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d5d9304c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The veins of what thing, that needs male hormones to function properly, form a network – the prostatic venous plexus. | Prostate | text | [] | [
{
"text": "To function properly, the prostate needs male hormones ( androgens ), which are responsible for male sex characteristics. The main male hormone is testosterone, which is produced mainly by the testicles. It is dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, that predominantly regulates the prostate."
},
{
"text": "The veins of the prostate form a network – the prostatic venous plexus, primarily around its front and outer surface. This network also receives blood from the deep dorsal vein of the penis, and is connected via branches to the vesical plexus and internal pudendal veins."
}
] |
d5d9306a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Mutations in what genes cause MTDP? | HADHA and HADHB | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The genetics of mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency is based on mutations in the HADHA and HADHB genes which cause this disorder. These genes each provide instructions for making part of an enzyme complex called mitochondrial trifunctional protein."
},
{
"text": "Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency ( MTP deficiency or MTPD) is an autosomal recessive fatty acid oxidation disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during periods without food."
}
] |
d5d9315a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | An intestinal gland is a gland found in between what, which are small finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine, in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine? | Villi | text | [] | [
{
"text": "H&E stain. In histology, an intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberkühn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in between villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (or colon)."
},
{
"text": "Section of duodenum of cat. X 60. Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine. Each villus is approximately 0.5–1.6 mm in length (in humans), and has many microvilli projecting from the enterocytes of its epithelium which collectively form the striated or brush border."
}
] |
d5d931c80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | ABCC11 and ABCC1 are both names of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Most human characteristics are controlled by multiple genes ( polygenes ); ABCC11 is a peculiar example of a gene with unambiguous phenotypes that is controlled by a SNP. Additionally, it is considered a pleiotropic gene. World map of the distribution of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs17822931 in the ABCC11 gene."
},
{
"text": "ABCC1 is a highly conserved gene with polymorphisms occurring at very low frequencies of less than five percent. Polymorphisms in this gene are generally found in the form of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The greatest ethnic differences in polymorphisms within the ABCC1 are found between Caucasian and Asian populations."
}
] |
d5d931f00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | ABCC6, ABCC11 and ABCC1 are all names of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Most human characteristics are controlled by multiple genes ( polygenes ); ABCC11 is a peculiar example of a gene with unambiguous phenotypes that is controlled by a SNP. Additionally, it is considered a pleiotropic gene. World map of the distribution of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs17822931 in the ABCC11 gene."
},
{
"text": "ABCC1 is a highly conserved gene with polymorphisms occurring at very low frequencies of less than five percent. Polymorphisms in this gene are generally found in the form of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The greatest ethnic differences in polymorphisms within the ABCC1 are found between Caucasian and Asian populations."
},
{
"text": "The most common mutations, R1141X and 23-29del, account for about 25% of the found mutations. Premature atherosclerosis is also associated with mutations in the ABCC6 gene, even in those without PXE. Deficiency of Abcc6 in mouse models of ischemia leads to larger infarcts, which can be rescued by Abcc6 overexpression."
}
] |
d5d932180dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are reproductive cells called in for people who have a clitoris? | Egg cells | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The clitoris ( / ˈklɪtərɪs / ( listen) or / klɪˈtɔːrɪs / ( listen)) is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals. In humans, the visible portion – the glans – is at the front junction of the labia minora (inner lips), above the opening of the urethra."
},
{
"text": "A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism. In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells, and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm. The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa."
}
] |
d5d932900dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Pulmonary and testicular are both types of what? | Veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It is a paired vein, each one supplying an ovary."
},
{
"text": "Pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart. Most veins are equipped with one-way valves, similar to a Duckbill valve, to prevent blood flowing in the reverse direction."
}
] |
d5d932b80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Vesical, pulmonary and testicular are all types of what? | Veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It is a paired vein, each one supplying an ovary."
},
{
"text": "Pulmonary veins are a set of veins that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart. Most veins are equipped with one-way valves, similar to a Duckbill valve, to prevent blood flowing in the reverse direction."
},
{
"text": "The vesical veins are veins in the pelvis that drain blood from the urinary bladder. The vesical veins receive blood from the vesical venous plexus and are tributaries of the internal iliac veins. This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it."
}
] |
d5d932e00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The Dmanisi skull 4 dated 1.8 Ma are what species' remains that had Homo ergaster dated 1.9 MA? | H. erectus. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The oldest known human skeletal remains outside of Africa are from Dmanisi, Georgia ( Dmanisi skull 4 ), and are dated to 1.8 Ma. These remains are classified as Homo erectus georgicus ."
},
{
"text": "The earliest known evidence for African H. erectus, dubbed Homo ergaster, is a single occipital bone (KNM-ER 2598), described as \"H. erectus-like\", and dated to about 1.9 Ma (contemporary with Homo rudolfensis ). This is followed by a fossil gap, the next available fossil being KNM-ER 3733, a skull dated to 1.6 Ma."
}
] |
d5d933080dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Claudius Galenus (c. 130–200 AD), known as Galen of Pergamum, was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of what, which the nervous system detects environmental changes that impact? | The body | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago."
},
{
"text": "Claudius Galenus (c. 130–200 AD), known as Galen of Pergamum, was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body. Unlike Hippocrates, Galen argued that humoral imbalances can be located in specific organs, including the entire body."
}
] |
d5d9333a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Radial collateral and annular are both types of what? | Ligaments | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The radial collateral ligament of the thumb extends from the first metacarpal head to the proximal phalanx of the thumb. It is located on the radial side of the joint and is weaker than the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb."
},
{
"text": "the annular ligament (AL), from the posterior to the anterior margins of radial notch on the ulna, encircles the head of radius and holds it against the radial notch of ulna. the accessory lateral collateral ligament (ALCL). from the inferior margin of the annular ligament to the supinator crest."
}
] |
d5d933620dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Dorsal radiocarpal, radial collateral and annular are all types of what? | Ligaments | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Its fibers run medially and inferiorly to form a distal attachment at the dorsal surfaces of the scaphoid (navicular bone of the hand), lunate, and triquetral . The fibres of the dorsal radiocarpal ligament blend with those of the dorsal intercarpal ligament ."
},
{
"text": "The radial collateral ligament of the thumb extends from the first metacarpal head to the proximal phalanx of the thumb. It is located on the radial side of the joint and is weaker than the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb."
},
{
"text": "the annular ligament (AL), from the posterior to the anterior margins of radial notch on the ulna, encircles the head of radius and holds it against the radial notch of ulna. the accessory lateral collateral ligament (ALCL). from the inferior margin of the annular ligament to the supinator crest."
