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d5d91a8a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who must give the authentication order to the nuclear launch facilities if the President uses the nuclear football while away from the White House situation room? | Secretary of defense | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The United States has a two-man rule in place at nuclear launch facilities, and while only the president can order the release of nuclear weapons, the order must be verified by the secretary of defense to be an authentic order given by the president (there is a hierarchy of succession in the event that the president is killed in an attack )."
},
{
"text": "The nuclear football (also known as the atomic football, the president's emergency satchel, the Presidential Emergency Satchel,[1] the button, the black box, or just the football) is a briefcase, the contents of which are to be used by the President of the United States to authorize a nuclear attack while away from fixed command centers, such as the White House Situation Room or the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. It functions as a mobile hub in the strategic defense system of the United States. It is held by an aide-de-camp."
}
] |
d5d91ab20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | News and review are both types of what? | Aggregators | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. A review aggregator is a system that collects reviews of products and services (such as films, books, video games, software, hardware, and cars)."
},
{
"text": "In computing ,q a news aggregator, alsor termed ask bm feed aggregator, feed reader, news reader, RSS reader or simply an aggregator, is client software or a web application that aggregates syndicated web content such as online newspapers, blogs, podcasts, and video blogs (vlogs) in one location for easy viewing."
}
] |
d5d91ae40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the former name of the peer-reviewed medical journal that covers illnesses that are induced by another organism? | Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Infectious disease are illnesses induced by another organism. Such diseases range from mild to severe cases. The onset of infectious disease can be induced by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Several examples of infectious diseases are as follows: tuberculosis, chickenpox, mumps, meningitis, measles, and malaria."
},
{
"text": "Infectious Diseases (formerly Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases) is a peer-reviewed medical journal publishing original research and review articles on clinical and microbiological aspects of infectious diseases ."
}
] |
d5d91b340dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The biggest festival of Kerala is in honor of which great-great-grandson of a Brahmin sage named Kashyapa? | Mahabali | text | [] | [
{
"text": "According to the Hindu mythology, Mahabali was the great-great-grandson of a Brahmin sage named Kashyapa, the great-grandson of a demonic dictator, Hiranyakashipu, and the grandson of Vishnu devotee Prahlada. This links the festival to the Puranic mythology of Prahlada of Holika fame in Hinduism, who was the son of Hiranyakashipu."
},
{
"text": "The biggest festival of Kerala is Onam, celebrated in the remembrance of King Mahabali. Mahabali was described in ancient Indian texts as belonging to the Asura clan of Kings."
}
] |
d5d91b5c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The biggest festival of Kerala is in honor of which grandson of Vishnu devotee Prahlada? | Mahabali | text | [] | [
{
"text": "According to the Hindu mythology, Mahabali was the great-great-grandson of a Brahmin sage named Kashyapa, the great-grandson of a demonic dictator, Hiranyakashipu, and the grandson of Vishnu devotee Prahlada. This links the festival to the Puranic mythology of Prahlada of Holika fame in Hinduism, who was the son of Hiranyakashipu."
},
{
"text": "The biggest festival of Kerala is Onam, celebrated in the remembrance of King Mahabali. Mahabali was described in ancient Indian texts as belonging to the Asura clan of Kings."
}
] |
d5d91b840dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | ICC and Chukchi are both names of what? | Indigenous peoples | text | [] | [
{
"text": "ICC is one of the six Arctic indigenous peoples to have the status of Permanent Participant on the Arctic Council . The Inuit population includes the following groups and regions:"
},
{
"text": "Other Circumpolar North indigenous peoples include the Chukchi, Evenks, Inupiat, Khanty, Koryaks, Nenets, Sami, Yukaghir, and Yupik, who still refer to themselves as Eskimo which means \"snowshoe netters\", not \"raw meat eaters\" as it is sometimes mistakenly translated."
}
] |
d5d91bac0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What, also referred to as First people, Aboriginal people, Native people, or autochthonous people, Australians are people with familial heritage to groups that lived in Australia before British colonisation? | Indigenous | text | [] | [
{
"text": "For the entire Australian population, see Australians. Indigenous Australians are people with familial heritage to groups that lived in Australia before British colonisation. They include the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia."
},
{
"text": "Indigenous peoples, also referred to as First people, Aboriginal people, Native people, or autochthonous people, are culturally distinct ethnic groups who are native to a particular place."
}
] |
d5d91c240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who fought wars with nearly all his neighbours in attempts to extend his kingdom and became one of the most celebrated kings in the Indian history? | Bhoja. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "His kingdom was centered around the Malwa region in central India, where his capital Dhara-nagara (modern Dhar) was located. Bhoja fought wars with nearly all his neighbours in attempts to extend his kingdom, with varying degrees of success."
},
{
"text": "Because of his patronage to scholars, Bhoja became one of the most celebrated kings in the Indian history. After his death, he came to be featured in several legends as a righteous scholar-king. The body of legends clustered around him is comparable to that of the fabled Vikramaditya . Bhoja's father and predecessor was Sindhuraja."
}
] |
d5d91c4c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Mahendrapala and a devotee of Vishnu and adopted the title of Ādivarāha which is inscribed on some of his coins were both rulers of what dynasty? | Gurjara-Pratihara. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mihira Bhoja (c. 836–885 CE) or Bhoja I was a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of India. He succeeded his father Ramabhadra. Bhoja was a devotee of Vishnu and adopted the title of Ādivarāha which is inscribed on some of his coins."
},
{
"text": "Mahendrapala I (885–910) was a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, the son of Mihir Bhoja I and queen Candra-Bhatta-Rika-Devi. He was also mentioned on various inscriptions in Kathiawar, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh by names Mahindrapala, Mahendrayudha, Mahisapaladeva, and also Nirbhayaraja and Nirbhayanarendra in the plays of Rajasekhara."
}
] |
d5d91c740dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who is the goddess of love in the religion featuring a trinity known as the Trimurti? | Rati is the Hindu goddess of love. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Shiva is known as \"The Destroyer\" within the Trimurti, the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu. In the Shaivite tradition, Shiva is the Supreme Lord who creates, protects and transforms the universe."
},
{
"text": "Rati ( Sanskrit: रति, Rati) is the Hindu goddess of love, carnal desire, lust, passion and sexual pleasure. Usually described as the daughter of Prajapati Daksha, Rati is the female counterpart, the chief consort and the assistant of Kama (Kamadeva), the god of love."
}
] |
d5d91c9c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who is the god of love in the religion that includes the trinity of Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu? | Kama, or Kamadeva is the Hindu god of love. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Shiva is known as \"The Destroyer\" within the Trimurti, the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu. In the Shaivite tradition, Shiva is the Supreme Lord who creates, protects and transforms the universe."
},
{
"text": "Rati ( Sanskrit: रति, Rati) is the Hindu goddess of love, carnal desire, lust, passion and sexual pleasure. Usually described as the daughter of Prajapati Daksha, Rati is the female counterpart, the chief consort and the assistant of Kama (Kamadeva), the god of love."
