Issue 1:
The first time you create a JAX array of a given size from a Python data structure like a list or tuple, the time taken is super-linear in the size of the array. I profiled array creation and found that compilation of a concatenate op is the main bottleneck. See image. I've also measured execution time with and without compilation for various sizes below.

It looks like compilation is super-linear, whereas execution without compilation is linear as expected.

I haven't tried this on GPU yet so don't know if the issue also exists there.

Plot of timings:

Profile of 10,000 element array creation:

Code to reproduce the timing plot:

import jax.numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time

sizes = [32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192]
ts = []

# Including compilation
for s in sizes:
t0 = time.time()
np.array(list(range(s)))
ts.append(time.time() - t0)

ts_ = []
# Excluding compilation
for s in sizes:
t0 = time.time()
np.array(list(range(s)))
ts_.append(time.time() - t0)

plt.plot(sizes, ts, label='Incl. compilation')
plt.plot(sizes, ts_, label='Excl. compilation')
plt.xlabel('Array size')
plt.ylable('Time (s)')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Issue 2:
Initialization of a modestly sized array seems to take a ridiculous amount of time that can be bypassed by first going to numpy. This isn't a blocker or anything since I first cast to numpy then jax.numpy, but thought I'd file it anyways.

import time
import numpy as onp
import jax.numpy as np

alist = [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 9, 0, 1, -9, 0, 1, -8, 0, 1, -7, 0, 1, -6, 0, 1, -5, 0, 1, -4, 0, 1, -3, 0, 1, -2, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 4, 0, 1, 5, 0, 1, 6, 0, 1, 7, 0, 1, 8, 0, 1, 9, 0, 2, -9, 0, 2, -8, 0, 2, -7, 0, 2, -6, 0, 2, -5, 0, 2, -4, 0, 2, -3, 0, 2, -2, 0, 2, -1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 3, 0, 2, 4, 0, 2, 5, 0, 2, 6, 0, 2, 7, 0, 2, 8, 0, 2, 9, 0, 3, -9, 0, 3, -8, 0, 3, -7, 