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cg12

cg12 |@word nothing:2 like:2 godot:5 arrive:2 hour:1 letter:1 suggest:2 meet:3 hotel:2 noon:1 sunday:1 come:5 lobby:1 clock:1 strike:1 twelve:1 wait:5 wish:1 samuel:2 beckett:10 prompt:1 simple:1 curiosity:2 interest:1 work:3 american:1 newspaper:1 reviewer:1 call:5 play:11 nihilistic:1 find:8 deep:3 pessimism:1 even:4 astute:1 commentator:1 harold:2 clurman:2 nation:1 say:9 concentrate:1 contemporary:1 european:1 mood:1 despair:2 writing:3 seem:2 permeate:1 love:1 human:1 kind:1 humor:1 could:7 reconcile:1 neither:2 nihilism:1 eye:3 ear:1 deceive:1 literature:2 defeat:1 irrelevant:1 social:1 crisis:2 face:4 relevant:1 teach:1 something:3 useful:1 know:5 conversation:5 author:1 would:8 settle:3 question:6 man:3 last:2 analysis:1 nevertheless:1 curious:1 sharpen:1 day:2 two:2 interview:1 well:2 inform:1 teacher:1 jesuit:1 father:3 conference:1 religious:5 drama:2 near:1 paris:2 name:1 discussion:1 priest:1 grow:1 loud:1 tell:2 hate:1 life:5 think:4 least:1 one:14 thing:5 appearance:1 rough:2 hew:1 irish:4 feature:1 distinct:1 fine:1 look:4 sculpture:1 unsharpened:1 chisel:1 unruly:1 hair:2 go:4 straight:1 forehead:1 stand:4 high:1 top:1 fall:1 gently:1 show:1 really:3 bristle:1 may:7 combine:2 pride:2 humility:2 self:1 acceptance:1 perhaps:4 genesis:1 impose:1 upon:1 another:2 light:5 blue:1 set:1 within:3 actively:1 continually:1 unconscious:1 division:2 labor:1 give:4 function:1 leave:2 communication:1 rest:1 mouth:1 frequently:1 break:1 disarm:1 smile:1 voice:1 timbre:1 edge:2 correspond:1 visage:1 accent:1 expect:1 slight:1 inflection:1 french:1 tweed:1 suit:1 baggy:1 gray:1 green:1 wear:1 brown:1 knit:1 sport:1 shirt:1 tie:2 walk:2 rue:2 de:2 thence:1 along:1 beside:1 madeleine:3 across:1 sidewalk:1 cafe:1 opposite:2 church:3 ensue:1 engross:1 hardly:1 world:3 shatter:2 see:4 already:1 talk:1 turn:1 mess:9 sometimes:1 buzzing:1 confusion:3 reconstruct:1 sentence:1 note:1 make:4 immediately:1 appear:2 short:1 actually:1 close:2 word:3 invention:1 listen:1 five:1 minute:1 without:1 acutely:1 aware:1 around:1 chance:2 let:3 renovation:1 open:1 sense:3 must:4 truth:2 take:2 true:4 anything:1 else:2 swim:1 sink:1 speak:5 anymore:1 heidegger:1 sartre:1 contrast:1 existence:1 right:2 language:1 philosophical:1 philosopher:1 front:1 simply:1 begin:1 tension:1 art:12 form:11 recently:1 withstand:1 pressure:1 chaotic:1 hold:2 bay:1 realize:1 admit:4 jeopardize:1 therefore:1 destructive:1 keep:1 longer:1 time:3 invade:2 experience:3 every:1 moment:2 allow:3 grant:1 result:2 attention:2 case:1 previously:1 ask:5 chaos:6 end:4 thinking:1 recent:1 preoccupied:1 example:1 highly:1 formalized:1 endgame:1 krapp:1 tape:1 hard:1 mean:2 henceforth:1 new:1 type:1 try:1 remain:3 separate:2 latter:1 reduce:2 former:1 become:2 preoccupation:1 exist:1 problem:2 material:1 accommodate:2 task:1 artist:1 yet:2 respond:2 similar:2 past:1 characteristic:1 great:1 confront:1 clarify:1 demand:1 viewer:1 never:1 predictable:1 way:2 history:2 criticism:1 attempt:2 manifold:1 element:1 single:2 philosophy:1 aesthetic:1 theory:1 ambiguous:1 gesture:1 toward:2 classical:3 line:1 napoleon:1 temple:1 glory:1 dominate:1 scene:1 sit:1 boulevard:2 la:1 malesherbe:1 royale:1 run:2 graceful:1 flattery:1 bear:1 tiding:1 age:1 reason:1 clear:3 mystery:1 different:1 chartre:1 unexplainable:1 raise:1 answer:1 battle:1 death:4 didi:1 gogo:1 hover:1 suicide:1 hamm:1 clov:1 get:3 join:2 live:1 child:1 outside:1 part:1 yes:2 present:2 inscrutability:1 darkness:2 also:7 situation:1 inexplicable:2 augustine:1 doctrine:1 grace:2 withhold:1 ponder:1 dramatic:1 quality:3 theology:1 thief:1 crucify:1 christ:1 save:1 damn:1 arise:1 destiny:1 racine:1 phedre:1 seal:1 beginning:2 proceed:1 dark:4 illuminate:1 partial:1 illumination:2 complete:1 move:1 notion:1 clarity:2 possible:2 greek:1 jansenist:1 remove:1 believe:1 contrary:1 total:1 salvation:1 key:1 theological:1 lead:1 significance:1 none:2 feeling:1 emotion:1 first:1 communion:1 mother:3 deeply:1 brother:2 kneel:2 bed:1 long:3 family:1 protestant:1 irksome:1 value:1 religion:2 die:1 depth:1 old:1 school:1 catholicism:1 attractive:1 pass:1 bus:1 hand:1 flurry:1 sign:2 cross:1 dog:1 ireland:1 pig:1 deal:3 facet:1 distress:3 people:1 object:1 party:2 english:1 intellectual:1 write:1 always:1 perverse:2 want:1 beat:1 away:1 home:1 unhappy:1 childhood:2 happy:1 ever:1 soon:1 taxi:2 glass:1 partition:1 driver:1 three:1 help:2 blind:1 orphan:1 third:1 relief:1 war:2 refugee:1 scream:2 london:1 lunch:1 back:1 personal:1 compress:1 closed:1 pattern:1 place:1 commitment:1 plainly:1 sympathetic:1 clearly:1 friendly:1 compassion:1 christian:1 much:1 writer:1 theater:1 pay:1 reflection:2 distorted:1 impasse:1 disarray:1 europe:4 politic:1 ethic:1 common:1 refer:1 sell:1 better:1 america:3 france:1 consciousness:2 mirror:1 earlier:1 mature:2 society:1 success:1 technological:2 economic:2 systematization:1 propel:1 examine:1 strictly:1 practical:1 culture:1 phase:1 development:1 whether:1 depend:1 happen:1 revolution:1 country:1 asia:1 africa:1 course:1 cold:2

Nothing/pn like/cs Godot/np ,/, he/pps arrived/vbd before/in the/at hour/nn ./. His/pp$ letter/nn had/hvd suggested/vbn we/ppss meet/vb at/in my/pp$ hotel/nn at/in noon/nn on/in Sunday/nr ,/, and/cc I/ppss came/vbd into/in the/at lobby/nn as/cs the/at clock/nn struck/vbd twelve/cd ./. He/pps was/bedz waiting/vbg ./. My/pp$ wish/nn to/to meet/vb Samuel/np Beckett/np had/hvd been/ben prompted/vbn by/in simple/jj curiosity/nn and/cc interest/nn in/in his/pp$ work/nn ./. American/jj newspaper/nn reviewers/nns like/vb to/to call/vb his/pp$ plays/nns nihilistic/jj ./. They/ppss find/vb deep/jj pessimism/nn in/in them/ppo ./. Even/rb so/ql astute/jj a/at commentator/nn as/cs Harold/np Clurman/np of/in The/at-tl Nation/nn-tl has/hvz said/vbn that/cs ``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' is/bez ``/`` the/at concentrate/nn of/in the/at contemporary/jj European/jj mood/nn of/in despair/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc to/in me/ppo Beckett's/np$ writing/nn had/hvd seemed/vbn permeated/vbn with/in love/nn for/in human/jj beings/nns and/cc with/in a/at kind/nn of/in humor/nn that/wps I/ppss could/md reconcile/vb neither/cc with/in despair/nn nor/cc with/in nihilism/nn ./. Could/md it/ppo be/be that/cs my/pp$ own/jj eyes/nns and/cc ears/nns had/hvd deceived/vbn me/ppo ?/. ?/. Is/bez his/pp$ a/at literature/nn of/in defeat/nn ,/, irrelevant/jj to/in the/at social/jj crises/nns we/ppss face/vb ?/. ?/. Or/cc is/bez it/pps relevant/jj because/cs it/pps teaches/vbz us/ppo something/pn useful/jj to/to know/vb about/in ourselves/ppls ?/. ?/. I/ppss knew/vbd that/cs a/at conversation/nn with/in the/at author/nn would/md not/* settle/vb such/jj questions/nns ,/, because/cs a/at man/nn is/bez not/* the/at same/ap as/cs his/pp$ writing/nn :/: in/in the/at last/ap analysis/nn ,/, the/at questions/nns had/hvd to/to be/be settled/vbn by/in the/at work/nn itself/ppl ./. Nevertheless/rb I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj ./. My/pp$ curiosity/nn was/bedz sharpened/vbn a/at day/nn or/cc two/cd before/in the/at interview/nn by/in a/at conversation/nn I/ppss had/hvd with/in a/at well-informed/jj teacher/nn of/in literature/nn ,/, a/at Jesuit/np father/nn ,/, at/in a/at conference/nn on/in religious/jj drama/nn near/in Paris/np ./. When/wrb Beckett's/np$ name/nn came/vbd into/in the/at discussion/nn ,/, the/at priest/nn grew/vbd loud/jj and/cc told/vbd me/ppo that/cs Beckett/np ``/`` hates/vbz life/nn ''/'' ./. That/wps ,/, I/ppss thought/vbd ,/, is/bez at/in least/ap one/cd thing/nn I/ppss can/md find/vb out/rp when/wrb we/ppss meet/vb ./. Beckett's/np$ appearance/nn is/bez rough-hewn/jj Irish/jj ./. The/at features/nns of/in his/pp$ face/nn are/ber distinct/jj ,/, but/cc not/* fine/jj ./. They/ppss look/vb as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben sculptured/vbn with/in an/at unsharpened/jj chisel/nn ./. Unruly/jj hair/nn goes/vbz straight/ql up/rp from/in his/pp$ forehead/nn ,/, standing/vbg so/ql high/jj that/cs the/at top/nn falls/vbz gently/rb over/rp ,/, as/cs if/cs to/to show/vb that/cs it/pps really/rb is/bez hair/nn and/cc not/* bristle/nn ./. One/pn might/md say/vb it/pps combines/vbz the/at man/nn ;/. ;/. own/jj pride/nn and/cc humility/nn ./. For/cs he/pps has/hvz the/at pride/nn that/wps comes/vbz of/in self-acceptance/nn and/cc the/at humility/nn ,/, perhaps/rb of/in the/at same/ap genesis/nn ,/, not/* to/to impose/vb himself/ppl upon/in another/dt ./. His/pp$ light/jj blue/jj eyes/nns ,/, set/vbn deep/rb within/in the/at face/nn ,/, are/ber actively/rb and/cc continually/rb looking/vbg ./. He/pps seems/vbz ,/, by/in some/dti unconscious/jj division/nn of/in labor/nn ,/, to/to have/hv given/vbn them/ppo that/dt one/cd function/nn and/cc no/at other/ap ,/, leaving/vbg communication/nn to/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at face/nn ./. The/at mouth/nn frequently/rb breaks/vbz into/in a/at disarming/vbg smile/nn ./. The/at voice/nn is/bez light/jj in/in timbre/nn ,/, with/in a/at rough/jj edge/nn that/wps corresponds/vbz to/in his/pp$ visage/nn ./. The/at Irish/jj accent/nn is/bez ,/, as/cs one/pn would/md expect/vb ,/, combined/vbn with/in slight/jj inflections/nns from/in the/at French/np ./. His/pp$ tweed/nn suit/nn was/bedz a/at baggy/jj gray/jj and/cc green/jj ./. He/pps wore/vbd a/at brown/jj knit/vbn sports/nns shirt/nn with/in no/at tie/nn ./. We/ppss walked/vbd down/in the/at Rue/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in L'Arcade/fw-at+nn-tl ,/, thence/rb along/rb beside/in the/at Madeleine/np and/cc across/rp to/in a/at sidewalk/nn cafe/nn opposite/in that/dt church/nn ./. The/at conversation/nn that/wps ensued/vbd may/md have/hv been/ben engrossing/jj but/cc it/pps could/md hardly/rb be/be called/vbn world-shattering/jj ./. For/cs one/cd thing/nn ,/, the/at world/nn that/wpo Beckett/np sees/vbz is/bez already/rb shattered/vbn ./. His/pp$ talk/nn turns/vbz to/in what/wdt he/pps calls/vbz ``/`` the/at mess/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc sometimes/rb ``/`` this/dt buzzing/vbg confusion/nn ''/'' ./. I/ppss reconstruct/vb his/pp$ sentences/nns from/in notes/nns made/vbn immediately/rb after/in our/pp$ conversation/nn ./. What/wdt appears/vbz here/rb is/bez shorter/jjr than/cs what/wdt he/pps actually/rb said/vbd but/cc very/ql close/rb to/in his/pp$ own/jj words/nns ./. ``/`` The/at confusion/nn is/bez not/* my/pp$ invention/nn ./. We/ppss cannot/md* listen/vb to/in a/at conversation/nn for/in five/cd minutes/nns without/in being/beg acutely/ql aware/jj of/in the/at confusion/nn ./. It/pps is/bez all/abn around/in us/ppo and/cc our/pp$ only/ap chance/nn now/rb is/bez to/to let/vb it/ppo in/rp ./. The/at only/ap chance/nn of/in renovation/nn is/bez to/to open/vb our/pp$ eyes/nns and/cc see/vb the/at mess/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* a/at mess/nn you/ppss can/md make/vb sense/nn of/in ''/'' ./. I/ppss suggested/vbd that/cs one/pn must/md let/vb it/ppo in/rp because/cs it/pps is/bez the/at truth/nn ,/, but/cc Beckett/np did/dod not/* take/vb to/in the/at word/nn truth/nn ./. ``/`` What/wdt is/bez more/ql true/jj than/cs anything/pn else/rb ?/. ?/. To/to swim/vb is/bez true/jj ,/, and/cc to/to sink/vb is/bez true/jj ./. One/cd is/bez not/* more/ql true/jj than/cs the/at other/ap ./. One/pn cannot/md* speak/vb anymore/rb of/in being/beg ,/, one/pn must/md speak/vb only/rb of/in the/at mess/nn ./. When/wrb Heidegger/np and/cc Sartre/np speak/vb of/in a/at contrast/nn between/in being/beg and/cc existence/nn ,/, they/ppss may/md be/be right/jj ,/, I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ,/, but/cc their/pp$ language/nn is/bez too/ql philosophical/jj for/in me/ppo ./. I/ppss am/bem not/* a/at philosopher/nn ./. One/pn can/md only/rb speak/vb of/in what/wdt is/bez in/in front/nn of/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc that/dt now/rb is/bez simply/rb the/at mess/nn ''/'' ./. Then/rb he/pps began/vbd to/to speak/vb about/in the/at tension/nn in/in art/nn between/in the/at mess/nn and/cc form/nn ./. Until/in recently/rb ,/, art/nn has/hvz withstood/vbn the/at pressure/nn of/in chaotic/jj things/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz held/vbn them/ppo at/in bay/nn ./. It/pps realized/vbd that/cs to/to admit/vb them/ppo was/bedz to/to jeopardize/vb form/nn ./. ``/`` How/wrb could/md the/at mess/nn be/be admitted/vbn ,/, because/cs it/pps appears/vbz to/to be/be the/at very/ql opposite/jj of/in form/nn and/cc therefore/rb destructive/jj of/in the/at very/ap thing/nn that/dt art/nn holds/vbz itself/ppl to/to be/be ''/'' ?/. ?/. But/cc now/rb we/ppss can/md keep/vb it/ppo out/rp no/ql longer/rbr ,/, because/cs we/ppss have/hv come/vbn into/in a/at time/nn when/wrb ``/`` it/pps invades/vbz our/pp$ experience/nn at/in every/at moment/nn ./. It/pps is/bez there/rb and/cc it/pps must/md be/be allowed/vbn in/rp ''/'' ./. I/ppss granted/vbd this/dt might/md be/be so/rb ,/, but/cc found/vbd the/at result/nn to/to be/be even/ql more/rbr attention/nn to/in form/nn than/cs was/bedz the/at case/nn previously/rb ./. And/cc why/wrb not/* ?/. ?/. How/wrb ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd ,/, could/md chaos/nn be/be admitted/vbn to/in chaos/nn ?/. ?/. Would/md not/* that/dt be/be the/at end/nn of/in thinking/vbg and/cc the/at end/nn of/in art/nn ?/. ?/. If/cs we/ppss look/vb at/in recent/jj art/nn we/ppss find/vb it/ppo preoccupied/vbn with/in form/nn ./. Beckett's/np$ own/jj work/nn is/bez an/at example/nn ./. Plays/nns more/ql highly/ql formalized/vbn than/cs ``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Endgame/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` Krapp's/np$-tl Last/ap-tl Tape/nn-tl ''/'' would/md be/be hard/jj to/to find/vb ./. ``/`` What/wdt I/ppss am/bem saying/vbg does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs there/ex will/md henceforth/rb be/be no/at form/nn in/in art/nn ./. It/pps only/rb means/vbz that/cs there/ex will/md be/be new/jj form/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs this/dt form/nn will/md be/be of/in such/abl a/at type/nn that/cs it/pps admits/vbz the/at chaos/nn and/cc does/doz not/* try/vb to/to say/vb that/cs the/at chaos/nn is/bez really/rb something/pn else/rb ./. The/at form/nn and/cc the/at chaos/nn remain/vb separate/jj ./. The/at latter/ap is/bez not/* reduced/vbn to/in the/at former/ap ./. That/dt is/bez why/wrb the/at form/nn itself/ppl becomes/vbz a/at preoccupation/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps exists/vbz as/cs a/at problem/nn separate/jj from/in the/at material/nn it/pps accommodates/vbz ./. To/to find/vb a/at form/nn that/wps accommodates/vbz the/at mess/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez the/at task/nn of/in the/at artist/nn now/rb ''/'' ./. Yet/rb ,/, I/ppss responded/vbd ,/, could/md not/* similar/jj things/nns be/be said/vbn about/in the/at art/nn of/in the/at past/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez it/pps not/* characteristic/jj of/in the/at greatest/jjt art/nn that/cs it/pps confronts/vbz us/ppo with/in something/pn we/ppss cannot/md* clarify/vb ,/, demanding/vbg that/cs the/at viewer/nn respond/vb to/to it/ppo in/in his/pp$ own/jj never-predictable/jj way/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez the/at history/nn of/in criticism/nn but/cc the/at history/nn of/in men/nns attempting/vbg to/to make/vb sense/nn of/in the/at manifold/jj elements/nns in/in art/nn that/wps will/md not/* allow/vb themselves/ppls to/to be/be reduced/vbn to/in a/at single/ap philosophy/nn or/cc a/at single/ap aesthetic/jj theory/nn ?/. ?/. Isn't/bez* all/abn art/nn ambiguous/jj ?/. ?/. ``/`` Not/* this/dt ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, and/cc gestured/vbd toward/in the/at Madeleine/np ./. The/at classical/jj lines/nns of/in the/at church/nn which/wdt Napoleon/np thought/vbd of/in as/cs a/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Glory/nn-tl ,/, dominated/vbd all/abn the/at scene/nn where/wrb we/ppss sat/vbd ./. The/at Boulevard/np De/np La/np Madeleine/np ,/, the/at Boulevard/np Malesherbes/np ,/, and/cc the/at Rue/fw-nn-tl Royale/fw-jj-tl ran/vbd to/in it/ppo with/in graceful/jj flattery/nn ,/, bearing/vbg tidings/nns of/in the/at Age/nn-tl of/in-tl Reason/nn-tl ./. ``/`` Not/* this/dt ./. This/dt is/bez clear/jj ./. This/dt does/doz not/* allow/vb the/at mystery/nn to/to invade/vb us/ppo ./. With/in classical/jj art/nn ,/, all/abn is/bez settled/vbn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez different/jj at/in Chartres/np ./. There/ex is/bez the/at unexplainable/jj ,/, and/cc there/rb art/nn raises/vbz questions/nns that/cs it/pps does/doz not/* attempt/vb to/to answer/vb ''/'' ./. I/ppss asked/vbd about/in the/at battle/nn between/in life/nn and/cc death/nn in/in his/pp$ plays/nns ./. Didi/np and/cc Gogo/np hover/vb on/in the/at edge/nn of/in suicide/nn ;/. ;/. Hamm's/np$ world/nn is/bez death/nn and/cc Clov/np may/md or/cc may/md not/* get/vb out/in of/in it/ppo to/to join/vb the/at living/vbg child/nn outside/rb ./. Is/bez this/dt life-death/jj question/nn a/at part/nn of/in the/at chaos/nn ?/. ?/. ``/`` Yes/rb ./. If/cs life/nn and/cc death/nn did/dod not/* both/abx present/vb themselves/ppls to/in us/ppo ,/, there/ex would/md be/be no/at inscrutability/nn ./. If/cs there/ex were/bed only/rb darkness/nn ,/, all/abn would/md be/be clear/jj ./. It/pps is/bez because/cs there/ex is/bez not/* only/rb darkness/nn but/cc also/rb light/nn that/cs our/pp$ situation/nn becomes/vbz inexplicable/jj ./. Take/vb Augustine's/np$ doctrine/nn of/in grace/nn given/vbn and/cc grace/nn withheld/vbn :/: have/hv you/ppss pondered/vbn the/at dramatic/jj qualities/nns in/in this/dt theology/nn ?/. ?/. Two/cd thieves/nns are/ber crucified/vbn with/in Christ/np ,/, one/cd saved/vbn and/cc the/at other/ap damned/vbn ./. How/wrb can/md we/ppss make/vb sense/nn of/in this/dt division/nn ?/. ?/. In/in classical/jj drama/nn ,/, such/jj problems/nns do/do not/* arise/vb ./. The/at destiny/nn of/in Racine's/np$ Phedre/np is/bez sealed/vbn from/in the/at beginning/nn :/: she/pps will/md proceed/vb into/in the/at dark/nn ./. As/cs she/pps goes/vbz ,/, she/pps herself/ppl will/md be/be illuminated/vbn ./. At/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at play/nn she/pps has/hvz partial/jj illumination/nn and/cc at/in the/at end/nn she/pps has/hvz complete/jj illumination/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex has/hvz been/ben no/at question/nn but/cc that/cs she/pps moves/vbz toward/in the/at dark/nn ./. That/dt is/bez the/at play/nn ./. Within/in this/dt notion/nn clarity/nn is/bez possible/jj ,/, but/cc for/in us/ppo who/wps are/ber neither/cc Greek/jj nor/cc Jansenist/jj there/ex is/bez not/* such/jj clarity/nn ./. The/at question/nn would/md also/rb be/be removed/vbn if/cs we/ppss believed/vbd in/in the/at contrary/jj --/-- total/jj salvation/nn ./. But/cc where/wrb we/ppss have/hv both/abx dark/nn and/cc light/nn we/ppss have/hv also/rb the/at inexplicable/jj ./. The/at key/jjs word/nn in/in my/pp$ plays/nns is/bez '/' perhaps/rb-nc '/' ''/'' ./. Given/vbn a/at theological/jj lead/nn ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd what/wdt he/pps thinks/vbz about/in those/dts who/wps find/vb a/at religious/jj significance/nn to/in his/pp$ plays/nns ./. ``/`` Well/uh ,/, really/rb there/ex is/bez none/pn at/in all/abn ./. I/ppss have/hv no/rb religious/jj feeling/nn ./. Once/cs I/ppss had/hvd a/at religious/jj emotion/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz at/in my/pp$ first/od Communion/nn-tl ./. No/ql more/rbr ./. My/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz deeply/ql religious/jj ./. So/rb was/bedz my/pp$ brother/nn ./. He/pps knelt/vbd down/rp at/in his/pp$ bed/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs he/pps could/md kneel/vb ./. My/pp$ father/nn had/hvd none/pn ./. The/at family/nn was/bedz Protestant/jj ,/, but/in for/in me/ppo it/pps was/bedz only/rb irksome/jj and/cc I/ppss let/vb it/ppo go/vb ./. My/pp$ brother/nn and/cc mother/nn got/vbd no/at value/nn from/in their/pp$ religion/nn when/wrb they/ppss died/vbd ./. At/in the/at moment/nn of/in crisis/nn it/pps had/hvd no/at more/ap depth/nn than/cs an/at old/jj school/nn tie/nn ./. Irish/jj Catholicism/nn-tl is/bez not/* attractive/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez deeper/jjr ./. When/wrb you/ppss pass/vb a/at church/nn on/in an/at Irish/jj bus/nn ,/, all/abn the/at hands/nns flurry/vb in/in the/at sign/nn of/in the/at cross/nn ./. One/cd day/nn the/at dogs/nns of/in Ireland/np will/md do/do that/dt too/rb and/cc perhaps/rb also/rb the/at pigs/nns ''/'' ./. But/cc do/do the/at plays/nns deal/vb with/in the/at same/ap facets/nns of/in experience/nn religion/nn must/md also/rb deal/vb with/in ?/. ?/. ``/`` Yes/rb ,/, for/cs they/ppss deal/vb with/in distress/nn ./. Some/dti people/nns object/vb to/in this/dt in/in my/pp$ writing/nn ./. At/in a/at party/nn an/at English/jj intellectual/nn --/-- so-called/jj --/-- asked/vbd me/ppo why/wrb I/ppss write/vb always/rb about/in distress/nn ./. As/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed perverse/jj to/to do/do so/rb !/. !/. He/pps wanted/vbd to/to know/vb if/cs my/pp$ father/nn had/hvd beaten/vbn me/ppo or/cc my/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd run/vbn away/rb from/in home/nr to/to give/vb me/ppo an/at unhappy/jj childhood/nn ./. I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo no/rb ,/, that/cs I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn a/at very/ql happy/jj childhood/nn ./. Then/rb he/pps thought/vbd me/ppo more/ql perverse/jj than/cs ever/rb ./. I/ppss left/vbd the/at party/nn as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj and/cc got/vbd into/in a/at taxi/nn ./. On/in the/at glass/nn partition/nn between/in me/ppo and/cc the/at driver/nn were/bed three/cd signs/nns :/: one/cd asked/vbd for/in help/nn for/in the/at blind/jj ,/, another/dt help/nn for/in orphans/nns ,/, and/cc the/at third/od for/in relief/nn for/in the/at war/nn refugees/nns ./. One/pn does/doz not/* have/hv to/to look/vb for/in distress/nn ./. It/pps is/bez screaming/vbg at/in you/ppo even/rb in/in the/at taxis/nns of/in London/np ''/'' ./. Lunch/nn was/bedz over/rp ,/, and/cc we/ppss walked/vbd back/rb to/in the/at hotel/nn with/in the/at light/nn and/cc dark/nn of/in Paris/np screaming/vbg at/in us/ppo ./. The/at personal/jj quality/nn of/in Samuel/np Beckett/np is/bez similar/jj to/in qualities/nns I/ppss had/hvd found/vbn in/in the/at plays/nns ./. He/pps says/vbz nothing/pn that/wps compresses/vbz experience/nn within/in a/at closed/vbn pattern/nn ./. ``/`` Perhaps/rb ''/'' stands/vbz in/in place/nn of/in commitment/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez plainly/ql sympathetic/jj ,/, clearly/ql friendly/jj ./. If/cs there/ex were/bed only/rb the/at mess/nn ,/, all/abn would/md be/be clear/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc there/ex is/bez also/rb compassion/nn ./. As/cs a/at Christian/np ,/, I/ppss know/vb I/ppss do/do not/* stand/vb where/wrb Beckett/np stands/vbz ,/, but/cc I/ppss do/do see/vb much/ap of/in what/wdt he/pps sees/vbz ./. As/cs a/at writer/nn on/in the/at theater/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv paid/vbn close/jj attention/nn to/in the/at plays/nns ./. Harold/np Clurman/np is/bez right/jj to/to say/vb that/cs ``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' is/bez a/at reflection/nn (/( he/pps calls/vbz it/ppo a/at distorted/vbn reflection/nn )/) ``/`` of/in the/at impasse/nn and/cc disarray/nn of/in Europe's/np$ present/jj politics/nn ,/, ethic/nn ,/, and/cc common/jj way/nn of/in life/nn ''/'' ./. Yet/cc it/pps is/bez not/* only/rb Europe/np the/at play/nn refers/vbz to/in ./. ``/`` Waiting/vbg-tl For/in-tl Godot/np-tl ''/'' sells/vbz even/ql better/rbr in/in America/np than/cs in/in France/np ./. The/at consciousness/nn it/pps mirrors/vbz may/md have/hv come/vbn earlier/rbr to/in Europe/np than/cs to/in America/np ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez the/at consciousness/nn that/wps most/ap ``/`` mature/jj ''/'' societies/nns arrive/vb at/in when/wrb their/pp$ successes/nns in/in technological/jj and/cc economic/jj systematization/nn propel/vb them/ppo into/in a/at time/nn of/in examining/vbg the/at not-strictly-practical/jj ends/nns of/in culture/nn ./. America/np is/bez now/rb joining/vbg Europe/np in/in this/dt ``/`` mature/jj ''/'' phase/nn of/in development/nn ./. Whether/cs any/dti of/in us/ppo remain/vb in/in it/ppo long/rb will/md depend/vb on/in what/wdt happens/vbz as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at technological/jj and/cc economic/jj revolutions/nns now/rb going/vbg on/rp in/in the/at countries/nns of/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ,/, and/cc also/rb of/in course/nn on/in how/wrb long/rb the/at cold/jj war/nn remains/vbz cold/jj ./.

cg13

cg13 |@word even:3 hemingway:2 effort:1 formulate:1 naturalistic:1 morality:1 sun:1 also:1 rise:1 farewell:1 arm:1 never:1 maintain:2 sex:28 fiction:2 support:2 moral:1 backbone:1 search:3 ultimate:1 meaning:1 hint:2 religious:3 dimension:1 lawrence:3 fantasia:1 unconscious:2 protest:1 vehemently:1 overestimation:1 sexual:15 motive:1 though:4 form:2 enter:1 human:3 activity:1 good:3 thing:1 freud:1 emphasize:1 aspect:1 nature:2 fantastic:1 explain:1 everything:3 term:1 declare:2 man:4 confine:1 one:5 outlet:1 vital:1 energy:4 creative:5 urge:2 example:2 transcend:1 body:3 self:3 beat:14 generation:10 nothing:2 revealing:1 way:3 life:11 literary:2 aspiration:1 group:2 attitude:2 toward:2 beatnik:5 like:3 hipster:1 opposition:2 society:4 base:1 repression:1 instinct:2 elevate:1 ero:2 libido:1 pure:1 spontaneous:1 uninhibited:1 rank:1 godhead:1 astarte:1 ishtar:1 venus:1 yahwe:1 dionysus:1 christ:1 mysterious:1 divine:2 orgone:1 flow:2 universe:4 jazz:12 marijuana:9 stimulus:1 tempo:1 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Even/rb Hemingway/np ,/, for/in all/abn his/pp$ efforts/nns to/to formulate/vb a/at naturalistic/jj morality/nn in/in The/at-tl Sun/nn-tl Also/rb-tl Rises/vbz-tl and/cc A/at-tl Farewell/nn-tl To/in-tl Arms/nns-tl never/rb maintained/vbd that/cs sex/nn was/bedz all/abn ./. Hemingway's/np$ fiction/nn is/bez supported/vbn by/in a/at ``/`` moral/jj ''/'' backbone/nn and/cc in/in its/pp$ search/nn for/in ultimate/jj meaning/nn hints/vbz at/in a/at religious/jj dimension/nn ./. And/cc D./np H./np Lawrence/np ,/, in/in Fantasia/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Unconscious/nn-tl ,/, protested/vbd vehemently/rb against/in the/at overestimation/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj motive/nn ./. Though/cs sex/nn in/in some/dti form/nn or/cc other/ap enters/vbz into/in all/abn human/jj activity/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz a/at good/jj thing/nn that/cs Freud/np emphasized/vbd this/dt aspect/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez fantastic/jj to/to explain/vb everything/pn in/in terms/nns of/in sex/nn ./. ``/`` All/abn is/bez not/* sex/nn ''/'' ,/, declared/vbd Lawrence/np ./. Man/nn is/bez not/* confined/vbn to/in one/cd outlet/nn for/in his/pp$ vital/jj energy/nn ./. The/at creative/jj urge/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, transcends/vbz the/at body/nn and/cc the/at self/nn ./. But/cc for/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn all/abn is/bez sex/nn ./. Nothing/pn is/bez more/ql revealing/jj of/in the/at way/nn of/in life/nn and/cc literary/jj aspirations/nns of/in this/dt group/nn than/cs their/pp$ attitude/nn toward/in sex/nn ./. For/cs the/at beatnik/nn ,/, like/cs the/at hipster/nn ,/, is/bez in/in opposition/nn to/in a/at society/nn that/wps is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at repression/nn of/in the/at sex/nn instinct/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz elevated/vbn sex/nn --/-- not/* Eros/np or/cc libido/nn but/cc pure/jj ,/, spontaneous/jj ,/, uninhibited/jj sex/nn --/-- to/in the/at rank/nn of/in the/at godhead/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez Astarte/np ,/, Ishtar/np ,/, Venus/np ,/, Yahwe/np ,/, Dionysus/np ,/, Christ/np ,/, the/at mysterious/jj and/cc divine/jj orgone/nn energy/nn flowing/vbg through/in the/at body/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./. Jazz/nn is/bez sex/nn ,/, marijuana/nn is/bez a/at stimulus/nn to/in sex/nn ,/, the/at beat/nn tempo/nn is/bez adjusted/vbn to/in the/at orgiastic/jj release/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj impulse/nn ./. Lawrence/np Lipton/np ,/, in/in The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Barbarians/nns-tl ,/, stresses/vbz that/cs for/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn sex/nn is/bez more/ap than/cs a/at source/nn of/in pleasure/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez a/at mystique/nn ,/, and/cc their/pp$ private/jj language/nn is/bez rich/jj in/in the/at multivalent/jj ambiguities/nns of/in sexual/jj reference/nn so/cs that/cs they/ppss dwell/vb in/in a/at sexualized/vbn universe/nn of/in discourse/nn ./. The/at singular/jj uncompromising/jj force/nn of/in their/pp$ revolt/nn against/in the/at cult/nn of/in restraint/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in their/pp$ refusal/nn to/to dance/vb in/in a/at public/jj place/nn ./. The/at dance/nn is/bez but/rb a/at disguised/vbn ritual/nn for/in the/at expression/nn of/in ungratified/jj sexual/jj desire/nn ./. For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, their/pp$ language/nn is/bez more/ql forthright/jj and/cc earthy/jj ./. The/at beatniks/nns crave/vb a/at sexual/jj experience/nn in/in which/wdt their/pp$ whole/jj being/beg participates/vbz ./. It/pps is/bez therefore/rb not/* surprising/jj that/cs they/ppss resist/vb the/at lure/nn of/in marriage/nn and/cc the/at trap/nn of/in domesticity/nn ,/, for/cs like/cs cats/nns they/ppss are/ber determined/vbn not/* to/to tame/vb their/pp$ sexual/jj energy/nn ./. They/ppss withdraw/vb to/in the/at underground/nn of/in the/at slums/nns where/wrb they/ppss can/md defy/vb the/at precepts/nns of/in legalized/vbn propriety/nn ./. Unlike/in the/at heroes/nns and/cc flappers/nns of/in the/at lost/vbn generation/nn ,/, they/ppss disdain/vb the/at art/nn of/in ``/`` necking/vbg ''/'' and/cc ``/`` petting/vbg ''/'' ./. That/dt is/bez reserved/vbn for/in the/at squares/nns ./. If/cs they/ppss avoid/vb the/at use/nn of/in the/at pungent/jj ,/, outlawed/vbn four-letter/jj word/nn it/pps is/bez because/cs it/pps is/bez taboo/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez sacred/jj ./. As/cs Lipton/np ,/, the/at prophet/nn of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn ,/, declares/vbz :/: ``/`` In/in the/at sexual/jj act/nn ,/, the/at beat/nns are/ber filled/vbn with/in mana/nn ,/, the/at divine/jj power/nn ./. This/dt is/bez far/ql from/in the/at vulgar/jj ,/, leering/vbg sexuality/nn of/in the/at middle-class/nn square/nn in/in heat/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt is/bez the/at Holy/jj-tl Grail/nn-tl these/dts knights/nns of/in the/at orgasm/nn pursue/vb ,/, this/dt is/bez the/at irresistible/jj cosmic/jj urge/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss respond/vb ./. If/cs Wilhelm/np Reich/np is/bez the/at Moses/np who/wps has/hvz led/vbn them/ppo out/in of/in the/at Egypt/np of/in sexual/jj slavery/nn ,/, Dylan/np Thomas/np is/bez the/at poet/nn who/wps offers/vbz them/ppo the/at Dionysian/jj dialectic/nn of/in justification/nn for/in their/pp$ indulgence/nn in/in liquor/nn ,/, marijuana/nn ,/, sex/nn ,/, and/cc jazz/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv been/ben converted/vbn to/in Zen/np Buddhism/np ,/, with/in its/pp$ glorification/nn of/in all/abn that/dt is/bez ``/`` natural/jj ''/'' and/cc mysteriously/rb alive/jj ,/, the/at sense/nn that/cs everything/pn in/in the/at world/nn is/bez flowing/vbg ./. Thus/rb ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, the/at beat/nn writers/nns resort/vb to/in ``/`` religious/jj ''/'' metaphors/nns :/: they/ppss are/ber in/in search/nn of/in mana/nn ,/, the/at spiritual/jj ,/, the/at numinous/jj ,/, but/cc not/* anything/pn connected/vbn with/in formal/jj religion/nn ./. What/wdt they/ppss are/ber after/rb is/bez the/at beatific/jj vision/nn ./. And/cc Zen/np Buddhism/np ,/, though/cs it/pps is/bez extremely/ql difficult/jj to/to understand/vb how/wrb these/dts internal/jj contradictions/nns are/ber reconciled/vbn ,/, helps/vbz them/ppo in/in their/pp$ struggle/nn to/to achieve/vb personal/jj salvation/nn through/in sexual/jj release/nn ./. The/at style/nn of/in life/nn chosen/vbn by/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn ,/, the/at rhythm/nn and/cc ritual/nn they/ppss have/hv adopted/vbn as/cs uniquely/rb their/pp$ own/jj ,/, is/bez designed/vbn to/to enhance/vb the/at value/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj experience/nn ./. Jazz/nn is/bez good/jj not/* only/rb because/cs it/pps promotes/vbz wholeness/nn but/cc because/cs of/in its/pp$ decided/vbn sexual/jj effect/nn ./. Jazz/nn is/bez the/at musical/jj language/nn of/in sex/nn ,/, the/at vocabulary/nn of/in the/at orgasm/nn ;/. ;/. indeed/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez maintained/vbn that/cs the/at sexual/jj element/nn in/in jazz/nn ,/, by/in freeing/vbg the/at listener/nn of/in his/pp$ inhibitions/nns ,/, can/md have/hv therapeutic/jj value/nn ./. That/dt is/bez why/wrb ,/, the/at argument/nn runs/vbz ,/, the/at squares/nns are/ber so/ql fearful/jj of/in jazz/nn and/cc yet/rb perversely/rb fascinated/vbn by/in it/ppo ./. Instead/rb of/in giving/vbg themselves/ppls spontaneously/rb to/in the/at orgiastic/jj release/nn that/wps jazz/nn can/md give/vb them/ppo ,/, they/ppss undergo/vb psychoanalysis/nn or/cc flirt/vb with/in mysticism/nn or/cc turn/vb to/in prostitutes/nns for/in satisfaction/nn ./. Thus/rb jazz/nn is/bez transmuted/vbn into/in something/pn holy/jj ,/, the/at sacred/jj road/nn to/in integration/nn of/in being/beg ./. Jazz/nn ,/, like/cs sex/nn ,/, is/bez a/at mystique/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* a/at substitute/jj for/in sex/nn but/cc a/at dynamic/jj expression/nn of/in the/at creative/jj impulse/nn in/in unfettered/jj man/nn ./. The/at mystique/nn of/in sex/nn ,/, combined/vbn with/in marijuana/nn and/cc jazz/nn ,/, is/bez intended/vbn to/to provide/vb a/at design/nn for/in living/vbg ./. Those/dts who/wps are/ber sexually/rb liberated/vbn can/md become/vb creatively/rb alive/jj and/cc free/jj ,/, their/pp$ instincts/nns put/vb at/in the/at service/nn of/in the/at imagination/nn ./. Righteous/jj in/in their/pp$ denunciation/nn of/in all/abn that/wps makes/vbz for/in death/nn ,/, the/at beat/nn prophets/nns bid/vb all/abn men/nns become/vb cool/jj cats/nns ;/. ;/. let/vb them/ppo learn/vb to/to ``/`` swing/vb ''/'' freely/rb ,/, to/to let/vb go/vb ,/, to/to become/vb authentically/rb themselves/ppls ,/, and/cc then/rb perhaps/rb civilization/nn will/md be/be saved/vbn ./. The/at beatnik/nn ,/, seceding/vbg from/in a/at society/nn that/wps is/bez fatally/rb afflicted/vbn with/in a/at deathward/jj drive/vb ,/, is/bez concerned/vbn with/in his/pp$ personal/jj salvation/nn in/in the/at living/vbg present/nn ./. If/cs he/pps is/bez the/at child/nn of/in nothingness/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps is/bez the/at predestined/vbn victim/nn of/in an/at age/nn of/in atomic/jj wars/nns ,/, then/rb he/pps will/md consult/vb only/rb his/pp$ own/jj organic/jj needs/nns and/cc go/vb beyond/in good/nn and/cc evil/nn ./. He/pps will/md not/* curb/vb his/pp$ instinctual/jj desires/nns but/cc release/vb the/at energy/nn within/in him/ppo that/wps makes/vbz him/ppo feel/vb truly/ql and/cc fully/ql alive/jj ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps is/bez only/rb for/in this/dt brief/jj moment/nn before/cs the/at apocalypse/nn of/in annihilation/nn explodes/vbz on/in earth/nn ./. That/dt is/bez why/wrb the/at members/nns of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn proudly/rb assume/vb the/at title/nn of/in the/at holy/jj barbarians/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss will/md destroy/vb the/at shrines/nns ,/, temples/nns ,/, museums/nns ,/, and/cc churches/nns of/in the/at state/nn that/wps is/bez the/at implacable/jj enemy/nn of/in the/at life/nn they/ppss believe/vb in/in ./. Apart/rb from/in the/at categorical/jj imperative/nn they/ppss derive/vb from/in the/at metaphysics/nn of/in the/at orgasm/nn ,/, the/at only/ap affirmation/nn they/ppss are/ber capable/jj of/in making/vbg is/bez that/cs art/nn is/bez their/pp$ only/ap refuge/nn ./. Their/pp$ writing/nn ,/, born/vbn of/in their/pp$ experiments/nns in/in marijuana/nn and/cc untrammeled/jj sexuality/nn ,/, reflects/vbz the/at extremity/nn of/in their/pp$ existential/jj alienation/nn ./. The/at mind/nn has/hvz betrayed/vbn them/ppo ,/, reason/nn is/bez the/at foe/nn of/in life/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss will/md trust/vb only/rb their/pp$ physical/jj sensations/nns ,/, the/at wisdom/nn of/in the/at body/nn ,/, the/at holy/jj promptings/nns of/in the/at unconscious/nn ./. With/in lyrical/jj intensity/nn they/ppss reveal/vb what/wdt they/ppss hate/vb ,/, but/cc their/pp$ faith/nn in/in love/nn ,/, inspired/vbn by/in the/at revolutionary/jj rhythms/nns of/in jazz/nn ,/, culminates/vbz in/in the/at climax/nn of/in the/at orgasm/nn ./. Their/pp$ work/nn mirrors/vbz the/at mentality/nn of/in the/at psychopath/nn ,/, rootless/jj and/cc irresponsible/jj ./. Their/pp$ rebellion/nn against/in authoritarian/jj society/nn is/bez not/* far/ql removed/vbn from/in the/at violence/nn of/in revolt/nn characteristic/jj of/in the/at juvenile/jj delinquent/nn ./. And/cc the/at life/nn they/ppss lead/vb is/bez undisciplined/jj and/cc for/in the/at most/ap part/nn unproductive/jj ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss make/vb a/at fetish/nn of/in devoting/vbg themselves/ppls to/in some/dti creative/jj pursuit/nn --/-- writing/vbg ,/, painting/vbg ,/, music/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber non-conformists/nns on/in principle/nn ./. When/wrb they/ppss express/vb themselves/ppls it/pps is/bez incandescent/jj hatred/nn that/wps shines/vbz forth/rb ,/, the/at rage/nn of/in repudiation/nn ,/, the/at ecstasy/nn of/in negation/nn ./. It/pps is/bez sex/nn that/wps obsesses/vbz them/ppo ,/, sex/nn that/wps is/bez at/in the/at basis/nn of/in their/pp$ aesthetic/jj creed/nn ./. What/wdt they/ppss discuss/vb with/in dialectical/jj seriousness/nn is/bez the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt sex/nn can/md inspire/vb the/at Muse/nn-tl ./. Monogamy/nn is/bez the/at vice/nn from/in which/wdt the/at abjectly/ql fearful/jj middle/jj class/nn continue/vb to/to suffer/vb ,/, whereas/cs the/at beatnik/nn has/hvz the/at courage/nn to/to break/vb out/rp of/in that/dt prison/nn of/in respectability/nn ./. One/cd girl/nn describes/vbz her/pp$ past/nn ,/, her/pp$ succession/nn of/in broken/vbn marriages/nns ,/, the/at abortions/nns she/pps has/hvz had/hvn and/cc finally/rb confesses/vbz that/cs she/pps loves/vbz sex/nn and/cc sees/vbz no/at reason/nn why/wrb she/pps must/md justify/vb her/pp$ passion/nn ./. If/cs it/pps is/bez an/at honest/jj feeling/nn ,/, then/rb why/wrb should/md she/pps not/* yield/vb to/in it/ppo ?/. ?/. ``/`` Most/ql often/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps says/vbz ,/, ``/`` it's/pps+bez the/at monogamous/jj relationship/nn that/wps is/bez dishonest/jj ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez nothing/pn holy/jj in/in wedlock/nn ./. This/dt girl/nn soon/rb drops/vbz the/at bourgeois/nn pyschiatrist/nn who/wps disapproves/vbz of/in her/pp$ life/nn ./. She/pps finds/vbz married/vbn life/nn stifling/vbg and/cc every/at prolonged/vbn sex/nn relationship/nn unbearably/ql monotonous/jj ./. This/dt confession/nn serves/vbz to/to make/vb clear/jj in/in part/nn what/wdt is/bez behind/in this/dt sexual/jj revolution/nn :/: the/at craving/nn for/in sensation/nn for/in its/pp$ own/jj sake/nn ,/, the/at need/nn for/in change/nn ,/, for/in new/jj experiences/nns ./. Boredom/nn is/bez death/nn ./. In/in the/at realm/nn of/in physical/jj sensations/nns ,/, sex/nn reigns/vbz supreme/jj ./. Hence/rb the/at beatniks/nns sustain/vb themselves/ppls on/in marijuana/nn ,/, jazz/nn ,/, free/jj swinging/vbg poetry/nn ,/, exhausting/vbg themselves/ppls in/in orgies/nns of/in sex/nn ;/. ;/. some/dti of/in them/ppo are/ber driven/vbn over/in the/at borderline/nn of/in sanity/nn and/cc lose/vb contact/nn with/in reality/nn ./. One/cd beat/nn poet/nn composes/vbz a/at poem/nn ,/, ``/`` Lines/nns-tl On/in-tl A/at-tl Tijuana/np-tl John/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt contains/vbz a/at few/ap happy/jj hints/nns for/in survival/nn ./. The/at new/jj fact/nn the/at initiates/nns of/in this/dt cult/nn have/hv to/to learn/vb is/bez that/cs they/ppss must/md move/vb toward/in simplicity/nn ./. The/at professed/vbn mission/nn of/in this/dt disaffiliated/jj generation/nn is/bez to/to find/vb a/at new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn which/wdt they/ppss can/md express/vb in/in poetry/nn and/cc fiction/nn ,/, but/cc what/wdt they/ppss produce/vb is/bez unfortunately/rb disordered/vbn ,/, nourished/vbn solely/rb on/in the/at hysteria/nn of/in negation/nn ./. Who/wps are/ber the/at creative/jj representatives/nns of/in this/dt movement/nn ?/. ?/. Nymphomaniacs/nns ,/, junkies/nns ,/, homosexuals/nns ,/, drug/nn addicts/nns ,/, lesbians/nns ,/, alcoholics/nns ,/, the/at weak/jj ,/, the/at frustrated/vbn ,/, the/at irresolute/jj ,/, the/at despairing/nn ,/, the/at derelicts/nns and/cc outcasts/nns of/in society/nn ./. They/ppss embrace/vb independent/jj poverty/nn ,/, usually/rb with/in a/at ``/`` shack-up/jj ''/'' partner/nn who/wps will/md help/vb support/vb them/ppo ./. They/ppss are/ber full/jj of/in contempt/nn for/in the/at institution/nn of/in matrimony/nn ./. Their/pp$ previous/jj legalized/vbn marriages/nns do/do not/* count/vb ,/, for/cs they/ppss hold/vb the/at laws/nns of/in the/at state/nn null/jj and/cc void/jj ./. They/ppss feel/vb they/ppss are/ber leagued/vbn against/in a/at hostile/jj ,/, persecutory/jj world/nn ,/, faced/vbn with/in the/at concerted/jj malevolent/jj opposition/nn of/in squares/nns and/cc their/pp$ hirelings/nns ,/, the/at police/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at rhetoric/nn of/in righteousness/nn the/at beatniks/nns use/vb in/in defending/vbg their/pp$ way/nn of/in life/nn ,/, their/pp$ search/nn for/in wholeness/nn ,/, though/cs their/pp$ actual/jj existence/nn fails/vbz to/to reach/vb these/dts ``/`` religious/jj ''/'' heights/nns ./. One/cd beatnik/nn got/vbd the/at woman/nn he/pps was/bedz living/vbg with/in so/ql involved/vbn in/in drugs/nns and/cc self-analysis/nn and/cc all-night/jj sessions/nns of/in sex/nn that/cs she/pps was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to crack/vb up/rp ./. What/wdt obsessions/nns had/hvd she/pps picked/vbn up/rp during/in these/dts long/jj nights/nns of/in talk/nn ?/. ?/. Sex/nn as/cs the/at creative/jj principle/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, the/at secret/nn of/in primitive/jj religion/nn ,/, the/at life/nn of/in myth/nn ./. Everything/pn in/in the/at final/jj analysis/nn reduced/vbd itself/ppl to/in sexual/jj symbolism/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ chapter/nn on/in ``/`` The/at-tl Loveways/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Beat/jj-tl Generation/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Lipton/np spares/vbz the/at reader/nn none/pn of/in the/at sordid/jj details/nns ./. No/at one/pn asks/vbz questions/nns about/in the/at free/jj union/nn of/in the/at sexes/nns in/in West/jj-tl Venice/np-tl so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at partners/nns share/vb the/at negative/jj attitudes/nns of/in the/at group/nn ./. The/at women/nns who/wps come/vb to/in West/jj-tl Venice/np-tl ,/, having/hvg forsaken/vbn radicalism/nn ,/, are/ber interested/vbn in/in living/vbg only/rb for/in the/at moment/nn ,/, in/in being/beg constantly/rb on/in the/at move/nn ./. Others/nns who/wps are/ber attracted/vbn to/in this/dt Mecca/np of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn are/ber homosexuals/nns ,/, heroin/nn addicts/nns ,/, and/cc smalltime/nn hoodlums/nns ./. Those/dts who/wps are/ber sexual/jj deviants/nns are/ber naturally/rb drawn/vbn to/to join/vb the/at beatniks/nns ./. Since/cs the/at homosexuals/nns widely/rb use/vb marijuana/nn ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to be/be initiated/vbn ./. Part/nn of/in the/at ritual/nn of/in sex/nn is/bez the/at use/nn of/in marijuana/nn ./. As/cs Lipton/np puts/vbz it/ppo :/: ``/`` The/at-tl Eros/np-tl is/bez felt/vbn in/in the/at magic/jj circle/nn of/in marijuana/nn with/in far/ql greater/jjr force/nn ,/, as/cs a/at unifying/vbg principle/nn in/in human/jj relationships/nns ,/, than/cs at/in any/dti other/ap time/nn except/in ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, in/in the/at mutual/jj metaphysical/jj orgasms/nns ./. The/at magic/jj circle/nn is/bez ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, a/at symbol/nn of/in and/cc preparation/nn for/in the/at metaphysical/jj orgasm/nn ''/'' ./. Under/in the/at influence/nn of/in marijuana/nn the/at beatnik/nn comes/vbz alive/jj within/in and/cc experiences/vbz a/at wonderfully/ql enhanced/vbn sense/nn of/in self/nn as/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd discovered/vbn the/at open/jj sesame/nn to/in the/at universe/nn of/in being/beg ./. Carried/vbn high/rb on/in this/dt ``/`` charge/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps composes/vbz ``/`` magical/jj ''/'' poetry/nn that/wps captures/vbz the/at organic/jj rhythms/nns of/in life/nn in/in words/nns ./. If/cs he/pps thus/rb achieves/vbz a/at lyrical/jj ,/, dreamlike/jj ,/, drugged/vbn intensity/nn ,/, he/pps pays/vbz the/at price/nn for/in his/pp$ indulgence/nn by/in producing/vbg work/nn --/-- Allen/np Ginsberg's/np$ ``/`` Howl/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez a/at striking/jj example/nn of/in this/dt tendency/nn --/-- that/wps is/bez disoriented/vbn ,/, Dionysian/jj but/cc without/in depth/nn and/cc without/in Apollonian/jj control/nn ./. For/cs drugs/nns are/ber in/in themselves/ppls no/at royal/jj road/nn to/in creativity/nn ./. How/wrb is/bez the/at beat/nn poet/nn to/to achieve/vb unity/nn of/in form/nn when/wrb he/pps is/bez at/in the/at same/ap time/nn engaged/vbn in/in a/at systematic/jj derangement/nn of/in senses/nns ./. If/cs love/nn reflects/vbz the/at nature/nn of/in man/nn ,/, as/cs Ortega/np Y/np Gasset/np believes/vbz ,/, if/cs the/at person/nn in/in love/nn betrays/vbz decisively/rb what/wdt he/pps is/bez by/in his/pp$ behavior/nn in/in love/nn ,/, then/rb the/at writers/nns of/in the/at beat/nn generation/nn are/ber creating/vbg a/at new/jj literary/jj genre/nn ./.

cg14

cg14 |@word fence:9 old:1 day:2 child:3 across:3 front:5 yard:3 side:5 iron:3 either:1 spike:1 along:3 top:4 arch:1 half:4 circle:2 alley:1 make:8 solid:1 board:1 high:8 one:9 head:2 golden:2 glow:1 corner:6 hollyhock:2 grow:2 line:2 hide:1 beneath:6 lilacs:3 hundred:1 leaf:1 rose:3 cover:2 virginia:1 creeper:1 trumpet:2 vine:3 honeysuckle:1 square:1 gate:8 post:4 open:4 work:2 pattern:1 cast:2 foliage:1 steeple:1 complete:1 every:7 detail:2 pitch:1 roof:1 pinnacle:1 narrow:1 gable:1 swing:2 squeak:3 shut:1 metallic:1 clang:1 extended:1 view:2 possible:2 anyone:1 less:1 tall:1 obtain:1 upper:1 bough:3 apple:3 tree:11 primary:1 quality:1 seem:5 quietness:2 time:8 impress:1 actually:1 remember:2 greenness:1 whole:2 block:2 lie:3 within:1 range:1 eye:5 ground:2 almost:2 nowhere:1 visible:1 look:4 sea:2 leave:5 breaking:1 wave:1 flower:5 path:3 back:4 door:2 barn:2 grape:2 arbor:2 fruit:1 center:2 space:2 remain:1 grandfather:1 plant:4 syringa:1 sweet:1 shrub:1 snowball:2 rise:3 sharon:1 balm:1 gilead:1 could:10 occasionally:1 catch:1 glimpse:1 life:2 floor:1 green:1 neighbor:2 gingham:1 skirt:1 flashing:1 sight:1 instant:1 movement:1 hand:3 clothesline:1 flutter:1 garment:1 hang:3 way:4 epoch:2 another:1 end:5 begin:2 queer:1 thing:3 memory:7 queerer:1 trick:1 play:3 queerest:1 maturity:1 succession:1 year:6 count:2 many:4 yet:2 feel:1 length:1 number:1 however:2 large:1 stream:1 turn:5 mill:2 wheel:2 lot:1 water:2 pond:1 quiet:1 surface:1 dark:3 shadow:2 much:2 sum:1 nothing:2 eternity:1 phase:1 certain:3 mental:1 landscape:1 endure:1 without:4 part:4 mind:3 preserve:1 date:1 event:1 may:4 remonstrate:1 like:11 little:3 true:1 add:1 hold:3 fast:1 outside:3 matter:1 world:2 bind:1 round:3 small:2 reach:3 twist:1 knee:2 pull:1 scale:1 smallness:1 picture:2 garden:4 see:2 aspect:2 linger:1 wind:1 blow:2 frost:2 bite:2 white:3 chrysanthemum:1 window:1 brittle:1 brown:2 sharp:1 scent:1 november:1 ripe:1 pear:1 long:4 grass:4 dusty:1 slippered:1 foot:3 cautiously:1 lest:2 bee:2 still:6 ragged:1 edge:2 hole:1 hot:1 colored:1 verbena:3 dining:1 room:1 wall:2 porch:2 pass:2 pump:1 gourd:1 tie:2 cup:1 grandmother:4 childish:1 pleasure:1 drink:2 mother:1 think:1 impassione:1 gardener:1 indulgent:1 lover:1 dog:1 grandchild:1 great:2 tell:1 pride:1 cherish:1 rare:1 delicate:1 oleander:1 tub:1 lemon:1 pot:1 winter:1 cellar:1 fill:1 waste:1 spot:1 common:1 heliotrope:1 woodshed:1 plantain:1 lily:1 west:1 house:2 place:2 persistent:1 longer:1 live:2 generation:1 man:1 flourish:1 careful:1 tend:1 three:1 protect:1 stern:1 commandment:1 whose:3 petal:2 collect:2 fall:2 perfume:1 tea:1 peony:1 tight:1 sticky:1 bud:3 would:3 blight:1 laying:1 finger:2 although:1 apparently:1 harm:1 ant:1 crawl:1 poppy:2 sit:2 cross:2 legged:1 summer:4 morning:5 watch:2 touch:2 slowly:2 visibly:1 push:1 cap:1 unfold:1 shake:1 banner:1 sun:2 flame:1 vermilion:1 gather:1 please:1 myrtle:1 violet:1 bloom:1 prodigally:1 beyond:1 blossom:1 upside:1 pink:1 petticoate:1 lady:1 blue:1 larkspur:1 scatter:1 seed:2 everywhere:1 potent:1 charm:1 bring:1 record:1 fact:1 catalogue:1 minutia:1 stuff:1 intrinsic:1 know:1 beginning:1 alone:2 stone:7 creature:1 dead:2 pale:1 yellow:2 snapdragon:1 pinch:1 pod:1 balsam:1 snap:1 fire:1 cracker:1 red:1 columbine:1 tip:1 spur:1 pick:2 eat:1 honey:1 glory:1 grasp:1 squeeze:1 burst:1 paper:2 bag:1 bright:1 glove:1 ten:1 waggling:1 fuzzy:1 caterpillar:1 snail:1 sensitive:1 horn:1 struggle:1 grasshopper:1 hind:1 leg:1 command:2 spit:2 tobacco:1 fledgling:1 bird:1 squash:1 nakedness:1 odor:1 decay:1 cling:1 bury:1 graveyard:1 purple:1 flag:1 shell:2 locust:2 straw:2 color:1 transparent:1 weigh:1 fragile:1 entire:1 bubble:1 gaping:1 slit:1 early:1 search:1 trunk:1 carefully:1 detach:1 hooked:1 claws:1 bark:1 stable:1 weird:1 faery:1 herd:1 angle:1 root:2 tulip:1 dense:1 shade:2 lucky:1 creamy:1 translucent:1 pebble:2 wear:1 smooth:1 find:1 driveway:1 pocket:1 spend:1 crack:1 delight:1 prettier:1 inside:1 dull:1 exterior:1 indicate:1 show:1 say:1 guess:1 squat:1 haunch:1 beside:1 flat:1 break:2 safe:2 behind:1 closed:1 drive:2 interruption:1 observation:1 amusement:1 passer:1 thus:1 shield:1 foolish:1 game:2 comfortable:1 unselfconsciousness:1 even:2 become:2 embower:1 sleep:1 beauty:1 enchant:1 castle:1 rapunzel:1 let:1 hair:1 crocketed:1 spire:1 pay:1 heed:2 go:3 enjoy:1 paradoxical:1 freedom:1 young:1 school:1 heat:1 solitude:1 elder:1 stay:1 fan:1 never:1 trouble:1 form:1 definite:1 boundary:1 impossible:1 misinterpretation:1 entirely:1 unacquainted:1 varying:1 street:6 forbid:1 sag:1 hinge:1 poor:1 trash:1 stand:2 latch:1 rest:1 chin:1 stare:3 commit:1 quite:1 unintentionally:1 full:1 traffic:1 park:1 car:1 drowse:1 august:1 afternoon:2 curbside:1 silence:2 weight:1 palpable:1 air:1 slight:1 sound:2 pressure:1 away:2 crush:1 hay:5 wagon:2 move:2 gutter:1 sweep:1 low:1 maple:1 loose:1 tangle:1 among:1 hub:1 progress:1 whisper:1 load:1 wish:1 rigidly:1 opposite:2 direction:1 horse:5 return:1 interval:1 huckster:2 cart:1 walk:1 rein:1 slack:1 ride:1 bowed:1 shoulder:1 forearm:1 sleepily:1 reluctant:1 lift:1 voice:2 rhu:2 beb:2 ni:1 ice:1 nice:1 fresh:1 today:1 lazy:1 sing:1 song:1 drone:1 bumble:1 hear:1 plod:1 repeat:1 call:1 monotonous:1 passage:1 empty:1 slant:1 wise:1 sky:1 sidewalk:3 lawn:1 four:2 thirty:1 coming:1 newsboy:1 mark:1 toss:1 toward:2 housewife:1 come:1 step:3 read:1 county:1 town:2 sunshiny:1 fifty:2 odd:2 ago:2 yesterday:1 cement:1 two:1 row:1 pave:1 curb:1 lay:1 edgewise:1 dirt:1 tilt:1 hitching:1 carriage:1 set:1 rusty:1 ring:1 unpaved:1 steeply:1 mud:2 wet:1 weather:1 dust:2 ankle:1 deep:1 dry:1 bucolic:1 atmosphere:1 lose:1 since:1 hoofmark:1 cattle:1 print:1 bare:1 numerous:1 trace:1 shod:1 cow:1 keep:1 backyard:1 boy:2 hire:1 pasture:1 familiar:1 ear:1 evening:1 coax:1 thud:1 hoof:1 thwack:1 stick:1 cowhide:1

