba tare da Dokar Yara ba, wacce Iran ta amince da ita a cikin shekarata 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin shekarar 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, labarin na ashirin da bakwai 27 ya ce “Idan shugaban iyali yana son ya auri yaron da aka goye, ya aika da bayananta zuwa kotu don amincewa. Idan an riga an yi auren, dole ne kungiyar jin dadin jama'a ta kai rahoto ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kula da iyali daya ko kuma soke shi." Bisa kididdigar da UNICEF ta bayar, tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2014, kashi 3% na matasan Iran sun yi aure suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kashi 17% kuma suna da shekaru sha takwas Alkaluman shekarar 2010 sun nuna cewa 43, 457 na yara a karkashin shekaru 15 an yi rajista bisa hukuma don aure. Kashi 90 cikin 100 na kididdigar sun shafi 'yan mata matasa. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa adadin auren yara bai takaitu ga kididdiga ba, tunda a karkara yara suna yin aure kuma suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru ba tare da yin aure ba. Hakanan bisa cikin shekarata 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake su ko kuma sun mutu. A kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da kuma 'yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 ne ake saki a Iran. Talauci da akidar gargajiya ce ke haifar da wadannan auren wuri. A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukan suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi suna fama da talauci don yin aure da ’yarsu ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da auren wuri sun hada da karuwar jahilci da wulakanci a tsakanin mata, auren mace fiye da daya, firar gida, da al’amuran ma’aurata. Duba wasu abubuwan Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Bayyana Haƙƙin Yaran Hakkin dan Adam a Iran Hakkin dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran Bayanan kula 1. Shekarar wata, wacce ita ce ma’aunin da kalandar wata ta ginu a kai, bambamcin tsayi daga shekarar rana da kwana goma sha daya zuwa sha biyu. Don haka, shekarun wata tara sun yi daidai da kusan shekara takwas da wata 8 da watanni goma sha biyar kusan shekara goma sha hudu ne da wata bakwai. 2. Ihsan shine matsayin mijin aure wanda zai iya saduwa da matarsa "duk lokacin da ya ga dama". Ihsan kuma tana nufin matsayin macen da zata iya saduwa da mijinta. (Kodin hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran, shafi na 226). 3. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ma'aikacin yara a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai ya shiga akalla sa'a 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a mako, ko b) yaro mai shekaru 12-14. wanda ke shiga aƙalla sa'o'i 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma aƙalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako. (UNICEF, Yanayin Yara na Duniya 2016). Wata ma’anar da Shirin Ƙididdiga da Kula da Ƙididdiga na ILO ya gabatar kan aikin yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ɗan aikin ɗan aiki idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma yana ƙasa da shekaru 12 kuma yana aiki ɗaya ko fiye da sa'o'i a mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 14 a kowane mako, ko kuma yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'a ɗaya a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, ko yana da shekaru 17 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki a cikin mummunan nau'i mara kyau na mara kyau. sana’ar yara (karuwanci, ’ya’yan bauta ko aikin tilas, rikicin makami, fataucin yara, hotunan batsa, da sauran ayyukan haram). Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
44368	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben%20Abati	Reuben Abati	Reuben Adeleye Abati (An haifeshi ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamban 1965) ɗan Jarida ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai gabatar da kanun labarai a telebijin-(Anchor Television) kuma Mawallafin Jarida. Bayan nan ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin gwamna na jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Ogun a zaɓen gwamna na 2019. Abati shi mai ba wai shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan shawara na musamman ne akan harkokin yaɗa labarai da wayar da kan jama'a, tsakanin shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2015. A baya ya kasance marubucin jarida kuma shugaban hukumar editan jaridar The Guardian ta Najeriya daga 2001 zuwa 2011. Ya kammala karatu a fannin, wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Kalaba. Haka-zalika shi babban abokin bincike ne tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Olusegun Obasanjo da kuma jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). Ilimi Abati ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Kalaba, Najeriya a 1985. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Ibadan a matsayin malamin jami'a. Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya ƙware a fannin; Adabi, (Theory) da (Criticism) daga Jami’ar Ibadan (1990); digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Jihar Legas, Legas (1999); satifiket na shaidar horar da kwararru a aikin jarida daga Kwalejin Aikin Jarida, Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin, Amurka (1996-97); da kuma satifiket na shaidar Gudanarwa da Jagoranci daga Makarantar, Said Business School, University of Oxford (2015). Sana'a Yayi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Edita na Jaridun The Guardian, sama da shekaru goma, sannan kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara na musamman, a ƙafafen ya yaɗa labarai da kuma mai magana da yawun fadar shugaban ƙasa ta Najeriya (2011-2015), ya ɗauki nauyin wasu ayyuka da suka haɗa da faɗakarwa da aiwatar da manufofin, ƙayyadaddun shugabanci na edita, sarrafa rikice-rikice, sarrafa kafofin watsa labaru, sadarwa da gudanarwar ƙungiyar. Tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2011, Reuben Abati memba ne kuma mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa ta talabijin, Patito's Gang, wanda Farfesa Pat Utomi ya kafa. A tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007, ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a majalisar gudanarwa ta jami’ar Olabisi Onabanjo, Ago-Iwoye, jihar Ogun, kuma ya kasance mamba a kwamitin asusun kula da harkokin tsaro na jihar Legas (2007-2011). Reuben Abati ya kasance yana rubuta wa jaridun Najeriya rubutu, tun 1985, yana aiki a matsayin Editan Ba da Gudunmawa, Edita, kuma Mawallafin Rubutu ga wallafe-wallafe da yawa, yana rufe duka manyan kafofin watsa labarai (da yake wa rubutu) da kuma nau'ikan mujallu na soyayya da salon rayuwa. Ya shahara sosai wajen bitar littafai da ƙasidu gami da sharhi kan al'amuran ƙasa da yanki, da na duniya. Har ila yau, rubuce-rubucensa sun fito a cikin jaridu na gida da na waje da kuma mujallu na ilimi. Kafin aiki a gwamnati, Reuben Abati ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar Edita a Jaridar The Guardian, wata jarida mai zaman kanta a Najeriya daga 2000-2011. Ya kuma yi aiki a The Guardian a matsayin Editan Shafi na Edita, kuma a matsayin mawallafin rubutu, yana rubuta maƙalar-ra'ayi, sau biyu a mako-(wadda ɗan jarida ke da damar bayyana ra'ayin shi akan wannan maƙalar-(columns). Abati ya samu kyautuka da dama don kwazon sa na aikin jarida. Sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Hadj Alade Odunewu/Diamond don Kyautar Kyautar Watsa Labaru don Informed Commentary (wanda ya ci nasara sau hudu), lambar yabo ta Cecil King Memorial Prize for Print Journalist of the Year (1998), kyautar Fletcher Challenge Commonwealth Prize for Ra'ayi Rubutun (2000). Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta 'Yanci don Aikin Jarida (2010) da lambar yabo ta Red Media Africa Living Legends Industry Award (2015) Fara aiki Asalin Abati ya fara aiki ne a matsayin malamin jami’a, inda ya koyar da darussa a fannin Dramaturgy, Theory and Criticism, Special Authors Studies, and Sociology of Literature a Jami’ar Olabisi Onabajo, Ago-Iwoye, Jihar Ogun, a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya, kafin ya shiga wasu fannonin ilimi da yake buƙata. Mamba ne a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya, ƙungiyar ƴan jarida ta Najeriya, da kuma kungiyar editoci ta Najeriya. Shi ne kuma Hubert H. Humphrey Fellow, Fellow of the 21st Century Trust, Fellow of Nigeria Leadership Initiative kuma memba na Aspen Global Leadership Network. Shi Ma'aikaci ne mai Girmamawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Wasika ta Najeriya. Aiki a fadar shugaban ƙasa A shekarar 2011, an naɗa shi mai da shawara na musamman akan harkokin yaɗa labarai da kuma a matsayin mai magana da yawun shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan na Najeriya. A wannan matsayi, shi ne ke da alhakin kula da ofishin yaɗa labarai na shugaban ƙasa, da huldar yaɗa labarai da kuma jagorantar tawagar sadarwar fadar shugaban ƙasa. Aikin watsa labarai na Fadar Shugaban Kasa Bayan ya yi aiki a gwamnati, Reuben Abati ya koma aikin jarida, inda ya rubuta ginshiƙansa guda biyu na yau da kullum a cikin jaridar The Guardian (a ranar Juma'a da Lahadi). Daga baya ya koma jaridar ThisDay inda a yanzu ya ke rubuta shafi a ranar Talata mai suna: TuesdayWithReuben Abati. Shi Anchor ne tare da Arise News akan shirin, "The Morning Show", tare da Ojy Okpe. Yana kuma gudanar da gidan yanar gizo na: reubenabati.com.ng, kuma yana yin rubutu akai-akai akan dandalin instagram da twitter. Yana aiki sosai a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai da manufofin jama'a. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Abati a Dandalin Kauyen Nigeria Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Haihuwan 1965 Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga
28881	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Amartey	Daniel Amartey	Daniel Amartey (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko kuma ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Leicester City da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana. Ya kammala karatun digiri a makarantar matasa na International Allies, Amartey ya kuma taka leda a Djurgården da Copenhagen kafin ya koma Leicester City a shekarar 2016). Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Djurgårdens IF Amartey ya fara taka leda a kulob din International Allies na ƙasar Ghana a mataki na biyu inda Magnus Pehrsson ya gan shi yana dan shekara goma sha shida wanda ya je yawon bude ido a Afirka a lokacin da yake shirin karbar mukamin kocin Djurgårdens IF. Lokacin da Pehrsson ya zama manaja, ya kuma sami damar canja wurin Amartey daga ranar da ya cika shekara (18). Don taimakawa wajen shirya Amartey a komawa Sweden na dindindin a shekarar (2013) kulob din ya kawo shi na gajeren lokaci a cikin shekarar (2011) da kuma (2012) inda ya buga wasa a kungiyar U21 ta kulob din. Amartey ya fara buga wasansa na Svenska Cupen a ranar 3 ga watan Maris shekarar (2013) da Umeå FC l. Daga nan ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a shekarar (2013) Allsvenskan wasan budewa da Helsingborgs IF a ranar (31) ga watan Maris. Kafafan yada labarai sun yabawa Amartey saboda yadda ya fara kakar wasa ta shekarar (2013) da kuma kungiyoyin kasashen waje kamar FC Schalke 04 da 1. FC Kaiserslautern ta fara lekensa. A ranar (26) ga watan Mayu ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din lokacin da ya kai gida da 1–1 a wasan karshe na Svenska Cupen na shekara ta (2013) wanda Djurgården ya yi rashin nasara a kan IFK Göteborg a bugun fanariti. Bayan na farko kakar a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden league a matsayin mai shekaru goma sha takwas Amartey yana da ranked a matsayin 10th-mafi kyau player a cikin league da jaridar Expressen da 18th mafi kyau by Aftonbladet. A watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2013) Amartey ya tabbatar da cewa yana tattaunawa da Liverpool FC kan yiwuwar komawa kungiyar ta Ingila. Copenhagen A cikin watan Yuli a shekara ta (2014) Amartey ya koma FC Copenhagen akan kuɗi na Yuro 2.5 miliyan da add-ons, kuma ya sanya Superliga-halarta a karon a 20 ga watan Yuli a wasan da Silkeborg IF. Leicester City A ranar( 22) ga watan Janairu, shekara ta (2016) Amartey ya koma Leicester City ta Premier a kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi kan kudi kusan fan miliyan 6. A kakarsa ta farko a sabuwar kasarsa, Amartey ya buga wasa sau biyar yayin da kungiyarsa ta Leicester City ta lashe gasar Premier. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar (27) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta (2016) a gasar lig-lig ta gida da ci 1-0 a kan Norwich City. A cikin kakar ahekara ta 2016 zuwa 2017) Amartey ya zama a ƙungiya ta farko ta yau da kullun bayan tafiyar N'Golo Kanté. abokin tarayya Danny Drinkwater a cikin rawar tsakiyar tsakiya. Yayin da aikinsa ya yi daidai da na Kanté, ya kasa daidaita takallinsa da tsangwama. A ranar (14) ga watan Satumba a shekarar (2016) Amartey ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai a Leicester a ci 3–0 a waje da Club Brugge a matakin rukuni. Amartey ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Leicester a minti na (88) da ta buga a waje da Stoke City a ranar (17) ga watan Disamba a shekarar (2016) inda suka tashi 2-2. A ranar (8) ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar (2017) bayan sa'o'i 12 da komawa Leicester daga aikin kasa da kasa, Amartey ya buga mintuna 120 (ciki har da AET a gasar cin Kofin FA da ci 3-1 a zagaye na hudu a kan Derby County. A watan Oktoban shekarar (2018) Amartey ya karya idon sawunsa a wasan da suka yi da West Ham United, inda ya fitar da shi a sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar (2018 zuwa 2019). Ba ya aiki kusan shekara guda, Amartey mafi kusanci ya zo komawa ƙungiyar farko yana zaman benci a wasan EFL Cup da Luton Town a watan Satumba shekarar (2019). Ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko kusan shekaru biyu bayan raunin da ya samu a wasan cin kofin EFL da Arsenal a ranar (23) ga watan Satumba shekarar( 2020) wanda Leicester ta sha kashi da ci 2-0. Bayan kwana hudu ya dawo gasar Premier lokacin da ya fara waje a Manchester City a ci 5-2. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta( 2021) Amartey ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar Europa League don Leicester a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Slavia Prague a wasan farko na zagaye na 32 na gasar Europa. A ranar (6) ga watan Maris a shekarar (2021) Amartey ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Foxes cikin sama da shekaru hudu, inda ya kai ga nasara a karshen wasan da suka doke Brighton & Hove Albion da ci 2–1. Amartey da Leicester sun fara kakar shekara ta (2021 zuwa 2022) tare da Garkuwan FA na shekarar (2021) da Manchester City Amartey dai ya buga wasan ne a daidai lokacin da Iheanacho ya zura kwallo a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa a minti na (89) a bugun fenareti. Ayyukan kasa A watan Mayun shekarar (2012) Amartey ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ghana 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 wasa da Najeriya. An kuma zaɓe shi don taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na shekarar (2013) amma Djurgården ya so ya ajiye shi a Sweden tun lokacin da gasar ta ci karo da shekara ta (2013) Allsvenskan kakar. A watan Janairun shekarar (2015) Amartey ya buga wa Ghana dukkan wasannin rukuni-rukuni a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar (2015) inda Black Stars ta kare a matsayi na biyu. Ya taka leda sau shida a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar (2017) inda ya kwashe mintuna (90) a kowane wasa don taimakawa Ghana ta zama ta hudu a gasar. Ayyukansa sun gan shi suna cikin tawagar CAF na gasar. Amartey ya fito a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar( 2021) a Kamaru wanda aka fitar da tawagar Ghana a farkon gasar. Rigima A ranar (15) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2021) bayan nasarar da Leicester City ta yi a wasan karshe na cin Kofin FA a kan Chelsea, an dauki fim din Amartey yana daukar alkalami na Chelsea a dakin tufafin Leicester yana jefa ta a kafadarsa a kasa a wani faifan bidiyo da ya yi kama da hoto. Ya samu suka da kuma mayar da martani daga yawancin masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta, wadanda suka dauki matakin rashin mutuntawa. Daga baya Leicester City ta bayar da uzuri ga Chelsea, wadda ta amince. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Girmamawa Copenhagen Danish Superliga 2015-16 Kofin Danish 2014-15, 2015-16 Leicester City Premier League 2015-16 Kofin FA 2020-21 FA Community Shield 2021 Ghana Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2015 Manazarta Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Leicester City FC Daniel Amartey Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
42631	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissa%20Healy	Alissa Healy	Alyssa Jean Healy (an Haife ta 24 ga watan Maris ɗin 1990), ƴar wasan kurket ce ta Australiya wacce ke taka leda a ƙungiyar mata ta Ostiraliya da New South Wales a wasan kurket na gida, da kuma Sydney Sixers a cikin WBBL Ta yi wasanta na farko a duniya a watan Fabrairun 2010. Mace mai hannun dama kuma mai tsaron wicket, ita 'yar Greg Healy ce, wacce ke cikin tawagar Queensland, yayin da kawunta Ian Healy ya kasance mai tsaron gora na Gwajin Ostiraliya kuma ya riƙe tarihin duniya na korar Gwajin. Healy ta fara yin fice ne a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 lokacin da ta zama yarinya ta farko da ta fara wasa tsakanin maza a gasar makarantu masu zaman kansu a New South Wales Ta hau matsayi na rukunin shekarun jihar kuma ta fara zama na farko ga babbar kungiyar New South Wales a kakar 2007 2008. Ta buga mafi yawan lokutan wasanninta na farko a matsayin ƙwararrun batir saboda kasancewar Leonie Coleman kuma mai tsaron wicket na Ostiraliya a ɓangaren jihar. Coleman ya bar New South Wales a farkon kakar 2009 2010 kuma Healy ta ɗauki aikin safar hannu na cikakken lokaci ga jiharta. A lokacin wannan kakar, ta rubuta mafi girman maki na 89 ba a cikin sauri fiye da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba, kuma ta yi mafi yawan korar duk wani mai tsaron gida a gasar kurket ta Mata ta ƙasa Bayan raunin da kyaftin ɗin Australiya da mai tsaron raga Jodie Fields ya samu, an ba Healy wasanta na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin jerin 2010 Rose Bowl da New Zealand Ta taka leda a cikin biyar na farko Day Internationals (ODI) da biyar Twenty20 (T20) na kasa da kasa, amma an jefar da ita don ODI uku na ƙarshe yayin wasan New Zealand na jerin. Healy ta buga kowane wasa na 2010 World Twenty20 yayin da Ostiraliya ta lashe gasar bayan fafatawar da ba a doke ta ba. A watan Oktoban 2018, an saka sunan Healy a cikin 'yan wasan Australia na gasar mata ta duniya Twenty20 ta 2018 ICC a yammacin Indies, ta kammala a matsayin jagorar gasar da ke jagorantar gasar da gudu 225 kuma ta lashe 'yan wasan gasar. A cikin watan Disambar 2018, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya (ICC) ta sanya mata suna T20I Player of the Year. A cikin watan Satumbar 2019, yayin jerin gwanon Ostiraliya da Sri Lanka, Healy ta buga wasanta na 100 na WT20I. A cikin wannan jerin, Healy ta kafa sabon rikodin don mafi girman maki na mutum a cikin wasan T20I na Mata, tare da 148 ba a fita ba A cikin watan Janairun 2020, an sanya sunan ta a cikin tawagar Ostiraliya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ICC ta 2020 a Ostiraliya. Healy ta kare ta biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar da gudu 236. A wasan karshe, ta zura kwallaye 75 a ragar India kwallaye 39 don taimakawa Australia ta lashe kambunta na biyar kuma ta lashe dan wasan da ya fi fice a wasan. A cikin watan Satumbar 2020, a wasa na biyu na WT20I da New Zealand, Healy ta ɗauki sallamarta ta 92 a matsayin mai tsaron ragar wicket Sakamakon haka, ta tsallake rikodi na MS Dhoni na korar mutum 91, inda ta kafa sabon tarihi na yawan korar da aka yi a matsayin mai tsaron raga, namiji ko mace, a gasar kurket ta duniya Twenty20. Shekarun farko An haife ta a gabar tekun Gold Coast, Queensland, Healy diyar Greg ce, wacce memba ce a cikin tawagar Queensland, yayin da kanin Greg Ian ya kasance mai tsaron ragar gwajin gwanjo na Ostiraliya tun daga karshen 1980s har zuwa 1999 kuma shi ne ya fi kowa riko a duniya. Gwajin korar. Wani kawu, Ken, ya buga wa Queensland wasa. Duk da gadon iyali, da kuma kallon kawun nata yana wakiltar Ostireliya, ta ce ba ta zama mai sha'awar wasan cricket ba har sai da ta ƙaura daga Queensland zuwa Sydney tun tana yarinya kuma wata kawarta ce ta tura ta shiga wasan. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare a MLC School daga baya Barker College Zaɓenta yana da shekaru 16 a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 a matsayin mai tsaron ragar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barker College First XI, karo na farko da aka zaɓi yarinya don yin wasa a tsakanin yara maza a gasar cricket ta manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu a New South Wales, ta jawo sharhin manema labarai daban-daban. kafofin. Hakan ya faru ne bayan wani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, wanda ake kyautata zaton tsohon dalibi ne, ya yada sakon imel mai taken "Ajiye Cricket Yanzu" a cikin jama'ar makarantar inda ya kai hari kan zabin a matsayin "abin kunya" tare da yin kira da a ware jinsi na kungiyar wasan kurket. Masanin wasanni na Kwalejin Barker ya la'anci marubucin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a matsayin "marasa hankali" kuma ya kiyaye cewa zaɓin Healy ya dogara ne akan cancanta. Ian Healy da Alex Blackwell, dan wasan cricketer na kungiyar mata ta Australiya da tsohon dalibin Barker, kuma sun kare zabin kuma sun soki marubucin imel. An kuma soki mai imel ɗin, kuma Alyssa Healy ta yaba, ta masu sharhi kan zamantakewa a jaridu.A cikin 2010, ta yi tunani "Zan sake yin duka. Na ji daɗin buga wasan kurket na makaranta tare da yaran kuma tabbas hakan ya taimaka mini in ɗaga gwaninta da ƙarfafa dabarata." Ita da takwararta ta Ostiraliya Ellyse Perry sun ba da shawara ga 'yan mata a bainar jama'a game da maza. Sannan ta buga wasanni shida don XI na Biyu a cikin mako guda, galibi a matsayin babban batir, wani lokacin buɗewa kuma azaman mai tsaron gida. New South Wales ta lashe dukkan wasannin sai dai wanda aka yi watsi da shi saboda rashin kyawun yanayi. Ta zira kwallaye 120 a cikin 40.00, ta ɗauki kama shida kuma ta yi kututturewa uku, kuma an sake kiranta zuwa babbar ƙungiyar bayan mako guda a cikin kayan kirtani na biyu. A wasanninta uku na farko da ta dawo, an sanya Healy a cikin tsaka-tsaki kuma ba a buƙatar ta jemage ko ci gaba da wickets. A wasan karshe na gasar, ta zira kwallaye 59 daga kwallaye 55 a cikin kawancen gudu 89 a cikin sauri fiye da wasan kwallon da Lisa Sthalekar da Victoria New South Wales ta yi nasara da ci uku-uku duk da rashin nasarar da Healy ta yi da bugun fanareti uku da suka biyo baya a matakin rufe gasar. A wasan karshe da kungiyar ta yi a mako mai zuwa, Healy ya yi 11 daga kwallaye 22 kafin a kare shi, amma New South Wales ta ci nasara da ci shida da fiye da 15 don neman taken. Healy ta kawo karshen gasar ta kwana daya da gudu 79 a 26.33. An nada ta cikin jerin masu karfi 30 na Ostiraliya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta mata na 2009, amma ba ta cikin tawagar karshe na 15. A farkon lokacin 2007 08, ta yi babban wasanta na farko don New South Wales Breakers a gasar cikin gida ta kwana ɗaya ta Australiya An yi amfani da ita azaman ƙwararren batter a cikin babban tsari, kamar yadda Leonie Coleman, mai tsaron ragar wicket a cikin tawagar Australiya, kuma ta taka leda a New South Wales. Ta fara wasanta na farko da South Australia kuma ba ta yi nasarar fara wasan ba, inda ta zira kwallaye 24 kawai a cikin innings biyar na farko. Bayan wata daya a matakin babban jami'a, ta tsallake rijiya da baya tare da yin nasara a wasa a babban wasanta na shida. Bayan Queensland ta yi 170, Healy ta shigo da maki a 5/99 bayan 32 overs, tare da wuce 18. Ta haɓaka ƙimar gudu, inda ta zira kwallaye 41 ba daga ƙwallaye 50 ba, tare da huɗu huɗu, tana kiwon wutsiyar wutsiya tare da jagorantar jiharta zuwa cin nasara biyu-wicket tare da kwallaye 17 don adanawa. New South Wales ta kai wasan karshe kuma an ba ta kambun ne saboda ta zo na daya a wasannin share fage bayan ruwan sama ya share wasan da aka yi. Healy ya ƙare kakar tare da gudu 78 a 11.14. Ta kuma taka leda a wasanni Twenty20 guda biyu. Ta ci biyu kuma ta yi tagumi a wasan farko, kuma ba ta yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karshen ba. New South Wales ta yi nasara a duka biyun. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an zabe ta ga kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 23 ta Australia don buga wasa da manyan kungiyoyin Ingila da Australia. Ta ci 45, 1 da 41 ba a buga wasanni uku ba. A cikin wasa na uku, ta haɗu don haɗin gwiwa na biyu na wicket na 52 tare da Elyse Villani, ta buge iyakoki shida a cikin kwallaye 62 kuma ta jagoranci tawagarta zuwa nasara takwas-wicket a kan tawagar Australia. Wasa a matsayin ƙwararren batter, ita ma ta ɗauki kama uku. Sabuwar kakar 2008 09 ta fara haka, tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 suna wasa da Australia da Indiya Wasan farko, da Indiya, an wanke shi kuma Healy ya yi agwagwa [sifili] da 9 a sauran wasannin. Wasa-wasa ta yi, ba ta yi kama ba. Healy ya sake taka leda a matsayin batter, tare da Coleman ya haye a bayan kututturen. A wasanni hudu na farko na sabuwar kakar wasannin cikin gida, ta yi bajinta sau daya kacal, inda ta ci tara. A cikin wadannan matches an sanya ta a cikin ƙananan tsari kuma ba ta kwano. An jefar da ita bayan wadannan wasanni hudu. Har ila yau Healy ta buga wasanni biyu Twenty20 a jiharta a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta ci 35 daga kwallaye 27 da South Australia da kuma 16 daga kwallaye 21 da Victoria. Ita ce 'yar New South Wales ta biyu da ta fi cin kwallaye a dukkan wasannin biyu; na farko ya ci nasara amma na biyu ya sha kashi. Mai tsaron wicket na cikakken lokaci Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21432	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuh	Bidayuh	Bidayuh suna ne na gama gari don yawancin kungiyoyin asalin da aka samo a kudancin Sarawak, Malaysia da arewacin West Kalimantan, Indonesia, a tsibirin Borneo, waɗanda suke da kamanceceniya da yare da al'ada (duba kuma batutuwan da ke ƙasa). Sunan Bidayuh na nufin 'mazaunan ƙasa'. Asali daga yammacin Borneo, an fara amfani da sunan gama gari Land Dayak a lokacin Rajah James Brooke, White Rajah na Sarawak. A wasu lokuta, ana kiransu da ƙananan mutanen Klemantan Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan indan asalin ƙasar a cikin Sarawak da Yammacin Kalimantan kuma suna zaune a cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka kusa da Kuching da Serian a cikin jihar Malaysia ta Sarawak, yayin da a lardin Indonesiya na West Kalimantan sun fi yawa a arewacin Sanggau Regency A cikin Sarawak, yawancin Bidayuh ana iya samun su cikin 40 kilomita arba'in daga yankin da aka sani da Greatching Kuching, a tsakanin Kuching da Serian Division Su ne kabilu na biyu mafi girma a Dayak a Sarawak bayan Iban kuma ɗayan manyan kabilun Dayak a Yammacin Kalimantan. Yankunan zama Yankunan Bidayuh da ke cikin Sarawak sune Lundu, Bau, Penrissen, Padawan, Siburan, da Serian Kuma Yawancin ƙauyukan Bidayuh ana iya samun su a yankunan karkara na Lundu, Bau, Padawan, Penrissen, da gundumar Serian. Yankin ya ci gaba har zuwa iyakar Yammacin bodan Kalimantan inda suke zaune a Kembayan, Noyan, Sekayam, da gundumar Jangkang a cikin Sanggau Regency. Yankin da suke zaune yafi yawa a cikin tafkin Kogin Sarawak kuma daga tsaunuka zuwa wani daji mai tsaunuka, wanda a al'adance ake yin sa ta hanyar noma da farauta wanda ya danganci gonakin da suke zaune daga ƙauyukan iyayen da ke kan tsaunuka don kariya. Yau, kusan duk gargajiya longhouse kauyuka an maye gurbinsu da mutum gidaje, da hanyoyi, da akwai wasu plantation aikin noma da kuma a rage girmamawa a kan girman na ƙasar tudu Makki. Fruit itatuwa, musamman Durian, kasance muhimmanci dukiya saka alama. Tsarin gine-gine da al'adun gargajiya na Bidayuh shine babban gidan, yanzu an karɓa a matsayin alama. Harsuna/Yaruka Akwai kusan yaruka ashirin da biyar 25 na Bidayuh (Land Dayak) da ake magana a Sarawak, Malaysia, waɗanda za a iya haɗa su zuwa gungu guda huɗu na yarukan da ake fahimta gaba ɗaya: Gabas, Tsakiya, Highland, da Yamma. A cikin Sarawak, yawanci ana cewa akwai manyan rukuni na harshe guda uku Yaren Biatah Singai-Jagoi Yaren Bukar Sadong amma waɗannan na iya wargajewa har ma da jerin da aka ambata a ƙasa kamar yadda yawancin mazauna karkara za su iya bambanta su har zuwa ƙauyen ta hanyar banbanta sananan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙamus da magana. Kowane yanki yana magana da yaren kansa: Lundu yayi magana Jagoi, Salako da Lara Bratak, Singai, Krokong, da Jagoi suna magana da Singai-Jagoi Penrissen tana magana da Bisitang yayin da mutanen Kampung Bunuk ke magana da Bunuk (Segu-Benuk). Yankin Siburan yana magana da Biatah Bidayuhs da ke zaune kusa da Seriyan kamar Tebakang, Mongkos, Tebedu zuwa Tanjung Amo kusa da iyakar Kalimantan Indonesia suna magana da Sadong Bidayuhs da ke zaune kusa da Seriyan kamar Baki, Baru, Taee, da Tarat suna magana da yaren Bukar Bidayuhs a cikin Padawan suna magana da yarukan da yawa amma masu alaƙa kamar Bi-Annah, Pinyawa, Braang, Bia Bisepug, da Emperoh Bipuruh Bidayuh Moden yana magana da harsunan da aka gauraya, yaren cakuda tsakanin Padawan da yaren Jagoi (Semeba, Tematu, Bumbok, da Sudad). Yarukan basu fahimtar juna kuma ana amfani da Ingilishi ko Malay azaman yarukan gama gari. Batutuwan harshe Bidayuhs na Sabiyanci suna da yare na musamman da aka sani da Bukar & Sadong yaren Bidayuh, wanda Bidayuhs daga wasu Gundumomin ba zai iya fahimtarsa ba. Anan ga wasu misalan bambance-bambance a cikin yaruka daban-daban da ake magana da su da Seriyanci, tare da kwatankwacin Yaren Ingilishi da Malay nasu. Hakanan akwai harsunan Philippine guda biyu, Kapampangan da Tagalog Addini da imani Bidayuhs na gargajiya ne na gargajiya, kuma har yanzu akwai waɗancan abubuwan imani. A Brooke Family zamanin gan zuwa na Kirista mishaneri daga shekarar 1848, kawo ilimi da kuma na zamani magani, yayin da wani irin tsari da kuma ya faru a Dutch Borneo a kan Dutch sarrafawa gefe. Mafi yawan Bidayuh yanzu Krista ne, yawancinsu Roman Katolika ne. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Bidayuh sun canza sunansu na gargajiya zuwa na Turanci tunda sun koma addinin kirista kuma yawancin ‘yan asalin garin Bidayuh da ke garin Sarawak ba sa yin al’adunsu na gargajiya kuma, suna raunana al’adunsu na’ yan asalin Sarawak. Mutanen Bidayuh sune dangin mafi kusa na mutanen Melanau kuma ance suna da kakana daya kafin su rabu zuwa kabilu daban-daban. Asalin Bidayuhs galibi Maguzawa ne ko masu rayarwa, amma, a 50% ya juya zuwa Kiristanci. Za su sami manyan bukukuwa kamar Gawai Dayak, wanda bikin ne don faranta ran padi don girbi mai kyau. Yawancin kauyukan Bidayuh suna da ko dai Roman Katolika ko cocin Anglican ko masallaci Mutanen Biatah, wadanda suke zaune a yankin Kuching, mabiya darikar Anglican ne, yayin da mutanen yankin na Bau mabiya darikar Katolika ne. Wasu sanannun coci kuma ana kafa su a wasu ƙauyuka kamar SIB (Sidang Injil Borneo) wanda ake kira da Borneo Evangelical Church, Baptist Church, Assemblies Of God church, da sauran majami'u kamar SDA, Latter Rain. The Bidayuh of Bukar has a unique tradition of hanging the bodies of the dead on trees and leaving them to rot away. The skeletons are left on trees as a reminder of the dead. The tradition is rarely done nowadays. Salako da mutanen Lara Koda yake gwamnatin Malaysia ta sanya su a matsayin "Bidayuh", amma al'adun Salako da na Lara ba su da kamannin sauran kungiyoyin Bidayuh kuma al'adunsu na baka suna da'awar asalinsu da tarihin hijirarsu. A lugga, Salako na daga wata bishiyar dangin harshe wacce take daga gidan Malayic Dayak (iyali daya da Iban Lara, duk da cewa an fi alakanta ta da Bidayuh (Jagoi-Singai), suna magana da harshe kusan ba mai fahimtar juna kwata-kwata tare da Bidayuh amma suna daga bishiyar dangin harshe ɗaya wanda yake Land Dayak Hatta ayyukansu na al'ada da al'adunsu sun banbanta da sauran Bidayuhs (duk Bidayuhs suna da kusan al'ada da al'adun gargajiya). Al'adu Kayan gargajiya Bidayuh suna da kayan tarihi wadanda suka hada da nau'ikan agung wadanda suka hada da manyan rataye, dakatarwa ko kuma rikewa, gongs masu kamala mukabala wadanda suke aiki a matsayin mara matuki ba tare da kayan kade-kade ba. Rawar gargajiya Ngiyar Kayan gargajiya Yawancin abincin Bidayuh na gargajiya sune: Tempoyak goreng, soyayyen durian da aka dafa tare da naman alade da lemongrass condiment Rotung, sago dafaffe a cikin gora Kubar, pancakes mai sago mai dadi manna sago manna Manok pansoh, kaza da ganyen tapioca dafaffe da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin itacen gora Tobah'', naman namun daji ko naman alade, da kifi Sanannen Bidayuhs Anding Indrawani Zaini, tauraruwar Akademi Fantasia, samfuri, jarumi kuma mawaƙa. Ya kasance daga gauraye Melanau -Bidayuh iyaye. Bryan Nickson Lomas, tsohon Malaysia kasa da ruwa dan wasa. Shi ne ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasan Malaysia wanda ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara a 2004 yana da shekara 14. Dewi Liana Seriestha, Miss World a shekarar 2014 Top 25 da Miss Talent don Miss World Beauty Sarauniyar. Tana cikin hadaddiyar iyayen Bidayuh-Indonesiya. James Dawos Mamit, tsohon mataimakin minista a majalisar ministocin Malaysia. Pandelela Rinong, 'yar wasan tseren ruwa ta kasar Malesiya. Anyi Katib, tsohon bishop din Anglican na Diocese na Kuching Michael Manyin, Ministan Sarawak. Richard Riot Jaem, ministar majalisar Malaysia. Tony Eusoff, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da samfurin. Venice Elphi, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Malesiya, ya buga wa ATM FA wasa Manazarta Sanarwa Hanyoyin haɗin waje Itacen yare na kabilanci Harshen Bidayuh: Jiya, Yau da Gobe Littafin akan yaren Bidayuh da ake samu don siye daga SIL, ko zazzage shi daga SIL: samun dama kyauta Taron Atur Simayang: Eucharist mai tsarki a Bukar Anglican litattafan eucharistic wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara Pages with unreviewed
33342	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacin%20Fannonin%20Akadamiya	Shacin Fannonin Akadamiya	Nau'in akadamiya ko fannin karatu wani reshe ne na ilimi da ake koyarwa da bincikawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimi mai zurfi. Yawanci tsangayoyin Jami'a da ilimantattun al'umomin da suke ciki da mujallun akadamiya da suke wallafa bincikensu ke ƙayyade fannin karatun Masana. Fannoni suna bambanta tsakanin kafaffun da ake samu a kusan dukkanin jami'o'i kuma suna da tsararrun rostoci na mujallu da tarurruka, da masu tasowa waɗanda wasu jami'o'i da wallafe-wallafe kaɗan ne kawai ke gudanar da su. Wani fanni na iya samun rassa, kuma ana kiran waɗannan sau da yawa ƙananan-fannuka. An bayar da wannan shacin a matsayin bayyani na da kuma jagorar maudu'i ga fannukan akadamik. A kowane hali shigarwa a matakin mafi girma na matsayi (misali, Ilimin-Bil'adama) rukuni ne na faffaɗaɗɗun fannuka makusanta; shigarwa a matsayi mafi girma na gaba (misali, Musiƙa) fanni ne da ke da ɗan ƴancin kai da kuma kasancewa ainihin huwiyar asali da masanansa suke ji; da kuma ƙananan matakai na hairakin waɗanda mafi akasari ba su da wani tasiri a cikin tsarin gudanarwar jami'a. Ilimin-Bil'adama Wasannin Kwaikwayo <div class="div-col"> Musiƙa shaci Rakiya Musiƙar camba Musiƙar coci Bishe Kuralin bishe Okistirar bishe Tawagar bishe Musiƙar farko Karatun Jaz shaci Tsarawar musiƙa Ilimin musiƙa Tarihin musiƙa Ilimin musiƙa Tarihiyar musiƙalojiya Tsare-tsaren musiƙalojiya Musiƙalogiyar ƙabila Nazarin musiƙa Karatun okistira Ilimin kayan kiɗa Ogan da tarihiyar allonmukullai Fiyano Izgogi, hafi, udi, da jita shaci Waƙa busar katako, tagulla, da kayan kaɗawa Naɗi Rawa shaci Korigirafiya Alamar rawa Korigirafiyar ƙabila Tarihin rawa Talabijin shaci Karatun talabijin Tiyata shaci Kwaikwayo Daraktanci Diramatogiya Tarihi Tiyatar musiƙa Rubutun wasa Bubatanci Sinogirafiya Ƙagen fage Maganar ciki Fim shaci Animashiya Sukar fim Yin fim Nazariyar fim Kwaikwayon gaske Ganannar Fasaha <div class="div-col"> Aiwatattar fasaha Animashiya Kaligirafiya Fasahar ado Midiyar gauraya Yin bugu Fasahar sutudiyo Akitekca shacin akitekca Akitekcar ciki Akitekcar shimfiɗar waje ƙagen shimfidar waje Tsarin shimfidar waje Tahaliliyar akitekca Alkinta tarihi Ƙagen cikin gini akitekcar ciki Zanen teknikal Salo Kyakkyawar fasaha Fasahar girafika Zane shaci Fenti shaci Taswiriya shaci) Sassaƙa shaci Tarihi <div class="div-col"> Tarihin Afirka Tarihin Amurka Daɗaɗɗen tarihi Daɗaɗɗiyar Misira Katej Tarihin daɗaɗɗar Girka shaci Tarihin daɗaɗɗar Roma shafi Wayantakar Asiriya Wayantakokin Zamanin jan-gaci Tarihin Littafi Mai Tsarki Tarihin Wayantakar Kwarin Indus Maya kafin kilasikiya Tarihin Masafotamiya Zamanin Dutse Tarihin wayantakar Yangse Tarihin wayantakar Kogin rawaya Tarihin Asiya Tarihin ƙasar Sin Tarihin Indiya shaci Tarihin Indonesiya Tarihin Iran Tarihin Astiraliya Tarihin al'ada Tarihin Ikklisiya na cocin Katolika Tarihin tattalin arziki Tarihin muhalli Tarihin Yurofa Tarihin intelekcuwali Tarihin Yahudawa Tarihin Amurka ta Latin Tarihin zamani Tarihin falsafiya Daɗaɗɗiyar falsafa Falsafar kontanfurari Falsafar ƙarni na tsakiya Mutumtaka shaci Sikolastiya Falsafar zamani Tarihin siyasa Tarihin tunanin siyasa Tarihin erar magabaciyar-kolombiya Tarihi Tarihin jama'a Tarihin Rasha Tarihin kimiyya Tarihin Taknolaji Tarihin duniya Harsuna da adabi <div class="div-col"> Ilimin yare Shacin ilimin yare) Aiwattacen ilimin harshe Karatun talifi Lissafaffen ilimin yare Nazarin zance Karatun Turanci Etimolojiya Nahawu Nahawiya Tarihantaccen ilimin harshe Tarihin ilimin harshe Tsakanin ilimin harshe Laksikolojiya Rubutun ilimin harshe Mofolojiya (ilimin harshe) Sarrafawar jauharantaccen harshe Filolugiya Fonetika Fonologiya Firagmatika Saikolugiya Balaga Semantika Semiyotika shaci Ilimin zamantakewar yaruka Ginin Jumla Amfani Amfani da kalma Zanen barkwanci Adabin kwatance Rubutun ƙirƙira Ƙagaggen rubutu shaci Rubutun gaskiya Adabin Turanci Tarihin adabi Daɗaɗɗen Adabi Adabin ƙarni na tsakiya Adabin bayan mulkin mallaka Adabin bayan zamani Nazariyar adabi Nazariyar suka shaci Sukar adabi Rubutun waƙa Waƙa Adabin duniya Adabin Baƙaƙen-Amurkawa Adabin Amurka Adabin Burtaniya Doka <div class="div-col"> Dokar gudanarwa Dokar kanasiya Wayayyar Doka Dokar Amiraliya Dokar dabbobi Haƙoƙin dabbobi Wayayyen ijira'i Dokar gama gari Dokar kwangila Kamfanoni Dokar muhalli Dokar iyali Dokar tarayya Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na jama'a Dokar Sama da ƙasa Dokar aiki Dokar dukiya Dokar haraji Dokokin azabtarwa (shaci Dokar kwatance Dokar gasa Dokar tsarin mulki Dokar laifuka Adalci ga laifi shaci Ijira'in laifuka Tahaliliyar laifi Shaci Kimiyyar 'yan sanda Shari'ar Musulunci Dokokin Yahudawa (shaci Fiƙihu Falsafar Doka) Gudanar da doka Dokar kasuwanci Dokar kamfani Dokokin ijira'i Doka mai tushe Falsafa <div class="div-col"> Kyakyawantaka shaci Aiwatattar falsafa Falsafar tattalin arziki Falsafar ilimi Falsafar injiniyanci Falsafar tarihi Falsafar harshe Falsafar doka Falsafar ilimin lissafi Falsafa na Musiƙa Falsafar saikolojiya Falsafar addini Falsafar kimiyyar jiki Falsafar ilmin halitta Falsafa na ilmin sunadarai Falsafar ilimin Fizika Falsafar ilimin zamantakewa Falsafar takanoloji Falsafar linzamai Efistimolojiya bayani Hujja Nazartar kurakurai Ɗa'a shaci Aiwatattar ɗa'a Hakkokin dabbobi Ɗa'ar ilimin lafiyar rayuwa Ɗa'ar muhalli Ɗa'ar-Meta Saikolojiyar halin kirki, Siffantattar ɗa'a, Nazariyar daraja Dacacciyar ɗa'a Ɗa'ar nagarta Mantiƙi shaci Mantiƙin ilimin lissafi Mantiƙin Falsafa Falsafar-Meta Metafizikiya shaci Falsafar Aiki Ƙayyadewa da ra'i Ontolojiya Falsafar hayyaci Falsafar ciwo Falsafar hankalin wucin gadi Falsafar mahanga Falsafar sararin samaniya da lokaci Teliyolojiya Teyizim and Ateyizim al'adu da makarantun falsafa Falsafar Afirka Tahalilantattar Falsafa Aristoteliya Nahiyantattar falsafa Falsafar Gabas Falsafar Feminista Fulatoniya Falsafar zamantakewa da falsafar siyasa Anakiya shafi Falsafar feminista Libartariya shaci Markisiya Tiyoloji Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki Yahudancin Littafi mai tsarki Koinen Girka, Aramanci Karatun addini Tiyolojin Budi Karatun fali Tiyolojin Kiristanci Tiyolojin Angilika Tiyolojin Baftista Tiyolojin Katolika Tiyolojin otodoksiyar gabas Tiyolojin furotastantaniya Tiyolojin Hindu Karatun Siniskiritiya Karatun Dirabidiya Tiyolojin Yahudawa Tiyolojin musulmi Karatun Larabci Ilimin zamantakewa Anturofolojiya Anturofolojiyar Ilimin halitta Anturofolojiyar ilimin harshe Anturofolojiyar al'ada Anturofolojiyar Ilimin zamantakewa Akiyolojiya Anturofolojiyar Biocultural Anturofolojiyar Ebolushon Akiyolojin feminista Tahaliyantattar anturofolojiya Akiyolojin ruwa Faliyanturofolojiya Ilimin tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin noma Anakiyantaccen tattalin arziki Aiwataccen tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin halayya Bio-tattalin arzuki Tattalin arziki mai ruɗani Lissafaffen tatalin arzuki Tattalin arzikin mabuƙata Tattalin arzikin ci gaba Tattalin arzikin muhalliya Aunin tattalin arziki Jogirafiyar tattalin arziki Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki Linzaman tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin ilimi Tattalin arzikin makamashi Tattalin arzikin kasuwanci Tattalin arziki na muhalli Ebolushonin tattalin arzuki Gwajajjen tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin feminista Al'amuran kuɗi na aunin tattalin arziki Al'amuran kuɗi na tattalin arziki Koren tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin ci gaba Nazariyyar ci gaban ɗan adam Ƙungiyar masana'antu Tattalin arzikin bayanai Tattalin arzikin insitushan Harkokin tattalin arziki na duniya Ilimin tattalin arziki na Musulunci Ilimin tattalin arzikin ma'aikata Doka da tattalin arziki Macro-tattalin arzuki Ilimin tattalin arziki na gudanarwa Tattalin arzikin Markisiya Tattalin arzukin issafi Micro-tattalin arzuki Tattalin arziki na kuɗi Neuro-tattalin arzuki Harkokin tattalin arziki na haɗin gwiwa Tattalin arzikin siyasa Ilimin tattalin arzikin jama'a Al'amuran kuɗin jama'a Harkokin tattalin arziki na filaye da gine-gine Tattalin arzikin albarkatu Nazariyar ra'ayoyin zamantakewa Socialist tattalin arziki Socioeconomics Tattalin arziki na sufuri Tattalin arzikin welfiya Jogirafiya Jogirafiyar ƙasa Atmologjiya Bio-jogirafiya Kilamatojiya Jogirafiyar bakin teku Manajaman ɗin gaggawa Jogirafiyar muhalli Geobiology Geochemistry Jiyolojiya Geomatics Geomorphology Geophysics Glaciology Haidurolojiya Muhalliyar waje Litojiya Metrolojiya Ma'adaniya Tekuniya Palaeogeography Palaeontology Feturolojiya Ilimin Quaternary Jogirafiyar ƙasa Jogirafiyar ɗan adam Jogirafiyar hallaya Cognitive geography Jogirafiyar al'adu Jogirafiyar ci gaba Jogirafiyar tattalin arziki Jogirafiyar lafiya Tarihi labarin kasa Jogirafiyar ɗan adamJogirafiyar harshe Jogirafiyar lissafi Jogirafiyar tallace-tallace Jogirafiyar soji Jogirafiyar siyasa Jogirafiyar sukkani Jogirafiyar addini Jogirafiyar zamantakewa JogirafiyarDabara Jogirafiyar lokaci Jogirafiyar yawon shakatawa Jogirafiyar sufuri Jogirafiyar birni Haɗaɗɗiyar Jogirafiyar Katogirafiya Katogirafiyar samaniya Katogirafiyar duniyoyi Tofogirafiya Kimiyyar siyasa Siyasar Amurka Siyasar Kanada Tarbiyar birni Siyasar kwatanci Nazarin Turai Geopolitics (Jogirafiyar Siyasa) Alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa Ƙungiyoyin duniya Karatun kishin ƙasa Karatun zaman lafiya da rikici Nazarin policy Halin siyasa Al'adun siyasa Tattalin arzikin siyasa Tarihin siyasa Falsafar siyasa Gudanarwar Jama'a Dokar jama'a Sefolojiya Nazariyar zaɓin zamantakewa Siyasar Singafo Saikoloji Saikolojin garibi Aiwataccen Saikoloji Saikolojin biyolojiya Nirosaikolojiyar kilinik Saikolojin kilinik Saikolojin kognishan Saikolojin kwaminiti Saikolojin kwatanci Saikolojin alkinci Saikolojin mabuƙata Saikolojin nasiha Ilimin halin laifi Saikolojin al'ada Saikolojin Asiya Saikolojin baƙi Saikolojin ci gaba Saikolojin bambanci Saikolojin ekolojiya Saikolojin ilimi Saikolojin muhalli Saikolojin ebalushan Saikolojin gwaji Saikolojin rukuni Saikolojin iyali Saikolojin mata Saikolojin ci gaba na forensic Saikolojin forensic Saikolojin lafiya Saikolojin mutumtaka Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin ɗan kasa Saikolojin halal Saikolojin lissafi Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin midiya Saikolojin likitanci Saikolojin soji Saikolojin kirki da siffantawar ɗa'a Saikolojin musiƙa Nirosaikoloji Saikolojin lafiyar sana'a Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin sana'a Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin ƙungiyoyi (aka, Saikolojin Masana'antu) Parapsychology Shaci Saikolojin yara Pedology (nazarin yara) Saikolojin halin mutum Zawahiriya Saikolojin ci gabaSaikolojin Siyasa Positive saikoloji tahaliliyarsaiko Biyolijiyarsaiko Saikolojin addini Psycometrics Saikofatolojiya Saikofatolojiyar yara Fiziyarsaiko Quantitative psychology Saikolojiyar gyara Saikolojiyar makaranta Saikolojiyar zamantakewa Saikolojiyar wasanni Saikolojiyar traffic Saikolojiyar Transpersonal Soshiyolojiya Soshiyolojin tahalili Aiwataccen soshiyoloji karatun nishaɗi Soshiyolojin siyasa Soshiyolojin siyasaSoshiyolojin jama'a Soshiyolojin siyasaSoshiyolojin injiniyanci Soshiyolojin Architectural Karatun shiya Karatun Afirka Karatun Amurka Appalachian studies Karatun Kanada Karatun Amurka ta latin Karatun Asiya Karatun Asiya ta tsakiya EKaratun Asiya ta Gabas Indology Karatun 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(shaci) Karatun jinsi Karatun maza Karatun mata Tarihantaccen Soshiyolojin Human ecology Mutumtaccen Soshiyolojin Masana'antaccen Soshiyoloji Interactionism Interpretive sociology Ethnomethodology Phenomenology Social constructionism Symbolic interactionism Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin kishi Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojinmakro Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin markisiya Soshiyolojin lissafi Medical sociology Mesosociology Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojinmaikro Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin soji Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin ma'adanan jauhari Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin ƙungiya Phenomenological sociology Policy sociology Soshiyolojin muhalliSoshiyolojin tahalilinsaiko Karatun kimiyas/Karatun kimiya da takanoloji Seksolojiya Seksimiyarhetro sukjuwal hallayar ɗan adam Sekjuwaliyar ɗan adam (shaci) Karatun kuya/Nazariyar kuya Ilimin sekjuwaliya Jarin zamantakewa Canji zamantakewa Nazarin rikicin zamantakewa Social control Zallar soshiyolojiya Tattalin arzukin zamantakewa Falsafar zamantakewa Social policy Saikolojin zamantakewa Social stratification Nazariyar zamantakewa Social transformation Computational sociology Soshiyolojin tattalin arzuki/Socioeconomics Ci gaban tattalin arzuki Ci gaban zamantakewa Soshiyobayolojiya Sociocybernetics Sociolinguistics Soshiyolajin manyanta Soshiyolojin manya Soshiyolojin fasaha Sociology of autism Soshiyolojin yarinta Soshiyolojin rikici Soshiyolojin al'ada Sociology of cyberspace Soshiyolojin ci gaba Soshiyolojin saɓawa Soshiyolojin bala'i Soshiyolojin ilimi Soshiyolojin sosuwar rai Soshiyolojin ubantaka Soshiyolojin al'amuran kuɗi Soshiyolojin cima Sooshiyolojin jinsi Sociology of generations Soshiyolojin gulobalaziya Soshiyolojin gwamnati Soshiyolojin lafiya da rashin lafiya Soshiyolojin hayyacin ɗan adam Soshiyolojin immigration Soshiyolojin ilimi Soshiyolojin harshe Soshiyolojin doka Soshiyolojin nishaɗi Soshiyolojin adabi Soshiyolojin kasuwanni Soshiyolojin aure Soshiyolojin uwantaka Soshiyolojin musiƙa Soshiyolojin ma'adanan jauhari Soshiyolojin ƙungiyoyi Soshiyolojin zaman lafiya, yaƙi, da rikicin zamantakewa Soshiyolojin horo Soshiyolojin ma'amalar jinsi da ƙabila Soshiyolojin addini Sociology of risk Soshiyolojin kimiya Soshiyolojin ilimin kimiya Soshiyolojin canjin zamantakewa Sociology of social movements Soshiyolojin sarari Soshiyolojin wasanni Soshiyolojin takanoloji Soshiyolojin ta'addanci Soshiyolojin jiki Soshiyolojin iyali Soshiyolojin tarihin kimiya Soshiyolojin yanar gizo Soshiyolojin aiki Sociomusicology Structural sociology Nazariyantaccen soshiyolojiya Karatun birni or Soshiyolojin birni/Soshiyolojin ƙauye Victimology Ganannen soshiyoloji Ayyukan zamantakewa Ayyukan zamantakewa na asibiti Ayyukan al'umma Lafiyar tunani Psychosocial rehabilitation Maganin da ya shafi mutum Terafiya iyali Ayyukan zamantakewa na kudi Kimiyyar Jauhari Bayolojiya Erobayolojiya Anatomoiya Anatomiyar kwatanci Anatomiyar ɗan adam (outline) Biochemistry (outline) Bioinformatics Fiziyarbayo (outline) Taknolojinbayo (outline) Ilimin tsirrai (outline) Ethnobotany Saikoloji Bayolojiyar ƙwayoyin halitta (outline) Chronobiology Computational biology Cryobiology Bayolojin ci gaba Embryology Teratology Ecology (outline) Agroecology Ethnoecology Human ecology Landscape ecology Endocrinology Epigenetics Ethnobiology Anthrozoology Evolutionary biology Genetics (outline) Behavioural genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics Histology Human biology Immunology (outline) Limnology Linnaean taxonomy Marine biology Mathematical biology Microbiology Bacteriology Protistology Molecular biology Mycology Neuroscience (outline) Behavioral neuroscience Nutrition (outline) Paleobiology Paleontology Parasitology Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Dermatopathology Forensic pathology Hematopathology Histopathology Molecular pathology Surgical pathology Physiology Human physiology Exercise physiology Structural Biology Systematics (Taxonomy) Systems biology Virology Molecular virology Xenobiology Zoology (outline) Animal communications Apiology Arachnology Arthropodology Batrachology Bryozoology Carcinology Cetology Cnidariology Entomology Forensic entomology Ethnozoology Ethology Helminthology Herpetology Ichthyology (outline) Invertebrate zoology Mammalogy Cynology Felinology Malacology Conchology Limacology Teuthology Myriapodology Myrmecology (outline) Nematology Neuroethology Oology Ornithology (outline) Planktology Primatology Zootomy Zoosemiotics Sinadariya Agrochemistry Analytical chemistry Astrochemistry Atmospheric chemistry Biochemistry (outline) Chemical biology Chemical engineering (outline) Cheminformatics Computational chemistry Cosmochemistry Electrochemistry Environmental chemistry Femtochemistry Flavor Flow chemistry Geochemistry Green chemistry Histochemistry Hydrogenation Immunochemistry Inorganic chemistry Marine chemistry Mathematical chemistry Mechanochemistry Medicinal chemistry Molecular biology Molecular mechanics Nanotechnology Natural product chemistry Neurochemistry Oenology Organic chemistry (outline) Organometallic chemistry Petrochemistry Pharmacology Photochemistry Physical chemistry Physical organic chemistry Phytochemistry Polymer chemistry Quantum chemistry Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry Sonochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface chemistry Synthetic chemistry Theoretical chemistry Thermochemistry Kimiyyar duniya Edaphology Kimiyyar muhalli Kimiyyar muhalli Gemology Geochemistry Geodesy Geography na zahiri shaci Kimiyyar yanayi Yanayin yanayi bayani Biogeography Phytogeography Climatology Paleoclimatology Palaeogeography Geography na bakin teku Oceanography Edaphology Pedology ko Kimiyyar ƙasa Geobiology Geology bayani Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Sedimentology, Speleology, Tectonics, Volcanology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology shaci Limnology Hydrogeology Yanayin yanayin yanayi Ilimin Quaternary Geophysics shafi Ilimin burbushin halittu Ilimin nazarin halittu Ilimin nazarin halittu Kimiyyar sararin samaniya Ilimin taurari Astronomy shafi Binciken falaki Gamma ray astronomy Infrared astronomy Microwave astronomy Ilimin taurari na gani Radio falaki UV ilmin taurari X-ray astronomy Astrophysics Ilimin taurarin nauyi Baƙar fata Cosmology Ilimin sararin samaniya Interstellar matsakaici Simulators na lamba Astrophysical plasma Samuwar Galaxy da juyin halitta Astrophysics mai ƙarfi Hydrodynamics Magnetohydrodynamics Samuwar tauraro Stellar astrophysics Helioseismology Juyin Halitta Stellar nucleosynthesis Ilimin taurari Ilimin lissafi Acoustics Aerodynamics Aiwatar ilimin lissafi Astrophysics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Biophysics bayani Ilimin lissafi na lissafi Matsakaicin ilimin lissafi Cryogenics Wutar Lantarki Electromagnetism Ilimin ilimin firamare na farko Gwajin kimiyyar lissafi Matsalolin ruwa Geophysics shafi Kimiyyar lissafi Makanikai Ilimin kimiyyar likitanci Ilimin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta Newtonian Dynamic Ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya Na'urorin gani Plasma physics Quantum physics M makanikai Harshen ilimin lissafi na jihar Makanikan kididdiga Ilimin ilimin lissafi Ilimin kimiyyar thermal Thermodynamics Ilimi na yau da kullun Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta Hakanan wani reshe na injiniyan lantarki Logic in computer science Formal methods (Formal verification) Logic programming Multi-valued logic Fuzzy logic Programming language semantics Type theory Algorithms Computational geometry Distributed algorithms Parallel algorithms Randomized algorithms Artificial intelligence (outline) Cognitive science Automated reasoning Computer vision (outline) Machine learning Artificial neural networks Natural language processing (Computational linguistics) Expert systems Robotics (outline) Data structures Computer architecture Computer graphics Image processing Scientific visualization Computer communications (networks) Cloud computing Information theory Internet, World Wide Web Ubiquitous computing Wireless computing (Mobile computing) Computer security and reliability Cryptography Fault-tolerant computing Computing in mathematics, natural sciences, engineering, and medicine Algebraic (symbolic) computation Computational biology (bioinformatics) Computational chemistry Computational mathematics Computational neuroscience Computational number theory Computational physics Computer-aided engineering Computational fluid dynamics Finite element analysis Numerical analysis Scientific computing (Computational science) Computing in social sciences, arts, humanities, and professions Community informatics Computational economics Computational finance Computational sociology Digital humanities (Humanities computing) History of computer hardware History of computer science (outline) Humanistic informatics Databases (outline) Distributed databases Object databases Relational databases Data management Data mining Information architecture Information management Information retrieval Knowledge management Multimedia, hypermedia Sound and music computing Distributed computing Grid computing Human-computer interaction Operating systems Parallel computing High-performance computing Programming languages Compilers Programming paradigms Concurrent programming Functional programming Imperative programming Logic programming Object-oriented programming Program semantics Type theory Quantum computing Software engineering Formal methods (Formal verification) Theory of computation Automata theory (Formal languages) Computability theory Computational complexity theory Concurrency theory VLSI design Lissafi Tsabtataccen lissafi Mathematical logic and Foundations of mathematics Intuitionistic logic Modal logic Model theory Proof theory Recursion theory Set theory Algebra (outline) Associative algebra Category theory Topos theory Differential algebra Field theory Group theory Group representation Homological algebra K-theory Lattice theory (Order theory) Lie algebra Linear algebra (Vector space) Multilinear algebra Non-associative algebra Representation theory Ring theory Commutative algebra Noncommutative algebra Universal algebra Analysis Complex analysis Functional analysis Operator theory Harmonic analysis Fourier analysis Non-standard analysis Ordinary differential equations p-adic analysis Partial differential equations Real analysis Calculus (outline) Probability theory Ergodic theory Measure theory Integral geometry Stochastic process Geometry (outline) and Topology Affine geometry Algebraic geometry Algebraic topology Convex geometry Differential topology Discrete geometry Finite geometry Galois geometry General topology Geometric topology Integral geometry Noncommutative geometry Non-Euclidean geometry Projective geometry Number theory Algebraic number theory Analytic number theory Arithmetic combinatorics Geometric number theory Aiwatar da lissafi Aiwatar da kimiyya Noma Aeroponics Agroecology Aikin noma Ilimin aikin gona Kiwon dabbobi Kiwon dabbobi Kiwon zuma Kiwo Ilimin ɗan adam Tattalin arzikin noma Injiniyan aikin gona Injiniya Tsarin Halittu Injiniyan abinci Kiwo Aquaponics Enology Entomology Fogonics Kimiyyar abinci Fasahar dafa abinci Gandun daji Noman noma Hydrology shafi Hydroponics Ilimin ilimin likitanci Kimiyyar shuka shaida Pomology Kula da kwaro Tsarkakewa Viticulture Gine-gine da ƙira Gine-gine shaci Gine-gine na ciki Tsarin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Nazarin gine-gine Adana tarihi Zane na cikin gida gine-ginen ciki Tsarin gine-gine tsarin shimfidar wuri Tsarin shimfidar wuri Shirye-shiryen birni tsarin birni Sadarwar gani Zane mai hoto Nau'in ƙira Zane na fasaha Tsarin masana'antu tsarin samfur Ergonomics shafi Kayan wasan yara da zane na nishaɗi Ƙwarewar mai amfani Tsarin hulɗa Tsarin gine-ginen bayanai Ƙirar mai amfani Ƙimar ƙwarewar mai amfani Ayyukan kayan ado Zane-zane Zane-zane Kasuwanci Accounting Binciken lissafin kudi Tallafin lissafi Gudanar da kasuwanci Nazarin kasuwanci Da'ar kasuwanci Dokar kasuwanci Gudanar da kasuwanci E-Kasuwanci Kasuwancin kasuwanci Kudi shari'a Masana'antu da dangantakar aiki ciniki gama gari albarkatun ɗan adam Karatun kungiya Ilimin tattalin arziki Tarihin aiki Tsarin bayanai (Bayanan Kasuwanci Tsarin bayanan gudanarwa Bayanan lafiya Fasahar Sadarwa Tsarin Ciniki na duniya Gudanarwa shari'a Marketing shaci Gudanar da ayyuka Saye Gudanar da haɗari da inshora Kimiyyar tsarin Allahntaka Dokar Canon Tarihin Ikilisiya Hidimar fili Nasihar makiyaya Tauhidin makiyaya Dabarun ilimin addini Homiletics Liturgy Kiɗa mai tsarki Missiology Hermeneutics Nazarin Nassi da harsuna Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki Karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki Littafi Mai Tsarki Nazarin Vedic Sabon Alkawari Greek Latin Old Church Slavonic Tiyoloji shaci Tiyolojin koyarwa Ecclesiology Sacramental tiyoloji Tiyoloji na tsari Da'a na Kirista Dabi'un Hindu Tauhidin halin kirki Tauhidin tarihi Ilimi Ilimin kwatance Ilimi mai mahimmanci Manhajar karatu da koyarwa Madadin ilimi Ilimin yara na farko Ilimin firamare Ilimin sakandare Ilimi mafi girma Ƙwararren ilmantarwa Koyon haɗin gwiwa Ilimin aikin gona Ilimin fasaha Ilimin harsuna biyu Ilimin kimiyya Ilimi mai ba da shawara Ilimin harshe Ilimin shari'a Ilimin lissafi Ilimin likitanci Ilimin soja da horo Ilimin kiɗa Ilimin jinya Ilimi na waje Zaman lafiya ilimi Ilimin Jiki Koyarwar Wasanni Ilimin ilimin lissafi Ilimin karatu Ilimin addini Ilimin kimiyya Ilimi na musamman Ilimin jima'i Sociology na ilimi Ilimin fasaha Ilimin sana'a Jagorancin ilimi Falsafar ilimi Ilimin ilimin halin dan Adam Fasahar ilimi Ilimi nesa Injiniya da fasaha Chemical Engineering Bioengineering Biochemical engineering Biomolecular engineering Catalysis Materials engineering Molecular engineering Nanotechnology Polymer engineering Process design Petroleum engineering Nuclear engineering Food engineering Process engineering Reaction engineering Thermodynamics Transport phenomena Civil Engineering Coastal engineering Earthquake engineering Ecological engineering Environmental engineering Geotechnical engineering Engineering geology Hydraulic engineering Mining engineering Transportation engineering Highway engineering Structural engineering Architectural engineering Structural mechanics Surveying Educational Technology Instructional design Distance education Instructional simulation Human performance technology Knowledge management Electrical Engineering Applied physics Computer engineering (outline) Computer science Control systems engineering Control theory Electronic engineering Instrumentation engineering Engineering physics Photonics Information theory Mechatronics Power engineering Quantum computing Robotics (outline) Semiconductors Telecommunications engineering Materials Science and Engineering Biomaterials Ceramic engineering Crystallography Nanomaterials Photonics Physical Metallurgy Polymer engineering Polymer science Semiconductors Mechanical Engineering Aerospace engineering Aeronautics Astronautics Acoustical engineering Automotive engineering Biomedical engineering Biomechanical engineering Neural engineering Continuum mechanics Fluid mechanics Heat transfer Industrial engineering Manufacturing engineering Marine engineering Mass transfer Mechatronics Nanoengineering Ocean engineering Optical engineering Robotics Thermodynamics Systems science Chaos theory Complex systems Conceptual systems Control theory Affect control theory Control engineering Control systems Dynamical systems Perceptual control theory Cybernetics Biocybernetics Engineering cybernetics Management cybernetics Medical cybernetics New Cybernetics Second-order cybernetics Sociocybernetics Network science Operations research Systems biology Computational systems biology Synthetic biology Systems immunology Systems neuroscience System dynamics Social dynamics Systems ecology Ecosystem ecology Systems engineering Biological systems engineering Earth systems engineering and management Enterprise systems engineering Systems analysis Systems psychology Ergonomics Family systems theory Systemic therapy Systems theory Biochemical systems theory Ecological systems theory Developmental systems theory General systems theory Living systems theory LTI system theory Mathematical system theory Sociotechnical systems theory World-systems theory Systems theory in anthropology Nazarin muhalli da gandun daji Gudanar da muhalli Gudanar da bakin teku Gudanar da kamun kifi Gudanar da ƙasa Gudanar da albarkatun kasa Gudanar da sharar gida Gudanar da namun daji Manufar muhalli Duban namun daji Ilimin yanayi na nishaɗi Silviculture Nazarin dorewa Ci gaba mai dorewa Toxicology Ilimin halittu Kimiyyar iyali da mabukata Ilimin mabukaci Gidaje Tsarin ciki Gina Jiki shaci Gudanar da sabis na abinci Yadi Ayyukan jiki na ɗan adam da nishaɗi Biomechanics Wasanni biomechanics Koyarwar wasanni Escapology Ergonomics Lafiyar jiki Wasannin motsa jiki Mai horar da kai Koyarwar motsa jiki Tsarin wasa Motsa jiki Kinesiology Exercise Physiology Kimiyyar Aiki Karatun nishaɗi Kewayawa Ayyukan waje Ayyukan jiki Ilimin Jiki Ilimin Ilimi Ilimin zamantakewa na wasanni Ilimin Jima'i Wasanni motsa jiki Aikin jarida wasanni na wasanni Gudanar da wasanni Daraktan wasanni Ilimin halin dan Adam Magungunan wasanni Horon 'yan wasa Ƙwarewar rayuwa Bato Bushcraft Scoutcraft Woodcraft Kayan wasan yara da zane na nishaɗi Aikin jarida, karatun jarida da sadarwa Aikin Jarida shaci Watsa labarai Aikin jarida na dijital Aikin jarida na adabi Sabon aikin jarida Buga aikin jarida Aikin jarida wasanni na wasanni Karatun Media Mass Media Jarida Mujallar Rediyo shaci Television shari'a Karatun talabijin Fim fim Karatun fim Nazarin wasanni Fan karatu Labarin labari Intanet shafi Nazarin Sadarwa Talla Sadarwar dabba Tsarin sadarwa Ka'idar makirci Kafofin watsa labarai na dijital Kafofin watsa labaru na lantarki Sadarwar muhalli Hoax Ka'idar bayani Sadarwa tsakanin al'adu Marketing shaci Sadarwar jama'a Sadarwar da ba ta magana ba Sadarwar tsari Shahararrun karatun al'adu Farfaganda Sadarwar Jama'a shaida Sadarwar magana Rubutun fasaha Fassara Doka Gudanar da doka Dokar kamfani Dokar ciniki Dokar kasuwanci Dokar gudanarwa Dokar Canon Doka kwatanta Dokar tsarin mulki Dokar gasa Dokar laifuka Hanyar aikata laifuka Adalci na laifi shari'a Kimiyyar 'yan sanda Ilimin shari'a fasalin Shari'ar Musulunci Dokokin Yahudawa (shari'a Fikihu Falsafa na Doka Dokar farar hula Dokar Admiralty Dokokin dabbobi Haƙƙin dabbobi Doka ta gama gari Kamfanoni Tsarin jama'a Dokar kwangila Dokar muhalli Dokar iyali Dokar tarayya Dokokin kasa da kasa Dokokin kasa da kasa na jama'a Doka ta kasa Dokar aiki Nazarin Paralegal Dokar dukiya Dokar haraji Dokokin azabtarwa (shari'a Tabbatar da doka shari'a Dokokin tsari Doka mai mahimmanci Laburare da karatun kayan tarihi Kimiyyar kayan tarihi Archivist Rubutun bayanai na Littafi Mai Tsarki Littattafai Wayar hannu Kataloji Binciken ambato Rabewa Rabewa Rarraba ɗakin karatu Rarraba Taxonomic Rabewar kimiyya Rabe-raben kididdiga Rarraba tsaro Rarraba fim Kulawar tattarawa Gudanar da tattarawa Manufar Gudanar da Tarin Tari Kimiyyar kiyayewa Kiyayewa da maido da al'adun gargajiya Curator Adana bayanai Gudanar da Database Tsarin bayanai Ajiyayyen dijital Yadawa Kiyaye fim Dokoki biyar na kimiyyar ɗakin karatu Adana tarihi Tarihin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu hulɗar ɗan adam da kwamfuta Indexer Masu ba da labari Tsarin gine-ginen bayanai Dillalin bayanai Karatun bayanai Maido da bayanai Kimiyyar bayanai fita Tsarin bayanai da fasaha Haɗin tsarin ɗakin karatu Lamunin ɗakin karatu Injiniyan ilimi Gudanar da ilimi Laburare Dauren ɗakin karatu Zagayen karatu Umarnin ɗakin karatu Portal na ɗakin karatu Ayyukan fasaha na ɗakin karatu Gudanarwa Rashin rage yawan taro Ilimin tarihi Ilimin kayan tarihi Gudanar da kayan tarihi Kiyaye abu Kiyaye Bincike mai yiwuwa Nasihar masu karatu Gudanar da rikodin Magana Teburin Magana Software na sarrafa bayanai Magatakarda Hanyoyin bincike Wuta a hankali Laburare na musamman Kididdiga Magunguna da lafiya Alternative medicine Audiology Clinical laboratory sciences/Clinical pathology/Laboratory medicine Clinical biochemistry Cytogenetics Cytohematology Cytology (outline) Haemostasiology Histology Clinical immunology Clinical microbiology Molecular genetics Parasitology Clinical physiology Dentistry (outline) Dental hygiene and epidemiology Dental surgery Endodontics Implantology Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthodontics Periodontics Prosthodontics Dermatology Emergency medicine (outline) Epidemiology Geriatrics Gynaecology Health informatics/Clinical informatics Hematology Holistic medicine Infectious disease Intensive care medicine Internal medicine Cardiology Cardiac electrophysiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Medical toxicology Music therapy Nursing Nutrition (outline) and dietetics Obstetrics (outline) Occupational hygiene Occupational therapy Occupational toxicology Ophthalmology Neuro-ophthalmology Optometry Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics Pharmaceutical sciences Pharmaceutical chemistry Pharmaceutical toxicology Pharmaceutics Pharmacocybernetics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacogenomics Pharmacognosy Pharmacokinetics Pharmacology Pharmacy Physical fitness Group Fitness aerobics Kinesiology Exercise science Human performance Personal fitness training Physical therapy Physiotherapy Podiatry Preventive medicine Primary care General practice Psychiatry (outline) Forensic psychiatry Psychology (outline) Public health Radiology Recreational therapy Rehabilitation medicine Respiratory therapy Sleep medicine Speech–language pathology Sports medicine Surgery Bariatric surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Neurosurgery Orthoptics Orthopedic surgery Plastic surgery Trauma surgery Traumatology Traditional medicine Urology Andrology Veterinary medicine Ilimin soja Amphibious warfare Artillery Battlespace Air Information Land Sea Space Campaigning Military engineering Doctrine Espionage Game theory Grand strategy Containment Limited war Military science (outline) Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war War (outline) Leadership Logistics Materiel Supply chain management Military operation Military history Prehistoric Ancient Medieval Early modern Industrial Modern Fourth-generation warfare Military intelligence Military law Military medicine Naval science Naval engineering Naval tactics Naval architecture Organization Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Military exercises Military simulation Military sports Strategy Attrition Deception Defensive Offensive Counter-offensive Maneuver Goal Naval Tactics Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counter-attack Counter-insurgency Counter-intelligence Counter-terrorism Foxhole Endemic warfare Guerrilla warfare Infiltration Irregular warfare Morale Naval tactics Siege Surgical strike Tactical objective Trench warfare Military weapons Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Conventional Chemical Cyber Economic Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Other Military Arms control Arms race Assassination Asymmetric warfare Civil defense Clandestine operation Collateral damage Cold war (general term) Combat Covert operation Cyberwarfare Defense industry Disarmament Intelligence agency Laws of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Mock combat Network-centric warfare Paramilitary Principles of war Private defense agency Private military company Proxy war Religious war Security Special forces Special operations Theater (warfare) Theft Undercover War crimes Warrior Gudanar da Jama'a Ma'aikatan gwamnati Gyaran baya Ilimin halitta na kiyayewa Adalci na laifi shari'a Binciken bala'i Amsar bala'i Gudanar da gaggawa Ayyukan gaggawa Tsaron Wuta Kariyar Wuta Ilimin yanayin wuta (Gudanar da gobarar daji) Al'amuran gwamnati Al'amuran duniya tilasta bin doka Zaman lafiya da karatun rikici Kimiyyar 'yan sanda Nazarin siyasa Nazarin siyasa Gudanar da Jama'a Gudanar da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai Gudanar da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO). Rukunan manufofin jama'a Makarantar manufofin jama'a Ka'ida Amincin jama'a Sabis na jama'a Manufar jama'a Manufar noma Manufar kasuwanci Manufar al'adu Manufar gida Manufar miyagun ƙwayoyi Gyara manufofin miyagun ƙwayoyi Manufar tattalin arziki Manufar kasafin kudi Manufar shigar da shiga Manufar masana'antu Manufar zuba jari Manufar kudi Manufar haraji Manufar ilimi Manufar makamashi Manufar makamashin nukiliya Manufar makamashi mai sabuntawa Manufar muhalli Manufar abinci Manufar harkokin waje Manufar lafiya Manufar Pharmaceutical Manufar rigakafin Manufar gidaje Manufar shige da fice Manufar ilimi Manufar harshe Manufar soja Manufar Kimiyya Manufar sauyin yanayi Manufar binciken kwayar halitta Manufar sararin samaniya Manufar fasaha Manufar tsaro Manufar zamantakewa Manufar jama'a ta ƙasa Ayyukan zamantakewa Jindadin yara Ayyukan al'umma Tsarin al'umma Manufar zamantakewa Ayyukan Dan Adam Gyaran baya Gerontology Aikin zamantakewa na likita Lafiyar tunani Aikin zamantakewa na makaranta Sufuri Tsaro na babbar hanya Bayanan bayanai Intermodal harkokin sufuri karatu Dabarun dabaru Jirgin ruwa Gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa Teku Binciken ayyuka Tafiyar jama'a Tafiya Motoci Duba kuma Ilimi shari'a Asalin ilimi Tsarin karatu Interdisciplinarity Transdisciplinarity Sana'o'i Rarraba Shirye-shiryen Koyarwa Tsarin Coding na Ilimin haɗin gwiwa Jerin fannonin karatun digiri na uku a cikin Amurka Jerin filayen ilimi Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru Manazarta US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP). National Center for Education Statistics. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000): Developed by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics to provide a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completions activity. Complete JACS (Joint Academic Classification of Subjects) from Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2008) (web-page Chapter 3 and Appendix 1: Fields of research classification. Fields of Knowledge, a zoomable map allowing the academic disciplines and sub-disciplines in this article be visualised. Sandoz, R. (ed.), Interactive Historical Atlas of the Disciplines, University of Geneva Ilimi
27175	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch%27Allah%20Dimanche	Inch'Allah Dimanche	Inch'Allah Dimanche English: Sunday God Willing, Hausa; Lahadi Da yardar Allah) wani fim ne na Faransanci Aljeriya a shekara ta 2001 ta Yamina Benguigui game da rayuwar wata ƴar hijira ƴar Algeria a Faransa. Ko da yake wannan shi ne fim ɗin almara na farko mai tsayi na Beguigui, yana bayyana irin gogewar danginta zuwa Faransa da kuma gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin cin gashin kan matan Aljeriya har yau. Fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da lambar yabo ta 2001 International Critics' Award a Toronto International Film Festival. Ko da yake an bukaci Benguigui da ta canza sunan fim din bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, ta zabi ta ci gaba da rike ainihin taken, wani bangare na shi yana cikin Larabci na Aljeriya Wannan fim ya yi bayani ne kan sarkakiyar shige da fice da kuma rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al’ummar Aljeriya.. Ƴam wasa Fejria Deliba Zouina Rabia Mokeddem Aïcha, uwa Amina Annabi Malika Anass Behri Ali Hamza Dubuih Rachid Zinedine Sulemanu Ahmad Mathilde Seigner Nicole Briat Marie-France Pisier Manant France Darry Mrs. Donze (makwabci) Roger Dumas Mr. Donze (makwabci) Jalil Lespert direban bas Labari Mijin Zouina, Ahmed, ya bar Algeria a shekarun 1970 don yin aiki a Faransa. A wani ɓangare na dokar sake hade iyali da gwamnatin Faransa ta kafa da Firayim Minista Jacques Chirac a shekara ta 1974, an ba Zouina izinin ƙaura zuwa Faransa daga Aljeriya domin ta bi mijinta, Ahmed. Bayan ta bar mahaifiyarta da hawaye, Zouina, surukarta, Aicha, da ’ya’yansu uku suka ƙaura zuwa Faransa. Zouina ta yi gwagwarmaya don tinkarar rayuwa a sabuwar ƙasa da al'adu daban-daban amma ta zama fursuna ga zaluncin Aicha da gazawar mijinta na kare ta. Zouina ta kuma ci karo da ɗimbin maƙwabta, wasu daga cikinsu suna ƙara ƙauracewa da take ji a sabon gidanta amma da yawa suna miƙa hannunsu cikin abota. Lahadi, lokacin da Ahmednta yakan kai mahaifiyarsa zuwa ranar, Zouina da yaran sun sami damar bincike da neman wani dangin Aljeriya da kuma abokan hulɗa na ɗan adam. A ƙarshe Zouina ta sami wannan dangin bayan makonni uku amma ta sha fama da ƙin yarda cewa madubin da aka yaga daga gidanta a Aljeriya da kuma kin amincewa da sabon gidanta a Faransa. Ta hanyar tafiyarta Zouina ta sami ƙarfin kanta, tana murna a cikin al'ummar matan da ta samu gida a ciki kuma tana jin daɗin tattaunawar mata da ta kunno kai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen rediyo kamar Ménie Grégoire. Kiɗa Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kiɗan Faransanci, Larabci na Aljeriya, da kiɗan yaren Kabyl. Mawaƙin Aljeriya Idir ne ya yi yawancin waƙoƙin. "Ageggig" Idir (A. Mouhed, Idir) "Al Laïl" Alain Blesing (Alain Blesing) Apache Shadows Jerry Lordan "Isefra" Idir (M. Benhammadouche, Idir) "Djebel" Aziz Bekhti "Cenud" Nourredine Chenoud "Snitraw" Idir "Le Premier Bonheur du Jour" Françoise Hardy (Franck Gerald, Jean Renard) "Djin" Alain Blesing "Temzi (Mon Enfance)" Hamou (Hamou, Ben Mohamed, Eric Amah, Caroline Pascaud-Blandin) "Sssendu" Idir "Raoul" Souad Massi Kyauta Wanda ya ci nasara Kyautar FIPRESCI (Mafi kyawun Fim) Bikin Fim na Toronto Int'l Nasara Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Bordeaux Int'l Festival na Mata a Cinema Nasara Golden Star Marrakech Int'l Film Festival Nasara Kyautar OCIC Amiens Int'l Film Festival Zabin Aiki Reel Dame Film Festival Zabin Aiki Crossroad Int'l Film Festival Zaɓe Golden Pyramid Alkahira Int'l Film Festival liyafa Amsa mai mahimmanci Inch'Allah Dimanche ya samu ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim ɗin maki 71% bisa bita daga masu suka 13, tare da matsakaicin maki 3.6/5. Yayin da wasu ƴan kallo suka ga ya zama wakilci mai ƙarfi na duka labarin shaƙatawa da kuma iyawar mace ta wuce cikas wasu sun gano cewa fim ɗin yana da ma'ana amma ya ɓoyayya. A kan saƙon fim ɗin da ingancinsa, Don Houston na DVD Talk ya lura "Shige da fice ya shafe mu duka ta hanya ɗaya ko wata, ko da inda kuke zama ko aiki. Idan wannan fim ɗin zai iya haifar da tattaunawa mai zurfi a kan lamarin, da zai yi mana babban hidima. Ban tabbata ko na yarda da duk shawarar da darektan ya yi ba amma ina jin daɗin cewa ta yi tafiya kuma a yanzu tana magana har ta iya zayyana yawancin batutuwan da suka shafe mu duka." Lisa Nesselson na Variety.com ta yaba wa fim ɗin da cewa "Labarin yana yawan daci amma ba ya jin tsoro. Kyakkyawan tsari na zamani ya sa mai kallo tare da tunatarwa cewa lardin Faransa a tsakiyar shekarun 70s har yanzu yana kusa da WWII fiye da na yanzu kuma cewa al'ummomin al'adu da yawa a yau sun sami nasara sosai." Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fina-finai Sinima a Afrika Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba
40683	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar%20Dominika	Jamhuriyar Dominika	Jamhuriyar Dominican Spanish República Dominicana ƙasa ce ta Latin Amurka a tsibirin Hispaniola na Tsibirin Karibiyan ƙasar Haiti na daga cikin ƙasashen tsibirin. Babban birninta, kuma mafi girma birni, shine Santo Domingo Harshen ƙasar Spanish. Ƙasar tana cikin daular Spain har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. A cikin ƙarni na 19, Faransa, Spain da Haiti suna iko da ita a lokuta daban-daban, kuma daga baya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta. Amurka ta mamaye ta daga 1916 zuwa 1924. Jamhuriyar Dominican jamhuriya ce ta demokraɗiyya ta shugaban ƙasa. Ƙasar tana da yanayi mai zafi amma an canza ta ta hanyar haɓakawa da iskar kasuwanci iskar da ke fitowa daga arewa maso gabas, daga Tekun Atlantika Mutanen Espanya sun kawo bayi na Afirka zuwa kasar. Jamhuriyar Dominika na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da cacao. Tarihi Christopher Columbus ya gano tsibirin Hispaniola a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1492, amma karo na farko da ya ga wani yanki na Jamhuriyar Dominika ta yanzu shine a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1493 lokacin da ya ga wani yanki da ya kira Monte Cristi ("Mountain"). na Kristi). Ana kiran wannan dutsen yanzu El Morro kuma yana kusa da birnin Monte Cristi Daga Monte Cristi, Columbus ya tafi gabas tare da arewacin bakin tekun tsibirin kuma a ranar 6 ga Janairu, bayan ya ziyarci Samaná Bay, ya koma Spain A tafiyarsa ta biyu zuwa Amurka, ya kafa birnin Turai na farko a nahiyar, La Isabela, kusa da birnin Puerto Plata na yanzu. Daga baya, Bartholomew Columbus ya kafa birnin Santo Domingo, birni mafi tsufa na Turai a cikin Amurka. Daga nan, Mutanen Espanya da yawa sun tafi cinye wasu tsibiran Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico Domin Cuba ta fi kusa da nahiyar, mutane da yawa sun ƙaura daga Hispaniola, sannan zuwa nahiyar. Saboda haka, yawan mutanen tsibirin ya karu a hankali. Ta Yarjejeniyar Ryswick a 1697, Spain ta ba da yammacin ukun na tsibirin ga Faransa kuma ta kiyaye gabas, don haka tsibirin yana da yankuna biyu daban-daban: Faransanci Saint-Domingue da Spain Santo Domingo A shekara ta 1795, Faransa ta sami dukan tsibirin amma kawai sun iya sarrafa yankin gabas saboda Haiti ta sami ƴanci ba da daɗewa ba. A 1809, gwamnatin Faransa ta mayar da tsohon mulkin mallaka na "Santo Domingo" zuwa Spain. A ranar 1 ga Disamba 1821, Laftanar Gwamna José Núñez de Cáceres ya ayyana ƴancin kai daga Spain. Sabuwar ƙasar tana da suna Estado Independiente del Haití Español ("Ƙasar Haiti mai zaman kanta ta Spain"). Amma a ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1822, sojojin Haiti suka mamaye kasar kuma suka zauna tsawon shekaru 22. Juan Pablo Duarte ya kafa ƙungiyar asiri, La Trinitaria, don yin yaki don 'yancin kai na Dominican. Aikin Haiti ya ƙare a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1844, lokacin da mazaunan gabashin yankin Hispaniola suka yi sabuwar ƙasa mai suna República Dominicana ("Jamhuriyar Dominika"). Daga 1861 zuwa 1865, ƙasar ta sake zama ƙasar Sipaniya. A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1863 ya fara yaƙin Maidowa lokacin da Dominicans suka yi yaƙi don sake samun ƴanci. Yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1865 sa’ad da Mutanen Espanya suka bar ƙasar kuma Jamhuriyar Dominican ta sake zama ƙasa mai ƴanci. Amurka ta mamaye ƙasar daga 1916 zuwa 1924. A shekara ta 1930, Rafael Trujillo ya zama shugaban ƙasar ta hanyar juyin mulki Trujillo ya kasance azzalumin kama- karya, inda ya kashe dubban mutane, daga cikinsu akwai ’yan Haiti da yawa. An kashe Trujillo a shekara ta 1961. Bayan mutuwar Trujillo, an zabi Juan Bosch a 1962 kuma ya zama, a cikin 1963, zababben shugaban kasa na farko tun 1930. Amma Bosch ya kwashe watanni bakwai kawai yana mulki. A shekarar 1965, an yi yakin basasa tsakanin wadanda ke son Bosch ya dawo kan karagar mulki da kuma wadanda ke adawa da shi. Sannan Amurka ta sake mamaye kasar. Tun daga ƙarshen yaƙin basasa, shugabannin Jamhuriyar Dominika sun kasance: Joaquín Balaguer (1966-1978) Antonio Guzman (1978-1982) Salvador Jorge Blanco (1982-1986) Joaquín Balaguer (1986-1996) Leonel Fernández (1996-2000) Hipólito Mejía (2000-2004) Leonel Fernández (2004-2012) Gwamnati Jamhuriyar Dominican jamhuriya ce ta demokraɗiyya ta shugaban ƙasa. Gwamnati ta kasu kashi uku: Zartarwa, majalisa da kuma ɓangaren shari'a Bangaren zartaswa ya kunshi shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da kuma ministoci wadanda ake kira Sakatarorin Gwamnati Shugaban kasa shine shugaban kasa kuma shugaban gwamnati kuma ana zabar shi duk bayan shekaru 4. Ya naɗa majalisar ministoci. Shugaban ƙasa na yanzu shine Luis Abinader. Reshen Majalisar yana yin dokoki kuma ya ƙunshi Majalisa, wanda ke Santo Domingo, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dominican. Majalisa ta kasu kashi biyu: Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 32 (daya na kowane lardi daya na gundumomi na kasa), sai kuma majalisar wakilai mai wakilai 178. Sashen shari’a ya ƙunshi kotunan ƙasar, ciki har da Kotun Koli na Shari’a. Siyasa Jamhuriyar Dominika ƙasar dimokuradiyya ce ta tsarin mulki da shugaban kasa ke mulki Ana zaben shugaban kasa duk bayan shekaru 4. Shugaban na yanzu shine Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona, na PRM. Akwai muhimman jam'iyyun siyasa 3 a Jamhuriyar Dominican: PRD Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Hali ta Dominican (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Dominicano PRD jam'iyyar gurguzu ce. An kafa jam'iyyar ne a shekara ta 1939 a birnin Havana na kasar Cuba An kafa shi a Jamhuriyar Dominican a cikin 1961. PRSC Social Christian Reformist Party (Spanish: Partido Reformista Social Cristiano Jam'iyya ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wacce Joaquín Balager ya kafa a shekarar 1964, wanda ya kasance shugaban Jamhuriyar daga 1966 zuwa 1978 da 1986-96. PLD Jam'iyyar Dominican Liberation Party (Spanish: Partido de la Liberación Dominicana ya kasance ɗan gurguzu lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1973; a halin yanzu jam'iyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi Ƙasa Akwai sarƙoƙin tsaunuka da yawa a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominika. Manyan sarkoki guda hudu, daga Arewa zuwa Kudu, su ne: Cordillera Septentrional (a Turanci, "Arewa Tsaunuka"), kusa da Tekun Atlantika. Cordillera Central (a Turanci, "Tsakiyar tsaunuka") wanda ke ci gaba zuwa arewacin Haiti inda ake kira Massif du Nord Duwatsu mafi tsayi na yammacin Indiya suna cikin wannan sarƙar; Pico Duarte, tare da 3,087 m, shine mafi girma. Manyan koguna na Hispaniola suna da tushen su a cikin wannan tsaunuka. Sierra de Neiba Sierra de Bahoruco, wanda aka fi sani da Haití a matsayin Massif de la Selle Tsakanin waɗannan tsaunuka, akwai ƙwaruruka masu muhimmanci, kamar: Kwarin Cibao (Jamhuriyar Dominika) ita ce kwari mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci na ƙasar. Wannan dogon kwari ya taso daga Arewacin Haiti zuwa Samaná Bay, kudu da Cordillera Septentrional. Kwarin San Juan da Filin Azua manyan kwari ne a kudancin Cordillera Central. Hoya de Enriquillo ko kwarin Neiba wani kwari ne mai bushewa a kudu da Saliyo de Neiba. Llano Costero del Caribe (a cikin Ingilishi, "Plain Coastal Plain") yana kudu maso gabashin ƙasar. Wani katafaren daji ne a gabas da Santo Domingo A cikin wannan fili akwai shuke-shuken sukari masu mahimmanci. Akwai wasu ƙananan kwari a cikin tsaunuka: Constanza, Jarabacoa, Bonao, Villa Altagracia. Koguna hudu mafi mahimmanci na Jamhuriyar Dominican sune Yaque del Norte, Yuna, Yaque del Sur da Ozama Akwai tafkuna da yawa; mafi girma shine tafkin Enriquillo, a cikin Hoya de Enriquillo Mutane Jamhuriyar Dominika tana da jimillar yawan jama'a, wanda aka kiyasta a watan Yuli 2009, na mazaunan 9,650,054, ga yawan mazaunan 236.30 a kowace Kusan 64% na mutanen Dominika suna zaune a birane da garuruwa kuma 87% na mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 ko fiye suna iya karatu da rubutu. Manyan biranen biyu sune Santo Domingo (babban birni) mai mazauna 1,817,754, da Santiago, a cikin kwarin Cibao kuma tare da mazauna 908,250. Ƙirar ƙabilanci na mutanen Dominika yana kusa da 85% Mulatto Black, 14% Fari da 1% na Asiya. Mulatto Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Kudancin Turai ne da Afirka ta Yamma, amma suna da ƴan asalin asalin Taino. Mestizo Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Kudancin Turai ne da ƴan asalin tsibirin Hispaniola; wasu daga cikinsu suna da 'yan asalin Yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Black Dominicans: Su zuriyar ’yan Afirka ta Yamma ne waɗanda aka kawo su a matsayin bayi don yin aiki galibi akan noman rake. Yawancin zuriyar Dominicans na Afirka ana iya samo su zuwa ƙasashen yammacin Afirka kamar Ghana, Kamaru, da Angola. White Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Mutanen Espanya ne, Fotigal, da Faransanci. Yawancin zuriyar Dominicans na Turai sun fito ne daga tsibirin Canary da Kudancin Spain, yayin da wasu da yawa suka fito daga Portuguese, Galiciyawa, Asturiyawa, da Faransawa. Dominican Asiya: Su ne mafi ƙanƙanta ƙabilu a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican. Yawancin su sun samo asali ne daga lardunan gabar tekun Kudancin China da Japan. Wasu daga cikinsu an gauraye su da ’yan Dominican da ba na Asiya ba. Dominicans ƴan asalin ƙasar: galibinsu zuriyar mutanen Taino ne waɗanda suka tsira zuwa ƙarni na farko na mulkin mallaka na Turai, bauta ko cututtuka. Suna da asali daban-daban na asali fiye da yawancin Dominicans, amma suna da al'adu iri ɗaya tare da mulatto da mestizo Dominicans. Mafi yawansu sun samo asali ne daga Tsawon tsaunuka na tsakiya, da tsaunin Neiba da wasu kwaruruka a yankunan Arewa da Kudu. Larduna An raba Jamhuriyar Dominican zuwa larduna 31. Babban birnin kasar Santo Domingo de Guzmán yana cikin Distrito National wanda yake kamar lardin kuma ya zaɓi Sanata ɗaya. Tattalin Arziki Jamhuriyar Dominican tana da tattalin arzikin gauraye wanda ya dogara ne akan aikin noma, ayyuka (ciki har da yawon shaƙatawa da kuɗi kasuwanci da kuɗin da aka aiko daga Dominican da yawa waɗanda ke zaune a wasu ƙasashe Amurka, Turai Ayyukan noma (yafi yawan rake, tare da ƙananan kofi, cacao, da taba) shine babban aikin tattalin arziki amma yanzu ya kasance a matsayi na uku bayan yawon shakatawa da masana'antu a zonas francas yankuna masu kyauta "inda masana'antu ba sa biyan haraji kuma duk ana aikawa da samarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashe). Haƙar ma'adanai na da matuƙar mahimmanci a harkar tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Jamhuriyar Dominican na fama da talauci, inda kashi 83.3% na al'ummar kasar ke rayuwa kasa da layin talauci a shekarar 2012. Rarraba dukiyar ba ta daidaita: 10% mafi arziki suna samun kusan kashi 40% na kuɗaɗen shiga na ƙasa. Al'adu Al'adun Jamhuriyar Dominican, kamar sauran ƙasashen Karibiyan haɗuwa ne na al'adun Taíno, Afirka da Turai (yafi Mutanen Espanya Babu al'adun Taíno da yawa a cikin al'adun Dominican na zamani; wurare da yawa suna ajiye sunayensu Taíno: Dajabón, Bánica, Haina, Yaque, Samaná, da dai sauransu. Hakanan abubuwa da yawa, tsirrai da dabbobi suna da asalin Taíno kuma an haɗa sunayensu cikin wasu harsuna; misali: canoa kwalekwale, ƙaramin jirgin ruwa hamaca hammock, gado mai sauƙi), maíz masara, masara yuca rogo, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Taíno casabe, irin burodin rogo da ake ci a cikin Caribbean), da batata dankali mai dadi Wannan cakuda al'adu daban-daban ya haifar da al'ada da aka sani da Creole (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: Criolla gama gari ga duk ƙasashe a cikin Caribbean, Louisiana da wasu sassa na Kudancin Amirka da Amurka ta Tsakiya Harsuna A Jamhuriyar Dominican, Mutanen Espanya ne kawai ake magana, duk da haka; akwai manyan harsuna 3 waɗanda kuma ake magana da su kamar Haitian Creole, Samana English, da kuma Yaren Yarbawa na Yammacin Afirka da aka fi sani da Lucumi da 'yan kaɗan ke magana. Akwai yare na gida ko patois wanda duk Dominicans ke magana duba Dominican Spanish Creole A cikin al'ummar Dominican Sinawa (wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane 60 000) tsofaffin ƙarni na ci gaba da magana cikin Sinanci na Mandarin da Sinanci na Cantonese Addinai Addinin hukuma shine Roman Katolika amma akwai ƴancin yin addini. Ƙungiyoyin Furotesta suna da mahimmanci, suna wakiltar kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a. Kowace shekara ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa da ake kira fiestas patronales. Biki ne na Katolika don girmama tsarkakan Maɗaukaki na garuruwa da ƙauyuka; al'adar Mutanen Espanya ce a haɗa kowane gari tare da waliyyi na Katolika. Bukukuwan sun haɗa da hidimar coci, faretin tituna, ayyukan kashe gobara, gasar raye-raye da sauran ayyukan. Dominican Voodoo ko Santeria kuma ana yin su da yawa da kuma Dominican Palo, addinin Dominika Kongo, da sauransu. Al'adun Afirka suna da tasiri mafi ƙarfi a cikin al'adun Dominican, musamman a cikin harshe, addini, abinci, da kiɗa. Hotuna Nassoshi Webarchive template wayback links Ƙasashen Amurka Ƙasashe Ƙasashen Karibiyan Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
37148	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo%20Dalot	Diogo Dalot	José Diogo Dalot Teixeira (lafazin Portuguese pronunciation: oɡu lo] an haife shi 18 watan Maris 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League United da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal Dalot samfur ne na tsarin matasa na Porto kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru ga ƙungiyar B a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan Taça de Portugal a watan Oktoba 2017. Bayan ya buga wa Porto wasanni takwas, ya koma Manchester United a watan Yunin shekarar 2018 kan kudi Yuro 22. miliyan (£19 miliyan). Daga Oktoba 2020 zuwa Yuni 2021, an ba Dalot aro zuwa kulob din Serie A na Italiya AC Milan Dalot ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa kuma ya wakilci Portugal daga kasa da 15 zuwa matakin kasa da 21 Ya kasance memba na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da suka lashe gasar zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na 2016 Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Portugal a UEFA Euro 2020 Aikin kulob Porto An haife shi a Braga, Dalot ya shiga tsarin matasa na Porto a cikin shekarar 2008, yana da shekaru tara. A kan 28 shekarar Janairu 2017, ya fara halarta na farko tare da ƙungiyar B, yana wasa cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin asarar gida 2-1 da Leixões don gasar zakarun LigaPro Dalot ya fara bayyana tare da tawagar farko a wasan gasa ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2017, wanda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Lusitano de Évora da ci 6-0 a gasar Taça de Portugal Ya fara taka leda a gasar Premier a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2018, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin minti na 75 a cikin 5-0 na gida na Rio Ave. Manchester United Wasannin farko a Manchester Dalot ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League na Manchester United a ranar 6 ga Yunin 2018 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar kan fam 19. miliyan. Lokacin da ya isa Manchester, kocin José Mourinho ya ce, la'akari da shekarunsa, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan baya a kusa. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2018 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai UEFA Champions League da kungiyar Young Boys ta Switzerland, amma ya kasa ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar saboda raunin da ya samu a kakar wasa ta baya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Southampton Duk da korar Mourinho da aka nada Ole Gunnar Solskjaer a matsayin sabon koci, Dalot ya kasance zabi mai mahimmanci: a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya buga wasanni 23. A lokacin wannan kakar, yana da wasan da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a birnin Paris, a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe na 2nd kafa da Paris Saint-Germain, inda Manchester United ta kammala wani gagarumin koma baya saboda bugun fanareti, wanda ya yi nasara bayan harbin Dalot. Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan cin kofin FA da Tranmere Rovers da ci 6-0 ita ce kwallonsa ta farko ga United. A lokacin farkon kakarsa na kulob din, Dalot ya yi fama da raunuka daban-daban kuma bayan zuwan Aaron Wan-Bissaka, ayyukansa sun yi rauni sosai a karkashin kocin Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. Loan zuwa AC Milan Bayan amfani da Manchester United na lokaci-lokaci, an ba Dalot aro ga AC Milan ta Italiya a kakar shekarar 2020-21. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, inda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Celtic da ci 3-1 a wasan rukuni na rukuni na UEFA Europa League Kwanaki bakwai bayan haka, Dalot ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Milan kuma ya ba da taimako ga dan kasar Rafael Leão a wasan da ci 3-0 a gida a gasar cin kofin Europa da Sparta Prague Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Seria A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya maye gurbin Davide Calabria a cikin mintuna na 71 na wasan da suka tashi 2-1 da Udinese Ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Genoa A ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2021, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a gasar Seria A cikin 2-0 a waje a Hellas Verona A lokacin kakar wasa, iyawar Dalot ya ba shi damar yin wasa ko dai a matsayin dama da baya na hagu Wannan ya sa ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar Stefano Pioli, yana taimaka wa Milan ta sami matsayi na biyu a cikin 2020-21 Seria A da cancantar shiga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2021-22 bayan rashin shekaru takwas. A lokacin da yake wasa a matsayin Rossonero, ya iya yin wasa akai-akai, yana yin wasanni Talat in da uku 33, ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya ba da taimako uku. Kamar yadda Dalot ya fada sau da yawa, a Italiya ya iya inganta tsaro, ba tare da rasa ikonsa na kai hari ba. Komawa Manchester United A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021, Manchester United ta yi sha'awar siyan wani dan wasan baya na dama. A halin da ake ciki, Milan, wacce ta ji dadin Dalot a lokacin da ya koma kungiyar a matsayin aro, ya fara tattaunawa da Manchester United don siyan shi na dindindin. Bayan ya koma Manchester United, ya burge kociyan kungiyar Ole Gunnar Solskjaer da irin rawar da ya taka a lokacin wasannin share fage. Ita ma Borussia Dortmund tana sha'awar siyan shi a matsayin aro, amma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a United don yin gogayya da Aaron Wan-Bissaka don samun gurbin farawa. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, Dalot ya ba da farkon farkon kakar wasa, wanda ke nuna a cikin asarar gida 1-0 zuwa West Ham United a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin EFL Tun daga wannan lokacin, yana da iyakacin damar da ya fara sau biyu da kuma sau uku. Ya buga wasa da Villarreal a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai wasan rukuni-rukuni bayan an dakatar da Wan-Bissaka wasanni biyu. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, Dalot ya ba shi farkon farawa a gasar a karkashin kocin rikon kwarya Michael Carrick, yana mai ban sha'awa sosai kuma ya haifar da burin na biyu a cikin nasara a gida da ci 3-2 a kan United ta hammayarsu Arsenal a Old Trafford Bayan isowa na riko manajan Ralf Rangnick, Dalot cemented wurinsa a matsayin Starter ga kulob din, bin da m wasanni a kulob din na gaba biyu matches da Crystal Palace da Norwich City Ayyukan kasa da kasa Matasa Dalot ya taimaka wa Portugal lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta 2016 na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyar a Azerbaijan ciki har da sau daya a wasan karshe da Spain A wannan shekarar, ya taimaka wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar daya. Tare da 'yan kasa da shekaru 19, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, yana taimakawa kammalawa a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu, bayan da ya yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe a Ingila Don bajintar da ya yi a duk lokacin gasar, an ba shi suna a cikin "Team of Tournament". Dalot ya buga wa Portugal wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na 2017, yana farawa a duk wasannin da aka yi a karshen wasan daf da karshe. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 2017, ya lashe wasansa na farko ga Portugal Under-21s, wanda ya fara a kunnen doki 1-1 da Romania don neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019 UEFA An fara a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2021, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai na Under-21 Portugal ta kare a matsayi na biyu bayan ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da Jamus da ci 1-0 a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2021. Babban A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 2021, Dalot ya kasance cikin tawagar Portugal don buga gasar Euro 2020 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin João Cancelo, wanda ya fice bayan an gwada ingancin COVID-19 Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwanaki goma a wasan karshe na rukuni -rukuni da suka tashi 2-2 da Faransa a Budapest inda ya maye gurbin Nélson Semedo na mintuna 11 na karshe. A kan 27 ga watan Yuni, Dalot ya fara farawa na farko tare da babban tawagar kasar, a cikin rashin nasarar 1-0 zuwa Belgium a zagaye na 16. A watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Portugal ta kira shi kuma a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, ya ba da taimako biyu, yayin da Cristiano Ronaldo ya farke shi a wasan da suka doke Qatar da ci 3-0. A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba 2022, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko na kasa da kasa guda biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a waje da Jamhuriyar Czech yayin gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2022-23 Salon wasa Dalot shine mai tsaron gida mai ƙarfi wanda aka sani da saurinsa, fasaha da kuma iyawar sa. Yana iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko winger a kowane gefe, ko da yake yakan yi wasa a dama. Yawancin lokaci ana tura shi azaman reshe-baya a hannun dama amma a cikin aikin cikakken baya na al'ada a hagu. A matsayinsa na dan wasan baya na hagu, an yabe shi saboda yadda yake da’a da kuma wayar da kan shi na tsaro. Yana da fasaha mai kyau na dribbling kuma ana lura da shi saboda shigar da ya yi wajen kai hare-hare ta hanyar tsallake- tsallake ko dogayen wuce gona da iri Jikinsa yana ba shi damar yin aiki mai kyau a cikin duels na iska. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dalot goal. Girmamawa Porto Premier League 2017-18 Portugal Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na U-17 2016 Mutum Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2016 Ƙungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekara 19 2017 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manchester United profile Bayanan martaba na League na Portuguese Bayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1999 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