}
] |
d5d9338a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The dCAs9-VPR system is used as a what, which are considered to have positive control over gene expression? | Activator | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The dCAs9-VPR system is used as an activator by targeting it to the promoter of a gene upstream of the coding region. A study used various sgRNAs to target different portions of the gene, finding that the dCas9-VPR activator can act as an activator or a repressor, depending on the location it binds."
},
{
"text": "A transcriptional activator is a protein ( transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. Activators are considered to have positive control over gene expression, as they function to promote gene transcription and, in some cases, are required for the transcription of genes to occur."
}
] |
d5d933a80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium are also known as muscle fibers? | A muscle fascicle. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A muscle fascicle is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue. Myocytes are grouped into muscle fascicles by enveloping perimysium connective tissue."
},
{
"text": "A skeletal muscle is made up of multiple bundles of muscle fascicles of muscle cells known as muscle fibers. The fibers and muscles are surrounded by connective tissue layers called fasciae. Muscle fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts in a process known as myogenesis."
}
] |
d5d933d00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The type of muscle made up of multiple bundles of muscle fascicles of muscle cells known as muscle fibers is under what type of control? | Conscious control. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Smooth muscle or \"involuntary muscle\" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair). Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control."
},
{
"text": "A skeletal muscle is made up of multiple bundles of muscle fascicles of muscle cells known as muscle fibers. The fibers and muscles are surrounded by connective tissue layers called fasciae. Muscle fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts in a process known as myogenesis."
}
] |
d5d934480dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | S4 supplies many muscles, either directly or through what, a type of which is dorsal scapular, originating from S4? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It contributes to the phrenic nerve, long thoracic nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve before joining cervical spinal nerve 6 to form the upper trunk, a trunk of the brachial plexus, which then forms the lateral cord, and finally the musculocutaneous nerve ."
},
{
"text": "It originates from the spinal column from below the 4th body of the sacrum Sacrum, showing bodies in center. S4 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from S4. They are not innervated with S4 as single origin, but partly by S4 and partly by other spinal nerves."
}
] |
d5d934700dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | C4 contributes some sensory fibers to the supraclavicular what, a type of which is dorsal scapular, responsible for sensation from the skin above the clavicle? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It contributes to the phrenic nerve, long thoracic nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve before joining cervical spinal nerve 6 to form the upper trunk, a trunk of the brachial plexus, which then forms the lateral cord, and finally the musculocutaneous nerve ."
},
{
"text": "It also provides motor nerves for the longus capitis, longus colli, anterior scalene, middle scalene, and levator scapulae muscles. C4 contributes some sensory fibers to the supraclavicular nerves, responsible for sensation from the skin above the clavicle ."
}
] |
d5d934980dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The lesser splanchnic and greater splanchnic nerve are both examples of what? | Nerves | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The lesser splanchnic nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of the midgut . The least splanchnic nerve travels into the abdomen. Its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia ."
},
{
"text": "However, they are part of the preaortic ganglia. Sympathetic input to the gut comes from the sympathetic chain next to the thoracic vertebrae. The upper nerve supply arrives from cell bodies at the levels of T5–T9, leaves the sympathetic chain by the greater splanchnic nerve, and synapses in the celiac ganglion before proceeding onto the foregut."
}
] |
d5d934e80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Inferior turbinated and ethmoid are both types of what? | Bones | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone ( vertical plate) is a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or other side."
},
{
"text": "The inferior nasal concha ( inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll, ( turbinate meaning inverted cone)."
}
] |
d5d935100dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Lacrimal, inferior turbinated and ethmoid are all types of what? | Bones | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone ( vertical plate) is a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or other side."
},
{
"text": "The inferior nasal concha ( inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll, ( turbinate meaning inverted cone)."
},
{
"text": "The medial wall is formed primarily by the orbital plate of ethmoid, as well as contributions from the frontal process of maxilla, the lacrimal bone, and a small part of the body of the sphenoid. It is the thinnest wall of the orbit, evidenced by pneumatized ethmoidal cells."
}
] |
d5d935560dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | SP1 and TFIIB are both types of what? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters."
},
{
"text": "It is encoded by the TFIIB gene, and is homologous to archaeal transcription factor B and analogous to bacterial sigma factors. TFIIB is a single 33kDa polypeptide consisting of 316 amino acids."
}
] |
d5d935880dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In the biological context of organisms ' production of what, which SP1 and TFIIB are examples of, products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus? | Gene | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters."
},
{
"text": "It is encoded by the TFIIB gene, and is homologous to archaeal transcription factor B and analogous to bacterial sigma factors. TFIIB is a single 33kDa polypeptide consisting of 316 amino acids."
},
{
"text": "In the biological context of organisms ' production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus. The complementary process that involves increases of such components is called upregulation."
}
] |
d5d935b00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | When the palatine raphe is absent, the fibers of the two muscles are then what? | Continuous | text | [] | [
{
"text": "This median raphé is sometimes absent; the fibers of the two muscles are then continuous. An area of herniation of the sublingual gland, blood vessels, or fat, may be present, with studies reporting this in 10-50% of people. The mylohyoid elevates the hyoid and the tongue. This is particularly important during swallowing and speaking."
},
{
"text": "The palatine raphe (or median raphe or median palatine raphe) is a raphe running across the palate, from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla . \"Anatomy diagram: 05287.011-1\"."
}
] |
d5d935d80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The fibers that curve backwards to be inserted into the palatine raphe are prolonged by what? | By means of an aponeurosis to the pharyngeal spine on the basilar part of the occipital bone | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The palatine raphe (or median raphe or median palatine raphe) is a raphe running across the palate, from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla . \"Anatomy diagram: 05287.011-1\"."
},
{
"text": "The muscle is divided into four parts: A pterygopharyngeal, buccopharyngeal, mylopharyngeal and a glossopharyngeal part. The fibers curve backward to be inserted into the median raphe, being also prolonged by means of an aponeurosis to the pharyngeal spine on the basilar part of the occipital bone ."
}
] |
d5d936000dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What molecule may contain plasmids and/or genomes? | DNA molecules might contain plasmids and/or genomes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms."
},
{
"text": "The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes, termed autosomes, plus the 23rd pair of sex chromosomes (XX) in the female, and (XY) in the male. These are all large linear DNA molecules contained within the cell nucleus."
}
] |
d5d936280dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Histone methylation is a principal epigenetic modification of chromatin that determines the expression of what, examples of which are H3F3A and H3F3B? | Genes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Histone methylation is a principal epigenetic modification of chromatin that determines gene expression, genomic stability, stem cell maturation, cell lineage development, genetic imprinting, DNA methylation, and cell mitosis. Front view of the human enzyme Histone Lysine N-Methyltransferase, H3 lysine-4 specific."
},
{
"text": "Histone H3.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H3F3A and H3F3B genes. It plays an essential role in maintaining genome integrity during mammalian development. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes."