0, 3, -6, 0, 3, -5, 0, 3, -4, 0, 3, -3, 0, 3, -2, 0, 3, -1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3, 0, 3, 4, 0, 3, 5, 0, 3, 6, 0, 3, 7, 0, 3, 8, 0, 3, 9, 0, 4, -9, 0, 4, -8, 0, 4, -7, 0, 4, -6, 0, 4, -5, 0, 4, -4, 0, 4, -3, 0, 4, -2, 0, 4, -1, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 4, 2, 0, 4, 3, 0, 4, 4, 0, 4, 5, 0, 4, 6, 0, 4, 7, 0, 4, 8, 0, 4, 9, 0, 5, -9, 0, 5, -8, 0, 5, -7, 0, 5, -6, 0, 5, -5, 0, 5, -4, 0, 5, -3, 0, 5, -2, 0, 5, -1, 0, 5, 0, 0, 5, 1, 0, 5, 2, 0, 5, 3, 0, 5, 4, 0, 5, 5, 0, 5, 6, 0, 5, 7, 0, 5, 8, 0, 5, 9, 0, 6, -9, 0, 6, -8, 0, 6, -7, 0, 6, -6, 0, 6, -5, 0, 6, -4, 0, 6, -3, 0, 6, -2, 0, 6, -1, 0, 6, 0, 0, 6, 1, 0, 6, 2, 0, 6, 3, 0, 6, 4, 0, 6, 5, 0, 6, 6, 0, 6, 7, 0, 6, 8, 0, 6, 9, 0, 7, -9, 0, 7, -8, 0, 7, -7, 0, 7, -6, 0, 7, -5, 0, 7, -4, 0, 7, -3, 0, 7, -2, 0, 7, -1, 0, 7, 0, 0, 7, 1, 0, 7, 2, 0, 7, 3, 0, 7, 4, 0, 7, 5, 0, 7, 6, 0, 7, 7, 0, 7, 8, 0, 7, 9, 0, 8, -9, 0, 8, -8, 0, 8, -7, 0, 8, -6, 0, 8, -5, 0, 8, -4, 0, 8, -3, 0, 8, -2, 0, 8, -1, 0, 8, 0, 0, 8, 1, 0, 8, 2, 0, 8, 3, 0, 8, 4, 0, 8, 5, 0, 8, 6, 0, 8, 7, 0, 8, 8, 0, 8, 9, 0, 9, -9, 0, 9, -8, 0, 9, -7, 0, 9, -6, 0, 9, -5, 0, 9, -4, 0, 9, -3, 0, 9, -2, 0, 9, -1, 0, 9, 0, 0, 9, 1, 0, 9, 2, 0, 9, 3, 0, 9, 4, 0, 9, 5, 0, 9, 6, 0, 9, 7, 0, 9, 8, 0, 9, 9, 1, -9, -9, 1, -9, -8, 1, -9, -7, 1, -9, -6, 1, -9, -5, 1, -9, -4, 1, -9, -3, 1, -9, -2, 1, -9, -1, 1, -9, 0, 1, -9, 1, 1, -9, 2, 1, -9, 3, 1, -9, 4, 1, -9, 5, 1, -9, 6, 1, -9, 7, 1, -9, 8, 1, -9, 9, 1, -8, -9, 1, -8, -8, 1, -8, -7, 1, -8, -6, 1, -8, -5, 1, -8, -4, 1, -8, -3, 1, -8, -2, 1, -8, -1, 1, -8, 0, 1, -8, 1, 1, -8, 2, 1, -8, 3, 1, -8, 4, 1, -8, 5, 1, -8, 6, 1, -8, 7, 1, -8, 8, 1, -8, 9, 1, -7, -9, 1, -7, -8, 1, -7, -7, 1, -7, -6, 1, -7, -5, 1, -7, -4, 1, -7, -3, 1, -7, -2, 1, -7, -1, 1, -7, 0, 1, -7, 1, 1, -7, 2, 1, -7, 3, 1, -7, 4, 1, -7, 5, 1, -7, 6, 1, -7, 7, 1, -7, 8, 1, -7, 9, 1, -6, -9, 1, -6, -8, 1, -6, -7, 1, -6, -6, 1, -6, -5, 1, -6, -4, 1, -6, -3, 1, -6, -2, 1, -6, -1, 1, -6, 0, 1, -6, 1, 1, -6, 2, 