37529	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Long%20%28footballer%29	Kevin Long (footballer)	Kevin Finbarr Long (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1990), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ireland wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta EFL Championship Burnley da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Ireland Yana taka leda ne a matsayin mai tsaron baya amma kuma yana iya buga wasan gaba. Aikin kulob Birnin Cork Dogon ya zo ta tsarin matasa na Cork City, kafin sanya hannu kan sharuɗɗan ƙwararru a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2008. Ya taka leda a kungiyoyin Cork City waɗanda suka ci Kofin Matasa na FAI, Kofin Matasa na Munster da Kofin Futsal na FAI a cikin shekarar 2009. Ba da daɗewa ba, rabin tsakiyar ya fara buga wasansa na farko a City zuwa St Patricks Athletic wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu. Daga nan ya fara babban babban sa na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2009 a wasan sada zumunci da gida da Ipswich Town, tare da Dan Murray a cikin tsaro. An ruwaito cewa Long ya yi tafiya zuwa Preston North End don gwaji, amma yayin da yake can, akwai sha'awar League 1 kungiyoyin Leeds United da Charlton Athletic da kuma Premier League gefen Burnley Burnley A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009, an ba da sanarwar cewa Burnley ta yi yaƙi da Everton da Celtic don samun sa hannun matashin, kuma zai tashi don saduwa da ƙungiyar, duk da haka ba zai iya sanya hannu kan cikakken kwantiragi ba. har sai an bude kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta Janairu. An amince da yarjejeniyar adadi guda shida wanda zai kiyaye Long a Burnley har zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2013. A ranar 25 ga watan janairu, shekarar 2010, an tabbatar da cewa Long ya rattaba hannu kan Burnley. Lamuni ga Accrington Stanley A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2010, Long ya shiga ƙungiyar EFL League Biyu Accrington Stanley akan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta tsawon wata guda. Tun daga lokacin ya sami tsawaita rancen har zuwa farkon shekarar 2011 bayan wasu kyawawan wasanni a tsakiyar tsaron. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Rotherham United da ci 2-3, amma an kore shi bayan mintuna 17 saboda keta da Adam Le Fondre ya yi. Ya koma Burnley a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2011 bayan ya fashe kashi a kafarsa a wasan da suka yi da Cheltenham Town da ci 2–1. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2011 an tabbatar da cewa an daɗe da dawowa kan aro a Stanley na sauran kakar wasa. Ya koma Burnley a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a karshen zaman aro bayan da ya buga wasanni 17. A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2011, an tabbatar da cewa ya sake shiga Stanley akan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta watanni shida. Kamar farkon sa na aro a Accrington Stanley, Long ya ci gaba da matsayin ƙungiyar sa ta farko kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko na aikinsa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Plymouth Argyle a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2011. Long zai zura kwallo a ragar Bristol Rovers, Torquay United da Macclesfield Town. Ya sake komawa Burnley a ranar 5 ga watan Janairu, bayan da ya buga wasanni 26. Lamuni ga Rochdale A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2012, Long ya shiga Rochdale na EFL League One a farkon lamunin gaggawa na wata ɗaya, inda ya haɗu da tsohon manajan Accrington John Coleman Bayan buga wasanni hudu tare da share fage biyu masu tsafta yayin da aka yi nasara biyu da canjaras, Long ya tsawaita lamunin nasa a Rochdale har zuwa karshen watan Afrilu. Dogon ya ci gaba da taka leda a rukunin farko na kulob din, amma kulob din ya koma matakin. Lamuni zuwa Portsmouth A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2012, Long ya shiga ƙungiyar EFL League One Portsmouth akan lamunin gaggawa na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wannan rana, inda ya fara kunnen doki 1-1 da Bournemouth A bayyanarsa ta uku ga kulob din a cikin rashin nasara da ci 4–2, Long ya samu jan kati bayan laifin da aka samu na biyu. Bayan ya rasa wasa daya, Long ya dawo a ci 3-0 a kan Crawley Town a ranar 9 watan Satumba shekarar 2012 kuma ya yi bayyanarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 da Walsall kwanaki 8 bayan haka. Wasan da suka yi da Walsall ya zama wasansa na karshe domin ya samu rauni a bayansa kuma ba a sabunta shi ba. Koma Burnley Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Burnley a gasar cin kofin FA da ta doke Southampton da ci 4-3 a ranar 4 ga Janairu 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2015, Long ya fara buga gasar Premier tare da Burnley a wasan da suka tashi 3–3 zuwa Newcastle United Ya maye gurbin Jason Shackell da ya ji rauni a cikin minti na 17, amma bayan mintuna 20 Steven Reid ya maye gurbinsa bayan ya samu rauni na kansa, ya zama dan wasan Burnley na uku da aka dauke da rauni a wasan da aka yi a St James Park Lamuni ga Barnsley A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015, bayan ya dawo da cikakkiyar lafiyarsa sakamakon raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya koma kungiyar Barnsley ta League One kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta wata daya. Ya ci nasara a makare a kan Oldham Athletic a karon farko don taimakawa kungiyarsa ta ci 2-1. Duk da haka, a wasansa na biyu an kore shi daga Peterborough United Ya ci gaba da taimakawa Barnsley zuwa wasan karshe na EFL Trophy bayan da ya yi nasarar sauya bugun fanareti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda shi ne na karshe da ya taba kwallon Barnsley yayin da ya koma Burnley washegari. Lamuni zuwa Milton Keynes Dons A ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 2016, Long ya shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Milton Keynes Dons akan aro na sauran lokacin shekarar 2015 da shekarar 16. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A cikin watan Mayu shekarar 2017, ya sami kiransa na farko zuwa babban bangaren Jamhuriyar Ireland a cikin tawagar mutane 37 don sansanin horo a tsibirin Fota Ya yankewa 'yan wasan karshe na wasan sada zumunta da Mexico a New Jersey da Uruguay a Dublin Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni a wasan da kasar Mexico ta doke su da ci 3–1 a filin wasa na MetLife, inda ya maye gurbin John Egan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu. Kididdigar aiki Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Manufar kasa da kasa Tun daga wasannin da aka buga 18 Nuwamba 2020. Makin Jamhuriyar Ireland da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace Dogon raga. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kevin Long at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30381	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakh%20Contemporary%20Arts%20Center	Dakh Contemporary Arts Center	Dakh Contemporary Arts Center gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai zaman kansa da wurin kade-kade a Kyiv, Ukraine, akan titin Velyka Vasylkivska kusa da tashar metro na Lybidska. An bude Gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1994 kuma darekta na farko shine Vladimir Ohloblin. Tun lokacin buɗewa, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance gida ga ƙungiyoyi masu yawa ciki har da DakhaBrakha, Dakh Daughters, NovaOpera, da CESHO. A yau, gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana jagorancin Vladislav Troitsky. Bayanai Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Dakh yana cikin gundumar Holosiivskyi akan dandalin Lybidska kusa da tashar metro na Lybidska. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana kan bene na kasa na bene mai hawa biyu. Ana yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin harshen Rashanci da na Ukraine. Tarihi Vladislav Troitsky ne ya bude Cibiyar Arts na zamani "DAKH" a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1994, wanda a lokacin bai danganta makomarsa da niyyar shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da al'adu ba. Darakta na farko na DAKH Theatre shine Volodymyr Ogloblin (1915-2005). A cikin shekara ta 2004 an kafa ƙungiyar DahaBrakha ta kabilanci. Tun shekara ta 2007, CSM "DAKH" shine babban mai shirya bikin duniya na fasahar zamani GogolFest A cikin 2012, ne aka kafa ƙungiyar Dakh Daughters A cikin shekara ta 2016, an kafa ƙungiyar CESHO ta zamantakewa. Ayyuka "Kusan wasan kwaikwayo na Pirandello. Reanimation" Dangane da ayyukan Luigi Pirandello, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta "Pillow Man" Dangane da wasan da Martin McDonagh ya jagoranta Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito a ranar Fabrairu 22, 2009) "Medea Theatre" Dangane da wasan da KLIM ya jagoranta Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito a watan Fabrairu 21, 2009) “Invertebrate. Maraice ga mutanen da ba su da matsayi" Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na I. Lausund Wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta (ya fito Maris 13, 2008) "Psychosis 4.48" Dangane da wasan da Sarah Kane ta jagoranta Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito a Janairu 2008) "Anna" Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na Yu. Klavdiera ya jagoranci Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito- Disamba 2007) "Love Nativity Scene, ko Ukrainian Decameron" Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na KLIM, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta "Aure", bisa wani wasan kwaikwayo na Nikolai Gogol Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranci Mystical Ukraine Project "Gabatarwa zuwa" Macbeth "(aiki mai ban mamaki). Tare da sa hannu na" DakhaBrakha "ethnochaos na kungiyar. Daraktan Vladislav Troitsky. Mystical Ukraine Project kashi na biyu na "Shakespearean" sake zagayowar "Richard III. Gabatarwa "tare da sa hannu" DakhaBrakha ethnochaos na kungiyar darektan Vladislav Troitsky. Mystical Ukraine Project kashi na uku na "Shakespearean" sake zagayowar "King Lear" tare da sa hannu na "DakhaBrakha" ethnochaos na kungiyar darektan Vladislav Troitsky. Aikin Vladislav Troitsky bisa KLIM yana wasa Kwanaki bakwai tare da wawa..." ko surori marasa wanzuwa na littafin FM Dostoevsky "Idiot": rana daya "sad performance" akan wasan da KLIM yayi "no It… he… I…" darekta Vladislav Troitsky rana ta biyu Interpreter of the Apocalypse…." bisa ga wasan KLIM, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta kwana uku "Fallen Angel" bisa ga wasan KLIM I… SHE… SU… SHI… ko MALA'ikan faɗuwa" wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta rana ta hudu Bes-son-Nice..." bisa ga wasan KLIM "Bes-son-Nice. kuma akwai maraice kuma akwai safiya: rana ta hudu" wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta. rana ta takwas Idiot" dangane da wasan kwaikwayon sunan guda na KLIM, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta. "MAFARKIN HANYA DA BATA" Daraktan Vladislav Troitsky tare da DakhaBrakha ethno-hargitsi na kungiyar mawaka "KARIYA" Dangane da wasan kwaikwayon Ani Gilling wanda Varvara ya jagoranta "NASTY" Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na Marius von Mayenburg wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta "Oedipus. GIDA KARE" Dangane ga wasan kwaikwayo: Sophocles Oedipus Rex (wanda Ivan Franko ya fassara) KLIM "Doghouse. Anti-utopia daga rayuwar darektan mafi yawan shiru Vladislav Troitsky "KLIM Slow ART SET", bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na KLIM "Mafarkin Alice", bisa ga wasan KLIM "Paradoxes of Crime", bisa ga wasan KLIM "Anna Karenina", bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na KLIM Ƙungiyar 1994-2004 Vladislav Troitsky Tatiana Vasilenko Anatoly Cherkov Elena Lesnikova Alexei Ilyuchenko Victor Okhonko Natalia Perchishena Anna Kuzina Alexander Prischepa Elena Kushnireva Yuliana Lagodenko Lyudmila Pletnetska Artem Alex Pavlo Beketov Tatiana Nadel Oleg Zaitsev Alexander Snigurovsky Ana Rybak Tatiana Tereshchenko Pavlo Yurov 2002-2014 Tatiana Troitskaya Irina Gorban Marko Galanevich Natalka Bida Dmitry Yaroshenko Igor Postolov Solomiya Melnyk Vladimir Minenko Ruslana Khazipova Cherry Zo Nina Gorenetska Olena Tsibulska Iryna Kovalenko Victoria Litvinenko Roman Yasinovsky Daria Bondareva Dmitry Kostyuminsky Vasily Belous Oleksandra Oliynyk ne adam wata Anna Nikitina Vera Klymkovetska Tatiana Gavrilyuk Maria Volkova Lida Petrova Ina Breus Anna Khokhlova Anastasia Shevchenko Sergey Dovgolyuk Andriy Dushny Mykola Bondarchuk Alexey Ana Bukata Mammoth Maxim Demsky Natalia Perchishena Andriy Palatny Anna Okhrimchuk Sergey Okhrimchuk Eugene Ball Semyon Brain 2016 har yanzu Tatiana Troitskaya Elena Lesnikova Andriy Palatny Vera Klymkovetska Igor Dimov Semyon Kisly Vladimir Lutikov Vladimir Rudenko Alexandra Indik Alexander Martinenko Marusya Ionova, Marichka Shtyrbulova Katerina Petrashova Nadiya Golubtsova Igor Mytalnikov Vladislav Gogol Sonya Baskakova Mykola Stefanik Khrystyna Slobodyanyuk Manazarta Gidajen wasan kwaikwayon Kyiv Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40897	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund%20Freud	Sigmund Freud	Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/ FROYD, German: kmʊnt t]; Haihuwar Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 Mayu 1856-23 Satumba 1939) ya kasance likitan likitancin Austrian ne kuma wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis, hanyar asibiti don kimantawa da kuma magance cututtuka da aka bayyana kamar yadda ya samo asali a cikin rikice-rikice a cikin psyche, ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin patient da masanin ilimin psychoanalyst. An haifi Freud iyayensa Yahudawan Galician a garin Freiberg na Moravia, a cikin Daular Austriya. Ya cancanci zama doctor of medicine a 1881 a Jami'ar Vienna. Bayan ya kammala aikin jinya a 1885, an nada shi a matsayin docent a neuropathology kuma ya zama farfesa mai alaƙa a 1902. Freud ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Vienna, bayan ya kafa aikinsa na asibiti a 1886. A cikin shekarar 1938, Freud ya bar Ostiriya don tserewa zalunci na Nazi. Ya rasu yana gudun hijira a Burtaniya a shekara ta 1939. A cikin kafa psychoanalysis, Freud ya haɓaka dabarun warkewa irin su yin amfani da haɗin kai na kyauta da kuma gano canja wuri, yana kafa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin nazari. Sake ma'anar jima'i da Freud ya yi don haɗa nau'ikansa na jarirai ya sa shi ya tsara tsarin Oedipus a matsayin babban ka'idar psychoanalytical. Binciken da ya yi game da mafarkai a matsayin abin da ake so ya ba shi samfurori don nazarin asibiti game da samuwar bayyanar cututtuka da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace na danniya. A kan wannan, Freud ya yi karin bayani game da ka'idarsa na rashin sani kuma ya ci gaba da samar da samfurin tsarin tunani wanda ya ƙunshi id, ego da super-ego. Freud ya gabatar da kasancewar libido, kuzarin jima'i wanda aka sanya hanyoyin tafiyar da hankali da tsarin kuma wanda ke haifar da haɗe-haɗe na batsa, da bugun mutuwa, tushen maimaita maimaitawa, ƙiyayya, zalunci, da laifin neurotic. A cikin ayyukansa na baya, Freud ya haɓaka fassarorin fassara da sukar addini da al'adu. Ko da yake a gaba ɗaya ƙi a matsayin bincike da kuma aikin asibiti, psychoanalysis ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin halin dan Adam, da kuma ilimin halin mutum, da kuma fadin bil'adama. Don haka tana ci gaba da haifar da muhawara mai yawa da jayayya game da ingancin maganinta, matsayinta na kimiyya, da ko yana ci gaba ko yana hana dalilin mata. Duk da haka, aikin Freud ya rushe tunanin yammacin zamani da al'adun gargajiya. W. H. Auden ta 1940 na poetic tribute ga Freud ya kwatanta shi da cewa ya halicci "dukkan yanayin ra'ayi/wanda a ƙarƙashinsa muke gudanar da rayuwarmu daban-daban". Tarihin Rayuwa Ƙuruciya da ilimi Sigmund Freud an haife shi a freberg iyayensa Yahudawan Ashkenazi a garin Moravia na Freiberg, a cikin Daular Austriya (Now Příbor, Jamhuriyar Czech), na farko cikin yara takwas. Dukan iyayensa sun fito ne daga Galicia, lardi mai cike da tarihi da ke ratsa yammacin Ukraine da kudu maso gabashin Poland. Mahaifinsa, Jakob Freud (1815-1896), mai sayar da ulu, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Emanuel (1833-1914) da Philipp (1836-1911), ta aurensa na farko. Iyalin Yakubu Yahudawa ne Hasidic kuma, ko da yake jakob da kansa ya rabu da al'adar, an san shi da karatun Attaura. Shi da mahaifiyar Freud, Amalia Nathansohn, wanda ya kasance ɗan shekara 20 ƙarami kuma matarsa ta uku, Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer ya aura a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 1855. Suna fama da matsalar kuɗi kuma suna zaune a ɗakin haya, a cikin gidan locksmith a Schlossergasse 117 lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu Sigmund. An haife shi da ƙugiya, wanda mahaifiyarsa ta gani a matsayin alama mai kyau ga yaron nan gaba. A shekarar 1859, Freud iyalinsa sun bar Freiberg. Freud half-brothers sun yi hijira zuwa Manchester, Ingila, suna raba shi daga abokin wasan "marasa rabuwa" na farkon ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan Emanuel, John. Jakob Freud ya ɗauki matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu ('yar'uwar Freud, Anna, an haife shi a 1858; ɗan'uwa, Julius wanda aka haife shi a 1857, ya mutu a jariri) da farko zuwa Leipzig sannan a 1860 zuwa Vienna inda aka haifi 'yan'uwa hudu da ɗan'uwa: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). A 1865, Freud mai shekaru tara ya shiga fitacciyar makarantar sakandare. Ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa fitaccen almajiri kuma ya gama karatu daga Matura a 1873 tare da karramawa. Ya ƙaunaci adabi kuma ya ƙware a cikin Jamusanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Sifen, Ingilishi, Ibrananci, Latin da Girkanci. Freud ya shiga Jami'ar Vienna yana da shekaru 17. Ya yi niyyar karatun shari'a, amma ya shiga sashin ilimin likitanci a jami'a, inda karatunsa ya hada da falsafa a karkashin Franz Brentano, ilimin halittar jiki karkashin Ernst Brücke, da ilimin dabbobi a karkashin farfesa na Darwiniyanci Carl Claus. A cikin shekarar 1876, Freud ya shafe makonni hudu a tashar binciken dabbobi na Claus a Trieste, yana rarraba ɗaruruwan ƙudan zuma a cikin binciken da bai dace ba na gabobin haihuwa na maza. A shekara ta 1877, Freud ya koma dakin gwaje-gwajen ilimin halittar jiki na Ernst Brücke inda ya shafe shekaru shida yana kwatanta kwakwalwar mutane da sauran kashin baya da na kwadi da invertebrates kamar crayfish da fitilu. Ayyukan bincikensa akan ilmin halitta na nama mai juyayi ya tabbatar da ilimin jima'i don ganowar neuron a cikin shekarar 1890s. An katse aikin binciken Freud a cikin shekarar 1879 ta hanyar wajibcin gudanar da aikin soja na tilas na shekara. Tsawon lokacin hutun ya ba shi damar kammala aikin fassara kasidu huɗu daga ayyukan da John Stuart Mill ya tattara. Ya sauke karatu tare da MD a watan Maris 1881. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30098	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esi%20Sutherland-Addy	Esi Sutherland-Addy	Articles with hCards Esi Sutherland-Addy ƴar makaranta ce ƴar Ghana, marubuciya, ƙwararriyar ilimi, kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ita ce farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, inda ta kasance babbar jami'ar bincike, shugabar sashin harshe, adabi, da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mataimakiyar darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Afirka a Jami'ar Ghana. An yaba mata fiye da 50 wallafe-wallafe a fannonin manufofin ilimi, ilimi mai zurfi, ilimin mata, adabi, wasan kwaikwayo da al'adu, kuma yana aiki a kan kwamitoci da yawa, kwamitoci da kwamitocin gida da waje. Ita ce 'yar marubuci kuma mai fafutukar al'adu Efua Sutherland. Tarihin rayuwa An haife ta a Ghana a matsayin Esi Reiter Sutherland, ita ce babba a cikin yara uku na marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fafutukar al'adu Efua Sutherland da kuma Ba'amurke Bill Sutherland (1918-2010), ɗan rajin kare hakkin jama'a na mulkin mallaka wanda ya je Ghana a 1953 bisa shawarar George Padmore to Kwame Nkrumah. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Monica, Mampong da Achimota School (inda ta hadu da mijinta). Ta rike mukamai daban-daban a cibiyoyin ilimi a Turai da Amurka, ciki har da matsayin babbar jami'a a Cibiyar Ilimi ta kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Manchester, UK, da kuma matsayin malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Indiana, Bloomington, Amurka, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka. Jami'ar Birmingham, UK da L'Institut des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, Faransa. Ta yi aiki da gwamnatin Ghana a matsayin mataimakiyar minista mai kula da ilimi mai zurfi, al'adu da yawon shakatawa (1986-93) sannan daga 1994 zuwa 1995 a matsayin ministar ilimi da al'adu. Ta gudanar da karatu musamman a fannin ilimi ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da suka hada da UNESCO, UNICEF, Bankin Duniya da kuma kungiyar ci gaban ilimi a Afirka, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ciki har da kwamitin zartarwa. na Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) da Mmofra Foundation. Kyauta Sutherland-Addy ta kasance mai karɓar lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da Fellowship Fellowship na Kwalejin Preceptors, UK (1998), Kyautar Rukuni ta Gidauniyar Rockefeller (2001 da 2002) don Aikin Rubutun Mata na Afirka, Babban Doctorate na Daraja na girmamawa. Haruffa daga Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba (2004), da Kyautar Kyautar Ilimin Nisa daga Commonwealth of Learning (2008). Littafin da aka zaɓa Edita (Edita) Perspectives on Mythology (Proceedings of a Conference organized by the Goethe-Institut and the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, between 21 and 24 October 1997), Goethe-Institut/Woeli Publ. Services, 1999. (Mai edita tare da Aminata Diaw) Women Writing Africa: West Africa and the Sahel, The Feminist Press at CUNY, 2005 ISBN 978-1558615007 (Mai edita tare da Anne V. Adams) The Legacy of Efua Sutherland: Pan-African Cultural Activism, Banbury: Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9547023-1-1 (Tare da Ama Ata Aidoo Ghana, where the Bead Speaks, Foundation for Contemporary Art-Ghana, 2008. ISBN 9789988153601 (Mai edita tare da Takyiwaa Manuh) Africa in Contemporary Perspective: A Textbook for Undergraduate Students. Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2013. ISBN 9789988647377 Takardu "Gender Equity in Junior and Senior Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa", World Bank Publications, The World Bank, number 6500, November 2008. "WOMEN, INTANGIBLE HERITAGE AND DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE AFRICAN REGION", ich unesco. Ci gaba da karatu Sutherland-Addy, E. (2018). "Ama Ata Aidoo in Conversation with Esi Sutherland-Addy" (2017). Obsidian: Literature in the African Diaspora, 44(2), 124+. Sharma, Veena, and Esi Sutherland-Addy. "A Conversation with Esi Sutherland-Addy", India International Centre Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 1, 2011, pp. 124–133. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50461	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar%20Dabarun%20Gudanar%20da%20Kemikal%20ta%20Duniya	Hanyar Dabarun Gudanar da Kemikal ta Duniya	Hanyar Dabarun Gudanar ta Kemikal ta Duniya (SAICM) tsari ne na manufofin duniya don haɓaka ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai. Sakatariyar SAICM tana gudanar da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. “Samar da ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa sinadarai yana da matukar muhimmanci idan ana son samun ci gaba mai dorewa, gami da kawar da talauci da cututtuka, inganta lafiyar dan Adam da muhalli da daukaka da kiyaye zaman rayuwa a kasashe a dukkan matakai na ci gaba. -Dubai, 2006. Taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ta karbe shi a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu 2006. Taron farko na taron da tsarin samar da dabarun dabarun sarrafa sinadarai na kasa da kasa an gudanar da shi ne tare da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN muhalli), Shirin Tsare-tsaren Tsara don Gudanar da Sauti na Sinadarai (IOMC da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdiga akan Kariyar Sinadarai (IFCS Tsarin Dabarun na goyon bayan cimma burin da aka amince da su a taron kolin duniya na 2002 na Johannesburg kan ci gaba mai dorewa na tabbatar da cewa, nan da shekara ta 2020, za a samar da sinadarai da amfani da su ta hanyoyin da za su rage illa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Ya yarda da mahimman gudummawar sinadarai a cikin al'ummomi da tattalin arziƙin yanzu, tare da sanin yuwuwar barazanar ci gaba mai dorewa idan ba a sarrafa sinadarai da kyau ba. (Tun daga ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 2015) Mahimman hanyoyin dabarun dabara sun haɗa da gwamnatoci 175, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai 85, gami da ɗimbin wakilai daga masana'antu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Dabarun Siyasa Overarching An bayyana alkawuran SAICM ta hanyar Sanarwa ta Dubai, Dabarun Manufofin Mahimmanci da Tsarin Ayyuka na Duniya. Iyaka Hanyar Dabarun tana da iyaka wanda ya haɗa da: a. Muhalli, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya da kuma aiki al'amurran aminci sunadarai, b. Sinadaran noma da masana'antu, da nufin haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa da kuma rufe sinadarai a kowane mataki na rayuwarsu, gami da samfuran. Makasudai Babban makasudin na Hanyar Dabarun su ne: A. Rage haɗari B. Ilimi da bayanai C. Mulki D. Ƙimar ƙarfi da haɗin gwiwar fasaha E. Illegal international traffic Quick Start Programme Shirin Saurin Farawa (QSP) shiri ne a ƙarƙashin SAICM don tallafawa farkon ba da damar haɓaka ƙarfin aiki da ayyukan aiwatarwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙasashe mafi ƙanƙanci, ƙananan tsibiran ƙasashe masu tasowa da ƙasashe masu tattalin arziƙin canji. QSP ya ƙunshi asusun amincewa na son rai, iyakataccen lokaci, wanda Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ke gudanarwa, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ƙungiyoyin biyu da sauran nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa. Takaddun Asusun Tallafawa na QSP ya ƙunshi ayyuka 184 da aka amince da su a cikin ƙasashe 108, waɗanda 54 daga cikinsu sune ƙasashe mafi ƙanƙanta ko ƙasashe masu tasowa na Tsibiri, don kusan dala miliyan 37. Taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai Taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai (ICCM) yana yin bita na lokaci-lokaci na SAICM. An gudanar da zama na farko (ICCM 1) a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, daga 4-6 Fabrairu 2006, an kammala shi kuma an karɓi SAICM. An gudanar da zama na biyu (ICCM 2) a Geneva, Switzerland, 11-15 A watan Mayu 2009 kuma an gudanar da nazari na farko na lokaci-lokaci na aiwatar da SAICM. An gudanar da zama na uku (ICCM 3) a Nairobi, Kenya, 17-21 A watan Satumba 2012 kuma ya sake nazarin ci gaba a cikin aiwatar da SAICM tare da bayanai masu ma'ana akan alamun 20 na ci gaba da aka karɓa a ICCM2, ya magance batutuwan manufofi masu tasowa kuma sun karbi Dabarun Sashin Lafiya. An gudanar da zama na hudu (ICCM 4) a birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, daga ranar 28 ga watan Satumba zuwa 2 ga watan Oktoba, 2015. Gabaɗaya da jagora don cimma burin 2020 shine sakamakon dabarun ICCM4, wanda ke kafa matakin aiwatarwa zuwa 2020. ICCM4 kuma an sake duba aiwatar da al'amurran da suka shafi manufofin da suka kunno kai da sauran al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, an yi la'akari da Manufofin Ci gaba mai Dorewa, sun tattauna ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida fiye da 2020, kuma sun sake nazarin ayyukan da aka tsara. ICCM4, ta hanyar ƙuduri IV/4, ya ƙaddamar da wani tsari na tsaka-tsaki don shirya shawarwari game da Tsarin Dabarun da sarrafa sauti na sinadarai da sharar gida fiye da 2020. Taron farko na tsarin tsaka-tsaki yana la'akari da Hanyar Dabarun da sarrafa sautin sinadarai da sharar gida bayan 2020 an gudanar da shi a Brasilia, Brazil, daga 7 zuwa 9 ga watan Fabrairu 2017. An shirya zama na biyar na taron kasa da kasa kan sarrafa sinadarai a Bonn, Jamus, 25 29 Satumba 2023. Matsalolin Siyasa masu tasowa da sauran al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa ICCM tana ba da dandali don yin kira ga matakin da ya dace kan al'amuran manufofi masu tasowa (EPI) yayin da suka taso da kuma samar da yarjejeniya kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa. Ya zuwa yanzu, an zartar da kudurori kan batutuwa kamar haka: A. Lead in paint B. Chemical a cikin samfura C. Abu mai haɗari a cikin tsarin rayuwar samfuran lantarki da na lantarki D. Nanotechnology da ƙera nanomaterials E. Magungunan Endocrine masu ɓarna F. Gurbatattun Magunguna Na Muhalli An yarda da wasu batutuwan damuwa: G. Sinadaran da aka lalata H. Magungunan Kwari masu Hatsari Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
47889	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taron%20Rotterdam	Taron Rotterdam	Taron Rotterdam (a bisa ƙa'ida) Taron Rotterdam akan Tsarin Yarjejeniya Ta Farko domin Wasu Sinadarai masu Hatsari da Magungunan Gwari a Kasuwancin Ƙasashen Duniya taeon yarjejeniya ne na ɓangarori daban-daban don haɓaka nauyin da aka raba dangane da shigo da sinadarai masu haɗari. Yarjejeniyar tana haɓaka musayar bayanai da buɗaɗɗen bayanai tare da yin kira ga masu fitar da sinadarai masu haɗari da su yi amfani da laƙabin da ya dace, sun haɗa da kwatance kan sarrafa lafiya, da sanar da masu siye duk wani sanannen hani ko hani. Ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar za su iya yanke shawarar ko za su ba da izini ko hana shigowa da sinadarai da aka jera a cikin yarjejeniyar, kuma ƙasashen da ke fitar da kayayyaki ya zama tilas su tabbatar da cewa masu ƙera da ke cikin ikonsu sun bi. A cikin 2012, Sakatarorin Basel da Stockholm, da kuma UNEP ɓangare na Sakatariyar Taro na Rotterdam, sun haɗu zuwa Sakatariya guda ɗaya tare da tsarin matrix wanda ke hidima ga tarurruka uku. Taro na uku yanzu sun ja baya kan Taro na Jam'iyyun a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarar haɗin gwiwa. An gudanar da taro na tara na taron Rotterdam daga 29 ga Afrilu zuwa 10 ga Mayu 2019 a Geneva, Switzerland. Abubuwan da aka rufe a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar 2,4,5-T and its salts and esters Alachlor Aldicarb Aldrin Asbestos Actinolite, Anthophyllite, Amosite, Crocidolite, and Tremolite only Benomyl (certain formulations) Binapacryl Captafol Carbofuran (certain formulations) Chlordane Chlordimeform Chlorobenzilate DDT Dieldrin Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts Dinoseb and its salts and esters 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) Endosulfan Ethylene dichloride Ethylene oxide Fluoroacetamide Hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers) Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Lindane Mercury compounds including inorganic and organometallic mercury compounds Methamidophos (certain formulations) Methyl parathion (certain formulations) Monocrotophos Parathion Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Phosphamidon (certain formulations) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) Tetraethyl lead Tetramethyl lead Thiram (certain formulations) Toxaphene Tributyltin compounds Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) Jam'iyyun Jiha Ya zuwa Oktoba 2018, babban taron yana da jam'iyyu 161, wanda ya haɗa da ƙasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 158, da tsibirin Cook, da ƙasar Falasdinu, da kuma Tarayyar Turai Jihohin da ba mamba sun haɗa da Amurka Tattaunawa A taron 2011 na Taron Rotterdam a Geneva, wakilan Kanada sun ba wa mutane da yawa mamaki tare da ƙin ba da izinin ƙara filayen asbestos na chrysotile zuwa yarjejeniyar Rotterdam. An shirya sauraren ƙarar a cikin EU nan gaba kaɗan don kimanta matsayin Kanada da yanke shawarar yiwuwar ɗaukar matakin hukunci. A ci gaba da ƙin amincewarta, Kanada ita ce kawai ƙasar G8 da ke adawa da jeri. Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan da Ukraine su ma sun ƙi amincewa da hakan. Ita ma Vietnam ta nuna rashin amincewarta, amma ta kasa gudanar da wani taron na gaba kan batun. A yayin ɗaukar matsayinta, Gwamnatin Kanada ta bambanta da Indiya, wacce ta janye ƙin yarda da ta daɗe game da ƙara chrysotile a cikin jerin kafin taron na 2011. (Indiya daga baya ta juya wannan matsayi a cikin 2013. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama sun bayyana suka a bainar jama'a game da matakin da Kanada ta ɗauka na toshe wannan ƙari. A cikin Satumba 2012, Ministan Masana'antu na Kanada Christian Paradis ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Kanada ba za ta ƙara yin adawa da shigar da chrysotile a cikin taron ba. Takwas daga cikin manyan ƙasashe masu samar da chrysotile da fitar da su sun yi adawa da irin wannan matakin a taron jam'iyyun Rotterdam a 2015: Rasha, Kazakhstan, Indiya, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Cuba, da Zimbabwe. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin hukuma na Taron Rotterdam Rubutun Yarjejeniya Archived Ratifications Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Rotterdam na
32283	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lder%20Costa	Hélder Costa	Hélder Wander Sousa de Azevedo e Costa (an haifeshi a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Angola wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na Leeds United. Da farko yana wakiltar Portugal a matakin matasa, a cikin shekara ta 2021 ya zaɓi ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Angola. Wasanni An kafa shi a Benfica, wanda ya yi wasa a Taça da Liga guda ɗaya, Costa ya shafe yawancin aikinsa a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Deportivo de La Coruña a La Liga da Monaco a Ligue 1. Ya kuma shafe shekaru da yawa a Ingila tare da Wolverhampton Wanderers da Leeds United, inda ya lashe Gasar EFL tare da duka biyun. Costa ya wakilci Portugal daga 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 har zuwa babban bangaren, wanda ya zira kwallaye a bayyanarsa a cikin shekarar 2018. A cikin shekara ta 2021, ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko an Angola. Aikin kulob/Kungiyar Benfica A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta Shekara ta 2012, Costa ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru tare da Benfica B a wasan shekarar 2012 da shekara ta 13 Segunda Liga da Braga B inda ya buga mintuna 72 a matsayin winger. Manufar sana'arsa/Aikinsa ta farko ta zo a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2013, a 3-0 na gida a kan Portimonense, daya daga cikin takwas na kakar ciki har da 23 Nuwamba a cikin nasara 4-3 a kan Oliveirense wanda shi ma aka kore shi. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu Shekara ta 2014, Costa ya yi muhawara tare da Benfica a wasan zagaye na uku na 2013-14 Taça da Liga da Gil Vicente, yayi wasa a mintuna na 13 na ƙarshe na nasarar 1-0 a Estádio da Luz a madadin Miralem Sulejmani. Bai kara taka rawa a gasar ba, wanda Benfica ta ci gaba da yin nasara. A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2014, ya zira kwallaye uku hat-trick a Segunda Liga tare da Benfica B da Olhanense a ci 5-1 gida. Costa ya zo ta hanyar Benfica Academy a cikin wannan shekaru kungiyar kamar yadda 'yan'uwansa nan gaba Portugal kasa da kasa Ivan Cavaleiro da Bernardo Silva. Deportivo (rance) A ranar 19 ga Watan Janairu Shekarar 2015, an ba da Costa aro zuwa Deportivo de La Coruña na La Liga har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Ya buga wasanni shida ga Galiciyan, duk daga benci na maye gurbin. Monaco (lamuni) A ranar 10 ga Watan Yuli Shekarar 2015, Costa ya koma kulob din Monaco na Ligue 1 a kan aro na shekara guda. An sanya hannu tare da abokan wasan Benfica Cavaleiro da Silva. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Ligue 1 ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, inda ya bude rashin nasara da ci 3-1 a hannun Bordeaux l. Ya kuma ba da taimako ga Kylian Mbappé na farko da ya zura a ragar Monaco a nasarar da suka yi da Troyes da ci 3–1 a ranar 26 ga Watan Fabrairu Shekarar 2016. Costa ya taka leda sau 28 kuma ya zira kwallaye 5 a duk gasa ga Monaco a lokacin kakar 2015-16, yana fuskantar gasa sosai daga Silva, Thomas Lemar da Mbappé. Wolverhampton Wanderers A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli Shekara ta 2016, Costa ya koma aro na tsawon kakar wasa zuwa kulob din EFL Championship Wolverhampton Wanderers, wanda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 6 ga Agusta a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 a Rotherham United. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar cin Kofin EFL da ci 2–1 da ta doke Cambridge United a ranar 23 ga Watan Agusta, da kuma burinsa na farko a gasar a ranar 17 ga Watan Satumba a ci 2-0 da Newcastle United a St James' Park. An kuma yaba wa Costa saboda rawar da ya taka a wasan da Liverpool ta buga a gasar cin kofin FA, inda Wolves ta yi nasara da ci 2-1 a Anfield; Costa ya taimaka a ragar Wolves. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu Shekarar 2017, Wolves ta sayi Costa gaba ɗaya akan £13 kudin canja wuri miliyan, a lokacin mafi girman kudin da kungiyar ta biya. Bayan biyansa, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi da kungiyar. Bayan ya zira kwallaye 12 da taimakawa takwas a duk gasa a kakar wasa ta farko, a karramawar karshen kakar wasa ta shekara, ya ci kyautar 2016–17 Wolves Player of the Season Award, kuma ya karbi kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan ’Yan Wasan lashe Goal na Season ga burin da ya zira kwallaye da Cardiff City. A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2017, Costa ya zira kwallonsa ta farko na kakar Shekarar 2017-18 a nasarar 4-1 da Leeds United. Ya sami lambar yabo ta mai nasara a lokacin Gasar Cin Kofin EFL ta 2017–18, yana ba da gudummawar kwallaye biyar da taimako shida a gasar a tsawon lokacin kakar. Costa ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 2018 a wasan farko na Wolves a gasar Premier da suka tashi 2-2 da Everton. A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, a cikin nasara 3-1 da Tottenham Hotspur a filin wasa na Wembley, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier. A cikin duka a lokacin kakar 2018-19, Costa ya buga wasanni 30 ga Wolves a duk gasa yayin da ya taimaka wa gefen zuwa matsayi na bakwai, wanda ya isa ya cancanci zuwa Gasar Europa ta 2019-20 Leeds United A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, Costa ya shiga ƙungiyar Championship Leeds United a kan aro don kakar Shekarar 2019-20. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar, Costa zai koma Leeds kai tsaye a watan Yuli shekarar 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu akan kusan £15. kudin canja wuri miliyan. An ba shi riga mai lamba 17, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya saka ta a shekarar 2014, bayan an fitar da rigar daga ritaya. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a gasar Leeds's Championship ranar bude ranar 3–1 nasara da Bristol City, kuma farkonsa na farko bayan kwanaki tara a gasar cin kofin EFL da Salford City, yana ba da gudummawa biyu. Costa ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta a wasan cin kofin EFL da Stoke City, wanda ya yi daidai da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan an tashi 2-2 a daidai lokacin da aka tashi wasan, shi ma ya ci fanareti a wasan 4– 5 cin kashi. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a kan Middlesbrough, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar. A ranar 7 ga Yuli 2020, Costa ya shiga Leeds kai tsaye kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Kwanaki daga baya, Leeds ya sami ci gaba zuwa Premier League a matsayin zakarun EFL. Costa ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a Leeds a wasan farko na kakar wasa da zakarun Liverpool a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2020, inda ya taimaka wa Mateusz Klich kwallon da aka ci 4-3 a waje da gida kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga. mako daga baya a wasan farko na Leeds na gida na kakar wasa, nasara da ci 4–3 akan Fulham. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2021, Costa ya koma Valencia ta La Liga a kan aro don kakar 2021-22. Ayyukan kasa Portugal An haife shi a Angola, Costa ya fara wasansa na kasa da kasa a matsayin wakiltar kasar Portugal. Ya taka leda a Portugal a 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, kuma ko da yake bai zira kwallo a ragar tawagar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe ba, an sanya shi cikin Kungiyar Gasar. Costa kuma ya wakilci Portugal a gasar Toulon ta 2014.. Costa ya karbi kiransa na farko ga manyan 'yan wasan Portugal gabanin wasannin gasar UEFA Nations League a watan Oktoba 2018. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a wasan sada zumunci da Scotland a Hampden Park ranar 14 ga Oktoba, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 inda ya zura kwallon farko. Portugal ta lashe gasar UEFA Nations League na 2018-19, amma Costa ba a kira shi zuwa gasar hudu na karshe ba. Angola A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2021, an kira Costa zuwa tawagar Angola don buga wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021 da Gambia da Gabon. Ya cancanci saboda ya buga wasan sada zumunci ne kawai ga Portugal. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 a gidan Masar a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba a waccan shekarar, inda ya ci kwallon farko a gida da suka tashi 2-2. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na uku a tarihi (a bayan Alfredo Di Stéfano da José Altafini don zira kwallo a raga a karon farko ga kasashe biyu daban-daban. Salon wasa Costa na iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gefe a kowane bangare na filin. Hakanan zai iya buga wasan gaba An san shi da fasaha, saurinsa, dabara da fasaha. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen Portugal ko Angola a farko, ginshiƙi na nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Costa. Girmamawa Benfica Taca da Liga 2013-14 Wolverhampton Wanderers Gasar EFL 2017-18 Leeds United Gasar Cin Kofin EFL: 2019-20 Mutum Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta Uefa ta Under-19 2013 Wolverhampton Wanderers Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara: 2016–17 Kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafar Wolverhampton Wanderers: 2016–17 Burin Wolverhampton Wanderers na Lokacin: 2016-17 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hélder Costa at Soccerbase Hélder Costa at ForaDeJogo National team data Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25715	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadin%20Gwiwa%20da%20COVID-19	Hadin Gwiwa da COVID-19	{{Infobox organization\|motto=Staying Alive Together\|type=Private Sector Coalition\|name=Coalition Against COVID-19}} Coalition Against COVID-19 (CACOVID) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke jagorantar kamfanoni a Najeriya da aka kafa don taimakawa gwamnati wajen yakar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, bayan sanarwar da Babban Bankin Najeriya Godwin Emefiele ya yi. Manufar asusun ba da agaji ita ce "tallafawa gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya wajen shawo kan cutar ta COVID-19 a Najeriya don tabbatar da cewa marasa lafiya sun sami kulawar da suke buƙata kuma ma'aikatan su sami muhimman kayayyaki da kayan aiki; da kuma hanzarta ƙoƙarin samar da gwaje-gwaje da jiyya. Manyan kamfanoni, da suka hada da Rukunin Dangote, Access Bank da MTN sun ba da gudummawa ga Asusun Taimakon CACOVID, baya ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da daidaikun mutane da yawa.. Membobi Babban Bankin Najeriya Aliko Dangote Foundation Rukunin Dangote Bankin Access Folorunsho Alakija Famfa Oil Limited Bankin United na Afirka Bankin Guaranty Trust Bankin Union Bankin Zenith Bankin Ecobank Bankin Keystone Limited Bankin Rand Merchant Bankin Heritage Standard Chartered Bankin Kasuwanci na Coronation Bankin Standard Bankin Kasuwancin FBN Bankin Tarihi na Farko Bankin Farko Bankin Sterling Bankin Wema Bankin Kasuwancin FSDH Citibank Bankin Providus Limited Bankin Polaris Limited Bankin Titan Trust Bankin Unity IHS Towers of ƙarfi Duk Kan Iyakance Kamfanin Magunguna na Emzor GBC Lafiya Rukunin Rana MTN Cummins Kamfanin Zircon Marine Limited Jubaili Brothers Limited Bhojsons Plc KPMG Maple Plastics Gidauniyar ACT Femi Otedola Amperion Limited Rukunin BUA Bankin Globus Multichoice Kamfanin Breweries na Najeriya NOVA OLaniwun Ajayi LP Kamfanin Kamfanin Pacific Holding SIL SunTrust Bank Nigeria Limited DANA Gidan Talabijin Nestle UAC Kamfanin Tolaram Flour Mills of Nigeria Mike Adenuga Foundation Kamfanin Inshorar Deposit na Najeriya Bankin Masana'antu FrieslandCampina Kamfanin Kuɗi na Afirka Bankin Fidelity Bet9ja Kamfanin Consortium Limited Ayyukan Port na Josepdam Siffofin System Deeper Life Littafi Mai Tsarki Church Gidajen Adron CWAY Kamfanin Greenwich Trust Limited Kamfanin PricewaterhouseCoopers Alpha da Jam Wannan Rana Tashi Labarai CNN Duba kuma Cutar COVID-19 a Najeriya Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka Hanyoyin waje Shafin yanar gizo na CACOVID Inganta Ƙarfin Bincike don Gwajin COVID-19 a Najeriya Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a Yankuna 6 na Siyasa Na Najeriya Akwai lokaci ga komai a rayuwa Hadin gwiwa ya tsara fakitin agaji ga gidaje 1.7m CACOVID ya ba da umarnin samar da kayan gwaji 400,000 na COVID-19 don haɓaka ƙarfin gwajin Najeriya Manazarta
59752	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia%20Ch%20toafik	Nadia Ch toafik	Nadia Chafik (an haife ta biyu ga watan 02 01 junairu shekar 1962 a Casablanca marubuciya ce ta Moroko. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Nadia Chafik a Casablanca a cikin shekara 1962, kuma ta girma a Rabat.Ta fito daga kabilar Ait Sadden, kabilar Middle Atlas Berber Chafik ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Montreal (Master Ph.D) kuma ta koyar (a matsayin "Chargee de cours") a jami'a guda a cikin shekaru biyu. Babban ayyukanta na ilimi sune: "Être Romancière au Maghreb" shekara (1988) da Une autre lecture du Maghreb à travers l'art scriptural et pictural français du 19e siècle shekara (1998). Bayan koyarwa kuma a Jami'ar Ibn Tofaïl ta Kénitra, Nadia Chafik ta bi aikinta a Jami'ar Mohammed V na Rabat inda take koyar da adabi da kuma shirya wasu ayyukan al'adu kamar: "Ateliers d'écriture", ko "Rencontres avec les auteurs". Ta buga gajerun labarai da litattafai uku. Nos jours aveugles Our blind days shine tarin gajerun labarai dinta na farko. Na ƙarshe shine: Tête de poivre (Afrilu, shekara 2012) wanda aka zaɓe ta don Prix Grand Atlas shekara 2012 na Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa.Wani mai sukar Cibiyar Faransa da ke Maroko ya rubuta game da wannan littafi: "autant de fragments de vie qui metent à l'honneur la poésie de l'existence". Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Littattafan gama gari L'atelier d'écriture. Un Laboratoire a babban specter didactique aikin ilimi, shekara2013 Tête de poivre, gajerun labarai, shekara2012 Nos jours aveugles,, gajerun labarai, shekara2005 Le secret des djinns, novel, shekara1998 Wani bakon labarin mutum. Filles du vent, novel, shekara1995 Mahaukaci da rashin sa'a uwa daya Littattafai Talatin da bakwai 37 printemps, Écoute retomber le shiru (tsatsa), shayari, a cikin Mots de neige, de sable et d'Océan, shekara2008 Clair-Obscur, a cikin Game da enfant, shekara2003 Ce Ce bayar, ne l'as-tu pas rêve Perles de l'Atlantique. Les Carnets marocains, gajeren rubutu, shekara2001 Le Tatouage bleu, in Des Nouvelles du Maroc, shekara1999 Ecoute retomber le shiru (tsatsa), shayari, a cikin Sources Revue de la Maison de la Poésie, Namur n°18, shekara1997 Entre chiens et loups, in Anthologie de la nouvelle maghrébine, shekara1996 Cin hanci, a cikin Liberté n°182, Montréal-Kanada, shekara1989 Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Au-delà de la condition des femmes les romans de Nadia Chafik", na Mana Derakhshani, Kwalejin Saint Mary shafi. 8 Hirar rediyo, na Patrice Martin, Médi1 Hoto Hoto Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1962 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22062	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Hellmann	Jessica Hellmann	Jessica Hellmann wata farfesa ce a fannin Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da kuma darakta a Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli a Jami'ar Minnesota An yarda da ita a matsayin "ɗayan manyan masu bincike kan al'adun duniya da sauyin yanayi". Hellmann ta kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya gano cewa rayuwa tare da canjin yanayi "yana da matukar mahimmanci ga makomar bil'adama da kuma halittun duniya kamar yadda suke tafiyar hawainiya da dakatar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli". Lab nata yana amfani da tsarin lissafi, dabarun tsarin halittar mutum don gano tasirin canjin yanayi akan yanayin halittu da halittu. Jessica Hellmann kuma tana da mata, Larry LaTarte (47) da 'ya mace, Ada LaTarte (14). Rayuwar farko da ilimi Hellmann asalinta Ba'indiyace da Detroit ne, Michigan Hellmann ta ce ta zabi aiki ne a fannin ilimin halittu bayan ilham daga sansanin sararin samaniya, gonar kakanta da mahaifinta wanda ya yi aikin injiniyan injiniya a kamfanin General Motors Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilmin halittu a jami’ar Michigan a shekara ta 1996. Ta yi karatun digiri na uku a fannin Biology daga Stanford Mai ba ta shawara a fannin digirgir, kuma abar koyi, ita ce Paul R. Ehrlich Ta kuma kasance abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai ta Duniya, inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa mahalli wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsaro. A Jami'ar Stanford, tana daga cikin Leopold Leadership Program Hellmann ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Sashen Nazarin dabbobi a Jami'ar British Columbia Ayyuka Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Notre Dame a shekara ta 2003, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba a Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu. Ta karɓi Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation a shekara ta 2006. Ta yi bincike kan tasirin asarar muhalli da rarrabuwa kan rarraba kwari da shuke-shuke da suke karbar su. Ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan itacen oak na Garry, da yadda za su iya yaɗuwa a cikin wani yanayi na gaba. Ta kafa ƙaramin dalibi na Notre Dame shine ci gaba. A cikin shekara ta 2011 an ba ta lambar zama ta zama daga Jami'ar Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study. A shekara ta 2012, ta wallafa littafin "Inganta Karbuwa A Cikin Garin Chicago". Ta gabatar da Lakca ta shekara ta 2012 Reilly Forum, "Gyara duk duniya: abin da dan Adam zai iya kuma ya kamata ya yi don taimakawa yanayi rayuwa da ci gaba ta hanyar canjin yanayi". A cikin shekara ta 2013, Hellmann ta taimaka wa Cibiyar Haɓakawa ta Duniya ta ƙaura zuwa Jami'ar Notre Dame A shekara ta 2015, ta zama Daraktan Bincike na shirin Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), wanda ke auna barazanar kasada da kuma shiri don daidaitawa da barazanar yanayi ga kasashen duniya. Ta damu matuka game da yi mata lakabi da "mutumin malam buɗe ido", yayin da take nazarin su sosai a matsayin wakilcin yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar kwari gaba ɗaya. An bayyana ta a matsayin "murya mai tasiri game da sauyin yanayi da yanayin". A shekara ta 2015, Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Minnesota a matsayin darektan Cibiyar kan Muhalli inda ta gabatar da wani muhimmin jawabi, "Shin za mu iya tseratar da halittu masu yawa daga canjin yanayi?" Ita ce kuma Russell M. da Elizabeth M. Bennett Kujera a Kwarewa a Sashen Ilimin Lafiyar Jama'a, Juyin Halitta da Halayya. Ta buga littafinta na biyu, "A Review Of The Landscape Conservation Cooperatives a shekara ta 2016. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Jami'ar Minnesota. Ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da ND-GAIN a matsayinta na babban memba mai bincike da kuma ba da shawara ga wasu masu bincike na ND-GAIN. Ta rinjayi gwamnatoci da hukumomi, tana ƙarfafa su don saka hannun jari ta hanyar sauyin yanayi A cikin 2013 da 2014 ta yi rubuce-rubuce tare da theimar Canjin Yanayi ta Nationalasa. Tana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Babban Filin Jirgin Sama, Majalisar Shawara kan Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Muhalli da Cibiyar Manufa da kuma kwamiti mai mulki na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya. Ta ba da gudummawa ga CNN, NPR, Fox News, The Telegraph da kuma Chicago Tribune Ta rubuta don Tattaunawa (gidan yanar gizo) A cikin 2017 an sanar da ita a matsayin Americanungiyar (asar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyyar Leshner Fellow. Hellman yana ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga mujallolin kimiyya masu zuwa: Ci gaba na Makarantun Kimiyya na Kasa, Frontiers a cikin Lafiyar Qasa da Muhalli, BioScience da KASHE DAYA Tana aiki a kwamitin edita na mujallar Aikace-aikacen Juyin Halitta kuma babban edita ce tare da Conservation Biology da Elementa. Ta hidima a kwamitoci domin th e Muhalli Society of America, cikin College Board, da kuma National Academy of Sciences Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Wannan Abubuwan masu zuwa shahararrun labarai ne waɗanda Hellman ya rubuta sune kamar haka: 2019: "Zaɓaɓɓu amma ƙasashe daban-daban suna rage raunin yanayi da hayaƙin CO2" 2018: "Tallafi biyar na kudi don farfado da Yankin Yankin Tekun Mexico da Missasashen Basin Mississippi" 2018: "An bayyana motsin yanki mai matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar yanayi tare da kwayoyin halittar mutum, tarin kayan tarihin, da kuma samfurin kwaikwaiyo" 2018: "Kwatanta tsarin tafiyar da mutane da ba mutane ba a karkashin canjin yanayi." 2017: "Misalan rarrabuwar kawuna a duk fadin kasa da yanayin halittar gado na wani yanki mai hade da malam buɗe ido wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin ɗan tudu" 2017: "Al'umma sun shirya tsaf don wani sabon nau'in ilimin kimiyya shine makarantar koyon ilimi?" 2016: "Canjin Yanayi a Yankin Birane: Cigaba, Ma'auni da Samun Natsuwa." 2016: "Rufi mai sanyi da sanyi don rage tasirin tsibirin zafi a cikin biranen Chicago: kimantawa tare da yanayin yanayin yanki" 2015: "Fahimta daga ilimin kimiyyar halittu na al'umma game da rawar da sakin makiya yake haifar da nasarar mamayewa: mahimmancin tasirin makiya na asali" 2013: "Ta amfani da taimakon mulkin mallaka don kiyaye halittu da kuma dawo da yanayin halittu karkashin canjin yanayi" 2011: "Sa hannun dan adam a gaba cikin halittu da muhimmiyar rawar halittar juyin halitta" Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Masana Ilimi Mata Marubuta Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed
34863	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnatin%20Tarayyar%20Najeriya	Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya	Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya tana da rassa guda uku: 'yan majalisu, zartaswa, da shari'a, wadanda kundin tsarin mulki ta ba su iko daga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya a Majalisa da shugaban kasa da kotunan tarayya ciki har da kotun koli. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi rarrabuwa mukamai da daidaito a tsakanin bangarorin guda uku da nufin hana maimaita kura-kuran da gwamnati ta yi a baya. Najeriya jamhuriya ce ta tarayya, wacce shugaban kasa ke da ikon zartarwa. Shugaban kasa shi ne shugaba a kasa, jagoran gwamnati, kuma shugaban tsarin jam’iyyu da yawa. Siyasar Najeriya tana gudana ne a cikin tsarin tarayya, shugabancin kasa, jamhuriya dimokuradiyya mai wakilci, inda gwamnati ke amfani da ikon zartarwa. 'Yan majalisa na karkshin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma majalisun dokoki guda biyu: majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa. A dunkule, majalisun biyu su ne hukumar da ke kafa doka a Najeriya, wadda ake kira majalisar dokokin kasar, wadda ke zaman tantance bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati. "Economist Intelligence Unit" ya kimanta Najeriya a matsayin "hybrid regime" a shekara ta 2019. Gwamnatin Tarayya, Jihohi, da Kananan Hukumomin Najeriya na da burin yin aiki tare domin gudanar da mulkin kasa da al’ummarta. Najeriya ta zama mamba ja kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya bayan samun 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1960. Tsarin shari'a Shari'ar Najeriya ta ginu ne a kan bin doka, 'yancin kai na bangaren shari'a, da dokokin gama-gari na Birtaniyya (saboda dogon tarihin tasirin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Doka ta gama gari a tsarin shari'a tana kama da tsarin dokokin gama gari da ake amfani da su a Ingila da Wales da sauran ƙasashen Commonwealth Tsarin mulki na yanayin doka yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya. Dokar Turai, wadda ta samo asali daga mulkin mallaka da Birtaniya; Doka ta gama gari, cigaban shari'a tun lokacin mulkin mallaka; Doka ta al'ada, wacce ta samo asali daga al'adun gargajiya da harki; Sharia, dokar da ake amfani da ita a wasu jihohi a yankin arewacin Najeriya. Akwai reshen shari'a, kuma an ɗaukar Kotun Koli a matsayin kolluwar shari'a a Ƙasar. Doka a matsayin tushen dokokin Najeriya Hanyoyi biyu na asali na dokokin Najeriya ta hanyar zartarwa sune (1) Ayyukan majalisar dokokin Biritaniya, waɗanda aka fi sani da ƙa'idodin aikace-aikace na gama-gari kafin samun 'yancin kai. (2) Dokokin cikin gida (wanda ya kunshi dokokin Najeriya daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yau). Akwai kuma wasu kafofin da duk da cewa an shigar da su a cikin ka'idojin Najeriya musamman shigo da su cikin tsarin dokokin Najeriya. Ana kiran su da criminal and penal codes na Najeriya. Dokokin Najeriya a matsayin tushen ka'idoji a Najeriya Ana iya rarraba dokokin Najeriya kamar haka. Zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960, dokoki bayan 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1960-Zuwa shekara ta 1966, zamanin soja a shelara ta 1966 Zuwa shekara ta 1999. Dokokin bayan samun yancin kai 1960-1966 Ba wa Najeriya ‘yancin kai ya kasance wani muhimmin abu a tarihin siyasar kasar. Wannan lokaci ya shaida cigaban siyasa da aka samu a lokacin mulkin mallaka. ’Yan siyasa da gaske sun mayar da hankali kan gazawarsu a harkokin siyasa. Ta samu wa kanta matsayin jamhuriya ta hanyar kakkaɓe manyan hurumin da jami'an mulkin mallaka ke rike dasu. Duk da haka, duk da tashe-tashen hankula da aka yi wa tanada, kundin tsarin mulkin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya (na soja ko waninsa). Mulkin Soja, 1966-1999 Ba za a danganta tabarbarewar doka da oda da aka samu a lokacin da ake yin nazari a kan duk wani lahani da ke cikin tsarin shari’ar Najeriya ba. Cin hanci da rashawa a siyasance da duk wani al'amari na rayuwar Najeriya ya lalata inganci da ci gaba. An yi yunkurin juyin mulki sau 8 gaba daya, biyar sun yi nasara, 3 kuma ba su yi nasara ba. Reshen Gudanarwa Ana zaben shugaban kasa ta hanyar zabe na dukkannin mutanen gari Shugaban kasa shi ne jagoara a kasa kuma shugaban gwamnati, wanda ke jagorantar majalisar zartarwa ta tarayya, ko majalisar ministoci. An zabi shugaban kasa ne don ganin an samar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya da kuma yadda dokar ta shafi jama’a. Shi ma zababben shugaban kasar shi ne ke kula da sojojin kasar, kuma ba zai iya yin wa'adi fiye da biyu na shekaru hudu kowanne wa'adi ba. Shugaban Najeriya a yanzu shi ne Muhammadu Buhari, wanda aka zabe shi a shekara ta 2015 kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa a yanzu Yemi Oshinbajo. Bangaren zartaswa dai ya kasu zuwa ma’aikatun tarayya, kowanne daga cikin na karkashin jagorancin ministoci da shugaban kasa ya nada. Dole ne shugaban kasa ya sanya akalla mamba daya daga kowacce jihohi 36 a cikin majalisarsa. Majalisar dattawan Najeriya ke tabbatar da nadin shugaban kasar. A wasu lokuta, ministan tarayya kan samu alhakin kula da fiye da ma'aikata ɗaya (misali, muhalli da gidaje ana iya haɗa su), ko kuma minista ɗaya ko fiye da ministocin jihohi. Kowace ma'aikatar kuma tana da Sakatare na dindindin, wanda babban ma'aikacin gwamnati ne. Ma'aikatun suna da alhakin ayyuka daban-daban (wurare na mallakin gwamnati kamar jami'o'i, Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa, da Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya. Duk da haka, alhakin wasu ma'aikatu na karkashin ofishin shugaban kasa, kamar Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa, Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Tarayya. Reshen majalisa Majalisar dokokin Najeriya tana da zauruka guda biyu: majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa. Kakakin majalisar wakilai ne ke jagorantar ita majalisar. Tana da mambobi 360, wadanda aka zaba na tsawon shekaru hudu a mazabun kujeru guda. Majalisar dattijai na da wakilai 109 tana karkashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar. Ana zaben mambobi 108 na tsawon shekaru hudu a mazabu 36 masu kujeru uku wadanda suka yi daidai da jahohin kasar 36 Ana zaban mamba daya na kujeru daya tak a mazabar babban birnin tarayya. Ana zabar ’yan majalisa ne ko dai a Majalisar Wakilai ko a Majalisar Dattawa domin su zama wakilan mazabarsu da samar da wata doka da za ta amfanar da jama’a. Tsarin doka ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen da ake tsarawa da gabatar da su a cikin ɗaruruwan majalisun biyu. Wadannan kudirorin za su iya zama doka ta kasa kawai idan shugaban Najeriya ya amince da su wanda zai iya yin watsi da kudirin. A halin yanzu dai shugaban majalisar dattawan shi ne Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan, wanda aka zaba zuwa majalisar dattawa a shekarar ta 2007, kuma shugaban majalisar Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda ya kasance shugaban majalisar wakilai na Najeriya na 9 tun daga shekara ta 2019. Za a iya owane dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya zabe shi zuwa fiye da shekaru hudu kawai. A baya-bayan nan dai, majalisar dokokin kasar ta yi amfani da matsayinta wajen yin katsalandan, a matsayin tantance ikon shugaban kasa da majalisar ministocinsa. An san ’yan majalisa da yin amfani da ikonsu ba kawai yin doka ba, amma a matsayin hanyar tsoratarwa ta siyasa da kuma kayan aiki don inganta nasarar kuɗin kuɗi na mutum ɗaya. Ana biyan Sanatoci albashin da ya kai dalar Amurka sama da 2,200 a wata, wanda aka yi masu kari da kudaden da suke kasheaw dalar Amurka 37,500 a kowanne wata (alkalumman a Shekara ta 2018). Reshen shari'a Bangaren shari’a ya kunshi kotun koli ta Najeriya, kotun daukaka kara, manyan kotuna, da sauran kotunan shari’a irin su Majistare da na al’ada da shari’a da sauran kotuna na musamman. Majalisar shari’a ta kasa tana aiki ne a matsayin hukumar zartarwa mai zaman kanta, tana mai kare bangaren shari’a da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati. Babban Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya da wasu alkalai goma sha uku ne ke jagorantar kotun kolin na Najeriya, wadanda shugaban kasar ke nadawa bisa shawarar majalisar shari'a ta kasa. Majalisar dattawa za ta tabbatar da wadannan alkalan. Bangaren shari’a na gwamnatin Najeriya daya ne tilo daga cikin bangarori uku na gwamnatin da ba a zaben mambobinta amma ake nada su. Bangaren shari’a, musamman kotun koli, an yi niyya ne don kiyaye ka’idoji da dokokin kundin tsarin mulkin kasa da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1999. Manufarta ita ce ta kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya na Kotun Koli a yanzu shine Olukayode Ariwoola. Dimokradiyya a Najeriya Najeriya ta fara mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekara ta 1999 da farawar ta a matsayin jamhuriya ta hudu, amma ta sha fama da koma baya ta yadda ta zama cikakkiyar dimokradiyya. An gano manyan mutane a Najeriya suna da karfin iko da tasiri fiye da talakawan ’yan kasa, kuma a sakamakon haka, an samu cin hanci da rashawa da yawa a siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar jama’a. Kyakkyawan alamar dimokuradiyya a Najeriya ita ce yadda zabuka ke kara samun raguwar magudi sannan kuma ana kara samun fafatawar jam’iyya. Wani abin da ke nuna dimokraɗiyya mai ƙarfi shi ne kasancewar ƙungiyoyin farar hula waɗanda 'yan ƙasa ke da 'yancin yin aiki da magana cikin yardar kaina tare da yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai mai ƙarfi don rayuwar yau da kullun. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta ga yadda ake amfani da kafafen yada labarai a fagen siyasa, musamman ma zanga-zangar (Special Anti-Robbery Squad) na SARS na baya-bayan nan, wanda ke nuni da samun ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki ga jama’a don bayyana ra’ayoyinsu ga gwamnati da duniya. Matsayin 'yanci A bisa kididdigar "World Press Freedom Index" na shekara ta 2020, Najeriya ce kasa ta 115 mafi ‘yanci a duniya. Ana kallonta a matsayin kasa mai ci gaba da cin zarafi al'ummar ta da dakile 'yancin magana da yada labarai. An gano Najeriya a matsayin kasa mai rauni, duka da ke cikin hadarin bautar zamani da cin hanci da rashawa. Al'ummar kasar na cikin mawuyacin hali saboda illolin rikice-rikice na cikin gida da al'amuran mulki. Freedom House ta bayyana Najeriya a matsayin kasa mai ‘yantacciyar ‘yanci. A zaben shugaban kasa da ya gabata, tsarin ya gurgunta ta da tashe-tashen hankula, tsoratarwa da sayen kuri’u, wadanda suka yi kamari a yawancin zabukan da aka yi a Najeriya. Hakazalika, a zabukan ‘yan majalisar dokoki na baya-bayan nan, ‘yan kasar sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin yana da nasaba da tsoratarwa da wasu sabani. Ana kyautata zaton za a aiwatar da tsarin zabe da dokokin da ke da alaka da su ta hanyar da ta dace, amma an yi ta samun rikita-rikitar zabe da gangan da kuma haifar da fitowar jama'a. Al’ummar Najeriya suna jin kamar akwai ‘yancin da suke da shi na samun jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban da za su wakilci ra’ayoyinsu. An misalta hakan ne da dimbin halaltattun jam’iyyu da aka gani a zabuka. Hakazalika, jam'iyyun adawar Najeriya na da halastacciyar dama ta shiga harkokin siyasa da kuma samun mukamai a hukumance. Dangane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki na siyasa, Freedom House ta nuna cewa ra'ayoyi da cibiyoyi galibi suna yin tasiri sosai daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, na waje ko daidaikun mutane. A Najeriya, dukkan kabilu da addinai suna da damar shiga harkokin siyasa daidai gwargwado, duk da haka, akwai karancin mata da aka zaba a cikin gwamnati, an kuma lalata dangantakar jinsi daya a shekara ta 2014. Ana zabar jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya kamar shugaban kasa da ‘yan majalisar dokoki ne domin su samar da manufofi da dokoki, kuma yawanci ana ba su damar yin hakan ba tare da tsangwama ba, amma a ‘yan shekarun nan, an yi ta fama da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin zaman lafiya. Cin hanci da rashawa dai ya kasance babbar matsala ga gwamnatin Najeriya tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Musamman bangaren mai ya ba da damar cin hanci da rashawa da yawa. Gwamnati ta yi kokarin samar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da ke cin karo da ayyukan jihar, amma abin ya ci tura kawai. An kuma bayyana gwamnati a matsayin rashin gaskiya, sau da yawa ba ta barin bayanan da ya kamata a samu ga jama'a. Aikin jarida da kafafen yada labarai a Najeriya suna da ‘yanci, ana ba su damar gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da gwamnati ba, amma sau da yawa ana kamawa ko kuma tantance wadanda ke sukar manyan mutane ko ofisoshi. Ƙungiya mai kama da mafia, Black Axe, tana da hannu cikin cin hanci da rashawa na duniya ta hanyar amfani da zamba musamman a kan layi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a labarin BBC. An amince da ‘yancin yin addini a Najeriya, amma an san gwamnati da ma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna mayar da martani ga kungiyoyin da ke nuna adawa da gwamnatin tarayya. Addini abu ne da ake ta cece-kuce a Najeriya saboda zafafan rigingimu da ake fama da su a tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmi a jihar. Freedom House ta bayyana gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a fannin ba da yancin karatu, da kuma yadda jama'a za su iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ko da kuwa ba su amince da gwamnati ba ba tare da tsoron mayar da martani daga gwamnati ba. An yi wa gwamnatin Najeriya kima mai matsakaicin ra'ayi kan iya haduwa da jama'a, iya aiki da hakkin dan Adam, da kasancewar kungiyoyin kwadago. An kididdige bangaren shari'a a matsayin mai matsakaicin 'yanci daga gwamnati, kuma ba shi da tsari a cikin gwaji da daidaita daidaito ga dukkan al'umma. Jama’a a Najeriya ba su da ’yancin fita waje, kuma galibi ana saka dokar ta-baci da gwamnatin tarayya ta kayyade a yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar tashin hankali ko rashin zaman lafiya. Akwai karancin kariya ga mata ta fuskar ‘yancin zubar da ciki, fyade, da cin zarafin gida a karkashin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. A karshe dai ana fama da matsalar safarar mutane a Najeriya da kuma yawaitar cin zarafin ‘yan kasa wanda gwamnatin tarayya ta yi aikin da bai dace ba na hana ta. Jam'iyyun siyasa Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa guda 18 da aka amince da su a Najeriya. Akwai jam’iyyu da dama a sakamakon cin hanci da rashawa da hargitsin da suka kunno kai a Najeriya da suka dabaibaye gwamnatin tarayya da kuma zabuka na tsawon shekaru. Yawancin jam'iyyun suna da wuyar kula. Manyan jam’iyyun biyu dai su ne jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party da All Progressives Congress, wadanda dukkansu sun rike shugabancin kasa da kujeru a majalisar dokokin kasar na tsawon lokaci. Sabanin jam’iyyu a wasu kasashe da ke wakiltar ra’ayoyin siyasa da jama’a za su yi daidai da su, jam’iyyu a Najeriya sun fi yin aiki a matsayin hanyar da fitattun mutane za su iya samun madafun iko da tasiri, kuma akwai da yawa saboda sau da yawa suna sauya sheka. jam'iyyu domin samun wanda zai ba su dama mafi kyawu na samun iko. Jam'iyyun siyasa sun kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na gwamnatin Najeriya kafin da kuman bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka a Shekaran alif ta 1960. Jam’iyyu suna ba da damar yin gasa ta siyasa, don ’yan kasa su sami mutanen da ke wakiltar ra’ayoyinsu da muradun su a cikin gwamnati, don bullo da sabbin shugabanni da ra’ayoyi a cikin rayuwar Nijeriya. ‘Yan Najeriya da dama ba su fahimci tsarin jam’iyyun siyasa ba saboda akwai zabi da yawa kuma tsarin su bai bayyana ga jama’a ba. Wannan lamari dai ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare a Najeriya domin ya mayar da wadanda ba su da ilimi ko kuma ba su da hannu a gwamnati saniyar ware. Har ila yau, da alama ana samun ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya na goyon bayan jam'iyyun da suka danganci kabilanci na addini, musamman ta fuskar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista. Jam’iyyun siyasa 18 sun hada da: Accord, Action Alliance, Action Democratic Party, Action Peoples Party, African Action Congress, African Democratic Congress, All Progressives Congress, All Progressives Grand Alliance, Allied Peoples Movement, Boot Party, Labour Party, National Rescue Movement, New Nigeria Peoples Party, Peoples Democratic Party, Peoples Redemption Party, Social Democratic Party, Young Progressive Party, Zenith Labour Party. Tsarin zabe da zabukan baya-bayan nan 'Yan kasa da suka kai kimanin shekaru 18 ne ke daman yin zaben shugaban kasa da 'yan majalisar dokoki a Najeriya. Hukumar zabe ta kasa ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan zaben da kuma tabbatar da cewa sakamakon ya kasance daidai ba na magudi ba. An zaɓi wanda ya yi nasara lashe kujera ta hanyar tsarin farko da aka yi amfani da shi a Burtaniya. Najeriya ta fuskanci zabuka da dama na magudi, musamman ma babban zaben da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2007. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa wannan zaben ya yi fama da magudin zabe, kada kuri’an kanana yara, tashe-tashen hankula, tsoratarwa, da kuma rashin fayyace gaskiya da sahihanci daga hukumar zabe ta kasa baki daya. Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya, 2015 Majalisar wakilai Majalisar Dattawa Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya, 2019 Dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi Shari’ar Musulunci ta shiga cikin zukatan gwamnatocin jihohin Najeriya da dama, musamman a yankin arewacin kasar. Akwai adawa mai tsanani tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Najeriya, don haka gwamnati ta dauki wani salo na tsarin shari'a na Ingilishi da na Shari'ar Musulunci a yayin da ake tunkarar batutuwan da suka shafi shari'a domin gamsar da al'ummar kasar daban-daban. Najeriya ce kasa mafi yawan al'ummar Kirista da Musulmi da ke zama tare a duniya. An bullo da wadannan addinan guda biyu ne a Najeriya musamman a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikin al’ummar Afirka sun hade nasu addinan gargajiya da wadannan guda biyu da aka kafa. ’yan siyasa da sauran masu fada a ji sun sha yin amfani da rikicin addini tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Najeriya wajen tayar da hankali da haifar da tsoro da hargitsi a tsakanin ‘yan Najeriya. Wannan ya sa ‘yan kasar da dama ke tambayar dalilin da ya sa Najeriya ta ci gaba da zama kasa daya ta tarayya, kuma ta yiwu ta rabu a tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi. Yankin Arewacin kasar dai ya kasance na Musulunci, yana da jihohi 12 da ke rayuwa a karkashin Shari'a, yayin da yankin Kudu galibi Kiristoci ne. An yi yunƙuri da yawa daga Musulman Najeriya don ƙara ra'ayoyin Shari'a a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya firgita yawan Kirista a cikin ƙasar. Da yawa daga cikin Kiristoci sun dauki bullar Musulunci a Najeriya a matsayin hadari kuma hakan na iya haifar da karuwar ta'addanci da rashin zaman lafiya. Wannan rikici yana barazana ga dorewar dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, tsarin cikin gida, da kungiyoyin farar hula, kuma da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyyar siyasa da shugabannin Najeriya na fatan mabiya addinan biyu za su iya yin wata tattaunawa ta lumana da fatan za ta daidaita bangarorin biyu. Ta'addanci a Najeriya Babban barazanar ta'addanci a Najeriya shine na kungiyar Boko Haram, kuma ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a lokacin rani ta shekara ta 2009. Boko Haram kungiya ce ta 'yan ta'adda masu kishin Islama masu tsatsauran ra'ayi daga yankin arewacin Najeriya. Wannan kungiya ta kaddamar da hare-haren ta'addanci wadanda suka fi auna gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, kungiyoyin addini wadanda ba musulmi ba, da kuma talakawan kasa. Ana alakanta tashin hankali da karuwar illolin Boko Haram da rashin zaman lafiya da rashin kwanciyar hankali da kasar Najeriya ke fama da shi. Suna jin haushin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma gazawar manufofin gwamnati na Najeriya, musamman talauci da rashin ci gaban arewacin Najeriya wanda galibi musulmi ne. Rikicin Boko Haram a Najeriya ya yi matukar muni, sama da mutane 37,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon hare-haren ta'addancin da suka kai tun shekarar 2011, sannan sama da 'yan Najeriya 200,000 suka rasa muhallansu. Kungiyar Boko Haram ce ke da alhakin sace daruruwan 'yan mata 'yan makaranta a shekarar 2014, lamarin da ya janyo yunkurin BringBackOurGirls a fadin duniya. Kungiyar ta'addanci ta zama wani bangare na ISIS a cikin shekara ta 2015, wanda ya jawo damuwa ga tsaro da zaman lafiyar Najeriya. Manyan kasashen duniya da dama da suka hada da Amurka sun ba da gudunmawar kayan aikin soji don taimakawa yaki da Boko Haram saboda harkar mai na Najeriya na da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin duniya. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kaddamar da shirye-shirye da dabarun yaki da kungiyar Boko Horam saboda yawaitar su. Haka kuma a baya-bayan nan an samu karuwar ’yan kasa da aka kirkira, musamman kungiyoyin matasa da ke daukar matakan kare kansu da al’ummominsu. Duka ayyukan Boko Haram da kuma kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na yaki da ta'addanci ya haifar da matsalar 'yan gudun hijira a Najeriya. Membobin Commonwealth Kasancewar Najeriya mamba a kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya ya fara ne a shekarar alif ta 1960 kuma an dakatar da ita a tsakanin shekarar alif ta 1995 zuwa shekarar alif ta 1999 lokacin da kasar ta zama kasa karkashin mulkin soja. An dawo da ita a shekarar alif ta 1999 lokacin da aka kafa dimokuradiyya tare da tsarin mulkin shugaban kasa a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, kuma ta kasance wani bangare na kungiyar Commonwealth har zuwa yau. Sakatariyar Commonwealth na da burin taimakawa Najeriya gano da kuma dakile cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnatin ta tarayya. A shekara ta 2018, sun koyawa jami’an gwamnati da dama yadda za su yaki cin hanci da rashawa da kuma yin Allah wadai da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin al’umma. Shigar da Sakatariyar ta yi a harkokin gwamnati da na kudi ya samar da kyakkyawan tsari na mu’amalar kayayyaki da ayyuka a Najeriya tare da rage cin hanci da rashawa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, kungiyar Commonwealth ta wadata Najeriya da manufofi da albarkatu don ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai tare da bayyana irin illar da za a iya yi ga kasashen Commonwealth da kasuwanci. Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta taimaka wa Najeriya a fannin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur da hakar ma'adinai. Sun taimaka wajen yin shawarwari da samar da daidaiton ciniki. Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta kuma baiwa Najeriya damar yin amfani da Ajandar Haɗin kai, wanda ke bai wa ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin Commonwealth damar sadarwa da musayar ra'ayoyi da manufofi don taimakawa juna ta fuskar tattalin arziki da cikin gida. Jihohin Najeriya Najeriya tana da jihohi 36 da yanki 1. Sun hasda da Babban Birnin Tarayya, Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, da kuma Zamfara. Kananan Hukumomi Kowace jiha ta rarrabu zuwa kananan hukumomi (LGAs). Wadannan jihohi da kananan hukumominsu na da matukar muhimmanci ga harkokin gwamnatin tarayya domin suna da tasiri a kan al’ummar kananan hukumomi don haka za su iya tantance bukatun mazabu da samar da manufofi ko ababen more rayuwa da za su taimaka. Hakanan suna da mahimmanci saboda gwamnatin tarayya tana da lokaci da albarkatu don aiwatar da ayyukan kasa da na kasa da kasa yayin da kananan hukumomi za su iya kula da 'yan Najeriya 'yan asalin jihohinsu. Batun raba madafun iko tsakanin jihohi da gwamnatin tarayya na taimakawa ayyukan Nijeriya. Kananan hukumomi 774 ne ke sa ido kan tara harajin gida, ilimi, kula da lafiya, hanyoyi, sharar gida da tsare-tsare. Karamar hukuma ce ke kula da al’amuran talakawa maza da mata a cikin al’ummar Najeriya. Ƙirƙirar sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi ya fara ne a shekarar alif ta 1968, zuwa ta 1970 a lokacin mulkin soja amma ya kasance cikakke shekarar alit ta 1976. Yadda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta tafiyar da COVID-19 A matsayinta na kasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka, cutar ta coronavirus ta yi kamari a fadin Najeriya. Najeriya ta tabbatar da cewa za ta iya ganowa, ba da amsa, da kuma hana barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin wani da lokaci, mara kyau. Najeriya ba ta da albarkatun da za ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da al'ummar kasar ke bukata don ci gaba da samun karuwar masu dauke da cutar a fadin jihar. Har ila yau Najeriya ba ta da adadin da ake bukata na sauran albarkatu don yakar cutar kamar ma'aikatan asibiti, dakuna, da na'urorin iska. Martanin gwamnatin tarayya game da cutar ya kasance mai rauni sosai kuma ba shi da tasiri. Shugaba Buhari ya zartas da dokar kulle na zama a gida da dama, da dokar rufe fuska, da kuma hana tafiye-tafiye don rage yawan masu kamuwa da cutar a kasar. Amma duk da haka, umarnin kullen, da ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye sun haifar da mummunan tasirin ga tattalin arziki ga ɗimbin 'yan ƙasa waɗanda suka rasa ayyukansu da tushen samun kuɗi. Dangane da haka, gwamnatin tarayya ta fitar da wasu tsare-tsare na bunkasa tattalin arziki don inganta muhimman bangarorin noma kamar noma da mai. Gwamnati ta kuma zartas da matakan tallafin abinci da mika kudade don tallafawa wadanda ke fama da yunwa. Har ila yau, sun himmatu wajen samar da kudade don samar da kudade daga masu ba da tallafi don tallafawa kasafin kudin tarayya da bangaren tattalin arziki. Sojojin Najeriya Sojojin Najeriya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin kasar, inda sukan kwace iko da kasar tare da mulkin kasar na tsawon lokaci. Wa’adin mulkin soja na karshe ya kare ne a shekarar alif ta 1999, bayan rasuwar shugaban mulkin sojan da ya gabata Sani Abacha a 1998. Ma'aikata masu aiki a cikin sojojin Najeriya uku sun kai kusan 76,000. Rundunar sojin Najeriya, wadda ita ce mafi girma a cikin ayyukan, tana da kimanin jami'ai 60,000, da aka tura a tsakanin runfunan sojoji biyu na injiniyoyi, da runduna guda daya (na iska da ta sama), da rundunar Garrison ta Legas (wani bangare mai girma), da kuma Abuja da ke Abuja wato Brigade of Guards. Sojojin ruwa na Najeriya (7,000) suna da kayan aiki da jiragen ruwa, jirage masu saurin kai hari, kwale-kwale, da kwale-kwalen sintiri a bakin teku. Sojojin saman Najeriya (9,000) na jigilar sufuri, masu horarwa, jirage masu saukar ungulu, da jiragen yaki; sai dai a halin yanzu yawancin motocinsu ba sa aiki. Kwanan nan, Marshal na rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya, Sadique Abubakar, ya ba da shawarar sayen kayan aiki bayan jefar da motocin da ba sa aiki. Alakar kasashen waje A halin yanzu Najeriya tana da kyakkyawar hulda tsakaninta kasashen waje da makwabtanta, saboda tsarin dimokradiyyar da take ciki a halin yanzu. Memba ne na Tarayyar Afirka kuma yana zaune a kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na kungiyar. Ministan harkokin waje na Najeriya na yanzu Geoffrey Jideofor Kwusike Onyeama. Yawancin lamurran da suka shafi Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun yancin kai sun dogara ne kan hako mai. Dangantakar Najeriya da makwabta na nahiyar Afirka da ma duniya baki daya ta samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan da ta sauya sheka daga mulkin soja zuwa dimokuradiyya. Najeriya na fatan samun kujera ta dindindin a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya nan gaba kadan. Jarida Gidan Rediyo da Talabijin a Najeriya mallakin gwamnati ne na Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Kasa. Ana amfani da wannan a matsayin dabarar gwamnati don tabbatar da iko da kuma karkatar da ra'ayin jama'a don goyon bayan jam'iyya mai ci da manufofin su. Duk da haka, yawancin jaridun Najeriya masu zaman kansu ne kuma ba'a takaita amfani da intane ga jama'a ba. Duba kuma Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya Majalisar dokokin Najeriya Jerin gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya Ma'aikatan Najeriya Jihohin Najeriya Ayyukan Gidan Yari na Najeriya Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya Kara karantawa Karl Levan da Patrick Ukata (eds.). 2018. The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics Jami'ar Oxford Press. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Siyasan Najeriya a karni na 21st Gwamnatin Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19331	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizes%20of%20Ariano	Assizes of Ariano	Assizes na Ariano wasu jerin dokoki ne na Masarautar Sicily da aka ƙaddamar a lokacin rani na 1140 a Ariano, kusa da Benevento, na Roger II na Sicily. Bayan kwanciyar hankali a kwanan nan, a cikin tawaye, ya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura zuwa gwamnatin da ke tsakiyar. Assizes sun kafa babban ofisoshin Sicilian kuma sun nemi kiyaye tsarin mulkin a ƙarƙashin tsananin ikon sarauta. Ya ƙunshi maganganu arba'in waɗanda suka shafi dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi damuwar shari'a ta zamani: kadarorin masu zaman kansu, kadarorin jama'a, coci, dokar farar hula, kuɗin masarauta, da sojoji. Aikin ya ci gaba don zamaninsa, yana samun ƙa'idodinsa ba daga Norman da Faransa kaɗai ba, har ma da Muslim da Byzantine (musamman Justinian ra'ayoyin shari'a. Rabin farko na 1140 Roger ya kashe a Palermo yana shirya Assizes. Tabbas an shirya su sosai. Duk da rubuta dokar a babban birninshi, a watan yuli, ya yi tafiya a cikin jihar zuwa Salerno, babban birni na masarautar Apulia, daga nan kuma ya tafi Abruzzi, inda ya bincika cin nasarar ɗiyansa: Roger da Alfonso Waɗannan mutanen, a yanzu duke na Apulia da basaraken Capua bi da bi, sun ƙarfafa mulkin Norman a kan teku kuma sun ba da damar manyan abubuwan da za a yi a wannan shekarar. A Assizes tabbata cewa Sarkin ne kawai lawgiver a Sicily, cewa shi duka biyu hukunci da kuma firist, (kamar yadda ya riqe da legatine iko daga Paparoma da kuma duk Sicilians sun daidaita, kuma a karkashin wannan dokokin, ko Latin, Girkanci, Bayahude, ko Muslim, Norman, Lombard, ko Balarabe. Ya hukunta cin amanar ƙasa tare da kisa. Hakanan an yi cikakken bayani a cikin sauran laifukan tashin hankali: tsoro a yaƙi, ɗora wa jama'a gindi, ko riƙe tallafi daga sarki ko abokan sa. A cocin, mabiya addinin kirista da 'yan ridda sun rasa haƙƙinsu. An ba da izinin bishops daga halartar kotuna, kodayake an ba sarki izini a kan wannan, kamar kowane abu, kuma ba za a iya yin roƙo ba. A hankulan sojoji, an rufe aji na jarumi. Babu wanda zai iya zama jarumi idan ba shi da tsatson jirgin. A ƙarshe, ƙaddamarwar ba ta yi watsi da talakawa ba kuma ta buƙaci a bi da su da adalci kuma a ɗora musu nauyi ba tare da izini daga shugabanninsu ba. Roger ta karshe yi a Ariano ya bayar da wani low quality-coinage misali ga dukan daula, da ducat, shan da sunan da daga duchy na Apulia. Kudin, galibi jan ƙarfe da wasu azurfa, ba zinare kamar yadda yake a bayarwa daga baya ba, ya girma cikin sauri. Assizes sun wanzu a rubuce-rubuce guda biyu, sun ɗan bambanta da juna, kodayake menene rashi da ƙari. Waɗannan an samo su a cikin 1856 a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Vatican da na Monte Cassino. Assizes sune dokokin da Sarki Roger II na Sicily ya gabatar. Da zarar an ƙarfafa mulkinsa sai ya ba da jerin dokoki, kodayake ba a san inda ko lokacin da ya yi hakan ba. Ana tsammanin cewa an bayar da dokokin ne kusan 1140, domin sai bayan wannan kwanan wata ne za a iya samun jami'ai a duk masarautar; kafin lokacin kawai suna bayyana ne kwatsam. A wannan lokacin, Ariano kawai taron bishop ne da mashahurai kuma ba 'babban taro' wanda duk 'yanci ke taka rawa ba. Mahimman batutuwa kamar sojoji, wajibai na fasiƙanci da sanin ƙasashe, kuma an ba da doka. Assizes sun rayu a cikin rubutattun rubuce-rubucen dokoki biyu kawai. Cikakken rubutu shine wanda ke cikin Codice Vaticano Latino 8782, wanda za'a iya yin kwanan wata zuwa ƙarshen karni na goma sha biyu kuma wanda ya ƙunshi assize arba'in da huɗu, da kuma gabatarwa. Na biyu Codex 468 na laburaren Montecassino ya samo asali ne daga farkon rabin karni na sha uku. Yana watsa sigar taƙaitaccen sigar dokokin ne kawai, kodayake kuma ya ƙunshi wasu ƙari da wasu assize bakwai waɗanda ba su da rubutun Vatican. Assizes suna ba da misali na farko na dokokin yankuna bisa dogaro da dokar Roman (Justinaic), kamar yadda "sun rigaye, kuma sun fi mahimmanci a aikace fiye da, sake gano ilimin Rome na ilimi." Maimaitawar Roger ga misalin masarautun Rome yana nuni ne da irin burin da yake da shi. Assizes suna taɓa wasu ɓangarorin doka ne kawai: coci, na jama'a, aure da mai laifi. Tare da su dokar al'ada ta kasance tana aiki, sai dai idan ta saba wa ainihin abin da ke cikin Assizes. Dalilin haka shi ne "saboda ire-iren mutane daban-daban da ke karkashin mulkinmu." Saboda haka, a bayyane yake dan majalisar na da masaniya game da mulki kan kasar da ke da kabilu da yawa; ya girmama halaye daban-daban na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kodayake kawai gwargwadon wannan bai yi karo da babban kulawarsa ba. Majiya Assizes na Ariano a cikin Latin Rubutun asali na duka codices. Ofaddamar da iko: Assizes na Ariano a Norman World ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Norwich, John Julius Masarauta a Rana 1130-1194 Longman: London, 1970. Pennington, Kenneth. "Haihuwar Ius commune: Dokar Sarki Roger II." Rivista internazionale del diritto comune, 17 (2006).
61130	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Thapsus	Yaƙin Thapsus	Yakin Thapsus wani soja ne da ya gudana a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 46 BC kusa da Thapsus (a Tunisiya ta zamani). Dakarun na Optimates, karkashin,Jagorancin Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, sun sha kaye a hannun sojojin Julius Kaisar An bi shi ba da daɗewa ba bayan kashe kansa na Scipio da abokinsa, Cato the Younger, Sarkin Numidian Juba, da ɗan uwansa na Roma Marcus Petreius. Gabatarwaa shiekara ta 49 BC, the last civil war of the Roman Republic was initiated after Julius Caesar, who saw that his political enemies in Rome were looking to arrest and prosecute him, defied senatorial orders to disband his army following the conclusion of hostilities in Gaul. He crossed over the Rubicon river with the 13th Legion, a clear violation of Roman Law, and marched to Rome. The Optimates fled to Greece under the command of Pompey since they had not organised an army and were incapable of defending the city of Rome itself against Caesar. Led by Caesar, the Populares followed, but were greatly outnumbered and defeated in the Battle of Dyrrhachium. Still outnumbered, Caesar recovered and went on to decisively defeat the Optimates under Pompey at Pharsalus. Pompey then fled to Egypt, where to Caesar's consternation, Pompey was assassinated. The remaining Optimates, not ready to give up fighting, regrouped in the African provinces of Mauretania. Their leaders were Marcus Cato (the younger) and Caecilius Metellus Scipio. Other key figures from the nobility in the resistance were Titus Labienus, Publius Attius Varus, Lucius Afranius, Marcus Petreius and the brothers Sextus and Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey's sons). King Juba I of Numidia was a valuable local ally. After the pacification of the Eastern provinces, and a short visit to Rome, Caesar followed his opponents to Africa. Kamfen na Afirka wanda ya kai Thapsus Kaisar ya tara runduna shida a kusa da Lilybaeum a Sicily. Wasu runduna huɗu suna kan hanyarsu daga Roma. Duk da yanayin da yake da nisa da mafi kyaun Kaisar ya hau runduna shida ya tashi zuwa Afirka. Ya isa gabar tekun Afirka a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba, inda ya sauka kusa da Hadrumetum, amma hadari ya warwatsa motocinsa wanda ya bar shi da sojoji 3000 kawai da kuma dawakai 150. Hadrumetum yana da wani kakkarfan Garison na Mafi Kyau a ƙarƙashin Gaius Considius Longus da Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso Kaisar ya yi sansani a kudancin birnin kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari da Considius, amma Babban Kwamandan ya ƙi karanta saƙonsa. Kaisar ya kai hare-hare da dama a kan birnin, amma ya gano ba shi da mutanen ko kayan da zai kai shi. Sa’ad da ‘yan leƙen asirinsa suka ba da rahoton cewa gungun mayaƙan maƙiya suna kan hanya sai ya yanke shawarar zuwa kudu. Sojojin dawakai na abokan gaba, galibin sojojin haske na Numidian, sun tursasa sojojinsa har zuwa Ruspina sun yi ƙoƙari su lika sojojin Kaisar a wurin, suka kewaye shi, sa'an nan kuma suka lalatar da mutanensa kuma suka halaka sojojinsa kamar yadda suka yi wa Curio Kaisar ya kasance mafi kyawun kwamandan kwamanda fiye da Curio kuma ya ci gaba da yin amfani da sojojinsa don kiyaye Numidians a bay yayin da sojojinsa suka tafi Ruspina. A ranar 29 ga Disamba Kaisar ya isa Ruspina. Ruspina Kaisar ya sanya Ruspina tushen aikinsa. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, ya ɗauki wasu daga cikin mutanensa ya wuce zuwa Leptis inda wasu tarwatsewar jigilar sa suka haɗa shi suna kawo abubuwan ƙarfafawa da ake buƙata. Ranar 4 ga Janairu, Kaisar ya tashi daga Ruspina a kan balaguron neman abinci. Ya fita da rabin karfinsa; Sojoji 9000 a cikin runduna 30 na rashin ƙarfi. Lokacin da 'yan leƙen asirinsa suka ba da rahoton abokan gaba suna nan kusa, ya umarci sojojin dawakinsa da maharba su haɗa shi daga Ruspina. Kaisar sannan ya jira Sojojin Mafi Kyau. An gwabza yaki The Optimates, karkashin jagorancin Petreius da Labienus, kusan sun shawo kan karfin Kaisar, amma a karshe Kaisar ya iya fitar da mutanensa ya koma Ruspina.