There/ex were/bed fences/nns in/in the/at old/jj days/nns when/wrb we/ppss were/bed children/nns ./. Across/in the/at front/nn of/in a/at yard/nn and/cc down/in the/at side/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed iron/nn ,/, either/cc spiked/vbn along/in the/at top/nn or/cc arched/vbn in/in half/abn circles/nns ./. Alley/nn fences/nns were/bed made/vbn of/in solid/jj boards/nns higher/jjr than/cs one's/pn$ head/nn ,/, but/cc not/* so/ql high/jj as/cs the/at golden/jj glow/nn in/in a/at corner/nn or/cc the/at hollyhocks/nns that/wps grew/vbd in/in a/at line/nn against/in them/ppo ./. Side/jj fences/nns were/bed hidden/vbn beneath/in lilacs/nns and/cc hundred-leaf/jj roses/nns ;/. ;/. front/jj fences/nns were/bed covered/vbn with/in Virginia/np creeper/nn or/cc trumpet/nn vines/nns or/cc honeysuckle/nn ./. Square/jj corner-/nn and/cc gate/nn posts/nns were/bed an/at open-work/nn pattern/nn of/in cast-iron/nn foliage/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss were/bed topped/vbn by/in steeples/nns complete/jj in/in every/at detail/nn :/: high-pitched/jj roof/nn ,/, pinnacle/nn ,/, and/cc narrow/jj gable/nn ./. On/in these/dts posts/nns the/at gates/nns swung/vbd open/jj with/in a/at squeak/nn and/cc shut/vb with/in a/at metallic/jj clang/nn ./. The/at only/ap extended/vbn view/nn possible/jj to/in anyone/pn less/ql tall/jj than/cs the/at fences/nns was/bedz that/dt obtained/vbn from/in an/at upper/jj bough/nn of/in the/at apple/nn tree/nn ./. The/at primary/jj quality/nn of/in that/dt view/nn seems/vbz ,/, now/rb ,/, to/to have/hv been/ben its/pp$ quietness/nn ,/, but/cc that/dt cannot/md* at/in the/at time/nn have/hv impressed/vbn us/ppo ./. What/wdt one/pn actually/rb remembers/vbz is/bez its/pp$ greenness/nn ./. From/in high/jj in/in the/at tree/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj block/nn lay/vbd within/in range/nn of/in the/at eye/nn ,/, but/cc the/at ground/nn was/bedz almost/ql nowhere/rb visible/jj ./. One/pn looked/vbd down/rp on/in a/at sea/nn of/in leaves/nns ,/, a/at breaking/vbg wave/nn of/in flower/nn ./. Every/at path/nn from/in back/jj door/nn to/in barn/nn was/bedz covered/vbn by/in a/at grape-arbor/nn ,/, and/cc every/at yard/nn had/hvd its/pp$ fruit/nn trees/nns ./. In/in the/at center/nn of/in any/dti open/jj space/nn remaining/vbg our/pp$ grandfathers/nns had/hvd planted/vbn syringa/nn and/cc sweet-shrub/nn ,/, snowball/nn ,/, rose-of-Sharon/nn and/cc balm-of-Gilead/nn ./. From/in above/rb one/pn could/md only/rb occasionally/rb catch/vb a/at glimpse/nn of/in life/nn on/in the/at floor/nn of/in this/dt green/nn sea/nn :/: a/at neighbor's/nn$ gingham/nn skirt/nn flashing/vbg into/in sight/nn for/in an/at instant/nn on/in the/at path/nn beneath/in her/pp$ grape-arbor/nn ,/, or/cc the/at movement/nn of/in hands/nns above/in a/at clothesline/nn and/cc the/at flutter/nn of/in garments/nns hung/vbd there/rb ,/, half-way/ql down/in the/at block/nn ./. That/dt was/bedz one/cd epoch/nn :/: the/at apple-tree/nn epoch/nn ./. Another/dt had/hvd ended/vbn before/cs it/pps began/vbd ./. Time/nn is/bez a/at queer/jj thing/nn and/cc memory/nn a/at queerer/jjr ;/. ;/. the/at tricks/nns that/cs time/nn plays/vbz with/in memory/nn and/cc memory/nn with/in time/nn are/ber queerest/jjt of/in all/abn ./. From/in maturity/nn one/pn looks/vbz back/rb at/in the/at succession/nn of/in years/nns ,/, counts/vbz them/ppo and/cc makes/vbz them/ppo many/ap ,/, yet/cc cannot/md* feel/vb length/nn in/in the/at number/nn ,/, however/wql large/jj ./. In/in a/at stream/nn that/wps turns/vbz a/at mill-wheel/nn there/ex is/bez a/at lot/nn of/in water/nn ;/. ;/. the/at mill-pond/nn is/bez quiet/jj ,/, its/pp$ surface/nn dark/jj and/cc shadowed/vbn ,/, and/cc there/ex does/doz not/* seem/vb to/to be/be much/ap water/nn in/in it/ppo ./. Time/nn in/in the/at sum/nn is/bez nothing/pn ./. And/cc yet/rb --/-- a/at year/nn to/in a/at child/nn is/bez an/at eternity/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at memory/nn that/dt phase/nn of/in one's/pn$ being/beg --/-- a/at certain/jj mental/jj landscape/nn --/-- will/md seem/vb to/to have/hv endured/vbn without/in beginning/nn and/cc without/in end/nn ./. The/at part/nn of/in the/at mind/nn that/wps preserves/vbz dates/nns and/cc events/nns may/md remonstrate/vb ,/, ``/`` It/pps could/md have/hv been/ben like/cs that/dt for/in only/rb a/at little/jj while/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. but/cc true/jj memory/nn does/doz not/* count/vb nor/cc add/vb :/: it/pps holds/vbz fast/rb to/in things/nns that/wps were/bed and/cc they/ppss are/ber outside/rb of/in time/nn ./. Once/rb ,/, then/rb --/-- for/in how/wql many/ap years/nns or/cc how/wql few/ap does/doz not/* matter/vb --/-- my/pp$ world/nn was/bedz bound/vbn round/rb by/in fences/nns ,/, when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz too/ql small/jj to/to reach/vb the/at apple/nn tree/nn bough/nn ,/, to/to twist/vb my/pp$ knee/nn over/in it/ppo and/cc pull/vb myself/ppl up/rp ./. That/dt world/nn was/bedz in/in scale/nn with/in my/pp$ own/jj smallness/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv no/at picture/nn in/in my/pp$ mind/nn of/in the/at garden/nn as/cs a/at whole/jj --/-- that/cs I/ppss could/md not/* see/vb --/-- but/cc certain/jj aspects/nns of/in certain/jj corners/nns linger/vb in/in the/at memory/nn :/: wind-blown/jj ,/, frost-bitten/jj ,/, white/jj chrysanthemums/nns beneath/in a/at window/nn ,/, with/in their/pp$ brittle/jj brown/jj leaves/nns and/cc their/pp$ sharp/jj scent/nn of/in November/np ;/. ;/. ripe/jj pears/nns lying/vbg in/in long/jj grass/nn ,/, to/to be/be turned/vbn over/rp by/in a/at dusty-slippered/jj foot/nn ,/, cautiously/rb ,/, lest/cs bees/nns still/rb worked/vbn in/in the/at ragged/jj ,/, brown-edged/jj holes/nns ;/. ;/. hot-colored/jj verbenas/nns in/in the/at corner/nn between/in the/at dining-room/nn wall/nn and/cc the/at side/nn porch/nn ,/, where/wrb we/ppss passed/vbd on/in our/pp$ way/nn to/in the/at pump/nn with/in the/at half-gourd/nn tied/vbn to/in it/ppo as/cs a/at cup/nn by/in my/pp$ grandmother/nn for/in our/pp$ childish/jj pleasure/nn in/in drinking/vbg from/in it/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz mother/nn who/wps planted/vbd the/at verbenas/nns ./. I/ppss think/vb that/cs my/pp$ grandmother/nn was/bedz not/* an/at impassioned/jj gardener/nn :/: she/pps was/bedz too/ql indulgent/jj a/at lover/nn of/in dogs/nns and/cc grandchildren/nns ./. My/pp$ great-grandmother/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv been/ben told/vbn ,/, made/vbd her/pp$ garden/nn her/pp$ great/jj pride/nn ;/. ;/. she/pps cherished/vbd rare/jj and/cc delicate/jj plants/nns like/cs oleanders/nns in/in tubs/nns and/cc wall-flowers/nns and/cc lemon/nn verbenas/nns in/in pots/nns that/wps had/hvd to/to be/be wintered/vbn in/in the/at cellar/nn ;/. ;/. she/pps filled/vbd the/at waste/nn spots/nns of/in the/at yard/nn with/in common/jj things/nns like/cs the/at garden/nn heliotrope/nn in/in a/at corner/nn by/in the/at woodshed/nn ,/, and/cc the/at plantain/nn lilies/nns along/in the/at west/nr side/nn of/in the/at house/nn ./. These/dts my/pp$ grandmother/nn left/vbd in/in their/pp$ places/nns (/( they/ppss are/ber still/rb there/rb ,/, more/ql persistent/jj and/cc longer-lived/jjr than/cs the/at generations/nns of/in man/nn )/) and/cc planted/vbd others/nns like/cs them/ppo ,/, that/wps flourished/vbd without/in careful/jj tending/nn ./. Three/cd of/in these/dts only/rb were/bed protected/vbn from/in us/ppo by/in stern/jj commandment/nn :/: the/at roses/nns ,/, whose/wp$ petals/nns might/md not/* be/be collected/vbn until/cs they/ppss had/hvd fallen/vbn ,/, to/to be/be made/vbn into/in perfume/nn or/cc rose-tea/nn to/to drink/vb ;/. ;/. the/at peonies/nns ,/, whose/wp$ tight/jj sticky/jj buds/nns would/md be/be blighted/vbn by/in the/at laying/vbg on/rp of/in a/at finger/nn ,/, although/cs they/ppss were/bed not/* apparently/rb harmed/vbn by/in the/at ants/nns that/wps crawled/vbd over/in them/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at poppies/nns ./. I/ppss have/hv more/ap than/in once/rb sat/vbn cross-legged/jj in/in the/at grass/nn through/in a/at long/jj summer/nn morning/nn and/cc watched/vbd without/in touching/vbg while/cs a/at poppy/nn bud/nn higher/jjr than/cs my/pp$ head/nn slowly/rb but/cc visibly/rb pushed/vbd off/in its/pp$ cap/nn ,/, unfolded/vbd ,/, and/cc shook/vbd out/rp like/cs a/at banner/nn in/in the/at sun/nn its/pp$ flaming/vbg vermilion/nn petals/nns ./. Other/ap flowers/nns we/ppss might/md gather/vb as/cs we/ppss pleased/vbd :/: myrtle/nn and/cc white/jj violets/nns from/in beneath/in the/at lilacs/nns ;/. ;/. the/at lilacs/nns themselves/ppls ,/, that/wps bloomed/vbd so/ql prodigally/rb but/cc for/in the/at most/ap part/nn beyond/in our/pp$ reach/nn ;/. ;/. snowballs/nns ;/. ;/. hollyhock/nn blossoms/nns that/wps ,/, turned/vbd upside/rb down/rp ,/, make/vb pink-petticoated/jj ladies/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at little/jj ,/, dark/jj blue/jj larkspur/nn that/wps scattered/vbd its/pp$ seed/nn everywhere/rb ./. More/ql potent/jj a/at charm/nn to/to bring/vb back/rb that/dt time/nn of/in life/nn than/cs this/dt record/nn of/in a/at few/ap pictures/nns and/cc a/at few/ap remembered/vbn facts/nns would/md be/be a/at catalogue/nn of/in the/at minutiae/nns which/wdt are/ber of/in the/at very/ap stuff/nn of/in the/at mind/nn ,/, intrinsic/jj ,/, because/cs they/ppss were/bed known/vbn in/in the/at beginning/nn not/* by/in the/at eye/nn alone/rb but/cc by/in the/at hand/nn that/wps held/vbd them/ppo ./. Flowers/nns ,/, stones/nns ,/, and/cc small/jj creatures/nns ,/, living/vbg and/cc dead/jj ./. Pale/jj yellow/jj snapdragons/nns that/wps by/in pinching/vbg could/md be/be made/vbn to/to bite/vb ;/. ;/. seed-pods/nns of/in the/at balsams/nns that/wps snapped/vbd like/cs fire-crackers/nns at/in a/at touch/nn ;/. ;/. red-and-yellow/jj columbines/nns whose/wp$ round-tipped/jj spurs/nns were/bed picked/vbn off/rp and/cc eaten/vbn for/in the/at honey/nn in/in them/ppo ;/. ;/. morning-glory/nn buds/nns which/wdt could/md be/be so/rb grasped/vbn and/cc squeezed/vbn that/cs they/ppss burst/vb like/cs a/at blown-up/jj paper/nn bag/nn ;/. ;/. bright/jj flowers/nns from/in the/at trumpet/nn vine/nn that/wps made/vbd ``/`` gloves/nns ''/'' on/in the/at ends/nns of/in ten/cd waggling/vbg fingers/nns ./. Fuzzy/jj caterpillars/nns ,/, snails/nns with/in their/pp$ sensitive/jj horns/nns ,/, struggling/vbg grasshoppers/nns held/vbn by/in their/pp$ long/jj hind/jj legs/nns and/cc commanded/vbd to/to ``/`` spit/vb tobacco/nn ,/, spit/vb ''/'' ./. Dead/jj fledgling/nn birds/nns ,/, their/pp$ squashed-looking/jj nakedness/nn and/cc the/at odor/nn of/in decay/nn that/wps clung/vbd to/in the/at hand/nn when/wrb they/ppss had/hvd been/ben buried/vbn in/in our/pp$ graveyard/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at purple/jj flags/nns ./. And/cc the/at cast/nn shell/nn of/in a/at locust/nn ,/, straw-colored/jj and/cc transparent/jj ,/, weighing/vbg nothing/pn ,/, fragile/jj but/cc entire/jj ,/, with/in eyes/nns like/cs bubbles/nns and/cc a/at gaping/vbg slit/nn down/in its/pp$ back/nn ./. Every/at morning/nn early/rb ,/, in/in the/at summer/nn ,/, we/ppss searched/vbd the/at trunks/nns of/in the/at trees/nns as/ql high/jj as/cs we/ppss could/md reach/vb for/in the/at locust/nn shells/nns ,/, carefully/rb detached/vbn their/pp$ hooked/vbn claws/nns from/in the/at bark/nn where/wrb they/ppss hung/vbd ,/, and/cc stabled/vbd them/ppo ,/, a/at weird/jj faery/nn herd/nn ,/, in/in an/at angle/nn between/in the/at high/jj roots/nns of/in the/at tulip/nn tree/nn ,/, where/wrb no/at grass/nn grew/vbd in/in the/at dense/jj shade/nn ./. We/ppss collected/vbd ``/`` lucky/jj stones/nns ''/'' --/-- all/abn the/at creamy/jj translucent/jj pebbles/nns ,/, worn/vbn smooth/jj and/cc round/jj ,/, that/cs we/ppss could/md find/vb in/in the/at driveway/nn ./. When/wrb these/dts had/hvd been/ben pocketed/vbn ,/, we/ppss could/md still/rb spend/vb a/at morning/nn cracking/vbg open/jj other/ap pebbles/nns for/in our/pp$ delight/nn in/in seeing/vbg how/wql much/ql prettier/jjr they/ppss were/bed inside/rb than/cs their/pp$ dull/jj exteriors/nns indicated/vbd ./. We/ppss showed/vbd them/ppo to/in each/dt other/ap and/cc said/vbd ``/`` Would/md you/ppss have/hv guessed/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Squatting/vbg on/in our/pp$ haunches/nns beside/in the/at flat/jj stone/nn we/ppss broke/vbd them/ppo on/in ,/, we/ppss were/bed safe/jj behind/in the/at high/jj closed/vbn gates/nns at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at drive/nn :/: safe/jj from/in interruption/nn and/cc the/at observation/nn and/cc possible/jj amusement/nn of/in the/at passers-by/nns ./. Thus/rb shielded/vbn ,/, we/ppss played/vbd many/ap foolish/jj games/nns in/in comfortable/jj unselfconsciousness/nn ;/. ;/. even/rb when/wrb the/at fences/nns became/vbd a/at part/nn of/in the/at game/nn --/-- when/wrb a/at vine-embowered/jj gate-post/nn was/bedz the/at Sleeping/vbg-tl Beauty's/nn$-tl enchanted/vbn castle/nn ,/, or/cc when/wrb Rapunzel/np let/vb down/rp her/pp$ golden/jj hair/nn from/in beneath/in the/at crocketed/jj spire/nn ,/, even/rb then/rb we/ppss paid/vbd little/ap heed/nn to/in those/dts who/wps went/vbd by/rb on/in the/at path/nn outside/rb ./. We/ppss enjoyed/vbd a/at paradoxical/jj freedom/nn when/wrb we/ppss were/bed still/rb too/ql young/jj for/in school/nn ./. In/in the/at heat/nn of/in the/at summer/nn ,/, the/at garden/nn solitudes/nns were/bed ours/pp$$ alone/rb ;/. ;/. our/pp$ elders/nns stayed/vbd in/in the/at dark/jj house/nn or/cc sat/vbd fanning/vbg on/in the/at front/jj porch/nn ./. They/ppss never/rb troubled/vbd themselves/ppls about/in us/ppo while/cs we/ppss were/bed playing/vbg ,/, because/cs the/at fence/nn formed/vbd such/abl a/at definite/jj boundary/nn and/cc ``/`` Don't/do* go/vb outside/in the/at gate/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at command/nn so/ql impossible/jj of/in misinterpretation/nn ./. We/ppss were/bed not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, entirely/ql unacquainted/jj with/in the/at varying/vbg aspects/nns of/in the/at street/nn ./. We/ppss were/bed forbidden/vbn to/to swing/vb on/in the/at gates/nns ,/, lest/cs they/ppss sag/vb on/in their/pp$ hinges/nns in/in a/at poor-white-trash/nn way/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss could/md stand/vb on/in them/ppo ,/, when/wrb they/ppss were/bed latched/vbn ,/, rest/vb our/pp$ chins/nns on/in the/at top/nn ,/, and/cc stare/vb and/cc stare/vb ,/, committing/vbg to/in memory/nn ,/, quite/ql unintentionally/rb ,/, all/abn the/at details/nns that/wps lay/vbd before/in our/pp$ eyes/nns ./. The/at street/nn that/wps is/bez full/jj now/rb of/in traffic/nn and/cc parked/vbn cars/nns then/rb and/cc for/in many/ap years/nns drowsed/vbd on/in an/at August/np afternoon/nn in/in the/at shade/nn of/in the/at curbside/jj trees/nns ,/, and/cc silence/nn was/bedz a/at weight/nn ,/, almost/ql palpable/jj ,/, in/in the/at air/nn ./. Every/at slight/jj sound/nn that/wps rose/vbd against/in that/dt pressure/nn fell/vbd away/rb again/rb ,/, crushed/vbn beneath/in it/ppo ./. A/at hay-wagon/nn moved/vbd slowly/rb along/in the/at gutter/nn ,/, the/at top/nn of/in it/ppo swept/vbn by/in the/at low/jj boughs/nns of/in the/at maple/nn trees/nns ,/, and/cc loose/jj straws/nns were/bed left/vbn hanging/vbg tangled/vbn among/in the/at leaves/nns ./. A/at wheel/nn squeaked/vbd on/in a/at hub/nn ,/, was/bedz still/jj ,/, and/cc squeaked/vbd again/rb ./. If/cs a/at child/nn watched/vbd its/pp$ progress/nn he/pps whispered/vbd ,/, ``/`` Hay/nn ,/, hay/nn ,/, load/nn of/in hay/nn --/-- make/vb a/at wish/nn and/cc turn/vb away/rb ''/'' ,/, and/cc then/rb stared/vbd rigidly/rb in/in the/at opposite/jj direction/nn until/cs the/at sound/nn of/in the/at horses'/nns$ feet/nns returned/vbd no/ql more/rbr ./. When/wrb the/at hay/nn wagon/nn had/hvd gone/vbn ,/, and/cc an/at interval/nn passed/vbd ,/, a/at huckster's/nn$ cart/nn might/md turn/vb the/at corner/nn ./. The/at horse/nn walked/vbd ,/, the/at reins/nns were/bed slack/jj ,/, the/at huckster/nn rode/vbd with/in bowed/vbn shoulders/nns ,/, his/pp$ forearms/nns across/in his/pp$ knees/nns ./. Sleepily/rb ,/, as/cs if/cs half-reluctant/jj to/to break/vb the/at silence/nn ,/, he/pps lifted/vbd his/pp$ voice/nn :/: ``/`` Rhu-beb-ni-ice/nn nice/jj fresh/jj rhu-beb/nn today/nr ''/'' !/. !/. The/at lazy/jj sing-song/nn was/bedz spaced/vbn in/in time/nn like/cs the/at drone/nn of/in a/at bumble-bee/nn ./. No/at one/pn seemed/vbd to/to hear/vb him/ppo ,/, no/at one/pn heeded/vbd ./. The/at horse/nn plodded/vbd on/rp ,/, and/cc he/pps repeated/vbd his/pp$ call/nn ./. It/pps became/vbd so/ql monotonous/jj as/cs to/to seem/vb a/at part/nn of/in the/at quietness/nn ./. After/in his/pp$ passage/nn ,/, the/at street/nn was/bedz empty/jj again/rb ./. The/at sun/nn moved/vbd slant-wise/rb across/in the/at sky/nn and/cc down/rp ;/. ;/. the/at trees'/nns$ shadows/nns circled/vbd from/in street/nn to/in sidewalk/nn ,/, from/in sidewalk/nn to/in lawn/nn ./. At/in four-o'clock/nn ,/, or/cc four-thirty/cd ,/, the/at coming/nn of/in the/at newsboy/nn marked/vbd the/at end/nn of/in the/at day/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps tossed/vbd a/at paper/nn toward/in every/at front/jj door/nn ,/, and/cc housewives/nns came/vbd down/rp to/in their/pp$ steps/nns to/to pick/vb them/ppo up/rp and/cc read/vbd what/wdt their/pp$ neighbors/nns had/hvd been/ben doing/vbg ./. The/at streets/nns of/in any/dti county/nn town/nn were/bed like/cs this/dt on/in any/dti sunshiny/jj afternoon/nn in/in summer/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss were/bed like/cs this/dt fifty-odd/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, and/cc yesterday/nr ./. But/cc the/at fences/nns were/bed still/rb in/in place/nn fifty-odd/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, and/cc when/wrb we/ppss stood/vbd on/in the/at gate/nn to/to look/vb over/rp ,/, the/at sidewalk/nn under/in our/pp$ eyes/nns was/bedz not/* cement/nn but/cc two/cd rows/nns of/in paving/vbg stones/nns with/in grass/nn between/in and/cc on/in both/abx sides/nns ./. The/at curb/nn was/bedz a/at line/nn of/in stone/nn laid/vbn edgewise/rb in/in the/at dirt/nn and/cc tilted/vbn this/dt way/nn and/cc that/dt by/in frost/nn in/in the/at ground/nn or/cc the/at roots/nns of/in trees/nns ./. Opposite/in every/at gate/nn was/bedz a/at hitching/vbg post/nn or/cc a/at stone/nn carriage-step/nn ,/, set/vbn with/in a/at rusty/jj iron/nn ring/nn for/in tying/vbg a/at horse/nn ./. The/at street/nn was/bedz unpaved/jj and/cc rose/vbd steeply/rb toward/in the/at center/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz mud/nn in/in wet/jj weather/nn and/cc dust/nn ,/, ankle-deep/jj ,/, in/in dry/jj ,/, and/cc could/md be/be crossed/vbn only/rb at/in the/at corner/nn where/wrb there/ex were/bed stepping/vbg stones/nns ./. It/pps had/hvd a/at bucolic/jj atmosphere/nn that/cs it/pps has/hvz lost/vbn long/ql since/rb ./. The/at hoofmarks/nns of/in cattle/nns and/cc the/at prints/nns of/in bare/jj feet/nns in/in the/at mud/nn or/cc in/in the/at dust/nn were/bed as/ql numerous/jj as/cs the/at traces/nns of/in shod/vbn horses/nns ./. Cows/nns were/bed kept/vbn in/in backyard/nn barns/nns ,/, boys/nns were/bed hired/vbn to/to drive/vb them/ppo to/in and/cc from/in the/at pasture/nn on/in the/at edge/nn of/in town/nn ,/, and/cc familiar/jj to/in the/at ear/nn ,/, morning/nn and/cc evening/nn ,/, were/bed the/at boys'/nns$ coaxing/vbg voices/nns ,/, the/at thud/nn of/in hooves/nns ,/, and/cc the/at thwack/nn of/in a/at stick/nn on/in cowhide/nn ./.

cg15

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It/pps is/bez worth/jj dwelling/vbg in/in some/dti detail/nn on/in the/at crisis/nn of/in this/dt story/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps brings/vbz together/rb a/at number/nn of/in characteristic/jj elements/nns and/cc makes/vbz of/in them/ppo a/at curious/jj ,/, riddling/vbg compound/nn obscurely/rb but/cc centrally/ql significant/jj for/in Mann's/np$ work/nn ./. The/at wife/nn ,/, Amra/np ,/, and/cc her/pp$ lover/nn are/ber both/abx savagely/ql portrayed/vbn ,/, she/pps as/cs incarnate/jj sensuality/nn ,/, ``/`` voluptuous/jj ''/'' and/cc ``/`` indolent/jj ''/'' ,/, possibly/rb ``/`` a/at mischief/nn maker/nn ''/'' ,/, with/in ``/`` a/at kind/nn of/in luxurious/jj cunning/nn ''/'' to/to set/vb against/in her/pp$ apparent/jj simplicity/nn ,/, her/pp$ ``/`` birdlike/jj brain/nn ''/'' ./. Lautner/np ,/, for/in his/pp$ part/nn ,/, ``/`` belonged/vbd to/in the/at present-day/jj race/nn of/in small/jj artists/nns ,/, who/wps do/do not/* demand/vb the/at utmost/nn of/in themselves/ppls ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at bitter/jj description/nn of/in the/at type/nn includes/vbz such/jj epithets/nns as/cs ``/`` wretched/jj little/jj poseurs/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at devastating/vbg indictment/nn ``/`` they/ppss do/do not/* know/vb how/wrb to/to be/be wretched/jj decently/rb and/cc in/in order/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at somewhat/ql extreme/jj prophecy/nn ,/, so/ql far/rb not/* fulfilled/vbn :/: ``/`` They/ppss will/md be/be destroyed/vbn ''/'' ./. The/at trick/nn these/dts two/cd play/vb upon/in Jacoby/np reveals/vbz their/pp$ want/nn not/* simply/rb of/in decency/nn but/cc of/in imagination/nn as/ql well/rb ./. His/pp$ appearance/nn as/cs Lizzy/np evokes/vbz not/* amusement/nn but/cc horror/nn in/in the/at audience/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez a/at spectacle/nn absolutely/ql painful/jj ,/, an/at epiphany/nn of/in the/at suffering/vbg flesh/nn unredeemed/jj by/in spirit/nn ,/, untouched/jj by/in any/dti spirit/nn other/ap than/cs abasement/nn and/cc humiliation/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn the/at multiple/jj transvestitism/nn involved/vbd --/-- the/at fat/jj man/nn as/cs girl/nn and/cc as/cs baby/nn ,/, as/cs coquette/nn pretending/vbg to/to be/be a/at baby/nn --/-- touches/vbz for/in a/at moment/nn horrifyingly/rb upon/in the/at secret/jj sources/nns of/in a/at life/nn like/cs Jacoby's/np$ ,/, upon/in the/at sinister/jj dreams/nns which/wdt form/vb the/at sources/nns of/in any/dti human/jj life/nn ./. The/at music/nn which/wdt Lautner/np has/hvz composed/vbn for/in this/dt episode/nn is/bez for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ``/`` rather/ql pretty/jj and/cc perfectly/ql banal/jj ''/'' ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez characteristic/jj of/in him/ppo ,/, we/ppss are/ber told/vbn ,/, ``/`` his/pp$ little/jj artifice/nn ''/'' ,/, to/to be/be able/jj to/to introduce/vb ``/`` into/in a/at fairly/ql vulgar/jj and/cc humorous/jj piece/nn of/in hackwork/nn a/at sudden/jj phrase/nn of/in genuine/jj creative/jj art/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc this/dt occurs/vbz now/rb ,/, at/in the/at refrain/nn of/in Jacoby's/np$ song/nn --/-- at/in the/at point/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, of/in the/at name/nn ``/`` Lizzy/np ''/'' --/-- ;/. ;/. a/at modulation/nn described/vbn as/cs ``/`` almost/rb a/at stroke/nn of/in genius/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` A/at miracle/nn ,/, a/at revelation/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz like/cs a/at curtain/nn suddenly/rb torn/vbn away/rb to/to reveal/vb something/pn nude/jj ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez this/dt modulation/nn which/wdt reveals/vbz to/in Jacoby/np his/pp$ own/jj frightful/jj abjection/nn and/cc ,/, simultaneously/rb ,/, his/pp$ wife's/nn$ infidelity/nn ./. By/in the/at same/ap means/nns he/pps perceives/vbz this/dt fact/nn as/cs having/hvg communicated/vbn itself/ppl to/in the/at audience/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps collapses/vbz ,/, and/cc dies/vbz ./. In/in the/at work/nn of/in every/at artist/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, there/ex may/md be/be found/vbn one/cd or/cc more/ap moments/nns which/wdt strike/vb the/at student/nn as/ql absolutely/ql decisive/jj ,/, ultimately/ql emblematic/jj of/in what/wdt it/pps is/bez all/abn about/in ;/. ;/. not/* less/ql strikingly/rb so/rb for/in being/beg mysterious/jj ,/, as/cs though/cs some/dti deeply/ql hidden/vbn constatation/nn of/in thoughts/nns were/bed enciphered/vbn in/in a/at single/ap image/nn ,/, a/at single/ap moment/nn ./. So/rb here/rb ./. The/at horrifying/jj humor/nn ,/, the/at specifically/ql sexual/jj embarrassment/nn of/in the/at joke/nn gone/vbn wrong/jj ,/, the/at monstrous/jj image/nn of/in the/at fat/jj man/nn dressed/vbn up/rp as/cs a/at whore/nn dressing/vbg up/rp as/cs a/at baby/nn ;/. ;/. the/at epiphany/nn of/in that/dt quivering/vbg flesh/nn ;/. ;/. the/at bringing/nn together/rb around/in it/ppo of/in the/at secret/jj liaison/nn between/in indolent/jj ,/, mindless/jj sensuality/nn and/cc sharp/jj ,/, shrewd/jj talent/nn ,/, cleverness/nn with/in an/at occasional/jj touch/nn of/in genius/nn (/( which/wdt ,/, however/rb ,/, does/doz not/* know/vb ``/`` how/wrb to/to attack/vb the/at problem/nn of/in suffering/vbg ''/'' )/) ;/. ;/. the/at miraculous/jj way/nn in/in which/wdt music/nn ,/, revelation/nn and/cc death/nn are/ber associated/vbn in/in a/at single/ap instant/nn --/-- all/abn this/dt seems/vbz a/at triumph/nn of/in art/nn ,/, a/at rather/ql desperate/jj art/nn ,/, in/in itself/ppl ;/. ;/. beyond/in itself/ppl ,/, also/rb ,/, it/pps evokes/vbz numerous/jj and/cc distant/jj resonances/nns from/in the/at entire/jj body/nn of/in Mann's/np$ work/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss try/vb to/to work/vb out/rp my/pp$ reasons/nns for/in feeling/vbg that/cs this/dt passage/nn is/bez of/in critical/jj significance/nn ,/, I/ppss come/vb up/rp with/in the/at following/vbg ideas/nns ,/, which/wdt I/ppss shall/md express/vb very/ql briefly/rb here/rb and/cc revert/vb to/in in/in a/at later/jjr essay/nn ./. Love/nn is/bez the/at crucial/jj dilemma/nn of/in experience/nn for/in Mann's/np$ heroes/nns ./. The/at dramatic/jj construction/nn of/in his/pp$ stories/nns characteristically/rb turns/vbz on/in a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt someone/pn is/bez simultaneously/rb compelled/vbn and/cc forbidden/vbn to/to love/vb ./. The/at release/nn ,/, the/at freedom/nn ,/, involved/vbn in/in loving/vbg another/dt is/bez either/cc terribly/ql difficult/jj or/cc else/rb absolutely/ql impossible/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at motion/nn toward/in it/ppo brings/vbz disaster/nn ./. This/dt prohibition/nn on/in love/nn has/hvz an/at especially/ql poignant/jj relation/nn to/in art/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez particularly/rb the/at artist/nn (/( Tonio/np Kroger/np ,/, Aschenbach/np ,/, Leverkuhn/np )/) who/wps suffers/vbz from/in it/ppo ./. The/at specific/jj analogy/nn to/in the/at dilemma/nn of/in love/nn is/bez the/at problem/nn of/in the/at ``/`` breakthrough/nn ''/'' in/in the/at realm/nn of/in art/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, the/at sufferings/nns and/cc disasters/nns produced/vbn by/in any/dti transgression/nn against/in the/at commandment/nn not/* to/in love/nn are/ber almost/ql invariably/rb associated/vbn in/in one/cd way/nn or/cc another/dt with/in childhood/nn ,/, with/in the/at figure/nn of/in a/at child/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, the/at theatrical/jj (/( and/cc perversely/ql erotic/jj )/) notions/nns of/in dressing/vbg up/rp ,/, cosmetics/nns ,/, disguise/nn ,/, and/cc especially/rb change/nn of/in costume/nn (/( or/cc singularity/nn of/in costume/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Cipolla/np )/) ,/, are/ber characteristically/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at catastrophes/nns of/in Mann's/np$ stories/nns ./. We/ppss shall/md return/vb to/in these/dts statements/nns and/cc deal/vb with/in them/ppo more/ql fully/rb as/cs the/at evidence/nn for/in them/ppo accumulates/vbz ./. For/in the/at present/nn it/pps is/bez enough/ap to/to note/vb that/dt in/in the/at grotesque/jj figure/nn of/in Jacoby/np ,/, at/in the/at moment/nn of/in his/pp$ collapse/nn ,/, all/abn these/dts elements/nns come/vb together/rb in/in prophetic/jj parody/nn ./. Professionally/rb a/at lawyer/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez to/to say/vb associated/vbn with/in dignity/nn ,/, reserve/nn ,/, discipline/nn ,/, with/in much/ap that/wps is/bez essentially/ql middle-class/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez compelled/vbn by/in an/at impossible/jj love/nn to/to exhibit/vb himself/ppl dressed/vbn up/rp ,/, disguised/vbn --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, revealed/vbn --/-- as/cs a/at child/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, worse/jjr ,/, as/cs a/at whore/nn masquerading/vbg as/cs a/at child/nn ./. That/cs this/dt abandonment/nn takes/vbz place/nn on/in a/at stage/nn ,/, during/in an/at '/' artistic/jj '/' performance/nn ,/, is/bez enough/ap to/to associate/vb Jacoby/np with/in art/nn ,/, and/cc to/to bring/vb down/rp upon/in him/ppo the/at punishment/nn for/in art/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, he/pps is/bez suspect/jj ,/, guilty/jj ,/, punishable/jj ,/, as/cs is/bez anyone/pn in/in Mann's/np$ stories/nns who/wps produces/vbz illusion/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez true/jj even/rb though/cs the/at constant/jj elements/nns of/in the/at artist-nature/nn ,/, technique/nn ,/, magic/nn ,/, guilt/nn and/cc suffering/vbg ,/, are/ber divided/vbn in/in this/dt story/nn between/in Jacoby/np and/cc Lautner/np ./. It/pps appears/vbz that/cs the/at dominant/jj tendency/nn of/in Mann's/np$ early/jj tales/nns ,/, however/wql pictorial/jj or/cc even/rb picturesque/jj the/at surface/nn ,/, is/bez already/rb toward/in the/at symbolic/jj ,/, the/at emblematic/jj ,/, the/at expressionistic/jj ./. In/in a/at certain/jj perfectly/ql definite/jj way/nn ,/, the/at method/nn and/cc the/at theme/nn of/in his/pp$ stories/nns are/ber one/cd and/cc the/at same/ap ./. Something/pn of/in this/dt can/md be/be learned/vbn from/in ``/`` The/at-tl Way/nn-tl To/in-tl The/at-tl Churchyard/nn-tl ''/'' (/( 1901/cd )/) ,/, an/at anecdote/nn about/in an/at old/jj failure/nn whose/wp$ fit/nn of/in anger/nn at/in a/at passing/vbg cyclist/nn causes/vbz him/ppo to/to die/vb of/in a/at stroke/nn or/cc seizure/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at more/ap ``/`` plot/nn ''/'' than/cs that/dt ;/. ;/. only/rb slightly/ql more/ap ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, than/cs a/at newspaper/nn account/nn of/in such/abl an/at incident/nn would/md give/vb ./. The/at artistic/jj interest/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, lies/vbz in/in what/wdt the/at encounter/nn may/md be/be made/vbn to/to represent/vb ,/, in/in the/at power/nn of/in some/dti central/jj significance/nn to/to draw/vb the/at details/nns into/in relevance/nn and/cc meaningfulness/nn ./. The/at first/od sentence/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ platitudinous/jj irony/nn ,/, announces/vbz an/at emblematic/jj intent/nn :/: ``/`` The/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn ran/vbd along/rb beside/in the/at highroad/nn ,/, ran/vbd beside/in it/ppo all/abn the/at way/nn to/in the/at end/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez to/to say/vb ,/, to/in the/at churchyard/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc the/at action/nn is/bez consistently/rb presented/vbn with/in regard/nn for/in this/dt distinction/nn ./. The/at highroad/nn ,/, one/pn might/md say/vb at/in first/rb ,/, belongs/vbz to/in life/nn ,/, while/cs the/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn belongs/vbz to/in death/nn ./. But/cc that/dt is/bez too/ql simple/jj ,/, and/cc won't/md* hold/vb up/rp ./. As/cs the/at first/od sentence/nn suggests/vbz ,/, both/abx roads/nns belong/vb to/in death/nn in/in the/at end/nn ./. But/cc the/at highroad/nn ,/, according/in to/in the/at description/nn of/in its/pp$ traffic/nn ,/, belongs/vbz to/in life/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez lived/vbn in/in unawareness/nn of/in death/nn ,/, while/cs the/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn belongs/vbz to/in some/dti other/ap sort/nn of/in life/nn :/: a/at suffering/vbg form/nn ,/, an/at existence/nn wholly/ql comprised/vbn in/in the/at awareness/nn of/in death/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, on/in the/at highroad/nn ,/, a/at troop/nn of/in soldiers/nns ``/`` marched/vbd in/in their/pp$ own/jj dust/nn and/cc sang/vbd ''/'' ,/, while/cs on/in the/at footpath/nn one/cd man/nn walks/vbz alone/rb ./. This/dt man's/nn$ isolation/nn is/bez not/* merely/rb momentary/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez permanent/jj ./. He/pps is/bez a/at widower/nn ,/, his/pp$ three/cd children/nns are/ber dead/jj ,/, he/pps has/hvz no/at one/pn left/vbn on/in earth/nn ;/. ;/. also/rb he/pps is/bez a/at drunk/nn ,/, and/cc has/hvz lost/vbn his/pp$ job/nn on/in that/dt account/nn ./. His/pp$ name/nn is/bez Praisegod/np Piepsam/np ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez rather/ql fully/rb described/vbn as/in to/in his/pp$ clothing/nn and/cc physiognomy/nn in/in a/at way/nn which/wdt relates/vbz him/ppo to/in a/at sinister/jj type/nn in/in the/at author's/nn$ repertory/nn --/-- he/pps is/bez a/at forerunner/nn of/in those/dts enigmatic/jj strangers/nns in/in ``/`` Death/nn-tl In/in-tl Venice/np-tl ''/'' ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, who/wps represent/vb some/dti combination/nn of/in cadaver/nn ,/, exotic/jj ,/, and/cc psychopomp/nn ./. This/dt strange/jj person/nn quarrels/vbz with/in a/at cyclist/nn because/cs the/at latter/ap is/bez using/vbg the/at path/nn rather/in than/in the/at highroad/nn ./. The/at cyclist/nn ,/, a/at sufficiently/ql commonplace/jj young/jj fellow/nn ,/, is/bez not/* named/vbn but/cc identified/vbn simply/rb as/cs ``/`` Life/nn-tl ''/'' --/-- that/dt and/cc a/at license/nn number/nn ,/, which/wdt Piepsam/np uses/vbz in/in addressing/vbg him/ppo ./. ``/`` Life/nn ''/'' points/vbz out/rp that/cs ``/`` everybody/pn uses/vbz this/dt path/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc starts/vbz to/to ride/vb on/rp ./. Piepsam/np tries/vbz to/to stop/vb him/ppo by/in force/nn ,/, receives/vbz a/at push/nn in/in the/at chest/nn from/in ``/`` Life/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc is/bez left/vbn standing/vbg in/in impotent/jj and/cc growing/vbg rage/nn ,/, while/cs a/at crowd/nn begins/vbz to/to gather/vb ./. His/pp$ rage/nn assumes/vbz a/at religious/jj form/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj sinfulness/nn and/cc abject/jj wretchedness/nn ,/, Piepsam/np becomes/vbz a/at prophet/nn who/wps in/in his/pp$ ecstasy/nn and/cc in/in the/at name/nn of/in God/np imprecates/vbz doom/nn on/in Life/nn-tl --/-- not/* only/rb the/at cyclist/nn now/rb ,/, but/cc the/at audience/nn ,/, the/at world/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb :/: ``/`` all/abn you/ppss light-headed/jj breed/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt passion/nn brings/vbz on/in a/at fit/nn which/wdt proves/vbz fatal/jj ./. Then/rb an/at ambulance/nn comes/vbz along/rb ,/, and/cc they/ppss drive/vb Praisegod/np Piepsam/np away/rb ./. This/dt is/bez simple/jj enough/qlp ,/, but/cc several/ap more/ap points/nns of/in interest/nn may/md be/be mentioned/vbn as/cs relevant/jj ./. The/at season/nn ,/, between/in spring/nn and/cc summer/nn ,/, belongs/vbz to/in life/nn in/in its/pp$ carefree/jj aspect/nn ./. Piepsam's/np$ fatal/jj rage/nn arises/vbz not/* only/rb because/cs he/pps cannot/md* stop/vb the/at cyclist/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb because/cs God/np will/md not/* stop/vb him/ppo ;/. ;/. as/cs Piepsam/np says/vbz to/in the/at crowd/nn in/in his/pp$ last/ap moments/nns :/: ``/`` His/pp$ justice/nn is/bez not/* of/in this/dt world/nn ''/'' ./. Life/nn is/bez further/rbr characterized/vbn ,/, in/in antithesis/nn to/in Piepsam/np ,/, as/cs animal/nn :/: the/at image/nn of/in a/at dog/nn ,/, which/wdt appears/vbz at/in several/ap places/nns ,/, is/bez first/rb given/vbn as/cs the/at criterion/nn of/in amiable/jj ,/, irrelevant/jj interest/nn aroused/vbn by/in life/nn considered/vbn simply/rb as/cs a/at spectacle/nn :/: a/at dog/nn in/in a/at wagon/nn is/bez ``/`` admirable/jj ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at pleasure/nn to/to contemplate/vb ''/'' ;/. ;/. another/dt wagon/nn has/hvz no/at dog/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb is/bez ``/`` devoid/jj of/in interest/nn ''/'' ./. Piepsam/np calls/vbz the/at cyclist/nn ``/`` cur/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` puppy/nn ''/'' among/in other/ap things/nns ,/, and/cc at/in the/at crisis/nn of/in his/pp$ fit/nn a/at little/jj fox-terrier/nn stands/vbz before/in him/ppo and/cc howls/vbz into/in his/pp$ face/nn ./. The/at ambulance/nn is/bez drawn/vbn by/in two/cd ``/`` charming/jj ''/'' little/jj horses/nns ./. Piepsam/np is/bez not/* ,/, certainly/rb ,/, religious/jj in/in any/dti conventional/jj sense/nn ./. His/pp$ religiousness/nn is/bez intimately/rb ,/, or/cc dialectically/rb ,/, connected/vbn with/in his/pp$ sinfulness/nn ;/. ;/. the/at two/cd may/md in/in fact/nn be/be identical/jj ./. His/pp$ unsuccessful/jj strivings/nns to/to give/vb up/rp drink/nn are/ber represented/vbn as/ql religious/jj strivings/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps keeps/vbz a/at bottle/nn in/in a/at wardrobe/nn at/in home/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` before/in this/dt wardrobe/nn Praisegod/np Piepsam/np had/hvd before/in now/rb gone/vbn literally/rb on/in his/pp$ knees/nns ,/, and/cc in/in his/pp$ wrestlings/nns had/hvd bitten/vbn his/pp$ tongue/nn --/-- and/cc still/rb in/in the/at end/nn capitulated/vbd ''/'' ./. The/at cyclist/nn ,/, by/in contrast/nn ,/, blond/jj and/cc blue-eyed/jj ,/, is/bez simply/rb unreflective/jj ,/, unproblematic/jj Life/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` blithe/jj and/cc carefree/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` He/pps made/vbd no/at claims/nns to/to belong/vb to/in the/at great/jj and/cc mighty/jj of/in this/dt earth/nn ''/'' ./. Piepsam/np is/bez grotesque/jj ,/, a/at disturbing/jj parody/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ end/nn is/bez ridiculous/jj and/cc trivial/jj ./. He/pps is/bez ``/`` a/at man/nn raving/ql mad/jj on/in the/at way/nn to/in the/at churchyard/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc he/pps is/bez more/ql interesting/jj than/cs the/at others/nns ,/, the/at ones/nns who/wps come/vb from/in the/at highroad/nn to/to watch/vb him/ppo ,/, more/ql interesting/jj than/cs Life/nn-tl considered/vbn as/cs a/at cyclist/nn ./. And/cc if/cs I/ppss have/hv gone/vbn into/in so/ql much/ap detail/nn about/in so/ql small/jj a/at work/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez because/cs it/pps is/bez also/rb so/ql typical/jj a/at work/nn ,/, representing/vbg the/at germinal/jj form/nn of/in a/at conflict/nn which/wdt remains/vbz essential/jj in/in Mann's/np$ writing/nn :/: the/at crude/jj sketch/nn of/in Piepsam/np contains/vbz ,/, in/in its/pp$ critical/jj ,/, destructive/jj and/cc self-destructive/jj tendencies/nns ,/, much/ap that/wps is/bez enlarged/vbn and/cc illuminated/vbn in/in the/at figures/nns of/in ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, Naphta/np and/cc Leverkuhn/np ./. In/in method/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in theme/nn this/dt little/jj anecdote/nn with/in its/pp$ details/nns selected/vbn as/ql much/rb for/in expressiveness/nn and/cc allegory/nn as/cs for/in ``/`` realism/nn ''/'' ,/, anticipates/vbz a/at kind/nn of/in musical/jj composition/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in fictional/jj composition/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, as/cs Leverkuhn/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` there/ex shall/md be/be nothing/pn unthematic/jj ''/'' ./. It/pps resembles/vbz ,/, too/rb ,/, pictures/nns such/jj as/cs Durer/np and/cc Bruegel/np did/dod ,/, in/in which/wdt all/abn that/wps looks/vbz at/in first/rb to/to be/be solely/ql pictorial/jj proves/vbz on/in inspection/nn to/to be/be also/rb literary/jj ,/, the/at representation/nn of/in a/at proverb/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, or/cc a/at deadly/jj sin/nn ./. ``/`` Gladius/fw-nn-tl Dei/fw-nn$-tl ''/'' (/( 1902/cd )/) resembles/vbz ``/`` The/at-tl Way/nn-tl To/in-tl The/at-tl Churchyard/nn-tl ''/'' in/in its/pp$ representation/nn of/in a/at conflict/nn between/in light/nn and/cc dark/nn ,/, between/in ``/`` Life/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc a/at spirit/nn of/in criticism/nn ,/, negation/nn ,/, melancholy/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps goes/vbz considerably/ql further/rbr in/in characterizing/vbg the/at elements/nns of/in this/dt conflict/nn ./. The/at monk/nn Savonarola/np ,/, brought/vbn over/rp from/in the/at Renaissance/nn-tl and/cc placed/vbn against/in the/at background/nn of/in Munich/np at/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, protests/vbz against/in the/at luxurious/jj works/nns displayed/vbn in/in the/at art-shop/nn of/in M./np Bluthenzweig/np ;/. ;/. in/in particular/jj against/in a/at Madonna/np portrayed/vbn in/in a/at voluptuous/jj style/nn and/cc modeled/vbn ,/, according/in to/in gossip/nn ,/, upon/in the/at painter's/nn$ mistress/nn ./. Hieronymus/np ,/, like/cs Piepsam/np ,/, makes/vbz his/pp$ protest/nn quite/ql in/in vain/jj ,/, and/cc his/pp$ rejection/nn ,/, though/cs not/* fatal/jj ,/, is/bez ridiculous/jj and/cc humiliating/jj ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez simply/rb thrown/vbn out/in of/in the/at shop/nn by/in the/at porter/nn ./. On/in the/at street/nn outside/rb ,/, Hieronymus/np envisions/vbz a/at holocaust/nn of/in the/at vanities/nns of/in this/dt world/nn ,/, such/abl a/at burning/nn of/in artistic/jj and/cc erotic/jj productions/nns as/cs his/pp$ namesake/nn actually/rb brought/vbd to/to pass/vb in/in Florence/np ,/, and/cc prophetically/rb he/pps issues/vbz his/pp$ curse/nn :/: ``/`` Gladius/fw-nn Dei/fw-nn$-tl super/fw-in terram/fw-nn cito/fw-rb et/fw-cc velociter/fw-rb ''/'' ./.

cg16

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The/at ``/`` reality/nn ''/'' to/in which/wdt they/ppss respond/vb is/bez rationally/ql empty/jj and/cc their/pp$ art/nn is/bez an/at imitation/nn of/in the/at inescapable/jj powerfulness/nn of/in this/dt unknown/jj and/cc empty/jj world/nn ./. Their/pp$ artistic/jj rationale/nn is/bez given/vbn to/in the/at witness/nn of/in unreason/nn ./. These/dts polar/jj concerns/nns (/( imitation/nn vs./in formalism/nn )/) reflect/vb a/at philosophical/jj and/cc religious/jj situation/nn which/wdt has/hvz been/ben developing/vbg over/in a/at long/jj period/nn of/in time/nn ./. The/at breakdown/nn of/in classical/jj structures/nns of/in meaning/nn in/in all/abn realms/nns of/in western/jj culture/nn has/hvz given/vbn rise/nn to/in several/ap generations/nns of/in artists/nns who/wps have/hv documented/vbn the/at disintegrative/jj processes/nns ./. Thus/rb the/at image/nn of/in man/nn has/hvz suffered/vbn complete/jj fragmentation/nn in/in personal/jj and/cc spiritual/jj qualities/nns ,/, and/cc complete/jj objectification/nn in/in sub-human/jj and/cc quasi-mechanistic/jj powers/nns ./. The/at image/nn of/in the/at world/nn tends/vbz to/to reflect/vb the/at hostility/nn and/cc indifference/nn of/in man/nn or/cc else/rb to/to dissolve/vb into/in empty/jj spaces/nns and/cc overwhelming/jj mystery/nn ./. The/at image/nn of/in God/np has/hvz simply/rb disappeared/vbn ./. All/abn such/jj imitations/nns of/in negative/jj quality/nn have/hv given/vbn rise/nn to/in a/at compensatory/jj response/nn in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at heroic/jj and/cc highly/ql individualistic/jj humanism/nn :/: if/cs man/nn can/md neither/cc know/vb nor/cc love/vb reality/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez ,/, he/pps can/md at/in least/ap invent/vb an/at artistic/jj ``/`` reality/nn ''/'' which/wdt is/bez its/pp$ own/jj world/nn and/cc which/wdt can/md speak/vb to/in man/nn of/in purely/ql personal/jj and/cc subjective/jj qualities/nns capable/jj of/in being/beg known/vbn and/cc worthy/jj of/in being/beg loved/vbn ./. The/at person/nn of/in the/at artist/nn becomes/vbz a/at final/jj bastion/nn of/in meaning/nn in/in a/at world/nn rendered/vbn meaningless/jj by/in the/at march/nn of/in events/nns and/cc the/at decay/nn of/in classical/jj religious/jj and/cc philosophical/jj systems/nns ./. Whatever/wdt pole/nn of/in this/dt contrast/nn one/pn emphasizes/vbz and/cc whatever/wdt the/at tension/nn between/in these/dts two/cd approaches/nns to/in understanding/vbg the/at artistic/jj imagination/nn ,/, it/pps will/md be/be readily/rb seen/vbn that/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* mutually/ql exclusive/jj ,/, that/cs they/ppss belong/vb together/rb ./. Without/in the/at decay/nn of/in a/at sense/nn of/in objective/jj reference/nn (/( except/in as/cs the/at imitation/nn of/in mystery/nn )/) ,/, the/at stress/nn on/in subjective/jj invention/nn would/md never/rb have/hv been/ben stimulated/vbn into/in being/beg ./. And/cc although/cs these/dts insights/nns into/in the/at nature/nn of/in art/nn may/md be/be in/in themselves/ppls insufficient/jj for/in a/at thoroughgoing/jj philosophy/nn of/in art/nn ,/, their/pp$ peculiar/jj authenticity/nn in/in this/dt day/nn and/cc age/nn requires/vbz that/cs they/ppss be/be taken/vbn seriously/rb and/cc gives/vbz promise/nn that/cs from/in their/pp$ very/ql substance/nn ,/, new/jj and/cc valid/jj chapters/nns in/in the/at philosophy/nn of/in art/nn may/md be/be written/vbn ./. For/in better/jjr or/cc worse/jjr we/ppss cannot/md* regard/vb ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' in/in the/at arts/nns in/in the/at simple/jj mode/nn of/in classical/jj rationalism/nn or/cc detached/vbn realism/nn ./. A/at broader/jjr concept/nn of/in imitation/nn is/bez needed/vbn ,/, one/cd which/wdt acknowledges/vbz that/cs true/jj invention/nn is/bez important/jj ,/, that/cs the/at artist's/nn$ creativity/nn in/in part/nn transcends/vbz the/at non-artistic/jj causal/jj factors/nns out/in of/in which/wdt it/pps arises/vbz ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, we/ppss cannot/md* regard/vb artistic/jj invention/nn as/cs pure/jj ,/, uncaused/jj ,/, and/cc unrelated/jj to/in the/at times/nns in/in which/wdt it/pps occurs/vbz ./. We/ppss need/md a/at doctrine/nn of/in imitation/nn to/to save/vb us/ppo from/in the/at solipsism/nn and/cc futility/nn of/in pure/jj formalism/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at aim/nn of/in this/dt essay/nn to/to advance/vb a/at new/jj theory/nn of/in imitation/nn (/( which/wdt I/ppss shall/md call/vb mimesis/nn in/in order/nn to/to distinguish/vb it/ppo from/in earlier/jjr theories/nns of/in imitation/nn )/) and/cc a/at new/jj theory/nn of/in invention/nn (/( which/wdt I/ppss shall/md call/vb symbol/nn for/in reasons/nns to/to be/be stated/vbn hereafter/rb )/) ./. The/at mimetic/jj imagination/nn in/in the/at arts/nns The/at word/nn ``/`` mimesis/nn ''/'' (/( ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' )/) is/bez usually/rb associated/vbn with/in Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np ./. For/in Plato/np ,/, ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' is/bez twice/rb removed/vbn from/in reality/nn ,/, being/beg a/at poor/jj copy/nn of/in physical/jj appearance/nn ,/, which/wdt in/in itself/ppl is/bez a/at poor/jj copy/nn of/in ideal/jj essence/nn ./. All/abn artistic/jj and/cc mythological/jj representations/nns ,/, therefore/rb ,/, are/ber ``/`` imitations/nns of/in imitations/nns ''/'' and/cc are/ber completely/ql superseded/vbn by/in the/at truth/nn value/nn of/in ``/`` dialectic/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at proper/jj use/nn of/in the/at inquiring/vbg intellect/nn ./. In/in Plato's/np$ judgment/nn ,/, the/at arts/nns play/vb a/at meaningful/jj role/nn in/in society/nn only/rb in/in the/at education/nn of/in the/at young/jj ,/, prior/rb to/in the/at full/jj development/nn of/in their/pp$ intellectual/jj powers/nns ./. Presupposed/vbn in/in Plato's/np$ system/nn is/bez a/at doctrine/nn of/in levels/nns of/in insight/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt a/at certain/jj kind/nn of/in detached/vbn understanding/nn is/bez alone/rb capable/jj of/in penetrating/vbg to/in the/at most/ql sublime/jj wisdom/nn ./. Aristotle/np also/rb tended/vbd to/to stratify/vb all/abn aspects/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc activity/nn into/in levels/nns of/in excellence/nn and/cc ,/, like/cs Plato/np ,/, he/pps put/vbd the/at pure/jj and/cc unimpassioned/jj intellect/nn on/in the/at top/jjs level/nn ./. The/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, in/in affirming/vbg that/cs all/abn human/jj arts/nns are/ber ``/`` modes/nns of/in imitation/nn ''/'' ,/, gives/vbz a/at more/ql serious/jj role/nn to/in artistic/jj mimesis/nn than/cs did/dod Plato/np ./. But/cc Aristotle/np kept/vbd the/at principle/nn of/in levels/nns and/cc even/rb augmented/vbd it/ppo by/in describing/vbg in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl what/wdt kinds/nns of/in character/nn and/cc action/nn must/md be/be imitated/vbn if/cs the/at play/nn is/bez to/to be/be a/at vehicle/nn of/in serious/jj and/cc important/jj human/jj truths/nns ./. For/in both/abx Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np artistic/jj mimesis/nn ,/, in/in contrast/nn to/in the/at power/nn of/in dialectic/nn ,/, is/bez relatively/ql incapable/jj of/in expressing/vbg the/at character/nn of/in fundamental/jj reality/nn ./. The/at central/jj concern/nn of/in Erich/np Auerbach's/np$ impressive/jj volume/nn called/vbn Mimesis/nn-tl is/bez to/to describe/vb the/at shift/nn from/in a/at classic/jj theory/nn of/in imitation/nn (/( based/vbn upon/in a/at recognition/nn of/in levels/nns of/in truth/nn )/) to/in a/at Christian/jj theory/nn of/in imitation/nn in/in which/wdt the/at levels/nns are/ber dissolved/vbn ./. Following/vbg the/at theme/nn of/in Incarnation/nn-tl in/in the/at Gospels/nps ,/, the/at Christian/jj artist/nn and/cc critic/nn sees/vbz in/in the/at most/ql commonplace/jj and/cc ordinary/jj events/nns ``/`` figures/nns ''/'' of/in divine/jj power/nn and/cc reality/nn ./. Here/rb artistic/jj realism/nn involves/vbz the/at audience/nn in/in an/at impassioned/jj participation/nn in/in events/nns whose/wp$ overtones/nns and/cc implications/nns are/ber transcendent/jj ./. Artistic/jj mimesis/nn under/in Christian/jj influence/nn records/vbz the/at involvement/nn of/in all/abn persons/nns ,/, however/wql humble/jj ,/, in/in a/at divine/jj drama/nn ./. The/at artist/nn ,/, unlike/in the/at philosopher/nn ,/, is/bez not/* a/at removed/vbn observer/nn aiming/vbg at/in neutral/jj and/cc rarified/vbn high/jj levels/nns of/in abstraction/nn ./. He/pps is/bez the/at conveyor/nn of/in a/at sacred/jj reality/nn by/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz been/ben grasped/vbn ./. I/ppss have/hv chosen/vbn to/to use/vb the/at word/nn ``/`` mimesis/nn ''/'' in/in its/pp$ Christian/jj rather/in than/in its/pp$ classic/jj implications/nns and/cc to/to discover/vb in/in the/at concrete/jj forms/nns of/in both/abx art/nn and/cc myth/nn powers/nns of/in theological/jj expression/nn which/wdt ,/, as/cs in/in the/at Christian/jj mind/nn ,/, are/ber the/at direct/jj consequence/nn of/in involvement/nn in/in historical/jj experience/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber not/* reserved/vbn ,/, as/cs in/in the/at Greek/jj mind/nn ,/, only/rb to/in moments/nns of/in theoretical/jj reflection/nn ./. In/in the/at first/od instance/nn ,/, ``/`` mimesis/nn ''/'' is/bez here/rb used/vbn to/to mean/vb the/at recalling/nn of/in experience/nn in/in terms/nns of/in vivid/jj images/nns rather/in than/cs in/in terms/nns of/in abstract/jj ideas/nns or/cc conventional/jj designations/nns ./. By/in ``/`` image/nn ''/'' is/bez meant/vbn not/* only/rb a/at visual/jj presentation/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb remembered/vbn sensations/nns of/in any/dti of/in the/at five/cd senses/nns plus/cc the/at feelings/nns which/wdt are/ber immediately/rb conjoined/vbn therewith/rb ./. This/dt is/bez the/at primary/jj function/nn of/in the/at imagination/nn operating/vbg in/in the/at absence/nn of/in the/at original/jj experiential/jj stimulus/nn by/in which/wdt the/at images/nns were/bed first/rb appropriated/vbn ./. Mimesis/nn is/bez the/at nearest/jjt possible/jj thing/nn to/in the/at actual/jj re-living/nn of/in experience/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at imagining/vbg person/nn recovers/vbz through/in images/nns something/pn of/in the/at force/nn and/cc depth/nn characteristic/jj of/in experience/nn itself/ppl ./. The/at images/nns themselves/ppls ,/, like/cs their/pp$ counterparts/nns in/in experience/nn ,/, are/ber not/* neutral/jj qualities/nns to/to be/be surveyed/vbn dispassionately/rb ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber fields/nns of/in force/nn exerting/vbg a/at unique/jj influence/nn on/in the/at sensibilities/nns and/cc a/at unique/jj relatedness/nn to/in one/cd another/dt ./. They/ppss bring/vb an/at inextricable/jj component/nn of/in value/nn within/in themselves/ppls ,/, with/in attractions/nns and/cc repulsions/nns native/jj to/in their/pp$ own/jj quality/nn ./. As/cs in/in experience/nn one/pn is/bez seized/vbn by/in given/vbn entities/nns and/cc their/pp$ interrelations/nns and/cc is/bez forced/vbn to/to respond/vb in/in value/nn feelings/nns to/in them/ppo ,/, so/cs one/pn is/bez similarly/rb seized/vbn in/in the/at mimetic/jj presentation/nn of/in images/nns ./. Mimesis/nn here/rb is/bez not/* to/to be/be confused/vbn with/in literalism/nn or/cc realism/nn in/in the/at conventional/jj sense/nn ./. A/at word/nn taken/vbn in/in its/pp$ dictionary/nn meaning/nn ,/, a/at photographic/jj image/nn of/in a/at recognizable/jj object/nn ,/, the/at mere/jj picturing/nn of/in a/at ``/`` scene/nn ''/'' tends/vbz to/to lose/vb experiential/jj vividness/nn and/cc to/to connote/vb such/jj conventional/jj abstractions/nns as/cs to/to invite/vb neutral/jj reception/nn without/in the/at incitement/nn of/in value/nn feelings/nns ./. Similarly/rb experience/nn itself/ppl can/md be/be conventionalized/vbn so/cs that/cs people/nns react/vb to/in certain/jj preconceived/vbn clues/nns for/in behavior/nn without/in awareness/nn of/in the/at vitality/nn of/in their/pp$ experiential/jj field/nn ./. A/at truly/ql vivid/jj imagination/nn moves/vbz beyond/in the/at conventional/jj recollection/nn to/in a/at sense/nn of/in immediacy/nn ./. The/at mimetic/jj character/nn of/in the/at imaginative/jj consciousness/nn tends/vbz to/to express/vb itself/ppl in/in the/at presentation/nn of/in artistic/jj forms/nns and/cc materials/nns ./. When/wrb words/nns can/md be/be used/vbn in/in a/at more/ql fresh/jj and/cc primitive/jj way/nn so/cs that/cs they/ppss strike/vb with/in the/at force/nn of/in sights/nns and/cc sounds/nns ,/, when/wrb tones/nns of/in sound/nn and/cc colors/nns of/in paint/nn and/cc the/at carven/jj shape/nn all/abn strike/vb the/at sensibilities/nns with/in an/at undeniable/jj force/nn of/in data/nns in/in and/cc of/in themselves/ppls ,/, compelling/vbg the/at observer/nn into/in an/at attitude/nn of/in attention/nn ,/, all/abn this/dt imitates/vbz the/at way/nn experience/nn itself/ppl in/in its/pp$ deepest/jjt character/nn strikes/vbz upon/in the/at door/nn of/in consciousness/nn and/cc clamors/vbz for/in entrance/nn ./. These/dts are/ber like/cs the/at initial/jj ways/nns in/in which/wdt the/at world/nn forces/vbz itself/ppl upon/in the/at self/nn and/cc thrusts/vbz the/at self/nn into/in decision/nn and/cc choice/nn ./. The/at presence/nn of/in genuine/jj mimesis/nn in/in art/nn is/bez marked/vbn by/in the/at persistence/nn with/in which/wdt the/at work/nn demands/vbz attention/nn and/cc compels/vbz valuation/nn even/rb though/cs it/pps is/bez but/rb vaguely/rb understood/vbn ./. Underlying/vbg these/dts conceptions/nns of/in mimesis/nn are/ber certain/jj presuppositions/nns concerning/in the/at nature/nn of/in primary/jj human/jj experience/nn which/wdt require/vb some/dti exposition/nn before/cs the/at main/jjs argument/nn can/md proceed/vb ./. Experience/nn is/bez not/* seen/vbn ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in classical/jj rationalism/nn ,/, as/cs presenting/vbg us/ppo initially/rb with/in clear/jj and/cc distinct/jj objects/nns simply/rb located/vbn in/in space/nn and/cc registering/vbg their/pp$ character/nn ,/, movements/nns ,/, and/cc changes/nns on/in the/at tabula/fw-nn rasa/fw-vbn of/in an/at uninvolved/jj intellect/nn ./. Neither/cc is/bez primary/jj experience/nn understood/vbn according/in to/in the/at attitude/nn of/in modern/jj empiricism/nn in/in which/wdt nothing/pn is/bez thought/vbn to/to be/be received/vbn other/ap than/cs signals/nns of/in sensory/jj qualities/nns producing/vbg their/pp$ responses/nns in/in the/at appropriate/jj sense/nn organs/nns ./. Primary/jj feelings/nns of/in the/at world/nn come/vbn neither/cc as/cs a/at collection/nn of/in clearly/ql known/vbn objects/nns (/( houses/nns ,/, trees/nns ,/, implements/nns ,/, etc./rb )/) nor/cc a/at collection/nn of/in isolated/vbn and/cc neutral/jj sensory/jj qualities/nns ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in all/abn this/dt ,/, primary/jj data/nns are/ber data/nns of/in a/at self/nn involved/vbn in/in environing/vbg processes/nns and/cc powers/nns ./. The/at most/ql primitive/jj feelings/nns are/ber rudimentary/jj value/nn feelings/nns ,/, both/abx positive/jj and/cc negative/jj :/: a/at desire/nn to/in appropriate/jj this/dt or/cc that/dt part/nn of/in the/at environment/nn into/in oneself/ppl ;/. ;/. a/at desire/nn to/to avoid/vb and/cc repel/vb this/dt or/cc that/dt other/ap part/nn ./. These/dts desires/nns presuppose/vb a/at sense/nn of/in causally/rb efficacious/jj powers/nns in/in which/wdt one/pn is/bez involved/vbn ,/, some/dti working/vbg for/in one's/pn$ good/nn ,/, others/nns threatening/vbg ill/nn ./. Gone/vbn is/bez the/at tabula/fw-nn rasa/fw-vbn of/in the/at mind/nn ./. In/in its/pp$ place/nn is/bez a/at passionate/jj consciousness/nn grasped/vbn and/cc molded/vbn to/in feelings/nns of/in positive/jj or/cc negative/jj values/nns even/rb as/cs the/at actions/nns of/in one's/pn$ life/nn are/ber determined/vbn by/in constellations/nns of/in process/nn in/in which/wdt one/pn is/bez caught/vbn ./. The/at principal/jjs defender/nn of/in this/dt view/nn of/in primary/jj experience/nn as/cs ``/`` causal/jj efficacy/nn ''/'' is/bez Alfred/np North/np Whitehead/np ./. Our/pp$ most/ql elemental/jj and/cc unavoidable/jj impressions/nns ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, are/ber those/dts of/in being/beg involved/vbn in/in a/at large/jj arena/nn of/in powers/nns which/wdt have/hv a/at longer/jjr past/nn than/cs our/pp$ own/jj ,/, which/wdt are/ber interrelated/vbn in/in a/at vast/jj movement/nn through/in the/at present/nn toward/in the/at future/nn ./. We/ppss feel/vb the/at quality/nn of/in these/dts powers/nns initially/rb as/cs in/in some/dti degree/nn wholesome/jj or/cc threatening/vbg ./. Later/rbr abstractive/jj and/cc rational/jj processes/nns may/md indicate/vb errors/nns of/in judgment/nn in/in these/dts apprehensions/nns of/in value/nn ,/, but/cc the/at apprehensions/nns themselves/ppls are/ber the/at primary/jj stuff/nn of/in experience/nn ./. It/pps takes/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in abstraction/nn to/to free/vb oneself/ppl from/in the/at primitive/jj impression/nn of/in larger/jjr unities/nns of/in power/nn and/cc influence/nn and/cc to/to view/vb one's/pn$ world/nn simply/rb as/cs a/at collection/nn of/in sense/nn data/nns arranged/vbn in/in such/jj and/cc such/jj sequence/nn and/cc pattern/nn ,/, devoid/jj of/in all/abn power/nn to/to move/vb the/at feelings/nns and/cc actions/nns except/in in/in so/ql far/rb as/cs they/ppss present/vb themselves/ppls for/in inspection/nn ./. Whitehead/np is/bez here/rb questioning/vbg David/np Hume's/np$ understanding/nn of/in the/at nature/nn of/in experience/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez questioning/vbg ,/, also/rb ,/, every/at epistemology/nn which/wdt stems/vbz from/in Hume's/np$ presupposition/nn that/cs experience/nn is/bez merely/rb sense/nn data/nns in/in abstraction/nn from/in causal/jj efficacy/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs causal/jj efficacy/nn is/bez something/pn intellectually/rb imputed/vbn to/in the/at world/nn ,/, not/* directly/rb perceived/vbn ./. What/wdt Hume/np calls/vbz ``/`` sensation/nn ''/'' is/bez what/wdt Whitehead/np calls/vbz ``/`` perception/nn in/in the/at mode/nn of/in presentational/jj immediacy/nn ''/'' which/wdt is/bez a/at sophisticated/jj abstraction/nn from/in perception/nn in/in the/at mode/nn of/in causal/jj efficacy/nn ./. As/ql long/rb as/cs perception/nn is/bez seen/vbn as/ql composed/vbn only/rb of/in isolated/vbn sense/nn data/nns ,/, most/ap of/in the/at quality/nn and/cc interconnectedness/nn of/in existence/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ objectivity/nn ,/, becomes/vbz an/at invention/nn of/in consciousness/nn ,/, and/cc the/at result/nn is/bez a/at philosophical/jj scepticism/nn ./. Whitehead/np contends/vbz that/cs the/at human/jj way/nn of/in understanding/vbg existence/nn as/cs a/at unity/nn of/in interlocking/vbg and/cc interdependent/jj processes/nns which/wdt constitute/vb each/dt other/ap and/cc which/wdt cause/vb each/dt other/ap to/to be/be and/cc not/* to/to be/be is/bez possible/jj only/rb because/cs the/at basic/jj form/nn of/in such/abl an/at understanding/nn ,/, for/in all/abn its/pp$ vagueness/nn and/cc tendency/nn to/to mistake/vb the/at detail/nn ,/, is/bez initially/rb given/vbn in/in the/at way/nn man/nn feels/vbz the/at world/nn ./. In/in this/dt respect/nn experience/nn is/bez broader/jjr and/cc full/jj of/in a/at richer/jjr variety/nn of/in potential/jj meanings/nns than/cs the/at mind/nn of/in man/nn or/cc any/dti of/in his/pp$ arts/nns or/cc culture/nn are/ber capable/jj of/in making/vbg clear/jj and/cc distinct/jj ./. A/at chief/jjs characteristic/nn of/in experience/nn in/in the/at mode/nn of/in causal/jj efficacy/nn is/bez one/cd of/in derivation/nn from/in the/at past/nn ./. Both/abx I/ppss and/cc my/pp$ feelings/nns come/vb up/rp out/in of/in a/at chain/nn of/in events/nns that/wps fan/vb out/rp into/in the/at past/nn into/in sources/nns that/wps are/ber ultimately/rb very/ql unlike/in the/at entity/nn which/wdt I/ppss now/rb am/bem ./.