1, -6, 3, 1, -6, 4, 1, -6, 5, 1, -6, 6, 1, -6, 7, 1, -6, 8, 1, -6, 9, 1, -5, -9, 1, -5, -8, 1, -5, -7, 1, -5, -6, 1, -5, -5, 1, -5, -4, 1, -5, -3, 1, -5, -2, 1, -5, -1, 1, -5, 0, 1, -5, 1, 1, -5, 2, 1, -5, 3, 1, -5, 4, 1, -5, 5, 1, -5, 6, 1, -5, 7, 1, -5, 8, 1, -5, 9, 1, -4, -9, 1, -4, -8, 1, -4, -7, 1, -4, -6, 1, -4, -5, 1, -4, -4, 1, -4, -3, 1, -4, -2, 1, -4, -1, 1, -4, 0, 1, -4, 1, 1, -4, 2, 1, -4, 3, 1, -4, 4, 1, -4, 5, 1, -4, 6, 1, -4, 7, 1, -4, 8, 1, -4, 9, 1, -3, -9, 1, -3, -8, 1, -3, -7, 1, -3, -6, 1, -3, -5, 1, -3, -4, 1, -3, -3, 1, -3, -2, 1, -3, -1, 1, -3, 0, 1, -3, 1, 1, -3, 2, 1, -3, 3, 1, -3, 4, 1, -3, 5, 1, -3, 6, 1, -3, 7, 1, -3, 8, 1, -3, 9, 1, -2, -9, 1, -2, -8, 1, -2, -7, 1, -2, -6, 1, -2, -5, 1, -2, -4, 1, -2, -3, 1, -2, -2, 1, -2, -1, 1, -2, 0, 1, -2, 1, 1, -2, 2, 1, -2, 3, 1, -2, 4, 1, -2, 5, 1, -2, 6, 1, -2, 7, 1, -2, 8, 1, -2, 9, 1, -1, -9, 1, -1, -8, 1, -1, -7, 1, -1, -6, 1, -1, -5, 1, -1, -4, 1, -1, -3, 1, -1, -2, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 2, 1, -1, 3, 1, -1, 4, 1, -1, 5, 1, -1, 6, 1, -1, 7, 1, -1, 8, 1, -1, 9, 1, 0, -9, 1, 0, -8, 1, 0, -7, 1, 0, -6, 1, 0, -5, 1, 0, -4, 1, 0, -3, 1, 0, -2, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 4, 1, 0, 5, 1, 0, 6, 1, 0, 7, 1, 0, 8, 1, 0, 9, 1, 1, -9, 1, 1, -8, 1, 1, -7, 1, 1, -6, 1, 1, -5, 1, 1, -4, 1, 1, -3, 1, 1, -2, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 7, 1, 1, 8, 1, 1, 9, 1, 2, -9, 1, 2, -8, 1, 2, -7, 1, 2, -6, 1, 2, -5, 1, 2, -4, 1, 2, -3, 1, 2, -2, 1, 2, -1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 6, 1, 2, 7, 1, 2, 8, 1, 2, 9, 1, 3, -9, 1, 3, -8, 1, 3, -7, 1, 3, -6, 1, 3, -5, 1, 3, -4, 1, 3, -3, 1, 3, -2, 1, 3, -1, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 6, 1, 3, 7, 1, 3, 8, 1, 3, 9, 1, 4, -9, 1, 4, -8, 1, 4, -7, 1, 4, -6, 1, 4, -5, 1, 4, -4, 1, 4, -3, 1, 4, -2, 1, 4, -1, 1, 4, 0, 1, 4, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 1, 4, 5, 1, 4, 6, 1, 4, 7, 1, 4, 8, 1, 4, 9, 1, 5, -9, 1, 5, -8, 1, 5, -7, 1, 5, -6, 1, 