28784	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankaran%20Nono	Sankaran Nono	Ciwon kansa na nono sankarane ko ciwon daji da ke fitowa akan fatan nonon mata. Alamomin ciwon daji na nono na iya haɗawa da dunƙulewar cikin ƙirji, canjin siffar nono,lotsewa ko rami a fatan. ruwan da kuma ke fitowa daga kan nono, sabon jujjuyawar nono, ko facin fata ko ja. A cikin masu yaɗuwar cutar mai nisa, ana iya samun ciwon ƙashi, kumburin ƙwayoyin lymph, ƙarancin numfashi, ko sauyawan launin fata zuwa rawaya. Abubuwan haɗari da ke janyo ciwon nono sun haɗa da kiba, rashin motsa jiki, shan barasa, sauyin sassan jiki a yayin da aka dena ala,ada,radiation tarihin ciwon daji na nono, da kuma tarihin iyali na ciwon nono. Kimanin kashi 5-10% na lokuta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin halittar da aka gada daga iyaye, gami da BRCA1 da BRCA2 da sauransu. Ciwon daji na nono ya fi tasowa a cikin sel daga rufin bututun nono da lobules waɗanda ke ba wa waɗannan bututun madara. Ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga bututu ana kiran su da turanci ductal carcinomas, yayin da waɗanda ke tasowa daga lobules an san su da lobular carcinomas. Akwai ire-iren ciwon daji na nono fiye da 18. Wasu, irin su ductal carcinoma in situ, suna tasowa daga raunukan da suka rigaya. Ana tabbatar da cutar kansar nono ta hanyar yin biopsy na abin da ya shafi nama (na nono). Da zarar an gano cutar, ana ƙara yin wasu gwaje-gwaje don sanin ko ciwon ya yadu fiye da nono da kuma hanyoyin za'a bi don magance su. Akwai rudani sosai dangane da ma'auni na fa'ida da kuma lahani na gwajin cutar kansar nono. Wani bita da Cochrane ta gudanar a shekara ta 2013 ta gano cewa ba a sani ba idan gwajin mammographic ya fi cutarwa fiye da amfaninshi, a cewa yawancin matan da aka nuna suna da cutar ta hanyar gwajin daga bisani kuma ba su kamu ba. Acikin wani bincike da kungyar United States Preventive Services Task Force ta gudanae a shekara ta 2009 ta tabbatar da fa'idar gwajin ga 'yan shekaru 40 zuwa 70, sannan kuma kungiyar ta ba da shawarar gwaji duk bayan shekaru biyu ga mata 'yan shakera 50 zuwa 74. Ana iya amfani da magungunan Tamoxifen ko raloxifene a ƙoƙarin kariya daga ciwon sankarar nono ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Aikin asibiti na cire nonon wani ma'aunin kariya ne ga mata masu cuta wadanda ke cikin hadarin gaske. Ga waɗanda aka gano cutar, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama, ciki har da tiyata, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, da kuma targeted therapy. Nau'o'in tiyata sun bambanta daga tiyata don kiyaye nono zuwa Yanke nono mastectomy. Aikin gyaran nono na iya faruwa a lokacin tiyata ko kuma a wani lokaci na daban. Ga wadanda cutar sankara ta yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki, ana yin yawancin magungunansu ne don inganta rayuwa da karin natsuwa. Sakamakon ciwon nono sun bambanta dangane da nau'in ciwon dajin, girman cutar, da shekarun mutum. Gwajin sauran rayuwa na shekaru biyar a Ingila da Amurka yana tsakanin 80 zuwa 90%. A ƙasashe masu tasowa, basu kai shekaru biyar sosai. A duniya baki daya, ciwon nono shine kan gaba acikin nau'in sankara da ke addabar mata, wanda ke da kashi 25% na daukakin cutar. A cikin shekara ta 2018, an amu sabbin ciwukan kusan miliyan 2 da sanadiyyar mutuwar mata 627,000. Ya fi yawa a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma ya ninka sau 100 a cikin mata fiye da maza. Alamomi Ciwon daji na nono yawanci yana farawa ne a zaman wani dan kullutu wanda ya bambanta da sauran naman nono. Ana gano fiye da kashi 80% na ciwon ne a lokacinda akai la'akari da wannan kullutu da yatsa. Farkon ciwon nono, duk da haka, ana ganosu ne ta gwaji na mammogram. Kullutun da ake samu a hammata ma na iya zama alamun kansar nono. Alamun cutar sankarar nono banda kullutu na iya haɗawa da kauri daban da sauran naman nono, nono ɗaya yafi daya girma ko kuma daya ya kankance, dan kan-nono na iya canza wuri, ko siffarsa ko juyawa, tsagewar fata ko rami, ko kuma kuraje a zagaye da kan-nono, fitar da ruwa daga nono, ciwo a wani sashe na nono ko hammata da kumburi a karkashin hammata ko kewayen kashin wuya. Ciwo ("mastodynia") muhimmin alama ne na gano kasancewar sankarar nono, amma yana iya zama alamar wasu cututtukan nono na daban. Wani alamar cutar sankarar nono mai wuyar tantancewa shine cutar Paget na nono. Alamun cutan yana farawa ne ta hanyar sauyawan kalan fata kamar cutar eczema; kamar yin ja, canza launi ko laushin fata na nono. Yayin da cutar Paget na nono ke ci gaba, alamun cututtuka na iya haɗawa da tsikari, kaikayi, ƙara yawan ciwo, zafi, da ciwo. Hakanan ana iya samun fitar ruwa daga kan nono. Kimanin rabin matan da aka gano suna da cutar Paget na nono suma suna da kumburi a cikin nono. Sankaran nono mai kumburi ciwo ne da ba kasafai ake samun shi ba (a cikin kasa da kashi 5 cikin 100 na cutar sankarar nono), duk da haka nau'in cutar kansar nono mai tsananin gaske wanda ke kumburi, sauyawa saman nono zuwa ja. Muhimmin sakamakon ciwon daji na nono mai kumburi na faruwa ne sakamakon toshewar tasoshin bututun nono lymph daga kwayoyin cutar kansa. Anfi samun irin wannan nau'in ciwon daji na nono a cikin waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwaji ga mata masu ƙananan shekaru, mata masu kiba da kuma matan Amurkawa 'yan asalin Afirka. Kamar yadda ciwon nono mai kumburi ba ya kasancewa da dunƙule wani lokaci ana iya samun jinkiri wajen gano shi. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, abin da ya fara bayyana a matsayin fibroadenoma (mai karfi, dunƙule wanda ba-ciwon daji) na iya zama ƙwayar cutar phyllodes. Ciwon phyllodes na wanzuwa ne a cikin stroma (connective tissue) na ƙirjin kuma ya ƙunshi glandular da kuma nama na stromal. Ciwon daji na Phyllodes ba a aiwatar da su a cikin ma'anar da aka saba; An rarraba su bisa ga bayyanarsu a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope a matsayin benign, borderline ko kuma malignant. Cutar malignant na iya haifar da ciwace-ciwacen metastatic tumours secondary tumours (wanda ya samo asali daga primary tumour) wanda ke yaduwa fiye da wurin da ya fara. Alamomin da cutar sankarar nonona metastasis ke haifarwa ya dogara ne akan wurin metastasis yake. Wuraren da ake samun metastasis sun haɗa da kashi, hanta, huhu, da ƙwaƙwalwa. Lokacin da ciwon daji ya kai irin wannan mawuyacib hali, ana kasafta shi a matsayin mataki na 4 na ciwon daji, ciwon daji a wannan mataki sau da yawa yana janyo mutuwa. Alamomi na yau da kullun na ciwon daji na mataki na 4 sun haɗa da asarar nauyi wato kiba dna rashin dalili, ciwon kashi da gabobin jiki, sauyawar launin idanu ko fata da dai sauransu. Ana kiran waɗannan alamomin a matsayin alamomin da basu tabbaa saboda suna iya zama alamu na cututtuka da daban daban. Ciwon daji na nono ba safai yake yaduwa zuwa wuraren da ba a saba gani ba kamar ƙwayoyin lymph nodes waɗanda ke haifar da toshewar biliary wanda ke zama wahala kafin a gano shi. Yawancin almun ciwon nono, dangane da mafi yawan kullutu, ba sazama ciwon daji na nono. Alal misali, kasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kullutu a nono, ke zama ciwon daji na nono, sannan kuma cututtukan nono na benign kamar mastitis da fibroadenoma na nono sune abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi yawancin alamomi na rashin lafiyar nono. Abubuwan haɗari Abubuwan haɗari na iya kasuwa zuwa kashi biyu: abubuwan haɗari da za'a iya canzawa (abubuwan da mutane za su iya canza kansu, kamar shan barasa), da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan haɗari (abubuwan da ba za a iya canza su ba, kamar shekaru da jinsi). Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar sankarar nono shine kasancewa mace da kuma tsufa. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kwayoyin halitta na gado, rashin haihuwa ko rashin shayarwa, mafi girman matakan wasu kwayoyin halitta,wasu tsarin abinci, da kiba. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen haske abu ne mai haɗari ga haifuwar ciwon nono. Idan duka manya (mutane) zasu kiyaye mafi kyawun salon rayuwa, ciki har da rashin shan barasa ba, kiyaye tsarin jiki mai lafiya, rashin shan taba, cin abinci mai kyau, da sauran ayyuka, to kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ciwukan dajii na nono a duniya zasu ragu. Ba za a iya hana sauran kashi uku cikin huɗu na cutar kansar nono ta hanyar sauya salon rayuwa ba. salon rayuwa Shan barasa yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar nono, har ma da wanda basu sha sosai (mata suna shan ƙasa da rabin kwalban giya a rana). Hadarin yafi yawa a tsakanin masu shan giya sosai. A duniya baki daya, kusan kashi daya cikin 10 na masu fama da cutar kansar nono na faruwa ne sakamakon shan barasa a mata. Shan barasa yana daga cikin abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun da za a iya canza su. Akwai alaka sosai a dangantakar da ke tsakanin kiba da sankarar nono. Bincike ya nuna cewa wadanda ke saurin kiba bayan sun girma, suna cikin hatsari fiye da wadanda suke da kiba tun suna yara. Hakazalika, kiba mai yawa a sashin tsakiyar jiki yana yana haifar da haɗari mafi girma fiye da kiba sashin kasan jiki. Wannan yana nuna cewa abincin da mutum ke ci yana da mahimmanci fiye da BMI na mutum Abubuwan da za su iya ƙara haɗari sun haɗa da cin abinci mai yawan maiko da matakan cholesterol masu alaƙa da kiba. Yawan cin abinci da ke da karancin iodine na iya taka muhimmin rawa. Shaidar fiber a wajen janyo cutar kansar nono ba shi da tabbas. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2015 ya gano cewa binciken da ke ƙoƙarin danganta cin fiber da ciwon nono ya haifar da sakamako daban daban. A cikin 2016, an gano alaka mara tabbas a tsakanin ƙarancin cin fiber yayin samartaka da ciwon nono. Shan taba yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, tare da yawan adadin da ake sha, da kuma farkon fara shan taba a rayuwa na haifar da haɗarin mafi girma. A cikin wadanda ke shan taba na tsawon lokaci, haɗarin na karuwa daga kaso 35% zuwa 50%. An danganta rashin motsa jiki da kusan kashi 10% na cutar kansar nono. Zama a wuri daya na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon nono. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, ko da yake ana rage shi sosai. Maganin Hormone don magance menopause shima yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal baya haifar da ciwon nono ga yawancin mata; idan yana da tasiri, yana da ƙananan (a kan tsari na 0.01% a kowace shekara-shekara; kwatankwacin adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Amurka na wucin gadi, da raguwa ta masu amfani' sun ragu sosai. hadarin ciwon daji na ovarian da endometrial. Daga cikin wadanda ke da tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na nono, yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na zamani ba zai iya yin tasiri ga hadarin ciwon nono ba. Ba shi da tabbas ko maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal zai iya ƙara yawan adadin ciwon nono a cikin mata tare da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar ciwon nono Shayarwa na rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono sosai, gami da kansar nono. A cikin 1980s, hasashen zubar da ciki ciwon nono da aka yi nuni da cewa haifar da zubar da ciki ya kara haɗarin kamuwa da kansar nono. Wannan hasashe ya kasance batun binciken kimiyya mai zurfi, wanda ya kammala da cewa ba zubar da ciki ko zubar da ciki ba yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da radiation da rushewar circadian da ke da alaƙa da aikin motsa jiki da cin abinci na yau da kullun. An kuma danganta adadin sinadarai, ciki har da polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, da sauran kaushi na halitta Ko da yake radiation daga mammography yana da ƙananan kashi, an kiyasta cewa binciken shekara daga 40 zuwa 80 shekaru zai haifar da kimanin 225 kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ga mata miliyan daya da aka duba. Kwayoyin haihuwa An yi imanin cuwa gado na kwayoyin haihuwa ne muhimmin abun da ke janyo ciwon nono a kashi 5–10% na daukakin cutar. Matan da aka gano cutar a jikin mahaifiyarsu bayan shekaru 50 suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar na 1.7 sannan waɗanda aka gano cutan a iyayensu mata kafin shekaru 50 ko bayan sun sami ƙarin haɗarin 1.4. A cikin wadanda ba su da sifili, dangi ɗaya ko biyu ya shafa, haɗarin ciwon nono kafin shekaru 80 shine 7.8%, 13.3%, da 21.1% tare da mace-mace mai zuwa daga cutar 2.3%, 4.2%, da 7.6% bi da bi. A cikin waɗanda ke da dangi na farko tare da cutar haɗarin kansar nono tsakanin shekaru 40 zuwa 50 ya ninka na yawan jama'a. A cikin ƙasa da kashi 5% na lokuta, kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ta haifar da ciwon daji na nono-ovarian na gado Wannan ya haɗa da waɗanda ke ɗauke da maye gurbi na BRCA1 da BRCA2 Wadannan maye gurbi sun kai kashi 90% na jimillar tasirin kwayoyin halitta tare da hadarin kansar nono na 60-80% a cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. Sauran mahimman maye gurbi sun haɗa da p53 ciwoyin Li-Fraumeni PTEN ciwoyin Cowden da STK11 Peutz-Jeghers ciwo CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, da PALB2 A shekara ta 2012, masu bincike sun ce akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji na nono guda hudu daban-daban kuma a kowane nau'i, canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da ciwon daji da yawa. Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yawan ƙwayar nono da matakan hormonal. Mata masu yawan nono suna iya kamuwa da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace kuma ba za a iya gano su da cutar kansar nono ba saboda yawan nama yana sa ciwace-ciwace ba a iya gani a mammograms. Bugu da ƙari kuma, matan da ke da yawan isrogen da matakan progesterone suma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don ci gaban ƙwayar cuta. Yanayin lafiya Canje-canjen nono kamar hyperplasia atypical ductal hyperplasia da carcinoma lobular aka samu a cikin yanayin nono mara kyau kamar canjin nono fibrocystic, suna da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon nono. Ciwon sukari mellitus kuma na iya ƙara haɗarin kansar nono. Cututtukan autoimmune irin su lupus erythematosus da alama suna ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon nono na lokaci-lokaci suna da alaƙa da matakan hormone. Ciwon daji na nono yana inganta ta hanyar estrogen. Wannan hormone yana kunna ci gaban nono a duk lokacin balaga, hawan haila da ciki. Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin estrogen da progesterone a lokacin haila yana haifar da yaduwar kwayar halitta. Haka kuma, oxidative metabolites na estrogen na iya ƙara lalacewar DNA da maye gurbi. Maimaita hawan keke da nakasa tsarin gyara na iya canza tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa pre-malignant kuma daga ƙarshe m tantanin halitta ta maye gurbi. A lokacin mataki na gaba, za a iya kunna haɓakar ƙwayoyin stromal ta hanyar estrogen don tallafawa ci gaban ciwon nono. A lokacin kunnawa mai ɗaure ligand, ER na iya daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da abubuwan amsawar isrogen a cikin masu haɓaka takamaiman kwayoyin halitta. Magana da kunnawa na ER saboda rashin isrogen za a iya motsa shi ta hanyar siginar salula. Abin sha'awa, ER yana ɗaure kai tsaye tare da sunadaran sunadaran, gami da masu karɓar abubuwan haɓaka, na iya haɓaka maganganun ƙwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar tantanin halitta da rayuwa. Haɓaka matakan prolactin a cikin jini yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Pathophysiology Ciwon daji na nono, kamar sauran cututtuka, yana faruwa ne saboda hulɗar da ke tsakanin yanayin muhalli (na waje) da kuma mai saurin kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta. Kwayoyin al'ada suna rarraba sau da yawa gwargwadon buƙata kuma suna tsayawa. Suna haɗawa da wasu sel kuma suna zama a cikin kyallen takarda. Kwayoyin suna zama masu cutar kansa lokacin da suka rasa ikon daina rarrabawa, mannewa ga wasu kwayoyin halitta, su zauna a inda suke, kuma su mutu a lokacin da ya dace. Kwayoyin al'ada za su lalace da kansu shirin mutuwa cell lokacin da ba a buƙatar su. Har sai lokacin, sel suna samun kariya daga shirin mutuwa ta gungu na furotin da hanyoyi da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kariya shine hanyar PI3K AKT wata ita ce hanyar RAS MEK ERK Wani lokaci kwayoyin halittar da ke kan wadannan hanyoyin kariya suna canzawa ta hanyar da za su juya su har abada "a kunne", yana mai da tantanin halitta ba zai iya lalata kansa ba lokacin da ba a buƙata. Wannan yana daya daga cikin matakan da ke haifar da ciwon daji a hade tare da sauran maye gurbi. A al'ada, furotin PTEN yana kashe hanyar PI3K/AKT lokacin da tantanin halitta ya shirya don shirin mutuwar tantanin halitta. A wasu cututtukan nono, kwayar halittar furotin na PTEN ta canza, don haka hanyar PI3K/AKT ta makale a matsayin "kan", kuma kwayar cutar kansa ba ta lalata kanta. Maye gurbi da zai iya haifar da ciwon nono an gwada gwadawa da bayyanar isrogen. Bugu da ƙari, G-protein haɗe-haɗe da masu karɓar isrogen an haɗa su da cututtuka daban-daban na tsarin haihuwa na mata ciki har da ciwon nono. Alamar haɓakar haɓaka mara kyau a cikin hulɗar tsakanin ƙwayoyin stromal da ƙwayoyin epithelial na iya sauƙaƙe haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. A cikin ƙwayar adipose na nono, yawan wuce gona da iri na leptin yana haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da ciwon daji. A cikin Amurka, kashi 10 zuwa 20 na matan da ke fama da ciwon nono ko ciwon daji na ovarian suna da dangi na farko ko na biyu tare da ɗayan waɗannan cututtuka. Maza masu ciwon nono suna da yuwuwar hakan. Halin iyali na haɓaka waɗannan ciwon daji ana kiransa ciwon nono-ovarian cancer syndrome Mafi sanannun waɗannan, maye gurbi na <i id="mwAdQ">BRCA</i>, suna ba da haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon nono tsakanin 60 da 85 bisa dari da kuma haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian tsakanin 15 da 40 bisa dari. Wasu maye gurbi da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji, kamar p53, BRCA1 da BRCA2, suna faruwa a cikin hanyoyin gyara kurakurai a cikin DNA Wadannan maye gurbi ana gadonsu ko kuma ana samun su bayan haihuwa. Mai yiwuwa, suna ƙyale ƙarin maye gurbi, wanda ke ba da damar rarrabuwar kawuna, rashin haɗin kai, da metastasis ga gabobin nesa. Koyaya, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan shaida na saura haɗarin haɗarin da ke wuce gona da iri na BRCA na gado tsakanin iyalai masu ɗaukar kaya. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan haɗari da ba a lura da su ba. Wannan yana haifar da muhalli da sauran dalilai a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansar nono. Maye gurbin da aka gada a cikin BRCA1 ko BRCA2 na iya tsoma baki tare da gyara hanyoyin haɗin giciye na DNA da raguwar igiyoyi biyu na DNA (sananan ayyukan furotin da aka ɓoye). Wadannan carcinogens suna haifar da lalacewar DNA kamar mahaɗan giciye na DNA da kuma raguwar igiyoyi biyu waɗanda galibi suna buƙatar gyara ta hanyoyi masu ɗauke da BRCA1 da BRCA2. Duk da haka, maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA yana lissafin kashi 2 zuwa 3 ne kawai na duk cutar kansar nono. Levin et al. ka ce ciwon daji na iya zama ba makawa ga duk masu ɗauke da maye gurbi na BRCA1 da BRCA2. Kimanin rabin cututtukan daji na nono-ovarian na gado sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar da ba a san su ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɓoye, na iya rage bayyanar kwayar cutar ta BRCA1 kuma suna ƙara haɗarin ciwace-ciwacen nono. GATA-3 kai tsaye yana sarrafa maganganun mai karɓar isrogen (ER) da sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da bambancin epithelial, kuma asarar GATA-3 yana haifar da asarar bambance-bambance da rashin hasashe mara kyau saboda cutar ciwon daji da kuma metastasis. Bincike Yawancin nau'in ciwon daji na nono suna da sauƙin ganewa ta hanyar nazarin microscopic na samfurin ko biopsy na yankin da abin ya shafa na nono. Hakanan, akwai nau'ikan cutar kansar nono waɗanda ke buƙatar gwajin gwaji na musamman. Hanyoyi guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su na nunawa, gwajin jiki na ƙirjin da ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya da mammography, na iya ba da kusan yiwuwar cewa kullu ya zama ciwon daji, kuma yana iya gano wasu raunuka, irin su cysts mai sauƙi. Lokacin da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ba su da ma'ana, ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya zai iya cire samfurin ruwan da ke cikin dunƙule don nazarin microscopic (wani hanya da aka sani da kyakkyawan buri, ko kyakkyawan buri da cytology, FNAC) don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ganewar asali. Ana iya yin buri na allura a ofishin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ko asibitin. Ana iya amfani da maganin sa barci na gida don murƙushe ƙwayar nono don hana zafi yayin aikin, amma maiyuwa bazai zama dole ba idan kullin baya ƙarƙashin fata. Gano ruwa mai tsafta yana sa kullun ba zai zama mai cutar kansa ba, amma ana iya aika ruwan jini don dubawa a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa don sel masu ciwon daji. Tare, ana iya amfani da gwajin jiki na ƙirjin, mammography, da FNAC don tantance cutar kansar nono tare da ingantaccen matakin daidaito. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan don biopsy sun haɗa da core biopsy ko vacuum-assisted nono biopsy, waxannan hanyoyin da ake cire wani sashe na kutun nono; ko biopsy excisional, wanda a cikinsa aka cire gaba ɗaya dunƙule. Sau da yawa sakamakon gwajin jiki ta ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya, mammography, da ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da za'a iya yi a cikin yanayi na musamman (kamar hoto ta duban dan tayi ko MRI sun isa don ba da garantin biopsy na cirewa azaman madaidaicin ganewar asali da hanyar magani na farko. Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata Rabewa An rarraba kansar nono ta tsarin ƙima da yawa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana rinjayar hasashen kuma zai iya rinjayar amsawar jiyya. Bayanin ciwon nono yana da kyau ya haɗa da waɗannan abubuwan. Histopathology to Nono ne yawanci classified farko da ta histological bayyanar. Yawancin ciwon daji na nono an samo su ne daga epithelium wanda ke rufe ducts ko lobules, kuma waɗannan ciwon daji an rarraba su azaman carcinoma ductal ko lobular. Carcinoma a wurin shine haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ciwon daji ko ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani yanki na musamman kamar tashar mammary ba tare da mamaye nama da ke kewaye ba. Sabanin haka, carcinoma mai ɓarna ba ya keɓe kansa zuwa sashin nama na farko. Daraja Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tana kwatanta bayyanar ƙwayoyin kansar nono da bayyanar nama na nono na yau da kullun. Kwayoyin al'ada a cikin gaba kamar nono suna bambanta, ma'ana suna ɗaukar takamaiman siffofi da siffofi waɗanda ke nuna aikinsu a matsayin ɓangaren wannan sashin. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun rasa wannan bambancin. A cikin ciwon daji, ƙwayoyin da za su yi layi a cikin tsari don samar da hanyoyin madara sun zama marasa tsari. Rarrabuwar salula ya zama mara sarrafawa. Kwayoyin tsakiya sun zama ƙasa da uniform. Masana ilimin cututtuka sun bayyana sel suma sun bambanta (ƙananan daraja), matsakaicin bambance-bambance (matsakaici), da rashin bambance-bambance (matsayi mai girma) yayin da ƙwayoyin ke ci gaba da rasa sifofin da ake gani a cikin ƙwayoyin nono na yau da kullun. Rashin bambance-bambancen daji mara kyau (waɗanda naman jikinsu ya fi ƙanƙanta kamar naman nono na yau da kullun) suna da mummunan hasashen. Mataki Ciwon daji na nono ta amfani da tsarin TNM yana dogara ne akan girman t umor T ko ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa lymph n odes N a cikin ƙwanƙwasa, da kuma ko ciwon daji yana da m etastasized M watau yaduwa zuwa wani yanki mai nisa na jiki). Girman girma, yaduwar nodal, da metastasis suna da lambar mataki mafi girma da mafi muni. Manyan matakai sune: Mataki na 0 shine pre-cancer ko alama yanayin, ko dai ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) ko lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Matakai na 1-3 suna cikin nono ko yanki na lymph nodes. Mataki na 4 shine ciwon daji na 'metastatic' wanda ke da ƙarancin tsinkaya tun lokacin da ya yadu fiye da nono da ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki. Inda akwai, ana iya amfani da nazarin hoto azaman ɓangare na tsarin tsarawa a cikin zaɓin lokuta don neman alamun ciwon daji na ƙazanta. Duk da haka, a cikin lokuta na ciwon nono tare da ƙananan haɗari don metastasis, haɗarin da ke hade da PET scans, CT scans, ko duban kashi fiye da amfanin da za a iya samu, kamar yadda waɗannan hanyoyin suna fallasa mutum zuwa adadi mai mahimmanci na radiation ionizing mai haɗari. Matsayin mai karɓa Kwayoyin cutar kansar nono suna da masu karɓa a saman su kuma a cikin cytoplasm da tsakiya Manzannin sinadarai irin su hormones suna ɗaure ga masu karɓa, kuma wannan yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin tantanin halitta. Kwayoyin ciwon nono na iya ko ba su da masu karɓa guda uku masu mahimmanci: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), da HER2 Kwayoyin ciwon daji na ER+ (wato, ƙwayoyin ciwon daji waɗanda ke da masu karɓar isrogen) suna dogara ne akan estrogen don girma, don haka za'a iya magance su da kwayoyi don toshe tasirin estrogen (misali tamoxifen kuma gabaɗaya suna da kyakkyawan hangen nesa. Ba a yi magani ba, HER2+ ciwon nono gabaɗaya sun fi HER2- ciwon nono, amma HER2+ ƙwayoyin kansa suna amsa magunguna irin su monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (a hade tare da chemotherapy na al'ada), kuma wannan ya inganta hasashen sosai. Kwayoyin da ba su da kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan masu karɓa guda uku (masu karɓar isrogen, masu karɓar progesterone, ko HER2) ana kiran su sau uku-negative, ko da yake suna yawan bayyana masu karɓa ga sauran kwayoyin halitta, irin su mai karɓar androgen da prolactin receptor Binciken DNA Gwajin DNA na nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban ciki har da microarrays na DNA sun kwatanta sel na yau da kullun zuwa ƙwayoyin kansar nono. Za a iya amfani da takamaiman canje-canje a cikin wani ciwon daji na nono don rarraba kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen zaɓar magani mafi inganci don irin wannan nau'in DNA. Gwaji Yin gwajin cutar kansar nono yana nufin gwada wasu mata masu lafiya game da cutar kansar nono a yunƙurin cimma wani bincike da aka yi a baya a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa ganowa da wuri zai inganta sakamako. An yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da na asibiti da gwajin nono, mammography, gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta, duban dan tayi, da hoton maganadisu. Gwajin nono na asibiti ko na kai ya ƙunshi jin ƙirjin don kulluwa ko wasu rashin daidaituwa. Ma’aikatan lafiya ne ke yin gwajin nono na asibiti, yayin da mutum da kansa ke yin gwajin nono. Shaidu ba su goyi bayan ingancin kowane nau'in jarrabawar nono ba, domin a lokacin da kullu ya yi girma da za a iya gano shi yana iya yin girma shekaru da yawa don haka nan da nan ya isa a same shi ba tare da jarrabawa ba. Binciken mammography don ciwon nono yana amfani da hasken X-ray don bincika nono ga kowane taro ko kullun da bai dace ba. Yayin nunawa, ƙirjin yana matsawa kuma mai fasaha yana ɗaukar hotuna daga kusurwoyi da yawa. Mammogram na gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar hotuna na gabaɗayan nono, yayin da mammogram na bincike ya mai da hankali kan takamaiman dunƙule ko yanki na damuwa. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa sun ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar nono. Ga talakawan mace, da Amurka M Services Task Force da American College of Physicians bada shawarar mammography kowace shekara biyu a mata dake da shekaru 50 da 74, da majalisar Turai ya bada shawarar mammography tsakanin 50 da 69 tare da mafi shirye-shirye ta amfani da mitar shekaru 2, yayin da Hukumar Turai ta ba da shawarar mammography daga 45 zuwa 75 kowane 2 zuwa 3 shekaru, kuma a Kanada ana ba da shawarar yin gwajin tsakanin shekarun 50 da 74 a mitar 2 zuwa 3 shekaru. Waɗannan rahotannin runduna sun yi nuni da cewa baya ga tiyatar da ba dole ba da damuwa, haɗarin da ke tattare da mammogram akai-akai sun haɗa da ƙaramin ƙanƙara amma ƙaƙƙarfan haɓakar kansar nono da radiation ta haifar. Haɗin gwiwar Cochrane (2013) ya bayyana cewa mafi kyawun shaida mai inganci baya nuna raguwar takamaiman cutar kansa, ko raguwa a cikin duk abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace daga gwajin mammography. Lokacin da aka ƙara ƙananan gwaji a cikin bincike ana samun raguwar mace-mace saboda ciwon nono na 0.05% (raguwar 1 a cikin 2000 mutuwar daga ciwon nono sama da shekaru 10 ko kuma raguwar dangi na 15% daga ciwon nono). Nunawa sama da shekaru 10 yana haifar da haɓakar 30% a cikin ƙimar fiye da kima da yawan jiyya (3 zuwa 14 a cikin 1000) kuma fiye da rabin za su sami aƙalla gwajin inganci na ƙarya. Wannan ya haifar da ra'ayin cewa ba a bayyana ko duban mammography ya fi kyau ko cutarwa ba. Cochrane ya bayyana cewa, saboda sauye-sauye na baya-bayan nan game da maganin cutar kansar nono, da kuma kasadar abubuwan da ke tattare da karya daga binciken cutar kansar nono da ke haifar da jiyya maras amfani, "don haka ba ya da amfani a halarci gwajin cutar kansar nono" a kowane zamani. Ko MRI a matsayin hanyar nunawa yana da lahani mafi girma ko amfani idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun mammography ba a sani ba. duk abunda and cikr lailai kareria nada matuqar mahimmanci saboda tearing lafia da Maria dangane da Priyasamundomin samun lfy nada matuqar mahimmanci saboda tafiya da Kuma babu watadama face a bude him rigakafi abun godia saboda tsarin lafia da Kuma samun sauqi wajen Nemo dalilin yin rigakafi da Kuma Neman maganin ciwon nonan kansan mata. Rigakafi Salon Rayuwa Mata za su iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ta hanyar kiyaye nauyi mai kyau, rage shan barasa, ƙara motsa jiki, da shayarwa. Wadannan gyare-gyaren na iya hana kashi 38% na cutar kansar nono a Amurka, 42% a Burtaniya, 28% a Brazil, da 20% a China. Ana ganin fa'idodin tare da matsakaicin motsa jiki kamar tafiya mai gaugawa a kowane rukunin shekaru ciki har da matan da suka shude. Yawan aikin motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono da kusan kashi 14%. Dabarun da ke ƙarfafa motsa jiki na yau da kullun da rage kiba kuma na iya samun wasu fa'idodi, kamar rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da ciwon sukari. Al'ummar cutar kanzzon kai na Amurka da kuma al'ummar {asirci na Amurka da aka shawarci kasar a shekarar 2016 da ya kamata mutane su ci abinci a cikin kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, hatsi guda, da kuma kafafun kafirai. Yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen citrus yana da alaƙa da raguwa 10% cikin haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ya bayyana yana rage haɗarin. Yawan cin abinci na tushen soya na iya rage haɗari. Tiyatar Riga-kafi Cire ƙirjin biyu kafin a gano ciwon daji ko duk wani kullutu mai zato ko wani rauni ya bayyana (wani hanya da aka sani da "mastectomy prophylactic bilateral mastectomy" ko "haɗarin rage mastectomy") ana iya la'akari da mata masu BRCA1 da BRCA2 maye gurbi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa. tare da babban haɗari don gano cutar kansar nono. Shaida ba ta da ƙarfi don tallafawa wannan hanya a cikin kowa sai mata a cikin haɗari mafi girma. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin BRCA a cikin waɗanda ke da babban haɗarin iyali bayan shawarwarin kwayoyin halitta. Ba a ba da shawarar akai-akai ba. Wannan saboda akwai nau'ikan canje-canje da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA, kama daga nau'ikan polymorphisms marasa lahani zuwa ga maye gurbi mai haɗari. Tasirin yawancin sauye-sauyen da ake iya ganewa a cikin kwayoyin halitta ba shi da tabbas. Gwaji a cikin matsakaita mai haɗari yana da yuwuwar dawo da ɗayan waɗannan sakamako marasa fa'ida, marasa amfani. Cire nono na biyu a cikin mutumin da ke da ciwon nono (wanda ke rage haɗarin mastectomy ko CRRM) na iya rage haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin nono na biyu, duk da haka, ba a sani ba idan cire nono na biyu a cikin waɗanda ke da ciwon nono yana inganta rayuwa. Magunguna Zaɓuɓɓukan masu karɓar mai karɓar isrogen suna rage haɗarin ciwon nono amma suna ƙara haɗarin thromboembolism da ciwon daji na endometrial. Babu wani sauyi gaba ɗaya a cikin haɗarin mutuwa. Don haka ba a ba da shawarar su don rigakafin cutar kansar nono a cikin mata a matsakaicin haɗari amma ana ba da shawarar a ba da su ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari kuma sama da shekaru 35. Amfanin rage ciwon nono yana ci gaba da aƙalla shekaru biyar bayan dakatar da wani. hanyar jiyya tare da waɗannan magunguna. Masu hana Aromatase (irin su exemestane da anasatrozole) na iya zama mafi tasiri fiye da masu amfani da masu karɓar isrogen receptor (irin su tamoxifen) don rage haɗarin ciwon nono kuma ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial da thromboembolism. Gudanarwa Gudanar da ciwon nono ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da matakin ciwon daji da kuma shekarun mutum. Jiyya sun fi zafi lokacin da ciwon daji ya fi girma ko kuma akwai haɗarin sake dawowa daga ciwon daji bayan magani. Yawanci ana yin maganin kansar nono da tiyata, wanda ƙila a biyo shi ta hanyar chemotherapy ko radiation far, ko duka biyun. Hanyar da'a iri-iri ya fi dacewa. Hormone receptor-positive cancers yawanci ana bi da su tare da maganin toshewar hormone a cikin darussan shekaru da yawa. Monoclonal antibodies, ko wasu jiyya-modulating rigakafi, za a iya gudanar a wasu lokuta na metastatic da sauran ci gaban matakai na ciwon nono. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da nazarin wannan nau'in magani. Tiyata Tiyata ta ƙunshi cire ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta jiki, yawanci tare da wasu nama da ke kewaye. Za a iya cire nodes ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyin lymph yayin aikin tiyata; Ana ƙara yin samfurin ƙwayar lymph ta hanyar biopsy na node na lymph. Daidaitaccen aikin tiyata ya haɗa da: Mastectomy: Cire dukkan nono. Quadrantectomy: Cire kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙirjin. Lumpectomy: Cire wani karamin sashi na nono. Da zarar an cire ƙwayar cutar, idan mutum yana so, ana iya yin tiyatar gyaran nono, nau'in tiyata na filastik, don inganta kyawun wurin da aka yi masa magani. A madadin, mata suna amfani da kayan aikin nono don kwaikwayi nono a ƙarƙashin tufafi, ko zabar ƙirji mai lebur. Ana iya amfani da prosthesis na nono a kowane lokaci bayan mastectomy. Magani Magungunan da aka yi amfani da su bayan da ban da tiyata ana kiran su maganin motsa jiki. Chemotherapy ko wasu nau'ikan jiyya kafin a yi tiyata ana kiran su neoadjuvant therapy. Aspirin na iya rage mace-mace daga kansar nono lokacin amfani da wasu jiyya. A halin yanzu akwai manyan ƙungiyoyin magunguna guda uku da ake amfani da su don maganin ciwon nono na adjuvant: masu hana hormone, chemotherapy, da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal. Hormonal therapy Wasu ciwon daji na nono suna buƙatar estrogen don ci gaba da girma. Ana iya gano su ta hanyar kasancewar masu karɓar isrogen (ER da masu karɓa na progesterone (PR a saman su (wani lokaci ana kiran su tare a matsayin masu karɓa na hormone). Ana iya magance waɗannan cututtukan daji na ER+ da magunguna waɗanda ko dai suna toshe masu karɓa, misali. tamoxifen, ko kuma a madadin toshe samar da estrogen tare da mai hana aromatase, misali. Anastrozole ko letrozole. Ana bada shawarar yin amfani da tamoxifen na tsawon shekaru 10. Tamoxifen yana ƙara haɗarin zubar jini na postmenopausal, polyps na endometrial, hyperplasia, da ciwon daji na endometrial; Yin amfani da tamoxifen tare da Tsarin IntraUterine wanda ke sakin levonorgestrel na iya ƙara zubar jini a cikin farji bayan shekaru 1 zuwa 2, amma yana rage ɗan ƙaramin polyps na endometrial da hyperplasia, amma ba dole ba ne ciwon daji na endometrial. Letrozole yana bada shawarar tsawon shekaru biyar. Masu hana Aromatase sun dace da mata kawai bayan menopause; duk da haka, a cikin wannan rukuni, sun fi kyau fiye da tamoxifen. Wannan shi ne saboda aromatase mai aiki a cikin matan da suka shude ya bambanta da nau'i mai yawa a cikin mata masu tasowa, sabili da haka waɗannan wakilai ba su da tasiri wajen hana babban aromatase na mata masu tasowa. Kada a ba masu hanawar Aromatase ga matan da suka riga sun haihu tare da ingantaccen aikin ovarian (sai dai idan suna kan magani don dakatar da ovaries daga aiki). Ana iya amfani da masu hana CDK a hade tare da endocrin ko maganin aromatase. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ana amfani dashi galibi don lokuta na ciwon nono a matakai na 2-4, kuma yana da fa'ida musamman a cikin cutar mai karɓar isrogen-negative (ER-). Ana gudanar da magungunan chemotherapy a cikin haɗuwa, yawanci na tsawon watanni 3-6. Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da aka fi sani da "AC", ya haɗa cyclophosphamide tare da doxorubicin. Wani lokaci ana ƙara magungunan haraji, irin su docetaxel, kuma ana kiran tsarin mulkin da "CAT". Wani magani na yau da kullun shine cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, da fluorouracil (ko "CMF"). Yawancin magungunan chemotherapy suna aiki ta hanyar lalata ƙwayoyin cutar daji masu saurin girma da/ko masu saurin kwafi, ko dai ta haifar da lalacewar DNA akan kwafi ko ta wasu hanyoyin. Koyaya, magungunan kuma suna lalata ƙwayoyin al'ada masu girma cikin sauri, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Lalacewa ga tsokar zuciya shine mafi hatsarin rikitarwa na doxorubicin, alal misali. Monoclonal antibodies Trastuzumab, maganin rigakafi na monoclonal zuwa HER2, ya inganta rayuwar shekaru biyar marasa lafiya na mataki na 1-3 HER2 mai cutar kansa zuwa kusan 87% (ci gaba da rayuwa 95%). Tsakanin kashi 25 zuwa kashi 30 cikin 100 na cutar kansar nono suna wuce gona da iri kan HER2 gene ko furotin da ake samarwa, da kuma wuce gona da iri na HER2 a cikin ciwon nono yana da alaƙa da sake dawowar cututtuka da kuma mafi muni. Trastuzumab, duk da haka, yana da tsada sosai, kuma amfani da shi na iya haifar da munanan illolin (kimanin 2% na mutanen da suka karɓa suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar zuciya). Wani antibody pertuzumab yana hana HER2 dimerization kuma ana bada shawarar tare da trastuzumab da chemotherapy a cikin cututtuka mai tsanani. Radiation Ana ba da maganin rediyo bayan tiyata zuwa yankin gadon ciwon daji da kuma nodes na lymph nodes, don lalata ƙwayoyin tumor ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda wataƙila sun tsere daga tiyata. Lokacin da aka ba da shi ta hanyar tiyata kamar yadda aka yi niyya na intraoperative radiotherapy, yana iya yin tasiri mai fa'ida akan microenvironment na ƙari. Za'a iya isar da maganin radiation azaman maganin rediyo na katako na waje ko azaman brachytherapy (radiation na ciki). Ana ba da magungunan rediyo na al'ada bayan tiyata don ciwon nono. Hakanan za'a iya ba da radiation a lokacin aiki akan kansar nono. Radiation na iya rage haɗarin sake dawowa da kashi 50-66% (1/2 2/3 raguwa na haɗari) lokacin da aka kawo shi a cikin daidaitaccen kashi kuma ana la'akari da mahimmanci lokacin da ciwon nono ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar cire kawai dunƙule (Lumpectomy ko Wide local excision). A farkon cutar sankarar nono, wani ɓangare na iska mai iska ba ya ba da ikon sarrafa kansa iri ɗaya a cikin nono kamar yadda ake kula da nono gabaɗaya kuma yana iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Kulawa mai biyo baya Kulawa bayan jiyya na ciwon nono na farko, in ba haka ba ana kiransa 'kula da bin diddigi', na iya zama mai ƙarfi wanda ya haɗa da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun a cikin mutanen da ba su da asymptomatic don ƙoƙarin cimma farkon gano yiwuwar metastases. Wani bita ya gano cewa shirye-shiryen biyo baya da suka haɗa da gwaje-gwaje na jiki na yau da kullun da mammography na shekara kawai suna da tasiri kamar ƙarin shirye-shirye masu ƙarfi da suka ƙunshi gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje dangane da gano sake dawowa da wuri, rayuwa gabaɗaya da ingancin rayuwa. Shirye-shiryen gyaran gyare-gyare na multidisciplinary, sau da yawa ciki har da motsa jiki, ilimi da taimako na tunani, na iya samar da gyare-gyare na gajeren lokaci a cikin ikon aiki, daidaitawar zamantakewa da zamantakewar zamantakewa a cikin mutane masu ciwon nono. Hasashen Abubuwan haɓakawa Matsayin ciwon nono shine mafi mahimmancin bangaren hanyoyin rarrabuwa na al'ada na ciwon nono, saboda yana da tasiri mai yawa akan tsinkaye fiye da sauran la'akari. Tsari yana la'akari da girman, sa hannun gida, matsayin kumburin lymph da ko cutar metastatic tana nan. Mafi girma mataki a ganewar asali, mafi talauci da tsinkaya. Matakin yana tasowa ta hanyar cin zarafi na cututtuka zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph, bangon kirji, fata ko bayan, da kuma tashin hankali na kwayoyin cutar kansa. An saukar da matakin ta kasancewar yankunan da ba su da ciwon daji da kuma dabi'ar tantanin halitta na yau da kullun (masu daraja). Girman ba abu bane a cikin tsari sai dai idan ciwon daji ya mamaye. Misali, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) wanda ya shafi nono gabaɗaya zai kasance matakin sifili kuma saboda haka kyakkyawan tsinkaye tare da rayuwa mara lafiya na shekaru 10 kusan 98%. Stage 1 cancers (da DCIS, LCIS) suna da kyakkyawar ganewa kuma ana bi da su tare da lumpectomy da wani lokacin radiation. Sashe na 2 da 3 masu ciwon daji tare da ci gaba da rashin talauci da kuma haɗarin sake dawowa gabaɗaya ana bi da su tare da tiyata (lumpectomy ko mastectomy tare da ko ba tare da cire kumburin lymph ba), chemotherapy (da trastuzumab don ciwon daji na HER2+) da kuma wani lokacin radiation (musamman bin manyan cututtuka, da yawa). tabbatacce nodes ko lumpectomy). [akan buƙatun likita] Mataki na 4, ciwon daji na metastatic, (watau yaduwa zuwa wurare masu nisa) yana da mummunan hangen nesa kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na duk jiyya daga tiyata, radiation, chemotherapy da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Yawan tsira na shekaru goma shine 5% ba tare da magani ba kuma 10% tare da ingantaccen magani. Ana tantance darajar ciwon nono ta hanyar kwatanta ƙwayoyin kansar nono zuwa ƙwayoyin nono na yau da kullun. Mafi kusa da al'ada kwayoyin cutar kansa, da sannu a hankali girma da kuma mafi kyawun tsinkaya. Idan sel ba su bambanta da kyau ba, za su bayyana ba su da girma, za su rarraba cikin sauri, kuma za su yi yaduwa. Wanda aka bambanta da kyau ana ba da maki na 1, matsakaici shine aji 2, yayin da matalauta ko marasa bambanci ana ba su mafi girma na 3 ko 4 (ya danganta da sikelin da aka yi amfani da su). Mafi yawan tsarin ƙima da ake amfani da shi shine tsarin Nottingham. Matan da ba su wuce shekaru 40 ba ko kuma matan da suka haura shekaru 80 suna fuskantar rashin fahimta fiye da matan da suka biyo bayan menopausal saboda dalilai da yawa. Nononsu na iya canzawa da al'adarsu, suna shayar da jarirai, kuma ba za su san canje-canje a nononsu ba. Don haka, ƙananan mata yawanci suna kan matakin ci gaba idan an gano cutar. Hakanan ana iya samun abubuwan ilimin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da babban haɗarin sake bullar cuta ga ƙananan mata masu ciwon nono. Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum Ba duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansar nono ke fuskantar cutarsu ta hanya ɗaya ba. Abubuwa irin su shekaru na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hanyar da mutum yake jurewa da gano cutar kansar nono. Matan da suka riga sun kamu da cutar kansar nono mai isrogen-receptor tabbatacce dole ne su fuskanci al'amurran da suka shafi farkon menopause da yawancin tsarin ilimin chemotherapy da ake amfani da su don magance ciwon nono, musamman waɗanda ke amfani da hormones don magance aikin ovarian. A cikin mata masu ciwon nono ba na metastatic ba, abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum irin su farfagandar halayya na iya samun tasiri mai kyau akan sakamako kamar damuwa, damuwa da damuwa yanayi. Ayyukan motsa jiki na iya samun tasiri masu fa'ida akan ingancin rayuwa mai alaƙa da lafiya, damuwa, dacewa da kuma motsa jiki a cikin mata masu fama da ciwon nono biyo bayan maganin adjuvant. Epidemiology A duk duniya, cutar kansar nono ita ce cutar kansa mafi yawan kamuwa da ita a cikin mata. Tare da kansar huhu, kansar nono ita ce cutar kansa da aka fi sani da ita, tare da mutane miliyan 2.09 kowanne a cikin 2018. Ciwon daji yana shafar 1 cikin 7 (14%) na mata a duniya. (Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji shine ciwon fata wanda ba melanoma ba; ciwon daji marasa cutarwa gaba ɗaya ana warkewa cikin sauƙi, yana haifar da mutuwar mutane kaɗan, kuma ana cire su akai-akai daga kididdigar ciwon daji.) Ciwon daji na nono ya ƙunshi kashi 22.9% na ciwon daji na mata. da kuma kashi 16% na dukkan ciwon daji na mata. A cikin 2012, ya ƙunshi kashi 25.2% na cututtukan daji da aka gano a cikin mata, wanda ya sa ya zama cutar kansa mafi yawan mata. A cikin 2008, ciwon nono ya haifar da mutuwar 458,503 a duk duniya (13.7% na mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata da kashi 6.0% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji ga maza da mata tare). Ciwon daji na huhu, na biyu mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata, ya haifar da 12.8% na mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata (kashi 18.2% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji ga maza da mata tare). Yawan cutar kansar nono ya bambanta sosai a duniya: ya fi ƙanƙanta a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba kuma mafi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. A cikin yankuna goma sha biyu na duniya, adadin shekarun da suka dace na shekara-shekara a cikin mata 100,000 sune kamar haka: 18 a Gabashin Asiya, 22 a Kudancin Tsakiyar Asiya da Afirka kudu da Sahara, 26 a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 26, 28 a Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya, 42 a Kudancin Amurka, 42, 49 a Gabashin Turai, 56 a Kudancin Turai, 73 a Arewacin Turai, 74 a Oceania, 78 a Yammacin Turai, 90 a Arewacin Amurka. Metastatic ciwon daji na nono yana shafar tsakanin kashi 19% (Amurka) da 50% (sassan Afirka) na mata masu ciwon nono. Adadin shari'o'in a duk duniya ya karu sosai tun daga shekarun 1970, al'amarin da aka danganta shi da salon rayuwa na zamani. Ciwon daji na nono yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da shekaru tare da kawai kashi 5% na duk cutar kansar nono da ke faruwa a cikin mata masu ƙasa da shekaru 40. Akwai fiye da 41,000 sabbin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono da aka yiwa rajista a Ingila a cikin 2011, kusan kashi 80% na waɗannan cututtukan suna cikin mata masu shekaru 50 ko sama da haka. Dangane da kididdigar Amurka a cikin 2015 akwai mata miliyan 2.8 da suka kamu da cutar kansar nono. A {asar Amirka, shekarun da suka dace da cutar sankarar nono a cikin mata 100,000 sun tashi daga kusan lokuta 102 a kowace shekara a cikin 1970s zuwa kusa da 141 a ƙarshen 1990s, kuma tun daga lokacin ya fadi, yana da tsayi a kusa da 125 tun 2003. Duk da haka, shekaru Adadin mace-mace daga cutar kansar nono a cikin mata 100,000 kawai ya karu daga 31.4 a 1975 zuwa 33.2 a 1989 kuma tun daga nan ya ragu a hankali zuwa 20.5 a 2014. Tarihi Saboda ganinsa, ciwon nono shine nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi kwatanta shi a cikin tsoffin takardu. Domin yin gwajin gawarwaki ba kasafai ba ne, ciwon daji na gabobin ciki ba sa iya ganin likita na da. Ciwon daji na nono, duk da haka, ana iya jin shi ta fata, kuma a cikin yanayin da ya ci gaba sau da yawa yakan zama cututtukan fungating: ciwon daji zai zama necrotic (ya mutu daga ciki, yana haifar da ciwon daji ya bayyana ya rabu) kuma ya shiga cikin fata, yana kuka. fetid, ruwa mai duhu. Tsohuwar shaidar da aka gano na cutar kansar nono ta fito ne daga Masar kuma ta samo asali ne tun shekaru 4200, zuwa daular shida. Binciken da aka yi na gawar mace daga necropolis na Qubbet el-Hawa ya nuna irin lalacewar da aka saba yi saboda yaduwar ƙwayar cuta. Littafin Edwin Smith Papyrus ya bayyana lokuta takwas na ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace ko gyambon nono da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar cauterization. Rubutun ya ce game da cutar, "Babu magani." Shekaru aru-aru, likitoci sun bayyana irin wannan lamari a cikin ayyukansu, tare da wannan ƙarshe. Magani na da, tun daga zamanin Helenawa har zuwa karni na 17, ya dogara ne akan sha'awar jima'i, don haka sunyi imani cewa ciwon nono yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ainihin ruwan da ke sarrafa jiki, musamman ma wuce haddi na bile. A madadin haka ana ganinsa a matsayin azaba. An yi Mastectomy don ciwon nono aƙalla a farkon AD 548, lokacin da likitan kotu Aetios na Amida ya ba da shawara ga Theodora. Sai da likitoci suka sami ƙarin fahimtar tsarin jini a cikin ƙarni na 17 da za su iya danganta yaduwar cutar kansar nono zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin hammata. A farkon karni na 18, Likitan Faransa Jean Louis Petit ya yi jimlar mastectomies waɗanda suka haɗa da cire ƙwayoyin lymph na axillary, yayin da ya gane cewa wannan ya rage sake dawowa. Aikin Petit da aka gina akan hanyoyin likitan fiɗa Bernard Peyrilhe, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya kuma cire tsokar pectoral da ke ƙarƙashin ƙirjin, yayin da ya yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya inganta hasashen sosai. Amma rashin sakamako mai kyau da kuma babban haɗari ga majiyyaci yana nufin cewa likitoci ba su raba ra'ayin likitocin tiyata irin su Nicolaes Tulp, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya yi shelar "maganin kawai shine aikin da ya dace". Fitaccen likitan fida Richard Wiseman ya rubuta a tsakiyar karni na 17 cewa bayan mastectomies 12, marasa lafiya biyu sun mutu a yayin aikin, marasa lafiya takwas sun mutu jim kadan bayan tiyata daga ciwon daji na ci gaba kuma biyu kawai daga cikin 12 marasa lafiya sun warke. Likitoci sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin maganin da suka rubuta a farkon matakan ciwon nono. An yi wa marasa lafiya magani tare da cakuda kayan wankewa, barin jini da magungunan gargajiya waɗanda ya kamata su rage yawan acidity, irin su alkaline arsenic. Lokacin a cikin 1664 An gano Anne ta Ostiriya tana da ciwon nono, jiyya ta farko ta haɗa da matsewa cike da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen hemlock. Lokacin da kullu ya karu sai likitan sarki ya fara magani da man shafawa na arsenic. Mai haƙuri na sarauta ya mutu 1666 a cikin mummunan zafi. Kowace kasawar maganin cutar sankarar nono ya haifar da neman sababbin magunguna, ta haifar da kasuwa a cikin magungunan da aka yi tallar da su ta hanyar quacks, herbalists, chemists da apothecaries. Rashin maganin sa barci da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta sun sa mastectomy ya zama jaraba mai raɗaɗi da haɗari. A cikin karni na 18, nau'ikan bincike-bincike iri-iri sun kasance tare da sabbin ka'idoji game da sanadi da haɓakar cutar sankarar nono. Likitan binciken John Hunter ya yi iƙirarin cewa ruwan jijiya ya haifar da kansar nono. Sauran likitocin tiyata sun ba da shawarar cewa madara a cikin mammary ducts ya haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji. An ci gaba da ra'ayoyin game da rauni ga ƙirjin a matsayin sanadin muggan canje-canje a cikin ƙwayar nono. Gano kutun nono da kumbura ya haifar da cece-kuce game da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji da kuma ko kullun matakan ciwon daji ne. Ra'ayin likita game da magani na gaggawa da ake bukata ya bambanta. Likitan fiɗa Benjamin Bell ya ba da shawarar cire nono gabaɗaya, koda kuwa wani yanki ne kawai ya shafa. Ciwon daji na nono ya kasance ba a saba gani ba har zuwa karni na 19, lokacin da ingantuwar tsafta da kula da cututtuka masu saurin kisa ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a tsawon rayuwa. A baya, yawancin mata sun mutu suna ƙanana don kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. A cikin 1878, wata kasida a cikin Scientific American ta bayyana maganin tarihi ta hanyar matsin lamba da aka yi niyya don haifar da ischemia na gida a lokuta lokacin da cirewar tiyata ba zai yiwu ba. William Stewart Halsted ya fara aiwatar da mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin 1882, ya taimaka sosai ta hanyar ci gaban fasahar fiɗa ta gabaɗaya, kamar fasahar aseptic da maganin sa barci. Mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted sau da yawa ya ƙunshi cire ƙirjin biyu, ƙwayoyin lymph masu alaƙa, da kuma tsokoki na ƙirji. Wannan yakan haifar da jin zafi da nakasa na dogon lokaci, amma ana ganin ya zama dole don hana ciwon daji sake dawowa. Kafin zuwan mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted, adadin tsira na shekaru 20 ya kasance 10% kawai; Tiyatar Halsted ta haɓaka adadin zuwa kashi 50%. An haɓaka tsarin sarrafa kansar nono a cikin 1920s da 1930s don tantance gwargwadon yadda ciwon daji ya haɓaka ta girma da yaduwa. Binciken farko da aka sarrafa akan cutar sankarar nono Janet Lane-Claypon ya yi, wacce ta buga wani binciken kwatankwacin a 1926 na cututtukan nono 500 da kuma sarrafa 500 na asali iri ɗaya da salon rayuwa ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Burtaniya. Mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kasance daidaitattun kulawa a cikin Amurka har zuwa shekarun 1970, amma a cikin Turai, hanyoyin hana nono, galibi ana bi da su ta hanyar radiation far, gabaɗaya a cikin 1950s. A cikin 1955 George Crile Jr. ya buga Cancer and Common Sense yana jayayya cewa masu ciwon daji suna buƙatar fahimtar zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Crile ta zama abokiyar abokiyar muhalli Rachel Carson, wacce ta yi mastectomy na Halsted a 1960 don magance cutar kansar nono. Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji na Amurka Jerome Urban ya haɓaka mastectomy na sama, yana ɗaukar ƙarin nama, har zuwa 1963, lokacin da adadin tsira na shekaru goma ya yi daidai da ƙarancin mastectomy na raɗaɗi. Carson ya mutu a shekara ta 1964 kuma Crile ya ci gaba da buga labarai iri-iri, duka a cikin shahararrun jaridu da kuma a cikin mujallolin likita, yana ƙalubalantar yadda ake amfani da shi na mastectomy na Halsted. A cikin 1973 Crile ya buga Abin da Mata Ya Kamata Su Sani Game da Rigimar Ciwon Kan Nono. Lokacin da a cikin 1974 Betty Ford aka gano da ciwon nono, zažužžukan don magance ciwon nono an tattauna a fili a cikin manema labarai. A cikin shekarun 1970s, sabon fahimtar metastasis ya haifar da fahimtar ciwon daji a matsayin rashin lafiya na tsari da kuma wanda aka keɓe, kuma an ɓullo da ƙarin hanyoyin kiyayewa waɗanda suka tabbatar da tasiri daidai. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, dubunnan matan da suka yi nasarar kammala jiyya na yau da kullun, sannan suka nemi da dashen kasusuwa masu yawa, suna tunanin hakan zai haifar da mafi kyawun rayuwa na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da rashin tasiri, kuma 15-20% na mata sun mutu saboda rashin tausayi. Rahotonni na 1995 daga Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikatan Jiyya da kuma ƙarshen 2002 na gwajin Ƙaddamarwar Lafiyar Mata ya tabbatar da cewa maganin maye gurbin hormone yana ƙaruwa da kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. Al'umma da al'adu Kafin karni na 20, ana jin tsoron cutar kansar nono kuma ana tattaunawa da su cikin sautin murya, kamar abin kunya ne. Kamar yadda za a iya yin kadan cikin aminci tare da dabarun tiyata na farko, mata sun kasance suna shan wahala a shiru maimakon neman kulawa. Lokacin da aikin tiyata ya ci gaba, kuma adadin rayuwa na dogon lokaci ya inganta, mata sun fara wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar da yiwuwar samun nasarar maganin. Jam'iyyar Fisher na al'ummar Amurka suna shirin karfin cutar kansa (daga baya Amurkawa na kasar Sin) a cikin 1930s da 1940s ya kasance daya daga cikin kamfen da aka shirya na farko. A shekara ta 1952, ƙungiyar tallafi ta farko-da-tsara, mai suna "Isa zuwa farfadowa", ta fara ba da bayan-mastectomy, ziyara a asibiti daga matan da suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono. Motsin kansar nono na shekarun 1980 da 1990 ya samo asali ne daga manyan ƙungiyoyin mata da harkar lafiyar mata na ƙarni na 20. Wannan jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe na siyasa da na ilimi, wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar AIDS na siyasa da zamantakewa, ya haifar da karɓuwar ra'ayi na biyu kafin tiyata, ƙarancin hanyoyin tiyata, ƙungiyoyin tallafi, da sauran ci gaban kulawa. Pink ribbon Rubutun ruwan hoda shine fitacciyar alamar wayar da kan cutar sankarar nono. Ribbons masu ruwan hoda, waɗanda za a iya yin su da tsada, wasu lokuta ana siyar da su azaman masu tara kuɗi, kamar poppies a Ranar Tunawa. Ana iya sanya su don girmama waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar kansar nono, ko don gano samfuran da masana'anta ke son sayar wa masu amfani da ke sha'awar ciwon nono. A cikin 1990s kamfanoni na Amurka sun ƙaddamar da yaƙin wayar da kan cutar kansar nono. A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan kamfen ɗin tallace-tallace masu alaƙa da kamfanoni sun ba da gudummawa ga nau'ikan ayyukan kansar nono don kowane samfurin ribbon ruwan hoda da aka siya. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta lura cewa "ƙarfin motsin zuciyar da ciwon nono ke haifarwa yana fassara zuwa layin kamfani". Yayin da yawancin kamfanoni na Amurka suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban cutar kansar nono wasu kamar su Avon sun kafa nasu tushen kansar nono a bayan samfuran ribbon ruwan hoda. Masu adawa da wannan al'ada sun soki sawa ko nuna kintinkiri mai ruwan hoda a matsayin wani nau'i na slacktivism, saboda ba shi da wani tasiri mai kyau a aikace. An kuma yi suka da cewa munafunci ne, domin wasu suna sanya ratsin ruwan hoda don nuna kyakkyawar niyya ga mata masu fama da cutar kansar nono, amma sai suka yi adawa da wadannan manufofin mata na aiki, kamar hakkin marasa lafiya da kuma dokar hana gurbata muhalli. Masu suka dai sun ce yanayin jin dadin ribbon ruwan hoda da shan ruwan hoda yana dauke hankalin al’umma daga rashin samun ci gaba wajen yin rigakafi da magance cutar sankarar mama. Ana kuma soki lamirin karfafa ra'ayin jinsi da kuma bata mata da nononsu. A cikin 2002 Action Cancer Action ƙaddamar da "Think Kafin Ka Pink" yaƙin neman zaɓe ga harkokin kasuwanci da suka haɗa kai da ruwan hoda kamfen don inganta kayayyakin da ke haifar da ciwon nono, kamar giya. Al'adar ciwon nono A cikin littafinta na 2006 Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy Samantha King ta yi iƙirarin cewa an canza kansar nono daga mummunar cuta da bala'i na mutum zuwa masana'antar tsira da kasuwancin kasuwanci. A cikin 2010 Gayle Sulik ya bayar da hujjar cewa dalilai na farko ko manufofin al'adar cutar kansar nono su ne don kula da kansar nono a matsayin babban abin da ya shafi lafiyar mata, don haɓaka kamannin cewa al'umma na yin wani abu mai tasiri game da cutar kansar nono, da ci gaba da faɗaɗa. ikon zamantakewa, siyasa, da kuɗi na masu fafutukar cutar kansar nono A cikin wannan shekarar Barbara Ehrenreich ta buga wani ra'ayi a cikin Mujallar Harper, tana kuka cewa a al'adar cutar kansar nono, ana kallon maganin kansar nono a matsayin al'ada maimakon cuta. Don dacewa da wannan nau'in, macen da ke fama da ciwon nono na buƙatar daidaitawa da kuma daidaita kamanninta, da kuma rage rushewar da al'amuran lafiyarta ke haifar da wani. Dole ne a rufe fushi, bakin ciki, da rashin fahimta. Kamar yadda yawancin nau'ikan al'adu, mutanen da suka dace da samfurin suna ba da matsayi na zamantakewa, a cikin wannan yanayin a matsayin masu tsira da ciwon daji. Matan da suka ƙi samfurin an guje su, azabtarwa da kunya. An soki al'adar game da daukar mata manya kamar kananan 'yan mata, kamar yadda abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na "jarirai" suka nuna irin su ruwan hoda na teddy bears da aka ba wa mata masu girma. Jaddawa A shekara ta 2009 wata 'yar jarida a kimiyyar Amurka Christie Aschwanden ta soki cewa fifikon da aka fi mayar da hankali kan tantance cutar sankarar nono na iya cutar da mata ta hanyar sanya su radiation, biopsies, da tiyata marasa amfani. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na cutar kansar nono da aka gano na iya komawa da kansu. Duban mammography da kyau yana gano marasa lafiya da rai, cututtukan daji na nono da asymptomatic, ko da yake ana yin watsi da manyan cututtukan daji. A cewar mai binciken cutar kansa, H. Gilbert Welch, mai binciken mammography ya ɗauki “hanyar mutuwa ta ƙwaƙwalwa wacce ta ce mafi kyawun gwajin ita ce wanda ke gano mafi yawan cutar kansa” maimakon wanda ke gano kansar masu haɗari. A shekara ta 2002 an lura da cewa, sakamakon bayyanar cutar kansar nono, ana iya yin kuskuren fassara sakamakon ƙididdiga, kamar iƙirarin cewa mace ɗaya cikin takwas za ta kamu da cutar kansar nono a lokacin rayuwarsu iƙirarin da ya dogara da zato maras tabbas cewa. babu wata mace da za ta mutu da kowace irin cuta kafin ta kai shekara 95. A shekarar 2010 yawan cutar kansar nono a Turai ya kai kashi 91% a shekara daya da kashi 65% a shekaru biyar. A cikin Amurka, adadin shekarun rayuwa na shekaru biyar don cutar kansar nono ya kasance 96.8%, yayin da a lokuta na metastases ya kasance kawai 20.6%. Domin hasashen cutar kansar nono a wannan mataki yana da kyau sosai, idan aka kwatanta da hasashen sauran cututtukan, cutar sankarar nono a matsayin sanadin mutuwar mata shine kashi 13.9% na yawan mace-macen cutar kansa. Abu na biyu da ya fi zama sanadin mutuwar mata daga cutar kansa shi ne kansar huhu, cutar daji da ta fi kamari a duniya ga maza da mata. Ingantacciyar adadin tsira ya sa kansar nono ya zama cutar kansa mafi yaɗuwa a duniya. A cikin 2010 kimanin mata miliyan 3.6 a duk duniya sun kamu da cutar kansar nono a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, yayin da maza ko mata miliyan 1.4 kawai suka tsira daga cutar kansar huhu suna raye. Bambance-bambancen kabilanci Akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci a cikin adadin mace-macen cutar kansar nono da kuma na maganin cutar kansar nono. Kansar nono ita ce cutar sankara mafi yaduwa da ke shafar mata na kowace kabila a Amurka. Yawan cutar kansar nono a tsakanin mata bakar fata masu shekaru 45 zuwa sama ya zarce na farare mata masu shekaru daya. Fararen mata masu shekaru 60-84 suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono fiye da matan Baƙar fata. Duk da haka, mata baƙar fata a kowane zamani sun fi kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. Maganin ciwon daji na nono ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu baƙar fata ba sa samun magani idan aka kwatanta da farar fata. Abubuwan haɗari kamar yanayin zamantakewa, ƙarshen zamani, ko ciwon nono a ganewar asali, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in ciwon daji, bambance-bambancen samun damar kula da lafiya duk suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan bambance-bambance. Abubuwan da ke tabbatar da tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa da ke shafar rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da talauci, al'adu, da kuma rashin adalci na zamantakewa. A cikin matan Hispanic, kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ya yi ƙasa da na matan da ba na Hispanic ba amma galibi ana bincikar su a wani mataki na gaba fiye da farar fata masu ciwon sukari. Mata bakar fata yawanci ana samun cutar kansar nono tun suna kanana fiye da farare. Tsakanin shekarun ganewar asali ga mata baƙar fata shine 59, idan aka kwatanta da 62 a cikin fararen mata. Yawan cutar kansar nono a cikin mata baƙar fata ya karu da 0.4% a kowace shekara tun daga 1975 da 1.5% a kowace shekara a tsakanin matan Asiya/Pacific na Asiya tun daga 1992. Yawan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance masu karko ga waɗanda ba na Hispanic White, Hispanics, da mata na asali ba. Adadin tsira na shekaru biyar an lura ya zama 81% a cikin mata baƙar fata da 92% a cikin mata farare. Matan Sinawa da Jafanawa ne ke da mafi girman adadin rayuwa. Talauci shine babban abin da ke haifar da bambance-bambancen da ke da alaka da ciwon nono. Mata masu karamin karfi ba su da yuwuwar a yi gwajin cutar kansar nono don haka ana iya samun cutar da wuri. Tabbatar da cewa mata na kowane kabila sun sami daidaiton kulawar lafiya [bayani da ake buƙata] na iya shafar waɗannan bambance-bambance. Ciki Ciki tun yana ƙarami yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono daga baya a rayuwa. Haɗarin cutar kansar nono kuma yana raguwa tare da adadin yaran da mace ke da su. Ciwon daji na nono ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru 5 ko 10 bayan daukar ciki amma sai ya zama kasa gama gari fiye da yawan jama'a. An san waɗannan cututtukan daji da kansar nono bayan haihuwa kuma suna da sakamako mafi muni gami da ƙara haɗarin yaduwar cututtuka da mace-mace. Sauran ciwon daji da ake samu a lokacin ko kuma jim kadan bayan daukar ciki suna bayyana a kusan daidai da sauran cututtukan daji na mata masu shekaru makamancin haka. Gano sabon ciwon daji a cikin mace mai ciki yana da wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda duk wani alamun da aka saba ɗauka a matsayin rashin jin daɗi na yau da kullun da ke hade da ciki. A sakamakon haka, ciwon daji yawanci ana gano shi a wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan fiye da matsakaici a yawancin mata masu juna biyu ko kwanan nan. Wasu hanyoyin hoto, irin su MRIs (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu), CT scans, ultrasounds, da mammograms tare da garkuwar tayin ana ɗaukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki; wasu, kamar PET scans ba su. Magani gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne da na mata marasa ciki. Duk da haka, ana guje wa radiation yawanci lokacin daukar ciki, musamman idan adadin tayin zai iya wuce 100 cGy. A wasu lokuta, ana jinkirta wasu ko duka jiyya har sai bayan haihuwa idan an gano ciwon daji a ƙarshen ciki. Bayarwa da wuri don saurin fara jiyya ba sabon abu bane. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar tiyatar lafiya yayin da take ɗauke da juna biyu, amma wasu magunguna, musamman wasu magungunan chemotherapy da ake ba su a farkon watanni uku na farko, suna ƙara haɗarin lahani na haihuwa da asarar ciki (zubar da ciki da haihuwa da haihuwa). Ba a buƙatar zubar da ciki da aka zaɓa kuma baya inganta yuwuwar mahaifiyar ta tsira ko kuma ta warke. Maganin radiyo na iya kawo cikas ga iyawar uwa wajen shayar da jaririnta saboda yana rage karfin nonon don samar da madara kuma yana kara haɗarin mastitis. Har ila yau, lokacin da ake ba da maganin chemotherapy bayan haihuwa, yawancin magungunan suna wucewa ta cikin nono zuwa jariri, wanda zai iya cutar da jariri. Game da ciki nan gaba tsakanin masu tsira da ciwon nono, galibi ana jin tsoron sake bullowar cutar kansa. A gefe guda, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna la'akari da ciki da haihuwa don wakiltar al'ada, farin ciki da cikar rayuwa. Hormones Kulawar haihuwa A cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono, hanyoyin hana haihuwa waɗanda ba na hormonal ba kamar na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD) yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman zaɓin layin farko. Hanyoyin tushen progestogen irin su depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, IUD tare da progestogen ko progestogen kawai kwayoyin suna da mummunan bincike amma yiwuwar karuwar cutar ciwon daji, amma ana iya amfani da su idan tasiri mai kyau ya fi wannan haɗari mai yiwuwa. Menopause hormone maye gurbin A cikin wadanda suka tsira daga ciwon nono, ana bada shawara don fara la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan da ba na hormonal ba don tasirin menopause, irin su bisphosphonates ko masu zaɓin masu karɓar isrogen receptor (SERMs) don osteoporosis, da estrogen na farji don alamun gida. Nazarin lura na tsarin maye gurbin hormone bayan ciwon nono yana ƙarfafawa gabaɗaya. Idan maye gurbin hormone ya zama dole bayan ciwon nono, maganin estrogen-kawai ko maganin estrogen tare da na'urar intrauterine tare da progestogen na iya zama mafi aminci zaɓuɓɓuka fiye da haɗin tsarin tsarin. Bincike Ana kimanta jiyya a gwaji na asibiti. Wannan ya haɗa da magungunan mutum ɗaya, haɗaɗɗun magunguna, da hanyoyin tiyata da fasahar radiation Bincike ya haɗa da sabbin nau'ikan jiyya da aka yi niyya, rigakafin cutar kansa, oncolytic virotherapy, jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafi. Ana ba da rahoton sabon bincike a kowace shekara a tarurrukan kimiyya kamar na American Society of Clinical Oncology, San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, da St. Gallen Oncology Conference a St. Gallen, Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da wasu ƙungiyoyi ne suke nazarin waɗannan karatun, kuma an tsara su cikin ƙa'idodi don takamaiman ƙungiyoyin jiyya da nau'in haɗari. Fenretinide, wani retinoid, kuma ana nazarinsa a matsayin hanyar rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Musamman, haɗuwa da ribociclib tare da maganin endocrin sun kasance batun gwaji na asibiti. Wani bita na 2019 ya sami tabbataccen tabbaci na matsakaici cewa bai wa mutane maganin rigakafi kafin tiyatar kansar nono ya taimaka wajen hana kamuwa da cutar ta wurin tiyata (SSI). Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don ƙayyade ƙa'idar maganin rigakafi mafi inganci da amfani ga matan da ke fuskantar gyaran nono nan take. Cryoablation Kamar yadda na 2014 cryoablation ana nazarin don ganin ko zai iya zama madadin lumpectomy a cikin ƙananan cututtuka. Akwai shaida ta ƙarshe a cikin waɗanda ke da ciwace-ciwacen da bai wuce santimita 2 ba. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi a cikin waɗanda tiyata ba zai yiwu ba. Wani bita ya nuna cewa cryoablation ya dubi alamar alamar ciwon nono na farko na ƙananan ƙananan. Layukan kwayar cutar kansar nono Wani ɓangare na ilimin halin yanzu game da ciwon daji na nono ya dogara ne akan in vivo da in vitro binciken da aka yi tare da layin salula da aka samo daga ciwon nono. Waɗannan suna ba da tushe marar iyaka na kayan kwafin kai mai kama da juna, ba tare da gurɓata ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ba, kuma sau da yawa ana al'adarsu cikin sauƙi daidaitaccen kafofin watsa labarai. Layin kwayar cutar kansar nono na farko da aka kwatanta, BT-20, an kafa shi a cikin 1958. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kuma duk da ci gaba da aiki a wannan yanki, adadin layin dindindin da aka samu ya kasance mai ban mamaki (kimanin 100). Lallai, yunƙurin al'adar layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansar nono daga ciwace-ciwacen farko bai yi nasara ba. Wannan rashin inganci sau da yawa yakan faru ne saboda matsalolin fasaha da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta mai ƙarfi daga maƙarƙashiya da ke kewaye da su. Yawancin layukan sel kansar nono da ake samu daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta, galibi daga zubar da jini. Zubar da ciki yana ba da lambobi masu yawa na rarrabuwar kawuna, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta masu yuwuwa waɗanda ke da ɗan ko babu gurɓata ta fibroblasts da sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta. Yawancin layukan BCC da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu an kafa su a ƙarshen 1970s. Kadan daga cikinsu, wato MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-231 da SK-BR-3, sun kai sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na duk binciken da aka yi a kan layukan ciwon nono, kamar yadda aka kammala daga Binciken tushen layi. Alamar kwayoyin halitta Metabolic markers A asibiti, mafi amfani alamomi na rayuwa a cikin ciwon nono shine estrogen da progesterone masu karɓa waɗanda ake amfani da su don tsinkayar amsa ga maganin hormone. Sabbin alamomi ko yuwuwar sabbin alamun cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da BRCA1 da BRCA2 don gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, HER-2, [abubuwan da ake buƙata na likita] da SCD1, don tsinkayar martani ga tsarin warkewa, da urokinase plasminogen activator, PA1-1 da SCD1 don tantance hasashen. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Cutar
29802	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ararrakin%20da%20suka%20dace%20da%20muhalli	Ƙararrakin da suka dace da muhalli	A wannan shafi, shari'ar muhalli tana nufin "karara inda ake jayayya da jin daɗin kadarar muhalli ko jin daɗin tarin kadarorin muhalli". Har ila yau kuma, a kan wannan shafi, ƙararrakin da ya dace da muhalli yana nufin "kararrakin da ba mahalli ba ko kuma jerin abubuwan da ba na muhalli ba ne a cikin rikici, amma wanda sakamakonsa yana da mahimmanci ga kadarorin muhalli ko don tarin kadarorin muhalli" dama makamantan su. Domin ba a fayyace bambancin da ke tsakanin nau’ikan shari’a guda biyu (2) ba, yana da fa’ida a ajiye lissafin guda biyu a wuri guda, amma a rabu bisa ga wannan bambancin. Laifukan muhalli Kararraki tare da dacewa da muhalli Duba kuma Kotunan muhalli Kotun Muhalli ta New Zealand Kunming Kotun muhalli (a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Kotun Kasa da Muhalli ta New South Wales Kotun Rayuwa Sauran batutuwa masu alaƙa 2006 Cote d'Ivoire sharar gida mai guba Shari'ar wadanda abin ya shafa Agent Orange ƙarar matakin sojan sojan Amurka akan masana'anta (sharar muhalli matakin aji) Armley asbestos bala'i Chase Manhattan Bank v T&N Armley asbestos bala'i Margereson v JW Roberts Ltd. da Hancock v JW Roberts Ltd. Bala'i na Bhopal Matakin doka akan Union Carbide Makon Bike Baƙar fata Iyakar hayaniya na fuskantar ƙara (karatun yanayin muhalli) Bougainville Copper shari'ar Amurka (karatun yanayin muhalli) Lamarin gurbacewar ruwa na Camelford Ayyukan shari'a a kan Hukumar Ruwa ta Kudu maso Yamma (a Cornwall a Ingila) Rikici tsakanin MV Testbank da MV Sea Daniel Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Tsaro (CLF) (a cikin New England a Amurka) Corby mai guba case Shari'ar Deepwater Horizon Kamfanin Dow Chemical Makaman Nukiliya (sharar muhalli na aji) DuPont da C-8 Laifin muhalli Laifukan muhalli Ƙimar tasirin muhalli Adalci na muhalli Dokar muhalli Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli Rigimar dumamar yanayi Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (sha'anin muhalli na aji) Haƙƙin kiwo a Nevada Laifukan shari'a na kiwo na tarayya Greenpeace <i id="mwBeE">Arctic Sunrise</i> ship case Ra'ayin Kotun Duniya na Ba da Shawara kan Halalcin Barazana ko Amfani da Makamin Nukiliya Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya don Yarda da Muhalli da tilastawa (INEC) Aikin Kearl Oil Sands zargi (a Alberta a Kanada) Keele Valley Landfill Shari'ar aikin aji na mazaunin (aiki shari'ar muhalli) Keystone Pipeline Kararraki Lac-Mégantic derailment Shari'a Gubar gurɓataccen guba a cikin Washington, DC ruwan sha Shari'ar Aiki (Aikin Aiki na muhalli) Lindane Morton Grove kara Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli Jerin bitar dokokin muhalli da mujallu Jerin dokokin muhalli ta ƙasa Binciken Bututun Makenzie Valley Dabbobin ruwa da sonar Laifukan kotuna McCullom Lake, Illinois Shari'ar matakin aji (sha'ar muhalli matakin aji) Monsanto shari'a Cutar Niigata Minamata karar marasa lafiya (a Japan) Dokar Organic ta 1897 Izaak Walton League kara (a Amurka) Rikici tsakanin Argentina da Uruguay San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) Gundumar Makaranta 36 Surrey Muhalli (a British Columbia a Kanada) Shannon, Quebec Tarin Cancer (a Kanada) Farawa, rufewa, da rashin aiki Syncrude Shari'ar Greenpeace TerraCycle Batutuwa na shari'a Mai guba mai guba Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniyan Rigimar ayyukan farar hula (New Orleans) Batutuwan shari'a a New Orleans Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin Crestwood, Illinois Shari'ar matakin mataki na biyu (sha'ar muhalli matakin aji) Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin Crestwood, Illinois Shari'ar mataki na uku (aiki shari'ar muhalli) Manazarta Babban Kotu Ta Iyakance Alhaki a cikin Harkallar Superfund NYTimes.com Halin da ake auna Canal a cikin lalacewa daga Hurricane Katrina NYTimes.com An shigar da karar Dokar Hatsari Mafi Girma An shigar da karar matakin matakin farko na Mississippi kan malalar mai Zubar da Mai SunHerald.com (30 Afrilu 2010) An shigar da kararrakin Al'amuran Muhalli Justia Dockets Filings Laifukan da aka shigar a Alabama sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka shigar a Florida sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka shigar a Georgia sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin Louisiana sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka gabatar a Mississippi sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka shigar a Texas sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Bayanan Bayanai na Canjin Yanayi Muhalli Yanci
40889	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Columbus	Christopher Columbus	Christopher Columbus lʌmbəs/; an haife shi a tsakanin 25 ga watan Agusta da 31 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta alif ɗari 1451) Miladiyya. ya mutu a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta alif 1506) Miladiyya.Dan Italiyanci ne mai bincike kuma mai navigator. Wanda ya kammala tafiye-tafiye guda huɗu a cikin tekun Atlantika wanda sarakunan Katolika na Spain suka dauki nauyinsa, wanda ya bude hanya ga yaduwar binciken Turai da kuma mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Balaguronsa sune farkon sanannun tuntuɓar Turai tare da Caribbean, Amurka ta Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka. Sunan Christopher Columbus shi ne anglicisation na Latin Masana gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa an haifi Columbus a Jamhuriyar Genoa kuma yana magana da yare na Ligurian a matsayin harshensa na farko. Ya tafi teku tun yana ƙarami kuma ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa, har zuwa arewa da tsibirin Biritaniya da kuma kudu zuwa ƙasar Ghana a yanzu. Ya auri mace mai daraja ta Fotigal Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, wadda ta haifi ɗansa Diego, kuma ya kasance a Lisbon shekaru da yawa. Daga baya ya ɗauki farka na Castilian, Beatriz Enríquez de Arana, wanda ya haifi ɗansa, Fernando (wanda aka ba shi azaman Hernando). Babban mai ilimin kansa, Columbus ya kasance ƙwararren mai ilimin ƙasa, ilmin taurari, da tarihi. Ya ɓullo da wani shiri na neman hanyar yammacin teku zuwa Gabashin Indiya, yana fatan samun riba daga cinikin kayan yaji. Bayan Yaƙin Granada, da kuma bin ɗorewa na Columbus a cikin masarautu da yawa, Sarakunan Katolika Sarauniya Isabella I da Sarki Ferdinand II sun yarda da ɗaukar nauyin tafiya yamma. Columbus ya bar Castile a watan Agusta 1492 tare da jiragen ruwa guda uku kuma ya yi ƙasa a cikin Amurka a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen zaman ɗan adam a cikin Amurkan yanzu ana kiransa zamanin pre-Columbian. Wurin saukarsa tsibiri ne a cikin Bahamas, wanda mazaunansa suka fi sani da Guanahani. Daga baya ya ziyarci tsibiran da a yanzu ake kira Cuba da Hispaniola, inda ya kafa mulkin mallaka a ƙasar Haiti a yanzu. Columbus ya koma Castile a farkon 1493, yana kawo adadin mutanen da aka kama tare da shi. Nan da nan maganar tafiyar tasa ta bazu cikin Turai. Columbus ya kara tafiye-tafiye guda uku zuwa Amurka, yana binciken Ƙananan Antilles a 1493, Trinidad da arewacin bakin tekun Kudancin Amirka a 1498, da gabashin Gabashin Amurka ta Tsakiya a 1502. Yawancin sunayen da ya ba wa yanayin ƙasa, musamman tsibirai, har yanzu ana amfani da su. Ya kuma ba da sunan indios ("Indiyawa") ga 'yan asalin da ya ci karo da su. Ba a da tabbas gwargwadon yadda yake sane da cewa Amerikawa yanki ne daban-daban; bai taba yin watsi da imaninsa a fili cewa ya isa Gabas mai Nisa ba. A matsayinsa na gwamna mai mulkin mallaka, mutanen zamaninsa sun zarge Columbus da mummunar zalunci kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka cire shi daga mukamin. Dangantakar da Columbus ta yi da Crown of Castile da masu mulkin mallaka da aka nada a Amurka ya kai ga kama shi da kuma cire shi daga Hispaniola a 1500, daga baya kuma ya tsawaita shari'a kan abubuwan da shi da magadansa suka yi iƙirarin cewa kambi ya bi su. Balaguron na Columbus ya ƙaddamar da wani lokaci na bincike, mamayewa, da mulkin mallaka wanda ya daɗe tsawon ƙarni, don haka ya kawo Amurkawa cikin tasirin Turai. Canja wurin kayayyaki, ra'ayoyi, da mutane tsakanin Tsohuwar Duniya da Sabuwar Duniya waɗanda suka biyo bayan tafiyarsa ta farko ana kiranta da musayar Columbian. An yi bikin Columbus a ko'ina cikin ƙarni bayan mutuwarsa, amma fahimtar jama'a ta wargaje a ƙarni na 21 yayin da masana suka ba da kulawa sosai ga illolin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa, musamman farkon raguwar Taínos 'yan asalin Hispaniola da ke haifar da zalunci da Tsohuwar Duniya. cututtuka, da kuma ta wannan bautar da mutane. Wurare da yawa a Yammacin Duniya suna ɗauke da sunansa, ciki har da ƙasar Colombia, Gundumar Columbia, da kuma British Columbia. Ƙuruciya Ƙuruciyar ta Columbus ba ta da tabbas, amma masana sun yi imanin an haife shi a Jamhuriyar Genoa tsakanin 25 ga watan Agusta zuwa 31 ga watan Oktoba 1451. Mahaifinsa shi ne Domenico Colombo, mai saƙa ulu wanda ya yi aiki a Genoa da Savona kuma wanda ya mallaki kullun cuku wanda matashi Christopher yayi aiki a matsayin mataimaki. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Susanna Fontanarossa. Yana da 'yan'uwa uku-Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, da Giacomo (wanda ake kira Diego)-da kuma 'yar'uwa mai suna Bianchinetta. Ɗan uwansa Bartolomeo ya gudanar da taron bitar zane-zane a Lisbon na aƙalla wani ɓangare na girmansa. Yarensa na asali ana tsammanin yaren Genoese ne duk da cewa Columbus bai taɓa yin rubutu a cikin wannan yaren ba. Sunansa a cikin yaren Genoese na ƙarni na 16 shine Cristoffa Corombo (lafazin Ligurian pronunciation:). Sunansa a cikin Italiyanci Cristoforo Colombo, kuma a cikin Mutanen Espanya Cristóbal Colón. A daya daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa, ya ce ya tafi teku yana dan shekara sha hudu. A cikin shekarar 1470, dangin Colombo sun ƙaura zuwa Savona, inda Domenico ya karɓi gidan abinci. Wasu marubutan zamani sun yi jayayya cewa ba daga Genoa yake ba amma, a maimakon haka, daga yankin Aragon na Spain ko daga Portugal. Waɗannan hasashe masu fa'ida gabaɗaya an rage su daga manyan malamai. A cikin shekarar 1473, Columbus ya fara karatunsa a matsayin wakilin kasuwanci ga mawadata Spinola, Centurione, da Di Negro na Genoa. Daga baya, ya yi tafiya zuwa Chios, tsibirin Aegean da Genoa ke sarauta a lokacin. A cikin watan Mayu na shekara ta 1476, ya shiga cikin ayarin motocin da Genoa ta aika don ɗaukar kaya masu daraja zuwa arewacin Turai. Wataƙila ya ziyarci Bristol, Ingila, da Galway, Ireland, inda wataƙila ya ziyarci Cocin St. Nicholas Collegiate. An yi hasashen cewa shi ma ya tafi Iceland a shekara ta 1477, kodayake masana da yawa suna shakkar hakan. An san cewa a cikin kaka na 1477, ya tashi a wani jirgin ruwa na Portuguese daga Galway zuwa Lisbon, inda ya sami ɗan'uwansa Bartolomeo, kuma suka ci gaba da ciniki ga dangin Centurione. Columbus ya kafa kansa a Lisbon daga 1477 zuwa 1485. A cikin shekarar 1478, Centurones sun aika Columbus a kan balaguron siyan sukari zuwa Madeira. Ya auri Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, 'yar Bartolomeu Perestrello, ɗan ƙasar Portugal ɗan asalin Lombard, wanda ya kasance kyaftin ɗin bayar da gudummawa na Porto Santo. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