}
] |
d5d91cf60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Mahavir Mandir is dedicated to a god who is the companion to what other god? | Mahavir Mandir is dedicated to Hanuman, who is a companion of Rama. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Tourists can visit Mahatma Gandhi Setu which is one of the longest bridges in the world and situated at Gaighat . Patna is a popular destination for people who are on pilgrimage . Mahavir Mandir, located in Patna, is one of the holiest Hindu temples dedicated to Hanuman."
},
{
"text": "Hanuman (/ˈhʌnʊˌmɑːn/; Sanskrit: हनुमान्, IAST: Hanumān)[6] is a Hindu god and divine vanara companion of the god Rama. Hanuman is one of the central characters of the Hindu epic Ramayana. He is an ardent devotee of Rama and one of the chiranjivis."
}
] |
d5d91d140dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The Veerateeswarar Temple is dedicated to the Battle of Shiva and elephant, and Shiva did what following the victory? | Shiva wore its skin as a garment. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Veerateeswarar Temple (also called Vazhuvur Veerateeswarar temple) is a Hindu temple located at Vazhuvur in Mayiladuthurai district of Tamil Nadu, India. The presiding deity is Shiva in the form of Veerateswarar and his consort is known as Bala Gujambigai."
},
{
"text": "According to Hindu mythology, once, some sages doubting the omnipotence of the god Shiva created an elephant and challenged the god to a duel.[1] Shiva took the form of Gajasamharamurti or \"slayer of the elephant\" and killed the elephant and wore its skin as a garment.[1] As per another version, the sages residing in Tharukavana wanted Shiva to repent for his act of coming as Bhikshatana and inducing their wives to get them into conjugal mood. They created an elephant to fight against Shiva. Shiva tore open the elephant, whose skin started burning. The elephant fell in the Panchamuga tank opposite to the temple."
}
] |
d5d91d460dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The ethnically Melanesian people who also inhabited the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula have inhabited their territory for how many years? | The Torres Strait Islands have been inhabited by the indigenous Torres Strait Islanders for 70,000 years. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Indigenous inhabitants of the Torres Strait Islands are the Torres Strait Islanders, an ethnically Melanesian people who also inhabited the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula. They are ethnically and linguistically distinct from the Aboriginal people of Australia . There was continuous inter-island warfare."
},
{
"text": "The Torres Strait Islands have been inhabited by the indigenous Torres Strait Islanders for 70,000 years.[2] Lieutenant James Cook first claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at Possession Island in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part of Queensland, a constituent State of the Commonwealth of Australia, but are administered by the Torres Strait Regional Authority, a statutory authority of the Australian federal government."
}
] |
d5d91d640dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What type of person administers Malegaon Budruk and Adhale Budruk? | Both of these places are administrated by an elected representative called a sarpanch. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Malegaon Budruk is a village and gram panchayat in India, situated in Baramati taluka of Pune district in the state of Maharashtra. It encompasses an area of 772 ha (1,910 acres). The village is administrated by a sarpanch, an elected representative who leads a gram panchayat."
},
{
"text": "Adhale Budruk is a village and gram panchayat in India, situated in Mawal taluka of Pune district in the state of Maharashtra. It encompasses an area of 872 ha (2,155 acres). The village is administrated by a sarpanch, an elected representative who leads a gram panchayat."
}
] |
d5d91db40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The state of Maharashtra, India has a long tradition of what form of theatre often with singing and dancing? | Tamasha. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The region of Maharashtra, has had a long theatrical tradition, one of the early references was found in the cave inscriptions at Nashik by Gautami Balashri, the mother of the 1st-century Satavahana ruler, Gautamiputras Satakarni. The inscription mentions him organizing Utsava and Samaja, forms off theatrical entertainment for his subjects."
},
{
"text": "Tamasha (Marathi: तमाशा) is a traditional form of Marathi theatre, often with singing and dancing, widely performed by local or travelling theatre groups within the state of Maharashtra, India.[1] It has also been the subject of several Marathi films. Some Hindi movies have also included Tamasha-themed songs, known as Lavanis, in the past."
}
] |
d5d91ddc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The village famous for the Bhagavathi Temple has a population made up mostly of people of what religious following? | Kothakulangara has a mostly Hindu population. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Kothakulangara is famous for the Bhagavathi Temple which comes under Travencore Devaswaom Board. The wealth it possessed caused Devaswam Board upgraded this temple to a Major Temple. Bhagavathy in this temple is very powerful."
},
{
"text": "Kothakulangara is a village in Kerala, India, situated 400 m (¼ mile) north of Angamali town on the National Highway 47, in Ernakulam District, Kerala, India. Wards No 2, 3 and 4 of Angamali Municipality are included in Kothakulangara.Kothakulangara has a mostly Hindu population. Famous Hindu Nair Families live there. It has more than 400 houses. Most residents are related to each other. Orma Marble Palace is situated at Kothakulangara."
}
] |
d5d91e040dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The temple near Harippad, Alappuzha,Kerala and which is one of the oldest temples in Kerala is dedicated to what deity associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction and wars. | Vettikulangara Devi Temple Cheppad is dedicated to Durga Devi. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Vettikulangara Devi Temple Cheppad near Harippad, Alappuzha, Kerala is one of the oldest temples in Kerala.This temple is dedicated to Durga Devi and the goddess is also known as Karthiyayini Devi. From ancient times, people have worshiped Lord Mahadeva."
},
{
"text": "Durga (Sanskrit: दुर्गा, IAST: Durgā) is a major deity in Hinduism. She is worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Devi and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction and wars.[7][8][9] Her legend centres around combating evils and demonic forces that threaten peace, prosperity, and Dharma the power of good over evil.[8][10] Durga is believed to unleash her divine wrath against the wicked for the liberation of the oppressed, and entails destruction to empower creation.[11]"
}
] |
d5d91e2c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where can you visit the statue that is an image of an American Indian brave with a bald eagle on his shoulder, and is the largest bronze statue in the world with an interior observation deck? | Nowhere - as of 2016, The American remains unbuilt. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "According to the proposal, The American, designed in the image of an American Indian brave with a bald eagle on his shoulder, will rise 60 ft (20 m) taller than the Statue of Liberty, and will be the largest bronze statue in the world with an interior observation deck."
},
{
"text": "According to a statement by developers in Spring 2007, The American was anticipated to break ground in late 2007 and be completed in 2011. It was originally intended for the 100th anniversary of Oklahoma's admission as a U.S. state in 1907.[1][2][3] However, as of 2016, the project remained unbuilt. In April 2011, the Osage Nation appropriated $2.5 million as a potential contribution toward the project, but the tribe's investment entity then decided not to accept the appropriation."
}
] |
d5d91e540dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The legendary creature that has the head of a human, the body of a lion and a tail of venomous spines was called what by the Greeks? | The Greeks called the manticore androphagos, which also means "man-eater | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The English term \"manticore\" was borrowed from Latin mantichora, itself derived from the Greek rendering of the Persian name, μαρτιχόρας, martichoras. The Greeks called it androphagos ( ἀνδροφάγος ), which also means \"man-eater\"."