}
] |
d5d936500dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The protein that in humans is encoded by the H3F3A and H3F3B genes is one of how many sequence variants in mammalian cells? | Seven | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Histone H3.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H3F3A and H3F3B genes. It plays an essential role in maintaining genome integrity during mammalian development. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes."
},
{
"text": "Mammalian cells have seven known sequence variants of histone H3. These are denoted as Histone H3.1, Histone H3.2, Histone H3.3, Histone H3.4 (H3T), Histone H3.5, Histone H3.X and Histone H3.Y but have highly conserved sequences differing only by a few amino acids."
}
] |
d5d936780dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The posterior division of the what, whose muscles are a group of muscles defined by their location to the occiput, and the medial branches of the posterior division of the second and third cervical nerves are sometimes joined by communicating loops to form the posterior cervical plexus? | Suboccipital | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Suboccipital muscles. The suboccipital muscles are a group of muscles defined by their location to the occiput. Suboccipital muscles are located below the occipital bone. These are four paired muscles on the underside of the occipital bone; the two straight muscles ( rectus) and the two oblique muscles ( obliquus )."
},
{
"text": "The posterior division of the suboccipital, and the medial branches of the posterior division of the second and third cervical nerves are sometimes joined by communicating loops to form the posterior cervical plexus . The posterior divisions of the lower five cervical nerves divide into medial and lateral branches."
}
] |
d5d936c80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Ileal and ileocolic are both types of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Loop of small intestine showing distribution of intestinal arteries. The ileal arteries are branches of the superior mesenteric artery which supply blood to the ileum . This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it."
},
{
"text": "The ileocolic artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery ."
}
] |
d5d936e60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Appendicular, ileal and ileocolic are all types of what? | Arteries | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Loop of small intestine showing distribution of intestinal arteries. The ileal arteries are branches of the superior mesenteric artery which supply blood to the ileum . This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it."
},
{
"text": "The ileocolic artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery ."
},
{
"text": "It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior gives rise to the appendicular artery and anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery."
}
] |
d5d9370e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The term what, the main parts of which are the root, body and epithelium, applies to many intromittent organs, but not to all? | Penis | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The main parts are the root (radix); the body (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis including the shaft skin and the foreskin (prepuce) covering the glans penis. The body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between them on the ventral side."
},
{
"text": "The term penis applies to many intromittent organs, but not to all. As an example, the intromittent organ of most cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialized arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes ."
}
] |
d5d937360dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Human what, the main parts of which are the root, body and epithelium, vary in size on a number of measures, including length and circumference when flaccid and erect? | Penises | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The main parts are the root (radix); the body (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis including the shaft skin and the foreskin (prepuce) covering the glans penis. The body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between them on the ventral side."
},
{
"text": "Human penises vary in size on a number of measures, including length and circumference when flaccid and erect. Besides the natural variability of human penises in general, there are factors that lead to minor variations in a particular male, such as the level of arousal, time of day, room temperature, and frequency of sexual activity."
}
] |
d5d9375e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Ankle and metatarsophalangeal are both types of what? | Joints | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The joint between the tibia and fibula above and the tarsus below is referred to as the ankle joint . In humans the largest bone in the tarsus is the calcaneus, which is the weight-bearing bone within the heel of the foot."
},
{
"text": "The metatarsophalangeal joints ( MTP joints) are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones ( proximal phalanges) of the toes. They are condyloid joints, meaning that an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) comes close to a shallow cavity (of the proximal phalanges)."
}
] |
d5d937860dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In humans the largest bone in the tarsus is the calcaneus, which is the weight-bearing bone within the heel of the what, the arch of which is formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones? | Foot | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The joint between the tibia and fibula above and the tarsus below is referred to as the ankle joint . In humans the largest bone in the tarsus is the calcaneus, which is the weight-bearing bone within the heel of the foot."
},
{
"text": "The arches of the foot, formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, strengthened by ligaments and tendons, allow the foot to support the weight of the body in the erect posture with the least weight. They are categorized as longitudinal and transverse arches ."
}
] |
d5d937ae0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What purpose does the third eyelid of Cats, Camels, and other animals and the plica semilunaris of conjunctiva in humans serve. | Keeping the eye moist and preserving vision. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The plica semilunaris of conjunctiva is a vestigial remnant of a nictitating membrane in humans. The nictitating membranes in cats and dogs do not have many muscle fibers, so they are not usually visible; chronic visibility should be taken as a sign of poor condition or ill health."
},
{
"text": "Some reptiles, birds, and sharks have full nictitating membranes; in many mammals, a small, vestigial portion of the membrane remains in the corner of the eye. Some mammals, such as cats, camels, polar bears, seals and aardvarks, have full nictitating membranes."
},
{
"text": "The nictitating membrane is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten it while maintaining vision. The term comes from the Latin word nictare, meaning \"to blink\"."
}
] |
d5d937d60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far is removed from what body part as treatment for frenulum breve? | Genital frenectomy is performed to remove the frenulum from the penis. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The frenular artery, a branch of the dorsal artery, may be severed, causing significant bleeding. A frenectomy can be performed to remove the frenulum from the penis, which is a treatment for frenulum breve or frenular chordee. This is a form of genital frenectomy. The frenulum may be cut when a male is circumcised."
},
{
"text": "A frenectomy is the removal of a frenulum, a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far. It can refer to frenula in several places on the human body. It is related to frenuloplasty, a surgical alteration in a frenulum."
}
] |
d5d937fe0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where is the largest serotonergic nucleus found? | midline of the brainstem | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe is the largest serotonergic nucleus and provides a substantial proportion of the serotonin innervation to the forebrain. Serotonergic neurons are found throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus and tend to be larger than other cells."
},
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe nucleus is located on the midline of the brainstem and is one of the raphe nuclei. It has rostral and caudal subdivisions. The rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe is further divided into interfascicular, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal subnuclei."
}
] |
d5d9381c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What type of subdivisions does the largest serotonergic nucleus have? | rostral and caudal | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe is the largest serotonergic nucleus and provides a substantial proportion of the serotonin innervation to the forebrain. Serotonergic neurons are found throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus and tend to be larger than other cells."
},
{
"text": "The dorsal raphe nucleus is located on the midline of the brainstem and is one of the raphe nuclei. It has rostral and caudal subdivisions. The rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe is further divided into interfascicular, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal subnuclei."
}
] |
d5d9386c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What fact does the nutcracker syndrome derive its name from and what does it result from? | The nutcracker syndrome results from compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, the name derives from the fact that, in the sagittal plane and/or transverse plane, the SMA and AA (with some imagination) appear to be a nutcracker crushing a nut (the renal vein). | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The nutcracker syndrome results from compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. The nutcracker syndrome ( NCS) results most commonly from the compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta (AA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), although other variants exist."