18787	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq	Ishaaq	Ishaq dayan magabata uku ne na Isra’ilawa kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin addinan Ibrahim, gami da addinin Yahudanci, Kiristanci, da Islama. Shi dan Ibrahim ne da Saratu, mahaifin Yakubu, kuma kakan kabilu goma sha biyu na Isra'ila. Sunan Ishaku yana nufin "zai yi dariya", wanda ke nuna dariya, ga rashin yarda, na Ibrahim da Saratu, lokacin da Allah ya gaya musu cewa za su sami ɗa. Shine kawai sarki wanda ba'a canja sunansa ba, kuma shine kadai wanda bai ƙaura daga Kan'ana ba. Dangane da labarin, ya mutu yana da shekara 180, wanda ya fi kowa tsawon rayuwa a cikin shugabannin kakannin uku. Bayanin Lantarki Sunan da aka ambata a cikin Ishaku shine fassarar kalmar Ibrananci Yiṣḥāq wanda a zahiri yana nufin "Yayi dariya zaiyi dariya." Rubutun Ugarit wanda aka fara daga ƙarni na 13 KZ yana magana ne game da murmushin alherin allolin Kan'aniyawa El. Farawa, ya danganta dariya ga iyayen Ishaƙu, Ibrahim da Saratu, maimakon El. Dangane da labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, Ibrahim ya faɗi fuskarsa yana dariya lokacin da Allah (Ibraniyanci, Elohim) ya ba da labarin haihuwar ɗansu a ƙarshe. Ya yi dariya saboda Saratu ta wuce shekarun haihuwa; duka ita da Ibrahim sun tsufa. Daga baya, lokacin da Saratu ta ji manzannin Ubangiji uku sun sabunta alƙawarin, sai ta yi dariya a ciki saboda wannan dalili. Saratu ta musanta dariya lokacin da Allah ya tambayi Ibrahim game da hakan. A cikin Amos, ba a rubuta Ishaƙu da amma da Amos 7: 9 Farawa labarin Haihuwa It was prophesied to the patriarch Abraham that he would have a son and that his name should be Isaac. When Abraham became one hundred years old, this son was born to him by his first wife Sarah. Though this was Abraham's second son it was Sarah's first and only child. Abraham's first son was born with Hagar. A rana ta takwas daga haihuwarsa, aka yi wa Ishaku kaciya, kamar yadda ya wajaba a kan dukkan mazan gidan Ibrahim, domin ya kiyaye alƙawarin Ubangiji. After Isaac had been weaned, Sarah saw Ishmael mocking, and urged her husband to cast out Hagar the bondservant and her son, so that Isaac would be Abraham's sole heir. Abraham was hesitant, but at God's order he listened to his wife's request. Daurewa A wani lokaci a lokacin saurayin Ishaku, mahaifinsa Ibrahim ya dauke shi zuwa Dutsen Moriah Bisa umarnin Allah, Ibrahim ya gina bagadin hadaya ya miƙa ɗansa Ishaku a kai. Bayan ya ɗaure ɗansa a kan bagaden kuma ya zaro wuƙa don ya kashe shi, a lokaci na ƙarshe wani mala'ikan Allah ya hana Ibrahim ci gaba. Madadin haka, an umurce shi da ya miƙa ragon da ke kusa wanda ya makale a cikin duri. Kafin Ishaƙu ya kai 40 (Far 25:20) Ibrahim ya aiki Eliezer, wakilinsa, zuwa cikin Mesofotamiya don nema wa Ishaƙu mata, daga dangin ɗan'uwansa Bethuel Eliyezer ya zaɓi Rifkatu 'yar Suriya ga Ishaku. Bayan shekaru da yawa da aure ga Ishaku, Rifkatu har yanzu ba ta haifi ɗa ba kuma an yi imanin ba ta haihuwa. Ishaq yayi mata addu'a sai tayi. Rifkatu ta haifi tagwaye maza, Isuwa da Yakubu Ishaku yana da shekara 60 lokacin da aka haifa masa 'ya'ya maza biyu. Ishaku ya fi son Isuwa, Rifkatu kuma ta fi son Yakubu. Labarin da ake bayarwa game da Ishaku bai ambaci yana da ƙwaraƙwarai ba. Hijira Ishaku ya koma Biyer-lahai-roi bayan mahaifinsa ya rasu. Lokacin da ƙasar ta fuskanci yunwa, sai ya ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Gerar ta Filistiyawa inda mahaifinsa ya taɓa zama. Landasar har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin ikon sarki Abimelek kamar yadda yake a zamanin Ibrahim. Kamar mahaifinsa, Ishaku ma ya yaudari Abimelek game da matarsa, har ma ya shiga rijiyar. Ya koma duk rijiyoyin da mahaifinsa ya haƙa kuma ya ga duk an rufe su da ƙasa. Filistiyawa sun yi haka bayan mutuwar Ibrahim. Saboda haka, Ishaku ya tono su, ya fara haƙa rijiyoyi har zuwa Biyer-sheba, inda ya yi yarjejeniya da Abimelek kamar yadda ya yi a zamanin mahaifinsa. Hakkin haihuwa Ishaku ya tsufa kuma ya zama makaho. Ya kira ɗansa Isuwa, ya ce masa ya samo masa lada domin ya sami albarkar Ishaku. Yayin da Isuwa yake farauta, Yakubu, bayan ya saurari shawarar mahaifiyarsa, ya yaudari mahaifinsa makaho ta hanyar ɓata sunan kansa kamar Isuwa kuma ta haka ne ya sami albarkar mahaifinsa, irin wannan cewa Yakubu ya zama magajin Ishaƙu na farko kuma an bar Isuwa a matsayi na ƙasa. A cewar Farawa 25: 29–34, Isuwa a baya ya sayar wa Yakubu matsayinsa na ɗan fari domin "gurasa da romon lentil". Bayan haka, Ishaku ya aiki Yakubu zuwa Mesofotamiya don ya auri matar gidan ɗan'uwan mahaifiyarsa. Bayan shekara 20 yana aiki wa kawunsa Laban, Yakubu ya koma gida. Ya sasanta da tagwayen ɗan'uwansa Isuwa, sannan shi da Isuwa suka binne mahaifinsu, Ishaku, a Hebron bayan ya mutu yana da shekara 180. Iyalin gida Wurin binnewa Bisa ga al'adar gida, kaburburan Ishaku da Rifkatu, tare da kabarin Ibrahim da Saratu da Yakubu da Lai'atu, suna cikin Kogon Iyayen Sarakuna Ra'ayoyin yahudawa A cikin al'adun rabbi, ana ɗaukar shekarun Ishaƙu a lokacin ɗaure zuwa 37, wanda ya bambanta da kwatancin Ishaƙu yayin yaro. Har ila yau, malaman sun yi tunanin cewa dalilin mutuwar Sara shine labarin ne na hadayar Ishaƙu. Hadayar Ishaku an ambata a cikin roƙo don rahamar Allah a cikin al'adun yahudawa na gaba. Bayanan yahudawa na bayan littafi mai tsarki sau da yawa suna bayyana matsayin Ishaƙu fiye da bayanin littafi mai tsarki kuma da farko suna mai da hankali ne ga hadayar Ibrahim da Ishaƙu, wanda ake kira aqedah ("ɗaure"). Dangane da fasalin waɗannan fassarar, Ishaku ya mutu a cikin hadayar kuma an farfaɗo dashi. A cewar yawancin labaran Aggadah, ba kamar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba, Shaidan ne yake gwada Ishaƙu a matsayin wakilin Allah Yardar Ishaƙu don bin umarnin Allah a yayin mutuwarsa ya zama abin koyi ga yahudawa da yawa waɗanda suka fifita shahada fiye da ƙeta dokar Yahudawa Bisa ga al'adar yahudawa, Ishaku ya kafa sallar la'asar. Wannan al'adar ta dogara ne akan Farawa sura 24, aya ta 63 ("Ishaku ya fita don yin zuzzurfan tunani a filin a maraice"). Ishaku shine kadai sarki wanda ya zauna a Kan'ana a duk tsawon rayuwarsa kuma duk da cewa da zarar yayi kokarin barin, Allah ya gaya masa kada yayi haka. Hadisai na Rabbinic sun ba da bayani cewa an kusan sadaukar da Ishaƙu kuma duk abin da aka sadaukar domin hadaya na iya barin ƙasar Isra'ila Ishaku shine mafi tsufa a cikin magabata na littafi mai tsarki a lokacin mutuwarsa, kuma shi kaɗai ne basarake wanda ba a canza sunansa ba. Littattafan Rabbinci kuma sun danganta makantar Ishaƙu a lokacin tsufa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Baibul, da hadayar hadaya: Idanun Ishaku sun makance saboda hawayen mala'iku da ke wurin a lokacin hadayarsa sun sauka a idanun Ishaku. Cocin kirista na farko yaci gaba kuma ya inganta taken Sabon Alkawari game da Ishaƙu a matsayin kwatancin Kristi kuma Cocin kasancewar su "ɗan alƙawari" da "mahaifin masu aminci". Tertullian ya zana kamanceceniya tsakanin ɗaukar Ishaƙu itace na hadaya tare da Kristi ɗauke da gicciyensa. kuma akwai yarjejeniya ta gama gari cewa, yayin da duk hadayu na Tsohon Doka ya kasance tsinkayen hakan ne a kan Kalvari, hadayar Ishaƙu ta kasance "ta hanyar fifiko". Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da Roman Katolika suna ɗaukar Ishaku a matsayin waliyi tare da sauran magabata na Littafi Mai Tsarki Tare da na sauran kakanni da Tsohon Alkawari na Adalci, ana bikin ranar idin nasa a Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da kuma bikin Byzantine na cocin Katolika a ranar Lahadi ta biyu kafin Kirsimeti (Disamba 11-17), ƙarƙashin taken Lahadi na Magabata Sabon Alkawari ya ce Ishaku ya “miƙa” mahaifinsa Ibrahim, kuma Ishaƙu ya albarkaci ɗiyansa maza. Bulus ya nuna bambanci tsakanin Ishaƙu, wanda ke alamta 'yanci na Kirista, da babban ɗa da aka ƙi Isma'ilu, yana nuna bautar; Hajara tana da alaƙa da alkawarin Sinai, yayin da Saratu ke da alaƙa da alkawarin alheri, wanda ɗanta Ishaku ya shiga ciki. Wasikar Yakubu sura 2, aya 21 24, ce sadaukarwar Ishaku ya nuna cewa barata (a wajan Johannine) na bukatar bangaskiya da aiki. A cikin wasiƙar zuwa ga Ibraniyawa, an yi amfani da yardar Ibrahim don bin umarnin Allah na yin hadaya da Ishaƙu a matsayin misali na bangaskiya kamar yadda aikin Ishaku ya albarkaci Yakubu da Isuwa game da makomar da Allah ya yi wa Ibrahim. A cikin aya ta 19, marubucin ya kalli sakin Ishaƙu daga hadaya a matsayin kwatankwacin tashin Yesu, tunanin hadayar Ishaƙu alama ce ta hadayar Yesu a kan gicciye Ra'ayoyin Musulunci Addinin Islama ya ɗauki Ishaƙu (Larabci: Ishaq annabin Islama, kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin mahaifin Isra’ilawa kuma salihin bawan Allah Ishaq, tare da Isma'il, suna da matukar muhimmanci ga Musulmai don ci gaba da wa'azin tauhidi bayan mahaifinsa Ibrahim Daga cikin Ishaku yara ne follow-up Ba'isra'ile sarki Yakubu, wanda aka ma waliyai matsayin Musulunci annabi. An ambaci Ishaku sau goma sha biyar da suna a cikin Alqurani, sau da yawa tare da mahaifinsa da ɗansa, Yakubu. Alqurani ya bayyana cewa Ibrahim ya sami bushara ne da Ishaq, annabi, daga salihai kuma Allah ya albarkace su duka (37: 112). A cikin cikakken bayanin, lokacin da mala'iku suka zo wa Ibrahim suna gaya masa hukuncin da za a yi a kan Saduma da Gwamrata, matarsa, Saratu, "ta yi dariya, kuma Muka yi mata bushara da Ishaku, da kuma bayan Ishaƙu na (jikan) Yakubu "(11: 71-74); kuma an kara bayanin cewa wannan taron zai faru duk da cewa Ibrahim da Saratu sun tsufa. Ayoyi da yawa sunyi magana game da Ishaƙu a matsayin "kyauta" ga Ibrahim (6: 84; 14: 49-50), kuma 24: 26-27 sun ƙara da cewa Allah ya sanya "Annabci da Littafin su kasance daga cikin zuriyarsa", wanda aka fassara. don komawa ga annabawan annabawa biyu na Ibrahim, jikan annabinsa Yakubu, da kuma jikan annabinsa Yusuf A cikin Alqurani, daga baya ya ruwaito cewa Ibrahim shima ya yabi Allah da ya bashi Isma'ila da Ishaq a lokacin tsufansa (14: 39–41). Da sauran wurare a cikin Alqur'ani, da Ishaku, da aka ambata a cikin lists: Joseph bi aƙidar kakannin Ibrahim, da Ishaku, da Yakubu (12: 38), kuma magana akan Allah 's ni'ima a gare su (12: 6). 'Ya'yan Ya'uba duk sun ba da gaskiya ga imaninsu kuma sun yi alkawarin bautar Allah wanda kakaninsu, "Ibrahim, Isma'ilu da Ishaku", suka yi wa sujada (2: 127); kuma Alqurani ya umurci musulmai su yi imani da ayoyin da aka bai wa "Ibrahim, Isma'ilu, Ishaku, Yakubu da Jikokin Sarki" (2: 136; 3: 84). A cikin labarin Alqurani game da kusancin hadayar Ibrahim ga dansa (37: 102), ba a ambaci sunan dan ba kuma an ci gaba da muhawara kan asalin dan, kodayake mutane da yawa suna jin cewa asalin shi ne mafi mahimmancin abu a cikin labarin an bayar ne don nuna ƙarfin zuciyar da mutum ke haɓaka ta wurin bangaskiya. Qur'ani aQAlqurani ya ambaci Ishaku a matsayin annabi kuma adalin mutumin Allah An ambaci Ishaku da Yaƙub kamar waɗanda aka bai wa Ibrahim a matsayin baiwar Allah, wanda sai ya bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai kuma ya kasance shugabanni masu adalci a cikin hanyar Allah: Kuma muka azurta Shi da Isha sanna muka sanya a zura'ar Ishak Yaqooba, kuma muka sanya su acikin al'ummah tsarkakakku wat ita zuriar ta Aiyub. Quran, Surah 21 Wasu malamai sun bayyana Ishaku matsayin "mai almara adadi" ko "kamar yadda wani adadi mai wakiltar tribal tarihi, ko" kamar yadda wani seminomadic shugaban. Labarun Ishaku, kamar sauran patriarchal labaru na Farawa, an kullum yi ĩmãni a yi "ga asalin jama'a tunanin da hadisan da na farkon Hebrew pastoralist kwarewa." Abokin Cambridge Companion ga Baibul yayi bayani mai zuwa game da labaran littafi mai tsarki na magabata: A cewar Martin Noth, masanin Ilimin Ibrananci Ibrananci, labaran Ishaku sun kasance ne zuwa tsohuwar al'adar al'adu fiye da ta Yammacin Jordan. A wancan lokacin, ƙabilun Isra’ilawa ba su kasance masu nitsuwa ba tukun. A yayin neman wuraren kiwo, sun sadu da kudancin Filistiya tare da mazaunan ƙauyukan da aka kafa. Masanin tarihin Baibul A. Jopsen ya yi imani da alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'adun Ishaku da arewa, kuma a cikin goyon bayan wannan ra'ayin ya kawo Amos 7: 9 ("manyan wuraren Ishaku"). Albrecht Alt da Martin Noth sun ce, "Adadin Ishaku ya inganta lokacin da jigon alƙawarin, wanda a baya yake da alaƙa da al'adun 'Allah Ubanni' aka shigar da su cikin ƙa'idodin Isra'ilawa yayin matakan kudancin-Falasɗinu na ci gaban Hadisin Pentateuch A cewar Martin Noth, a matakin Kudancin Falasdinu na bunkasar al'adar Pentateuch, Ishaku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin magabata na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma al'adunsa sun koma baya saboda ni'imar Ibrahim. A cikin fasaha Kiristan farko da aka zana Ishaƙ ana samun shi a frescoes na Roman catacomb Ban da gutsuttsura, Alison Moore Smith ya rarraba waɗannan ayyukan fasaha a cikin rukuni uku: Duba kuma Tarihin littafi mai tsarki da kuma alqurani Alkawarin Ishaku Labarin mata ‘yar’uwa a littafin Farawa irin wadannan labaran guda uku, wadanda suka hada da Ibrahim (biyu) da Ishaku (daya) Bayanan kula Ambato Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
24167	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinda%20citrifolia	Morinda citrifolia	Morinda citrifolia itace mai ba da 'ya'ya a cikin dangin kofi Rubiaceae Yankinsa na asali ya kai ko'ina a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Australasia, kuma matuƙan jirgin ruwa na Polynesia sun bazu a cikin tekun Pacific. A jinsin aka yanzu horar da a ko'ina cikin tropics da kuma yadu halittarsu Daga cikin sunaye dari 100 na 'ya'yan itacen a yankuna daban -daban akwai sunayen Ingilishi na yau da kullun na babban morinda, mulberry Indiya, noni, mulberry na bakin teku, da ya'yan cuku Sabon 'ya'yan itacen mai ƙarfi, ƙamshi kamar amai ya sa ya zama abincin yunwa a yawancin yankuna, amma ya kasance babban abinci a tsakanin wasu al'adu, kuma an yi amfani da shi a maganin gargajiya A cikin kasuwar mabukaci, an gabatar da shi azaman kari a cikin tsari daban -daban, kamar capsules, samfuran fata, da ruwan 'ya'yan itace Girma wuraren zama Morinda citrifolia yana girma a cikin dazuzzuka masu duhu, da kuma kan duwatsu masu buɗewa ko yashi. Yana kuma kai balaga a cikin kusan watanni sha takwas 18, sannan yana haifar tsakanin huɗu da takwas na 'ya'yan itace kowane wata cikin shekara. Shi ne m da Saline kasa, fari ga yanayi, da kuma sakandare kasa Saboda haka a cikin wata fadi da dama habitats: volcanic terrains, lawa -strewn ƙasar, kuma clearings ko farar ƙasa outcrops, kazalika a coralline atolls Zai iya girma har zuwa tara tsayi, kuma yana da manyan, masu sauƙi, koren duhu, ganye mai haske da ƙyalli. Shuka tana ba da furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa duk shekara. 'Ya'yan itacen' ya'yan itace ne da yawa waɗanda ke da ƙanshin ƙanshi lokacin girma, saboda haka ne kuma aka sani da 'ya'yan cuku ko ma amai' ya'yan itace. Yana da sifa mai siffa kuma ya kai goma to sha takwas girma. Da farko kore, 'ya'yan itacen yana juya launin rawaya sannan kusan farare yayin da yake balaga. Ya ƙunshi tsaba da yawa. Morinda citrifolia yana da ban sha'awa musamman ga saƙar tururuwa, waɗanda ke yin gida daga ganyen itacen. Waɗannan tururuwa suna kare shuka daga wasu kwari masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ƙanshin 'ya'yan itacen kuma yana jan jemagu na' ya'yan itace, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen tarwatsa tsaba. Wani nau'in kumburin 'ya'yan itace, Drosophila sechellia, yana ciyarwa akan waɗannan' ya'yan itacen. Amfaninshi An gabatar da abubuwan sha iri -iri (abin sha na ruwan 'ya'yan itace), foda (daga busasshen cikakke ko' ya'yan itacen da ba su gama bushewa ba), samfuran kwaskwarima (lotions, sabulu), mai (daga tsaba), foda ganye (don encapsulation ko kwaya) an shigar da su cikin kasuwar mabukaci. Abinci Wani lokaci ana kiran Noni 'ya'yan itace na yunwa' yana nuna cewa yan asalin ƙasar suna amfani da shi azaman abinci na gaggawa a lokacin yunwa Duk da ƙanshinsa mai ƙarfi da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci, duk da haka an ci 'ya'yan itacen azaman abincin yunwa, kuma, a wasu Tsibirin Pacific, har ma a matsayin babban abinci, ko danye ko dafa shi. 'Yan Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas da Aboriginals na Ostiraliya suna cin ɗanyen' ya'yan itacen da gishiri ko kuma dafa shi da curry Tsaba suna cin abinci lokacin gasashe A cikin kayan abinci na Thai, ana amfani da ganye (wanda aka sani da bai-yo azaman kayan lambu kore kuma sune babban sinadarin kaeng bai-yo, dafa shi da madarar kwakwa Ana ƙara 'ya'yan itacen luk-yo azaman kayan salati ga wasu nau'ikan somtam Maganin gargajiya Ana iya amfani da 'ya'yan itacen kore, ganye, da tushe ko rhizomes a cikin al'adun Polynesian azaman tonic gaba ɗaya, ban da wurin gargajiya a al'adun Polynesia azaman abincin yunwa. Kodayake ana ganin Morinda yana da kaddarorin ilimin halittu a cikin maganin gargajiya, babu tabbataccen shaidar ingancin asibiti don kowane amfani da aka yi niyya. A shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018, a Hawaiian manufacturer na noni abinci da kuma Skincare kayayyakin da aka bayar an FDA gargadi wasika ga sayar unapproved kwayoyi da kuma yin ƙarya kiwon lafiya da'awar a take hakkin da Amurka Abinci, Drug da Cosmetic dokar Dyes Daga cikin mutanen Austronesian, al'ada ana amfani da noni da farko don samar da launi An kai shi cikin Tsibirin Pacific a matsayin tsirran kwale -kwale ta masu yawon shakatawa na Austronesia Haushi na Morinda yana samar da fenti mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don yin batik A Hawaii, ana fitar da fenti mai launin rawaya daga tushen sa zuwa zane mai launi. Abubuwan gina jiki da phytochemicals Morinda citrifolia 'ya'yan itace foda ya ƙunshi carbohydrates da fiber na abinci a cikin matsakaici. A bayyane yake waɗannan macronutrients suna zaune a cikin ɓawon 'ya'yan itacen, kamar yadda ruwan' ya'yan <i id="mwlQ">citrus na citrus</i> yana da ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki. Babban sinadarin micronutrients na M. citrifolia pulp powder sun hada da bitamin C, niacin (bitamin B 3 iron da potassium Vitamin A, alli da sodium suna cikin matsakaicin adadi. Lokacin da ake nazarin ruwan 'ya'yan citrus kawai kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da ɓawon burodi, bitamin C ne kawai ake riƙe a cikin adadin talatin da hudu (34 MG a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace gram dari 100) wanda shine kashi kusa kashi sitting da hudu 64% na abin da ke cikin ruwan ɗigon ruwan ɗumi (53 MG da Dari 100 g ko kashi tamanin da Tara 89% na ƙimar yau da kullun Sodium matakai a M. citrifolia ruwan 'ya'yan itace (game da kashi uku 3% na Abincin Reference ci, DRI) an high idan aka kwatanta da wani orange, da kuma potassium abun ciki mai tsakaitãwa. 'Ya'yan itacen Morinda citrifolia sun ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na phytochemicals, gami da lignans, oligo- da polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acid, scopoletin, catechin, beta-sitosterol, damnacanthal, da alkaloids Ko da yake wadannan abubuwa an yi karatu ga bioactivity, bincike ne kasa a kammala da wani abu game da su effects a kan mutum kiwon lafiya. Gallery Duba kuma Ruwan Noni Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed
57865	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba%20of%20Benin	Oba of Benin	Oba na Benin shi ne sarkin gargajiya kuma mai kula da al'adun mutanen Edo da dukkan mutanen Edoid.Masarautar Benin ta wancan lokacin(kada a ruɗe da Jamhuriyar Benin ta zamani kuma ba ta da alaƙa,wadda a lokacin ake kira Dahomey )ta ci gaba da zama mafi yawan mutanen Edo(wanda aka sani da kabilar Benin). A cikin shekarar 1897,rundunar sojan Burtaniya mai kimanin mutane 1,200 karkashin jagorancin Sir Harry Rawson suka hau balaguron azabtarwa na Benin.An aike da rundunar ne a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga wani harin kwantan bauna da wata jam’iyyar Birtaniya ta yi,a kauyen Ugbine da ke kusa da Gwato a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1897 da wasu gungun sojojin Benin da ke aiki ba tare da umarnin Oba ba;harin kwanton bauna ya yi sanadin mutuwar dukkan ‘yan jam’iyyar ta Burtaniya in ban da biyu.Dakarun Burtaniya sun kwace babban birnin kasar Benin,inda suka kori tare da kona birnin yayin da suka tilasta wa Oba na Benin, Ovonramwen gudun hijira na watanni shida.Rundunar ta kunshi sojojin kasar da kuma jami'an Birtaniya da ke da sansani a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya.An siyar da kayayyakin fasaha da yawa(wanda aka fi sani da Benin Bronzes )da aka wawashe daga fadar birnin don karya farashin balaguron. Ovonramwen ya mutu a cikin 1914, ba a sake mayar masa da kursiyinsa ba. Amma dansa,jikansa da kuma jikansa, duk da haka,sun kiyaye kambunsu da matsayinsu na sarakunan gargajiya a Najeriya ta zamani. Jerin sunayen Obas na Masarautar Benin Pre-Daular Benin (1180-1440) Eweka I (1180 1246) Uwuakhuahen (1246 1250) Henmihen (1250 1260) Ewedo (1260 1274) Oguola (1274 1287) Edoni (1287 1292) Akang Udagbedo (1296 1329) Ohen Egbeka (1366 1397) Orobiru (1397 1434) Uwaifiokun (1434 1440) Source: Daular Benin (1440 1897) Akwai rashin tabbas a zamanin mulkin wasu daga cikin sarakunan mayaka na farko Ewuare I (1440 1473) Ezoti (1473 1474) Olua (1475 1480) Ozolua (1480 1504) Esigie (1504 1547) Orhogbua (1547 1580) Ehengbuda (1580 1602) Ohuan (1602 1656) Ohenzae (1656-1675) Akenkpaye (1675 1684) Akengbedo (1684 1689) Ore-Oghene (1689 1701) Ewuapen (1701 1712) Ozuere (1712 1713) Akenzua I (1713 1740) Eresoyen (1740 1750) Akengbuda (1750 1804) Obanosa (1804 1816) Ogbe (1816) Osemwende (1816 1848) Adolo (1848 1888) Ovonramwen Nogbaisi (1888 1897) Source: Bayan daular Benin Eweka II (1914 1933) Akenzua II (1933 1978) Erediauwa (1979 2016) Ewuare II (2016 yanzu) Source: Duba kuma Iyoba of Benin Ogiso Akinzuwa II Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Harkar Raya Afirka Kamfen na dawowar tagulla na Benin Labarun sarauta a cikin tagulla Tarin Multimedia Tsarin Samun Jama'a, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, 2000. An shiga 6 Satumba 2006. "Obas da ya mulki Benin bayan daular Ogiso" Edofolks Jerin Obas na Benin Benin Kingdom Obas 1200AD Kwanan wata (tare da hotuna) {source Edoworld} Tsarin sarautar Benin {source Edoworld} Benin Traditional Temple and Cultural Center ga duniya Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection, wani kundin nuni daga The Metropolitan Museum of Art (cikakken samuwa a kan layi kamar PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa a kan Obas na Benin da
8952	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa	Musa	Musa da turanci Moses (furucci \|m\|oʊ\|z\|ɪ\|z\|,_\|-\|z\|ɪ\|s) Ya kasance Annabi ne a addinin Ibrahimiya ne, kamar yadda littattafan addinai masu tsarki suka nuna; Sai dai, gamayyar Malaman ilimi na ganin Musa a matsayin wani legendary figure and bawai wani mutumin tarihi bane. kamar yadda littafi mai tsarki na Hebrew Bible yanuna, Musa yasamu riko ne a hannun Egyptian princess, sannan daga bisani yazama jagora kuma shugaban Israelites da kuma lawgiver, wanda shine wanda ya authorship littafi mai tsarki wato Torah, or acquisition of the Torah from Heaven is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (harshen lit. "Moses our Teacher") shine mafi mahimmanci acikin annabawan Judaism. Harwayau yana da mahimmanci a addinin Christianity, da Islam, da Bahá'í Faith, da kuma wasu daga cikin addinan other Abrahamic religions. Acikin littafin Book of Exodus, An haife Musa ne a lokacin da mutanensa, wato Banu Isra'ila, bayine wadanda basu dayawa, suka farayin yawa sai fir'auna yafara jin haushi, domin zasu iya haɗa Kansu suyi gamayya da makiyan Misira. Mahaifiyar Hebrew Musa, Jochebed, Sai tayi maza ta boyesa a sanda taji cewar fir'auna yayi umurnin a fara kashe yara maza da aka haifa daga kabilar yahudawan Isra ilawa, saboda hakan zaisa yawan al'umman mutanan Isra'ila yadaina karuwa. Sai dai ta hannun yar'fir'auna (identified as Queen Bithia a Midrash), sai aka tsince shi foundling a kogi Nile river kuma yagirma a fadar masarautar misira tareda fir'auna. Bayan kashe wani bawa daga misira (because the slavemaster was smiting a Hebrew), Musa ya hudu ya tsallake Red Sea zuwa Midian, inda ya gamuda Mala'ika da ubangiji, yana masa magana daga wani wurin dake ci da wuta akan dutsen Mount Horeb (wanda yake kira da dutsen Allah). Allah ya umurci Musa komawa zuwa garin Misira(Egypt) domin ya nema adaina bautar da mutanen Garin Isra'ila. Musa ya nemi afuwa daga Ubangiji cewar A turashi tare da dan'uwansa Haruna, domin bazai iya magana da kyau ba, sai Allah yabar dan'uwansa Haruna, wanda zaiyi magana a madadinsa. Bayan Ten Plagues, Musa ya jagoranci Exodus of the Israelites FITA daga Misira da tsallake ruwan maliya, bayan nan sai suka yada zango a Mount Sinai, anan ne Musa yakarba Ten Commandments daga ubangiji. Bayan shekaru arba'in (40) suna yawuce yawuce a sahara, Musa ya mutu wajan sight of the Promised Land akan Mount Nebo. Jerome gives 1592 BCE, and James Ussher 1571 BCE as Moses' birth year. Augustine records the names of the kings when Moses was born in the City of God: "Lokacin da Saphrus yayi mulki a matsayin Sarki na Sha hudu (14) na Assyria, da kuma Orthopolis amatsayin Sarki na Shabiyu na Sicyon, da Criasus amatsayin Sarki na Bihar na Argos. An haife Musa ne a Misira, Orthopolis reigned as the 12th King of Sicyon for 63 years, from 1596–1533; and Criasus reigned as the 5th King of Argos for 54 years, from 1637–1583.\|group="Note" In the Book of Deuteronomy, Moses was called "the man of God". Manazarta Bibiliyo Asch, Sholem (1958), Moses, New York: Putnam, ISBN 978-0-7426-9137-7. Assmann, Jan (1997), Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-58738-0. Peter Barenboim, "Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers", Moscow, 2005, ISBN 5-94381-123-0, Barzel, Hillel (1974), "Moses: Tragedy and Sublimity", in Gros Louis, Kenneth RR; Ackerman, James S; Warshaw, Thayer S (eds.), Literary Interpretations of Biblical Narratives, Nashville: Abingdon Press, pp. 120–40, ISBN 978-0-687-22131-8. Blackham, Paul (2005), "The Trinity in the Hebrew Scriptures", in Metzger, Paul Louis (ed.), Trinitarian Soundings in Systematic Theology (essay), Continuum
33215	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallensi	Tallensi	Tallensi, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Talensi, mutanen arewacin Ghana ne waɗanda ke magana da yare na reshen Gur na dangin yaren Niger-Congo. Suna noman gero da dawa a matsayin kayan abinci kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumaki, da awaki kan ƙaramin ma'auni. Gidansu na yau da kullun shine dangin mazan jiya na maza da mata (wasu lokutan jikoki) tare da matansu da 'ya'yansu mata marasa aure. 'Ya'yan mata masu aure suna zaune tare da mazajensu a wasu al'ummomi, yawanci kusa. Al'adu da hadisai Kewaye da ɗan fari Tallensi sun yi auren mata da yawa kuma suna bin tsarin dangi na dangi da zuriya. An ba da fifiko sosai kan gado da tashe-tashen hankulan da ke tattare da dangantakar iyaye da kuma ’ya’yansu. Ana ganin yana da muhimmanci mutum ya haifi ɗa idan yana son ya cika kuma a girmama shi a matsayin kakanni bayan mutuwarsa. Duk da haka, haihuwar ɗa na fari, da ɗan fari, ana yin ta ne don nuna ƙarshen 'tashi' na mutum a duniya, da farkon faduwarsa. A halin yanzu, ɗan ya girma ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa kuma ya maye gurbinsa. Sakamakon rashin daidaituwa tsakanin uba da ɗa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun Tallensi da haramun. Taboos yana farawa ne lokacin da ɗan fari ya kai shekaru biyar ko shida. Tun daga wannan lokaci ɗa ba zai ci abinci ɗaya da mahaifinsa ba, ko ya sa hular mahaifinsa, ko rigar mahaifinsa, ko ya ɗauki kwalar mahaifinsa, ko bakan mahaifinsa, ko ya duba rumbun mahaifinsa. Lokacin da yaron ya girma, bazai hadu da mahaifinsa a ƙofar gidan ba. Irin wannan haramun akwai don daidaita alaƙar uwa da ɗiyar fari. 'Yar, alal misali, ƙila ba za ta kalli tukunyar ajiyar mahaifiyarta ba. Bayan mutuwar uba, ɗansa na fari da ’yarsa suna gudanar da al’adar jana’izarsa. Dan, a wannan lokacin, ya sanya hula da rigar mahaifinsa. Wani dattijon ƙabila, ɗauke da bakansa, ya ja-goranci ɗan zuwa rumbun mahaifinsa kuma ya nuna masa ciki. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, ana daukar dansa a matsayin balagagge don ayyukan ibada, kuma alhakinsa ne ya yi sadaukarwa ga kakanni, babban daga cikinsu shi ne mahaifinsa, wanda ba da jimawa ba ya mutu ana rike da shi a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a tsakanin wadancan. har yanzu suna raye da kuma kakanni masu nisa. An yi imani da cewa waɗannan haramun da al'adu suna ba da gudummawar karkatar da ɓacin rai da bacin rai a tsakanin tsararraki zuwa hanyoyin bayyana ma'anar al'ada da kuma yarda da al'ada. Tsarkakkar Kada Daga cikin kabilar Tallensi akwai imani da kada mai tsarki. Kamar yadda Meyer Fortes ya bayyana a cikin aikinsa na kabilanci "Ma'anar mutum", ana ɗaukar crocodiles na musamman a cikin wuraren tafki na musamman a cikin Tallensi. Babu wani dan gari, hakika babu Tallensi da zai kuskura ya kashe ko ya raunata kada mai tsarki. Kowane Tallensi ya san cewa waɗannan crocodiles sun kasance cikin jiki na mahimman kakannin dangi. Kashe daya daga cikin wadannan kamar kashe mutum ne. Kisan kai ne mafi muni kuma zai kawo bala'i a kan dukan dangi. Duk da haka, ba duk crocodiles ana daukar su a matsayin mutane (ni-saal) misali, a cikin kogunan da ake kamun kifi a lokacin rani ba mutum ba ne, ba mai tsarki ba ne. Ana iya kashe shi a ci. Manazarta Fortes, Meyer (1974). "The First Born". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15, 81–104. Keesing, Roger Martin (1981). Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. "Farefare". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 May 2005. The report mentions Talni as a dialect of Farefare. Ci gaba da karatu Fortes, Meyer (1945). The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tallensi. London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute). Fortes, Meyer (1949). The Web of Kinship among the Tallensi. London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute). Fortes, Meyer (1959). Oedipus and Job in West African Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Two reports of a stay among the Tallensi in Gbeogo:↵ Cleovoulou, Marios (June 1998). "How does development affect culture?". Cleovoulou, Marios (1998). "1998 Newsletter". Insoll, Timothy MacLean, Rachel Kankpeyeng, Benjamin (2013). Temporalising Anthropology: Archaeology in the Talensi Tong Hills, Northern Ghana. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag Riehl, Volker (2003). The Dynamics of Peace: role of traditional festivals of the Tallensí in northern Ghana in creating sustainable peace In: Kröger, F. B. Meier (ed): Ghana’s North. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag, 207 223 Riehl, Volker/Christiane Averbeck (1994) ‘Die Erde kommt, die Erde geht’: Zum religiösen Naturverständnis der Tallensi in Nord-Ghana In: Sociologus, N.F., Bd. 44, 136-148 Riehl, Volker (1993). Natur und Gemeinschaft: Sozialanthropologische Untersuchungen zur Gleichheit bei den Tallensi in Nord-Ghana Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag Riehl, Volker (1989) The Land is Ours: Research on the Land-Use System among the Tallensi in Northern Ghana. In: Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 2,
50520	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20al%27adu	Hakkokin al'adu	Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin al'adu ta jawo hankali dan kare haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ko kuma al'adun su, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka jawo hankali ga bukatun mutane a duk duniya. Kare al'adu Hakkoki na al'adu haƙƙoƙi ne masu alaƙa da fasaha da al'adu, duka an fahimce su a babban ma'ana. Manufar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ita ce tabbatar da cewa mutane da al'ummomi sun sami damar yin amfani da al'adu kuma za su iya shiga cikin al'adun zaɓin su. Hakkokin al'adu su ne haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke nufin tabbatar da jin daɗin al'adu da abubuwan da ke tattare da su cikin yanayin daidaito, mutuncin ɗan adam da rashin nuna bambanci. Hakkoki ne da suka shafi jigogi kamar harshe; samar da al'adu da fasaha; shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu; al'adun gargajiya; haƙƙin mallakar fasaha; haƙƙin marubuci; 'yan tsiraru da samun damar al'adu, da sauransu. Bayar da hankali kan kiyaye al'adu a matsayin ƙarshen kansa da ƙari akan fahimtar dangantakar "halitta" tsakanin ƙungiyoyin al'adu a matsayin yanayin hulɗar daidaitattun daidaito da yuwuwar canjin al'adun halitta, Meyjes ya ba da shawarar ma'amalar musanya "adalcin al'adu", "Adalcin al'adu na kabila" da kuma adalci tsakanin al'adu wanda ya bayyana a matsayin ka'idar mafi girman ƙayyadaddun dabi'u da ayyuka na ƙungiyoyin tsiraru da membobinsu, a cikin nau'i na hakkoki, a cikin gaba ɗaya. doka, tsari, ko iyakokin manufofin cibiyoyi, al'umma, ko al'ummar da abin ya shafa (kuma duba univerlization). Kiyaye tsirarun al'adun Hakkokin al'adu na kungiyoyi sun fi mayar da hankali kan abubuwa kamar addini da tsirarun kabilu da kuma al'ummomin asali wadanda ke cikin hadarin bacewa. Haƙƙin al'adu sun kuma haɗa da ikon ƙungiyar don kiyaye tsarin rayuwarsu, kamar tarbiyyar yara, ci gaba da harshe, da tsaron tushen tattalin arzikinta a cikin al'umma, wanda take. Ra'ayi mai alaƙa na 'yancin mallakar fasaha na asali (IPR) ya taso a ƙoƙarin kiyaye tushen al'adun kowace al'umma da ainihin hana ƙabilu. Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin al'adu sun shahara saboda yawancin ilimin al'adun gargajiya suna da darajar kasuwanci, kamar maganin kabilanci, kayan shafawa, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, abinci, al'adun gargajiya, zane-zane, waƙoƙi, raye-raye, tufafi, da al'adu. Nazarin tsofaffin al'adu na iya bayyana shaida game da tarihin jinsin ɗan adam kuma ya ba da ƙarin haske a kan asalinmu da ci gaban al'adunmu. Koyaya, nazarin, rabawa da tallata irin waɗannan al'amuran al'ada na iya zama da wahala a cimma ba tare da keta haƙƙin al'adun waɗanda ke cikin wannan al'ada ba. Hakanan ya kamata a yi la'akari da haƙƙin al'adu ta hanyar manufofin gida. A wannan ma'anar, Agenda 21 don al'adu, takarda ta farko da ke da manufa ta duniya da ke ba da shawarar kafa tushen wani aiki na birane da ƙananan hukumomi don bunkasa al'adu, ya haɗa da haƙƙin al'adu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ka'idoji kuma ya ce: "Ƙananan hukumomi sun gane cewa Hakkokin al'adu wani bangare ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam, suna ɗaukar matsayinsu na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Duniya (1948)". Al'adu ilimin halin dan Adam "Hakkin al'adu ba a bai wa daidaikun mutane ba ne a'a a kungiyance, kamar 'yan tsiraru na addini da kabilu da kuma al'ummomin asali." Dukkanin al’adu an taso su ne daban-daban, don haka hakkokin al’adu sun hada da yadda kungiya za ta iya kiyaye al’adunta, da tarbiyyantar da ‘ya’yanta ta hanyoyin da ta gabata, da ci gaba da yarensu, da kuma hana al’ummar da take cikinta tauye musu tattalin arzikinta. located."Masana wani lokaci suna zaɓar kada su yi nazarin wasu imani da haƙƙoƙin al'adu, saboda suna ganin hakan na iya haifar da rashin ɗabi'a, kuma sun zaɓi kada su juya baya ga bambancin al'adu daban-daban. Ko da yake masana ilimin halin dan Adam a wasu lokuta kan kau da kai daga nazarin al'adu daban-daban amma duk da haka sun dogara da abin da suke karantawa a wurare daban-daban na kayan tarihi. Duba kuma Haƙƙin gama kai Bambance-bambancen al'adu Kayayyakin al'adu Kungiyar kabilanci Haƙƙin ɗan adam Haƙƙin kimiyya da al'adu Manazarta Sources Meyjes, Gregory Paul (1999). "Language and Universalization: a 'Linguistic Ecology' Reading of Bahá'í Writ". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies Vol. IX (1). Ottawa: Association for Bahá’í Studies. pp. 51–63. Meyjes, Gregory Paul (2012). "Multi-Ethnic Conflicts in U.S. Military Theatres Overseas: Intercultural Imperatives". In Franke, Volker; Dorff, Robert H. (eds.). Conflict Management: A Tool for U.S. National Security Strategy (PDF). Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. pp. 381–438. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2015-08-10. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hakkokin Al'adu a Karni na 20", Tattaunawar BBC Radio 4 tare da Homi Bhabha da John Gray A Lokacinmu, Dec. 10.
54146	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarken%20adabi	Tarken adabi	Tarken Adabi ko (nazarin adabi) wani nazari ne ko kwatantawa ko kamanta adabi. Tarken adabi na zamani a mafi yawancin lokutta yana dogara ne da ra'in masana, wanda tattaunawa ce ta falsafa dangane da manufofi ko hanyoyin da aka bi aka samar da adabin. Kodayake hanyoyin biyu sun yi kama da juna, masu tarken adabi ba kodayaushe ne sukan kansance masana masu samar da ra'i ba, ba ma lallai sai sun zama masanan ba. Ko lallai sai tarken adabi ya kasance wata hanyar nazartar adabi daban daga gudunmuwar masana? Wannan batun ya kasance a kodayaushe wani abu da ake muhawara a kansa. Alal musali a wani littafi mai suna Danjagora a Kan Nazarin Gudunmuwar Masana da kuma Tarken Adabi na Johns Hopkins bai wani babbanta ba a tsakanin gudunmuwar adabi da tarken adabi, kusan ma yakan yi amfani da kalmomin guda biyu a wajen bayyana kowane daga cikinsu. Wadansu matarkan suna daukar tarken adabi a matsayin bayyana ra'in adabi a aikace, saboda kasancewar kowane tarke yana jingine ne da wani aikin adabi, a lokacin da shi kuwa ra'i batu ne na bai-daya. A wadansu lokuttan ana buga tarken adabi a matsayin mukala ko kuma a matsayin littafi. Tarken adabi na ilmi wanda ake koyawa a sashen koyar da adabi, wadanda kuma ake bugawa a mujallu na ilimi, sannan kuma sanannun matarka na buga nasu tarken a mujallun dake fitowa wadanda kuma ke karade ko'ina a wadannsu ayyanannun lokutta irin su The Times Literary Supplement da The New York Times Book Review da The New York Review of Books da the London Review of Books da the Dublin Review of Books da The Nation, Book forum da kuma The New Yorker wadanda sukan yi bitar litattafai. Tarihi Na gargajiya da na zamani Ana tsammanin cewa an soma yin tarken adabi tun a matakin gargajiya. A karni na 4 BC Aristotle ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna Poetics, wanda ya kasance wani rubutaccen bayani na nau'o'in adabi daban-daban wanda ke dauke da tarken ayyukan adabi na zamani. A Poetics ne aka soma ganin kwaikwayo da kuma amayar da tunani, wadanda har yanzu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wajen nazarin ayyukan adabi. Sukar da Plato ya yi a kan waka wadda ya bayyana a matsayin kwaikwayo, wadda aka samar, kuma karya, su ma sun kasance wani nau'i na ginuwar tarke. Sannan a littafin Sanskrit mai suna Natya Shastra an kawo tarken adabi a cikin dadadden adabin Indiyawa da kuma wasan kwaikwayon includes literary Sanskrit. Daga bisani kuma sai tarken gargajiya da na zamani ya karkata a kan littattafan addinai da kuma sharhi a kan tafsiran littattafan wanda hakan ya yi naso zuwa nazarin matanin adabi wadanda ba su shafi addini ba na duniya. Wannan ya kasance musamman ga adabi na addinan nan guda uku da suka samo asali daga kakanmu Annabi Ibrahim wato addinin Yahudawa da addinin Kiristanci da kuma addinin Musulunci. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da tarken adabi a wasu nau'ikan adabin Larabci na da da kuma wakokin Larabci tun daga karni na 9, musamman na Al-Jahiz a cikin al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin da al-Hayawan, da na Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz. a cikin Kitabul Badi. Tarken Zamani Tarken adabi na zamani ya inganta hanyar tarken nan ta gargajiya ta samun daidaito a tsakanin tsari da kuma kayan cikin adabi domin farfadowa da kuma samar da wata sabuwar hanyar tarken adabi, wadda ta bayyana adabi a matsayin kashin bayan al'ada, wadda ta damka wa mawaki da marubuci alhakin kiyaye doguwar al'adar adabi. Samar da tarken adabi ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1498, a lokacin da aka rika zakulo rubuce-rubuce na gargajiya, a lokacin da Giorgio Valla ya fassara littafin Aristotle mai suna Poetics daga harshen Latin. Aikin Aristotle, musamman ma dai Poetics, shi ne kashin bayan habakar tarken adabi har zuwa wajen karshen shekarun karni na 18. Lodovico Castelvetro na daya daga cikin fitattattun matarkan zamani, wanda ya rubuta sharhi a kan littafin Poetics na Aristotle a shekarar 1570. Ballagazan Tarke A Ƙarni na goma sha bakwai an shaida rikicin farko mai cike da ruɗani dangane da zamanin da ya shigo na hargitsin kaloli ko tunani wadanda ake samu a cikin aikin adabi wanda ke bayyana wadansu ma'anoni wanda ya kunno kai a lokacin da Girkawa da Romawa suka yi tashen bayyana al'adunsu wadanda suka hada da yawan abu, jituwa, haɗin kai, ado, wadanda suka dade suna tabatarwa da daidaita tunanin Yammacin Turai game da zane-zane da sauran ayyukan adabi. Kodayake wannan adabi na Girkawa da Romawa bai wala yadda yake so ba, domin kuwa ya gamu da adawa daga ballagazan tarke 'Baroque criticism', wanda ya fifita rashin da'a da wuce gona da iri, ba tare da yin la'akari da yawan abu, haɗin kai, jituwa, ko ado ba wanda ya bambanta nau'ukan tarken guda biyu. kuma mafi girman abin koyi, wato fasahar zamani. Mahimman ra'ayoyi na ƙaya na Baroque, kamar "conceit" (concetto), "wit" (acutezza, ingegno), da "mamaki" (meraviglia), ba su cika haɓaka ba a cikin ka'idar wallafe-wallafen har sai an buga littafin Emanuele Tesauro's Il Cannocchiale aristotelico. (The Aristotelian Telescope) a cikin 1654. Wannan rubutun seminal wahayi daga Giambattista Marino's epic Adone da aikin masanin falsafar Jesuit na Spain Baltasar Gracián ya haɓaka ka'idar kwatanci a matsayin harshen duniya na hotuna kuma a matsayin babban aikin hankali, lokaci ɗaya. fasahar kere-kere da tsarin gata ta ilimin zamani na samun gaskiya An bayyana wannan tunani a cikin samfuri ko wani shingen da aka samar, kuma a halin yanzu ana iya yin samfoti a yanayin tushe.The seventeenth-century witnessed the first full-fledged crisis in modernity of the core critical-aesthetic principles inherited from classical antiquity, such as proportion, harmony, unity, decorum, that had long governed, guaranteed, and stabilized Western thinking about artworks. Although Classicism was very far from spent as a cultural force, it was to be gradually challenged by a rival movement, namely Baroque, that favoured the transgressive and the extreme, without laying claim to the unity, harmony, or decorum that supposedly distinguished both nature and its greatest imitator, namely ancient art. The key concepts of the Baroque aesthetic, such as "conceit' (concetto), "wit" (acutezza, ingegno), and "wonder" (meraviglia), were not fully developed in literary theory until the publication of Emanuele Tesauro's Il Cannocchiale aristotelico (The Aristotelian Telescope) in 1654. This seminal treatise inspired by Giambattista Marino's epic Adone and the work of the Spanish Jesuit philosopher Baltasar Gracián developed a theory of metaphor as a universal language of images and as a supreme intellectual act, at once an artifice and an epistemologically privileged mode of access to truth.
52782	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injin%20V8	Injin V8	Injin V8: Shine injin piston silinda takwas wanda bankuna biyu na silinda huɗu ke raba crankshaft na gama gari kuma an shirya su cikin tsarin V. Kuma yanada sitting har waje uku. Kamfanin Antoinette na Faransa ne ya kera injin V8 na farko a shekarar 1904, wanda ya kera shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi a cikin motoci da kwale-kwale masu sauri amma da farko jiragen sama; yayin da 1914-1935 na Amurka Cadillac L-Head injin ana ɗaukarsa injin V8, na farko da ke tafiya da yawa don samar da adadi mai yawa. Shahararriyar injin V8 a cikin motoci ya ƙaru sosai bayan gabatarwar 1932 na Ford Flathead V8 A farkon karni na 21st, amfani da injunan V8 a cikin motocin fasinja ya ragu yayin da masana'antun kera motoci suka zaɓi ƙarin ingantaccen mai, ƙananan injunan ƙarfi, ko matasan da motocin tuƙi na lantarki V-kwana Yawancin injunan V8 suna amfani da V-angle (kusurwar tsakanin bankunan silinda biyu) na digiri 90. Wannan kusurwa yana haifar da ma'aunin injin mai kyau, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan girgiza; duk da haka, gefen ƙasa ya fi girma fiye da injunan V8 waɗanda ke amfani da ƙaramin V-angle. An yi amfani da injunan V8 tare da kusurwar digiri 60 a cikin 1996–1999 Ford Taurus SHO, Volvo XC90 na 2005–2011, da Volvo S80 na 2006–2009. Injin na Ford yayi amfani da kusurwar V-angle 60-digiri saboda ya dogara ne akan injin V6 mai kusurwa V-digiri 60. Dukansu injunan Ford da Volvo an yi amfani da su ne a cikin chassis na injuna, waɗanda aka ƙera su don shimfidar tuƙi na gaba (tare da tsarin tuƙi akan buƙatu a yanayin Volvos). Don rage girgizar da ke haifar da kusurwar kusurwar digiri 60 mara daidaituwa, injunan Volvo sun yi amfani da ma'auni na ma'auni kuma suna daidaita crankpins Injin tankin na Rolls-Royce Meteorite shi ma ya yi amfani da na'urar V-angle mai nauyin digiri 60, tun da an samo shi daga V12 Rolls-Royce Meteor mai lamba 60 wanda shi kuma ya dogara ne akan shahararren injin Rolls-Royce Merlin V12. An yi amfani da wasu kusurwoyi na V lokaci-lokaci. Lancia Trikappa, Lancia Dilambda, da Lancia Astura, sun samar da 1922-1939, sun yi amfani da injunan V8 kunkuntar kusurwa (dangane da injin Lancia V4 tare da V-kusurwoyi na 14-24 digiri. Motocin tsere na 1932 Miller masu taya huɗu sun yi amfani da injin V8 tare da kusurwar V na digiri 45. Sifofin 8-Silinda na 1945-1966 EMD 567 dizal locomotive engine suma sun yi amfani da kusurwar V-angle na digiri 45. Yawancin injunan V8 masu dacewa da motocin titi suna amfani da crankshaft na jirgin sama, tunda wannan tsarin yana haifar da ƙarancin girgiza saboda ma'auni na farko da ma'auni na biyu. Gicciyen jirgin sama na crankshaft yana da nau'ikan ƙugiya guda huɗu (lambobi daga gaba) a kusurwoyi na 0, 90, 270, da 180, wanda ke haifar da siffar giciye don crankshaft lokacin da aka duba shi daga ƙarshen ɗaya. Ƙaƙƙarfan sautin ƙarar ƙarar sautin da injin jirgin sama na V8 na yau da kullun ya kera shi ne wani ɓangare saboda odar harbe-harbe mara daidaituwa tsakanin kowanne daga cikin bankunan biyu na silinda huɗu. Ainihin odar harbe-harbe na LRLLRLRR (ko RLRRLRLL) yana haifar da rashin daidaituwar ci da tazarar bugun bugun jini ga kowane banki. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da tsarin shaye-shaye daban-daban ga kowane banki na silinda, wannan bugun da bai dace ba yana haifar da ƙarar sautin da yawanci ke da alaƙa da injin V8. Koyaya, injunan tsere suna neman guje wa waɗannan matsi na matsa lamba marasa daidaituwa, don haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Injunan tseren jirgin sama V8 na shekarun 1960 sun yi amfani da dogon bututun shaye-shaye (kamar Ford GT40 na tseren tsere) ko kuma gano wuraren shaye-shaye a ciki na V-angle (kamar Lotus 38 IndyCar) don haɗa tsarin shaye-shaye daga kowane banki da samar da ko da fitar da iskar gas). A gefe guda kuma, injinan V8 da yawa suna amfani da crankshaft na jirgin sama Wannan tsari yana ba da fa'idodi biyu. A kan inji, ana iya yin aikin crankshaft daga billet ɗin lebur kuma baya buƙatar ma'auni don haka ya fi sauƙi. Koyaya, yana haifar da ƙarin girgiza saboda rashin daidaituwa na biyu. Daga yanayin haɓakar iskar gas, ƙwanƙolin jirgin sama mai fa'ida yana ba da damar ko da buƙatun iskar gas ɗin da za a iya samu tare da tsari mai sauƙi. Injin 1961-1965 Coventry Climax FWMV Formula One ya shahara da ƙira a cikin tseren motoci, kuma injin 1967-1985 Cosworth DFV ya sami nasara sosai a cikin Formula One. Motocin wasanni da yawa na samarwa sun yi amfani da injunan jirgin sama V8, kamar kowane samfurin Ferrari V8 (daga 1973 Ferrari 308 GT4 zuwa 2019-present Ferrari F8 Tributo da Lotus Esprit V8, da Porsche 918 Spyder, da McLaren MP4- 12C Yawancin injunan mota na farko na V8 kuma sun yi amfani da madaidaicin jirgin sama, tun da yake wannan ya fi sauƙi don ƙira da ginawa fiye da giciye-dangi. Injunan jirgin saman V8 na farko sun haɗa da injin De Dion-Bouton na 1910, injin Peerless na 1915, da injin Cadillac na 1915. Injin V8 na farko da aka sani shine injin Antoinette, wanda Léon Levavasseur ya kera, wanda aka fara gina shi a shekara ta 1904. An gina Antoinette a Faransa don amfani da shi a tseren kwale-kwale da kuma, daga baya, jiragen sama. Wani 1905 na injin Antoinette ya samar da da na nauyi (ciki har da ruwa mai sanyaya), yana haifar da rabon iko-zuwa nauyi wanda bai wuce shekaru 25 ba. Hakanan a cikin 1904, injunan V8 sun fara samar da ƙananan sikelin ta Renault da Buchet don amfani da su a cikin motocin tsere. A shekara ta 1905, injin V8 na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin motar da ke kan hanya ita ce Rolls-Royce V-8 da aka gina a Burtaniya. An fara samar da wannan samfurin tare da Injin V8, duk da haka motoci uku ne aka kera kafin Rolls-Royce ya koma amfani da injina kai tsaye-shida. A 1907, Hewitt Touring Car ta zama mota ta farko da aka gina a Amurka tare da injin V8. De Dion-Bouton na 1910 wanda aka gina a Faransa ana ɗaukarsa shine injin V8 na farko da aka samar da yawa. Injin 1914 Cadillac L-head V8 ana ɗaukarsa shine injin V8 na farko da ya samar da taro. An gina wannan injin a cikin Amurka kuma an taimaka sosai ta hanyar farko ta Cadillac ta yin amfani da injina na kunna wutar lantarki Jiragen sama na farko sun ci gaba da amfani da injin V8, kamar injin Hispano-Suiza 8 SOHC na 1915 da aka kera a Switzerland. Jirgin sojojin Amurka, Faransa, da Birtaniya ne suka yi amfani da wannan injin a yakin duniya na daya. An kiyasta cewa kusan rabin dukkan jiragen Allied suna aiki da injin Hispano-Suiza 8. Saboda girman girmansa na waje, yawancin injunan V8 ana amfani da su a cikin motocin da ke amfani da shimfidar injuna mai tsayi da tuƙi na baya (ko duk abin hawa). Koyaya, an kuma yi amfani da injunan V8 lokaci-lokaci a cikin motocin tuƙi na gaba, wani lokaci suna amfani da tazarar da ke kusa da silinda da kusurwoyin banki na Silinda don rage buƙatun sararinsu. Mota ta farko da Australiya ta kera don amfani da injin V8 ita ce 1965 Chrysler Valiant (AP6), wacce ke akwai tare da na Amurka. Injin Chrysler. V8 Ford na farko a cikin gida shine 1966 Ford Falcon (XR) kuma V8 Holden na farko shine 1968 Holden HK, dukansu suna amfani da injunan da kamfanonin iyayensu ke bayarwa a Amurka. Injin V8 na farko da aka samar da yawa a Ostiraliya shine injin 1969–2000 Holden V8 Wannan simintin ƙarfe da ke kan bawul ɗin bawul ɗin ya yi amfani da kusurwar V na digiri 90 kuma an gina shi a matsuguni na da kuma na karshen ana yanke shi zuwa 1985. An yi amfani da injin Holden V8 a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da Kingswood, Monaro, Torana, Commodore, da Stateman. An siyar da nau'ikan da aka kunna don babban aiki ta Holden Dila Team da Holden Special Vehicles, gami da nau'ikan da aka buga har zuwa An kuma yi amfani da injin Holden V8 wajen yawon shakatawa na tseren mota kuma ya kafa tushen injin Repco-Holden da aka yi amfani da shi a tseren Formula 5000 A cikin 1999, injin na Holden V8 ya fara maye gurbin injin General Motors LS1 V8 da aka shigo da shi. A cikin 1971, Ford Ostiraliya ya fara samar da gida na Ford 'Cleveland' V8, injin simintin ƙarfe na sama. An samar da injin a cikin ƙaura na da don amfani a cikin Ford Falcon na Australiya da Ford Fairlane. An kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin motocin wasanni na DeTomaso masu ƙarancin girma da kuma manyan sedans da aka gina a Italiya. Aikin Ostiraliya ya ƙare a cikin 1982 lokacin da Ford Ostiraliya ta daina kera motocin V8 na ɗan lokaci. Daga 1991 zuwa 2016, Ford Falcon yana samuwa tare da shigo da Ford Windsor, Ford Barra ko Ford Modular V8 injuna; An sayar da na biyun a matsayin "Boss" kuma an haɗa su a cikin gida daga cakuda kayan da aka shigo da su da na gida. A sigar injin Rover V8 an kera shi a Ostiraliya don rashin lafiyar 1973–1975 Leyland P76 sedan. Injin ɗin ƙirar bawul ɗin sama ne kuma injin aluminum ne kawai da aka samar a Ostiraliya. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
42360	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Afar	Mutanen Afar	Afar (Afa: Qafárr), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Danakil, Adali da Odali, ƙabilar Cushitic ce da ke zaune a yankin ƙahon Afirka Suna zaune ne a yankin Afar na Habasha da kuma arewacin Djibouti da kuma gaba ɗayan gaɓar tekun kudancin Eritrea. Afar na magana da yaren Afar, wanda ke cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin Afroasiatic Afar su ne kawai mazauna yankin Kahon Afirka waɗanda yankunan gargajiya suka yi iyaka da Bahar Maliya da Tekun Aden Tarihi Tarihin farko Rubuce rubuce na farko da aka ambato na Afar ya fito ne daga marubuci ɗan Andalus na ƙarni na 13 Ibn Sa'id, wanda ya ruwaito cewa suna zaune a kewayen tashar jiragen ruwa na Suakin, har zuwa kudu zuwa Mandeb, kusa da Zeila An ambaci su lokaci-lokaci a cikin littattafan Habasha, da farko da suka taimaka wa sarki Amda Seyon a yaƙin neman zaɓe bayan kogin Awash, sannan sama da ɗari ɗaya bayan haka lokacin da suka taimaki Baeda Maryama a yaƙin da suke yi da maƙwabtansu, Dobe'a A cewar wani ɗan ƙasar Fotigal na ƙarni na goma sha shida, Francisco Álvares, Masarautar Dankali ta keɓance da Abyssinia zuwa yamma da Adal Sultanate a gabas. Jihohin Aussa A al'adance an tsara al'ummar Afar zuwa masarautu masu cin gashin kansu, kowane Sultan nasa ne ke mulki. Daga cikin su akwai Sarkin Aussa, Sultan na Girrifo, Sultan na Dawe, Sultan na Tadjourah, Sultan na Rahaito, Sultan na Gobaad A cikin 1577, shugaban Adal Imam Muhammed Jasa ya koma babban birninsa daga Harar zuwa Aussa a yankin Afar na zamani. A shekara ta 1647 ne sarakunan Masarautar Harar suka balle suka kafa nasu mulkin. Limamai na Harari sun ci gaba da kasancewa a yankin kudancin Afar har zuwa ƙarni na sha takwas daular Mudaito ta Afar wacce daga baya ta kafa daular Aussa ta kifar da su Alamar farko ta Sultan ita ce sandar azurfa, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi yana da kayan sihiri. Yaƙin Masarawa Daga cikin asusun da wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu suka bayar a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba Werner Munzinger tare da matarsa da yaronsa sun isa Tadjoura tare da gudanar da ayyukansu na buɗe hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Ankober, da Tadjoura don yin mu'amala da Sarki Menelik na Shewa. An kuma umurce shi da ya hade daular Larabawa ta Aussa, da Maris zuwa wasu yankuna kamar Wollo. Sojojinsa sun ƙunshi sojoji 350, bindigogi 2, da rakuma 45. A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba da isar Aussa sojojin Masar sun kai farmaki da daddare daga wani adadi mai yawa na kabilar Oromo. Dakarun Afar da na Oromo sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Masar tare da lalata sojojinsu da suka rage suka gudu zuwa Massawa. Daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe a Masar akwai shahidan shugabansu Munzinger, da matarsa, da ɗansa. Kafin karni na 19 A cewar Elisée Reclus, Afar ya kasu kashi biyu, Asaimara, da kuma Adoimara, an kuma raba waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zuwa sama da ƙabila ɗari da hamsin bisa ga muradunsu amma duk sun hadu a kan abokan gaba. Modaitowan da suka mamaye yankin na ƙaramar hukumar Awash su ne suka fi kowa karfi kuma babu wani Bature da ya ratsa yankinsu ba tare da neman haƙƙin baƙi ko ƴan uwantaka na jini ba. Wasu ƴan ƙabilar Afar sun taimaka wa Turawa ta hanyar samar da tsaro ga ayarin Yammacin Turai da ke yawo a tsakanin gabar tekun Kudu da Bahar Maliya da tsakiyar Habasha. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, sarakunan Raheita da Tadjoura da ke gabar tekun Bahar Maliya sun yi mulkin mallaka a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai: Italiya ta kafa Iritiriya ta Italiya tare da Assab da Massawa, da Faransa Faransa Somaliland a Djibouti, amma Aussa na ciki a cikin kudu ya sami damar ci gaba da ƴancin kai na tsawon lokaci. Ko da kwatankwacinsa mai albarka kuma yana kan kogin Awash, an ware shi daga waje ta yankunan hamada da ke kewaye. Yaƙi da Habasha Habasha ta so ta kawar da mutanen Afar da kuma hana su taimakon Italiya a lokacin yakin Italo da Habasha na farko a 1895-1896. Nunawar sojojin Abyssiniya ya hana Sarkin Afara Mahammad Hanfare na masarautar Aussa daga girmama yarjejeniyoyin da ya yi da Italiya, a maimakon haka Hanfare ya sami damar cin gashin kansa a cikin daular Habasha ta hanyar amincewa da Sarki Menelik a kaikaice bayan yaƙin. Afar Liberation Front Lokacin da aka ɓullo da tsarin gudanarwa na zamani a ƙasar Habasha bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, an raba yankunan Afar da Habasha ke da iko da su zuwa lardunan Eritrea, Tigray, Wollo, Shewa da Hararge. Shugabannin kabilu, dattijai, da addini da sauran jiga-jigan ƴan ƙabilar Afar sun yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tun daga shekara ta 1961, ba tare da samun nasara ba. Bayan tawayen da ba a yi nasara ba karkashin jagorancin Sultan Afar, Alimirah Hanfare, an kafa kungiyar ƴantar da ƴanci ta Afar a cikin 1975 don inganta muradun mutanen Afar. Sultan Hanfadhe ba da jimawa ba aka yi hijira zuwa Saudi Arabiya Daga baya gwamnatin gurguzu mai mulkin Habasha a lokacin ta kafa yankin Assab mai cin gashin kansa (yanzu ana kiransa Aseb kuma tana cikin Eritriya duk da cewa an ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. A Djibouti, irin wannan yunkuri ya yi ta murmurewa a tsawon shekarun 1980, daga karshe ya kai ga kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula na Afar a 1991. Bayan faɗywar mulkin dergi a wannan shekarar, Sultan Hanfadhe ya dawo daga gudun hijira. A watan Maris na shekarar 1993, aka kafa jam'iyyar Afar Revolutionary Democratic Front (ARDUF). Ta kafa gamayyar ƙungiyoyin Afar guda uku: ARDUU, wacce aka kafa a 1991 kuma Mohamooda Gaas (ko Gaaz) ke jagoranta; Afar Ummatah Demokrasiyyah Focca (AUDF); da kuma sojojin juyin juya hali na Afar (ARF). Jam'iyyar siyasa, tana da burin kare muradun Afar. Tun daga shekarar 2012, ARDUF na cikin jam'iyyar adawa ta United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF). Alƙaluma Rarraba yanki Yawan mutanen Afar suna zaune ne a cikin hamadar Danakil a yankin Afar na kasar Habasha, da kuma a ƙasashen Eritrea da Djibouti Suna da adadin mutane 2,276,867 a Habasha (ko kashi 2.73% na yawan jama'a), wanda 105,551 mazauna birni ne, bisa ga ƙidayar baya-bayan nan (2007). Afar sun ƙunshi sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar Djibouti, kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin rarrabuwar kabilanci tara kililoch na Habasha. Harshe Afar suna magana da yaren Afara a matsayin harshen uwa. Yana daga cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin harshen Afroasiatic Yaren Afar yana magana ne da ƴan ƙabilar Afar a yankin Afar na Habasha, da kuma kudancin Eritrea da arewacin Djibouti. Duk da haka, tun da a al'adar Afar makiyaya makiyaya ne, ana iya samun masu magana da harshen a nesa. Tare, tare da yaren Saho, Afar ya ƙunshi gungu yaren Saho–Afar Al'umma Addini Mutanen Afar galibi Musulmi ne. Sun daɗe suna da alaƙa da Musulunci ta hanyar siyasar musulmi daban-daban na cikin gida da kuma gudanar da ƙungiyar Sunna ta Musulunci. Yawancin mutanen Afar sun karɓi Musulunci a ƙarni na 13 saboda faɗaɗa tasirin tsarkaka da ƴan kasuwa daga yankin Larabawa Afarwa dai galibi suna bin mazhabar Shafi'iyya ce ta Ahlus-Sunnah. Daruruwan Sufaye irin su Qadiriyya su ma sun yaɗu a tsakanin Afarwa. Rayuwar addinan Afar tana da ɗan daidaitawa tare da gaurayawan ra'ayoyin Musulunci da na jahiliyya kamar hadayun ruwan sama a wurare masu tsarki, duba, da waraka na jama'a. Al'adu A cikin zamantakewa, an tsara su zuwa dangin dangi karkashin jagorancin dattawa da manyan aji biyu: asaimara ('ja') waɗanda suke da rinjaye a siyasa, da kuma adoimara ('fararen') wadanda suke aiki kuma ana samun su a cikin tsaunin Mabla Ƙabila na iya zama ruwa kuma har ma sun haɗa da na waje kamar dangin Issa Bugu da kari, ana yi wa Afarawa suna da bajintar yaki. Maza a al'adance suna ɗaukar jile, sanannen wuƙa mai lanƙwasa. Har ila yau, suna da faifan waƙoƙin yaƙi. Afarwa galibi masu kiwo ne, musamman kiwon rakuma amma kuma suna kiwon awaki, tumaki, da shanu. Ko da yake, raguwar wuraren kiwo na dabbobinsu da gurɓacewar muhalli ya sa wasu ƴan ƙabilar Afar a maimakon haka su koma noma, aikin ƙaura, da kasuwanci. A al'adance 'yan ƙabilar Afar na Habasha sun tsunduma cikin cinikin gishiri amma a baya-bayan nan 'yan kabilar Tigray sun dauki wannan sana'a. Bayanan kula Nassoshi Mordechai Abir, Zamanin sarakuna: ƙalubalen Musulunci da sake haɗewar daular Kirista, 1769-1855 (London: Longmans, 1968). J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam a Habasha (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege na Jami'ar Press, 1952). Kara karantawa Omniglot Harshen Afar Ethnologue Afar Harshen Habasha Harsuna Mutanen Afirka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
24354	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbekoya	Agbekoya	A Agbekoya Parapo yayi haddin shari'a a 1968-1969, shi ne wanda aka fi sani da Agbekoya ko Egbe Agbekoya ya kasan ce yayi tawaye na manoma wanda hakan ya kasance ne a wani ƙauyen dake Najeriya, wanda yankin Yoruba sun kasan ce mafi yawan jama'a a kasar. Mutanen Ibadan na Jihar Oyo ta yanzu suka yi wannan yaƙin kuma suka ci nasara akan Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, a madadin duk ƙasar Yarbawa. Wasu garuruwa biyu na Ibadan ne suka jagorance ta: AKaran da ƙauyen Akufo. Ita ce sananniyar tawayen siyasa da manoma ke jagoranta a tarihin Yammacin Najeriya, kuma ƙungiyoyin talakawa na ci gaba da ambaton shi a matsayin kyakkyawan nasarar aikin gama gari a kan manufofin gwamnati da ba a so. An yi tawayen ne da nufin tayar da hankali don rage harajin, duk da cewa wasu sun yi imanin cewa akwai masu haifar da siyasa. Bayan Fage A cikin shekarun 1950, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya ta kafa wuraren adana kayayyaki na cikin gida a sassa da dama na kasar. Wuraren ajiye kaya sun zama shagunan musayar kayayyakin da gwamnati ke sha'awar siyo daga manoma. Yankin Yamma mai albarka ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi samar da koko a duniya, kuma gwamnatin yankin na fatan ƙara yawan kuɗin harajin da take samu daga manoma ta hanyar daidaita siyar da amfanin gona ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar aikin gona na jihohi, wanda kuma aka sani da allon talla. Yawancin samfuran da za a siyar da su za a yi su ne ta hanyar kimantawa, jarrabawa, kuma wani lokacin yin ciniki kafin siye. Dangane da wannan yanayin, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar manoma don wakiltar sha'awar manoma a cikin sabon tsarin talla. An fassara daga Yarbanci, Agbekoya Parapo na nufin "ƙungiyar manoma da ke ƙin wahala." Ƙungiyar ta kasance magaji ga tsarin asali na ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar aiki daidai da ƙungiyar ƙwadago kuma ta ɗauki al'adun guilds na sana'a waɗanda suka tsara ƙa'idodin aiki da manufofi na ƙarni a yankin. Ma'aikatan Yarbawa a cikin sana'o'i daban -daban bisa al'ada sun tsara kansu zuwa "egbes", ƙungiyoyi na ƙungiyoyi da guilds waɗanda ke kare muradun membobinsu a cikin yanayin da ke buƙatar ɗaukar matakin gama gari. A farkon farkon samun 'yancin kan Najeriya, Action Group, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Yankin Yammaci, ta dauki wani tsari na warware matsalolin yankin baki daya. Hanyoyi da yawa da ke zuwa ƙauyuka an yi wa kwaskwarima, an ba da daraja ga ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, an kuma samar da makarantu don ingantaccen ilimi. Duk da haka, yayin da fagen siyasar Najeriya ya zama mafi rikitarwa tare da daure babban jagoran siyasa Cif Obafemi Awolowo, juyin mulkin 1966, da kuma farkon yakin Biafra, 'yan siyasa sun zo kallon manoma a matsayin' yan amshin shata don amfani da dabarun zabe. A gida daffo jami'an ma ya fara gabatar da kansu a matsayin qananan talakansa iyayengiji, m cin hanci da kuma sauran asasshe daga manoman kafin karbar su girbi for sale. Abubuwan da aka samar sun fara zamewa zuwa mummunan yanayi, duk da cewa gwamnati ta ci gaba da neman haraji don kula da su. Membobin gungun dabbobin da ba su dace ba waɗanda a ƙarshe suka haɗa kansu zuwa Agbekoya sun fara haɓaka dabarun yaƙi yayin bala'in cutar kumburi a kan gonakin koko a cikin shekarun 1950. Suna kiran kansu Kungiyar Maiyegun (ko 'Yawa Mai Yawa'), sun bijirewa yunkurin wakilan gwamnati na lalata bishiyoyin da abin ya shafa akan cewa manoma ba za su iya rasa amfanin gona ba tare da diyya ba. An yi artabun tashin hankali da dama kafin a sasanta lamarin don goyon bayan gasar. Yayin da rumbunan adana kayan cikin gida suka zama cibiyoyi a rayuwar tattalin arziƙin talakawan manoma, ƙungiyar da sauran manoma da yawa sun ci gaba da yin korafi game da wasu batutuwan da suka ga ba daidai ba Matsalolin farko da manoma ke da su shine ƙa'idodin da ba a yarda da su ba waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don yin bincike, wanda ke nufin cewa an yi watsi da ɗimbin koko da aka girbe a matsayin wanda bai dace ba don siyarwa; da ƙananan farashin da suka karɓa don samfuran da aka karɓa waɗanda suka isa kasuwa. Manoman sun koka kan yadda aka yi watsi da abubuwan more rayuwa na hanyoyin da yakamata su bi don isa wuraren ajiya. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma nemi su biya harajin leɓe, babban abin dogaro a lokacin rashin tabbas na tattalin arziki. Tawayen Mulkin soji ya sauko a fagen siyasa sakamakon gazawar da yawancin gwamnatocin da suka shuɗe, ciki har da manoma. Ba da daɗewa ba aka bar wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa daga sa hannun gwamnati. Hakanan, wasu citizensan ƙasa masu ilimin jami'a sun fara fitowa a sakamakon manufofin ilimi na yankin a cikin 1950s. Haɗuwa da waɗannan fitattun mutane, haɗe tare da jagoranci mafi ƙwarewa tsakanin Agbękoya Parapo, ya haifar da juzu'i iri -iri kuma an haifi motsi na siyasa mai ƙarfi. Shugabannin Agbękoya na lokacin sune Mustapha Okikirungbo, Tafa Popoola, Adeniyi Eda, Adeagbo Kobiowo, Rafiu Isola da Mudasiru Adeniran. Shugabannin sun yanke shawarar saita manufa ta ƙungiya kamar haka: Cire jami'an karamar hukumar da ke wawure garuruwansu Cire wasu Baales Rage yawan harajin lebur daga 8 Ƙarshen amfani da ƙarfi wajen tara haraji Ƙaruwar farashin koko Inganta hanyoyin da ke kaiwa zuwa ƙauyuka da yawa Manoma ihu Oke mefa laosan! Oke mefa laosan! (“Shillan 30 kawai muke biya!”) Yayin da suke tafiya cikin ƙauye bayan ƙauye don shawo kan manoman yankin da kar su biya wani haraji ga gwamnan soja na jihar ta Yamma. Wadannan manoma sun jagoranci jagorancin Adegoke Akekuejo, Tafa Adeoye, Folarin Idowu, Mudasiru Adeniran da Tafa Popoola. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu manoma da shuwagabannin su sannu a hankali suka bar ƙauyukan kuma suka nufi zauren Mapo, mazaunin gwamnatin yankin. A can, sun mamaye ofisoshin jami'ai, inda suka bayyana cewa za su biya 1.10 kawai. Daga nan Mayhem ya sauko kan babban birni da ƙauyuka da yawa. Don rage tashin hankali, gwamnati ta yi amfani da amfani da ƙarfi da tashin hankali don kwantar da tarzomar sannan ta kame wasu daga cikin shugabannin Agbękoya. Koyaya, manoma sun ɗauki fansa mai ƙarfi akan gine -ginen gwamnati, kuma a sakamakon haka, an kashe jami'ai da yawa. Zamanin Agbękoya ya cinye fagen siyasar Yammacin Najeriya a daidai lokacin da al'umma ke yaƙin basasa da Yankin Gabashin Najeriya a yakin Biafra. A matsayin hanyar zanga -zangar adawa da gwamnatin soji, Agbękoya ta kai hari kan manyan alamomin ikon gwamnati kamar gidajen kotu da ginin gwamnati, tare da sakin dubunnan fursunoni tare da membobinsu da aka daure. Sai dai sakin Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya taimaka wajen kwantar da tarzomar, yayin da yake tattaunawa kai tsaye da shugabannin kungiyar. Bayan Sakamakon tarzomar ya haifar da cire wani jami'in ƙaramar hukumar da ke kula da ƙauyuka, cire Baales, rage ƙimar harajin kwastomomi, kawo ƙarshen amfani da ƙarfi don cire haraji, ƙara farashin koko da inganta hanyoyin zuwa kauyuka. Gwamnati a lokacin ta amince da wannan rangwamen. Tarzomar a cikin dogon lokaci ana ganin tana da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta da tarzomar da ta gabata. Babban dalilan da suka haifar da tarzomar sun samo asali ne daga hauhawar agrarian populism. Yanayin yanki mai tarwatsewa ya faru kusan lokaci guda. An yi la'akari da wannan fitowar ta tarzoma a matsayin bayyananniyar ajin da ta dace. Manazarta Yarbawa Ƴan
24899	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackichand%20Singh	Jackichand Singh	Telem Jackichand Singh (An haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. A cikin gida yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob ɗin Indian Super League, na East Bengal, a matsayin aro daga Mumbai City, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Indiya Sana'a Royal Wahingdoh Jackichand ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa don Royal Wahingdoh, sannan a cikin I-League 2nd Division, a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2011 a Gasar Cin Kofin Federation da Churchill Brothers Wahingdoh ya ci wasan da ci 2-1 inda Jacki ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 53 don kammala tashin hankali a kofin. Jackichand zai sake yin wasa sau biyu a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin tarayya, ya sake zira kwallaye, amma ba zai iya taimakawa kungiyarsa fice daga rukunin ba. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Royal Wahingdoh a lokacin kamfen ɗin su na 2011 I-League 2nd Division kuma zai zira kwallaye uku a lokacin rukunin, yana taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta cancanci zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta 2 na shekarar 2011 a matsayin masu nasara a rukuni, amma Wahingdoh ya gama na 6. kuma ya kasa samun ci gaba. Jackichand ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar a lokacin gasar I-League ta shekarar 2012, inda Wahingdoh ya sake samun cancantar shiga rukuninsu a matsayin wadanda suka lashe gasar a zagayen karshe, inda Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu. A lokacin zagaye na ƙarshe, za mu iya lissafin wasanni 10 da ya yi, ya zira kwallaye 8 amma ba zai iya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta sami ci gaba zuwa I-League ba. Jackichand ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Royal Wahingdoh na rukunin I-League na shekarar 2013 amma a wannan karon, Wahingdoh ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe daga rukuninsu yayin da suka gama na uku. A ƙarshe, yana cikin rukunin I-League na shekarar 2014 lokacin da Wahingdoh ya lashe gasar don haka ya sami ci gaba, bayan samun cancantar zama masu nasara a rukunin zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe na I-League 2nd Division shekara ta 2014, lokacin da Jackichand ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen ƙarshe. 2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand ya fara wasan farko na sabuwar kakar don Royal Wahingdoh bayan samun ci gaba, a kan Mumbai a gasar cin kofin Federation na shekarun 2014 da 15 a cikin nasarar 2-1 inda ya zira duka ƙwallon ƙungiyarsa a kowane ɓangaren rabin lokaci. Ya zira kwallon sa ta uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Tarayya da Sporting Goa ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 a raunin 2-1. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar I-league a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu da Shillong Lajong a farkon Shillong Derby a cikin I-league kuma ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh don Kwallo na Biyu a cikin nasara 2-1. Jackichand ya zira kwallon sa ta farko I-League a kan Salgaocar Ya ci kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Bharat FC a ranar 21 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015. Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Pune a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. Ya taimaki Godwin Franco a wasan da suka ci 1-0 a gida da Gabashin Bengal a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015. Jackichand ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh sau uku don hat-trick da ya yi da Salgaocar a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015 a nasarar 4-2 ga tawagarsa. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand an ba shi mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Super League na Indiya Pune City A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2015, an yi gwanjon Jackichand don yin wasa da FC Pune City akan 45 lakhs 58.2k) a cikin Super Indian na 2015 Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a lokacin Delhi Dynamos na ISL a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ɗauki wasanni biyu kacal ya ci wa ƙungiyar kwallaye a kan ATK a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ci kwallon a cikin minti 1 da dakika 15. Ita ce ƙwallo mafi sauri da aka ci a bugun ISL na biyu. Ya buga wasansa na karshe a kulob din da NorthEast United a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015. Ya kammala kakar wasa tare da wasanni 9, inda ya zira kwallaye guda daya a cikin tsari. I-League Salgaocar (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 2016, Jackichand ya rattaba hannu kan Salgaocar yayin da Royal Wahingdoh ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga I-League, a matsayin aro daga Pune City don I-League na 2015-16. Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar wasa a cikin 2015–16 I-League da Bengaluru FC 9 Janairu 2016. Jackichand ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Salgaocar a kan Mumbai a I-League a cikin rashin nasara 2-1. Ya buga wasan karshe na kulob din da Sporting Goa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2016. Komawa zuwa ISL Mumbai City A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Mumbai City ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Jackichand a karo na uku na ISL. Ya fara wasansa na farko ranar 3 ga Oktoba a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Pune City, inda ya maye gurbin Léo Costa a minti na 90 a wasan da suka ci 1-0. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2016, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko da nasara, a minti na 45 a kan NorthEast United bayan mai tsaron ragar NorthEast Lima Gomes ya yi kuskure. Ya buga wasansa na karshe na kulob din da ATK a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2016, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 (raunin 3-2) a wasan zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe. Komawa I-League Gabashin Bengal (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara 2017, Singh ya rattaba hannu don kulob din I-League na gabas Bengal don kakar I-League ta 2016-17. Ya fara wasan farko da zakarun zakarun Aizawl a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2017 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. Amma bayyanar da wahalar zuwa Singh kamar yadda babban kocin Gabashin Bengal Trevor Morgan baya buƙatar masu yawo a cikin tsarin sa. Ya buga wasanni 7 ne kawai a kulob din wanda daga ciki wasanni 4 suka fito daga benci. Wasansa na karshe na kulob din ya zo ne da Punjab a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2017. Komawa zuwa ISL (x2) Kerala Blasters A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, shekara 2017, an zaɓi Singh a zagaye na 8th na 2017-18 'Yan wasan ISL na Kerala Blasters don kakar 2017 18 na Indian Super League Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2017 da ATK Ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Courage Pekuson na minti na 81 yayin da Kerala Blasters ya yi canjaras 0-0. Daga nan Singh ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Goa Ya zira kwallaye daidai wa Kerala Blasters a minti na 30 don yin 2-2 amma abin takaici kulob din zai ci gaba da yin rashin nasara 5-2. Daga nan ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallo ta biyu a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara 2018 a kan Pune City Kwallon da ya zura a minti na 58 shine farkon fara wasan a nasarar 2-1 ga Blasters. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye 2 cikin wasanni 17 da ya bugawa kungiyar yayin da Kerala Blasters ya kare a matsayi na 6 a jadawalin gasar FC Goa A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara 2018, ya sanya hannu kan Goa daga Kerala Blasters A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu ya ci kwallo daga yadi 22 wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwallo mafi sauri a cikin 18-19 ISL kakar wanda ya haifar da nasarar 3-0 ga FC Goa a kan masu nasara ISL sau biyu ATK Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi burge Gaurs a kakar wasa ta farko tare da su, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 sannan ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 21 yayin da ya taimaki Goa ya kai wasan karshe na ISL. Ya ci gaba da wannan tsari ta hanyar zira kwallaye 5 a wasanni 19 a kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob din yayin da Goa ya kare a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin gasar, kuma ta haka ne ya zama kulob din Indiya na farko da ya cancanci shiga rukunin rukunin Champions League na AFC. Jamshedpur A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2020, Singh ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3 tare da Jamshedpur don kakar ISL mai zuwa. An sanya masa riga mai lamba 12. Ya taimaka a wasansa na farko da Chennaiyin a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba. Mumbai City FC Mumbai City FC ta tabbatar da sa hannun Jackichand Singh daga Jamshedpur FC a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021 don ragowar kakar ISL a shekarar 2020-2021. Dan wasan gefe na Manipur ya ba da taimako uku a wasanni 12 da ya yi wa Jamshedpur FC a gasar Super League ta Indiya 2020-2021. Kasashen duniya Jackichand ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa wasa da Nepal a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Lalrindika Ralte A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar 2019 da Laos, ya taimaka sau uku bayan ya maye gurbinsa a farkon rabin nasarar da Indiya ta ci 6-1. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Jacki ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Udanta Kumam a minti na 44 a wasan gida da Laos a filin wasa na Indira Gandhi Athletic, Guwahati inda ya ba da taimako uku kuma ya taimaka wa Indiya ta cancanci zuwa zagaye na uku na wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Jackichand ya ci ƙwallon sa ta farko ga Indiya a nasarar 4 1 akan Puerto Rico a Andheri Sports Complex, Mumbai. Ƙididdigar sana'a Kulob Kasashen duniya Indiya da aka jera da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Jackichand. Gasar Super League ta Indiya 2018–19 Super Cup na Indiya 2019 Na ɗaya I-League 2014-15 Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa na kakar Rayuwar mutum Babban wahayi na Singh shine ɗan wasan Manipuri Renedy Singh, da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jackie Chan, wanda aka sanya masa suna. Ya fito ne daga ƙasƙantar da kai kuma abokan wasan sa da abokan sa sun san shi da Jacki. Ya auri Beauty kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru uku mai suna Civic. An saka sunayen matarsa da dansa a hannunsa na dama. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1992 Pages with unreviewed
30432	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20El%20Filali	Amina El Filali	Amina El Filali (wani lokaci kuma ana kiranta da Amina Filali) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1996-2012) yarinya ce mai shekaru 16 daga Larache, Morocco, wacce ta kashe kanta ta hanyar shan gubar bera a ranar 10 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2012, bayan danginta sun tilasta mata. don auren wani mutum da ya yi mata fyaɗe tana shekara 15. A cewar sashe na 475 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Morocco, an baiwa wanda ya yi fyaden damar kaucewa gurfanar da shi ta hanyar auren wanda aka azabtar. Wannan lamarin ya ja hankali sosai ga dokar Morocco, kuma mutane da yawa sun nuna sha'awar a canza dokar. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na yankin sun kuma yi kira da a soke doka mai lamba 475 na kundin hukunta laifukan yaki na Moroko, wanda ke kawar da aikata laifin fyaɗe idan wanda ya yi fyaɗen ya auri wanda aka azabtar. Shekaru biyu bayan kisan kai, majalisar ta yanke shawarar yin gyara a shafi na 475; An gyara shi a cikin shekara ta 2014. A shekarar 2013 ne aka fitar da wani shirin fim game da Amina Filali, wanda ya nuna cewa an taba samun irin wadannan abubuwa guda hudu a tarihin garin. Kashe kai da halayen gaggawa Amina El Filali ta kashe kanta ta hanyar shan gubar bera A cewar ‘yan uwanta, ta yi hakan ne saboda fidda rai bayan an tilasta mata auren Mustafa Fellaq, wanda ya girme ta da shekaru goma wanda ya yi mata fyade sau biyu. Duk da rudani da aka samu a asusun danginta da kuma mijin da ya yi mata fyade nan da nan, Mustapha El Khalfi, mai magana da yawun gwamnati kuma ministan sadarwa ya bayyana cewa: “An yi wa yarinyar fyade sau biyu, na karshe lokacin da aka yi mata aure. Dole ne mu yi nazari mai zurfi game da halin da ake ciki da kuma yiwuwar ba da jimloli masu tsauri a cikin tsarin bita na labarin 475. Ba za mu iya yin watsi da wannan bala’in ba.” Nan da nan kisan kai ya haifar da bacin rai na kasa da kasa. Mutane sun yada labarin da kuma bacin ransu a shafukan sada zumunta Wani asusun Twitter da maudu'in #RIPAmina akan Twitter suna aiki tare da dubban saƙonni a duk faɗin duniya, kuma wata takarda ta yanar gizo "Avaaz-RIP Amina" ta tattara sa hannun sama da 770,000 a watan Afrilu 2012. Ko da yake an rage yawan su (200 zuwa 400), mutane ma sun nuna. A Larache, an shirya zaman dirshan a gaban kotu wadda da ita ce ke da alhakin shigar da karar Amina. An kuma gudanar da zanga-zanga a gaban majalisar inda mutane ke rike da allunan da ke cewa: "Dukkanmu Aminas ne", "Shari na 475 ya kashe ni", "RIP Amina." Kafofin yada labaran duniya ma sun yi ta yada labarin. Sun yi kira da a hukunta wanda ya yi fyaden, amma galibin a sake yin kwaskwarima ga dokar da ake ganin ta tsufa kuma mai laifi. A cikin kalmomin Khadija Rouggani, lauya kuma mai fafutuka: "Ta kasance wanda aka azabtar da wani labarin doka wanda ke shafe laifuka biyu: sace ko cin hanci da rashawa na karamar yarinya da fyade. Labari mai laifi na 475 ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin ɗimbin ra'ayi na kundin hukunci wanda ke bayyana falsafar uba da mazan jiya. Mata sun zama jiki don a su Yayin da Ministan Shari’a Mustafa Ramid, daga jam’iyyar masu ra’ayin kishin Islama mai mulki ta Justice and Development Party, ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda ya ambaci amincewar Amina maimakon fyade, ma’aikatar shari’a da kanta ta sake fitar da wani sako inda ta tabbatar da cewa tana mutunta doka da mafi girman sha'awar yaron [Amina El Filali] ta hanyar rashin kai ƙara. Kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Democratic League ta shigar da kara domin a hukunta mijin Amina El Filali. A halin yanzu, <i id="mwMQ">Al Massae</i>, jaridar da ta fi shahara a kasar Maroko, ta shirya wani taron zagaya da kuma gayyatar Bassima Hakkaoui, Ministar Mata, Iyali da Ci gaban Jama'a (kuma ministar mata daya tilo a gwamnati), dangin Amina da kuma, abin mamaki. mijin nata, wanda ya kara haifar da bacin rai, duk da bai halarta ba. Mataki na 475 da gyara shi Rubutun labarin 475 kafin a yi masa kwaskwarima a cikin shekara ta 2014 ya ƙunshi ambato mai zuwa: “Lokacin da yarinya ƙaramar shekarun aure da aka sace ko kuma aka lalata ta ta auri wanda ya sace ta, daga baya za a iya gurfanar da shi kawai idan masu gabatar da kara sun cancanci neman a soke auren. aure, kuma ba za a iya yanke hukunci ba bayan an bayyana sokewar" du mariage et ne peut être condamné qu'après que cette annulation du mariage a été prononcée"). Gwamnatin ƙasar Morocco ta sanar da shirin soke dokar kimanin shekara guda bayan kisan kai da Amina Filali ta yi. Daga karshe majalisar ta kada kuri’a don gyara labarin a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2014, kuma an fitar da sabuwar labarin a cikin watan Fabrairun, shekara ta 2014. An fitar da ambaton aure. Kasidar ta yanzu ta 475 kawai ta bayyana haka: “Duk wanda, ba tare da tashin hankali, barazana ko zamba ba, ya sace ko cin hanci da rashawa karami ‘yar kasa da shekara 18, ana hukunta shi da zaman gidan yari na shekara daya zuwa biyar da kuma hukuncin dirhami 200 zuwa 500. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin mata sun kasance masu mahimmanci, suna mai jaddada cewa sauran sassa na kundin hukunta laifukan har yanzu suna buƙatar sake fasalin, misali banbance tsakanin "fyaɗe a fili" da "fyaɗen furanni", ko rashin amincewa da fyade ga mata. Duba kuma 475, wani fim ɗin tarihin ƙasar Moroko game da Amina Filali Aure-ka-yin fyade Les griffes du passé, wani fim na almara na Abdelkrim Derkaoui, wani bangare na labarin Amina Filali, ya fito a cikin 2014. Lazywall na Morocco ya yi waƙa a cikin darija game da Amina Filali. Mai suna “Ana Amina” (Ni ce Amina) kuma ta fito a shekarar 2015 tare da faifan bidiyo. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Maroko ta tsai da kuduri kan auren fyade (17 Maris 2012) www.globalrights.org pdf, shafuka 14 Al Arabiya Maroko: Iyayen Amina sun saba wa bayanan hukuma, sun dage cewa an yi wa diyarsu fyade Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Kisa