},
{
"text": "The manticore or mantichore (Early Middle Persian: merthykhuwar; Persian: مردخوار mardykhor) is a Persian legendary creature similar to the Egyptian sphinx that proliferated in western European medieval art as well. It has the head of a human, the body of a lion and a tail of venomous spines similar to porcupine quills, while other depictions have it with the tail of a scorpion. There are some accounts that the spines can be shot like arrows, thus making the manticore a lethal predator. It devours its prey whole, using its triple rows of teeth, leaving no traces of its victims (including bones) behind."
}
] |
d5d91e7c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What people that are believed to have indigenous people of Mexico and El Salvador comprise the largest indigenous group in Mexico and second largest group in El Salvador? | Nahuas | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Nahuas ( / ˈnɑːwɑːz /) are a group of the indigenous people of Mexico and El Salvador, historically also present in parts of Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The Nahuas comprise the largest indigenous group in Mexico and second largest group in El Salvador."
},
{
"text": "It is suggested that the Nahua peoples originated in Aridoamerica, in regions of the present day Mexican states of Durango and Nayarit. They split off from the other Uto-Aztecan speaking peoples and migrated into central Mexico around 500 CE."
}
] |
d5d91ea40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The section of paper removed by the office tool used for the purpose of collecting the sheets in a binder or folder does to paper would be known as a what? | A chad | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Each chad is about 3 mm ( 1⁄8 in) long. Chad refers to fragments sometimes created when holes are made in a paper, card or similar synthetic materials, such as computer punched tape or punched cards. The word \"chad\" has been used both as a mass noun (as in \"a pile of chad\") and as a countable noun (pluralizing as in \"many chads\")."
},
{
"text": "For the technique used in computer networks, see Hole punching (networking). A hole punch, also known as hole puncher, or paper puncher, is an office tool that is used to create holes in sheets of paper, often for the purpose of collecting the sheets in a binder or folder."
}
] |
d5d91ecc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Watson and Crick produced their double helix model of what, of which 2-deoxyribose derivatives are a component? | DNA | text | [] | [
{
"text": "After realizing the structural similarity of the A:T and C:G pairs, Watson and Crick soon produced their double helix model of DNA with the hydrogen bonds at the core of the helix providing a way to unzip the two complementary strands for easy replication: the last key requirement for a likely model of the genetic molecule."
},
{
"text": "As a component of DNA, 2-deoxyribose derivatives have an important role in biology. The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, which is the main repository of genetic information in life, consists of a long chain of deoxyribose-containing units called nucleotides, linked via phosphate groups."
}
] |
d5d91f1c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which hematological disorder of human chromosome 5 should not be confused with "partial trisomy 5q"? | Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "This chromosome abnormality is most commonly associated with the myelodysplastic syndrome . It should not be confused with \"partial trisomy 5q\", though both conditions have been observed in the same family."
},
{
"text": "Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome is an acquired, hematological disorder characterized by loss of part of the long arm ( q arm, band 5q33.1) of human chromosome 5 in bone marrow myelocyte cells. This chromosome abnormality is most commonly associated with the myelodysplastic syndrome ."
}
] |
d5d91f4e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What types of enzymes are involved in DNA repair mechanisms in bacteria and may be template dependent or template independent? | DNA Polymerase. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "DNA Polymerase V ( Pol V) is a polymerase enzyme involved in DNA repair mechanisms in bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. It is composed of a UmuD' homodimer and a UmuC monomer, forming the UmuD'2C protein complex. It is part of the Y-family of DNA Polymerases, which are capable of performing DNA translesion synthesis (TLS)."
},
{
"text": "A DNA polymerase from the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus ( Taq) ( PDB 1BGX, EC 2.7.7.7) is used in the polymerase chain reaction, an important technique of molecular biology . A polymerase may be template dependent or template independent."
}
] |
d5d920160dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity are both located where? | The ear | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Right eardrum as seen through a speculum. In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear."
},
{
"text": "The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound . On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum)."
}
] |
d5d920660dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | EIF3M and F3 are both names of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The F3 gene encodes coagulation factor III, which is a cell surface glycoprotein. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII."
},
{
"text": "Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit M ( eIF3m) also known as PCI domain containing 1 (herpesvirus entry mediator) ( PCID1 ), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3M gene."
}
] |
d5d920840dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | EIF3M and F3 both are responsible for what? | Encoding | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The F3 gene encodes coagulation factor III, which is a cell surface glycoprotein. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII."
},
{
"text": "Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit M ( eIF3m) also known as PCI domain containing 1 (herpesvirus entry mediator) ( PCID1 ), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3M gene."
}
] |
d5d920ac0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Repetitive genetic elements and mutations both involve what? | DNA | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Repetitive genetic elements such as transposable elements offer one source of repetitive DNA that can facilitate recombination, and they are often found at duplication breakpoints in plants and mammals. Replication slippage is an error in DNA replication that can produce duplications of short genetic sequences."
},
{
"text": "Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce detectable changes in the observable characteristics ( phenotype) of an organism."
}
] |
d5d920d40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Y chromosome microdeletion and mutations have what in common, with regards to their noticeability? | They sometimes have no noticeable effects. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce detectable changes in the observable characteristics ( phenotype) of an organism."
},
{
"text": "Y chromosome microdeletion (YCM) is a family of genetic disorders caused by missing gene (s) in the Y chromosome. Many men with YCM exhibit no symptoms and lead normal lives. However, YCM is also known to be present in a significant number of men with reduced fertility."
}
] |
d5d921060dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Posterior auricular and inferior anterior auricular are both names of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The arteries of the face and scalp. The auricular branch of posterior auricular artery is a small artery in the head."
},
{
"text": "\"The superior and the inferior anterior auricular artery provided the vascular supply to the helical rim, forming an arcade, i.e. helical rim arcade. On the superior third of the helical rim another arcade was confirmed between the superior anterior auricular artery and the posterior auricular artery (PAA), i.e. the helical arcade."
}
] |
d5d9212e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Superior anterior auricular, posterior auricular and inferior anterior are all names of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The arteries of the face and scalp. The auricular branch of posterior auricular artery is a small artery in the head."
},
{
"text": "\"The superior and the inferior anterior auricular artery provided the vascular supply to the helical rim, forming an arcade, i.e. helical rim arcade. On the superior third of the helical rim another arcade was confirmed between the superior anterior auricular artery and the posterior auricular artery (PAA), i.e. the helical arcade."
}
] |
d5d921560dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How many proteins can the neuron with a small cell body that is located in the koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus have? | They can have 3 proteins. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Koniocellular cells are a heterogeneous population differing in many aspects, such as response properties and connectivity. K cells are neurochemically and anatomically distinct from M and P cells. There are three proteins by which K cells can be clearly distinguished:"
},
{
"text": "Koniocellular neurons not labeled, but are present between the layers. A koniocellular cell (konio: Greek, dust or poison, also known as K cell) is a neuron with a small cell body that is located in the koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in primates, including humans."