cg17

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After/in only/rb eighteen/cd years/nns of/in non-interference/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed already/rb indications/nns of/in melioration/nn ,/, though/cs ``/`` in/in a/at slight/jj degree/nn ''/'' ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ./. There/ex were/bed more/ap indications/nns by/in the/at mid-twentieth/od century/nn ./. I/ppss leave/vb it/ppo to/in the/at statisticians/nns to/to say/vb what/wdt they/ppss were/bed ,/, but/cc I/ppss noticed/vbd several/ap a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ,/, during/in an/at automobile/nn ride/nn from/in Memphis/np to/in Hattiesburg/np ./. In/in town/nn after/in town/nn my/pp$ companion/nn pointed/vbd out/rp the/at Negro/np school/nn and/cc the/at White/jj-tl school/nn ,/, and/cc in/in every/at instance/nn the/at former/ap made/vbd a/at better/jjr appearance/nn (/( it/pps was/bedz newer/jjr ,/, for/in one/cd thing/nn )/) ./. It/pps really/rb looked/vbd as/cs if/cs a/at change/nn of/in the/at sort/nn predicted/vbn by/in Booker/np T./np Washington/np had/hvd been/ben going/vbg on/rp ./. But/cc with/in the/at renewal/nn of/in interference/nn in/in 1954/cd (/( as/cs with/in its/pp$ beginning/nn in/in 1835/cd )/) ,/, the/at improvement/nn was/bedz impaired/vbn ./. For/in over/rp a/at hundred/cd years/nns Southerners/nns-tl have/hv felt/vbn that/cs the/at North/nr-tl was/bedz picking/vbg on/in them/ppo ./. It's/pps+bez infuriating/jj ,/, this/dt feeling/nn that/cs one/pn is/bez being/beg picked/vbn on/in ,/, continually/rb ,/, constantly/rb ./. By/in what/wdt right/nn of/in superior/jj virtue/nn ,/, Southerners/nns-tl ask/vb ,/, do/do the/at people/nns of/in the/at North/nr-tl do/do this/dt ?/. ?/. The/at traditional/jj strategy/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz been/ben to/to expose/vb the/at vices/nns of/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, to/to demonstrate/vb that/cs the/at North/nr-tl possessed/vbd no/at superior/jj virtue/nn ,/, to/to ``/`` show/vb the/at world/nn that/cs ''/'' as/cs James's/np$ Christopher/np Newman/np said/vbd to/in his/pp$ adversaries/nns )/) ``/`` however/wql bad/jj I/ppss may/md be/be ,/, you're/ppss+ber not/* quite/abl the/at people/nns to/to say/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. In/in the/at pre-Civil/jj War/nn-tl years/nns ,/, the/at South/nr-tl argued/vbd that/cs the/at slave/nn was/bedz not/* less/ql humanely/rb treated/vbn than/cs the/at factory/nn worker/nn of/in the/at North/nr-tl ./. At/in the/at present/jj time/nn ,/, the/at counter-attack/nn takes/vbz the/at line/nn that/cs there's/ex+bez no/at more/ap of/in the/at true/jj spirit/nn of/in ``/`` integration/nn ''/'' in/in the/at North/nr-tl than/cs in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. The/at line/nn is/bez a/at pretty/ql good/jj one/cd ./. People/nns talk/vb about/in ``/`` the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn ''/'' ./. The/at expression/nn has/hvz become/vbn quite/abl a/at cliche/nn ./. But/cc people/nns can't/md* be/be made/vbn to/to integrate/vb ,/, socialize/vb (/( the/at two/cd are/ber inseparable/jj by/in Southern/jj-tl standards/nns )/) by/in law/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz having/hvg lunch/nn not/* long/rb ago/rb (/( apologies/nns to/in N./np V./np Peale/np )/) with/in three/cd distinguished/vbn historians/nns (/( one/pn specializing/vbg in/in the/at European/jj-tl Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ,/, one/cd in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd in/in the/at Far/jj-tl East/nr-tl )/) ,/, and/cc I/ppss asked/vbd them/ppo if/cs they/ppss could/md name/vb instances/nns where/wrb the/at general/jj mores/nns had/hvd been/ben radically/rb changed/vbn with/in ``/`` deliberate/jj speed/nn ,/, majestic/jj instancy/nn ''/'' (/( Francis/np Thompson's/np$ words/nns for/in the/at Hound/nn-tl Of/in-tl Heaven's/nn$-tl Pursuit/nn-tl )/) by/in judicial/jj fiat/nn ./. They/ppss didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to be/be able/jj to/to think/vb of/in any/dti ./. A/at Virginia/np judge/nn a/at while/nn back/rb cited/vbd a/at Roman/jj jurist/nn to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs ten/cd years/nns might/md be/be a/at reasonable/jj length/nn of/in time/nn for/in such/abl a/at change/nn ./. But/cc I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs the/at old/jj Roman/jj was/bedz referring/vbg to/in change/nn made/vbn under/in military/jj occupation/nn --/-- the/at sort/nn of/in change/nn which/wdt Tacitus/np was/bedz talking/vbg about/in when/wrb he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` They/ppss make/vb a/at desert/nn ,/, and/cc call/vb it/ppo peace/nn ''/'' (/( ``/`` Solitudinem/fw-nn faciunt/fw-vb ,/, pacem/fw-nn appellant/fw-vbg ''/'' ./. )/) ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn is/bez not/* irrevocable/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps can/md be/be changed/vbn ;/. ;/. it/pps has/hvz been/ben ,/, many/ap times/nns ./. Mr./np Justice/np Taney's/np$ Dred/np Scott/np decision/nn in/in 1857/cd was/bedz unpopular/jj in/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, and/cc soon/rb became/vbd a/at dead/jj letter/nn ./. Prohibition/nn was/bedz the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz unpopular/jj (/( how/wql many/ap of/in us/ppo oldsters/nns took/vbd up/rp drinking/vbg in/in prohibition/nn days/nns ,/, drinking/vbg was/bedz so/ql gay/jj ,/, so/ql fashionable/jj ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at sophisticated/jj Northeast/nr-tl !/. !/. )/) and/cc was/bedz repealed/vbn ./. The/at cliche/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ talismanic/jj virtue/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in a/at little/ap history/nn ./. The/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl says/vbz that/cs ``/`` governments/nns derive/vb their/pp$ just/jj powers/nns from/in the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' ./. The/at phrase/nn ``/`` consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' needs/vbz a/at hard/jj look/nn ./. How/wrb do/do we/ppss define/vb it/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. Is/bez the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn a/at numerical/jj majority/nn ?/. ?/. Calhoun/np dealt/vbd with/in this/dt question/nn in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Disquisition/nn-tl On/in-tl Government/nn-tl ''/'' ./. To/to guard/vb against/in the/at tyranny/nn of/in a/at numerical/jj majority/nn ,/, Calhoun/np developed/vbd his/pp$ theory/nn of/in ``/`` concurrent/jj majority/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` by/in giving/vbg to/in each/dt portion/nn of/in the/at community/nn which/wdt may/md be/be unequally/rb affected/vbn by/in the/at action/nn of/in government/nn ,/, a/at negative/nn on/in the/at others/nns ,/, prevents/vbz all/abn partial/jj or/cc local/jj legislation/nn ''/'' ./. Who/wps will/md say/vb that/cs our/pp$ country/nn is/bez even/ql now/rb a/at homogeneous/jj community/nn ?/. ?/. That/cs regional/jj peculiarities/nns do/do not/* still/rb exist/vb ?/. ?/. That/cs the/at Court/nn-tl order/nn does/doz not/* unequally/rb affect/vb the/at Southern/jj-tl region/nn ?/. ?/. Who/wps will/md deny/vb that/cs in/in a/at vast/jj portion/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl the/at Federal/jj-tl action/nn is/bez incompatible/jj with/in the/at Jeffersonian/jj concept/nn of/in ``/`` the/at consent/nn of/in the/at governed/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Circumstances/nns alter/vb cases/nns ./. A/at friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ in/in New/jj-tl Mexico/np-tl said/vbd the/at Court/nn-tl order/nn had/hvd caused/vbn no/at particular/jj trouble/nn out/in there/rb ,/, that/cs all/abn had/hvd gone/vbn as/ql merry/jj as/cs a/at marriage/nn bell/nn ./. He/pps seemed/vbd a/at little/ql surprised/vbn that/cs it/pps should/md have/hv caused/vbn any/dti particular/jj trouble/nn anywhere/rb ./. I/ppss murmured/vbd something/pn about/in a/at possible/jj difference/nn between/in New/jj-tl Mexico's/np$-tl history/nn and/cc Mississippi's/np$ ./. One/pn can/md meet/vb with/in aloofness/nn almost/rb anywhere/rb :/: the/at THIDIU/np viewpoint/nn ,/, It/pps-tl Doesn't/doz*-tl Affect/vb Us/ppo-tl !/. !/. Southern/jj-tl Liberals/nns-tl (/( there/ex are/ber a/at good/jj many/ap )/) --/-- especially/rb if/cs they're/ppss+ber rich/jj --/-- often/rb exhibit/vb blithe/jj insouciance/nn ./. The/at trouble/nn here/rb is/bez that/cs it's/pps+bez almost/rb too/ql easy/jj to/to take/vb the/at high/jj moral/jj ground/nn when/wrb it/pps doesn't/doz* cost/vb you/ppo anything/pn ./. You've/ppss+hv already/rb sent/vbn your/pp$ daughter/nn to/in Miss/np X's/np$ select/jj academy/nn for/in girls/nns and/cc your/pp$ son/nn to/in Mr./np Y's/np$ select/jj academy/nn for/in boys/nns ,/, and/cc you/ppss can/md be/be as/ql liberal/jj as/cs you/ppss please/vb with/in strict/jj impunity/nn ./. If/cs there's/ex+bez no/at suitable/jj academy/nn in/in your/pp$ own/jj neighborhood/nn ,/, there's/ex+bez always/rb New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./. New/jj-tl England/np-tl academies/nns welcome/vb fugitives/nns from/in the/at provinces/nns ,/, South/nr-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs West/nr-tl ./. They/ppss may/md even/rb enroll/vb a/at colored/vbn student/nn or/cc two/cd for/in show/nn ,/, though/cs he/pps usually/rb turns/vbz out/rp to/to be/be from/in Thailand/np ,/, or/cc any/dti place/nn other/ap than/cs the/at American/jj-tl South/nr-tl ./. It/pps would/md be/be interesting/jj to/to know/vb how/wql much/ap ``/`` integration/nn ''/'' there/ex is/bez in/in the/at famous/jj ,/, fashionable/jj colleges/nns and/cc prep/nn schools/nns of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./. A/at recent/jj newspaper/nn report/nn said/vbd there/ex were/bed five/cd Negroes/nps in/in the/at 1960/cd graduating/vbg class/nn of/in nearly/rb one/cd thousand/cd at/in Yale/np ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, about/rb one-half/nn of/in one/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, which/wdt looks/vbz pretty/ql ``/`` tokenish/jj ''/'' to/in me/ppo ,/, especially/rb in/in an/at institution/nn which/wdt professes/vbz to/to be/be ``/`` national/jj ''/'' ./. I/ppss must/md confess/vb that/cs I/ppss prefer/vb the/at Liberal/nn-tl who/wps is/bez personally/rb affected/vbn ,/, who/wps is/bez willing/jj to/to send/vb his/pp$ own/jj children/nns to/in a/at mixed/vbn school/nn as/cs proof/nn of/in his/pp$ faith/nn ./. I/ppss leave/vb out/in of/in account/nn the/at question/nn of/in the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in the/at children/nns ,/, the/at question/nn of/in what/wdt their/pp$ best/jjt interests/nns really/rb are/ber ./. I'm/ppss+bem talking/vbg about/in the/at grand/jj manner/nn of/in the/at Liberal/nn-tl --/-- North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl --/-- who/wps is/bez not/* affected/vbn personally/rb ./. If/cs these/dts people/nns were/bed denied/vbn a/at voice/nn (/( do/do they/ppss have/hv a/at moral/jj right/nn to/in a/at voice/nn ?/. ?/. )/) ,/, what/wdt voices/nns would/md be/be left/vbn ?/. ?/. Who/wps is/bez involved/vbn willy/rb nilly/rb ?/. ?/. Well/uh ,/, after/cs everybody/pn has/hvz followed/vbn the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl pattern/nn of/in segregating/vbg one's/pn$ children/nns into/in private/jj schools/nns ,/, only/rb the/at poor/jj folks/nns are/ber left/vbn ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez precisely/rb in/in this/dt poorer/jjr economic/jj class/nn that/cs one/pn finds/vbz ,/, and/cc has/hvz always/rb found/vbn ,/, the/at most/ql racial/jj friction/nn ./. A/at dear/jj ,/, respected/vbn friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ,/, who/wps like/cs myself/ppl grew/vbd up/rp in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc has/hvz spent/vbn many/ap years/nns in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, said/vbd to/in me/ppo not/* long/rb ago/rb :/: ``/`` I/ppss can't/md* forgive/vb New/jj-tl England/np-tl for/in rejecting/vbg all/abn complicity/nn ''/'' ./. Being/beg a/at teacher/nn of/in American/jj literature/nn ,/, I/ppss remembered/vbd Whittier's/np$ ``/`` Massachusetts/np-tl To/in-tl Virginia/np-tl ''/'' ,/, where/wrb he/pps said/vbd :/: ``/`` But/cc that/dt one/cd dark/jj loathsome/jj burden/nn ye/ppss must/md stagger/vb with/in alone/rb ,/, And/cc reap/vb the/at bitter/jj harvest/nn which/wdt ye/ppss yourselves/ppls have/hv sown/vbn ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez a/at legend/nn (/( Hawthorne/np records/vbz it/ppo in/in his/pp$ ``/`` English/jj-tl Notebooks/nns-tl ''/'' ./. And/cc one/cd finds/vbz it/ppo again/rb in/in Thomas/np Nelson/np Page/np )/) to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs the/at Mayflower/np on/in its/pp$ second/od voyage/nn brought/vbd a/at cargo/nn of/in Negro/np slaves/nns ./. Whether/cs historically/rb a/at fact/nn or/cc not/* ,/, the/at legend/nn has/hvz a/at certain/jj symbolic/jj value/nn ./. Complicity/nn is/bez an/at embarrassing/vbg word/nn ./. It/pps is/bez something/pn which/wdt most/ap of/in us/ppo try/vb to/to get/vb out/rp from/in under/in ./. Like/cs the/at cowboy/nn in/in Stephen/np Crane's/np$ ``/`` Blue/jj-tl Hotel/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, we/ppss run/vb around/rb crying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, I/ppss didn't/dod* do/do anything/pn ,/, did/dod I/ppss ''/'' ?/. ?/. Robert/np Penn/np Warren/np puts/vbz it/ppo this/dt way/nn in/in ``/`` Brother/nn-tl To/in-tl Dragons/nns-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` The/at recognition/nn of/in complicity/nn is/bez the/at beginning/nn of/in innocence/nn ''/'' ,/, where/wrb innocence/nn ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, means/vbz about/rb the/at same/ap thing/nn as/cs redemption/nn ./. A/at man/nn must/md be/be able/jj to/to say/vb ,/, ``/`` Father/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss have/hv sinned/vbn ''/'' ,/, or/cc there/ex is/bez no/at hope/nn for/in him/ppo ./. Lincoln/np understood/vbd this/dt better/rbr than/cs most/ap when/wrb he/pps said/vbd in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Second/od-tl Inaugural/nn-tl ''/'' that/cs God/np ``/`` gives/vbz to/in both/abx North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl this/dt terrible/jj war/nn ,/, as/cs the/at woe/nn due/jj to/in those/dts by/in whom/wpo the/at offense/nn came/vbd ''/'' ./. He/pps also/rb spoke/vbd of/in ``/`` the/at wealth/nn piled/vbn by/in the/at bondsman's/nn$ two/cd hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd years/nns in/in unrequited/jj toil/nn ''/'' ./. Lincoln/np was/bedz historian/nn and/cc economist/nn enough/ap to/to know/vb that/cs a/at substantial/jj portion/nn of/in this/dt wealth/nn had/hvd accumulated/vbn in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at descendants/nns of/in New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl engaged/vbn in/in the/at slave/nn trade/nn ./. After/in how/wql many/ap generations/nns is/bez such/jj wealth/nn (/( mounting/vbg all/abn the/at while/nn through/in the/at manipulations/nns of/in high/jj finance/nn )/) purified/vbn of/in taint/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez a/at question/nn which/wdt New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl long/rb ago/rb put/vbd out/in of/in their/pp$ minds/nns ./. But/cc didn't/dod* they/ppss get/vb off/rp too/ql easy/rb ?/. ?/. The/at slaves/nns never/rb shared/vbd in/in their/pp$ profits/nns ,/, while/cs they/ppss did/dod share/vb ,/, in/in a/at very/ql real/jj sense/nn ,/, in/in the/at profits/nns of/in the/at slave-owners/nns :/: they/ppss were/bed fed/vbn ,/, clothed/vbn ,/, doctored/vbn ,/, and/cc so/rb forth/rb ;/. ;/. they/ppss were/bed the/at beneficiaries/nns of/in responsible/jj ,/, paternalistic/jj care/nn ./. Emerson/np --/-- Platonist/np ,/, idealist/nn ,/, doctrinaire/nn --/-- sounded/vbd a/at high/jj Transcendental/jj-tl note/nn in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Boston/np-tl Hymn/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, delivered/vbn in/in 1863/cd in/in the/at Boston/np-tl Music/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl amidst/in thundering/vbg applause/nn :/: ``/`` Pay/vb ransom/nn to/in the/at owner/nn and/cc fill/vb the/at bag/nn to/in the/at brim/nn ./. Who/wps is/bez the/at owner/nn ?/. ?/. The/at slave/nn is/bez owner/nn ,/, And/cc ever/rb was/bedz ./. Pay/vb him/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. It/pps is/bez the/at abstractionism/nn ,/, the/at unrealism/nn ,/, of/in the/at pure/jj idealist/nn ./. It/pps ignores/vbz the/at sordid/jj financial/jj aspects/nns (/( quite/ql conveniently/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, for/in his/pp$ audience/nn ,/, who/wps could/md indulge/vb in/in moral/jj indignation/nn without/in visible/jj ,/, or/cc even/ql conscious/jj ,/, discomfort/nn ,/, their/pp$ money/nn from/in the/at transaction/nn having/hvg been/ben put/vbn away/rb long/rb ago/rb in/in a/at good/jj antiseptic/jj brokerage/nn )/) ./. Like/cs Pilate/np ,/, they/ppss had/hvd washed/vbn their/pp$ hands/nns ./. But/cc can/md one/pn ,/, really/rb ?/. ?/. Can/md God/np be/be mocked/vbn ,/, ever/rb ,/, in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ?/. ?/. New/jj-tl Englanders/nps-tl were/bed a/at bit/nn sensitive/jj on/in the/at subject/nn of/in their/pp$ complicity/nn in/in Negro/np slavery/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at drafting/nn of/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, as/cs Jefferson/np explained/vbd in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Autobiography/nn-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` The/at clause/nn reprobating/vbg the/at enslaving/nn the/at inhabitants/nns of/in Africa/np was/bedz struck/vbn out/rp in/in complaisance/nn to/in South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl and/cc Georgia/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd never/rb attempted/vbn to/to restrain/vb the/at importation/nn of/in slaves/nns ,/, and/cc who/wps on/in the/at contrary/jj still/rb wished/vbd to/to continue/vb it/ppo ./. Our/pp$ Northern/jj-tl brethren/nns also/rb I/ppss believe/vb felt/vbd a/at little/ql tender/jj under/in those/dts censures/nns ;/. ;/. for/cs though/cs their/pp$ people/nns had/hvd very/ql few/ap slaves/nns themselves/ppls ,/, yet/cc they/ppss had/hvd been/ben pretty/ql considerable/jj carriers/nns of/in them/ppo to/in others/nns ''/'' ./. But/cc that/dt was/bedz a/at long/jj time/nn ago/rb ./. The/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl conscience/nn became/vbd desensitized/vbn ./. George/np W./np Cable/np (/( naturalized/vbn New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl )/) ,/, writing/vbg in/in 1889/cd from/in ``/`` Paradise/nn-tl Road/nn-tl ,/, Northampton/np ''/'' (/( lovely/jj symbolic/jj name/nn )/) ,/, agitated/vbn continuously/rb the/at ``/`` Southern/jj-tl question/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz nice/jj to/to be/be able/jj to/to isolate/vb it/ppo ./. New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, as/cs everyone/pn knows/vbz ,/, has/hvz long/rb been/ben schoolmaster/nn to/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./. There/rb one/pn finds/vbz concentrated/vbn in/in a/at comparatively/ql small/jj area/nn the/at chief/jjs universities/nns ,/, colleges/nns ,/, and/cc preparatory/jj schools/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Why/wrb should/md this/dt be/be so/rb ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, more/ap than/cs any/dti other/ap section/nn ,/, was/bedz dedicated/vbn to/in education/nn from/in the/at start/nn ./. But/cc I/ppss think/vb that/cs something/pn more/ap than/cs this/dt is/bez involved/vbn ./. How/wrb did/dod it/ppo happen/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, that/cs the/at state/nn university/nn ,/, that/dt great/jj symbol/nn of/in American/jj democracy/nn ,/, failed/vbd to/to flourish/vb in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl as/cs it/pps did/dod in/in other/ap parts/nns of/in the/at country/nn ?/. ?/. Isn't/bez* it/pps a/at bit/nn odd/jj that/cs the/at three/cd states/nns of/in Southern/jj-tl New/jj-tl England/np-tl (/( Massachusetts/np ,/, Connecticut/np ,/, and/cc Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl )/) have/hv had/hvn state/nn institutions/nns of/in university/nn status/nn only/rb in/in the/at very/ql recent/jj past/nn ,/, these/dts institutions/nns having/hvg previously/rb been/ben A/nn &/cc M/nn colleges/nns ?/. ?/. Was/bedz it/pps supposed/vbd ,/, perchance/rb ,/, that/cs A/nn &/cc M/nn (/( vocational/jj training/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez )/) was/bedz quite/ql sufficient/jj for/in the/at immigrant/nn class/nn which/wdt flooded/vbd that/dt part/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl world/nn in/in the/at post-Civil/jj War/nn-tl period/nn ,/, the/at immigrants/nns having/hvg been/ben brought/vbn in/rp from/in Southern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, to/to work/vb in/in the/at mills/nns ,/, to/to make/vb up/rp for/in the/at labor/nn shortage/nn caused/vbn by/in migration/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl ?/. ?/. Is/bez it/pps not/* ironical/jj that/cs Roger/np Williams's/np$ state/nn ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, should/md have/hv been/ben the/at very/ql last/ap of/in the/at forty-eight/cd to/to establish/vb a/at state/nn university/nn ?/. ?/. The/at state/nn universities/nns of/in Maine/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, And/cc-tl Vermont/np are/ber older/jjr and/cc more/ql ``/`` respectable/jj ''/'' ;/. ;/. they/ppss had/hvd less/ap immigration/nn to/to contend/vb with/in ./. A/at Yale/np historian/nn ,/, writing/vbg a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb in/in The/at Yale/np-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, said/vbd :/: ``/`` We/ppss in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl have/hv long/ql since/rb segregated/vbn our/pp$ children/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz referring/vbg not/* only/rb to/in the/at general/jj college/nn situation/nn but/cc more/ql especially/rb to/in the/at preparatory/jj schools/nns ./. And/cc what/wdt a/at galaxy/nn of/in those/dts adorns/vbz that/dt fair/jj land/nn !/. !/. I/ppss don't/do* propose/vb to/to go/vb into/in their/pp$ history/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss have/hv one/cd or/cc two/cd surmises/nns ./. One/cd is/bez that/cs they/ppss were/bed established/vbn ,/, or/cc gained/vbd eminence/nn ,/, under/in pressure/nn provided/vbn by/in these/dts same/ap immigrants/nns ,/, from/in whom/wpo the/at old/jj families/nns wished/vbd to/to segregate/vb their/pp$ children/nns ./. In/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in a/at homogeneous/jj population/nn ,/, the/at public/jj school/nn was/bedz quite/ql satisfactory/jj ./.

cg18

cg18 |@word among:3 recipient:1 nobel:1 prize:1 literature:2 half:2 practically:1 unknown:2 reader:4 english:1 surely:1 would:2 rewarding:1 discovery:1 verner:1 von:1 heidenstam:9 swedish:6 poet:4 novelist:1 receive:1 award:1 1916:1 whose:1 centennial:1 celebrate:2 two:1 year:6 ago:1 equally:1 master:1 prose:4 verse:2 recreate:1 glory:4 sweden:9 past:3 continue:1 present:4 follow:2 sketch:2 shall:1 brief:1 outline:1 life:9 let:1 much:2 possible:1 speak:3 bear:1 1859:1 prosperous:1 family:3 father:4 side:1 german:1 descent:1 mother:1 come:3 old:4 nobility:1 estate:2 situate:1 near:1 vadstena:1 lake:1 vattern:1 south:1 central:2 lonely:1 rather:1 desolate:1 region:1 full:1 legendary:2 historic:1 association:2 boy:1 local:1 school:2 shy:1 solitary:1 absorb:1 fondness:1 nature:2 vision:1 ancient:1 like:3 fancy:1 chieftain:2 dress:1 part:2 somewhat:2 delicate:1 health:1 age:2 sixteen:1 send:1 southern:2 europe:1 develop:1 passion:1 spend:1 nearly:2 following:1 ten:2 abroad:2 first:5 italy:1 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Among/in the/at recipients/nns of/in the/at Nobel/np-tl Prize/nn-tl for/in-tl Literature/nn-tl more/ap than/in half/abn are/ber practically/ql unknown/jj to/in readers/nns of/in English/np ./. Of/in these/dts there/ex are/ber surely/rb few/ap that/wps would/md be/be more/ql rewarding/jj discoveries/nns than/cs Verner/np Von/np Heidenstam/np ,/, the/at Swedish/jj poet/nn and/cc novelist/nn who/wps received/vbd the/at award/nn in/in 1916/cd and/cc whose/wp$ centennial/nn was/bedz celebrated/vbn two/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. Equally/rb a/at master/nn of/in prose/nn and/cc verse/nn ,/, he/pps recreates/vbz the/at glory/nn of/in Sweden/np in/in the/at past/nn and/cc continues/vbz it/ppo into/in the/at present/nn ./. In/in the/at following/vbg sketch/nn we/ppss shall/md present/vb a/at brief/jj outline/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn and/cc let/vb him/ppo as/ql much/rb as/cs possible/jj speak/vb for/in himself/ppl ./. Heidenstam/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in 1859/cd ,/, of/in a/at prosperous/jj family/nn ./. On/in his/pp$ father's/nn$ side/nn he/pps was/bedz of/in German/jj descent/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ he/pps came/vbd of/in the/at old/jj Swedish/jj nobility/nn ./. The/at family/nn estate/nn was/bedz situated/vbn near/in Vadstena/np on/in Lake/nn-tl Vattern/np-tl in/in south/jj central/jj Sweden/np ./. It/pps is/bez a/at lonely/jj ,/, rather/ql desolate/jj region/nn ,/, but/cc full/jj of/in legendary/jj and/cc historic/jj associations/nns ./. As/cs a/at boy/nn in/in a/at local/jj school/nn he/pps was/bedz shy/jj and/cc solitary/jj ,/, absorbed/vbn in/in his/pp$ fondness/nn for/in nature/nn and/cc his/pp$ visions/nns of/in Sweden's/np$ ancient/jj glory/nn ./. He/pps liked/vbd to/to fancy/vb himself/ppl as/cs a/at chieftain/nn and/cc to/to dress/vb for/in the/at part/nn ./. Being/beg somewhat/ql delicate/jj in/in health/nn ,/, at/in the/at age/nn of/in sixteen/cd he/pps was/bedz sent/vbn to/in Southern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, for/in which/wdt he/pps at/in once/rb developed/vbd a/at passion/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs he/pps spent/vbd nearly/ql all/abn of/in the/at following/vbg ten/cd years/nns abroad/rb ,/, at/in first/rb in/in Italy/np ,/, then/rb in/in Greece/np ,/, Egypt/np ,/, Asia/np-tl Minor/jj-tl ,/, and/cc Palestine/np ./. In/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ summers/nns at/in home/nn he/pps married/vbd ,/, to/in the/at great/jj disapproval/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn ,/, who/wps objected/vbd because/cs of/in his/pp$ extreme/jj youth/nn ./. Deciding/vbg to/to become/vb a/at painter/nn ,/, he/pps entered/vbd the/at studio/nn of/in Gerome/np in/in Paris/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps enjoyed/vbd the/at life/nn of/in the/at artists/nns ,/, but/cc soon/rb found/vbd that/cs whatever/wdt talent/nn he/pps might/md have/hv did/dod not/* lie/vb in/in that/dt direction/nn ./. He/pps gives/vbz us/ppo an/at account/nn of/in this/dt in/in his/pp$ lively/jj and/cc humorous/jj poem/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Happy/jj-tl Artists/nns-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss scanned/vbd the/at world/nn through/in printed/vbn symbol/nn swart/jj ,/, And/cc through/in the/at beggar's/nn$ rags/nns I/ppss strove/vbd to/to see/vb The/at inner/jj man/nn ./. I/ppss looked/vbd unceasingly/rb With/in my/pp$ cold/jj mind/nn and/cc with/in my/pp$ burning/vbg heart/nn ''/'' ./. In/in this/dt final/jj line/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv the/at key/nn to/in his/pp$ nature/nn ./. Few/ap writers/nns have/hv better/rbr understood/vbn their/pp$ deepest/jjt selves/nns ./. Heidenstam/np could/md never/rb be/be satisfied/vbn by/in surface/nn ./. It/pps may/md ,/, however/rb ,/, be/be noted/vbn that/cs his/pp$ gift/nn for/in color/nn and/cc imagery/nn must/md have/hv been/ben greatly/rb stimulated/vbn by/in his/pp$ stay/nn in/in Paris/np ./. The/at first/od result/nn of/in Heidenstam's/np$ long/jj sojourn/nn abroad/rb was/bedz a/at volume/nn of/in poems/nns ,/, Pilgrimage/nn-tl And/cc-tl Wander-Years/nns-tl (/( Vallfart/fw-nn-tl och/fw-cc-tl Vandringsar/fw-nns-tl )/) ,/, published/vbn in/in 1888/cd ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at brilliant/jj debut/nn ,/, so/ql much/rb so/rb indeed/rb that/cs it/pps aroused/vbd a/at new/jj vitality/nn in/in the/at younger/jjr poets/nns ,/, as/cs did/dod Byron's/np$ Childe/np Harold/np ./. Professor/nn Fredrik/np Book/np ,/, Sweden's/np$ foremost/jjs critic/nn of/in the/at period/nn ,/, acclaims/vbz it/ppo as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` In/in this/dt we/ppss have/hv the/at verse/nn of/in a/at painter/nn ;/. ;/. strongly/ql colorful/jj ,/, plastic/jj ,/, racy/jj ,/, vivid/jj ./. In/in a/at bold/jj ,/, sometimes/rb careless/jj ,/, form/nn there/ex is/bez nothing/pn academic/jj ;/. ;/. all/abn is/bez seen/vbn and/cc felt/vbn and/cc experienced/vbn ,/, the/at observation/nn is/bez sharp/jj and/cc the/at imagination/nn lively/jj ./. The/at young/jj poet-painter/nn reproduces/vbz the/at French/jj life/nn of/in the/at streets/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps tells/vbz stories/nns of/in the/at Thousand/cd-tl and/cc-tl One/cd-tl Nights/nns-tl ,/, and/cc conjures/vbz up/rp before/in us/ppo the/at bazaars/nns of/in Damascus/np ./. In/in the/at care-free/jj indolence/nn of/in the/at East/nr-tl he/pps sees/vbz the/at last/ap reflection/nn of/in the/at old/jj happy/jj existence/nn ,/, and/cc for/in that/dt reason/nn he/pps loves/vbz it/ppo ./. And/cc yet/rb amid/in all/abn the/at gay/jj hedonism/nn in/in Pilgrimage/nn-tl And/cc-tl Wander-Years/nns-tl is/bez a/at cycle/nn of/in short/jj poems/nns ,/, ``/`` Thoughts/nns-tl In/in-tl Loneliness/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, filled/vbn with/in brooding/vbg ,/, melancholy/jj ,/, and/cc sombre/jj longing/nn ''/'' ./. Of/in the/at longer/jjr pieces/nns of/in the/at volume/nn none/pn is/bez so/ql memorable/jj as/cs ``/`` Nameless/jj-tl And/cc-tl Immortal/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt at/in once/rb took/vbd rank/nn among/in the/at finest/jjt poems/nns ever/rb written/vbn in/in the/at Swedish/jj language/nn ./. It/pps celebrates/vbz the/at unknown/jj architect/nn who/wps designed/vbd the/at temple/nn of/in Neptune/np at/in Paestum/np ,/, next/rb to/in the/at Parthenon/np the/at noblest/jjt example/nn of/in Grecian/jj classic/jj style/nn now/rb in/in existence/nn ./. On/in the/at eve/nn of/in his/pp$ return/nn to/in their/pp$ native/jj Naxos/np he/pps speaks/vbz with/in his/pp$ wife/nn of/in the/at masterpiece/nn which/wdt rises/vbz before/in them/ppo in/in its/pp$ completed/vbn perfection/nn ./. The/at supreme/jj object/nn of/in their/pp$ lives/nns is/bez now/rb fulfilled/vbn ,/, says/vbz the/at wife/nn ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn has/hvz achieved/vbn immortality/nn ./. Not/* so/rb ,/, he/pps answers/vbz ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* the/at architect/nn but/cc the/at temple/nn that/wps is/bez immortal/jj ./. ``/`` The/at man's/nn$ true/jj reputation/nn is/bez his/pp$ work/nn ''/'' ./. The/at short/jj poems/nns grouped/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at volume/nn as/cs ``/`` Thoughts/nns-tl in/in-tl Loneliness/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez ,/, as/cs Professor/nn-tl Book/np indicated/vbd ,/, in/in sharp/jj contrast/nn with/in the/at others/nns ./. It/pps consists/vbz of/in fragmentary/jj personal/jj revelations/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs ``/`` The/at-tl Spark/nn-tl ''/'' :/: ``/`` There/ex is/bez a/at spark/nn dwells/vbz deep/rb within/in my/pp$ soul/nn ./. To/to get/vb it/ppo out/rp into/in the/at daylight's/nn$ glow/nn Is/bez my/pp$ life's/nn$ aim/nn both/abx first/rb and/cc last/rb ,/, the/at whole/nn ./. It/pps slips/vbz away/rb ,/, it/pps burns/vbz and/cc tortures/vbz me/ppo ./. That/dt little/jj spark/nn is/bez all/abn the/at wealth/nn I/ppss know/vb ,/, That/dt little/jj spark/nn is/bez my/pp$ life's/nn$ misery/nn ''/'' ./. A/at dominant/jj motive/nn is/bez the/at poet's/nn$ longing/nn for/in his/pp$ homeland/nn and/cc its/pp$ boyhood/nn associations/nns :/: ``/`` Not/* men-folk/nns ,/, but/cc the/at fields/nns where/wrb I/ppss would/md stray/vb ,/, The/at stones/nns where/wrb as/cs a/at child/nn I/ppss used/vbd to/to play/vb ''/'' ./. He/pps is/bez utterly/ql disappointed/vbn in/in himself/ppl and/cc in/in the/at desultory/jj life/nn he/pps has/hvz been/ben leading/vbg ./. What/wdt he/pps really/rb wants/nns is/bez to/to find/vb ``/`` a/at sacred/jj cause/nn ''/'' to/in which/wdt he/pps can/md honestly/rb devote/vb himself/ppl ./. This/dt restless/jj individualism/nn found/vbd its/pp$ answer/nn when/wrb he/pps returned/vbd to/to live/vb nearly/ql all/abn the/at rest/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn in/in Sweden/np ./. His/pp$ cause/nn was/bedz to/to commemorate/vb the/at glory/nn of/in her/pp$ past/ap and/cc to/to incite/vb her/pp$ people/nns to/to perpetuate/vb it/ppo in/in the/at present/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, find/vb himself/ppl at/in once/rb ./. His/pp$ next/ap major/jj work/nn ,/, completed/vbn in/in 1892/cd ,/, was/bedz a/at long/jj fantastic/jj epic/nn in/in prose/nn ,/, entitled/vbn Hans/np-tl Alienus/np-tl ,/, which/wdt Professor/nn-tl Book/np describes/vbz as/cs a/at monument/nn on/in the/at grave/nn of/in his/pp$ carefree/jj and/cc indolent/jj youth/nn ./. The/at hero/nn ,/, who/wps is/bez himself/ppl ,/, is/bez represented/vbn as/cs a/at pilgrim/nn in/in the/at storied/jj lands/nns of/in the/at East/nr-tl ,/, a/at sort/nn of/in Faustus/np type/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, to/to quote/vb from/in Professor/nn-tl Book/np again/rb ,/, ``/`` even/rb in/in the/at pleasure/nn gardens/nns of/in Sardanapalus/np can/md not/* cease/vb from/in his/pp$ painful/jj search/nn after/in the/at meaning/nn of/in life/nn ./. He/pps is/bez driven/vbn back/rb by/in his/pp$ yearning/nn to/in the/at wintry/jj homeland/nn of/in his/pp$ fathers/nns in/in the/at forest/nn of/in Tiveden/np ''/'' ./. From/in this/dt time/nn on/rp Heidenstam/np proceeded/vbd to/to find/vb his/pp$ deeper/jjr self/nn ./. By/in the/at death/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn in/in 1888/cd he/pps had/hvd come/vbn into/in possession/nn of/in the/at family/nn estate/nn and/cc had/hvd re-assumed/vbn its/pp$ traditions/nns ./. He/pps did/dod not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, settle/vb back/rb into/in acquiescence/nn with/in things/nns as/cs they/ppss were/bed ./. Like/cs his/pp$ friend/nn and/cc contemporary/nn August/np Strindberg/np he/pps had/hvd little/ap patience/nn with/in collective/jj mediocrity/nn ./. He/pps saw/vbd Sweden/np as/cs a/at country/nn of/in smug/jj and/cc narrow/jj provincialism/nn ,/, indifferent/jj to/in the/at heroic/jj spirit/nn of/in its/pp$ former/ap glory/nn ./. Strindberg's/np$ remedy/nn for/in this/dt condition/nn was/bedz to/to tear/vb down/rp the/at old/jj structures/nns and/cc build/vb anew/rb from/in the/at ground/nn up/rp ./. Heidenstam's/np$ conception/nn ,/, on/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, was/bedz to/to revive/vb the/at present/nn by/in the/at memories/nns of/in the/at past/nn ./. Whether/cs in/in prose/nn or/cc poetry/nn ,/, all/abn of/in Heidenstam's/np$ later/jjr work/nn was/bedz concerned/vbn with/in Sweden/np ./. With/in the/at first/od of/in a/at group/nn of/in historical/jj novels/nns ,/, The/at Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl (/( Karolinerna/np )/) ,/, published/vbn in/in 1897-8/cd ,/, he/pps achieved/vbd the/at masterpiece/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ./. In/in scope/nn and/cc power/nn it/pps can/md only/rb be/be compared/vbn to/in Tolstoy's/np$ War/nn-tl And/cc-tl Peace/nn-tl ./. About/rb one-third/nn as/ql long/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez less/ql intimate/jj and/cc detailed/vbn ,/, but/cc better/rbr coordinated/vbn ,/, more/ql concise/jj and/cc more/ql dramatic/jj ./. Though/cs it/pps centers/vbz around/in the/at brilliant/jj and/cc enigmatic/jj figure/nn of/in Charles/np 12/cd-tl ,/, ,/, the/at true/jj hero/nn is/bez not/* finally/rb the/at king/nn himself/ppl ./. Hence/rb the/at title/nn of/in the/at book/nn ,/, referring/vbg to/in the/at soldiers/nns and/cc subjects/nns of/in the/at king/nn ;/. ;/. on/in the/at fatal/jj battlefield/nn of/in Poltava/np ,/, to/to quote/vb from/in the/at novel/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at wreath/nn he/pps twined/vbd for/in himself/ppl slipped/vbd down/rp upon/in his/pp$ people/nns ''/'' ./. The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl consists/vbz not/* of/in a/at connected/vbn narrative/nn but/cc of/in a/at group/nn of/in short/jj stories/nns ,/, each/dt depicting/vbg a/at special/jj phase/nn of/in the/at general/jj subject/nn ./. Somewhat/ql uneven/jj in/in interest/nn for/in an/at average/jj reader/nn ,/, eight/cd or/cc ten/cd of/in these/dts are/ber among/in the/at finest/jjt of/in their/pp$ kind/nn in/in literature/nn ./. They/ppss comprise/vb a/at great/jj variety/nn of/in scene/nn and/cc interest/nn :/: grim/jj episodes/nns of/in war/nn ,/, idyllic/jj interludes/nns ,/, superb/jj canvases/nns of/in world-shaking/jj events/nns ,/, and/cc delightfully/ql humorous/jj sketches/nns of/in odd/jj characters/nns ./. The/at general/jj effect/nn is/bez tragic/jj ./. Almost/rb nothing/pn is/bez said/vbn of/in Charles'/np$ spectacular/jj victories/nns ,/, the/at central/jj theme/nn being/beg the/at heroic/jj loyalty/nn of/in the/at Swedish/jj people/nns to/in their/pp$ idolized/vbn king/nn in/in misfortune/nn and/cc defeat/nn ./. To/to carry/vb out/rp this/dt exalted/vbn conception/nn the/at author/nn has/hvz combined/vbn the/at vivid/jj realism/nn and/cc imaginative/jj power/nn we/ppss have/hv noticed/vbn in/in his/pp$ early/jj poetry/nn and/cc carried/vbd them/ppo out/rp on/in a/at grand/jj scale/nn ./. His/pp$ peculiar/jj gift/nn ,/, as/cs had/hvd been/ben suggested/vbn before/rb ,/, is/bez his/pp$ intensity/nn ./. George/np Meredith/np has/hvz said/vbn that/cs fervor/nn is/bez the/at core/nn of/in style/nn ./. Of/in few/ap authors/nns is/bez this/dt more/ql true/jj than/cs of/in Heidenstam/np ./. The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl has/hvz a/at tremendous/jj range/nn of/in characters/nns ,/, of/in common/jj folk/nn even/rb more/ap than/cs of/in major/jj figures/nns ./. The/at career/nn of/in Charles/np 12/cd-tl ,/, is/bez obviously/rb very/ql similar/jj to/in that/dt of/in Napoleon/np ./. His/pp$ ideal/nn was/bedz Alexander/np of/in Macedon/np ,/, as/cs Napoleon's/np$ was/bedz Julius/np Caesar/np ./. His/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz not/* to/to establish/vb an/at empire/nn ,/, but/cc to/to assert/vb the/at principle/nn of/in divine/jj justice/nn ./. Each/dt aspired/vbd to/to be/be a/at god/nn in/in human/jj form/nn ,/, but/cc with/in each/dt it/pps was/bedz a/at different/jj kind/nn of/in god/nn ./. Each/dt failed/vbd catastrophically/rb in/in an/at invasion/nn of/in Russia/np and/cc each/dt brought/vbd ruin/nn on/in the/at country/nn that/wps worshipped/vbd him/ppo ./. Each/dt is/bez still/rb glorified/vbn as/cs a/at national/jj hero/nn ./. The/at first/od half/abn of/in The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl ,/, ending/vbg on/in the/at climax/nn of/in the/at battle/nn of/in Poltava/np in/in 1709/cd ,/, is/bez more/ql dramatically/rb coherent/jj than/cs the/at second/od ./. After/in the/at collapse/nn of/in that/dt desperate/jj and/cc ill-fated/jj campaign/nn the/at character/nn of/in the/at king/nn degenerated/vbd for/in a/at time/nn into/in a/at futility/nn that/wps was/bedz not/* merely/rb pitiable/jj but/cc often/rb ridiculous/jj ./. Like/cs Napoleon/np ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at worst/jjt of/in losers/nns ./. There/ex are/ber ,/, however/rb ,/, some/dti wonderful/jj chapters/nns at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at second/od part/nn ,/, concerning/in the/at reactions/nns of/in the/at Swedes/nps in/in adversity/nn ./. Then/rb more/rbr than/in ever/rb before/rb did/dod they/ppss show/vb their/pp$ fortitude/nn and/cc patient/jj cheerfulness/nn ./. This/dt comes/vbz out/rp in/in ``/`` When/wrb-tl The/at-tl Bells/nns-tl Ring/vb-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt describes/vbz the/at rallying/nn of/in the/at peasants/nns in/in southern/jj Sweden/np to/to repel/vb an/at invasion/nn by/in the/at Danes/nps ./. In/in ``/`` The/at-tl King's/nn$-tl Ride/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Charles/np breaks/vbz out/rp of/in a/at long/jj period/nn of/in petulance/nn and/cc inertia/nn ,/, regains/vbz his/pp$ old/jj self/nn ,/, escapes/vbz from/in Turkey/np ,/, and/cc finally/rb reaches/vbz his/pp$ own/jj land/nn after/in an/at absence/nn of/in eighteen/cd years/nns ./. He/pps finds/vbz it/ppo in/in utter/jj misery/nn and/cc desolation/nn ./. All/abn his/pp$ people/nns ask/vb for/in is/bez no/at more/ap war/nn ./. But/cc he/pps plunges/vbz into/in yet/rb another/dt ,/, this/dt time/nn with/in Norway/np ,/, and/cc is/bez killed/vbn in/in an/at assault/nn on/in the/at fortress/nn of/in Fredrikshall/np ,/, being/beg only/rb thirty-six/cd years/nns of/in age/nn when/wrb he/pps died/vbd ./. He/pps had/hvd become/vbn king/nn at/in fifteen/cd ./. Then/rb suddenly/rb there/ex was/bedz a/at tremendous/jj revulsion/nn of/in popular/jj feeling/nn ./. From/in being/beg a/at hated/vbn tyrant/nn and/cc madman/nn he/pps was/bedz now/rb the/at symbol/nn of/in all/abn that/wps was/bedz noblest/jjt and/cc best/jjt in/in the/at history/nn of/in Sweden/np ./. This/dt is/bez brought/vbn out/rp in/in the/at next/ap to/in last/ap chapter/nn of/in the/at book/nn ,/, ``/`` A/at-tl Hero's/nn$-tl Funeral/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, written/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in an/at impassioned/jj prose/nn poem/nn ./. Slowly/rb the/at procession/nn of/in warriors/nns and/cc statesmen/nns passes/nns through/in the/at snow/nn beside/in the/at black/jj water/nn and/cc into/in the/at brilliantly/ql lighted/vbn cathedral/nn ,/, the/at shrine/nn of/in so/ql many/ap precious/jj memories/nns ./. The/at guns/nns are/ber fired/vbn ,/, the/at hymns/nns are/ber sung/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at body/nn of/in Charles/np is/bez carried/vbn down/rp to/in the/at vault/nn and/cc laid/vbn beside/in the/at tombs/nns of/in his/pp$ ancestors/nns ./. As/cs he/pps had/hvd longed/vbn to/to be/be ,/, he/pps became/vbd the/at echo/nn of/in a/at saga/nn ./. Heidenstam/np wrote/vbd four/cd other/ap works/nns of/in fiction/nn about/in earlier/jjr figures/nns revered/vbn in/in Swedish/jj memory/nn ./. Excellent/jj in/in their/pp$ way/nn ,/, they/ppss lack/vb the/at wide/jj appeal/nn of/in The/at-tl Charles/np-tl Men/nns-tl ,/, and/cc need/vb not/* detain/vb us/ppo here/rb ./. It/pps is/bez different/jj with/in his/pp$ volume/nn The/at-tl Swedes/nps And/cc-tl Their/pp$-tl Chieftains/nns-tl (/( Svenskarna/fw-nps-tl och/fw-cc-tl deras/fw-pp$-tl Hovdingar/fw-nns-tl )/) ,/, a/at history/nn intended/vbn for/in the/at general/jj reader/nn and/cc particularly/rb suited/vbn for/in high/jj school/nn students/nns ./. Admirably/rb written/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at perfect/jj introduction/nn to/in Swedish/jj history/nn for/in readers/nns of/in other/ap countries/nns ./. Some/dti of/in the/at earlier/jjr episodes/nns have/hv touches/nns of/in the/at supernatural/jj ,/, as/cs suited/vbn to/in the/at legendary/jj background/nn ./. These/dts are/ber suggestive/jj of/in Selma/np Lagerlof/np ./. Especially/rb touching/jj is/bez the/at chapter/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Sister/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, about/in a/at king's/nn$ daughter/nn who/wps became/vbd a/at nun/nn in/in the/at convent/nn of/in St./nn-tl Birgitta/np ./. The/at record/nn teems/vbz with/in romance/nn and/cc adventure/nn ./. Gustaf/np Vasa/np is/bez a/at superb/jj example/nn ,/, and/cc Charles/np 10/cd-tl ,/, ,/, the/at conqueror/nn of/in Denmark/np ,/, hardly/ql less/ql so/rb ./. Of/in Gustavus/np Adolphus/np and/cc Charles/np 12/cd-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez unnecessary/jj to/to speak/vb ./.

cg19

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Today/nr the/at private/jj detective/nn will/md also/rb investigate/vb insurance/nn claims/nns or/cc handle/vb divorce/nn cases/nns ,/, but/cc his/pp$ primary/jj function/nn remains/vbz what/wdt it/pps has/hvz always/rb been/ben ,/, to/to assist/vb those/dts who/wps have/hv money/nn in/in their/pp$ unending/jj struggle/nn with/in those/dts who/wps have/hv not/* ./. It/pps is/bez from/in this/dt unpromising/jj background/nn that/cs the/at fictional/jj private/jj detective/nn was/bedz recruited/vbn ./. The/at mythological/jj private/jj eye/nn differs/vbz from/in his/pp$ counterpart/nn in/in real/jj life/nn in/in two/cd essential/jj ways/nns ./. On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, he/pps does/doz not/* work/vb for/in a/at large/jj agency/nn ,/, but/cc is/bez almost/ql always/rb self-employed/jj ./. As/cs a/at free-lance/nn investigator/nn ,/, the/at fictional/jj detective/nn is/bez responsible/jj to/in no/at one/pn but/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ client/nn ./. For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, he/pps appears/vbz as/cs an/at independent/jj and/cc self-reliant/jj figure/nn ,/, whose/wp$ rugged/jj individualism/nn need/vb not/* be/be pressed/vbn into/in the/at mold/nn of/in a/at 9/cd to/in 5/cd routine/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at fictional/jj detective/nn does/doz not/* break/vb strikes/nns or/cc handle/vb divorce/nn cases/nns ;/. ;/. no/at client/nn would/md ever/rb think/vb of/in asking/vbg him/ppo to/to do/do such/jj things/nns ./. Whatever/wdt his/pp$ original/jj assignment/nn ,/, the/at fictional/jj private/jj eye/nn ends/vbz up/rp by/in investigating/vbg and/cc solving/vbg a/at crime/nn ,/, usually/rb a/at murder/nn ./. Operating/vbg as/cs a/at one/cd man/nn police/nn force/nn in/in fact/nn if/cs not/* in/in name/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez at/in once/rb more/ql independent/jj and/cc more/ql dedicated/vbn than/cs the/at police/nn themselves/ppls ./. He/pps catches/vbz criminals/nns not/* merely/rb because/cs he/pps is/bez paid/vbn to/to do/do so/rb (/( frequently/rb he/pps does/doz not/* receive/vb a/at fee/nn at/in all/abn )/) ,/, but/cc because/cs he/pps enjoys/vbz his/pp$ work/nn ,/, because/cs he/pps firmly/rb believes/vbz that/cs murder/nn must/md be/be punished/vbn ./. Thus/rb the/at fictional/jj detective/nn is/bez much/ql more/ap than/cs a/at simple/jj businessman/nn ./. He/pps is/bez ,/, first/rb and/cc foremost/rb ,/, a/at defender/nn of/in public/jj morals/nns ,/, a/at servant/nn of/in society/nn ./. It/pps is/bez this/dt curious/jj blend/nn of/in rugged/jj individualism/nn and/cc public/jj service/nn which/wdt accounts/vbz for/in the/at great/jj appeal/nn of/in the/at mythological/jj detective/nn ./. By/in virtue/nn of/in his/pp$ self-reliance/nn ,/, his/pp$ individualism/nn and/cc his/pp$ freedom/nn from/in external/jj restraint/nn ,/, the/at private/jj eye/nn is/bez a/at perfect/jj embodiment/nn of/in the/at middle/jj class/nn conception/nn of/in liberty/nn ,/, which/wdt amounts/vbz to/in doing/vbg what/wdt you/ppss please/vb and/cc let/vb the/at devil/nn take/vb the/at hindmost/jjt ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, because/cs the/at personal/jj code/nn of/in the/at detective/nn coincides/vbz with/in the/at legal/jj dictates/nns of/in his/pp$ society/nn ,/, because/cs he/pps likes/vbz to/to catch/vb criminals/nns ,/, he/pps is/bez in/in middle/jj class/nn eyes/nns a/at virtuous/jj man/nn ./. In/in this/dt way/nn ,/, the/at private/jj detective/nn gets/vbz the/at best/jjt of/in two/cd possible/jj worlds/nns ./. He/pps is/bez an/at individualist/nn but/cc not/* an/at anarchist/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez a/at public/jj servant/nn but/cc not/* a/at cop/nn ./. In/in short/jj ,/, the/at fictional/jj private/jj eye/nn is/bez a/at specialized/vbn version/nn of/in Adam/np Smith's/np$ ideal/jj entrepreneur/nn ,/, the/at man/nn whose/wp$ private/jj ambitions/nns must/md always/rb and/cc everywhere/rb promote/vb the/at public/nn welfare/nn ./. In/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn ,/, as/cs in/in The/at-tl Wealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, individualism/nn and/cc the/at social/jj good/nn are/ber two/cd sides/nns of/in the/at same/ap benevolent/jj coin/nn ./. There/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd catch/nn to/in this/dt idyllic/jj arrangement/nn :/: Adam/np Smith/np was/bedz wrong/jj ./. Not/* only/rb did/dod the/at ideal/jj entrepreneur/nn not/* produce/vb the/at greatest/jjt good/nn for/in the/at greatest/jjt number/nn ,/, he/pps ended/vbd by/in destroying/vbg himself/ppl ,/, by/in giving/vbg birth/nn to/in monopoly/nn capitalism/nn ./. The/at rise/nn of/in the/at giant/jj corporations/nns in/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl and/cc the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dates/vbz from/in the/at period/nn 1880-1900/cd ./. Now/rb ,/, although/cs the/at roots/nns of/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn in/in serious/jj literature/nn go/vb back/rb as/ql far/rb as/cs Balzac/np ,/, Dickens/np ,/, and/cc Poe/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz not/* until/in the/at closing/vbg decades/nns of/in the/at 19th/od century/nn that/cs the/at private/jj detective/nn became/vbd an/at established/vbn figure/nn in/in popular/jj fiction/nn ./. Sherlock/np Holmes/np ,/, the/at ancestor/nn of/in all/abn private/jj eyes/nns ,/, was/bedz born/vbn during/in the/at 1890s/nns ./. Thus/rb the/at transformation/nn of/in Adam/np Smith's/np$ ideal/jj entrepreneur/nn into/in a/at mythological/jj detective/nn coincides/vbz closely/rb with/in the/at decline/nn of/in the/at real/jj entrepreneur/nn in/in economic/jj life/nn ./. Driven/vbn from/in the/at marketplace/nn by/in the/at course/nn of/in history/nn ,/, our/pp$ hero/nn disguises/vbz himself/ppl as/cs a/at private/jj detective/nn ./. The/at birth/nn of/in the/at myth/nn compensates/vbz for/in the/at death/nn of/in the/at ideal/nn ./. Even/rb on/in the/at fictional/jj level/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at contradictions/nns which/wdt give/vb rise/nn to/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn are/ber not/* fully/rb resolved/vbn ./. The/at individualism/nn and/cc public/jj service/nn of/in the/at private/jj detective/nn both/abx stem/vb from/in his/pp$ dedication/nn to/in a/at personal/jj code/nn of/in conduct/nn :/: he/pps enforces/vbz the/at law/nn without/in being/beg told/vbn to/to do/do so/rb ./. The/at private/jj eye/nn is/bez therefore/rb a/at moral/jj man/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc his/pp$ morality/nn rests/vbz upon/in that/dt of/in his/pp$ society/nn ./. The/at basic/jj premise/nn of/in all/abn mystery/nn stories/nns is/bez that/cs the/at distinction/nn between/in good/nn and/cc bad/nn coincides/vbz with/in the/at distinction/nn between/in legal/jj and/cc illegal/jj ./. Unfortunately/rb ,/, this/dt assumption/nn does/doz not/* always/rb hold/vb good/jj ./. As/cs capitalism/nn in/in the/at 20th/od century/nn has/hvz become/vbn increasingly/ql dependent/jj upon/in force/nn and/cc violence/nn for/in its/pp$ survival/nn ,/, the/at private/jj detective/nn is/bez placed/vbn in/in a/at serious/jj dilemma/nn ./. If/cs he/pps is/bez good/jj ,/, he/pps may/md not/* be/be legal/jj ;/. ;/. if/cs he/pps is/bez legal/jj ,/, he/pps may/md not/* be/be good/jj ./. It/pps is/bez the/at gradual/jj unfolding/vbg and/cc deepening/nn of/in this/dt contradiction/nn which/wdt creates/vbz the/at inner/jj dialectic/nn of/in the/at evolution/nn of/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn ./. With/in the/at advent/nn of/in Sir/np Arthur/np Conan/np Doyle's/np$ Sherlock/np Holmes/np ,/, the/at development/nn of/in the/at modern/jj private/jj detective/nn begins/vbz ./. Sherlock/np Holmes/np is/bez not/* merely/rb an/at individualist/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez very/ql close/jj to/in being/beg a/at mental/jj case/nn ./. A/at brief/jj list/nn of/in the/at great/jj detective's/nn$ little/jj idiosyncrasies/nns would/md provide/vb Dr./nn-tl Freud/np with/in ample/jj food/nn for/in thought/nn ./. Holmes/np is/bez addicted/vbn to/in the/at use/nn of/in cocaine/nn and/cc other/ap refreshing/vbg stimulants/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez prone/jj to/in semi-catatonic/jj trances/nns induced/vbn by/in the/at playing/nn of/in the/at vioiln/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez a/at recluse/nn ,/, an/at incredible/jj egotist/nn ,/, a/at confirmed/vbn misogynist/nn ./. Holmes/np rebels/nns against/in the/at social/jj conventions/nns of/in his/pp$ day/nn not/* on/in moral/jj but/cc rather/rb on/in aesthetic/jj grounds/nns ./. His/pp$ eccentricity/nn begins/vbz as/cs a/at defense/nn against/in boredom/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz in/in order/nn to/to avoid/vb the/at stuffy/jj routine/nn of/in middle/jj class/nn life/nn that/cs Holmes/np became/vbd a/at detective/nn in/in the/at first/od place/nn ./. As/cs he/pps informs/vbz Watson/np ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ life/nn is/bez spent/vbn in/in one/cd long/jj effort/nn to/to escape/vb from/in the/at commonplaces/nns of/in existence/nn ./. These/dts little/jj problems/nns help/vb me/ppo to/to do/do so/rb ''/'' ./. Holmes/np is/bez a/at public/jj servant/nn ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at society/nn which/wdt he/pps serves/vbz bores/vbz him/ppo to/in tears/nns ./. The/at curious/jj relationship/nn between/in Holmes/np and/cc Scotland/np-tl Yard/nn-tl provides/vbz an/at important/jj clue/nn to/in the/at deeper/jjr significance/nn of/in his/pp$ eccentric/jj behavior/nn ./. Although/cs he/pps is/bez perfectly/ql willing/jj to/to cooperate/vb with/in Scotland/np-tl Yard/nn-tl ,/, Holmes/np has/hvz nothing/pn but/in contempt/nn for/in the/at intelligence/nn and/cc mentality/nn of/in the/at police/nn ./. They/ppss for/in their/pp$ part/nn are/ber convinced/vbn that/cs Holmes/np is/bez too/ql ``/`` unorthodox/jj ''/'' and/cc ``/`` theoretical/jj ''/'' to/to make/vb a/at good/jj detective/nn ./. Why/wrb do/do the/at police/nn find/vb Holmes/np ``/`` unorthodox/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/. On/in the/at face/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, it/pps is/bez because/cs he/pps employs/vbz deductive/jj techniques/nns alien/jj to/in official/jj police/nn routine/nn ./. Another/dt ,/, more/ql interesting/jj explanation/nn ,/, is/bez hinted/vbn at/in by/in Watson/np when/wrb he/pps observes/vbz on/in several/ap occasions/nns that/cs Holmes/np would/md have/hv made/vbn a/at magnificent/jj criminal/nn ./. The/at great/jj detective/nn modestly/rb agrees/vbz ./. Watson's/np$ insight/nn is/bez verified/vbn by/in the/at mysterious/jj link/nn between/in Holmes/np and/cc his/pp$ arch-opponent/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Moriarty/np ./. The/at two/cd men/nns resemble/vb each/dt other/ap closely/rb in/in their/pp$ cunning/nn ,/, their/pp$ egotism/nn ,/, their/pp$ relentlessness/nn ./. The/at first/od series/nn of/in Sherlock/np Holmes/np adventures/nns ends/vbz with/in Holmes/np and/cc Moriarty/np grappling/vbg together/rb on/in the/at edge/nn of/in a/at cliff/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber presumed/vbn to/to have/hv plunged/vbn to/in a/at common/jj grave/nn in/in this/dt fatal/jj embrace/nn ./. Linked/vbn to/in Holmes/np even/rb in/in death/nn ,/, Moriarty/np represents/vbz the/at alter-ego/nn of/in the/at great/jj detective/nn ,/, the/at image/nn of/in what/wdt our/pp$ hero/nn might/md have/hv become/vbn were/bed he/pps not/* a/at public/jj servant/nn ./. Just/rb as/cs Holmes/np the/at eccentric/jj stands/vbz behind/in Holmes/np the/at detective/nn ,/, so/rb Holmes/np the/at potential/jj criminal/nn lurks/vbz behind/in both/abx ./. In/in the/at modern/jj English/jj ``/`` whodunnit/nn ''/'' ,/, this/dt insinuation/nn of/in latent/jj criminality/nn in/in the/at detective/nn himself/ppl has/hvz almost/ql entirely/rb disappeared/vbn ./. Hercule/np Poirot/np and/cc Lord/nn-tl Peter/np Whimsey/np (/( the/at respective/jj creations/nns of/in Agatha/np Christie/np and/cc Dorothy/np Sayers/np )/) have/hv retained/vbn Holmes'/np$ egotism/nn but/cc not/* his/pp$ zest/nn for/in life/nn and/cc eccentric/jj habits/nns ./. Poirot/np and/cc his/pp$ counterparts/nns are/ber perfectly/ql respectable/jj people/nns ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs they/ppss are/ber also/rb extremely/ql dull/jj ./. Their/pp$ dedication/nn to/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt has/hvz been/ben affirmed/vbn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in the/at fascinating/jj but/cc dangerous/jj individualism/nn of/in a/at Sherlock/np Holmes/np ./. The/at latter's/nn$ real/jj descendents/nns were/bed unable/jj to/to take/vb root/nn in/in England/np ;/. ;/. they/ppss fled/vbd from/in the/at Victorian/jj parlor/nn and/cc made/vbd their/pp$ way/nn across/in the/at stormy/jj Atlantic/np ./. In/in the/at American/jj ``/`` hardboiled/jj ''/'' detective/nn story/nn of/in the/at '20s/nns and/cc '30s/nns ,/, the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at mad/jj genius/nn from/in Baker/np-tl Street/nn-tl lives/vbz on/rp ./. Like/cs Holmes/np ,/, the/at American/jj private/jj eye/nn rejects/vbz the/at social/jj conventions/nns of/in his/pp$ time/nn ./. But/cc unlike/in Holmes/np ,/, he/pps feels/vbz his/pp$ society/nn to/to be/be not/* merely/ql dull/jj but/cc also/rb corrupt/jj ./. Surrounded/vbn by/in crime/nn and/cc violence/nn everywhere/rb ,/, the/at ``/`` hardboiled/jj ''/'' private/jj eye/nn can/md retain/vb his/pp$ purity/nn only/rb through/in a/at life/nn of/in self-imposed/jj isolation/nn ./. His/pp$ alienation/nn is/bez far/ql more/ql acute/jj than/cs Holmes'/np$ ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez not/* an/at eccentric/nn but/in rather/rb an/at outcast/nn ./. With/in Rex/np Stout's/np$ Nero/np Wolfe/np ,/, alienation/nn is/bez represented/vbn on/in a/at purely/ql physical/jj plane/nn ./. Wolfe/np refuses/vbz to/to ever/rb leave/vb his/pp$ own/jj house/nn ,/, and/cc spends/vbz most/ap of/in his/pp$ time/nn drinking/vbg beer/nn and/cc playing/vbg with/in orchids/nns ./. More/ql profound/jj and/cc more/ql disturbing/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez the/at moral/jj isolation/nn of/in Raymond/np Chandler's/np$ Philip/np Marlowe/np ./. In/in a/at society/nn where/wrb everything/pn is/bez for/in sale/nn ,/, Marlowe/np is/bez the/at only/ap man/nn who/wps cannot/md* be/be bought/vbn ./. His/pp$ tough/jj honesty/nn condemns/vbz him/ppo to/in a/at solitary/jj and/cc difficult/jj existence/nn ./. Beaten/vbn ,/, bruised/vbn and/cc exhausted/vbn ,/, he/pps pursues/vbz the/at elusive/jj killer/nn through/in the/at demi-monde/nn of/in high/jj society/nn and/cc low/jj morals/nns ,/, always/rb alone/rb ,/, always/rb despised/vbn ./. In/in the/at end/nn ,/, he/pps gets/vbz his/pp$ man/nn ,/, but/cc no/at one/pn seems/vbz to/to care/vb ;/. ;/. virtue/nn is/bez its/pp$ own/jj and/cc only/ap reward/nn ./. A/at similar/jj tone/nn of/in underlying/vbg futility/nn and/cc despair/nn pervades/vbz the/at spy/nn thrillers/nns of/in Eric/np Ambler/np and/cc dominates/vbz the/at most/ql famous/jj of/in all/abn American/jj mystery/nn stories/nns ,/, Dashiell/np Hammett's/np$ The/at-tl Maltese/jj-tl Falcon/nn-tl ./. Sam/np Spade/np joins/vbz forces/nns with/in a/at band/nn of/in adventurers/nns in/in search/nn of/in a/at priceless/jj jeweled/jj statue/nn of/in a/at falcon/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc when/wrb the/at bird/nn is/bez found/vbn at/in last/ap ,/, it/pps turns/vbz out/rp to/to be/be a/at fake/nn ./. Now/rb the/at detective/nn must/md save/vb his/pp$ own/jj skin/nn by/in informing/vbg on/in the/at girl/nn he/pps loves/vbz ,/, who/wps is/bez also/rb the/at real/jj murderer/nn ./. For/in Sam/np Spade/np ,/, neither/cc crime/nn nor/cc virtue/nn pays/vbz ;/. ;/. moreover/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez increasingly/ql difficult/jj to/to distinguish/vb between/in the/at two/cd ./. Because/cs the/at private/jj eye/nn intends/vbz to/to save/vb society/nn in/in spite/nn of/in himself/ppl ,/, he/pps invariably/rb finds/vbz himself/ppl in/in trouble/nn with/in the/at police/nns ./. The/at latter/ap are/ber either/cc too/ql stupid/jj to/to catch/vb the/at killer/nn or/cc too/ql corrupt/jj to/to care/vb ./. In/in either/dtx case/nn ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* appreciate/vb the/at private/jj detective's/nn$ zeal/nn ./. Perry/np Mason/np and/cc Hamilton/np Burger/np ,/, Nero/np Wolfe/np and/cc Inspector/nn-tl Cramer/np spend/vb more/ap time/nn fighting/vbg each/dt other/ap than/cs they/ppss do/do in/in looking/vbg for/in the/at criminal/nn ./. Frequently/rb enough/qlp ,/, the/at police/nn are/ber themselves/ppls in/in league/nn with/in the/at killer/nn ;/. ;/. Dashiell/np Hammett's/np$ Red/jj-tl Harvest/nn-tl provides/vbz a/at classic/jj example/nn of/in this/dt theme/nn ./. But/cc even/rb when/wrb the/at police/nns are/ber honest/jj ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* trust/vb the/at private/jj eye/nn ./. He/pps is/bez ,/, like/cs Phillip/np Marlowe/np ,/, too/ql alienated/vbn to/to be/be reliable/jj ./. Finally/rb ,/, in/in The/at Maltese/jj-tl Falcon/nn-tl among/in others/nns ,/, the/at clash/nn between/in detective/nn and/cc police/nns is/bez carried/vbn to/in its/pp$ logical/jj conclusion/nn :/: Sam/np Spade/np becomes/vbz the/at chief/jjs murder/nn suspect/nn ./. In/in order/nn to/to exonerate/vb himself/ppl ,/, he/pps is/bez compelled/vbn to/to find/vb the/at real/jj criminal/nn ,/, who/wps happens/vbz to/to be/be his/pp$ girl/nn friend/nn ./. What/wdt was/bedz only/rb a/at vague/jj suspicion/nn in/in the/at case/nn of/in Sherlock/np Holmes/np now/rb appears/vbz as/cs a/at direct/jj accusation/nn :/: the/at private/jj eye/nn is/bez in/in danger/nn of/in turning/vbg into/in his/pp$ opposite/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at growing/vbg contradiction/nn between/in individualism/nn and/cc public/jj service/nn in/in the/at mystery/nn story/nn which/wdt creates/vbz this/dt fatal/jj dilemma/nn ./. By/in upholding/vbg his/pp$ own/jj personal/jj code/nn of/in behavior/nn ,/, the/at private/jj detective/nn has/hvz placed/vbn himself/ppl in/in opposition/nn to/in a/at society/nn whose/wp$ fabric/nn is/bez permeated/vbn with/in crime/nn and/cc corruption/nn ./. That/dt society/nn responds/vbz by/in condemning/vbg the/at private/jj eye/nn as/cs a/at threat/nn to/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt ,/, a/at potential/jj criminal/nn ./. If/cs the/at detective/nn insists/vbz upon/in retaining/vbg his/pp$ personal/jj standards/nns ,/, he/pps must/md now/rb do/do so/rb in/in conscious/jj defiance/nn of/in his/pp$ society/nn ./. He/pps must/md ,/, in/in short/jj ,/, cease/vb to/to be/be a/at detective/nn and/cc become/vb a/at rebel/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps wishes/vbz to/to continue/vb in/in his/pp$ chosen/vbn profession/nn ,/, he/pps must/md abandon/vb his/pp$ own/jj code/nn and/cc sacrifice/vb his/pp$ precious/jj individualism/nn ./. Dashiell/np Hammett/np resolved/vbd this/dt contradiction/nn by/in ceasing/vbg to/to write/vb mystery/nn stories/nns and/cc turning/vbg to/in other/ap pursuits/nns ./. His/pp$ successors/nns have/hv adopted/vbn the/at opposite/jj alternative/nn ./. In/in order/nn to/to save/vb the/at mystery/nn story/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv converted/vbn the/at private/jj detective/nn into/in an/at organization/nn man/nn ./. The/at first/od of/in two/cd possible/jj variations/nns on/in this/dt theme/nn is/bez symbolized/vbn by/in Mickey/np Spillane's/np$ Mike/np Hammer/np ./. At/in first/od glance/nn ,/, this/dt hero/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be more/ap rather/in than/in less/ap of/in an/at individualist/nn than/cs any/dti of/in his/pp$ predecessors/nns ./. For/in Hammer/np ,/, nothing/pn is/bez forbidden/vbn ./. He/pps kills/vbz when/wrb he/pps pleases/vbz ,/, takes/vbz his/pp$ women/nns where/wrb he/pps finds/vbz them/ppo and/cc always/rb acts/vbz as/cs judge/nn ,/, jury/nn and/cc executioner/nn rolled/vbn into/in one/cd ./.