},
{
"text": "The name derives from the fact that, in the sagittal plane and/or transverse plane, the SMA and AA (with some imagination) appear to be a nutcracker crushing a nut (the renal vein)."
}
] |
d5d938940dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How long are the periods when multiple sheets not just at the poles wax and wane? | Glacial periods of ice sheets waxing and waning last less than 1 million years. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "These two climate states last for millions of years and should not be confused with glacial and interglacial periods, which occur as alternate phases within an Icehouse period, and tend to last less than 1 million years."
},
{
"text": "An \"icehouse Earth\" is a period in which the Earth has at least two ice sheets, Arctic and Antarctic (on both poles ); these sheets wax and wane throughout shorter times known as glacial periods (with other ice sheets in addition to the 2 polar ones) and interglacial periods (without)."
}
] |
d5d938bc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the thoracoacromial artery and which tissue does it pierce? | The thoracoacromial artery ( acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk that arises from the second part of the axillary artery, and it pierces the coracoclavicular fascia. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Projecting forward to the upper border of the Pectoralis minor, it pierces the coracoclavicular fascia and divides into four branches—pectoral, acromial, clavicular, and deltoid."
},
{
"text": "The thoracoacromial artery ( acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk that arises from the second part of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the pectoralis minor ."
}
] |
d5d938da0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is a branch of the vagus nerve or a reflex contraction of the back of the throat? | Pharyngeal. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "(Pharyngeal visible at center right.) The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, the principal motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve ."
},
{
"text": "The pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat whereas laryngeal spasm is a reflex contraction of the vocal cords, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, the back of the tongue, the area around the tonsils, the uvula, and the back of the throat."
}
] |
d5d9390c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat or an opening of the auditory tube? | Pharyngeal. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat whereas laryngeal spasm is a reflex contraction of the vocal cords, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, the back of the tongue, the area around the tonsils, the uvula, and the back of the throat."
},
{
"text": "The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere."
}
] |
d5d939340dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart that the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into? | The inferior vena cava. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly. On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava."
},
{
"text": "Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate valid blood flow. The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart."
}
] |
d5d9395c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where does the mesonephric duct end in and which male urogenital structures arise from it? | Male urogenital structures that arise from the mesonephric duct include the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. It ends in an epithelial elevation, the sinus tubercle, on the ventral part of the cloaca between the orifices of the mesonephric ducts. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The mesonephric ducts end in an epithelial elevation, the sinus tubercle, on the ventral part of the cloaca between the orifices of the mesonephric ducts. At a later stage the sinus tubercle opens in the middle, connecting the paramesonephric ducts with the cloaca."
},
{
"text": "The mesonephric duct (also known as the Wolffian duct, archinephric duct, Leydig's duct or nephric duct) is a paired organ found in mammals including humans during embryogenesis. Male urogenital structures that arise from the mesonephric duct include the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles ."
}
] |
d5d93a240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The Paraná River and Amapa are both in names of what? | Biodiversity Corridors. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Paraná River Biodiversity Corridor aims to promote integrated environmental management between the conservation units in the Brazilian portion of the Paraná River basin, in the Guarani Aquifer recharge area. It maintains an interface with the Trinational Biodiversity Corridor."
},
{
"text": "The Amapá Biodiversity Corridor ( Portuguese: Corredor de Biodiversidade do Amapá) is an ecological corridor in the state of Amapá, Brazil. It provides a degree of integrated management for conservation units and other areas covering over 70% of the state."
}
] |
d5d93a4c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Trinational and Amapa are both names of what? | Biodiversity Corridors. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Paraná River Biodiversity Corridor aims to promote integrated environmental management between the conservation units in the Brazilian portion of the Paraná River basin, in the Guarani Aquifer recharge area. It maintains an interface with the Trinational Biodiversity Corridor."
},
{
"text": "The Amapá Biodiversity Corridor ( Portuguese: Corredor de Biodiversidade do Amapá) is an ecological corridor in the state of Amapá, Brazil. It provides a degree of integrated management for conservation units and other areas covering over 70% of the state."
}
] |
d5d93a6a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | RAD markers a polylinker both deal with what? | DNA. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolution. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is often called RAD mapping."
},
{
"text": "A multiple cloning site ( MCS ), also called a polylinker, is a short segment of DNA which contains many (up to ~20) restriction sites - a standard feature of engineered plasmids. Restriction sites within an MCS are typically unique, occurring only once within a given plasmid."
}
] |
d5d93a920dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A multiple cloning site and restriction recognition sites both are located where? | DNA. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are located on a DNA molecule containing specific (4-8 base pairs in length) sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes."
},
{
"text": "A multiple cloning site ( MCS ), also called a polylinker, is a short segment of DNA which contains many (up to ~20) restriction sites - a standard feature of engineered plasmids. Restriction sites within an MCS are typically unique, occurring only once within a given plasmid."
}
] |
d5d93aba0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are both trigeminal and optic? | Nerves. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The ophthalmic nerve ( V1) is one of three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It has three branches that provide sensory innervation to the eye, skin of the upper face and anterior scalp. Oblique section through the cavernous sinus."
},
{
"text": "The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes."
}
] |
d5d93b140dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the spotted tilapia and how is the amount of care given to the eggs by it affect the size of the egg? | The spotted tilapia ( Pelmatolapia mariae ), also known as the spotted mangrove cichlid or black mangrove cichlid, is a species of fish of the cichlid family. They are monogamous fish who engage in biparental care, and research has found that the size of the eggs tend to increase with the amount of parental care. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Spotted tilapia are monogamous fish who engage in biparental care, and research has found that the size of the eggs tend to increase with the amount of parental care. The males and females both have very specific roles in parenting and work together to ensure the well being of their offspring."
},
{
"text": "The spotted tilapia ( Pelmatolapia mariae ), also known as the spotted mangrove cichlid or black mangrove cichlid, is a species of fish of the cichlid family. It is native to fresh and brackish water in West and Central Africa, but has been introduced to other regions where it is considered invasive."
}
] |
d5d93b3c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where are the nephron and vasa recta located? | The kidney. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Within the nephron of the kidney, the descending limb of loop of Henle is the portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle . The permeability is as follows:"
},
{
"text": "The vasa recta of the kidney, ( vasa rectae renis) are the straight arterioles, and the straight venules of the kidney, – a series of blood vessels in the blood supply of the kidney that enter the medulla as the straight arterioles, and leave the medulla to ascend to the cortex as the straight venules. ( Latin: vasa, \"vessels\"; recta, \"straight\")."
}
] |
d5d93b8c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the name of both the suture formed from the fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull and the sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus ), within the human head? | Sagittal. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The sagittal suture is formed from the fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. It has a varied and irregular shape which arises during development. The pattern is different between the inside and the outside."