}
] |
d5d9217e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the center point of the danger triangle of the face where the human philtrum is placed below it? | The nose. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "For humans and most primates, the philtrum survives only as a vestigial medial depression between the nose and upper lip. The human philtrum, bordered by ridges, also is known as the infranasal depression, but has no apparent function."
},
{
"text": "The danger triangle of the face is a triangle with two corners at both corners of the mouth and one corner in the middle of the nose between the eyes. The way the blood flows to the human nose is special, so it is possible (but very unlikely) for infections to spread directly to the brain from a cut, scratch or a popped pimple."
}
] |
d5d921d80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity is the ability of neural networks to change through growth and reorganization in what organ that brings confusion when it is not getting enough blood and oxygen? | The brain | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity, or brain plasticity, is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. These changes range from individual neuron pathways making new connections, to systematic adjustments like cortical remapping."
},
{
"text": "Acute causes of confusion usually come on suddenly, and doctors may be able to fix some of them. In medicine, the acronym AEIOU-TIPS is used to remember the most common causes of confusion that comes on suddenly (over hours or days, not years): Confusion can also happen when the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen."
}
] |
d5d921f60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What organ of mammals contains the piriform cortical regions and the olfactory bulb that connects to many regions of it? | The brain. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "(Olfactory tract visible at left.) The olfactory tract is a bilateral bundle of afferent nerve fibers from the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb that connects to several target regions in the brain, including the piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex."
},
{
"text": "Sometimes called the olfactory cortex, olfactory lobe or paleopallium, piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals . The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area."
}
] |
d5d9221e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which tract of the bilateral bundle of afferent nerve fibers from the mitral is directed across the lateral part? | The lateral olfactory stria. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "(Olfactory tract visible at left.) The olfactory tract is a bilateral bundle of afferent nerve fibers from the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb that connects to several target regions in the brain, including the piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex."
},
{
"text": "(Lateral olfactory stria not visible, but olfactory tract visible at left.) The lateral olfactory stria is directed across the lateral part of the anterior perforated substance and then bends abruptly medially toward the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus ."
}
] |
d5d922780dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The medial pterygoid and the sphincter -like nasalis are both types of what? | Muscles. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The medial pterygoid (or internal pterygoid muscle ), is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication . The mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, innervates the medial pterygoid muscle."
},
{
"text": "The nasalis is a sphincter -like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilages. It is the muscle responsible for \"flaring\" of the nostrils. Some people can use it to close the nostrils to prevent entry of water when underwater."
}
] |
d5d922a00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What kind of human structure has a Geist classification, and has the navicular region in the front feet? | The bones. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Geist classification divides the accessory navicular bones into three types. Type 1: An os tibiale externum is a 2–3 mm sesamoid bone in the distal posterior tibialis tendon. Usually asymptomatic."
},
{
"text": "The navicular region is an important structure in relation to lameness, particularly in the front feet, and is involved with a significant disease process called navicular disease or navicular syndrome."
}
] |
d5d922c80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What structure does the middle cerebellar peduncles connect to that has the griseum pontis within it? | The pons. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The pontine nuclei (or griseum pontis) are the nuclei of the pons involved in motor activity. The pontine nuclei are located in the ventral pons."
},
{
"text": "(Middle peduncle labeled at upper right.) The middle cerebellar peduncles ( brachium pontis) are paired structures (left and right) that connect the cerebellum to the pons and are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, i.e. incoming fibers. The fibers arise from the pontine nucleus to the opposite hemisphere of the cerebellar cortex."
}
] |
d5d9230e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The intermediate cutaneous nerve pierces the fascia lata about 7.5 cm below the Inguinal what, an example of which is the anterior tibiofibular? | Ligament | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus ( anterior tibiofibular ligament or anterior inferior ligament) is a flat, trapezoidal band of fibers, broader below than above, which extends obliquely downward and lateralward between the adjacent margins of the tibia and fibula, on the front aspect of the syndesmosis ."
},
{
"text": "The intermediate cutaneous nerve ( middle cutaneous nerve) pierces the fascia lata (and generally the sartorius) about 7.5 cm below the inguinal ligament, and divides into two branches which descend in immediate proximity along the forepart of the thigh, to supply the skin as low as the front of the knee."
}
] |
d5d923360dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The mesentery is the part of the peritoneum through which most abdominal organs are attached to to what object that represents the boundary of the abdominal cavity? | The abdominal wall | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In anatomy, the abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall is split into the anterolateral and posterior walls."
},
{
"text": "The mesentery is the part of the peritoneum through which most abdominal organs are attached to the abdominal wall and supplied with blood and lymph vessels and nerves. The right free margin-hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct,lymph nodes and the lymph vessels,hepatic plexus of nerve,all enclosed in perivascular fibrous sheath."
}
] |
d5d9235e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The fan-shaped muscle, arising from the outer surface of the ilium and the gluteus maximus make up what part of the body? | The buttocks. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Gluteus minimus and the origins and insertions of medius and maximus labeled The gluteal muscles are a group of three muscles which make up the buttocks: the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. The three muscles originate from the ilium and sacrum and insert on the femur."
},
{
"text": "Medial rotation of thigh. Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions with gluteus minimus muscle highlighted. It is fan-shaped, arising from the outer surface of the ilium, between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, and behind, from the margin of the greater sciatic notch ."
}
] |
d5d923860dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Chromatin is a complex of what, whose backbone is made from alternating phosphate and sugar groups? | DNA. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A biopolymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides (as in DNA) is called a polynucleotide. The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar groups. The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose, which is a pentose (five- carbon) sugar."
},
{
"text": "Chromatin is a complex of DNA, protein and RNA found in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is packaging long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures."
}
] |
d5d923e00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What species of early humans that developed out of australopithecine ancestors evolved around 2.8 million years ago? | Homo habilis. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The earliest humans developed out of australopithecine ancestors after about 3 million years ago, most likely in Eastern Africa, most likely in the area of the Kenyan Rift Valley, where the oldest known stone tools were found."
},
{
"text": "The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved around 2.8 million years ago from Australopithicus. H. erectus were the first of the hominina to leave Africa, between 1.3 and 1.8 million years ago."
}
] |
d5d924080dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Approximately how long ago did one of the earliest humans evolve that developed out of australopithecine ancestors get documented as a representative of the genus Homo? | Around 2.8 million years ago. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The earliest humans developed out of australopithecine ancestors after about 3 million years ago, most likely in Eastern Africa, most likely in the area of the Kenyan Rift Valley, where the oldest known stone tools were found."
},
{
"text": "The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved around 2.8 million years ago from Australopithicus. H. erectus were the first of the hominina to leave Africa, between 1.3 and 1.8 million years ago."