cg20

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It/pps will/md be/be shown/vbn that/cs the/at objectives/nns of/in the/at cooperative/jj people/nns in/in an/at organization/nn determine/vb the/at type/nn of/in network/nn required/vbn ,/, because/cs the/at type/nn of/in network/nn functions/vbz according/in to/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in the/at messages/nns enumerated/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. Great/jj stress/nn is/bez placed/vbn on/in the/at role/nn that/cs the/at monitoring/nn of/in information/nn sending/vbg plays/vbz in/in maintaining/vbg the/at effectiveness/nn of/in the/at network/nn ./. By/in monitoring/vbg ,/, we/ppss mean/vb some/dti system/nn of/in control/nn over/in the/at types/nns of/in information/nn sent/vbn from/in the/at various/jj centers/nns ./. As/cs a/at word/nn of/in caution/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md be/be aware/jj that/cs in/in actual/jj practice/nn no/at message/nn is/bez purely/rb one/cd of/in the/at four/cd types/nns ,/, question/nn ,/, command/nn ,/, statement/nn ,/, or/cc exclamation/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, suppose/vb a/at man/nn wearing/vbg a/at $200/nns watch/nn ,/, driving/vbg a/at 1959/cd Rolls/np Royce/np ,/, stops/vbz to/to ask/vb a/at man/nn on/in the/at sidewalk/nn ,/, ``/`` What/wdt time/nn is/bez it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. This/dt sentence/nn would/md have/hv most/ap of/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in a/at question/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz some/dti of/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in a/at statement/nn because/cs the/at questioner/nn has/hvz conveyed/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps has/hvz no/at faith/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj timepiece/nn or/cc the/at one/cd attached/vbn to/in his/pp$ car/nn ./. If/cs the/at man/nn on/in the/at sidewalk/nn is/bez surprised/vbn at/in this/dt question/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz served/vbn as/cs an/at exclamation/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, since/cs the/at man/nn questioned/vbn feels/vbz a/at strong/jj compulsion/nn to/to answer/vb (/( and/cc thereby/rb avoid/vb the/at consequences/nns of/in being/beg thought/vbn queer/jj )/) the/at question/nn has/hvz assumed/vbn some/dti measurable/jj properties/nns of/in a/at command/nn ./. However/rb ,/, for/in convenience/nn we/ppss will/md stick/vb to/in the/at idea/nn that/cs information/nn can/md be/be classified/vbn according/in to/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. On/in this/dt basis/nn ,/, certain/jj extreme/jj kinds/nns of/in networks/nns will/md be/be discussed/vbn for/in illustrative/jj purposes/nns ./. Networks/nns illustrating/vbg some/dti special/jj types/nns of/in organization/nn the/at cocktail/nn party/nn ./. Presumably/rb a/at cocktail/nn party/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to fulfill/vb the/at host's/nn$ desire/nn to/to get/vb together/rb a/at number/nn of/in people/nns who/wps are/ber inadequately/rb acquainted/vbn and/cc thereby/rb arrange/vb for/in bringing/vbg the/at level/nn of/in acquaintance/nn up/rp to/in adequacy/nn for/in future/jj cooperative/jj endeavors/nns ./. The/at party/nn is/bez usually/rb in/in a/at room/nn small/jj enough/qlp so/cs that/cs all/abn guests/nns are/ber within/in sight/nn and/cc hearing/nn of/in one/cd another/dt ./. The/at information/nn is/bez furnished/vbn by/in each/dt of/in the/at guests/nns ,/, is/bez sent/vbn by/in oral/jj broadcasting/nn over/in the/at air/nn waves/nns ,/, and/cc is/bez received/vbn by/in the/at ears/nns ./. Since/cs the/at air/nn is/bez a/at continuum/nn ,/, the/at network/nn of/in communication/nn remains/vbz intact/jj regardless/rb of/in the/at positions/nns or/cc motions/nns of/in the/at points/nns (/( the/at people/nns )/) in/in the/at net/nn ./. As/cs shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at connection/nn for/in communication/nn between/in every/at pair/nn of/in points/nns ./. This/dt ,/, and/cc other/ap qualifications/nns ,/, make/vb the/at cocktail/nn party/nn the/at most/ql complete/jj and/cc most/ql chaotic/jj communication/nn system/nn ever/rb dreamed/vbn up/rp ./. All/abn four/cd types/nns of/in message/nn listed/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl are/ber permitted/vbn ,/, although/cs decorum/nn and/cc cocktail/nn tradition/nn require/vb holding/vbg the/at commands/nns to/in a/at minimum/nn ,/, while/cs exclamations/nns having/hvg complimentary/jj intonations/nns are/ber more/ap than/in customarily/rb encouraged/vbn ./. The/at completeness/nn of/in the/at connections/nns provide/vb that/cs ,/, for/in N/nn people/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber Af/nn lines/nns of/in communication/nn between/in the/at pairs/nns ,/, which/wdt can/md become/vb a/at large/jj number/nn (/( 1,225/cd )/) for/in a/at party/nn of/in fifty/cd guests/nns ./. Looking/vbg at/in the/at diagram/nn ,/, we/ppss see/vb that/cs Af/nn connection/nn lines/nns come/vb in/rp to/in each/dt member/nn ./. Thus/rb the/at cocktail/nn party/nn would/md appear/vb to/to be/be the/at ideal/jj system/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd weakness/nn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at dreams/nns of/in the/at host/nn for/in oneness/nn in/in the/at group/nn ,/, the/at Af/nn incoming/jj messages/nns for/in each/dt guest/nn overload/vb his/pp$ receiving/vbg system/nn beyond/in comprehension/nn if/cs N/nn exceeds/vbz about/rb six/cd ./. The/at crowd/nn consequently/rb breaks/vbz up/rp into/in temporary/jj groups/nns ranging/vbg in/in size/nn from/in two/cd to/in six/cd ,/, with/in a/at half-life/nn for/in the/at cluster/nn ranging/vbg from/in three/cd to/in twenty/cd minutes/nns ./. For/in the/at occasion/nn on/in which/wdt everyone/pn already/rb knows/vbz everyone/pn else/rb and/cc the/at host/nn wishes/vbz them/ppo to/to meet/vb one/cd or/cc a/at few/ap honored/vbn newcomers/nns ,/, then/rb the/at ``/`` open/jj house/nn ''/'' system/nn is/bez advantageous/jj because/cs the/at honored/vbn guests/nns are/ber fixed/vbn connective/jj points/nns and/cc the/at drifting/vbg guests/nns make/vb and/cc break/vb connections/nns at/in the/at door/nn ./. The/at rural/jj community/nn ./. We/ppss consider/vb a/at rural/jj community/nn as/cs an/at assemblage/nn of/in inhabited/vbn dwellings/nns whose/wp$ configuration/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in the/at location/nn and/cc size/nn of/in the/at arable/jj land/nn sites/nns necessary/jj for/in family/nn subsistence/nn ./. We/ppss assume/vb for/in this/dt illustration/nn that/cs the/at size/nn of/in the/at land/nn plots/nns is/bez so/ql great/jj that/cs the/at distance/nn between/in dwellings/nns is/bez greater/jjr than/cs the/at voice/nn can/md carry/vb and/cc that/cs most/ap of/in the/at communication/nn is/bez between/in nearest/jjt neighbors/nns only/rb ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Information/nn beyond/in nearest/jjt neighbor/nn is/bez carried/vbn second-/od ,/, third-/od ,/, and/cc fourth-hand/rb as/cs a/at distortable/jj rumor/nn ./. In/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, the/at points/nns in/in the/at network/nn are/ber designated/vbn by/in a/at letter/nn accompanied/vbn by/in a/at number/nn ./. The/at numbers/nns indicate/vb the/at number/nn of/in nearest/jjt neighbors/nns ./. It/pps will/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs point/nn f/nn has/hvz seven/cd nearest/jjt neighbors/nns ,/, h/nn and/cc e/nn have/hv six/cd ,/, and/cc p/nn has/hvz only/rb one/cd ,/, while/cs the/at remaining/vbg points/nns have/hv intermediate/jj numbers/nns ./. In/in any/dti social/jj system/nn in/in which/wdt communications/nns have/hv an/at importance/nn comparable/jj with/in that/dt of/in production/nn and/cc other/ap human/jj factors/nns ,/, a/at point/nn like/cs f/nn in/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl would/md (/( other/ap things/nns being/beg equal/jj )/) be/be the/at dwelling/vbg place/nn for/in the/at community/nn leader/nn ,/, while/cs e/nn and/cc h/nn would/md house/vb the/at next/ql most/ql important/jj citizens/nns ./. A/at point/nn like/cs p/nn gets/vbz information/nn directly/rb from/in n/nn ,/, but/cc all/abn information/nn beyond/in n/nn is/bez indirectly/rb relayed/vbn through/in n/nn ./. The/at dweller/nn at/in p/nn is/bez last/ap to/to hear/vb about/in a/at new/jj cure/nn ,/, the/at slowest/jjt to/to announce/vb to/in his/pp$ neighbors/nns his/pp$ urgent/jj distresses/nns ,/, the/at one/cd who/wps goes/vbz the/at farthest/jjt to/to trade/vb ,/, and/cc the/at one/cd with/in the/at greatest/jjt difficulty/nn of/in all/abn in/in putting/vbg over/rp an/at idea/nn or/cc getting/vbg people/nns to/to join/vb him/ppo in/in a/at cooperative/jj effort/nn ./. Since/cs the/at hazards/nns of/in poor/jj communication/nn are/ber so/ql great/jj ,/, p/nn can/md be/be justified/vbn as/cs a/at habitable/jj site/nn only/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in unusual/jj productivity/nn such/jj as/cs is/bez made/vbn available/jj by/in a/at waterfall/nn for/in milling/vbg purposes/nns ,/, a/at mine/nn ,/, or/cc a/at sugar/nn maple/nn camp/nn ./. Location/nn theorists/nns have/hv given/vbn these/dts matters/nns much/ap consideration/nn ./. Military/jj organizations/nns ./. The/at networks/nns for/in military/jj communications/nns are/ber one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt examples/nns of/in networks/nns which/wdt not/* only/rb must/md be/be changed/vbn with/in the/at changes/nns in/in objectives/nns but/cc also/rb must/md be/be changed/vbn with/in the/at addition/nn of/in new/jj machines/nns of/in war/nn ./. They/ppss also/rb furnish/vb proof/nn that/cs ,/, in/in modern/jj war/nn ,/, message/nn sending/nn must/md be/be monitored/vbn ./. Without/in monitoring/vbg ,/, a/at military/jj hookup/nn becomes/vbz a/at noisy/jj party/nn ./. The/at need/nn for/in monitoring/vbg became/vbd greater/jjr when/wrb radio/nn was/bedz adopted/vbn for/in military/jj signaling/nn ./. Alexander/np-tl the/at-tl Great/jj-tl ,/, who/wps used/vbd runners/nns as/cs message/nn carriers/nns ,/, did/dod not/* have/hv to/to worry/vb about/in having/hvg every/at officer/nn in/in his/pp$ command/nn hear/vb what/wdt he/pps said/vbd and/cc having/hvg hundreds/nns of/in them/ppo comment/vb at/in once/rb ./. As/cs time/nn has/hvz passed/vbn and/cc science/nn has/hvz progressed/vbn ,/, the/at speed/nn of/in military/jj vehicles/nns has/hvz increased/vbn ,/, the/at range/nn of/in missiles/nns has/hvz been/ben extended/vbn ,/, the/at use/nn of/in target-hunting/jj noses/nns on/in the/at projectiles/nns has/hvz been/ben adopted/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at range/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in message/nn sending/vbg has/hvz increased/vbn ./. Next/in to/in the/at old/jj problem/nn of/in the/at slowness/nn of/in decision/nn making/vbg ,/, network/nn structure/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be paramount/jjs ,/, and/cc without/in monitoring/vbg no/at network/nn has/hvz value/nn ./. On/in the/at parade/nn ground/nn the/at net/nn may/md be/be similar/jj to/in that/dt shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./. The/at monitoring/nn is/bez the/at highest/jjt and/cc most/ql restrictive/jj of/in any/dti organization/nn in/in existence/nn ./. No/at questions/nns ,/, statements/nns ,/, or/cc explanations/nns are/ber permitted/vbn --/-- only/ap commands/nns ./. Commands/nns go/vb only/rb from/in an/at officer/nn to/in the/at man/nn of/in nearest/jjt lower/jjr rank/nn ./. The/at same/ap command/nn is/bez repeated/vbn as/ql many/ap times/nns as/cs there/ex are/ber levels/nns in/in rank/nn from/in general/nn to/in corporal/nn ./. All/abn orders/nns originate/vb with/in the/at officer/nn of/in highest/jjt rank/nn and/cc terminate/vb with/in action/nn of/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at ranks/nns ./. Even/rb the/at officer/nn in/in charge/nn ,/, be/be it/pps a/at captain/nn (/( for/in small/jj display/nn )/) or/cc a/at general/nn ,/, is/bez restrained/vbn by/in monitoring/vbg ./. This/dt is/bez done/vbn for/in simplicity/nn of/in commands/nns and/cc to/to bring/vb the/at hidden/vbn redundancy/nn up/rp to/to where/wrb misunderstanding/vbg has/hvz almost/rb zero/cd possibility/nn ./. The/at commands/nns are/ber specified/vbn by/in the/at military/jj regulations/nns ;/. ;/. are/ber few/ap in/in number/nn ,/, briefly/rb worded/vbn ,/, all/abn different/jj in/in sound/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc are/ber combinable/jj into/in sequences/nns which/wdt permit/vb any/dti marching/vbg maneuver/nn that/wps could/md be/be desired/vbn on/in a/at parade/nn ground/nn ./. This/dt monitoring/nn is/bez necessary/jj because/cs ,/, on/in a/at parade/nn ground/nn ,/, everyone/pn can/md hear/vb too/ql much/ap ,/, and/cc without/in monitoring/vbg a/at confused/vbn social/jj event/nn would/md develop/vb ./. With/in troops/nns dispersed/vbn on/in fields/nns of/in battle/nn rather/in than/in on/in the/at parade/nn ground/nn ,/, it/pps may/md seem/vb that/cs a/at certain/jj amount/nn of/in monitoring/vbg is/bez automatically/rb enforced/vbn by/in the/at lines/nns of/in communication/nn ./. Years/nns ago/rb this/dt was/bedz true/jj ,/, but/cc with/in the/at replacement/nn of/in wires/nns or/cc runners/nns by/in radio/nn and/cc radar/nn (/( and/cc perhaps/rb television/nn )/) ,/, these/dts restrictions/nns have/hv disappeared/vbn and/cc now/rb again/rb too/ql much/ap is/bez heard/vbn ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in cocktail/nn parties/nns ,/, military/jj organizations/nns ,/, even/rb in/in the/at field/nn ,/, are/ber more/ql formal/jj ./. In/in the/at extreme/jj and/cc oversimplified/vbn example/nn suggested/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, the/at organization/nn is/bez more/ql easily/rb understood/vbn and/cc more/ql predictable/jj in/in behavior/nn ./. A/at military/jj organization/nn has/hvz an/at objective/nn chosen/vbn by/in the/at higher/jjr command/nn ./. This/dt objective/nn is/bez adhered/vbn to/in throughout/in the/at duration/nn of/in the/at action/nn ./. The/at connective/nn system/nn ,/, or/cc network/nn ,/, is/bez tailored/vbn to/to meet/vb the/at requirements/nns of/in the/at objective/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez therefore/rb not/* surprising/jj that/cs a/at military/jj body/nn acting/vbg as/cs a/at single/ap coordinated/vbn unit/nn has/hvz a/at different/jj communication/nn network/nn than/cs a/at factory/nn ,/, a/at college/nn ,/, or/cc a/at rural/jj village/nn ./. The/at assumptions/nns upon/in which/wdt the/at example/nn shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl is/bez based/vbn are/ber :/: (/( A/at-tl )/) One/cd man/nn can/md direct/vb about/rb six/cd subordinates/nns if/cs the/at subordinates/nns are/ber chosen/vbn carefully/rb so/cs that/cs they/ppss do/do not/* need/vb too/ql much/ap personal/jj coaching/nn ,/, indoctrinating/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. (/( B/nn-tl )/) A/at message/nn runs/vbz too/ql great/jj a/at risk/nn of/in being/beg distorted/vbn if/cs it/pps is/bez to/to be/be relayed/vbn more/ap than/in about/rb six/cd consecutive/jj times/nns ./. (/( C/np )/) Decisions/nns of/in a/at general/jj kind/nn are/ber made/vbn by/in the/at central/jj command/nn ./. And/cc (/( D/np )/) all/abn action/nn of/in a/at physical/jj kind/nn pertinent/jj to/in the/at mission/nn is/bez relegated/vbn to/in the/at line/nn of/in men/nns on/in the/at lower/jjr rank/nn ./. These/dts assumptions/nns lead/vb to/in an/at organization/nn with/in one/cd man/nn at/in the/at top/nn ,/, six/cd directly/rb under/in him/ppo ,/, six/cd under/in each/dt of/in these/dts ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp until/cs there/ex are/ber six/cd levels/nns of/in personnel/nns ./. The/at number/nn of/in people/nns acting/vbg as/cs one/cd body/nn by/in this/dt scheme/nn gives/vbz a/at surprisingly/ql large/jj army/nn of/in 55,987/cd men/nns ./. This/dt organizational/jj network/nn would/md be/be of/in no/at avail/nn if/cs there/ex were/bed no/at regulations/nns pertaining/vbg to/in the/at types/nns of/in message/nn sent/vbn ./. Of/in types/nns of/in message/nn listed/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, commands/nns and/cc statements/nns are/ber the/at only/ap ones/nns sent/vbn through/in the/at vertical/jj network/nn shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./. A/at further/jjr regulation/nn is/bez that/cs commands/nns always/rb go/vb down/rp ,/, unaccompanied/jj by/in statements/nns ,/, and/cc statements/nns always/rb go/vb up/rp ,/, unaccompanied/jj by/in commands/nns ./. Questions/nns and/cc ,/, particularly/rb ,/, exclamations/nns are/ber usually/rb channeled/vbn along/in informal/jj ,/, horizontal/jj lines/nns not/* indicated/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc seldom/rb are/ber carried/vbn beyond/in the/at nearest/jjt neighbor/nn ./. It/pps will/md readily/rb be/be seen/vbn that/cs in/in this/dt suggested/vbn network/nn (/( not/* materially/rb different/jj from/in some/dti of/in the/at networks/nns in/in vogue/nn today/nr )/) greater/jjr emphasis/nn on/in monitoring/vbg is/bez implied/vbn than/cs is/bez usually/rb put/vbn into/in practice/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at network/nn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl is/bez only/rb the/at basic/jj net/nn through/in which/wdt other/ap networks/nns pertaining/vbg to/in logistics/nn and/cc the/at like/jj are/ber interlaced/vbn ./. Not/* discussed/vbn here/rb are/ber some/dti military/jj problems/nns of/in modern/jj times/nns such/jj as/cs undersea/jj warfare/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at surveillance/nn ,/, sending/vbg ,/, transmitting/nn ,/, and/cc receiving/vbg are/ber all/abn so/ql inadequate/jj that/cs networks/nns and/cc decision/nn making/vbg are/ber not/* the/at bottlenecks/nns ./. Such/jj problems/nns are/ber of/in extreme/jj interest/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs importance/nn and/cc are/ber so/ql much/ql like/cs fighting/vbg in/in a/at rain/nn forest/nn or/cc guerrilla/nn warfare/nn at/in night/nn in/in tall/jj grass/nn that/cs we/ppss might/md have/hv to/to re-examine/vb primitive/jj conflicts/nns for/in what/wdt they/ppss could/md teach/vb ./. A/at team/nn for/in useful/jj research/nn ./. This/dt is/bez an/at unsolved/jj problem/nn which/wdt probably/rb has/hvz never/rb been/ben seriously/rb investigated/vbn ,/, although/cs one/pn frequently/rb hears/vbz the/at comment/nn that/cs we/ppss have/hv insufficient/jj specialists/nns of/in the/at kind/nn who/wps can/md compete/vb with/in the/at Germans/nps or/cc Swiss/nps ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, in/in precision/jj machinery/nn and/cc mathematics/nn ,/, or/cc the/at Finns/nps in/in geochemistry/nn ./. We/ppss hear/vb equally/ql fervent/jj concern/nn over/in the/at belief/nn that/cs we/ppss have/hv not/* enough/ap generalists/nns who/wps can/md see/vb the/at over-all/jj picture/nn and/cc combine/vb our/pp$ national/jj skills/nns and/cc knowledge/nn for/in useful/jj purposes/nns ./. This/dt problem/nn of/in the/at optimum/jj balance/nn in/in the/at relative/jj numbers/nns of/in generalists/nns and/cc specialists/nns can/md be/be investigated/vbn on/in a/at communicative/jj network/nn basis/nn ./. Since/cs the/at difficulty/nn of/in drawing/vbg the/at net/nn is/bez great/jj ,/, we/ppss will/md merely/rb discuss/vb it/ppo ./. First/rb ,/, we/ppss realize/vb that/cs a/at pure/jj specialist/nn does/doz not/* exist/vb ./. But/cc ,/, for/in practical/jj purposes/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv people/nns who/wps can/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs such/jj ./. For/in example/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber persons/nns who/wps are/ber in/in physical/jj science/nn ,/, in/in the/at field/nn of/in mineralogy/nn ,/, trained/vbn in/in crystallography/nn ,/, who/wps use/vb only/ap X-rays/nns-tl ,/, applying/vbg only/rb the/at powder/nn technique/nn of/in X-ray/nn-tl diffraction/nn ,/, to/in clay/nn minerals/nns only/rb ,/, and/cc who/wps have/hv spent/vbn the/at last/ap fifteen/cd years/nns concentrating/vbg on/in the/at montmorillonites/nns ;/. ;/. or/cc persons/nns in/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns in/in the/at field/nn of/in anthropology/nn ,/, studying/vbg the/at lung/nn capacity/nn of/in seven/cd Andean/jj Indians/nps ./. So/rb we/ppss see/vb that/cs a/at specialist/nn is/bez a/at man/nn who/wps knows/vbz more/ap and/cc more/ap about/in less/ap and/cc less/ap as/cs he/pps develops/vbz ,/, as/cs contrasted/vbn to/in the/at generalist/nn ,/, who/wps knows/vbz less/ap and/cc less/ap about/in more/ap and/cc more/ap ./.

cg21

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name:1 subjective:1 side:1 outlook:1

American/jj democratic/jj thought/nn ,/, pointed/vbd up/rp the/at relation/nn between/in the/at Protestant/jj movement/nn in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc the/at development/nn of/in a/at social/jj religion/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps called/vbd the/at American/jj Democratic/jj-tl Faith/nn-tl ./. Those/dts familiar/jj with/in his/pp$ work/nn will/md remember/vb that/cs he/pps placed/vbd the/at incipience/nn of/in the/at democratic/jj faith/nn at/in around/rb 1850/cd ./. And/cc he/pps describes/vbz it/ppo as/cs a/at balanced/vbn polarity/nn between/in the/at notions/nns of/in the/at free/jj individual/nn and/cc what/wdt he/pps called/vbd the/at fundamental/jj law/nn ./. I/ppss want/vb to/to say/vb more/ap about/in Gabriel's/np$ so-called/jj fundamental/jj law/nn ./. But/cc first/rb I/ppss want/vb to/to quote/vb him/ppo on/in the/at relationship/nn that/wpo he/pps found/vbd between/in religion/nn and/cc politics/nn in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc what/wdt happened/vbd to/in it/ppo ./. He/pps points/vbz out/rp that/cs from/in the/at time/nn of/in Jackson/np on/rp through/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, evangelical/jj Protestantism/np was/bedz a/at dominant/jj influence/nn in/in the/at social/jj and/cc political/jj life/nn of/in America/np ./. He/pps terms/vbz this/dt early/jj enthusiasm/nn ``/`` Romantic/jj-tl Christianity/np-tl ''/'' and/cc concludes/vbz that/cs its/pp$ similarity/nn to/in democratic/jj beliefs/nns of/in that/dt day/nn is/bez so/ql great/jj that/cs ``/`` the/at doctrine/nn of/in liberty/nn seems/vbz but/rb a/at secular/jj version/nn of/in its/pp$ counterpart/nn in/in evangelical/jj Protestantism/np ''/'' ./. Let/vb me/ppo quote/vb him/ppo even/ql more/ql fully/rb ,/, for/cs his/pp$ analysis/nn is/bez important/jj to/in my/pp$ theme/nn ./. He/pps says/vbz :/: ``/`` beside/in the/at Protestant/jj philosophy/nn of/in Progress/nn-tl ,/, as/cs expressed/vbn in/in radical/jj or/cc conservative/jj millenarianism/nn ,/, should/md be/be placed/vbn the/at doctrine/nn of/in the/at democratic/jj faith/nn which/wdt affirmed/vbd it/ppo to/to be/be the/at duty/nn of/in the/at destiny/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to assist/vb in/in the/at creation/nn of/in a/at better/jjr world/nn by/in keeping/vbg lighted/vbn the/at beacon/nn of/in democracy/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps specifies/vbz ,/, ``/`` in/in the/at middle/jj period/nn of/in the/at Nineteenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl it/pps was/bedz colored/vbn by/in Christian/jj supernaturalism/nn ,/, in/in the/at Twentieth/od-tl Century/nn-tl it/pps was/bedz affected/vbn by/in naturalism/nn ./. But/cc in/in every/at period/nn it/pps has/hvz been/ben humanism/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc let/vb me/ppo add/vb ,/, utopianism/nn ,/, also/rb ./. Some/rb fourteen/cd or/cc fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, in/in an/at essay/nn I/ppss called/vbd The/at-tl Leader/nn-tl Follows/vbz-tl --/-- Where/wrb-tl ?/. ?/. I/ppss used/vbd his/pp$ polarity/nn to/to illustrate/vb what/wdt I/ppss thought/vbd had/hvd happened/vbn to/in us/ppo in/in that/dt form/nn of/in liberalism/nn we/ppss call/vb Progressivism/nn-tl ./. It/pps seemed/vbd to/in me/ppo that/cs the/at liberals/nns had/hvd scrapped/vbn the/at balanced/vbn polarity/nn and/cc reposed/vbn both/abx liberty/nn and/cc the/at fundamental/jj law/nn in/in the/at common/jj man/nn ./. That/dt is/bez to/to say/vb Gabriel's/np$ fundamental/jj law/nn had/hvd been/ben so/ql much/rb modified/vbn by/in this/dt time/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz neither/cc fundamental/jj nor/cc law/nn any/ql more/rbr ./. It/pps is/bez a/at weakness/nn of/in Gabriel's/np$ analysis/nn that/cs he/pps never/rb seems/vbz to/to realize/vb that/cs his/pp$ so-called/jj fundamental/jj law/nn had/hvd already/rb been/ben cut/vbn loose/rb from/in its/pp$ foundations/nns when/wrb it/pps was/bedz adapted/vbn to/in democracy/nn ./. And/cc with/in Progressivism/nn-tl the/at Religion/nn-tl of/in-tl Humanity/nn-tl was/bedz replacing/vbg what/wdt Gabriel/np called/vbd Christian/jj supernaturalism/nn ./. And/cc the/at common/jj man/nn was/bedz developing/vbg mythic/jj power/nn ,/, or/cc charisma/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ own/jj ./. During/in the/at decade/nn that/wps followed/vbd ,/, the/at common/jj man/nn ,/, as/cs that/dt piece/nn put/vbd it/ppo ,/, grew/vbd uncomfortable/jj as/cs the/at Voice/nn-tl of/in God/np and/cc fled/vbd from/in behind/in Saint/nn-tl Woodrow/np (/( Wilson/np )/) only/rb to/to learn/vb from/in Science/nn-tl ,/, to/in his/pp$ shocked/vbn relief/nn that/cs after/in all/abn there/ex was/bedz no/at God/np he/pps had/hvd to/to speak/vb for/in and/cc that/cs he/pps was/bedz just/rb an/at animal/nn anyhow/rb --/-- that/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at chemical/nn formula/nn for/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc that/cs too/ql much/ap couldn't/md* be/be expected/vbn of/in him/ppo ./. The/at socialism/nn implicit/jj in/in the/at slogan/nn of/in the/at Roosevelt/np-tl Revolution/nn-tl ,/, freedom/nn from/in want/nn and/cc fear/nn ,/, seems/vbz a/at far/jj cry/nn from/in the/at individualism/nn of/in the/at First/od-tl Amendment/nn-tl to/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ,/, or/cc of/in the/at Jacksonian/jj frontier/nn ./. What/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn to/in the/at common/jj man/nn ?/. ?/. French/jj-tl Egalitarianism/nn-tl had/hvd had/hvn only/ap nominal/jj influence/nn in/in this/dt country/nn before/in the/at days/nns of/in Popularism/np ./. The/at riotous/jj onrush/nn of/in industrialism/nn after/in the/at War/nn-tl for/in-tl Southern/jj-tl Independence/nn-tl and/cc the/at general/jj secular/jj drift/nn to/in the/at Religion/nn-tl of/in-tl Humanity/nn-tl ,/, however/rb ,/, prepared/vbd the/at way/nn for/in a/at reception/nn of/in the/at French/jj-tl Revolution's/nn$-tl socialistic/jj offspring/nn of/in one/cd sort/nn of/in another/dt ./. The/at first/od of/in which/wdt to/to find/vb important/jj place/nn in/in our/pp$ federal/jj government/nn was/bedz the/at graduated/vbn income/nn tax/nn under/in Wilson/np ./. Moreover/rb the/at centralization/nn of/in our/pp$ economy/nn during/in the/at 1920s/nns ,/, the/at dislocations/nns of/in the/at Depression/nn-tl ,/, the/at common/jj ethos/nn of/in Materialism/nn-tl everywhere/rb ,/, all/abn contributed/vbd in/in various/jj ways/nns to/in the/at face-lifting/nn that/wps replaced/vbd Mike/np Fink/np and/cc the/at Great/jj-tl Gatsby/np-tl with/in the/at anonymous/jj physiognomy/nn of/in the/at Little/jj-tl People/nns-tl ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj to/to trace/vb the/at philosophy/nn of/in the/at French/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl to/in its/pp$ sources/nns to/to understand/vb the/at common/jj democratic/jj origin/nn of/in individualism/nn and/cc socialism/nn and/cc the/at influence/nn of/in the/at latter/ap on/in the/at former/ap ./. That/cs John/np Locke's/np$ philosophy/nn of/in the/at social/jj contract/nn fathered/vbd the/at American/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl with/in its/pp$ Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, we/ppss generally/rb accept/vb ./. Yet/cc ,/, after/cs Rousseau/np had/hvd given/vbn the/at social/jj contract/nn a/at new/jj twist/nn with/in his/pp$ notion/nn of/in the/at General/jj-tl Will/nn-tl ,/, the/at same/ap philosophy/nn ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn ,/, became/vbd the/at idea/nn source/nn of/in the/at French/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl also/rb ./. The/at importance/nn of/in Rousseau's/np$ twist/nn has/hvz not/* always/rb been/ben clear/jj to/in us/ppo ,/, however/rb ./. This/dt notion/nn of/in the/at General/jj-tl Will/nn-tl gave/vbd rise/nn to/in the/at Commune/nn-tl of/in-tl Paris/np-tl in/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl and/cc later/rbr brought/vbd Napoleon/np to/in dictatorship/nn ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez clearly/rb argued/vbn by/in Lord/nn-tl Percy/np of/in-tl Newcastle/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ remarkable/jj long/jj essay/nn ,/, The/at-tl Heresy/nn-tl Of/in-tl Democracy/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in a/at more/ql general/jj way/nn by/in Voegelin/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ New/jj-tl Science/nn-tl Of/in-tl Politics/nn-tl ,/, that/cs this/dt same/ap Rousseauan/jj idea/nn ,/, descending/vbg through/in European/jj democracy/nn ,/, is/bez the/at source/nn of/in Marx's/np$ theory/nn of/in the/at dictatorship/nn of/in the/at proletariat/nn ./. This/dt is/bez important/jj to/in understanding/vbg the/at position/nn that/wpo doctrinaire/jj liberals/nns found/vbd themselves/ppls in/in after/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, and/cc our/pp$ great/jj democratic/jj victory/nn that/wps brought/vbd no/at peace/nn ./. The/at long/jj road/nn that/wps had/hvd taken/vbn liberals/nns in/in this/dt country/nn into/in the/at social/jj religion/nn of/in democracy/nn ,/, into/in a/at worship/nn of/in man/nn ,/, led/vbd logically/rb to/in the/at Marxist/np dream/nn of/in a/at classless/jj society/nn under/in a/at Socialist/jj-tl State/nn-tl ./. And/cc the/at ussr/nn existed/vbd as/cs the/at revolutionary/jj experiment/nn in/in radical/jj socialism/nn ,/, the/at ultimate/jj exemplar/nn ./. And/cc by/in the/at time/nn the/at war/nn ended/vbd ,/, liberal/jj leadership/nn in/in this/dt country/nn was/bedz spiritually/rb Marxist/np ./. We/ppss will/md recall/vb that/cs the/at still/rb confident/jj liberals/nns of/in the/at Truman/np administration/nn gathered/vbd with/in other/ap Western/jj-tl utopians/nns in/in San/np Francisco/np to/to set/vb up/rp the/at legal/jj framework/nn ,/, finally/rb and/cc at/in last/ap ,/, to/to rationalize/vb war/nn --/-- to/to rationalize/vb want/nn and/cc fear/nn --/-- out/in of/in the/at world/nn :/: the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./. We/ppss of/in the/at liberal-led/jj world/nn got/vbd all/ql set/vbn for/in peace/nn and/cc rehabilitation/nn ./. Then/rb suddenly/rb we/ppss found/vbd ourselves/ppls in/in the/at middle/nn of/in another/dt fight/nn ,/, an/at irrational/jj ,/, an/at indecent/jj ,/, an/at undeclared/jj and/cc immoral/jj war/nn with/in our/pp$ strongest/jjt (/( and/cc some/dti had/hvd thought/vbn noblest/jjt )/) ally/nn ./. During/in the/at next/ap five/cd years/nns the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at Fair/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl reluctantly/rb backed/vbd down/rp from/in the/at optimistic/jj expectations/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl ./. During/in the/at next/ap five/cd years/nns liberal/jj leaders/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl sank/vbd in/in the/at cumulative/jj confusion/nn attendant/jj upon/in and/cc manifested/vbn in/in a/at negative/jj policy/nn of/in Containment/nn-tl --/-- and/cc the/at bitterest/jjt irony/nn --/-- enforced/vbn and/cc enforceable/jj only/rb by/in threat/nn of/in a/at weapon/nn that/wps we/ppss felt/vbd the/at greatest/jjt distaste/nn for/in but/cc could/md not/* abandon/vb :/: the/at atom/nn bomb/nn ./. In/in 1952/cd ,/, it/pps will/md be/be remembered/vbn ,/, the/at G.O.P./np without/in positive/jj program/nn campaigned/vbd on/in the/at popular/jj disillusionment/nn with/in liberal/jj leadership/nn and/cc won/vbd overwhelmingly/rb ./. All/abn of/in this/dt ,/, I/ppss know/vb ,/, is/bez recent/jj history/nn familiar/jj to/in you/ppo ./. But/cc I/ppss have/hv been/ben at/in some/dti pains/nns to/to review/vb it/ppo as/cs the/at drama/nn of/in the/at common/jj man/nn ,/, to/to point/vb up/rp what/wdt happened/vbd to/in him/ppo under/in Eisenhower's/np$ leadership/nn ./. A/at perceptive/jj journalist/nn ,/, Sam/np Lubell/np ,/, has/hvz phrased/vbn it/ppo in/in the/at title/nn of/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ books/nns as/cs the/at revolt/nn of/in the/at moderates/nns ./. He/pps opens/vbz his/pp$ discourse/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, with/in a/at review/nn of/in the/at Eisenhower/np inaugural/nn festivities/nns at/in which/wdt a/at sympathetic/jj press/nn had/hvd assembled/vbn its/pp$ massive/jj talents/nns ,/, all/abn primed/vbn to/to catch/vb some/dti revelation/nn of/in the/at emerging/vbg new/jj age/nn ./. The/at show/nn was/bedz colorful/jj ,/, indeed/rb ,/, exuberant/jj ,/, but/cc the/at press/nn for/in all/abn its/pp$ assiduity/nn could/md detect/vb no/at note/nn of/in a/at fateful/jj rendezvous/nn with/in destiny/nn ./. Lubell/np offers/vbz his/pp$ book/nn as/cs an/at explanation/nn of/in why/wrb there/ex was/bedz no/at clue/nn ./. And/cc I/ppss select/vb this/dt sentence/nn as/cs its/pp$ pertinent/jj summation/nn :/: ``/`` in/in essence/nn the/at drama/nn of/in his/pp$ (/( Eisenhower's/np$ )/) Presidency/nn-tl can/md be/be described/vbn as/cs the/at ordeal/nn of/in a/at nation/nn turned/vbn conservative/jj and/cc struggling/vbg --/-- thus/ql far/rb with/in but/rb limited/vbn and/cc precarious/jj success/nn --/-- to/to give/vb effective/jj voice/nn and/cc force/nn to/in that/dt conservatism/nn ''/'' ./. I/ppss will/md assume/vb that/cs we/ppss are/ber all/abn aware/jj of/in the/at continuing/vbg struggle/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ limited/vbn and/cc precarious/jj success/nn ,/, toward/in conservatism/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz moved/vbn on/in various/jj levels/nns ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben clamorous/jj and/cc confused/vbn ./. Obviously/rb there/ex has/hvz been/ben no/at agreement/nn on/in what/wdt American/jj conservatism/nn is/bez ,/, or/cc rather/rb ,/, what/wdt it/pps should/md be/be ./. For/cs it/pps was/bedz neglected/vbn ,/, not/* to/to say/vb nascent/jj ,/, when/wrb the/at struggle/nn began/vbd ./. I/ppss saw/vbd a/at piece/nn the/at other/ap day/nn assailing/vbg William/np Buckley/np ,/, author/nn of/in Man/nn-tl And/cc-tl God/np-tl at/in-tl Yale/np-tl and/cc publisher/nn of/in The/at-tl National/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, as/cs no/at conservative/nn at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc an/at old/jj liberal/nn ./. I/ppss would/md agree/vb with/in this/dt view/nn ./. But/cc I'm/ppss+bem not/* here/rb to/to define/vb conservatism/nn ./. What/wdt I/ppss am/bem here/rb to/to do/do is/bez to/to report/vb on/in the/at gyrations/nns of/in the/at struggle/nn --/-- a/at struggle/nn that/wps amounts/vbz to/in self-redefinition/nn --/-- to/to see/vb if/cs we/ppss can/md predict/vb its/pp$ future/jj course/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at obvious/jj conclusions/nns we/ppss can/md make/vb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at last/ap election/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, is/bez that/cs we/ppss ,/, the/at majority/nn ,/, were/bed dissatisfied/vbn with/in Eisenhower/np conservatism/nn ./. Though/cs ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, we/ppss gave/vbd Kennedy/np no/at very/ql positive/jj approval/nn in/in the/at margin/nn of/in his/pp$ preferment/nn ./. This/dt is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, symptomatic/jj of/in our/pp$ national/jj malaise/nn ./. But/cc before/cs I/ppss try/vb to/to diagnose/vb it/ppo ,/, I/ppss would/md offer/vb other/ap evidence/nn ./. I/ppss will/md mention/vb two/cd volumes/nns of/in specific/jj comment/nn on/in this/dt malaise/nn that/wps appeared/vbd last/ap year/nn ./. The/at earlier/jjr of/in them/ppo was/bedz an/at unofficial/jj enterprise/nn ,/, sponsored/vbn by/in Life/nn-tl magazine/nn ,/, under/in the/at title/nn of/in The/at-tl National/jj-tl Purpose/nn-tl ./. The/at contributors/nns to/in this/dt testament/nn were/bed all/abn well-known/jj :/: a/at former/ap Democratic/jj-tl candidate/nn for/in President/nn-tl ,/, a/at New/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl poet/nn ,/, the/at magazine's/nn$ chief/jjs editorial/nn writer/nn ,/, two/cd newspaper/nn columnists/nns ,/, head/nn of/in a/at national/jj broadcasting/vbg company/nn ,/, a/at popular/jj Protestant/jj evangelist/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. What/wdt I/ppss want/vb to/to point/vb out/rp here/rb is/bez that/cs all/abn of/in them/ppo are/ber ex-liberals/nns ,/, or/cc modified/vbn liberals/nns ,/, with/in perhaps/rb one/cd exception/nn ./. I/ppss suppose/vb we/ppss might/md classify/vb Billy/np Graham/np as/cs an/at old/jj liberal/nn ./. And/cc I/ppss would/md further/rbr note/vb that/cs they/ppss all/abn --/-- with/in one/cd exception/nn again/rb --/-- sang/vbd in/in one/cd key/nn or/cc another/dt the/at same/ap song/nn ./. Its/pp$ refrain/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` let/vb us/ppo return/vb to/in the/at individualistic/jj democracy/nn of/in our/pp$ forefathers/nns for/in our/pp$ salvation/nn ''/'' ./. Adlai/np Stevenson/np expressed/vbd some/dti reservations/nns about/in this/dt return/nn ./. Others/nns invoked/vbd technology/nn and/cc common/jj sense/nn ./. Only/rb Walter/np Lippman/np envisioned/vbd the/at possibility/nn of/in our/pp$ having/hvg ``/`` outlived/vbn most/ap of/in what/wdt we/ppss used/vbd to/to regard/vb as/cs the/at program/nn of/in our/pp$ national/jj purposes/nns ''/'' ./. But/cc the/at most/ql notable/jj thing/nn about/in the/at incantation/nn of/in these/dts ex-liberals/nns was/bedz that/cs the/at one-time/jj shibboleth/nn of/in socialism/nn was/bedz conspicuously/rb absent/jj ./. The/at second/od specific/jj comment/nn was/bedz the/at report/nn of/in Eisenhower's/np$ Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl National/jj-tl Goals/nns-tl ,/, titled/vbn Goals/nns-tl For/in-tl Americans/nps-tl ./. They/ppss ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, gave/vbd the/at pitch/nn of/in their/pp$ position/nn in/in the/at preface/nn where/wrb it/pps was/bedz said/vbn that/cs Eisenhower/np requested/vbd that/cs the/at Commission/nn-tl be/be administered/vbn by/in the/at American/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl of/in Columbia/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, because/cs it/pps was/bedz non-partisan/jj ./. The/at Commission/nn-tl seems/vbz to/to represent/vb the/at viewpoint/nn of/in what/wdt I/ppss would/md call/vb the/at unconscious/jj liberal/jj ,/, but/cc not/* unconscious/jj enough/qlp ,/, to/to invoke/vb the/at now/rb taboo/jj symbolism/nn of/in socialism/nn ./. And/cc here/rb again/rb we/ppss hear/vb the/at same/ap refrain/nn mentioned/vbn above/rb :/: ``/`` the/at paramount/jjs goal/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl set/vbn long/ql ago/rb was/bedz to/to guard/vb the/at rights/nns of/in the/at individual/nn ,/, ensure/vb his/pp$ development/nn ,/, enlarge/vb his/pp$ opportunity/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt group/nn is/bez secularist/jj and/cc their/pp$ program/nn tends/vbz to/to be/be technological/jj ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez the/at need/nn to/to undertake/vb these/dts testaments/nns that/wpo I/ppss would/md submit/vb here/rb as/cs symptom/nn of/in the/at common/jj man's/nn$ malaise/nn ./. And/cc let/vb me/ppo add/vb Murray's/np$ new/jj book/nn as/cs another/dt symptom/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, particularly/rb so/rb in/in view/nn of/in the/at attention/nn Time/nn-tl magazine/nn gave/vbd it/ppo when/wrb it/pps came/vbd out/rp recently/rb ./. Father/nn-tl Murray/np goes/vbz back/rb to/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, too/rb ,/, though/cs I/ppss may/md add/vb ,/, with/in considerably/ql more/ap historical/jj perception/nn ./. I/ppss will/md reserve/vb discussion/nn of/in it/ppo for/in a/at moment/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to return/vb to/in President/nn-tl Kennedy/np ./. As/cs symptomatic/jj of/in the/at common/jj man's/nn$ malaise/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez most/ql significant/jj :/: a/at liberal/jj and/cc a/at Catholic/jj ,/, elected/vbn by/in the/at skin/nn of/in his/pp$ teeth/nns ./. Does/doz that/dt not/* suggest/vb to/in you/ppo an/at uncertain/jj and/cc uneasy/jj ,/, not/* to/to say/vb confused/vbn ,/, state/nn of/in the/at public/jj mind/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez the/at common/jj man's/nn$ complaint/nn ?/. ?/. Let's/vb+ppo take/vb a/at panoramic/jj look/nn back/rb over/in the/at course/nn we/ppss have/hv come/vbn ./. Has/hvz not/* that/dt way/nn been/ben lit/vbn always/rb by/in the/at lamp/nn of/in liberalism/nn up/rp until/in the/at turning/nn back/rb under/in Eisenhower/np ?/. ?/. And/cc the/at basic/jj character/nn of/in that/dt liberalism/nn has/hvz been/ben spiritual/jj rather/in than/in economic/jj ./. Ralph/np Gabriel/np gave/vbd it/ppo the/at name/nn of/in Protestant/jj philosophy/nn of/in Progress/nn-tl ./. But/cc there's/ex+bez a/at subjective/jj side/nn to/in that/dt utopian/jj outlook/nn ./.

cg22

cg22 |@word society:17 runaway:3 uncontrollable:1 growth:12 technology:8 may:5 end:1 civilization:1 normal:3 healthy:4 analogy:1 cancer:3 detect:1 rapidly:1 accelerate:2 determinable:1 relate:1 rate:1 warn:1 note:1 evidence:2 first:4 step:2 almost:4 cure:1 early:2 detection:1 removal:1 one:3 way:2 determine:1 whether:4 dangerous:1 would:11 check:1 strength:2 organ:1 see:4 functioning:1 objective:1 look:2 present:6 procedure:1 move:1 consider:1 seriously:1 possibly:1 analogous:1 situation:1 event:1 merely:2 virus:1 infection:1 disease:1 shall:1 find:1 political:4 economical:2 social:5 even:4 medical:1 physical:1 ability:7 already:2 deteriorate:1 sedentary:1 life:3 live:1 hence:2 prime:1 issue:1 democratic:2 free:1 master:1 benefit:3 mankind:1 rule:1 develop:6 compatible:2 need:12 force:4 nature:4 commit:1 establish:7 man:9 supremacy:1 everywhere:1 earth:2 limited:2 context:1 fond:1 today:4 otherwise:2 go:2 endlessly:1 try:3 draw:1 line:2 color:1 kind:3 wish:1 dominate:1 prove:1 able:4 solve:2 technological:2 problem:3 contend:1 realize:3 universal:1 goal:2 immediate:1 future:1 extremely:1 shortsighted:1 nothing:1 else:1 must:8 believe:1 affect:1 destiny:1 anything:2 page:1 term:2 use:2 include:2 mean:3 could:3 amplify:1 project:3 augment:1 control:9 naturally:1 communication:1 form:7 language:1 economic:6 religious:1 structure:3 employ:2 properly:1 mindful:1 culture:4 existence:1 throughout:1 world:2 resource:1 without:3 war:1 violent:1 revolution:1 create:4 wholly:1 new:4 insist:1 philosophic:1 institution:4 foster:1 rather:2 hamper:1 good:3 start:1 clean:1 slate:1 analyze:1 respect:2 effect:2 major:3 ask:1 correction:1 say:2 corporation:22 exist:2 america:6 glance:1 appear:1 strange:1 people:2 found:1 rugged:2 individualist:1 still:2 inspire:1 undeveloped:1 abroad:2 hear:1 harrison:1 salisbury:1 former:1 moscow:2 correspondent:1 york:1 times:1 author:1 beyond:1 book:1 review:1 soviet:2 cultural:3 offensive:2 long:3 state:3 department:2 organize:1 bureaucracy:2 east:1 west:1 contact:1 staff:1 order:1 wage:1 counter:1 within:3 border:1 sharp:1 cutting:1 edge:1 american:3 carve:1 mark:1 across:1 russian:2 steppe:1 enterprise:4 promoter:1 porgy:1 bess:1 override:1 carry:1 contemporary:1 warfare:2 behind:1 enemy:1 diplomat:1 jazz:1 musician:1 organizer:1 reading:1 room:1 photo:1 montage:1 display:1 rugge:1 capitalist:2 entrepreneur:2 like:1 henry:1 ford:1 hugh:1 cooper:1 thomas:1 campbell:1 international:1 harvester:1 david:1 griffith:1 superior:1 industrial:1 penetrate:1 russia:1 every:1 corner:1 nickel:1 federal:1 treasury:1 single:2 governmental:3 specialist:1 contrive:1 directive:1 program:1 series:1 consultation:1 interested:1 agency:1 favorable:1 image:2 mind:2 woman:1 despite:2 year:2 energetic:1 anti:2 propaganda:1 outmode:1 perhaps:2 public:7 attitude:1 toward:3 business:4 stem:1 fact:2 stead:1 milquetoast:1 version:1 know:1 repulsive:1 characteristic:1 foreigner:1 loss:2 prestige:1 direct:1 result:2 amount:1 ballyhoo:1 cover:1 sordid:1 want:1 earn:1 let:2 whatever:2 set:1 achieve:4 time:2 per:1 se:1 take:2 leadership:4 idea:1 energy:1 ambition:1 individual:6 purpose:2 comprehensive:1 assume:1 corporate:3 taxis:2 legal:1 statute:1 adopt:1 pseudo:2 capitalism:4 socialism:4 big:1 course:1 lessened:1 desire:2 give:1 service:4 company:5 economy:2 grant:1 definite:1 place:3 complain:1 evil:1 refer:1 truly:1 capitalistic:1 indeed:1 work:1 superb:1 organization:3 credit:1 dictate:1 whole:3 well:3 politic:1 stand:1 close:1 scrutiny:1 pretense:1 operate:3 interest:2 little:1 sham:1 serve:2 stockholder:2 poorly:1 creative:2 primarily:1 swallow:1 outside:2 make:2 possible:2 mandatory:1 employee:4 notorious:1 callous:1 disregard:1 except:1 depend:1 reality:1 vie:1 sense:1 socialistic:1 emerge:1 disadvantage:1 socialist:1 cumbersome:1 constructively:1 much:2 perpetuate:3 maintain:1 status:1 quo:1 unluckily:1 desirable:1 aspect:1 motivation:1 face:2 vast:1 network:1 amorphous:2 entity:1 manner:1 regard:1 upon:2 regime:1 represent:2 survival:1 specific:1 ideally:1 speak:1 allow:1 great:3 stake:1 continuity:1 supply:1 action:1 proprietor:5 secondary:1 example:1 utility:1 military:1 aircraft:1 accessory:1 investment:3 risk:1 proprietorship:11 impossible:2 construct:1 airport:1 dam:1 thus:2 run:1 away:1 become:2 quasi:1 subject:1 area:1 private:1 initiative:2 type:4 urge:1 produce:1 avoid:1 assure:2 humane:1 human:4 firmly:1 rest:1 genuine:1 offer:1 range:3 react:1 violently:1 short:1 stimulus:1 quarterly:1 annual:1 dividend:1 report:1 unity:1 integrity:1 meaningful:1 identity:1 personality:1 sincere:1 relationship:2 customer:1 community:1 apt:1 impersonal:1 inhumane:1 shortsighte:1 exclusively:1 profit:1 motivate:2 picture:1 scarcely:1 afford:1 board:1 director:1 lack:1 legitimate:1 continuously:1 head:1 grow:3 acquire:2 experience:5 varied:1 complicate:1 maturation:1 competence:1 willingness:1 accept:1 personal:1 responsibility:2 sorely:1 government:3 activity:2 promote:1 deem:1 essential:1 national:1 get:1 tax:1 advantage:1 accrue:1 chance:1 accumulate:1 capital:2 vital:1 pay:1 add:1 educational:1 necessarily:1 formal:2 right:1 leave:1 legacy:1 substantially:1 reduce:1 ultimately:1 eliminate:1 wealth:1 lead:1 small:1 group:1 play:1 role:1 creation:1 prevent:2 real:1 come:1 fore:1 basically:1 die:1 establishment:1 either:1 another:1 decide:1 drop:1 strike:2 declare:1 illegal:1 disagreement:1 settle:1 representative:1 act:1 controller:1 whose:1 define:1 completely:2 interdependent:1 part:1 threaten:1 security:1 internally:1 certainly:1 external:1 apply:1 arbitrarily:1 mere:1 power:1 available:1 stop:1 system:1 expect:1 abolish:1 internationally:1 proposal:1 far:1 atmosphere:1 favor:1 turn:1 help:4 cope:1 pit:1 inhuman:1 condition:1 battle:1 easy:1 tempt:1 blame:1 straight:1 making:1 solution:1 desperately:1 enlighten:1 competent:1 leader:1 person:1 hope:1 judgment:1 base:1 partnership:2 although:1 legally:1 many:2 thing:2 comparable:1 size:1 unable:1 also:1 convinced:1 sole:1 instead:1 fellow:1 shape:1 sharing:1 couple:1 raise:1 family:1 combine:1 foundation:1 average:1 intelligence:1 background:1 inform:1 bet:1 heavily:1 list:1 practice:1 effort:1 two:1 inexperienced:1 late:1 twenty:1 neither:1 education:1 applicable:1 manufacture:1 sell:1 article:1 initial:1 1943:1 additional:1 value:1 estimate:1 exceed:1 disclose:1 financial:1 figure:1 continue:1 steadily:1 par:1 past:1 limitation:1 pin:1 curl:1 clip:1 self:1 lock:1 nut:1 dominance:1 substantial:1 competition:1

Does/doz our/pp$ society/nn have/hv a/at runaway/jj ,/, uncontrollable/jj growth/nn of/in technology/nn which/wdt may/md end/vb our/pp$ civilization/nn ,/, or/cc a/at normal/jj ,/, healthy/jj growth/nn ?/. ?/. Here/rb there/ex may/md be/be an/at analogy/nn with/in cancer/nn :/: we/ppss can/md detect/vb cancers/nns by/in their/pp$ rapidly/rb accelerating/vbg growth/nn ,/, determinable/jj only/rb when/wrb related/vbn to/in the/at more/ql normal/jj rate/nn of/in healthy/jj growth/nn ./. Should/md the/at accelerating/vbg growth/nn of/in technology/nn then/rb warn/vb us/ppo ?/. ?/. Noting/vbg such/jj evidence/nn is/bez the/at first/od step/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc almost/rb the/at only/ap ``/`` cure/nn ''/'' is/bez early/jj detection/nn and/cc removal/nn ./. One/cd way/nn to/to determine/vb whether/cs we/ppss have/hv so/ql dangerous/jj a/at technology/nn would/md be/be to/to check/vb the/at strength/nn of/in our/pp$ society's/nn$ organs/nns to/to see/vb if/cs their/pp$ functioning/nn is/bez as/ql healthy/jj as/cs before/rb ./. So/rb an/at objective/jj look/nn at/in our/pp$ present/jj procedures/nns may/md move/vb us/ppo to/to consider/vb seriously/rb this/dt possibly/rb analogous/jj situation/nn ./. In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, whether/cs society/nn may/md have/hv cancer/nn ,/, or/cc merely/rb a/at virus/nn infection/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` disease/nn ''/'' ,/, we/ppss shall/md find/vb ,/, is/bez political/jj ,/, economical/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, and/cc even/rb medical/jj ./. Have/hv not/* our/pp$ physical/jj abilities/nns already/rb deteriorated/vbn because/rb of/in the/at more/ql sedentary/jj lives/nns we/ppss are/ber now/rb living/vbg ?/. ?/. Hence/rb the/at prime/jj issue/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss see/vb it/ppo ,/, is/bez whether/cs a/at democratic/jj or/cc free/jj society/nn can/md master/vb technology/nn for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in mankind/nn ,/, or/cc whether/cs technology/nn will/md rule/vb and/cc develop/vb its/pp$ own/jj society/nn compatible/jj with/in its/pp$ own/jj needs/nns as/cs a/at force/nn of/in nature/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber already/rb committed/vbn to/in establishing/vbg man's/nn$ supremacy/nn over/in nature/nn and/cc everywhere/rb on/in earth/nn ,/, not/* merely/rb in/in the/at limited/vbn social-political-economical/jj context/nn we/ppss are/ber fond/jj of/in today/nr ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, we/ppss go/vb on/rp endlessly/rb trying/vbg to/to draw/vb the/at line/nn ,/, color/nn and/cc other/ap ,/, as/in to/in which/wdt kind/nn of/in man/nn we/ppss wish/vb to/to see/vb dominate/vb ./. We/ppss have/hv proved/vbn so/ql able/jj to/to solve/vb technological/jj problems/nns that/cs to/to contend/vb we/ppss cannot/md* realize/vb a/at universal/jj goal/nn in/in the/at immediate/jj future/nn is/bez to/to be/be extremely/ql shortsighted/jj ,/, if/cs nothing/pn else/rb ./. We/ppss must/md believe/vb we/ppss have/hv the/at ability/nn to/to affect/vb our/pp$ own/jj destinies/nns :/: otherwise/rb why/wrb try/vb anything/pn ?/. ?/. So/rb in/in these/dts pages/nns the/at term/nn ``/`` technology/nn-nc ''/'' is/bez used/vbn to/to include/vb any/dti and/cc all/abn means/nns which/wdt could/md amplify/vb ,/, project/vb ,/, or/cc augment/vb man's/nn$ control/nn over/in himself/ppl and/cc over/in other/ap men/nns ./. Naturally/rb this/dt includes/vbz all/abn communication/nn forms/nns ,/, e.g./rb languages/nns ,/, or/cc any/dti social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, economic/jj or/cc religious/jj structures/nns employed/vbn for/in such/jj control/nn ./. Properly/rb mindful/jj of/in all/abn the/at cultures/nns in/in existence/nn today/nr throughout/in the/at world/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md employ/vb these/dts resources/nns without/in war/nn or/cc violent/jj revolution/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss were/bed creating/vbg a/at wholly/ql new/jj society/nn ,/, we/ppss could/md insist/vb that/cs our/pp$ social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, economic/jj and/cc philosophic/jj institutions/nns foster/vb rather/in than/in hamper/vb man/nn ;/. ;/. best/jjt growth/nn ./. But/cc we/ppss cannot/md* start/vb off/rp with/in a/at clean/jj slate/nn ./. So/rb we/ppss must/md first/rb analyze/vb our/pp$ present/jj institutions/nns with/in respect/nn to/in the/at effect/nn of/in each/dt on/in man's/nn$ major/jj needs/nns ./. Asked/vbn which/wdt institution/nn most/rbt needs/vbz correction/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md say/vb the/at corporation/nn as/cs it/pps exists/vbz in/in America/np today/nr ./. At/in first/od glance/nn this/dt appears/vbz strange/jj :/: of/in all/abn people/nns ,/, was/bedz not/* America/np founded/vbn by/in rugged/jj individualists/nns who/wps established/vbd a/at new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn still/rb inspiring/vbg ``/`` undeveloped/jj ''/'' societies/nns abroad/rb ?/. ?/. But/cc hear/vb Harrison/np E./np Salisbury/np ,/, former/ap Moscow/np correspondent/nn of/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ,/, and/cc author/nn of/in ``/`` To/in-tl Moscow/np-tl --/-- And/cc-tl Beyond/rb-tl ''/'' ./. In/in a/at book/nn review/nn of/in ``/`` The/at-tl Soviet/nn-tl Cultural/jj-tl Offensive/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, ``/`` Long/rb before/cs the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl organized/vbd its/pp$ bureaucracy/nn into/in an/at East-West/jj-tl Contacts/nns-tl Staff/nn-tl in/in order/nn to/to wage/vb a/at cultural/jj counter-offensive/nn within/in Soviet/nn-tl borders/nns ,/, the/at sharp/jj cutting-edge/nn of/in American/jj culture/nn had/hvd carved/vbn its/pp$ mark/nn across/in the/at Russian/jj steppes/nns ,/, as/cs when/wrb the/at enterprising/jj promoters/nns of/in '/' Porgy/np-tl And/cc-tl Bess/np-tl '/' overrode/vbd the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl to/to carry/vb the/at contemporary/jj '/' cultural/jj warfare/nn '/' behind/in the/at enemy/nn lines/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed not/* diplomats/nns or/cc jazz/nn musicians/nns ,/, or/cc even/rb organizers/nns of/in reading-rooms/nns and/cc photo-montage/nn displays/nns ,/, but/cc rugged/jj capitalist/nn entrepreneurs/nns like/cs Henry/np Ford/np ,/, Hugh/np Cooper/np ,/, Thomas/np Campbell/np ,/, the/at International/jj-tl Harvester/np-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, and/cc David/np W./np Griffith/np ./. Their/pp$ kind/nn created/vbd an/at American/jj culture/nn superior/jj to/in any/dti in/in the/at world/nn ,/, an/at industrial/jj and/cc technological/jj culture/nn which/wdt penetrated/vbd Russia/np as/cs it/pps did/dod almost/rb every/at corner/nn of/in the/at earth/nn without/in a/at nickel/nn from/in the/at Federal/jj-tl treasury/nn or/cc a/at single/ap governmental/jj specialist/nn to/to contrive/vb directives/nns or/cc program/vb a/at series/nn of/in consultations/nns of/in interested/vbn agencies/nns ./. This/dt favorable/jj image/nn of/in America/np in/in the/at minds/nns of/in Russian/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns is/bez still/rb there/rb despite/in years/nns of/in energetic/jj anti-American/jj propaganda/nn ''/'' corporations/nns now/rb outmoded/jj ./. Perhaps/rb the/at public's/nn$ present/jj attitude/nn toward/in business/nn stems/vbz from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at ``/`` rugged/jj capitalist/nn entrepreneur/nn ''/'' no/ql more/rbr exists/vbz in/in America/np ./. In/in his/pp$ stead/nn is/bez a/at milquetoast/nn version/nn known/vbn as/cs ``/`` the/at corporation/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc even/rb if/cs we/ppss cannot/md* see/vb the/at repulsive/jj characteristics/nns in/in this/dt new/jj image/nn of/in America/np ,/, foreigners/nns can/md ;/. ;/. and/cc our/pp$ loss/nn of/in ``/`` prestige/nn ''/'' abroad/rb is/bez the/at direct/jj result/nn ./. No/at amount/nn of/in ballyhoo/nn will/md cover/vb up/rp the/at sordid/jj facts/nns ./. If/cs we/ppss want/vb respect/nn from/in ourselves/ppls or/cc others/nns ,/, we/ppss will/md have/hv to/to earn/vb it/ppo ./. First/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo realize/vb that/cs whatever/wdt good/nn this/dt set-up/nn achieved/vbd in/in earlier/jjr times/nns ,/, now/rb the/at corporation/nn per/in se/fw-ppl cannot/md* take/vb economic/jj leadership/nn ./. Businesses/nns must/md develop/vb as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at ideas/nns ,/, energies/nns and/cc ambitions/nns of/in an/at individual/nn having/hvg purpose/nn and/cc comprehensive/jj ability/nn within/in one/cd mind/nn ./. When/wrb we/ppss ``/`` forced/vbd ''/'' individuals/nns to/to assume/vb the/at corporate/jj structure/nn by/in means/nn of/in taxes/nns and/cc other/ap legal/jj statutes/nns ,/, we/ppss adopted/vbd what/wdt I/ppss would/md term/vb ``/`` pseudo-capitalism/nn ''/'' and/cc so/rb took/vbd a/at major/jj step/nn toward/in socialism/nn ./. The/at biggest/jjt loss/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at individual's/nn$ lessened/vbn desire/nn and/cc ability/nn to/to give/vb his/pp$ services/nns to/in the/at growth/nn of/in his/pp$ company/nn and/cc our/pp$ economy/nn ./. Socialism/nn ,/, I/ppss grant/vb ,/, has/hvz a/at definite/jj place/nn in/in our/pp$ society/nn ./. But/cc let/vb us/ppo not/* complain/vb of/in the/at evils/nns of/in capitalism/nn by/in referring/vbg to/in a/at form/nn that/wps is/bez not/* truly/ql capitalistic/jj ./. Some/dti forms/nns of/in capitalism/nn do/do indeed/rb work/vb --/-- superb/jj organizations/nns ,/, a/at credit/nn to/in any/dti society/nn ./. But/cc the/at pseudo-capitalism/nn which/wdt dictates/vbz our/pp$ whole/jj economy/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs our/pp$ politics/nn and/cc social/jj life/nn ,/, will/md not/* stand/vb close/jj scrutiny/nn ./. Its/pp$ pretense/nn to/to operate/vb in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn is/bez little/ap more/ap than/cs a/at sham/nn ./. It/pps serves/vbz only/rb its/pp$ own/jj stockholders/nns and/cc poorly/rb at/in that/dt ./. As/cs a/at creative/jj enterprise/nn ,/, its/pp$ abilities/nns are/ber primarily/rb in/in ``/`` swallowing/vbg ''/'' creative/jj enterprises/nns developed/vbn outside/in its/pp$ own/jj organization/nn (/( an/at ability/nn made/vbn possible/jj by/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc almost/ql mandatory/jj )/) ./. As/in to/in benefits/nns to/in employees/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez notorious/jj for/in its/pp$ callous/jj disregard/nn except/in where/wrb it/pps depends/vbz on/in them/ppo for/in services/nns ./. The/at corporation/nn in/in America/np is/bez in/in reality/nn our/pp$ form/nn of/in socialism/nn ,/, vying/vbg in/in a/at sense/nn with/in the/at other/ap socialistic/jj form/nn that/wps has/hvz emerged/vbn within/in governmental/jj bureaucracy/nn ./. But/cc while/cs the/at corporation/nn has/hvz all/abn the/at disadvantages/nns of/in the/at socialist/jj form/nn of/in organization/nn (/( so/ql cumbersome/jj it/pps cannot/md* constructively/rb do/do much/ap of/in anything/pn not/* compatible/jj with/in its/pp$ need/nn to/to perpetuate/vb itself/ppl and/cc maintain/vb its/pp$ status/nn quo/fw-wdt )/) ,/, unluckily/rb it/pps does/doz not/* have/hv the/at desirable/jj aspect/nn of/in socialism/nn ,/, the/at motivation/nn to/to operate/vb for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in society/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. So/rb we/ppss are/ber faced/vbn with/in a/at vast/jj network/nn of/in amorphous/jj entities/nns perpetuating/vbg themselves/ppls in/in whatever/wdt manner/nn they/ppss can/md ,/, without/in regard/nn to/in the/at needs/nns of/in society/nn ,/, controlling/vbg society/nn and/cc forcing/vbg upon/in it/ppo a/at regime/nn representing/vbg only/rb the/at corporation's/nn$ needs/nns for/in survival/nn ./. The/at corporation/nn has/hvz a/at limited/vbn ,/, specific/jj place/nn in/in our/pp$ society/nn ./. Ideally/rb speaking/vbg ,/, it/pps should/md be/be allowed/vbn to/to operate/vb only/rb where/wrb the/at public/nn has/hvz a/at great/jj stake/nn in/in the/at continuity/nn of/in supply/nn or/cc services/nns ,/, and/cc where/wrb the/at actions/nns of/in a/at single/ap proprietor/nn are/ber secondary/jj to/in the/at needs/nns of/in society/nn ./. Examples/nns are/ber in/in public/jj utilities/nns ,/, making/vbg military/jj aircraft/nns and/cc accessories/nns ,/, or/cc where/wrb the/at investment/nn and/cc risk/nn for/in a/at proprietorship/nn would/md be/be too/ql great/jj for/in a/at much/ql needed/vbn project/nn impossible/jj to/to achieve/vb by/in any/dti means/nn other/ap than/cs the/at corporate/jj form/nn ,/, e.g./rb constructing/vbg major/jj airports/nns or/cc dams/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, if/cs corporations/nns are/ber not/* to/to run/vb away/rb with/in us/ppo ,/, they/ppss must/md become/vb quasi-governmental/jj institutions/nns ,/, subject/jj to/in public/jj control/nn and/cc needs/nns ./. In/in all/abn other/ap areas/nns ,/, private/jj initiative/nn of/in the/at ``/`` proprietorship/nn ''/'' type/nn should/md be/be urged/vbn to/to produce/vb the/at desired/vbn goods/nns and/cc services/nns ./. Proprietorship/nn Avoiding/vbg runaway/jj technology/nn can/md be/be done/vbn only/rb by/in assuring/vbg a/at humane/jj society/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc for/in this/dt human/jj beings/nns must/md be/be firmly/rb in/in control/nn of/in the/at economics/nn on/in which/wdt our/pp$ society/nn rests/vbz ./. Such/jj genuine/jj human/jj leadership/nn the/at proprietorship/nn can/md offer/vb ,/, corporations/nns cannot/md* ./. It/pps can/md project/vb long-range/nn goals/nns for/in itself/ppl ./. Corporations/nns react/vb violently/rb to/in short-range/nn stimuli/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, quarterly/jj and/cc annual/jj dividend/nn reports/nns ./. Proprietorships/nns can/md establish/vb a/at unity/nn and/cc integrity/nn of/in control/nn ;/. ;/. corporations/nns ,/, being/beg more/ql amorphous/jj ,/, cannot/md* ./. Proprietorships/nns can/md establish/vb a/at meaningful/jj identity/nn ,/, representing/vbg a/at human/jj personality/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb establish/vb sincere/jj relationships/nns with/in customers/nns and/cc community/nn ./. Corporations/nns are/ber apt/jj by/in nature/nn to/to be/be impersonal/jj ,/, inhumane/jj ,/, shortsighted/jj and/cc almost/ql exclusively/ql profit-motivated/jj ,/, a/at picture/nn they/ppss could/md scarcely/rb afford/vb to/to present/vb to/in the/at public/nn ./. The/at proprietor/nn is/bez able/jj to/to create/vb a/at leadership/nn impossible/jj in/in the/at corporate/jj structure/nn with/in its/pp$ board/nn of/in directors/nns and/cc stockholders/nns ./. Leadership/nn is/bez lacking/vbg in/in our/pp$ society/nn because/cs it/pps has/hvz no/at legitimate/jj place/nn to/to develop/vb ./. Men/nns continuously/rb at/in the/at head/nn of/in growing/vbg enterprises/nns can/md acquire/vb experiences/nns of/in the/at most/ql varied/vbn ,/, complicated/vbn and/cc trying/jj type/nn so/cs that/cs at/in maturation/nn they/ppss have/hv developed/vbn the/at competence/nn and/cc willingness/nn to/to accept/vb the/at personal/jj responsibility/nn so/ql sorely/rb needed/vbn now/rb ./. Hence/rb government/nn must/md establish/vb greater/jjr controls/nns upon/in corporations/nns so/cs that/cs their/pp$ activities/nns promote/vb what/wdt is/bez deemed/vbn essential/jj to/in the/at national/jj interest/nn ./. Proprietorships/nns should/md get/vb the/at tax/nn advantages/nns now/rb accruing/vbg to/in corporations/nns ,/, e.g./rb the/at chance/nn to/to accumulate/vb capital/nn so/ql vital/jj for/in growth/nn ./. Corporations/nns should/md pay/vb added/vbn taxes/nns ,/, to/to be/be used/vbn for/in educational/jj purposes/nns (/( not/* necessarily/rb of/in the/at formal/jj type/nn )/) ./. The/at right/nn to/to leave/vb legacies/nns should/md be/be substantially/rb reduced/vbn and/cc ultimately/rb eliminated/vbn ./. To/to perpetuate/vb wealth/nn control/nn led/vbn by/in small/jj groups/nns of/in individuals/nns who/wps played/vbd no/at role/nn in/in its/pp$ creation/nn prevents/vbz those/dts with/in real/jj initiative/nn from/in coming/vbg to/in the/at fore/nn ,/, and/cc is/bez basically/rb anti-democratic/jj ./. When/wrb the/at proprietor/nn dies/vbz ,/, the/at establishment/nn should/md become/vb a/at corporation/nn until/cs it/pps is/bez either/cc acquired/vbn by/in another/dt proprietor/nn or/cc the/at government/nn decides/vbz to/to drop/vb it/ppo ./. Strikes/nns should/md be/be declared/vbn illegal/jj against/in corporations/nns because/cs disagreements/nns would/md have/hv to/to be/be settled/vbn by/in government/nn representatives/nns acting/vbg as/cs controllers/nns of/in the/at corporation/nn whose/wp$ responsibility/nn to/in the/at state/nn would/md now/rb be/be defined/vbn against/in proprietorship/nn because/cs employees/nns and/cc proprietors/nns must/md be/be completely/ql interdependent/jj ,/, as/cs they/ppss are/ber each/dt a/at part/nn of/in the/at whole/nn ./. Strikes/nns threatening/vbg the/at security/nn of/in the/at proprietorship/nn ,/, if/cs internally/rb motivated/vbn ,/, prevent/vb a/at healthy/jj relationship/nn ./. Certainly/rb external/jj forces/nns should/md not/* be/be applied/vbn arbitrarily/rb out/in of/in mere/jj power/nn available/jj to/to do/do so/rb ./. If/cs we/ppss cannot/md* stop/vb warfare/nn in/in our/pp$ own/jj economic/jj system/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss expect/vb to/to abolish/vb it/ppo internationally/rb ?/. ?/. One/cd kind/nn of/in proprietorship/nn These/dts proposals/nns would/md go/vb far/rb toward/in creating/vbg the/at economic/jj atmosphere/nn favoring/vbg growth/nn of/in the/at individual/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, would/md help/vb us/ppo to/to cope/vb with/in runaway/jj technology/nn ./. Individual/jj human/jj strength/nn is/bez needed/vbn to/to pit/vb against/in an/at inhuman/jj condition/nn ./. The/at battle/nn is/bez not/* easy/jj ./. We/ppss are/ber tempted/vbn to/to blame/vb others/nns for/in our/pp$ problems/nns rather/in than/in look/vb them/ppo straight/rb in/in the/at face/nn and/cc realize/vb they/ppss are/ber of/in our/pp$ own/jj making/nn and/cc possible/jj of/in solution/nn only/rb by/in ourselves/ppls with/in the/at help/nn of/in desperately/rb needed/vbn ,/, enlightened/vbn ,/, competent/jj leaders/nns ./. Persons/nns developed/vbn in/in today's/nr$ corporations/nns cannot/md* hope/vb to/to serve/vb here/rb --/-- a/at judgment/nn based/vbn on/in experiences/nns of/in my/pp$ own/jj in/in business/nn and/cc in/in activities/nns outside/rb ./. In/in my/pp$ own/jj company/nn ,/, in/in effect/nn a/at partnership/nn ,/, although/cs legally/rb a/at corporation/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to do/do many/ap things/nns for/in my/pp$ employees/nns which/wdt ``/`` normal/jj ''/'' corporations/nns of/in comparable/jj size/nn and/cc nature/nn would/md have/hv been/ben unable/jj to/to do/do ./. Also/rb ,/, I/ppss am/bem convinced/vbn that/cs if/cs my/pp$ company/nn were/bed a/at sole/jj proprietorship/nn instead/rb of/in a/at partnership/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md have/hv been/ben even/ql abler/jjr to/to solve/vb long-range/nn problems/nns for/in myself/ppl and/cc my/pp$ fellow-employees/nns ./. Any/dti abilities/nns I/ppss may/md have/hv were/bed achieved/vbn in/in their/pp$ present/jj shape/nn from/in experience/nn in/in sharing/vbg in/in the/at growth/nn and/cc control/nn of/in my/pp$ business/nn ,/, coupled/vbn with/in raising/vbg my/pp$ family/nn ./. This/dt combined/vbn experience/nn ,/, on/in a/at foundation/nn of/in very/ql average/jj ,/, I/ppss assure/vb you/ppo ,/, intelligence/nn and/cc background/nn ,/, has/hvz helped/vbn me/ppo do/do things/nns many/ap well-informed/jj people/nns would/md bet/vb heavily/rb against/in ./. Perhaps/rb a/at list/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at ``/`` practices/nns ''/'' of/in my/pp$ company/nn will/md help/vb here/rb ./. The/at company/nn grew/vbd out/in of/in efforts/nns by/in two/cd completely/ql inexperienced/jj men/nns in/in their/pp$ late/jj twenties/nns ,/, neither/dtx having/hvg a/at formal/jj education/nn applicable/jj to/in ,/, or/cc experience/nn in/in ,/, manufacturing/vbg or/cc selling/vbg our/pp$ type/nn of/in articles/nns ./. From/in an/at initial/jj investment/nn of/in $1,200/nns in/in 1943/cd ,/, it/pps has/hvz grown/vbn ,/, with/in no/at additional/jj capital/nn investment/nn ,/, to/in a/at present/jj value/nn estimated/vbn by/in some/dti as/cs exceeding/vbg $10,000,000/nns (/( we/ppss don't/do* disclose/vb financial/jj figures/nns to/in the/at public/nn )/) ./. Its/pp$ growth/nn continues/vbz steadily/rb on/in a/at par/nn with/in past/ap growth/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc no/at limitation/nn is/bez in/in evidence/nn ./. Our/pp$ pin-curl/nn clips/nns and/cc self-locking/jj nuts/nns achieved/vbd dominance/nn in/in just/rb a/at few/ap years/nns time/nn ,/, despite/in substantial/jj ,/, well/ql established/vbn competition/nn ./.