},
{
"text": "The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus ), within the human head, is an unpaired area along the attached margin of the falx cerebri. It allows blood to drain from the lateral aspects of anterior cerebral hemispheres to the confluence of sinuses."
}
] |
d5d93bdc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A new definition of what recognized a mutualistic relationship where animals and humans who have influence on their care and reproduction gain benefits? | Domestication | text | [] | [
{
"text": "All past definitions of domestication have included a relationship between humans with plants and animals, but their differences lay in who was considered as the lead partner in the relationship. This new definition recognizes a mutualistic relationship in which both partners gain benefits."
},
{
"text": "The domestication of animals is the mutual relationship between animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction. Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. Charles Darwin recognized a small number of traits that made domesticated species different from their wild ancestors."
}
] |
d5d93c7c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The what type of cruciate ligaments of the knee are strong rounded bands that keep the tibia from slipping forward out from under the femur? | Cranial | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The cranial cruciate ligament prevents the tibia from slipping forward out from under the femur. Stifle injuries are one of the most common causes of lameness in rear limbs in dogs, and cruciate ligament injuries are the most common lesion in the stifle joint."
},
{
"text": "The cruciate ligaments of the knee are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). These ligaments are two strong, rounded bands that extend from the head of the tibia to the intercondyloid notch of the femur."
}
] |
d5d93ccc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which of the four major hormones of the menstrual cycle peaks during the third of fourth day of mensuration? | FSH | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Usually, the amount of FSH in the body peaks during the third or fourth day of menstruation. All but one of the follicles dies off. The one that is left releases even more estrogen. Once again, the lining of the uterus thickens. Near the end of the stage, a woman's estrogen levels peak."
},
{
"text": "The menstrual cycle process is controlled by four major hormones: FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone ); LH ( luteinising hormone ); estrogen; and progesterone. These hormones prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg and control its development."
}
] |
d5d93cf40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The two passages in the anterior abdominal wall of humans and animals are what type of long, tunnel like foramen? | Inguinal canals | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The inguinal canals are the two passages in the anterior abdominal wall of humans and animals which in males convey the spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of the uterus. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males. There is one inguinal canal on each side of the midline ."
},
{
"text": "A canal is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels. The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas:"
}
] |
d5d93d260dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What enzyme that is encoded by the LOX gene in humans is located on chromosome 5 q23.3-31.2 | Lysyl oxidase | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, the LOX gene is located on chromosome 5 q23.3-31.2. The DNA sequence encodes a polypeptide of 417 amino acids, the first 21 residues of which constitute a signal peptide, with a weight of approximately 32 kDa."
},
{
"text": "Not to be confused with Lipoxygenase. Lysyl oxidase ( LOX ), also known as protein-lysine 6-oxidase, is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LOX gene. It catalyzes the conversion of lysine molecules into highly reactive aldehydes that form cross-links in extracellular matrix proteins."
}
] |
d5d93d760dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What condition of the largest part of the large intestine results in a colon that is up to five meters longer than normal and typically has no major direct health consequences? | Redundant colon | text | [] | [
{
"text": "One variation on the normal anatomy of the colon occurs when extra loops form, resulting in a colon that is up to five metres longer than normal. This condition, referred to as redundant colon, typically has no direct major health consequences, though rarely volvulus occurs, resulting in obstruction and requiring immediate medical attention."
},
{
"text": "The colon is the largest portion of the large intestine, so many mentions of the large intestine and colon overlap in meaning whenever precision is not the focus. Most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal."
}
] |
d5d93d9e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What region of the cerebral cortex defined by its cytoarchitecture is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46? | Brodmann area 45 | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells . A number of important Brodmann areas have been marked out on this diagram."
},
{
"text": "Brodmann area 45 ( BA45 ), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46 ."
}
] |
d5d93dee0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How much of the liver's mass is made up of cells with round nuclei with dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli? | 80% of the liver's mass is made up of hepatocytes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Hepatocyte nuclei are round with dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisokaryosis (or variation in the size of the nuclei) is common and often reflects tetraploidy and other degrees of polyploidy, a normal feature of 30-40% of hepatocytes in the adult human liver. Binucleate cells are also common."
},
{
"text": "A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 80% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: Detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances The typical hepatocyte is cubical with sides of 20-30 μm, (in comparison, a human hair has a diameter of 17 to 180 μm)."
}
] |
d5d93e160dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Of the cells that make up 80% of the liver's mass, about how many of them have polyploidy? | 30-40% of hepatocytes in the adult human liver display polyploidy. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Hepatocyte nuclei are round with dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisokaryosis (or variation in the size of the nuclei) is common and often reflects tetraploidy and other degrees of polyploidy, a normal feature of 30-40% of hepatocytes in the adult human liver. Binucleate cells are also common."
},
{
"text": "A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 80% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: Detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances The typical hepatocyte is cubical with sides of 20-30 μm, (in comparison, a human hair has a diameter of 17 to 180 μm)."
}
] |
d5d93e3e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How is the spread of cancer determined in the part of the human body that is home to the 20 to 49 nodes whose purpose is to drain lymph? | Surgical removal and examination is how the spread of cancer in the lymph node area of the armpit is measured. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A positive axillary lymph node is a lymph node in the area of the armpit ( axilla) to which cancer has spread. This spread is determined by surgically removing some of the lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present."
},
{
"text": "The axillary lymph nodes or armpit lymph nodes are lymph nodes in the human armpit. Between 20 and 49 in number, they drain lymph vessels from the lateral quadrants of the breast, the superficial lymph vessels from thin walls of the chest and the abdomen above the level of the navel, and the vessels from the upper limb."
}
] |
d5d93e980dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The system that gives the superior oblique its actions, causing depression of the eyeball, translates to what word in Latin? | Trochlea, which means "pulley" in Latin. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Trochlea means “pulley” in Latin; the fourth nerve is named after this structure. In order to understand the actions of the superior oblique muscle, it is useful to imagine the eyeball as a sphere that is constrained—like the trackball of a computer mouse—in such a way that only certain rotational movements are possible."
},
{
"text": "It is the pulley system that gives superior oblique its actions, causing depression of the eyeball despite being inserted on the superior surface."
}
] |
d5d93ee80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which has a larger difference between genders: the pelvis or the femoral artery? | The pelvis has a larger difference between genders. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The iliac crests are higher and more pronounced in males, making the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow than in females. The male sacrum is long, narrow, more straight, and has a pronounced sacral promontory. The female sacrum is shorter, wider, more curved posteriorly, and has a less pronounced promontory."
},
{
"text": "The femoral artery is a large artery in the thigh and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. The femoral artery gives off the deep femoral artery or profunda femoris artery and descends along the anteromedial part of the thigh in the femoral triangle."