5, -5, 1, 5, -4, 1, 5, -3, 1, 5, -2, 1, 5, -1, 1, 5, 0, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5, 2, 1, 5, 3, 1, 5, 4, 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 6, 1, 5, 7, 1, 5, 8, 1, 5, 9, 1, 6, -9, 1, 6, -8, 1, 6, -7, 1, 6, -6, 1, 6, -5, 1, 6, -4, 1, 6, -3, 1, 6, -2, 1, 6, -1, 1, 6, 0, 1, 6, 1, 1, 6, 2, 1, 6, 3, 1, 6, 4, 1, 6, 5, 1, 6, 6, 1, 6, 7, 1, 6, 8, 1, 6, 9, 1, 7, -9, 1, 7, -8, 1, 7, -7, 1, 7, -6, 1, 7, -5, 1, 7, -4, 1, 7, -3, 1, 7, -2, 1, 7, -1, 1, 7, 0, 1, 7, 1, 1, 7, 2, 1, 7, 3, 1, 7, 4, 1, 7, 5, 1, 7, 6, 1, 7, 7, 1, 7, 8, 1, 7, 9, 1, 8, -9, 1, 8, -8, 1, 8, -7, 1, 8, -6, 1, 8, -5, 1, 8, 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7, 8, 1, 8, 8, 1, 9, 8, 2, -9, 8, 2, -8, 8, 2, -7, 8, 2, -6, 8, 2, -5, 8, 2, -4, 8, 2, -3, 8, 2, -2, 8, 2, -1, 8, 2, 0, 8, 2, 1, 8, 2, 2, 8, 2, 3, 8, 2, 4, 8, 2, 5, 8, 2, 6, 8, 2, 7, 8, 2, 8, 8, 2, 9, 8, 3, -9, 8, 3, -8, 8, 3, -7, 8, 3, -6, 8, 3, -5, 8, 3, -4, 8, 3, -3, 8, 3, -2, 8, 3, -1, 8, 3, 0, 8, 3, 1, 8, 3, 2, 8, 3, 3, 8, 3, 4, 8, 3, 5, 8, 3, 6, 8, 3, 7, 8, 3, 8, 8, 3, 9, 8, 4, -9, 8, 4, -8, 8, 4, -7, 8, 4, -6, 8, 4, -5, 8, 4, -4, 8, 4, -3, 8, 4, -2, 8, 4, -1, 8, 4, 0, 8, 4, 1, 8, 4, 2, 8, 4, 3, 8, 4, 4, 8, 4, 5, 8, 4, 6, 8, 4, 7, 8, 4, 8, 8, 4, 9, 8, 5, -9, 8, 5, -8, 8, 5, -7, 8, 5, -6, 8, 5, -5, 8, 5, -4, 8, 5, -3, 8, 5, -2, 8, 5, -1, 8, 5, 0, 8, 5, 1, 8, 5, 2, 8, 5, 3, 8, 5, 4, 8, 5, 5, 8, 5, 6, 8, 5, 7, 8, 5, 8, 8, 5, 9, 8, 6, -9, 8, 6, -8, 8, 6, -7, 8, 6, -6, 8, 6, -5, 8, 6, -4, 8, 6, -3, 8, 6, -2, 8, 6, -1, 8, 6, 0, 8, 6, 1, 8, 6, 2, 8, 6, 3, 8, 6, 4, 8, 6, 5, 8, 6, 6, 8, 6, 7, 8, 6, 8, 8, 6, 9, 8, 7, -9, 8, 7, -8, 8, 7, -7, 8, 7, -6, 8, 7, -5, 8, 7, -4, 8, 7, -3, 8, 7, -2, 8, 7, -1, 8, 7, 0, 8, 7, 1, 8, 7, 2, 8, 7, 3, 8, 7, 4, 8, 7, 5, 8, 7, 6, 8, 7, 7, 8, 7, 8, 8, 7, 9, 8, 8, -9, 8, 8, -8, 8, 8, -7, 8, 8, -6, 8, 8, -5, 8, 8, -4, 8, 8, -3, 8, 8, -2, 8, 8, -1, 8, 8, 0, 8, 8, 1, 8, 8, 2, 8, 8, 3, 8, 8, 4, 8, 8, 5, 8, 8, 6, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 8, 9, -9, 8, 