cg23

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During/in the/at last/ap years/nns of/in Woodrow/np Wilson's/np$ administration/nn ,/, a/at red/jj scare/nn developed/vbd in/in our/pp$ country/nn ./. Many/ap Americans/nps reacted/vbd irrationally/rb to/in the/at challenge/nn of/in Russia/np and/cc turned/vbd to/in the/at repression/nn of/in ideas/nns by/in force/nn ./. Postmaster/nn-tl General/jj-tl Burleson/np set/vbd about/rb to/to protect/vb the/at American/jj people/nns against/in radical/jj propaganda/nn that/wps might/md be/be spread/vbn through/in the/at mails/nns ./. Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Palmer/np made/vbd a/at series/nn of/in raids/nns that/wps sent/vbd more/ap than/in 4,000/cd so-called/jj radicals/nns to/in the/at jails/nns ,/, in/in direct/jj violation/nn of/in their/pp$ constitutional/jj rights/nns ./. Then/rb ,/, not/* many/ap years/nns later/rbr ,/, the/at Un-American/jj-tl Activities/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, under/in the/at leadership/nn of/in Martin/np Dies/np ,/, pilloried/vbd hundreds/nns of/in decent/jj ,/, patriotic/jj citizens/nns ./. Anyone/pn who/wps tried/vbd to/to remedy/vb some/dti of/in the/at most/ql glaring/vbg defects/nns in/in our/pp$ form/nn of/in democracy/nn was/bedz denounced/vbn as/cs a/at traitorous/jj red/nn whose/wp$ real/jj purpose/nn was/bedz the/at destruction/nn of/in our/pp$ government/nn ./. This/dt hysteria/nn reached/vbd its/pp$ height/nn under/in the/at leadership/nn of/in Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy/np ./. Demagogues/nns of/in this/dt sort/nn found/vbd communist/nn bogeys/nns lurking/vbg behind/in any/dti new/jj idea/nn that/wps would/md run/vb counter/rb to/in stereotyped/vbn notions/nns ./. New/jj ideas/nns were/bed dangerous/jj and/cc must/md be/be repressed/vbn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wrb ./. Those/dts who/wps would/md suppress/vb dangerous/jj thoughts/nns ,/, credit/vb ideas/nns with/in high/jj potency/nn ./. They/ppss give/vb strict/jj interpretation/nn to/in William/np James'/np$ statement/nn that/cs ``/`` Every/at idea/nn that/wps enters/vbz the/at mind/nn tends/vbz to/to express/vb itself/ppl ''/'' ./. They/ppss seem/vb to/to believe/vb that/cs a/at person/nn will/md act/vb automatically/rb as/ql soon/rb as/cs he/pps contacts/vbz something/pn new/jj ./. Hence/rb ,/, the/at only/ap defensible/jj procedure/nn is/bez to/to repress/vb any/dti and/cc every/at notion/nn ,/, unless/cs it/pps gives/vbz evidence/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez perfectly/ql safe/jj ./. Despite/in this/dt danger/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss are/ber informed/vbn on/in every/at hand/nn that/cs ideas/nns ,/, not/* machines/nns ,/, are/ber our/pp$ finest/jjt tools/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber priceless/jj even/rb though/cs they/ppss cannot/md* be/be recorded/vbn on/in a/at ledger/nn page/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber the/at most/ql valuable/jj of/in commodities/nns --/-- and/cc the/at most/ql salable/jj ,/, for/cs their/pp$ demand/nn far/rb exceeds/vbz supply/nn ./. So/ql all-important/jj are/ber ideas/nns ,/, we/ppss are/ber told/vbn ,/, that/cs persons/nns successful/jj in/in business/nn and/cc happy/jj in/in social/jj life/nn usually/rb fall/vb into/in two/cd classes/nns :/: those/dts who/wps invent/vb new/jj ideas/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj ,/, and/cc those/dts who/wps borrow/vb ,/, beg/vb ,/, or/cc steal/vb from/in others/nns ./. Seemingly/rb ,/, with/in an/at unrestricted/jj flow/nn of/in ideas/nns ,/, all/abn will/md be/be well/jj ,/, and/cc we/ppss are/ber even/rb assured/vbn that/cs ``/`` an/at idea/nn a/at day/nn will/md keep/vb the/at sheriff/nn away/rb ''/'' ./. That/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, may/md also/rb bring/vb the/at police/nns ,/, if/cs the/at thinking/nn does/doz not/* meet/vb with/in social/jj approval/nn ./. Criminals/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs model/jj citizens/nns ,/, exercise/vb their/pp$ minds/nns ./. Merely/rb having/hvg a/at mental/jj image/nn of/in some/dti sort/nn is/bez not/* the/at all-important/jj consideration/nn ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex must/md be/be clarity/nn :/: a/at single/ap distinct/jj impression/nn is/bez more/ql valuable/jj than/cs many/ap fuzzy/jj ones/nns ./. But/cc clarity/nn is/bez not/* enough/ap ./. The/at writer/nn took/vbd a/at class/nn of/in college/nn students/nns to/in the/at state/nn hospital/nn for/in the/at mentally/rb ill/jj in/in St./np Joseph/np ,/, Missouri/np ./. An/at inmate/nn ,/, a/at former/ap university/nn professor/nn ,/, expounded/vbd to/in us/ppo ,/, logically/rb and/cc clearly/rb ,/, that/cs someone/pn was/bedz pilfering/vbg his/pp$ thoughts/nns ./. He/pps appealed/vbd to/in us/ppo to/to bring/vb his/pp$ case/nn to/in the/at attention/nn of/in the/at authorities/nns that/cs justice/nn might/md be/be done/vbn ./. Despite/in the/at clarity/nn of/in his/pp$ presentation/nn ,/, his/pp$ idea/nn was/bedz not/* of/in Einsteinian/jj calibre/nn ./. True/jj ,/, ideas/nns are/ber important/jj ,/, perhaps/rb life's/nn$ most/ql precious/jj treasures/nns ./. But/cc have/hv we/ppss not/* gone/vbn overboard/rb in/in stressing/vbg their/pp$ significance/nn ?/. ?/. Have/hv we/ppss not/* actually/rb developed/vbn idea/nn worship/nn ?/. ?/. Ideas/nns we/ppss must/md have/hv ,/, and/cc we/ppss seek/vb them/ppo everywhere/rb ./. We/ppss scour/vb literature/nn for/in them/ppo ;/. ;/. here/rb we/ppss find/vb stored/vbn the/at wisdom/nn of/in great/jj minds/nns ./. But/cc are/ber all/abn these/dts works/nns worthy/jj of/in consideration/nn ?/. ?/. Can/md they/ppss stand/vb rigid/jj scrutiny/nn ?/. ?/. Shakespeare's/np$ wit/nn and/cc wisdom/nn ,/, his/pp$ profound/jj insight/nn into/in human/jj nature/nn ,/, have/hv stood/vbn the/at test/nn of/in centuries/nns ./. But/cc was/bedz he/pps infallible/jj in/in all/abn things/nns ?/. ?/. What/wdt of/in his/pp$ treatment/nn of/in the/at Jew/np in/in The/at-tl Merchant/nn-tl Of/in-tl Venice/np-tl ?/. ?/. Shakespeare/np gives/vbz us/ppo a/at vivid/jj picture/nn of/in Shylock/np ,/, but/cc probably/rb he/pps never/rb saw/vbd a/at Jew/np ,/, unless/cs in/in some/dti of/in his/pp$ travels/nns ./. The/at Jews/nps had/hvd been/ben banished/vbn from/in England/np in/in 1290/cd and/cc were/bed not/* permitted/vbn to/to return/vb before/in 1655/cd ,/, when/wrb Shakespeare/np had/hvd been/ben dead/jj for/in thirty-nine/cd years/nns ./. If/cs any/dti had/hvd escaped/vbn expulsion/nn by/in hiding/vbg ,/, they/ppss certainly/rb would/md not/* frequent/vb the/at market-place/nn ./. Shakespeare/np did/dod not/* usually/rb invent/vb the/at incidents/nns in/in his/pp$ plays/nns ,/, but/cc borrowed/vbd them/ppo from/in old/jj stories/nns ,/, ballads/nns ,/, and/cc plays/nns ,/, wove/vbd them/ppo together/rb ,/, and/cc then/rb breathed/vbd into/in them/ppo his/pp$ spark/nn of/in life/nn ./. Rather/in than/in from/in a/at first-hand/jj study/nn of/in Jewish/jj people/nns ,/, his/pp$ delineation/nn of/in Shylock/np stems/vbz from/in a/at collection/nn of/in Italian/jj stories/nns ,/, Il/np-tl Pecorone/np-tl ,/, published/vbn in/in 1558/cd ,/, although/cs written/vbn almost/rb two/cd centuries/nns earlier/rbr ./. He/pps could/md learn/vb at/in second/od hand/nn from/in books/nns ,/, but/cc could/md not/* thus/rb capture/vb the/at real/jj Jewish/jj spirit/nn ./. Harris/np J./np Griston/np ,/, in/in Shaking/vbg The/at-tl Dust/nn-tl From/in-tl Shakespeare/np-tl (/( 216/cd )/) ,/, writes/vbz :/: ``/`` There/ex is/bez not/* a/at word/nn spoken/vbn by/in Shylock/np which/wdt one/pn would/md expect/vb from/in a/at real/jj Jew/np ''/'' ./. He/pps took/vbd the/at story/nn of/in the/at pound/nn of/in flesh/nn and/cc had/hvd to/to fasten/vb it/ppo on/in someone/pn ./. The/at Jew/np was/bedz the/at safest/jjt victim/nn ./. No/at Jew/np was/bedz on/in hand/nn to/to boycott/vb his/pp$ financially/rb struggling/vbg theater/nn ./. It/pps would/md have/hv been/ben unwise/jj policy/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, to/to apply/vb the/at pound-of-flesh/nn characterization/nn to/in the/at thrifty/jj Scotchman/np ./. Just/rb as/cs now/rb anyone/pn may/md hurl/vb insults/nns at/in a/at citizen/nn of/in Mars/np ,/, or/cc even/rb of/in Tikopia/np ,/, and/cc no/at senatorial/jj investigation/nn will/md result/vb ./. Who/wps cares/vbz about/in them/ppo !/. !/. Shakespeare/np does/doz not/* tell/vb us/ppo that/cs Shylock/np was/bedz an/at aberrant/jj individual/nn ./. He/pps sets/vbz him/ppo forth/rb as/cs being/beg typical/jj of/in the/at group/nn ./. He/pps tells/vbz of/in his/pp$ ``/`` Jewish/jj heart/nn ''/'' --/-- not/* a/at Shylockian/jj heart/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc a/at Jewish/jj heart/nn ./. This/dt would/md make/vb anyone/pn crafty/jj and/cc cruel/jj ,/, capable/jj of/in fiendish/jj revenge/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at justification/nn for/in such/jj misrepresentation/nn ./. If/cs living/vbg Jews/nps were/bed unavailable/jj for/in study/nn ,/, the/at Bible/np was/bedz at/in hand/nn ./. Reading/vbg the/at Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl would/md have/hv shown/vbn the/at dramatist/nn that/cs the/at ideas/nns attributed/vbn to/in Shylock/np were/bed abhorrent/jj to/in the/at Jews/nps ./. Are/ber we/ppss better/rbr off/rp for/in having/hvg Shakespeare's/np$ idea/nn of/in Shylock/np ?/. ?/. Studying/vbg The/at-tl Merchant/nn-tl Of/in-tl Venice/np-tl in/in high/jj school/nn and/cc college/nn has/hvz given/vbn many/ap young/jj people/nns their/pp$ notions/nns about/in Jews/nps ./. Does/doz this/dt help/vb the/at non-Jew/np to/to understand/vb this/dt group/nn ?/. ?/. Thomas/np De/np Torquemada/np ,/, Inquisitor-General/np of/in the/at Spanish/jj-tl Inquisition/nn-tl ,/, put/vbd many/ap persons/nns to/in death/nn ./. His/pp$ name/nn became/vbd synonymous/jj with/in cold-blooded/jj cruelty/nn ./. Would/md we/ppss gain/vb by/in keeping/vbg alive/jj his/pp$ memory/nn and/cc besmirching/vbg today's/nr$ Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps by/in saying/vbg he/pps had/hvd a/at Catholic/jj heart/nn ?/. ?/. Let/vb his/pp$ bones/nns and/cc his/pp$ memory/nn rest/vb in/in the/at fifteenth/od century/nn where/wrb they/ppss belong/vb ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez out/in of/in place/nn in/in our/pp$ times/nns ./. Shakespeare's/np$ Shylock/np ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez of/in dubious/jj value/nn in/in the/at modern/jj world/nn ./. Ideas/nns ,/, in/in and/cc of/in themselves/ppls ,/, are/ber not/* necessarily/rb the/at greatest/jjt good/nn ./. A/at successful/jj businessman/nn recently/rb prefaced/vbd his/pp$ address/nn to/in a/at luncheon/nn group/nn with/in the/at statement/nn that/cs all/abn economists/nns should/md be/be sent/vbn to/in the/at hospitals/nns for/in the/at mentally/rb deranged/vbn where/wrb they/ppss and/cc their/pp$ theories/nns might/md rot/vb together/rb ./. Will/md his/pp$ words/nns come/vb to/to be/be treasured/vbn and/cc quoted/vbn through/in the/at years/nns ?/. ?/. Frequently/rb we/ppss are/ber given/vbn assurance/nn that/cs automatically/rb all/abn ideas/nns will/md be/be sifted/vbn and/cc resifted/vbn and/cc in/in the/at end/nn only/rb the/at good/jj ones/nns will/md survive/vb ./. But/cc is/bez that/dt not/* like/jj going/vbg to/in a/at chemistry/nn laboratory/nn and/cc blindly/rb pouring/vbg out/rp liquids/nns and/cc powders/nns from/in an/at array/nn of/in bottles/nns and/cc then/rb ,/, after/cs stirring/vbg ,/, expecting/vbg a/at new/jj wonder/jj drug/nn inevitably/rb to/to result/vb ?/. ?/. What/wdt of/in the/at efficiency/nn of/in this/dt natural/jj instrument/nn of/in free/jj discussion/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez there/ex some/dti magic/nn in/in it/ppo that/wps assures/vbz results/nns ?/. ?/. When/wrb Peter/np B./np Kyne/np (/( Pride/nn-tl Of/in-tl Palomar/np-tl ,/, 43/cd )/) informed/vbd us/ppo in/in 1921/cd that/cs we/ppss had/hvd an/at instinctive/jj dislike/nn for/in the/at Japanese/nps ,/, did/dod the/at heated/vbn debates/nns of/in the/at Californians/nps settle/vb the/at truth/nn or/cc falsity/nn of/in the/at proposition/nn ?/. ?/. The/at-tl Leopard's/nn$-tl Spots/nns-tl came/vbd from/in the/at pen/nn of/in Thomas/np Dixon/np in/in 1902/cd ,/, and/cc in/in this/dt he/pps announced/vbd an/at ``/`` unchangeable/jj ''/'' law/nn ./. If/cs a/at child/nn had/hvd a/at single/ap drop/nn of/in Negro/np blood/nn ,/, he/pps would/md revert/vb to/in the/at ancestral/jj line/nn which/wdt ,/, except/in as/cs slaves/nns under/in a/at superior/jj race/nn ,/, had/hvd not/* made/vbn one/cd step/nn of/in progress/nn in/in 3,000/cd years/nns ./. That/dt doctrine/nn has/hvz been/ben accepted/vbn by/in many/ap ,/, but/cc has/hvz it/pps produced/vbn good/jj results/nns ?/. ?/. In/in the/at same/ap vein/nn ,/, a/at certain/jj short-story/nn plot/nn has/hvz been/ben overworked/vbn ./. The/at son/nn and/cc heir/nn of/in a/at prominent/jj family/nn marries/vbz a/at girl/nn who/wps has/hvz tell-tale/jj shadows/nns on/in the/at half-moons/nns of/in her/pp$ finger/nn nails/nns ./. In/in time/nn she/pps presents/vbz her/ppo aristocratic/jj husband/nn with/in a/at coal-black/jj child/nn ./. Is/bez the/at world/nn better/jjr for/cs having/hvg this/dt idea/nn thrust/vb upon/in it/ppo ?/. ?/. Will/md argument/nn and/cc debate/nn decide/vb its/pp$ truth/nn or/cc falsity/nn ?/. ?/. For/in answers/nns to/in such/jj questions/nns we/ppss must/md turn/vb to/in the/at anthropologists/nns ,/, the/at biologists/nns ,/, the/at historians/nns ,/, the/at psychologists/nns ,/, and/cc the/at sociologists/nns ./. Long/ql ago/rb they/ppss consigned/vbd the/at notions/nns of/in Kyne/np and/cc Dixon/np to/in the/at scrap/nn heap/nn ./. False/jj ideas/nns surfeit/vb another/dt sector/nn of/in our/pp$ life/nn ./. For/in several/ap generations/nns much/ap fiction/nn has/hvz appeared/vbn dealing/vbg with/in the/at steprelationship/nn ./. The/at stepmother/nn ,/, almost/rb without/in exception/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben presented/vbn as/cs a/at cruel/jj ogress/nn ./. Children/nns ,/, conditioned/vbn by/in this/dt mistaken/vbn notion/nn ,/, have/hv feared/vbn stepmothers/nns ,/, while/cs adults/nns ,/, by/in their/pp$ antagonistic/jj attitudes/nns ,/, have/hv made/vbn the/at role/nn of/in the/at substitute/jj parents/nns a/at difficult/jj one/cd ./. Debate/nn is/bez not/* likely/jj to/to resolve/vb the/at tensions/nns and/cc make/vb the/at lot/nn of/in the/at stepchild/nn a/at happier/jjr one/cd ./. Research/nn ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, has/hvz shown/vbn many/ap stepmothers/nns to/to be/be eminently/ql successful/jj ,/, some/dti far/ql better/jjr than/cs the/at real/jj mothers/nns ./. Helen/np Deutsch/np informed/vbd us/ppo (/( The/at-tl Psychology/nn-tl Of/in-tl Women/nns-tl ,/, Vol./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, 434/cd )/) that/cs in/in all/abn cultures/nns ``/`` the/at term/nn '/' stepmother/nn '/' automatically/rb evokes/vbz deprecatory/jj implications/nns ''/'' ,/, a/at conclusion/nn accepted/vbn by/in many/ap ./. Will/md mere/jj debate/nn on/in that/dt proposition/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs it/pps be/be free/jj and/cc untrammeled/jj ,/, remove/vb the/at dross/nn and/cc leave/vb a/at residue/nn of/in refined/vbn gold/nn ?/. ?/. That/dt is/bez questionable/jj ,/, to/to say/vb the/at least/ap ./. Research/nn into/in several/ap cultures/nns has/hvz proven/vbn her/pp$ position/nn to/to be/be a/at mistaken/vbn one/cd ./. Most/ql assuredly/rb ideas/nns are/ber invaluable/jj ./. But/cc ideas/nns ,/, just/rb for/in the/at sake/nn of/in having/hvg them/ppo ,/, are/ber not/* enough/ap ./. In/in the/at 1930's/nns ,/, cures/nns for/in the/at depression/nn literally/rb flooded/vbd Washington/np ./. For/in a/at time/nn the/at President/nn-tl received/vbd hundreds/nns of/in them/ppo every/at day/nn ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo worthless/jj ./. Ideas/nns need/vb to/to be/be tested/vbn ,/, and/cc not/* merely/rb by/in argument/nn and/cc debate/nn ./. When/wrb some/dti question/nn arises/vbz in/in the/at medical/jj field/nn concerning/in cancer/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, we/ppss do/do not/* turn/vb to/in free/jj and/cc open/jj discussion/nn as/cs in/in a/at political/jj campaign/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv recourse/nn to/in the/at scientifically-trained/jj specialist/nn in/in the/at laboratory/nn ./. The/at merits/nns of/in the/at Salk/np anti-polio/jj vaccine/nn were/bed not/* established/vbn on/in the/at forensic/jj platform/nn or/cc in/in newspaper/nn editorials/nns ,/, but/cc in/in the/at laboratory/nn and/cc by/in tests/nns in/in the/at field/nn on/in thousands/nns of/in children/nns ./. Our/pp$ presidential/jj campaigns/nns provide/vb much/ap debate/nn and/cc argument/nn ./. But/cc is/bez the/at result/nn new/jj barnsful/nns of/in tested/vbn knowledge/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md with/in confidence/nn solve/vb our/pp$ domestic/jj and/cc international/jj problems/nns ?/. ?/. Man/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber told/vbn ,/, is/bez endowed/vbn with/in reason/nn and/cc is/bez capable/jj of/in distinguishing/vbg good/nn from/in bad/nn ./. But/cc what/wdt a/at super-Herculean/jj task/nn it/pps is/bez to/to winnow/vb anything/pn of/in value/nn from/in the/at mud-beplastered/jj arguments/nns used/vbn so/ql freely/rb ,/, particularly/rb since/cs such/jj common/jj use/nn is/bez made/vbn of/in cliches/nns and/cc stereotypes/nns ,/, in/in themselves/ppls declarations/nns of/in intellectual/jj bankruptcy/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber reminded/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs freedom/nn of/in thought/nn and/cc discussion/nn ,/, the/at unfettered/jj exchange/nn of/in ideas/nns ,/, is/bez basic/jj under/in our/pp$ form/nn of/in government/nn ./. Assuredly/rb in/in our/pp$ political/jj campaigns/nns there/ex is/bez freedom/nn to/to think/vb ,/, to/to examine/vb any/dti and/cc all/abn issues/nns ,/, and/cc to/to speak/vb without/in restraint/nn ./. No/at holds/nns are/ber barred/vbn ./. But/cc have/hv the/at results/nns been/ben heartening/jj ?/. ?/. May/md we/ppss state/vb with/in confidence/nn that/cs in/in such/abl an/at exhibition/nn a/at republic/nn will/md find/vb its/pp$ greatest/jjt security/nn ?/. ?/. We/ppss must/md not/* forget/vb ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, that/cs free/jj discussion/nn and/cc debate/nn have/hv produced/vbn beneficial/jj results/nns ./. In/in truth/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md say/vb that/cs this/dt broke/vbd the/at power/nn of/in Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz finally/rb exposed/vbn in/in full/jj light/nn to/in the/at American/jj people/nns ./. If/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` liquidated/vbn ''/'' in/in some/dti way/nn ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv become/vbn a/at martyr/nn ,/, a/at rallying/vbg point/nn for/in people/nns who/wps shared/vbd his/pp$ ideas/nns ./. Debate/nn in/in the/at political/jj arena/nn can/md be/be productive/jj of/in good/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez a/at clumsy/jj and/cc wasteful/jj process/nn :/: it/pps can/md produce/vb negative/jj results/nns but/cc not/* much/ap that/wps is/bez positive/jj ./. Debate/nn rid/vbd us/ppo of/in McCarthy/np but/cc did/dod not/* give/vb us/ppo much/ap that/wps is/bez positive/jj ./. It/pps did/dod something/pn to/to clear/vb the/at ground/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps erected/vbd no/at striking/jj new/jj structure/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps did/dod not/* even/rb provide/vb the/at architect's/nn$ plan/nn for/in anything/pn new/jj ./. In/in the/at field/nn of/in the/at natural/jj sciences/nns ,/, scientifically/rb verified/vbn data/nns are/ber quite/ql readily/rb available/jj and/cc any/dti discussion/nn can/md be/be shortened/vbn with/in good/jj results/nns ./. In/in the/at field/nn of/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns a/at considerable/jj fund/nn of/in tested/vbn knowledge/nn has/hvz been/ben accumulated/vbn that/wps can/md be/be used/vbn to/in good/jj advantage/nn ./. By/in no/at means/nns would/md we/ppss discourage/vb the/at production/nn of/in ideas/nns :/: they/ppss provide/vb raw/jj materials/nns with/in which/wdt to/to work/vb ;/. ;/. they/ppss provide/vb stimulations/nns that/wps lead/vb to/in further/jjr production/nn ./. We/ppss would/md establish/vb no/at censorship/nn ./.

cg24

cg24 |@word president:13 personality:1 would:5 open:2 office:5 first:3 time:2 representative:1 high:3 land:2 liable:1 charge:1 attempt:3 make:6 successorship:1 inheritance:1 testimony:1 deep:1 respect:1 mr:3 eisenhower:6 hold:3 member:2 party:3 moral:14 consideration:3 raise:3 approach:1 matter:5 explicitly:1 broach:1 begin:2 apparent:1 press:5 conference:4 second:3 illness:3 order:1 consulting:1 specialist:1 may:5 clarify:4 condition:1 nation:3 howard:1 rutstein:1 feel:2 impel:2 thereafter:1 formulate:2 ethic:2 medical:3 profession:1 article:1 atlantic:1 monthly:1 accomplish:1 good:2 deal:4 force:2 fix:1 responsibility:7 position:2 commentator:1 place:3 discussion:2 professional:1 inevitably:2 remind:1 historical:1 perspective:1 decision:14 finally:1 rather:4 problem:6 resolve:2 issue:6 lie:1 doctor:6 nothing:2 surely:2 difficulty:1 simple:2 goodness:1 face:2 complex:1 political:6 pressure:3 humbly:1 conceive:2 democratic:1 way:2 one:7 give:7 measure:2 man:11 group:4 whether:2 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incisive:1 awareness:1 large:1 implication:2 death:2 incumbent:1 utmost:1 importance:1 people:3 america:1 govern:1 four:1 year:4 term:3 citizen:2 permit:1 freedom:1 discount:1 danger:1 ironically:2 enough:2 instance:3 personal:3 virtue:1 luxury:1 national:2 international:1 level:2 morality:2 represent:1 immorality:3 uneasy:1 sense:4 cleavage:2 progress:2 amid:2 event:2 concern:1 editorial:3 greet:1 original:1 announcement:2 strangely:1 disquiet:1 neither:1 vibrant:1 enthusiasm:1 bespeak:1 intuitive:1 fitness:1 thing:1 climactic:1 moment:1 vital:1 argumentation:1 something:1 significant:3 transpire:1 evidence:4 testify:2 clearly:2 peculiar:1 page:1 appear:1 july:1 magazine:1 carry:1 candidacy:1 double:2 two:2 aspect:1 spirit:1 subtly:1 calculate:1 suggest:2 sanction:1 gamble:1 great:4 well:1 small:1 reflect:1 popular:1 approval:1 questionable:2 toward:2 creed:1 risk:6 live:2 happily:1 together:1 examine:3 line:1 draw:1 possibly:1 normal:1 person:1 age:2 say:2 february:1 29th:1 election:2 ignore:1 fact:5 ever:1 another:1 assure:1 increase:2 percentage:2 dismiss:1 mind:5 previously:1 state:1 intention:1 consider:1 carefully:1 anything:1 serious:2 bout:1 influenza:1 infrequently:1 color:1 regret:1 possibility:2 word:2 beginning:1 august:1 unable:1 country:1 unconsciously:1 relive:1 television:2 address:1 dramatic:1 immediacy:1 present:1 urge:2 upon:4 idea:1 properly:1 focusse:1 less:3 shallow:1 sharp:1 fortune:1 happy:1 syndicate:1 watch:1 overtone:1 conscience:1 move:1 phase:1 adopt:1 morally:1 indefensible:1 ascribe:1 mercy:1 god:3 peace:1 assurance:1 physically:1 sustain:1 burden:1 longer:1 history:2 able:1 bring:1 simply:1 form:1 defiance:1 law:1 human:1 probability:1 later:1 confirm:1 september:1 firm:1 means:1 silence:1 ought:1 take:1 effective:1 sympathize:1 universal:1 rise:1 climax:1 absorb:1 chapter:1 current:1 assign:1 learn:2 rest:1 weakening:1 characterize:1 administration:1 follow:2 reassurance:2 electorate:1 cause:1 profound:1 shock:1 think:1 twice:1 know:2 ironic:1 fruit:1 deeply:1 remain:1 unconscious:1 acceptance:1 destiny:1 divinely:1 protect:1 must:1 censor:1 evade:1 major:3 thus:2 impose:3 context:1 utterance:1 occasional:1 origin:1 evasion:1 reconsideration:1 weighty:1 seem:1 disconcert:1 questioner:1 characteristic:1 go:1 talk:2 stop:1 resume:1 portrait:2 fragmentarily:1 consistently:1 alien:1 making:2 inhibit:1 forestall:1 ability:2 review:1 light:1 new:1 mean:5 run:1 revoke:1 instead:1 power:1 determine:1 practical:2 legislative:1 attention:2 constitutional:2 uncover:1 third:1 apparently:1 without:1 provision:1 handling:1 emergency:1 vice:1 reveal:1 singularly:1 static:1 quality:1 despite:1 three:1 warning:1 urgency:1 distinguish:3 wilson:1 contrast:1 energetic:1 reaction:1 leader:4 full:1 strengthen:1 intensive:1 preoccupation:1 detailed:1 ensure:1 detail:5 effectively:2 check:1 incessant:1 recalcitrant:1 focus:1 essence:1 articulate:1 distinction:7 sometimes:2 astounding:1 rapidity:1 like:3 lincoln:2 relation:1 exact:1 roosevelt:1 russian:1 share:1 host:1 americans:1 diplomatic:1 convention:1 choose:1 subordinate:1 reluctantly:1 accept:1 criticism:1 breed:1 choice:1 ground:1 lead:1 valid:1 manif:1 capacity:3 diplomacy:1 compact:1 facility:1 language:2 render:1 validity:1 eye:1 transform:1 leadership:2 perception:1 inordinately:1 difficult:1 business:1 slow:1 towards:1 several:1 mark:1 achievement:1 unrecognizable:1 loosely:1 interpret:1 alternation:1 inconsistency:1 vision:1 function:1 turn:1 endow:1 unwisely:1 type:1 sphere:1 politic:2 hang:1 recently:1 perhaps:1 debate:1 dramatize:1 kennedy:2 extraordinary:1 mastery:1 depend:1 discernible:1 recent:1 evaluation:1 potentiality:1 walter:1 lippmann:1 cite:1 immense:1 command:2 factual:1 instinct:1 crucial:1 point:1 impressive:1 extreme:1 clear:1 interact:1

The/at President's/nn$-tl personality/nn would/md have/hv opened/vbn that/dt office/nn to/in him/ppo ./. And/cc for/in the/at first/od time/nn a/at representative/nn of/in the/at highest/jjt office/nn in/in the/at land/nn would/md have/hv been/ben liable/jj to/in the/at charge/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd attempted/vbn to/to make/vb it/ppo a/at successorship/nn by/in inheritance/nn ./. It/pps is/bez testimony/nn to/in the/at deep/jj respect/nn in/in which/wdt Mr./np Eisenhower/np was/bedz held/vbn by/in members/nns of/in all/abn parties/nns that/cs the/at moral/jj considerations/nns raised/vbn by/in his/pp$ approach/nn to/in the/at matter/nn were/bed not/* explicitly/rb to/to be/be broached/vbn ./. These/dts began/vbd to/to be/be apparent/jj in/in a/at press/nn conference/nn held/vbn during/in the/at second/od illness/nn in/in order/nn that/cs the/at consulting/vbg specialists/nns might/md clarify/vb the/at President's/nn$-tl condition/nn for/in the/at nation/nn ./. And/cc if/cs Howard/np Rutstein/np felt/vbd impelled/vbn thereafter/rb to/to formulate/vb the/at ethics/nns of/in the/at medical/jj profession/nn ,/, his/pp$ article/nn in/in the/at Atlantic/jj-tl Monthly/nn-tl accomplished/vbd a/at good/jj deal/nn more/ap ./. It/pps forced/vbd us/ppo to/to fix/vb the/at responsibility/nn for/in the/at position/nn in/in which/wdt all/abn medical/jj commentators/nns had/hvd been/ben placed/vbn ./. The/at discussion/nn of/in professional/jj ethics/nns inevitably/rb reminded/vbd us/ppo that/cs in/in the/at historical/jj perspective/nn the/at President's/nn$-tl decision/nn will/md finally/rb clarify/vb itself/ppl as/cs a/at moral/jj ,/, rather/in than/in a/at medical/jj ,/, problem/nn ./. Because/cs the/at responsibility/nn for/in resolving/vbg the/at issue/nn lay/vbd with/in the/at President/nn-tl ,/, rather/in than/in with/in his/pp$ doctors/nns ,/, nothing/pn raises/vbz more/ql surely/rb for/in us/ppo the/at difficulties/nns simple/jj goodness/nn faces/vbz in/in dealing/vbg with/in complex/jj moral/jj problems/nns under/in political/jj pressure/nn ./. For/cs the/at President/nn-tl had/hvd dealt/vbn with/in the/at matter/nn humbly/rb ,/, in/in what/wdt he/pps conceived/vbd as/cs the/at democratic/jj way/nn ./. But/cc the/at problem/nn is/bez one/cd which/wdt gives/vbz us/ppo the/at measure/nn of/in a/at man/nn ,/, rather/in than/in a/at group/nn of/in men/nns ,/, whether/cs a/at group/nn of/in doctors/nns ,/, a/at group/nn of/in party/nn members/nns assembled/vbn at/in a/at dinner/nn to/to give/vb their/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, or/cc the/at masses/nns of/in the/at voters/nns ./. Any/dti attempt/nn to/to reconcile/vb this/dt statement/nn of/in the/at central/jj issue/nn in/in the/at campaign/nn of/in 1956/cd with/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at man/nn who/wps could/md not/* conceive/vb it/ppo as/cs the/at central/jj issue/nn will/md at/in least/ap resolve/vb our/pp$ confusions/nns about/in the/at chaotic/jj and/cc misleading/vbg results/nns of/in the/at earnestness/nn of/in both/abx doctors/nns and/cc President/nn-tl in/in a/at situation/nn which/wdt should/md never/rb have/hv arisen/vbn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at response/nn to/in the/at conflict/nn between/in political/jj pressure/nn and/cc the/at moral/jj intuition/nn which/wdt resulted/vbd in/in attempts/nns at/in prediction/nn ./. In/in no/at other/ap situation/nn would/md a/at group/nn of/in doctors/nns ,/, struggling/vbg competently/rb to/to improve/vb the/at life/nn expectancy/nn of/in a/at man/nn beloved/jj by/in the/at world/nn ,/, be/be subjected/vbn to/in such/jj merciless/jj and/cc persistent/jj questioning/nn ,/, and/cc before/cs they/ppss were/bed prepared/vbn to/to demonstrate/vb the/at kind/nn of/in verbal/jj precision/nn which/wdt alone/rb can/md clarify/vb for/in mankind/nn the/at problems/nns it/pps faces/vbz ./. And/cc though/cs we/ppss can/md look/vb back/rb now/rb and/cc see/vb their/pp$ errors/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md look/vb back/rb also/rb to/in the/at ultimate/jj error/nn ./. It/pps recurred/vbd in/in the/at press/nn conferences/nns :/: the/at President's/nn$-tl remarks/nns about/in his/pp$ running/vbg developed/vbd a/at singular/jj tone/nn ,/, one/cd which/wdt we/ppss find/vb in/in few/ap statements/nns made/vbn by/in public/jj individuals/nns on/in such/abl a/at matter/nn ./. The/at press/nn conference/nn became/vbd a/at stage/nn which/wdt betrayed/vbd the/at drift/nn of/in his/pp$ private/jj thinking/nn ,/, rather/in than/in his/pp$ convictions/nns ./. He/pps commented/vbd --/-- thoughtfully/rb ,/, a/at reporter/nn told/vbd us/ppo --/-- that/cs it/pps was/bedz ``/`` not/* too/ql important/jj for/in the/at individual/nn how/wrb he/pps ends/vbz up/rp ''/'' ./. He/pps gave/vbd us/ppo a/at simile/nn to/to explain/vb his/pp$ admission/nn that/cs even/rb at/in the/at worst/jjt period/nn of/in his/pp$ second/od illness/nn it/pps never/rb occurred/vbd to/in him/ppo there/ex was/bedz any/dti renewed/vbn question/nn about/in his/pp$ running/vbg :/: as/cs in/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Bulge/nn-tl ,/, he/pps had/hvd no/at fears/nns about/in the/at outcome/nn until/cs he/pps read/vbd the/at American/jj newspapers/nns ./. Yet/cc the/at attitude/nn that/wpo the/at fate/nn of/in the/at Presidency/nn-tl demands/vbz in/in such/abl a/at situation/nn is/bez quite/ql distinct/jj from/in the/at simple/jj courage/nn that/wps can/md proceed/vb with/in battles/nns to/to be/be fought/vbn ,/, regardless/rb of/in the/at consequences/nns ./. In/in this/dt case/nn others/nns should/md not/* have/hv had/hvn to/to raise/vb the/at doubts/nns and/cc fears/nns ./. The/at Presidency/nn-tl demands/vbz an/at incisive/jj awareness/nn of/in the/at larger/jjr implications/nns of/in the/at death/nn of/in any/dti incumbent/jj ./. It/pps is/bez of/in the/at utmost/jjs importance/nn to/in the/at people/nns of/in America/np and/cc of/in the/at world/nn how/wrb their/pp$ governing/vbg President/nn-tl ``/`` ends/vbz up/rp ''/'' during/in the/at four/cd years/nns of/in his/pp$ term/nn ./. Only/rb when/wrb that/dt term/nn is/bez ended/vbn and/cc he/pps is/bez a/at private/jj citizen/nn again/rb can/md he/pps be/be permitted/vbn the/at freedom/nn and/cc the/at courage/nn to/to discount/vb the/at dangers/nns of/in his/pp$ death/nn ./. Ironically/rb enough/qlp ,/, in/in this/dt instance/nn such/jj personal/jj virtues/nns were/bed a/at luxury/nn ./. At/in the/at national/jj and/cc international/jj level/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez the/at highest/jjt kind/nn of/in morality/nn for/in the/at private/jj citizen/nn represents/vbz an/at instance/nn of/in political/jj immorality/nn ./. And/cc we/ppss had/hvd the/at uneasy/jj sense/nn that/cs the/at cleavage/nn between/in the/at moral/jj and/cc the/at political/jj progressed/vbd amid/in the/at events/nns which/wdt concern/vb us/ppo ./. For/cs the/at tone/nn of/in the/at editorials/nns which/wdt greeted/vbd Mr./np Eisenhower's/np$ original/jj announcement/nn of/in his/pp$ running/vbg had/hvd been/ben strangely/rb disquieting/jj ./. Neither/cc the/at vibrant/jj enthusiasm/nn which/wdt bespeaks/vbz a/at people's/nns$ intuitive/jj sense/nn of/in the/at fitness/nn of/in things/nns at/in climactic/jj moments/nns nor/cc the/at vital/jj argumentation/nn betraying/vbg its/pp$ sense/nn that/cs something/pn significant/jj has/hvz transpired/vbn was/bedz in/in evidence/nn ./. Nothing/pn testifies/vbz more/ql clearly/rb to/in that/dt cleavage/nn than/cs the/at peculiar/jj editorial/nn page/nn appearing/vbg in/in a/at July/np issue/nn of/in Life/nn-tl Magazine/nn-tl ,/, the/at issue/nn which/wdt also/rb carried/vbd the/at second/od announcement/nn of/in the/at candidacy/nn ./. The/at double/jj editorial/nn on/in Two/cd-tl Aspects/nns-tl Of/in-tl ``/`` The/at-tl U.S./np-tl Spirit/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz subtly/rb calculated/vbn to/to suggest/vb a/at moral/jj sanction/nn for/in gambles/nns great/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs small/jj ,/, reflecting/vbg popular/jj approval/nn of/in this/dt questionable/jj attitude/nn toward/in the/at highest/jjt office/nn in/in the/at land/nn ./. ``/`` The/at-tl Moral/jj-tl Creed/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc ``/`` The/at-tl Will/nn-tl To/to-tl Risk/vb-tl ''/'' live/vb happily/rb together/rb ,/, if/cs we/ppss do/do not/* examine/vb where/wrb the/at line/nn is/bez to/to be/be drawn/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss may/md possibly/rb be/be a/at greater/jjr risk/nn than/cs is/bez the/at normal/jj person/nn of/in my/pp$ age/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at President/nn-tl had/hvd said/vbn on/in February/np 29th/od of/in the/at election/nn year/nn ,/, ignoring/vbg the/at fact/nn that/cs no/at one/pn of/in his/pp$ age/nn had/hvd ever/rb lived/vbn out/rp another/dt term/nn ./. ``/`` My/pp$ doctors/nns assure/vb me/ppo that/cs this/dt increased/vbn percentage/nn of/in risk/nn is/bez not/* great/jj ''/'' ./. But/cc by/in the/at time/nn the/at risk/nn was/bedz doubled/vbn ,/, events/nns had/hvd dismissed/vbn from/in his/pp$ mind/nn both/abx increased/vbn percentages/nns and/cc a/at previously/rb stated/vbn intention/nn of/in considering/vbg carefully/rb anything/pn more/ql serious/jj than/cs a/at bout/nn of/in influenza/nn ./. Only/rb infrequently/rb did/dod the/at situation/nn color/vb his/pp$ thinking/nn ./. Ironically/rb no/at president/nn we/ppss have/hv had/hvn would/md have/hv regretted/vbn more/rbr than/cs President/nn-tl Eisenhower/np the/at possibility/nn to/in which/wdt his/pp$ own/jj words/nns ,/, in/in the/at press/nn conference/nn held/vbn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in August/np ,/, testified/vbd :/: that/cs unable/jj as/cs he/pps was/bedz himself/ppl to/to say/vb his/pp$ running/vbg was/bedz best/jjt for/in the/at country/nn ,/, unconsciously/rb he/pps had/hvd placed/vbn his/pp$ party/nn before/in his/pp$ nation/nn ./. So/rb it/pps is/bez that/cs we/ppss relive/vb his/pp$ opening/vbg statement/nn in/in the/at first/od television/nn address/nn with/in the/at dramatic/jj immediacy/nn of/in the/at present/nn ./. No/at consideration/nn of/in risk/nn urges/vbz itself/ppl upon/in him/ppo now/rb :/: for/cs this/dt is/bez what/wdt the/at mind/nn does/doz with/in the/at ideas/nns on/in which/wdt it/pps has/hvz not/* properly/rb focussed/vbn ./. Yet/cc with/in a/at mind/nn less/ql shallow/jj ,/, if/cs less/ql sharp/jj ,/, than/cs some/dti of/in the/at fortune-happy/jj syndicates/nns which/wdt back/vb him/ppo ,/, he/pps feels/vbz what/wdt he/pps cannot/md* formulate/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc we/ppss watch/vb him/ppo amid/in the/at overtones/nns which/wdt suggest/vb he/pps could/md never/rb in/in any/dti conscience/nn urge/vb a/at risk/nn upon/in the/at voters/nns ./. Moving/vbg as/cs he/pps is/bez into/in the/at phase/nn of/in the/at campaign/nn which/wdt demands/vbz conviction/nn of/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps adopts/vbz a/at position/nn that/wps is/bez morally/rb indefensible/jj ./. He/pps ascribes/vbz to/in the/at mercy/nn of/in God/np the/at peace/nn which/wdt this/dt personal/jj matter/nn --/-- the/at assurance/nn that/cs he/pps can/md physically/rb sustain/vb the/at burden/nn of/in the/at office/nn longer/rbr than/cs any/dti individual/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in our/pp$ nation/nn has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to do/do --/-- has/hvz brought/vbn him/ppo ./. What/wdt is/bez simply/rb an/at opinion/nn formed/vbn in/in defiance/nn of/in the/at laws/nns of/in human/jj probability/nn ,/, whether/cs or/cc not/* it/pps is/bez later/rbr confirmed/vbn ,/, has/hvz become/vbn by/in September/np of/in the/at election/nn year/nn ``/`` a/at firm/jj conviction/nn ''/'' ./. As/cs a/at means/nn of/in silencing/vbg a/at discussion/nn which/wdt ought/md to/to have/hv taken/vbn place/nn ,/, the/at statement/nn is/bez an/at effective/jj one/cd :/: we/ppss sympathize/vb with/in the/at universal/jj confusion/nn which/wdt gives/vbz rise/nn to/in such/jj convictions/nns ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez also/rb the/at climax/nn to/in one/cd of/in the/at absorbing/vbg chapters/nns in/in our/pp$ current/jj political/jj history/nn ./. In/in assigning/vbg to/in God/np the/at responsibility/nn which/wdt he/pps learned/vbd could/md not/* rest/vb with/in his/pp$ doctors/nns ,/, Eisenhower/np gave/vbd evidence/nn of/in that/dt weakening/nn of/in the/at moral/jj intuition/nn which/wdt was/bedz to/to characterize/vb his/pp$ administration/nn in/in the/at years/nns to/to follow/vb ./. In/in any/dti other/ap man/nn this/dt reassurance/nn to/in the/at electorate/nn would/md have/hv caused/vbn us/ppo a/at profound/jj moral/jj shock/nn ./. About/in this/dt man/nn we/ppss had/hvd to/to think/vb twice/rb ./. We/ppss knew/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz ,/, as/cs reassurance/nn ,/, the/at ironic/jj fruit/nn of/in a/at deeply/ql moral/jj nature/nn ./. But/cc the/at fact/nn remains/vbz that/cs even/rb the/at unconscious/jj acceptance/nn of/in himself/ppl as/cs a/at man/nn of/in destiny/nn divinely/rb protected/vbn must/md be/be censored/vbn in/in any/dti man/nn who/wps evades/vbz the/at responsibility/nn for/in his/pp$ major/jj decisions/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb for/in imposing/vbg his/pp$ will/nn on/in the/at people/nns ./. And/cc in/in the/at context/nn of/in drifting/vbg personal/jj utterances/nns we/ppss have/hv examined/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz occasional/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at origin/nn of/in all/abn such/jj evasions/nns ./. When/wrb the/at possibility/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd not/* given/vbn reconsideration/nn to/in so/ql weighty/jj a/at decision/nn seemed/vbd to/to disconcert/vb his/pp$ questioners/nns ,/, Mr./np Eisenhower/np was/bedz known/vbn to/to make/vb his/pp$ characteristic/jj statement/nn to/in the/at press/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* going/vbg to/to talk/vb about/in the/at matter/nn any/ql more/rbr ./. Thinking/vbg had/hvd stopped/vbn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz not/* to/to be/be resumed/vbn ./. The/at portrait/nn that/wps had/hvd developed/vbn ,/, fragmentarily/rb but/cc consistently/rb ,/, was/bedz the/at portrait/nn of/in a/at man/nn to/in whom/wpo serious/jj thinking/nn is/bez alien/jj enough/qlp that/cs the/at making/nn of/in a/at decision/nn inhibits/vbz ,/, when/wrb it/pps does/doz not/* forestall/vb ,/, any/dti ability/nn to/to review/vb the/at decision/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in new/jj evidence/nn ./. This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs the/at decision/nn to/to run/vb for/in office/nn should/md inevitably/rb have/hv been/ben revoked/vbn ./. Instead/rb it/pps means/vbz that/cs the/at thinking/nn in/in which/wdt decision/nn issues/vbz has/hvz the/at power/nn to/to determine/vb the/at morality/nn of/in the/at decision/nn ,/, as/cs in/in this/dt instance/nn the/at pressure/nn for/in renewed/vbn practical/jj or/cc legislative/jj attention/nn to/in the/at constitutional/jj problems/nns the/at decision/nn had/hvd uncovered/vbn might/md have/hv done/vbn ./. Drifting/vbg through/in a/at third/od illness/nn ,/, apparently/rb without/in any/dti provision/nn for/in the/at handling/nn of/in a/at major/jj national/jj emergency/nn other/ap than/in a/at talk/nn with/in the/at vice-president/nn ,/, Eisenhower/np revealed/vbd the/at singularly/rb static/jj quality/nn of/in his/pp$ thinking/nn ./. Despite/in three/cd warnings/nns ,/, no/at sense/nn of/in moral/jj urgency/nn impelled/vbd him/ppo to/to distinguish/vb his/pp$ situation/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb his/pp$ responsibilities/nns ,/, from/in Wilson's/np$ ./. By/in contrast/nn ,/, the/at energetic/jj reaction/nn of/in the/at leader/nn to/in the/at full/jj demands/nns his/pp$ decision/nn imposes/vbz upon/in him/ppo strengthens/vbz the/at moral/jj intuition/nn and/cc gives/vbz us/ppo the/at measure/nn of/in the/at man/nn ./. Only/rb by/in means/nn of/in an/at intensive/jj preoccupation/nn with/in the/at detailed/vbn considerations/nns following/vbg from/in any/dti decision/nn can/md he/pps ensure/vb attention/nn to/in the/at practical/jj details/nns to/to be/be dealt/vbn with/in if/cs the/at implications/nns of/in immorality/nn in/in the/at major/jj decision/nn are/ber effectively/rb to/to be/be checked/vbn ./. In/in the/at incessant/jj struggle/nn with/in recalcitrant/jj political/jj fact/nn he/pps learns/vbz to/to focus/vb the/at essence/nn of/in a/at problem/nn in/in the/at significant/jj detail/nn ,/, and/cc to/to articulate/vb the/at distinctions/nns which/wdt clarify/vb the/at detail/nn as/cs significant/jj ,/, with/in what/wdt is/bez sometimes/rb astounding/jj rapidity/nn ./. Like/cs Lincoln/np ,/, he/pps can/md distinguish/vb his/pp$ relation/nn to/in God/np from/in the/at constitutional/jj responsibilities/nns a/at questionable/jj decision/nn exacts/vbz of/in him/ppo ./. Like/cs Roosevelt/np ,/, he/pps can/md distinguish/vb an/at attitude/nn toward/in a/at Russian/jj leader/nn he/pps may/md share/vb with/in a/at host/nn of/in Americans/nps from/in the/at responsibilities/nns diplomatic/jj convention/nn may/md impose/vb upon/in him/ppo ./. He/pps chooses/vbz to/to subordinate/vb one/cd to/in the/at other/ap ,/, sometimes/rb reluctantly/rb ,/, accepting/vbg criticism/nn for/in the/at lesser/jjr immoralities/nns facts/nns breed/vb ./. The/at very/ap nature/nn of/in a/at choice/nn so/ql grounded/vbn in/in distinction/nn and/cc fact/nn leads/vbz to/in the/at valid/jj convictions/nns which/wdt become/vb force/nn of/in will/nn in/in the/at manifest/jj leader/nn ./. The/at capacity/nn for/in making/vbg the/at distinctions/nns of/in which/wdt diplomacy/nn is/bez compact/jj ,/, and/cc the/at facility/nn with/in language/nn which/wdt can/md render/vb them/ppo into/in validity/nn in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in other/ap men/nns are/ber the/at leader's/nn$ means/nns for/in transforming/vbg the/at moral/jj intuition/nn into/in moral/jj leadership/nn ./. The/at making/nn of/in distinctions/nns ,/, like/cs the/at perception/nn of/in the/at great/jj distinctions/nns made/vbn ,/, is/bez an/at inordinately/ql difficult/jj business/nn ./. Lincoln's/np$ slow/jj progress/nn towards/in the/at several/ap marking/vbg his/pp$ achievement/nn is/bez even/ql now/rb unrecognizable/jj as/cs such/jj ,/, and/cc loosely/ql interpreted/vbn as/cs the/at alternation/nn of/in inconsistency/nn with/in vision/nn ./. But/cc because/cs it/pps is/bez the/at function/nn of/in the/at mind/nn to/to turn/vb the/at one/cd into/in the/at other/ap by/in means/nn of/in the/at capacities/nns with/in which/wdt words/nns endow/vb it/ppo ,/, we/ppss do/do not/* unwisely/rb examine/vb the/at type/nn of/in distinction/nn ,/, in/in the/at sphere/nn of/in politics/nn ,/, on/in which/wdt decisions/nns hang/vb ./. Only/ql recently/rb ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb because/cs a/at television/nn debate/nn can/md so/ql effectively/rb dramatize/vb President/nn-tl Kennedy's/np$ extraordinary/jj mastery/nn of/in detail/nn ,/, have/hv the/at abilities/nns on/in which/wdt the/at capacity/nn for/in making/vbg distinctions/nns depend/vb begun/vbn to/to be/be clearly/ql discernible/jj at/in the/at level/nn of/in politics/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ recent/jj evaluation/nn of/in Kennedy's/np$ potentialities/nns for/in leadership/nn ,/, Walter/np Lippmann/np has/hvz cited/vbn the/at ``/`` precision/nn ''/'' of/in his/pp$ mind/nn ,/, his/pp$ ``/`` immense/jj command/nn ''/'' of/in factual/jj detail/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ ``/`` instinct/nn for/in the/at crucial/jj point/nn ''/'' as/cs impressive/jj in/in the/at extreme/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps is/bez surely/ql clear/jj that/cs the/at first/od of/in these/dts is/bez the/at result/nn of/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt the/at individual's/nn$ command/nn of/in language/nn interacts/vbz with/in the/at other/ap two/cd ./.

cg25

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motive:1 part:1 partner:1 extend:1 beyond:1 able:1 accept:1 reject:1 basis:1 subjective:1 preference:1 unity:1

For/cs this/dt change/nn is/bez not/* a/at change/nn from/in one/cd positive/jj position/nn to/in another/dt ,/, but/cc a/at change/nn from/in order/nn and/cc truth/nn to/in disorder/nn and/cc negation/nn ./. The/at liberal-conservative/jj division/nn ,/, we/ppss might/md observe/vb in/in passing/vbg ,/, is/bez not/* of/in itself/ppl directly/rb involved/vbn in/in a/at private/jj interest/nn conflict/nn nor/cc even/rb in/in struggle/nn between/in ruling/vbg groups/nns ./. Rather/rb it/pps is/bez rooted/vbn in/in a/at difference/nn of/in response/nn to/in the/at threat/nn of/in social/jj disintegration/nn ./. The/at division/nn is/bez not/* between/in those/dts who/wps wish/vb to/to preserve/vb what/wdt they/ppss have/hv and/cc those/dts who/wps want/vb change/nn ./. Rather/rb it/pps is/bez a/at division/nn established/vbn by/in two/cd absolutely/ql different/jj ways/nns of/in thought/nn with/in regard/nn to/in man's/nn$ life/nn in/in society/nn ./. These/dts ways/nns are/ber absolutely/ql irreconcilable/jj because/cs they/ppss offer/vb two/cd different/jj recipes/nns for/in man's/nn$ redemption/nn from/in chaos/nn ./. The/at civilizational/jj crisis/nn ,/, the/at third/od type/nn of/in change/nn raises/vbz the/at question/nn ``/`` what/wdt are/ber we/ppss to/to do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/. On/in the/at most/ql primitive/jj level/nn ./. For/cs the/at answer/nn cannot/md* be/be derived/vbn from/in any/dti socially/rb cohesive/jj element/nn in/in the/at disrupting/vbg community/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at socially/rb existential/jj answer/nn to/in the/at question/nn ./. For/cs the/at truth/nn formerly/rb experienced/vbn by/in the/at community/nn no/ql longer/rbr has/hvz existential/jj status/nn in/in the/at community/nn ,/, nor/cc does/doz any/dti answer/nn elaborated/vbn by/in philosophers/nns or/cc theoriticians/nns ./. In/in this/dt phase/nn of/in change/nn ,/, no/at idea/nn has/hvz social/jj acceptance/nn and/cc so/rb none/pn has/hvz ontological/jj status/nn in/in the/at community/nn ./. An/at interregnum/nn ensues/vbz in/in which/wdt not/* men/nns but/cc ideas/nns compete/vb for/in existence/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss examine/vb the/at three/cd types/nns of/in change/nn from/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in their/pp$ internal/jj structure/nn we/ppss find/vb an/at additional/jj profound/jj difference/nn between/in the/at third/od and/cc the/at first/od two/cd ,/, one/cd that/wps accounts/vbz for/in the/at notable/jj difference/nn between/in the/at responses/nns they/ppss evoke/vb ./. The/at first/od two/cd types/nns of/in change/nn occur/vb within/in the/at inward/rb and/cc immanent/jj structure/nn of/in the/at society/nn ./. The/at first/od involves/vbz a/at simple/jj shift/nn of/in interests/nns in/in the/at society/nn ./. The/at second/od involves/vbz something/pn deeper/jjr ,/, but/cc its/pp$ characteristic/jj form/nn focuses/vbz on/in a/at shift/nn in/in policy/nn for/in the/at community/nn ,/, not/* in/in the/at truth/nn on/in which/wdt the/at community/nn rests/vbz ./. Thus/rb in/in both/abx types/nns attention/nn is/bez focused/vbn on/in the/at community/nn itself/ppl ,/, and/cc its/pp$ phenomenological/jj life/nn ./. The/at third/od type/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, wrenches/vbz attention/nn from/in the/at life/nn of/in action/nn and/cc interests/nns in/in the/at community/nn and/cc focuses/vbz it/ppo on/in the/at ground/nn of/in being/beg on/in which/wdt the/at community/nn depends/vbz for/in its/pp$ existence/nn ./. Voegelin/np has/hvz analyzed/vbn this/dt experience/nn in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at stable/jj ,/, healthy/jj community/nn ./. There/rb the/at community/nn ,/, faced/vbn with/in the/at need/nn to/to formulate/vb policy/nn on/in the/at level/nn of/in absolute/jj justice/nn ,/, can/md find/vb the/at answer/nn to/in its/pp$ problem/nn in/in the/at absolute/jj truth/nn which/wdt it/pps holds/vbz as/cs partially/ql experienced/vbn ./. This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, cannot/md* be/be done/vbn by/in a/at community/nn whose/wp$ very/ap experience/nn of/in truth/nn is/bez confused/vbn and/cc incoherent/jj :/: it/pps has/hvz no/at absolute/jj standard/nn ,/, and/cc consequently/rb cannot/md* distinguish/vb the/at absolute/nn from/in the/at contingent/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz lost/vbn its/pp$ ground/nn of/in being/beg and/cc floats/vbz in/in a/at mist/nn of/in appearances/nns ./. Relativism/nn and/cc equality/nn are/ber its/pp$ characteristic/jj diseases/nns ./. Precisely/rb at/in the/at moment/nn when/wrb it/pps has/hvz lost/vbn its/pp$ vision/nn the/at mind/nn of/in the/at community/nn turns/vbz out/rp from/in itself/ppl in/in a/at search/nn for/in the/at ontological/jj standard/nn whereby/wrb it/pps can/md measure/vb itself/ppl ./. For/cs paradigmatic/jj history/nn ``/`` breaks/vbz ''/'' rather/in than/in unfolds/vbz precisely/rb when/wrb the/at movement/nn is/bez from/in order/nn to/in disorder/nn ,/, and/cc not/* from/in one/cd order/nn to/in a/at new/jj order/nn ./. The/at liberal-conservative/jj split/nn ,/, to/to define/vb it/ppo further/rbr ,/, derives/vbz from/in a/at basic/jj difference/nn concerning/in the/at existential/jj status/nn of/in standard/nn sought/vbn and/cc about/in the/at spiritual/jj experience/nn that/wps leads/vbz to/in its/pp$ identification/nn ./. When/wrb disruptive/jj change/nn has/hvz penetrated/vbn to/in the/at third/od level/nn of/in social/jj order/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in disruption/nn rapidly/rb reaches/vbz a/at point/nn of/in no/at return/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez probable/jj that/cs this/dt point/nn is/bez reached/vbn the/at moment/nn the/at third/od level/nn of/in change/nn begins/vbz ./. At/in that/dt point/nn we/ppss reach/vb the/at ``/`` closed/vbn ''/'' historical/jj situation/nn :/: the/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt man/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr free/jj to/to return/vb to/in a/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt ante/nn ./. At/in that/dt point/nn men/nns become/vb aware/jj of/in the/at mystery/nn of/in history/nn called/vbn variously/rb ``/`` fate/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` destiny/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` providence/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc feel/vb themselves/ppls caught/vbn helplessly/rb in/in the/at writhing/nn of/in a/at disrupted/vbn society/nn ./. The/at reasons/nns for/in this/dt experience/nn are/ber rooted/vbn in/in the/at metaphysical/jj characteristics/nns of/in such/abl a/at change/nn ./. Of/in all/abn forms/nns of/in being/beg ,/, society/nn ,/, or/cc community/nn ,/, has/hvz the/at greatest/jjt element/nn of/in determinability/nn ./. Its/pp$ ontological/jj status/nn is/bez itself/ppl most/ql tenuous/jj because/cs apart/rb from/in individual/jj men/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber its/pp$ ``/`` matter/nn ''/'' ,/, tradition/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` form/nn ''/'' of/in society/nn exists/vbz only/rb as/cs a/at shared/vbn perception/nn of/in truth/nn ./. The/at ontological/jj status/nn of/in society/nn thus/rb is/bez constituted/vbn by/in the/at psychological/jj status/nn of/in society's/nn$ members/nns ./. The/at content/nn of/in that/dt psychological/jj status/nn determines/vbz ,/, ultimately/rb ,/, the/at content/nn of/in civilization/nn ./. Those/dts social/jj ,/, civilizational/jj factors/nns not/* rooted/vbn in/in the/at human/jj spirit/nn of/in the/at group/nn ,/, ultimately/rb cease/vb to/to exist/vb ./. Civilization/nn itself/ppl --/-- tradition/nn --/-- falls/vbz out/in of/in existence/nn when/wrb the/at human/jj spirit/nn itself/ppl becomes/vbz confused/vbn ./. Civilization/nn is/bez what/wdt man/nn has/hvz made/vbn of/in himself/ppl ./. Its/pp$ massive/jj contours/nns are/ber rooted/vbn in/in the/at simple/jj need/nn of/in man/nn ,/, since/cs he/pps is/bez always/rb incomplete/jj ,/, to/to complete/vb himself/ppl ./. It/pps is/bez not/* enough/ap for/in man/nn to/to be/be an/at ontological/jj esse/fw-vb ./. He/pps needs/vbz existential/jj completion/nn ,/, he/pps needs/vbz ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, to/to move/vb in/in the/at direction/nn of/in completion/nn ./. And/cc the/at direction/nn of/in that/dt movement/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in his/pp$ perception/nn of/in the/at truth/nn about/in himself/ppl ./. He/pps must/md ,/, consequently/rb ,/, exist/vb as/cs a/at self-perceived/jj substantive/jj ,/, developing/vbg agent/nn ,/, or/cc he/pps does/doz not/* exist/vb as/cs man/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez no/at mystical/jj intuition/nn ,/, but/cc an/at analyzable/jj conception/nn to/to say/vb that/cs man/nn and/cc his/pp$ tradition/nn can/md ``/`` fall/vb out/in of/in existence/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt happens/vbz at/in the/at moment/nn man/nn loses/vbz the/at perception/nn of/in moral/jj substance/nn in/in himself/ppl ,/, of/in a/at nature/nn that/cs ,/, in/in Maritain's/np$ words/nns ,/, is/bez perceived/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` locus/nn of/in intelligible/jj necessities/nns ''/'' ./. An/at existentialist/nn is/bez a/at man/nn who/wps perceives/vbz himself/ppl only/rb as/cs ``/`` esse/fw-vb-nc ''/'' ,/, as/cs existence/nn without/in substance/nn ./. Thus/rb human/jj perception/nn and/cc human/jj volition/nn is/bez the/at immanent/jj cause/nn of/in all/abn social/jj change/nn and/cc this/dt most/ql truly/rb when/wrb the/at change/nn reaches/vbz the/at civilizational/jj level/nn ./. Thus/rb with/in regard/nn to/in the/at loss/nn of/in tradition/nn ,/, in/in the/at change/nn from/in order/nn to/in disorder/nn the/at metaphysics/nn of/in change/nn works/vbz itself/ppl out/rp as/cs a/at disruption/nn of/in the/at individual/jj soul/nn ,/, a/at change/nn in/in which/wdt man/nn continues/vbz as/cs an/at objective/jj ontological/jj existent/nn ,/, but/cc no/ql longer/rbr as/cs a/at man/nn ./. Further/rbr ,/, change/nn is/bez a/at form/nn of/in motion/nn ,/, it/pps occurs/vbz as/cs the/at act/nn of/in a/at being/nn in/in potency/nn insofar/rb as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in potency/nn and/cc has/hvz not/* yet/rb reached/vbn the/at terminus/nn of/in the/at change/nn ./. With/in regard/nn to/in the/at change/nn we/ppss are/ber examining/vbg ,/, the/at question/nn is/bez ,/, at/in what/wdt point/nn does/doz the/at change/nn become/vb irreversible/jj ?/. ?/. A/at number/nn of/in considerations/nns suggest/vb that/cs this/dt occurs/vbz early/rb in/in the/at process/nn ./. Change/nn involves/vbz the/at displacement/nn of/in form/nn ./. This/dt means/vbz that/cs the/at inception/nn of/in change/nn itself/ppl can/md begin/vb only/rb when/wrb the/at factors/nns conducive/jj to/in change/nn have/hv already/rb become/vbn more/ql powerful/jj than/cs those/dts anchoring/vbg the/at existent/jj form/nn in/in being/beg ./. If/cs the/at existent/jj form/nn is/bez to/to be/be retained/vbn new/jj factors/nns that/wps reinforce/vb it/ppo must/md be/be introduced/vbn into/in the/at situation/nn ./. In/in the/at case/nn of/in social/jj decay/nn ,/, form/nn is/bez displaced/vbn simply/rb by/in the/at process/nn of/in dissolution/nn with/in no/at form/nn at/in the/at terminus/nn of/in the/at process/nn ./. Now/rb in/in the/at mere/jj fact/nn of/in the/at beginning/nn of/in such/jj displacement/nn we/ppss have/hv prima-facie/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at ontological/jj weakness/nn of/in the/at fading/vbg form/nn ./. And/cc when/wrb we/ppss consider/vb the/at tenuous/jj hold/nn tradition/nn has/hvz on/in existence/nn ,/, any/dti weakening/nn of/in that/dt hold/nn constitutes/vbz a/at crisis/nn of/in existence/nn ./. The/at retention/nn of/in a/at tradition/nn confronted/vbn with/in such/abl a/at crisis/nn necessitates/vbz the/at introduction/nn of/in new/jj spiritual/jj forces/nns into/in the/at situation/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at crisis/nn occurs/vbz precisely/rb as/cs a/at weakening/nn of/in spiritual/jj forces/nns ./. It/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/cs in/in a/at civilizational/jj crisis/nn man/nn cannot/md* save/vb himself/ppl ./. The/at emergence/nn of/in the/at crisis/nn itself/ppl would/md seem/vb to/to constitute/vb a/at warranty/nn for/in the/at victory/nn of/in disorder/nn ./. And/cc it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs history/nn is/bez a/at witness/nn to/in this/dt truth/nn ./. As/cs a/at further/jjr characterization/nn of/in the/at liberal/jj conservative/jj split/nn we/ppss may/md observe/vb that/cs it/pps involves/vbz differences/nns in/in the/at formula/nn for/in escaping/vbg inevitabilities/nns in/in history/nn ./. These/dts differences/nns ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, derive/vb from/in prior/jj differences/nns concerning/in the/at friendly/jj or/cc hostile/jj character/nn of/in change/nn ./. Unanalyzed/jj responses/nns anxiety/nn and/cc deep/jj insecurity/nn are/ber the/at characteristic/jj responses/nns evoked/vbn by/in the/at crisis/nn in/in tradition/nn ./. To/to experience/vb them/ppo ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* necessary/jj for/in a/at people/nns to/to be/be actively/ql aware/jj of/in what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg to/in it/ppo ./. The/at process/nn of/in erosion/nn need/md only/rb undermine/vb the/at tradition/nn and/cc a/at series/nns of/in consequences/nns begin/vb unfolding/vbg within/in the/at individual/nn ,/, while/cs in/in institutions/nns a/at quiet/jj but/cc deep/jj transformation/nn of/in processes/nns occurs/vbz ./. Within/in the/at individual/nn the/at reaction/nn has/hvz been/ben called/vbn various/jj names/nns ,/, all/abn ,/, however/rb ,/, pointing/vbg to/in the/at same/ap basic/jj experience/nn ./. Weil/np identifies/vbz it/ppo as/cs being/beg ``/`` rootless/jj ''/'' ,/, Guardini/np as/cs being/beg ``/`` placeless/jj ''/'' ,/, Riesman/np as/cs being/beg ``/`` lonely/jj ''/'' ./. Others/nns call/vb it/ppo ``/`` alienation/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc mean/vb by/in that/dt no/at simple/jj economic/jj experience/nn (/( as/cs Marx/np does/doz )/) but/cc a/at deep/jj spiritual/jj sense/nn of/in dislocation/nn ./. Within/in institutions/nns there/ex is/bez a/at marked/vbn decline/nn of/in the/at process/nn of/in persuasion/nn and/cc the/at substitution/nn of/in a/at force-fear/jj process/nn which/wdt masquerades/vbz as/cs the/at earlier/jjr one/cd of/in persuasion/nn ./. We/ppss note/vb the/at use/nn of/in rhetoric/nn as/cs a/at weapon/nn ,/, the/at manipulation/nn of/in the/at masses/nns by/in propaganda/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` mobilization/nn ''/'' of/in effort/nn and/cc resources/nns ./. Within/in this/dt context/nn of/in spontaneous/jj and/cc unanalyzed/jj responses/nns to/in the/at experience/nn of/in civilizational/jj crisis/nn ,/, two/cd basic/jj organizations/nns of/in response/nn are/ber observable/jj :/: reaction/nn and/cc ideological/jj progressivism/nn ./. These/dts responses/nns are/ber explicable/jj in/in terms/nns of/in characteristics/nns inherent/jj in/in the/at crisis/nn ./. Both/abx are/ber predictably/rb destined/vbn to/to fail/vb ./. The/at response/nn of/in reaction/nn is/bez dominated/vbn by/in a/at concern/nn for/in what/wdt is/bez vanishing/vbg ./. Its/pp$ essence/nn lies/vbz in/in its/pp$ attempt/nn to/to recover/vb previous/jj order/nn through/in the/at repression/nn of/in disruptive/jj forces/nns ./. To/in this/dt end/nn political/jj authority/nn is/bez called/vbn upon/rb to/to exercise/vb its/pp$ negative/jj and/cc coercive/jj powers/nns ./. The/at implicit/jj assumption/nn of/in this/dt response/nn is/bez that/cs history/nn is/bez reversible/jj ./. Seemingly/rb ,/, order/nn is/bez perceived/vbn as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in subsistent/jj entity/nn now/rb covered/vbn by/in adventitious/jj accretions/nns ./. The/at problem/nn is/bez to/to remove/vb the/at accretions/nns and/cc thereby/rb uncover/vb the/at order/nn that/wps was/bedz always/rb there/rb ./. Such/jj a/at response/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, misses/vbz the/at point/nn that/cs in/in crisis/nn order/nn is/bez going/vbg out/in of/in existence/nn ./. Moreover/rb its/pp$ posture/nn of/in stubborn/jj but/cc simple/jj resistance/nn is/bez doomed/vbn to/in failure/nn because/rb of/in the/at metaphysical/jj weakness/nn of/in the/at existent/jj form/nn of/in order/nn ,/, once/cs the/at activation/nn of/in change/nn has/hvz reached/vbn visible/jj proportions/nns ./. The/at most/ap reaction/nn can/md achieve/vb is/bez stasis/nn ,/, and/cc a/at stasis/nn that/wps can/md be/be maintained/vbn only/rb by/in the/at expenditure/nn of/in an/at effort/nn which/wdt ultimately/rb exhausts/vbz itself/ppl ./. Despite/in the/at hopelessness/nn of/in the/at response/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez explicable/jj in/in terms/nns of/in the/at crisis/nn of/in tradition/nn itself/ppl ./. Since/cs a/at civilizational/jj crisis/nn involves/vbz also/rb a/at crisis/nn in/in private/jj interests/nns and/cc in/in the/at ruling/vbg class/nn ,/, reaction/nn is/bez normally/rb found/vbn among/in those/dts who/wps feel/vb themselves/ppls to/to be/be among/in the/at ruling/vbg class/nn ./. Their/pp$ great/jj error/nn is/bez to/to mingle/vb the/at responses/nns typical/jj of/in each/dt of/in the/at three/cd types/nns of/in change/nn ./. Since/cs civilizational/jj change/nn is/bez the/at most/ql difficult/jj to/to perceive/vb and/cc analyze/vb ,/, it/pps seldom/rb is/bez given/vbn adequate/jj attention/nn ./. And/cc the/at anxiety/nn it/pps generates/vbz is/bez misinterpreted/vbn as/cs anxiety/nn over/in private/jj interest/nn and/cc threatened/vbn social/jj status/nn ./. The/at basic/jj truth/nn in/in the/at reactionary/jj response/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in its/pp$ realistic/jj assumption/nn of/in the/at primacy/nn of/in the/at real/jj over/in the/at ideational/jj ./. But/cc this/dt truth/nn is/bez distorted/vbn by/in its/pp$ extreme/jj application/nn :/: the/at assumption/nn of/in the/at separate/jj existence/nn of/in tradition/nn ./. The/at reactionary/jj misses/vbz the/at point/nn that/dt tradition/nn exists/vbz ontologically/rb only/rb in/in the/at form/nn of/in psychological-intellectual/jj relations/nns ./. Reactionary/jj theories/nns ,/, for/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, usually/rb assume/vb some/dti form/nn of/in organismic/jj theory/nn ./. In/in its/pp$ defensive/jj formulations/nns ,/, the/at theory/nn will/md attack/vb conscious/jj change/nn on/in the/at grounds/nns of/in the/at independent/jj existence/nn of/in the/at community/nn ./. In/in its/pp$ dynamic/jj form/nn ,/, it/pps visualizes/vbz the/at community/nn as/cs the/at embodiment/nn of/in an/at ontological/jj force/nn --/-- the/at race/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, which/wdt unfolds/vbz in/in history/nn ./. In/in both/abx cases/nns the/at individual/nn tends/vbz to/to be/be treated/vbn as/cs an/at instrument/nn of/in the/at organic/jj reality/nn ./. When/wrb the/at reactionary/jj response/nn is/bez thus/rb bolstered/vbn by/in an/at intellectual/jj defense/nn ,/, the/at characteristics/nns of/in that/dt defense/nn are/ber explicable/jj only/rb in/in terms/nns of/in the/at basic/jj attitudes/nns of/in unanalyzed/jj reaction/nn ./. Reaction/nn is/bez rooted/vbn in/in a/at perception/nn of/in tradition/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at total/nn situation/nn that/wps is/bez defended/vbn :/: the/at ``/`` good/jj old/jj days/nns ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez no/at selectivity/nn ;/. ;/. even/rb the/at questionable/jj features/nns of/in the/at past/nn are/ber defended/vbn ./. The/at point/nn is/bez that/cs the/at reactionary/jj ,/, for/in whatever/wdt motive/nn ,/, perceives/vbz himself/ppl to/to have/hv been/ben part/nn or/cc a/at partner/nn of/in something/pn that/wps extended/vbd beyond/in himself/ppl ,/, something/pn which/wdt ,/, consequently/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz not/* able/jj to/to accept/vb or/cc reject/vb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in subjective/jj preference/nn ./. The/at reactionary/nn is/bez confused/vbn about/in the/at existential/jj status/nn of/in a/at decaying/vbg tradition/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps does/doz perceive/vb the/at unity/nn tradition/nn had/hvd when/wrb it/pps was/bedz healthy/jj ./.