}
] |
d5d93f100dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | For humans, approximately how many base pairs are in the set of genes that includes coding and noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA? | The human genome includes over 3 billion base pairs. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics . An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male. (The mitochondrial chromosome is not shown.)"
},
{
"text": "The total length of the human reference genome, that does not represent the sequence of any specific individual, is over 3 billion base pairs. The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes, termed autosomes, plus the 23rd pair of sex chromosomes (XX) in the female, and (XY) in the male."
}
] |
d5d93f380dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How would the work of the international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genomes abbreviated as GRC be organized for humans? | The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes, termed autosomes, plus the 23rd pair of sex chromosomes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Genome Reference Consortium ( GRC) is an international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genome mapping, sequencing, and informatics, formed to improve the representation of reference genomes."
},
{
"text": "The total length of the human reference genome, that does not represent the sequence of any specific individual, is over 3 billion base pairs. The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes, termed autosomes, plus the 23rd pair of sex chromosomes (XX) in the female, and (XY) in the male."
}
] |
d5d93f600dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Would Haplogroup R* Y-DNA be older or younger than R0a? | It would be older. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "R0a is believed to have evolved in Ice Age oases in South Arabia around 22,000 years ago. The subclade would then have spread from there with the onset of the Late Glacial period circa 15,000 ybp. Haplogroup R0 has been found in around 55% of osteological remains belonging to the Eneolithic Trypillia culture."
},
{
"text": "Haplogroup R* Y-DNA (xR1,R2) was found in 24,000-year-old remains from Mal'ta in Siberia near Lake Baikal. In 2013, R-M207 was found in one out of 132 males from the Kyrgyz people of East Kyrgyzstan. R-M173, also known as R1, has been common throughout Europe and South Asia since pre-history. It has many branches ( Semino 2000 )."
}
] |
d5d93f7e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the former name of the system that impacts smooth muscle and glands and is a division of the nervous system that works with the central nervous system to provide innervation to muscles? | The vegetative nervous system | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The autonomic nervous system ( ANS ), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs."
},
{
"text": "Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. In the neuromuscular system nerves from the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are linked and work together with muscles."
}
] |
d5d93fa60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Intracellular calcium can be stored in which organelle that resembles the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | The endoplasmic reticulum | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The thinner projections, running horizontally between two terminal cisternae are the longitudinal sections of the SR. The sarcoplasmic reticulum ( SR) is a membrane -bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca 2+ )."
},
{
"text": "Intracellular calcium is stored in organelles which repetitively release and then reaccumulate Ca 2+ ions in response to specific cellular events: storage sites include mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum."
}
] |
d5d93fce0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Does the subparabrachial nucleus or a perivascular space have more names? | The subparabrachial nucleus has more names. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The subparabrachial nucleus, also known as the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and diffuse reticular nucleus, is one of the three parabrachial nuclei between the midbrain and the pons. The subparabrachial nucleus regulates the breathing rate."
},
{
"text": "A perivascular space, also known as a Virchow–Robin space, is a fluid-filled space surrounding certain blood vessels in several organs, including the brain, potentially having an immunological function, but more broadly a dispersive role for neural and blood-derived messengers."
}
] |
d5d93ff60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In what area of the body could you find pulmonary consolidation and pleural thickening? | You would find it in the lungs. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A pulmonary consolidation is a region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled with liquid instead of air. The condition is marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue) of a normally aerated lung."
},
{
"text": "Pleural thickening is an increase in the bulkiness of one or both of the pulmonary pleurae . Pleural plaques are patchy collections of hyalinized collagen in the parietal pleura. They have a holly leaf appearance on X-ray. They are indicators of asbestos exposure, and the most common asbestos-induced lesion."
}
] |
d5d9401e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Would you find the labia or vocal cords higher on a human body? | The vocal cords are higher. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, there are two pairs of labia: the labia majora (or the outer labia) are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia. The labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra ."
},
{
"text": "Open when breathing and vibrating for speech or singing, the folds are controlled via the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve. They are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation."
}
] |
d5d9406e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who are the only members of the group of vertebrate animals with ear ossicles that do not bear live young? | All mammals, expect for monotremes, bear live young. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mammals have three little bones in their inner ear, the ear ossicles. The ear ossicles are bones which were, long ago, part of the lower jaw in early proto-mammals. There are quite a number of other features, particularly in the skull and limbs, so that it is usually possible to identify and describe a mammal from its skeleton alone."
},
{
"text": "The class Mammalia are a group of vertebrate animals. They have fur or hair and a very precise kind of temperature regulation . With the exception of the monotremes, all mammals bear live young."
}
] |
d5d940a00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What distinctive bone structure do the class of animals characterized by fur or hair and very precise temperature regulation possess in their inner ear? | Mammals have three little bones in their inner ear, the ear ossicles. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mammals have three little bones in their inner ear, the ear ossicles. The ear ossicles are bones which were, long ago, part of the lower jaw in early proto-mammals. There are quite a number of other features, particularly in the skull and limbs, so that it is usually possible to identify and describe a mammal from its skeleton alone."
},
{
"text": "The class Mammalia are a group of vertebrate animals. They have fur or hair and a very precise kind of temperature regulation . With the exception of the monotremes, all mammals bear live young."
}
] |
d5d940c80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What gene resides on chromosome 9 and is a tumor suppressor gene? | CDKN2A | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The CDKN2A gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9p21 and contains 8 exons. This gene encodes two proteins, p16 and p14ARF, which are transcribed from the same second and third exons but alternative first exons: p16 from exon 1α and ARF from exon 1β."
},
{
"text": "Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B also known as multiple tumor suppressor 2 (MTS-2) or p15INK4b is a protein that is encoded by the CDKN2B gene in humans. This gene lies adjacent to the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A in a region that is frequently mutated, deleted, or disregulated in a wide variety of cancer."
}
] |
d5d940e60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What Gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9p21 and is in a region that is frequently mutated, deleted, or disregulated? | CDKN2A | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The CDKN2A gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9p21 and contains 8 exons. This gene encodes two proteins, p16 and p14ARF, which are transcribed from the same second and third exons but alternative first exons: p16 from exon 1α and ARF from exon 1β."
},
{
"text": "Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B also known as multiple tumor suppressor 2 (MTS-2) or p15INK4b is a protein that is encoded by the CDKN2B gene in humans. This gene lies adjacent to the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A in a region that is frequently mutated, deleted, or disregulated in a wide variety of cancer."
}
] |
d5d941360dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What two things can proteins affect in medicine? | Protein deficiency can lead to an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism along causing a protein kinase-R | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Protein C deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (relative risk 8–10), whereas no association with arterial thrombotic disease has been found. Protein C is vitamin K-dependent. Patients with Protein C deficiency are at an increased risk of developing skin necrosis while on warfarin."
},
{
"text": "Protein kinase-R is activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), introduced to the cells by a viral infection. PKR can also be activated by the protein PACT or by heparin."