20908	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo%20Empire	Oyo Empire	Masarautar Oyo masarautar Yarbawa ce wacce ke gabashin Benin yau da yammacin Najeriya (gami da yankin Kudu maso yamma da kuma yammacin rabin yankin Arewa ta tsakiya). Masarautar Oyo ta zama mafi girma a kasar Yarbawa. Ya tashi ne ta hanyar kwarewar tsari da tsarin mulki na Yarbawa, arzikin da aka samu daga kasuwanci da kuma mahayan dawakai masu ƙarfi. Masarautar Oyo tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman jihohin siyasa gabaɗaya a duk Yammacin Afirka daga tsakiyar 7th zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, mamaye ba kawai a kan mafi yawan sauran masarautun da ke ƙasar Yarbawa ba, har ma da jihohin Afirka na kusa. musamman Masarautar Fon ta Dahomey a Jamhuriyar Benin ta yanzu ta yamma. Asalin almara Asalin masarautar Oyo ya ta'allaka ne da Oranyan (wanda kuma ake kira Oranmiyan), basaraken ƙarshe na Masarautar Yarbawa ta Ile-Ife (Ife). Oranyan ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da dan uwansa don kaddamar da farmaki a kan makwabtansu na arewa saboda cin mutuncin mahaifinsu Oduduwa, Ooni na farko na Ife. A hanyar zuwa yaƙin, ’yan’uwa sun yi faɗa kuma sojojin sun rabu. Oarfin Oranyan yayi ƙanƙanta don yin nasarar kai hari, don haka ya yi ta yawo zuwa gabar kudu har ya isa Bussa. Can babban basaraken yankin ya nishadantar da shi sannan ya samar da wani katon maciji mai dauke da tsafin sihiri hade da makogwaronsa. Shugaban ya umarci Oranyan da ya bi macijin har sai da ya tsaya a wani wuri har tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan ya bace a cikin kasa. Oranyan ya bi shawarar kuma ya kafa Oyo inda macijin ya tsaya. Ana tuna shafin kamar Ajaka. Oranyan ya sanya Oyo sabuwar masarautarsa kuma ta zama ta farko "oba" (ma'ana 'sarki' ko 'mai mulki' a yaren Yarbanci) da take da "Alaafin na Oyo" (Alaafin na nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci). Ya bar duk dukiyar da ya mallaka a cikin Ife kuma ya ba wani sarki damar yin mulkin can. A wani lokaci, Oyo-ile tana cikin yaƙi da Bariba na Borgu, waɗanda ke son su mallaki sabon garin da har yanzu ake kan gini. Orangun Ajagunla na Ila, babban yayan Oranmiyan, ya kutsa kai tare da mutanensa don taimakawa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasarar yaƙi, Oranmiyan ya sami ɗa, Ajuwon Ajaka; da yawa daga baya Arabambi matar ta haifa daga Tapa (Nupe). An yi imanin cewa sunan "Sango" mahaifinsa ne ya ba shi ko kuma ya karɓa ne daga sunan gida na Allah na tsawa. Ko ta yaya gidan sarauta ya keɓe ga Ruhohin aradu (Jakuta) da Yaƙi (Ogun). Zamanin farko (ƙarni na 12 1535) Oranyan, sarki na farko (sarki) na Oyo, sai Oba Ajaka, Alaafin na Oyo suka gaje shi. An cire Ajaka daga mulki, saboda ba shi da halayyar soja ta Yarbawa kuma ya ba wa kananan shugabanninsa 'yanci sosai. Bayan haka an ba jagoranci ga ɗan'uwan Ajaka, Shango, wanda daga baya aka mai da shi allahn tsawa da walƙiya. Ajaka ya sake dawowa bayan mutuwar Sango. Ajaka ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki sosai yafi son yaƙi da zalunci. Magajinsa, Kori, ya sami nasarar cinye sauran abin da masana tarihi na gaba za su kira da babban birnin Oyo. Ibadan Zuciyar birnin Oyo ita ce babban birninta a Oyo-Ile (wanda kuma aka sani da Oyo Katunga ko Old Oyo ko Oyo-oro Manya-manyan gine-gine biyu a cikin Oyo-Ile sune 'Afin,' ko kuma fadar Oba, da kuma kasuwar sa. Fadar tana tsakiyar gari kusa da kasuwar Oba da ake kira 'Oja-Oba'. Kewayen babban birnin katangar katuwar kasa ce don tsaro tare da ƙofofi 17. Mahimmancin manyan gine-ginen biyu (fada da Oja Oba) sun nuna mahimmancin sarki a Oyo. Mamayar Nupe Oyo ta zama babbar karfaffiyar ikon ruwa a karshen karni na 14. Fiye da ƙarni ɗaya, ƙasar Yarbawa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar biyan kuɗin maƙwabta. A lokacin mulkin Onigbogi, Oyo ta sha kashi a hannun sojoji a hannun Nupe wanda Tsoede ya jagoranta. Wani lokaci a kusan 1535, Nupe sun mamaye Oyo kuma suka tilasta wa daularta mai mulki mafaka a masarautar Borgu. Nupe ta kori babban birni, ta lalata Oyo a matsayin ikon yanki har zuwa farkon karni na 17. Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1608-1800) Yarabawan Oyo sun shiga tsararrun shekaru 80 a matsayin daula da ke gudun hijira bayan da Nupe ta kayar da su. Sun sake kafa Oyo a matsayin mafi karko da fadada fiye da kowane lokaci. Mutane sun ƙirƙiri gwamnatin da ta kafa ikonta a kan babbar daula. A cikin karni na 17, Oyo ta fara dogon layi na girma, ta zama babbar daula. Oyo bata taba mamaye dukkan masu jin yaren Yarbanci ba, amma ita ce masarauta mafi yawan mutane a tarihin Yarbawa. Sake hukunci da fadadawa Babban mabuɗin sake gina Yarbawa na Oyo ya kasance mai ƙarfi sojoji da kuma tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Karɓar hanya daga abokan gaba na Nupe (waɗanda suke kira "Tapa"), Yarbawa sun sake yin yaƙi da makamai da mahayan dawakai. Oba Ofinran, Alaafin na Oyo, ya yi nasarar dawo da asalin yankin Oyo daga Nupe. An gina sabon babban birni, Oyo-Igboho, kuma asalin ya zama ana kiran sa Tsohon Oyo. Oba na gaba, Eguguojo, ya mamaye kusan duk ƙasar Yarbawa. Bayan wannan, Oba Orompoto ya jagoranci kai hare-hare don shafe Nupe don tabbatar da Oyo ba ta sake fuskantar barazanar su ba. A lokacin mulkin Oba Ajiboyede, ya gudanar da bikin Bere na farko, taron bikin murnar zaman lafiya a masarautar. Ana yin bikin akai-akai, zai riƙe mahimmancin gaske tsakanin Yarbawa tun bayan faɗuwar Oyo. A karkashin magajinsa, Abipa, Yarbawa sun sake mamaye Oyo-Ile tare da sake gina babban birni na asali. Duk da gazawar yunƙurin mamaye Daular Benin wani lokaci tsakanin 1578 da 1608, Oyo ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Yarbawa sun ba da ikon cin gashin kai a kudu maso gabashin birnin Oyo, inda yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba za su iya zama buffa tsakanin Oyo da Imperial Benin. A ƙarshen karni na 16, jihohin Ewe da Aja na Benin na yau suna girmama Oyo. Yaƙe-yaƙe Dahomey Masarautar Oyo da aka dawo da ita ta fara zuwa kudu tun a shekarar 1682. A ƙarshen fadada aikin soja, iyakokin Oyo zasu isa bakin teku kusan kudu maso yamma na babban birninta. Ya ɗan fuskanci adawa mai tsanani har zuwa farkon karni na 18. A cikin 1728, Masarautar Oyo ta mamaye Masarautar Dahomey a cikin wani babban kamfen na dakarunta. Jaruman Dahomey, a gefe guda, ba su da mahayan dawakai amma bindigogi da yawa. Bindigar su ta tsoratar da dawakan Oyo dawakai da hana caji. Sojojin Dahomey sun kuma gina katanga kamar ramuka, wanda ya tilasta sojojin Oyo yin yaƙi a matsayin ƙanana. Yaƙin ya ɗauki kwana huɗu, amma Yarabawa sun sami nasara bayan ƙarfafawa sun zo. Dahomey an tilasta shi girmamawa ga Oyo. Yarbawa sun mamaye Dahomey har sau bakwai kafin daga karshe su mallaki karamar masarauta a shekarar 1748. Cin nasara daga baya Tare da mahayan dawakai, Oyo ta yi kamfen cikin nasara da fatattaka daga nesa. Sojojin Oyo sun sami damar kai farmaki katanga na kariya, amma samar da sojoji ke da wuya, sai suka janye lokacin da kayan suka kare. Oyo ba ta yi amfani da bindiga a cikin manyan nasarorinta ba. Sojoji sun jira har karni na 19 don karban su. A cikin 1764, rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Akan (Akyem) -Dahomey-Oyo ta karya rundunar Asante Nasarar kawancen ta bayyana iyakoki tsakanin jihohin makwabta. Oyo ta jagoranci kamfen mai nasara cikin yankin Mahi a arewacin Dahomey a ƙarshen karni na 18. Yarbawa ma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwan kwarinsu; Misali, sun cimma nasarar toshe jirgin ruwa na Badagri na 1784 tare da rundunar Oyo-Dahomey-Lagos. Kungiya Da farko, mutane sun maida hankali ne a cikin babban birnin Oyo. Tare da fadada masarauta, Oyo ta sake tsari don inganta kyakkyawan tsarin mallakar ta a ciki da wajen kasar Yarbawa. Ya kasu kashi hudu wanda aka ayyana shi dangane da asalin masarautar. Wadannan layukan sune Metropolitan Oyo, kudu na yankin Yarbawa, hanyar Egbado da Ajaland. Birnin Oyo Birnin Oyo ya yi daidai, fiye ko lessasa, zuwa jihar Oyo kafin mamayewar Nupe. Wannan shi ne matattarar masarauta, inda Yarbawa ke magana da yarukan Oyo. Metropolitan Oyo an raba shi zuwa larduna shida, tare da uku a gefen yamma na Kogin Ogun da uku zuwa gabashin kogin. Kowane lardi yana karkashin kulawar gwamnan da Alaafin na Oyo ya nada kai tsaye. Kasar Yarbawa Fasali na biyu na masarautar ya kunshi garuruwan da ke kusa da Oyo-Ile, waɗanda aka san su a matsayin 'yan uwan juna. Wannan yankin yana kudu da babban birnin Oyo, kuma mazauna Yarbawa suna magana da yarurruka daban daban da na Oyo. Wadannan jihohin masu fada-aji sun sami jagorancin shugabanninsu, mai taken Obas, wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su. Egbado Corridor Tsarin mulkin na uku shine hanyar Egbado da ke kudu maso yammacin kasar Yarbawa. Egba da Egbado suna zaune wannan yankin, kuma ya ba da tabbacin kasuwancin Oyo da bakin teku. An ba wa rarar Egba da Egbado, kamar takwarorinsu na Yarbawa, su mallaki kansu. Duk da haka, Ajele ya kula dasu. Wadannan wakilai ne wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya nada domin kula da maslaharsa da kuma lura da kasuwanci. Babban wakilin Oyo a cikin hanyar shine Olu, mai mulkin garin Ilaro. Aja Ajaland ita ce layin karshe da aka kara wa masarautar. Ya kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali da nesa, kuma ya kasance daidai da barazanar balaguro akan sa. Wannan yankin ya faro ne daga yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba da ke yamma da Hanyar Egbado har zuwa yankin da ake sarrafawa ta Ewe a cikin Togo ta zamani. Wannan yanki, kamar sauran jihohin da ke yankin, an ba su dama ta cin gashin kai muddin ana biyan haraji, ana bin umarni daga Oyo sosai, kuma an ba da dama ga kasuwannin cikin gida ga 'yan kasuwar Oyo. Oyo sau da yawa suna neman haraji a cikin bayi. Manyan hafsoshin sojojin wani lokacin sukan yi yaƙi da wasu mutane don kama bayi saboda wannan dalili. An san Oyo da azabtar da rashin biyayya ta hanyar kashe-kashen jama’ar da suka kuskure, kamar yadda aka yi a Allada a 1698. Tsarin siyasa Masarautar Oyo ta haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin siyasa don sarrafa yankunanta. Masana ba su tantance nawa wannan tsarin ya kasance ba kafin mamayewar Nupe. Bayan sake dawowa daga gudun hijira a farkon karni na 17, Oyo ta kasance da kyakkyawar halayyar mayaƙa. An nuna tasirin al'adun Yarbawa mai zafin rai a cikin matsayin da aka sanya akan oba (sarki) da kuma matsayin majalisar sa. Alaafin Oyo Oba (ma'ana 'sarki' a cikin harshen Yarbanci) a Oyo, wanda ake kira da Alaafin na Oyo (Alaafin yana nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci), shi ne shugaban masarautar kuma mai iko da mutane. Ya kasance mai alhakin kiyayewa raƙuman ruwa daga hari, sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin masu mulki, da sasantawa tsakanin waɗancan ƙananan sarakunan da jama'arsu. Alaafin na Oyo kuma ana sa ran zai ba wa wadanda ke karkashinsa karramawa da kyaututtuka. A sakamakon haka, duk wasu shugabannin kananan hukumomi sun yi mubaya'a ga Oba tare da sabunta biyayyarsu a bukukuwan shekara-shekara Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine bikin Bere, wanda ke nuna shelar samun nasarar mulki ta Alaafin. Bayan bikin Bere, zaman lafiya a ƙasar Yarbawa ya kamata ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku. Ba za a iya zubar da sarki ba amma ana iya tilasta shi ya kashe kansa idan ba a son shi kuma. Wannan ya yi ta aika Bashorun (Firayim ministan) zuwa yanzu dai an komai calabash ko tasa na aku 's qwai to shi kuma wuce jumla kin amincewa, da aka sani da Awon Eniyan Koo (watau cikin mutane ƙaryata ka, duniya kuwa ya ƙaryata game da ku kuma alloli sun ƙi ku ma). Bisa ga al'ada, ana sa ran Alaafin ya kashe kansa daga baya bayan haka. Zabin Alaafin The Oyo Empire was not a purely hereditary monarchy, nor was it an absolute one. The Oyo Mesi selected the Alaafin. He was not always closely related to his predecessor, although he did have to be descended from Oranmiyan, a son of Oduduwa, and to hail from the Ona Isokun ward (which is one of the three royal wards). At the beginning of the Oyo Empire, the Alaafin's eldest son usually succeeded his father upon the throne. This sometimes led the crown prince, known as the Aremo, to hasten the death of his father. In order to prevent this occurrence, it became traditional for the crown prince to be made to commit ritual suicide upon his father's death. Independent of the succession, the Aremo was quite powerful in his own right. For instance, by custom the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. By contrast, the Aremo often left the palace. This led the noted historian S. Johnson to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the king for the general public". The two councils which checked the Alaafin had a tendency to select a weak Alaafin after the reign of a strong one to keep the office from becoming too powerful. Ilari Alaafin na Oyo ya nada wasu jami'ai na addini da na gwamnati, wadanda galibi babba ne Waɗannan jami'an an san su da suna ilari ko rabin kawuna, saboda al'adar aske rabin kawunansu da amfani da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sihiri ne a cikinsu. Daruruwan Ilari sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin maza da mata. Membersananan membobin Ilari sun yi ƙananan ayyuka, yayin da tsofaffi suka yi aiki a matsayin masu gadi ko wani lokacin manzo zuwa wata duniyar ta hanyar sadaukarwa. Lakabinsu da ke da alaƙa da sarki, kamar su oba l'olu ("sarki shi ne babba") ko ("kar a yi adawa da shi"). Sun ɗauki magoya da ja da kore a matsayin takardun shaida na matsayin su. Duk kananan kotunan Oyo suna da Ilari wanda ya kasance 'yan leken asiri da masu karbar haraji. Oyo ta nada wadannan ne don su ziyarci wasu lokuta kuma suna zaune a Dahomey da kuma hanyar Egbado Corridor don karbar haraji da kuma leken asirin nasarorin da Dahomey ya samu, ta yadda Alaafin na Oyo zai sami abin yi. Majalisar Yayin da Alaafin na Oyo ya kasance mai cikakken iko da mutane, ba a duba ikon sa ba. Oyo Mesi da Yarbawan Duniyar Yarbawa da aka sani da suna Ogboni sun tsare ikon Oba Oyo Mesi sun yi magana ne don ‘yan siyasa yayin da Ogboni ya yi magana don mutane kuma ikon addini ya goyi bayan su. Alaarfin Alaafin na Oyo dangane da Oyo Mesi da Ogboni ya dogara da halayen kansa da wayewar siyasa. Oyo Mesi Oyo Mesi sun kasance manyan kansiloli bakwai na jihar. Sun kafa Majalisar Zabe kuma suna da ikon yin doka. Bashorun ke jagoranta, suna aiki a matsayin firaminista, kuma sun hada da Agbaakin, Samu, Alapini, Laguna, Akiniku da Ashipa, sun wakilci muryar al'umma kuma suna da babban nauyin kare muradun masarautar. An bukaci Alaafin ya dauki shawara daga wurin su a duk lokacin da wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi jihar ya faru. Kowane sarki yana da aikin jiha na yin sa a kotu kowace safiya da maraice. Kowannensu ma yana da mataimaki wanda za su tura zuwa Alaafin idan ba a iya gujewa rashi. Oyo Mesi ta ci gaba a matsayin binciken ikon Alaafin, yana hana Alaafin zama mai mulkin kama-karya sun tilastawa Alaafiyawa da yawa kashe kansu yayin ƙarni na 17 da 18. Shugaban majalisar Oyo Mesi, da Bashorun, ya nemi shawarar Ifa kafin magajin masarauta don neman yardar daga gumakan. Sabili da haka ana ganin sabbin alloli na Oyo kamar alloli ne suka nada su. Ana ɗauke su a matsayin Ekeji Orisa, ma'ana "mataimakin alloli." Bashorun suna da magana ta karshe game da nadin sabon Alaafin, karfin da yake da shi da na shi kansa sarki. Misali, Bashorun ya tsara bukukuwa da yawa na addini; ya yi wannan ban da kasancewarsa babban kwamandan askarawan soja, wanda ya ba shi babban ikon addini mai zaman kansa. Babban cikin ɗawainiyar Bashorun shine duk wani muhimmin biki na sama. Wannan duba na addini, da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara, shine don tantance idan membobin Mesi har yanzu suna goyon bayan Alaafin. Idan majalisar ta yanke hukunci kan rashin amincewar Alaafin, Bashorun sun gabatarwa da Alaafin da wani dunkulen marmara, ko kwai aku, a matsayin alama cewa lallai ne ya kashe kansa. Wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a cire Alaafin saboda ba a iya sauke shi bisa doka. Da zarar an ba su calabash ko kwan aku, Alaafin, babban dansa Aremo, da mai ba shi shawara a cikin Oyo Mesi, Asamu, duk sai sun kashe kansu don sabunta gwamnati. An yi bikin kashe kansa a lokacin bikin Sama. Ogboni Oyo Mesi ma ba ta more cikakken iko ba. Yayin da Oyo Mesi ke da tasirin siyasa, Ogboni ya wakilci mashahuran ra'ayin da ke da goyon bayan ikon addini, saboda haka Ogboni na iya daidaita ra'ayoyin Oyo Mesi. Akwai dubawa da daidaito kan ikon Alafin da Oyo Mesi kuma saboda haka babu wanda ya yi girman kai cikakken iko. Ogboni ya kasance babbar kungiyar asiri mai karfi wacce ta kunshi 'yanci na gari wadanda aka ambata da shekarunsu, hikimarsu da mahimmancinsu a cikin al'amuran addini da siyasa. Membobinta suna jin daɗin cikakken iko akan talakawa saboda tashar addininsu. Shaida ga yadda yaduwar makarantar ta kasance kasancewar akwai (kuma har yanzu) shuwagabannin Ogboni a kusan dukkanin kananan kotunan cikin kasar Yarbawa. Ban da aikinsu game da bautar duniya, suna da hakkin yanke hukunci game da duk wani abu da ya shafi zubar da jini. Jagoran Ogboni, Oluwo, yana da cancantar isa kai tsaye zuwa Alaafin na Oyo kan kowane lamari. Soja Akwai babban ƙwarewar ƙwarewa a cikin rundunar masarautar Oyo. Nasarorinta na soja ya kasance saboda yawancin dawakai da kuma jagoranci da ƙarfin gwiwar hafsoshin Oyo da mayaƙa. Saboda babban yankin da take mayar da hankali shi ne arewacin dajin, Oyo ta fi jin daɗin noma kuma don haka ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin jama'a. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga ikon Oyo don fitar da babbar runduna koyaushe. Hakanan akwai al'adun soja da suka kafu a Oyo inda cin nasara ya zama tilas kuma cin nasara ya ɗauki nauyin kashe kansa. Babu shakka wannan manufar ta-ko-mutuwa ta ba da gudummawa ga tsokanar soja na janar-janar na Oyo. Sojan doki Masarautar Oyo ita ce kadai kasar Yarbawa da ta dauki dawakai ta yi haka ne saboda yawancin yankunanta yana cikin arewacin savannah Asali mahayan dawakai suna sabani; duk da haka, Nupe, Borgu da Hausa a cikin yankuna makwabta suma sunyi amfani da mahayan dawakai kuma wataƙila sun samo asalin tarihinsu. Oyo ta iya siyan dawakai daga arewa kuma ta kula dasu a cikin babban birin Oyo saboda 'yanci na ɗan tsako daga tsuntsun tsetse Sojan doki doguwar hannu ce ta Daular Oyo. Atearshen balaguron ƙarni na 16 da 17 ya ƙunshi sojojin dawakai gaba ɗaya. Akwai nakasu ga wannan. Oyo ba za ta iya kula da dakarunta masu dawakai a kudu ba amma suna iya kai hari yadda suke so. Sojoji masu dawakai a cikin al'ummomin da suka ci gaba sosai kamar Oyo sun kasu zuwa haske da nauyi. Tã sojan doki a kan ya fi girma shigo da dawakai da aka dauke da makamai nauyi thrusting lances ko māsu da ma tare da takuba Sojojin dawakai masu haske a kan ƙaramar farar fata 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da makamai da jifa da mashi ko baka. Antananan yara Ananan sojoji a yankin da ke kusa da Masarautar Oyo sun kasance iri ɗaya cikin kayan yaƙi da na yaƙi. Duk sojojin ƙanana a yankin sun ɗauki garkuwa, takuba da mashi iri ɗaya ko wata. Garkuwa na da tsayi ƙafa huɗu da faɗi ƙafa biyu kuma an yi ta giwar giwa ko ta sa. Tsawon kafa takobi mai nauyi shi ne babban makamin yaƙi. Yarabawa da maƙwabta sun yi amfani da mashi sau uku waɗanda za a iya jefa su daidai daga taku 30. Tsarin Masarautar Oyo, kamar daulolin da yawa kafinta, sunyi amfani da dakaru na gida da na masu fadada fadada yankunanta. Tsarin rundunar sojan Oyo gabanin masarautarta ta kasance mai sauki kuma tana kusa da gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin babban birinin Oyo. Wannan na iya isa a cikin karni na 15 lokacin da Oyo ke iko da yankin kasar ta kawai, amma don ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba, tsarin ya sami canje-canje da yawa. Eso Oyo ta ci gaba da kasancewa da sojoji na kwararru na sojan doki wadanda ake kira Eso, da Esho ko kuma, bisa tsari, Eso na Ikoyi Waɗannan su ne ƙananan shugabannin yaƙi 70 waɗanda Oyo Mesi ta zaɓa kuma Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su. An nada Eso don ƙwarewar aikin soja ba tare da la'akari da al'adun gargajiya ba, duk da cewa daulolin Eso suma an san su da zama. Eso sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Are-Ona-Kakanfo, kuma sun shahara da rayuwa ta hanyar lambar yaƙi wanda ya yi daidai da Latin dictum infra dignitatem Shin Ona Kakanfo Bayan dawowar Oyo daga gudun hijira, aka kafa mukamin Are-Ona-Kakanfo a matsayin babban kwamandan sojoji. An bukace shi da zama a lardin da ke da matukar muhimmanci don sanya ido kan makiya da kuma hana shi kwace mulkin. A lokacin masarautar Oyo, Are-Ona-Kakanfo da kanshi sun yiwa sojojin da ke filin daga dukkan yakin neman zabe. Sojojin birni Tun da Are-Ona-Kakanfo ba zai iya zama kusa da babban birni ba, dole ne a yi tsare-tsaren don kare wannan a yayin gaggawa. Bashorun, babban memba na Oyo Mesi ne ya ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke cikin birnin na Oyo. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, an raba garin Metropolitan Oyo zuwa larduna shida da aka raba su daidai da kogi. Ta haka aka tara sojojin lardi zuwa rundunoni biyu, karkashin Onikoyi da Okere na gabas da yamma na kogin bi da bi. Knownananan shugabannin yaƙi an san su da Balogun, taken da sojojin da suka gaji jihar Oyo suka gaje shi, wato Ibadan Sojojin Rarraba Shugabannin kabilu da gwamnonin larduna ne ke da alhakin tara haraji da bayar da gudummawar sojoji a ƙarƙashin janar na cikin gida ga sojojin sarki a lokacin gaggawa. Lokaci-lokaci, ana ba shugabannin da ke ba da fatawa damar kai hari ga maƙwabta koda ba tare da goyon bayan babbar rundunar mulkin mallaka ba. Waɗannan rundunonin ana amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin kamfen na Oyo mai nisa a bakin kogi ko wasu jihohi. Kasuwanci Oyo ta zama masarautar kudu ta kasuwancin Trans-Saharan. An yi musaya da gishiri, fata, dawakai, goro kola, hauren giwa, zane da bayi. Yarabawa na babban birnin Oyo suma sun kware sosai a aikin kere kere da aikin karafa. Baya ga haraji kan kayayyakin kasuwanci da ke shigowa da fita daga masarautar, Oyo ta kasance mai wadata daga harajin da aka sanya wa rarar ta. Haraji akan masarautar Dahomey kadai ya kawo adadin da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka dubu 638 a shekara. Zenith Zuwa 1680, Masarautar Oyo ta fadada fiye da murabba'in kilomita 150,000. Ya kai maɗaukakiyar ƙarfinsa a ƙarni na 18. Duk da rikice-rikicen da aka kirkira, an gudanar da shi tare don son kai. Gwamnati ta sami damar samar da haɗin kai ga yanki mai faɗi ta hanyar haɗakar ikon cin gashin kai da ikon masarauta. Ba kamar manyan daulolin savannah ba, wanda Oyo ba za a kira shi magaji ba tunda magaji ne na Ife, babu wani abu idan akwai tasirin Musulunci a daular. Sananne ne cewa aƙalla an ajiye wasu jami'ai musulmai a cikin Metropolitan Oyo, kuma mazaje masu iya rubutu da lissafi cikin larabci 'yan kasuwar Faransa sun ba da rahoton su a 1787 Ragewa Da yawa suna ganin faduwar masarautar Oyo ta fara ne tun a shekarar 1754 tare da dabarun sarauta da juyin mulkin fada da Firaminista Oyo Gaha ya dauki nauyi. Gaha, a kokarinsa na samun cikakken iko, ya hada baki da Oyo Mesi kuma watakila har ila yau Ogboni ya tilasta Alaafiyawa hudu da suka biyo baya don kashe kansu ta hanyar ibada bayan an gabatar da su da alamar kwaron aku. Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1754 kawai, Gaha ya tilasta Alaafins biyu su kashe kansu. Saboda wannan, Alaafin Awonbioju ya kwashe kwanaki 130 a kan karagar mulki, yayin da Alaafin Labisi ya shafe kwanaki 17 kawai a kan karagar. Ba a kawo karshen ha'incin Gaha ba sai a shekarar 1774 a lokacin mulkin Alaafin Abiodun, Alaafin na biyar da ya yi aiki. Daga baya Abiodun ya kashe Gaha amma rashin zaman lafiyar da wadannan dabarun suka haifar ya kara raunana Oyo. Alaafin Abiodun a lokacin mulkin shi ma ya gudanar da kamfen na rashin nasara a kan Borgu a 1783 da Nupe a 1789, rasa kwatankwacin janar-janar 11 da 13 da mazajen su bi da bi. Daga baya dansa Awole ya kashe Abiodun, wanda daga baya ya hau gadon mahaifinsa. Abubuwan da suka haifar da ballewar garin Ilorin sun fara ne a shekarar 1793. Ilorin sansanin yaki ne karkashin jagorancin Are-Ona Kakanfo Afonja. Afonja ya shiga takun-saka da Awole lokacin da shi kuma ya umarce shi da ya afkawa gidan Alaafin Abiodun, Iwere-Ile. Afonja, wanda ke daure da rantsuwa kuma yana son kada ya fada cikin la'ana daga Alaafin da ta gabata ya nuna cewa duk wani Aare Ona Kakanfo da ya kai hari Iwere-Ile (mahaifinsa) zai mutu matuka, ya ki bin umarnin. An kuma bayar da wani dalilin a shekarar 1795, lokacin da Awole ya umarci Afonja da ya afkawa garin kasuwar Apomu, wani yanki na Ile-Ife. Duk Alaafins, saboda imanin Yarbawa cewa Ife gida ne na ruhun Yarbawa, a baya an sanya su da rantsuwa cewa ba za su far wa Ife ba. Afonja ya aiwatar da umarnin Awole kuma ya kori Apomu, amma bayan dawowar sojoji daga kamfen din sai ya dunguma zuwa Oyo-Ile babban birnin kasar (wanda ita kanta haramun ce), kuma ya bukaci Awole ya sauka. Awole daga baya ya kashe kansa ta hanyar tsafi. Bayan rasuwar Awole, akwai masu fafutuka don neman kursiyin daga masu fafutuka da yawa; wasu an ruwaito cewa sun yi kasa da watanni shida a kan karagar mulki; akwai kuma wani lokaci na rikice-rikice na kusan shekaru ashirin inda bangarori daban-daban ba su yarda da dan takara ba. Wannan rashin ikon ya haifar da hawan manyan sojoji da kwamandojin yanki kamar Adegun, da Onikoyi da Solagberu, da Otun Are-Ona Kakanfo. Shehu Alimi, wani basaraken Fulani wanda shi ne shugaban karuwar yawan musulmai a Oyo, shi ma ya hau mulki a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun rasa daraja ga ofishin Alaafin saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa daban-daban da kuma rashin ikon hukuma a lokacin; wannan halin ya haifar da Afonja balle Ilorin daga Oyo a 1817 tare da taimakon Musulman Oyo. A cikin 1823, bayan da abokan aikinsa na farko Shehu Alimi da Solagberu suka kashe Afonja (wanda shi kuma ɗan Alimi ya kashe shi), Ilorin ya zama wani ɓangare na Kalifancin Sokoto. A lokacin da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton ya ziyarci Oyo-Ile a 1825 lokacin mulkin Alaafin Majotu, masarautar ta riga ta kasance cikin yanayi na koma baya. Bangaren Clapperton sun nadar wasu kauyukan Oyo da Fulani na Ilorin suka kona yayin da Majotu kuma ya nemi taimakon sarkin Ingila da Oba na Benin wajen kawar da tawayen Ilorin. Shima Clapperton ya lura da karancin dawakai, duk da cewa Oyo ta shahara da karfin sojan doki; wannan na iya zama yana da nasaba da cewa galibin sojojin daular da kuma mahayan dawakai an ajiye su a Ilorin karkashin umarnin Afonja (kuma daga baya magajin Alimi). Daga nan sai Ilorin ya kewaye Offa ya fara mamayewa, konawa tare da kwasar ganima a Oyo, daga karshe ya rusa babban birnin Oyo-Ile a 1835. Rashin Hanyar Egbado Yayin da Oyo ta tsinke kanta ta hanyar dambarwar siyasa, masu kula da ita suka fara amfani da damar don matsawa ga yanci. Egba, a karkashin jagorancin wani shugaban yaki da ake kira Lishabi, sun yiwa Ilari kisan gilla a yankin su sannan suka fatattaki wata rundunar azaba ta Oyo. Tawayen Dahomey A cikin 1823 Dahomey aka ruwaito ya afkawa kauyukan da suke karkashin kariyar Oyo ga bayi saboda tsananin bukatar da ake musu. Nan da nan Oyo ta bukaci babbar kyauta daga Sarki Gezo saboda kutse ba da izini ba, wanda Gezo ya tura mataimakinsa dan kasar Brazil, Chacha Francisco Félix de Sousa, zuwa Alaafin da ke Oyo don yin sulhu. Tattaunawar sulhun daga baya ta wargaje, daga baya Oyo ta far wa Dahomey. Sojojin Oyo sun ci nasara sosai, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Oyo akan Dahomey. Bayan samun 'yancinta, Dahomey ya fara farfaɗo da hanyar. Ago d'Oyo Bayan lalata Oyo-Ile, sai aka matsa babban birnin zuwa kudu, zuwa Ago d'Oyo. Oba Atiba ya nemi kiyaye abin da ya rage na Oyo ta hanyar dorawa Ibadan aikin kare babban birnin daga Ilorin a arewa da arewa maso gabas. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya sa Ijaye su kare Oyo daga yamma da Dahomeans. Cibiyar ikon Yarbawa ta ci gaba zuwa kudu zuwa Ibadan, sansanin yakin Yarbawa wanda kwamandojin Oyo suka kafa a 1830. Rushewar ƙarshe Wasan Atiba ya gaza, kuma Oyo ba ta sake dawo da martabarta a yankin ba. The Oba, in ba haka ba ana kiransa Atiba Atobatele, ya mutu a 1859; Hisansa Adeyemi I, Alaafin na uku da ya yi sarauta a Oyo ta yanzu, ya mutu a 1905. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yarabawa sun kasance ɗayan ƙungiyoyin birni a Afirka. Kimanin 22% na yawan jama'a sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna tare da yawan mutane fiye da 100,000, kuma sama da 50% suna zaune a cikin biranen da ke da mutane 25,000 ko fiye. Lissafin biranen birni a shekarar 1950 ya kusa da na Amurka, ban da Ilorin. Yarbawa suna ci gaba da kasancewa ƙabilun Afirka mafi birni a yau. Manyan biranen zamani sun hada da Oyo, Ibadan, Osogbo, da Ogbomoso, wadanda wasu manyan garuruwa ne da suka bunkasa bayan tsohuwar Oyo ta ruguje. Ragowar masarautar na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ɗayan jihohin gargajiya na wannan zamani na Nijeriya. Duba kuma Oyotunji African Village Sarakunan jihar Yarbawa na Oyo Tarihin Najeriya Bayanan kula Easley, Dr. Larry. "The Four Forest States of Africa." Oyo Empire. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. 2 Mar. 2009. Kehnide Salami, Yunusa Ph.D. "The Democratic Structure of Yoruba Political-Cultural Heritage." Department of Philosophy Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 29 Apr. 2009. Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Limited, 1995 Fasanya, Akin (2004). "The Original Religion of the Yorubas". http://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/2004/database/fasanya.html Kabilun Larabawa Tarihin Najeriya Al'adun Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
6520	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Balogun	Leon Balogun	Leon Aderemi Balogun (an haife shi ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, 1988). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga zakarun gasar Premier ta Scotland Rangers da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Ya buga wasansa na farko na Bundesliga a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009 a Hannover 96 a wasan da suka yi da Hamburger SV. Bayan kwangilarsa da 2. Bundesliga kungiyar Fortuna Düsseldorf ya kare a lokacin rani na 2014, ya kasance ba tare da kulob ba tsawon watanni uku har sai da ya koma Darmstadt 98. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2014 zuwa 2015. Brighton Hove Albion A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018, Balogun ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kulob din Premier League Brighton & Hove Albion. Balogun ya fara taka leda a kulob din Sussex yana zuwa a matsayin farkon wanda zai maye gurbinsa da Manchester United ya maye gurbin Lewis Dunk da ya ji rauni. Seagulls ta ci United 3–2 a filin wasa na Falmer. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Albion inda ta tashi 2-0 da abokan hamayyarta Crystal Palace a filin wasa na Falmer inda ya zura kwallo a cikin dakika 25 bayan da aka yi kasa a gwiwa a kan maye gurbin Pascal Groß sakamakon jan kati da Shane Duffy ya yi masa na bugun kai. Wasan ya ƙare 3-1 ga Albion don neman haƙƙin fahariya a cikin M23 derby. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2019, Balogun ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin Kofin EFL a wasan da suka doke Bristol Rovers da ci 2–1. Wigan Athletic Balogun ya kulla yarjejeniya da Wigan Athletic a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2020 kan yarjejeniyar aro ta watanni shida. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci na dindindin tare da Latics har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2019-20. Rangers Balogun ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Rangers na Scotland a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2020 kan kwantiragin shekara guda, tare da zabin da kulob din ke da shi na tsawaita tsawon shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko ga Rangers mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga Agusta, a wasan Premier na Scotland da Aberdeen inda ya burge shi yayin cin nasara da ci 1-0. A cikin watan Fabrairu 2021, ya maye gurbinsa a dama bayan rauni ga kyaftin din kulob din James Tavernier da kuma dakatar da dan wasan ajiyar Nathan Patterson. Balogun ya taba taka leda a baya tun da farko a rayuwarsa lokacin yana Jamus. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2021, Balogun ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekara guda tare da Rangers. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan rukuni na gasar Europa League da Brøndby IDAN. Ayyukan kasa An haifi Balogun a Germany, mahaifinsa ɗan Najeriya ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Jamus ce, Najeriya ta kira Balogun don buga wasan sada zumunta da Mexico a watan Maris shekarar 2014 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Joseph Yobo. Balogun dai ya shigo ne a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci, amma ya samu rauni bayan mintuna 20 a wani karo da aka yi da alamar da ke kan layi. Ya karye a ƙafarsa kuma an saita shi ba zai wuce watanni 2-3 ba bayan tiyata. Sai dai daga baya ya tabbatar wa manema labarai cewa raunin da ya samu bai bukaci a yi masa tiyata ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015, ya buga wa Najeriya wasa na biyu a ci 1-0 da Uganda. Ya buga wa kasar wasansa na uku a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2015 lokacin da ya buga wasan da suka doke kasar Chadi da ci 2-0 a wasan farko na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2017. A watan Yunin shekarar 2018, an saka shi cikin ‘yan wasa 23 na karshe da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Balogun dai ya buga wasan ne a kowane minti daya cikin wasanni uku da Najeriya ta buga ciki har da ci 2-0 da Iceland, amma an fitar da su ne bayan da suka kare a mataki na 3 a rukuninsu. An saka Balogun a cikin tawagar Najeriya da za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2019. Fitowar sa na farko a gasar ya zo ne a wasa na biyu na rukuni na biyu da Najeriya ta buga da Guinea inda Najeriya ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 inda ta kai ga tsallakewa zuwa zagayen gaba. Balogun dai ya buga wasanni 4 a gasar inda Super Eagles ta kare a matsayin wadanda suka lashe kyautar tagulla. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Balogun ne a Berlin, Jamus ta Yamma mahaifinsa ɗan Najeriya Bafarawa kuma Mahaifiyarsa Bajamushiyace. Balogun ya girma Roman Katolika kuma an tura shi makarantar Katolika tun yana ƙarami, amma ya ji haushin tarbiyarsa mai tsanani kuma ya zama wanda bai yarda da Allah a shekarunsa na girma ba. Duk da haka, a lokacin wahalhalu na farkon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Balogun ya sake yin imani da Allah kuma yanzu Kirista ne mai ibada. Balogun yana jin Turanci da Jamusanci sosai, amma ba ya jin Yarbanci, yaren mahaifinsa yayin da iyayensa suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗa shi cikin al'adun Jamus. A watan Nuwamba 2019 Balogun ya ce akwai bukatar a ba da amsa baki daya daga 'yan wasa game da wariyar launin fata a kwallon kafa. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Balogun. Girmamawa Rangers Gasar Firimiya ta Scotland: 2020-21 Najeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku: 2019 Manazarta 1. "2018/19 Premier League squads confirmed" Premier League. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. 2. "Leon Balogun: Overview" ESPN. Retrieved 25 July 2020. 3. "Leon Balogun: Overview" Premier League. Retrieved 25 July 2020. 4. "Petric als Blitzarbeiter" (in German). kicker.de. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2010. 5. "Lilien verstärken sich mit Leon Balogun" [Lilien strengthens with Leon Balogun] (in German). SV Darmstadt 98. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2015. 6. "Leon Balogun: Brighton sign Nigeria international on free transfer" BBC Sport 22 May 2018. 7. "Brighton 3–2 Man Utd: Brighton score three first- half goals to stun visitors BBC Sport" BBC Sport 19 August 2018. 8. "Brighton 3–1 Crystal Palace: Ten-man Seagulls sweep Eagles aside BBC Sport" BBC Sport 4 December 2018. 9. "Bristol Rovers v Brighton Hove Albion BBC Sport" BBC Sport. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019. 10. "LATICS COMPLETE LOAN SIGNING OF BRIGHTON HOVE ALBION DEFENDER LEON BALOGUN" Wigan Athletic FC. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Leon Balogun at Soccerbase Leon Balogun at fussballdaten.de (in German) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30661	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha%20Gaddafi	Ayesha Gaddafi	Ayesha Gaddafi an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disambar shekara ta, 1977), kuma aka fi sani da Aisha Gaddafi, tsohuwar mai shiga tsakani ne kuma jami'in soja, tsohuwar jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma lauya a cikin sana'a. Ita ce ɗa ta biyar kuma diyar tsohon shugaban Libiya Muammar Gaddafi da matarsa ta biyu Safiya Farkash. Ilimi Gaddafi ta yi karatu a jami'ar Paris Diderot, kuma ta yi karatun lauya a jami'ar Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. Aikin soja Ta yi horo da sojojin Libya, inda ta kai matsayin Laftanar Kanar Diflomasiya A shekara ta 2000 bayan da aka kakabawa Iraki takunkumi, ta isa Baghdad tare da tawagar jami'ai 69. Jim kadan kafin mamaye kasar Iraki a shekara ta 2003, ta hadu da Saddam Hussein. A cikin shekara ta 2000, Ayesha ta ba da jawabi a Corner na Speakers' Corner a Hyde Park, London don nuna goyon baya ga Sojan Republican na Irish na wucin gadi, lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da goyon bayanta ga IRA a 2010 ta ce "Na kasance mai goyon bayan duk 'yantar da kai. ƙungiyoyi. Biritaniya ita ce Biritaniya kuma Ireland ita ce Ireland." Ta kuma goyi bayan yan ta'addar Iraki, inda ta ce "Idan kuna da sojojin mamaya da suke zuwa daga kasashen waje suna yi wa matanku fyade tare da kashe al'ummarku, to ya halatta ku yaki su." A cikin shekara ta 2011, ta yi kakkausar suka ga manufofin sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, inda ta yi kira da a shiga tsakani a yakin basasar Libya ta wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa wadda za ta ware su. Ayesha ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a madadin gwamnati tare da kamfanonin Tarayyar Turai Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya An nada Ayesha Gaddafi a matsayin jakadiyar fatan alheri ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ƙasar Libya a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009, musamman don magance matsalolin HIV AIDs, talauci da 'yancin mata a Libya, dukkanin batutuwan da suka shafi al'adu a kasar. A watan Fabrairun 2011 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tube Ayesha daga mukaminta na jakadiyar fatan alheri.. Harkokin shari'a A watan Yulin 2004, ta shiga ƙungiyar kare shari'a ta tsohon shugaban Iraqi Saddam Hussein Gaddafi kuma shi ne shugaban wata kungiyar agaji ta Wa Attassimou, wadda ta kare Muntadhar al-Zaidi a lokacin da ya fuskanci tuhume-tuhumen da ya shafi jifa da takalmi Yaƙin basasar Libya An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin dokar hana tafiye-tafiye a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2011, a ƙarƙashin ƙudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1970 Koke na shari'a Gaddafi ya kai karar kungiyar NATO kan harin bam da aka kai kan wani gini a gidan mahaifinta wanda ta yi zargin kashe dan uwanta, Saif al-Arab Gaddafi, da kuma jaririyarta. Ta yi ikirarin cewa harin ya sabawa doka saboda an auna gine-ginen fararen hula. Lauyoyin Gaddafi sun shigar da kara a Brussels da Paris a watan Yunin 2011. Sai dai a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 2011, an bayar da rahoton cewa, masu gabatar da kara na Belgium sun ki gudanar da bincike kan laifukan yaki da Gaddafi ya shigar a kan kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, tare da bayyana cewa kotunan Belgium ba su da hurumin tuntubar al'amarin. A ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 2012, ta hannun lauyanta Nick Kaufman, Ayesha Gaddafi ta kuma kai karar alkalan kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa, inda ta bukaci da su umurci mai gabatar da kara Fatou Bensouda da ta bayyana matakan da ta dauka na binciken kisan mahaifinta da dan uwanta Mutassim Gaddafi Mai gabatar da kara ya nuna adawa da wannan aikace-aikacen wanda ya bayyana cewa buƙatar ta ta bayyana bayanan da ake bukata zai iya kutsawa kan 'yancin kai na masu gabatar da kara da kuma iya hana binciken kansa. Yaƙin Tripoli Yayin da yakin Tripoli ya kai kololuwa a tsakiyar watan Agusta, an tilastawa iyalan Gaddafi barin katangarsu. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, 'yan tawayen Libya sun kwace gidanta a yakin Tripoli. Daga cikin abubuwan da ta mallaka har da wata kujera ta zinare mai siffa kamar wata baiwar Allah da fuskar Ayesha, wanda wani dan kasar Masar ne ya tsara shi. Jirgin zuwa Algeria A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar Masar Mena ya bayar da rahoton cewa, mayakan 'yan tawayen Libya sun ga motocin kirar Mercedes-Benz masu sulke guda shida, masu yiwuwa dauke da manyan jami'an gwamnatin Gaddafi, suka tsallaka kan iyakar garin Ghadames da ke kudu maso yammacin Libya zuwa kasar Aljeriya, wanda a lokacin hukumomin Algeria suka musanta. A ranar 29 ga Agusta, gwamnatin Aljeriya a hukumance ta ba da sanarwar cewa Safiya Farkash tare da Ayesha da 'yan uwanta Muhammad da Hannibal (tare da matarsa Aline Skaf), sun tsallaka zuwa Algeria a farkon ranar 29 ga Agusta. Wani jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Aljeriya ya ce dukkan mutanen da ke cikin ayarin a yanzu haka suna birnin Algiers, kuma dukkaninsu an sanya sunayensu a cikin sammacin da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta bayar kan yiwuwar tuhume-tuhumen laifuffukan yaki. Mourad Benmehidi, wakilin Aljeriya na dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, daga baya ya tabbatar da cikakken bayanin. Iyalin sun isa wurin shiga hamadar Sahara, a cikin motar Mercedes da bas da karfe 8:45 lokacin gida ne. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin adadin mutanen da ke cikin jam'iyyar ba, amma akwai "yara da yawa" kuma ba su hada da Kanar Gaddafi ba. An ba wa kungiyar izinin shiga ne saboda dalilai na jin kai, saboda Ayesha na da juna biyu kuma tana kusa da wa’adinta. Tuni dai gwamnatin Aljeriya ta sanar da shugaban majalisar rikon kwarya ta kasar. ‘Yan tawayen Libya sun ce ba da mafaka ga ‘yan uwan Gaddafi na wuce gona da iri, inda suka bukaci a mika su. A ranar 30 ga Agustan shekara ta 2011 an sanar da cewa Ayesha ta haifi yarinya a birnin Djanet Rahotanni sun ce gwamnatin Aljeriya na tsare da su a wani katafaren gida da ke Staoueli kusa da Algiers, kuma ana katse su daga hanyoyin sadarwa na waje. Daga Aljeriya zuwa Oman A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2012 ita, tare da 'yan uwanta biyu da wasu 'yan uwa, sun bar Algeria don zuwa Oman, inda aka ba su mafakar siyasa EU ta yi gyara a jerin takunkumin da aka kakaba mata a shekarar 2014, amma ba ta hada da Ayesha ba, sannan ta yi watsi da bukatarta na a cire ta daga cikin jerin sunayen. Daga nan sai ta kai kara a kan cewa bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, a yanzu babu wani dalili na hana ta. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2016, an ba mahaifiyarta da wasu danginta izinin komawa Libya, har yanzu ba a yi watsi da su ba kuma sun koma Oman a matsayin mai neman mafaka amma Ayesha Gaddafi ta ci gaba da zama a Oman. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, babbar kotun Tarayyar Turai ta sanar da cewa daukaka kara ta yi nasara, kuma a yanzu an dage duk wasu takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye. Kotun ta umurci gwamnatocin EU su biya kuɗin kotu. A watan Afrilun 2021, Kotun Tarayyar Turai ta yanke hukuncin cire Aisha Gaddafi daga cikin jerin bakar fata na Turai. A cewar kotun, ta daina zama barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin. Rayuwa ta sirri An yi wa Ayesha lakabi a cikin jaridun Larabawa a matsayin Claudia Schiffer na Arewacin Afirka," saboda launin gashinta. A shekara ta 2006, ta auri Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi, kani ga mahaifinta kuma Kanar soja. An kashe mijinta a harin bam da aka kai a gidan Gaddafi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli. Sun haifi ‘ya’ya uku kafin faduwar gwamnatin, daya daga cikinsu an kashe shi tare da daya daga cikin ‘yan uwanta a wani harin da NATO ta kai ta sama, yayin da daya kuma aka kashe tare da mijinta a harin bam da aka kai a harabar Gaddafi. Hukumomin Aljeriya sun tabbatar da cewa ta haifi danta na hudu, mace a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, jim kadan bayan ta isa can bayan ta tsere daga Libya tare da wasu 'yan gidan Gaddafi. Jim kadan da isar Aljeriya sai suka koma Oman. Tun daga Afrilu 2021, har yanzu tana zaune a cikin Sultanate of Oman. Duba kuma Jadawalin yakin basasar Libya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30456	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Dubai	Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Dubai	Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Dubai sun dogara ne akan Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma an kafa doka, wacce ta yi alƙawarin yin adalci ga duk mutane, ba tare da la’akari da launin fata, ƙasa ko matsayin zamantakewa ba, bisa ga Mataki na 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Duk da haka, Freedom House ta bayyana cewa: “Ana aiwatar da manyan ayyuka na nuna son kai, musamman game da batutuwan da suka shafi siyasar gida, al’adu, addini, ko kuma duk wani batu da gwamnati ta dauka na siyasa ko al’ada Yankin Free Media na Dubai (DMFZ), yanki ne da kafafen yada labarai na kasashen waje ke samar da kuma bugu da watsa shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyya ga masu sauraron kasashen waje, shi ne kaɗai fagen da ‘yan jarida ke gudanar da ayyukansu tare da ‘yanci.” Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil adama sun koka kan yadda ake take Haƙƙin dan Adam a Dubai. Musamman ma, an zargi wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje guda 250,000 da ke cikin birnin da zama cikin yanayi da kungiyar kare Haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a matsayin "ƙasa da mutuntaka". Zaluntar ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje wani batu ne na shirin na shekara ta 2009, Bayi na Dubai. Ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje da haƙƙoƙin aiki Mataki na 25 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ya tanadi adalci ga mutane dangane da launin fata, ƙasa, imanin addini ko matsayin zamantakewa Ma'aikata 'yan ƙasashen waje a Dubai sau da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a matsayin "kasa da mutuntaka", kuma shine batun shirin shirin, Bayi na Dubai Rahoton NPR na shekara ta 2006 ya ambato Baya Sayid Mubarak, karamin jakadan Indiya mai kula da ƙwadago da walwala a Dubai yana cewa: "Mu'ujizar tattalin arziƙin birnin ba za ta yiwu ba idan ba tare da dakaru na ma'aikatan gine-gine da ba su da albashi daga yankin Indiya". Rahoton na NPR ya bayyana cewa ma'aikatan gine-gine na kasashen waje suna rayuwa "takwas da goma zuwa daki a sansanonin kwadago" kuma "da yawa suna cikin tarko na talauci da basussuka, wanda bai wuce bautar da aka yi ba." BBC News Hausa ta ruwaito cewa: “Jaridun kasar sukan kawo labaran ma’aikatan gine-gine da ake zargin ba a biyansu albashi na tsawon watanni. Ba a ba su izinin ƙaura daga aiki kuma idan sun bar ƙasar su koma gida kusan za su yi asarar kuɗin da suka ce ana bin su.” Bugu da kari, an yi zargin an tilastawa wasu daga cikin ma’aikatan bayar da fasfo dinsu yayin shiga Dubai, lamarin da ya sa komawa gida ke da wuya. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2005, Ministan Kwadago ya umarci wani kamfani ya biya albashin da ba a biya ba a cikin sa’o’i 24 bayan da ma’aikata suka yi zanga-zanga tare da buga sunan kamfanin da ya aikata laifin. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, karamin ofishin jakadancin Indiya a Dubai ya gabatar da rahoto ga gwamnatin Indiya da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da matsalolin aiki da Indiyawan ketare ke fuskanta a masarautar. Rahoton ya bayyana jinkirin biyan albashi, sauya kwangilolin aiki, dakatar da ayyukan da ba a kai ba da kuma yawan lokutan aiki a matsayin wasu kalubalen da ma’aikatan Indiya ke fuskanta a birnin. A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2006, ma'aikata a wurin ginin Burj Khalifa, sun fusata kan lokutan bas da yanayin aiki, tarzoma, lalata motoci, ofisoshi, kwamfutoci, da kayan aikin gini. Matsalar hada-hadar kudi ta duniya ta sa ma'aikata a Dubai ya yi kamari musamman inda ma'aikata da dama ba sa biyan albashi amma kuma sun kasa barin ƙasar. An fito da tsarin shari’a na nuna wariya a birnin da rashin daidaito ga ‘yan kasashen waje ta hanyar kokarin da take yi na boye bayanai kan fyaden da aka yi wa Alexandre Robert, dan kasar Faransa mai shekaru 15 a shekara ta 2007, da wasu ‘yan kasar uku, daya daga cikinsu na HIV hukumomi sun boye matsayi mai kyau na wasu watanni; da kuma daurin da aka yi wa ma’aikatan ƙaura na baya-bayan nan, waɗanda akasarinsu sun fito ne daga Asiya, saboda zanga-zangar da suke yi na rashin ƙarancin albashi da yanayin rayuwa. Duk da zanga-zangar da kungiyar Human Rights Watch da gwamnatoci da dama suka yi, ana zargin kamfanoni na ci gaba da karbar fasfo din ma’aikata tare da kin biyan albashin da aka yi musu alkawari. Wasu kungiyoyi sun lakafta wadannan ayyukan a matsayin "bautar zamani". A cikin 2013, an kama wani ɗan ƙasar Turai mai suna Marte Dalelv kuma an daure shi a kan tuhume-tuhume. A cikin 2012, wani sansanin ma'aikata a Sonapur ya yanke musu ruwa na kwanaki 20 da wutar lantarki na kwanaki 10, haka kuma ba a biya su albashi na watanni uku. An gaya musu cewa an riga an yi musu gargaɗi cewa yarjejeniyar ta kusa ƙarewa, kuma zaɓinsu shi ne su je sansanin Sharjah, wanda ma’aikatan ba sa so su yi saboda “yana da datti sosai kuma yana da wari Kafin tsakiyar shekara ta 2000s, masu raƙuma sun yi amfani da wasan ƙwallo na yara, waɗanda akasarinsu yara ne da aka sace daga wasu sassan duniya. Bayan da kasashen duniya suka koka, kasar ta yanke shawarar kawo karshen wannan dabi'a sannu a hankali. Har yanzu, duk da haka, wasu cin zarafi na wannan haramcin. Akwai misalan daban-daban na mutanen gida na cin zarafi, bisa ga ƙabila ko ƙabila. A wani misali, wani fasinjan tasi na gida ya yi mummunan rauni ga wani direban dan kasar waje. Fasinjojin ba zai bi umarnin direban da ya ba shi ba ya sanya bel ɗinsa kuma kada ya ci abinci a cikin motar haya, kuma ya ba da dalilin cewa shi ɗan Masarautar ne (Daular Masarawa ce ƴan ƙasa kuma ɗan ƙasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa). Matsalar marasa galihu (wanda aka fi sani da Bidoon ta kasance shekaru da yawa. Da yawa sun mutu ba tare da kulawar da ta dace ba, kodayake yawancinsu ƴan ƙasar ne. Wadannan mutane ba su iya kammala karatunsu ba, sun sami aikin yi kuma sun yi aure da wuya. Kadan daga cikinsu sun sami damar samun ɗan ƙasan UAE ko na Tsibirin Comoros. The global financial crisis has caused the working class of Dubai to be affected especially badly, with many workers not being paid but also being unable to leave the country.. dokokin Dubai Luwadi haramun ne. Hukuncin kisa na daya daga cikin hukumcin yin luwadi. Sumbanta a wasu wuraren taruwar jama'a haramun ne kuma yana iya haifar da kora An kori ’yan gudun hijira a Dubai saboda sumbata a bainar jama’a. Dubai tana da tsarin suturar sutura. Ka'idojin tufafin wani bangare ne na dokar aikata laifuka ta Dubai. Ba a yarda da manyan riguna marasa hannu da gajerun riguna a manyan kantunan Dubai. Dole ne tufafi su kasance cikin tsayin da suka dace. Ba a yarda masu yawon bude ido da masu yawon bude ido su sha barasa a wajen wuraren da ke da lasisi. Ridda laifi ne da aka yanke hukuncin kisa a UAE; a aikace ba a taɓa yin amfani da wannan ba. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta shigar da laifukan hudud na shari'ar Shari'a a cikin kundin laifukanta ridda yana daya daga cikinsu. Mataki na 1 da Mataki na 66 na Kundin Laifukan Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa na bukatar a hukunta laifukan hudud tare da hukuncin kisa, saboda haka ridda tana da hukuncin kisa a cikin UAE. Wanda ba musulmi ba zai iya fuskantar hukunce-hukuncen Sharia a kan aure da saki da kuma rikon yara. Dole ne matan Masarautar su sami izini daga waliyyi namiji don su yi aure su sake yin aure. An samo abin da ake bukata daga Sharia, kuma dokar tarayya ce tun 2005. A duk masarautu, haramun ne mata musulmi su auri wadanda ba musulmi ba. A UAE, an hukunta auren mace Musulma da wanda ba Musulmi ba ne ta hanyar doka, tun da ana daukarta a matsayin nau'i na fasikanci A cikin watan Ramadan, haramun ne a ci abinci, ko sha, ko shan taba tsakanin fitowar alfijir da faduwar rana. An keɓance wa mata masu juna biyu da yara. Dokar ta shafi musulmi da wadanda ba musulmi ba, kuma rashin bin wannan doka na iya sa a kama shi. A shekara ta 2008 an gurfanar da wata mata 'yar kasar Rasha a gaban kotu bisa laifin shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace a bainar jama'a a cikin watan Ramadan. Rarraba dakin otal tare da maza da mata ya haramta a karkashin dokar Dubai sai dai idan an yi aure ko dangi. Ba za a nuna son jama'a ba. Hakanan an haramta daukar hotunan mata ba tare da izininsu ba. 'Yancin addini Musulunci shine addini na hukuma a Dubai. Manufar yarda da addini ta bai wa wadanda ba musulmi ba damar gudanar da addininsu a wani wurin zama na musamman ko wurin ibada, ko kuma za su iya neman gwamnati ta ba gwamnati tallafin filaye da izinin gina wata cibiyar addini don gudanar da ayyukan addini, wanda zai iya zama sannu a hankali. tsari. Akwai Cocin Kirista goma sha uku, tare da kayan aiki na Hindu, Sikhs, da Bahá'ís. An ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyin da ba musulmi ba su yi taro da kuma tallata abubuwan da suka faru, amma doka ta haramta kuma ta hukunta masu tuba. Babu wuraren bautar Yahudawa da aka sani a cikin UAE, amma ana shirin kammala majami'ar a shekara ta 2022. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama sun bayyana damuwarsu game da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Dubai, wanda galibin dokokin da aka kafa ko na Ministoci suka takaita da sunan kare mutuncin addinin Musulunci na gargajiya ko kuma kima da kima na Dubai da shugabanninta. A cikin 2007, gwamnatin Dubai ta rufe tashoshin talabijin na Pakistan guda biyu, Geo News da ARY One Nishaɗinsu, amma ba labarai da shirye-shiryen siyasa ba, daga ƙarshe an ba da izinin watsa shirye-shiryensu a Dubai. Ma'aikatar al'adu da yada labarai ta Dubai ta haramta baje kolin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Kholkhal" sa'o'i kadan kafin a shirya gudanar da shi a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Gulf karo na 8 na shekara. Yayin da ba za a iya daure ’yan jarida saboda yin aikinsu ba, ana iya daukar wasu matakan shari’a a kansu. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan jaridun na Dubai sun kasance cikin jerin sunayen gwamnati kamar yadda aka hana buga su a cikin Masarautar. Har ila yau, an bayar da rahoton cewa, akwai wani mataki na nuna bacin rai da ke faruwa, saboda tsoron takunkumin gwamnati, na wasu batutuwan da ke sukar manufofin gwamnati, da dangin sarauta, ko kuma na iya bata tarbiyar addinin Musulunci na gargajiya. A cikin Yuli 2013, an saka wani bidiyo a kan YouTube, wanda ke nuna wani direba na gida yana bugun wani ma'aikacin da ke waje, bayan wani lamari mai alaka da hanya. Direban unguwar ya yi amfani da wani bangare na kayan aikin sa na gida, ya yi wa dan gudun hijira bulala sannan kuma ya tura shi, kafin sauran masu wucewa su shiga tsakani. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, 'yan sandan Dubai sun sanar da cewa an kama direban motar da kuma wanda ya dauki hoton bidiyon. An kuma bayyana cewa direban motar babban jami'in gwamnatin UAE ne. Bidiyon ya sake kawo ayar tambaya kan yadda ake kula da masu karamin karfi na ma'aikatan kasashen waje. ‘Yan sanda a watan Nuwamban 2013 sun kuma kama wani Ba’amurke da wasu ‘yan kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, dangane da wani faifan bidiyo na YouTube wanda ake zargin ya nuna Dubai da matasanta da mummunan yanayi. An dauki hoton bidiyon a yankunan Satwa, Dubai kuma an nuna wasu gungun kungiyoyin da ke koyon fada da juna ta hanyar amfani da makamai masu sauki, wadanda suka hada da takalmi, agal, da dai sauransu. A ƙarshe, an saki ɗan ƙasar Amurka; A wata hira da BBC ta yi da Shehin Malamin na Dubai, Sheikh Mohammad ya bayyana cewa rashin adalci da aka yi masa. An ambaci Expo 2020 Dubai a matsayin gwamnati na amfani da shi a matsayin wani bangare na tsaftace kimar kasar a dandalin duniya a watan Oktoban 2021. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga tsarin take hakkin dan Adam da Masarautar ta yi. A cewar rahoton na HRW, masu sukar gwamnati da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama na ci gaba da fuskantar gwamnati inda ake kamawa da azabtarwa a gidajen yari, musamman tun daga shekarar 2015. An dage Expo 2020 zuwa 2021 bayan barkewar cutar ta Covid-19 da za a gudanar daga Oktoba 1, 2021 zuwa Maris 31, 2022, tare da taken "Haɗin Hankali, Samar da Gaba." A watan Satumba na 2021, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yin Allah wadai da cin zarafin bil adama da gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi akai-akai, ya tura kasashe masu halartar bikin baje kolin. Wani rahoton Citizen Lab bayan binciken binciken kwakwaf na wayoyin hannu na matar Jamal Khashoggi, Hanan Elat, a cikin Disamba 2021 ya nuna cewa na'urorinta sun kamu da kayan leken asiri a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2018. An tsare Hanan da zarar ta sauka a filin jirgin saman Dubai kuma hukumomi sun yi ta tambayoyi na sa’o’i. Wayoyinta na Android da aka kwace a lokacin da ake yi mata tambayoyi na daga cikin wasu abubuwa kamar su kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da kalmomin shiga, wadanda suka kamu da wata manhaja ta NSO Group na Isra’ila, Pegasus, da hukumomi suka yi don kara leken asiri a cikin watannin da suka biyo baya. An yi zargin cewa an yi mata kutse ne 'yan watanni kafin a kashe Khashoggi a karamin ofishin jakadancin Saudiyya da ke Istanbul na kasar Turkiyya. Khashoggi, fitaccen dan jarida ne a jaridar The Washington Post wanda ya rubuta labarai masu mahimmanci game da gwamnatin Saudiyya da shugabancinta, an kashe shi ne a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, 'yan watanni bayan rahoton kutse da leken asiri na matarsa. 2007 tantace na tashoshin tauraron dan adam guda biyu na Pakistan A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2007 Tecom ya dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen manyan tashoshin labarai na tauraron dan adam guda biyu na Pakistan, wanda aka haɓaka daga Dubai Media City, wanda Tecom ya fara sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin taken "'Yancin Ƙirƙiri." Gwamnatin Dubai ta umurci kamfanin Tecom da ya rufe fitattun gidajen labarai na Pakistan Geo News da ARY One World bisa bukatar gwamnatin sojin Pakistan karkashin jagorancin Janar Pervez Musharraf Du Samacom ne ya aiwatar da hakan yana kashe rafukan SDI ASI Daga baya, masu tsara manufofi a Dubai sun ba wa waɗannan tashoshi damar watsa shirye-shiryensu na nishaɗi, amma an hana labarai, al'amuran yau da kullun da kuma nazarin siyasa. Kodayake daga baya an cire sharuɗɗan, tun daga lokacin an ga bambance-bambance masu ma'ana a cikin ɗaukar hoto. Wannan lamarin ya yi tasiri sosai ga duk kungiyoyi a cikin kafofin watsa labaru tare da Geo TV da ARY OneWorld suna la'akari da ƙaura. Manufar miyagun ƙwayoyi mara haƙuri Magungunan da aka samu a cikin fitsari ko gwajin jini suna ƙidaya a matsayin "mallaka" ƙarƙashin dokar UAE. Raymond Bingham, DJ Grooverider na BBC, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari bayan an same shi da wani jeans a cikin kayansa dauke da sama da 2. grams na marijuana. Hukumomin kasar Dubai dai sun yi kaurin suna wajen dakatar da masu yawon bude ido a filin jirgin sama, kuma a yanzu haka suna amfani da na’urori masu muhimmanci na lantarki da suka hada da tantance fitsari da jini, domin gano wasu haramtattun abubuwa. An kama Keith Brown, dan kasar Burtaniya ne a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2007 bayan da hukumomi suka yi ikirarin gano wani dan tabar wiwi a kasan takalminsa. An kuma yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari. An yanke wa sauran masu yawon bude ido da mazauna wurin hukuncin kisa saboda sayar da tabar wiwi. Sai dai babu wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa an kashe wani mutum a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bisa laifin safarar miyagun kwayoyi kawai, sabanin makwabciyar kasar Saudiyya. An kama wata 'yar kasar Birtaniya, Tracy Wilkinson, kuma an zarge ta da kasancewa "bakar fata" a 2005 bayan da hukumomi suka gano codeine a cikin jininta. Wilkinson ya samu rashin lafiya kuma an yi masa allurar codeine a wani asibitin Dubai. Ta karasa wata biyu a cikin dakin da ta kamu da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, gyambon kai da kuma kamuwa da ƙuma kafin daga bisani a sake ta bisa beli. An kama mai gabatar da gidan talabijin na Jamus Cat Le-Huy a watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 saboda mallakar kwalbar maganin barcin da ba a iya siyar da shi ba Melatonin Hukumomi sun yi iƙirarin cewa wasu datti a cikin kayan Mista Le-Huy na hashish ne. An kama wani mazaunin Vancouver mai suna Bert Tatham a filin jirgin sama na Dubai yana dawowa gida daga Afghanistan (inda yake aiki tare da manoma don ƙoƙarin shawo kan su kada su yi noman poppy). An gano jami’in da ke yaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi da matattun kwalabe guda biyu da kuma wani dan kankanin adadin hashish da ya narke a cikin aljihun daya daga cikin aljihun wandonsa. Bayan shafe sama da watanni 10 a gidan yari, daga karshe shugaban ƙasar Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ya yi masa afuwa. Hakkokin mata A shekara ta 2006, ƙasa da kashi 20% na matan Masarautar sun kasance bangaren ma'aikata na kasa. UAE tana da kashi na biyu mafi ƙanƙanci na matan gida da ke aiki a GCC. A cikin shekara ta 2008-2009, kashi 21% na matan Masarautar ne kawai ke cikin ma'aikata. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tana da mafi girman kaso na jimlar shiga aikin mata a cikin GCC (ciki har da mata 'yan kasashen waje Duk da haka, Kuwait ce ke da mafi yawan kaso mafi yawa na shiga aikin mata na cikin gida a GCC saboda fiye da kashi 45% na matan Kuwaiti suna cikin ma'aikata na ƙasa. Kashi 80% na mata a UAE ana rarraba su azaman ma'aikatan gida (kuyangi). Tsarin shari'a na UAE ya samo asali ne daga tsarin shari'ar jama'a da shari'a Tsarin kotuna ya kunshi kotunan farar hula da kotunan sharia. A cewar Human Rights Watch, kotunan farar hula da na laifuka ta UAE suna amfani da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi shari'ar Shari'a, wadanda aka sanya su cikin kundin laifuka da kuma dokar iyali, ta hanyar nuna wariya ga mata. A watan Yunin 2019, Gimbiya Haya bint Hussein, matar Sarkin Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, mai shekaru 45, ta gudu daga gidan sarautar zuwa Jamus don neman mafakar siyasa, saboda wani dalili da ba a bayyana ba. A watan Yulin 2019, Jaridar The Telegraph ta ruwaito Sheikh Rashid Al Maktoum yana fada da batun saki a Landan Wannan dai shi ne lamari na uku a ‘yan shekarun nan da wani dan uwansa Sheikh Mohammed ya tsere daga gidan sarauta. Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan Sheikh Mohammed na wata matar, Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum da Shamsa Al Maktoum, sun yi yunkurin tserewa, tare da tserewa daga baya saboda zargin cin zarafi da kuma tsare gida a gidan sarauta. Bayan an gan ta na karshe a wani faifan bidiyo da aka fitar a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2021 inda Gimbiya Latifa ta yi ikirarin cewa mahaifinta da sarkin Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ya yi garkuwa da ita, wani hotonta ya hau kan layi a watan Mayun shekara ta 2021 daga wani kanti tare da mata biyu. Daga baya majiyoyi sun yi iƙirarin cewa matan da suka yi post game da dare tare da gimbiya an biya su don yin hakan. Hotuna guda uku ne suka fito a shafukan sada zumunta da ke nuna Latifa a wani gidan cin abinci mai suna Bice Mare, kamar yadda wurin da aka sanyawa a shafukan sada zumunta. Ofishin kare Haƙƙin dan Adam na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya kasance yana neman shaidar rayuwarta daga sarakunan UAE tun lokacin da ta bace da kuma fallasa bidiyon Fabrairun 2021. A dokar kasar Dubai ma an halatta miji ya doke ‘ya’yansa da matarsa. Wadanda aka yiwa fyaɗe Waɗanda aka yi wa fyaɗen suna cikin hadarin ladabtar da wasu “laifi” a Dubai. A kadan daga cikin kararraki, kotunan Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa sun daure mata bayan da suka bayar da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade kuma an tabbatar da cewa zargin karya ne. Wata mata ‘yar Burtaniya, bayan da ta bayar da rahoton cewa wasu maza uku sun yi mata fyade, an ci tarar AED 1000 bayan ta yi ikirarin cewa ta sha barasa ba tare da lasisi ba; A halin yanzu maharan nata suna zaman gidan yari na shekaru goma. An tuhumi wata ‘yar Burtaniya da laifin sa maye a bainar jama’a da kuma yin jima’i ba tare da aure ba (tare da saurayinta, ba wanda ake tuhuma ba) bayan ta bayar da rahoton cewa an yi mata fyade; A wani shari'a ta ƙarshe, wata 'yar Masarautar 'yar shekara 18 ta janye kokenta na fyade ga ƙungiyoyi a cikin mota da wasu mutane 6 suka yi a lokacin da ta fuskanci bulala da ɗaurin kurkuku. Bloomberg 7 ga Yuni 2010. Matar dai ta yi zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekara guda saboda yin jima’i da juna a wajen aure da daya daga cikin mutanen a wani lokaci na daban. A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2013, wata mace 'yar Norway, Marte Dalelv, ta ba da rahoton fyade ga 'yan sanda kuma ta sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda "lalata da shan barasa" daga baya an gafarta mata. Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Emirates ta bayyana damuwarta kan yadda Dubai ke bi da waɗanda aka yi wa fyade. Haƙƙin LGBT Dukansu dokokin tarayya da na Masarautar sun haramta yin liwadi da gicciye tare da hukunce-hukuncen da suka kama daga mutuwa, rayuwa a kurkuku, bulala, tara, kora, simintin sinadarai, tilastawa jiyya na tunani, kisan gilla, 4] Kisa na vigilante, duka, tilastawa gwajin tsuliya, tilasta allurar hormone, da azabtarwa. Karuwanci Karuwanci a Dubai haramun ne amma har yanzu akwai. Ana ɗaukar Dubai a matsayin mafi shaharar masana'antar jima'i daga UAE. Karuwanci yana farawa ne da ƴan iskanci da ke lalata mata daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, kamar Gabashin Turai, Tsakiyar Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Afirka, Iraki, Iran, da Maroko. Masu fashin baki suna gaya musu cewa za su zama kuyangi sannan su tilasta musu yin karuwanci. Ana ba wa kowane iyali izinin wasu adadin biza don hayar ma'aikata na kasashen waje kuma 'karin' ma'aikatan kasashen waje da dangin ba su bukata ana sayar da su ga wani matsakaici. An kwace fasfo din mata bayan sun isa Dubai. An bayyana cewa akwai karuwai daga kasashen waje sama da 25,000 a kasar. Mata ba za su iya kai rahoton tilasta musu yin karuwanci ga 'yan sanda ba saboda za a kama su da yin lalata da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. A wasu lokuta, akan sami kananan yara a cikin zoben karuwanci. A cikin shekara ta 2007, wani rahoton labarai ya ba da rahoton cewa an kama masu karuwanci 170, tare da masu satar mutane 12 da abokan ciniki 65 waɗanda yawancinsu 'yan China ne. Bacewar tilas da azabtarwa Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa ta tsallake rijiya da baya; amma an daure masu fafutuka na Masarautar sama da 100 tare da azabtar da su saboda neman gyara. Tun daga 2011, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kara aiwatar da bacewar tilas Yawancin ‘yan kasashen waje da ‘yan ƙasar Masar da gwamnatin kasar ta kama tare da sace su, gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta musanta cewa ana tsare da wadannan mutane (don boye inda suke), inda ta sanya wadannan mutane a waje da dokar. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, rahotannin bacewar tilas da azabtarwa a Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa na da matukar damuwa. Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Larabawa ta samu shaidu daga waɗanda ake tuhuma da dama, kan rahotonta na "Bacewar Tilas da azabtarwa a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa", waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da su, da azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi a wuraren da ake tsare da su. Rahoton ya hada da hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa guda 16 da suka hada da duka, barazana da wutar lantarki da kuma hana samun kulawar likitoci. The report included 16 different methods of torture including severe beatings, threats with electrocution and denying access to medical care. A shekara ta 2013, an tsare wasu masu fafutuka na Masarautar su 94 a wuraren da ake tsare da su a asirce tare da gurfanar da su gaban kuliya bisa zargin yunkurin kifar da gwamnati. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da sirrin shari'ar. An kama wani dan Masarautar, wanda mahaifinsa na cikin wadanda ake tuhumar, an kama shi ne saboda ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da shari’ar. A watan Afrilun 2013, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni 10 a gidan yari. An kuma yi amfani da matakan danniya a kan mutane domin tabbatar da ikirarin gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa na cewa akwai "makirci na kasa da kasa" wanda 'yan kasar UAE da 'yan kasashen waje ke aiki tare don tada zaune tsaye a kasar. An kuma yi kamfen na korar 'yan kasashen waje. Akwai da dama da aka rubuta na Masarawa da wasu 'yan kasashen waje da suka kwashe shekaru suna aiki a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sannan kuma aka ba su 'yan kwanaki su bar ƙasar. 'Yan ƙasashen waje da aka yi wa bacewar tilas sun hada da yan Libya biyu da 'yan Qatar biyu. Amnesty ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa ce ta yi garkuwa da mutanen Qatar kuma gwamnatin UAE ta boye bayanan halin mutanen ga iyalansu. Daga cikin 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsare, dauri da kuma korarsu akwai Iyad El-Baghdadi, shahararren marubuci kuma mai shafin Twitter. Hukumomin Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa ne suka kama shi, aka tsare shi, aka daure shi sannan aka kore shi daga ƙasar. Duk da zamansa na rayuwa a Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa, a matsayinsa na dan Falasdinu, El-Baghdadi ba shi da wata hanyar da zai bijirewa wannan umarni. Ba za a iya mayar da shi zuwa yankunan Falasdinawa ba, don haka aka tura shi Malaysia. A shekara ta 2012, 'yan sandan Dubai sun yi wa wasu 'yan Burtaniya uku bulala da kuma girgizar wutar lantarki bayan kama su da laifin shan kwayoyi. Firayim Ministan Burtaniya, David Cameron, ya bayyana "damuwa" game da lamarin tare da gabatar da ita ga shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, yayin ziyarar aiki ta 2013 a Burtaniya. An yi wa mutanen uku afuwa kuma aka sake su a watan Yuli 2013. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2009, wani faifan bidiyo na azabtarwa da aka fitar da shi daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ya nuna Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan yana azabtar da wani mutum da bulala, da kayayyakin kiwon shanu na lantarki, da allunan katako tare da fitattun kusoshi tare da bi da shi akai-akai da mota. A cikin Disamba 2009 Issa ya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma ya bayyana cewa ba shi da laifi. An kawo karshen shari'ar a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2010, lokacin da aka wanke Issa daga azabtar da Mohammed Shah Poor. Human Rights Watch ta soki shari'ar tare da yin kira ga gwamnati da ta kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da za ta binciki zargin cin zarafi da jami'an tsaron UAE da sauran masu rike da madafun iko ke yi. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta bayyana damuwarta kan hukuncin, ta kuma ce dole ne dukkan al'ummar Masarawa su tsaya daidai a gaban doka, tare da yin kira da a yi nazari a tsanake kan matakin, domin tabbatar da biyan bukatun shari'a a kan wannan lamari. and two Qataris. Duba kuma Hakkokin LGBT a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Hakkin Dan Adam Hakkin aiki Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje A cikin sansanonin ƙwadago na Dubai Hoton hoto daga The Guardian na bakin haure na Kudancin Asiya a Dubai Nisa Daga Gida-- Labarin Kasa kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Ma'aikata a cikin UAE Bayin Dubai-- Mujallar Shaida The Independent-- The Dark Side of Dubai Dokokin Fyade a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Ra'ayin Fyade da Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokar Najeriya Dokoki Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
47942	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arewacin%20Afirka	Arewacin Afirka	Arewacin Afirka, ko Arewacin Afirka، yanki ne wanda ya ƙunshi yankin arewacin nahiyar Afirka. Babu wani yanki da aka yarda da shi ga yankin, kuma wani lokacin ana bayyana shi kamar yadda ya shimfiɗa daga gabar tekun Atlantika na Mauritania a yamma, zuwa Suez Canal na Masar a gabas. Ma'anar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da iyakokin yankin sun haɗa da Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Masar, Sudan, da Yammacin Sahara, yankin da ake jayayya tsakanin Morocco da Jamhuriyar Sahrawi mai ikirarin kanta. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana yankin kamar haka, kawai ya bambanta da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta hanyar cire Sudan. Sahel, kudancin hamadar Sahara, ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin iyakar kudancin Arewacin Afirka. Arewacin Afirka ya haɗa da biranen Spain na Ceuta da Melilla, da kuma plazas de soberanía Hakanan ana iya la'akari da shi don haɗawa da Malta, da sauran yankunan Burtaniya, Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese da Italiyanci kamar Gibraltar, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Lampedusa, da Lampione waɗanda duk suna kusa ko kusa da nahiyar Afirka fiye da Turai. Berbers sun zauna a Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka tun farkon tarihin da aka rubuta, yayin da gabashin Arewacin Afirka ya kasance gida ga Masarawa. A cikin ƙarni na bakwai da na takwas, Larabawa daga yankin Larabawa sun mamaye yankin a lokacin nasarar musulmai na farko. Wadannan mutane sun kafa jama'a guda ɗaya a yankuna da yawa, kamar yadda yawancin amma ba duk Berbers da Masarawa suka haɗu da sannu a hankali cikin al'adun Larabci da Musulmi. Wadannan matakai na Arabization da Islama sun bayyana yanayin al'adu na Arewacin Afirka tun daga lokacin. Kasashen Arewacin Afirka suna da yawa daga cikin asalin su, kabilanci, al'adu da harshe da tasiri tare da Yammacin Asiya, tsari wanda ya fara da juyin juya halin Neolithic a kusa da 10,000 BC da kuma kafin Daular Masar Tasirin Musulunci a Arewacin Afirka yana da mahimmanci, tare da yankin ya zama babban ɓangare na duniyar musulmi. Arewacin Afirka tana da alaƙa da Yammacin Asiya a cikin mulkin siyasa don samar da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya-North Africa. Yanayin ƙasa Arewacin Afirka yana da manyan siffofi guda uku: hamadar Sahara a kudu, Dutsen Atlas a yamma, da Kogin Nilu da delta a gabas. Duwatsun Atlas sun shimfiɗa a yawancin arewacin Aljeriya, Morocco, da Tunisia. Wadannan duwatsu suna daga cikin tsarin dutsen da ke gudana ta yawancin Kudancin Turai. Sun koma kudu da gabas, sun zama wuri mai faɗi kafin su haɗu da hamadar Sahara, wanda ya rufe fiye da kashi 75 cikin dari na yankin. Tsawon tsaunuka mafi tsawo suna cikin tsaunukan High Atlas a kudu maso tsakiyar Morocco, wanda ke da tsaunuka masu yawa da ke rufe dusar ƙanƙara. Kudancin Dutsen Atlas shine busasshiyar hamadar Sahara, mafi girman hamadar yashi a duniya. A wasu wurare hamada ta yanke ta hanyar ruwa mara kyau da ake kira streams wanda ke gudana ne kawai bayan ruwan sama amma yawanci ya bushe. Manyan siffofin ƙasar Sahara sun haɗa da ergs, manyan tekuna na yashi waɗanda wani lokacin sukan zama manyan dunes; hammada, dutsen dutse ba tare da ƙasa ko yashi ba; da reg, hanyar hamada. Sahara ta mamaye kudancin Aljeriya, Morocco da Tunisia, da kuma mafi yawan Libya. Yankuna biyu ne kawai na Libya a waje da hamada: Tripolitania a arewa maso yamma da Cyrenaica a arewa maso gabas. Yawancin Masar ma hamada ce, ban da Kogin Nilu da ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a bakin kogin. Kwarin Nilu ya samar da wani kunkuntar zaren mai amfani wanda ke gudana tare da tsawon ƙasar. Kwarin da aka kare a cikin Dutsen Atlas, kwarin Nilu da Delta, da bakin tekun Bahar Rum sune manyan tushen gonar noma mai kyau. Ana shuka amfanin gona iri-iri masu mahimmanci ciki har da hatsi, shinkafa da auduga, da kuma katako kamar al'ul da cork. Al'adun amfanin gona na Bahar Rum, kamar su zaitun, ɓaure, kwanakin da 'ya'yan itace, suma suna bunƙasa a waɗannan yankuna. Kwarin Nilu yana da kyau sosai kuma yawancin Masar suna zaune kusa da kogi. A wani wuri, ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci don inganta amfanin gona a gefen hamada Mutane Mazaunan Arewacin Afirka sun kasu kashi ɗaya cikin hanyar da ta dace da manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka: Maghreb, kwarin Nilu, da Sahel. Maghreb ko yammacin Arewacin Afirka gabaɗaya an yi imanin cewa Berbers ne suka zauna tun aƙalla 10,000 KZ, yayin da gabashin Arewacin Afirka ko kwarin Nilu galibi sun kasance gida ga Masarawa da Nubians. Tsohon Masarawa sun yi rikodin hulɗa mai yawa a cikin hamadar Yammacin su tare da mutanen da suka bayyana sun kasance Berber ko proto-Berber. Kamar yadda Tassili n'Ajjer da sauran binciken fasahar dutse a cikin Sahara suka nuna, Sahara kuma ta dauki bakuncin mutane daban-daban kafin saurin hamada a cikin 3500 BC har ma a yau ta ci gaba da karbar bakuncin kananan mutane masu zaman kansu na Sahara. Binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na yarinyar Uan Muhuggiag da yarinyar Tin Hanakaten, sun nuna cewa mutanen Sahara ta Tsakiya daga Epipaleolithic, Mesolithic, da kuma lokutan Pastoral suna da fata mai duhu. Shaidar archaeological daga zamanin Holocene ya nuna cewa kungiyoyin Nilo-Saharan sun mamaye tsakiyar da kudancin Sahara kafin zuwan masu magana da Berber da Larabci, kimanin shekaru 1500 da suka gabata, waɗanda yanzu galibi suna mamaye Sahara a zamanin zamani. Shige da fice na Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym zuwa yamma zuwa Maghreb a karni na goma sha ɗaya sun gabatar da al'adun Larabci da harshe zuwa ƙauyuka. Masana tarihi sun nuna motsi a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci a cikin Arabization na Arewacin Afirka. Harsunan hukuma a cikin ƙasashen da suka hada da Maghreb sune Larabci, Tamazight a matsayin harshen hukuma na biyu a Aljeriya da Maroko, da Mutanen Espanya a Ceuta da Melilla. Ana amfani da Faransanci a matsayin harshen gudanarwa a Aljeriya, Morocco da Tunisia. Harshen da aka fi magana shi ne Maghrebi Larabci, wanda shine nau'in tsohuwar Larabci wanda ya samo asali ne daga karni na 8 AD wanda ke bin tsarin ilimin lissafi da tsarin haɗin Berber. Ga sauran ƙasashen Arewacin Afirka, harshen hukuma shine Larabci. Mafi yawan kabilun da ke Arewacin Afirka Larabawa ne, ana ɗaukar Berbers a matsayin kabilanci na biyu mafi girma a arewacin Afirka a yamma kuma Larabawa sun fi yawa a gabas da ke kusa da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yankin galibi Musulmi ne tare da 'yan tsirarun Yahudawa a Maroko, Aljeriya, da Tunisia, da kuma' yan tsirarun Krista masu mahimmanci da Coptsāin Masar, Aljariya, Maroko da Tunisia. Mazaunan tsibirin Canary na Mutanen Espanya sun fito ne daga asalin Mutanen Espanya da Arewacin Afirka Berber, kuma mutanen Malta sun fito ne da Kudancin Italiyanci Sicilian, da kuma, zuwa ƙarami, asalin Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma suna magana da asalin Larabci. Koyaya, waɗannan yankuna ba a la'akari da su a matsayin ɓangare na Arewacin Afirka ba, amma Kudancin Turai, saboda kusanci da ƙasar Turai da al'adunsu da addinin Turai. Al'adu Mutanen Maghreb da yankunan Sahara suna magana da yarukan Berber da nau'ikan Larabci da yawa kuma kusan suna bin Islama kawai. Harshen Larabci da Berber suna da alaƙa da nisa, dukansu mambobi ne na dangin yaren Afroasiatic. Harsunan Tuareg Berber sun fi tsattsauran ra'ayi fiye da na biranen bakin teku. A cikin shekaru, Berbers sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar hulɗa da wasu al'adu: Masarawa, Helenawa, mutanen Punic, Romawa, Vandals, Larabawa, Turai, da 'yan Afirka. Saboda haka al'adun Maghreb da Sahara sun haɗu da 'yan asalin Berber, Larabawa da abubuwa daga yankunan makwabta na Afirka da bayan. A cikin Sahara, bambancin tsakanin mazauna oasis da makiyaya Bedouins da Tuaregs yana da alama sosai. Mutanen da suka bambanta na Arewacin Afirka galibi ana rarraba su ne tare da layin kabilanci da harshe. A cikin Maghreb, inda ake haɗa asalin Larabawa da Berber, waɗannan layin za a iya ɓoye su. Wasu 'yan Arewacin Afirka masu magana da Berber na iya ganewa a matsayin "Larabci" dangane da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa, kodayake adadi mai yawa na Berbers (ko Imazighen) sun riƙe ainihin al'adun al'adu wanda a cikin karni na 20 an bayyana shi a matsayin bayyanar kabilanci tare da tarihin Berber da harshe. Mutanen Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka masu magana da Larabci, ba tare da la'akari da asalin kabilanci ba, galibi suna nuna tarihin Larabawa da al'adun Larabawa kuma suna iya raba hangen nesa tare da sauran Larabawa. Wannan, duk da haka, na iya ko ba zai cire girman kai da kuma ganewa tare da Berber da ko wasu sassan al'adun su ba. Masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da al'adu na Berber a bangaren su, galibi ana kiransu Berberists, na iya kallon dukkan 'yan Afirka na Arewa maso Yamma a matsayin Berber, ko sun kasance da farko Berber- ko Larabci. Masarawa a cikin ƙarni sun canza yarensu daga Masarawa (a cikin ƙarshensa, nau'ikan Coptic) zuwa Larabci na Masarawa na zamani yayin da suke riƙe da ma'anar asalin ƙasa wanda a tarihi ya raba su da wasu mutane a yankin. Yawancin Masarawa Musulmai ne na Sunni, kodayake akwai ƙananan Kiristoci na Coptic. Maghreb a baya tana da yawan Yahudawa, kusan dukansu sun yi hijira zuwa Faransa ko Isra'ila lokacin da kasashen Arewacin Afirka suka sami 'yancin kai. Kafin kafa Isra'ila ta zamani, akwai kimanin Yahudawa 500,000 a Arewacin Afirka, gami da Yahudawa Sephardi 'yan gudun hijira daga Spain, Faransa da Portugal daga zamanin Renaissance) da kuma Yahudawa na Mizrahi. A yau, kasa da dubu goma sha biyar sun kasance a yankin, kusan duk a Maroko da Tunisia, kuma galibi suna cikin ɓangaren ƙwararrun birane masu magana da Faransanci. (Dubi fitowar Yahudawa daga ƙasashen Larabawa da Musulmi.) Tarihi Tarihi na farko Saboda asalin Afirka na zamani na 'yan adam na zamani, tarihin Prehistoric Arewacin Afirka yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar pre-hominid da farkon tarihin ɗan adam na zamani a Afirka. Wasu masu bincike sun yi ikirarin cewa Arewacin Afirka maimakon Gabashin Afirka ya zama wurin fita ga mutane na zamani waɗanda suka fara tafiya daga nahiyar a cikin ƙaura daga Afirka. Mazauna farko na tsakiyar Arewacin Afirka sun bar ragowar abubuwa masu mahimmanci: an samo ragowar aikin hominid a Arewacin Afirka, alal misali, a Ain el Hanech, kusa da Saïda (c. 200,000 KZ); a zahiri, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya sami alamun fasahar Oldowan a can, kuma ya nuna kwanan wata har zuwa miliyan 1.8 KZ. Abubuwan da aka gano kwanan nan a Jebel Irhoud a Maroko an gano sun ƙunshi wasu daga cikin tsofaffin Homo sapiens; Wannan yana nuna cewa, maimakon ya tashi ne kawai a Gabashin Afirka kusan shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata, farkon Homo sapiens na iya kasancewa a duk tsawon Afirka shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. A cewar marubucin binciken Jean-Jacques Hublin, "Tunanin shine cewa farkon Homo sapiens ya warwatse a nahiyar kuma abubuwa na zamani na ɗan adam sun bayyana a wurare daban-daban, don haka sassa daban-daban na Afirka sun ba da gudummawa ga fitowar abin da muke kira mutane na zamani a yau". Mutanen farko na iya kunshe da babban, yawan jama'a da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Afirka wanda yaduwar ta sauƙaƙe ta hanyar yanayin da ya fi dacewa wanda ya haifar da "Sahara mai kore", kusan shekaru 330,000 zuwa 300,000 da suka gabata. Tashin mutane na zamani na iya faruwa a kan sikelin nahiyar maimakon a tsare su a wani kusurwar Afirka. A watan Satumbar 2019, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton ƙudurin kwamfuta, bisa ga binciken CT 260, na siffar kwanyar kama-da-wane na kakannin ɗan adam na ƙarshe ga mutane na zamani H. sapiens, wakilin mutane na zamani na farko, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa mutane na zamani sun tashi tsakanin shekaru 260,000 da 350,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawan jama'a a Gabas da Kudancin Afirka. Hotunan kogon da aka samo a Tassili n'Ajjer, arewacin Tamanrasset, Aljeriya, da kuma wasu wurare suna nuna al'amuran rayuwa ta yau da kullun a tsakiyar Arewacin Afirka a lokacin Neolithic Subpluvial (kimanin 8000 zuwa 4000 KZ). Wasu sassan Arewacin Afirka sun fara shiga cikin juyin juya halin Neolithic a cikin ƙarni na 6 KZ, kafin saurin hamada na Sahara a kusa da 3500 KZ galibi saboda karkata a cikin yanayin duniya. A wannan lokacin ne aka gabatar da tsire-tsire da dabbobi a yankin, suna yadawa daga arewa da gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma. An yi la'akari da alaƙa tsakanin yankunan da ke bushewa da sauri da kuma gabatar da dabbobi wanda aka kara yawan aridification na halitta (orbital) ta hanyar yaɗuwar shrubs da bude ƙasa saboda kiwo. Duk da haka, canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli na arewacin Afirka bayan 3500 KZ sun ba da bango don kafa wayewar daular da kuma gina gine-gine masu ban mamaki kamar Pyramids na Giza Shaidar archaeological ta tabbatar da cewa yawan jama'a sun faru a Nubia tun farkon zamanin Late Pleistocene kuma daga karni na 5 BC zuwa gaba, yayin da akwai "babu ko kaɗan" na kasancewar mutum a cikin kwarin Nilu na Masar a waɗannan lokutan, wanda zai iya zama saboda matsalolin kiyaye shafin.Masana da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa asalin Afirka na wayewar Masar ya samo asali ne daga al'ummomin makiyaya waɗanda suka fito a yankunan Masar da Sudan na kwarin Nilu a cikin karni na biyar KZ. Lokacin da Masar ta shiga zamanin Tagulla, Yankin Maghreb ya ci gaba da mai da hankali kan karamin abinci a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu motsi sosai. An kafa wasu yankunan Phoenician da Girka a bakin tekun Bahar Rum a cikin karni na 7 KZ. Dā da Roma ta dā Manyan al'ummomin zamanin d a a yammacin Arewacin Afirka sune Carthage, Numidia da Mauretania Finikiyawa sun mallaki yawancin Arewacin Afirka ciki har da Carthage da wasu sassan Morocco na yanzu (ciki har da Chellah, Essaouira da Volubilis). Carthaginians sun fito ne daga asalin Phoenician, tare da tarihin Romawa game da asalin su shine cewa Dido, yarima Phoenician ne, wani mai mulki na gida ya ba shi ƙasa bisa ga yawan ƙasar da za ta iya rufewa da wani ɓangaren naman alade. Ta ƙirƙiro wata hanya don fadada naman sa zuwa babban rabo, don haka samun babban yanki. Yarima Aeneas na Trojan ya ƙi ta a cewar Virgil, don haka ya haifar da ƙiyayya ta tarihi tsakanin Carthage da Roma, kamar yadda Aeneas zai kafa harsashin Roma. Tsohon Carthage iko ne na kasuwanci kuma yana da rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi, amma ya dogara da ma'aikata ga sojoji na ƙasa. Carthaginians sun haɓaka daular a yankin Iberian, Malta, Sardinia, Corsica da arewa maso yammacin Sicily, ƙarshen shine dalilin Yaƙin Punic na farko tare da Romawa. Fiye da shekaru ɗari da ƙari, duk yankin Carthaginian daga ƙarshe Romawa sun ci nasara, wanda ya haifar da yankunan Carthaginian na Arewacin Afirka sun zama lardin Roma na Afirka a cikin 146 BC. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali kuma a ƙarshe rikici tsakanin Numidia da Roma. Yaƙe-yaƙe na Numidian sanannu ne don ƙaddamar da ayyukan Gaius Marius, da Sulla, da kuma shimfiɗa nauyin tsarin mulki na jamhuriyar Roma kamar yadda Marius ya buƙaci sojoji masu sana'a, wani abu da ya saba wa dabi'un Romawa, don shawo kan jagoran soja mai basira Jugurtha. Masarautar Mauretania ta kasance mai zaman kanta har sai da Emperor Claudius ya haɗa shi da Daular Roma a cikin 42 AD. Arewacin Afirka ya kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Roma, wanda ya samar da sanannun 'yan ƙasa da yawa kamar Augustine na Hippo, har sai jagorancin da bai cancanta ba daga kwamandojin Romawa a farkon karni na biyar ya ba da damar mutanen Jamus, Vandals, su haye Strait of Gibraltar, inda suka shawo kan tsaron Romawa. Rashin Arewacin Afirka an dauke shi a matsayin babban matsayi a faduwar Daular Roma ta Yamma kamar yadda Afirka a baya ta kasance muhimmiyar lardin hatsi wanda ya ci gaba da wadatar Romawa duk da hare-haren barbarians, da kuma dukiyar da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar sabbin sojoji. Batun sake dawo da Arewacin Afirka ya zama mahimmanci ga Daular Yamma, amma nasarar Vandal ta yi takaici. Dole ne mayar da hankali ga makamashi na Romawa ya kasance a kan barazanar da ke fitowa na Huns. A cikin 468 AD, Romawa sun yi ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na mamaye Arewacin Afirka amma an kori su. Wannan watakila alama ce ta raguwar ƙarshe ga Daular Roman ta Yamma. Sarkin sarakuna na karshe na Romawa ya sauka a cikin 476 ta hanyar janar Odoacer na Heruli. Hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Arewacin Afirka sun kasance ba su da kyau har zuwa zuwan Islama. Wasu Berbers sun kasance mambobi ne na Ikilisiyar Afirka ta Farko (amma sun samo asali da nasu koyarwar Donatist), wasu Yahudawa ne na Berber, wasu kuma sun bi addinin gargajiya na Berber. Paparoma na Afirka Victor I ya yi aiki a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Roma Septimius Severus Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin mulkin Romawa, Byzantines, Vandals, Ottomans da Carthaginians mutanen Kabyle ne kawai ko ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kalilan a Arewacin Afirka waɗanda suka kasance masu zaman kansu. Mutanen Kabyle sun kasance masu tsayayya sosai har ma a lokacin da Larabawa suka ci Arewacin Afirka har yanzu suna da iko da mallaka a kan duwatsunsu. Nasarar Larabawa zuwa zamanin yau Nasarar musulmai ta farko ta haɗa da Arewacin Afirka ta hanyar 640. A shekara ta 700, yawancin Arewacin Afirka sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin musulmi. 'Yan asalin Berbers daga baya sun fara kafa nasu manufofi don mayar da martani a wurare kamar Fez da Sijilmasa A cikin karni na goma sha ɗaya, ƙungiyar masu gyarawa ta ƙunshi membobin da ke kiran kansu daular Almoravid sun faɗaɗa kudu zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Jama'ar Arewacin Afirka da ke ci gaba da wayewa sun rushe bayan sun gaji da albarkatunsu a cikin fadace-fadace na ciki da kuma shan wahala daga lalacewa daga mamayar Banu Sulaym da Banu Hilal. Ibn Khaldun ya lura cewa ƙasashen da masu mamaye Banu Hilal suka lalata sun zama hamada gaba ɗaya. Bayan Tsakiyar Tsakiya yawancin yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Daular Ottoman. Daular Mutanen Espanya ta ci biranen bakin teku da yawa tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18. Bayan karni na 19, kasancewar mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Ingila, Spain da Italiya sun bar dukan yankin a ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na mulkin mallaka. A yakin duniya na biyu daga 1940 zuwa 1943 yankin ya kasance wurin da aka shirya yakin Arewacin Afirka. A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 duk jihohin Arewacin Afirka sun sami 'yancin kai. Har yanzu akwai jayayya game da Yammacin Sahara tsakanin Maroko da Polisario Front da ke goyon bayan Aljeriya. Yunkurin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Arab Spring ya fara ne da juyin juya hali a Tunisia da Masar wanda ya haifar da hambarar da gwamnatocinsu, da kuma yakin basasa a Libya. Babban zanga-zangar ta faru a Aljeriya da Maroko zuwa ƙarami. Daruruwan mutane da yawa sun mutu a cikin tashin hankali. Kididdigar ƙasashe Yawan jama'a na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka Al'adun Masar Tarihin dijital na Turai akan Taswirar Duniya Jerin rikice-rikice na zamani a Arewacin Afirka Bayani Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
34321	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Kasar%20Djibouti	Hakkin Dan Adam a Kasar Djibouti	Batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Djibouti, ƙaramar ƙasa da ke cikin yankin kahon Afirka, wani lamari ne da ke damun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama. Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2019 ya nuna cewa muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam na Djibouti sun haɗa da: kisan gilla da jami'an gwamnati suka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba; tsarewar jami'an gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanayin gidan yari mai tsanani da barazanar rai; tsangwama na sabani ko ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da keɓantawa; kame ko gurfanar da 'yan jarida ba tare da hakki ba; Laifin laifi; babban tsangwama ga haƙƙin taron lumana da ƴancin ƙungiyoyi; manyan ayyuka na cin hanci da rashawa; da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata tare da rashin isassun matakan gwamnati don gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya da hukunta su, gami da yi wa mata kaciya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa rashin hukunta shi matsala ce, inda ba kasafai gwamnati ke daukar matakan ganowa tare da hukunta jami’an da suka aikata munanan laifuka, walau a jami’an tsaro ko kuma a wasu wurare a cikin gwamnati. Tarihi (1977-2006) da yanayin siyasa A shekarar 1977 ne Djibouti ta samu 'yancin kai daga Faransa, bayan da kashi 98.8% na al'ummar kasar suka kada kuri'ar raba gardama a zaben raba gardama Hassan Gouled Aptidon ya zama shugaban kasa kuma an ayyana jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, the People's Rally for Progress, a matsayin jam'iyyar doka tilo a shekarar 1981. Ta kasance tana da iko tun daga lokacin, karkashin Aptidon har zuwa shekarar 1999, da Isma'il Omar Guelleh daga baya. Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Djibouti tun shekarar 1977 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 Gwamnatin Aptidon (1977-1999) Da'awar tsare siyasa da azabtarwa sun fara kusan nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1977, an kama wasu magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa Mouvement populaire de liberation goma sha bakwai tare da azabtar da su. A cikin 1978, ɗalibai goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka ziyarci karatunsu a ƙasashen waje a Paris, an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni a kurkuku kuma an ba da rahoton azabtarwa saboda labaran da ƙungiyar ɗalibansu ta rubuta a Faransa. Bayan wani hari da makami a shekarar 1979 a Randa, an tsare 'yan Afara sittin kuma akalla daya ya mutu sakamakon azabtarwa. An yi iƙirarin cewa an kama da yawa saboda kasancewarsu na ƙungiyar Mouvement populaire de liberation. Bayan wani yunkurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Daraktan Tsaro a watan Yunin 1979 (wanda Amnesty International ta ce ana shakkar gaskiyarsa), an tsare da azabtar da masu adawa da siyasa tara, ciki har da mataimakan majalisa biyu. Daya daga cikin wadannan Mohamed Houmed Mohamed ya taba gabatar da jawabin majalisar dokokin kasar inda ya yi tir da yadda gwamnati ke azabtar da mutane. A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 1981 jam'iyyar Parti populair Djiboutien ta nemi amincewa da doka a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. A farkon watan Satumba sun fitar da sanarwarsu ta farko, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba an kama dukkan mambobin kwamitin zartarwa goma sha uku, ciki har da 'yan majalisa shida. Cikin wadanda ake tsare da su akwai Mohamed Houmed Mohamed. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mambobin sun tsere daga kasar bayan an sako su, amma an sake tsare su da azabtar da su bayan sun dawo daga gudun hijira. Hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka ruwaito a karkashin Aptidon sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga): duka mai tsanani; hawan ruwa konewa; yage daga farce; wutar lantarki; tsayin daka ga hayaki wanda ke haifar da kusan asphyxiation; "The Swing", wanda aka dakatar da wanda aka azabtar da shi daga mashaya ta idon sawunsa; da sanya kwalabe a cikin dubura. Gwamnatin Guellah (1999-) Aptidon ya sanar da yin murabus a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999 kuma jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta zabi Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a matsayin dan takararsu na shugaban kasa. Ya lashe zaben da aka yi a watan Afrilu da hannu, da kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na shugaban kasa, Moussa Ahmed Idriss mai zaman kansa. An kama Idriss ne a watan Satumba mai zuwa saboda "barazana da kwarin gwiwar sojojin kasar" kuma an tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba. Jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta ci gaba da mamaye harkokin siyasa a karkashin gwamnatin Guellah, inda ta yi amfani da wani tsari na musamman na farko-farko, wanda mafi rinjaye a kowane gundumomi biyar na zaben kasar ke rike da dukkan kujeru. Don haka, a zaben Majalisar Dokokin kasar na 2003, kawancen ya karbi dukkan kujeru 65 da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada. Jam’iyyun adawa sun kaurace wa zaben na 2005 da shekarar 2008. A shekara ta 2008, shugaba Guellah ya ba da sanarwar rusa jam'iyyar adawa ta Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development jam'iyyar. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima, inda aka cire wa'adin wa'adi biyu, tare da baiwa Guelleh damar ci gaba da wa'adinsa na shugaban kasa. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2010, an yanke wa babban attajirin nan na Djibouti, kuma tsohon abokin shugaban kasar, Abdourahman Boreh, hukuncin <i id="mwAWE">daurin</i> rai-da-rai saboda ta'addanci. Ba shi da lauya mai kare shi kuma ya kasance yana niyyar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2007-) 'Yancin magana Duka manyan jaridun La Nation de Djibouti da mai watsa shirye-shirye Radiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti gwamnati ce ke sarrafa su. Jaridar 'yan adawa ta Le Renouveau ta daina aiki a shekara ta 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke cewa wani dan kasuwa ya ba wa surukin Ismail Omar Guelleh cin hanci, gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2009, an kama Ahmed Darar Robleh, kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari saboda rubuta wakokin sukar shugaban kasa. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 gwamnati ta kame da yawa daga cikin 'yan adawar siyasa, ciki har da mutane shida da ke ba da rahoto ga gidan rediyon Turai, La Voix de Djibouti. Wadannan sun hada da Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar, wadanda aka sake su bayan watanni hudu amma aka sake kama su a watan Nuwamba. 'Yancin addini Freedom House ta yi ikirarin cewa ana mutunta 'yancin yin ibada a kassar. Tsarin doka Djibouti ta soke hukuncin kisa a watan Afrilun shekarar 2010. Tsarin shari'a na ƙasar ya dogara ne akan tsarin farar hula na Faransa, tare da shari'ar Shari'a da ke tafiyar da al'amuran iyali. Kame ba bisa ka'ida ba Ko da yake doka ta haramta kama kama, ƙungiyoyi na uku suna da'awar cewa ba a mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. Jami’an tsaro na yawan kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Jean-Paul Noel Abdi, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Djibouti, an kama shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 bayan ya ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar 'yan adawa dangane da rikicin Larabawa a farkon wannan watan. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, bai goyi bayan zanga-zangar da kansu ba amma ya nuna adawa da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga baya an sake shi bisa dalilan lafiya amma har yanzu ana tuhumar sa. Azaba Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa. Sai dai rahotannin amfani da shi na ci gaba da kwarara zuwa kasashen waje. An kama karuwai ta hanyar mataimakan squads, kuma fyade ya kasance wani sharadi na sakewa. Ana samun rahotannin ‘yan sanda suna dukan fursunonin lokaci-lokaci. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta yi ikirarin cewa Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said ya yi masa daga ranar 23 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011. Yanayin gidan yari Djibouti na da gidan yari guda daya Gabode a birnin Djibouti da kuma wasu kananan gidajen yari. An ba da rahoton cewa yanayi a cikin tsarin ya kasance "mai tsanani". Duk da yawan cunkoso, fursunonin na Gabode suna ciyar da abinci sau uku a rana kuma suna samun kulawar lafiya. An yi la'akari da yanayi a cikin gidajen yari mafi muni, ba tare da tsarin kulawa ba. Gwamnati ce ke ba masu gadi horo game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. 'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata A cewar Freedom House, tsirarun kungiyoyin kamar Yemeniyawa da Afarwa na fuskantar wariya. Kaciyar mata ya zama ruwan dare. Daidaito, duk da haka, yana samun ci gaba; sama da kashi 50% na alkalai yanzu mata ne. Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Djibouti game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Djibouti Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a shekarar 2009, da sauransu. 2. Tun daga ranar 27 ga watan Yuni (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1977; 1 Janairu bayan haka. 3. Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na shekarar 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahotanni Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na 2010 na Amnesty International (kuma ana samunsa cikin Larabci Faransanci, da Sipaniya 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 ta Freedom House Ƙungiyoyin duniya Djibouti a Amnesty International (kuma ana samun su a cikin Larabci Faransanci da Sipaniya Djibouti a Human Rights Watch Djibouti a FIDH (Ƙarin bayani akan rukunin Faransa Djibouti a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) Djibouti a UNICEF Djibouti a International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) (kuma ana samunsa cikin Faransanci Kungiyoyin kasa Ligue Djiboutienne des Droits Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