9, -8, 8, 9, -7, 8, 9, -6, 8, 9, -5, 8, 9, -4, 8, 9, -3, 8, 9, -2, 8, 9, -1, 8, 9, 0, 8, 9, 1, 8, 9, 2, 8, 9, 3, 8, 9, 4, 8, 9, 5, 8, 9, 6, 8, 9, 7, 8, 9, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, -9, -9, 9, -9, -8, 9, -9, -7, 9, -9, -6, 9, -9, -5, 9, -9, -4, 9, -9, -3, 9, -9, -2, 9, -9, -1, 9, -9, 0, 9, -9, 1, 9, -9, 2, 9, -9, 3, 9, -9, 4, 9, -9, 5, 9, -9, 6, 9, -9, 7, 9, -9, 8, 9, -9, 9, 9, -8, -9, 9, -8, -8, 9, -8, -7, 9, -8, -6, 9, -8, -5, 9, -8, -4, 9, -8, -3, 9, -8, -2, 9, -8, -1, 9, -8, 0, 9, -8, 1, 9, -8, 2, 9, -8, 3, 9, -8, 4, 9, -8, 5, 9, -8, 6, 9, -8, 7, 9, -8, 8, 9, -8, 9, 9, -7, -9, 9, -7, -8, 9, -7, -7, 9, -7, -6, 9, -7, -5, 9, -7, -4, 9, -7, -3, 9, -7, -2, 9, -7, -1, 9, -7, 0, 9, -7, 1, 9, -7, 2, 9, -7, 3, 9, -7, 4, 9, -7, 5, 9, -7, 6, 9, -7, 7, 9, -7, 8, 9, -7, 9, 9, -6, -9, 9, -6, -8, 9, -6, -7, 9, -6, -6, 9, -6, -5, 9, -6, -4, 9, -6, -3, 9, -6, -2, 9, -6, -1, 9, -6, 0, 9, -6, 1, 9, -6, 2, 9, -6, 3, 9, -6, 4, 9, -6, 5, 9, -6, 6, 9, -6, 7, 9, -6, 8, 9, -6, 9, 9, -5, -9, 9, -5, -8, 9, -5, -7, 9, -5, -6, 9, -5, -5, 9, -5, -4, 9, -5, -3, 9, -5, -2, 9, -5, -1, 9, -5, 0, 9, -5, 1, 9, -5, 2, 9, -5, 3, 9, -5, 4, 9, -5, 5, 9, -5, 6, 9, -5, 7, 9, -5, 8, 9, -5, 9, 9, -4, -9, 9, -4, -8, 9, -4, -7, 9, -4, -6, 9, -4, -5, 9, -4, -4, 9, -4, -3, 9, -4, -2, 9, -4, -1, 9, -4, 0, 9, -4, 1, 9, -4, 2, 9, -4, 3, 9, -4, 4, 9, -4, 5, 9, -4, 6, 9, -4, 7, 9, -4, 8, 9, -4, 9, 9, -3, -9, 9, -3, -8, 9, -3, -7, 9, -3, -6, 9, -3, -5, 9, -3, -4, 9, -3, -3, 9, -3, -2, 9, -3, -1, 9, -3, 0, 9, -3, 1, 9, -3, 2, 9, -3, 3, 9, -3, 4, 9, -3, 5, 9, -3, 6, 9, -3, 7, 9, -3, 8, 9, -3, 9, 9, -2, -9, 9, -2, -8, 9, -2, -7, 9, -2, -6, 9, -2, -5, 9, -2, -4, 9, -2, -3, 9, -2, -2, 9, -2, -1, 9, -2, 0, 9, -2, 1, 9, -2, 2, 9, -2, 3, 9, -2, 4, 9, -2, 5, 9, -2, 6, 9, -2, 7, 9, -2, 8, 9, -2, 9, 9, -1, -9, 9, -1, -8, 9, -1, -7, 9, -1, -6, 9, -1, -5, 9, -1, -4, 9, -1, -3, 9, -1, -2, 9, -1, -1, 9, -1, 0, 9, -1, 1, 9, -1, 2, 9, -1, 3, 9, -1, 4, 9, -1, 5, 9, -1, 6, 9, -1, 7, 9, -1, 8, 9, -1, 9, 9, 0, -9, 