cg26

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All/abn of/in which/wdt brings/vbz up/rp another/dt problem/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in psychoanalytic/jj insight/nn in/in a/at literary/jj work/nn ./. Is/bez the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn ,/, the/at clinical/jj syndrome/nn ,/, material/nn for/in a/at tragedy/nn ?/. ?/. If/cs we/ppss remove/vb ourselves/ppls for/in a/at moment/nn from/in our/pp$ time/nn and/cc our/pp$ infatuation/nn with/in mental/jj disease/nn ,/, isn't/bez* there/ex something/pn absurd/jj about/in a/at hero/nn in/in a/at novel/nn who/wps is/bez defeated/vbn by/in his/pp$ infantile/jj neurosis/nn ?/. ?/. I/ppss am/bem not/* making/vbg a/at clinical/jj judgment/nn here/rb ,/, for/cs such/jj personal/jj tragedies/nns are/ber real/jj and/cc are/ber commonplace/jj in/in the/at analyst's/nn$ consulting/vbg room/nn ,/, but/cc literature/nn makes/vbz a/at different/jj claim/nn upon/in our/pp$ sympathies/nns than/cs tragedy/nn in/in life/nn ./. A/at man/nn in/in a/at novel/nn who/wps is/bez defeated/vbn in/in his/pp$ childhood/nn and/cc condemned/vbn by/in unconscious/jj forces/nns within/in him/ppo to/in tiredly/rb repeat/vb his/pp$ earliest/jjt failure/nn in/in love/nn ,/, only/rb makes/vbz us/ppo a/at little/ql weary/jj of/in man/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ tragedy/nn seems/vbz unworthy/jj and/cc trivial/jj ./. Now/rb we/ppss can/md argue/vb that/cs the/at irresistible/jj fate/nn of/in Oedipus/np Rex/np was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs the/at irresistible/jj unconscious/jj longings/nns of/in Oedipus/np projected/vbn outward/rb ,/, but/cc this/dt externalization/nn of/in unconscious/jj conflict/nn makes/vbz all/abn the/at difference/nn between/in a/at story/nn and/cc a/at clinical/jj case/nn history/nn ./. We/ppss can/md also/rb argue/vb that/cs the/at three/cd brothers/nns Karamazov/np and/cc Smerdyakov/np were/bed the/at external/jj representatives/nns of/in an/at internal/jj conflict/nn within/in one/cd man/nn ,/, Dostoevsky/np ,/, a/at conflict/nn having/hvg to/to do/do with/in father-murder/nn and/cc the/at wish/nn to/to possess/vb the/at father's/nn$ woman/nn ./. But/cc a/at novel/nn in/in which/wdt one/cd man/nn Karamazov/np explored/vbd the/at divisions/nns within/in his/pp$ personality/nn would/md scarcely/rb merit/vb publication/nn in/in the/at Psychoanalytic/jj-tl Quarterly/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez a/at mistake/nn to/to look/vb upon/rb the/at Oedipus/np of/in Oedipus/np-tl Complex/nn-tl as/cs a/at literary/jj descendant/nn of/in Oedipus/np Rex/np ./. Whatever/wdt the/at psychological/jj truth/nn in/in the/at Oedipus/np myth/nn ,/, an/at Oedipus/np who/wps is/bez drawn/vbn to/in his/pp$ fate/nn by/in irresistible/jj external/jj forces/nns can/md carry/vb the/at symbol/nn of/in humanity/nn and/cc its/pp$ archaic/jj crime/nn ,/, and/cc the/at incest/nn that/wps is/bez unknowing/jj renews/vbz the/at mystery/nn of/in the/at eternal/jj dream/nn of/in childhood/nn and/cc absorbs/vbz us/ppo in/in the/at secret/nn ./. But/cc a/at modern/jj Oedipus/np who/wps is/bez doomed/vbn because/cs he/pps cannot/md* oppose/vb his/pp$ own/jj childhood/nn is/bez only/rb pathetic/jj ,/, and/cc for/in renouncing/vbg the/at mystery/nn in/in favor/nn of/in psychological/jj truth/nn he/pps gives/vbz up/rp the/at claim/nn on/in our/pp$ sympathies/nns ./. I/ppss am/bem suggesting/vbg that/cs a/at case-history/nn approach/nn to/in the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn is/bez a/at blind/jj alley/nn for/in a/at storyteller/nn ./. The/at best/jjt gifts/nns of/in the/at novelist/nn will/md be/be wasted/vbn on/in the/at reader/nn who/wps is/bez insulated/vbn against/in any/dti surprises/nns the/at novelist/nn may/md have/hv in/in store/nn for/in him/ppo ./. Incest/nn is/bez still/rb a/at durable/jj theme/nn ,/, but/cc if/cs it/pps wants/vbz to/to get/vb written/vbn about/rb it/pps will/md have/hv to/to find/vb ways/nns to/to surprise/vb the/at emotions/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at better/jjr way/nn to/to do/do this/dt than/cs that/dt of/in concealment/nn and/cc symbolic/jj representation/nn ./. And/cc the/at best/jjt way/nn to/to conceal/vb and/cc disguise/vb the/at elements/nns of/in an/at incest/nn story/nn is/bez not/* to/to set/vb out/rp to/to write/vb an/at incest/nn story/nn ./. Which/wdt brings/vbz to/in mind/nn another/dt Lawrence/np story/nn and/cc some/dti interesting/jj comparisons/nns in/in the/at treatment/nn of/in the/at Oedipal/jj-tl theme/nn ./. ``/`` The/at-tl Rocking/vbg-tl Horse/nn-tl Winner/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez also/rb a/at story/nn about/in a/at boy's/nn$ love/nn for/in his/pp$ mother/nn ./. If/cs I/ppss now/rb risk/vb some/dti comparisons/nns with/in Sons/nns-tl And/cc-tl Lovers/nns-tl let/vb it/ppo be/be clear/jj that/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* comparing/vbg the/at two/cd works/nns or/cc judging/vbg their/pp$ merits/nns ;/. ;/. I/ppss am/bem only/rb singling/vbg out/rp differences/nns in/in treatment/nn of/in a/at theme/nn and/cc the/at resultant/jj effects/nns ./. ``/`` The/at-tl Rocking/vbg-tl Horse/nn-tl Winner/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez a/at fantasy/nn with/in extraordinary/jj power/nn to/to disturb/vb the/at reader/nn --/-- but/cc we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb why/wrb ./. It/pps is/bez the/at story/nn of/in the/at hopeless/jj love/nn of/in a/at little/jj boy/nn for/in his/pp$ cold/jj and/cc vain/jj mother/nn ./. There/ex are/ber ghostly/jj scenes/nns in/in which/wdt the/at little/jj boy/nn on/in his/pp$ rocking/vbg horse/nn rocks/vbz madly/rb toward/in the/at climax/nn that/wps will/md magically/rb give/vb him/ppo the/at name/nn of/in the/at winning/vbg horse/nn ./. The/at child/nn grows/vbz rich/jj on/in his/pp$ winnings/nns and/cc conspires/vbz with/in his/pp$ uncle/nn to/to make/vb secret/jj gifts/nns of/in his/pp$ money/nn to/in his/pp$ mother/nn ./. The/at story/nn ends/vbz in/in the/at child's/nn$ illness/nn and/cc delirium/nn brought/vbn on/rp by/in the/at feverish/jj compulsion/nn to/to ride/vb his/pp$ horse/nn to/to win/vb for/in his/pp$ mother/nn ./. The/at child/nn dies/vbz with/in his/pp$ mourning/vbg mother/nn at/in his/pp$ bedside/nn ./. I/ppss had/hvd read/vbn the/at story/nn many/ap times/nns without/in asking/vbg myself/ppl why/wrb it/pps affected/vbd me/ppo or/cc caring/vbg why/wrb it/pps did/dod ./. But/cc on/in one/cd occasion/nn when/wrb I/ppss encountered/vbd a/at similar/jj fantasy/nn in/in a/at little/jj boy/nn who/wps was/bedz my/pp$ patient/nn I/ppss began/vbd to/to understand/vb the/at uncanny/jj effects/nns of/in this/dt story/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, a/at little/jj boy's/nn$ fantasy/nn of/in winning/vbg his/pp$ mother/nn to/in himself/ppl ,/, and/cc replacing/vbg the/at father/nn who/wps could/md not/* give/vb her/ppo the/at things/nns she/pps wanted/vbd --/-- a/at classical/jj oedipal/jj fantasy/nn if/cs you/ppss like/vb --/-- but/cc if/cs it/pps were/bed only/rb this/dt the/at story/nn would/md be/be banal/jj ./. Why/wrb does/doz the/at story/nn affect/vb us/ppo ?/. ?/. How/wrb does/doz the/at rocking/nn exert/vb its/pp$ uncanny/jj effect/nn upon/in the/at reader/nn ?/. ?/. The/at rocking/nn is/bez actually/rb felt/vbn in/in the/at story/nn ,/, a/at terrible/jj and/cc ominous/jj rhythm/nn that/wps prophesies/vbz the/at tragedy/nn ./. The/at rocking/nn ,/, I/ppss realized/vbd ,/, is/bez the/at single/ap element/nn in/in the/at story/nn that/wps carries/vbz the/at erotic/jj message/nn ,/, the/at unspoken/jj and/cc unconscious/jj undercurrent/nn that/wps would/md mar/vb the/at innocence/nn of/in a/at child's/nn$ fantasy/nn and/cc disturb/vb the/at effects/nns of/in the/at work/nn if/cs it/pps were/bed made/vbn explicit/jj ./. The/at rocking/nn has/hvz the/at ambiguous/jj function/nn of/in keeping/vbg the/at erotic/jj undercurrent/nn silent/jj and/cc making/vbg it/ppo present/rb ;/. ;/. it/pps conceals/vbz and/cc yet/rb is/bez suggestive/jj ;/. ;/. a/at perfect/jj symbol/nn ./. And/cc if/cs we/ppss understand/vb the/at rocking/nn as/cs an/at erotic/jj symbol/nn we/ppss can/md also/rb see/vb how/wql well/rb it/pps serves/vbz as/cs the/at symbol/nn of/in impending/vbg tragedy/nn ./. For/cs this/dt love/nn of/in the/at boy/nn for/in his/pp$ mother/nn is/bez a/at hopeless/jj and/cc forbidden/vbn love/nn ,/, doomed/vbn by/in its/pp$ nature/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber also/rb struck/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs this/dt story/nn of/in a/at boy's/nn$ love/nn for/in his/pp$ mother/nn does/doz not/* offend/vb ,/, while/cs the/at incestuous/jj love/nn of/in the/at man/nn ,/, Paul/np Morel/np ,/, sometimes/rb repels/vbz ./. It's/pps+bez easy/jj to/to see/vb why/wrb ./. This/dt love/nn belongs/vbz to/in childhood/nn ;/. ;/. we/ppss accord/vb it/ppo its/pp$ place/nn there/rb ,/, and/cc in/in Lawrence's/np$ treatment/nn we/ppss are/ber given/vbn the/at innocent/jj fantasy/nn of/in a/at child/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, the/at form/nn in/in which/wdt oedipal/jj love/nn is/bez expressed/vbn in/in childhood/nn ./. And/cc when/wrb the/at child/nn dies/vbz in/in Lawrence's/np$ story/nn in/in a/at delirium/nn that/wps is/bez somehow/rb brought/vbn on/rp by/in his/pp$ mania/nn to/to win/vb and/cc to/to make/vb his/pp$ mother/nn rich/jj ,/, the/at manifest/jj absurdity/nn of/in such/abl a/at disease/nn and/cc such/abl a/at death/nn does/doz not/* enter/vb into/in our/pp$ thoughts/nns at/in all/abn ./. We/ppss have/hv so/ql completely/rb entered/vbn the/at child's/nn$ fantasy/nn that/cs his/pp$ illness/nn and/cc his/pp$ death/nn are/ber the/at plausible/jj and/cc the/at necessary/jj conclusion/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs none/pn of/in the/at effects/nns of/in this/dt story/nn were/bed consciously/rb employed/vbn by/in Lawrence/np to/to describe/vb an/at oedipal/jj fantasy/nn in/in childhood/nn ./. It/pps is/bez most/ql probable/jj that/cs Freud/np and/cc the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn never/rb entered/vbd his/pp$ head/nn in/in the/at writing/nn of/in this/dt story/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz simply/rb writing/vbg a/at story/nn that/wps wanted/vbd to/to be/be told/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at writing/nn a/at childhood/nn fantasy/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj emerged/vbd ./. He/pps would/md not/* have/hv cared/vbn why/wrb it/pps emerged/vbd ,/, he/pps only/rb wanted/vbd to/to capture/vb a/at memory/nn to/to play/vb with/in it/ppo again/rb in/in his/pp$ imagination/nn and/cc somehow/rb to/to fix/vb and/cc hold/vb in/in the/at story/nn the/at disturbing/jj emotions/nns that/wps accompanied/vbd the/at fantasy/nn ./. In/in our/pp$ own/jj time/nn we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn that/cs the/at novelist's/nn$ debt/nn to/in psychoanalysis/nn has/hvz increased/vbn but/cc that/cs the/at novel/nn itself/ppl has/hvz not/* profited/vbn much/rb from/in this/dt marriage/nn ./. Ortega's/np$ hope/nn that/cs modern/jj psychology/nn might/md yet/rb bring/vb forth/rb a/at last/ap flowering/nn of/in the/at novel/nn has/hvz only/rb been/ben partially/ql fulfilled/vbn ./. The/at young/jj writer/nn seems/vbz intimidated/vbn by/in psychological/jj knowledge/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps has/hvz lost/vbn confidence/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj eyes/nns and/cc in/in the/at validity/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj psychological/jj insights/nns ./. He/pps borrows/vbz the/at insights/nns of/in psychology/nn to/to improve/vb his/pp$ impaired/vbn vision/nn but/cc cannot/md* bring/vb to/in his/pp$ work/nn the/at distinctive/jj vision/nn that/wps should/md be/be a/at novelist's/nn$ own/jj ./. He/pps has/hvz been/ben seduced/vbn by/in the/at marvels/nns of/in the/at unconscious/jj and/cc has/hvz lost/vbn interest/nn in/in studying/vbg the/at surfaces/nns of/in character/nn ./. If/cs many/ap of/in the/at characters/nns in/in contemporary/jj novels/nns appear/vb to/to be/be the/at bloodless/jj relations/nns of/in characters/nns in/in a/at case/nn history/nn it/pps is/bez because/cs the/at novelist/nn is/bez often/rb forgetful/jj today/nr that/cs those/dts things/nns that/wpo we/ppss call/vb character/nn manifest/vb themselves/ppls in/in surface/jj behavior/nn ,/, that/cs the/at ego/nn is/bez still/rb the/at executive/jj agency/nn of/in personality/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs all/abn we/ppss know/vb of/in personality/nn must/md be/be discerned/vbn through/in the/at ego/nn ./. The/at novelist/nn who/wps has/hvz been/ben badly/rb baptized/vbn in/in psychoanalysis/nn often/rb gives/vbz us/ppo the/at impression/nn that/cs since/cs all/abn men/nns must/md have/hv an/at Oedipus/np complex/nn all/abn men/nns must/md have/hv the/at same/ap faces/nns ./. 2/cd ./. I/ppss have/hv argued/vbn that/cs Oedipus/np of/in the/at Oedipus/np complex/nn has/hvz a/at doubtful/jj future/nn as/cs a/at tragic/jj figure/nn in/in literature/nn ./. But/cc a/at writer/nn who/wps has/hvz a/at taste/nn for/in irony/nn and/cc who/wps sees/vbz incest/nn in/in all/abn its/pp$ modern/jj dimensions/nns can/md let/vb his/pp$ imagination/nn work/vb on/in the/at disturbing/jj joke/nn in/in the/at incest/nn myth/nn ,/, the/at joke/nn that/wps strikes/vbz right/ql at/in the/at center/nn of/in man's/nn$ humanness/nn ./. Moral/jj dread/nn is/bez seen/vbn as/cs the/at other/ap face/nn of/in desire/nn ,/, and/cc here/rb psychoanalysis/nn delivers/vbz to/in the/at writer/nn a/at magnificent/jj irony/nn and/cc a/at moral/jj problem/nn of/in great/jj complexity/nn ./. There/ex is/bez probably/rb some/dti significance/nn in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs two/cd of/in the/at best/jjt incest/nn stories/nns I/ppss have/hv encountered/vbn in/in recent/jj years/nns are/ber burlesques/nns of/in the/at incest/nn myth/nn ./. The/at ancient/jj types/nns are/ber reassembled/vbn in/in gloom/nn and/cc foreboding/nn to/to be/be irresistibly/rb drawn/vbn to/in their/pp$ destinies/nns ,/, but/cc the/at myth/nn fails/vbz before/in the/at modern/jj truth/nn ;/. ;/. the/at oracle/nn speaks/vbz false/rb and/cc the/at dream/nn speaks/vbz true/rb ./. In/in both/abx the/at farmer's/nn$ tale/nn in/in Ralph/np Ellison's/np$ Invisible/jj-tl Man/nn-tl and/cc in/in Thomas/np Mann's/np$ The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Sinner/nn-tl ,/, the/at incest/nn hero/nn rises/vbz above/in the/at myth/nn by/in accepting/vbg the/at wish/nn as/cs motive/nn ;/. ;/. the/at heroic/jj act/nn is/bez the/at casting/nn off/rp of/in pretense/nn ./. Thomas/np Mann/np wrote/vbd The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Sinner/nn-tl in/in 1951/cd ./. It/pps was/bedz conceived/vbn as/cs a/at leave-taking/nn ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in melancholy/jj gathering-in/nn of/in the/at myths/nns of/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, ``/`` bevor/fw-cs die/fw-at Nacht/fw-nn sinkt/fw-vbz ,/, eine/fw-at lange/fw-jj Nacht/fw-nn vielleicht/fw-rb und/fw-cc ein/fw-at tiefes/fw-jj Vergessen/fw-nn ''/'' ./. He/pps chose/vbd a/at medieval/jj legend/nn of/in incest/nn ,/, Gregorius/np Vom/np Stein/np ,/, and/cc freely/rb borrowed/vbd and/cc parodied/vbd other/ap myths/nns of/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, mixing/vbg themes/nns ,/, language/nn ,/, peoples/nns and/cc times/nns in/in a/at master/nn myth/nn in/in which/wdt the/at old/jj forms/nns continually/rb renew/vb themselves/ppls ,/, as/cs in/in his/pp$ previous/jj treatment/nn of/in Joseph/np ./. But/cc The/at-tl Holy/jj-tl Sinner/nn-tl is/bez not/* simply/rb a/at retelling/nn of/in old/jj stories/nns for/in an/at old/jj man's/nn$ entertainment/nn ./. Mann/np understood/vbd better/rbr than/cs most/ap men/nns the/at incest/nn comedy/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at myth/nn and/cc the/at psychological/jj truth/nn in/in which/wdt dread/nn is/bez shown/vbn as/cs the/at other/ap face/nn as/cs longing/vbg was/bedz for/in him/ppo just/rb the/at kind/nn of/in deep/jj and/cc complicated/vbn joke/nn he/pps liked/vbd to/to tell/vb ./. And/cc when/wrb he/pps retold/vbd the/at legend/nn of/in Gregorius/np he/pps interpolated/vbd a/at modern/jj version/nn in/in which/wdt the/at medieval/jj players/nns speak/vb contemporary/jj thoughts/nns in/in archaic/jj language/nn ;/. ;/. while/cs they/ppss move/vb through/in the/at pageantry/nn of/in the/at ancient/jj incest/nn myth/nn and/cc cover/vb themselves/ppls through/in not-knowing/nn ,/, they/ppss reveal/vb the/at unconscious/jj motive/nn in/in seeking/vbg each/dt other/ap and/cc in/in the/at last/ap scene/nn make/vb an/at extraordinary/jj confession/nn of/in guilt/nn in/in the/at twentieth-century/nn manner/nn ./. Grigorss/np is/bez the/at child/nn of/in an/at incestuous/jj union/nn between/in a/at royal/jj brother/nn and/cc sister/nn ,/, the/at twins/nns Sibylla/np and/cc Wiligis/np ./. He/pps is/bez born/vbn in/in secrecy/nn after/in the/at death/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn and/cc cast/vb adrift/rb soon/rb after/in birth/nn ./. The/at infant/nn is/bez discovered/vbn by/in a/at fisherman/nn who/wps brings/vbz him/ppo home/nr to/to rear/vb him/ppo ./. An/at ivory/nn tablet/nn in/in the/at infant's/nn$ cask/nn recounts/vbz the/at story/nn of/in his/pp$ sinful/jj origins/nns and/cc is/bez preserved/vbn for/in the/at child/nn by/in the/at monks/nns of/in a/at monastery/nn in/in the/at fishing/vbg village/nn ./. Grigorss/np ,/, at/in seventeen/cd ,/, learns/vbz his/pp$ story/nn and/cc goes/vbz forth/rb as/cs a/at knight/nn to/to uncover/vb his/pp$ origins/nns ./. His/pp$ sailing/vbg vessel/nn is/bez guided/vbn by/in fate/nn to/in the/at shores/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj country/nn at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb Sibylla's/np$ domain/nn is/bez overrun/vbn by/in the/at armies/nns of/in one/cd of/in her/ppo rejected/vbn suitors/nns ./. Grigorss/np overcomes/vbz the/at suitor/nn in/in battle/nn ,/, delivers/vbz the/at city/nn from/in its/pp$ oppressors/nns and/cc marries/vbz Sibylla/np who/wps had/hvd fallen/vbn in/in love/nn with/in the/at beautiful/jj knight/nn the/at moment/nn she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo ./. Sibylla/np is/bez pregnant/jj with/in their/pp$ second/od child/nn when/wrb she/pps finds/vbz the/at ivory/nn tablet/nn concealed/vbn by/in her/pp$ husband/nn ,/, and/cc the/at identities/nns of/in mother/nn and/cc son/nn are/ber revealed/vbn ./. Grigorss/np goes/vbz off/rp to/to do/do penance/nn on/in a/at rock/nn for/in seventeen/cd years/nns ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in this/dt period/nn two/cd pious/jj Christians/nps in/in Rome/np receive/vb the/at revelation/nn which/wdt leads/vbz them/ppo to/to seek/vb the/at next/ap Pope/nn-tl on/in the/at rock/nn ./. Grigorss/np comes/vbz to/in Rome/np and/cc becomes/vbz a/at great/jj and/cc beloved/jj Pope/nn-tl ./. In/in the/at last/ap pages/nns of/in the/at book/nn Sibylla/np comes/vbz to/in Rome/np to/to seek/vb an/at audience/nn with/in the/at great/jj Pope/nn-tl and/cc to/to give/vb her/pp$ confession/nn ./. Mother/nn and/cc son/nn recognize/vb each/dt other/ap and/cc ,/, in/in Mann's/np$ version/nn of/in this/dt legend/nn ,/, make/vb a/at remarkable/jj confession/nn of/in guilt/nn to/in each/dt other/ap ,/, the/at confession/nn of/in unconscious/jj motive/nn and/cc unconscious/jj knowledge/nn of/in their/pp$ true/jj identities/nns from/in the/at time/nn they/ppss had/hvd first/rb set/vbn eyes/nns on/in each/dt other/ap ./.

cg27

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In/in recollection/nn he/pps has/hvz said/vbn :/: ``/`` Natural/jj or/cc man-made/jj objects/nns kept/vbd coming/vbg into/in my/pp$ head/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss would/md suppress/vb them/ppo sternly/rb ''/'' ./. Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps organized/vbd the/at movement/nn of/in his/pp$ forms/nns ,/, within/in his/pp$ rigorously/rb shaped/vbn space/nn ,/, into/in highly/ql complex/jj equilibriums/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc used/vbn gradations/nns of/in color/nn value/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs sharply/rb contrasting/vbg elementary/jj colors/nns ./. The/at worthy/jj Mondrian/np ,/, seeing/vbg these/dts pictures/nns ,/, said/vbd in/in a/at tone/nn of/in kindly/jj reproof/nn :/: ``/`` But/cc you/ppss are/ber really/rb an/at artist/nn of/in the/at naturalistic/jj tradition/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Helion/np did/dod not/* realize/vb it/ppo at/in the/at time/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz true/jj ./. His/pp$ ``/`` monumental/jj ''/'' abstraction/nn ,/, made/vbn up/rp of/in smooth/jj ,/, metallic/jj ``/`` non-objects/nns ''/'' acting/vbg upon/in each/dt other/ap with/in great/jj tension/nn ,/, won/vbd Helion/np much/ap acclaim/nn during/in the/at 'thirties/nns ./. The/at play/nn of/in novel/jj lighting/vbg effects/nns also/rb entered/vbd into/in these/dts compositions/nns ,/, whose/wp$ controlled/vbn power/nn and/cc varied/vbn activity/nn made/vbd them/ppo well/ql worth/jj meditating/vbg ./. As/cs Helion's/np$ work/nn showed/vbd more/ap and/cc more/ap nostalgia/nn for/in the/at world/nn of/in man/nn and/cc nature/nn ,/, the/at pure/jj abstractionists/nns expressed/vbd some/dti disapproval/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc Leger/np ,/, Arp/np ,/, Lipchitz/np and/cc Alexander/np Calder/np ,/, at/in the/at time/nn ,/, gave/vbd him/ppo their/pp$ blessing/nn ./. His/pp$ canvases/nns nowadays/rb bore/vb titles/nns frankly/rb declaring/vbg them/ppo to/to be/be ``/`` Figures/nns-tl In/in-tl Space/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` Blue/jj-tl Figure/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` Pink/jj-tl Figure/nn-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/. and/cc they/ppss had/hvd (/( vaguely/rb )/) heads/nns and/cc feet/nns ./. Exhibited/vbn in/in shows/nns in/in London/np in/in 1935/cd ,/, and/cc in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl the/at following/vbg year/nn ,/, the/at new/jj ,/, more/ql elaborated/vbn abstracts/nns were/bed much/rb favored/vbn in/in the/at circles/nns of/in the/at modernists/nns as/cs three-dimentional/jj dramas/nns of/in great/jj intellectual/jj coherence/nn ./. At/in this/dt period/nn the/at thirty-year/jj old/jj Helion/np was/bedz ranked/vbn ``/`` as/cs one/cd of/in the/at mature/jj leaders/nns of/in the/at modern/jj movement/nn ''/'' ,/, according/in to/in Herbert/np Read/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc in/in the/at direct/jj line/nn of/in descent/nn from/in Cezanne/np ,/, Seurat/np ,/, Gris/np and/cc Leger/np ''/'' ./. In/in America/np ,/, Meyer/np Schapiro/np observed/vbd that/cs ,/, unlike/in the/at Mondrian/np school/nn ,/, Helion/np ``/`` sought/vbd a/at return/nn path/nn to/in the/at fullness/nn of/in nature/nn within/in the/at framework/nn of/in abstract/jj art/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez notable/jj that/cs at/in this/dt time/nn he/pps was/bedz writing/vbg with/in admiration/nn of/in Cimabue's/np$ and/cc Poussin's/np$ way/nn of/in filling/vbg space/nn ./. Abstract/jj art/nn was/bedz still/rb the/at right/jj path/nn for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. but/cc ,/, he/pps held/vbd ,/, instead/rb of/in continuing/vbg as/cs an/at ``/`` art/nn of/in reduction/nn ''/'' ,/, it/pps must/md grow/vb ,/, must/md make/vb a/at place/nn for/in the/at contributions/nns of/in the/at Raphaels/nps and/cc Poussins/nps as/ql well/rb as/cs for/in those/dts of/in the/at early/jj cubists/nns and/cc Mondrian/np ./. Later/rbr Helion/np wrote/vbd of/in this/dt phase/nn :/: ``/`` For/in years/nns I/ppss built/vbd for/in myself/ppl a/at subtle/jj instrument/nn of/in relationships/nns --/-- colors/nns and/cc forms/nns without/in a/at name/nn ./. I/ppss played/vbd on/in it/ppo my/pp$ secret/jj songs/nns ,/, unexplained/jj ,/, passionate/jj and/cc peaceful/jj ''/'' ./. But/cc his/pp$ own/jj work/nn was/bedz evolving/vbg further/rbr ./. The/at extreme/jj limitations/nns he/pps sensed/vbd in/in all/abn current/jj abstract/jj art/nn made/vbd that/dt seem/vb to/in him/ppo increasingly/ql arid/jj and/cc cold/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz engaged/vbn in/in constant/jj experiments/nns that/wps searched/vbd for/in new/jj directions/nns ./. Where/wrb would/md it/pps all/abn lead/vb ?/. ?/. He/pps himself/ppl did/dod not/* know/vb ,/, as/cs he/pps said/vbd in/in 1935/cd ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz ``/`` afraid/jj of/in the/at future/nn --/-- he/pps would/md in/in fact/nn welcome/vb a/at way/nn back/rb to/in social/jj integration/nn ,/, a/at functional/jj art/nn of/in some/dti kind/nn ''/'' ./. During/in the/at 1920's/nns the/at Abstractionists/nns-tl ,/, the/at German/jj Bauhaus/np group/nn of/in industrial/jj designers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at new/jj architects/nns all/abn had/hvd the/at dream/nn of/in some/dti well/ql ordered/vbn utopia/nn ,/, or/cc welfare/nn state/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt their/pp$ neat/jj and/cc logical/jj constructions/nns might/md find/vb their/pp$ proper/jj place/nn ./. But/cc whereas/cs the/at postwar/jj American/jj abstractionists/nns seem/vb to/in Helion/np to/to be/be determined/vbn to/to ``/`` escape/vb ''/'' from/in the/at real/jj world/nn ,/, or/cc simply/rb to/to rebel/vb against/in it/ppo ,/, the/at ordered/vbn abstractions/nns which/wdt he/pps and/cc his/pp$ associates/nns of/in the/at 1930's/nns were/bed painting/vbg embodied/vbd the/at hope/nn of/in ``/`` improving/vbg ''/'' things/nns ./. ``/`` We/ppss were/bed possessed/vbn by/in visions/nns of/in a/at new/jj civilization/nn to/to come/vb ,/, very/ql pure/jj and/cc elevated/vbn ''/'' ,/, he/pps has/hvz said/vbn ,/, ``/`` in/in fact/nn some/dti ideal/jj form/nn of/in socialism/nn such/jj as/cs we/ppss had/hvd dreamed/vbn of/in since/in the/at war/nn of/in 1914-1918/cd ''/'' ./. Instead/rb of/in this/dt the/at 1930's/nns witnessed/vbd a/at tragic/jj economic/jj depression/nn ,/, the/at rise/nn of/in Fascist/jj dictators/nns in/in Europe/np ,/, the/at wasting/vbg Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl in/in Spain/np ./. Very/ql much/rb the/at political/jj man/nn ,/, Helion/np felt/vbd himself/ppl deeply/ql affected/vbn by/in the/at increasingly/ql pessimistic/jj atmosphere/nn of/in France/np and/cc all/abn Europe/np ,/, whose/wp$ foundations/nns seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo more/ql and/cc more/ql shaky/jj ./. In/in 1936/cd he/pps decided/vbd to/to migrate/vb to/in America/np ./. The/at Rooseveltian/jj America/np was/bedz a/at haven/nn of/in liberalism/nn and/cc progress/nn and/cc seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo to/to constitute/vb the/at last/ap best/jjt hope/nn for/in civilization/nn ./. Helion/np also/rb hoped/vbd that/cs America's/np$ mastery/nn of/in technology/nn and/cc industrial/jj efficiency/nn would/md be/be accompanied/vbn by/in the/at production/nn of/in new/jj and/cc beautiful/jj art/nn works/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss arrived/vbd in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in the/at idea/nn of/in establishing/vbg myself/ppl there/rb more/ql or/cc less/ql permanently/rb and/cc finding/vbg inspiration/nn for/in new/jj compositions/nns ''/'' ./. In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl he/pps was/bedz well/rb received/vbn by/in what/wdt was/bedz then/rb only/rb a/at small/jj brave/jj band/nn of/in non-figurative/jj artists/nns ,/, including/in Alexander/np Calder/np ,/, George/np K./np L./np Morris/np ,/, De/np Kooning/np ,/, Holty/np and/cc a/at few/ap others/nns ./. After/in a/at year/nn in/in a/at studio/nn on/in Sheridan/np-tl Square/nn-tl ,/, having/hvg married/vbn an/at American/jj girl/nn who/wps was/bedz a/at native/nn of/in Virginia/np ,/, Helion/np moved/vbd to/in a/at village/nn in/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Ridge/nn-tl mountains/nns ,/, where/wrb he/pps produced/vbd some/dti of/in the/at most/ql imposing/vbg of/in his/pp$ abstract/jj canvases/nns ./. The/at darkening/vbg world/nn scene/nn ,/, at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at Munich/np-tl Pact/nn-tl ,/, continued/vbd to/to trouble/vb his/pp$ mind/nn even/rb in/in his/pp$ remote/jj Virginia/np studio/nn ./. ``/`` Fear/nn possessed/vbn me/ppo ,/, and/cc the/at certainty/nn of/in war/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps has/hvz related/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss truly/rb smelled/vbd blood/nn ,/, death/nn ,/, heaps/nns of/in corpses/nns everywhere/rb ''/'' ./. In/in haste/nn he/pps labored/vbd to/to finish/vb some/dti last/ap abstract/jj paintings/nns :/: a/at three-panel/jj frieze/nn ,/, with/in a/at flying/vbg figure/nn and/cc a/at fallen/vbn figure/nn ;/. ;/. a/at ``/`` Double-Figure/np ''/'' ,/, which/wdt went/vbd to/in the/at Chicago/np-tl Art/nn-tl Institute/nn-tl ,/, and/cc is/bez considered/vbn by/in him/ppo the/at most/ql successful/jj of/in his/pp$ abstracts/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in early/jj 1939/cd ,/, a/at ``/`` Fallen/vbn-tl Figure/nn-tl ''/'' of/in very/ql ominous/jj character/nn ,/, which/wdt concluded/vbd his/pp$ abstract/jj phase/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss knew/vbd I/ppss was/bedz carrying/vbg on/rp with/in abstraction/nn to/in its/pp$ very/ap end/nn --/-- for/in me/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd of/in the/at two/cd years'/nns$ output/nn in/in Virginia/np ./. With/in those/dts paintings/nns of/in big/jj constructions/nns crashing/vbg down/rp ,/, he/pps felt/vbd he/pps could/md stop/vb ./. They/ppss were/bed ,/, in/in effect/nn his/pp$ last/ap testament/nn to/in non-objective/jj art/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd taken/vbn out/rp first/od papers/nns for/in American/jj citizenship/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc after/cs war/nn came/vbd to/in Europe/np ,/, he/pps decided/vbd to/to return/vb to/in France/np ,/, arriving/vbg there/rb in/in January/np ,/, 1940/cd ./. ``/`` I/ppss hated/vbd the/at war/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` but/cc thought/vbd I/ppss ought/md to/to go/vb because/cs I/ppss was/bedz ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, one/cd of/in those/dts who/wps hadn't/hvd* done/vbn enough/ap to/to prevent/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. In/in June/np ,/, 1940/cd ,/, Sergeant/nn-tl Helion/np ,/, with/in a/at company/nn of/in reserve/nn troops/nns waiting/vbg to/to go/vb into/in battle/nn ,/, was/bedz sketching/vbg the/at hills/nns south/nr of/in the/at Loire/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb the/at war/nn suddenly/rb rolled/vbd in/rp upon/in him/ppo ./. Its/pp$ first/od apparition/nn was/bedz a/at long/jj ,/, gloomy/jj column/nn of/in refugees/nns riding/vbg in/in farm/nn wagons/nns ,/, or/cc pushing/vbg prams/nns ./. His/pp$ company/nn then/rb carried/vbd out/rp a/at confused/vbn retreating/vbg movement/nn until/cs it/pps was/bedz surrounded/vbn by/in the/at Germans/nps ,/, a/at few/ap days/nns before/cs France/np capitulated/vbd ./. After/in a/at sort/nn of/in death/nn march/nn during/in four/cd days/nns without/in food/nn ,/, Helion/np and/cc his/pp$ comrades/nns were/bed shipped/vbn by/in cattle-car/nn to/in a/at labor/nn camp/nn at/in an/at estate/nn farm/nn in/in East/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ./. A/at year/nn later/rbr they/ppss were/bed removed/vbn to/in a/at Stalag/np in/in the/at harbor/nn of/in Stettin/np ./. At/in the/at time/nn of/in his/pp$ capture/nn Helion/np had/hvd on/in his/pp$ person/nn a/at sketchbook/nn he/pps had/hvd bought/vbn at/in Woolworth's/np$ in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. When/wrb he/pps was/bedz stripped/vbn ,/, deloused/vbn and/cc numbered/vbn by/in his/pp$ guards/nns ,/, his/pp$ much-thumbed/jj sketchbook/nn was/bedz seized/vbn and/cc thrown/vbn on/in a/at pile/nn of/in prisoners'/nns$ goods/nns to/to be/be confiscated/vbn ./. ``/`` It/pps was/bedz then/rb I/ppss knew/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed making/vbg war/nn against/in Man/nn-tl ,/, the/at individual/nn within/rb !/. !/. --/-- who/wps questioned/vbd things/nns when/wrb given/vbn orders/nns ''/'' ./. At/in Stettin/np the/at university-educated/jj artist/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd studied/vbn German/np ,/, was/bedz chosen/vbn to/to serve/vb as/cs interpreter/nn and/cc clerk/nn in/in the/at office/nn of/in the/at Stalag/np commander/nn ./. In/in secret/nn he/pps also/rb acted/vbd as/cs a/at member/nn of/in the/at prisoners'/nns$ Central/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt plotted/vbd sabotage/nn ,/, planned/vbd a/at few/ap escapes/nns ,/, and/cc maintained/vbd a/at hidden/vbn control/nn over/in the/at wretched/jj French/jj slave-laborers/nns ./. In/in the/at Stalag/np ,/, Helion/np came/vbd to/to know/vb and/cc love/vb his/pp$ comrades/nns ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo plain/jj folk/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in their/pp$ extremity/nn ,/, showed/vbd true/jj courage/nn and/cc ran/vbd great/jj risks/nns to/to help/vb each/dt other/ap ./. How/wql much/ap they/ppss esteemed/vbd him/ppo is/bez shown/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs their/pp$ underground/jj committee/nn selected/vbd him/ppo as/cs one/cd of/in the/at few/ap who/wps would/md be/be helped/vbn to/to escape/vb ./. In/in the/at prison/nn camp's/nn$ Black/jj-tl Market/nn-tl civilian/jj clothes/nns were/bed quietly/rb bought/vbn and/cc forged/vbn papers/nns were/bed devised/vbn for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. during/in long/jj weeks/nns the/at plan/nn for/in his/pp$ flight/nn was/bedz rehearsed/vbn ./. Every/at morning/nn contingents/nns of/in prisoners/nns would/md be/be sent/vbn out/rp to/to labor/vb in/in nearby/jj factories/nns ./. One/cd evening/nn ,/, while/cs a/at volley-ball/nn game/nn was/bedz being/beg played/vbn in/in the/at yard/nn among/in the/at prisoners/nns remaining/vbg there/rb ,/, a/at simulated/vbn melee/nn was/bedz staged/vbn --/-- just/rb as/cs the/at gates/nns were/bed opened/vbn to/to admit/vb other/ap prisoners/nns returning/vbg from/in work/nn ./. As/cs Helion/np wrote/vbd afterward/rb :/: ``/`` Their/pp$ sentry/nn followed/vbd ./. Four/cd hands/nns were/bed stretched/vbn toward/in me/ppo by/in my/pp$ comrades/nns behind/in me/ppo ./. Marquet/np held/vbd my/pp$ briefcase/nn ;/. ;/. Finot/np held/vbd a/at wallet/nn with/in my/pp$ money/nn and/cc papers/nns ;/. ;/. Moineau/np and/cc David/np held/vbd nothing/pn but/in their/pp$ fingers/nns ./. They/ppss felt/vbd rough/jj and/cc kind/jj and/cc warm/jj ./. At/in this/dt moment/nn the/at volley-ball/nn hit/vbd the/at ground/nn ./. Duclos/np ran/vbd toward/in Desprez/np with/in fists/nns raised/vbn ./. The/at guards/nns all/abn rushed/vbd up/rp to/to intervene/vb ''/'' Shedding/vbg his/pp$ prison/nn cloak/nn ,/, Helion/np shot/vbd through/in the/at gates/nns ,/, now/rb clad/vbn in/in civilian/jj garments/nns and/cc with/in the/at passport/nn of/in a/at Flemish/jj worker/nn ./. Riding/vbg trains/nns ,/, hitching/vbg hikes/nns on/in trucks/nns across/in Germany/np ,/, slipping/vbg through/in guarded/vbn frontiers/nns with/in the/at help/nn of/in secret/jj guides/nns ,/, he/pps eventually/rb reached/vbd Vichy/np France/np ,/, and/cc ,/, by/in the/at winter/nn of/in 1943/cd ,/, was/bedz back/rb in/in Virginia/np ./. He/pps wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` To/in escape/vb from/in a/at prison/nn camp/nn required/vbd a/at very/ql special/jj state/nn of/in mind/nn ;/. ;/. not/* only/rb loathing/nn of/in captivity/nn ,/, but/cc a/at faith/nn ,/, a/at hope/nn that/wps is/bez even/ql stronger/jjr ./. I/ppss left/vbd behind/in me/ppo brave/jj men/nns ,/, whom/wpo captivity/nn had/hvd robbed/vbn of/in all/abn hope/nn ./. They/ppss too/rb loved/vbd their/pp$ families/nns ,/, longed/vbd for/in their/pp$ villages/nns :/: yet/cc lacked/vbd the/at faith/nn that/wps drove/vbd one/cd to/to dare/vb the/at fearful/jj chance/nn of/in escape/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at time/nn of/in revelations/nns for/in him/ppo ./. Even/rb the/at most/ql rational/jj of/in men/nns ,/, under/in great/jj stress/nn ,/, may/md be/be transported/vbn by/in a/at new/jj faith/nn and/cc behave/vb like/cs mystics/nns ./. Helion/np knew/vbd that/cs he/pps owed/vbd his/pp$ freedom/nn as/ql much/rb to/in the/at self-sacrifice/nn of/in his/pp$ fellow-men/nns in/in Arbeitskommando/np-tl 13/cd-tl ,/, ,/, Stettin/np ,/, as/cs to/to his/pp$ own/jj fierce/jj will/nn and/cc love/nn of/in life/nn ./. After/in that/dt ,/, he/pps declared/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to return/vb to/in freedom/nn was/bedz to/to fall/vb to/in one's/pn$ knees/nns before/in the/at real/jj world/nn and/cc adore/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. In/in prison/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben able/jj to/to sketch/vb nothing/pn but/in figures/nns from/in life/nn ,/, his/pp$ guards/nns ,/, his/pp$ companions/nns in/in misery/nn ./. Now/rb all/abn his/pp$ desires/nns centered/vbd on/in ``/`` rediscovering/vbg and/cc singing/vbg of/in the/at prosaic/jj and/cc yet/rb beautiful/jj world/nn of/in men/nns and/cc objects/nns so/ql long/rb barred/vbn from/in me/ppo by/in a/at barbed/vbn wire/nn fence/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc ,/, he/pps added/vbd :/: ``/`` During/in the/at many/ap months/nns in/in prison/nn camp/nn ,/, all/abn abstract/jj images/nns vanished/vbd from/in my/pp$ mind/nn ''/'' ./. Before/in leaving/vbg for/in America/np ,/, he/pps happened/vbd to/to see/vb his/pp$ old/jj friend/nn Jean/np Arp/np and/cc confided/vbd to/in him/ppo his/pp$ new/jj resolutions/nns ./. Arp/np protested/vbd :/: ``/`` But/cc it/pps is/bez impossible/jj !/. !/. Everything/pn in/in the/at way/nn of/in representation/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben done/vbn by/in the/at old/jj masters/nns ''/'' ./. Helion/np ,/, however/rb ,/, clung/vbd to/in the/at belief/nn that/cs ``/`` in/in escaping/vbg from/in the/at Stalag/np I/ppss had/hvd also/rb escaped/vbn from/in Abstraction/nn-tl ''/'' ./. While/cs convalescing/vbg in/in his/pp$ Virginia/np home/nn he/pps wrote/vbd a/at book/nn recording/vbg his/pp$ prison/nn experiences/nns and/cc escape/nn ,/, entitled/vbn :/: They/ppss-tl Shall/md-tl Not/*-tl Have/hv-tl Me/ppo-tl Published/vbn originally/rb in/in (/( Helion's/np$ )/) English/np by/in Dutton/np-tl &/cc-tl Co./nn-tl of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, in/in 1943/cd ,/, the/at book/nn was/bedz received/vbn by/in the/at press/nn as/cs a/at work/nn of/in astonishing/jj literary/jj power/nn and/cc one/cd of/in the/at most/ql realistic/jj accounts/nns of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, from/in the/at French/jj side/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz very/ql widely/rb read/vbn ,/, too/rb ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at author/nn ,/, who/wps seemed/vbd the/at embodiment/nn of/in France's/np$ rising/vbg spirit/nn of/in resistance/nn to/in her/pp$ conquerors/nns ,/, was/bedz much/rb complimented/vbn for/in his/pp$ daring/vbg military/jj action/nn ./. But/cc when/wrb he/pps showed/vbd his/pp$ new/jj figurative/jj pictures/nns to/in his/pp$ artist/nn friends/nns of/in the/at abstract/jj camp/nn ,/, they/ppss paid/vbd him/ppo no/at compliments/nns and/cc drew/vbd long/jj faces/nns ./. Between/in 1944/cd and/cc 1947/cd Helion/np had/hvd a/at series/nn of/in one-man/jj shows/nns --/-- at/in the/at Paul/np-tl Rosenberg/np-tl Gallery/nn-tl in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl and/cc in/in Paris/np --/-- of/in his/pp$ new/jj realistic/jj pictures/nns ./. They/ppss reincarnated/vbd the/at figures/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns banished/vbn from/in his/pp$ canvases/nns since/in the/at 1920's/nns ./. These/dts new/jj pictures/nns focussed/vbd on/in the/at familiar/jj and/cc commonplace/jj objects/nns that/cs he/pps had/hvd heard/vbn the/at men/nns in/in his/pp$ prison/nn camp/nn talking/vbg about/in as/cs the/at things/nns they/ppss missed/vbd most/rbt ,/, hence/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at sense/nn of/in lost/vbn freedom/nn :/: the/at cafe/nn at/in the/at corner/nn ,/, the/at newspaper/nn kiosk/nn ,/, the/at girls/nns in/in doorways/nns and/cc windows/nns along/in the/at street/nn ,/, the/at golden-crusted/jj French/jj bread/nn they/ppss lacked/vbd ,/, the/at cigarettes/nns denied/vbn them/ppo ./. One/cd of/in the/at pictures/nns was/bedz of/in a/at man/nn with/in hat/nn drawn/vbn over/in his/pp$ face/nn ceremoniously/rb lighting/vbg a/at cigarette/nn ;/. ;/. others/nns were/bed of/in men/nns doffing/vbg their/pp$ hats/nns to/in each/dt other/ap ,/, carrying/vbg umbrellas/nns with/in pomp/nn ,/, reading/vbg newspapers/nns ,/, or/cc simply/rb showing/vbg loaves/nns of/in bread/nn spread/vbn out/rp ./.

cg28

cg28 |@word important:4 mr:9 essay:2 thesis:1 restrict:1 deny:2 faulkner:20 stature:1 obviously:2 also:7 cowley:2 warren:1 fall:1 temptation:1 beset:1 many:4 read:4 author:6 nathaniel:1 hawthorne:1 example:2 herman:1 melville:1 protest:3 modernism:1 material:6 progress:1 science:1 genuine:1 may:5 total:1 work:6 today:1 fact:5 exist:3 1946:1 make:5 comment:4 1939:1 write:9 reveal:1 simple:1 attitude:1 toward:2 south:12 traditionalist:3 eclectic:1 condemn:2 recent:1 present:1 past:2 less:4 force:2 see:5 heroic:1 sartoris:2 sutpen:1 show:4 blind:1 mean:2 compson:4 family:6 disintegrate:1 within:4 barn:2 burner:1 produce:6 flem:2 snope:2 personify:1 commercialism:1 materialism:1 hyperbolic:1 crassness:1 jason:1 4:1 untraditional:1 find:6 phrase:1 traditional:1 moralist:1 either:2 inadequate:1 misleading:1 among:3 frederick:1 hoffman:1 william:4 van:1 mrs:1 olga:1 vickery:1 indicate:1 direction:1 explicit:1 enough:1 believe:4 point:3 independence:4 questioning:1 indeed:1 challenge:2 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picture:1 low:6 class:2 counterpart:1 ancestry:1 extend:1 1728:1 byrd:1 describe:1 lubberlander:1 encounter:1 country:2 north:1 carolina:1 antecedent:1 snopes:1 clan:1 realistic:2 humorous:3 writing:3 originate:1 southwest:1 three:1 narrative:1 coarse:1 crude:1 language:1 first:1 local:1 newspaper:1 rule:1 cover:1 though:1 rarely:1 library:1 beside:1 morocco:1 bind:1 volume:1 horace:1 addison:1 pope:1 sir:1 walter:1 scott:1 suggest:1 sketch:3 prompt:1 indelicate:1 artificial:1 refinement:1 dominate:1 polite:1 letter:1 gilmore:1 simms:2 sturdy:1 realist:1 plead:1 natural:1 robustness:1 favorite:1 great:1 elizabethans:1 vivify:1 pale:1 admire:1 raucous:1 tale:3 emanate:1 backwood:3 affiliation:1 allow:1 approve:1 fully:1 augustus:1 baldwin:1 longstreet:2 preacher:1 college:1 university:1 president:1 four:1 state:1 ransy:1 sniffle:1 account:1 horse:1 trading:1 eye:1 gouge:1 combat:1 shockingly:1 unliterary:1 speech:1 follow:2 include:1 bang:2 thorpe:4 creator:1 big:2 arkansas:2 tom:1 owen:1 bee:1 hunter:1 johnson:1 jones:1 hooper:2 whose:2 simon:1 suggs:1 close:1 kinship:1 willingness:1 cruel:1 advantage:1 sundry:1 sharpness:1 habitually:1 carry:1 george:1 washington:1 harris:2 tennessee:1 hillbilly:1 sut:1 lovingood:1 perpetrate:1 unmalicious:1 mischief:1 unintended:1 pain:1 profitable:1 humorist:2 alongside:2 thought:2 necessarily:1 owe:1 anything:1 directly:1 people:1 type:1 continue:1 comparison:1 remind:1 record:1 moreover:1 long:1 establish:1 precedent:1 existence:2 often:1 morality:2 effect:1 nee:1 add:2 give:1 subtler:1 intricate:1 function:1 need:1 highly:1 individualized:1 successful:1 already:1 mention:1 use:1 illustrate:1 another:1 authentic:1 louisiana:1 east:1 man:2 prepare:1 setting:1 romantic:1 adventure:1 idealized:2 beauty:1 hardship:1 pioneer:1 poverty:1 frontier:2 settlement:1 slack:1 abound:1 consequence:1 tension:1 thus:1 feeling:1 hand:1 hunting:1 trip:1 anecdote:1 village:1 hardscrabble:1 arkansa:1 piano:1 masterpiece:1 humor:1 earthy:1 realism:1 place:1 exaggeration:1 tall:1 awe:1 contemplate:1 grandeur:1 mystery:1 nature:1

Important/jj as/cs was/bedz Mr./np O'Donnell's/np$ essay/nn ,/, his/pp$ thesis/nn is/bez so/ql restricting/jj as/cs to/to deny/vb Faulkner/np the/at stature/nn which/wdt he/pps obviously/rb has/hvz ./. He/pps and/cc also/rb Mr./np Cowley/np and/cc Mr./np Warren/np have/hv fallen/vbn to/in the/at temptation/nn which/wdt besets/vbz many/ap of/in us/ppo to/to read/vb into/in our/pp$ authors/nns --/-- Nathaniel/np Hawthorne/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, and/cc Herman/np Melville/np --/-- protests/vbz against/in modernism/nn ,/, material/jj progress/nn ,/, and/cc science/nn which/wdt are/ber genuine/jj protests/nns of/in our/pp$ own/jj but/cc may/md not/* have/hv been/ben theirs/pp$$ ./. Faulkner's/np$ total/nn works/nns today/nr ,/, and/cc in/in fact/nn those/dts of/in his/pp$ works/nns which/wdt existed/vbd in/in 1946/cd when/wrb Mr./np Cowley/np made/vbd his/pp$ comment/nn ,/, or/cc in/in 1939/cd ,/, when/wrb Mr./np O'Donnell/np wrote/vbd his/pp$ essay/nn ,/, reveal/vb no/at such/jj simple/jj attitude/nn toward/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. If/cs he/pps is/bez a/at traditionalist/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez an/at eclectic/jj traditionalist/nn ./. If/cs he/pps condemns/vbz the/at recent/jj or/cc the/at present/nn ,/, he/pps condemns/vbz the/at past/nn with/in no/ql less/ap force/nn ./. If/cs he/pps sees/vbz the/at heroic/jj in/in a/at Sartoris/np or/cc a/at Sutpen/np ,/, he/pps sees/vbz also/rb --/-- and/cc he/pps shows/vbz --/-- the/at blind/jj and/cc the/at mean/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps sees/vbz the/at Compson/np family/nn disintegrating/vbg from/in within/rb ./. If/cs the/at barn-burner's/nn$ family/nn produces/vbz a/at Flem/np Snopes/np ,/, who/wps personifies/vbz commercialism/nn and/cc materialism/nn in/in hyperbolic/jj crassness/nn ,/, the/at Compson/np family/nn produces/vbz a/at Jason/np Compson/np 4/cd ./. Faulkner/np is/bez a/at most/ql untraditional/jj traditionalist/nn ./. Others/nns writing/vbg on/in Faulkner/np have/hv found/vbn the/at phrase/nn ``/`` traditional/jj moralist/nn ''/'' either/cc inadequate/jj or/cc misleading/vbg ./. Among/in them/ppo are/ber Frederick/np J./np Hoffman/np ,/, William/np Van/np O'Connor/np ,/, and/cc Mrs./np Olga/np Vickery/np ./. They/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn the/at direction/nn but/cc they/ppss have/hv not/* been/ben explicit/jj enough/qlp ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, in/in pointing/vbg out/rp Faulkner's/np$ independence/nn ,/, his/pp$ questioning/vbg if/cs not/* indeed/rb challenging/vbg the/at Southern/jj-tl tradition/nn ./. Faulkner's/np$ is/bez not/* the/at mind/nn of/in the/at apologist/nn which/wdt Mr./np O'Donnell/np implies/vbz that/wps it/pps is/bez ./. He/pps is/bez not/* one/cd to/to remain/vb more/ql comfortably/rb and/cc unquestioningly/rb within/in a/at body/nn of/in social/jj ,/, cultural/jj ,/, or/cc literary/jj traditions/nns than/cs he/pps was/bedz within/in the/at traditions/nns --/-- or/cc possibly/rb the/at regulations/nns --/-- governing/vbg his/pp$ tenure/nn in/in the/at post/nn office/nn at/in Oxford/np ,/, Mississippi/np ,/, thirty-five/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. That/dt is/bez not/* to/to deny/vb that/cs he/pps has/hvz been/ben aware/jj of/in traditions/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps is/bez steeped/vbn in/in them/ppo ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, or/cc that/cs he/pps has/hvz dealt/vbn with/in them/ppo ,/, in/in his/pp$ books/nns ./. It/pps is/bez to/to say/vb rather/rb ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, that/cs he/pps has/hvz brought/vbn to/to bear/vb on/in the/at history/nn ,/, the/at traditions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at lore/nn of/in his/pp$ region/nn a/at critical/jj ,/, skeptical/jj mind/nn --/-- the/at same/ap mind/nn which/wdt has/hvz made/vbn of/in him/ppo an/at inveterate/jj experimenter/nn in/in literary/jj form/nn and/cc technique/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz employed/vbn from/in his/pp$ section/nn rich/jj immediate/jj materials/nns which/wdt in/in a/at loose/jj sense/nn can/md be/be termed/vbn Southern/jj-tl ./. The/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps has/hvz cast/vbn over/in those/dts materials/nns the/at light/nn of/in a/at skeptical/jj mind/nn does/doz not/* make/vb him/ppo any/dti the/at less/ql Southern/jj-tl ,/, I/ppss rather/rb think/vb ,/, for/cs the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz been/ben no/ql more/ql solid/jj than/cs other/ap regions/nns except/in in/in the/at political/jj and/cc related/vbn areas/nns where/wrb patronage/nn and/cc force/nn and/cc intimidation/nn and/cc fear/nn may/md produce/vb a/at surface/nn uniformity/nn ./. Some/dti of/in us/ppo might/md be/be inclined/vbn to/to argue/vb ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs an/at independence/nn of/in mind/nn and/cc action/nn and/cc an/at intolerance/nn of/in regimentation/nn ,/, either/cc mental/jj or/cc physical/jj ,/, are/ber particularly/rb Southern/jj-tl traits/nns ./. There/ex is/bez no/at necessity/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, to/to assert/vb that/cs Mr./np Faulkner/np is/bez Southern/jj-tl ./. It/pps would/md not/* be/be easy/jj to/to discover/vb a/at more/ql thoroughly/ql Southern/jj-tl pedigree/nn than/cs that/dt of/in his/pp$ family/nn ./. And/cc ,/, after/in all/abn ,/, he/pps has/hvz lived/vbn comfortably/rb at/in both/abx Oxford/np ,/, Mississippi/np ,/, and/cc Charlottesville/np ,/, Virginia/np ./. The/at young/jj William/np Faulkner/np in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl in/in the/at 1920's/nns impressed/vbd the/at novelist/nn Hamilton/np Basso/np as/cs obviously/ql conscious/jj of/in being/beg a/at Southerner/nn-tl ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at evidence/nn that/cs since/in then/rb he/pps has/hvz ever/rb considered/vbn himself/ppl any/dti less/ap so/rb ./. Besides/in showing/vbg no/at inclination/nn ,/, apparently/rb ,/, to/to absent/vb himself/ppl from/in his/pp$ native/jj region/nn even/rb for/in short/jj periods/nns ,/, and/cc in/in addition/nn writing/vbg a/at shelf/nn of/in books/nns set/vbn in/in the/at region/nn ,/, he/pps has/hvz handled/vbn in/in those/dts books/nns an/at astonishingly/ql complete/jj list/nn of/in matters/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben important/jj in/in the/at South/nr-tl during/in the/at past/ap hundred/cd years/nns ./. It/pps is/bez more/ql difficult/jj with/in Faulkner/np than/cs with/in most/ap authors/nns to/to say/vb what/wdt is/bez the/at extent/nn and/cc what/wdt is/bez the/at source/nn of/in his/pp$ knowledge/nn ./. His/pp$ own/jj testimony/nn is/bez that/cs he/pps has/hvz read/vbn very/ql little/ap in/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, implying/vbg that/cs what/wdt he/pps knows/vbz of/in that/dt history/nn has/hvz come/vbn to/in him/ppo orally/rb and/cc that/cs he/pps knows/vbz the/at world/nn around/in him/ppo primarily/rb from/in his/pp$ own/jj unassisted/jj observation/nn ./. His/pp$ denials/nns of/in extensive/jj reading/nn notwithstanding/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez no/at doubt/nn safe/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs he/pps has/hvz spent/vbn time/nn schooling/vbg himself/ppl in/in Southern/jj-tl history/nn and/cc that/cs he/pps has/hvz gained/vbn some/dti acquaintance/nn with/in the/at chief/jjs literary/jj authors/nns who/wps have/hv lived/vbn in/in the/at South/nr-tl or/cc have/hv written/vbn about/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. To/to believe/vb otherwise/rb would/md be/be unrealistic/jj ./. But/cc in/in looking/vbg at/in Faulkner/np against/in his/pp$ background/nn in/in Mississippi/np and/cc the/at South/nr-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj not/* to/to lose/vb the/at broader/jjr perspective/nn ./. His/pp$ earliest/jjt work/nn reflected/vbd heavy/jj influences/nns from/in English/np and/cc continental/jj writers/nns ./. Evidence/nn is/bez plentiful/jj that/cs early/rb and/cc later/rbr also/rb he/pps has/hvz been/ben indebted/jj to/in the/at Gothic/jj-tl romancers/nns ,/, who/wps deal/vb in/in extravagant/jj horror/nn ,/, to/in the/at symbolists/nns writing/vbg at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at preceding/vbg century/nn ,/, and/cc in/in particular/jj to/in the/at stream-of-consciousness/nn novelists/nns ,/, Henry/np James/np and/cc James/np Joyce/np among/in them/ppo ./. His/pp$ repeated/vbn experimentation/nn with/in the/at techniques/nns of/in fiction/nn testifies/vbz to/in an/at independence/nn of/in mind/nn and/cc an/at originality/nn of/in approach/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps also/rb shows/vbz him/ppo touching/vbg at/in many/ap points/nns the/at stream/nn of/in literary/jj development/nn back/rb of/in him/ppo ./. My/pp$ intention/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez not/* to/to say/vb that/cs Faulkner's/np$ awareness/nn has/hvz been/ben confined/vbn within/in the/at borders/nns of/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, but/cc rather/rb that/cs he/pps has/hvz looked/vbn at/in his/pp$ world/nn as/cs a/at Southerner/nn-tl and/cc that/cs presumably/rb his/pp$ outlook/nn is/bez Southern/jj-tl ./. The/at ingredients/nns of/in Faulkner's/np$ novels/nns and/cc stories/nns are/ber by/in no/at means/nns new/jj with/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at problems/nns he/pps takes/vbz up/rp have/hv had/hvn the/at attention/nn of/in authors/nns before/in him/ppo ./. A/at useful/jj comment/nn on/in his/pp$ relation/nn to/in his/pp$ region/nn may/md be/be made/vbn ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, by/in noting/vbg briefly/rb how/wrb in/in handling/vbg Southern/jj-tl materials/nns and/cc Southern/jj-tl problems/nns he/pps has/hvz deviated/vbn from/in the/at pattern/nn set/vbn by/in other/ap Southern/jj-tl authors/nns while/cs remaining/vbg faithful/jj to/in the/at essential/jj character/nn of/in the/at region/nn ./. The/at planter/nn aristocracy/nn has/hvz appeared/vbn in/in literature/nn at/in least/ap since/cs John/np Pendleton/np Kennedy/np published/vbd Swallow-Barn/np in/in 1832/cd and/cc in/in his/pp$ genial/jj portrait/nn of/in Frank/np Meriwether/np presiding/vbg over/in his/pp$ plantation/nn dominion/nn initiated/vbd the/at most/ql persistent/jj tradition/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl literature/nn ./. The/at thoroughgoing/jj idealization/nn of/in the/at planter/nn society/nn did/dod not/* come/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, until/in after/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl when/wrb Southern/jj-tl writers/nns were/bed eager/jj to/to defend/vb a/at way/nn of/in life/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben destroyed/vbn ./. As/cs they/ppss looked/vbd with/in nostalgia/nn to/in a/at society/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben swept/vbn away/rb ,/, they/ppss were/bed probably/rb no/ql more/rbr than/cs half-conscious/jj that/cs they/ppss painted/vbd in/in colors/nns which/wdt had/hvd never/rb existed/vbn ./. Their/pp$ books/nns found/vbd no/ql less/ql willing/jj readers/nns outside/rb than/cs inside/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, even/rb while/cs memories/nns of/in the/at war/nn were/bed still/rb sharp/jj ./. The/at tradition/nn reached/vbd its/pp$ apex/nn ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, in/in the/at works/nns of/in Thomas/np Nelson/np Page/np toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, and/cc reappeared/vbd undiminished/jj as/ql late/rb as/cs 1934/cd in/in the/at best-selling/jj novel/nn So/ql-tl Red/jj-tl The/at-tl Rose/nn-tl ,/, by/in Stark/np Young/np ./. Although/cs Faulkner/np was/bedz the/at heir/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj family/nn to/in this/dt tradition/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* have/hv Stark/np Young's/np$ inclination/nn to/to romanticize/vb and/cc sentimentalize/vb the/at planter/nn society/nn ./. The/at myth/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl plantation/nn has/hvz had/hvn only/rb a/at tangential/jj relation/nn with/in actuality/nn ,/, as/cs Francis/np Pendleton/np Gaines/np showed/vbd forty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, and/cc I/ppss suspect/vb it/pps has/hvz had/hvn a/at far/ql narrower/jjr acceptance/nn as/cs something/pn real/jj than/cs has/hvz generally/rb been/ben supposed/vbn ./. Faulkner/np has/hvz found/vbn it/ppo useful/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz employed/vbn it/ppo with/in his/pp$ habitual/jj independence/nn of/in mind/nn and/cc skeptical/jj outlook/nn ./. Without/in saying/vbg or/cc seeming/vbg to/to say/vb that/cs in/in portraying/vbg the/at Sartoris/np and/cc the/at Compson/np families/nns Faulkner's/np$ chief/jjs concern/nn is/bez social/jj criticism/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md say/vb nevertheless/rb that/cs through/in those/dts families/nns he/pps dramatizes/vbz his/pp$ comment/nn on/in the/at planter/nn dynasties/nns as/cs they/ppss have/hv existed/vbn since/in the/at decades/nns before/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./. It/pps may/md be/be that/cs in/in this/dt comment/nn he/pps has/hvz broken/vbn from/in the/at conventional/jj pattern/nn more/ql violently/rb than/cs in/in any/dti other/ap regard/nn ,/, for/cs the/at treatment/nn in/in his/pp$ books/nns is/bez far/ql removed/vbn from/in even/rb the/at genial/jj irony/nn of/in Ellen/np Glasgow/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz the/at only/rb important/jj novelist/nn before/in him/ppo to/to challenge/vb the/at conventional/jj picture/nn of/in planter/nn society/nn ./. Faulkner's/np$ low-class/nn characters/nns had/hvd but/rb few/ap counterparts/nns in/in earlier/jjr Southern/jj-tl novels/nns dealing/vbg with/in plantation/nn life/nn ./. They/ppss have/hv an/at ancestry/nn extending/vbg back/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, at/in least/ap to/in 1728/cd ,/, when/wrb William/np Byrd/np described/vbd the/at Lubberlanders/nps he/pps encountered/vbd in/in the/at back/jj country/nn of/in Virginia/np and/cc North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ./. The/at chief/jjs literary/jj antecedents/nns of/in the/at Snopes/np clan/nn appeared/vbd in/in the/at realistic/jj ,/, humorous/jj writing/nn which/wdt originated/vbd in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc the/at Southwest/nr-tl in/in the/at three/cd decades/nns before/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./. These/dts narratives/nns of/in coarse/jj action/nn and/cc crude/jj language/nn appeared/vbd first/rb in/in local/jj newspapers/nns ,/, as/cs a/at rule/nn ,/, and/cc later/rbr found/vbd their/pp$ way/nn between/in book/nn covers/nns ,/, though/cs rarely/rb into/in the/at planters'/nns$ libraries/nns beside/in the/at morocco-bound/jj volumes/nns of/in Horace/np ,/, Mr./np Addison/np ,/, Mr./np Pope/np ,/, and/cc Sir/np Walter/np Scott/np ./. There/ex is/bez evidence/nn to/to suggest/vb ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs many/ap authors/nns of/in the/at humorous/jj sketches/nns were/bed prompted/vbn to/to write/vb them/ppo --/-- or/cc to/to make/vb them/ppo as/ql indelicate/jj as/cs they/ppss are/ber --/-- by/in way/nn of/in protesting/vbg against/in the/at artificial/jj refinements/nns which/wdt had/hvd come/vbn to/to dominate/vb the/at polite/jj letters/nns of/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. William/np Gilmore/np Simms/np ,/, sturdy/jj realist/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz ,/, pleaded/vbd for/in a/at natural/jj robustness/nn such/jj as/cs he/pps found/vbd in/in his/pp$ favorites/nns the/at great/jj Elizabethans/nps ,/, to/to vivify/vb the/at pale/jj writings/nns being/beg produced/vbn around/in him/ppo ./. Simms/np admired/vbd the/at raucous/jj tales/nns emanating/vbg from/in the/at backwoods/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd himself/ppl social/jj affiliations/nns which/wdt would/md not/* allow/vb him/ppo to/to approve/vb them/ppo fully/rb ./. Augustus/np Baldwin/np Longstreet/np ,/, a/at preacher/nn and/cc a/at college/nn and/cc university/nn president/nn in/in four/cd Southern/jj-tl states/nns ,/, published/vbd the/at earliest/jjt of/in these/dts backwoods/nns sketches/nns and/cc in/in the/at character/nn Ransy/np Sniffle/np ,/, in/in the/at accounts/nns of/in sharp/jj horse-trading/nn and/cc eye-gouging/jj physical/jj combat/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at shockingly/ql unliterary/jj speech/nn of/in his/pp$ characters/nns ,/, he/pps set/vbd an/at example/nn followed/vbn by/in many/ap after/in him/ppo ./. Others/nns who/wps wrote/vbd of/in low/jj characters/nns and/cc low/jj life/nn included/vbd Thomas/np Bangs/np Thorpe/np ,/, creator/nn of/in the/at Big/jj-tl Bear/nn-tl Of/in-tl Arkansas/np-tl and/cc Tom/np Owen/np ,/, the/at Bee-Hunter/np ;/. ;/. Johnson/np Jones/np Hooper/np ,/, whose/wp$ character/nn Simon/np Suggs/np bears/vbz a/at close/jj kinship/nn to/in Flem/np Snopes/np in/in both/abx his/pp$ willingness/nn to/to take/vb cruel/jj advantage/nn of/in all/abn and/cc sundry/jj and/cc the/at sharpness/nn with/in which/wdt he/pps habitually/rb carried/vbd out/rp his/pp$ will/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc George/np Washington/np Harris/np ,/, whose/wp$ Tennessee/np hillbilly/nn character/nn Sut/np Lovingood/np perpetrated/vbd more/ap unmalicious/jj mischief/nn and/cc more/ap unintended/jj pain/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap character/nn in/in literature/nn ./. It/pps would/md be/be profitable/jj ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, to/to read/vb these/dts realistic/jj humorists/nns alongside/in Faulkner's/np$ works/nns ,/, the/at thought/nn being/beg not/* that/cs he/pps necessarily/rb read/vbd them/ppo and/cc owed/vbd anything/pn to/in them/ppo directly/rb ,/, but/cc rather/rb that/cs they/ppss dealt/vbd a/at hundred/cd years/nns ago/rb with/in a/at class/nn of/in people/nns and/cc a/at type/nn of/in life/nn which/wdt have/hv continued/vbn down/rp to/in our/pp$ time/nn ,/, to/in Faulkner's/np$ time/nn ./. Such/abl a/at comparison/nn reminds/vbz us/ppo that/cs in/in employing/vbg low/jj characters/nns in/in his/pp$ works/nns Faulkner/np is/bez recording/vbg actuality/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc moreover/rb is/bez following/vbg a/at long-established/jj literary/jj precedent/nn ./. Such/jj characters/nns ,/, with/in their/pp$ low/jj existence/nn and/cc often/rb low/jj morality/nn ,/, produce/vb humorous/jj effects/nns in/in his/pp$ novels/nns and/cc tales/nns ,/, as/cs they/ppss did/dod in/in the/at writing/nn of/in Longstreet/np and/cc Hooper/np and/cc Harris/np ,/, but/cc it/pps need/md not/* be/be added/vbn that/cs he/pps gives/vbz them/ppo far/ql subtler/jjr and/cc more/ql intricate/jj functions/nns than/cs they/ppss had/hvd in/in the/at earlier/jjr writers/nns ;/. ;/. nor/cc is/bez there/ex need/nn to/to add/vb that/cs among/in them/ppo are/ber some/dti of/in the/at most/ql highly/ql individualized/vbn and/cc most/ql successful/jj of/in his/pp$ characters/nns ./. One/cd of/in the/at early/jj humorists/nns already/rb mentioned/vbn ,/, Thomas/np Bangs/np Thorpe/np ,/, can/md be/be used/vbn to/to illustrate/vb another/dt point/nn where/wrb Faulkner/np touches/vbz authentic/jj Southern/jj-tl materials/nns and/cc also/rb earlier/jjr literary/jj treatment/nn of/in those/dts materials/nns ./. Thorpe/np came/vbd to/in Louisiana/np from/in the/at East/nr-tl as/cs a/at young/jj man/nn prepared/vbn to/to find/vb in/in the/at new/jj country/nn the/at setting/nn of/in romantic/jj adventure/nn and/cc idealized/vbn beauty/nn ./. But/cc Thorpe/np saw/vbd also/rb the/at hardships/nns of/in pioneer/nn existence/nn ,/, the/at cultural/jj poverty/nn of/in the/at frontier/nn settlements/nns ,/, and/cc the/at slack/jj morality/nn which/wdt abounded/vbd in/in the/at new/jj regions/nns ./. As/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in the/at tensions/nns thus/rb produced/vbn in/in his/pp$ thoughts/nns and/cc feelings/nns ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn sketches/nns of/in idealized/vbn hunting/vbg trips/nns and/cc on/in the/at other/ap an/at anecdote/nn of/in the/at village/nn of/in Hardscrabble/np ,/, Arkansas/np ,/, where/wrb no/at one/pn had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn a/at piano/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc he/pps wrote/vbd also/rb the/at masterpiece/nn of/in frontier/nn humor/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Big/jj-tl Bear/nn-tl Of/in-tl Arkansas/np-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in which/wdt earthy/jj realism/nn is/bez placed/vbn alongside/rb the/at exaggeration/nn of/in the/at backwoods/nns tall-tale/nn and/cc the/at awe/nn with/in which/wdt man/nn contemplates/vbz the/at grandeur/nn and/cc the/at mysteries/nns of/in nature/nn ./.