}
] |
d5d9415e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What type of veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated and helps the coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique through them? | cardiac veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique cardiac veins. It also receives blood from the left marginal vein and the left posterior ventricular vein. It drains into the right atrium."
},
{
"text": "Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated. Because the rest of the body, and most especially the brain, needs a steady supply of oxygenated blood that is free of all but the slightest interruptions, the heart is required to function continuously."
}
] |
d5d941860dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What helps the coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique through them and drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated | cardiac veins | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique cardiac veins. It also receives blood from the left marginal vein and the left posterior ventricular vein. It drains into the right atrium."
},
{
"text": "Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated. Because the rest of the body, and most especially the brain, needs a steady supply of oxygenated blood that is free of all but the slightest interruptions, the heart is required to function continuously."
}
] |
d5d941b80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What within the annelids, as with the arthropods, the body wall, nervous system, kidneys, muscles and body cavity are generally segmented that in animals typically falls into three types? | segmentation | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Segmented animals are those considered to have organs that were repeated, or to have a body composed of self-similar units, but usually it is the parts of an organism that are referred to as being segmented. Segmentation in animals typically falls into three types, characteristic of different arthropods, vertebrates, and annelids."
},
{
"text": "Within the annelids, as with the arthropods, the body wall, nervous system, kidneys, muscles and body cavity are generally segmented. However, this is not true for all of the traits all of the time: many lack segmentation in the body wall, coelom and musculature. [1] Chordates: zebrafish and mouse[edit]"
}
] |
d5d941e00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What first cyclopentanoid monoterpene alkaloid to be discovered is a cat attractant? | Actinidine is a cat attractant | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Actinidine is a cat attractant, with effects like those of nepetalactone, the active compound found in catnip."
},
{
"text": "Actinidine is an iridoid produced in nature by a wide variety of plants and animals. It was the first cyclopentanoid monoterpene alkaloid to be discovered."
}
] |
d5d942080dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The Sachs–Wolfe effect and Lambda are both used to refer to what? | Radiation. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Sachs–Wolfe effect, named after Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe, is a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted, causing the CMB spectrum to appear uneven."
},
{
"text": "The terms μ and λ are originated from Evolution strategy notation. Lambda indicates the radioactivity decay constant in nuclear physics and radioactivity. This constant is very simply related (by a multiplicative constant) to the half-life of any radioactive material."
}
] |
d5d942580dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The castle situated in the commune of Beynac-et-Cazenac has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since what year? | The Château de Beynac has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1944. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Château de Beynac is a castle situated in the commune of Beynac-et-Cazenac, in the Dordogne département of France. The castle is one of the best-preserved and best known in the region."
},
{
"text": "The Château de Beynac has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1944.[1]Film location\tEditBeynac-et-Cazenac view from Jardins de MarqueyssacThe castle has been a location for several films:Le Capitan, known as Captain Blood in English (directed by André Hunebelle, 1960)Gaston Phébus (TV mini-series, 1978)"
}
] |
d5d9429e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Whitehead Light on Muscle Ridge Channel is one of how many active lights in the the state of Maine? | 57 | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Whitehead Light is a lighthouse on Whitehead Island, on Muscle Ridge Channel, in the southwestern entrance to Penobscot Bay, Maine. It is in the town of St.George."
},
{
"text": "This is a list of all lighthouses in the U.S. state of Maine as identified by the United States Coast Guard.[1] There are fifty-seven active lights in the state, two of which are maintained as private aids; nine are standing but inactive, and three have been destroyed, one of which has been replaced by a skeleton tower. This includes two stations which originally featured twin towers; in both cases both towers survive but only one of each pair is active."
}
] |
d5d942c60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Worship of an Apis what, the motif of which is dominant in protodynastic Egypt, experienced by ancient Egyptians as holy, has been known since the First Dynasty in Memphis? | Bull | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The ancient Egyptian Bull (hieroglyph), Gardiner sign listed no. E1, is the representation of the common bull. The bull motif is dominant in protodynastic times (see Bull Palette ), and also has prominence in the early dynastic Egypt, famously on the Narmer Palette ."
},
{
"text": "Worship of an Apis bull, experienced by ancient Egyptians as holy, has been known since the First Dynasty in Memphis, while worship of the Apis as a proper god, at least according to Manetho 's Aegyptiaca, seems to be a later adoption, purportedly started during the reign of king Kaiechos (possibly Nebra) of the Second Dynasty."
}
] |
d5d942ee0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The box that has a 6 bp region centered around the -10 position and an 8-12 bp sequence around the -35 region that are both conserved is a bacterial homolog of what? | TATA box | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In molecular biology, the TATA box (also called the Goldberg-Hogness box) is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes. The bacterial homolog of the TATA box is called the Pribnow box which has a shorter consensus sequence ."
},
{
"text": "In bacteria, promoter regions may contain a Pribnow box, which serves an analogous purpose to the eukaryotic TATA box. The Pribnow box has a 6 bp region centered around the -10 position and an 8-12 bp sequence around the -35 region that are both conserved."
}
] |
d5d9433e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | V. mandarinia is a species in what genus that can be distinguished between true and false by the form of their head? | Vespa. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "V. mandarinia is a species in the genus Vespa, which comprises all true hornets. Along with seven other species, V. mandarinia is a part of the V. tropica species group, defined by the single notch located on the apical margin of the seventh gastral sternum of the male. The most closely related species within the species group is V. soror."
},
{
"text": "The true hornets make up the genus Vespa. True hornets can be distinguished from other vespines by the form of their head. Hornets live in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They live in warm and wet forests, and in desert climates."
}
] |
d5d9438e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | CNoPR and Canadien National are both what? | Railways | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Canadian Northern Pacific Railway (CNoPR) was an historic Canadian railway with a main line running between the Alberta – British Columbia border and Vancouver, British Columbia. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR)."
},
{
"text": "The Canadian National Railway ( French: Canadien National) ( reporting mark CN) is a Canadian Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, which serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States ."
}
] |
d5d943ac0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) and how can the depolarization be measured? | Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) is a scientific technique used to measure dielectric properties of materials. It can be used to measure the thermally stimulated depolarization of molecules within a material. This depolarization can be measured if the material is sandwiched between two ohmic electrodes and the current is measured on warming. As the material depolarizes, charges are pulled to (or pushed away from) the electrodes which causes a current through the measuring device. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "This depolarization can be measured if the material is sandwiched between two ohmic electrodes and the current is measured on warming. As the material depolarizes, charges are pulled to (or pushed away from) the electrodes which causes a current through the measuring device."
},
{
"text": "Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) is a scientific technique used to measure dielectric properties of materials. It can be used to measure the thermally stimulated depolarization of molecules within a material."