9, 0, -8, 9, 0, -7, 9, 0, -6, 9, 0, -5, 9, 0, -4, 9, 0, -3, 9, 0, -2, 9, 0, -1, 9, 0, 0, 9, 0, 1, 9, 0, 2, 9, 0, 3, 9, 0, 4, 9, 0, 5, 9, 0, 6, 9, 0, 7, 9, 0, 8, 9, 0, 9, 9, 1, -9, 9, 1, -8, 9, 1, -7, 9, 1, -6, 9, 1, -5, 9, 1, -4, 9, 1, -3, 9, 1, -2, 9, 1, -1, 9, 1, 0, 9, 1, 1, 9, 1, 2, 9, 1, 3, 9, 1, 4, 9, 1, 5, 9, 1, 6, 9, 1, 7, 9, 1, 8, 9, 1, 9, 9, 2, -9, 9, 2, -8, 9, 2, -7, 9, 2, -6, 9, 2, -5, 9, 2, -4, 9, 2, -3, 9, 2, -2, 9, 2, -1, 9, 2, 0, 9, 2, 1, 9, 2, 2, 9, 2, 3, 9, 2, 4, 9, 2, 5, 9, 2, 6, 9, 2, 7, 9, 2, 8, 9, 2, 9, 9, 3, -9, 9, 3, -8, 9, 3, -7, 9, 3, -6, 9, 3, -5, 9, 3, -4, 9, 3, -3, 9, 3, -2, 9, 3, -1, 9, 3, 0, 9, 3, 1, 9, 3, 2, 9, 3, 3, 9, 3, 4, 9, 3, 5, 9, 3, 6, 9, 3, 7, 9, 3, 8, 9, 3, 9, 9, 4, -9, 9, 4, -8, 9, 4, -7, 9, 4, -6, 9, 4, -5, 9, 4, -4, 9, 4, -3, 9, 4, -2, 9, 4, -1, 9, 4, 0, 9, 4, 1, 9, 4, 2, 9, 4, 3, 9, 4, 4, 9, 4, 5, 9, 4, 6, 9, 4, 7, 9, 4, 8, 9, 4, 9, 9, 5, -9, 9, 5, -8, 9, 5, -7, 9, 5, -6, 9, 5, -5, 9, 5, -4, 9, 5, -3, 9, 5, -2, 9, 5, -1, 9, 5, 0, 9, 5, 1, 9, 5, 2, 9, 5, 3, 9, 5, 4, 9, 5, 5, 9, 5, 6, 9, 5, 7, 9, 5, 8, 9, 5, 9, 9, 6, -9, 9, 6, -8, 9, 6, -7, 9, 6, -6, 9, 6, -5, 9, 6, -4, 9, 6, -3, 9, 6, -2, 9, 6, -1, 9, 6, 0, 9, 6, 1, 9, 6, 2, 9, 6, 3, 9, 6, 4, 9, 6, 5, 9, 6, 6, 9, 6, 7, 9, 6, 8, 9, 6, 9, 9, 7, -9, 9, 7, -8, 9, 7, -7, 9, 7, -6, 9, 7, -5, 9, 7, -4, 9, 7, -3, 9, 7, -2, 9, 7, -1, 9, 7, 0, 9, 7, 1, 9, 7, 2, 9, 7, 3, 9, 7, 4, 9, 7, 5, 9, 7, 6, 9, 7, 7, 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 9, 9, 8, -9, 9, 8, -8, 9, 8, -7, 9, 8, -6, 9, 8, -5, 9, 8, -4, 9, 8, -3, 9, 8, -2, 9, 8, -1, 9, 8, 0, 9, 8, 1, 9, 8, 2, 9, 8, 3, 9, 8, 4, 9, 8, 5, 9, 8, 6, 9, 8, 7, 9, 8, 8, 9, 8, 9, 9, 9, -9, 9, 9, -8, 9, 9, -7, 9, 9, -6, 9, 9, -5, 9, 9, -4, 9, 9, -3, 9, 9, -2, 9, 9, -1, 9, 9, 0, 9, 9, 1, 9, 9, 2, 9, 9, 3, 9, 9, 4, 9, 9, 5, 9, 9, 6, 9, 9, 7, 9, 9, 8, 9, 9, 9]

start = time.time()
np.array(onp.array(alist))
print(time.time()-start) # takes 0.00053 seconds

start = time.time()
np.array(alist)
print(time.time()-start) # takes 23 seconds