cg29

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Some/dti years/nns ago/rb Julian/np Huxley/np proposed/vbd to/in an/at audience/nn made/vbn up/rp of/in members/nns of/in the/at British/jj-tl Association/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Advancement/nn-tl of/in-tl Science/nn-tl that/cs ``/`` man's/nn$ supernormal/jj or/cc extra-sensory/jj faculties/nns are/ber (/( now/rb )/) in/in the/at same/ap case/nn as/cs were/bed his/pp$ mathematical/jj faculties/nns during/in the/at ice/nn age/nn ''/'' ./. As/cs a/at Humanist/nn-tl ,/, Dr./nn-tl Huxley/np interests/vbz himself/ppl in/in the/at possibilities/nns of/in human/jj development/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd thing/nn we/ppss can/md say/vb about/in this/dt suggestion/nn ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz from/in a/at leading/vbg zoologist/nn ,/, is/bez that/cs ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs he/pps is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, the/at scientific/jj outlook/nn places/vbz no/at rigid/jj limitation/nn upon/in the/at idea/nn of/in future/jj human/jj evolution/nn ./. This/dt text/nn from/in Dr./nn-tl Huxley/np is/bez sometimes/rb used/vbn by/in enthusiasts/nns to/to indicate/vb that/cs they/ppss have/hv the/at permission/nn of/in the/at scientists/nns to/to press/vb the/at case/nn for/in a/at wonderful/jj unfoldment/nn of/in psychic/jj powers/nns in/in human/jj beings/nns ./. There/ex may/md be/be a/at case/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez not/* one/cd we/ppss wish/vb to/to argue/vb ,/, here/rb ./. Even/rb if/cs people/nns do/do ,/, in/in a/at not/* far/ql distant/jj future/nn ,/, begin/vb to/to read/vb one/cd another's/dt$ minds/nns ,/, there/ex will/md still/rb be/be the/at question/nn of/in whether/cs what/wdt you/ppss find/vb in/in another/dt man's/nn$ mind/nn is/bez especially/ql worth/jj reading/vbg --/-- worth/jj more/rbr ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, than/cs what/wdt you/ppss can/md read/vb in/in good/jj books/nns ./. Even/rb if/cs men/nns eventually/rb find/vb themselves/ppls able/jj to/to look/vb through/in walls/nns and/cc around/in corners/nns ,/, one/pn may/md question/vb whether/cs this/dt will/nn help/vb them/ppo to/to live/vb better/jjr lives/nns ./. There/ex would/md be/be side-conclusions/nns to/to be/be drawn/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ;/. ;/. such/jj capacities/nns are/ber impressive/jj evidence/nn pointing/vbg to/in a/at conception/nn of/in the/at human/jj being/beg which/wdt does/doz not/* appear/vb in/in the/at accounts/nns of/in biologists/nns and/cc organic/jj evolutionists/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at basic/jj puzzles/nns of/in existence/nn would/md still/rb be/be puzzling/jj ,/, and/cc we/ppss should/md still/rb have/hv to/to work/vb out/rp the/at sort/nn of/in problems/nns we/ppss plan/vb to/to discuss/vb in/in this/dt article/nn ./. All/abn we/ppss want/vb from/in Dr./nn-tl Huxley's/np$ statement/nn is/bez the/at feeling/nn that/cs this/dt is/bez an/at open/jj world/nn ,/, in/in the/at view/nn of/in the/at best/jjt scientific/jj opinion/nn ,/, with/in practically/ql no/at directional/jj commitments/nns as/in to/in what/wdt may/md happen/vb next/rb ,/, and/cc no/at important/jj confinements/nns with/in respect/nn to/in what/wdt may/md be/be possible/jj ./. It/pps seems/vbz quite/ql obvious/jj that/cs all/abn the/at really/ql difficult/jj tasks/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns arise/vb from/in the/at fact/nn that/dt man/nn is/bez not/* one/cd ,/, but/cc many/ap ./. Each/dt man/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, is/bez both/abx one/cd and/cc many/ap ./. He/pps is/bez a/at dreamer/nn of/in the/at good/jj society/nn with/in a/at plan/nn to/to put/vb into/in effect/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez an/at individual/jj craftsman/nn with/in something/pn to/to make/vb for/in himself/ppl and/cc the/at people/nns of/in his/pp$ time/nn ./. He/pps is/bez a/at parent/nn with/in a/at child/nn to/to nurture/vb ,/, here/rb and/cc now/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez an/at educator/nn who/wps worries/vbz about/in the/at children/nns half/abn way/nn round/in the/at world/nn ./. He/pps is/bez a/at utopian/nn with/in a/at stake/nn in/in tomorrow/nr and/cc he/pps is/bez a/at vulnerable/jj human/jj made/vbn captive/jj by/in the/at circumstances/nns of/in today/nr ./. He/pps can/md sacrifice/vb himself/ppl for/in tomorrow/nr and/cc he/pps can/md sacrifice/vb tomorrow/nr for/in himself/ppl ./. He/pps is/bez a/at Craig's/np$ wife/nn who/wps agonizes/vbz about/in tobacco/nn ash/nn on/in the/at living/vbg room/nn rug/nn and/cc he/pps is/bez a/at forgetful/jj genius/nn who/wps goes/vbz boating/vbg with/in the/at town/nn baker/nn when/wrb dignitaries/nns from/in the/at local/jj university/nn have/hv come/vbn to/to call/vb ./. He/pps is/bez the/at stern/jj guardian/nn of/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt who/wps has/hvz raised/vbn the/at utilitarian/jj structures/nns of/in the/at age/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez the/at revolutionary/jj poet/nn with/in a/at gun/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn who/wps writes/vbz a/at tragic/jj apologetic/nn to/in posterity/nn for/in the/at men/nns he/pps has/hvz killed/vbn ./. What/wdt will/md be/be the/at final/jj symmetry/nn of/in the/at good/jj society/nn ?/. ?/. For/in what/wdt do/do the/at utopians/nns labor/vb ?/. ?/. Here/rb ,/, on/in a/at desk/nn ,/, is/bez a/at stack/nn of/in pamphlets/nns representing/vbg the/at efforts/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt men/nns of/in the/at day/nn to/to penetrate/vb these/dts questions/nns ./. The/at pamphlets/nns are/ber about/in law/nn ,/, the/at corporation/nn ,/, forms/nns of/in government/nn ,/, the/at idea/nn of/in freedom/nn ,/, the/at defense/nn of/in liberty/nn ,/, the/at various/jj lethargies/nns which/wdt overtake/vb our/pp$ major/jj institutions/nns ,/, the/at gap/nn between/in traditional/jj social/jj ideals/nns and/cc the/at working/vbg mechanisms/nns that/wps have/hv been/ben set/vbn in/in motion/nn for/in their/pp$ realization/nn ./. The/at thing/nn that/wps is/bez notable/jj in/in all/abn these/dts discussions/nns is/bez the/at lack/nn of/in ideological/jj ardor/nn ./. There/ex is/bez another/dt kind/nn of/in ardor/nn ,/, a/at quiet/jj ,/, sure/jj devotion/nn to/in the/at fundamental/jj decencies/nns of/in human/jj life/nn ,/, but/cc no/at angry/jj utopian/jj contentions/nns ./. Actually/rb ,/, you/ppss could/md wish/vb for/in some/dti passion/nn ,/, now/rb and/cc then/rb ,/, but/cc when/wrb you/ppss look/vb around/in the/at world/nn and/cc see/vb the/at little/jj volcanos/nns of/in current/jj history/nn which/wdt partisan/jj social/jj passions/nns have/hv wrought/vbn ,/, you/ppss are/ber glad/jj that/cs in/in these/dts pamphlets/nns there/ex is/bez at/in least/ap some/dti civilized/vbn calm/nn ./. You/ppss could/md also/rb say/vb that/cs in/in these/dts pamphlets/nns is/bez a/at relieving/vbg quality/nn of/in maturity/nn ./. There/ex is/bez essential/jj pleasantness/nn in/in reading/vbg the/at writing/nn of/in men/nns who/wps are/ber not/* angry/jj ,/, who/wps can/md contend/vb without/in quarreling/vbg ./. This/dt is/bez the/at good/jj kind/nn of/in sophistication/nn ,/, and/cc with/in all/abn our/pp$ problems/nns and/cc crises/nns this/dt kind/nn of/in sophistication/nn has/hvz flowered/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl during/in recent/jj years/nns ./. A/at characteristic/jj expression/nn of/in such/jj concern/nn and/cc inquiry/nn is/bez found/vbn in/in Joseph/np P./np Lyford's/np$ Introduction/nn-tl To/in-tl The/at-tl Agreeable/jj-tl Autocracies/nns-tl ,/, a/at recent/jj paperback/nn study/nn of/in the/at institutions/nns of/in modern/jj democratic/jj society/nn ./. Mr./np Lyford/np gives/vbz voice/nn to/in a/at temper/nn that/wps represents/vbz ,/, we/ppss think/vb ,/, an/at achieved/vbn plateau/nn of/in reflective/jj thinking/nn ./. After/in casting/vbg about/rb for/in a/at way/nn of/in describing/vbg this/dt spirit/nn ,/, we/ppss decided/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md be/be better/jjr to/to use/vb Mr./np Lyford's/np$ introduction/nn as/cs an/at illustration/nn ./. He/pps begins/vbz :/: ``/`` At/in one/cd time/nn it/pps seemed/vbd as/cs if/cs the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl had/hvd done/vbn us/ppo a/at favor/nn by/in providing/vbg a/at striking/jj example/nn of/in how/wrb not/* to/to behave/vb towards/in other/ap peoples/nns and/cc other/ap nations/nns ./. As/cs things/nns turned/vbd out/rp ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss have/hv not/* profited/vbn greatly/rb from/in the/at lesson/nn :/: instead/rb of/in persistently/rb following/vbg a/at national/jj program/nn of/in our/pp$ own/jj we/ppss have/hv often/rb been/ben satisfied/vbn to/to be/be against/in whatever/wdt Soviet/np-tl policy/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be at/in the/at moment/nn ./. Such/jj activity/nn may/md or/cc may/md not/* have/hv irritated/vbn the/at Kremlin/np ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz frequently/rb condemned/vbn America/np to/in an/at unnatural/jj defensiveness/nn that/wps has/hvz undermined/vbn our/pp$ effort/nn to/to give/vb leadership/nn to/in the/at free/jj world/nn ./. The/at defensiveness/nn has/hvz been/ben exaggerated/vbn by/in another/dt bad/jj habit/nn ,/, our/pp$ tendency/nn to/to rate/vb the/at ``/`` goodness/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` badness/nn ''/'' of/in other/ap nations/nns by/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss applaud/vb the/at slogans/nns we/ppss circulate/vb about/in ourselves/ppls ./. Since/cs the/at slogans/nns have/hv little/ap application/nn to/in reality/nn and/cc are/ber sanctimonious/jj to/to boot/vb ,/, the/at applause/nn is/bez faint/jj even/rb in/in areas/nns of/in the/at world/nn where/wrb we/ppss should/md expect/vb to/to find/vb the/at greatest/jjt affection/nn for/in free/jj government/nn ./. Shocked/vbn at/in the/at response/nn to/in our/pp$ proclamations/nns ,/, we/ppss grow/vb more/ql defensive/jj ,/, and/cc worse/jjr ,/, we/ppss lose/vb our/pp$ sense/nn of/in humor/nn and/cc proportion/nn ./. Mr./np Nehru/np is/bez subjected/vbn to/in stern/jj lectures/nns on/in neutralism/nn by/in our/pp$ Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc an/at American/jj-tl President/nn-tl observes/vbz sourly/rb that/cs Sweden/np would/md be/be a/at little/ql less/ql neurotic/jj if/cs it/pps were/bed a/at little/ql more/ql capitalistic/jj ''/'' ./. One/cd thing/nn you/ppss can/md say/vb about/in Mr./np Lyford/np is/bez that/cs he/pps does/doz not/* suffer/vb from/in any/dti insecurity/nn as/cs an/at American/np ./. Those/dts who/wps are/ber insecure/jj fear/vb to/to be/be candid/jj in/in self-examination/nn ./. Only/rb the/at strong/jj look/nn squarely/rb at/in weakness/nn ./. The/at maturity/nn in/in this/dt point/nn of/in view/nn lies/vbz in/in its/pp$ recognition/nn that/cs no/at basic/jj problem/nn is/bez ever/rb solved/vbn without/in being/beg clearly/rb understood/vbn ./. Mr./np Lyford/np continues/vbz :/: ``/`` Even/rb if/cs the/at self/nn portrait/nn we/ppss distribute/vb for/in popular/jj consumption/nn were/bed accurate/jj it/pps would/md be/be dangerous/jj to/to present/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at picture/nn of/in the/at ideal/jj society/nn ./. We/ppss would/md be/be ignoring/vbg the/at special/jj circumstances/nns of/in other/ap countries/nns ./. The/at picture/nn is/bez the/at more/ql treacherous/jj when/wrb it/pps misrepresents/vbz the/at facts/nns of/in American/jj life/nn ./. The/at discrepancy/nn between/in what/wdt we/ppss commonly/rb profess/vb and/cc what/wdt we/ppss practice/vb or/cc tolerate/vb is/bez great/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps does/doz not/* escape/vb the/at notice/nn of/in others/nns ./. If/cs our/pp$ sincerity/nn is/bez granted/vbn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez granted/vbn ,/, the/at discrepancy/nn can/md only/rb be/be explained/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs we/ppss have/hv come/vbn to/to believe/vb hearsay/nn and/cc legend/nn about/in ourselves/ppls in/in preference/nn to/in an/at understanding/nn gained/vbn by/in earnest/jj self-examination/nn ./. What/wdt is/bez more/ap ,/, the/at legends/nns have/hv become/vbn so/ql sacrosanct/jj that/cs the/at very/ap habit/nn of/in self-examination/nn or/cc self-criticism/nn smells/vbz of/in low/jj treason/nn ,/, and/cc men/nns who/wps practice/vb it/ppo are/ber defeatists/nns and/cc unpatriotic/jj scoundrels/nns ./. Although/cs we/ppss continue/vb to/to pay/vb our/pp$ conversational/jj devotions/nns to/to ``/`` free/vb private/jj enterprise/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` individual/jj initiative/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` the/at democratic/jj way/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` government/nn of/in the/at people/nns ''/'' ,/, ``/`` competition/nn of/in the/at marketplace/nn ''/'' ,/, etc./rb ,/, we/ppss live/vb rather/ql comfortably/rb in/in a/at society/nn in/in which/wdt economic/jj competition/nn is/bez diminishing/vbg in/in large/jj areas/nns ,/, bureaucracy/nn is/bez corroding/vbg representative/jj government/nn ,/, technology/nn is/bez weakening/vbg the/at citizen's/nn$ confidence/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj power/nn to/to make/vb decisions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at threat/nn of/in war/nn is/bez driving/vbg him/ppo economically/rb and/cc physically/rb into/in the/at ground/nn ''/'' ./. The/at interesting/jj thing/nn about/in Mr./np Lyford's/np$ approach/nn ,/, and/cc the/at approach/nn of/in the/at contributors/nns to/in The/at-tl Agreeable/jj-tl Autocracies/nns-tl (/( Oceana/np-tl Publications/nns-tl ,/, 1961/cd )/) to/in the/at situation/nn of/in American/jj civilization/nn ,/, is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez concerned/vbn with/in comprehending/vbg the/at psychological/jj relationships/nns which/wdt are/ber having/hvg a/at decisive/jj effect/nn on/in American/jj life/nn ./. In/in an/at ideological/jj argument/nn ,/, the/at participants/nns tend/vb to/to thump/vb the/at table/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber determined/vbn to/to prove/vb something/pn ./. The/at new/jj spirit/nn ,/, so/ql well/rb illustrated/vbn by/in Mr./np Lyford's/np$ work/nn ,/, is/bez wholly/ql free/jj of/in this/dt anxiety/nn ./. The/at problem/nn is/bez rather/rb to/to find/vb out/rp what/wdt is/bez actually/rb happening/vbg ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez especially/ql difficult/jj for/in the/at reason/nn that/cs ``/`` we/ppss are/ber busily/rb being/beg defended/vbn from/in a/at knowledge/nn of/in the/at present/nn ,/, sometimes/rb by/in the/at very/ap agencies/nns --/-- our/pp$ educational/jj system/nn ,/, our/pp$ mass/nn media/nns ,/, our/pp$ statesmen/nns --/-- on/in which/wdt we/ppss have/hv had/hvn to/to rely/vb most/ql heavily/rb for/in understanding/vbg of/in ourselves/ppls ''/'' ./. The/at Introduction/nn-tl continues/vbz :/: ``/`` We/ppss experience/vb a/at vague/jj uneasiness/nn about/in events/nns ,/, a/at suspicion/nn that/cs our/pp$ political/jj and/cc economic/jj institutions/nns ,/, like/cs the/at genie/nn in/in the/at bottle/nn ,/, have/hv escaped/vbn confinement/nn and/cc that/cs we/ppss have/hv lost/vbn the/at power/nn to/to recall/vb them/ppo ./. We/ppss feel/vb uncomfortable/jj at/in being/beg bossed/vbn by/in a/at corporation/nn or/cc a/at union/nn or/cc a/at television/nn set/nn ,/, but/cc until/cs we/ppss have/hv some/dti knowledge/nn about/in these/dts phenomena/nns and/cc what/wdt they/ppss are/ber doing/vbg to/in us/ppo ,/, we/ppss can/md hardly/rb learn/vb to/to control/vb them/ppo ./. It/pps does/doz not/* appear/vb that/cs we/ppss will/md be/be delivered/vbn from/in our/pp$ situation/nn by/in articles/nns on/in The/at-tl National/jj-tl Purpose/nn-tl ./. The/at-tl Agreeable/jj-tl Autocracies/nns-tl is/bez an/at attempt/nn to/to explore/vb some/dti of/in the/at institutions/nns which/wdt both/abx reflect/vb and/cc determine/vb the/at character/nn of/in the/at free/jj society/nn today/nr ./. The/at men/nns who/wps speculate/vb on/in these/dts institutions/nns have/hv ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, come/vbn to/in at/in least/ap one/cd common/jj conclusion/nn :/: that/cs many/ap of/in the/at great/jj enterprises/nns and/cc associations/nns around/in which/wdt our/pp$ democracy/nn is/bez formed/vbn are/ber in/in themselves/ppls autocratic/jj in/in nature/nn ,/, and/cc possessed/vbn of/in power/nn which/wdt can/md be/be used/vbn to/to frustrate/vb the/at citizen/nn who/wps is/bez trying/vbg to/to assert/vb his/pp$ individuality/nn in/in the/at modern/jj world/nn ''/'' ./. These/dts institutions/nns which/wdt Mr./np Lyford/np names/vbz ``/`` agreeable/jj autocracies/nns ''/'' --/-- where/wrb did/dod they/ppss come/vb from/in ?/. ?/. Of/in one/cd thing/nn we/ppss can/md be/be sure/jj :/: they/ppss were/bed not/* sketched/vbn out/rp by/in the/at revolutionary/jj theorists/nns of/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn who/wps formulated/vbd the/at political/jj principles/nns and/cc originally/rb shaped/vbn the/at political/jj institutions/nns of/in what/wdt we/ppss term/vb the/at ``/`` free/jj society/nn ''/'' ./. No/at doubt/nn there/ex are/ber historians/nns who/wps can/md explain/vb to/in a/at great/jj extent/nn what/wdt happened/vbd to/in the/at plans/nns and/cc projects/nns of/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ./. Going/vbg back/rb over/in this/dt ground/nn and/cc analyzing/vbg the/at composition/nn of/in forces/nns which/wdt have/hv created/vbn the/at present/jj scene/nn is/bez one/cd of/in the/at tasks/nns undertaken/vbn by/in the/at Center/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Study/nn-tl of/in-tl Democratic/jj-tl Institutions/nns-tl ,/, in/in Santa/np Barbara/np ./. But/cc however/wrb we/ppss come/vb ,/, finally/rb ,/, to/to explain/vb and/cc account/vb for/in the/at present/nn ,/, the/at truth/nn we/ppss are/ber trying/vbg to/to expose/vb ,/, right/ql now/rb ,/, is/bez that/cs the/at makers/nns of/in constitutions/nns and/cc the/at designers/nns of/in institutions/nns find/vb it/ppo difficult/jj if/cs not/* impossible/jj to/to anticipate/vb the/at behavior/nn of/in the/at host/nn of/in all/abn their/pp$ enterprises/nns ./. The/at host/nn is/bez the/at flowing/vbg life/nn of/in the/at human/jj race/nn ./. This/dt life/nn has/hvz its/pp$ own/jj currents/nns and/cc rhythms/nns ,/, its/pp$ own/jj multiple/jj cycles/nns and/cc adaptations/nns ./. On/in occasion/nn it/pps produces/vbz extraordinary/jj novelties/nns ./. Should/md Rousseau/np have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to leave/vb room/nn in/in his/pp$ social/jj theory/nn for/in the/at advent/nn of/in television/nn ,/, atomic/jj energy/nn ,/, and/cc IBM/nn machines/nns ?/. ?/. How/wrb would/md Thomas/np Jefferson/np feel/vb after/cs reading/vbg Factories/nns-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Field/nn-tl ?/. ?/. They/ppss tell/vb us/ppo ,/, sir/nn ,/, that/cs we/ppss are/ber free/jj ,/, because/cs we/ppss have/hv in/in one/cd hand/nn a/at ballot/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at other/ap a/at stock/nn certificate/nn ./. With/in these/dts we/ppss shape/vb our/pp$ destiny/nn and/cc own/vb private/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt ,/, sir/nn ,/, makes/vbz ours/pp$$ the/at best/jjt of/in all/abn possible/jj societies/nns ./. The/at reality/nn of/in the/at situation/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez described/vbn by/in Mr./np Lyford/np :/: ``/`` Many/ap of/in us/ppo may/md even/rb be/be secretly/rb relieved/vbn at/in having/hvg a/at plausible/jj excuse/nn to/to delegate/vb ancient/jj civic/jj responsibilities/nns to/in a/at new/jj bureaucracy/nn of/in experts/nns ./. Thus/rb the/at member/nn of/in an/at industrial/jj union/nn comes/vbz to/to regard/vb his/pp$ officers/nns as/cs business/nn agents/nns who/wps may/md proceed/vb without/in interference/nn or/cc recall/nn ;/. ;/. the/at stockholder/nn delivers/vbz his/pp$ proxy/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at citizen/nn narrows/vbz his/pp$ political/jj participation/nn to/in the/at mere/jj act/nn of/in voting/vbg --/-- if/cs he/pps votes/vbz at/in all/abn ''/'' ./.

cg30

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concern:2 longitude:1 latitude:1 velocitie:1 master:2 beyond:2 crude:1 conjecture:1 ordering:1 orbit:1 view:1 outward:1 none:1 prevent:1 scientist:1 philosopher:1 historian:1 science:2 mistake:1 engender:1 confound:1 aristotelian:1 cosmology:1 geocentric:2 recurrently:1 deny:1 explain:4 necessitate:1 nonsystematic:1 character:2 textbook:1 baker:1 drawing:1 seven:1 epicyclically:1 arrange:1 several:3 nothing:1 misleading:1 20th:1 idea:3 exist:2 historically:1 chief:1 merit:1 work:2 calculation:3 interdependent:1 compute:2 retrograde:2 arc:1 travel:1 mars:1 eclipse:2 entertain:1 three:3 term:1 phenomenon:1 simpliciter:1 possible:1 resultant:1 epicyclical:1 combination:1 retrogradation:1 part:2 structure:1 longer:1 puzzling:1 aspect:3 intricately:1 variable:1 local:1 another:4 stress:1 discuss:1 turn:1 simplicity:7 often:2 state:1 simple:9 ultimate:1 acceptance:2 former:2 margenau:2 remark:1 number:5 need:1 observation:2 serve:1 well:1 quantitative:1 precision:1 able:1 reduce:2 eighty:2 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level:1 ad:1 hoc:1 introduce:2 ex:1 post:1 facto:1 sweep:1 recalcitrant:1 datum:1 extent:1 unachieve:1 approximate:1 vision:1 de:4 revolutionibus:3 collection:1 technique:1 organized:1 solve:1 astronomical:1 random:1 search:1 regular:1 employment:1 define:1 entire:1 discipline:1 hence:1 note:1 achieve:2 provide:3 superiority:1 exactly:1 1543:1 venerate:1 birthday:1 scientific:1 really:1 funeral:1 day:1 scholastic:1 grant:1 cosmological:1 reverberation:1 initiate:1 increase:1 violence:1 300:1 year:1 follow:1 technical:1 pattern:1 dissatisfaction:1 astronomer:1 draw:2 geocentricism:1 per:1 se:1 displacement:1 far:1 primary:1 resolve:1 seem:1 intolerable:1 orthodox:3 namely:1 unphysical:1 triplication:1 centric:1 reference:1 velocity:1 still:1 originate:1 arrangement:1 literally:1 monstrous:1 ptolemaist:1 though:1 artist:1 gather:1 hand:1 foot:1 head:1 member:1 image:1 diver:1 model:1 excellently:1 relate:1 match:1 monster:1 man:1 integrate:1 physically:1 intelligible:1 objective:1 essentially:1 repair:1 responsible:1 deficiency:3 discover:1 novo:1 critical:1 rigorous:1 examination:1 nichola:1 cusa:1 nicholas:2 oresme:1 late:1 medieval:1 look:1 backward:1 upon:1 inherit:1 abandon:1 seek:1 mechanically:1 acceptable:1 shot:1 intellectual:1

Copernicus/np did/dod not/* question/vb it/ppo ,/, Ptolemy/np could/md not/* ./. Given/vbn the/at conceptual/jj context/nn within/in which/wdt ancient/jj thought/nn thrived/vbd ,/, how/wrb could/md anyone/pn have/hv questioned/vbn this/dt principle/nn ?/. ?/. The/at reasons/nns for/in this/dt are/ber partly/ql observational/jj ,/, partly/ql philosophical/jj ,/, and/cc reinforced/vbn by/in other/ap aesthetic/jj and/cc cultural/jj factors/nns ./. First/od ,/, the/at observational/jj reasons/nns ./. The/at obvious/jj natural/jj fact/nn to/in ancient/jj thinkers/nns was/bedz the/at diurnal/jj rotation/nn of/in the/at heavens/nns ./. Not/* only/rb did/dod constellations/nns like/cs Draco/np ,/, Cepheus/np ,/, and/cc Cassiopeia/np spin/vb circles/nns around/in the/at pole/nn ,/, but/cc stars/nns which/wdt were/bed not/* circumpolar/jj rose/vbd and/cc set/vbd at/in the/at same/ap place/nn on/in the/at horizon/nn each/dt night/nn ./. Nor/cc did/dod a/at constellation's/nn$ stars/nns vary/vb in/in brightness/nn during/in the/at course/nn of/in their/pp$ nocturnal/jj flights/nns ./. The/at conclusion/nn --/-- the/at distances/nns of/in the/at constellations/nns did/dod not/* vary/vb and/cc their/pp$ paths/nns were/bed circular/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at sun's/nn$ path/nn over/in earth/nn described/vbd a/at segment/nn of/in a/at great/jj circle/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt was/bedz clear/jj from/in the/at contour/nn of/in the/at shadow/nn traced/vbn by/in a/at gnomon/nn before/in and/cc after/in noon/nn ./. As/ql early/rb as/cs the/at 6th/od century/nn B.C./np the/at earth/nn was/bedz seen/vbn to/to be/be spherical/jj ./. Ships/nns disappear/vb hull-first/rb over/in the/at horizon/nn ;/. ;/. approaching/vbg shore/nn their/pp$ masts/nns appeared/vbd first/rb ./. Earth/nn ,/, being/beg at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, would/md have/hv the/at same/ap shape/nn as/cs the/at latter/ap ;/. ;/. so/rb ,/, e.g./rb did/dod Aristotle/np argue/vb ,/, although/cs this/dt may/md not/* be/be an/at observational/jj reason/nn in/in favor/nn of/in circularity/nn ./. The/at discoid/jj shapes/nns of/in sun/nn and/cc moon/nn were/bed also/rb felt/vbn to/to indicate/vb the/at shape/nn of/in celestial/jj things/nns ./. In/in light/nn of/in all/abn this/dt ,/, one/cd would/md require/vb special/jj reasons/nns for/in saying/vbg that/cs the/at paths/nns of/in the/at heavenly/jj bodies/nns were/bed other/ap than/cs circular/jj ./. Why/wrb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, should/md the/at ancients/nns have/hv supposed/vbn the/at diurnal/jj rotation/nn of/in the/at heavens/nns to/to be/be elliptical/jj ?/. ?/. Or/cc oviform/jj ?/. ?/. Or/cc angular/jj ?/. ?/. There/ex were/bed no/at reasons/nns for/in such/jj suppositions/nns then/rb ./. This/dt ,/, conjoined/vbn with/in the/at considerations/nns above/rb ,/, made/vbd the/at circular/jj motions/nns of/in heavenly/jj bodies/nns appear/vb an/at almost/ql directly/rb observed/vbn fact/nn ./. Additional/jj philosophical/jj considerations/nns ,/, advanced/vbn notably/rb by/in Aristotle/np ,/, supported/vbd further/rbr the/at circularity/nn principle/nn ./. By/in distinguishing/vbg superlunary/jj (/( celestial/jj )/) and/cc sublunary/jj (/( terrestrial/jj )/) existence/nn ,/, and/cc reinforcing/vbg this/dt with/in the/at four-element/jj physics/nn of/in Empedocles/np ,/, Aristotle/np came/vbd to/to speak/vb of/in the/at stars/nns as/cs perfect/jj bodies/nns ,/, which/wdt moved/vbd in/in only/rb a/at perfect/jj way/nn ,/, viz./rb in/in a/at perfect/jj circle/nn ./. Now/rb what/wdt is/bez perfect/jj motion/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps must/md ,/, apparently/rb ,/, be/be motion/nn without/in termini/nns ./. Because/cs motion/nn which/wdt begins/vbz and/cc ends/vbz at/in discrete/jj places/nns would/md (/( e.g./rb for/in Aristotle/np )/) be/be incomplete/jj ./. Circular/jj motion/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez eternal/jj and/cc perfectly/ql continuous/jj ,/, lacks/vbz termini/nns ./. It/pps is/bez never/rb motion/nn towards/in something/pn ./. Only/rb imcomplete/jj ,/, imperfect/jj things/nns move/vb towards/in what/wdt they/ppss lack/vb ./. Perfect/jj ,/, complete/jj entities/nns ,/, if/cs they/ppss move/vb at/in all/abn ,/, do/do not/* move/vb towards/in what/wdt they/ppss lack/vb ./. They/ppss move/vb only/rb in/in accordance/nn with/in what/wdt is/bez in/in their/pp$ natures/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, circular/jj motion/nn is/bez itself/ppl one/cd of/in the/at essential/jj characteristics/nns of/in completely/ql perfect/jj celestial/jj existence/nn ./. To/to return/vb now/rb to/in the/at four-element/jj physics/nn ,/, a/at mixture/nn of/in muddy/jj ,/, frothy/jj water/nn will/md ,/, when/wrb standing/vbg in/in a/at jar/nn ,/, separate/vb out/rp with/in earth/nn at/in the/at bottom/nn ,/, water/nn on/in top/nn ,/, and/cc the/at air/nn on/in top/nn of/in that/dt ./. A/at candle/nn alight/jj in/in the/at air/nn directs/vbz its/pp$ flame/nn and/cc smoke/vb upwards/rb ./. This/dt gives/vbz a/at clue/nn to/in the/at cosmical/jj order/nn of/in elements/nns ./. Thus/rb earth/nn has/hvz fallen/vbn to/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./. It/pps is/bez covered/vbn (/( partly/rb )/) with/in water/nn ,/, air/nn is/bez atop/rb of/in that/dt ./. Pure/jj fire/nn (/( the/at stars/nns )/) is/bez in/in the/at heavens/nns ./. When/wrb combined/vbn with/in the/at metaphysical/jj notion/nn that/ql pure/jj forms/nns of/in this/dt universe/nn are/ber best/ql appreciated/vbn when/wrb least/ql embodied/vbn in/in a/at material/jj substratum/nn ,/, it/pps becomes/vbz clear/jj that/cs while/cs earth/nn will/md be/be dross/nn on/in a/at scale/nn of/in material-formal/jj ratios/nns ,/, celestial/jj bodies/nns will/md be/be of/in a/at subtle/jj ,/, quickened/vbn ,/, ethereal/jj existence/nn ,/, in/in whose/wp$ embodiment/nn pure/jj form/nn will/md be/be the/at dominant/jj component/nn and/cc matter/nn will/md be/be absent/jj or/cc remain/vb subsidiary/jj ./. The/at stars/nns constitute/vb an/at order/nn of/in existence/nn different/jj from/in what/wdt we/ppss encounter/vb on/in earth/nn ./. This/dt is/bez clear/jj when/wrb one/pn distinguishes/vbz the/at types/nns of/in motion/nn appropriate/jj to/in both/abx regions/nns ./. A/at projectile/nn shot/vbn up/rp from/in earth/nn returns/vbz rectlinearly/rb to/in its/pp$ '/' natural/jj '/' place/nn of/in rest/nn ./. But/cc the/at natural/jj condition/nn for/in the/at heavenly/jj bodies/nns is/bez neither/cc rest/nn ,/, nor/cc rectilinear/jj motion/nn ./. Being/beg less/ql encumbered/vbn by/in material/nn embodiments/nns they/ppss partake/vb more/rbr of/in what/wdt is/bez divine/jj ./. Their/pp$ motion/nn will/md be/be eternal/jj and/cc perfect/jj ./. Let/vb us/ppo re-examine/vb the/at publicized/vbn contrasts/nns between/in Ptolemaic/jj and/cc Copernican/jj astronomy/nn ./. Bluntly/rb ,/, there/ex never/rb was/bedz a/at Ptolemaic/jj system/nn of/in astronomy/nn ./. Copernicus'/np$ achievement/nn was/bedz to/to have/hv invented/vbn systematic/jj astronomy/nn ./. The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Hypotheses/nns-tl outline/vb Ptolemy's/np$ conception/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj task/nn as/cs the/at provision/nn of/in computational/jj tables/nns ,/, independent/jj calculating/vbg devices/nns for/in the/at prediction/nn of/in future/jj planetary/jj perturbations/nns ./. Indeed/rb ,/, in/in the/at Halma/np edition/nn of/in Theon's/np$ presentation/nn of/in The/at-tl Hypotheses/nns-tl there/ex is/bez a/at chart/nn setting/vbg out/rp (/( under/in six/cd distinct/jj headings/nns )/) otherwise/rb unrelated/jj diagrams/nns for/in describing/vbg the/at planetary/jj motions/nns ./. No/at attempt/nn is/bez made/vbn by/in Ptolemy/np to/to weld/vb into/in a/at single/ap scheme/nn (/( a-la-Aristotle/rb )/) ,/, these/dts independent/jj predicting-machines/nns ./. They/ppss all/abn have/hv this/dt in/in common/jj :/: the/at earth/nn is/bez situated/vbn near/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at deferent/nn ./. But/cc that/cs one/pn should/md superimpose/vb all/abn these/dts charts/nns ,/, run/vb a/at pin/nn through/in the/at common/jj point/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb scale/vb each/dt planetary/jj deferent/nn larger/jjr and/cc smaller/jjr (/( to/to keep/vb the/at epicycles/nns from/in '/' bumping/vbg '/' )/) ,/, this/dt is/bez contrary/jj to/in any/dti intention/nn Ptolemy/np ever/rb expresses/vbz ./. He/pps might/md even/rb suppose/vb the/at planets/nns to/to move/vb at/in infinity/nn ./. Ptolemy's/np$ problem/nn is/bez to/to forecast/vb where/wrb ,/, against/in the/at inverted/vbn bowl/nn of/in night/nn ,/, some/dti particular/jj light/nn will/md be/be found/vbn at/in future/jj times/nns ./. His/pp$ problem/nn concerns/vbz longitudes/nns ,/, latitudes/nns ,/, and/cc angular/jj velocities/nns ./. The/at distances/nns of/in these/dts points/nns of/in light/nn is/bez a/at problem/nn he/pps cannot/md* master/vb ,/, beyond/in crude/jj conjectures/nns as/in to/in the/at orderings/nns of/in the/at planetary/jj orbits/nns viewed/vbn outward/rb from/in earth/nn ./. But/cc none/pn of/in this/dt has/hvz prevented/vbn scientists/nns ,/, philosophers/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb historians/nns of/in science/nn ,/, from/in speaking/vbg of/in the/at Ptolemaic/jj system/nn ,/, in/in contrast/nn to/in the/at Copernican/jj ./. This/dt is/bez a/at mistake/nn ./. It/pps is/bez engendered/vbn by/in confounding/vbg the/at Aristotelian/jj cosmology/nn in/in The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl with/in the/at geocentric/jj astronomy/nn ./. Ptolemy/np recurrently/rb denies/vbz that/cs he/pps could/md ever/rb explain/vb planetary/jj motion/nn ./. This/dt is/bez what/wdt necessitates/vbz the/at nonsystematic/jj character/nn of/in his/pp$ astronomy/nn ./. So/rb when/wrb textbooks/nns ,/, like/cs that/dt of/in Baker/np set/vb out/rp drawings/nns of/in the/at '/' Ptolemaic/jj System/nn-tl '/' ,/, complete/jj with/in earth/nn in/in-tl the/at center/nn and/cc the/at-tl seven/cd heavenly/jj bodies/nns epicyclically/rb arranged/vbn on/in their/pp$ several/ap deferents/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv nothing/pn but/in a/at misleading/vbg 20th-century/nn idea/nn of/in what/wdt never/rb existed/vbd historically/rb ./. It/pps is/bez the/at chief/jjs merit/nn in/in Copernicus'/np$ work/nn that/cs all/abn his/pp$ planetary/jj calculations/nns are/ber interdependent/jj ./. He/pps cannot/md* ,/, e.g./rb compute/vb the/at retrograde/jj arc/nn traveled/vbn by/in Mars/np ,/, without/in also/rb making/vbg suppositions/nns about/in the/at earth's/nn$ own/jj motion/nn ./. He/pps cannot/md* describe/vb eclipses/nns without/in entertaining/vbg some/dti form/nn of/in a/at three-body/jj problem/nn ./. In/in Ptolemaic/jj terms/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, eclipses/nns and/cc retrograde/jj motion/nn were/bed phenomena/nns simpliciter/fw-rb ,/, to/to be/be explained/vbn directly/rb as/cs possible/jj resultants/nns of/in epicyclical/jj combinations/nns ./. In/in a/at systematic/jj astronomy/nn ,/, like/cs that/dt of/in Copernicus/np ,/, retrogradations/nns become/vb part/nn of/in the/at conceptual/jj structure/nn of/in the/at system/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber no/ql longer/rbr a/at puzzling/jj aspect/nn of/in intricately/ql variable/jj ,/, local/jj planetary/jj motions/nns ./. Another/dt contrast/nn stressed/vbn when/wrb discussing/vbg Ptolemaic/jj vs./in Copernican/jj astronomy/nn ,/, turns/vbz on/in the/at idea/nn of/in simplicity/nn ./. It/pps is/bez often/rb stated/vbn that/cs Copernican/jj astronomy/nn is/bez '/' simpler/jjr '/' than/cs Ptolemaic/jj ./. Some/dti even/rb say/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez the/at reason/nn for/in the/at ultimate/jj acceptance/nn of/in the/at former/ap ./. Thus/rb ,/, Margenau/np remarks/vbz :/: ``/`` A/at large/jj number/nn of/in unrelated/jj epicycles/nns was/bedz needed/vbn to/to explain/vb the/at observations/nns ,/, but/cc otherwise/rb the/at (/( Ptolemaic/jj )/) system/nn served/vbd well/rb and/cc with/in quantitative/jj precision/nn ./. Copernicus/np ,/, by/in placing/vbg the/at sun/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at planetary/jj universe/nn ,/, was/bedz able/jj to/to reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in epicycles/nns from/in eighty-three/cd to/in seventeen/cd ./. Historical/jj records/nns indicate/vb that/cs Copernicus/np was/bedz unaware/jj of/in the/at fundamental/jj aspects/nns of/in his/pp$ so-called/jj '/' revolution/nn '/' ,/, unaware/jj perhaps/rb of/in its/pp$ historical/jj importance/nn ,/, he/pps rested/vbd content/jj with/in having/hvg produced/vbn a/at simpler/jjr scheme/nn for/in prediction/nn ./. As/cs an/at illustration/nn of/in the/at principle/nn of/in simplicity/nn the/at heliocentric/jj discovery/nn has/hvz a/at peculiar/jj appeal/nn because/cs it/pps allows/vbz simplicity/nn to/to be/be arithmetized/vbn ;/. ;/. it/pps involves/vbz a/at reduction/nn in/in the/at number/nn of/in epicycles/nns from/in eighty-three/cd to/in seventeen/cd ''/'' ./. Without/in careful/jj qualification/nn this/dt can/md be/be misleading/vbg ./. If/cs in/in any/dti one/cd calculation/nn Ptolemy/np had/hvd had/hvn to/to invoke/vb 83/cd epicycles/nns all/abn at/in once/rb ,/, while/cs Copernicus/np never/rb required/vbd more/ap than/in one/cd third/od this/dt number/nn ,/, then/rb (/( in/in the/at sense/nn obvious/jj to/in Margenau/np )/) Ptolemaic/jj astronomy/nn would/md be/be simpler/jjr than/cs Copernican/jj ./. But/cc no/at single/ap planetary/jj problem/nn ever/rb required/vbd of/in Ptolemy/np more/ap than/in six/cd epicycles/nns at/in one/cd time/nn ./. This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, results/vbz from/in the/at non-systematic/jj ,/, '/' cellular/jj '/' character/nn of/in Ptolemaic/jj theory/nn ./. Calculations/nns within/in the/at Copernican/jj framework/nn always/rb raised/vbd questions/nns about/in planetary/jj configurations/nns ./. These/dts could/md be/be met/vbn only/rb by/in considering/in the/at dynamical/jj elements/nns of/in several/ap planets/nns at/in one/cd time/nn ./. This/dt is/bez more/ql ambitious/jj than/cs Ptolemy/np is/bez ever/rb required/vbn to/to be/be when/wrb he/pps faces/vbz his/pp$ isolated/vbn problems/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, in/in no/at ordinary/jj sense/nn of/in '/' simplicity/nn '/' is/bez the/at Ptolemaic/jj theory/nn simpler/jjr than/cs the/at Copernican/jj ./. The/at latter/ap required/vbd juggling/vbg several/ap elements/nns simultaneously/rb ./. This/dt was/bedz not/* simpler/jjr but/cc much/ql more/ql difficult/jj than/cs exercises/nns within/in Ptolemy's/np$ astronomy/nn ./. Analogously/rb ,/, anyone/pn who/wps argues/vbz that/cs Einstein's/np$ theory/nn of/in gravitation/nn is/bez simpler/jjr than/cs Newton's/np$ ,/, must/md say/vb rather/ql more/ap to/to explain/vb how/wrb it/pps is/bez that/cs the/at latter/ap is/bez mastered/vbn by/in student-physicists/nns ,/, while/cs the/at former/ap can/md be/be managed/vbn (/( with/in difficulty/nn )/) only/rb by/in accomplished/vbn experts/nns ./. In/in a/at sense/nn ,/, Einstein's/np$ theory/nn is/bez simpler/jjr than/cs Newton's/np$ ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez a/at corresponding/jj sense/nn in/in which/wdt Copernicus'/np$ theory/nn is/bez simpler/jjr than/cs Ptolemy's/np$ ./. But/cc '/' simplicity/nn '/' here/rb refers/vbz to/in systematic/jj simplicity/nn ./. The/at number/nn of/in primitive/jj ideas/nns in/in systematically-simple/jj theories/nns is/bez reduced/vbn to/in a/at minimum/nn ./. The/at Axioms/nns-tl required/vbn to/to make/vb the/at theoretical/jj machinery/nn operate/vb are/ber set/vbn out/rp tersely/rb and/cc powerfully/rb ,/, so/cs that/cs all/abn permissible/jj operations/nns within/in the/at theory/nn can/md be/be traced/vbn rigorously/rb back/rb to/in these/dts axioms/nns ,/, rules/nns ,/, and/cc primitive/jj notions/nns ./. This/dt characterizes/vbz Euclid's/np$ formulation/nn of/in geometry/nn ,/, but/cc not/* Ptolemy's/np$ astronomy/nn ./. There/ex are/ber in/in The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl no/at rules/nns for/in determining/vbg in/in advance/nn whether/cs a/at new/jj epicycle/nn will/md be/be required/vbn for/in dealing/vbg with/in abberations/nns in/in lunar/jj ,/, solar/jj ,/, or/cc planetary/jj behavior/nn ./. The/at strongest/jjt appeal/nn of/in the/at Copernican/jj formulation/nn consisted/vbd in/in just/rb this/dt :/: ideally/rb ,/, the/at justification/nn for/in dealing/vbg with/in special/jj problems/nns in/in particular/jj ways/nns is/bez completely/rb set/vbn out/rp in/in the/at basic/jj '/' rules/nns '/' of/in the/at theory/nn ./. The/at lower-level/nn hypotheses/nns are/ber never/rb '/' ad/fw-in hoc/fw-pn '/' ,/, never/rb introduced/vbn ex/fw-in post/fw-in facto/fw-nn just/rb to/to sweep/vb up/rp within/in the/at theory/nn some/dti recalcitrant/jj datum/nn ./. Copernicus/np ,/, to/in an/at extent/nn unachieved/jj by/in Ptolemy/np ,/, approximated/vbd to/in Euclid's/np$ vision/nn ./. De/fw-in-tl Revolutionibus/fw-nns-tl is/bez not/* just/rb a/at collection/nn of/in facts/nns and/cc techniques/nns ./. It/pps is/bez an/at organized/vbn system/nn of/in these/dts things/nns ./. Solving/vbg astronomical/jj problems/nns requires/vbz ,/, for/in Copernicus/np ,/, not/* a/at random/jj search/nn of/in unrelated/jj tables/nns ,/, but/cc a/at regular/jj employment/nn of/in the/at rules/nns defining/vbg the/at entire/jj discipline/nn ./. Hence/rb ,/, noting/vbg the/at simplicity/nn achieved/vbn in/in Copernicus'/np$ formulation/nn does/doz not/* provide/vb another/dt reason/nn for/in the/at acceptance/nn of/in De/fw-in-tl Revolutionibus/fw-nns-tl ,/, another/dt reason/nn beyond/in its/pp$ systematic/jj superiority/nn ./. It/pps provides/vbz exactly/rb the/at same/ap reason/nn ./. 1543/cd A.D./rb is/bez often/rb venerated/vbn as/cs the/at birthday/nn of/in the/at scientific/jj revolution/nn ./. It/pps is/bez really/rb the/at funeral/nn day/nn of/in scholastic/jj science/nn ./. Granted/vbn ,/, the/at cosmological/jj ,/, philosophical/jj ,/, and/cc cultural/jj reverberations/nns initiated/vbn by/in the/at De/fw-in-tl Revolutionibus/fw-nns-tl were/bed felt/vbn with/in increasing/vbg violence/nn during/in the/at 300/cd years/nns to/to follow/vb ./. But/cc ,/, considered/vbn within/in technical/jj astronomy/nn ,/, a/at different/jj pattern/nn can/md be/be traced/vbn ./. In/in what/wdt does/doz the/at dissatisfaction/nn of/in Copernicus-the-astronomer/np consist/vb ?/. ?/. What/wdt in/in The/at-tl Almagest/np-tl draws/vbz his/pp$ fire/nn ?/. ?/. Geocentricism/nn per/in se/fw-ppl ?/. ?/. No/rb ./. The/at formal/jj displacement/nn of/in the/at geocentric/jj principle/nn far/ql from/in being/beg Copernicus'/np$ primary/jj concern/nn ,/, was/bedz introduced/vbn only/rb to/to resolve/vb what/wdt seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo intolerable/jj in/in orthodox/jj astronomy/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, the/at '/' unphysical/jj '/' triplication/nn of/in centric/jj reference-points/nns :/: one/cd center/nn from/in which/wdt the/at planet's/nn$ distances/nns were/bed calculated/vbn ,/, another/dt around/in which/wdt planetary/jj velocities/nns were/bed computed/vbn ,/, and/cc still/rb a/at third/od center/nn (/( the/at earth/nn )/) from/in which/wdt the/at observations/nns originated/vbd ./. This/dt arrangement/nn was/bedz for/in Copernicus/np literally/ql monstrous/jj :/: ``/`` With/in (/( the/at Ptolemaists/nps )/) it/pps is/bez as/ql though/cs an/at artist/nn were/bed to/to gather/vb the/at hands/nns ,/, feet/nns ,/, head/nn and/cc other/ap members/nns for/in his/pp$ images/nns from/in divers/jj models/nns ,/, each/dt part/nn excellently/ql drawn/vbn ,/, but/cc not/* related/vbn to/in a/at single/ap body/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc since/cs they/ppss in/in no/at way/nn match/vb each/dt other/ap ,/, the/at result/nn would/md be/be a/at monster/nn rather/in than/in a/at man/nn ''/'' ./. Copernicus/np required/vbd a/at systematically/ql integrated/vbn ,/, physically/ql intelligible/jj astronomy/nn ./. His/pp$ objective/nn was/bedz ,/, essentially/rb ,/, to/to repair/vb those/dts aspects/nns of/in orthodox/jj astronomy/nn responsible/jj for/in its/pp$ deficiencies/nns in/in achieving/vbg these/dts ends/nns ./. That/cs such/jj deficiencies/nns existed/vbd within/in Ptolemy's/np$ theory/nn was/bedz not/* discovered/vbn de/fw-in novo/fw-nn by/in Copernicus/np ./. The/at critical/jj ,/, rigorous/jj examinations/nns of/in Nicholas/np-tl of/in-tl Cusa/np-tl and/cc Nicholas/np-tl of/in-tl Oresme/np-tl provided/vbd the/at context/nn (/( a/at late/jj medieval/jj context/nn )/) for/in Nicholas/np Copernicus'/np$ own/jj work/nn ./. The/at latter/ap looked/vbd backward/rb upon/in inherited/vbn deficiencies/nns ./. Without/in abandoning/vbg too/ql much/ap ,/, Copernicus/np sought/vbd to/to make/vb orthodox/jj astronomy/nn systematically/rb and/cc mechanically/rb acceptable/jj ./. He/pps did/dod not/* think/vb himself/ppl to/to be/be firing/vbg the/at first/od shot/nn of/in an/at intellectual/jj revolution/nn ./.

cg31

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lobl:1 businessman:1 romantic:1 description:1 steamboat:1 mississippi:1

Henrietta's/np$ feeling/nn of/in identity/nn with/in Sara/np Sullam/np was/bedz crowned/vbn by/in her/pp$ discovery/nn of/in the/at coincidence/nn that/cs Sara's/np$ epitaph/nn in/in the/at Jewish/jj cemetery/nn in/in Venice/np referred/vbd to/in her/ppo as/cs ``/`` the/at Sulamite/np ''/'' ./. Into/in the/at texture/nn of/in this/dt tapestry/nn of/in history/nn and/cc human/jj drama/nn Henrietta/np ,/, as/cs every/at artist/nn delights/vbz to/to do/do ,/, wove/vbd strands/nns of/in her/pp$ own/jj intuitive/jj insights/nns into/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc --/-- especially/rb in/in the/at remarkable/jj story/nn of/in the/at attraction/nn and/cc conflict/nn between/in two/cd so/ql disparate/jj and/cc fervent/jj characters/nns as/cs this/dt pair/nn --/-- into/in the/at relations/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns :/: ``/`` In/in their/pp$ relations/nns ,/, she/pps was/bedz the/at giver/nn and/cc he/pps the/at receiver/nn ,/, nay/rb the/at demander/nn ./. His/pp$ feeling/nn always/rb exacted/vbd sacrifices/nns from/in her/ppo ./. One/cd is/bez so/ql accustomed/vbn to/to think/vb of/in men/nns as/cs the/at privileged/jj who/wps need/vb but/in ask/vb and/cc receive/vb ,/, and/cc women/nns as/cs submissive/jj and/cc yielding/vbg ,/, that/cs our/pp$ sympathies/nns are/ber usually/rb enlisted/vbn on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at man/nn whose/wp$ love/nn is/bez not/* returned/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss condemn/vb the/at woman/nn as/cs a/at coquette/nn ./. The/at very/ap firmness/nn of/in her/pp$ convictions/nns and/cc logical/jj clearness/nn of/in her/pp$ arguments/nns captivated/vbd and/cc stimulated/vbd him/ppo to/to make/vb greater/jjr efforts/nns ;/. ;/. usually/rb ,/, this/dt is/bez most/ql exasperating/jj to/in men/nns ,/, who/wps expect/vb every/at woman/nn to/to verify/vb their/pp$ preconceived/vbn notions/nns concerning/in her/pp$ sex/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb she/pps does/doz not/* ,/, immediately/rb condemn/vb her/ppo as/cs eccentric/jj and/cc unwomanly/jj ./. She/pps had/hvd the/at opportunity/nn that/cs few/ap clever/jj women/nns can/md resist/vb ,/, of/in showing/vbg her/pp$ superiority/nn in/in argument/nn over/in a/at man/nn ./. Women/nns themselves/ppls have/hv come/vbn to/to look/vb upon/rb matters/nns in/in the/at same/ap light/nn as/cs the/at outside/jj world/nn ,/, and/cc scarcely/rb find/vb any/dti wrong/jj in/in submitting/vbg to/in the/at importunities/nns of/in a/at stronger/jjr will/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb their/pp$ affections/nns are/ber withheld/vbn ./. She/pps was/bedz exposing/vbg herself/ppl to/in temptation/nn which/wdt it/pps is/bez best/jjt to/to avoid/vb where/wrb it/pps can/md consistently/rb be/be done/vbn ./. One/pn who/wps invites/vbz such/jj trials/nns of/in character/nn is/bez either/cc foolhardy/jj ,/, overconfident/jj or/cc too/ql simple/jj and/cc childlike/jj in/in faith/nn in/in mankind/nn to/to see/vb the/at danger/nn ./. In/in any/dti case/nn but/cc the/at last/ap ,/, such/abl a/at course/nn is/bez sure/jj to/to avenge/vb itself/ppl upon/in the/at individual/nn ;/. ;/. the/at moral/jj powers/nns no/ql more/rbr than/cs the/at physical/jj and/cc mental/jj ,/, can/md bear/vb overstraining/vbg ./. And/cc ,/, in/in the/at last/ap case/nn ,/, a/at bitter/jj disappointment/nn but/in too/ql often/rb meets/vbz the/at confiding/vbg nature/nn ./. ''/'' Henrietta/np was/bedz discovering/vbg in/in the/at process/nn of/in writing/vbg ,/, as/cs the/at born/vbn writer/nn does/doz ,/, not/* merely/rb a/at channel/nn for/in the/at discharge/nn of/in accumulated/vbn information/nn but/cc a/at stimulus/nn to/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at creative/jj powers/nns of/in observation/nn ,/, insight/nn and/cc intuition/nn ./. Dr./nn-tl Isaacs/np was/bedz so/ql pleased/vbn with/in the/at quality/nn of/in her/pp$ biographical/jj study/nn of/in Sara/np Sullam/np that/cs he/pps considered/vbd submitting/vbg it/ppo to/in the/at Century/nn-tl Magazine/nn-tl or/cc Harper's/np$-tl but/cc he/pps decided/vbd that/cs its/pp$ Jewish/jj subject/nn probably/rb would/md not/* interest/vb them/ppo and/cc published/vbd it/ppo in/in The/at-tl Messenger/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` so/rb our/pp$ readers/nns will/md be/be benefited/vbn instead/rb ''/'' ./. Under/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ influence/nn it/pps did/dod not/* occur/vb to/in Henrietta/np that/cs she/pps might/md write/vb on/in subjects/nns outside/in the/at Jewish/jj field/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps did/dod begin/vb writing/vbg for/in other/ap Anglo-Jewish/jj papers/nns and/cc thus/rb increased/vbd her/pp$ output/nn and/cc her/pp$ audience/nn ./. And/cc she/pps wrote/vbd the/at libretto/nn for/in an/at oratorio/nn on/in the/at subject/nn of/in Judas/np Maccabeus/np performed/vbn at/in the/at Hanukkah/np festival/nn which/wdt came/vbd in/in December/np ./. By/in her/pp$ eighteenth/od birthday/nn her/pp$ bent/nn for/in writing/vbg was/bedz so/ql evident/jj that/cs Papa/np and/cc Mamma/nn-tl gave/vbd her/ppo a/at Life/nn-tl Of/in-tl Dickens/np-tl as/cs a/at spur/nn to/in her/pp$ aspiration/nn ./. Another/dt source/nn of/in intellectual/jj stimulus/nn was/bedz opened/vbn to/in her/ppo at/in that/dt time/nn by/in the/at founding/nn of/in Johns/np-tl Hopkins/np-tl University/nn-tl within/in walking/vbg distance/nn of/in home/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz established/vbn in/in a/at couple/nn of/in buildings/nns in/in the/at shopping/vbg district/nn ,/, with/in only/rb a/at few/ap professors/nns ,/, but/cc all/abn eminent/jj men/nns ,/, and/cc a/at few/ap hundred/cd eager/jj students/nns housed/vbn in/in nearby/jj dwellings/nns ./. In/in September/np '76/cd Thomas/np Huxley/np ,/, Darwin's/np$ famous/jj disciple/nn ,/, came/vbd from/in England/np to/to speak/vb in/in a/at crowded/vbn auditorium/nn at/in the/at formal/jj opening/nn of/in the/at University/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc although/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at school/nn for/in men/nns only/rb ,/, it/pps afforded/vbd Henrietta/np an/at opportunity/nn to/to attend/vb its/pp$ public/jj lectures/nns ./. In/in the/at following/vbg year/nn her/pp$ father/nn undertook/vbd to/to give/vb a/at course/nn in/in Hebrew/jj theology/nn to/in Johns/np-tl Hopkins/np-tl students/nns ,/, and/cc this/dt brought/vbd to/in the/at Szold/np house/nn a/at group/nn of/in bright/jj young/jj Jews/nps who/wps had/hvd come/vbn to/in Baltimore/np to/to study/vb ,/, and/cc who/wps enjoyed/vbd being/beg fed/vbn and/cc mothered/vbn by/in Mamma/nn-tl and/cc entertained/vbn by/in Henrietta/np and/cc Rachel/np ,/, who/wps played/vbd and/cc sang/vbd for/in them/ppo in/in the/at upstairs/jj sitting/vbg room/nn on/in Sunday/nr evenings/nns ./. From/in Philadelphia/np came/vbd Cyrus/np Adler/np and/cc Joseph/np Jastrow/np ./. Adler/np ,/, Judge/nn-tl Sulzberger's/np$ nephew/nn ,/, came/vbd to/to study/vb Assyriology/np ./. A/at smart/jj ,/, shrewd/jj and/cc ambitious/jj young/jj man/nn ,/, well/ql connected/vbn ,/, and/cc with/in a/at knack/nn for/in getting/vbg in/in the/at good/jj graces/nns of/in important/jj people/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz bound/vbn to/to go/vb far/rb ./. Joseph/np Jastrow/np ,/, the/at younger/jjr son/nn of/in the/at distinguished/vbn rabbi/nn ,/, Marcus/np Jastrow/np ,/, was/bedz a/at friendly/jj ,/, round-faced/jj fellow/nn with/in a/at little/jj mustache/nn ,/, whose/wp$ field/nn was/bedz psychology/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps was/bedz also/rb a/at punster/nn and/cc a/at jolly/jj tease/nn ./. His/pp$ father/nn was/bedz a/at good/jj friend/nn of/in Rabbi/nn-tl Szold/np ,/, and/cc Joe/np lived/vbd with/in the/at Szolds/nps for/in a/at while/nn ./. Both/abx these/dts youths/nns ,/, who/wps greatly/rb admired/vbn Henrietta/np ,/, were/bed somewhat/ql younger/jjr than/cs she/pps ,/, as/cs were/bed also/rb the/at neighboring/vbg Friedenwald/np boys/nns ,/, who/wps were/bed then/rb studying/vbg medicine/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc bright/jj though/cs they/ppss all/abn were/bed ,/, they/ppss could/md not/* possibly/rb compete/vb for/in her/pp$ interest/nn with/in Papa/np ,/, whose/wp$ mind/nn --/-- although/cs he/pps never/rb tried/vbd to/to dazzle/vb or/cc patronize/vb lesser/ap lights/nns with/in it/ppo --/-- naturally/rb eclipsed/vbd theirs/pp$$ and/cc made/vbd them/ppo seem/vb to/in her/ppo even/ql younger/jjr than/cs they/ppss were/bed ./. Besides/rb ,/, Miss/np Henrietta/np --/-- as/cs she/pps was/bedz generally/rb known/vbn since/cs she/pps had/hvd put/vbn up/rp her/pp$ hair/nn with/in a/at chignon/nn in/in the/at back/nn --/-- had/hvd little/ap time/nn to/to spare/vb them/ppo from/in her/pp$ teaching/nn and/cc writing/vbg ;/. ;/. so/rb Cyrus/np Adler/np became/vbd interested/vbn in/in her/pp$ friend/nn Racie/np Friedenwald/np ,/, and/cc Joe/np Jastrow/np --/-- the/at only/rb young/jj man/nn who/wps when/wrb he/pps wrote/vbd had/hvd the/at temerity/nn to/to address/vb her/ppo as/cs Henrietta/np ,/, and/cc signed/vbd himself/ppl Joe/np --/-- fell/vbd in/in love/nn with/in pretty/jj sister/nn Rachel/np ./. Henrietta/np ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz at/in that/dt time/nn engaged/vbn in/in a/at lengthy/jj correspondence/nn with/in Joe's/np$ older/jjr and/cc more/ql serious/jj brother/nn ,/, Morris/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz just/ql about/rb her/pp$ own/jj age/nn and/cc whom/wpo she/pps had/hvd got/vbn to/to know/vb well/rb during/in trips/nns to/in Philadelphia/np with/in Papa/np ,/, when/wrb he/pps substituted/vbd for/in Rabbi/nn-tl Jastrow/np at/in Rodeph/np-tl Shalom/np-tl Temple/nn-tl there/rb during/in its/pp$ Rabbi's/nn$-tl absence/nn in/in Europe/np ./. Young/jj Morris/np ,/, who/wps ,/, while/cs attending/vbg the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Pennsylvania/np-tl ,/, also/rb taught/vbd and/cc edited/vbd a/at paper/nn ,/, found/vbd time/nn to/to write/vb Henrietta/np twenty-page/jj letters/nns on/in everything/pn that/wps engaged/vbd his/pp$ interest/nn ,/, from/in the/at acting/nn of/in Sarah/np Bernhardt/np in/in Philadelphia/np to/in his/pp$ reactions/nns to/in the/at comments/nns of/in ``/`` Sulamith/np ''/'' on/in the/at Jewish/jj reform/nn movement/nn being/beg promulgated/vbn by/in the/at Hebrew/jj-tl Union/nn-tl College/nn-tl in/in Cincinnati/np ./. Unlike/in his/pp$ younger/jjr brother/nn ,/, Joe/np ,/, he/pps never/rb presumed/vbd to/to address/vb her/ppo more/ql familiarly/rb than/cs as/cs ``/`` My/pp$ dear/jj friend/nn ''/'' ,/, although/cs he/pps praised/vbd and/cc envied/vbd the/at elegance/nn and/cc purity/nn of/in her/pp$ style/nn ./. And/cc when/wrb he/pps complained/vbd of/in the/at lack/nn of/in time/nn for/in all/abn he/pps wanted/vbd to/to do/do ,/, Henrietta/np advised/vbd him/ppo to/to rise/vb at/in five/cd in/in the/at morning/nn as/cs she/pps and/cc Papa/np did/dod ./. One/cd thing/nn Papa/np had/hvd not/* taught/vbn Henrietta/np was/bedz how/wrb to/to handle/vb a/at young/jj man/nn as/ql high-spirited/jj and/cc opinionated/jj as/cs herself/ppl ./. She/pps could/md not/* resist/vb the/at opportunity/nn ``/`` of/in showing/vbg her/pp$ superiority/nn in/in argument/nn over/in a/at man/nn ''/'' which/wdt she/pps had/hvd remarked/vbn as/cs one/cd of/in the/at ``/`` feminine/jj follies/nns ''/'' of/in Sara/np Sullam/np ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in her/pp$ forthright/jj way/nn ,/, Henrietta/np ,/, who/wps in/in her/pp$ story/nn of/in Sara/np had/hvd indicated/vbn her/pp$ own/jj unwillingness/nn ``/`` to/to think/vb of/in men/nns as/cs the/at privileged/jj ''/'' and/cc ``/`` women/nns as/cs submissive/jj and/cc yielding/vbg ''/'' ,/, felt/vbd obliged/vbn to/to defend/vb vigorously/rb any/dti statement/nn of/in hers/pp$$ to/in which/wdt Morris/np Jastrow/np took/vbd the/at slightest/jjt exception/nn --/-- he/pps objected/vbd to/in her/pp$ stand/nn on/in the/at Corbin/np affair/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs on/in the/at radical/jj reforms/nns of/in Dr./nn-tl Wise/np of/in Hebrew/jj-tl Union/nn-tl College/nn-tl --/-- until/in once/rb ,/, in/in sheer/jj desperation/nn ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd given/vbn up/rp hope/nn they/ppss would/md ever/rb agree/vb on/in anything/pn ./. But/cc that/dt did/dod not/* prevent/vb him/ppo from/in writing/vbg more/ap long/jj letters/nns ,/, or/cc from/in coming/vbg to/to spend/vb his/pp$ Christmas/np vacations/nns with/in the/at hospitable/jj ,/, lively/jj Szolds/nps in/in their/pp$ pleasant/jj house/nn on/in Lombard/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./. 1880s/nns :/: ``/`` little/jj women/nns ''/'' ``/`` we've/ppss+hv got/vbn Father/nn-tl and/cc Mother/nn-tl and/cc each/dt other/ap ''/'' said/vbd Beth/np on/in the/at first/od page/nn of/in Louisa/np Alcott's/np$ Little/jj-tl Women/nns-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, ``/`` I/ppss do/do think/vb that/cs families/nns are/ber the/at most/ql beautiful/jj things/nns in/in all/abn the/at world/nn ''/'' ,/, burst/vbd out/rp Jo/np some/dti five/cd hundred/cd pages/nns later/rbr in/in that/dt popular/jj story/nn of/in the/at March/np family/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd first/rb appeared/vbn when/wrb Henrietta/np was/bedz eight/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at Szold/np family/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps developed/vbd ,/, bore/vbd a/at striking/jj resemblance/nn to/in the/at Marches/nps ./. Mr./np March/np ,/, like/cs Benjamin/np Szold/np ,/, was/bedz a/at clergyman/nn ,/, although/cs of/in an/at indeterminate/jj denomination/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc ``/`` Marmee/np ''/'' March/np ,/, like/cs Sophie/np Szold/np ,/, was/bedz the/at competent/jj manager/nn of/in her/pp$ brood/nn of/in girls/nns ,/, of/in whom/wpo the/at Marches/nps had/hvd only/rb four/cd to/in the/at Szolds'/nps$ five/cd ./. But/cc the/at March/np girls/nns had/hvd their/pp$ counterparts/nns in/in the/at Szold/np girls/nns ./. Henrietta/np could/md easily/rb identify/vb herself/ppl with/in Jo/np March/np ,/, although/cs Jo/np was/bedz not/* the/at eldest/jjt sister/nn ./. Neither/cc was/bedz Henrietta/np hoydenish/jj like/cs Jo/np ,/, who/wps frankly/rb wished/vbd she/pps were/bed a/at boy/nn and/cc had/hvd deliberately/rb shortened/vbn her/pp$ name/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, like/cs Henrietta's/np$ ,/, was/bedz the/at feminine/jj form/nn of/in a/at boy's/nn$ name/nn ./. But/cc both/abx were/bed high-spirited/jj and/cc vivacious/jj ,/, both/abx had/hvd tempers/nns to/to control/vb ,/, both/abx loved/vbd languages/nns ,/, especially/rb English/np and/cc German/np ,/, both/abx were/bed good/jj teachers/nns and/cc wrote/vbd for/in publication/nn ./. Each/dt was/bedz her/pp$ mother's/nn$ assistant/nn and/cc confidante/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc each/dt stood/vbd out/rp conspicuously/rb in/in the/at family/nn picture/nn ./. Bertha/np Szold/np was/bedz more/rbr like/cs Meg/np ,/, the/at eldest/jjt March/np girl/nn ,/, who/wps ``/`` learned/vbd that/cs a/at woman's/nn$ happiest/jjt kingdom/nn is/bez home/nn ,/, her/pp$ highest/jjt honor/nn the/at art/nn of/in ruling/vbg it/ppo ,/, not/* as/cs a/at queen/nn ,/, but/cc a/at wise/jj wife/nn and/cc mother/nn ''/'' ./. Bertha/np ,/, blue-eyed/jj like/cs Mamma/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz from/in the/at start/nn her/pp$ mother's/nn$ daughter/nn ,/, destined/vbn for/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ role/nn in/in life/nn ./. Sadie/np ,/, like/cs Beth/np March/np ,/, suffered/vbd ill/jj health/nn --/-- got/vbd rheumatic/jj fever/nn and/cc had/hvd to/to be/be careful/jj of/in her/pp$ heart/nn --/-- but/cc that/dt never/rb dampened/vbd her/pp$ spirits/nns ./. When/wrb her/pp$ right/jj hand/nn was/bedz incapacitated/vbn by/in the/at rheumatism/nn ,/, Sadie/np learned/vbd to/to write/vb with/in her/pp$ left/jj hand/nn ./. She/pps wrote/vbd gay/jj plays/nns about/in the/at girls/nns for/in family/nn entertainments/nns ,/, like/cs ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, What/wps-tl Fun/nn-tl !/. !/. A/at-tl Comedy/nn-tl In/in-tl Three/cd-tl Acts/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, under/in ``/`` Personages/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, Henrietta/np appeared/vbd as/cs ``/`` A/at Schoolmarm/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc Bertha/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz only/rb a/at trifle/nn less/ql brilliant/jj in/in high/jj school/nn than/cs Henrietta/np had/hvd been/ben ,/, appeared/vbd as/cs ``/`` Dummkopf/fw-nn ''/'' ./. Sadie/np studied/vbd piano/nn ;/. ;/. played/vbd Chopin/np in/in the/at ``/`` Soiree/fw-nn-tl Musicale/fw-jj-tl of/in Mr./np Guthrie's/np$ Pupils/nns-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/. and/cc she/pps recited/vbd ``/`` Hector's/np$-tl Farewell/nn-tl To/in-tl Andromache/np-tl ''/'' most/ql movingly/rb ,/, to/in the/at special/jj delight/nn of/in Rabbi/nn-tl Jastrow/np at/in his/pp$ home/nn in/in Germantown/np near/in Philadelphia/np ,/, where/wrb the/at Szold/np girls/nns took/vbd turns/nns visiting/vbg between/in the/at visits/nns of/in the/at Jastrow/np boys/nns at/in the/at Szolds'/nps$ in/in Baltimore/np ./. Adele/np ,/, like/cs Amy/np ,/, the/at youngest/jjt of/in the/at Marches/nps ,/, was/bedz the/at rebellious/jj ,/, mischievous/jj ,/, rather/ql calculating/vbg and/cc ambitious/jj one/cd ./. For/in Rachel/np ,/, conceded/vbn to/to be/be the/at prettiest/jjt of/in the/at Szold/np girls/nns --/-- and/cc she/pps did/dod make/vb a/at pretty/jj picture/nn sitting/vbg in/in the/at grape-arbor/nn strumming/vbg her/pp$ guitar/nn and/cc singing/vbg in/in her/pp$ silvery/jj tones/nns --/-- there/ex was/bedz no/at particular/jj March/np counterpart/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc both/abx groups/nns were/bed so/ql closely/rb knit/vbn that/cs despite/in individual/jj differences/nns the/at family/nn life/nn in/in both/abx cases/nns was/bedz remarkably/rb similar/jj in/in atmosphere/nn if/cs not/* entirely/rb in/in content/nn --/-- the/at one/cd being/beg definitely/rb Jewish/jj and/cc the/at other/ap vaguely/rb Christian/jj ./. The/at Szolds/nps ,/, like/cs the/at Marches/nps ,/, enjoyed/vbd and/cc loved/vbd living/vbg together/rb ,/, even/rb in/in troubled/vbn times/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, as/cs in/in the/at March/np home/nn ,/, any/dti young/jj man/nn who/wps called/vbd on/in the/at Szolds/nps found/vbd himself/ppl confronted/vbn with/in a/at phalanx/nn of/in femininity/nn which/wdt made/vbd it/ppo rather/ql difficult/jj to/to direct/vb his/pp$ particular/jj attention/nn to/in any/dti one/cd of/in them/ppo ./. This/dt included/vbd Mamma/nn-tl ,/, jolly/jj ,/, generous/jj ,/, and/cc pretty/jj ,/, with/in whom/wpo they/ppss all/abn fell/vbd in/in love/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs Papa/np had/hvd first/rb fallen/vbn in/in love/nn with/in her/pp$ Mamma/nn-tl before/cs he/pps chose/vbd her/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc when/wrb a/at young/jj man/nn like/cs Morris/np Jastrow/np had/hvd enjoyed/vbn the/at Szold/np hospitality/nn ,/, he/pps felt/vbd obliged/vbn to/to send/vb his/pp$ respects/nns and/cc his/pp$ gifts/nns not/* merely/rb to/in Henrietta/np ,/, in/in whom/wpo he/pps was/bedz really/rb interested/vbn ,/, but/cc to/in all/abn the/at Szold/np girls/nns and/cc Mamma/nn-tl ./. And/cc just/rb as/cs ``/`` Laurie/np ''/'' Lawrence/np was/bedz first/rb attracted/vbn to/in bright/jj Jo/np March/np ,/, who/wps found/vbd him/ppo immature/jj by/in her/pp$ high/jj standards/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb had/hvd to/to content/vb himself/ppl with/in her/pp$ younger/jjr sister/nn Amy/np ,/, so/rb Joe/np Jastrow/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd also/rb been/ben writing/vbg Henrietta/np before/cs he/pps came/vbd to/in Johns/np-tl Hopkins/np-tl ,/, had/hvd to/to content/vb himself/ppl with/in her/pp$ younger/jjr sister/nn ,/, pretty/jj Rachel/np ./. And/cc like/cs Jo/np March/np ,/, who/wps saw/vbd her/pp$ sisters/nns Meg/np and/cc Amy/np involved/vbn in/in ``/`` lovering/nn ''/'' before/in herself/ppl ,/, Henrietta/np saw/vbd her/pp$ sisters/nns Rachel/np and/cc Sadie/np drawn/vbn outside/in their/pp$ family/nn circle/nn by/in the/at attraction/nn of/in suitors/nns ,/, Rachel/np by/in Joe/np Jastrow/np ,/, and/cc Sadie/np by/in Max/np Lobl/np ,/, a/at young/jj businessman/nn who/wps would/md write/vb her/ppo romantic/jj descriptions/nns of/in his/pp$ trips/nns by/in steamboat/nn down/in the/at Mississippi/np ./.