}
] |
d5d943d40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The person who became leader of the Abbasid army and defeated the Umayyads at Battle of the Zab in 750, died in what year? | Abu Muslim died in 755. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani ( Persian: ابومسلم عبدالرحمان بن مسلم خراسانی ) or Behzādān Pour Vandād Hormozd (بهزادان پور ونداد هرمزد) born 718/19 or 723/27, died in 755), was a Persian general in service of the Abbasid dynasty, who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty ."
},
{
"text": "Abu Muslim received support in suppressing the rebellion both from purist Muslims and Zoroastrians. In 750, Abu Muslim became leader of the Abbasid army and defeated the Umayyads at Battle of the Zab. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources."
}
] |
d5d943fc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Courantia Lem. Echeveria is a part of what large genus that has flowers on short stalks (cymes) arising from compact rosettes of succulent fleshy, often brightly coloured leaves? | Echeveria. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Echeveria is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, native to semi-desert areas of Central America, Mexico and northwestern South America. Plants may be evergreen or deciduous. Flowers on short stalks (cymes) arise from compact rosettes of succulent fleshy, often brightly coloured leaves."
},
{
"text": "Courantia Lem. Echeveria is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, native to semi-desert areas of Central America, Mexico and northwestern South America. Plants may be evergreen or deciduous."
}
] |
d5d944240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What large bird with long legs, mainly white plumage, with black on the bird's wings uses urohidrosis as a cooling mechanism? | The Stork (White Stork). | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The white stork ( Ciconia ciconia) is a large bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. Its plumage is mainly white, with black on the bird's wings. Adults have long red legs and long pointed red beaks, and measure on average 100–115 cm (39–45 in) from beak tip to end of tail, with a 155–215 cm (61–85 in) wingspan."
},
{
"text": "Urohidrosis (sometimes misspelled \"uroh y drosis\") is the habit in some birds of defecating onto the scaly portions of the legs as a cooling mechanism, using evaporative cooling of the fluids. Several species of storks and New World vultures exhibit this behaviour."
}
] |
d5d944560dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | AIM-9 and 9K32 Strela-2 are both types of what? | Missiles | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The 9K32 Strela-2 ( Russian: Cтрела, \"arrow\"; NATO reporting name SA-7 Grail) is a light-weight, shoulder-fired, surface-to-air missile (or MANPADS) system. It is designed to target aircraft at low altitudes, with passive infrared homing guidance and destroy them with a high explosive warhead ."
},
{
"text": "These 493d F-15C fighter aircraft have weaponry systems specifically designed to locate and target enemy aircraft and include the AIM-9 and AIM-120 air-to-air missiles. The 493d provides air-to-air offensive and defensive support for United States and NATO operations."
}
] |
d5d9447e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What type of compound, which shares a word with prismatic uniform polyhedron, is a figure that is composed of several polyhedra sharing a common centre? | Polyhedral | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A pentagrammic antiprism is made of two regular pentagrams and 10 equilateral triangles. In geometry, a prismatic uniform polyhedron is a uniform polyhedron with dihedral symmetry. They exist in two infinite families, the uniform prisms and the uniform antiprisms. All have their vertices in parallel planes and are therefore prismatoids ."
},
{
"text": "A polyhedral compound is a figure that is composed of several polyhedra sharing a common centre. They are the three-dimensional analogs of polygonal compounds such as the hexagram . The outer vertices of a compound can be connected to form a convex polyhedron called its convex hull. A compound is a facetting of its convex hull."
}
] |
d5d944a60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | When did George Washington finish making the Potomac River navigable? | Never. He died before the project could be completed in 1830's. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Lock 1 of the Patowmack Canal. Rounded pebbles and sand fill lock for stabilization. The lock is a total of 18 feet (5 m) deep. Few ventures were dearer to George Washington than his plan to make the Potomac River navigable as far as the Ohio River Valley."
},
{
"text": "Attempts to make the Potomac River navigable: A series of projects in the 18th and 19th centuries attempted to make the Potomac River navigable and connect the Ohio River valley and the East Coast. The first project was started by the Potomac Company, but it was the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company (C&O) that finished the project in the 1830s and 1840s."
},
{
"text": "George Washington (February 22, 1732[3][4][5] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), the commander-in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War,[6] and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States."
}
] |
d5d944ce0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | One study found 205 possible closed-basin lakes in craters on where, which Hellas Planitia is a plain on? | Mars | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The crater depth is 7,152 m (23,465 ft) below the standard topographic datum of Mars. Hellas Planitia / ˈhɛləs pləˈnɪʃiə / is a plain located within the huge, roughly circular impact basin Hellas located in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. Hellas is the third- or fourth-largest known impact crater in the Solar System."
},
{
"text": "One study found 205 possible closed-basin lakes in craters on Mars. The basins have an inlet valley that cuts the crater rim and flows into the basin, but they have no visible outlet valley. The total volume of the basins is equivalent to a depth of 1.2 meters spread evenly over the Martian surface."
}
] |
d5d945d20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the capital of the state where most German wine is produced? | Mainz is the capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the state where most German wine is produced. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Approximately 60 percent of German wine production is from the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate, where 6 of the 13 regions ( Anbaugebiete) for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 103,000 hectares (252,000 acres or 1,030 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface in Spain, France or Italy."
},
{
"text": "Rhineland-Palatinate (German: Rheinland-Pfalz, German pronunciation: [ˈʁaɪ̯nlant ˈp͡falt͡s] (About this soundlisten)) is a western state of Germany. It covers 19,846 km2 (7,663 sq mi) and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the sixteen states. Mainz is the capital and largest city."
}
] |
d5d946220dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor would most likely be studied by whom: a Hydrologist or a Geologist? | A hydrologist | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The process of determining a specific date (in years or some other unit of time) for an archaeological, geological or paleontological site or artifact. A sudden discontinuity of ground, such as fault of great thickness, bed or lentil of unstable ground."
},
{
"text": "Hydrologists examine water and warn of floods. Seismologists study earthquakes and try to understand where they will strike. Geologists study rocks and help to locate useful minerals. Earth scientists often work in the field—perhaps climbing mountains, exploring the seabed, crawling through caves, or wading in swamps."
}
] |
d5d9464a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Ocmulgee and St. Croix are both names of what? | Rivers | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The first major landmark along US 319/US 441/SR 31 is the Jacksonville Ferry Bridge over the Ocmulgee River at the Coffee–Telfair county line, then the routes curve from northwest to northeast as they enter Jacksonville itself, where the road has a signalized intersection with SR 117."
},
{
"text": "It runs from the Prescott Drawbridge over the St. Croix River at Prescott east to the dock in Manitowoc where the SS Badger crosses Lake Michigan to Ludington, Michigan. The highway is also designated as the Vietnam War Veterans Memorial Highway for its entire length."
}
] |
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