}
] |
d5d924300dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The floor of the mouth receives its blood supply from what artery that arises from the external carotid artery between the superior thyroid artery and facial artery? | The lingual artery | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The lingual artery arises from the external carotid artery between the superior thyroid artery and facial artery. It can be located easily in the tongue . Depiction of the neck with muscles and arteries shown. The lingual artery arises from the external carotid artery"
},
{
"text": "The lingual veins drain into the internal jugular vein. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery. There is also a secondary blood supply to the root of tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery ."
}
] |
d5d924580dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What prehensile, appendage of the human or other animal body extends from the scapulae and clavicles down to the digits? | A limb. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. A limb (from the Old English lim ), or extremity, is a jointed, or prehensile, appendage of the human or other animal body. In the human body, the arms and the legs are commonly called the upper limbs and lower limbs respectively, to include part of the shoulder and hip girdles."
},
{
"text": "The upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs of an upright-postured tetrapod vertebrate, extending from the scapulae and clavicles down to and including the digits, including all the musculatures and ligaments involved with the shoulder, elbow, wrist and knuckle joints."
}
] |
d5d924800dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are the two types of pectoralis muscle? | Minor and Major | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Upper and lower limits labeled. The pectoralis minor muscle is used as a landmark for dividing the axillary artery into three parts. In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb."
},
{
"text": "They lie in the groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and receive superficial lymph vessels from the lateral side of the hand, forearm, and arm. Apical group: Lying at the apex of the axilla at the lateral border of the 1st rib, these nodes receive the efferent lymph vessels from all the other axillary nodes."
}
] |
d5d924a80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Axillary and vertebral are both types of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Upper and lower limits labeled. The pectoralis minor muscle is used as a landmark for dividing the axillary artery into three parts. In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb."
},
{
"text": "The vertebral artery may be divided into four parts: The first (preforaminal) part runs upward and backward between the Longus colli and the Scalenus anterior. In front of it are the internal jugular and vertebral veins, and it is crossed by the inferior thyroid artery; the left vertebral is crossed by the thoracic duct also."
}
] |
d5d924da0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are the tooth-bearing bones in humans sometimes articulates with the orbital surface? | The maxilla. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, the maxilla consists of: Each maxilla articulates with nine bones: seven of the face: the nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, vomer, and the adjacent fused maxilla. Sometimes it articulates with the orbital surface, and sometimes with the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid ."
},
{
"text": "In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The curved part of each alveolar process on the jaw is called the alveolar arch . Left maxilla."
}
] |
d5d9252a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose has a gene family that is the largest in the genome? | Olfactory receptors. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms."
},
{
"text": "Olfactory receptor 6A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR6A2 gene. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell."
}
] |
d5d925520dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Regarding the receptor in the gene family that is the largest in the genome, what types of molecules does it interact with in the nose? | Odorants. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms."
},
{
"text": "Olfactory receptor 6A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR6A2 gene. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell."
}
] |
d5d9257a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The role of lipoprotein particles is to transport what molecules, which share part of their name with the acid that has the ability to prevent gastric lipase from hydrolyzing more triglycerides? | Fat | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The role of lipoprotein particles is to transport fat molecules, such as triacylglycerols (also known as triglycerides ), phospholipids, and cholesterol within the extracellular water of the body to all the cells and tissues of the body."
},
{
"text": "Gastric lipase hydrolyzes the ester bonds of triglycerides in the stomach. Fatty acids and diacylglycerols are produced from this reaction. The long chain free fatty acids have the ability to prevent gastric lipase from hydrolyzing more triglycerides. In this case, gastric acid will be responsible for less than 30% of lipid hydrolysis."
}
] |
d5d925a20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In the sympathetic prevertebral chain that processes catecholamines, what are some organs that their postganglionic axons innervate? | The stomach, liver, and gallbladder. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "These ganglia contain neurons whose postganglionic axons innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small intestine, and the ascending and transverse colon. They directly innervate the ovarian theca and secondary interstitial cells and exert an indirect action on the luteal cells."
},
{
"text": "The celiac ganglion is part of the sympathetic prevertebral chain possessing a great variety of specific receptors and neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, neuropeptides, and nitric oxide and constitutes a modulation center in the pathway of the afferent and efferent fibers between the central nervous system and the ovary."
}
] |
d5d925c00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | ABCC11 and FMR1 chromosomes in the human body are both types of what? | Genes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Location of FMR1 on the X chromosome. FMR1 ( fragile X mental retardation 1) is a human gene that codes for a protein called fragile X mental retardation protein, or FMRP. This protein, most commonly found in the brain, is essential for normal cognitive development and female reproductive function."
},
{
"text": "A SNP in the ABCC11 gene on chromosome 16 at base position 538 of either a guanine or adenine determines two distinct groups of phenotypes. These respectively code for glycine and arginine in the gene's protein product. Dominant inheritance of the GG or GA genotype is observed while the AA genotype is recessive."
}
] |
d5d925e80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Hepatic and celiac are both types of what? | Plexus | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The hepatic plexus, the largest offset from the celiac plexus, receives filaments from the left vagus and right phrenic nerves . It accompanies the hepatic artery, ramifying upon its branches, and upon those of the portal vein in the substance of the liver . Branches from this plexus accompany all the divisions of the hepatic artery."
},
{
"text": "The celiac plexus proper consists of the celiac ganglia with a network of interconnecting fibers. The aorticorenal ganglia are often considered to be part of the celiac ganglia, and thus, part of the plexus."
}
] |
d5d926100dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Hydrochloric and gastric are both types of what? | Acid | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Gastric juice is an acidic fluid containing hydrochloric acid and the digestive enzyme pepsin. The glands contains a number of cells, with the function of the glands changing depending on their position within the stomach. Within the body and fundus of the stomach lie the fundic glands."
},
{
"text": "The gastric mucosal barrier is the property of the stomach that allows it to safely contain the gastric acid required for digestion. If the barrier is broken, as by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) in acid solution, acid diffuses back into the mucosa where it can cause damage to the stomach itself."
}
] |
d5d926380dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Acetylsalicylic, Hydrochloric and gastric are all types of what? | Acids | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Gastric juice is an acidic fluid containing hydrochloric acid and the digestive enzyme pepsin. The glands contains a number of cells, with the function of the glands changing depending on their position within the stomach. Within the body and fundus of the stomach lie the fundic glands."
},
{
"text": "The gastric mucosal barrier is the property of the stomach that allows it to safely contain the gastric acid required for digestion. If the barrier is broken, as by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) in acid solution, acid diffuses back into the mucosa where it can cause damage to the stomach itself."
}
] |
d5d926880dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell in what creature also called Metazoa? | Animals | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Pha. Animals (also called Metazoa) are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development."
},
{
"text": "The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall."
}
] |
d5d926d80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What thin, annular structure in the eye is a coloured muscularly operated diaphragm that controls the amount of light entering the eye? | The iris. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, annular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Eye color is defined by that of the iris."
},
{
"text": "The iris is a coloured muscularly operated diaphragm in front of the lens which controls the amount of light entering the eye. At the centre of the iris is the pupil, the variable circular area through which the light passes into the eye."