24149	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja%20%28album%29	Aja (album)	Aja /eɪ ʒ ə ya furta kamar Asia ne na shida studio album da American jazz dutse band Steely Dan An sake shi a ranar 23 ga Satan Satumba, shekarar alif ta 1977, ta ABC Records Rikodi tare da kusan mawaƙa guda arbain 40, shugabannin ƙungiyar Donald Fagen da Walter Becker sun tura Steely Dan zuwa cikin gwaji tare da haɗuwa daban -daban na 'yan wasan zaman yayin da suke bin dogon lokaci, ingantattun kida don kundin. Kundin ya haura zuwa lamba uku akan jadawalin Amurka da lamba biyar a Burtaniya, daga ƙarshe ya zama Lely mafi nasara a kasuwancin Steely Dan. Ya haifar da yawan mawaƙa, ciki har da Peg Deacon Blues da Josie A watan Yuli shekarar alif ta 1978, Aja ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy don Kyakkyawar Rikodin Injiniya-Ba na gargajiya ba kuma ta karɓi nunin Grammy don Album na Shekara da Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Pop ta Duo ko Rukuni tare da Muryoyi Tun daga lokacin ya kasance yana bayyana akai -akai akan martabar ƙwararrun manyan albums, tare da masu suka da audiophiles suna yaba manyan matakan samarwa na kundin. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Laburaren Majalisa ya zaɓi kundin don adanawa a cikin Rikodin Rikodin Ƙasa don kasancewa "mahimmancin al'adu, tarihi, ko fasaha." Rikodi Samfurin da Steely Dan wanda ya daɗe yana samarwa Gary Katz ƙunshi manyan mawaƙan zaman mawaƙa Waƙar taken na tsawon mintuna takwas yana nuna ci gaban jazz na tushen jazz da solo na ɗan wasan saxophonist Wayne Shorter Becker bai yi waƙoƙi uku ba: "Black Cow", Aja da Peg Title da marufi Ana kiran taken album ɗin kamar Asiya Donald Fagen ya ce an sanya wa wannan albam din sunan wata ‘yar Koriya da ta auri kanin wani abokinsa na makarantar sakandare. Hoton murfin Hideki Fujii yana da ƙirar ƙirar Jafananci da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Sayoko Yamaguchi kuma Patricia Mitsui da Geoff Westen ne suka tsara ta. Walter Becker da Dorothy A. White ne suka ɗauki hotunan ciki. Talla da tallace -tallace An saki Aja ranar 23 ga gawatan Satumba, shekarar alif ta 1977, ta ABC Records A cikin tsammanin sakin, Katz ya bukaci Fagen da Becker masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da su haɓaka martabar su ta jama'a, gami da haɗuwa da Irving Azoff don ayyukan sa a matsayin manajan su. "A shirye muke mu ci gaba da rayuwa cikin walwala ba tare da manaja ba", in ji Fagen a lokacin. Tare da haɗin Azoff tare da kantunan rikodin kuma ana ba da kundin a farashi mai rahusa, Aja ta zama "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kundin waƙoƙi na kakar kuma mafi saurin sayar da Steely Dan harDisamba a cewar Cameron Crowe a cikin fitowar Rolling Stone na Disamba shekarar alif ta 1977. A cikin makwanni uku da aka saki, kundin ya kai saman biyar na jadawalin kundin Amurka, ƙarshe ya kai lamba uku. Har ila yau, ya kai lamba biyar a kan taswirar kundin waƙoƙin Burtaniya Dangane da Billboard, ya zama babban bugun ƙungiyar kuma ɗaya daga cikin kundi na farko da aka tabbatar da platinum Lokacin da DTS yunkurin yin 5.1 version, an gano cewa multitrack Masters duka biyu "Black Cow" da kuma suna waƙa da aka rasa. A saboda wannan dalili, Universal Music ta soke sigar SACD da yawa. Donald Fagen ya ba da tukuici ga maigidan da suka ɓace ko kuma duk wani bayanin da zai kai su ga murmurewa. Maraba mai mahimmanci da gado Da yake yin bita a cikin shekarar alif ta 1977 don Rolling Stone, Michael Duffy ya ce "tsarin tunanin kiɗan [Steely Dan's] ya canza daga tunanin dutsen mirgine zuwa ga santsi, mai tsafta sosai da lissafin maye gurbi na dutsen daban, pop da jazz". kalmomin su "sun kasance masu ban sha'awa da ban tsoro kamar koyaushe". Duffy ya kara da cewa yayin da “matsanancin hankali na duo” ya fara nuna gazawar sa, na karshen “na iya kasancewa daidai gwargwado wanda ya sa Walter Becker da Donald Fagen su zama cikakkiyar rigakafin kiɗan kiɗa na shekaru saba'in.” Robert Christgau na Muryar Kauye da farko ya "ƙi" rikodin kafin "ya fahimci cewa, sabanin The Royal Scam, yana ta min wasu", yayin da yake lura cewa yana "godiya don ganin Fagen da Becker na cynicism a cikin raguwa". Koyaya, ya yi imanin fifikon mawakan na tsawon lokaci, waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa "na iya zama aibi mai muni". Greg Kot kuma ya kasance mai ɗumi -ɗumi ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar, daga baya ya rubuta a cikin Chicago Tribune “Ciwon sanyi na asibiti da aka fara gani akan The Royal Scam an kammala shi anan. Tsawon lokaci, karin waƙoƙin da ba su da ƙarfi suna maye gurbin amincin acerbic na da. Barry Walters ya fi karbuwa a cikin bita na baya -baya don Rolling Stone, yana mai cewa "dutsen koyaushe ya yi fice wajen nuna ciwon yaro. Amma ba kasafai yake faruwa ba lokacin da dutsen ya kama rikice -rikicen damuwar manya kusan zalla da sauti. Masanin tarihin Jazz Ted Gioia ya ambaci Aja a matsayin misali na Steely Dan "yana tabbatar da cewa pop-rock na iya amfana daidai da jazz mai lafiya" a lokacin mulkin su na asali, wanda yayi daidai da lokacin da mawaƙan dutsen sukan yi gwaji da salon jazz da dabaru. A ra'ayin Pitchfork s Amanda Petrusich, yana da "rikodin jazz kamar pop", yayin da Ben Ratliff daga The New York Times ya ce "ya ƙirƙiri sabon ma'auni don alaƙar jazz da dutsen, wanda ba shi da tushe, Steely Dan ko wani dabam rikodin jazz mai ci gaba tare da bugun baya, guda sabain '70s hipster's extension na abin da Gil Evans ya hango shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A cikin jerin Dylan Jones na mafi kyawun kundin jazz na GQ, Aja ta kasance ta sittin da shidda 62. 'Yan jaridar kiɗa sun ambaci kundin a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun rikodin gwaji don audiophiles, saboda manyan matakan samarwa. Walters ya lura a cikin bitarsa "kammala sonic na son rai na album, kaɗe -kaɗe da rikitarwa kiɗa don haka yana buƙatar masu kirkirar sa su kira a cikin 'yan wasan zaman A -jerin don gane sautin da suka ji a kawunansu amma ba za su iya yin wasa ba, har ma a kan kayan aikin da suka kware. Bita Aja 2007 duk-analog LP reissue, Ken Kessler daga Hi-Fi News & Record Review kyauta saman alamomi zuwa biyu da rikodi da kuma cika halaye, kiran da album "daukaka jazz-rock cewa ya ba shekara a duk sai ka yi la'akari da 'hankali' ya wuce shi ne duk abin da kuke tsammanin Becker da Fagen mai zafi/zafi za su bayar. Amincewa Aja sau da yawa yana fitowa akan martaba na manyan albums na kowane lokaci. A cikin shekarar alif ta 1991, Rock & Folk na Faransa ya haɗa da Aja a cikin jerin mafi kyawun kundi 250 da aka saki yayin wanzuwar mujallar, farawa daga shekarar alif ta 1966. Zuwa shekara ta 1999, shi da aka ranked 59th a kan kasa Isra'ila jaridar Yedioth Ahronoth "Top 99 Albums na All Time". A cikin shekara ta 2000 an zaɓi lambar guda 118 a cikin Colin Larkin 's All Time Top 1000 Albums A cikin Shekara ta 2003, an shigar da kundin a cikin Grammy Hall of Fame kuma ya kasance lamba ta 145 akan jerin Rolling Stone Manyan Albums na Duk Lokaci riƙe kimantawa a cikin jerin sake fasalin shekara ta 2012. A cikin shekara ta 2006, an saka Aja cikin littafin Albums 1001 Dole Ku Ji Kafin Ku Mutu A cikin shekara ta 2010, Laburaren Majalisa ya zaɓi Aja don haɗawa a Rijistar Rikodin Ƙasa ta Amurka dangane da mahimmancin al'adu, fasaha ko mahimmancin tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Rolling Stone ya ba shi matsayi na 63 a cikin wani sabon bugu na jerin manyan kundin waƙoƙi 500. Dangane da irin wannan martaba, jimlar gidan yanar gizon Acclaimed Music ya lissafa Aja a matsayin album na 98 mafi yawan yabo na shekarun 1970 da 315th album mafi fa'ida a tarihi. Mawaƙin Bilal ya sanya shi a cikin fayafan album ɗinsa guda 25 da ya fi so, yana bayanin hakan, "Babban aiki ne. Da alama an yi tunani tun daga farko har zuwa ƙarshe, kowace waƙa tana da wani yanayi. Rubutun waƙa ga sauti da kallon kundin, duk kunshin an yi tunani sosai. Littafin Albums na Classic A cikin 1999, an rufe Aja don wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen fina-finai na Burtaniya Classic Albums, wanda ke nuna nazarin waƙar-waƙa na kundin (kawai tsallake shine "Na Samu Labarin", wanda ake bugawa yayin ƙimar rufewa), tambayoyi tare da Steely Dan co-kafa Walter Becker da Donald Fagen (a tsakanin wasu) ƙari da sabbin waƙoƙin raye-raye a cikin ɗakin studio daga kundin. Becker da Fagen suma suna yin wasa da yawa daga cikin solos ɗin guitar da aka ƙi don Peg waɗanda aka yi rikodin su kafin Jay Graydon ya samar da gamsarwa. Andy Gill, ɗaya daga cikin sauran waɗanda aka yi hira da su, ya ce: "Jazz-rock babban sashi ne na yanayin kide-kide na 70 ya kasance ingantaccen ƙarfe na biyu-ba za ku iya raba kiɗan pop da jazz a cikin kiɗan su ba. Yayin da yake tattauna sautin kundi, mawaƙin Burtaniya Ian Dury ya ce a cikin labarin cewa ya ji abubuwa na mawaƙan jazz kamar Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, da Art Blakey "To, Aja 's samu wani sauti cewa ta dage your zuciya up, kuma yana da mafi m up-cika, zuciya-Warming ko da yake, shi ne mai classic LA kamar sauti", Dury bayyana. "Ba za ku yi tunanin an yi rikodin ko'ina a cikin duniya ba. An sami California ta cikin jininta, duk da cewa su maza ne daga New York… Suna da fasaha da za ta iya yin hotunan da ba yara ba kuma ba sa sa ku yi tunanin kun taɓa jin hakan… ta wata hanya, hoton yana da hasashe sosai, a cikin gani. Yacht rock A cikin kimantawa na baya -bayan nan, 'yan jaridar kiɗa sun tattauna Aja a matsayin muhimmin saki a cikin ci gaban jirgin ruwa Don Spin a cikin shekara ta 2009, Chuck Eddy ya lissafa shi a cikin nau'ikan kundin waƙoƙi guda takwas masu mahimmanci. Da yake rubutu don uDiscoverMusic a cikin shekara ta 2019, Paul Sexton ya ce tare da faifan, Steely Dan "ya ba da sanarwar binciken su mafi girma na tasirin jazz" wanda zai haifar da "fitaccen jirgin ruwan su" a cikin Gaucho na shekarar alif ta 1980. Patrick Hosken daga MTV News ya ce duka Aja da Gaucho sun nuna yadda "babban jirgin ruwan yashi kuma ya fi burin kide-kide fiye da yadda ake tsammani, yana daure ruhi mai idanu da jazz zuwa funk da R&B". An haɗa Aja a cikin Vinyl Me, Don Allah jerin mujallu na mafi kyawun kundin kundin jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa guda goma 10, tare da rubutun da ya biyo baya wanda ya ce: "Muhimmancin Steely Dan ga jirgin ruwa ba zai iya wuce gona da iri ba. jajirce da Dan shi ne, bayar da a kan shekarar alif ta 1980 fasa Gaucho, amma Aja sami Walter Becker da Donald Fagen kage bugawa a tsakiya-ƙasa stride a matsayin al'ada hit factory yayin da sauran daukaka da kuma yawon buxe ido John Lawler daga Wani Abu! ya ce, "Waƙar da wasan kwaikwayon da suka fi misalta rabin lokacin, funky, shimfida (hanya) baya a cikin bugun shuffle a cikin yanayin jazz-pop na tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen- 70s za a iya samu akan 'Gida a Ƙarshe.' Bernard "Kyakkyawa" Purdie yana ciyar da bass din Chuck Rainey tare da tsattsarkan tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙwaƙƙwaran nasara da cike da farin ciki a cikin wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar da aka fi so. Jerin waƙa Duk waƙoƙin da Walter Becker da Donald Fagen suka rubuta. Ma'aikata Side A "Black Cow" Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer Paul Humphrey drums Chuck Rainey bass guitar Victor Feldman Fender Rhodes Joe Sample clavinet Larry Carlton guitar Tom Scott tenor saxophone Clydie King, Sherlie Matthews, Venetta Fields, Rebecca Louis backing vocals "Aja" Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer, police whistle, backing vocals Steve Gadd drums Chuck Rainey bass guitar Larry Carlton, Walter Becker, Denny Dias guitars Joe Sample Fender Rhodes Michael Omartian piano Victor Feldman percussion Wayne Shorter tenor saxophone Timothy B. Schmit backing vocals "Deacon Blues" Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer Bernard Purdie drums Walter Becker bass guitar Larry Carlton, Lee Ritenour guitars Victor Feldman Fender Rhodes Pete Christlieb tenor saxophone Clydie King, Sherlie Matthews, Venetta Fields backing vocals Side B "Peg" Donald Fagen lead vocals Rick Marotta drums Chuck Rainey bass guitar Paul Griffin Fender Rhodes, backing vocals Don Grolnick clavinet Steve Khan guitar Jay Graydon guitar solo Victor Feldman, Gary Coleman percussion Tom Scott Lyricon Michael McDonald backing vocals "Home At Last" Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizer, backing vocals Bernard Purdie drums Chuck Rainey bass guitar Larry Carlton guitar Walter Becker guitar solo Victor Feldman piano, vibraphone Tim Schmit backing vocals "I Got the News" Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizers Ed Greene drums Chuck Rainey bass guitar Victor Feldman piano, vibraphone, percussion Dean Parks guitar Walter Becker, Larry Carlton guitar solos Michael McDonald, Clydie King, Venetta Fields, Sherlie Matthews, Rebecca Louis backing vocals "Josie" Donald Fagen lead vocals, synthesizers, backing vocals Jim Keltner drums, percussion Chuck Rainey bass guitar Victor Feldman Fender Rhodes Larry Carlton, Dean Parks guitars Walter Becker guitar solo Tim Schmit backing vocals Tom Scott shirye -shiryen ƙaho Jim Horn, Bill Perkins, Plas Johnson, Jackie Kelso saxophones, sarewa Chuck Findley, Lou McCreary, Dick Hyde tagulla Stephen Diener [ABC Records] mai gabatar da zartarwa Gary Katz furodusa Roger Nichols, Elliot Scheiner, Al Schmitt, Bill Schnee injiniyoyi Joe Bellamy, Lenise Bent, Ken Klinger, Ron Pangaliman, Ed Rack, Linda Tyler mataimakan injiniya Bernie Grundman gwaninta Barbara Miller daidaituwa na samarwa Dinky Dawson mai ba da shawara Daniel Levitin mai ba da shawara Oz Studios, Vartan Reissue jagorar fasaha Patricia Mitsui, Geoff Westen ƙira Hideki Fujii (hoton murfin), Walter Becker, Dorothy A. White daukar hoto Walter Becker, Donald Fagen bayanin kula Ayyukan Kyaututtuka Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Takaddun shaida Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Aja at Discogs (list of releases) courtesy of The Museum of Classic Chicago Television Pages with unreviewed
36678	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana%20Island%2C%20Lagos	Banana Island, Lagos	Tsibirin Banana Tsibiri tsibiri ne na wucin gadi kusa da gabar tekun Ikoyi, Legas, Najeriya. Sunanta ya samo asali ne daga lankwasa siffarsa. Tsibiri shiri ne, gauraye ci gaba tare da gine-ginen zama, kasuwanci da na nishaɗi. Tarihin gine-gine Asalin aikin ginin Banana Island mai taken Lagoon City shine ƙwaƙƙwaran Marigayi Cif Adebayo Adeleke, Jami'ar London horar da Injiniya (MICE), kuma Shugaba na City Property Development Ltd. Tun farko Adeleke ya kaddamar da wani sabon ci gaban birane a Maroko, Victoria Island, amma wannan aikin gwamnatin jihar Legas ta samu. Biyo bayan shari’ar da aka kwashe shekaru 10 ana yi a kotu, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta ba da wasu filaye domin ci gaban Maroko. Mutane da yawa sun yi ba'a ga shawarar da Cif Adeleke ya yanke na zabar kewayen tsibirin Ikoyi, duk da haka sun kasa fahimtar hangen nesa na Babban Hafsan, wanda ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya sa Kamfanin Dredging na Westminster ya kwashe gabar tekun, ya kuma kirkiro tsibirai guda shida masu alaka da juna. Don kammala tunanin Lagoon City, Cif Adeleke ya tsara wani zane mai ban sha'awa wanda ya haɗa da filin jirgin sama na City, wanda shine hangen nesa da aka yi tun kafin Ci gaban Docklands na London, Filin jirgin saman London City, Tsibirin Palm na Dubai ko Filin jirgin sama na Chek Lap Kok na Hong Kong. Da ya kwato filin kuma aka bayyana ra’ayin, sai wasu suka yi yunkurin kokawa da filin daga gare shi, aka sake ‘saye’ aikin ba tare da la’akari da biyan su ga City Property Development Limited ba. Tun daga 1983, a halin yanzu ana kalubalantar 'sayan' a kotuna daban-daban, kuma akwai gargadin Caveat Emptor a wurin don gargaɗi masu sayayya cewa jarin su na iya zama cikin haɗari a nan gaba. Haka kuma akwai shari'a a kotunan Birtaniya da Turai dangane da wannan batu. Masu haɓakawa na gaba sun kasance suna da sha'awar ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa tare da kashe kyakkyawan ƙirar ƙira da Cif Adebayo Adeleke ya hango. Sakamakon haka ƙasar ta cika don ƙirƙirar tsibiri mai siffar ayaba, don haka tsibirin Banana. Tsibirin Banana, yanki ne na Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria, mai tazarar kilomita 8.6 gabas da dandalin Tafawa Balewa. Wani bangare na karamar hukumar Legas ta Eti-Osa a tsakiyar Legas. Zane Tsibirin Banana Tsibiri ne da mutum ya yi a Jihar Legas, Najeriya wanda ya dan lankwasa su -kamar ayaba. Yana cikin Lagon Legas kuma an haɗa shi da tsibirin Ikoyi ta hanyar sadaukarwar hanya wacce ke da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwar da ake da ita kusa da Estate Parkview. Ƙungiyar Chagoury ta Lebanon-Nigeria ce ta gina tsibirin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje ta Tarayya kuma ana ganin cewa ya yi daidai da Ƙungiyar Bakwai a Paris, La Jolla a San Diego, da Shibuya na Tokyo. da kuma unguwannin Roppongi. Ya mamaye yanki mai cike da yashi na kusan murabba'in 1,630,000 kuma an raba shi zuwa filaye 536 (na tsakanin murabba'in 1000 da 4000 a girman) wanda aka shirya shi tare da cul-de-sacs, don haka an tsara shi don haɓaka yanayin zama na tarihi na Ikoyi. An tanadar wa mazauna wurin da kayan aiki da suka haɗa da na'urorin lantarki na karkashin kasa (tare da na'urorin lantarki na sama da aka saba a ko'ina cikin Legas), cibiyar samar da ruwa ta karkashin kasa, na'urar kula da najasa ta tsakiya da masana'anta, da hasken titi da hanyoyin sadarwar tauraron dan adam. Tsibirin shiri ne, gauraye ci gaba tare da keɓance wurare don ayyukan zama, kasuwanci da nishaɗi. A gefen mazaunin tsibirin, ba a ba da izinin tsarawa don gidaje sama da hawa 3 ba. The developers also aniyar gina babban piazza, club-house, a primary and secondary school, fire and police station and a medical clinic. Suna kuma tattaunawa don gina otal mai tauraro 5 a tsibirin, tare da ɗimbin ƙananan Gidajen Baƙi. Abun ciki Tsibirin Banana yana ɗaukar manyan ci gaba na zama na ƙarshe kamar Ocean Parade Towers jerin ginshiƙan hasumiya na alfarma 14 waɗanda ke da dabaru a ƙarshen tsibirin don cin gajiyar ra'ayoyin panoramic na digiri 180 da ke kallon tafkin. Kama da yawancin abubuwan ci gaba a tsibirin, ta keɓe wuraren nishaɗi kamar ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya mai zaman kanta-tare da kotunan wasan tennis, kotunan ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma wurin shakatawa da ke kewaye da manyan lambuna. An sayar da gidajen da aka kaddamar da su a cikin Ocean Parade akan dalar Amurka sama da $400,000. Manyan kamfanoni na Najeriya da na duniya da dama kamar Etisalat Nigeria, Airtel Nigeria, Ford Foundation Nigeria da Olaniwun Ajayi Co suma sun dogara ne akan tsibirin Banana. Sanannun mazauna Mike Adenuga hamshakin dan kasuwan biliyan Aliko Dangote Attajirin dan kasuwa Davido Afrobeats artist Model Linda Ikeji kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo Iyabo Obasanjo Tsohon Sanatan Najeriya Manazarta <div aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright" role="navigation"> Nigeria portal tashar tashar </div> Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32747	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanai	Bayanai	Bayanai US dætə UK d eɪtə haƙiƙa ne na daidaiku, ƙididdiga, ko abubuwan bayanai, galibi na lambobi. A cikin ƙarin ma'anar fasaha, bayanai sune saitin ƙimar ƙima ko ƙididdiga masu ƙididdigewa game da mutum ɗaya ko fiye da haka ko abubuwa, yayin da datum (ƙwayoyin bayanai guda ɗaya) ƙima ɗaya ne na mabambanta ɗaya. Ko da yake ana amfani da kalmomin "bayanai" da "bayani" sau da yawa tare, wannan kalmar tana da ma'anoni daban-daban. A cikin wasu shahararrun wallafe-wallafe, wani lokaci ana cewa bayanai ana canza su zuwa sanarwa lokacin da aka duba su a cikin mahallin ko a bayan nazari. Koyaya, a cikin jiyya na ilimi na bayanan batun raka'a ne na bayanai kawai. Ana amfani da bayanai a cikin binciken kimiyya, gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci (misali, bayanan tallace-tallace, kudaden shiga, riba, farashin hannun jari kuɗi, gudanarwa (misali, ƙimar laifuka, ƙimar rashin aikin yi, ƙimar karatu kuma a kusan kowane nau'i na ayyukan ƙungiyar ɗan adam misali, ƙidayar adadin mutanen da ba su da matsuguni ta ƙungiyoyin sa-kai). Gabaɗaya, bayanai sune zarra na yanke shawara: su ne mafi ƙanƙanta raka'a na bayanan gaskiya waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman tushen dalili, tattaunawa, ko lissafi. Bayanai na iya zuwa daga ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki zuwa ma'auni na kankare, har ma da ƙididdiga. Ana auna bayanai, tattarawa, bayar da rahoto, da kuma nazarin su, kuma ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bayanan gani kamar hotuna, teburi ko hotuna. Bayanai a matsayin ra'ayi gabaɗaya yana nufin gaskiyar cewa wasu bayanan da ke wanzuwa ko ilimi ana wakilta ko ƙididdige su ta wani nau'i mai dacewa don ingantaccen amfani ko sarrafawa Raw data ("bayanan da ba a sarrafa su ba") tarin lambobi ne ko haruffa kafin a "tsabta" kuma masu bincike su gyara su. Ana buƙatar gyara ɗanyen bayanai don cire masu fita ko bayyananniyar kayan aiki ko kurakuran shigarwar bayanai (misali, karatun ma'aunin zafi da sanyi daga wurin Arctic na waje yana rikodin yanayin zafi). sarrafa bayanai yawanci yana faruwa ta matakai, kuma "bayanan da aka sarrafa" daga mataki ɗaya ana iya la'akari da "raw data" na mataki na gaba. Bayanan fili ɗanyen bayanai ne waɗanda aka tattara a cikin yanayin da ba a sarrafa shi a wurin". Bayanan gwaji bayanai ne da aka samar a cikin mahallin binciken kimiyya ta hanyar lura da rikodi. An bayyana bayanai a matsayin "sabon mai na tattalin arzikin dijital Ilimin Halayyar Dan adam Da Kalmomi An Fara Amfani na farko da turanci akan kalmar "Bayanai" daga 1640s ne. An fara amfani da kalmar “data” don nufin “bayanan kwamfuta masu iya aikawa da adanawa” a shekara ta 1946. An fara amfani da kalmar sarrafa bayanai” a shekara ta 1954. Bayanin kalmar Latin shine jam'in datum', "(abu) da aka bayar," tsaka-tsakin abin da ya gabata na dare "don bayarwa". A cikin Ingilishi ana iya amfani da kalmar data a matsayin suna na jam'i ta wannan ma'ana, tare da wasu marubuta yawanci, waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta, kimiyyar rayuwa, da ilimin zamantakewa suna amfani da datum a cikin mufuradi da kuma bayanai don jam'i, musamman a karni na 20. kuma a yawancin lokuta ma na 21 (misali, salon APA kamar na bugu na 7 har yanzu yana buƙatar "data" don zama jam'i. Koyaya, a cikin yare na yau da kullun da yawancin amfani da haɓaka software da kimiyyar kwamfuta, "bayanai" an fi amfani da shi a cikin mufuradi azaman babban suna (kamar "yashi" ko "ruwan sama"). Kalmar babban bayanai tana ɗaukar maɗaukakiyar. Ma'ana .Bayanai, bayanai, ilimi, da hikimomi ra'ayoyi ne masu alaƙa, amma kowannensu yana da matsayinsa game da ɗayan, kuma kowane kalma yana da ma'anarsa. Bisa ga ra'ayi na kowa, ana tattara bayanai da kuma nazarin su; bayanai kawai za su zama bayanan da suka dace don yanke shawara da zarar an yi nazarin su ta wani salo.Mutum na iya cewa iyakar bayanan da wani ke ba da labari ya dogara ne da girman abin da mutumin bai yi tsammani ba. Adadin bayanan da ke ƙunshe a cikin rafin bayanai na iya siffanta shi ta Shannon entrop Ilimi shine fahimtar da ke kan kwarewa mai yawa wajen mu'amala da bayanai kan wani batu. Misali, tsayin Dutsen Everest gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar bayanai. Ana iya auna tsayi daidai da altimeter kuma a shigar da shi cikin ma'ajin bayanai. Ana iya haɗa wannan bayanan a cikin littafi tare da wasu bayanai akan Dutsen Everest don kwatanta dutsen a hanyar da ta dace ga waɗanda suke so su yanke shawara a kan hanya mafi kyau don hawansa. Fahimtar da ta danganci hawan tsaunuka wanda zai iya ba mutane shawara kan hanyar zuwa kololuwar tsaunin Everest ana iya kallon su a matsayin "ilimi". Ana iya ganin hawan dutsen Everest a aikace bisa wannan ilimin a matsayin "hikima". Wato, hikima tana nufin yin amfani da ilimin mutum a zahiri a waɗannan yanayi da nagarta za ta iya haifar da ita. Don haka hikimar ta cika kuma ta kammala jerin "bayanai", "bayanai" da "ilimin" na ƙara bayyana ra'ayoyin. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar bayanai a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ra'ayi, bayanai mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ilimi mafi ƙanƙanta. A wannan ra'ayi, bayanai sun zama bayanai ta hanyar fassara; misali, tsayin Dutsen Everest gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa “bayanai”, littafin da ke kan tsaunin Dutsen Everest ana iya ɗaukarsa “bayani”, kuma littafin jagora mai hawa wanda ke ɗauke da bayanai masu amfani kan hanya mafi kyau don isa kololuwar Dutsen Everest ana iya ɗaukarsa “ilimi” "Bayani" yana ɗauke da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta daga amfanin yau da kullun zuwa amfani da fasaha. Wannan ra'ayi, duk da haka, an kuma yi jayayya don juya yadda bayanai ke fitowa daga bayanai, da bayanai daga ilimi. Gabaɗaya magana, manufar bayanai tana da alaƙa da ra'ayi na ƙuntatawa, sadarwa, sarrafawa, bayanai, tsari, koyarwa, ilimi, ma'ana, kuzarin tunani, tsari, fahimta, da wakilci. Beynon-Davies yana amfani da manufar alama don bambanta tsakanin bayanai da bayanai; bayanai jerin alamomi ne, yayin da bayanai ke faruwa lokacin da ake amfani da alamomin don nuni ga wani abu. Kafin samar da na'urorin kwamfuta da injina, dole ne mutane su tattara bayanai da hannu tare da sanya masa tsari. Tun da haɓaka na'urorin kwamfuta da injuna, waɗannan na'urori kuma suna iya tattara bayanai. A cikin 2010s, ana amfani da kwamfutoci sosai a fagage da yawa don tattara bayanai da warwarewa ko sarrafa su, a cikin fannonin da suka kama daga tallace-tallace, nazarin ayyukan zamantakewar jama'a da 'yan ƙasa ke amfani da su zuwa binciken kimiyya. Ana ganin waɗannan alamu a cikin bayanai azaman bayanan da za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka ilimi. Ana iya fassara waɗannan alamu a matsayin gaskiya (ko da yake "gaskiya" na iya zama ra'ayi na ainihi) kuma ana iya ba da izini a matsayin ma'auni na ado da ɗabi'a a wasu fannoni ko al'adu. Abubuwan da suka bar bayan fage na zahiri ko na zahiri ana iya gano su ta hanyar bayanai. Ba a daina la'akari da alamomi da zarar an karya hanyar haɗin da ke tsakanin alamar da kallo. Ana rarraba na'urorin kwamfuta bisa ga yadda suke wakiltar bayanai. Kwamfutar analog tana wakiltar datum azaman ƙarfin lantarki, nisa, matsayi, ko wani adadin jiki. Kwamfuta ta dijital tana wakiltar yanki na bayanai azaman jerin alamomin da aka zana daga kafaffen haruffa Mafi yawan kwamfutoci na dijital suna amfani da haruffan binary, wato haruffan haruffa guda biyu waɗanda galibi suna nuna "0" da "1". Ƙarin sanannun wakilci, kamar lambobi ko haruffa, ana gina su daga haruffan binary. An bambanta wasu nau'ikan bayanai na musamman. Shirin kwamfuta tarin bayanai ne, wanda za'a iya fassara shi azaman umarni. Yawancin harsunan kwamfuta suna bambanta tsakanin shirye-shirye da sauran bayanan da shirye-shiryen ke aiki akan su, amma a cikin wasu harsuna, musamman Lisp da makamantansu, shirye-shiryen ba su da bambanci da sauran bayanai. Hakanan yana da amfani don rarrabe metadata, wato, bayanin wasu bayanai. Har ila yau kalma mai kama da shi a baya don metadata shine "bayanan ancillary." Misalin misali na metadata shine kas ɗin ɗakin karatu, wanda shine bayanin abubuwan da ke cikin littattafai. Takardun bayanai A duk lokacin da ake buƙatar yin rajistar bayanai, bayanai suna wanzuwa ta hanyar takaddun bayanai. Nau'in takaddun bayanai sun haɗa da: ma'ajiyar bayanai nazarin bayanai saitin bayanai software takarda data database littafin jagora jaridar data Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takaddun bayanai (majigin bayanai, nazarin bayanai, saitin bayanai, da software) ana ƙididdige su a cikin Fihirisar Bayanan Bayanai, yayin da takaddun bayanai ke bayyani a cikin bayanan littattafan gargajiya na gargajiya, misali, Indexididdigar Cigaban Kimiyya Duba gaba. Tarin bayanai Ana iya samun nasarar tattara bayanai ta hanyar tushe na farko (mai binciken shine mutum na farko da ya fara samun bayanan) ko kuma na biyu (mai binciken ya sami bayanan da wasu kafofin suka rigaya suka tattara, kamar bayanan da aka watsa a cikin mujallar kimiyya). Hanyoyin nazarin bayanai sun bambanta kuma sun haɗa da triangulation na bayanai da ɓarna bayanai. Ƙarshen yana ba da hanyar tattarawa, rarrabuwa, da kuma nazarin bayanai ta amfani da kusurwoyi masu yuwuwar bincike guda biyar (aƙalla uku) don haɓaka haƙiƙanin binciken da ba da damar fahimtar al'amuran da ke ƙarƙashin bincike cikakke gwargwadon yiwuwa: hanyoyin inganci da ƙididdigewa, adabi. sake dubawa (ciki har da labaran masana), hirarraki da masana, da kwaikwaiyon kwamfuta. Bayan haka, bayanan suna "ɓoye" ta amfani da jerin matakan da aka riga aka ƙaddara don fitar da bayanan da suka fi dacewa. A wasu fannonin Ko da yake ana ƙara amfani da bayanai a wasu fannoni, an ba da shawarar cewa yanayin fassarar su na iya yin saɓani da tsarin bayanai kamar yadda "an bayar". Peter Checkland ya gabatar da kalmar capta (daga Latin capere, "dauka") don bambanta tsakanin adadi mai yawa na yiwuwar bayanai da kuma wani yanki na su, wanda hankali ya karkata. Johanna Drucker ya bayar da hujjar cewa tun da ’yan Adam sun tabbatar da samar da ilimi a matsayin “wuri, bangaranci, da tsarin mulki,” ta yin amfani da bayanai na iya gabatar da zato waɗanda ba su da fa’ida, alal misali cewa al’amura suna da hankali ko kuma masu zaman kansu ne. Kalmar capta, wanda ke jaddada aikin lura a matsayin mai mahimmanci, ana ba da shi azaman madadin bayanai don wakilcin gani a cikin ɗan adam. Duba kuma Biological data Computer memory Data acquisition Data analysis Data bank Data cable Data curation Dark data Data domain Data element Data farming Data governance Data integrity Data maintenance Data management Data mining Data modeling Data point Data visualization Computer data processing Data preservation Data publication Data protection Data remanence Data science Data set Data structure Data warehouse Database Datasheet Environmental data rescue Fieldwork Information engineering Machine learning Open data Scientific data archiving Statistics Secondary Data Manazarta Bayanai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13890	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti%20Boulaye	Patti Boulaye	Patricia Ngozi Komlosy OBE (née Ebigwei an haife tane a 3 Mayu 1954), sanannen masani a matsayin Patti Boulaye, mawaƙiyan Burtaniya-ɗan Najeriya ne, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma zane-zane wanda ta tashi zuwa matsayi bayan nasarar sabbin fuskoki a shekarar 1978 kuma tana cikin manyan baki' yar Burtaniya. masu shiga ciki a shekarun 1970 da 1980. A kasarta ta asali Najeriya ana iya tuna ta da buga fina-finai a tallace-tallace na Lux da Bisi, 'yar Kogin, da kuma wasu jerin shirye-shiryenta, The Patti Boulaye Show An ce sunanta tauraruwar 'yar wasan Evelyn "Boo" Laye Rayuwa An haife Boulaye ne bayan mahaifiyarta ta shiga cikin wani taksi wanda ke ratsa wasu garuruwa biyu a yankin Yammacin Najeriya kuma an haife shi a cikin dangin Katolika mai dauke da yara tara, ciki har da matukin jirgin sama Tony Ebigwei, wanda aka kashe a hadarin jirgin saman Nigeria Airways. na 1978. Ita asalin kabilar Igbo ce. Lokacin da yarinya karama Boulaye ya tsira daga yaƙin Biafra na shekarar 1967 zuwa 1970 ya kuma danganta hakan da ƙarfin imaninsa. Lokacin da ta kai shekara 16 ta bar Najeriya zuwa kasar Burtaniya inda ta yanke hukuncin zama wata maciya amma sai a yayin ziyarar gani da ido a Landan, Boulaye ta tsaya cikin jerin gwano don, abin da ta zaci, Madame Tussauds ne amma ya juya ya zama duba abu don asalin gashi na London kuma gashi nan da nan ya sami wani sashi, wanda ya ƙaddamar da ayyukanta na kiɗa. Mahaifinta, wanda bai yarda da nuna son kai ba, ya karyata 'yarsa amma daga baya ya yafe mata.. Aiki Bayan Gashi, ta fito a cikin The Gentlemen of Verona, amma ta samo asali a matsayinta na mai suna Yum Yum a cikin The Black Mikado a karkashin sunan mahaifarta, Patricia Ebigwei. Critic Tony Lane ya rubuta: "Siffar Patricia Ebigwei ta 'The Sun wanda haskoki shine, a cikin kalmomin mai duba Gramophone na wannan rikodin, wasan kwaikwayon wanda dole ne a yanke hukunci akan sauran. Yana daga ɗayan waɗannan fassarorin mahimmaci waɗanda ke sa (sic) duk wasu paan farin ciki da rashin gamsuwa ta hanyar kwatanta. Babu G da S mai ƙauna da ba shi da masaniya game da wannan kayan kiɗan da yake da hankali. Sifarta ta ce, mai saurin rashi ce, mai son kai ne, na rashin mutunci da gamsuwa da jima'i wanda hakan ya sanya al'adun gargajiyan suka zama kamar wayayyiya. Sauran ayyukan da ta yi rawar gani sun hadar da sun hada da rawar taken a cikin Carmen Jones (a Tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Old Vic, na London, a cikin samarwa wanda Simon Callow ya jagoranta) da kuma Jesus Christ Superstar A 2003 Boulaye ta ƙaddamar da kida ta West End, Sun Dance, wadda ta ɗauki shekaru goma sha biyu a haɗa. An sha kasa a matsayin bikin "launuka da kade kade na Afirka a cikin nuna wasannin wake-wake da al'adun gargajiya da kuma bikin fara hutu, dukkansu sun taka rawa ne har zuwa bugun Afirka." Boulaye ne ya rubuta shi kuma ya samar da kanta kuma aka buɗe ta a masarautar Hackney Boulaye ya fito a cikin wani martani da aka nuna a wani bangare na wasan ta tsakiyan a Yankin Yankin Eurovision na 1998 wanda aka shirya a National Indoor Arena a Birmingham .Bayan cinikin 2017/18 na cinikinta "Billie Me" Patti Boulaye wacce ta lashe lambar yabo, ta dawo fagen daga, tare da sabuwar rawar mata daya tilo Aretha da Ni Talabijin A cikin 1978, yanzu tare da shekaru masu yawa na kwarewa a ƙarƙashin belinta, Boulaye ya bayyana a Sabuwar fuskoki, inda ita ce kaɗai ke takara a cikin jerin waɗanda alƙalai za su ba da mafi yawan maki, daga baya kuma za ta lashe Duk Mai Nasaran Final Gala Show. Patti ya buga wasan Charlotte a gaban Lenny Henry a cikin The Fosters, Dempsey da Makepeace, da 'Yan'uwan maza da mata A shekarar 1984, tana da nata jerin, The Patti Boulaye Show a Channel 4 Bikin Kirsimeti na musamman, wanda ya nuna Cliff Richard, nasara ne mai kyau kuma an fito da kundin kide tare da nuna tsare-tsare. Patti ya yi wasanni TV sama da 200 wadanda suka hada da Wasannin Neman Sarauta a London Palladium. Ta yi rawar gani a (12) na shirin Kirsimeti na shekara-shekara na TV na BBC wanda ake gabatarwa duk shekara, wanda Manjo Sir Michael Parker KCVO CBE ya gabatar a Fadar Royal Albert, tare da Sir Cliff Richard, Roger Moore da sauran taurari na duniya. A cikin gasar Eurovision Song Contest da BBC TV ta shirya a Birmingham, Patti tana jagorantar kade-kade na 'Sun Dance' a cikin raye raye na Afirka zuwa 'Jupita' daga 'The Planets' na Holst. Ta bayyana a bangarori biyu na "marasa ma'ana". Patti ya bayyana ne a matsayin dan takara a cikin jerin shahararrun mashahurin Celebrity MasterChef na BBC kuma daga baya a cikin shirin 'Kudi Don Ba komai' na BBC One, da kuma Channel 5's "Lokacin da Hoton Nuna Ya Zama Mai Zagi". A watan Satumbar 2018 Patti ta ƙaddamar da faifan hirar ta yanar gizo mai suna "Rayuwa Tare da Patti Boulaye" inda ta ƙarfafa shahararrun mutane da masu nasara daga kowane fanni na rayuwa don raba tare da masu sauraro ƙalubalen da suka shawo kan ayyukansu na rayuwa da kuma yadda suka jimre da wahala. lokuta don nuna wa matasa cewa matsaloli na iya shawo kansu, amma ba wuya. A watan Janairu da Fabrairun 2016 Boulaye ya fito a cikin jerin bangarori uku na BBC Real Marigold Hotel, wanda ya biyo bayan wasu gungun manyan mutane, ciki har da Miriam Margolyes da Wayne Sleep, a kan tafiya zuwa Indiya. Yuli 2018 Boulaye ya kirkira kuma ya dauki bakuncin shirye-shiryen talabijin din ta mai suna RAYUWATA DA PATTI BOULAYE wanda aka rikodin kuma aka watsa Worldwide ta hanyar Rikicin Live Rayuwa tare da Patti Boulaye`` shine sakamakon damuwar Boulaye game da yanayin damuwa na rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kashe-kashe a tsakanin matasan mu. Nunin Boulaye yana fatan karfafa ƙarfin gwiwa, "Rayuwa tana da wahala amma muna iya ɗaukar nauyi" "Babu wani abu kamar cin abincin rana kyauta" "A koyaushe akwai" Fata "Kashe kansa ba shine amsar ba." "Nasarar ta fito ne daga aiki tukuru." "Rashin nasara da nasara Su ne abokan gado da yawa." Baƙi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo sun fito daga kowane bangare na rayuwa kuma ana ƙarfafa su su raba wasu ƙalubalen da suka fuskanta, don bayyana yadda suka shawo kansu kuma suka ba da wordsan kalmomi na shawara da hikima. "Rayuwa tare da Patti Boulaye" yana fara jerin shirye-shirye na biyu a cikin 2020. Fim Boulaye ya yi rawar gani a fim din Afirka na Bisi, 'yar Kogin (1977), wanda aka ce shi ne babban fim ɗin Afirka mafi girma da aka taɓa yi, wanda ke gudana a cikin fina-finai a Najeriya har tsawon shekaru uku. Ta alamar tauraro a The Music Machine billed a matsayin Birtaniya Asabar Night Fever a 1979, da kuma ya bayyana a matsayin Cabaret singer a 1980 Helen Mirren movie Hussy Waka Nasarar Boulaye akan Sabbin Fuskoki sun haifar da sakin kundin album 1978 Kun Saka Cikin Rayuwata Kafin wannan, ta kwashe kusan shekara guda tana rangadi tare da kwato dawa da wasu yan kungiyar mata 'yar asalin Amurkawa. Sadaka Boulaye shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban samar da sadaka "Taimako ga Afirka Sadaka", wanda ya gina asibitoci guda biyar a karkarar Afirka da makaranta tare da HRH Prince Harry's Charity, "Sentebale", a Lesotho. Wasu ayyukanta Shekaru na 1980 sun ga karuwa game da motsa jiki kuma Boulaye yana cikin mashahuran mutane waɗanda muryoyinsu suka nuna akan kundin kide-kide da raye raye A Afirka, ita ce fuskar Lux tsawon shekaru 29, An nuna Patti Boulaye Show a tashoshin NTA da yawa, kuma a 1999 an gayyace ta ta raira waƙa ga Olusegun Obasanjo a lokacin da yake ƙaddamar da bikin. A shekara ta 2002 an nada Boulaye ga Kwamitin Kula da Nishaɗi don bikin Sarauniyar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II, kuma ya jagoranci mawaƙa 5000 na bishara a Theauren Mall a cikin waƙoƙin raira waƙoƙin ciki har da "Bikin Bishara", musamman da Boulaye ya rubuta don bikin. Littafin Boulaye mai tarihin kansa, Bangaskiyar Yara, an buga shi a cikin Maris 2017. A cikin 2017 An ba Boulaye Visiting Teaching Fellow Fellow Fellow University University Makarantar Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci Social Science. An sanya ta a matsayin Freeman na birnin Landan kuma a cikin shekarar 2018 an ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Doctorate domin hidimtawa Arts and Education ta hadin gwiwar majami'u. Kwalejin BIPADA Boulaye shine wanda ya kafa da kuma Manajan Daraktan Cibiyar BIPADA www.bipada.com wanda ke da jerin kwararru game da ƙwarewar Rayuwa, Jin Dadi, Zamantakewa, Tasirin ƙasa da Ci gaban Keɓaɓɓu. Bipada yana taimakawa abokan cinikin kwarin gwiwa da juya rayuwar su. Bipada ta gudanar da shirye-shiryen ladabi a Jami'ar Oxford, Jami'ar Middlesex, London ta tsakiya da Buckinghamshire. Ita 'yar Gwagwarwa ce kuma Mawallafi na Arts Award UK da kuma Kwararriyar Amintacciyar Ilimi na Eastside Boulaye ya kasance memba na Hukumar Gwamnonin Masarautar Burtaniya ta Amurka (BADA) wacce ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Yale a Amurka. Shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Middlesex zuwa ɗaliban shekarar ƙarshe a Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci. Taro a cikin jama'a Boulaye shine mai magana da kwazo na yau da kullun, tare da halaye fiye da 100 musamman wadanda suka hada da mai ba da jawabi a Taron Mata don Peaceasashen Duniya na zaman Lafiya (WFWP) wanda aka gudanar a Gidan Iyayengi, yana raira waƙoƙi da rairawa a Rotary International "Gabas ta sadu da Yammacin" Bikin lebabi'a na Nunin Nunin a bikin Zauren Taro na Birmingham. Dr Bodeker na Kwalejin Kore ta Green, Oxford, ya gayyaci Patti, a matsayin shugaban Tallafi na Afirka don yin jawabi a Taron na Masana kimiyya na Duniya kan 'Amfani da Magungunan Ganyayyaki a Yaki da cutar kanjamau'. A matsayinta ta Ambasadan Zaman Lafiya, ta kasance mai ba} in jawabi a Babban Taron Hadin gwiwar na Duniya, a Birnin Abuja. Ta kasance bako mai jawabi a wurin tattaunawa na 'Mata a cikin Babban Jama'a "da kuma sauran jawabai na magana. Boulaye ya yi rawar gani sau da yawa a cikin "Kiɗa akan Wuta" Alkawarin wasan wuta a Sandhurst. A matsayin bako na Michael Jackson, Patti ya halarci kuma ya rera waka a bikin tunawa da bikin ranar haihuwarsa na 45 a LA. Patti ya rera waka a manyan shahararrun da suka hada da filin wasa na Wembley na gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na Ingila V France. Bouye da abubuwan da suka faru a Royal Albert Hall don ba da gudummawarta na sirri, Tallafi ga Afirka, sun yi nasara sosai har aka gayyace ta ta shiga cikin Kwamitin Nishaɗi na Goldenwallon Sarauta na Sarauniya don bikin Sarauniya. A matsayinta na memba a Kwamitin ta taru tare da jagoranci mawaƙan bishara 5000 masu ƙarfi don taron juzuwar Juyo na 4 ga Yuni a gaban Mai martaba Sarauniya a 2002. Ta rubuta wata waka mai suna "Jubili (Murnar Albishirin)" don girmamawa ga girmanta, wanda ya baiwa mawaƙa 5000 damar rawa da raye-raye yayin aikin. "Boulaye da mawakinta sun saka wani abin mamaki na ban mamaki yayin da suka shiga dubunnan sauran masu yin wasan kwaikwayon a gaban taron mutane sama da miliyan biyu da rabi, kafofin yada labarai na duniya da kuma miliyoyin mutane da suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen su don kallon wasan. Karshen bikin Cewa a karshen mako na Jubili Boulaye shi ne fuskar Lux Soap don 29yrs a Afirka. Matsalolin rayuwa A shekara ta 1999, Boulaye, wanda ya kasance mai goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Conservative, ya jawo zargi. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Boulaye ya samu nasarar kai karar The Guardian na cin amana bayan da takarda ta ba da labarin ba daidai ba yana cewa "Wannan lokaci ne da za a tallafa wa wariyar launin fata saboda ba a iya hangen nesa"; daga baya ta bayyana cewa wani dan rahoto wanda ya ce ya batar da ita yayin da ta yi magana da "wata ƙungiya" (Consan Conservatives) sabanin "wariyar launin fata". Daga baya an tilasta wa Guardian ya biya 15,000 a cikin diyya. Ta kare takwaran ta Conservative Jeffrey Archer bayan da ta gabatar da kalaman batanci game da bakaken fata 'yan Ingila. A yayin hirar rediyo, ya bayyana cewa: "[Shekaru uku da suka gabata], shugabanku bai juya ba idan wata mace baƙar fata ta wuce saboda sutturar da ba ta dace ba, wataƙila sun wuce kima kuma wataƙila suna da aiki mai sauƙi." Boulaye ya kare Archer, yana mai cewa: "Ina magana ne a matsayin macen baƙar fata wacce ta san Jeffrey Archer sosai kuma shi ba ɗan wariyar al'umma ba ne. Ina jin zai yi magajin gari sosai. Rayuwar ta Boulaye, mai yawan darikar Katolika ne, yana da 'ya'ya biyu da kuma jikoki tare da miji Stephen Komlosy yar lauya wacce ta cancanci, kwararren giya, mawaƙa-marubuci, Jami’ar Westminster Alumni Aret, ɗan zane-zanen Seb, ƙwararren komputa da DJ. Wakoki Patti Boulaye (1976) You Stepped into My Life (1978) The Music Machine (1979) Magic (1981) Patti (1983) In His Kingdom (2004) Patti Boulaye's Sun Dance [album] (2004)
43054	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%98afa%20a%20Ghana	Ƙwallon Ƙafa a Ghana	Ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce wasa mafi shahara a Ghana Tun a shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Ghana ce ke gudanar da wasan. Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, Ghana na wakiltar Black Stars maza da mata Black Queens Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza a cikin gida a Ghana ita ce Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana, kuma babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Ghana ita ce Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana Tarihi Ya kasance a rubuce cewa an gabatar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Gold Coast a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ta hannun 'yan kasuwa daga Turai Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a lokacin hutu suna buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a tsakanin su kuma wani lokaci tare da zaɓi na ƴan asalin ƙasar Shahararriyar wasan ta yadu kamar wutar daji cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci a bakin tekun wanda kuma ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko, Excelsior, a shekara ta 1903 da Mista Biritaniya, ɗan asalin ƙasar Jamaica, wanda a lokacin shi ne Babban Malami na Philip Quaicoe. Makarantar Yaran Gwamnati a Cape Coast Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Ghana Tawagar Black Stars na daya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na kasa a Afirka. Ghana ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka sau hudu. Sun kuma kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2006 kafin Brazil ta kawar da su A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2010 da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu, ta zama tawaga ta uku a Afirka da ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin duniya. Wasu fitattun 'yan wasan sun hada da Charles Kumi Gyamfi, Abédi Pelé, Abdul Razak, Tony Yeboah, Samuel Kuffour da Michael Essien Ƙungiyoyin matasa ma sun yi nasara. Ƙungiyar ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-17 a kai a kai tana fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-17 kuma ta lashe sau biyu kuma sau biyu ta zo ta biyu. Tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta kasance ta biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, kuma a shekarar 2009 Black Satellites sun kammala gasar sau biyu ta hanyar lashe gasar zakarun matasan Afirka na shekarar 2009 da kuma lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-20 na shekarar 2009 don haka suka zama dan Afirka na farko. Kasar da za ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-20. A shekarar 1992, tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Olympic ta zama ƙasa ta farko a Afirka da ta samu lambar yabo a gasar wasannin Olympics, kuma a shekarar 2011 Black Meteors ta samu kambin zakaran gasar wasannin Afirka ta 2011 a karon farko. Tsofaffin 'yan wasan kungiyar Black Stars irin su Sulley Muntari, Michael Essien, John Mensah da kyaftin Stephen Appiah duk sun fara farawa a wadannan gasa na matasa. A cikin shekarar 2014, Ghana na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe takwas da suka shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Unity ta farko. Manyan masu zura ƙwallaye Tun daga ranar 26 ga Yuni 2014, 'yan wasan da suka fi cin ƙwallaye ga manyan 'yan wasan kasar Ghana su ne: Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana Black Queens sun shiga duk gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA tun 1999. Ƙungiyar ta ƙasa tsallake zagayen farko a kowane lokaci. Har ila yau Ghana ta kasance ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata sau uku a Najeriya ‘Yan Ghana biyu, Alberta Sackey da Adjoa Bayor ne aka zaba a matsayin gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan Afrika. Makarantun Kwallon Kafa Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, ƙungiyoyin Turai da 'yan kasuwa sun fara kafa makarantun koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana. Daga cikin na farko akwai Ajax, Feyenoord, da Right to Dream Ba kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin matasa a Ghana (kuma aka sani da colts), makarantun kimiyya suna ba da tsarin ilimi tare da horar da ƙwallon ƙafa. A cikin shekarar 2010s, makarantun gida sun fara bunƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. King James Asuming ya kafa Kumasi Sports Academy a Kumasi, wanda ba kamar yawancin makarantun Ghana ba, yana ba da wani shiri ga yara maza da mata. Makarantar Wasannin Wasannin Kumasi ta fara aikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata da yawa, gami da Blessing Shi ne Agbomadzi, mai tsaron baya ga Black Queens Ernest Kufuor ya kafa Kwalejin Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Unistar a garin Kasoa-Ofaakor. Yawancin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun fara wasa a Unistar, ciki har da Lumor Agbenyenu, mai tsaron gida na Black Stars Unistar kuma an san shi da tasirinsa na birni. Yawancin mazauna garin sun shaida cewa Unistar ya jawo sabbin maziyartai, kasuwanci da mazauna garin, inganta ababen more rayuwa na garin da walwala baki ɗaya. Mohammed Issa ne ya kafa makarantar horar da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela a Accra tare da babban burin yin amfani da buƙatun ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya don haɓaka hangen nesa na matasa da ƙarfafa al'umma. Patmos Arhin, wanda a halin yanzu yana buga wa kulob din Boluspor na Turkiyya wasa, ya yi wasa a Kwalejin Soccer ta Mandela tsawon shekaru. Fitattun 'yan wasa Gwarzon ɗan wasan Afrika da fitattun 'yan wasa A cikin shekarar 1990s, Abédi Pelé da Tony Yeboah sun sami kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Duniya na FIFA goma: shekaru goma masu zuwa Sammy Kuffour da Michael Essien sun sami kyautar Ballon d'Or An jera Abédi Pelé a cikin 2004 FIFA 100 mafi girman 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. A ranar 13 ga Janairun 2007, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa na ta Afirka ta zabi Abédi Pelé, Michael Essien, Tony Yeboah, Karim Abdul Razak da Samuel Kuffour a matsayin membobin CAF 30 mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci. Bugu da kari, Abédi da Yeboah an zabe su a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Afirka na karni a cikin 1999 ta IFFHS Maza Abédi Pelé FIFA 100, WPOY Nom.1991, 9th 1992, 1991, 1992, 1993 APOY Winner, APOY Nom. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 5th Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci Karim Abdul Razak 1978 APOY Winner, 6th 1983, 26th Best African Player of All Time Ibrahim Sunday 1971 APOY Winner Samuel Kuffour Ballon d'Or Nom. 2001, APOY Gunner-up 1999, 2001, 27th Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci Tony Yeboah WPOY 9th 1993, Ballon d'Or 23rd 1995, APOY Gunner-up 1993, 3rd 1992, 6th 1991, 10th 1996, 24th Best African Player of All Time Michael Essien Gwarzon Dan Wasan Duniya na FIFA 22nd 2005, 22nd 2006, 15th 2007 Ballon d'Or 24th 2007 27th 2006, 22nd 2005 APOY 2nd 2007, 3rd 2006, 3rd 2005, 11th Mafi kyawun dan wasan Afrika na kowani lokaci Mata Alberta Sackey Nasara AWPOY na 2002 Adjoa Bayor Nasara AWPOY 2003 Duba kuma Football in Africa portal
23092	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20tsaunukan%20Simien	Filin shakatawa na tsaunukan Simien	Filin shakatawa na tsaunukan Simien shine mafi girman filin shakatawa na ƙasar Habasha. Tana cikin Yankin Arewacin Gonar na Yankin Amhara, Yankin da ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Simien kuma ya haɗa da Ras Dashan, wuri mafi girma a Habasha. Gida ne ga wasu nau'ikan halittu da ke cikin hatsari, ciki har da kerkiyan Habasha da kuma walia ibex, akuyar daji wacce ba a samun ta a duniya. Har ila yau, dabbar gelada da caracal, kuli, suna faruwa a cikin tsaunukan Simien. Fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 50 ne ke zaune a wurin shakatawar, gami da kyawawan ungulu mai gemu, ko lammergeier, tare da fika-fikai 3 mai tsawon kafa 10. Filin shakatawa ya ratsa ta hanyar da ba a santa ba wanda ya taso daga Debarq, inda hedkwatar gudanarwar wurin shakatawar take, gabas ta hanyar wasu ƙauyuka zuwa Buahit Pass (4,430 m), inda hanyar ta juya kudu ta ƙare a Mekane Berhan, 10 kilomita nesa da iyakar wurin shakatawa. Tarihi An kafa wurin shakatawar a 1969, wanda Clive Nicol ya kafa, wanda ya yi rubutu game da abubuwan da ya samu a From the Roof of Africa (1971, ISBN 0 340 14755 5). Yankin na Simien an zauna kuma an noma shi aƙalla shekaru 2,000. Da farko, zaizayar kasa ya fara bayyana cewa sharewar ya fara ne a wani gangare na tsaunin tsauni amma daga baya ya fadada zuwa wani gangare mai tsayi. Yana daga ɗayan wuraren farko da (UNESCO) ta sanya su a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya (1978). Ko yaya, saboda tsananin raguwar jama'a na wasu nau'in halayenta na asali, a cikin shekarar 1996 an kuma sanya shi cikin Jerin kayan al'aduna duniya.i. Labarin kasa Fiye da miliyoyin shekaru saboda mummunan zaizayar ƙasar tuddai na Italia da keɓaɓɓun tsaunuka, an ƙirƙiri kwari masu zurfin gaske da kuma tsaunuka masu tsayin mita 1,500, suna ƙirƙirar wasu wurare masu ban mamaki a duniya. Yankin al'adun yana gefen yamma na tsaunukan Simien kuma yana da nisan kilomita 120 daga lardin Gonem na Begemder a arewa maso yammacin Habasha. Yankin Simien yana da wadataccen ruwa mai zurfin ciki, kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin kyakkyawan tafkin kamawa. Ruwa yana kiyayewa ta Kogin Mayshasha, wanda ke gudana cikin ranakun ruwa guda biyu da kuma gandun dajin ƙasa daga arewa zuwa kudu. A sakamakon haka, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa suna da yawa tare da namun daji da tsirrai. Furanni da Dabbobin Yankin Ciyawar tana hade da dazuzzuka masu tsayi na Afirka, dazuzzuka da ciyayi masu tsayi. Yankunan tsaunuka masu tsayi sun hada da savannah na montane da itacen bishiyar (Erica arborea), katuwar lobelia (Lobelia rhynchopetalum), rawaya na farko (Primula verticillata), everlastings (Helichrysum spp.), Alkyabbar mace (alchemilla), da kuma gansakuka (mosses, Grimmiaceae). Lichen ya rufe bishiyoyin yankin mai tsayi. An rarraba ciyayi ko'ina cikin wurin zuwa gida uku, gandun Montane (1900-3000m), Ericaceous Belt ko SubAfroalpine (2700-3700m) da Afroalpine (3700-5433m). A cikin dajin Montane akwai bishiyoyin Juniper (Juniperous procera), African Redwood (Hagenia abyssinica), African Olive (Olea africana), Fig Fig (Ficus spp), da Bishiyoyi na Waterberry (Szygium guineense). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan shrubs da yawa da suka hada da Nightshade (Solanum sessilistellatum), Abyssinian rose (Rosa abyssinica), Cowslip (Primula verticillata), da Stinging Nettle (Urtica). Rage da kankara sun watse makiyaya, gandun daji da daji. A wani lokaci, gandun daji na St. John (Hypericum spp.) Dazuzzuka sun girma daga 3,000 m zuwa 3,800 m sama da matakin teku, amma yanzu ya kusan tafi. Ba a san takamaiman lamba ba. Wurin Shaka tawas yana dauke da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 130 da kuma manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 20 kamar su gelada dabbar daji (Theropithecus gelada), kerkeci na Habasha (wanda ake kira Simen fox, Canis simensis), Walia ibex (Capra walie), awakin daji na daji da kuma dabbar Anubis. Mazauna a kan gangaren arewacin gangarowa sunfi yawa daga tsaunukan Simien, kuma galibinsu ana samunsu a wurin shakatawa. Kerkeken Habasha yana da yawa a Habasha kuma sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da dabbar hamadryas, biri biri, damisa, carak, kyanwa daji, hyena da aka samo da dodo. Hakanan akwai manyan shuke-shuke, kamar su bushbuck, duiker na kowa, da klipspringer. Nau'in tsuntsaye guda 400 sun hada da ungulu mai gemu, gaggafa ta Verreaux, kestrels, ungulu, lanner falcon, augur ungulu da hankaka mai kauri. An rubuta jimillar nau'ikan 21 na dabbobi masu shayarwa, nau'ikan 3 na halittu masu dauke da cutar, nau'o'in tsuntsaye 63 da nau'ikan 7 na halittun masu dauke da cutar. Kiyayewa An kafa shi a zaman wurin shakatawa na ƙasar a cikin 1969 kuma an kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar erveasa ta assasa. Kayan gado na yanzu yana buƙatar sarrafawa mai inganci. Ya kamata a kara yawan ma'aikatan gudanarwa sannan a karfafa ilimi. Gudanar da wuraren shakatawa na kasa yana kiyaye wakiltar nau'ikan wuraren shakatawa kuma yana aiki tare da mazauna yankin don rage matsin lamba akan albarkatun shakatawa ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙasar noma, wuce gona da iri, da wuce gona da iri na albarkatun ƙasa. Saboda canjin yanayi na duniya, matsin lamba kan wuraren tarihi ya karu. Ana buƙatar isasshen tallafi na kuɗi don gudanar da wuraren shakatawa da samar da hanyoyin inganta rayuwar mazauna yankin. Wajibi ne a shirya, aiwatarwa, sake dubawa da kuma lura da tsarin gudanarwa, don sake dubawa da fadada iyakar dajin, da kuma shiga cikin mazauna yankin. Hadin kai na cikin gida yana da mahimmanci musamman don hana dorewar amfani da albarkatun gandun daji na kasa da bunkasa ci gaban rayuwa. Samun isasshen tallafin kuɗi don sake tsugunnar da mazauna cikin yankin gado da kuma gabatar da ingantaccen kula da dabbobi yana da mahimmanci don rage tsananin damuwa kan rayuwar namun daji. Domin kula da kyawawan dabi'u na duniya, ana buƙatar ilimin muhalli da shirye-shiryen horo na mazauna mazauna ciki da wajen al'adun gargajiyar gami da samun haɗin kai da goyon baya na mazauna yankin cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya. Hotuna Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Simien Mountains National Park UNESCO World Heritage profile of Simien National Park United Nations Environment Programme: World Conservation Monitoring Centre: Simien National Park The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure Part I (Addis Tribune) The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure Part II (Addis Tribune) The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure Part III (Addis
22736	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27akacin%20Kiwon%20Lafiya%20da%20Muhalli	Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli	Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a ko Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) wato "Environmental Health Officers" suna da alhakin aiwatar da matakai don kare lafiyar jama'a, gami da gudanarwa da zartar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar muhalli da ba da tallafi don rage haɗarin lafiya da haɗari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna kiyaye ruwan mu, abinci, iska, ƙasarmu, kayan aiki da sauran abubuwan muhalli (abubuwan da suka shafi mutum) da lafiyar haɗarin lafiya, walau na halitta, na sinadarai ko na zahiri. Hakanan suna magance abubuwan da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ke tasiri halaye. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna tantancewa da kuma kula da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda ka iya shafar lafiyar, don hana cuta da ƙirƙirar yanayin tallafawa na kiwon lafiya. Masu ƙayyade mahalli na kiwon lafiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ga lafiyar al'umma da ƙoshin lafiya, don haka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da mahimmanci wajen inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a da rage nauyin cuta. Masu Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ƙwarewa a fannoni da yawa tare da mutanen da ake horarwa sosai, yawanci zuwa matakin digiri, kuma galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa, ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don ci gaba da aiwatarwa a fagen. Suna cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: gudanar da binciken lafiyar jama'a ba (misali, wuraren abinci, wuraren wanka, wuraren ba da sabis na sirri, isar da sako, tsarin tsabtace ruwa, rijiyoyi, tsarin kula da ruwa, da sauransu), bincike illolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, manufofi masu tasowa da jagororin, amsawa game da larurar lafiyar jama'a, bincika barkewar cututtuka, aiwatar da matakan shawo kan cututtuka, aiwatar da ci gaban kiwon lafiya da ayyukan ilimantarwa na kiwon lafiya, gudanar da kimanta lafiyar wurin aiki da binciken hadari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna mai da hankali kan rigakafi, shawara, bincike, da ilimantar da al'umma game da haɗarin lafiya da kiyaye yanayi mai aminci. Masu Kiwon Lafiya sun kawo matsayin fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar halittu, cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi, ilimin likitanci, ilmin sunadarai, toxicology, kimanta haɗari, doka, kimiyyar muhalli da fasaha, maganin kwari, kimiyyar abinci, yanayin da aka gina, da sauran fannoni masu dacewa. Hakanan suna da ilimi da dabaru don bin diddigi da sarrafa cututtukan da ake yadawa, binciken abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar muhalli da kuma binciken aikata laifi. Don haka dole ne su sami ƙwarewar bincike da cikakkiyar fahimta game da aiwatar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar jama'a, yanayin da aka gina, kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da amincin wurin aiki. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati (kamar Lafiya, Aikin Noma da Muhalli), ƙananan hukumomi, 'yan kasuwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, sauran hukumomi da ɗaiɗaikun membobin al'umma, Masu Kiwon Lafiya tana taka rawa wajen kare lafiyar jama'a. Sauran taken da ke wanzu a halin yanzu sun haɗa da ƙwararren masanin kiwon lafiya likita ƙwararre, jami'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a, jami'in kiwon lafiya, mai duba lafiyar jama'a, mai kula da lafiya, da jami'in kiwon lafiya. Lakabin doka da aka yi amfani da shi zai dogara ne da ma'anar da aka samo a cikin dokokin gida iko. Wasu lakabin da suka gabata na tarihi sun haɗa da mai kula da abubuwan da ba su dace ba, mai kula da lafiya, da kuma mai kula da tsafta Kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya sukan yiaiki da na gida, ko jiha ko tarayya lafiya sassan zuwa shawara a kan da kuma tilasta jama'a kiwon lafiya nagartacce. Koyaya, da yawa suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sojada sauran hukumomin ɓangarori na uku kamar su agaji da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ayyuka Daga cikin wadannan suna wakiltar ayyukan da za'a iya samu a cikin jama'a ko kuma masu zaman kansu: Ayyukan dubawa da aiwatar da su Neman shawara kan harkar muhalli da ilimi Binciken cututtukan da ake yaduwa da yaduwar cutar Tuntuɓi binciko da harka tuntuɓar gudanarwa Koyarwar lafiyar abinci Tsarin al'umma Tsarin tsabtace ruwa (septic) tsarin tsarawa Binciken ƙasa da yarda Matsayin gidaje ingancin dubawa da sarrafawa Rigakafin Kamuwa da Cututtuka (IPAC) Sabunta birane Kula da kwaro Shirye-shiryen gaggawa da aiwatarwa Sautin amo Kulawa da ingancin iska Lafiya da aminci a aikin dubawa da sarrafawa Kariyar ruwa da gwaji (ruwan sha da ruwa na shakatawa) Riskimar haɗarin Radon a cikin gine-gine Samfurin muhalli, bincike da fassarar sakamako Taba sigari da tururin kayayyakin sarrafawa raguwa Lasisin kula da cibiyoyin kulawa da jama'a Inganta inganci Babban abin da ake gani game ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar muhalli shi ne cewa su ke da alhakin bincik, kimantawa da kuma kula da haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam daga abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli, walau a madadin hukumomin gwamnati ko na kasuwanci da na masana'antu. Matsayi Wani Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da Lafiyar Jama'a) yana bincika haɗarin lafiya a wurare daban-daban, kuma zai ɗauki mataki don rage ko kawar da haɗarin. Yawancin lokaci fahimtar jama'a game da mai duba lafiyar mutum ne wanda ke bincika gidajen abinci kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna kiyaye ƙa'idodin tsafta don amincin abinci da hukumar ta tsara. Koyaya, Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ayyukansu masu fa'ida da yawa, gami da duba wuraren waha, wuraren da ba su da kyau, mahalli, makarantun gwamnati, kulawa da rana, gidajen kulawa, isar da sako (misali jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, jiragen ƙasa) da kuma samar da sabis na sirri (misali zane-zane ɗakuna, dakunan tanning, ɗakunan gyaran kyau, wuraren cire gashin laser, masu aski). Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna ba da izini da bincika rijiyoyi, tsarin ruwa mai zaman kansa, da tsarin zubar da shara na mutum ɗaya. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da: binciken sansanin, binciken abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, binciken kula da sharar gida, binciken gidan zoo, binciken makaman gyara, binciken gidan shakatawar gidan tafi da gidanka da binciken sansanin marasa gida. Wanda aka horas dasu game da yaduwar cututtuka da rigakafin yaduwa, yayin barkewar cuta suna yin bincike tare da bayar da shawarar amfani da hanyoyin kawo karshen yaduwar cutar. Har ila yau, an horar da su a cikin rigakafin cutar da ba ta yaduwa ba (NCD), suna aiki don hana NCDs da kuma kula da abubuwan haɗari. Mai Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a (Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) yana kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan al'umma kamar waɗanda suka shafi inganta kiwon lafiya, daidaiton kiwon lafiya, rage sigari, gina ingantattun muhalli al'ummomin lafiya, wadatar abinci, da lamari na gaggawa. Hakanan suna iya amsawa ga korafe-korafe irin su cizon dabba (kulawar ƙuruciya), gunaguni na shara, gunaguni na amo, gunaguni na wari, ko ambaliyar ruwa. Dangane da iliminsu na ilimi da horo zasu iya ba da bayanai da turawa game da: gubar, radon, mold, da cututtukan da ke kunno kai (misali. Yammacin Kogin Virus, Mura na Avian, COVID-19). Filin kuma ya haɗu da abubuwa masu haɗari (Hazmat) kuma yawancin masu ba da amsa Hazmat masu lasisi ne na Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ko kuma warare na musamman Likitocin Muhalli masu Rijista. A lokacin gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a kamar annoba, suna ɗaukar mahimmancin matakan gaggawa, bayar da ilimin jama'a shawara, aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don kare lafiyar jama'a. Hakanan, suna ba da amsa ga wasu abubuwan larura irin su bala'o'i, tare da matsayin da aka zayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen martani na gaggaw Yanayin aiki Jami'an kiwon lafiyar Muhalli suna aiki tare da mutane daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ayyukansu sau da yawa sun haɗa da manyan ayyukan filin, kuma wasu suna yawan tafiye-tafiye. Yawancin jami'an kula da lafiyar muhalli suna aiki na dogon lokaci kuma galibi ba sa aiki. Suna bincika wuraren waha, cibiyoyin kula da yara, gidajen cin abinci, tsarin kwalliya, da sauran nau'ikan kamfanoni da suka shafi lafiya da aminci. Ana iya fuskantar jami'an kiwon lafiyar muhalli da yawa daga cikin mawuyacin yanayi da haɗari kamar na ma'aikatan masana'antu, kuma ana iya yin aikin cikin yanayi mara kyau, da damuwa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Suna iya samun kansu cikin rawar adawa idan shugabannin ƙungiyar basu yarda da shawarwarin don tabbatar da yanayin aiki mai aminci ba. Tarihi Ana iya gani fannin kiwon lafiyar muhalli zuwa shekarun 1840 a Ingila. Edwin Chadwick, wani Kwamishinan Shari'a mara kyau, ya gudanar da bincike kan musabbabin talauci wanda ya kammala da cewa mutane galibi sun zama talaka saboda rashin lafiya saboda mummunan yanayi. Ya yi imanin cewa inganta tsabtar muhalli ita ce babbar hanyar warware wannan mummunan halin. Chadwick ya jagoranci kamfen mai karfi don kawo canji wanda daga karshe yayi nasara a kan kafa, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta 1848 Dokar ta tanadi nadin Sufetocin Nuisances magabatan masu kula da lafiyar mahalli na yau a wuraren da ake buƙata. Kungiyar Masu Kula da Tsafta ta Jama'a ƙungiyar da za ta zama Chaungiyar theungiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Unitedasa ta Unitedasar Burtaniya an kafa ta a cikin 1883. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, matsayin masu aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli ya canza kuma ya girma, tare da matsayin cancantar haɓaka har zuwa, a cikin 1960s, ya zama sana'ar kammala karatun digiri. Tallafin Yarjejeniyar Sarauta a cikin 1984 ya sanya hatimin kan wannan ingantaccen matsayi da matsayi. Sakamakon sauya matsayi, taken sun canza a cikin shekaru da yawa daga mai duba nuisances mai kula da tsafta mai kula da lafiyar jama'a jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli (duba Sufeto na Nuisances da ke ƙasa). Wannan ma gaskiya ne a duk duniya, kamar yadda taken suka canza don nuna ci gaban ilimi da matsayin jami'an lafiyar muhalli a yau. Sifeto na Hayaniya Sufeto na Nuisances shine taken ofishi a cikin yawancin ikon mallakar Ingilishi. A cikin yankuna da yawa wannan lokacin yanzu yana da kyau, matsayi da ko ajalin an maye gurbinsu da wasu. A cikin Burtaniya daga tsakiyar karni na 19 wannan ofishin gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a da kuma tsabtace muhalli. Sufeto na Nuisances na farko wanda Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta nada shi ne Thomas Fresh a Liverpool a cikin 1844. Dukansu Dokar Cire Nuisances da Rigakafin Cututtuka 1855 da Dokar Gudanar da Metropolis 1855 sun bayyana irin wannan ofis amma tare da taken 'Inspekta Sanitary'. A cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda suka kafa Hukumar Lafiya, taken 'Inspector of Nuisances'. Daga ƙarshe an daidaita taken a duk cikin ƙananan hukumomin Burtaniya azaman 'Sanitary Inspector'. Dokar Majalisar a cikin 1956 daga baya ta canza taken zuwa 'Inspekta na Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a'. An kafa irin wannan ofisoshin a duk fadin Masarautar Burtaniya da Commonwealth. Mafi kusancin zamani na wannan matsayi a cikin Burtaniya shine 'Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli'. Wannan taken da hukumomin yankin ke karba bisa shawarar gwamnatin tsakiya bayan dokar karamar hukumar ta 1972. A Amurka, misalin zamani na jami'i mai taken 'Inspector of Nuisances' amma ba matsayin lafiyar jama'a ba ana samunsa a cikin Sashe na 3767 [7] na Dokar da aka Bita ta Ohio wacce ke bayyana irin wannan matsayin don bincika damuwa, inda wannan kalmar take yana baje kolin kamfanoni inda ake samun lalata da giya. Ganin cewa matsayin jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Amurka jami'ai ne ke ɗaukar taken 'Takaddun Kwararren Kiwon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli' ko 'Rijista Mai Kula da Lafiya' dangane da ikon. Rawar da ke cikin Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli masu sanya uniform Cancanta Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli aiki ne na kammala karatu a mafi yawan ƙasashe. Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu a yawancin ƙasashe sun haɗa da shirin digiri na jami'a wanda aka yarda dashi, horon filin da takaddun sana'a da rijista. Janar na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya ta amince da Digirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Australiya da shirye-shiryen difloma na difloma bisa tsarin Manufar Yarjejeniyar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia don tabbatar da abin da ke cikin kwasa ya cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa don aiwatarwa azaman EHO a ko'ina cikin Austiraliya. Kamar yadda yake a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009 akwai Cibiyoyin da aka yarda da EHA a cikin kowace Jiha da Yankin Arewa. Victoria, Australiya Sakataren Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ya ayyana abin da ake buƙata na yanzu don zama jami'in izini a ƙarƙashin Dokar Abinci ta 1984 a Victoria. Ana samun karɓaɓɓun karatun digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu daga Victoria, babbar ƙasa da ƙasashen ƙetare. Yammacin Australiya Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1911 (wacce aka yiwa kwaskwarima) ta bayyana matsayin 'jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli', kuma tana ba Babban Darakta, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a damar nada EHOs ga hukumomin lafiya na kananan hukumomin kuma a matsayin jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a da Gwamnatin Jiha ke aiki. Babban Daraktan, Lafiyar Jama'a ya shawarci Kwamitin Kula da Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Yammacin Ostiraliya game da Kwalejin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da na Digiri na biyu wanda ake ganin ya dace don ba da izinin yin aiki a Yammacin Australia, kuma ana buga cancantar daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin Gazette ta Gwamnati. A halin yanzu Jami'ar Fasaha ta Curtin da Jami'ar Edith Cowan suna ba da digiri na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a Yammacin Ostiraliya wanda kuma Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia ta amince da su. New Zealand Masu shiga cikin sana'a dole ne su sami ko dai Kariyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BAppSc ko BHSc Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli. A madadin haka, masu ƙwarewar cancantar ilimin kimiyya na iya samun difloma na difloma a cikin lafiyar muhalli. Jamhuriyar Ireland Don zama Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ya zama dole a riƙe digiri na kiwon lafiyar muhalli wanda Sashin Lafiya da Yara ya amince da shi. Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin Ireland ma yana buƙatar ɗalibai su gudanar da aikin ƙwarewa tare da Babban Jami'in Kula da Kiwan Lafiya. Bayan lokacin aikin ƙwarewa, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubuce-rubuce na ilmantarwa da gwajin baka. Kingdomasar Ingila ta Biritaniya da Arewacin Ireland EHOs galibi suna riƙe da cancantar karatun digiri na farko (ko na gaba da digiri) wanda (a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa) da Hukumar Rajistar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Irin waɗannan tanadi sun wanzu a Scotland, inda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Muhalli ta Scotland ke tsara aikin Biye da buƙatun ilimi da lokacin horo na aikace-aikace, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubutu na ilmantarwa da jarrabawar baka kafin a ba da rajist Canada Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a suna da digiri na farko a cikin lafiyar muhalli da kuma takardar shaidar ƙwararrun ƙasa Takaddun shaida a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada), CPHI (C). Takaddun shaida da rajista an tsara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada (CIPHI). Don zama ƙwararriyar ƙasa, masu kula da lafiyar jama'a dole ne su kammala shirin digiri na yarda, kammala aikin horo na filin, kuma su ƙetare Hukumar Kula da Takaddun Shaida (wanda ya ƙunshi rubutattun rahotanni da gwajin baka). Don kula da takardun shaidarka na CPHI (C), dole a yi wa masu yin rajista tare da CIPHI kuma su gabatar da sa'o'in haɓaka ƙwararru a kowace shekara. Makarantu shida ne kawai a cikin Kanada ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri wanda CIPHI ta amince da su don biyan abin da ake buƙata na ilimi don takaddama: Cibiyar Fasaha ta British Columbia, Jami'ar Cape Breton, Jami'ar Concordia na Edmonton, Kwalejin Kwalejin Fasaha da Ilimin Ci gaba ta Conestoga, Jami'ar Farko ta Kanada, da Jami'ar Ryerson. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna da tsayin shekaru huɗu,duk da haka ana samun shirye-shiryen saurin gudu a wasu makarantu don waɗanda ke da digiri na farko na kimiyya. Sri Lanka Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a dole ne su fara cin jarrabawar masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a wanda Sashin Kiwon Lafiya ke gudanarwa. Wadanda Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta nada sun shiga aikin ne a matsayin Sufeto mai kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a na III, daga nan kuma suka samu horo zuwa matakin difloma. Duba kuma Babban Jami'in Green (CGE) Bokan inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada) CPHI (C) Kiwan lafiyar jama'a Kiwan muhalli Tsaro na Aiki da Lafiya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta New Zealand Chartered Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (Ingila da Wales) Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Scotland Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada Associationungiyar Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Yankin Irish (Jamhuriyar Ireland) Federationungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya Yammacin Ostiraliya Jami'in Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Masana Kula da muhalli Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya Pages with unreviewed
57762	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarachi%20Nwosu	Amarachi Nwosu	Articles with hCards Amarachi Nwosu Amarachi Nwosu (Lafazin Igbo;an haife ta 29 Satumba 1994) yar Najeriya yar Amurka mai daukar hoto, mai zane na gani,mai shirya fina-finai,marubuci kuma mai magana a halin yanzu yana zaune a birnin New York. Ita ce kuma wacce ta kafa Melanin Unscripted. wani dandamali mai kirkire-kirkire da hukumar da ke da nufin wargaza ra'ayoyin jama'a da ruguza layukan al'adu ta hanyar fallasa hadaddun al'adu da al'adu a duniya. Fim ɗin ta na halarta na farko "Black in Tokyo" wanda aka ƙaddamar a Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya a Gidan Tarihi na ICP,New York City a cikin 2017 kuma ta nuna fim ɗin a Tokyo,Japan a Ultra Super New Gallery a Harajuku. Rayuwa ta sirri Haihuwar iyayen Igbo na Najeriya,Itsekiri da al'adun Ghana, Nwosu ta girma a Washington DC kuma ta yi wasu shekarunta na farko a Port HarcourtNigeria da New York City. Nwosu ta tafi makaranta a Jami’ar Temple da ke Philadelphia amma ta koma Tokyo a lokacin karamar yarinya bayan ta samu guraben karo karatu shida don yin karatu a kasashen waje na shekara guda a matsayin dalibar kasa da kasa,inda ta yi digiri a fannin sadarwa na kasa da kasa.Ta gama karatun digiri a Amurka kuma ta koma Tokyo don koyon Jafananci kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai cikakken lokaci,inda ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙaddamar da Highsnobiety a Japan kuma ta yi aiki tare da abokan ciniki kamar Beats da Sony Music Japan. Sana'a Shigar Nwosu a cikin al'adu ya shafi masana'antu daban-daban daga kiɗa,kayan ado,wasanni da tasirin zamantakewa.Ayyukantasun mayar da hankali kan haɗa waɗannan wurare ta hanyar ba da labari na gani da tasirin al'umma. Ta harba wani labari mai suna 'Sankofa' a Cape Coast Castle a Ghana don Vogue. Mai fafutuka Malala Yousafzai,wacce ita ce mafi karancin shekaru da ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel,ta umurce ta da ta rubuta ziyarar da ta kai Tokyo a shekarar 2019. Sauran manyan jarumai da ta shadow da harbi sun hada da supermodel Naomi Campbell a lokacin tafiyarta zuwa LagosNigeria da Ebonee Davi.s Ta kuma ba da umarni gajerun fina-finai kan karfin mata a wasanni ga kamfanoni irin su Nike a ciki.Najeriya. Nwosu ta shiga cikin tura sautin Afrobeats da afrofusion a matsayin mai zane na gani,ɗan jaridar kiɗa,daraktan ƙirƙira da manajan alamar.Ta yi aiki tare da masu fasaha kamar Mr Eazi,Yxng Bane,Nonso Amadi,Odunsi The Engine,Santi, Kwesi Arthur da Tobi Lou. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto na Childish Gambino a lokacin yawon shakatawa na 'This is America' na 2018. In 2018,she directed the launch of Budweiser in Nigeria through their Budx platform by curating the homecoming exhibition for Nigerian-American Hip Hop documentarian Chi Modu within her Melanin Unscripted platform as a way to bridge the golden era of Hip Hop in America and the current space of Hip Hop in Nigeria. The event was a two-day exhibition, workshop, panel, concert and party. Ta kuma hade kade-kade da al'adun matasa a Japan,inda ta harba fasalin farko na The Fader wanda ke nuna yanayin kida na zamani a Tokyo kuma mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta fito a shafin Adidas Tokyo na Instagram a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna bambancin ra'ayi a Japan. https://paper-journal.com/contributor/amarachi-nwosu/ Social Media da bayar da shawarwari A cikin 2017, Nwosu ta wallafa a shafinsa na twitter game da saɓani da al'adu na bugu na Afirka ta mai zanen Burtaniya Stella McCartney a loka on baje kolinsa a makon Fashion na Paris,wanda ya haifar da fushi a dandalin sada zumunta. OkayAfrica ta kira shi "Cultural Colonialism" kuma a cikin wani hoto mai bidiyo ta twitter,ta koka da yadda ake amfani da ƙirar Afirka ta alamar "amma ta yi amfani da samfurin Afirka ɗaya kawai akan titin jirginta". Duk da martani,McCartney ya kasa ba da hakuri kuma ya ba da sanarwa ga Fashionista wanda ya ba da lambar yabo ga alamar Vlisco a Netherlands maimakon matan Afirka na asali. “An buga su ne game da bikin na musamman na fasahar masaku, al'adun sa da kuma nuna al'adunsa.Mun tsara kwafin tare da haɗin gwiwar Vlisco a cikin Netherlands,kamfanin da ke ƙirƙirar yadudduka na musamman na Real Dutch Wax a cikin Holland tun 1846 kuma yana taimakawa kula da gadonsa.” ya rubuta. Sanannen ambato OkayAfrica ta bayyana Nwosu a yakin neman zaben mata 100 na shekarar 2019 don murnar watan tarihin mata. Haihuwan 1994 Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio
26843	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuga%20%28kashi%20na%204%29	Shuga (kashi na 4)	Shuga Naija wasan kwaikwayo ne na MTV wacce aka fara haska ta a shekara ta 2009 a zaman wani bangaren jigon MTV wato "MTV Staying Alive Ignite!". Karo na uku na shirin ya fito a kusa da 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. An saki sashin shirin na hudu a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019. Sannan kamfanin Sunbow Production ne suka dauki nauyin shirin yayin Tope Oshin ya jagorance shi, daya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. Shirin Shuga Naija ya ƙunshi gangamj don jaddada mahimman batutuwan zamantakewa kamar tsarin iyali, rigakafin hana haihuwa, HIV/AIDS, cin zarafin jinsi, jima'i mafi aminci, jima'i na mu'amala da gabaɗaya, alaƙa. 'Yan wasa Jerin jigogin yan wasan da ke cikin kashi na 4 na MTV Shuga sune kamar haka: Yasmin Itace kyakykyawar malaman dake bautan kasa wato NYSC wacce kowa ke sha'awarta. Yasmin tana da bada kwarin gwiwa da taimakawa dalibanta har ma a almurran da ya shafi rayuwarsu. Ita kuma uwar gida ce mai kauna da biyayya ga mijinta wanda suka amince akan tsaida haihuwa domin yasmin ta cimma burinta na duniya. Rahama Sadau ta masana'antar shirya fina- finan Kannywood ce ta taka rawar Yamin. Jarumar dai ‘yar asalin jihar Kaduna ce kuma ta yi fice a harkar fim din Hausa. Tobi Temini Egbuson ya ɗauki matsayin Tobi a cikin Shuga Naija Season 4. Tun lokacin da ya shiga jerin MTV, Temini ya haɓaka basirarsa a masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood. A wannan karo na hudu na Shuga Najia, Tobi ya canza daga matsayin saurayi na soyayya, jima'i da kudi, zuwa wani dan kasuwa tare da kirkiro Playboy Tobi Music Industry wanda yayi saurin habaka tare da sabon app ɗin sa na shirin shiga masana'antar kiɗa. Cynthia Uzoamaka Unianoh ta taka rawar Cynthia a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV a matsayin matashiya, zaki, yar makarantar sakandare butulci, aboki ga Diana da ma'aikatanta wanda ta ji tana cikin kungiyar amma a zahiri ba ta. Uzoamaka Unianoh marubuciya ce wacce ta shafe tsawon rayuwarta tana rubuce-rubuce amma ta fara fitowa a shekarar 2017 kuma ga dukkan alamu ta fara kwarewa a a harkar fim. Ebinsende A cikin wannan silsilar, Abayomi Alvin ya fito a matsayin Ebisinde wanda zuciyarsa ta kasance ga Diana kadai mace mai girman kai da ke ganinsa a matsayin ƙaramin yaro. Diana Diana ita ce yarinyar makaranta mai cin zarafi wanda duk da cewa kowa yana sonta kuma yana sonta wanda ya kasance akasin haka. Tana da gungun abokai kuma tana saduwa da babban saurayi a makarantar. Sunanta ya shiga cikin tambaya yayin da wata sabuwar yarinya ke barazana ga sana'arta tare da jarrabawar da za ta ci. Aikin Diana Helena Nelson ce ta taka rawa a masana'antar MTV tare da wasu fina-finan da ta fito da suka hada da Clinic Matters', 'Until You're 16' da kuma 'Jenifa's Diary'. Faa Adebukola Oladipupa ce ta taka rawar Faa mai sarkakiyar rayuwa, wacce uwa ce ga dan uwanta Ebisinde kuma a shirye take ta yi kusan komai don cimma babbar nasara a harkar waka. Hadiza Amal Umar daga Kannywood ta fito a matsayin Hadiza mai ladabi, tawali'u da hazaka a cikin shirin MTV Shuga. Tun a shekarar 2015 ne Amal ta fara fitowa a kan allo, amma ta riga ta yi suna duk da cewa tana magana da yarenta (Hausa) a yawancin fina-finanta, ta tabbatar da cewa tana da mahimmanci lokacin da ta fito a wani fim. Fim ɗin Nollyeood, "Hankalin Hankali". Frances Ruby Akubueze wanda aka fi sani da Chinaza/Ruby ya dauki rawar Frances a cikin jerin MTV. Yarinyar ce wacce itama ke kallon Diana a matsayin kawarta kuma ta tafka muguwar kuskure har ta tsaya tare da kawayenta da malaminta yasmin domin ta fuskanci halin da take ciki. Duk da cewa Ruby matashiya ce amma tana da gogewar wasan kwaikwayo da yawa tun 2013 kuma ta yi tauraro a shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo, gajerun fina-finai da jerin gidajen yanar gizo da suka hada da 'Look Beyond' da 'Brother LIEnus' (tare da AY Makun). Ta kuma sami gogewar bayan fage a matsayin mai haɓaka abun ciki don 'Gabatarwa,' nunin magana ta kan layi ta matasa. Mahmud Mahmud mijin Yasmin ne a cikin shirin MTV. Ya goyi bayan sana’arta kuma ya yarda da tunaninta na tsarin iyali wanda ya saba wa ka’idojin al’adun kabilar Hausa. Shahararren jarumin Kannywood Yakubu Mohammed ne ya taka rawa a matsayin Yakubu a wannan silsila. Khalil Mosses Akerele shine wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin Khalil a cikin wannan shirin na Telebijin. Kamar Faa, Khalil wani mafarki ne mai son samun matsayinsa a harkar waka. Yana hidima ga ubangidansa wanda da alama bai ba shi harbin gaske ba. Daga k'arshe lokacin da abokinsa ke cikin buqatar Khalil ya yanke shawarar wanda zai bi. Shina Chimezie Imo shi ne wanda ke a matsayin Shina a cikin shirin. Shina yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da ke da matsala a makarantar. Mai daukar fim din Chimezie ya fara ne a shekara ta 2014 kuma an nada shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a cikin wani baje kolin basirar Najeriya. Simi Sharon Jatto ta fito a matsayin Simi a cikin wannan silsilar. Kamar Cynthia da Frances, Simi kuma tana kallon Diana kuma tana girmama kowace kalma daga bakinta. Ita ma a makance ta bi ta wajen wani biki abin ya yi tsami. Sharon mace ce mai hazaka, baya ga kasancewarta ƙwararren mai magana da faransa ita ma ƴar gudun hijira ce kuma samfurin mujallu. Fitowar ta na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Wole Oguntokun mai suna 'The Wait'. Wasiu Wasiu shi ne Sarki a gungun dalibai tsagera (Ebisinde da Shina) a kullum yana kawo sabbin dabaru na yadda ake samun kudi da sauri da alfahari. Tomiwa Tegbe yana taka rawar Wasiu a cikin MTV Shuga Naija. Layin Labari Manazarta Shirin MTV Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba
30301	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Cripps	Peggy Cripps	Enid Margaret “Peggy” Appiah (née Cripps), MBE (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1921 ta kuma mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrerun shekarata ta 2006), marubuciyar littattafan yara ce 'yar Biritaniya, mai taimakon al'umma kuma mai son mu'amalantar mutane. Ta kuma kasance diya ga Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps da kuma Dame Isobel Cripps, kuma mata ga lauya dan Ghana kuma mai fafutukar siyasa Nana Joe Appiah. Farkon Rayuwa Enid Margaret Cripps itace auta acikin 'ya'ya hudu, an kuuma haife ta ne a Goodfellows a Gloucestershire, kusa da iyakar gundumar da aka haifi iyayenta wato Stafford Cripps da Isobel (née) Swithinbank, a ƙauyen Filkins, Oxfordshire. Iyalin sunyi ƙaura kwanan nan zuwa Goodfellows, gidan da Peggy ta girma a Filkins, wanda adonsa da ci gabansa ke nasaba da Sir Lawrence Weaver, masanin gine-ginen, wanda ke tare da matarsa Kathleen, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan Cripps. Lady Weaver ta mutu a cikin shekarar 1927, daga ciwon huhu. Lokacin da Sir Lawrence kuma ya mutu a cikin shekarar 1930, 'ya'yansu biyu, Purcell da Toby, a zahiri, iyalan Cripps sun cigaba da kula da su. Daga bisani kuma, Peggy ko ta cigaba da ɗaukar su a matsayin ƴan uwanta. ƙuruciyarta Ta girma a karkara, ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarta, mai rainonta Elsie Lawrence, tare da abokiyarta kuma 'yar'uwarta Theresa, ta shafe tsawon yarintar ta wajen nazartar gefen garin Ingila, ta tattara furannin daji, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da ganyen mushroom waɗanda suke girma a gona mai fadin eka na mahaifinta da dazuzzukan gefe da kuma filaye. A matsayinta na memba na Ƙungiyar British Wildflower Society, ita da 'yar uwarta sun koyi yadda ake gane tsirrai kuma sun san sunaye na gama gari da na Latin na tsairrai da dama. Za ta kuma ci gaba da wanzar da wannan sha'awar a cikin 'yan shekarunta na gaba a dazukan kasar Ghana. Wannan sha'awar na tsirrai ne ya haɗe kan iyalinta. Ɗan’uwanta, Sir John Cripps, ba kawai ya yi noma a Filkins ba, amma ya buga ‘The Countryman’ kuma daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Ƙarshen Turai. Iyali A bangaren mahaifinta, dangin sun dade suna zaune a Gloucestershire: sun kasance dangi ne na sama-tsakiyar da ke da'awar zuriyar kai tsaye daga William the Conqueror. Kakan mahaifinta, Lord Parmoor, lauya ne wanda aka ba shi kyauta a 1914, lokacin da ya zama memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Masu Zaman Kansu. Kakan kakan mahaifinta, Joseph Cripps, ya kasance dan majalisar Cirencester. Lord Parmoor ya wakilci Stroud a cikin House of Commons. Dangantakar siyasar bangaren ubanta ya kayatar. Biyu daga cikin ƴan uwan kakarta sun auri 'yan majalisar wakilai Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse da Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron Courtney. Wata babbar inna, Beatrice, ta auri Sidney Webb, wanda ya yi aiki tare da kakanta Lord Parmoor a gwamnatin Labour ta farko, a 1924, kuma shi ne Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka a gwamnatin Labour ta biyu a 1929, inda ya yi aiki a majalisar ministoci. tare da Lord Parmoor, a matsayin Ubangiji Shugaban Majalisar, kuma Stafford ya haɗa shi daga baya, a matsayin Lauyan Janar. (A wannan lokacin ne aka yiwa mahaifinta jaki.). Ta wurin kakanta na uwa Admiral George Winthrop, ta fito daga zuriyar Winthrop na Boston Brahmins a Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya. Iyalin Cripps sun kasance mabiya tafarkin Anglican ne. Lord Parmoor lauya ne na majami'a, memba kuma a cikin 1911 shugaban na gidan Laymen a lardin Canterbury, Vicar Janar na lardunan Ingilishi daban-daban, kuma marubucin Cripps on Church and Clergy. An ce Stafford Cripps shine mutum na farko da ya fara wa'azi a cocin St Paul's Cathedral. Lokacin da Peggy Cripps ke shirin tabbatar da ita, ta gaya wa iyayenta cewa tana da shakka game da wasu batutuwa 39 na bangaskiya na Cocin Ingila, kuma mahaifinta ya shirya ta ta tattauna da abokinsa, William Temple, Archbishop na York. (daga baya Archbishop na Canterbury). Peggy ta kasance tana jin daɗin gaya wa mutane cewa yayin da suka bi ta cikin talifofin 39, duk lokacin da ta bayyana shakka, Archbishop ya ce, “I, na ga wannan yana da wahala kuma! Ilimi Ta samu ilimin da ya dace da ita a matsayinta na budurwa. Ta fara karatu a makarantar kwana na Queen's College, London, da ke a Harley Street, daga baya kuma a Maltman's Green, makarantar kwana a Buckinghamshire, inda ita da gungun abokai suka halarci Gidan Taron Quaker. Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar iyayenta, ta kuma fara koyon wani abu na duniya a wajen Ingila. A cikin 1938 ita da danginta sun yi watanni da dama a Jamaica, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar ne Jawaharlal Nehru, wanda Stafford ya fara rubuta wasiƙa mai yawa tare da shi, sakamakon sha'awar da yake da shi na ci gaban mulkin demokraɗiyya a ƙasashen Burtaniya, ya ziyarci Goodfellows tare da 'yarsa Indira. "Tafiyarta karatu" Bayan kammala makaranta, ta nemi Jami'ar Edinburgh, amma ta fara tafiya Italiya don nazarin tarihin fasaha a Florence. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu yana gabatowa, wanda ya tilasta mata cikin gaggawa gida zuwa Ingila. Ta ki amincewa da matsayinta a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta shiga makarantar Sakatariyar Sakatariyar Whitehall, wadda aka kwashe zuwa Dorset tare da tashin bom a London, don haka za ta iya fara aiki nan da nan. Bayan ta kammala horon ta, ta sami damar tafiya tare da mahaifinta zuwa Moscow, inda ya kasance jakadan Birtaniya kuma ta sami damar zama matsayin sakatariya a ofishin jakadancin. Domin hanyar zuwa Moscow kai tsaye zai buƙaci bi ta yankin Turai da Jamus ta mamaye, ita da mahaifiyarta da ƙanwarta Theresa, sun yi tafiya zuwa Rasha ta kasar Canada, suka tsallaka nahiyar ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa na Kanada na Pacific, sannan suka wuce Japan da China kafin su tsallaka Tarayyar Soviet ta titin jirgin kasa. A birnin Moscow, Peggy ta yi aiki da mahaifinta sakatare kuma ta kulla abokantaka da 'ya'yan jakadun Yugoslavia da na kasar Sin, da kuma 'yar wani jami'in diplomasiyyar Iran, wacce ta zamo abokiyarta na har abada. A cshekarar 1941, a lokacin tana da shekaru 20, tare da iyayenta a Landan, da kuma 'yar uwarta a Iran, an bar ta a matsayin mai kula da tasowa daga ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya, dangane da mamayewar Jamus na Rasha. Tun da yake ita sakatariya ce a Ma’aikatar Waje a hukumance, ta sami kanta tana aiki da wani mutum mai suna Mista Cook a sashen ofishin jakadancin da ke Tehran. Daga baya, a lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya suka karbe tsarin titin jirgin kasa na Iran, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya ga Birgediya da ke rike da mukamin. A 1942, ta koma Ingila tare da mahaifinta, wanda ke dawowa daga ziyarar Indiya. Sun bi ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin jirgin ruwa, suka sauka a tafkin Galili na Isra'ila da kuma kogin Nilu a Masar, inda ta iya ganin dala na Masar. Wannan kuma ita ce ziyararta ta farko a nahiyar Afirka. A sauran yakin ta yi aiki a ma’aikatar yada labarai, da farko a sashin Indiya sannan kuma a sashin hulda da Soviet, inda ta yi amfani da iliminta na yaren Rasha wajen aikinta. Kamar yadda mahaifinta ya sadaukar da kansa na cikakken lokaci a siyasa. Rage kudin shiga wanda ya zo tare da asarar aikinsa na doka, dangi sun bar Goodfellows kuma suka koma wani ƙaramin gida a Frith Hill, Gloucestershire, kodayake ɗan'uwanta John ya karɓi aikin gona a Filkins. A ƙarshen yaƙin, Peggy ta sami raguwar tashin hankali. Ta bar matsayinta a jami'a don ta kasance mai amfani a lokacin yakin; yanzu ta tsinci kanta da gogewa amma bata cancanci aikin da take yi ba. An tura ta zuwa Switzerland don ta warke a asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner da ke Zurich, ta yi lokacin rani a Lugano tana nazarin zane-zane, kuma ta koma Landan don yin karatun cikakken lokaci a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Anglo-Faransa a St John's Wood. arewacin London. Daga nan sai ta ɗauki zanen a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin studio a cikin gidan mai zane Feliks Topolski kuma ta halarci karatun rayuwa a Makarantar Hammersmith Art, ƙarƙashin kulawar Carel Weight. A tsawon wannan lokacin ta kasance cikin kusanci da iyayenta akai-akai, duk da cewa mahaifinta ya kara shagaltuwa da siyasa. Tare da nasarar jam'iyyar Labour a zaben 1945, Stafford ya shiga majalisar ministoci a matsayin shugaban hukumar kasuwanci, inda ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana aiki don yin shawarwari tare da shugabannin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Indiya, ciki har da Gandhi, Nehru da Jinnah. A watan Nuwamba 1947, ya zama Chancellor na Exchequer da kuma mafi yawan sauran rayuwarsa ya taimaka wajen gudanar da farkon farfadowar Birtaniya bayan yakin da kuma samar da zamani jin dadin jama'a. A shekara ta 1942, mahaifiyarta ta amince ta jagoranci wani kamfen na tara kudaden taimako ga jama'ar kasar Sin, wadanda ke fama da matsananciyar wahala sakamakon mamayar kasar Japan, da ambaliyar ruwa, da cututtuka da kuma yunwa. Bayan shekaru 6, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gayyaci Lady Cripps da ta ziyarci kasarsu, domin ta ga irin yadda ake yi da wadannan kudade, da kuma nuna jin dadinsu ga aikin taimakon da Birtaniyar United ta yi wa kasar Sin. Peggy ta tafi tare a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abokan tafiyar mahaifiyarta. Da yake an so a yi amfani da kuɗin don a taimaka wa Sinawa duka, dukansu biyu sun zauna tare da Janar da Madame Chiang Kai-shek a gidansu. Ta ziyarci 'Yancin Kwaminisanci' a Yenan, inda Peggy ya sadu da Chou En Lai da Madame Mao. A hanyarsu ta dawowa daga China ita da mahaifiyarta sun bi ta Burma da Indiya. Shiga Sakamakon abubuwan da ta samu a Jamaica, Rasha, Iran, China, Burma da Indiya, da kuma abokantakar danginta da mutane irin su Nehrus, Peggy, wacce ke da shekaru kusan ashirin da haihuwa, ta san mutane da yawa daga kasashe da yawa kuma sun sani. da yawa game da rayuwa a wajen Ingila, haƙiƙa a wajen Turai, fiye da yawancin mutanen zamaninta. Wannan gogewa, tare da zurfin alkawurranta na Kirista, ya kai ta yin aiki don haɗin kai tsakanin mutane; kuma a karshen shekarun 1940 ta fara aiki da wata kungiya mai suna Racial Unity, wacce Miss Attlee, 'yar uwar Firayim Minista ce ta fara aiki, tare da zama mai aiki a Sashen Matasa na Majalisar Coci ta Duniya (WCC). Ta hanyar aikinta na Racial Unity, wanda ta kasance sakatariya a 1952, ta fara haduwa da Joseph Emmanuel Appiah, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Yamma. Abokantakar su ta girma cikin sauri kuma a cikin Janairu 1952, ya ba da shawara kuma ta yarda. A lokacin, duk da haka, Stafford Cripps ba shi da lafiya sosai. A watan Mayun 1951 an kai shi asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner a Zurich (inda Peggy ya murmure shekaru da yawa a baya) kuma a ƙarshe an yi tunanin isa ya koma gida zuwa gidan iyali a Frith Hill. Amma a farkon watan Janairun 1952 aka mayar da shi birnin Zurich, inda ya rasu kusan watanni hudu bayan haka. A sakamakon wannan rashin lafiya, Isobel ta yanke shawarar cewa zai fi kyau idan a ɓoye auren. Sa'an nan kuma, da zarar ya mutu, al'ada ta bukaci kada a sanar da alkawari na wata shekara. A halin da ake ciki, mahaifiyar Peggy ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ta ziyarci Gold Coast da kanta, ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ruwa don ganin ƙasar da mijinta ya yi niyya. Ghana Abin da ya ba ta mamaki, tuni Joe ya kasance a gida a Kumasi lokacin da ta isa, bayan da ya yi gaggawar dawowa bayan rasuwar kakansa, Yaw Antony, wanda zai gaje shi a matsayin shugaban reshensa na manyan mutanen Ashanti. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Kumasi a jajibirin Kirsimeti na 1952, inda ta sake haduwa da angonta, kuma ta hadu da danginsa, a karon farko, tare da shi, a ranar Kirsimeti. A jajibirin sabuwar shekara ta halarci taron Watch Night Service a cocin Wesley Methodist da ke Kumasi, inda ta yi ibada a karon farko a cocin wanda zai yi bikin jana’izarta fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan haka. Ta kuma ziyarci harabar jami'ar kimiyya da fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, wacce ta kasance kwalejin horar da malamai mai shekara daya, a karon farko; Jami’ar da za ta tura ‘ya’yanta zuwa makarantar firamare, kuma tana da shekaru 84 a duniya, a shekarar karshe ta rayuwa, ta samu digirin girmamawa na likitan wasiƙa, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki. A gida A tafiyarta ta farko zuwa Afirka, ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Navrongo, ta haye Volta ta shiga Faransa Togoland, a gabas, kuma ta tafi Elmina a yamma. An yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce kan abin da take yi a Ghana, kuma da yake ba a sanar da auren ba, ta kasa bayyana ainihin dalilin ziyarar tata. Ta fadawa jaridar Daily Graphic cewa: "[A matsayina na] memba na dangin siyasa a Biritaniya, ina sha'awar mutanen Gold Coast da kuma ci gaban siyasarsu." Tare da dangin mijinta na gaba ta sadu da fitattun 'yan Ghana da yawa, ciki har da Asantehene, Misis Rose Aggrey (matar wanda ya kafa makarantar Achimota Dr James Aggrey), mai zane Kofi Antubam, babban shugaba Nene Mate Kole, da kuma irin wadannan shugabanni. na yunkurin 'yancin kai kamar Kwame Nkrumah, Komla Gbedemah, Kojo Botsio, da Krobo Edusei. Sanarwa da haɗin gwiwar ma'auratan a 1953 ya haifar da tashin hankali na tsokaci a Biritaniya da kuma a duniya; da kuma lokacin da Peggy Cripps da Joe Appiah suka yi aure a Cocin St John's Wood, arewacin London, a watan Yuni 1953, bikin ya kasance labarai na farko a Burtaniya, a Ghana, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa kuma taron na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma. shekara. George Padmore, ɗan Afirka ta Yamma na Indiya ya kasance mafi kyawun mutum, wanda ya wakilci Kwame Nkrumah, wanda ya shagaltu da zama sabon shugaban Kasuwancin Gwamnati don halartar kansa. Hugh Gaitskell, magajin Stafford a matsayin Chancellor ya kasance a wurin, kamar yadda Michael Foot, shugaban jam'iyyar Labour na gaba, Aneurin Bevan, Lady Quist, matar kakakin majalisar dokokin Gold Coast, da Krishna Menon, jakadan Indiya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wata jarida a Jamaica ta yi sharhi cewa akwai "masu kiyayya da rigunan riguna na Biritaniya tsoffin ministocin majalisar ministocin da kuma wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki na Tory da Socialist." Babban abin jan hankali, duk da haka, shine rigar kente ba kawai ango ba amma da yawa daga cikin danginsa da abokansa. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a jaridu a duniya sun bambanta daga maƙiya zuwa masu shakka zuwa abin sha'awa. Peggy da Joe Appiah sun yi hutun gudun amarci a Faransa kuma suka koma Ingila, inda Joe zai kammala horon shari'a a Temple ta Tsakiya. A cikin Mayu 1954 an haifi ɗansu na farko, Kwame Anthony Appiah, (a cikin wani bugu na tallan jarida) kuma a watan Nuwamba matasan dangin sun isa Gold Coast don fara sabuwar rayuwarsu. A wannan lokacin, yayin da Joe ke haɓaka aikin shari'a kuma ya fara rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan siyasa, Peggy ya mayar da hankali kan mafi yawan kuzarinta ga danginta na matasa An haifi Ama a 1955, Adwoa a 1960 da Abena a 1962 kuma akan aiki azaman sakatariya kuma mataimaki a fannin shari'a a ofishinsa na shari'a da na mazabarsa, tana tallafawa mijinta kamar yadda ta tallafa wa mahaifinta. Ta koyi saka tufafi, ta fara halartar jana'iza, kuma ta san dangin mijinta da dangin mahaifinsa ma. Sun gina wa kansu gida a Mbrom (wani yanki na Kumasi), inda maƙwabtansu su ne Victor Owusu, wani babban ɗan siyasan NLM, John Brew, da kuma, a gefen titi, mahaifin Joe Appiah, J.W.K. Appiah da matarsa, Aunty Jane. Fiye da shekaru 30, tun daga ƙarshen 1950s, babban ɗakin karatu na Peggy Appiah da ke Mbrom ya kasance yana samuwa ga yaran unguwar, waɗanda za su iya zuwa su karanta littattafan yara, kuma, yayin da suke girma, litattafai da waƙoƙin da ta tattara. Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi daraja akwai da yawa daga cikin kundin jerin Marubuta na Heinemann na Afirka. Sauran masu ziyartar gidan sun hada da ’yan kasuwar da suka kawo mata gwal da suka samu a tafiye-tafiyen da suke yi ta kauyuka da garuruwan Ghana. Ta kuma yi sha'awar ilimi da jin dadin wasu matasa, wadanda suka zama bangaren danginta, ciki har da Isobel Kusi-Obodom, wanda mahaifinsa ya rasu a gidan yarin Nkrumah, da kuma Dr Joe Appiah-Kusi na Seattle. Siyasa Bayan da aka zabi Joe Appiah a Majalisa a 1956, kafin samun 'yancin kai, Peggy Appiah ta ci gaba da samar da gida mai tsaro wanda zai iya dawowa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa, manta da siyasa, kuma ya huta a cikin kirjin iyalinsa. Peggy ta zabi shiga Cocin St. George da ke Kumasi. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Dr. Alex Kyerematen don bunkasa Cibiyar Al'adu a Kumasi. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin kula da yara, ta yi aiki tare da gidan marasa galihu a Bekwai, kuma a shekarun baya ta zama majiɓincin Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Ghana. A lokacin da aka tsare mijinta bisa umarnin Kwame Nkrumah a watan Oktoban 1961, ta ki barin kasar, kuma aka janye umarnin korar ta sa’ad da wata kasida ta farko ta bayyana a cikin jaridun Burtaniya da ke bayyana halin da take ciki. A wannan lokacin danta Kwame ya yi rashin lafiya sosai. A wata mai zuwa, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta kai ziyararta ta farko a Ghana. Yayin da suke duba asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi, Sarauniya, Sarkin Edinburgh da Shugaba Nkrumah suka wuce gadon yaron. Tunda hoton iyayensa ya nuno akan teburinsa na gado, Duke na Edinburgh, wanda ya ziyarci Kumasi a baya kuma ya hadu da Peggy Appiah, ya dawo, yana tafiya, don aika gaisuwa. An ba da rahoton bacin ran da shugaba Nkrumah ya yi na jin kunya ta wannan hanya wannan shi ne mijin wani shugaban kasar waje da ya aika gaisuwa ga matar wani mutum Nkrumah da ke tsare a siyasance na daga cikin dalilan da suka sa aka kori likitan Kwame Appiah. Haɗuwa da damuwarta akan mijinta da ɗanta ya sa ta shiga wani yanayi mai matuƙar wahala, wanda hakan ya ƙaru saboda kasancewarta a lokacin tana da juna biyu tare da ƙaramin ɗanta Abena, wadda ta yi fama da rashin lafiya a yawancin ƙarurinta. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kula da kwanciyar hankali ga 'ya'yanta da kuma yin aiki a hankali don a saki mijinta, tare da taimakon mahaifiyarta, Lady Cripps, wadda ta iya ziyartar surukinta a Ussher Fort a 1962. Lady Cripps ta koma Ingila tare da jikanta mara lafiya. Kafin Kirsimeti 1962, an sake Joe daga kurkuku kuma an ba shi izinin komawa aikin shari'a. An sami sassauci a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na mulkin Nkrumah a 1966, ta hanyar juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Nkrumah. A shekarun da suka biyo baya, yayin da ‘ya’yanta ke kasashen waje a makarantun kwana da jami’o’i, kuma mijin nata ya sake taka rawar gani a siyasar kasar Ghana, kuma a matsayinta na jakadiyar kasa, ta kasance mafi yawa a Kumasi, inda ya samar da tushe da zai iya fita daga ciki. cikin duniya, amintaccen sanin cewa Peggy tana kula da abubuwa a gaban gida. Ta sa ido a kan dukiyoyin da ya gada a wurin kakansa. Duk da yawan shigar da danginta ke yi a siyasance, Peggy kanta ba ta da sha'awar siyasar jam'iyya musamman. Ta tallafa wa mijinta, tabbas. Amma gudummawar da ta bayar ta hanyar ayyukan zamantakewa da yawa da ta shiga. Bayan ta koyi Twi, harshen Asante, ta zama mai sha'awar kuma ta san game da fasahar Akan da al'adun gargajiya, yayin da ta sami babban tarin zinariya, ta fara tattarawa da fassarawa. karin magana, kuma ta koyi labarun Ananse, yawancin su daga mijinta. Shekaru 30 da suka wuce, ziyarar gidanta da tarin gwal dinta na daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a ziyarar Ashanti ga maziyartan masu sha'awar fasaharta. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ta fara buga jerin jerin labaran Ananse, wanda aka sake rubutawa ga yara, wanda ya zama sananne a Afirka, Ingila da Amurka da kuma duk duniya masu magana da Ingilishi. Farawa da Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti Village in 1966, and followed by Tales of an Ashanti Father, she went on to publish the Children of Ananse in 1968, The Pineapple Child and Other Tales from Asante in 1969, Why There are So Many Roads in 1972, da Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and Other Tales from the Ashanti Gold Weights a 1977. Ta kuma wallafa jerin masu karatu don taimaka wa yaran Ghana su koyi Turanci: The Lost Earring, Yao and the Python, Abena and the Python, Afua and the Mouse and Kofi and the Crow, da jerin littattafan yara da manya. ciki har da Gift of the Mmoatia da Ring of Gold, da juzu'i biyu na waƙoƙi. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta ana amfani da su azaman rubutu a makarantun firamare da sakandare a Yammacin Afirka. Wataƙila, mafi mahimmancin littafinta, duk da haka, wanda ya kasance sakamakon aikin kusan shekaru biyar, shine Bu Me Bé: Proverbs of the Akan, tarin karin magana na Twi fiye da 7,000 da aka kaddamar a Accra a 2001. A shekarar 1985 ita da Joe Appiah sun yi balaguro zuwa kasashen waje tare don ziyartar abokinsu Kamuzu Banda, shugaban kasar Malawi, wanda suka san shi a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Ghana, domin murnar cika shekaru ashirin da daya da samun 'yancin kai. Sun zagaya ko'ina a ƙasar kafin su tafi tare da 'yarsu Abena, wadda take zaune a Zimbabwe a lokacin, da Ama, wadda ke aiki a Angola. Daga baya a cikin shekaru goma, sun ziyarci Ama a Norway, inda aka gano Joe yana da ciwon daji da ya kashe rayuwarsa a 1990. Gwauruwa A cikin 1990, wata gwauruwa, Peggy Appiah, ba ta taɓa tunanin barin Ghana ba, tana gaya wa duk wanda ya tambaye ta lokacin da za ta “tafi gida,” cewa ta riga ta isa gida. Ta koma wani ƙaramin gida, wanda ta gina a cikin wani fili mai gida ga ɗiyarta Abena, ta ci gaba da aiki a cocinta, kuma ta ci gaba da nazarin tarihin Akan. Ta ziyarci danta da 'ya'yanta mata a Amurka, Namibiya da Najeriya, kuma 'ya'yanta da surukanta sun ziyarce ta, da jikokinta shida, Kristian, Anthony da Kojo, 'ya'yan Ama (Isobel) da Klaus. Endresen; da Tomiwa, Lamide da Tobi, 'ya'yan Adwoa da Olawale Edun. A gidan da ke kusa da ita, ita da yarta Abena, akwai jikokinta guda biyu, Mimi da Mame Yaa. Kyaututtuka A cikin 1996, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta ba Peggy Appiah lambar yabo ta MBE "don ayyuka ga dangantakar Burtaniya/Ghana da jindadin al'umma". Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah ta ba ta digirin girmamawa a shekarar 2005. Shekarun baya A shekara ta 2001, Peggy Appiah ta ziyarci Ingila a karo na ƙarshe don bikin cikarta shekaru 80 da haihuwa tare da sauran waɗanda suka tsira a cikin danginta da ƴaƴanta da jikokinta, tare da ƴaƴanta da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴan uwa da ƴan uwa da yawa. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta, yayin da ta ƙara ƙaranci a cikin motsinta, ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar cibiyar sadarwar dangi da abokai, da kuma gidan kulawa karkashin jagorancin maigidanta, Ma Rose. Kamar yadda ta rubuta a ƙarshen tarihin rayuwarta, wanda aka buga a 1995: "Na gode wa Allah saboda dukan abin da ya ba ni da farin cikin da ya kawo ni." Mutuwa Peggy Appiah ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2006, tana da shekaru 84, daga dalilan da ba a bayyana ba, a asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi. An binne ta ne a makabartar Tafo da ke Kumasi, inda ta saya wa kanta fili a gefen kabarin mijinta. Labarai Bu Me Be: Akan Proverbs. Africa World Press, 2006. Busy body. Accra: Asempa, 1995. Rattletat. New Namibia Books, 1995. The Rubbish Heap. Accra: Asempa, 1995. Kyekyekulee, Grandmother's Tales. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1993. Kofi and the Crow. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991. Afua and the Mouse. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991. Abena and the Python. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991. The Twins. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991. Tales of an Ashanti Father. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989. A Dirge too Soon. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1976. Ring of Gold. London: Deutsch, 1976. Why There are So Many Roads. Lagos: African University Press, 1972. Gift of the Mmoatia. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1972. Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and other tales from the Ashanti gold weights. London: Deutsch, 1971. A Smell of Onions. London: Longman, 1971. The Lost Earring. London: Evans, 1971. Yao and the Python. London: Evans, 1971. The Pineapple Child and other tales from Ashanti. London: Evans, 1969. The Children of Ananse. London: Evans, 1968. Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti village. New York: Pantheon, 1966. A cikin shahararrun al'adu An ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da Appiahs suka fuskanta, da kuma wani ɗan lokaci na ɗan littafin marubucin Lloyd Ruth Williams da auren ɗan Afirka Kgosi Seretse Khama, ya rinjayi rubutun fim ɗin da ya lashe Oscar, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. (1967). Manazarta Kafofin Brozan, Nadine. "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies." New York Times, "International," Fabrairu 16, 2006. Tucker, Nicholas. "Peggy Appiah: Daughter of Stafford Cripps who dedicated herself to creating a children's literature for Ghana" (obituary). The Independent, 17 Fabrairu 2006. Addai-Sebo, Akyaaba. "The Legacy Of Peggy Appiah—A Tribute." The New Times Online. Lahadi, 9 ga Afrilu, 2006. Akosah, Kwabena Sarpong. "Tribute for Peggy Appiah". Homepage Ghana, 19 Fabrairu
30825	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauren%20yanci	Zauren yanci	Zauren 'Yanci filin ne ko fage ne mai matuƙar fa'ida da yawa a cikin Louisville, Kentucky, akan harabar Cibiyar baje kolin Kentucky, wacce ƙasashwn Commonwealth na Kentucky ke da mallakin ta. An san filin sosai don amfani da shi azaman filin wasan ƙwallon kwando, a baya yana aiki a matsayin gidan Jami'ar Louisville Cardinals kuma, tun Nuwamba shekarata 2020, a matsayin gidan Jami'ar Bellarmine Knights Ya shirya Kiss, AC DC, abubuwan WWE, Mötley Crüe, Elvis Presley, The Doors, Janis Joplin, Creed, Led Zeppelin, Van Halen da yawa. Kazalika kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Louisville Cardinals daga shekarata 1956 zuwa 2010, masu haya a fagen sun hada da Kentucky Colonels na kungiyar Kwando ta Amurka daga shekarar 1970 har zuwa hadewar ABA-NBA a watan Yuni shekarar 1976, da kuma kungiyar mata Cardinals ta Louisville tun farkon ta a shekarar 1975 zuwa 2010. Kentucky Stickhorses na Lacrosse League na Arewacin Amurka sun yi amfani da Zauren 'Yanci daga shekarata 2011 har sai da ƙungiyar ta ninka a shekarar 2013. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ta karbi bakuncin VEX Robotics Competition Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya kowace shekara a tsakiyar Afrilu. Filin wasan ya rasa matsayinsa na babban wasan cikin gida na Kentuckiana da wurin kide kide a lokacin da ke cikin garin KFC Yum! An buɗe cibiyar a cikin shekarata 2010. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi akai-akai, duk da haka, shirya kide-kide, nunin dawakai, taron gunduma, da wasannin kwando. Tarihi An kammala Zauren 'Yanci a cikin 1956 a cikin sabuwar Cibiyar Baje kolin Kentucky da aka buɗe wacce ke kudu da Downtown Louisville An samu sunanta ne sakamakon wata gasa ta rubutu a faɗin jihar wadda Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Jiha da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Amurka suka dauki nauyinta Charlotte Owens, babban jami'a a DuPont Manual High School, ya Kuma ƙaddamar da shigarwar nasara akan 6,500 wasu. An ƙera shi don gasar tseren dawaki na farko na ƙasar, wasan tseren doki na Jihar Kentucky na Duniya, tsayin bene da wurin zama na dindindin an tsara su musamman don kusan tsayin nunin zobe (a kwatanta, tsarin wasan hockey na ƙa'ida shine tsayi, kuma filin kwando yana da ƙafa 94 kawai). Hakanan ana yin baje kolin Dabbobin Duniya na Arewacin Amurka a kowace Nuwamba. Muhammad Ali ya yi gwagwarmayar ƙwararrun sa na farko a zauren Freedom lokacin da ya ci nasara a zagaye shida na yanke shawara kan Tunney Hunsaker .Zauren 'Yanci kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tasha akan Motortown (daga baya kiɗan balaguro a farkon da tsakiyar shekarata 1960s. Haka kuma an gudanar da ranar shari’a (2000) a zauren ‘Yanci. An gudanar da gasar kokawa ta jami'a a filin wasa a shekarar 2019. Tarihin haya Kentucky Colonels sun kafa ƙungiyoyi masu neman nasara a lokacin da suke aiki a Zauren 'Yanci, inda suka lashe Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Amurka (ABA) a cikin lokacin shekarata 1974 75 kuma sun kai ga ABA Finals sau biyu. Ƙungiyar 1970-71 ta buga wasan karshe na ABA Championship, ta sha kashi a hannun Utah Stars a wasanni 7. Kungiyar ta shekarar 1972-73 ta sake tsallakewa zuwa Gasar Karshe, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Indiana Pacers a wasanni 7. An wargaza Colonels lokacin da ABA ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1976. 'Yan wasan Hall of Fame Dan Issel da Artis Gilmore sun yi wa Colonels wasa a lokacin nasarar da suka yi. Hall of Fame Coach Hube Brown ya horar da tawagar Colonels Championship. A cikin shekarata 1984 an sake gyara wurin, gami da rage ƙasa don ba da damar mafi girman ƙarfin haɓaka daga 16,664 zuwa 18,865 don ƙwallon kwando. Gidan cikakken lokaci ne na ƙwallon kwando na maza na Cardinal daga kakar shekarata 1957–58 zuwa 2010, tare da ƙungiyar ta lashe kashi 82% na wasannin gida a cikin yanayi 50+. U na L ya kasance a cikin Manyan 5 da ke halarta a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, tare da 16 na shekaru 19 na ƙarshe da ya wuce 100% na iya aiki. Baya ga zama gidan Cardinals, Freedom Hall ya karbi bakuncin wasannin NCAA har sau goma, gami da hudu na karshe tsakanin shekarar 1958 da 1969. Filin wasan ya kuma karbi bakuncin gasa na taro guda 11, Gasar Taro na Metro tara da gasa guda biyu na taron Amurka —2001 da 2003. Hakanan ta karbi bakuncin gasar Kwando ta Jihar Kentucky Boys' High School (wanda kuma aka sani da Sweet 16) sau 23, gami da kowace shekara daga shekarata 1965 zuwa 1978. A cikin 1984, an saukar da ƙasan filin wasan kusan don ƙara ƙarfin filin daga 16,613 zuwa adadi na yanzu. A cikin lokacin 1996-97 Freedom Hall ya sami yawan halartar 19,590 wuce gona da iri. Zauren 'Yanci yana karbar bakuncin tarakta na gasar Championship duk watan Fabrairu yayin Nunin Kayan Aikin Noma na Kasa. Daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2008, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Louisville Fire of the af2 ta buga a Freedom Hall kafin ta daina aiki. A ƙasan matakin shine Gidan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kentucky inda wani zanen tagulla da aka zana ya karrama kowane ɗan wasa. Kungiyar kwando ta maza ta Jami'ar Louisville ta buga wasansu na karshe a Freedom Hall a gaban tarin tarin mutane 20,138 a ranar 6 ga Maris, Na shekarata 2010, da Jami'ar Syracuse, kungiya ta #1 a kasar. Louisville ya yi nasara a cikin tashin hankali 78–68. Fage ya fara samun sabbin masu haya a cikin shekarata 2012 tare da ƙari na Kentucky Stickhorses, kuma a cikin 2013, tare da ƙari na Kentucky Xtreme Koyaya, Kentucky Stickhorses ya ninka a cikin 2014 bayan rashin nasara da rashin halarta. An dakatar da Kentucky Xtreme a tsakiyar kakar wasa tare da sauran kungiyoyin da ke buga sauran wasanninsu. A cikin shekarata 2020, Jami'ar Bellarmine Knights sun zaɓi Zauren 'Yanci a matsayin gidansu don ƙwallon kwando na maza da mata. Hotuna Duba wasu abubuwan Jerin abubuwan da suka faru a Zauren 'Yanci KFC ku! Cibiyar Wasanni a Louisville, Kentucky Jerin abubuwan jan hankali da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin babban birni na Louisville Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon wasannin motsa jiki na Jami'ar Louisville akan Freedom Hall Shafin hukuma na Dandalin 'Yanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22240	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprieve%20%28%C6%99ungiya%29	Reprieve (ƙungiya)	Reprieve kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta lauyoyi da masu bincike na kasa da kasa wadanda burinsu shi ne "yakar wadanda aka zalunta da keta hakkin dan adam tare da daukar matakan shari'a da ilimin jama'a". Babban abin da suka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne hukuncin kisa, tsarewa ba tare da fitina ba (kamar a hukumomi), ba da hukunci na musamman da kisan gilla. ƙungiyarRefrieve da aka kafa tana cikin Burtaniya, sannan kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, Australia da Netherlands, tare da ƙarin masu goyan baya da masu sa kai a duniya. Sake dawo da Burtaniya NaNaNaNa farko kuma mafi girma a cikin kungiyoyin ragin, Reprieve UK, an kafa shi ne a shekarata 1999, shekara guda bayan da aka dakatar da hukuncin kisa a hukumance a Burtaniya (duk da cewa ba a aiwatar da shi tun a shekarata 1964), ta hannun lauya mai kare hakkin dan'Adam Clive Stafford Smith Smith ya wakilci sama da fursunoni dari uku 300 da ke fuskantar hukuncin kisa a kudancin kasar Amurka kuma ya taimaka wajen sakin fursunoni Guantánamo Bay guda 65 da wasu da ke fadin duniya da aka tsare a wurare irin su Bagram Theater Internment Facility, Afghanistan, wadanda ke ikirarin sun kasance gwamnatin Amurka ta azabtar da Reprieve a halin yanzu tana aiki don wakiltar fursunoni guda 15 a cikin hukumomi Bay, da kuma yawan shari'ar da ake samu na abokan cinikin mutuwa a duk duniya. Kuma tana bincika rikice-rikice na duniya a cikin fassarar kuma a kwanan nan, ta fara aiki tare da Foundation for the basic rights a Pakistan, da nufin ƙirƙirar tattaunawa game da amfani da jirage marasa matuka a can. A cikin shekarata 2021, Reprieve UK ta tattara bayanai game da illar hare-hare da jiragen yaki na Amurka da ayyukan ta'addanci don gabatar da koke da bayanin sheda a madadin 34 Yemenis a Hukumar Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Rahoton ya mayar da hankali ne kan koke-kokensa na hadin kai game da illolin kare hakkin bil'adama na hare-haren jirage marasa matuka na Amurka wadanda suka kashe fararen hula da dama, ciki har da "yara tara da mambobi da dama na sojojin Yemen" Batun Burtaniya yana da ma'aikata ashirin da biyar a London da kuma yan'uwansa bakwai a Amurka da Pakistan. Masu kula da ita sun hada da Martha Lane Fox, Jon Snow, Alan Bennett, Julie Christie da Roger Waters Shari'o'in yanzu sun hada da Andy Tsege, Ali al Nimr, Sami al-Saadi na Libya, Falasdinawan da ba shi da kasa Abu Zubaydah, Linda Carty, Yunus Rahmatullah, Krishna Maharaj, da Malik Jalal Shari’ar kwanan nan sun hada da Samantha Orobator, Binyam Mohamed, Muhammad Saad Iqbal, da Akmal Shaikh, dan asalin EU da gwamnatin China ta zartar. Reprieve US Sake shigar da Amurka an kafa ta a cikin shekarata 2001 ta hanyar lauyoyi masu yanke hukuncin kisa a New Orleans, Louisiana, a matsayin 501 (c) (3) ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin shari'a, wanda wahayi daga Reprieve UK. A cikin 2014 Reprieve US ta bude hedkwata a Birnin New York, kuma ta fara aiki kan tsare mutane ba bisa doka ba da kisan kai da kuma hukuncin kisa. Sake dawo da Amurka wata 'yar uwa ce mai zaman kanta don sake Burtaniya; kungiyoyin biyu suna da manufa daya kuma suna aiki tare a hadin gwiwa. Sanar da Amurka ta yi matukar adawa da sansanin Guantanamo Bay tun kafuwarta, kuma ta hanyar doka tana wakiltar da yawa daga wadanda take tsare da su. Hakanan suna da martaba kan yawancin fursunonin ta. Babban Hukuncin Addini Babban Laifin Hukunci na Hukunci (wanda a da ya ba da Australiya) an kafa shi a Melbourne a cikin shekarata 2001 ta masu aikata laifuka Richard Bourke da Nick Harrington don ba da wakilcin doka da taimakon jin kai ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kisa. Da farko bayar da taimakon agaji ga shirye-shirye a Amurka, CPJP tun daga lokacin ya faɗaɗa zuwa Asiya. Julian McMahon ne ke jagorantar kungiyar a halin yanzu. Sake dawo da Netherlands Refrieve Netherlands an kafa ta a cikin shekarata 2006, shekaru ashirin da huɗu bayan Netherlands ta soke hukuncin kisa, ta ƙungiyar mutanen Holland waɗanda suka taɓa yin aiki a ofisoshin tsaron babban birnin Amurka. Ya raba maƙasudin sauran ƙungiyoyi masu ramawa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sake dawo da Burtaniya Sake dawo da Amurka Babban Addinin Hukunci na Hukunci, wanda ya Buga Australia a da Sake dawo da Netherlands Pages with unreviewed
23486	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Larabanga	Masallacin Larabanga	Masallacin Larabanga wani masallaci ne da aka gina da salon gine-ginen Sudan a ƙauyen Larabanga, Ghana. Masallaci ne mafi tsufa a kasar kuma daya daga cikin mafi tsufa a Yammacin Afirka, kuma an kira shi "Makka na Yammacin Afirka". An sake sabunta shi sau da yawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1421. Asusun Tarihin Duniya (WMF) ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga maido da shi, kuma ya lissafa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shafuka 100 Mafi Hadari. Ayyukan maidowa sun farfado da ilimin kula da adobe. Masallacin yana da tsohon Alƙur'ani, wanda mutanen yankin suka yi imanin cewa an ba shi kyauta daga sama a shekara ta 1650 ga Yidan Barimah Bramah, Imam a lokacin, sakamakon addu'o'in da ya yi. Masallacin, wanda aka gina ta hanyar amfani da adobe na Afirka ta Yamma, yana da dogayen hasumiyai guda biyu a cikin sifar pyramidal, ɗaya don mihrab wanda ke fuskantar Makka yana yin facade a gabas ɗayan kuma a matsayin minaret a kusurwar arewa maso gabas. Waɗannan su ne buttressed ta hanyar sifofi guda goma sha biyu, waɗanda aka haɗa da abubuwan katako. Wuri Masallacin yana cikin garin Musulunci na Larabanga, kusa da Damongo a gundumar Gonja ta Yammacin Savannah na Ghana. Garin yana kusan kilomita 15 arewa da Damongo, kuma kilomita 4 kudu da ƙofar Filin shakatawa na Mole. Tarihi Dangane da wani labari, a cikin 1421, wani ɗan kasuwa Islama mai suna Ayuba ya yi mafarki yayin da yake zama a nan, kusa da "Dutsen Mystic", yana ba shi umarnin gina masallaci. Wani abin ban mamaki, lokacin da ya farka, ya tarar da cewa asusu sun riga sun fara aiki sannan ya ci gaba da gina masallacin har sai an kammala. Akwai imani cewa ya bar umarni cewa a binne shi kusa da masallaci kuma bayan kwana uku, baobab wanda zai harba kan kabarinsa za a kiyaye shi daga tsara zuwa tsara. Itacen baobab kusa da masallaci a yau an yi masa alama don nuna wurin kabarin Ayuba. Mutanen garin na Larabanga ana tsammanin sun dogara da ganyayyaki da gindin wannan bishiyar baobab don warkar da cututtuka. Ba kamar masallatai da ke cikin biranen Yammacin Afirka ba, Masallacin Larabanga yana da ƙanƙanta. Masallatan karkara, kamar na Larabanga, galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar marabout guda ɗaya kuma a hankali akan salo da aka gani a wani wuri kamar a Babban Masallacin Djenné. Domin cimma kamanceceniya ta zahiri da tsarin gine -ginen da ake amfani da shi a wani wuri, dole ne Masallacin Larabanga ya haɗa manyan bututu don biyan diyyar ƙarancin kayan gini. Larabanga yana daya daga cikin tsoffin masallatai takwas da ake girmamawa a Ghana, kuma shine mafi tsufa. Wuri ne na aikin hajji kuma ana ɗaukarsa Makka ta Yammacin Afirka. A shekarun 1970, an sanya cakuda yashi da siminti a fuskokin masallacin da nufin kare masallacin daga lalacewar iska da ruwan sama. Koyaya, wannan jiyya ya haifar da lalacewar ginin sosai yayin da danshi ya makale a cikin bangon da aka gina na adobe kuma ya fara lalacewar tsarin, tare da ƙanƙara da ke mamaye tallafin katako a ƙarƙashin yanayin danshi. Wannan ya haifar da wani ɓangare na masallacin ya rushe kuma yayin aikin gyara ya haifar da wasu murdiya na abubuwan tsarin da na waje na masallacin. Sakamakon tasirin iska da ruwan sama a jikin bango, masallacin ya buƙaci gyare -gyare da aikin sabuntawa da yawa waɗanda a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun canza wasu ƙirar sa ta waje. A watan Satumba na 2002, guguwa mai ƙarfi ta lalata mihrab da minaret. A sakamakon haka, Asusun Tarihin Duniya (WMF) ya sanya masallacin a kan 2002 World Monuments Watch, kuma idan aka yi la’akari da barnar da aka samu bayan gyara da bai dace ba a shekarun 1970. Hukumar Gidajen Tarihi da Siffar tunawa ta Ghana ta yanke shawarar mayar da masallacin tare da neman shawara daga CRAterre, wani kamfanin gine -gine da ke Grenoble, Faransa wanda ke da gwaninta wajen gina gine -ginen kasa. WMF ta tallafa wa aikin gyaran, tare da tallafin tallafin dalar Amurka 50,000 daga American Express. Al’ummar yankin ma sun bada tallafi. Tsarin kiyayewa ya haɗa da cire farar siminti na farko daga saman masallacin, an maye gurbin kayan aikin katako, an sake gina minaret da mihrab, an sake gyara tashar, an kuma yi filaye na ciki da na waje kamar yadda aka saba. Gyaran ya haifar da sake tantance yanayin kiyayewar wurin, wanda ya haɗa da ƙungiyar masu sana'ar hannu da kwadago. Ya taimaka wajen dawo da abin tunawa tare da ba da fifiko na musamman kan farfado da ilimin kula da Adobe. Siffofin Kamar sauran masallatai a Yankunan Arewa da Savannah na Ghana, Masallacin Larabanga an gina shi ne a cikin tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na Sudanic-Sahelian, ta amfani da kayan gida da dabarun gini. An gina masallacin da wattle da daub, kuma ya kai kimanin mita 8 (26 ft) da mita 8 (26 ft). Tana da hasumiyai guda biyu a siffar pyramidal, ɗaya na mihrab wanda ke fuskantar Makka yana yin facade a gabas ɗayan kuma a matsayin minaret a kusurwar arewa maso gabas. Bugu da ƙari, ginshiƙai 12 na siffa mai siffa a kan bangon waje suna ƙarfafawa ta hanyar abubuwan katako masu daidaitacce. Tsarin gine-ginen kuma ana kiranta da "gine-ginen adobe flat-footed". Ana ba duk tsarukan fararen wanki. Masallacin yana da tsohon Alƙur'ani, wanda mutanen yankin suka yi imanin cewa an ba shi kyauta daga sama a shekara ta 1650 ga Bramah, Imam a lokacin, sakamakon addu'arsa. An kuma tallafa wa al’ummar yankin a wani aikin hannu da na yawon bude ido don samar da kudade ba wai kawai don biyan kudin kula da masallacin ba har ma da inganta yanayin tattalin arzikin mutane. Manazarta Bibliography Hanyoyin waje "Larabanga Mosque: A Ghanaian Treasure Reborn," ICON Magazine, Winter 2003/2004, p. 37. (archived at the Wayback
30597	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna%20Tetteh	Hanna Tetteh	Hanna Serwaa Tetteh (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekarata1967) barrister ce kuma ƴar siyasa. Ta yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Ghana a matsayin ministar ciniki da masana'antu daga shekaratadubu biyu da tara 2009 zuwa shekarata dubu biyu da goma sha uku 2013 da kuma ministar harkokin waje daga shekarata dubu biyu da goma sha uku 2013 zuwa shekarata dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017. Ta kuma kasance ‘yar majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Awutu-Senya ta yamma. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin wakiliyar babban magatakardar MDD na babban sakataren MDD mai kula da yankin kahon Afirka. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Tetteh a Szeged, Hungary, ga mahaifin Ghana da mahaifiyar Hungarian. Ta yi karatun sakandare a Wesley Girls High School a Cape Coast a tsakiyar kasar Ghana daga shekara ta, 1978 zuwa 1985. Tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1989, ta kuma karanta fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Ghana inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a digirin (LL.B). Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana, ta zama Barista-at-Law a shekara ta, 1992. Rayuwa ta sirri Tetteh 'yar uwar Gizella Tetteh Agbotui ce mai wakiltar mazabar Awutu Senya ta Yamma inda ta kasance 'yar majalisa. Aiki Tetteh ta yi hidimar ƙasa a matsayin jami'ar shari'a tare da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Duniya (FIDA) daga shekara ta, 1992 zuwa 1993. Bayan kammala hidimar ƙasa ta yi aiki a aikin shari'a mai zaman kansa tare da Kamfanin Lauya Ansa-Asare and Company, na Hencil Chambers a Accra, Ghana. Bayan shekaru biyu na aikin shari'a mai zaman kansa Tetteh ta shiga hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da shari'a ta gwamnati a matsayin jami'in shari'a, amma daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta shiga kamfanin Ghana Agro Food Company (GAFCO) a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a; GAFCO wani kamfanin sarrafa abinci ne wanda ke samar da garin alkama, kaji da abincin dabbobi, abincin kifi da kuma tuna gwangwani. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya sayar da sauran kayayyakin abinci da na dabbobi kuma ya kasance a Unguwar Tema Harbor a Tema ta rike sauran mukaman gudanarwa a kamfanin wato Human Resources and Legal Services Manager sannan kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar Janar Manaja (Ma'aikatar Kudi da Gudanarwa har sai da ta tafi) shiga siyasa a shekara ta, 2000. Bayan ta yi wa’adi a Majalisar ba nan take ta sake tsayawa takara ba, sai ta koma Ghana Agro Food Company a matsayin Babban Manaja (Kamfanoni, Gudanarwa da Shari’a) inda ta yi aiki har zuwa watan Disamba shekara ta, 2009. Rayuwa ta sirri Tetteh 'yar uwar Gizella Tetteh Agbotui ce mai wakiltar mazabar Awutu Senya ta Yamma inda ta kasance 'yar majalisa. Aikin siyasa Aiki a siyasar kasa Hanna Tetteh ta lashe kujerar mazabar Awutu Senya a zaben 'yan majalisa na watan Disamba shekara ta, 2000 kuma ta yi aiki na tsawon wa'adi daya a matsayin 'yar majalisar wakilai ta National Democratic Congress a kujerun 'yan adawa. Ba ta tsaya takarar kujerar ta ba a zabe mai zuwa. An zabe ta a matsayin memba mai zartarwa na National Democratic Congress a shekara ta, 2005 kuma ashejara ta, 2008 aka nada ta a matsayin darektan sadarwa na NDC ta kasa, inda ta maye gurbin John Dramani Mahama, wanda ya zama mataimakin dan takarar shugaban kasa na NDC a matsayin abokin takarar John Atta Mills, dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar. Yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar, 2008 da irin rawar da ta taka wajen tafiyar da dabarun sadarwa na jam’iyyar na wancan zabe ya sanya ta zama fitacciyar ‘yar siyasa har ta zama daya daga cikin manyan masu magana da yawun jam’iyyar NDC. Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, 2009-2013 Bayan nasarar NDC a zaben shekara ta, 2008 Tetteh ta zama kakakin sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba yayin da ake ci gaba da gudanar da sabbin nade-nade kuma a cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2009 Shugaba John Atta Mills ya zabe ta a matsayin ministar kasuwanci da masana'antu. Bayan tabbatar da ita da majalisar ta yi mata ta karbi mukamin kuma ta rike mukamin ministar kasuwanci da masana’antu daga Fabrairu shekarar, 2009 zuwa Janairu 2013. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin ministar kasuwanci da masana'antu ta kasance mamba a tawagar gwamnatin kasar mai kula da tattalin arzikin kasar, mamba ce a hukumar raya karnin da ke da alhakin sa ido kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kalubalantar kamfanin na farko a Ghana. Ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa, kuma ita ce Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Yankunan Kyauta ta Ghana (GFZB). Komawa Majalisa, 2013-2017 A lokacin da John Mahama ya gaji marigayi shugaban kasar Atta Mills a shekarar, 2012, ya kuma nada Tetteh a matsayin Daraktan Sadarwa na yakin neman zabensa na shekara ta, 2012. Ta kuma yanke shawarar sake tsayawa takarar dan majalisa sannan aka zabe ta a sabuwar mazabar Awutu Senya ta Yamma a zaben watan Disamba na shekara ta, 2012 bayan ta zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Awutu Senya daga shekara ta, 2001 zuwa 2005. Ta lashe zaben ne bayan da ta samu kuri’u 23,032 da ke wakiltar kashi 55.47% yayin da babbar ‘yar takararsa Oppey Abbey ita ma tsohuwar ‘yar majalisa ce mai wakiltar mazabar Awutu Senya wacce ta samu kuri’u 18,487 da ke wakiltar kashi 44.53%. Ta sha kaye ne a hannun George Andah a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar na shekara ta, 2016 wanda ya samu kuri'u 28,867, kashi 52.27% a yayin da ta samu kuri'u 25,664 da ke wakiltar kashi 46.87%. Ministan Harkokin Waje, 2013-2017 Bayan zaben, shugaba Mahama ya nada Tetteh a matsayin ministan harkokin wajen kasar kuma ya nada ta a watan Janairun shekara ta, 2013 bayan amincewar majalisar. Yayin da take rike da mukamin ministar harkokin wajen kasar, ta kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin tsaron kasa da kuma majalisar sojojin kasar. Lokacin da shugaba Mahama ya zama shugaban hukumar shugabannin kasashen ECOWAS a watan Maris din shekarar, 2014, Tetteh ta zama shugabar majalisar ministocin kungiyar ECOWAS a lokaci guda. Bayan barin ofishinta a cikin shekara ta, 2017, Tetteh ta kasance a matsayin Richard von Weizsäcker Fellow a Gidauniyar Robert Bosch. Daga shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da taimako a babban taron koli na kungiyar IGAD kan farfado da yarjejeniyar warware rikicin Sudan ta Kudu. Aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 2018-yanzu A cikin shekara ta, 2018, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya nada Tetteh a matsayin Darakta-Janar na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Nairobi (UNON), wanda ta gaji Sahle-Work Zewde. Ba da dadewa ba, ta sake maye gurbin Zewde, a wannan karon a matsayin wakiliya ta musamman a Tarayyar Afirka kuma shugabar ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Tarayyar Afirka (UNOAU). Bayan murabus din Ghassan Salamé a matsayin shugaban tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Libya (UNSMIL) a shekarar, 2020, Guterres ya ba da shawarar Tetteh a matsayin magajinsa; maimakon haka, rawar ya tafi Ján Kubiš. A cikin shekara ta, 2022, Guterres ya nada Tetteh a matsayin wakilinsa na musamman kan yankin Afirka, inda ya canza mukamai tare da Parfait Onanga-Anyanga.
26441	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanyi%20Mbau	Khanyi Mbau	Khanyisile Mbau (an haife ta 15 ga Oktoba 1985), wanda aka fi sani da Khanyi Mbau, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ƴar Afirka ta Kudu, mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin kuma mawaƙiya. An tashe shi a Soweto, Mbau ya shahara sosai kuma ya zama sunan gida a matsayin Doobsie na biyu a cikin SABC 2 wasan opera Muvhango (2004-2005); kamar Mbali a cikin SABC 1 wasan opera Mzansi da ƙaramin jerin SABC 1 Bayan Tara. Tun daga shekarar 2018, ita ce mai watsa shirye -shiryen nishaɗin SABC 3 The Scoop, Babban Sirrin BET Africa kuma tana wasa Tshidi akan Mzansi Magic's Abomama. Rayuwar farko An haifi Khanyisile Mbau a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1985. Mahaifiyarta, Lynette Sisi Mbau, ta yi aiki a sashen kuɗi na asusun fansho a Bankin Barclays Mahaifinta, Menzi Mcunu, bai auri mahaifiyarta a lokacin ba saboda ma'auratan suna soyayya kawai. Mcunu ba shi da da'awa ga yaron amma ya sanya mata suna duk da haka: Khanyisile, wanda ke kawo haske. Mbau ta rike sunan mahaifiyar ta. Lynette ba da daɗewa ba ta bar jariri Khanyi tare da iyayenta a Mofolo, Soweto sannan ta koma bakin aiki, ta bar kakarta kusan ta yi renon ta. Kakannin Mbau sun kasance a Yammacin Turai sosai a cikin suturar su da ganin duniya. Mbau ya ce, "Gladys (kakarta) za ta yi muku bulala idan kuka karya ka'idoji. Ta gudanar da iyalinta tare da kyawawan halaye da kulawa ga daki -daki na Fadar Buckingham Mbau cikin ƙauna ya kira ta da Sana'a Talabijin A 2004, Mbau ya maye gurbin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo Lindiwe Chibi a matsayin Doobsie akan Muvhango bayan saurayinta Dan Mokoena ya harbi Chibi. Shekara guda bayan haka an kore ta daga rawar, inda aka ba da rahoton cewa ta ɓata lokaci mai yawa tare da bayyana a cikin tabloids na Lahadi. A cikin 2006 Mbau ya shiga jerin shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 1 Mzansi, a kakarsa ta biyu, a matsayin Mbali. SABC 1 bai sabunta wasan ba a kakar wasa ta uku. Daga baya a 2007 Mbau ya taka rawar Zee a cikin ƙaramin jerin SABC 1 Bayan 9 A cikin 2012 ita ce alƙali mai baƙo a karo na biyu na SABC 1 's Turn It Out A shekarar 2013 ta alamar tauraro a cikin wani sashe na E.tv anthology wasan kwaikwayo jerin, Ekasi: Our Stories. Ta kuma fito a cikin shirin shirin DStv Vuzu, I Am, kuma ta nuna Sindisiwe Sibeko akan DStv's Mzansi Magic mini-series Kamar Uba Kamar Son A watan Agustan 2012, Mbau ta fitar da tarihin rayuwarta Bitch, Don Allah! Ni Khanyi Mbau, ɗan jarida Lesley Mofokeng ne ya rubuta. A cikin 2013 Mbau ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya na gaskiya Reality Check on E.tv. A cikin wannan shekarar, Mbau ta fara shirya shirye -shiryen nata a tashar OpenView HD eKasi+, Katch It With Khanyi An sabunta nunin don kakar wasa ta biyu a ƙarshen 2014. Ya kai lamba ɗaya a cikin rabon masu sauraro don nunin magana, ya zarce rabon Motswako na SABC 2. Katch It With Khanyi an yi muhawara tare da masu kallo 785,000, wanda ya karu zuwa 1,669,000 a makon farko na Nuwamba 2014. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon na karo na biyu, an ba shi lambar yabo don Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu 2015. A cikin 2014, Mbau ya fafata a kakar wasa ta bakwai na Strictly Come Dancing A cikin mako na 7 ita da abokin aikinta Quintus Jansen sun kasa samun isassun ƙuri'un da za su ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar, kuma an kawar da ita. An samu cece-kuce na farko a kafafen sada zumunta yayin da manyan masoyan Mbau suka nuna rashin jin dadin su tare da tuhumar amincin tsarin kaɗa ƙuri'a. A watan Yulin 2015, MTV Africa ta ƙaddamar da yaƙe -yaƙe na leɓe, inda Mbau ya karɓi kyautar gida. A cikin watan Afrilu na 2015, Mbau ya sami rawar tallafawa "Pinky" a cikin telenovela na E.tv na farko, Ashes to Ashes A watan Nuwamba na 2015, an ba ta suna don "Mafi kyawun Asusun Instagram" a cikin Kyautar Kan layi na Channel24, wanda ya karrama mawaƙa na cikin gida, taurari da mutanen jama'a waɗanda ke da tasiri da tasiri a gaban yanar gizo. A watan Maris na 2016, Mbau ya taka rawar Palesa Simelane a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai suna Umlilo; harafin da wani kabad 'yan madigo jihar m wanda ya shiga wani polygamous aure, da kuma ta tafin kafa dalili da aka samar da yara. A watan Yulin 2016, Mbau ya sauko da wani sabon shirin talabijin a SABC 3 mai suna The Weekend Edition tare da mai watsa shiri na rediyo da talabijin Phat Joe. Duo ya dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon salon rayuwa a safiyar ƙarshen mako, wanda aka yi fim a Cape Town. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2017, Mbau ya fito a wani sabon shirin nishaɗi mai taken The Scoop wanda aka watsa a SABC 3 a matsayin wani bangare na sabon jeri na tashar. A watan Satumba na 2017, tashar BET Africa ta sanar da wani sabon shirin gaskiya mai kashi 13 mai taken Babban Sirri, wanda Mbau ya shirya. A cikin jerin, tana sa mahalarta su bayyana sirrinsu mafi duhu. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017 kuma ya ƙare tare da ɓangaren haɗuwa biyu. A watan Maris na 2018, Mbau ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu da aka fi kallo, Uzalo, a SABC 1, inda ya nuna rawar go-getter Dinekile aka Lady Die wanda ɗan sata ne ta fatauci kuma yana fatan rayuwa kamar ɗan uwanta MaNgcobo. Bayan ta yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a kurkuku saboda ƙananan laifuffuka kuma ta san hanyar da take bi, ba ta cimma abin da take so ba tukuna. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2019, Mbau ta ba da sanarwar dawowarta ga wasan don kakarta ta 5. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Mzansi Magic ya fitar da tirela don sabon jerin wasan kwaikwayon su, Abomama, wanda ke bincika da ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin bangaskiya da zunubi. Mbau shine ke jagorantar rawar Tshidi, tsohuwar sarauniyar ghetto mai neman yarda ta zama matar birni wacce ta auri likitan da Leroy Gopal ya buga. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon tare da masu kallo sama da miliyan, wanda ya sa ya zama na uku da aka fi kallo akan DSTV. Rediyo A cikin 2016, Mbau ya zama mai watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo akan Metro FM, Wanda nashi ne ko ta yaya, tare da masu nishaɗi Somizi Mhlongo da Ntombi Ngcobo. An fara nuna shirin a ƙasa a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2016, kuma ya gudana tsawon shekara guda har ya zo ƙarshe a sake fasalin tashar. Fim Fim ɗin farko da Mbau ya fito da shi, Farin Ciki Kalmar Harafi Hudu ne, wanda aka fara nunawa ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2016. Ta taka rawar Zaza, matar ganima ga Bheki (Simo Magwaza), mahaifiyar yara biyu, kuma mai kantin sayar da takalma. Fim ɗin ya fara tare da lambobi masu lalata akwatin akwatin kuma ya ci gaba da karɓar manyan akwatunan akwatin sama da miliyan 7 a cikin sati na uku akan da'irar silima. A watan Oktoban 2016, bikin Fim na Johannesburg ya sanya sunan Mbau a cikin manyan jaruman jaruman fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu 10, bayan nasarar Farin Ciki Is Kalmar Harafi Hudu Fim na biyu na Mbau, mai ban sha'awa mai taken The Red Room, an shirya shi don fitar da sinima a cikin 2018. A cikin 2017, Mbau ta fara shirya fim ɗin ta na uku tare da mai shirya fina -finai kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Leon Schuster, Frank da Fearless, wanda aka shirya don fitowar silima a cikin 2018. Harkokin kasuwanci A watan Nuwamba 2018, Mbau ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da irin nata gin mai suna I Am Khanyi Millennial Shimmer Gin. Fina-finai Kyaututtuka da Tantancewa Kyautar Kwalejin Fina -Finan Duniya ta Afirka ta Kudu Manazarta Mata Mawaka Mata yan fim Pages with unreviewed
22450	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C9%97uwar%20ruwan%20Victoria	Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria	Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria (Lozi: Mosi-oa-Tunya, "Hayakin da Ya Yi Tsawa"; Tonga: Shungu Namutitima, "Ruwan Tafasa") ruwa ne da ke kan Kogin Zambezi a kudancin Afirka, wanda ke ba da mazauni ga nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi na musamman. Tana kan iyakar tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe kuma ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na duniya saboda fadinta na 1,708 m (5,604 ft). Asalin suna David Livingstone, ɗan mishan (Mission) ɗan asalin Scotland kuma mai bincike, an yi imanin cewa shi ne Bature na farko da ya kalli faduwar ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1855, daga abin da a yanzu ake kira tsibirin Livingstone, ɗayan ƙasashe biyu da ke tsakiyar kogin, nan da nan ya haura daga faduwa kusa da gabar Zambiya. Livingstone ya ambaci ganinsa don girmamawa ga Sarauniya Victoria, amma sunan yaren Sotho, Mosi-oa-Tunya— "Hayakin da ke Tsawa" yana cigaba da amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. Lissafin al'adun duniya ya amince da sunayen biyu a hukumance. Hakanan Livingstone ya kawo tsoho mai suna, Seongo ko Chongwe, wanda ke nufin "Wurin Bakan gizo", sakamakon feshin da ake yi akai-akai. Sunan gandun dajin da ke kusa da Zambia Mosi-oa-Tunya, yayin da gandun dajin da garin da ke gabar Zimbabwe duk suna mai suna Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria. Duk da yake ba shine mafi girma ba ko kuma mafi fadada ruwan dusar kankara a duniya, amma Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ana sanya ta a matsayin mafi girma, ya danganta da fadin da ya kai na mita 1,708 (5,604 ft) da tsayin mita 108 (354 ft), wanda hakan ya haifar da mafi girma a duniya takardar fadowa daga ruwa. Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria kusan ta ninka tsayin Niagara Falls sau biyu a Arewacin Amurka kuma ta ninka nisa biyu. Ga tazara mai nisa daga faduwar, Zambezi yana gudana a kan takardar basalt, a cikin kwari mara zurfin, wanda ke da iyaka da tsaunuka masu ƙanƙan da nesa. Ga tazara mai nisa daga faduwar, Zambezi yana damun kan takardar basalt, a cikin kwari mara zurfin, wanda ke da iyaka da tsaunuka masu cin mutuncin da nesa. An kirkiro faduwar ne yayin da cikakken fadin kogin ya fadi kasa guda daya a tsaye zuwa wani rami mai zurfin mita 1,708 (5,604 ft) mai fadi, wanda aka sassaka shi da ruwansa tare da yankin da ke karaya a cikin tsaunin basalt. Zurfin ramin, wanda ake kira Ruwa na Farko, ya bambanta daga mita 80 (260 ft) a ƙarshen yamma zuwa mita 108 (354 ft) a tsakiya. Hanyar hanyar kawai zuwa Ruwa ta Farko shine tazara mai faɗin mita 110 (360 ft) kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na hanyar faɗin faduwar daga ƙarshen yamma. Dukkanin kogin ya kwarara zuwa cikin kwazazzabai na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria daga wannan bakin kogin. Akwai tsibirai guda biyu a gefen guguwar ruwa wadanda suke da girman da zasu raba labulen ruwa koda kuwa a cike take: Tsibirin Boaruka (ko Tsibirin Cataract) kusa da bankin yamma, da tsibirin Livingstone kusa da tsakiyar wurin da Livingstone ya fara duba faduwa. A ƙasa da cikakkiyar ambaliyar ruwa, ƙarin tsibirai sun raba labulen ruwa zuwa rafuka masu daidaita a layi ɗaya. Ana kiran manyan kogunan ne, domin daga Zimbabwe (yamma) zuwa Zambiya (gabas): Katafar Iblis (wanda wasu ke kira Ruwa Mai Tsalle), Babban Falls, Ruwan Bakan Gizo (mafi girma) da Gabas ta Gabas. Kogin Zambezi, wanda yake daga gangaren ruwa, yana samun lokacin damina daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa farkon Afrilu, da lokacin rani a sauran shekara. Lokacin ambaliyar kogin shekara-shekara shine watan Fabrairu zuwa Mayu tare da wani tsaiko a watan Afrilu, Feshin ruwan daga faduwar ruwa yakan tashi zuwa sama da mita 400 (1,300 ft), wani lokacin ma har ya ninka biyu, kuma ana iya gani daga sama zuwa kilomita 50 30 mi) nesa. A cikakkiyar wata, ana iya ganin "bakan gizo" a cikin feshi maimakon bakan gizo da ya saba. A lokacin damina, ba shi yiwuwa a ga ƙafafun faduwa da galibin fuskarsa, kuma yawo tare da dutsen da ke gabansa yana cikin ruwan sama koyaushe kuma a rufe cikin hazo. Kusa da gefen dutsen, ana fesa harbe-harbe sama kamar roƙon ruwan sama, musamman a Gadar Knife-Edge ta Zambiya. Yayinda lokacin rani ya fara aiki, tsibirai a kan dutsen suna kara fadi da yawa, kuma a watan Satumba zuwa Janairu har zuwa rabin dutsen da ke fuskantar faduwar zai iya bushewa kuma ana iya ganin kasan Ruwa na Farko tare da mafi yawansa. tsawon. A wannan lokacin yana yiwuwa (duk da cewa ba lallai bane ya kasance mai aminci) tafiya a ƙetaren wasu kogin a gaci. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a taka zuwa ƙasan Ruwa na Farko a gefen Zimbabwe. Mafi ƙarancin kwarara, wanda ke faruwa a watan Nuwamba, ya kai kusan goma na adadin Afrilu; wannan bambancin kwararar ya fi na sauran manyan faduwa, kuma yana haifar da saurin kwararar ruwa na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ya zama ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani gwargwadon iyakar yawo. A cikin shekara ta 2019 ƙarancin ruwan sama ya saukar da ruwan zuwa ƙaramin sirara da sirara kawai. Canjin yanayin duniya da canjin yanayin da aka canza ana ba da shawarar sun haifar da hakan. Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria na fuskantar fari mafi muni a cikin karni. Kwazazzabai Dukkanin kogin Zambezi ya tsallake ta hanyar Ruwa na Farko ta hanyar 110-wide-110 (ƙafa 360) don nisan kusan mita 150 (490 ft), sannan ya shiga jerin zigzagging na kwazazzabai da aka tsara ta hanyar da kogin ya isa su. Ruwan da ke shiga Ruwa na Biyu yana yin kaifin dama kuma ya sassaƙa tafki mai zurfin wurin da ake kira Tukunyar Tafasa. An isa ta hanyar wata babbar hanyar ƙafa daga gefen Zambiya, kusan mil 150 ne (ƙafa 500). Yanayin sa mai santsi ne a ƙaramin ruwa, amma a babban ruwa alama ce ta manyan, jinkirin juyawa da hargitsi mai tafasa mai nauyi. Abubuwa da dabbobin da suka mamaye faduwar, gami da hippopotamus na lokaci-lokaci, kada, ko ɗan adam, ana samun su da yawa suna yawo a nan ko kuma sun wanki a ƙarshen arewa maso gabas na Ruwa na biyu. Anan ne aka gano gawarwakin Misis Moss da Mr Orchard, wadanda yan kada suka yanka, a cikin 1910 bayan da wani dodo ya kife da wasu kwale-kwale biyu a Long Island. Babban kwazazzabai sune Kwazazzabo na farko: wanda kogin ya fada a cikin Victoria Falls Kwazazzabo na biyu: Mita 250 (kafa 820) kudu da faduwa, tsawon kilomita 2.15 (tsayin 1.34), wanda gadar Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ta shimfida Kwazazzabo na uku: Mita 600 (ƙafa 2,000) kudu, nisan kilomita 1.95 (1.21 mi), mai ƙunshe da tashar wutar lantarki ta Victoria Falls Kwazazzabo na huɗu: kilomita 1.15 (0.71 mi) kudu, tsawon kilomita 2.25 (mil 1.40) Kwazazzabo na biyar: kilomita 2.25 (1.40 mi) kudu, tsawon kilomita 3.2 (2.0 mi) tsawo Kwazazzabo na Songwe: Kilomita 5.3 (3.3 mi) kudu, kilomita 3.3 (2.1 mi) dogon suna bayan karamin Kogin Songwe da ke zuwa daga arewa maso gabas, kuma mafi zurfin da ya kai mita 140 (460 ft), matakin kogin da ke cikinsu ya bambanta ta zuwa mita 20 (66 ft) tsakanin damuna da lokacin bushe. Formation Babban Kogin Zambezi asalinsa ya malale kudu zuwa Botswana ta yanzu don shiga Kogin Limpopo. Haɓakawar ƙasa gaba ɗaya tsakanin Zimbabwe da hamadar Kalahari kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata sun toshe wannan hanyar magudanan ruwa, kuma wani babban tafkin paleo da aka sani da Tafkin Makgadikgadi ya kafa tsakanin Kalahari da Batoka Basaltic Plateau na Zimbabwe da Zambiya. Wannan tabkin asalin asalinsa ba shi da mafita. A karkashin yanayin yanayi mai tsananin danshi game da shekaru dubu 20 na BP, daga karshe ya malalo ya fara malalawa zuwa gabas, yana yanke kwazazzabon Batoka ta hanyar daddawa yayin da yake tafiya. Tarihin ilimin ƙasa na kwanan nan na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ana iya ganin shi a cikin gaba ɗaya na Ruwa na Batoka, tare da kwazazzabai guda shida da matsayi takwas da suka gabata na faduwar. Kwazazzabai na gabas zuwa yamma suna nuna iko na tsari tare da daidaitawa tare da mahaɗan yankuna masu ɓarna, ko kuma lahani tare da mita 50 (ƙafa 160) na ƙaura ta tsaye kamar yadda lamarin yake na kwazazzabai na biyu da na biyar. Rushewar kai tare da waɗannan layukan tsarin rauni zai kafa sabon layi da watsi da layin da ya gabata. Hadin gwiwar da ke arewa maso kudu yana kula da sassan da ke kwararar kudu. Daya daga cikin wadannan shine "Boiling Pot", wanda ya hada Kwazazzabo na farko da Kwazazzabo na biyu.:147,149 Wataƙila faduwar ruwa ta riga ta fara yanke babbar kwazazzabo na gaba, a tsoma gefe ɗaya a cikin "Shafin Iblis", tsakanin gabar kogin yamma da Tsibirin Cataract. Lebe a halin yanzu yana mafi ƙasƙanci a nan kuma yana ɗauke da mafi girman ɗaukar ruwa a matakin matakin ambaliyar. 149 Ana kiran jerin kayan kwalliyar da ke kan gishiri a gefen Kogin Zambezi Victoria Falls Formation, wanda ya kunshi tsakuwa, dutsen sandar Pipe, yashi na Kalahari, da yashi na aeolian da alluvium. Gyalen tafki na 15-45 ya kewaye kogin kimanin kilomita 5-6 daga babban tashar, kuma jerin filaye na kogi sun bayyana tsakanin gyale da tashar. 144-145 A tarihin ilimin ƙasa game da tafkin Zambezi yana cikin labarin sunan. Tarihi Tarihin kasa An kirkiro babban yankin plateau na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria, wanda kogin Zambezi yake gudana akan shi, a lokacin Jurassic Era, kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata. Tarihin mulkin mallaka Farkon zamanin Stone Acheulean kayan adon dutse da kayan aikin Oldowan an tono su a wuraren tarihi da ke kusa da faduwar, da kayan aikin Sangoan da kayan Lupemban waɗanda suka dace da zamanin Tsakiyar Dutse. An tono tukwanen ƙarfe na farko a wani yanki a kusa da Masuma Dam a farkon 1960s. Hakanan an samo hujja don narkewar baƙin ƙarfe a wani shiri wanda aka yi kwanan wata zuwa ƙarshen karni na 1 AD. Mutanen Kudancin Tonga da aka fi sani da Batoka Tokalea sun kira faduwar Shungu na mutitima. Matabele, masu zuwa daga baya, sunayi musu suna a Manz 'aThunqayo, kuma Batswana da Makololo (waɗanda mutanen Lozi ke amfani da yarensu) suna kiran su Mosi-o-Tunya. Duk waɗannan sunaye suna nufin "hayaƙin da ke tsawa". Taswirar da Nicolas de Fer ya zana a cikin 1715 yana nuna faɗuwar alama a sarari daidai. Hakanan yana nuna layi mai layi wanda yake nuna hanyoyin kasuwanci wanda David Livingstone ya bi shekaru 140 daga baya. Taswira daga c. 1750 wanda Jacques Nicolas Bellin ya zana don Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles ya nuna faduwar a matsayin "cataractes" kuma ya lura da sasantawa a arewacin Zambezi da cewa yana da abokantaka da Portuguese a lokacin. A watan Nuwamba 1855, David Livingstone shi ne Bature na farko da ya ga faduwar, lokacin da ya yi tafiya daga saman Zambezi zuwa bakin kogin tsakanin 1852 da 1856. Ruwan ya kasance sanannu ne ga ƙabilun yankin, kuma mai yiwuwa mafarautan Voortrekker sun san su. kamar yadda Larabawa a ƙarƙashin suna daidai da "ƙarshen duniya". Turawa suna da shakku kan rahotanninsu, wataƙila suna tunanin cewa rashin duwatsu da kwari a kan tudun ƙasa ya sa faduwa ta yi wuya. An fadawa Livingstone labarin faduwar kafin ya iso garesu daga can sama sannan aka haye shi zuwa wani karamin tsibiri wanda yanzu yake dauke da suna Livingstone Island a Zambiya. Livingstone ya kasance da sha'awar Ngonye Falls a gaba, amma ya sami sabon faɗuwar da ya fi kyau, kuma ya ba su sunan Ingilishi don girmamawa ga Sarauniya Victoria. Ya yi rubutu game da faduwar jirgin, "Ba wanda zai iya tunanin kyan gani daga duk wani abu da aka gani a Ingila. Ba a taba ganin irinsa ba daga idanun Turai; amma wuraren da suke da kyau dole mala'iku sun dube su yayin guduwa." A 1860, Livingstone ya dawo yankin kuma yayi cikakken bincike game da faduwar tare da John Kirk. Sauran baƙi na farko na Turai sun haɗa da mai binciken Fotigal Serpa Pinto, mai binciken Czech Emil Holub, wanda ya yi shirin farko na faɗuwa da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi a 1875 (wanda aka buga a 1880), da kuma ɗan wasan Burtaniya Thomas Baines, wanda ya zartar da wasu zane-zanen farko na. faduwa. Har zuwa lokacin da aka buɗe yankin ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin 1905, kodayake, ba kasafai wasu Turawa suka ziyarci raƙuman ruwa ba. Wasu marubutan sun yi imanin cewa babban firist ɗin Fotigal Gonçalo da Silveira shi ne Bature na farko da ya fara hangen faduwar gaba a ƙarni na sha shida. Tarihi tun daga 1900 Gadar Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ta fara yawon bude ido Yankin Turai na yankin Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ya faro ne a wajajen 1900 don biyan bukatar Cecil Rhodes 'Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu don haƙƙin ma'adinai da mulkin mallaka a arewacin Zambezi, da kuma yin amfani da wasu albarkatun ƙasa kamar su gandun daji na katako a arewa maso gabashin faduwa, da hauren giwa da fatun dabbobi. Kafin shekarar 1905, an tsallaka kogin sama da faduwa a Tsohuwar Jirgin ruwa, ta kwale kwale ko kuma wani gantali da aka ɗauke ta da igiyar ƙarfe. Ganin hangen nesan Rhodes na layin dogo daga Cape-Cairo ya sanya shirye shiryen gadar farko ta ƙetaren Zambezi. Ya nace cewa za a gina ta inda feshin daga faduwa zai fada kan jiragen kasa masu wucewa, don haka aka zabi wurin da ke 'Kwazazzabo na Biyu. Duba babban labarin Victoria Falls Bridge don cikakkun bayanai. Daga 1905 titin jirgin ya ba da damar yin zirga-zirga daga Cape zuwa kudu da kuma daga 1909, har zuwa Kwango ta Beljiram a arewa. A cikin 1904 aka buɗe Victoria Falls Hotel don saukar da baƙi masu zuwa kan sabuwar hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Rashin faduwar ya zama sanadin jan hankali yayin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Arewacin Rhodesia (Zambiya) da Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), tare da garin Victoria Falls ya zama babban cibiyar yawon bude ido. Yayin yunkurin 'yanci A shekarar 1964, Arewacin Rhodesia ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Zambiya. A shekara mai zuwa, Rhodesia ta ba da sanarwar samun 'yanci kai tsaye. Zambiya, Ingila ko yawancin jihohi ba su amince da hakan ba wanda hakan ya haifar da sanya takunkumi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da rikicin da ya kunno kai, a shekarar 1966 Zambiya ta takaita ko dakatar da ketare iyaka; ba ta sake bude iyakar ba gaba daya sai a 1980. Yaƙin Guerrilla ya tashi a gefen kudancin Zambezi daga 1972: Yakin Bush na Rhodesian. Lambobin baƙi sun fara raguwa, musamman a gefen Rhodesian. Yakin ya shafi Zambiya ta hanyar kutsawar sojoji, lamarin da ya sa na karshen suka sanya matakan tsaro gami da jibge sojoji don takaita hanyoyin shiga kwazazzabai da wasu bangarorin faduwar jirgin. Yancin Zimbabwe da duniya ta yarda da yancin kai a shekara ta 1980 ya kawo zaman lafiya kwatankwacin haka, kuma a cikin shekarun 1980s sun ga sabbin matakan yawon buɗe ido da cigaban yankin a matsayin cibiyar wasannin motsa jiki. Ayyukan da suka sami farin jini a yankin sun haɗa da raƙuman ruwa a cikin kwazazzabai, tsalle daga gadar, kamun kifi, dokin doki, kayak, da jiragen sama a kan faduwa. Yawon shakatawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan A ƙarshen 1990s kusan mutane 400,000 ke ziyartar faduwar kowace shekara, kuma ana tsammanin wannan ya haura miliyan a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Ba kamar wuraren shakatawa ba, Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria tana da baƙon Zimbabwe da Zambiya fiye da masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya; ana samun damar jan hankali ta hanyar bas da jirgin kasa, kuma saboda haka kwatancen bashi da tsada don isa. Duk kasashen biyu sun ba wa masu yawon bude ido damar yin tafiye-tafiye na rana a kan iyakar don duba faduwar daga ra'ayoyin biyu. Ana buƙatar baƙi da ke da biza ta izinin shiga guda-ɗaya su sayi biza duk lokacin da suka tsallaka kan iyaka; za a iya samun biza a duk kan iyakokin biyu. Farashi ya bambanta daga US 50- 80 (daga Janairu 2017). Dokokin Visa suna canzawa akai-akai; An shawarci baƙi da su bincika ƙa'idodin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu a cikin ƙasashen biyu kafin su ƙetare iyakar ta kowace hanya. Bugu da kari, masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje na iya siyan biza KAZA ta dalar Amurka $50 wanda zai ba wa baƙi damar yin tafiya tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe har na tsawon kwanaki 30 muddin suka cigaba da kasancewa cikin ƙasashen da aka rufe. Wani sanannen fasali shine "Armchair" wanda aka kirkireshi (wanda yanzu wani lokaci ake kiransa "Kogin Iblis"), kusa da gefen faduwar ta gefen Zimbabwe, daura da ƙarshen yammacin tsibirin Livingstone. Lokacin da kwararar kogin ta kasance a wani mataki, galibi tsakanin Satumba zuwa Disamba, sai katangar dutsen ta samar da tsari tare da ƙarancin na yanzu, wanda zai baiwa masu ninkaya masu yawon buɗe ido su fantsama cikin aminci dangi a gaban wurin da ruwan ke kwarara kan faduwar. Lokaci-lokaci ana samun rahoton mutuwa yayin da mutane suka zame kan shingen dutse.
40912	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age%20of%20Discovery	Age of Discovery	Age of Discovery (ko zamanitekbincike), wanda kuma aka sani da farkon zamani, lokaci ne da ya mamaye zamanin Sail, kusan daga karni na 15 zuwa karni na 17 a tarihin Turai, lokacin da Turawan seafaring suka binciko. yankunan da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka kuma aka ci su a fadin duniya. Babban binciken da aka yi a ketare, tare da Portuguese da Sipaniya a kan gaba, daga baya Dutch, England, da Faransa suka haɗu, ya zama wani abu mai karfi a cikin al'adun Turai, musamman gamuwa da Turai da mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Har ila yau, yana nuna karuwar karɓar mulkin mallaka a matsayin manufofin gwamnati a yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Don haka, wani lokaci yana da kama da guguwar farko ta turawan mulkin mallaka. Binciken Turai a wajen Bahar Rum ya fara ne tare da balaguron ruwa na Portugal zuwa tsibirin Canary a 1336, kuma daga baya tare da binciken Portuguese na tsibiran Atlantika na Madeira da Azores, a gabar da yammacin Afirka a 1434 da kafa tekun. Hanyar zuwa Indiya a cikin shekarar 1498 ta Vasco da Gama, wanda sau da yawa ana la'akari da tafiya mai ban mamaki sosai, yayin da ya fara jigilar ruwa da kasuwanci na Portuguese a Kerala da Tekun Indiya. Babban abin da ya faru a cikin Age of Discovery ya faru lokacin da Spain ta dauki nauyin tafiye-tafiyen tafiye-tafiye na Christopher Columbus a tsakanin 1492 da 1504, wanda ya ga farkon mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Shekaru bayan haka, balaguron Magellan-Elcan na ƙasar Sipaniya ya yi zagaye na farko a duniya tsakanin 1519 zuwa 1522, wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin wata babbar nasara a cikin teku, kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga fahimtar Turai game da duniya. Wadannan binciken sun haifar da balaguron ruwa da yawa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, Indiya, da Tekun Pasifik, da balaguron ƙasa a cikin Amurka, Asiya, Afirka, da Ostiraliya wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, sannan binciken yankunan polar a karni na 20. Binciken ƙasashen waje na Turai ya haifar da haɓaka kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa da dauloli na mulkin mallaka na Turai, tare da hulɗar tsakanin Tsohuwar Duniya (Turai, Asiya, da Afirka) da Sabuwar Duniya (Amurka), da Ostiraliya, suna samar da canjin Colombian, ɗimbin canja wurin tsire-tsire, dabbobi, abinci, yawan mutane (ciki har da bayi), cututtuka masu yaduwa, da al'adu tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Duniya. Age of Discovery kuma daga baya binciken Turai ya ba da izinin yin taswirar duniya, wanda ya haifar da sabon ra'ayi na duniya da wayewar nesa da ke shiga cikin hulɗa. A lokaci guda kuma, an yaɗa sabbin cututtuka, suna rage yawan mutanen da ba su taɓa hulɗa da Tsohuwar Duniya ba, musamman game da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka. Zamanin ya ga yawaitar bautar da jama'a, cin zarafi da cin zarafi da sojoji suka yi tare da karuwar tasirin tattalin arziki da yaduwar al'adu da fasahar Turai. Ra'ayi An bincika manufar age of Discovery, tare da nuna mahimmancin tarihin ainihin lokacin wannan lokaci. Kalmar "Age of Discovery" ta kasance a cikin littattafan tarihi kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su. J. H. Parry, ya kira lokacin a madadin shekarun bincike, yana jayayya cewa ba wai kawai lokacin daya daga cikin binciken Turai zuwa yankunan da ba a san su ba amma kuma ya haifar da fadada ilimin yanki da ilimin kimiyya. "Har ila yau, ya ga manyan nasarorin farko na bincike mai zurfi game da iko, farkon wannan kusanci na kimiyya, fasaha, da kuma aikin yau da kullun wanda ke da mahimmancin halayen yammacin duniya na zamani." Anthony Pagden ya zana kan aikin Edmundo O'Gorman don bayanin cewa "Ga dukkan Turawa, abubuwan da suka faru na Oktoba 1492 sun zama 'gano'. Wani abu da ba su da masaniya a kansa, kwatsam ya bayyana kansa ga kallonsu." O'Gorman ya ci gaba da cewa, haduwar ta zahiri da ta geographical da sabbin yankuna ba ta da muhimmanci fiye da kokarin da Turawa suke yi na hada wannan sabon ilimi a cikin ra'ayinsu na duniya., abin da ya kira "ƙirƙirar Amurka" Pagden yayi nazarin asalin kalmomin "gano" da "ƙirƙira". A cikin Ingilishi, "ganowa" da siffofinsa a cikin harsunan soyayya sun samo asali daga "disco-operio, ma'anar buɗewa, bayyanawa, bayyanawa ga kallo" tare da ra'ayi na zahiri cewa abin da aka bayyana ya wanzu a baya. Kadan daga Turawa lokacin. lokacin binciken yayi amfani da kalmar "ƙirƙirar" don saduwa da Turai, tare da sananne banda Martin Waldseemüller, wanda taswirarsa ya fara amfani da kalmar "Amurka" Babban ra'ayi na shari'a na Ka'idodin Ganowa, wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta bayyana a cikin shekarar 1823, ya zana kan ikirarin ikon ikon Turai na neman ƙasa yayin bincikensu. An yi amfani da manufar "Discovery" don aiwatar da iƙirarin mulkin mallaka da Age of Discovery, amma kuma ƴan asalin ƙasar da masu bincike sun kalubalanci su. Yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙalubalanci ra'ayi da iƙirarin 'yan mulkin mallaka na "discovery" a kan ƙasashensu da mutanensu a matsayin tilastawa da ƙin kasancewar 'yan asalin ƙasar. Lokacin da ake kira Age of Exploration, an kuma bincika ta hanyar tunani akan fahimta da amfani da bincike. An tattauna fahimtarsa da amfani da shi, kamar kimiyya gabaɗaya, kamar yadda ake tsara shi kuma ana amfani da shi don ayyukan mulkin mallaka, nuna wariya da cin zarafi, ta hanyar haɗa shi da ra'ayoyi kamar "iyaka" (kamar yadda yake a cikin iyaka) da kuma bayyana kaddara, sama zuwa zamanin binciken sararin samaniya. A madadin haka, an yi amfani da kalmar da ra'ayi na tuntuɓar, kamar yadda a farkon tuntuɓar, an yi amfani da shi don ba da ƙarin haske da daidaituwa game da shekarun ganowa da mulkin mallaka, ta amfani da madadin sunayen Age of Contact ko Period Contact, suna tattauna shi a matsayin "aikin da ba a gama ba, iri-iri". Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
55332	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20504	Peugeot 504	Peugeot 504 mota ce mai matsakaicin girma, injin gaba, motar baya-baya wacce Peugeot ta kera kuma ta sayar da ita daga 1968 zuwa 1983 sama da tsara guda ɗaya, musamman a cikin sedan kofa huɗu da na'urorin keken keke amma kuma a matsayin tagwayen kofa biyu. daidaitawar coupé da cabriolet gami da bambance-bambancen manyan motocin daukar kaya. Sedan (berline) Aldo Brovarone na Pininfarina ne ya tsara shi, kuma tagwayen coupé da cabriolet Franco Martinengo ne ya yi musu salo a Pininfarina, tare da keken keke (hutu da familiale) da ɗaukar hoto (camionette) da zane-zanen da aka samar a cikin gida a Peugeot. An lura da 504 don ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin jikin sa, dogon tafiye-tafiyen dakatarwa, izinin ƙasa mai tsayi, manyan ƙafafu da bututun bututun tuki an lulluɓe shi a cikin bututu mai ƙarfi da aka haɗe a kowane ƙarshen gidan gearbox da casing daban-daban, yana kawar da halayen motsa jiki. 504 a ƙarshe sun sami karɓuwa sosai a cikin ƙasashe masu nisa waɗanda suka haɗa da Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kamaru, Benin, Kenya da Najeriya. Fiye da miliyan uku 504 aka kera a cikin samar da Turai, tare da ci gaba da samarwa a duniya a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen lasisi daban-daban ciki har da 27,000 da aka taru a Kenya da 425,000 da aka taru a Najeriya, ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin buga-sama tare da samarwa zuwa 2006. Bayan da aka yi muhawara a matsayin tutar Peugeot a 1968 Paris Salon, 504 sun sami kyautar motar Turai ta 1969. A cikin 2013, jaridar Los Angeles Times ta kira shi "Dokin Aiki na Afirka." Tarihi Gabatarwa An sayar da shi azaman motar saloon na Peugeot, 504 ta fara halartan jama'a a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1968 a Salon Paris Kaddamar da aikin jarida wanda aka shirya yi a watan Yunin 1968 ya kasance a ƙarshen minti na ƙarshe da aka jinkirta da watanni uku, kuma samarwa ya fara jinkirin farawa makamancin haka saboda rugujewar siyasa da masana'antu wanda ya fashe a duk faɗin Faransa a cikin Mayu 1968. 504 wani saloon ne mai dauke da rufin rana, wanda aka gabatar dashi tare da carbured 1,796 cc hudu-Silinda petrol engine 60 kW (82 PS; 81 hp) DIN da 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) akan famfo tare da allurar mai na zaɓi. A lokacin gabatarwa, Peugeot har yanzu tana amfani da ƙimar SAE, tare da da'awar lambobin wutar lantarki 87 da 103. cv bi da bi. Rubuce-rubucen da aka ɗora wa mai saurin gudu huɗu daidai ne; ZF 3HP12 mai sauri mai sauri uku ya zama samuwa tare da injin carburetted wanda ya fara a cikin Fabrairu 1969. A cikin watan Satumba na 1969 an motsa wurin canja wuri ta atomatik daga ginshiƙin tuƙi zuwa ƙasa. An zabi 504 mota mafi kyawun Turai a shekara ta 1969, an yaba da salo, inganci, chassis, hawa, ganuwa, injina mai ƙarfi da kuma tacewa. 1969 kuma shine lokacin da 504 suka isa kasuwar Ostiraliya. An gabatar da 504 Injection coupé biyu kofa da cabriolet mai kofa biyu a Salon de Geneva a cikin Maris 1969. Injin ya samar da guda 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) na fitarwa kamar yadda yake a cikin saloon mai allurar mai, amma an ɗan yi bitar adadin tuƙi na ƙarshe don ba da ɗan ƙaramin saurin hanya na a 1,000 rpm. Ba kamar saloons ba, coupé da cabriolet sun sami canjin bene. Samfuran da ke akwai: 504 4-kofa salon 504 Allura 4-kofa saloon 504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2 504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet 1970 504 sun sami sabon silinda hudu 1971 Injin cc 68 kW (93 PS; 92 hp) (carburated) da 76 kW (104 PS; 103 hp) (mai allura). A 1970 Paris Salon wani silinda hudu 2112 Injin diesel cc 48 kW (65 PS; 64 hp) da Shekara ta 1796 Injin mai cc ba ya wanzu a cikin saloon 504. A cikin Satumba 1970 an gabatar da wani kadara ("Break"), wanda ke nuna rufin baya mafi girma, tsayin ƙafafu, da ƙaƙƙarfan axle na baya tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa huɗu. An haɗa ta da kujeru 7 "Familiale", wanda ke da dukan mazaunanta suna fuskantar gaba a cikin kujeru guda uku. Hutu/Familiale/Commerciale ba a ci gaba da siyarwa ba har sai Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Break da Familiale duk sun sami injin mai mai lita 2 ko dizal 2.1 kamar yadda aka saba, amma mai amfani "Commerciale" ya dawo da lita 1.8-4, yanzu an daidaita shi zuwa 54 kW (73 PS; 72 hp) da Hakanan akwai dizal na Commerciale, yana amfani da 37 kW (50 PS; 49 hp), 1.95-lita XD88 daga 404 Diesel, isa ga babban gudun 118 km/h (73 mph) Commerciale yana da filaye na ciki, tare da dashboard daban-daban, babu kafet a wurin da ake ɗaukar kaya, da kujeru ba tare da wuraren zama ba. Hakanan an sami ƙarfafa dakatarwa da sauƙi, fitilolin mota guda ɗaya (wanda aka sake gani akan abubuwan ɗaukar hoto daga 1979 akan), bacewar chrome a kusa da tagogin gefe, da wasu sassa na datsa kamar madubin kallon baya an zana su maimakon chromed. A ƙarshen 1970 an ƙara wani zaɓi na atomatik a cikin coupé da cabriolet wannan bai taɓa zama babban mai siyarwa ba kuma ba koyaushe ake samun cabriolet ba amma an ci gaba da ba da shi har 1983; a cikin duka kusan 2,500 na kofa biyu 504s sun sami wannan zaɓin watsawa. Samfura 504 Commerciale 5-kofa mai amfani wagon 504 Salon kofa 4/ Hutu kofa 5/Familiale 504 Allura 4-kofa saloon 504 Commerciale Diesel wagon mai amfani mai kofa 5 504 Diesel saloon mai kofa 4/5-kofa Familiale 504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2 504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet 1971 A lokacin 1971 an gabatar da Break SL ("Super Luxe"), sabuwar ingantacciyar sigar ta na kayan aiki ta amfani da injin mai 2.0-lita carburetted. Ba kamar kekunan yau da kullun ba, SL ɗin ya karɓi fenti na ƙarfe, kayan kwalliya, da sauran ƙarin kayan aiki daban-daban. 1972 A cikin shekarar, man fetur da aka yi wa saloons 504 ya canza zuwa mashin motsawa na ƙasa akan motoci sanye da kayan aikin juyawa kuma. Kamfanin 504 Commerciale ya jefar da fitilun fitilun zagaye don goyon bayan daidaitattun raka'a. 1973 A cikin Afrilu 1973, saboda rikicin man fetur Peugeot ya gabatar da 504 L. Yana nuna wani coil sprung live rear axle da kuma reintroduced karami 1796 Injin cc 58 kW (79 PS; 78 hp) da 60 kW (81 PS; 80 hp) don L Atomatik. Daban-daban gatari na baya yana buƙatar ɗan ƙarin sarari; wannan yana buƙatar wasu gyare-gyare zuwa kwanon rufin ƙasa wanda ke nufin ƙarancin sarari takalmi da ɗakin bayan gida. A lokaci guda kuma, an sake fasalin jeri kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Hakanan sabon shine salon LD 504, wanda yayi daidai da dizal na Commerciale kodayake yana samar da 41 kW (56 PS; 55 hp) da Za'a iya gane salon salon L ta ɓatattun magudanan ruwa. Har ila yau, a cikin 1973, an maye gurbin ginshiƙan ginshiƙan ta hanyar bene da aka ɗora a kan dukkanin salon 504.