}
] |
d5d927500dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Chromosome 15q partial deletion results when the long ("q") arm of one copy of chromosome 15 is what, defined as a mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication? | Deleted | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Chromosome 15q partial deletion is a rare human genetic disorder, caused by a chromosomal aberration in which the long (\"q\") arm of one copy of chromosome 15 is deleted, or partially deleted."
},
{
"text": "In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome."
}
] |
d5d927d20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | (PTP) shares the last portion of its name with what family that a product of the ACP1 gene belongs to? | phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), non-receptor type 5, also known as STEP (STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase), was the first brain-specific PTP discovered.[5] The human STEP locus maps to chromosome 11p15.2-p15.1 and the murine STEP gene to chromosome 7B3-B5.[7]"
},
{
"text": "Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACP1 gene . The product of this gene belongs to the phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family of proteins."
}
] |
d5d927fa0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Semilunar and mitral are both types of what? | Valves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Many involve stenosis of the semilunar valves or regurgitation of the atrioventricular valves . Mid-systolic ejection murmurs are due to blood flow through the semilunar valves. They occur at the start of blood ejection — which starts after S1 — and ends with the cessation of the blood flow — which is before S2."
},
{
"text": "During systole, contraction of the left ventricle causes abnormal backflow (arrow) into the left atrium. Mitral regurgitation (MR), also known as mitral insufficiency, or mitral incompetence is a form of valvular heart disease in which the mitral valve does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood."
}
] |
d5d928720dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What separated the upper and lower temporal fenestrae at the rear part of the skull in the node-based taxon including crocodylomorphs and several more basal Triassic pseudosuchian groups? | The postorbital - squamosal bar | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Instead, Sereno listed a single synapomorphy for Suchia. The postorbital - squamosal bar, which separates the upper and lower temporal fenestrae at the rear part of the skull, is short. This has the effect of making the lower temporal fenestra triangular in shape."
},
{
"text": "Suchia, therefore, is a node-based taxon including crocodylomorphs and several more basal Triassic pseudosuchian groups. Such groups include Gracilisuchidae, Revueltosaurus, Aetosauria, Ticinosuchus, Poposauroidea, Loricata, and possibly Erpetosuchidae, Koilamasuchus, Nundasuchus, and/or Euscolosuchus."
}
] |
d5d928b80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Sebaceous, Eccrine and ceruminous are all types of what? | Glands | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Their secretory part is present deep inside the dermis . Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the \"acrosyringium\"; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis. The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore."
},
{
"text": "A ceruminous adenoma is a benign glandular neoplasm which arises from the ceruminous glands located within the external auditory canal. These glands are found within the outer one third to one half of the external auditory canal, more common along the posterior surface; therefore, the tumor develops within a very specific location."
},
{
"text": "It appears on the skin surface mixed with sebum, as sebaceous glands open into the same hair follicle. Unlike eccrine sweat glands, which secrete continuously, the apocrine glands secrete in periodic spurts."
}
] |
d5d928e00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The word labium is used to describe any structure that resembles what part of the human body that the vestibular sulcus separates the cheeks from? | Lips. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Labium and its derivatives (including labial, labrum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva . Left: In their resting state, the labia protect the inner areas of the vulva. Right: Spreading the labia apart exposes inner areas of the vulva."
},
{
"text": "In the 7th week in utero, the primary epithelial band cells continue to proliferate and invaginate. They then degenerate to form the vestibular sulcus that separates the lips and cheeks from the jaw and teeth, hence forming the vestibular lamina at the buccal/labial side of the oral cavity."
}
] |
d5d929080dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A pennate and rectus femoris are both types of what? | Muscles | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A pennate or pinnate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a type of skeletal muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. This type of muscle generally allows higher force production but a smaller range of motion When a muscle contracts and shortens, the pennation angle increases."
},
{
"text": "The rectus femoris, a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called multipennate (Fig. 1C), as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder ."
}
] |
d5d929800dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | BACH2 and ADRB2 are both names of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The official symbol for the human gene encoding the β 2 adrenoreceptor is ADRB2. The ADRB2 gene is intronless. Different polymorphic forms, point mutations, and/or downregulation of this gene are associated with nocturnal asthma, obesity and type 2 diabetes."
},
{
"text": "Transcription regulator protein BACH2 (broad complex-tramtrack-bric a brac and Cap'n'collar homology 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BACH2 gene. It contains a BTB/POZ domain at its N-terminus which forms a disulphide-linked dimer and a bZip_Maf domain at the C-terminus."
}
] |
d5d9299e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue is an example of what? | Arachnodactyly | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Examples include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, Loeys–Dietz syndrome, congenital contractural arachnodactyly, and homocystinuria . Arachnodactyly has been linked to mutations in both fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 genes."
},
{
"text": "Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue.[1] Those with the condition tend to be tall and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes.[1] They also typically have overly-flexible joints and scoliosis.[1] The most serious complications involve the heart and aorta, with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm.[1][5] The lungs, eyes, bones, and the covering of the spinal cord are also commonly affected.[1] The severity of the symptoms of MFS is variable.[1]"
}
] |
d5d92a3e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The syndrome of what is rare compared to carpal tunnel syndrome and can have the tendon afflicted going under a tendon transfer for radial nerve palsy patients? | Pronator teres syndrome. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Pronator teres syndrome is a compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the elbow. It is rare compared to compression at the wrist ( carpal tunnel syndrome) or isolated injury of the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve ( anterior interosseous syndrome )."
},
{
"text": "In C5 tetraplegia or radial nerve palsy patients, pronator teres tendon can be rerouted, so called tendon transfer, to extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon to restore wrist extension."
}
] |
d5d92a660dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How can humans prevent disease of the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks? | Cleaning the exterior. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "To prevent diseases of the anus and to promote general hygiene, humans often clean the exterior of the anus after emptying the bowels. A rinse with water from a bidet or a wipe with toilet paper is often used for this purpose, though anal cleansing practices vary greatly between cultures."
},
{
"text": "The anus is the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system (including the organs that digest food), where feces or stool comes out of the body. The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: anus."
}
] |
d5d92a8e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What end of the gastrointestinal system may be rinsed with water from a bidet or wiped with toilet paper? | The anus. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "To prevent diseases of the anus and to promote general hygiene, humans often clean the exterior of the anus after emptying the bowels. A rinse with water from a bidet or a wipe with toilet paper is often used for this purpose, though anal cleansing practices vary greatly between cultures."
},
{
"text": "The anus is the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system (including the organs that digest food), where feces or stool comes out of the body. The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: anus."
}
] |
d5d92ade0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | GSEA is a method for identifying classes of what, of which a tumor suppressor is a variety? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Many tumor suppressors work to regulate the cycle at specific checkpoints in order to prevent damaged cells from replicating. A tumor suppressor gene, or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. If the cell grows uncontrollably, it will result in cancer."
},
{
"text": "Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) (also functional enrichment analysis) is a method to identify classes of genes or proteins that are over-represented in a large set of genes or proteins, and may have an association with disease phenotypes."
}
] |
d5d92b2e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In adults, what is the diameter of the structure that is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera called accommodation? | 10 mm. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In the adult, the lens is typically circa 10 mm in diameter and has an axial length of about 4 mm, though it is important to note that the size and shape can change due to accommodation and because the lens continues to grow throughout a person's lifetime."
},
{
"text": "Accommodation is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera via movement of its lenses. The lens is more flat on its anterior side than on its posterior side. Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens."
}
] |
d5d92b740dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Circumflex femoral, Internal pudendal, and inferior gluteal are all types of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It passes down on the sacral plexus of nerves and the piriformis muscle, behind the internal pudendal artery, to the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen, through which it escapes from the pelvis between the piriformis and coccygeus ."
},
{
"text": "The cruciate anastomosis is a circulatory anastomosis in the upper thigh of the inferior gluteal artery, the lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries, and the first perforating artery of the profunda femoris artery. Also, the anastomotic branch of the posterior branch of the obturator artery."
}
] |
d5d92b9c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The proteins ClC-Ka and chloride transport protein 6 which are encoded by CLCNKA and CLCN6 respectively, are both kinds of what? | Genes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Chloride channel protein ClC-Ka is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLCNKA gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."
},
{
"text": "Chloride transport protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLCN6 gene. The CLCN family of voltage-dependent chloride channel genes comprises nine members (CLCN1-7, Ka and Kb) which demonstrate quite diverse functional characteristics while sharing significant sequence homology."
}
] |
d5d92bc40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Mitochondrial translational release factor 1 encodes a what, the termination of the biosynthesis of which along with the release of the nascent polypeptide chain are signaled by the presence of an in-frame stop codon at the aminoacyl site of the ribosome? | Protein | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mitochondrial translational release factor 1, also known as MTRF1 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene directs the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons."
},
{
"text": "In eukaryotes and archaea, this is the sole class 1 release factor (eRF) which recognizes all three stop codons. The overall process of termination is similar in bacteria, but in the latter 2 separate codon-recognizing release factors exist, RF1 and RF2."
}
] |
d5d92bec0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In eukaryotes and archaea, there is one sole class 1 release factor (eRF) which recognizes all three what, whose in-frame presence signals termination of protein biosynthesis and release of the nascent polypeptide chain? | Stop codons | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In eukaryotes and archaea, this is the sole class 1 release factor (eRF) which recognizes all three stop codons. The overall process of termination is similar in bacteria, but in the latter 2 separate codon-recognizing release factors exist, RF1 and RF2."
},
{
"text": "Termination of protein biosynthesis and release of the nascent polypeptide chain are signaled by the presence of an in-frame stop codon at the aminoacyl site of the ribosome. The process of translation termination is universal and is mediated by protein release factors (RFs) and GTP."
}
] |
d5d92c3c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Serotonin binds a number of what, of which Olfactory is a type, which are ligand-gated ion channels that allow the passage of cations in order to depolarize the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron that they reside on? | Receptors | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Serotonin binds a number of receptors, including the 5-HT 3 receptors, which are ligand-gated ion channels that allow the passage of cations in order to depolarize the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron that they reside on."
},
{
"text": "The neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive direct sensory nerve input, have connections to other parts of the olfactory system and many parts of the limbic system. Similarly to Olfactory receptors, taste receptors (gustatory receptors) in taste buds interact with chemicals in food to produce an action potential ."
}
] |
d5d92c640dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Areas of the body which are more likely to be affected by intertrigo include the intergluteal cleft, armpits, spaces between the fingers or toes, and what, which in human anatomy is the natural lower boundary of the breast? | Inframammary fold | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In human anatomy, the inframammary fold (IMF), inframammary crease or inframammary line is the natural lower boundary of the breast, the place where the breast and the chest meet. The choice of the term depends on the prominence of the feature."
},
{
"text": "Areas of the body which are more likely to be affected by intertrigo include the inframammary fold, intergluteal cleft, armpits, and spaces between the fingers or toes. Skin affected by intertrigo is more prone to infection than intact skin."
}
] |
d5d92c8c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What consists of a body, pedicle and lamina in the lumbar which contains a large anterior middle portion called the centrum? | A vertebra. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Every vertebra has a body, which consists of a large anterior middle portion called the centrum (plural centra) and a posterior vertebral arch, also called a neural arch. The body is composed of cancellous bone, which is the spongy type of osseous tissue, whose micro-anatomy has been specifically studied within the pedicle bones."
},
{
"text": "The lumbar vertebra consist of a body, pedicle, lamina, pars interarticularis, transverse process, spinous process and superior and inferior articular facets, which form joints that link the vertebrae together."
}
] |
d5d92cb40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Lesser splanchnic and lumbar splanchnic are both types of what? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The lumbar splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta. They originate from L1 and L2. These nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and general visceral afferent fibers."
},
{
"text": "The lesser splanchnic nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of the midgut . The least splanchnic nerve travels into the abdomen. Its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia . The least splanchnic nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of the hindgut ."
}
] |
d5d92cd20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What, of which lesser splanchnic and lumbar splanchnic are both types of, are distributed to the prostate seminal vesicle and the corpora cavernosa of the penis and urethra? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The lumbar splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta. They originate from L1 and L2. These nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and general visceral afferent fibers."
},
{
"text": "The nerves composing it are of large size. They are distributed to the prostate seminal vesicle and the corpora cavernosa of the penis and urethra ."
},
{
"text": "The lesser splanchnic nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of the midgut . The least splanchnic nerve travels into the abdomen. Its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia . The least splanchnic nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of the hindgut ."
}
] |
d5d92cfa0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Degenerative processes can give rise to cysts of what, which if it should fail due to trauma or disease, the dens is no longer anchored and can travel up the cervical spine, causing paralysis, resulting in progressive cervical myelopathy? | Transverse ligament | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Transverse ligament: Should the transverse ligament of the atlas fail due to trauma or disease, the dens is no longer anchored and can travel up the cervical spine, causing paralysis. If it reaches the medulla death can result."
},
{
"text": "Laxity has also been hypothesized as the cause of degenerative hypertrophy and mechanical atlantoaxial stress. Degenerative processes can give rise to transverse ligament cysts, resulting in progressive cervical myelopathy."
}
] |
d5d92d4a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Capsula articularis atlantooccipitalis is the name for what bone that the external occipital crest is part of the external surface of the squamous part of? | The occipital bone | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The atlanto-occipital joint ( articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone; Capsula articularis atlantooccipitalis) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint ."
},
{
"text": "The external occipital crestis part of the external surface of the squamous partof the occipital bone. It is a ridge along the midline, beginning at the external occipital protuberanceand descending to the foramen magnum, that gives attachment to the nuchal ligament.[1] It is also called the median nuchal line."
}
] |
d5d92d720dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A sprain has side effects in common with a broken what, of which the talus is an example, but is less serious? | Bone | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side affects of a broken bone, but it is less serious. The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament . The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling ."