22407	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafar%20Azaba	Kafar Azaba	kafar azãba ko wani jiki azãba ne azãba wadda aka nufi da sa jiki zafi ga mutum. Lokacin da aka yi wa yara ƙanana, musamman a cikin gida da hukuncin makaranta, hanyoyinta na iya haɗawa da dirka ko fallaji. Lokacin da aka sa wa manya, ana iya yi wa fursunoni da bayi. Hukuncin jiki na laifi ko rauni, gami da bulala, alama, har ma da yanke jiki, ana yin su a yawancin wayewa tun zamanin da. Tare da haɓakar ƙa'idodin agaji tun bayan Haskakawa, ana ɗaukar irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen azaman rashin mutuntaka a cikin al'ummomin da ke Hatsari. A ƙarshen karni na 20, an kawar da hukuncin cutar jiki daga tsarin doka na yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa. A karni na ashirin da daya, halatta hukuncin kamuwa a lokacin baya karuwan cututtuka a wurare daban-daban ta banbanta da iko Bangaren kasa da kasa, a karshen karni na ashirin da farkon karni na ashirin da daya ya ga yadda ake amfani da dokar kare hakkin dan adam game da batun azabtar da kai a wasu fannoni: Hukuncin cikin gida, hukuncin yara ta hanyar iyaye ko wasu masu kula da su, ya halatta a yawancin duniya, amma, ya zuwa shekarar 2018, ƙasashe hamsin da tawas 58, galibi a cikin Turai da Latin Amurka, sun hana yin hakan. An dakatar da azabtar da daliban makaranta, ta hanyar malamai da masu kula da makarantar, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Kanada, Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu, New Zealand da duk Turai. Ya kasance ya zama doka, idan ya zama ba sananne ba, a wasu jihohin Amurka da Ostiraliya. Hukuncin kotuna, kamar su Pillory Stocks, a zaman wani ɓangare na hukuncin laifi da kotu ta ba da umarni, ya daɗe yana ɓacewa daga yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Koyaya, har zuwa watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, ya kasance yana da halaye a sassan Afirka, Asiya, Caribbean da Anglophone da kuma indan asalin Ecuador da Colombia. Hukuncin kota gidan yari ko horo na ladabtarwa, wanda hukumomin gidan yari suka ba da umarni ko aiwatar da shi kai tsaye ta ma'aikata, kamar yadda ake yi a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Australiya. An yarda ko azabtar da kai a cikin wasu saitunan soja a cikin 'yan ƙananan hukumomi. A da, ana koyar da masu koyon aikin ne daga iyayen gidansu. A yawancin kasashen Yammacin duniya, kungiyoyin likitoci da na kare hakkin dan'adam suna adawa da horon yara kanana. Kamfen da kofur azãba sun nufin kawo karshen abun game da shari'a da sake fasalin domin ba da amfani da kofur azãba da mutane a cikin gidajensu da kuma makarantu. Tarihi Tarihi Marubuci Jared Diamond ya rubuta cewa al'ummomin mafarauta suna son yin amfani da ƙananan hukunci yayin da al'ummomin masu noma da masana'antu ke amfani da shi a gaba. Diamond yana ba da shawarar wannan na iya zama saboda masu karɓar mafarauta ba su da wadatattun abubuwan mallaka na zahiri, kuma rashin mutuncin yaro ba zai haifar da cutarwa ga dukiyar wasu ba. Masu binciken da suka rayu tsakanin mutanen Parakanã da Ju 'hoansi, da wasu 'yan asalin Australiya, sun rubuta game da rashin azabtar da yara na zahiri a cikin waɗannan al'adun. Wilson ya rubuta: Tarihi A cikin Yammacin duniya, a al'adance manya ke amfani da horon yara ga yara kananq. Bugun ɗa a matsayin nau'i na horo har ma an ba da shawarar a littafin Misalai: Robert McCole Wilson ya yi jayayya da cewa, "Mai yiwuwa wannan halayyar ta zo ne, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, daga sha'awar da ake da ita a cikin al'adun magabata don wasu dattijan na ci gaba da ikonsa, inda wannan ikon shi ne babban wakili na zaman lafiyar jama'a. Amma waɗannan kalmomin ne waɗanda ba kawai suka ba da hujjar amfani da azabar jiki a kan yara sama da shekaru dubu a cikin al'ummomin Kirista ba, amma sun ba da umarnin a yi amfani da shi. An karɓi kalmomin tare da wasu kaɗan; kawai a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata an sami ƙaruwar mahangar ra'ayi da suka bambanta. Abin mamakin, sau da yawa ba a kula da sassaucij Kiristi ga yara (Mark, X)". [10] An yi amfani da azabtar da kai a cikin Misira, China, Girka, da Rome don kiyaye ƙa'idodin shari'a da ilimi. [11] tasa keyar masu laifi na Masar da suka lalace zuwa Tjaru da Rhinocorura a kan iyakar Sinai, yankin da sunansa ke nufin yanke hanci." An ba da umarnin azabtar da kai a Isra'ila ta d, a, amma an iyakance shi da bulala 40. A cikin China, wasu masu laifi suma sun lalace amma wasu masu laifi sun yi zaune. Wasu jihohin sunyi suna saboda zalunci da amfani da irin wannan hukuncin; Sparta, musamman, tayi amfani dasu azaman ɓangare na tsarin ladabtarwa wanda aka tsara don haɓaka ƙarfi da ƙarfin jiki. [13] Duk da cewa misalin Spartan ya wuce gona da iri, hukuncin mai yiwuwa ya fi kowane irin hukunci. A cikin Daular Roma, iyakar hukuncin da dan Roma zai iya samu a karkashin doka shi ne "bulala" 40 ko "bulala" 40 tare da bulala wanda aka shafe a baya da kafaɗu, ko bulala 40 ko bulala tare da azumin kwatankwacin sandar birch, amma ya kunshi tsawon 8-10 na Willow maimakon birch) wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga gindi. Irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen na iya jawo jini, kuma ana yin su akai-akai a gaban jama'a. Quintilian (c. 35 c. 100) ya nuna adawa ga yin amfani da hukuncin azaba. A cewar Wilson, "mai yiwuwa ba a sami karin bayani game da shi ba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu masu zuwa". [13] Plutarch, shima a cikin ƙarni na farko, ya rubuta: Tsakiyar Zamani A Tsakiyar Turai, Daular Byzantine ta makantar kuma ta ƙaryata wasu masu laifi da sarakunan da ke hamayya da ita. Imaninsu cewa sarki ya zama mai cikakkiyar fata yana nufin cewa irin wannan ɓatancin ba da ra'ayin shi ya hana mai karɓar daga ofis ba. (Mulki na biyu na Justinian the Slit-nosed shine sananne sananne. A wani wurin kuma, halayen cocin Katolika sun karfafa gwiwar mutum saboda azaba ta jiki, nuna flagel wata hanya ce ta horar da kai. Wannan yana da tasiri akan amfani da azabar jiki a cikin makarantu, saboda cibiyoyin ilimi suna da alaƙa da cocin sosai a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, ba a yi amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki ba; tun farkon karni na goma sha ɗaya Saint Anselm, Archbishop na Canterbury yana magana game da abin da yake gani a matsayin wuce gona da iri na azabtar da jiki a kula da yara. Zamani Daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, ana ganin sabbin abubuwa a cikin azabar al'aura. Hukuncin shari'a ya ƙara zama jujjuyawar jama'a, tare da d beatkan jama'a da masu laifi da nufin hana wasu masu laifi. A halin da ake ciki, marubutan farko a kan ilimi, irin su Roger Ascham, sun koka da yadda ake azabtar da yara ba da son rai ba. Peter Newell ya rubuta cewa wataƙila marubuci mafi tasiri a kan batun shi ne ɗan falsafar Ingilishi John Locke, wanda Wasu Tunani Game da Ilimi ya fito fili ya soki matsayin muhimmin aikin azabtarwa a cikin ilimi. Aikin Locke ya yi tasiri sosai, kuma mai yiwuwa ya taimaka ya rinjayi 'yan majalisar Poland don hana azabtar da kai daga makarantun Poland a 1783, ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta yi hakan. Sakamakon wannan yanayin tunanin shine ragin amfani da azabar jiki a cikin karni na 19 a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin wasu ƙasashe wannan ya sami ƙarfin gwiwa ta hanyar abin kunya da ya shafi mutane waɗanda suka ji rauni sosai a yayin aiwatar da hukuncin ɗanɗano. Misali, a Birtaniyya, fitattun masu adawa da hukunci sun sami kwarin gwiwa ta manyan lamura guda biyu, mutuwar Private Frederick John White, wanda ya mutu bayan bulalar sojoji a 1846, da mutuwar Reginald Cancellor, wanda malamin makarantarsa ya kashe a 1860 Abubuwan da suka faru kamar waɗannan sun haɗu da ra'ayoyin jama'a kuma, a ƙarshen karni na sha tara, yawan amfani da azabtarwa a makarantun jihar ba shi da farin jini ga iyaye da yawa a Ingila. Hukumomi a Biritaniya da wasu ƙasashe sun gabatar da cikakkun ƙa'idodi game da azabtar da jiki a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati kamar makarantu, gidajen yari da wuraren kawo sauyi. A yakin duniya na farko, korafin da iyaye suka yi game da wuce gona da iri a Ingila ya mutu, kuma aka kafa hukuncin azaba a matsayin wani nau'i na ladabtarwar makaranta. A shekarun 1870, kotuna a Amurka sun yi biris da ka’idar gama gari wacce ke cewa miji na da ‘yancin“ azabtar da matar da ta yi kuskure A Burtaniya, hakkin gargajiya na miji ya sanya wa matarsa horo na matsakaici don ya kiyaye ta "cikin iyakokin aiki" an cire irin wannan a cikin 1891. Duba Rikicin cikin gida don ƙarin bayani. A kasar Burtaniya, amfani da hukuncin alkalanci ya ragu yayin rabin farko na karni na ashirin kuma an soke shi gaba daya a cikin Dokar Shari'ar Masu Laifi, 1948 (zi & z2 GEo. 6. CH. 58.), inda aka haramta bulala da bulala sai dai a yi amfani da su a cikin manyan lamuran ladabtarwa na gidan yari, yayin da galibin sauran kasashen Turai suka soke shi a baya. A halin yanzu, a cikin makarantu da yawa, amfani da sanda, paddle ko tawse ya kasance gama gari a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka har zuwa 1980s. A cikin yankunan karkara na Kudancin Amurka, da kuma a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, har yanzu shine: duba Hukuncin ɗabi'a ta Makaranta Yarjejeniyar duniya 'Yancin ɗan adam Abubuwan ci gaba masu alaƙa da azabar al'aura sun auku a ƙarshen karni na 20. An jaddada shekaru tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga haramcin azabtar da jiki. 1950: Yarjejeniyar Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Majalisar Turai Mataki na uku ya hana azabtarwa ko ladabi 1978 Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam, da ke lura da aiwatar da ita, ta zartar da hukuncin da ya shafi keta haddin kananan yara Mataki na 3. 1985: Ka'idodin imumananan Ka'idoji don Gudanar da Addinin Matasa, ko Dokokin Beijing, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UN Dokar 17.3: "Yaran yara ba za su iya fuskantar hukunci na jiki ba." Suparin 1990 Dokoki don Kariyar Juan shekaru da aka hana Libancinsu Doka ta 67: duk matakan ladabtarwa da ke haifar da zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko ƙasƙantar da mutum za a haramta shi, gami da azabtar da kai. 1990 Sharuɗɗa don Rigakafin Laifin Matasa, Ka'idodin Riyadh, UN. Sakin layi na 21 (h): tsarin ilimi ya kamata ya guji "tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa, musamman hukunci na jiki." 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam’iyyu 167 a yanzu, masu sanya hannu 74. Mataki na bakwai: "Ba wanda za a azabtar da shi azaba ko azaba, azabtarwa, rashin mutuntaka ko cin mutunci ko horo. 1992 Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, da ke lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: "haramcin dole ne ya kai ga azabtar da jiki Game da wannan labarin 7 yana kare, musamman yara,. 1984: Yarjejeniyar kan Azabtarwa da Sauran Zalunci, Rashin Jin Dadin Mutunci ko Hukunci, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam’iyyu 150 da masu sanya hannu 78 a halin yanzu. 1996 Kwamitin yaki da azabtarwa, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya la'anci hukuncin na jiki. 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da jam'iyyun 160 a halin yanzu, da masu sanya hannu 70. Mataki na 13 (1): "Ilimi zai zama jagora zuwa cikakken ci gaban mutumtaka da sanin kimar sa. 1999 Kwamiti kan Hakkoki na Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, wanda ke lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: "Hukuncin jiki ya saba da ka'idar jagora ta dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya Mutuncin mutum." 1961: Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai, Majalisar Turai. 2001 Kwamitin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Turai, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya kammala: ba "abin yarda ba ne cewa al'ummar da ke haramta duk wani nau'in tashin hankali na zahiri tsakanin manya za ta yarda da cewa manya na fuskantar yara da tashin hankali." Hakkin yara Tunani game da haƙƙin yara a Yammacin duniya ya ɓullo a ƙarni na 20, amma ba a magance batun azabtar da kai gaba ɗaya ba kafin tsakiyar ƙarnin. An jaddada shekaru tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga hana azabtar da yara ga yara. 1923: Sanarwa game da haƙƙin yara daga founderan kungiyar Save the Children (Labari 5). 1924 Soma matsayin World Child Welfare Yarjejeniya, League of Nations (ba enforceable). 1959: Sanarwa game da Hakkokin Yaro, UN (abubuwan 10; ba masu ɗaurewa ba). 1989: Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (abubuwa 54; yarjejeniya mai ɗaurewa), tare da a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi 193 da sanya hannu 140. Mataki na 19.1: "Statesungiyoyin Jihohi za su ɗauki duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaron daga duk nau'ikan tashin hankali na jiki ko na hankali, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kula da sakaci, tozartawa ko amfani da su. 2006 Kwamitin Hakkin Yaro, mai lura da aiwatar da shi, ya yi tsokaci: akwai "wajibcin dukkan Partyungiyoyin Jiha da su hanzarta hanawa da kuma kawar da duk wani hukunci na jiki." 2011: Zabi na Yarjejeniyar a kan Hanyar Sadarwa wanda ke ba yara damar gabatar da korafi game da takamaiman take hakkinsu. 2006: Nazari kan Rikicin Yara da Kwararren Masani na Sakatare-Janar ya gabatar ga Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 2007: Matsayi na Wakilin Sakatare-Janar na Musamman kan cin zarafin yara da aka kafa. Amfani da zamani Matsayin doka Countriesasashe 59, galibinsu a cikin Turai da Latin Amurka, sun hana kowane irin horo na yara. Attemptoƙarin farko da aka yi rikodin don hana azabtar da yara ta hanyar wata ƙasa ya koma Poland ne a cikin shekarar 1783. Koyaya, haramtawarsa a kowane fanni na rayuwa a cikin gidaje, makarantu, tsarin hukunce-hukunce da sauran tsare-tsaren kulawa sun fara faruwa a shekarar 1966 a Sweden. Lambar Iyayen Sweden ta shekarar 1979, ta karanta: "Yara suna da hakkin kulawa, tsaro da kyakkyawar tarbiyya. Ya kamata a kula da yara ta hanyar mutunta mutumtakarsu kuma ba za a yi musu horo na jiki ko wani wulakanci ba. corporal punishment of children by parents (or other adults) is outlawed in all settings in 58 nations (including the partially recognized Republic of Kosovo) and 3 constituent nations. Don ƙarin bayyani game da faɗin duniya da hana azabtar da yara da yara, duba jadawalin da ke gaba. Horon ciki a cikin gida Domestic kofur azãba (watau azãbar yara da iyayensu) ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai colloquially matsayin spanking "smacking", ko "slapping". An haramta shi a cikin ƙarin yawan ƙasashe, farawa da Sweden a 1979. A wasu wasu ƙasashe, azabar jiki ta halatta, amma an ƙuntata (misali bugawa kai kai doka ce, ba za a iya amfani da kayan aiki ba, yara kawai a cikin wasu shekarun da za a iya lulluɓewa). A duk jihohin Amurka da mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya, hukuncin mahaifa daga iyaye ya zama doka a halin yanzu. Hakanan doka ce don amfani da wasu kayan aiki (misali bel ko paddle). A Kanada, duka da iyaye ko masu kula da doka suka yi (amma ba wani ba) ya halatta, matuƙar yaro yana tsakanin shekarun 2–12, kuma ba a aiwatar da shi sai buɗe hannu, ana amfani da hannu a hannu (bel, paddles, da dai sauransu.) an haramta su sosai). Kuma haramun ne a bugi shugaban a lokacin da za a yi wa yaro horo. A cikin Burtaniya (ban da Scotland), duka ko buguwa doka ce, amma ba dole ba ne ya haifar da raunin da ya kai ga Barfin Bodily Harm (duk wani rauni kamar ɓarkewar gani, karyewar dukkan fatar, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, a cikin Scotland, tun a watan Oktoba na 2003, ya saba wa doka amfani da duk wani kayan aiki ko bugun kai a lokacin da za a yi wa yaro horo, kuma an hana yin amfani da horon da ake yi wa yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 3. A cikin 2019, Scotland ta kafa dokar hana azabtar da kai, wanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2020. Ita ma Wales ta kafa dokar hana shiga a shekarar 2020, wacce za ta fara aiki a 2022. A cikin Pakistan, Sashi na 89 na Penal Code na Pakistan ya ba da damar azabtar da kai. Hukuncin ɗabi'a a cikin makarantu An haramta azabtar da kai a cikin makarantu a cikin ƙasashe da yawa. Hakan yakan haɗa da bugun ɗalibi a kan gindi ko tafin hannu tare da aiwatarwa (misali sandar ɓoyayyiyar ruwa ko taɓar ruwa A cikin ƙasashe inda har yanzu aka ba da izinin azabtar da kai a cikin makarantu, ana iya samun ƙuntatawa; alal misali, gwanintar makaranta a cikin Singapore da Malaysia, a ka'ida, an ba da izini ga yara maza kawai. A Indiya, Koriya ta Kudu, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa, a zahiri doka ta soke horon jiki. Koyaya, azaba ta jiki ana ci gaba da aikatawa akan yara maza da mata a makarantu da yawa a duniya. Hasali ma ba a yi nazari da bincike kan al'adu game da azabar al'aura ba. Studyaya daga cikin binciken da aka gudanar ya tattauna kan yadda ake fahimtar azaba ta jiki tsakanin iyaye da ɗalibai a Indiya. Kwararrun likitocin sun bukaci kawo karshen wannan dabi'a, lura da hatsarin rauni ga hannayen yara musamman. Hukuncin shari'a ko kuma na shari'a Kusan kasashe talatin da uku a duniya har yanzu suna riƙe da hukuncin shari'a, gami da wasu tsoffin yankunan Burtaniya kamar Botswana, Malaysia, Singapore da Tanzania. A cikin Singapore, saboda wasu laifuffuka da aka ambata, ana yankewa maza hukuncin ƙawance baya ga ɗaurin kurkuku. Aikin Singapore na can ya zama abin tattaunawa sosai a duniya a cikin shekara ta 1994 lokacin da saurayi Ba'amurke Michael P. Fay ya karɓi bulala huɗu don ɓarna. Hakanan ana amfani da gwangwani da bulala a lardin Aceh a Indonesia. Wasu kasashen da ke da tsarin shari'ar Musulunci, irin su Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Iran, Brunei, Sudan, da wasu jihohin arewacin Najeriya, suna amfani da bulalar shari'a saboda laifuka da dama. A watan Afrilu na shekarr 2020, Kotun Koli ta Saudiyya ta kawo karshen hukuncin bulalar daga tsarin kotun, kuma ta maye gurbinsa da gidan yari ko tarar da akayi. yankuna na Pakistan suna fuskantar rashin lafiya na dokar da gwamnati ta sanya, abu zuwa reintroduction na kofur azãba ta wucin gadi kotun musulunci. Hakanan azabar jiki, wasu ƙasashen musulinci irin su Saudi Arabiya da Iran suna amfani da wasu nau'ikan azabtar da jiki kamar yanke jiki ko yanke jiki Koyaya, kalmar "azabtar da jiki" tun daga ƙarni na 19 yawanci ana nufin caning, flagellation ko bastinado maimakon waɗancan nau'ikan hukuncin na zahiri. A wasu ƙasashe, har yanzu ana yin bulalar bastinado a kan fursunoni. Ibada A wasu sassan Ingila, an taba buge yara maza a karkashin tsohuwar al'adar nan ta Doating the Bound inda aka gabatar da yaro a gefen gari ko Ikklesiya kuma aka yi masa duka tare da sauyawa ko sanda don alamar iyaka. Wani shahararren "Bugun kan Iyakoki" ya faru a kan iyakar St Giles da yankin da titin Kotun Tottenham yake a yanzu a tsakiyar London. Ainihin dutsen da yayi alama akan iyaka yanzu yana ƙarƙashin hasumiyar ofishin Center Point. A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, da wasu yankuna na Hungary, ana aiwatar da al'adar kiwon lafiya da haihuwa a ranar Litinin ta Easter Samari da samari za su yi wa 'yan mata bulala ko bulala a ƙasan tare da rassan willow masu ɗaure. Bayan da mutumin ya rera wakar, sai budurwar ta juyo sai mutumin ya dauki whacks a bayanta da bulala. A cikin sanannun al'adu Zane A Flagellation, (c.1455-70), da Piero della Francesca An yi wa Kristi bulala yayin da Bilatus Babunti yake kallo. Yin bulala, (1941), na Horace Pippin Wani adadi da aka ɗaura a bulala an yi masa bulala. Fim da Talabijin Duba: Jerin fina-finai da Talabijin dauke da al'amuran azabtarwa Duba wasu abubuwan Manazarta Kara karantawa Barathan, Gopal; Caning na Michael Fay, (1995). Wani asusun ajiyar wani saurayi Ba'amurke Michael P. Fay na zamani don lalata abubuwa a Singapore. Gates, Jay Paul da Marafioti, Nicole; (eds.) Hukunci da Hukunci a Anglo-Saxon Ingila, (2014). Woodbridge: Boydell Brewer. Moskos, Bitrus; A Tsaron Bulala, (2011). Hujja cewa bulala na iya zama mafi kyau fiye da lokacin kurkuku. Scott, George; Tarihin Hukunci na Hukunci, (1996). Wasu manazarta "Yunkuri" (Mashawarcin Ontario kan Haƙurin Addini) Cibiyar Ingantaccen Horarwa (Amurka) Binciken Hukunci na Hukunci na Duniya Manufar Duniya don Endare Duk Horon
57246	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Celica	Toyota Celica	Toyota Celica mota ce ta Toyota daga 1970 har zuwa 2006. Sunan Celica ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin coelica ma'ana ta sama ko ta sama. A Japan, Celica ta keɓanta ga sarkar dillalin kantin Toyota Corolla An samar da Celica a cikin tsararraki bakwai, injunan silinda iri-iri daban-daban ne ke sarrafa Celica, kuma salon jikin sun haɗa da masu canzawa, masu ɗagawa, coupés da coupés masu daraja A cikin 1973, Toyota ya ƙirƙira kalmar liftback don bayyana Celica fastback hatchback, kuma ta yi amfani da sunan Liftback GT don kasuwar Arewacin Amurka Kamar Ford Mustang, manufar Celica ita ce ta haɗa jikin ɗan adam zuwa shasi da injiniyoyi daga babban sedan mai girma, a cikin wannan yanayin Toyota Carina Wasu 'yan jarida sun yi tunanin ya dogara ne akan Corona saboda wasu sassa na inji. Ƙarni uku na farko na kasuwar Arewacin Amirka Celicas an yi amfani da su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen injin Toyota's R. A watan Agustan 1985, an canza tsarin tuƙi na motar daga motar baya zuwa gaba, kuma an ba da nau'ikan turbocharged duka-duka daga 1986 zuwa 1999. Canjin lokacin bawul ɗin bawul ya zo a cikin wasu samfuran Jafananci waɗanda suka fara daga watan Disamba 1997 kuma sun zama daidaitattun a duk samfuran daga shekarar ƙirar 2000. A cikin shekarar 1986, bambance-bambancen Celica Supra mai silinda shida an fitar dashi azaman samfuri daban, ya zama kawai Supra. An siyar da nau'ikan Celica masu sauƙi ta hanyar Corona Coupé ta hanyar sadarwar dillalin Toyopet a cikin shekarar 1980s kuma azaman Toyota Curren ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Vista a cikin shekarar 1990s. Toyota Celica Liftback GT ya lashe Mota Trend Mota na Shekara (Abin hawa da aka shigo da shi) a cikin shekarar 1976. ƙarni na farko (A20, A30; 1970-1977) An nuna shi a Nunin Mota na Tokyo na watan Oktoba na shekarar 1970 tare da Toyota Carina kuma aka tallata shi daga Disamba na wannan shekarar, Celica ta kasance babban coupé mai kofa biyu wanda ya jaddada salo da jin daɗin tuƙi. Dangane da wani dandamali da aka raba tare da Carina sedan wanda girmansa ɗaya ne sama da Toyota Corolla, da kuma girman da aka raba tare da Toyota Corona, a cewar Mujallar Automobile, Celica ta dogara ne akan dandamalin Corona. Wannan motar an yi niyya ne a kasuwar Arewacin Amurka kuma ita ce amsawar Toyota ga Ford Mustang Motar Pony wacce kuma ita ce daidaitaccen sedan Ford Falcon mai salo mai salo 2+2. A Japan inda sarƙoƙin dillalai daban-daban ke ɗaukar samfura daban-daban Celica ta keɓanta ga kantin sayar da Toyota Corolla na Jafananci. Celica ta cika matsayin kasuwa da 1965-1969 Toyota Sports 800 ke rike da ita, lokacin da wuraren da Toyota Corolla Store aka fi sani da Toyota Public Store sannan aka sake masa suna a 1966 zuwa Toyota Corolla Store Matakan datsa na farko da aka bayar sune ET (1.4L 4-gudun), LT, ST (1.6L 5-gudun) da GT (1.6L 5-gudun) tare da ƙara GTV a cikin 1972. Don kasuwannin fitarwa ana samun Celica a cikin matakan datsa daban-daban guda uku; LT, ST, GT. A gabatarwar Celica tana samuwa ne kawai a matsayin ginshiƙi mai wuyar warwarewa, tana ɗaukar salon kwalliyar coke". An nuna samfurin SV-1 Liftback azaman motar ra'ayi a 1971 Tokyo Motor Show tare da ƴan gyare-gyare an gabatar da wannan a Japan a cikin Afrilu 1973 a matsayin 2.0L RA25 (18R-G) da 1.6L TA27 (2T-G) An fitar da samfurin Liftback zuwa ƙasashen Asiya da yawa da Turai a cikin tsarin RHD a matsayin RA28 ko TA28 tare da ko dai injin 18R 2.0 ko 1.6-lita 2T-B. Bayan gyaran fuska na Oktoba na 1975 yana samuwa a duka nau'ikan RHD da LHD a wasu kasuwanni. An kuma nuna wagon "ra'ayi" na RV-1 a Tokyo Motor Show na 1971 amma bai kai ga samarwa ba. Samfuran GT na cikin gida na Jafananci suna da bambance-bambance daban-daban daga ET, LT da ST ciki har da sarewa na kaho, tagogin wutar lantarki, kwandishan da takamaiman GT datsa amma sun raba wasu abubuwa tare da ST na'urar wasan bidiyo mai cikakken tsayi da matsin mai ammeter. ma'auni-yayin da LT ke da fitilun gargaɗi don waɗannan ayyuka. Ban da kasuwar Amurka, GT yana da injin twincam 1600 cc 2T-G ko 2000. cc 18R-G, ba'a samuwa akan ET, LT ko ST kuma koyaushe yana da akwatunan kayan aiki masu sauri 5. Yawanci ga kasuwar Jafananci GTs suna da injinan 18R-G waɗanda aka haɗa su da Porsche da aka ƙera kusa da akwatin kayan saurin P51 5 yayin da samfuran fitarwa ke da W-50. Ga kasuwar Amurka kawai GT yana da injin cam guda ɗaya kawai (2000 cc 18R ko 2200 cc 20R) tare da zaɓi na akwatunan gear ɗin hannu na atomatik ko 4 akan samfuran farko sannan haɓakawa zuwa saurin W-50 5 a cikin 1974 1977. Hakanan akwai nau'in GTV (2T-G), wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1972 tare da ƙarancin ɗanɗano kaɗan fiye da GT don rage nauyi. GTV ya zo da injin guda ɗaya amma tare da kauri na gaba mai kauri tsayayyen dakatarwa don ingantacciyar kulawa. Daga baya a cikin 1973 GTVs na Jafananci suna da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa "Ok" tare da hasken taswira da tari na masu nuna matsala waɗanda suka gano busassun kwararan fitila, matakin ruwan birki, babban fis ma'aunin zafin mai na ƙasa. Celicas na ƙarni na farko za a iya ƙara rushewa zuwa nau'i biyu na musamman. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan shine na asali tare da hanci maras nauyi (hasken kusurwa mai kama da trapezoid). Wannan don ƙirar coupe kawai, TA22, RA20, RA21 RA22. An samar da waɗannan samfuran daga 1970 zuwa 1975 kuma sun zo da kayan aikin 2T, 2T-G 1.6, ko 18R 2.0 lita. Suna da wheelbase. Jeri na biyu yana da lebur hanci (hasken kusurwa na gaban murabba'i) da ɗan gajeren ƙafar ƙafa wheelbase). Wannan samfurin gyaran fuska ya bayyana a Japan a cikin shekarar 1974 amma don fitarwa shine shekarar samfurin 1975 shine TA23, RA23, RA24, RA25, RA28, TA28 RA29. Sigar Jafananci tana da injuna ƙasa da lita 2.0 don dacewa da ƙa'idodin Jafananci game da girman matsugunin injin, ta haka yana bawa masu siye damar gujewa ƙarin haraji don babban injin. Masu sayan Jafananci sun biya ƙarin harajin hanya na shekara-shekara ga injiniyoyi sama da lita 1.5 yayin da suke zama ƙarƙashin madaidaicin lita 2.0. A wasu kasuwanni, ƙananan ƙarshen LT an sanye shi da injin carbureted guda huɗu-Silinda 2T wanda ke maye gurbin 1600 cc, yayin da ST ya zo tare da ingin Solex downdraft carburetor 2T-B. 2T-G wanda ya yi amfani da samfurin GT/GTV mai girma shine injin DOHC 1600 cc sanye da tagwayen Mikuni-Solex Carburetors. Celica ta farko don Arewacin Amurka, 1971 ST tana da injin 1.9 lita 8R. Samfuran 1972-1974 suna da injunan 18R-C 2.0 lita. Domin 1975-77, injin na Arewacin Amirka Celica shine 2.2 lita 20R. An gabatar da samfuran Celica GT da LT a cikin Amurka don shekarar ƙirar ta 1974. Babban layin GT ya haɗa da watsawa mai saurin W-50 mai saurin 5, ratsi na GT rocker da ƙirar ƙarfe mai salo tare da zoben datti na chrome. An sayar da LT a matsayin samfurin tattalin arziki. 1974 ya ga ƙananan canje-canje a cikin gyare-gyare na Celica da bajoji da ƙananan ƙafafu daban-daban, farkon 1971-73 arches wanda aka fi sani da bakin ciki da kuma daga baya 1974-77 a matsayin lebur.Celica ta Arewacin Amurka tana sanye da kayan aikin tsaro na tarayya kamar ginshiƙin makamashi da bel ɗin kujera. Waɗannan na zaɓi ne a wasu kasuwannin ketare. Watsawa ta atomatik ta A40 ta zama zaɓi akan samfuran Arewacin Amurka ST da LT waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar 1973. Domin 1975 an yi amfani da jikin 1974 kuma sturdier chrome da black robar bomper sanduna tare da a kwance masu ɗorawa masu jujjuyawa (style Volvo) sun maye gurbin chrome bumpers da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motocin da suka gabata (daidai da dokokin ƙawancen Tarayyar Amurka) waɗanda ke ba da tasiri ba tare da ƙaramin lalacewa ba a Abin baƙin cikin shine farkon injunan 8R da 18R sun tabbatar da cewa sun kasance ƙasa da dorewa, tare da gazawar farko gama gari. An inganta ƙarfin injin 18R-C na 1974 da ɗan ɗanɗano, amma 20R da aka gabatar don 1975 ya tabbatar da zama injin mafi inganci a mafi yawan halaye. 1972 update A watan Agusta 1972 an sabunta fitilun wutsiya daga fitilun wutsiya guda ɗaya (wanda ake kira wutsiya ɗaya ko fitilun lebur) zuwa fitilun wutsiya tare da keɓancewar birki juya siginar "kumfa" ruwan tabarau. An kuma sake fasalin sashin cibiyar na baya yayin da aka matsar da tankin mai daga gangar jikin zuwa bayan kujerun baya sannan kuma an matsar da man fetur daga wani wuri da aka ɓoye tsakanin fitilun wutsiya zuwa ginshiƙin "C" na hagu. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da canje-canje ga baji na gaba da na baya, ƙaura na ƙugiya masu ja, canje-canje ga launi na madubin reshe (a kan motocin da aka sanye da madubin nau'in wasanni) da canje-canje zuwa na'ura mai kwakwalwa a kan ST da GT model. 1974 update A cikin 1974, don shekarar ƙirar 1975, ƙayyadaddun yankin Arewacin Amurka Celica ya riƙe jikin farko amma ya karɓi 5 na tarayya. mph bumpers gaba da baya. Fuskokin urethane masu launin jiki sun cika a cikin wuraren da ƙananan chrome bumpers suka mamaye a baya. An yi amfani da wannan salon bumpers a Arewacin Amurka har zuwa ƙarshen wannan ƙarni a cikin 1977. Har ila yau, Japan ta yi amfani da waɗannan bumpers don Liftback GT, amma ba ƙananan maki ba ko coupe, daga 1976 zuwa 1977. Sauran canje-canjen da aka yi a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 1974 sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da bakuna masu walƙiya, wani canji a salon bajojin da kuma gabatar da sabon salo na hurumin bayan kwata. Ga kasuwar Jafananci, motocin kuma sun ƙunshi wani magani na gaba na gaba daban-daban tare da gabatar da sashin gaba mai lebur (mai kama da, amma ba musanyawa da samfurin Celica daga baya ba,). 1976 update 1976 ya kawo mafi girman sabuntawa ga samfurin. An ƙaru da ƙafar ƙafar motar kuma motar tana da bambanci daban-daban na waje da na ciki. A waje mafi yawan abin da aka fi sani da bambanci shine ƙarshen gaban lebur (mai kama da samfuran JDM na baya kawar da murhun murfi mai cirewa (maye gurbinsu ta hanyar vents da aka kafa a cikin matsin kaho) da kuma iska guda ɗaya wacce ta maye gurbin tagwayen vents akan samfuran da suka gabata. A ciki motocin kuma suna da dash na daban, kujeru da kafet. Sigar ɗagawa kuma ta haɗa da waɗannan canje-canje. Dagawa The fastback -styled hatchback, wanda ake kira da Liftback ta Toyota, an gabatar da shi don kasuwar Japan a cikin Afrilu 1973 amma ba har zuwa Yuli 1974 don samfurin fitarwa. Samfura don kasuwar cikin gida ta Jafananci Liftback sune 1600 ST, 1600 GT (TA27), 2000 ST, da 2000 GT (RA25 da RA28). An ba da ɗorawa na Arewacin Amurka (RA29) tare da injin 2.2-lita 20R don shekarar ƙirar 1976 da 1977. Duk samfuran ɗagawa suna da lebur hanci. Ko da yake babu ginshiƙin "B" a cikin Liftback, taga kwata na baya suna gyarawa a wurin kuma kar a mirgina (kamar yadda suke yi a cikin babban coupe). Ana kiran Liftback sau da yawa Mustang Jafananci ko Mustang Celica Yana da saurin salo mai kama da 1968 Ford Mustang, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin fim ɗin Bullitt, ciki har da ginshiƙai na C-pillar da fitilun wutsiya na tsaye wanda ke sa hannu na Mustang mai salo kuma yana ba da cikakkiyar girmamawa ga zamanin tsoka-mota. Samfuran fitarwa na fuska Daga gabatarwar 1971 a Arewacin Amurka har zuwa shekarar ƙirar 1973, Celica ta ci gaba da riƙe salo na asali da datsa, kuma an siyar da ita a cikin ST trim kawai. Fitilolin wutsiya masu launi uku tare da salon "kumfa" sun isa 1973, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon 1974. Tsakanin 1974, an ɗan yi bitar datsa. An canza rubutun kwamitin kwata na asali na Celica zuwa madaidaicin rubutun toshe-haruffa, an sake fasalin ginshiƙin ginshiƙi na "C" tare da ƙarin kamanni na zamani, kuma tambarin GT sun canza zuwa babban rubutun serif. GT ita ce Celica ta Amurka ta farko da ta haɗa da watsawa mai saurin gudu 5 a matsayin ma'auni, tare da rediyon FM/AM, sitiyarin mai magana 4 mai nannade da fata, raƙuman roka na GT, ƙirar ƙarfe mai salo tare da zoben gyara haske, da 70 jerin taya radial. 1974 ya ga gabatarwar LT zuwa Arewacin Amirka. Hakanan an sanye shi azaman ST kuma ya daɗe har cikin shekarar ƙirar 1975. Domin shekara ta samfurin 1975, US Specicas Celicas ya riƙe jikin 1974 amma ya sami izini na 5-mph bumpers gaba da baya. Fuskokin urethane masu launin jiki sun cika a cikin wuraren da ƙananan chrome bumpers suka mamaye a baya. A cikin Oktoba 1975, an ba da duka Celica jeri tare da gyaran fuska tare da gyaran fuska da gasa. Sabbin lambobin ƙirar ƙira don ɓangarorin gyaran fuska RA23 don kasuwar duniya gabaɗaya tare da injin 18R ko RA24 don Amurka tare da injin 20R. An lissafta Liftbacks RA28 da TA28 (kasuwannin duniya) ko RA29 don Amurka. Hakanan akwai TA23, wanda yayi kama da RA23 amma tare da injin 2T da TA28 da aka bayar tare da 2T-B. Celica RA23, TA23, RA28, da TA28 suna da kaho mai ban sha'awa wanda ya rasa a cikin TA22 ko RA20/21 coupé kuma a cikin TA27 da RA25 Liftback amma masana'anta ne a cikin 1975 akan Arewacin Amurka RA22 Celica don saukar da 20R mafi girma. mota. Hakanan TA22 Celica tana da ramuka masu cirewa da aka sanya a cikin kaho wanda RA23 da RA28 suka rasa, yayin da samfuran TA27 da RA25 suna da filaye guda uku masu tasowa a cikin murfin. Silsilar RA kuma tana da hanci mai tsayi don ɗaukar injin mafi girma. Fitar huɗa, hular mai mai da zaɓuɓɓukan ciki suma sun bambanta tsakanin jerin TA da RA a cikin kewayon ƙirar. Celicas na Arewacin Amurka na 1976-77 sun rasa ammeter da ma'aunin ma'aunin mai; an maye gurbinsu da fitulun faɗakarwa a cikin gungu na ma'auni. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
46444	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mougins	Mougins	Mougins French: Occitan ʒis] Latin wata ƙungiya ce dake a sashin Alpes-Maritimes a yankin Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur daga kudu maso gabashin Faransa. Ya zuwa shekarata 2019, tana da yawan jama'a kimanin mutum dubu goma sha tara da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 19,982. Tana kan tsaunukan Cannes, a gundumar Grasse. Mougins tana da nisa mintuna 15 a tafiyar mota daga Cannes. Garin yana kewaye da dazuzzuka, musamman dajin Valmasque. A cikin garin akwai itatuwan pine, zaitun da bishiyar cypress. Tarihi Mutane na rayuwa a tudun Mougins tun kafin zamanin Rumawa. Ƙabilun Ligurian na da waɗanda suka zauna a bakin teku tsakanin Provence da Tuscany, sun kasance daga ƙarshe sun hade da Daular Roma sannan kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Ligurian na hukuma wanda Sarkin sarakuna Augustus (X Regio) ya kirkiro. A kan hanyar Aurelia ta haɗa Roma zuwa Arles, Muginum ya fara wanzuwa ne ƙarni na 1 BC. A cikin 1056, Gillaume de Gauceron, Count of Antibes, ya ba Mougins tsaunin ga Sufaye na Malaman Honorat (daga kusa da Îles de Lerins kusa da bakin tekun Cannes) wadanda suka ci gaba da gudanar da ƙauyen, kuma har zuwa jajibirin Juyin juya hali na Faransa a 1789 tarihinsa yayi daidai da na Abbey. Tsohon gidan kotun sufaye, ɗakin da aka ɓoye wanda yanzu ake kira "Salle des Moines" ("Dakin Sufaye") yana kan bene na farko na gidan abincin L'Amandier An gina shi da tsawon mita 260 a sama, an karawa ƙauyen kariya a tsakiyar zamani. Sifarsa ta karkace, ginshiƙanta da ƙofofinta guda uku, waɗanda har yanzu Porte Sarrazine (Ƙofar Sarrazine) ce kawai ke wanzuwa a yau, kofar ya bada kariya mai mahimmanci duk da yawan hare-haren lokacin yaƙi a tsawon tarihinta. Ƙauyen ya girma har zuwa wajen ainhin iyakarta, yayin da yake ci gaba da bin tsarin zagaye na ainihin tsarinta. A lokacin Yaƙin Nasara na Austriya na ƙarni na 18, sojojin Austro-Sardinia sun kai hari a ƙauyen kuma sun kone ta da wuta. Bayan haka, an sake gina wasu ginshiƙan tare da gina wasu ƙananan titunan gidaje na farkon ƙarni na 19. Alkaluma Tattalin Arziki A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, ƙauyen ya kasance cibiyar samar da furanni, yana samar da lavender, wardi da jasmine don turare a yankin Grasse na kusa. Mougins ƙauye ne mai albarka, inda duka tsoffin gine-gine da gidajen ƙarni na 19 ke nan kamar yadda aka gina su. Ilimi Makarantar Mougins, sunan da aka fi amfani da shi na makarantar shine Makarantara kasa da kasa ta Mougins British International School tana gudana tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1964. Akwai makarantar firamare "les cabrieres" da makarantar taka-tsaki "les campelieres". Masu unguwanni Tagwaye birane An haɗa Mougins tare da: Aschheim, Germany Lerici, Italy Duba kuma Communes na sashen Alpes-Maritimes Bernard Lancret Johann Michael Rottmayr Pablo Picasso Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mougins Museum of Classical Art Shafi mai dauke da hotunan tsohon kauyen Mougins La Vigne de Pibonson shine kadai wurin samar da ruwan inabi a Mougins kuma ɗayan 3 kawai a Alpes-Maritimes. CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
5383	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin%20Bamuda	Tsibirin Bamuda	Tsibirin Bamuda Duk da cewa a duniya abubuwan mamaki dake faruwa a cikinsu ba tare da Dan Adam ya fahimci musabbabansu ba, Tsibirin Bamuda (Bermuda Island ko Bermuda Triangle) ne kadai ya fi shahara a bakunan mutane sanadiyyar haka. Wannan shahara ta samo asali ne daga nahiyar Amurka (South America), a hankali labarin ya ci gaba da yaduwa zuwa sauran kasashen duniya. Manyan ababen mamakin da ake ikirarin suna faruwa a muhallin tekun da wannan tsibiri yake sun hada da bacewar jiragen sama masu dauke da fasinjoji dan kasuwa ko na soji da jiragen ruwa manya da kanana da na shawagi. Idan suka bace a galibin lokuta, ba a ganin buraguzan jirgin balle a kaddamar da bincike kan dalilan da suka haddasa faruwar hadarin. Wannan al’amaran ababen al’ajabi ne. A cewar masu bayar da labarai, bai tsaya a bacewar jirage ba tare da ganin buraguzansu kadai ba, har da wasu labarai masu ruda kwakwalwa kan irin yanayin da tekun ke kasancewa na launi da kuma sulmuya a wasu lokutan, ko kuma wasu irin dabi’u da ake ikirarin gira-gizan da ke saman teku ke shiga, a yayin aukuwar hadarurrukan da suka fara faruwa shekaru kusan dari biyu da suka gabata. Ire-iren wadannan labarai sun samo asali ne daga irin jawaban da masu lura da na’urar filin saukan jiragen sama da ke tsibirin ke bayarwa. Ko wadanda ake tarawa wajen binciken da hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka da ke lura da ire-iren wadannan hadarurruka ke yi. Da wannan, marubuta suka sa wa wannan muhalli suna: The Bermuda Triangle (Kusurwar Bamuda), ko kuma The Devil’s Triangle (Kusurwar Shedan). A halin yanzu da dama cikin wadanda suka taba jin labarin wannan bigire na Bamuda, sun yarda cewa wani wuri ne mai cike da almara, kamar yadda galibin turawa masu bincike suka fada. Da kuma cewa babu wanda ya san abin da ke haddasa wannan al’amari, sai Allah (ga wadanda suka yarda da Allah kenan), ko kuma dabi’a ta shu’umcin wurin. Wasu suka ce aljanu ne a wurin. Wasu suka ce akwai wasu halittu ne na musamman da a harshen Turanci ake kira Aliens, masu haddasa hakan. Wasu suka ce a'a, irin yanayin wurin ne kawai. Da dai sauran ra’ayoyi masu kama da haka. Shin, meye gaskiyar wadannan zantuttuka da ake ta yi kan wannan tsibiri? Wani irin bincike aka yi wajen gano hakan? Jiragen ruwa da na sama guda nawa suka bace a wannan mahalli? Rayuka nawa suka salwanta? Wa da wa suka yi rubuce- rubuce kan haka cikin Malam Kimiya da masu sha’awar rubutu kan al’amuran mamaki a duniya? Meye ra’ayin nazarin da Malaman Kimiyya suka yi kan dalilin faruwar wadannan abubuwan mamaki? Shin, wai ma tukun, a duniya akwai wasu wurare ne masu irin wannan dabi’a, ko dai tsibirin Bamuda ne kadai? In eh akwai, to me ya sa na tsibirin Bamuda ya sha bamban, ya shahara fiye da sauran a duniya? Wadannan, da ma wasu tambayoyi, za mu samu amsoshinsu cikin makonni masu zuwa in Allah Ya yarda. A Ina Tsibirin Yake? Kafin mu yi nisa, asalin tsibirin Bamuda, watau Bermuda Islands, yana gab da tsakiyar tekun Atlantika ne, Arewa da Jihar Fulorida da ke Amurka. Kuma duk da cewa ana danganta wannan wuri ko kusurwa da tsibirin Bamuda, sai dai ba a wannan tsibiri kadai wannan kusurwa yake ba. Kusurwar Bamuda wani wuri ne da ya hada manyan gabar tekunan kasashe guda uku da ke nahiyar Arewaci da kuma kudancin Amurka. Kusurwar farko ta faro ne daga gabar Fulorida ta kasar Amurka, ta zarce zuwa gabar babban tsibirin Puerto Rico da ke yamma maso- kudu da gabar Fulorida. Daga tsibirin Puerto Rico kuma kusurwar ta cilla Arewa, inda ta tike a gabar tsibirin Bamuda da ke kusa da tsakiyar tekun Atlantika. Wannan wuri ko mahalllin teku da ke tsakanin wadannan gabobi guda uku, shi ake kira The Bermuda Triangle, ko The Debil’s Triangle. An danganta wannan kusurwa da tsibirin Bamuda ne saboda a nan ya tike, kuma galibin ababen hawa kamar su jiragen sama da na ruwa wadanda ake amfani da su wajen kasuwanci da shawagi da atisayen soji a wannan nahiya, duk a can suke tikewa kafin su komo inda suka taso. Ko kuma daga can suke wucewa zuwa wasu nahiyoyin, irin su Turai da Arewacin Amurka da kasashen Asiya. Wannan kusurwa ta Bamuda ita ce bigiren da jiragen sama da na ruwa ke shawagi fiye da kowane wuri a duniya. An kiyasta cewa akalla akan samu sawun jiragen sama daga wannan nahiya zuwa kasashen turai da sauran nahiyoyi, sama da dubu hamsin a shekara. Bayan haka, akwai jiragen ruwa da na kasuwanci da na shawagi ko yawon bude ido, da kuma jiragen saman atisayen soji da Hukumar Sojin Amurka ke turawa suna shawagi, watau kai-komo don yin atisaye. Har wa yau akwai masu shawagi da kananan kwale-kwalen shakatawa wadanda a harshen turanci ake kira Pleasure Boats, da kuma jiragen ruwan tsere da ake kira Yatchers. Bayan haka, akwai filayen saukan jiragen sama a dukkan kusurwoyin nan uku, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa masu karban manya da kananan jiragen da ke shawagi a wannan wuri. Sannan kuma sai miliyoyin masu zuwa yawon bude ido daga sauran kasashen duniya, musamman ma Amurka da Turai. A takaice dai, wannan wuri rayayyen wuri ne da sawun jirgin ruwa da na sama da na masu ziyara ba su daukewa; daga shekara zuwa shekara. Zai dace mai karatu ya rike wannan karatu kan yawan zirga-zirgar da ake yi a wannan wuri, domin zai taimaka masa wajen karba ko rashin karbar dalilan da wasu marubuta suka bayar wajen yanke hukuncinsu na karshe. Yaushe Abin Ya Fara? Wannan kusurwa da ake wa take da “Kusurwar Shedan” ko Debil’s Triangle ya fara cin jiragen sama da na ruwa ne shekaru kusan dari biyu da suka gabata, duk da cewa ba a fara fahimtar hakan ba sai wajen shekaru casa’in zuwa dari da suka wuce. Daga nan ne aka fara danganta hadarurrukan da suka gabata da wannan yanayi mai ban mamaki. Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, wannan kusurwa ta Bamuda ta yi kaurin suna ne wajen hadararruka masu ban mamaki, inda bayan hadarin ake rasa abin da ya haddasa shi, ko kuma a ma kasa samun buraguzai ko gawawwakin wadanda suka rasa rayukansu da ma na jirgin gaba daya. A wasu lokuta a kan samu sakon neman agaji daga direbobin jiragen sama cewa suna ganin wasu abubuwa masu ban tsoro ko firgitarwa. Kafin a mayar da jawabin ceto garesu, sai kawai a nemi hanyar sadarwa a rasa. Wani kuma zai bugo ne cewa ba ya ganin gabansa, bayan kuma a na’urar lura da yanayin sararin samaniya babu wata matsala da na’urar ke hangowa: babu yanayin hazo mai firgitarwa, babu ruwan sama, babu alamar mahaukaciyar guguwa mai yi wa jiragen ruwa dibar karan mahaukaciya, amma sai kawai a ji hanyar sadarwar ta yanke. Mafi shahara daga cikin abubuwan mamaki da suka faru a wannan kusurwa shi ne hadarin tawagan jiragen kai hari da darkake abokan gaba na kasar Amurka masu suna Flight 19, wadanda hukumar sojin sama na kasar Amurka ta aika don yin shawagi a wannan kusurwa cikin shekarar 1945. Duk da cewa ana lura da tafiyar wannan tawaga na jirage ta hanyar na’ura hangen nesa sadda suka baro cikin kasar Amurka, sai dai cikin lokaci guda kawai sai aka neme su aka rasa. Da aka nemi sadarwa da shugaban tawagar, sai ya ce: “A yanzu muna shiga wani irin farin ruwa ne...al’amura sun fara lalacewa. Bamu san inda muke ba a halin yanzu...ruwan kore ne...a a, fari ne!”, sai sadarwa ta yanke a tsakanin masu lura da na’urar da wannan shugaban tawaga. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari, an yi ta bincike cikin teku ba a samu buraguzan wadannan jirage ba balle wadanda suke ciki. Babu wanda ke da wani bayani gamsasshe kan abin da ya haddasa wannan hadari har zuwa yau, balle bayani kan hakikanin wurin da abin ya auku. A lokacin da aka tura wata tawaga ta manema jirage, da suka isa wurin da na’urar ta sanar da faduwarsu, babu abin da aka gani a wurin. Daga nan aka ci gaba da samun ire-iren wadannan hadarurruka masu ban mamaki da al’ajabi. Wasu a kan samu bayanai kan batansu, bayan tsawon lokaci; wasu kuma ko alama ba a samu, sai dai kawai a hakura,bamuda dai takasance waje ne dake tsakiyan ruwa wanda malamai da dama suka bayyana banda ubangiji bawanda yasan menene yake cikin tsibirin bamuda dai malamai sunce kaman malam muhammad Auwal Adam wanda akafi sani da albani yace banda al-arshin allah madaukakakin sarki babu wani waje ko kuma wani masarauta da tafi tafkin tekun bamuda tsaro a duniya gaba daya.
52738	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaaz	Blaaz	Nabil Franck Assani (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1988), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki Blaaz, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na hip hop na Benin daga Kano, Najeriya Rayuwa ta farko da farawar aiki A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Blaaz ya yi sha'awar kiɗa. A farkon shekara ta 2006 ya kuma fara rap a matsayin mawaki mai sauƙi. Amma wannan ba ya sha'awar mahaifiyarsa da farko saboda ba ta son ɗanta ya yi aiki a cikin kiɗa. Kwarewarsa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa Ya bayyana a karo na farko a cikin kundin Fool Faya a cikin 2007. A cikin wannan shekarar Blaaz ya bayyana tare da Cyano-gêne a kan "Hard lyrical" wanda ya biyo bayan "Alerte Rouge" wanda ya yi nasara sosai har Cotonou City Crew ya yanke shawarar yin aiki tare da shi. Kyakkyawan haɗin gwiwa ne wanda bai taɓa daina haɓaka mai zane ba wanda ya fara ta hanyar lura da shi ta hanyar Ou est ma monnaie na ƙungiyar CCC A mixtape wanda kuma shi ne mafi sauke song na lokutan. Nasarar wannan ɗayan kuma ta kawo Blaaz a cikin 2008 tare da sakin ɗayan Aller Retour wanda kuma shine ɗayan da ya sanar da sakin kundi na farko mai suna Ghetto Blaazter a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2008. Mafi kyawun waƙa na 2008 tare da guda Aller Retour yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a Benin. Ana buƙatar Blaaz a ko'ina a Benin da yankin da ke cikin gida don kide-kide da sauransu.... Daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 mun same shi a cikin mixtape W.A.R. Abubuwa sun canza tare da lokaci kuma Blaaz ya yi tafiya zuwa Gabon don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da lakabin gabonese Eben Entertainment a cikin 2011. Tare da Eben, ya nuna dawowarsa da Ya kuma kasance a kan mixtape na Eben Family 3 na ƙungiyar Eben Entertainment da aka sanar don 2012. Tare da Nouvelle Donne Music, rapper din Benin ya sanya hannu kan waƙarsa ta farko "Ne me laisse pas tomber Ya kuma ɗauki lakabin kansa: -Made-Men a cikin wannan shekarar 2012, wanda ya ba shi damar ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na uku a bayan ƙungiyar CCC rukunin mafi kyawun mai zane ko ƙungiyar shekara ta mujallar UMA a cikin 2013 Blaaz zai yi wani Bayanan da aka yi Album 2008: Ghetto Blaazter Masu zaman kansu 2007 Hard lyrical (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2007 Alerte Rouge (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2007 Où est ma monnaie (feat le groupe CCC) 2008 Aller retour 2008 Buddah Love 2008 Le temps mort 2008 Ghetto Life (feat Bomo Koba) 2008 Wayi (feat 3 Game Dibi Dobo) 2008 Tectonick 2008 Intronisation (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2008 MC’s qui débarquent (feat DAC DRBX) 2008 Si le rap (feat B-syd) 2009 Allez Retour 2 (feat Young J) 2009 Je swag (feat Enigma) 2009 Aller Retour remix (feat Koba) 2009 Avec toi (feat Caren) 2009 Rien à perdre (feat Big Snow) 2009 One life (feat Amir) 2009 :Ghetto Blaazter (feat Diamant Noir) 2009 2400 (feat Alter Ego Dibi Dobo) 2009 Money Maker (feat Rim-k DAC) 2009 J'ai plus le temps d'aimer (feat Nasty Nesta) 2009 Et si (feat Jupiter) 2010 J'ai la dalle (feat DAC) 2010 Je vise la lune 2010 Champagne 2010 Number One (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2010 Garçon Choco (feat 3e Monarchie) 2010 Alerte à la France 2010 Fight 2011 Armés jusko MIC (feat Diamant Noir) 2011 Connexion Cotonou Dakar Ouaga (feat Yeleen Nix) 2011 On es fatigué 2011 sèches tes larmes (feat L.Y Styll) 2011 Soirée pop champagne (feat Nasty Nesta) 2011 Ofe Kpami remix (feat Inox) 2011 Le fou 2011 Freshman (feat Koba) 2011 Fais péter le son (feat Mutant R-man) 2011 Anthologie 2011 Number 1 (feat Bpm) 2011 Métisse (feat Koba) 2012 Dans le club (feat Double G) 2012 Champions (feat Nephtali Koba 2012 We won't stop (feat Koba MD) 2012 Rappelez (feat Wilf Enighma) 2012 Je veux (feat Bpm 2012 Do it easy (feat Amron) 2012 Tu me connais 2012 Haylay 2012 Tic Tac (feat Nephtali) 2012 A chaque son (feat King's) 2012 Parce que je viens de loin 2012 Cotonou Malabo 2012 We go hard (feat Koba) 2012 Amen 2012 Porte bonheur (feat King's) 2012 Le pacte 2013 Ton Corps (feat Sayan) 2013 Sos (feat Koba 2013 Last men standing (feat Enighma Nasty Nesta 2013 C'est chaud (feat 3e monarchie) 2013 Do it big (feat Hypnoz) 2013 Désolé (feat Koba) 2013 Your time (feat Rim-K Anna) 2013 Juste s'amuser (feat Niyi) 2013 Evolue (feat Hypnoz) 2013 Alien 2013 Sex U (feat Sam Seed) 2013 Haut les mains (feat Willy Baby) 2013 Calmement 2013 Ne me laisse pas tomber 2013 CTN Boss (feat Rest'n, Cyano-Gene, Enighma, Mutant, Logozo, S@m) 2013 Step du fou (feat 3K) 2013 Validé (feat BIG C 2014 (Intro) (feat Salam Aleykoum) 2014 Donne lui 2014 Alicia (feat Kardio Fanicko) 2014 Danse le Azonto (feat Kayno) 2014 Mêle-toi de ta vie (feat Bpm Fanicko) 2014 Je vais vous tuer tous 2014 La raison de la colère (feat Method Volkaniq) 2014 Gbe é ton lè (Remix) (feat Ctn Heroes) 2014 Repose En Paix 2014 Spiritual Waist (feat Mandee Marcus) 2014 Oh My God (feat Kardio Niyi Kosiberu) 2014 Même Pas Honte (feat Fanicko) 2014 Jvvtt (remix) (feat Lepac) 2014 Frais depuis toujours (feat Double Face) 2014 Baby Tomato (feat Lace) Mixtapes 2008 W.A.R 2011 Eben Family 3 2013 Compte à Rebours 2014 Recto Verso Yawon shakatawa da kide-kide Blaaz était présent sur scène au Concert MTN HKH 2014 Festival MTN Hip Hop Kankpé 2014 Blaaz du retour au Gabon KYAUTA BLAAZ SELF MADE MEN "KYAUTA A REBOURS" Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
49145	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoran%20Franc	Comoran Franc	Faransanci alamar: FC ISO 4217 code: KMF kudin hukuma ne na Comoros An raba shi da sunan shi zuwa santimita 100, kodayake ba a taɓa fitar da adadin santimita ba. Tarihi Faranshi na Faransa ya zama kudin Comoros bayan tsibiran sun zama kariyar Faransa a 1886. A shekara ta 1891, Sultan Said Ali bin Said Omar na Grande Comore Ngazidja ya fitar da tsabar kudi da suka kai centimi da francs wadanda ke yawo tare da kudin Faransa. A cikin 1912, Comoros ya zama lardin Madagascar, wanda kuma mallakar Faransa ne. An rarraba takardun banki na Faransa da tsabar kudi a cikin mulkin mallaka. Baya ga batun gaggawa na ƙananan bayanan canje-canje a cikin 1920, kuɗin Faransa yana yaɗa shi kaɗai har zuwa 1925. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1925, gwamnatin Faransa ta kulla yarjejeniya da Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas don ƙirƙirar Banque de Madagascar, hedkwata a birnin Paris, kuma ta ba ta wani yanki mai zaman kansa don ba da kuɗi ga mulkin mallaka na Madagascar. Malagasy franc (Faransanci: franc malgache yayi daidai da franc na Faransa kuma tsabar kudin Faransa sun ci gaba da yaduwa yayin da Madagascar ba ta da tsabar kanta har zuwa 1943. Lokacin da Comoros ta zama wani yanki na Faransa dabam a cikin 1945, an canza sunan bankin da aka ba da shi zuwa Banque de Madagascar et des Comores (har yanzu yana da hedikwata a Paris). An buɗe ofishin reshe a Comoros a shekara ta 1953. Yayin da aka canza takardun banki don nuna sabon matsayi na Comoros, tsabar kudi ba a canza ba kuma suna dauke da sunan Madagascar kawai. A ranar 26 ga Disamba 1945, an kafa CFA franc na Madagascar-Comores kuma an ƙayyadadden ƙimarsa a kan 1.7 Faransa francs Tsofaffin tsabar kudi da takardun banki na Madagascar sun ci gaba da yawo a matsayin wannan sabon kudin. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1948, an ƙara darajar CFA franc zuwa francs 2 na Faransa. A cikin 1950, gwamnatin Faransa ta karɓi mafi yawan ikon mallakar Banque de Madagascar et des Comores. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1960, an sake fasalin Faransanci, tare da tsofaffin francs 100 ya zama sabon franc 1. (Décret n°59-1450 du 22 décembre 1959) Sabon canjin canjin shine 1 Madagascar-Comores CFA franc 0.02 francs Faransa (50 Madagascar-Comores CFA francs 1 franc Faransa). A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1960, Madagascar ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa, kuma an ƙirƙiri Institut d'Émission Malgache (mai hedkwata a Antananarivo don ba da kuɗi ga Madagascar kawai. Madagascar ta bar yankin CFA daga ranar 1 ga Yuli 1973. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1979, gwamnatin Comoros ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar de coopération monétaire entre la République Française et la République fédérale islamique des Comores, yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi tare da Faransa, wanda ya mai da Comoros wani ɓangare na yankin franc (amma ba wani ɓangare na yankin CFA franc ba). Wannan yarjejeniya ta tanadi kafa tsarin daidaita daidaito tsakanin Faransa Franc da Comorian franc da canji kyauta tsakanin kudaden biyu, wanda babban bankin Comorian ya ba da garantin bude asusun gudanar da ayyuka compte d'operation a Faransa. Baitul mali Trésor jama'a don sarrafa duk ma'amaloli na musayar. Kashi 65 cikin 100 na asusun ajiyar waje na Comoros ana gudanar da shi ne a cikin Yuro a cikin wannan asusun. Wannan asusun yana kama da adibas na dare tare da Baitul Malin Faransa: yana iya ɗaukar riba kuma yana iya, a cikin yanayi na musamman, sanya ma'auni mara kyau. Duk da haka, don hana wannan asusun daga nuna wani abu mai ɗorewa, an kafa matakan rigakafi da dama. An kafa kwanciyar hankali na Comorian franc akan tsauraran tsarin kuɗi da tsarin bashi, wanda takamaiman matakan tsaro guda biyu ke ƙulla: ana buƙatar babban bankin ya kiyaye murfin musanya na waje na 20% na alhakin gani, kuma ba a yarda gwamnati ta zana fiye da Kashi 20% na rasit na kasafin kudin shekarar da ta gabata daga asusun babban bankin su. Ministocin kudi na yankin franc (Faransa, yankin CFA da Comoros) suna ganawa duk shekara. Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Faransa da Comoros ta kasance daidai da yarjejeniyar da Faransa ta yi da yankin CFA. Ci gaba ne na dangantakar hadin gwiwa ta kudi tsakanin kasashen biyu da ta wanzu sama da karni guda. Har zuwa 1994, Comorian franc yana da alaƙa da franc na Faransa akan ƙimar Comorian franc 50 zuwa franc 1 na Faransa. An canza wannan a ranar 12 ga Janairu 1994, lokacin da aka rage darajar kudin tare da rage darajar CFA franc duk da haka, an rage darajar Comorian franc zuwa sabon farashin 75 na Comorian franc na Faransa 1, yayin da sabon farashin CFA franc ya kasance 100 CFA francs zuwa franc 1 na Faransa. Tare da ƙirƙirar Yuro a cikin Janairu 1999, Comorian franc ya kasance mai ƙima, a ƙimar sa, zuwa sabon kudin. Canjin musanya yanzu 491.96775 Comoran franc zuwa 1 Yuro. Tarayyar Turai Monetary Union A cikin 1998 a cikin tsammanin Tarayyar Kuɗin Kuɗi na Turai, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi magana game da yarjejeniyar kuɗi da Faransa ta yi da yankin CFA da Comoros kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa: Yarjejeniyar ba ta da yuwuwa su yi wani tasiri na kayan aiki akan tsarin kuɗi da musayar kuɗi na yankin Yuro a halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma jihohin aiwatar da su, da wuya yerjejeniyoyi za su iya kawo cikas ga tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki da lamuni. Babu wani abu a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da za a iya fassara azaman nuna wajibci ga Babban Bankin Turai (ECB) ko kowane babban bankin ƙasa don tallafawa canjin CFA da Comorian francs. gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyoyin da ake da su ba za su haifar da kowane wajibai na Tsakiyar Turai ko kowane babban bankin ƙasa ba Baitul malin Faransa zai ba da garantin canjin kyauta a daidaitaccen daidaito tsakanin Yuro da CFA da kuma Comorian francs. Hukumomin Faransa masu cancanta za su sanar da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Babban Bankin Turai da Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi game da aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin da kuma sanar da kwamitin kafin canje-canjen daidaito tsakanin Yuro da CFA da Comorian francs. duk wani canji ga yanayi ko iyakokin yarjejeniyoyin zai bukaci amincewar majalisa bisa shawarar hukumar da tuntubar ECB Babban Bankin Dokokin Babban Bankin Comoros Banque Centrale des Comores Al-Bank al-Markazi al-Qomori ya bayyana cewa kwamitin gudanarwarsa zai kasance da mambobi takwas da za a zaba daga gwamnatin Comoriya, babban bankin Faransa. Banque de France da gwamnatin Faransa Matsayin mataimakin darektan babban bankin Comoros yana hannun wani jami'in Banque de France, wanda ke da alhakin manufofin kuɗi Tun daga ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1999, duk kuɗin aikin babban bankin an daidaita shi zuwa Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Daren dare na Yuro EONIA wanda ke haifar da daidaita bambance-bambancen ƙimar riba tare da Yuro. BCC tana aiwatar da tsarin ajiyar tilas (30% na ajiya) da tsarin sa ido na banki. Hedkwatar tana cikin Moroni, kuma gwamnan bankin na yanzu Mer Said Ahmed Said Ali. Tsabar kudi A cikin 1890, Sultan Said Ali na Bambao, Ngazidja ya ba da tagulla 5 da centimi 10 da azurfa 5 francs. An buga tsabar kuɗin a Paris zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kuɗin da aka yi daidai da kuɗin Faransa. Tsabar kudi guda uku sun daina aiki a ka'idar a cikin 1912 amma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu suna ci gaba da haɓaka gabaɗaya a ƙarshen 1930. Ana yawan amfani da tsabar tagulla guda biyu don dalilai na sihiri-addini. uku suna ɗauke da irin wannan rubutun, ciki har da kwanan watan 1308 bayan Hijira, wanda ya yi daidai da kalandar miladiyya 1890/91 AD A cikin 1920s, ƙarancin tsabar kudi ya haifar da samar da alamun masu zaman kansu daga babban kamfanin mulkin mallaka a Ngazidja da kuma shukar sukari a kan Mayotte Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da 25 da 50 centimes da 1 da 2 francs. An yi amfani da aluminum da tagulla a cikin waɗannan alamun. A cikin 1964, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi musamman don amfani a cikin Comoros, wanda ya maye gurbin tsabar Madagascar da ake amfani da su a baya. Aluminum 1 FC, 2 FC, da 5 FC da aluminum-bronze 10 FC da 20 An ba da tsabar kudi FC. A cikin 1975, an ƙaddamar da nickel 50 francs, sannan nickel 100 ya biyo baya. FC a 1977 da nickel 25 FC 1981. Nickel-plated-karfe ya maye gurbin nickel bayan 1990. Cibiyar ta Institut d'Émission des Comores ta ba da tsabar kudi tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1977, yayin da babban bankin ya fitar da tsabar kudi tun 1981. Har zuwa 1975, Faransanci kawai ya bayyana akan tsabar kudi na Comorian. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an kuma yi amfani da Comorian Monnaie de Paris ya kasance yana hakowa gabaɗayan tsabar tsabar Comorian. Ana nuna wannan ta alamar mint na cornucopia akan tsabar kudi, ana iya gani zuwa hagu na kwanan wata, kodayake an cire wannan daga 1994 50. FC yanki bisa bukatar gwamnatin Comorian. Ana kera tsabar kuɗin a wurin su a Pessac, Gironde. Na 5 FC tsabar kudin ana lakabi reali, yana nufin ainihin Mutanen Espanya ta 2 FC coin ana laƙabi da nusu, ma'ana "rabi", da kuma 1 FC tsabar kudin "robo", ma'ana "kwata". Na 1 FC, 2 FC, 5 FC da 10 FC tsabar kudi ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba saboda ƙarancin darajarsu. Na 25 FC da 100 FC tsabar kudi sun ƙunshi kalmar "Augmentons la production alimentaire" Bari mu ƙara yawan samar da abinci Na 5 FC coin ya ƙunshi kalmar "Conférence Mondiale sur les Pêches" Taron Duniya akan Kamun kifi Duk waɗannan kalmomin guda biyu suna nuni ne ga shirye-shiryen Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Comoros na daya daga cikin kasashe 114 da suka ba da tsabar kudi na FAO. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani akan tsabar kudi na FAO anan. Bayanan banki An ba da kuɗin takarda na Comorian na farko a cikin 1920. Ya ƙunshi batun gaggawa na tambarin gidan waya na Madagascar da aka sanya a cikin kati don ba su damar yawo a matsayin kuɗi. An ba da ƙima na centimes 50 da franc 1. Loi ordinaire 62-873 da 31 ga watan Juillet 1962, Mataki na 12, ya baiwa Banque de Madagascar et des Comores damar ci gaba da bayar da bayanan kula a Comoros bayan da Madagascar ta fara fitar da kudinta, amma tun daga 1 ga Afrilu 1962, sun sami COMORES a kan su. Ƙungiyoyin 50 FC, 100 FC, 500 FC, 1,000 FC da 5,000 An bayar da FC. Kamar yadda a cikin Decret 64-1038 du 07 Oktoba 1964, takardun banki ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba sun daina kasancewa takardar doka a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1964. Rubutun da aka wuce gona da iri sun yada har zuwa 1976, lokacin da 500 FC, 1,000 FC da 5,000 An gabatar da FC ta Institut d'Émission des Comores, 50 FC da 100 Ana maye gurbin bayanan FC da tsabar kudi. Babban bankin ya karbi aikin samar da kudin takarda a shekarar 1984. 2,500 FC da 10,000 An gabatar da bayanin kula na FC a cikin 1997, sannan 2,000 suka biyo baya FC a 2005. 2,500 FC bayanin kula da aka demonetized a kan 31 Janairu 2007. Banque de France ne ke buga takardun banki na Comorian a masana'antar takarda a Vic-le-Comte da ayyukan buga su a Chamalières, duka a Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne Na 500 FC, 1,000 FC, 2,000 FC, 5,000 FC, da 10,000 Bayanan FC na 2005 da 2006 sun ƙunshi ƙungiyar tauraro na EURion, tare da wasu ingantattun hanyoyin tsaro don sa su zama masu wahala ga jabu. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Banque Centrale des Comores official site Text of the 1979 Comorian Agreement of Monetary Cooperation at Banque de France Council Decision of 23 November 1998 concerning exchange rate matters relating to the CFA Franc and the Comorian Franc Franc zone information at Banque de France Franc zone information at Banque de France (in French, but more extensive than the English version) Central Bank of Madagascar Images of Comorian banknotes at Islamic Banknotes Numismatics of Comoros Numismatics of Comoros by Dr Iain Walker Coins of Comoros Comoros at Ben's FAO Coins collection La fabrication des monnaies utilisées par les Comoriens "Les Monnaies à Madagascar", Louis Molet A table of conversion rates between the euro and the Comorian franc Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Komoros Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32276	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila	Djémila	Djémila (Larabci: the Beautiful one), tsohon Cuicul, ƙaramin ƙauye ne na tsaunuka a Aljeriya, kusa da bakin tekun arewa gabas da Algiers, inda ake samun wasu rusassun rukunan Romawa mafi kyau a Arewacin Afirka. Yana cikin yankin da ke kan iyaka da Constantinois da Petite Kabylie (Basse Kabylie). A cikin 1982, Djémila ta zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO don daidaitawa ta musamman na gine-ginen Roman zuwa yanayin dutse. Muhimman gine-gine a cikin tsohuwar Cuicul sun haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, dandali biyu, temples, basilicas, arches, tituna, da gidaje. Kango na musamman da aka adana suna kewaye da dandalin Harsh, wani babban fili mai faffada wanda ke da alamar shiga da babban baka. Cuicul na Romawa Karkashin sunan Cuicul, an gina birnin da nisan mita 900 (3,000 ft) sama da matakin teku a ƙarni na 1 AD a matsayin sansanin soja na Romawa da ke kan ƴar ƴan ƴancin tudu mai kusurwa uku a lardin Numidia. Ƙasar tana ɗan daƙiƙa, tana a mahadar koguna biyu. Maginin Cuicul sun bi daidaitaccen tsari tare da taron tattaunawa a cibiyar da manyan tituna guda biyu, Cardo Maximus da Decumanus Maximus, waɗanda suka haɗa manyan gatura. Da farko sojojin Romawa daga Italiya ne suka mamaye birnin, kuma daga baya ya zama babbar kasuwar ciniki. Abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen ci gaban birnin sun kasance na noma hatsi, zaitun da gonaki). A lokacin mulkin Caracalla a cikin karni na 3, masu gudanar da Cuicul sun rushe wasu tsoffin ginshiƙai kuma suka gina sabon dandalin. Sun kewaye shi da manyan gine-gine masu ban sha'awa fiye da waɗanda suka yi iyaka da tsohon dandalin. Ƙasar ta hana gine-gine, ta yadda suka gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo a wajen katangar garin, wanda ya kasance na musamman. Kiristanci ya shahara sosai a karni na 4 (bayan wasu tsanantawa a farkon karni na uku) kuma ya kawo kari na Basilica da wurin baftisma. Suna kudu da Cuicul a cikin kwata da ake kira "Kirista", kuma sanannen abubuwan jan hankali ne. Daga cikin bishops na Cuicul, Pudentianus ya shiga cikin Majalisar Carthage (255) game da ingancin baptismar bidi'a, da Elpidophorus a Majalisar Carthage (348). Cresconius shine bishop na Katolika wanda ya wakilci Cuicul a Majalisar Carthage (411) tsakanin Katolika da bishops Donatist; Bishop Donatist na garin ya mutu kafin a fara taron. Crescens yana ɗaya daga cikin bishops Katolika waɗanda Sarkin Arian Vandal Sarkin Huneric ya kira zuwa Carthage a cikin 484. Victor ya kasance a Majalisa ta biyu na Constantinople a 553. Ba bishop na zama ba, Cuicul a yau Cocin Katolika ya lissafa shi a matsayin titular gani. An yi watsi da birnin a hankali bayan faduwar daular Roma a kusan karni na 5 da karni na 6. An sami wasu gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin sarki Justinian I, tare da ƙarfafa bango. Daga baya musulmi suka mamaye yankin, amma ba su sake mamaye wurin da ake kira Cuicul ba, inda suka rada masa suna Djémila ("kyakkyawa" a Larabci). Takardun 3D Takaddun bayanai na Djémila ya faru ne a lokacin yakin neman zabe guda biyu na Zamani a shekarar 2009, wanda aka gudanar tare da hadin gwiwar Farfesa Hamza Zeghlache da tawagarsa daga Jami'ar Setif, Aljeriya, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (NRF). An rubuta tsarin da yawa, ciki har da Baptistry, Ƙofar Caracalla, Kasuwa, Temple na Septimius-servus da gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Sanannen mazauna An haifi ƴan Afirka da dama na Romanized a Cuicul: Lucius Alfenus Senecio: gwamnan Britannia (205 zuwa 207). Gaius Valerius Pudens: gwamnan Britaniya. Tiberius Claudius Subatianus Aquila: gwamnan Mesopotamiya da Masar. Tiberius Claudius Subatianus Proculus: gwamnan Numidia. Hotuna
28868	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Partey	Thomas Partey	Thomas Teye Partey (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arsenal a Premier League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana. Partey ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a kulob din Atlético Madrid na Sipaniya a cikin shekarar 2013, ya tafi aro zuwa Mallorca da Almería, kuma ya koma Atlético a shekarar 2015, ya ci UEFA Europa League da UEFA Super Cup a 2018. A shekara ta 2020, ya koma Arsenal ne a kan fam miliyan 45 (€50m), ya zama dan wasan Ghana mafi tsada a tarihi. Dan wasan kasar Ghana ne na kasa da kasa, Partey ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin Afrika sau uku (shekarar 2017,2019,da 2021). An sanya shi a cikin Gwarzon Dan wasan CAF a shekarar 2018, kuma ya lashe Gwarzon dan wasan Ghana a shekara ta 2018 da 2019. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Atlético Madrid An haife shi a cikin Krobo Odumase, Partey ya kasance samfur na ƙungiyar matasan Odometah na gida. Ya sanya hannu tare da Atlético Madrid a cikin shekarar 2012, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Leganés, kuma daga baya aka koma wurin ajiyar bayan shekara guda. A ranar 10 Maris 2013, an kira Partey zuwa babban tawagar wasan da Real Sociedad. Koyaya, ya kasance ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da suka doke gida da ci 0-1. Mallorca da Almería A ranar 12 ga Yuli, an ba da rancen Partey zuwa Mallorca, an sake komawa matakin na biyu. A ranar 18 ga Agusta, ya yi ƙwararriyar halarta ta farko, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–4 da Sabadell. Partey ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta kwararru a ranar 15 ga Satumba, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Hércules. A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2014, Partey ya koma kungiyar Almería ta La Liga a kan aro. Ya fara halarta a gasar a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, wanda ya fara a wasan gida da Espanyol 1-1. Partey ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a babban rukunin kwallon kafa na kasar Sipaniya a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2015, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Granada da ci 3-0 a gida. Komawa zuwa Atlético Madrid Partey ya fara bugawa Atlético Madrid wasa a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Luciano Vietto a ci 1-0 gida da Espanyol. A ranar 2 ga Janairu na shekara mai zuwa, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan a nasarar gida a kan Levante. A ranar 28 ga Mayu, ya buga wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai da Real Madrid, inda ya maye gurbin Koke a minti na 116 yayin da kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti. Partey ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin tare da Atlético Madrid har zuwa 2022 a 14 ga Fabrairu 2017. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ta Turai tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida don daidaitawa a gida zuwa Qarabağ a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a wasan rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai; ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya ci kwallo a gasar Atletico. Bayan da ya taka rawar gani a kulob din, an sake ba shi wani kwangila a ranar 1 ga Maris 2018, wannan lokacin har zuwa 2023. A ranar 16 ga Mayu, ya taka leda a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta 2018 UEFA Europa, yayin da kungiyarsa ta ci Marseille 3-0. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2019, Partey ya zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa kuma ya ci nasarar wasan a cikin minti na karshe na wasan, yayin da Atlético ta dawo daga 2-0 a kasa ta ci wasan da ci 3-2 da Eibar Ya buga wasansa na 100 na gasar La Liga a Los Rojiblancos tare da nuna bajinta a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Real Madrid a wasan Madrid derby makonni hudu bayan haka. Duk da barin Atlético a farkon kakar 2020-21, Partey ya yi isassun bayyanuwa a farkon kakar wasa don ya cancanci lashe lambar yabo kamar yadda Atlético ta lashe La Liga a waccan shekarar. Arsenal A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2020, kulob din Premier League Arsenal ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Partey kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci, bayan da ya kunna batun sakin sa na fam miliyan 45 50 miliyan) tare da Atlético Madrid. An ba shi riga mai lamba 18, wacce Nacho Monreal ya bar ta a kakar da ta gabata. Bayan sanya hannu, Partey ya bayyana sha'awarsa na taimaka wa Arsenal "komawa inda suke", yana kwatanta shawararsa ta komawa bisa "[son] fuskantar sabbin kalubale", yayin da kuma ya yaba da canja wurin zuwa kocin Mikel Arteta da darektan fasaha Edu. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2020, Partey ya fara bugawa Arsenal wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Granit Xhaka a wasan da suka tashi 0-1 a waje a gasar Premier da Manchester City. Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, Partey ya fara wasansa na farko ga Arsenal a wasan da suka tashi 2-1 a waje da Rapid Wien a gasar UEFA Europa League. Tsakanin wasan da suka yi da Aston Villa a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, Partey ya samu rauni a cinyarsa wanda hakan ya sa ya rasa sauran wasannin na wata. A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2020, zai sake dawowa a wasan North London derby, amma ya sake samun rauni a rabin lokaci. Arsenal ta sha kashi a hannun Tottenham da ci 2-0. Ba zai sake buga wasa ba sai bayan wata daya, wanda ya fito daga benci a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Crystal Palace l. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2021, Partey ya ci wa Arsenal kwallonsa ta farko a ci 3-1 da Aston Villa. A watan Fabrairun 2022, Partey ya zama gwarzon dan wasan Arsenal. Ya biyo bayan yabon ne da bugun kai da kai a kan Leicester City a wasan da Arsenal ta ci 2-0 a ranar 13 ga Maris 2022. Ayyukan kasa A watan Mayun 2016, kocin Ghana Avram Grant ya kira Partey a karon farko zuwa tawagar kasar Ghana, gabanin wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na 2017 da Mauritius. Ya buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, inda ya maye gurbin Frank Acheampong na mintuna 11 na karshe na nasarar da suka yi a waje da ci 2-0 wanda ya kai matsayin Black Stars a wasan karshe. A ranar 5 ga Satumba 2017, Partey ya yi i hat-trick ɗin sa na farko na ƙasa a cikin nasara 5–1 da Kongo a cikin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018. An zabi Partey a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Kwesi Appiah a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019 a Masar. A wasansu na rukuni na karshe, ya zura kwallo a ragar Guinea-Bissau da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Suez, yayin da Black Stars ke kan gaba a rukuninsu. Ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karshen wasan zagaye na 16 da Tunisia a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, duk da cewa an fitar da kungiyarsa. Partey ya lashe Gwarzon dan wasan Ghana a 2018 da 2019. Gabanin wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021, da kuma wadanda za su fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, an nada Partey a matsayin mataimakin kyaftin din Ghana. Rayuwa ta sirri A watan Maris 2022, Partey ya musulunta a wani masallaci a Landan Yana da budurwa 'yar Morocco. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Girmamawa Atlético Madrid La Liga 2020-21 UEFA Europa League 2017-18 UEFA Super Cup 2018 UEFA Champions League ta biyu: 2015-16 Mutum Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2018 Halin Wasannin SWAG na Shekara: 2018 Gwarzon dan wasan Ghana 2018, 2019 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Arsenal FC Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Premier League Thomas Partey Thomas Partey Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
25238	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KI	KI	Ki ko KI na iya nufin to: Zane-zane da nishaɗi Wasan bidiyo <i id="mwDQ">Ilmin Kisa</i> (jerin wasan bidiyo), wasan bidiyo Kid Icarus, wasan bidiyo Indian King, buɗe chess na kowa Kiɗa <i id="mwFw">Ki</i> (Devin Townsend Project album), 2009 <i id="mwGg">Ki</i> (Kitaro album), 1979 Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Kambakkht Ishq, fim ɗin Hindi na 2009 Kids Incorporated, wasa mey dogon zango na talabijin Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Klaksvíkar Ítróttarfelag, wata ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faroese Shirin Kwaminisanci, kungiyar Marxist -Leninist a Austria Cibiyar Karolinska, jami'ar Sweden Cibiyar Kenyon, cibiyar bincike ta Biritaniya a Kudus Adam Air (2002-2008), wani kamfanin jirgin sama na Indonesiya Kiwanis International, ƙungiyar sabis Harshe Harshen Ki, yaren Bantoid na Kudancin Kamaru Ki (kana), halin japan japan Ki (cuneiform), alama ce a rubutun cuneiform Yaren Gikuyu, lambar ISO 639-1: ki Sunaye Ki (sunan mahaifiyar Koriya), sunan mahaifiya a Koriya Ki ko Qi (sunan mahaifi) Ki ko Ji (sunan mahaifi) Wurare Ki Monastery, a Indiya Tsibirin Kiawah, South Carolina, Amurka Kings Island, Ohio, Amurka, wurin shakatawa na mallakar Cedar Fair Entertainment Company Kiribati .ki, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 lambar yankin babban matakin yanki na Kiribati Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation Tsibirin Kangaroo, Australia Addini da metaphysics Ki (Godiya) Littattafan Sarakuna, a cikin rubutun addinin Yahudanci-Kirista Kitáb-i-Íqán Littafin Certitude rubutun Baha'i Qi, ko ki a cikin Jafananci, ƙarfi mai ƙarfi bisa ga al'adun Sinawa wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren kowane abu mai rai Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da sunadarai Ti (shuka), wanda kuma ake kira Kī K i, daidaitaccen daidaituwa don halayen sinadarai ko aiwatar da "i": dissociation akai -akai ana aiwatar da shi, an taƙaice shi "i". auna ma'aunin haɗin gwiwa na ligand zuwa biomolecule Potassium iodide, tsarin sunadarai KI Gene knockin ko Knock-in, hanyar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta Ki Database, cibiyar bayanai na bayanan biochemical Kwamfuta Ki (alamar prefix), alamar prefix na prefix unit prebix kibi Ki, International Electrotechnical Commission standard symbol for number 1024 Algorithm na KI, Kittler da Illingworth algorithm iterative algorithm don ƙofar rabe -raben hoto Ki (ko K i maɓalli na musamman na katin SIM na kowace wayar salula Sauran amfani Haɗin ilmi, a cikin ilimin falsafa Grover C. Winn (1886–1943), wanda ake wa laƙabi da “Ki”, lauyan Amurka kuma ɗan
44698	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy%20Owusu-Abeyie	Quincy Owusu-Abeyie	Quincy Jamie Owusu-Abeyie (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilun 1986), wanda aka fi sani da suna Quincy, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko hagu na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Dutch mai son SV Robinhood Quincy ma rap ne, wanda ke da sunan BLOW. Ya fara aiki da Ajax kafin ya koma Arsenal yana ɗan shekara 16. Ya ci gaba da taka leda a ƙungiyoyi a ƙasashe daban-daban: Spartak Moscow na gasar Premier ta Rasha, kulab ɗin Spain Celta Vigo da Malaga, Birmingham City, Cardiff City da Portsmouth a gasar lig na Ingila, Al-Sadd na Qatar, Superleague Greece club Panathinaikos, Boavista na Portugal, kuma mafi kwanan nan a cikin mahaifarsa Netherlands tare da NEC Quincy ya buga wa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin matasa, amma a shekara ta 2007 ya nemi cancantar wakiltar ƙasar iyayensa, Ghana, maimakon haka. FIFA ta amince da bukatarsa gabanin gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2008, kuma ya wakilci Ghana a wannan gasar da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010 Aikin kulob Farkon aiki da AFC Ajax An haifi Quincy a Amsterdam, Netherlands, ga iyayen Ghana. Quincy ya kasance memba na tsarin matasa a kulob ɗin Ajax na gida na tsawon shekaru tara lokacin da aka sake shi yana da shekaru 16 saboda matsalolin hali. Arsenal Liam Brady, shugaban ci gaban matasa a kulob ɗin Premier League na Arsenal, ya ba shi gwaji wanda ya yi nasara, kuma ɗan wasan ya koma Arsenal a matsayin masani a cikin Satumba 2002. A cikin kakar 2002-2003 ya zira ƙwallaye 17 a wasanni 20 na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17, ciki har da shida a nasarar 7-1 akan Wolverhampton Wanderers U17. Ya ba da kwantiragin ƙwararrun sa na farko a ranar haihuwar sa na 18 Yunkurin da ya kai ga ci tarar Arsenal fam 10,000 tare da dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru biyu saboda yin mu'amala da wakili mara izini ba da gangan ba Quincy ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar dogon lokaci a cikin watan Yulin 2005. Wasan sa na farko ya zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 85 a gasar League Cup da Rotherham United a ranar 28 ga Oktobar 2003. A lokacin karin lokaci ya yi yunkurin tsinke golan Rotherham Mike Pollitt, wanda ya riƙe ƙwallon a wajen filin wasansa kuma aka kore shi. Da ci 1-1 bayan mintuna 120 an yanke wasan ne a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gidabugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na farko tsakanin Arsenal a Highburywanda Arsenal ta samu nasara, ko da yake Quincy ya rasa bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Ya ci ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar ta farko a gasar ɗaya a ranar 9 ga Nuwambar 2004 da Everton, wasan da shi ma ya taimaka biyu, kuma ya ba da gudummawar bayyani biyu ga nasarar nasarar Arsenal a gasar cin kofin FA na 2004-2005 Ya samar da rawar gani mai ban sha'awa a kan Reading yayin Gudun Kofin League na 2005–2006 na Gunners. Duk da haka, ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa zaɓin rukunin farko na yau da kullun. Ko da yake ya yarda da buƙatar hakuri, kuma ya yaba horo tare da koyo daga 'yan wasa irin su Thierry Henry da Dennis Bergkamp, sau ɗaya Arsenal ta haɓaka layin gaba a cikin Janairun 2006 ta hanyar sayen dan wasan Togo Emmanuel Adebayor da tauraro mai tasowa Theo Walcott., Quincy ya gane cewa yana buƙatar barin. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Quincy Owusu-Abeyie at Soccerbase Premier League profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 September 2006) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
13796	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chioma%20Ajunwa	Chioma Ajunwa	Chioma Ajunwa-Opara, MON (an haife ta a 25 ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif 1970) wanda kuma akafi sani da Chioma Ajunwa tsohuwar 'yar wasa ce ta Najeriya wacce ta kware a tsalle-tsalle Bayan koma-baya da ta samu a rayuwarta ta yi fice yayin da ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko a kasarta da ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olimpics ta lokacin bazara a shekarar 1996 a Atlanta, kuma har yanzu ta kasance a Najeriya daya tilo da ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olimpics. Chioma Ajunwa ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta fara lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics. Ajunwa kuma jami’i ne a rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Najeriya Farkon rayuwa Haihuwarta a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "gida mai talaucin gaske", Ahiazu-Mbaise- asalin Ajunwa ita ce ta karshe cikin yara tara, tare da 'yan'uwanta maza shida da mata biyu. Mahaifinta ya mutu tun tana karama, ya bar matarsa kawai ga babu mai tallafa wa gashi babban iyali. A shekaru goma sha takwas Ajunwa, wacce ta kasance mai halartar gasar wasannin motsa jiki a lokacin da take makaranta, ta samu shiga jami'a amma ta kasa yin rajista saboda mahaifiyarta ta kasa biyan kudin rijistan makarantan. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar zama makanikiyar mota, amma ta watsar da ra'ayin bayan mahaifiyarta ta ƙi amincewa da hakan. Kwallon kafa A matsayin sana'a yar wasa, Ajunwa asalinta buga kwallon kafa ta Najeriya mata tawagar da kuma wani memba na The Falcons a lokacin da mata gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 1991, amma kamar yadda ta kullum benched ta fasaha da aka ba safai ba amfani. Game da rayuwarta na kwallon kafa Ajunwa ta bayyana "Ban yi nadamar yanke hukuncin barin barin kwallon kafa ba saboda na yi fice a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle. Zan iya ci gaba da kwallon kafa amma akwai wani koci na musamman. Ya san a lokacin ni ne mafi kyawun dan wasa a kungiyar amma ta yanke shawara ya sanya ni a benci a duk wasa, don haka na bar zangon kungiyar. Ta yi wasa a matsayin mai kawo hari. Waƙa da fili Ajunwa ta yi azaman waƙa a matsayinta ta yar' wasa kwararriya kuma ta kware a tseren mita 100, 200m da tsayi mai tsayi Ta fafata a gasar Commonwealth ta 1990, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla a tseren mita 4 x 100, sannan ta yi gasa a Gasar Afirka a 1989 da kuma Duk Wasannin Afirka a 1991 inda ta lashe lambobin zinare a tsalle mai tsayi. An haramtawa Ajunwa shiga wasanni tsawon shekaru hudu bayan ta kasa cin jarabawar magunguna a 1992, duk da kasancewarta mai tsafta. Bayan kammala dakatarwar da aka yi mata, Ajunwa ta ci gaba da zama mace ta farko ta Afirka ta yamma, da kuma 'yar Najeriya ta farko, da ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olimpics a yayin da ta samu nasara a gasar tsalle-tsalle na mata a gasar. Gasar Olympics a 1996 a Atlanta, tare da tsalle tsayin mita 7.12 (a ƙoƙarinta na farko) yayin wasan karshe. A 2003, ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da jaridar The Vanguard "Na yi aiki tukuru don kasar nan, amma daga baya aka kore ni. Wannan na iya zama kawai mutum ya samu lambar zinariya baiwa Najeriya a kan rabin a-karni na sa hannu a cikin gasar wasannin Olympics da kuma na iya har yanzu za a bi kamar annoba, da zan iya yi imani da shi. Martabawa Memba na Yankin Nijar Bayan lambar yabo ta zinare ta Atlanta '96, Ajunwa ta samu lambar yabo ta kasa Member of the Order of Niger (MON) ta bakin Shugaban Kasar Najeriya Sani Abacha, amma ta koka da cewa ba a yin watsi da ita idan aka kwatanta da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya tana mai cewa "An ba ni lambar yabo ta MON, daidai ne, amma ba tare da 'EY ba.' Lokacin da na ji abin da aka bai wa 'yan uwana a Super Eagles don cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya, Na yi mamakin ganin za ku ga bambanci. Ni ba na kishin kowa amma wannan ne lokacin da zan bayyana abin da na ji da na cancanci more. Shugabancin al'umma Jihar Imo ta yi bata sarautar garagajiya. Kyautar 'Yanci ta Kudin Najeriya A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2010, Najeriya ta yi bikin cika shekara 50 da samun 'yancin kai. A wani bangare na wannan bikin, a ranar Alhamis 30 ga Satumbar 2010, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya ba da lambar yabo ta musamman ga 'yan Najeriya 50 da abokan Najeriya ciki har da Ajunwa saboda gudummawar da suka bayar wajen ci gaban kasar. Alƙawura da membobin jikin Shugabar Kwamitin Mata na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Jihar Imo. 2011 Memba a Kwamitin Tarurrukan Gasar Wasannin Kwalejojin Ilimin Najeriya. 2011 Mataimakin Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda. 2018 Kwanan Wata Yaƙi akan shan-kwaya A ranar Juma'a 30 ga Afrilun, 2010 Ajunwa ta gabatar da wata takarda kan "Yaki akan amfani da haramtattun kwayoyi a cikin Wasanni" a wani Taron Mu'amala da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (AFN) ta shirya don 'yan wasa a matsayin wani bangare na Kafa na 3 na Kwallon kafa ta AFN a Kwalejin Yaba. Rikicin Wasanni na Fasaha, Yaba Akwai sakin layi na wannan takarda mai taken "Yaƙi Tushen Sanadin Yin Tushe a cikin Wasannin motsa jiki" Akwai kan layi. A rabin na biyu na shekarar 2010, Ajunwa ta bunkasa ayyukanta na hana allurar rigakafin ta hanyar fara wani shirin yakin neman zabe mai taken 'Fitaccen Gas Tsabta'. Wannan shiri na kashin kansa ya kunshi isar da sakonni na rigakafin kai tsaye ga yan wasa da masu horarwa a wasannin motsa jiki. An shirya fadakarwa da jan-tutar tutoci da karawa juna sani tare da Kungiyar kula da wasannin motsa jiki ta Najeriya (AFN). Ana sanya tsoffin 'yan wasa a taron wasannin da kuma wallafe-wallafen masu bayani sannan kuma an ba T-shirts sakonnin rigakafin ga masu wasa da masu horarwa. Duba kuma Jerin zakarun gasar Afirka ta 'yan wasa Jerin sunayen 'yan wasannin motsa jiki da aka sanya takunkumi game da laifukan doping Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Chioma Ajunwa at World Athletics Haifaffun
15395	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funlola%20Aofiyebi-Raimi	Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi	Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi, Sunan haihuwa Abibat Oluwafunmilola Aofiyebi kuma an san ta da suna FAR, 'yar fim ce ta Nijeriya. Ta kuma daɗe tana nuna rediyo. Ta fito a fim din The Figurine, Tinsel da MTV Shuga. Farkon Rayuwa Funlola Aofiyebi ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin yara bakwai, wacce mahaifiyarsu ’yar kasuwa kuma mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ya haifa. Sunan FAR ya zo ne bayan ta yi aure kuma ya zama sa hannun ta. FAR ta fara farawa da wuri akan wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin, tare da kawunta Teni Aofiyebi, gogaggiyar 'yar fim. Ta yi aure ga masanin talla Olayinka Raimi. Ayyuka FAR ta dauki kwas na wasan kwaikwayo na TV a kwalejin Westminster, da kuma a Studioan wasan kwaikwayo Studio a Bunkinghamshire. Tana kuma da BSc a fannin ilimin zamantakewar ɗan adam daga jami'ar Lagos a Najeriya. FAR ta fara fitowa a fim ɗin Amaka Igwe wanda aka keta tare da Joke Silva, Richard Mofe Damijo, Ego Boyo da Kunle Bamtefa An zaɓa ta ne don kyautar kyauta mafi kyau mai zuwa mai suna THEMA a shekarar 1996. FAR an jefa shi a matsayin babban jagora a cikin Riƙon Imani, ta darekta Steve Gukas An zabi FAR ne don lambar yabo ta AMMA mafi kyawun goyan bayan 'yar fim don Figurine wanda Kunle Afolayan ya jagoranta. Kafin ya bayyana a cikin shirin TV na M-net Tinsel, yana wasa Brenda, FAR ya fito a wasu wasannin kwaikwayo kamar Doctors Quarters, Solitaire, da Palace FAR tayi aiki a dandali a cikin Wakar Wancan Tsohuwar Wakar Domin Ni da Babban Gida wanda Rasheed Badamusi ya rubuta, da kuma The Vagina Monologues FAR tayi nasarar wasan kwaikwayo na rawa mai suna Celebrity Takeakes 2 A shekarar 2014, FAR ta kasance tare da fitaccen jarumin fim din Burtaniya da na Najeriya Wale Ojo Tana da shirin rediyo mai suna Touch of Spice na tsawon shekaru 14 (an fara a watan Agusta shekarar 1999). FAR ta kasance cikin MTV Shuga a cikin shekarar 2019 da shekara ta 2020 kuma matsayinta na tallafawa na "Mrs Olutu" an haɗa ta lokacin da ta shiga cikin wani ƙaramin shiri mai taken MTV Shuga Kadai Tare tare da nuna matsalolin Coronavirus a ranar 20 Afrilu 2020. Tunde Aladese ne ya rubuta jerin kuma ake watsawa a kowane mako da dare masu tallafa mata sun hada da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya An tsara jerin ne a Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya da Côte d'Ivoire kuma labarin ya ci gaba ta hanyar amfani da tattaunawa ta kan layi tsakanin mazaunin. Dukkanin fim din ‘yan fim ne suka yi waɗanda suka haɗa da Lerato Walaza, Mamarumo Marokane, Jemima Osunde, Folu Storms da FAR. Finafinai The Figurine (2009) Tinsel (2008–Present) Grey Dawn (2015) Entreat (2016) Kyauta Tayi nasara a gasar Africa Movie Awards Academy (AMAA); Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Figurine) 2010 Tayi nasara a gasar Nigeria Entertainment Awards, New York (NEA); Best Actress in a TV Show (Tinsel) 2010 Tayi nasara a gasar Celebrity Takes 2 (Nigerian Celebrity Dance Competition) 2007 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Funlola Aofiyebi on IMDb Official website Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
22573	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20LaBastille	Anne LaBastille	Anne LaBastille (An haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1933 ta mutu ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2011) marubuciya ce Ba'amurkiya, masanin yanayin kasa, kuma mai daukar hoto. Ita ce marubucin littattafai fiye da goma, ciki har da Woodswoman, Beyond Black Bear Lake, da Matan Jeji Ta kuma rubuta labarai sama da 150 da kuma takardun kimiyya sama da 25. Asusun kula da namun daji na duniya da kungiyar masu binciken ne suka karrama ta saboda aikin da ta yi na farko a fannin kimiyyar halittu a Amurka da Guatemala. LaBastille ya kuma ɗauki hotuna da yawa na namun daji, da yawa daga cikin su an buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafen ɗabi'a. Farkon rayuwa da aure LaBastille an haife shi ne a Montclair, New Jersey, ɗa ɗaya tilo na Ferdinand LaBastille, farfesa, da Irma Goebel, mawaƙin makada, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa. Cikakken sunanta Mariette Anne LaBastille, duk da cewa ba ta taɓa amfani da sunanta na farko ba. Yayinda ake yawan rubuta ranar haihuwarta a matsayin Nuwamba 20, shekarar 1935, asalin haihuwarta shine a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1933, wanda Valerie J. Nelson na Los Angeles Times ta gano yayin shirya labulen LaBastille. LaBastille ya yi aure na shekaru bakwai zuwa CV "Manjo" Bowes (an haife ta 29 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1919; ya mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2012), mai gidan Covewood Lodge a kan Big Moose Lake, New York Ba su da yara. Ilimi da aiki LaBastille samu ta Ph.D. a cikin Kimiyyar Lafiyar Dabbobi daga Jami'ar Cornell a shekara ta 1969. Har ila yau, tana da MS a cikin Gudanar da Dabbobi daga Jami'ar Jihar Colorado a shekara ta (1958), da kuma BS a cikin Karewar Albarkatun Kasa daga Cornell shekara ta (1955). LaBastille ya fara ne a matsayin marubuci mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallu da yawa na namun daji, gami da Sierra Club da National Geographic Ta zama mai lasisin Jagoran Jihar New York a cikin shekara ta 1970 kuma ta ba da sabis na jagora don jakunkunan baya da kwale-kwale zuwa Adirondacks. Ta kuma ba da karatuna na jeji da laccoci sama da shekaru arba'in, ta shiga ƙungiyoyin kiyaye tsaunuka masu yawa na New York Adirondack Mountains, kuma ta kasance a kan Hukumar Kula da Wakilcin Hukumar Adirondack Park na Kwamishinoni na tsawon shekaru 17. Ta yi tafiya cikin duniya kuma tayi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa don yin karatu da kuma rage tasirin lalata ruwan sama da gurɓataccen ruwa a tafkuna da namun daji. Jerin Woodswoman Shahararrun littattafan LaBastille, jerin Woodswoman, saƙo ne guda huɗu waɗanda suka shafi shekaru arba'in na rayuwarta a cikin tsaunukan Adirondack kuma sun ba da labarin dangantakarta da jeji. Wahayi daga Henry David Thoreau 's Walden, LaBastille ta sayi ƙasa a gefen wani tabki na dutse a cikin Adirondacks, inda ta gina katako a cikin shekara ta 1964. A farkon littafinta na farko, Woodswoman a shekarar (1976), ta rubuta yadda ake samun kayan aiki da gina gidan tare da taimakon wasu masassaƙan gida. Don kaucewa yanke tsohuwar gandun daji mai girma a kan kadarorin, ta sayi katako da aka riga aka yanke daga injin dutsen gida kuma ta yi amfani da katako da aka siyo kantin sayar da katako a ciki, rufin, murfin ƙofofi, da taga taga. Ragowar Woodswoman ta rubuta abubuwan da ta faru a cikin wannan katako ba tare da jin daɗi ba kamar wutar lantarki ko ruwan famfo, da kuma binciken da ta yi a cikin jejin Adirondacks. A cikin littafinta na biyu, Bayan Lake Bear Black (1987), ta bayyana yadda ta gina ƙaramin gida na biyu, Thoreau II, a wani yanki mafi nisa na dukiyarta don samun ƙarin ƙwarewar Walden. Dukkan littattafan farko da na biyu sun binciki kawayenta, soyayyarsu, aurenta na baya, dankon zumuncinta da karninta makiyayan Jamusawa, yanayin yanayi da kwarararta, da kuma kokarin kiyayewa. Ta gudanar da bincike a kan hadari, kuma daga karshe ta mutu, katuwar farar fatar kudi mai suna grebe Littattafai biyu na ƙarshe na jerin, Woodswoman III (1997) da Woodswoman IV (2003), kamfanin buga LaBastille ne ya buga su, "West of the Wind Publications, Inc". A cikin duka matakan, LaBastille ta hada da labaran da ke nuna irin wahalar da ke tattare da juzu'in aiki mai yawan gaske wanda ya kunshi rubuce-rubuce na kai tsaye, koyarwar ilimi, da aikin tuntuba kan kiyayewa, tare da burin ta na neman komawa daji. A cikin Woodswoman III, ta kuma tattauna yadda gurɓatattun abubuwa ke gurɓata tafkin ta na nesa; ita kadai ce tushen ruwan sha. Saboda wannan, ta sayi gonar gona kusa da ƙauyen Wadhams a cikin Garin Westport kusa da gabar yamma na Tafkin Champlain Gidan gona yana da kayan aiki na zamani kamar waya da wutar lantarki, amma yana cikin iyakokin Adirondack Park Ta rubuta a cikin Woodswoman IV yadda matsayinta mai tsauri game da ci gaban Adirondack Park ya haifar da sabani da makiya. Ta sami barazanar mutuwa, an fasa gidan nata da ke nesa kuma an kone gidan ajiye kayayyakin Westport. Ta fara aiki a kan Woodswoman V jim kaɗan bayan wallafa Woodswoman IV Ta bayyana yadda buga kai da kai ya kasance mai fa'ida, amma ya kwashe lokaci mai mahimmanci da take buƙata don rubutu. Ba ta taɓa gama Woodswoman V ba Aikin Documerica LaBastille na daga cikin Documerica Project wanda Protectionungiyar Kare Muhalli ta haɓaka (EPA). Daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1977, EPA ta ɗauki hayar masu ɗaukar hoto masu zaman kansu don ɗaukar hoto yankunan da ke da matsalolin mahalli, ayyukan EPA, da kuma a waje. Hotunan LaBastille galibi an ɗauke su ne a arewacin New York kuma ana nuna batutuwa daban-daban, gami da kyawawan dabi'u da namun daji, matsalolin muhalli, yaɗuwar birni, da rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka. Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa A cikin shekarun ta na baya, LaBastille ta fara rage ƙarancin lokaci a komawar dutsen ta. A cikin Woodswoman ta IV kuma a wata hira da mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta Cornell, LaBastille ta lura cewa hauhawar yanayin duniya ya canza dukiyarta ta gefen tafki daga gida zagaye-zagaye zuwa shekara. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da farkon shekara ta 1970s, wani ɗan kankara mai kauri da aka kafa akan tafkin, don haka ya ba da damar yin dusar ƙanƙara a duk faɗin ta daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu. Amma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa yanayin zafi na hunturu da ruwan sama na watan Fabrairu sun kai ga kankara ƙanƙan da kankara, yin tafiye-tafiye a ƙetaren tafkin cin amana da rashin tabbas. Ba tare da maƙwabta shekara-shekara ko waya a cikin yanayin gaggawa, LaBastille ta zaɓa don dakatar da kashe lokacin hunturu a cikin gidan. A maimakon haka sai ta dau tsawon lokaci a gonar ta kusa da Lake Champlain. Koyaya, ta rubuta cewa ta ajiye dutsen ta koma matsayinta na "wurin fakewa, amintacce, wuri ne mai lumana don rubutu da tunani. A cikin shekara ta 2007, har yanzu tana zaune na ɗan lokaci a cikin gidan ta na gefen tafki. A cikin shekara ta 2008, LaBastille ta yi rashin lafiya kuma ta kasa kulawa da kanta a gida. John Davis, Daraktan Kiyayewa na Majalisar Adirondack, yana rubutu game da tafiyarsa ta cikin Adirondacks a shekara ta 2008 ta rubuta, "Ya ƙaunataccena abokiyar karatuna ta Park shekaru da yawa, Anne LaBastille ta kasance a karon farko cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ta ɓace lokacin rani a gidan ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunarta a arewacin nan, saboda ga damuwar lafiya. LaBastille ya mutu ne daga cutar Alzheimer a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Plattsburgh, New York a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2011. Daraja 1974 Asusun Kula da Dabbobin Duniya lambar Zinare don Adanawa 1980 Doctorates na Adabi da Wasikun Mutum daga Kwalejin Union, Schenectady, NY 1984 Bayyana Daraja daga Kungiyar Masu Binciken 1986 Kyautar Tsoffin Daliban, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Kimiyyar Rayuwa 1987 Warner College of Natural Resources Daraja Alumnus Alumna Award, Jami'ar Jihar Colorado 1988 Jade of Chiefs Award daga Writungiyar Marubutan Waje ta Amurka 1990 Doctor na girmamawa na Haruffa daga Kwalejin Ripon, Wisconsin. 1990 Dakta Mai Digiri na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Jiha ta New York a Albany Lambar Zinare ta 1993 daga ofungiyar Mace Masu Kula 1994 Roger Tory Peterson Award for National Nature Ilmantarwa. 2001 Wayne G. Basler Shugaban Kwarewa na Hadin Kai na Arts, Rhetoric and Science a East Tennessee State University. Kyautar Gwarzon Rayuwa ta 2008, Adirondack Awards Literary Awards 2008 Howard Zahniser Adirondack Award da theungiyar Kare Adirondacks ta bayar. Gwarzon girmamawa na watan Mata na Kasa na 2009, 2009: Mata Suna Kan Gaba Wajen Ceto Duniyarmu Littattafai Mulkin Bird na Mayas. LaBastille-Bowes, Anne. Anita Benarde ya kwatanta. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ. 1967. Farar Barewa. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1973. Daji Bobcats. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1973. ISBN 0-912186-07-0 Possarancin Gida, Babban Abokin Ranger Rick. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa, 1974. ISBN 0-912186-08-9 Iyalan Hatim. LaBastille, Anne. Wildungiyar namun daji ta kasa 1974. ISBN 0-912186-09-7 Yar Woods. LaBastille, Anne. EP Dutton, New York, 1976. ISBN 0-525-23715-1 Sanyawa: Namun Daji. LaBastille, Anne. Dutton, New York, 1980. ISBN 0-525-05910-5 Mata da Jeji. LaBastille, Anne. Littattafan Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1980. ISBN 0-87156-234-0 Beyond Black Bear Lake. LaBastille, Anne. Norton, New York, 1987. ISBN 0-393-02388-5 Mama Poc Lissafin masanin kimiyyar halittu game da bacewar wani jinsi. LaBastille, Anne. WW Norton, New York. 1990. ISBN 0-393-02830-5 Duniyar jeji ta Anne LaBastille. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Litattafan Iska, Westport, NY 1992. ISBN 0-9632846-0-6 Tsuntsaye na Mayas: Tatsuniyoyin Maya Jagoran filin zuwa tsuntsayen duniyar Maya Kammalallen jerin tsuntsayen. Written and illustrated by LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1993. Woodswoman III: Littafin uku na abubuwan da Woodswoman ta yi. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1997. ISBN 0-9632846-1-4 Jaguar Totem. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 1999. ISBN 0-9632846-2-2 Babban Balaguron Adirondack na Clarence Petty Jagorar jeji, matukin jirgi, kuma masanin kiyaye muhalli. Angus, Christopher; tare da gabatarwar LaBastille, Anne. Jami'ar Syracuse Press, Syracuse, NY 2002. ISBN 0-8156-0741-5 Woodswoman IIII: Littafi na huɗu na abubuwan da Woodswoman tayi. LaBastille, Anne. Yammacin Labarin Iska, Westport, NY 2003 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Haifaffun 1935 Mutuwan