},
{
"text": "It passes from the anterior margin of the fibular malleolus, anteriorly and laterally, to the talus bone, in front of its lateral articular facet. It is one of the lateral ligaments of the ankle and prevents the foot from sliding forward in relation to the shin."
}
] |
d5d92dcc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The main cause of Barrett's what, which is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach, is thought to be an adaptation to chronic acid exposure from reflux esophagitis? | Esophagus | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The main cause of Barrett's esophagus is thought to be an adaptation to chronic acid exposure from reflux esophagitis."
},
{
"text": "The esophagus(American English) or oesophagus(British English; see spelling differences) (/ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/), informally known as the food pipeor gullet, is an organin vertebratesthrough which foodpasses, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynxto the stomach."
}
] |
d5d92df40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A lesion of what nucleus that affects the contralateral eye is Latin for the word "pulley"? | The trochlear nucleus. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The trochlear nucleus is unique in that its axons run dorsally and cross the midline before emerging from the brainstem posteriorly. Thus a lesion of the trochlear nucleus affects the contralateral eye. Lesions of all other cranial nuclei affect the ipsilateral side."
},
{
"text": "Trochlea (Latin for pulley) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a grooved structure reminiscent of a pulley's wheel. Most commonly, trochleae bear the articular surface of saddle and other joints: It also can refer to structures which serve as a guide for muscles: This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Trochlea."
}
] |
d5d92e260dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What term can refer to structures which serve as a guide for muscles, but is also a unique nucleus where its axons run dorsally and cross the midline? | Trochlea. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The trochlear nucleus is unique in that its axons run dorsally and cross the midline before emerging from the brainstem posteriorly. Thus a lesion of the trochlear nucleus affects the contralateral eye. Lesions of all other cranial nuclei affect the ipsilateral side."
},
{
"text": "Trochlea (Latin for pulley) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a grooved structure reminiscent of a pulley's wheel. Most commonly, trochleae bear the articular surface of saddle and other joints: It also can refer to structures which serve as a guide for muscles: This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Trochlea."
}
] |
d5d92e760dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | One of the three major parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the what, in which the auris interna is the innermost part in vertebrae? | Ear | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The inner ear ( internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:"
},
{
"text": "The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The three major parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labyrinth, and creates three parallel fluid filled spaces."
}
] |
d5d92e9e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | One of the three major parts of the bony labyrinth are the what of the ear, a word which also means a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors? | Vestibule | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Such vestibules consist of merely a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors, the intent being to reduce air infiltration to the building by having only one set of doors open at any given time."
},
{
"text": "The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The three major parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labyrinth, and creates three parallel fluid filled spaces."
}
] |
d5d92eee0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Brodmann area 8 and 34 are both part of what organ? | The brain | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Brodmann area 34 is a part of the brain . It has been described as part of the entorhinal area and the superior temporal gyrus. The entorhinal area is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex and involved in memory, navigation and the perception of time."
},
{
"text": "Brodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann 's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements. Lateral surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered. (8 is labeled in upper left.) Brodmann area 8, or BA8, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain."
}
] |
d5d92f160dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The cells that aren't B-cells and are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response mature where? | In the Thymus | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. The thymus is located in the upper front part of the chest, in the anterior superior mediastinum, behind the sternum, and in front of the heart."
},
{
"text": "Lymphocytes can be identified by their large nucleus. T cells ( thymus cells) and B cells ( bone marrow - or bursa -derived cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies )."
}
] |
d5d92f3e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What subcortical structure, that is essential to the generation of cortical interneurons, is a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration? | Ganglionic eminence | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The caudal ganglionic eminence is another subcortical structure that is essential to the generation of cortical interneurons. It is located next to the lateral ventricle, posterior to where the LGE and MGE fuse. The CGE is a fusion of the rostral medial and lateral ganglionic eminence, which begins at the mid to caudal thalamus."
},
{
"text": "The radially migrating interneurons travel parallel to the radial glial cells. The ganglionic eminence ( GE) is a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the embryonic and fetal stages of neural development found between the thalamus and caudate nucleus."
}
] |
d5d92f660dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The subcortical structure that is essential to the generation of cortical interneurons is present in what stages of neural development? | The embryonic and fetal stages | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The caudal ganglionic eminence is another subcortical structure that is essential to the generation of cortical interneurons. It is located next to the lateral ventricle, posterior to where the LGE and MGE fuse. The CGE is a fusion of the rostral medial and lateral ganglionic eminence, which begins at the mid to caudal thalamus."
},
{
"text": "The radially migrating interneurons travel parallel to the radial glial cells. The ganglionic eminence ( GE) is a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the embryonic and fetal stages of neural development found between the thalamus and caudate nucleus."
}
] |
d5d92f8e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Of all fimbriae, one fimbria is long enough to reach the what, which Terminal (apical) style position refers to attachment at the apex of? | Ovary | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Terminal (apical) style position refers to attachment at the apex of the ovary and is the commonest pattern. In the subapical pattern the style arises to the side slightly below the apex. a lateral style arises from the side of the ovary and is found in Rosaceae."
},
{
"text": "The fimbriae (singular fimbria) is a fringe of tissue around the ostium of the Fallopian tube, in the direction of the ovary. Of all fimbriae, one fimbria is long enough to reach the ovary. It is called fimbria ovarica."
}
] |
d5d92fb60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In humans, the nerve that arises from the neck and innervates the diaphragm is primarily supplied by what? | By the C4 spinal nerve | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, the right and left phrenic nerves are primarily supplied by the C4 spinal nerve, but there is also contribution from the C3 and C5 spinal nerves. From its origin in the neck, the nerve travels downward into the chest to pass between the heart and lungs towards the diaphragm."
},
{
"text": "The phrenic nerve arises from the neck (C3-C5) and innervates the diaphragm, which is much lower. Hence, patients suffering spinal cord injuries below the neck are still able to breathe effectively, despite any paralysis of the lower limbs."
}
] |
d5d92ffc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Hypogastric and coccygeal are both a type of what? | Plexus | text | [] | [
{
"text": "(Hypogastric plexus is labeled on right, fourth from the bottom.) Lower half of right sympathetic cord. The superior hypogastric plexus (in older texts, hypogastric plexus or presacral nerve) is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies anterior to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta ."
},
{
"text": "The largest nerve of the plexus is the femoral nerve. It supplies anterior muscles of the thigh and a part of skin distal to the inguinal ligament . Plan of sacral and coccygeal plexuses."
}
] |
d5d930240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Prostatitis is inflammation of the gland of the what, which needs male hormones to function properly? | Prostate | text | [] | [
{
"text": "To function properly, the prostate needs male hormones ( androgens ), which are responsible for male sex characteristics. The main male hormone is testosterone, which is produced mainly by the testicles. It is dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, that predominantly regulates the prostate."
},
{
"text": "Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. Prostatitis is classified into acute, chronic, asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome . Micrograph showing an inflamed prostate gland, the histologic correlate of prostatitis."
}
] |
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