cg32

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This/dt time/nn he/pps was/bedz making/vbg no/at mistake/nn ./. Olgivanna/np --/-- in/in her/pp$ country/nn the/at nickname/nn was/bedz a/at respectful/jj form/nn of/in address/nn --/-- was/bedz not/* only/rb attractive/jj but/cc shrewd/jj ,/, durable/jj ,/, sensible/jj ,/, and/cc smart/jj ./. No/at wonder/nn Wright/np was/bedz enchanted/vbn --/-- no/at two/cd better/rbr suited/vbn people/nns ever/rb met/vbd ./. Almost/rb from/in that/dt day/nn ,/, until/in his/pp$ death/nn ,/, Olgivanna/np was/bedz to/to stay/vb at/in his/pp$ side/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at years/nns that/wps immediately/rb followed/vbn were/bed to/to be/be extraordinarily/rb trying/jj ,/, both/abx for/in Wright/np and/cc his/pp$ Montenegrin/jj lady/nn ./. It/pps must/md be/be granted/vbn that/cs the/at flouting/nn of/in convention/nn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wql well/ql intentioned/jj one/pn may/md be/be ,/, is/bez sure/jj to/to lead/vb to/in trouble/nn ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap to/in the/at discomfort/nn that/wps goes/vbz with/in social/jj disapproval/nn ./. Even/rb so/rb ,/, many/ap of/in the/at things/nns that/wps happened/vbd to/in Wright/np and/cc Olgivanna/np seem/vb inordinately/ql severe/jj ./. Their/pp$ afflictions/nns centered/vbd on/in one/cd maddening/vbg difficulty/nn :/: Miriam/np held/vbd up/rp the/at divorce/nn proceedings/nns that/wpo she/pps herself/ppl had/hvd asked/vbn for/in ./. Reporters/nns began/vbd to/to trail/vb Miriam/np everywhere/rb ,/, and/cc to/to encourage/vb her/ppo to/to make/vb appalling/jj statements/nns about/in Wright/np and/cc his/pp$ doings/nns ./. Flocks/nns of/in writs/nns ,/, attachments/nns ,/, and/cc unpleasant/jj legal/jj papers/nns of/in every/at sort/nn began/vbd to/to fly/vb through/in the/at air/nn ./. The/at distracted/vbn Miriam/np would/md agree/vb to/in a/at settlement/nn through/in her/pp$ legal/jj representative/nn ,/, then/rb change/vb her/pp$ mind/nn and/cc make/vb another/dt attack/nn on/in Wright/np as/cs a/at person/nn ./. At/in last/rb her/pp$ lawyer/nn ,/, Arthur/np D./np Cloud/np ,/, gave/vbd up/rp the/at case/nn because/cs she/pps turned/vbd down/rp three/cd successive/jj settlements/nns he/pps arranged/vbd ./. Cloud/nn-tl made/vbd an/at interesting/jj statement/nn in/in parting/vbg from/in his/pp$ client/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to be/be a/at lawyer/nn ,/, and/cc Mrs./np Wright/np wanted/vbd me/ppo to/to be/be an/at avenging/vbg angel/nn ./. So/cs I/ppss got/vbd out/rp ./. Mrs./np Wright/np is/bez without/in funds/nns ./. The/at first/od thing/nn to/to do/do is/bez get/vb her/ppo some/dti money/nn by/in a/at temporary/jj but/cc definite/jj adjustment/nn pending/in a/at final/jj disposition/nn of/in the/at case/nn ./. But/cc every/at time/nn I/ppss suggested/vbd this/dt to/in her/ppo ,/, Mrs./np Wright/np turned/vbd it/ppo down/rp and/cc demanded/vbd that/cs I/ppss go/vb out/rp and/cc punish/vb Mr./np Wright/np ./. I/ppss am/bem an/at attorney/nn ,/, not/* an/at instrument/nn of/in vengeance/nn ''/'' ./. Miriam/np Noel/np disregarded/vbd the/at free/jj advice/nn of/in her/pp$ departing/vbg counselor/nn ,/, and/cc appointed/vbd a/at heavy-faced/jj young/jj man/nn named/vbn Harold/np Jackson/np to/to take/vb his/pp$ place/nn ./. There/ex were/bed three/cd years/nns of/in this/dt strange/jj warfare/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc during/in the/at unhappy/jj time/nn ,/, Miriam/np often/rb would/md charge/vb that/cs Wright/np and/cc Olgivanna/np were/bed misdemeanants/nns against/in the/at public/jj order/nn of/in Wisconsin/np ./. Yet/cc somehow/rb ,/, when/wrb officers/nns were/bed prodded/vbn into/in visiting/vbg Taliesin/np to/to execute/vb the/at warrants/nns ,/, they/ppss would/md find/vb neither/cc Wright/np nor/cc Olgivanna/np at/in home/nn ./. This/dt showed/vbd that/cs common/jj sense/nn had/hvd not/* died/vbn out/rp at/in the/at county/nn and/cc village/nn level/nn --/-- though/cs why/wrb the/at unhappy/jj and/cc obviously/ql unbalanced/vbn woman/nn was/bedz not/* restrained/vbn remains/vbz a/at puzzle/nn ./. The/at misery/nn of/in Miriam's/np$ bitterness/nn can/md be/be felt/vbn today/nr by/in anyone/pn who/wps studies/vbz the/at case/nn --/-- it/pps was/bedz hopeless/jj ,/, agonizing/jj ,/, and/cc destructive/jj ,/, with/in Miriam/np herself/ppl bearing/vbg the/at heaviest/jjt burden/nn of/in shame/nn and/cc pain/nn ./. To/to get/vb an/at idea/nn of/in the/at embarrassment/nn and/cc chagrin/nn that/wps was/bedz heaped/vbn upon/in Wright/np and/cc Olgivanna/np ,/, we/ppss should/md bear/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs the/at raids/nns were/bed sometimes/rb led/vbn by/in Miriam/np in/in person/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql distressing/jj of/in these/dts scenes/nns occurred/vbd at/in Spring/nn-tl Green/nn-tl toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at open/jj warfare/nn ,/, on/in a/at beautiful/jj day/nn in/in June/np ./. At/in this/dt time/nn Miriam/np Noel/np appeared/vbd ,/, urging/vbg on/rp Constable/nn-tl Henry/np Pengally/np ,/, whose/wp$ name/nn showed/vbd him/ppo to/to be/be a/at descendant/nn of/in the/at Welsh/jj settlers/nns in/in the/at neighborhood/nn ./. A/at troop/nn of/in reporters/nns brought/vbd up/rp the/at rear/nn ./. Miriam/np was/bedz stopped/vbn at/in the/at Taliesin/np gate/nn ,/, and/cc William/np Weston/np ,/, now/rb the/at estate/nn foreman/nn ,/, came/vbd out/rp to/in parley/vb ./. He/pps said/vbd that/cs Mr./np Wright/np was/bedz not/* in/rp ,/, and/cc so/rb could/md not/* be/be arrested/vbn on/in something/pn called/vbn a/at peace/nn warrant/nn that/wpo Miriam/np was/bedz waving/vbg in/in the/at air/nn ./. Miriam/np now/rb ordered/vbd Pengally/np to/to break/vb down/rp the/at gate/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps said/vbd he/pps really/rb couldn't/md* go/vb that/ql far/rb ./. At/in this/dt point/nn Mrs./np Frances/np Cupply/np ,/, one/cd of/in Wright's/np$ handsome/jj daughters/nns by/in his/pp$ first/od wife/nn ,/, came/vbd from/in the/at house/nn and/cc tried/vbd to/to calm/vb Miriam/np as/cs she/pps tore/vbd down/rp a/at no/at visitors/nns sign/vb and/cc smashed/vbd the/at glass/nn pane/nn on/in another/dt sign/nn with/in a/at rock/nn ./. Miriam/np Noel/np Wright/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Here/rb I/ppss am/bem at/in my/pp$ own/jj home/nr ,/, locked/vbn out/rp so/cs I/ppss must/md stand/vb in/in the/at road/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Then/rb she/pps rounded/vbd on/in Weston/np and/cc cried/vbd ,/, ``/`` You/ppss always/rb did/dod Wright's/np$ dirty/jj work/nn !/. !/. When/wrb I/ppss take/vb over/rp Taliesin/np ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn I'll/ppss+md do/do is/bez fire/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` Madame/np Noel/np ,/, I/ppss think/vb you/ppo had/hvn better/rbr go/vb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mrs./np Cupply/np ./. ``/`` And/cc I/ppss think/vb you/ppss had/hvd better/rbr leave/vb ''/'' ,/, replied/vbd Miriam/np ./. Turning/vbg to/in the/at reporters/nns ,/, she/pps asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` Did/dod you/ppss hear/vb her/ppo ?/. ?/. '/' I/ppss think/vb you/ppss had/hvd better/rbr leave/vb '/' !/. !/. And/cc this/dt is/bez my/pp$ own/jj home/nn ''/'' ./. In/in the/at silence/nn that/wps followed/vbd ,/, Miriam/np walked/vbd close/rb to/in Mrs./np Cupply/np ,/, who/wps drew/vbd back/rb a/at step/nn on/in her/pp$ side/nn of/in the/at gate/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, with/in staring/vbg eyes/nns and/cc lips/nns drawn/vbn thin/jj ,/, Miriam/np said/vbd to/in the/at young/jj woman/nn ,/, ``/`` You/ppss are/ber ugly/jj --/-- uglier/jjr than/cs you/ppss used/vbd to/to be/be ,/, and/cc you/ppss were/bed always/rb very/ql ugly/jj ./. You/ppss are/ber even/ql uglier/jjr than/cs Mr./np Wright/np ''/'' ./. The/at animosity/nn expressed/vbn by/in such/abl a/at scene/nn had/hvd the/at penetrating/jj quality/nn of/in a/at natural/jj force/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps gave/vbd Miriam/np Noel/np a/at fund/nn of/in energy/nn like/cs that/dt of/in a/at person/nn inspired/vbn to/to complete/vb some/dti great/jj and/cc universal/jj work/nn of/in art/nn ./. As/cs if/cs to/to make/vb certain/jj that/cs Wright/np would/md be/be unable/jj to/to pay/vb any/dti settlement/nn at/in all/abn ,/, Miriam/np wrote/vbd to/in prospective/jj clients/nns denouncing/vbg him/ppo ;/. ;/. she/pps also/rb went/vbd to/in Washington/np and/cc appealed/vbd to/in Senator/nn-tl George/np William/np Norris/np of/in Nebraska/np ,/, the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Liberal/nn-tl ,/, from/in whose/wp$ office/nn a/at sympathetic/jj but/cc cautious/jj harrumphing/nn was/bedz heard/vbn ./. Then/rb ,/, after/in overtures/nns to/to accept/vb a/at settlement/nn and/cc go/vb through/rp with/in a/at divorce/nn ,/, Miriam/np gave/vbd a/at ghastly/jj echo/nn of/in Mrs./np Micawber/np by/in suddenly/rb stating/vbg ,/, ``/`` I/ppss will/md never/rb leave/vb Mr./np Wright/np ''/'' ./. Under/in this/dt kind/nn of/in pressure/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs Wright/np would/md make/vb sweeping/vbg statements/nns to/in the/at newspapers/nns ./. Miriam/np had/hvd not/* yet/rb goaded/vbn him/ppo into/in mentioning/vbg her/ppo directly/rb ,/, but/cc one/pn can/md feel/vb the/at generalized/vbn anger/nn in/in Wright's/np$ remarks/nns to/in reporters/nns when/wrb he/pps was/bedz asked/vbn ,/, one/cd morning/nn on/in arrival/nn in/in Chicago/np ,/, what/wdt he/pps thought/vbd of/in the/at city/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. First/rb ,/, Wright/np said/vbd ,/, he/pps was/bedz choked/vbn by/in the/at smoke/nn ,/, which/wdt fortunately/rb kept/vbd him/ppo from/in seeing/vbg the/at dreadful/jj town/nn ./. But/cc surely/rb Michigan/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl was/bedz handsome/jj ?/. ?/. ``/`` That/dt isn't/bez* a/at boulevard/nn ,/, it's/pps+bez a/at racetrack/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Cried/vbd Wright/np ,/, showing/vbg that/cs automobiles/nns were/bed considered/vbn to/to be/be a/at danger/nn as/ql early/rb as/cs the/at 1920's/nns ./. ``/`` This/dt is/bez a/at horrible/jj way/nn to/to live/vb ''/'' ,/, Wright/np went/vbd on/rp ./. ``/`` You/ppss are/ber being/beg strangled/vbn by/in traffic/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz then/rb asked/vbn for/in a/at solution/nn of/in the/at difficulty/nn ,/, and/cc began/vbd to/to talk/vb trenchant/jj sense/nn ,/, though/cs private/jj anguish/nn showed/vbd through/rp in/in the/at vehemence/nn of/in his/pp$ manner/nn ./. ``/`` Take/vb a/at gigantic/jj knife/nn and/cc sweep/vb it/ppo over/in the/at Loop/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Wright/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` Cut/vb off/rp every/at building/nn at/in the/at seventh/od floor/nn ./. Spread/vb everything/pn out/rp ./. You/ppss don't/do* need/vb concentration/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss cut/vb down/rp these/dts horrible/jj buildings/nns you'll/ppss+md have/hv no/ql more/ap traffic/nn jams/nns ./. You'll/ppss+md have/hv trees/nns again/rb ./. You'll/ppss+md have/hv some/dti joy/nn in/in the/at life/nn of/in this/dt city/nn ./. After/in all/abn ,/, that's/dt+bez the/at job/nn of/in the/at architect/nn --/-- to/to give/vb the/at world/nn a/at little/ap joy/nn ''/'' ./. Little/ap enough/qlp joy/nn was/bedz afforded/vbn Wright/np in/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1925/cd ,/, when/wrb another/dt destructive/jj fire/nn broke/vbd out/rp at/in Taliesin/np ./. The/at first/od news/nn stories/nns had/hvd it/ppo that/cs this/dt blaze/nn was/bedz started/vbn by/in a/at bolt/nn of/in lightning/nn ,/, as/cs though/cs Miriam/np could/md call/vb down/rp fire/nn from/in heaven/nn like/cs a/at prophet/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl ./. A/at storm/nn did/dod take/vb place/nn that/dt night/nn ,/, and/cc fortunately/rb enough/qlp ,/, it/pps included/vbd a/at cloudburst/nn that/wps helped/vbd put/vb out/rp the/at flames/nns ./. Later/jjr accounts/nns blamed/vbd defective/jj wiring/nn for/in starting/vbg the/at fire/nn ;/. ;/. at/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, heat/nn grew/vbd so/ql intense/jj in/in the/at main/jjs part/nn of/in the/at house/nn that/cs it/pps melted/vbd the/at window/nn panes/nns ,/, and/cc fused/vbd the/at K'ang-si/np pottery/nn to/in cinders/nns ./. Wright/np set/vbd his/pp$ loss/nn at/in $200,000/nns ,/, a/at figure/nn perhaps/rb justified/vbn by/in the/at unique/jj character/nn of/in the/at house/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben ruined/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at faultless/jj taste/nn that/wps had/hvd gone/vbn into/in the/at selection/nn of/in the/at prints/nns and/cc other/ap things/nns that/wps were/bed destroyed/vbn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at disaster/nn ,/, Wright/np completed/vbd during/in this/dt period/nn plans/nns for/in the/at Lake/nn-tl Tahoe/np-tl resort/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt he/pps suggested/vbd the/at shapes/nns of/in American/jj-tl Indian/jj-tl tepees/nns --/-- a/at project/nn of/in great/jj and/cc appropriate/jj charm/nn ,/, that/dt came/vbd to/in nothing/pn ./. Amid/in a/at shortage/nn of/in profitable/jj work/nn ,/, the/at memory/nn of/in Albert/np Johnson's/np$ $20,000/nns stood/vbd out/rp in/in lonely/jj grandeur/nn --/-- the/at money/nn had/hvd quickly/rb melted/vbn away/rb ./. A/at series/nn of/in conferences/nns with/in friends/nns and/cc bankers/nns began/vbd about/rb this/dt time/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at question/nn before/in these/dts meetings/nns was/bedz ,/, here/rb is/bez a/at man/nn of/in international/jj reputation/nn and/cc proved/vbn earning/vbg power/nn ;/. ;/. how/wrb can/md he/pps be/be financed/vbn so/cs that/cs he/pps can/md find/vb the/at work/nn he/pps ought/md to/to do/do ?/. ?/. While/cs this/dt was/bedz under/in consideration/nn ,/, dauntless/jj as/cs ever/rb Wright/np set/vbd about/in the/at building/nn of/in Taliesin/np 3/cd ./. As/cs he/pps made/vbd plans/nns for/in the/at new/jj Taliesin/np ,/, Wright/np also/rb got/vbd on/in paper/nn his/pp$ conception/nn of/in a/at cathedral/nn of/in steel/nn and/cc glass/nn to/to house/vb a/at congregation/nn of/in all/abn faiths/nns ,/, and/cc the/at idea/nn for/in a/at planetarium/nn with/in a/at sloping/vbg ramp/nn ./. Years/nns were/bed to/to pass/vb before/cs these/dts plans/nns came/vbd off/in the/at paper/nn ,/, and/cc Wright/np was/bedz justified/vbn in/in thinking/vbg ,/, as/cs the/at projects/nns failed/vbd ,/, that/cs much/ap of/in what/wdt he/pps had/hvd to/to show/vb his/pp$ country/nn and/cc the/at world/nn would/md never/rb be/be seen/vbn except/rb by/in visitors/nns to/in Taliesin/np ./. And/cc now/rb there/ex was/bedz some/dti question/nn as/in to/in his/pp$ continued/vbn residence/nn there/rb ./. Billy/np Koch/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd once/rb worked/vbn for/in Wright/np as/cs a/at chauffeur/nn ,/, gave/vbd a/at deposition/nn for/in Miriam's/np$ use/nn that/wpo he/pps had/hvd seen/vbn Olgivanna/np living/vbg at/in Taliesin/np ./. This/dt might/md put/vb Wright/np in/in such/abl a/at bad/jj light/nn before/in a/at court/nn that/cs Miriam/np would/md be/be awarded/vbn Taliesin/np ;/. ;/. nor/cc was/bedz she/pps moved/vbd by/in a/at letter/nn from/in Wright/np pointing/vbg out/rp that/cs if/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* ``/`` compelled/vbn to/to spend/vb money/nn on/in useless/jj lawyer's/nn$ bills/nns ,/, useless/jj hotel/nn bills/nns ,/, and/cc useless/jj doctor's/nn$ bills/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps could/md more/ql quickly/rb provide/vb Miriam/np with/in a/at suitable/jj home/nn either/cc in/in Los/np Angeles/np or/cc Paris/np ,/, as/cs she/pps preferred/vbd ./. Miriam/np sniffed/vbd at/in this/dt ,/, and/cc complained/vbd that/cs Wright/np had/hvd said/vbn unkind/jj things/nns about/in her/ppo to/in reporters/nns ./. His/pp$ reply/nn was/bedz ,/, ``/`` Everything/pn that/wps has/hvz been/ben printed/vbn derogatory/jj to/in you/ppo ,/, purporting/vbg to/to have/hv come/vbn from/in me/ppo ,/, was/bedz a/at betrayal/nn ,/, and/cc nothing/pn yet/rb has/hvz been/ben printed/vbn which/wdt I/ppss have/hv sanctioned/vbn ''/'' ./. What/wdt irritated/vbd Miriam/np was/bedz that/cs Wright/np had/hvd told/vbn the/at papers/nns about/in a/at reasonable/jj offer/nn he/pps had/hvd made/vbn ,/, which/wdt he/pps considered/vbd she/pps would/md accept/vb ``/`` when/wrb she/pps tires/vbz of/in publicity/nn ''/'' ./. From/in her/pp$ California/np headquarters/nn ,/, Miriam/np fired/vbd back/rb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss shall/md never/rb divorce/vb Mr./np Wright/np ,/, to/to permit/vb him/ppo to/to marry/vb Olga/np Milanoff/np ''/'' ./. Then/rb Miriam/np varied/vbd the/at senseless/jj psychological/jj warfare/nn by/in suddenly/rb withdrawing/vbg a/at suit/nn for/in separate/jj maintenance/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben pending/jj ,/, and/cc asking/vbg for/in divorce/nn on/in the/at grounds/nns of/in cruelty/nn ,/, with/in the/at understanding/nn that/cs Wright/np would/md not/* contest/vb it/ppo ./. The/at Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Wisconsin/np-tl sent/vbd a/at representative/nn to/in the/at judge's/nn$ chambers/nns in/in Madison/np to/to give/vb information/nn on/in Wright's/np$ ability/nn to/to meet/vb the/at terms/nns ./. He/pps said/vbd that/cs the/at architect/nn might/md reasonably/rb be/be expected/vbn to/to carry/vb his/pp$ financial/jj burdens/nns if/cs all/abn harrassment/nn could/md be/be brought/vbn to/in an/at end/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at bank/nn would/md accept/vb a/at mortgage/nn on/in Taliesin/np to/to help/vb bring/vb this/dt about/rp ./. Miriam/np said/vbd that/cs she/pps must/md be/be assured/vbn that/cs ``/`` that/dt other/ap woman/nn ,/, Olga/np ,/, will/md not/* be/be in/in luxury/nn while/cs I/ppss am/bem scraping/vbg along/rb ''/'' ./. This/dt exhausted/vbd Wright's/np$ patience/nn ,/, and/cc in/in consequence/nn he/pps talked/vbd freely/rb to/in reporters/nns in/in a/at Madison/np hotel/nn suite/nn ./. ``/`` Volstead/np laws/nns ,/, speed/nn laws/nns ,/, divorce/nn laws/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` as/cs they/ppss now/rb stand/vb ,/, demoralize/vb the/at individual/nn ,/, make/vb liars/nns and/cc law/nn breakers/nns of/in us/ppo in/in one/cd way/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, and/cc tend/vb to/to make/vb our/pp$ experiment/nn in/in democracy/nn absurd/jj ./. If/cs Mrs./np Wright/np doesn't/doz* accept/vb the/at terms/nns in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, I'll/ppss+md go/vb either/cc to/in Tokyo/np or/cc to/in Holland/np ,/, to/to do/do what/wdt I/ppss can/md ./. I/ppss realize/vb ,/, in/in taking/vbg this/dt stand/nn ,/, just/rb what/wdt it/pps means/vbz to/in me/ppo and/cc mine/pp$$ ''/'' ./. Here/rb Wright/np gave/vbd a/at slight/jj sigh/nn of/in weariness/nn ,/, and/cc continued/vbd ,/, ``/`` It/pps means/vbz more/ap long/jj years/nns lived/vbn across/in the/at social/jj grain/nn of/in the/at life/nn of/in our/pp$ people/nns ,/, making/vbg shift/nn to/to live/vb in/in the/at face/nn of/in popular/jj disrespect/nn and/cc misunderstanding/vbg as/cs I/ppss best/rbt can/md for/in myself/ppl and/cc those/dts dependent/jj upon/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. Next/ap day/nn ,/, word/nn came/vbd that/cs Miriam/np was/bedz not/* going/vbg through/rp with/in the/at divorce/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc Wright/np stayed/vbd in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. His/pp$ mentioning/nn of/in Japan/np and/cc Holland/np had/hvd been/ben merely/rb the/at expression/nn of/in wishful/jj thinking/nn ./. No/at matter/nn what/wdt troubles/nns might/md betide/vb him/ppo ,/, this/dt most/ql American/jj of/in artists/nns knew/vbd in/in his/pp$ heart/nn he/pps could/md not/* function/vb properly/rb outside/in his/pp$ native/jj land/nn ./. In/in a/at few/ap weeks/nns Miriam/np made/vbd another/dt sortie/nn at/in Taliesin/np ,/, but/cc was/bedz repulsed/vbn at/in the/at locked/vbn and/cc guarded/vbn gates/nns ./.

cg33

cg33 |@word likely:1 simply:2 tell:3 hand:3 book:1 matter:1 little:2 incante:1 provide:1 undergo:1 discipline:1 incantation:1 pride:1 sake:1 say:9 coy:1 leer:1 vade:1 mecum:1 verse:2 insinuate:1 soul:2 besides:1 particular:2 message:1 weakly:1 echo:1 roar:1 fresh:1 blood:2 could:9 know:9 course:4 smoothly:1 victorian:1 fitzgerald:4 lead:1 american:1 vintage:1 whose:1 banner:1 adolescent:1 come:4 age:2 bright:1 taut:1 semblance:1 suppose:3 ever:2 hear:1 scott:1 live:1 dead:1 moreover:2 even:7 legend:1 would:5 seem:6 warrant:1 cluck:1 disapproval:1 neither:1 appetite:1 exacerbation:1 despair:1 kin:1 may:7 man:3 moon:2 understand:1 although:3 tender:1 night:2 one:22 dream:1 yacht:1 sport:1 car:1 tall:3 drink:1 swimming:1 pool:1 yet:2 money:3 buy:1 burn:3 watch:1 flame:1 different:1 kind:1 symbolize:2 least:2 recognize:1 image:1 self:2 consume:1 elegiac:1 candle:2 edna:1 st:2 vincent:1 millay:3 quatrain:1 ensconce:1 become:1 beacon:1 point:1 fact:5 funeral:1 taper:1 last:1 evening:1 let:2 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side:2 nearly:1 croak:1 mating:1 capercailzie:1 still:2 mute:1 antic:1 slug:1 whether:1 experience:4 desire:4 way:2 indeed:2 wish:2 fleeting:1 fragment:1 constitute:1 existence:1 proof:1 sort:1 make:5 speculation:1 part:3 parent:1 immodest:1 scandalize:2 deeply:1 unwelcome:1 obscenity:1 stranger:1 recoil:2 thought:1 time:4 interpret:1 reader:2 tea:2 leave:2 bottom:1 psyche:2 incestuous:1 sign:1 science:1 paradox:1 hate:1 bully:1 afraid:2 shun:1 accord:2 whatever:2 fancy:1 feel:3 opposite:1 normally:2 abnormal:1 normal:1 neurotic:1 merely:1 fastidious:1 leaf:2 allow:1 moral:1 taste:1 never:11 want:1 probably:2 remember:2 moment:2 much:2 less:3 intensity:1 sunny:1 midday:1 fifth:1 avenue:1 set:1 final:1 shopping:1 week:2 wedding:1 stage:1 reluctance:1 farm:1 walk:1 quite:2 briskly:1 despite:2 small:1 stride:1 day:1 easily:1 match:1 mine:2 shop:1 window:1 assess:1 autumnal:1 display:1 suddenly:1 turn:1 beneath:1 wrong:2 hat:1 nervous:1 ahem:1 thing:5 must:2 marry:1 scream:1 right:1 street:1 stand:1 fear:3 scarcely:1 mumble:1 excuse:1 flee:3 however:3 natural:1 unable:1 disguise:1 bridegroom:1 sense:4 mean:2 word:5 galvanize:1 painful:1 maternal:1 duty:1 already:1 insist:2 find:2 unspeakable:1 awkwardness:1 discovery:3 principle:2 yes:1 cold:1 resolve:1 modern:1 woman:1 mollycoddle:1 wait:1 seize:1 throat:1 develop:1 foolproof:1 facade:1 betrayal:1 unwittingly:1 betray:1 without:1 father:1 late:1 trick:1 memory:3 arbitrary:1 influential:1 hold:1 relentless:1 tenacity:1 often:2 stress:2 shame:1 gesture:2 joke:1 toy:1 chronology:1 prestidigitator:1 hope:2 distract:1 enlarge:1 underside:1 displease:1 ask:1 yield:2 unsavory:1 secret:1 dash:1 ahead:1 call:2 shoulder:1 skip:2 cut:2 intention:1 narrative:1 picture:1 helpless:5 victim:1 moor:1 rock:1 buffeting:1 chance:1 innocent:5 start:1 longer:2 therefore:2 confess:1 pristine:1 accidental:1 innocence:15 rather:2 achieve:1 slow:1 cutting:1 away:1 flesh:1 reach:1 bone:1 grace:1 spirit:1 believe:2 pray:1 constantly:1 foolish:2 simple:1 rain:1 people:1 impediment:1 mind:2 concerned:1 assume:1 best:1 bad:2 overlook:1 give:1 keep:1 instinctively:1 unto:1 expectation:1 grind:1 dust:1 falter:1 strength:2 possess:1 incorruptible:1 paradise:1 regain:1 general:2 frail:1 surely:1 important:1 romantic:1 anywhere:1 wholly:1 incontrovertible:1 instance:2 connotation:1 retain:1 biblical:1 technical:1 clear:2 consider:1 two:1 legally:1 entitle:1 oath:1 along:1 good:1 far:1 tangible:1 long:1 begin:1 trust:1 special:1 tremble:1 flaming:1 delight:1 nothing:2 friendship:1 liking:1 corrupt:2 acquire:1 today:1 many:1 year:1 later:1 temptation:1 resist:1 weasel:1 satisfaction:1 engulf:1 dissatisfaction:1 endure:1 swear:1 remain:1 foster:1 carefully:1 altogether:1 innocently:1 preserve:1 grow:1 distinguishing:1 mark:1 lady:5 noli:1 tangere:1 writ:1 plain:1 across:1 face:1 blot:1 family:1 escutcheon:1 unbridled:1 grandmother:1 lean:1 kitchen:1 trundle:1 bed:1 childhood:1 outgrow:1 obviously:1 conscious:1 unconscious:1 person:1 bend:1 sensibility:1 intelligence:1 daughter:1 wife:1 mother:1 culture:1 bereft:1 socially:1 politically:1 sheen:1 child:1 frontiersman:1 bestow:1 sorry:1 poor:1 progressive:1 public:2 health:1 prettily:1 imprecisely:1 humanitarian:1 first:1 foremost:1 portrait:1 carry:1 eye:1 sine:1 qua:1 non:1 virtue:1 precept:1 example:1 raise:1 voice:1 slump:1 chair:1 fail:1 social:1 tact:1 heaven:1 mention:1 john:1 baptist:1 pout:1 withdraw:1 company:1 remind:1 physical:1 presence:1 unseemly:1 sound:1 indulge:1 scene:1 private:1 confidence:1 save:1 term:1 alleviate:1 suffer:1 gossip:1 malign:1 minimize:1 hopelessness:1 anything:1 sin:1 death:1

More/ql likely/rb ,/, you/ppss simply/rb told/vbd yourself/ppl ,/, as/cs you/ppss handed/vbd us/ppo the/at book/nn ,/, that/cs it/pps mattered/vbd little/rb what/wdt we/ppss incanted/vbd providing/cs we/ppss underwent/vbd the/at discipline/nn of/in incantation/nn ./. For/in pride's/nn$ sake/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md not/* say/vb that/cs the/at coy/jj and/cc leering/vbg vade/fw-vb mecum/fw-ppo+in of/in those/dts verses/nns insinuated/vbd itself/ppl into/in my/pp$ soul/nn ./. Besides/rb ,/, that/dt particular/jj message/nn does/doz no/ql more/ap than/cs weakly/rb echo/vb the/at roar/nn in/in all/abn fresh/jj blood/nn ./. But/cc what/wdt you/ppss could/md not/* know/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz how/wql smoothly/rb the/at Victorian/jj Fitzgerald/np was/bedz to/to lead/vb into/in an/at American/jj Fitzgerald/np of/in my/pp$ own/jj vintage/nn under/in whose/wp$ banner/nn we/ppss adolescents/nns were/bed to/to come/vb ,/, if/cs not/* of/in age/nn ,/, then/rb into/in a/at bright/jj ,/, taut/jj semblance/nn of/in it/ppo ./. I/ppss do/do not/* suppose/vb you/ppo ever/rb heard/vbd of/in F./np Scott/np Fitzgerald/np ,/, living/vbg or/cc dead/jj ,/, and/cc moreover/rb I/ppss do/do not/* suppose/vb that/cs ,/, even/rb if/cs you/ppss had/hvd ,/, his/pp$ legend/nn would/md have/hv seemed/vbn to/in you/ppo to/to warrant/vb more/ap than/cs a/at cluck/nn of/in disapproval/nn ./. Neither/cc his/pp$ appetites/nns ,/, his/pp$ exacerbations/nns ,/, nor/cc his/pp$ despair/nn were/bed kin/nn to/in yours/pp$$ ./. He/pps might/md have/hv been/ben the/at man/nn in/in the/at moon/nn for/in all/abn you/ppss could/md have/hv understood/vbn him/ppo ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz no/at man/nn in/in the/at moon/nn to/in me/ppo ./. Although/cs his/pp$ tender/jj nights/nns were/bed not/* the/at ones/nns I/ppss dreamed/vbd of/in ,/, nor/cc was/bedz it/pps for/in yachts/nns ,/, sports/nns cars/nns ,/, tall/jj drinks/nns ,/, and/cc swimming/vbg pools/nns ,/, nor/cc yet/rb for/in money/nn or/cc what/wdt money/nn buys/vbz that/cs I/ppss burned/vbd ,/, I/ppss too/rb was/bedz burning/vbg and/cc watching/vbg myself/ppl burn/vb ./. The/at flame/nn was/bedz simply/rb of/in a/at different/jj kind/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz symbolized/vbn (/( at/in least/ap for/in those/dts of/in us/ppo who/wps recognized/vbd ourselves/ppls in/in the/at image/nn )/) by/in that/dt self-consuming/jj ,/, elegiac/jj candle/nn of/in Edna/np St./np Vincent/np Millay's/np$ ,/, that/dt candle/nn which/wdt from/in the/at quatrain/nn where/wrb she/pps ensconced/vbd it/ppo became/vbd a/at beacon/nn to/in us/ppo ,/, but/cc which/wdt in/in point/nn of/in fact/nn would/md have/hv had/hvn to/to be/be as/ql tall/jj as/cs a/at funeral/nn taper/nn to/to last/vb even/rb the/at evening/nn ,/, let/vb alone/rb the/at night/nn ./. One/pn should/md not/* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, pluck/vb the/at head/nn off/in a/at flower/nn and/cc expect/vb its/pp$ perfume/nn to/to linger/vb on/rp ./. Yet/cc this/dt passion/nn for/in passion/nn ,/, now/rb that/cs I/ppss look/vb back/rb on/in it/ppo with/in passion/nn spent/vbn ,/, seems/vbz somewhat/ql overblown/jj and/cc operatic/jj ,/, though/cs as/cs a/at diva/nn Miss/np Millay/np perfectly/rb controlled/vbd her/pp$ notes/nns ./. Only/rb what/wdt else/rb was/bedz she/pps singing/vbg but/cc the/at old/jj Song/nn-tl of/in-tl Songs/nns-tl ,/, that/dt most/ql ancient/jj of/in tunes/nns that/wpo nature/nn plays/vbz with/in such/jj unfailing/jj response/nn upon/in young/jj nerves/nns ?/. ?/. Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez not/* so/ql little/ap ./. Perhaps/rb the/at mere/jj fact/nn that/cs by/in plucking/vbg on/in the/at nerves/nns nature/nn can/md awaken/vb in/in the/at most/ql ordinary/jj of/in us/ppo ,/, temporarily/rb anyway/rb ,/, the/at sleeping/vbg poet/nn ,/, and/cc in/in poets/nns can/md discover/vb their/pp$ immortality/nn ,/, is/bez the/at most/ql remarkable/jj of/in all/abn the/at remarkable/jj phenomena/nns to/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md attest/vb ?/. ?/. One/pn can/md see/vb it/ppo as/cs humiliating/jj that/cs an/at extra/jj hormone/nn casually/rb fed/vbn into/in our/pp$ chemistry/nn may/md induce/vb us/ppo to/to lay/vb down/rp our/pp$ lives/nns for/in a/at lover/nn or/cc a/at friend/nn ;/. ;/. one/pn can/md take/vb it/ppo as/cs no/ql more/ap than/cs another/dt veil/nn torn/vbn from/in the/at mystery/nn of/in the/at soul/nn ./. But/cc it/pps could/md also/rb be/be looked/vbn at/in from/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at spectrum/nn ./. One/pn could/md see/vb this/dt chemical/nn determinant/nn as/cs in/in itself/ppl a/at miracle/nn ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, Miss/np Millay's/np$ sweet-throated/jj bitterness/nn ,/, her/pp$ variations/nns on/in the/at theme/nn that/cs the/at world/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb well/ql lost/vbn for/in love/nn but/cc even/rb well/ql lost/vbn for/in lost/vbn love/nn ,/, her/pp$ constant/jj and/cc wonderfully/ql tragic/jj posture/nn ,/, so/ql unlike/in that/dt of/in Fitzgerald/np since/cs it/pps required/vbd no/at scenery/nn or/cc props/nns ,/, drew/vbd from/in the/at me/ppo that/cs I/ppss was/bedz when/wrb I/ppss fell/vbd upon/in her/pp$ verses/nns an/at overwhelming/jj yea/rb ./. But/cc all/abn this/dt ,/, I/ppss am/bem well/ql aware/jj ,/, is/bez the/at bel/fw-jj canto/fw-nn of/in love/nn ,/, and/cc although/cs I/ppss have/hv always/rb liked/vbn to/to think/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz to/in the/at bel/fw-jj canto/fw-nn and/cc to/in that/dt alone/rb that/cs I/ppss listened/vbd ,/, I/ppss know/vb well/rb enough/qlp that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* ./. If/cs I/ppss am/bem to/to speak/vb the/at whole/jj truth/nn about/in my/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in love/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md have/hv to/to stop/vb trying/vbg to/to emulate/vb the/at transcendant/jj nightingale/nn ./. There/ex is/bez another/dt side/nn of/in love/nn ,/, more/ql nearly/rb symbolized/vbn by/in the/at croak/nn of/in the/at mating/vbg capercailzie/nn ,/, or/cc better/rbr still/rb perhaps/rb by/in the/at mute/jj antics/nns of/in the/at slug/nn ./. Whether/cs you/ppss experienced/vbd the/at passion/nn of/in desire/nn I/ppss have/hv ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, no/at way/nn of/in knowing/vbg ,/, nor/cc indeed/rb have/hv I/ppss wished/vbn with/in even/rb the/at most/ql fleeting/jj fragment/nn of/in a/at wish/nn to/to know/vb ,/, for/in the/at fact/nn that/cs one/pn constitutes/vbz by/in one's/pn$ mere/jj existence/nn so/rb to/to speak/vb the/at proof/nn of/in some/dti sort/nn of/in passion/nn makes/vbz any/dti speculation/nn upon/in this/dt part/nn of/in one's/pn$ parents'/nns$ experience/nn more/ql immodest/jj ,/, more/ql scandalizing/jj ,/, more/ql deeply/ql unwelcome/jj than/cs an/at obscenity/nn from/in a/at stranger/nn ./. I/ppss recoil/vb from/in the/at very/ap thought/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem aware/jj that/cs my/pp$ recoil/nn could/md be/be interpreted/vbn by/in readers/nns of/in the/at tea/nn leaves/nns at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in my/pp$ psyche/nn as/cs an/at incestuous/jj sign/nn ,/, since/cs theirs/pp$$ is/bez a/at science/nn of/in paradox/nn :/: if/cs one/pn hates/vbz ,/, they/ppss say/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs one/pn loves/vbz ;/. ;/. if/cs one/pn bullies/vbz ,/, they/ppss say/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs one/pn is/bez afraid/jj ;/. ;/. if/cs one/pn shuns/vbz ,/, they/ppss say/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs one/pn desires/vbz ;/. ;/. and/cc according/in to/in them/ppo ,/, whatever/wdt one/pn fancies/vbz one/pn feels/vbz ,/, what/wdt one/pn feels/vbz in/in fact/nn is/bez the/at opposite/nn ./. Well/rb ,/, normally/ql abnormal/jj or/cc normally/ql normal/jj ,/, neurotic/jj or/cc merely/rb fastidious/jj (/( do/do the/at tea-leaf/nn readers/nns ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, allow/vb psyches/nns to/to have/hv moral/jj taste/nn ?/. ?/. )/) ,/, I/ppss have/hv never/rb wanted/vbn to/to know/vb what/wdt you/ppss knew/vbd of/in passion/nn ./. You/ppss probably/rb would/md not/* remember/vb ,/, since/cs you/ppss never/rb seemed/vbd to/to remember/vb even/rb the/at same/ap moments/nns as/cs I/ppss ,/, much/ql less/rbr their/pp$ intensity/nn ,/, one/cd sunny/jj midday/nn on/in Fifth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl when/wrb you/ppss had/hvd set/vbn out/rp with/in me/ppo for/in some/dti final/jj shopping/nn less/ap than/cs a/at week/nn before/in the/at wedding/nn you/ppss staged/vbd for/in me/ppo with/in such/jj reluctance/nn at/in the/at Farm/nn-tl ./. I/ppss can/md see/vb us/ppo now/rb ./. We/ppss had/hvd been/ben walking/vbg quite/ql briskly/rb ,/, for/cs despite/in your/pp$ being/beg so/ql small/jj and/cc me/ppo so/ql tall/jj ,/, your/pp$ stride/nn in/in those/dts days/nns could/md easily/rb match/vb mine/pp$$ ./. We/ppss had/hvd stopped/vbn before/in a/at shop/nn window/nn to/to assess/vb its/pp$ autumnal/jj display/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss suddenly/rb turned/vbd to/in me/ppo ,/, looking/vbg up/rp from/in beneath/in one/cd of/in your/pp$ wrong/jj hats/nns ,/, and/cc with/in your/pp$ nervous/jj ``/`` ahem/uh ''/'' !/. !/. Said/vbd :/: ``/`` There/ex are/ber things/nns I/ppss must/md tell/vb you/ppo about/in this/dt man/nn you/ppss are/ber marrying/vbg which/wdt he/pps does/doz not/* know/vb himself/ppl ''/'' ./. If/cs you/ppss had/hvd screamed/vbn right/ql there/rb in/in the/at street/nn where/wrb we/ppss stood/vbd ,/, I/ppss could/md not/* have/hv felt/vbn more/ap fear/nn ./. With/in scarcely/rb a/at mumble/nn of/in excuse/nn ,/, I/ppss fled/vbd ./. I/ppss fled/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, not/* from/in what/wdt might/md have/hv been/ben the/at natural/jj fear/nn of/in being/beg unable/jj to/to disguise/vb from/in you/ppo that/cs the/at things/nns about/in my/pp$ bridegroom/nn --/-- in/in the/at sense/nn you/ppss meant/vbd the/at word/nn ``/`` things/nns ''/'' --/-- which/wdt you/ppss had/hvd been/ben galvanizing/vbg yourself/ppl to/to tell/vb me/ppo as/cs a/at painful/jj part/nn of/in your/pp$ maternal/jj duty/nn were/bed things/nns which/wdt I/ppss had/hvd already/rb insisted/vbn upon/in finding/vbg out/rp for/in myself/ppl (/( despite/in ,/, I/ppss may/md now/rb say/vb ,/, the/at unspeakable/jj awkwardness/nn of/in making/vbg the/at discovery/nn on/in principle/nn ,/, yes/rb ,/, on/in principle/nn ,/, and/cc in/in cold/jj blood/nn )/) because/cs I/ppss was/bedz resolved/vbn ,/, as/cs a/at modern/jj woman/nn ,/, not/* to/to be/be a/at mollycoddle/nn waiting/vbg for/in Life/nn-tl but/cc to/to seize/vb Life/nn-tl by/in the/at throat/nn ./. I/ppss had/hvd developed/vbn too/ql foolproof/jj a/at facade/nn to/to be/be afraid/jj of/in self-betrayal/nn ./. What/wdt I/ppss fled/vbd from/in was/bedz my/pp$ fear/nn of/in what/wdt ,/, unwittingly/rb ,/, you/ppss might/md betray/vb ,/, without/in meaning/vbg to/to ,/, about/in my/pp$ father/nn and/cc yourself/ppl ./. But/cc I/ppss can/md see/vb from/in this/dt latest/jjt trick/nn of/in memory/nn how/wql much/ql more/ql arbitrary/jj and/cc influential/jj it/pps is/bez than/cs the/at will/nn ./. While/cs my/pp$ memory/nn holds/vbz with/in relentless/jj tenacity/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss cannot/md* too/ql often/rb stress/vb ,/, to/in my/pp$ wrongs/nns ,/, when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in my/pp$ shames/nns ,/, it/pps gestures/vbz and/cc jokes/vbz and/cc toys/vbz with/in chronology/nn like/cs a/at prestidigitator/nn in/in the/at hope/nn of/in distracting/vbg me/ppo from/in them/ppo ./. Just/rb as/cs I/ppss was/bedz about/rb to/to enlarge/vb upon/in my/pp$ discovery/nn of/in the/at underside/nn of/in the/at leaf/nn of/in love/nn ,/, memory/nn ,/, displeased/vbn at/in being/beg asked/vbn to/to yield/vb its/pp$ unsavory/jj secrets/nns ,/, dashed/vbd ahead/rb of/in me/ppo ,/, calling/vbg back/rb over/in its/pp$ shoulder/nn :/: ``/`` Skip/vb it/ppo ./. Cut/vb it/ppo out/rp ''/'' ./. But/cc I/ppss will/md not/* skip/vb it/ppo or/cc cut/vb it/ppo out/rp ./. It/pps is/bez not/* my/pp$ intention/nn in/in this/dt narrative/nn to/to picture/vb myself/ppl as/cs a/at helpless/jj victim/nn moored/vbn to/in the/at rock/nn of/in experience/nn and/cc left/vbn to/in the/at buffetings/nns of/in chance/nn ./. If/cs to/to be/be innocent/jj is/bez to/to be/be helpless/jj ,/, then/rb I/ppss had/hvd been/ben --/-- as/cs are/ber we/ppss all/abn --/-- helpless/jj at/in the/at start/nn ./. But/cc the/at time/nn came/vbd when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr innocent/jj and/cc therefore/rb no/ql longer/rbr helpless/jj ./. Helpless/jj in/in that/dt sense/nn I/ppss can/md never/rb be/be again/rb ./. However/rb ,/, I/ppss confess/vb my/pp$ hope/nn that/cs I/ppss will/md be/be innocent/jj again/rb ,/, not/* with/in a/at pristine/jj ,/, accidental/jj innocence/nn ,/, but/cc rather/rb with/in an/at innocence/nn achieved/vbn by/in the/at slow/jj cutting/nn away/rb of/in the/at flesh/nn to/to reach/vb the/at bone/nn ./. For/cs innocence/nn ,/, of/in all/abn the/at graces/nns of/in the/at spirit/nn ,/, is/bez I/ppss believe/vb the/at one/cd most/rbt to/to be/be prayed/vbn for/in ./. Although/cs it/pps is/bez constantly/rb made/vbn to/to look/vb foolish/jj (/( too/ql simple/jj to/to come/vb in/rp out/in of/in the/at rain/nn ,/, people/nns say/vb ,/, who/wps have/hv found/vbn in/in the/at innocent/jj an/at impediment/nn )/) ,/, it/pps does/doz not/* mind/vb looking/vbg foolish/jj because/cs it/pps is/bez not/* concerned/vbn with/in how/wrb it/pps looks/vbz ./. It/pps assumes/vbz that/cs things/nns are/ber as/cs they/ppss seem/vb when/wrb they/ppss seem/vb best/jjt ,/, and/cc when/wrb they/ppss seem/vb worst/jjt it/pps overlooks/vbz them/ppo ./. To/in innocence/nn ,/, a/at word/nn given/vbn is/bez a/at word/nn that/wps will/md be/be kept/vbn ./. Instinctively/rb ,/, innocence/nn does/doz unto/in others/nns as/cs it/pps expects/vbz to/to be/be done/vbn by/in ./. But/cc when/wrb these/dts expectations/nns are/ber once/rb too/ql often/rb ground/vbn into/in the/at dust/nn ,/, innocence/nn can/md falter/vb ,/, since/cs its/pp$ strength/nn is/bez according/in to/in the/at strength/nn of/in him/ppo who/wps possesses/vbz it/ppo ./. The/at innocence/nn of/in which/wdt I/ppss speak/vb is/bez ,/, I/ppss know/vb ,/, not/* incorruptible/jj ./. But/cc I/ppss insist/vb upon/in believing/vbg that/cs even/rb when/wrb it/pps is/bez lost/vbn ,/, it/pps may/md ,/, like/cs paradise/nn ,/, be/be regained/vbn ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps was/bedz not/* of/in innocence/nn in/in general/jj that/cs I/ppss was/bedz speaking/vbg ,/, but/cc of/in perhaps/rb the/at frailest/jjt and/cc surely/rb the/at least/ql important/jj side/nn of/in it/ppo which/wdt is/bez innocence/nn in/in romantic/jj love/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, if/cs anywhere/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* wholly/ql incontrovertible/jj ./. To/in you/ppo ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, the/at word/nn innocence/nn ,/, in/in this/dt connotation/nn ,/, probably/rb retained/vbd its/pp$ Biblical/jj ,/, or/cc should/md I/ppss say/vb technical/jj sense/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb I/ppss suppose/vb I/ppss must/md make/vb myself/ppl quite/ql clear/jj by/in saying/vbg that/cs I/ppss lost/vbd --/-- or/cc rather/rb handed/vbd over/rp --/-- what/wdt you/ppss would/md have/hv considered/vbn to/to be/be my/pp$ innocence/nn two/cd weeks/nns before/cs I/ppss was/bedz legally/rb entitled/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in fact/nn by/in oath/nn required/vbn ,/, to/to hand/vb it/ppo over/rp along/rb with/in what/wdt other/ap goods/nns and/cc bads/nns I/ppss had/hvd ./. But/cc to/in me/ppo innocence/nn is/bez far/ql less/ql tangible/jj ./. I/ppss had/hvd long/rb since/rb begun/vbn to/to lose/vb my/pp$ general/jj innocence/nn when/wrb I/ppss lost/vbd my/pp$ trust/nn in/in you/ppo ,/, but/cc this/dt special/nn innocence/nn I/ppss lost/vbd before/in ever/rb I/ppss loved/vbd ,/, through/in my/pp$ discovery/nn that/cs one/pn could/md tremble/vb with/in desire/nn and/cc even/rb experience/vb a/at flaming/vbg delight/nn that/wps had/hvd nothing/pn ,/, nothing/pn whatever/wdt to/to do/do with/in friendship/nn or/cc liking/vbg ,/, let/vb alone/rb with/in love/nn ./. I/ppss knew/vbd this/dt knowledge/nn to/to be/be corrupting/vbg at/in the/at time/nn I/ppss acquired/vbd it/ppo ;/. ;/. today/nr ,/, these/dts many/ap years/nns later/rbr ,/, after/in all/abn the/at temptations/nns resisted/vbn or/cc yielded/vbn to/in ,/, the/at weasel/nn satisfactions/nns and/cc the/at engulfing/vbg dissatisfactions/nns since/in endured/vbn ,/, I/ppss call/vb it/ppo corrupting/vbg still/rb ./. You/ppss ,/, I/ppss could/md swear/vb to/in it/ppo ,/, remained/vbd innocent/jj in/in this/dt sense/nn until/in the/at end/nn ./. Yours/pp$$ ,/, but/cc not/* mine/pp$$ ,/, was/bedz an/at age/nn in/in which/wdt innocence/nn was/bedz fostered/vbn and/cc carefully/rb --/-- if/cs not/* perhaps/rb altogether/ql innocently/rb --/-- preserved/vbn ./. You/ppss had/hvd grown/vbn up/rp at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb the/at most/ql distinguishing/vbg mark/nn of/in a/at lady/nn was/bedz the/at noli/fw-vb me/fw-ppo tangere/fw-vb writ/vbn plain/rb across/in her/pp$ face/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, because/rb of/in the/at particular/jj blot/nn on/in your/pp$ family/nn escutcheon/nn through/in what/wdt may/md only/rb have/hv been/ben one/cd unbridled/vbn moment/nn on/in your/pp$ grandmother's/nn$ part/nn ,/, and/cc because/cs you/ppss had/hvd the/at lean-to/nn kitchen/nn and/cc trundle/nn bed/nn of/in your/pp$ childhood/nn to/to outgrow/vb ,/, what/wdt you/ppss obviously/rb most/ql desired/vbn with/in both/abx your/pp$ conscious/jj and/cc unconscious/jj person/nn ,/, what/wdt you/ppss bent/vbd your/pp$ whole/jj will/nn ,/, sensibility/nn ,/, and/cc intelligence/nn upon/in ,/, was/bedz to/to be/be a/at lady/nn ./. Before/cs being/beg daughter/nn ,/, wife/nn ,/, or/cc mother/nn ,/, before/cs being/beg cultured/vbn (/( a/at word/nn now/rb bereft/jj both/abx socially/rb and/cc politically/rb of/in the/at sheen/nn you/ppss children/nns of/in frontiersmen/nns bestowed/vbd on/in it/ppo )/) ,/, before/cs being/beg sorry/jj for/in the/at poor/jj ,/, progressive/jj about/in public/jj health/nn ,/, and/cc prettily/rb if/cs somewhat/ql imprecisely/ql humanitarian/jj ,/, indeed/rb first/od and/cc foremost/rb ,/, you/ppss were/bed a/at lady/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, more/ap to/in the/at portrait/nn of/in a/at lady/nn you/ppss carried/vbd in/in your/pp$ mind's/nn$ eye/nn than/cs the/at sine/fw-in qua/fw-wdt non/fw-* of/in her/pp$ virtue/nn ./. A/at lady/nn ,/, you/ppss made/vbd clear/jj to/in me/ppo both/abx by/in precept/nn and/cc example/nn ,/, never/rb raised/vbd her/pp$ voice/nn or/cc slumped/vbd in/in her/pp$ chair/nn ,/, never/rb failed/vbd in/in social/jj tact/nn (/( in/in heaven/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, would/md not/* mention/vb St./nn-tl John/np-tl the/at-tl Baptist's/np$-tl head/nn )/) ,/, never/rb pouted/vbd or/cc withdrew/vbd or/cc scandalized/vbd in/in company/nn ,/, never/rb reminded/vbd others/nns of/in her/pp$ physical/jj presence/nn by/in unseemly/jj sound/nn or/cc gesture/nn ,/, never/rb indulged/vbd in/in public/jj scenes/nns or/cc private/jj confidences/nns ,/, never/rb spoke/vbd of/in money/nn save/in in/in terms/nns of/in alleviating/vbg suffering/vbg ,/, never/rb gossiped/vbd or/cc maligned/vbd ,/, never/rb stressed/vbd but/cc always/rb minimized/vbd the/at hopelessness/nn of/in anything/pn from/in sin/nn to/in death/nn itself/ppl ./.

cg34

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home:4 night:2 mile:1 beyond:1 end:1 suburban:1 trolley:1 fame:6 come:3 change:3 slightly:1 remember:2 another:2 newspaperman:1 idea:1 get:3 comfort:1 think:2 question:1 slowly:1 answer:2 starving:1 man:1 feed:1 pang:1 starvation:1 report:1 query:1 thought:2 october:1 23:1 1960:1 figment:1 pigment:1 generation:1 alike:1 precious:1 luminous:1 bauble:1 ah:1 see:1 shelley:2 impression:1 laughter:2 happiness:2 pronounced:1 company:1 present:1 marry:1 paula:20 fifty:1 year:6 single:1 major:1 decision:2 careful:1 consideration:1 thorough:1 discussion:1 wife:2 mrs:2 pointedly:1 avoid:1 limelight:1 husband:3 greatness:1 within:1 confine:1 dedication:2 begin:2 moment:1 meet:3 receive:1 phi:1 beta:1 kappa:1 key:1 university:5 chicago:6 busy:1 people:1 appraisal:1 1908:2 stop:1 devote:3 fulfillment:1 career:1 rarely:1 photograph:1 except:2 fifth:1 anniversary:1 celebration:1 1953:1 attend:1 dozen:1 banquet:1 function:1 appearance:1 dinner:1 honor:1 insistence:1 intrude:1 state:1 bare:1 way:1 describe:1 beautiful:1 grecian:1 sense:1 clothe:1 hair:1 everything:2 graceful:1 simple:1 broad:1 capable:1 hand:2 enormous:1 train:1 mathematician:1 classicist:1 good:4 architect:1 supervise:1 building:1 harbert:2 michigan:1 house:1 construct:1 local:1 carpenter:1 carry:2 heavy:1 beam:1 singly:1 shoulder:1 goat:1 herd:1 also:1 barn:1 alteration:1 accommodate:1 erosion:1 threaten:1 foundation:1 plant:1 grapevine:1 arrange:1 snow:1 fence:1 hold:1 sand:1 away:2 bear:2 lilian:7 steichen:9 parent:5 immigrant:2 luxemburg:4 mother:3 endearment:1 pussycat:1 family:2 could:2 pronounce:1 name:2 soubriquet:1 like:1 much:2 neither:1 baptismal:1 pious:2 roman:1 catholics:1 christen:1 mary:1 anne:1 elizabeth:1 magdalene:1 read:3 right:1 love:3 eventually:1 exceptional:2 student:1 produce:1 old:1 brother:1 edward:1 talented:1 artist:1 past:1 half:1 century:1 eminent:1 ago:1 photography:1 editor:1 vogue:1 magazine:1 article:2 graduate:1 school:5 quite:1 manager:1 establish:1 millinery:1 milwaukee:4 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letter:4 await:1 though:1 usually:1 dear:2 miss:2 understanding:1 beginning:1 generously:1 lend:1 date:1 february:1 21:1 hotel:1 athearn:1 oshkosh:1 soften:1 intensity:1 guerilla:1 warfare:1 organization:1 realize:1 experience:1

With/in each/dt song/nn he/pps gave/vbd verbal/jj footnotes/nns ./. The/at songs/nns Sandburg/np sang/vbd often/rb reminded/vbn listeners/nns of/in songs/nns of/in a/at kindred/nn character/nn they/ppss knew/vbd entirely/rb or/cc in/in fragments/nns ./. Often/rb these/dts listeners/nns would/md refer/vb Sandburg/np to/in persons/nns who/wps had/hvd similar/jj ballads/nns or/cc ditties/nns ./. In/in due/jj time/nn Sandburg/np was/bedz a/at walking/vbg thesaurus/nn of/in American/jj folk/nn music/nn ./. After/cs he/pps had/hvd finished/vbn the/at first/od two/cd volumes/nns of/in his/pp$ Lincoln/np ,/, Sandburg/np went/vbd to/in work/nn assembling/vbg a/at book/nn of/in songs/nns out/in of/in hobo/nn and/cc childhood/nn days/nns and/cc from/in the/at memory/nn of/in songs/nns others/nns had/hvd taught/vbn him/ppo ./. He/pps rummaged/vbd ,/, found/vbd composers/nns and/cc arrangers/nns ,/, collaborated/vbd on/in the/at main/jjs design/nn and/cc outline/nn of/in harmonization/nn with/in musicians/nns ,/, ballad/nn singers/nns ,/, and/cc musicologists/nns ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz a/at collection/nn of/in 280/cd songs/nns ,/, ballads/nns ,/, ditties/nns ,/, brought/vbn together/rb from/in all/abn regions/nns of/in America/np ,/, more/ap than/in one/cd hundred/cd never/rb before/rb published/vbn :/: The/at American/jj-tl Songbag/nn-tl ./. Each/dt song/nn or/cc ditty/nn was/bedz prefaced/vbn by/in an/at author's/nn$ note/nn which/wdt indicated/vbd the/at origin/nn and/cc meaning/nn of/in the/at song/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs special/jj interest/nn the/at song/nn had/hvd ,/, musical/jj arrangement/nn ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at chorus/nn and/cc verses/nns ./. The/at book/nn ,/, published/vbn in/in 1927/cd ,/, has/hvz been/ben selling/vbg steadily/rb ever/ql since/rb ./. As/cs Sandburg/np said/vbd at/in the/at time/nn :/: ``/`` It/pps is/bez as/ql ancient/jj as/cs the/at medieval/jj European/jj ballads/nns brought/vbn to/in the/at Appalachian/np-tl Mountains/nns-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez as/ql modern/jj as/cs skyscrapers/nns ,/, the/at Volstead/np-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at latest/jjt oil/nn well/nn gusher/nn ''/'' ./. Schopenhauer/np never/rb learned/vbd Sandburg/np is/bez in/in constant/jj demand/nn as/cs an/at entertainer/nn ./. Two/cd things/nns contribute/vb to/in his/pp$ popularity/nn ./. First/od ,/, Carl/np respects/vbz his/pp$ audience/nn and/cc prepares/vbz his/pp$ speeches/nns carefully/rb ./. Even/rb when/wrb he/pps is/bez called/vbn upon/rb for/in impromptu/jj remarks/nns ,/, he/pps has/hvz notes/nns written/vbn on/in the/at back/nn of/in handy/jj envelopes/nns ./. He/pps has/hvz his/pp$ own/jj system/nn of/in shorthand/nn ,/, devised/vbn by/in abbreviations/nns :/: ``/`` humility/nn ''/'' will/md be/be ``/`` humly/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` with/in-nc ''/'' will/md be/be ``/`` w/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` that/dt-nc ''/'' will/md be/be ``/`` tt/nn ''/'' ./. The/at second/od reason/nn for/in his/pp$ popularity/nn is/bez his/pp$ complete/jj spontaneity/nn with/in the/at guitar/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at mistake/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to imagine/vb that/cs Sandburg/np uses/vbz the/at guitar/nn as/cs a/at prop/nn ./. He/pps is/bez no/rb dextrous-fingered/jj college/nn boy/nn but/cc rather/rb a/at dedicated/vbn ,/, humble/jj ,/, and/cc bashful/jj apostle/nn of/in this/dt instrument/nn ./. At/in age/nn seventy-four/cd ,/, he/pps became/vbd what/wdt he/pps shyly/rb terms/vbz a/at ``/`` pupil/nn ''/'' of/in Andres/np Segovia/np ,/, the/at great/jj guitarist/nn of/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* easy/jj to/to become/vb Segovia's/np$ pupil/nn ./. One/pn needs/vbz high/jj talent/nn ./. Segovia/np has/hvz written/vbn about/in Carl/np :/: ``/`` His/pp$ fingers/nns labor/vb heavily/rb on/in the/at strings/nns and/cc he/pps asked/vbd for/in my/pp$ help/nn in/in disciplining/vbg them/ppo ./. I/ppss found/vbd that/cs this/dt precocious/jj ,/, grown-up/jj boy/nn of/in 74/cd deserved/vbd to/to be/be taught/vbn ./. There/ex has/hvz long/rb existed/vbn a/at brotherly/jj affection/nn between/in us/ppo ,/, thus/rb I/ppss accepted/vbd him/ppo as/cs my/pp$ pupil/nn ./. Just/rb as/cs in/in the/at case/nn of/in every/at prodigy/nn child/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md watch/vb for/in the/at efficacy/nn of/in my/pp$ teaching/nn to/to show/vb up/rp in/in the/at future/nn --/-- if/cs he/pps should/md master/vb all/abn the/at strenuous/jj exercises/nns I/ppss inflicted/vbd on/in him/ppo ./. To/to play/vb the/at guitar/nn as/cs he/pps aspires/vbz will/md devour/vb his/pp$ three-fold/jj energy/nn as/cs a/at historian/nn ,/, a/at poet/nn and/cc a/at singer/nn ./. One/cd cause/nn of/in Schopenhauer's/np$ pessimism/nn was/bedz the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps failed/vbd to/to learn/vb the/at guitar/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem certain/jj that/cs Carl/np Sandburg/np will/md not/* fall/vb into/in the/at same/ap sad/jj philosophy/nn ./. The/at heart/nn of/in this/dt great/jj poet/nn constantly/rb bubbles/vbz forth/rb a/at generous/jj joy/nn of/in life/nn --/-- with/in or/cc without/in the/at guitar/nn ''/'' ./. The/at public's/nn$ identification/nn of/in Carl/np Sandburg/np and/cc the/at guitar/nn is/bez no/at happenstance/nn ./. Nor/cc does/doz Carl/np reject/vb this/dt identity/nn ./. He/pps is/bez proud/jj of/in having/hvg Segovia/np for/in a/at friend/nn and/cc dedicated/vbd a/at poem/nn to/in him/ppo titled/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl Guitar/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Carl/np says/vbz it/pps is/bez the/at greatest/jjt poem/nn ever/rb written/vbn to/in the/at guitar/nn because/cs he/pps has/hvz never/rb heard/vbn of/in any/dti other/ap poem/nn to/in that/dt subtle/jj instrument/nn ./. ``/`` A/at portable/jj companion/nn always/rb ready/jj to/to go/vb where/wrb you/ppss go/vb --/-- a/at small/jj friend/nn weighing/vbg less/ap than/cs a/at freshborn/jj infant/nn --/-- to/to be/be shared/vbn with/in few/ap or/cc many/ap --/-- just/rb two/cd of/in you/ppo in/in sweet/jj meditation/nn ''/'' ./. The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Herald/nn-tl Tribune's/nn$-tl photographer/nn ,/, Ira/np Rosenberg/np ,/, tells/vbz an/at anecdote/nn about/in the/at time/nn he/pps wanted/vbd to/to take/vb a/at picture/nn of/in Carl/np playing/vbg a/at guitar/nn ./. Carl/np hadn't/hvd* brought/vbn his/pp$$ along/rb ./. Mr./np Rosenberg/np suggested/vbd that/cs they/ppss go/vb out/rp and/cc find/vb one/cd ./. ``/`` Preferably/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Carl/np ,/, ``/`` one/cd battered/vbn and/cc worn/vbn ,/, such/jj as/cs might/md be/be found/vbn in/in a/at pawnshop/nn ''/'' ./. They/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at pawnshop/nn of/in Joseph/np Miller/np of/in 1162/cd-tl Sixth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl ./. ``/`` Mr./np Miller/np was/bedz in/in the/at shop/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at Herald/nn-tl Tribune/nn-tl story/nn related/vbd ,/, ``/`` but/cc was/bedz reluctant/jj to/to have/hv anybody's/pn$ picture/nn taken/vbn inside/rb ,/, because/cs his/pp$ business/nn was/bedz too/ql '/' confidential/jj '/' for/in pictures/nns ./. ``/`` But/cc after/in introductions/nns he/pps asked/vbd :/: '/' Carl/np Sandburg/np ?/. ?/. Well/rb you/ppss can/md pose/vb inside/rb ./. ``/`` He/pps wanted/vbd Mr./np Sandburg/np to/to pose/vb with/in one/cd of/in the/at guitars/nns he/pps had/hvd displayed/vbn behind/in glass/nn in/in the/at center/nn of/in his/pp$ shop/nn ,/, but/cc the/at poet/nn eyed/vbd this/dt somewhat/ql distastefully/rb ./. '/' Kalamazoo/np guitars/nns '/' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, '/' used/vbn by/in radio/nn hillbilly/nn singers/nns ./. ``/`` He/pps chose/vbd one/cd from/in Mr./np Miller's/np$ window/nn ,/, a/at plain/jj guitar/nn with/in no/at fancy/jj polish/nn ./. While/cs the/at picture/nn was/bedz taken/vbn ,/, Mr./np Miller's/np$ disposition/nn to/to be/be generous/jj to/in Mr./np Sandburg/np increased/vbd to/in the/at point/nn where/wrb he/pps advised/vbd ,/, '/' I/ppss won't/md* even/vb charge/vb you/ppo the/at one/cd dollar/nn rental/nn fee/nn '/' ''/'' ./. A/at knowledgeable/jj celebrity/nn When/wrb someone/pn in/in the/at audience/nn rose/vbd and/cc asked/vbd how/wrb does/doz it/pps feel/vb to/to be/be a/at celebrity/nn ,/, Carl/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` A/at celebrity/nn is/bez a/at fellow/nn who/wps eats/vbz celery/nn with/in celerity/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt has/hvz always/rb been/ben Carl's/np$ attitude/nn ./. Lloyd/np Lewis/np wrote/vbd that/cs when/wrb he/pps first/rb knew/vbd Carl/np in/in 1916/cd ,/, Sandburg/np was/bedz making/vbg $27.50/nns a/at week/nn writing/vbg features/nns for/in the/at Day/nn-tl Book/nn-tl and/cc eating/vbg sparse/jj luncheons/nns in/in one-arm/nn restaurants/nns ./. He/pps walked/vbd home/nr at/in night/nn for/in two/cd miles/nns beyond/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at suburban/jj trolley/nn ./. When/wrb fame/nn came/vbd it/pps changed/vbd Sandburg/np only/ql slightly/rb ./. Lewis/np remembered/vbd another/dt newspaperman/nn asking/vbg ,/, ``/`` Carl/np ,/, have/hv your/pp$ ideas/nns changed/vbn any/dti since/cs you/ppss got/vbd all/abn these/dts comforts/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. Carl/np thought/vbd the/at question/nn over/rp slowly/rb and/cc answered/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss know/vb a/at starving/vbg man/nn who/wps is/bez fed/vbn never/rb remembers/vbz all/abn the/at pangs/nns of/in his/pp$ starvation/nn ,/, I/ppss know/vb that/dt ''/'' ./. That/dt was/bedz all/abn he/pps said/vbd ,/, Lewis/np reports/vbz ./. That/dt was/bedz all/abn he/pps had/hvd to/to say/vb ./. In/in answer/nn to/in a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl query/nn on/in what/wdt is/bez fame/nn (/( ``/`` Thoughts/nns-tl On/in-tl Fame/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, October/np 23/cd ,/, 1960/cd )/) ,/, Carl/np said/vbd :/: ``/`` Fame/nn is/bez a/at figment/nn of/in a/at pigment/nn ./. It/pps comes/vbz and/cc goes/vbz ./. It/pps changes/vbz with/in every/at generation/nn ./. There/ex never/rb were/bed two/cd fames/nns alike/jj ./. One/cd fame/nn is/bez precious/jj and/cc luminous/jj ;/. ;/. another/dt is/bez a/at bubble/nn of/in a/at bauble/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Ah/uh ,/, did/dod you/ppss once/rb see/vb Shelley/np plain/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at impression/nn you/ppss get/vb from/in Carl/np Sandburg's/np$ home/nn is/bez one/cd of/in laughter/nn and/cc happiness/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at laughter/nn and/cc the/at happiness/nn are/ber even/ql more/rbr pronounced/vbn when/wrb no/at company/nn is/bez present/rb ./. Carl/np has/hvz been/ben married/vbn to/in Paula/np for/in fifty-three/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps has/hvz not/* made/vbn a/at single/ap major/jj decision/nn without/in careful/jj consideration/nn and/cc thorough/jj discussion/nn with/in his/pp$ wife/nn ./. Through/in all/abn these/dts years/nns ,/, Mrs./np Sandburg/np has/hvz pointedly/rb avoided/vbn the/at limelight/nn ./. She/pps has/hvz shared/vbn her/pp$ husband's/nn$ greatness/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb within/in the/at confines/nns of/in their/pp$ home/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez a/at dedication/nn which/wdt began/vbd the/at moment/nn she/pps met/vbd Carl/np ./. Mrs./np Sandburg/np received/vbd a/at Phi/np Beta/np Kappa/np key/nn from/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl and/cc she/pps was/bedz busy/jj writing/vbg and/cc teaching/vbg when/wrb she/pps met/vbd Sandburg/np ./. ``/`` You/ppss are/ber the/at '/' Peoples'/nns$-tl Poet/nn-tl '/' ''/'' was/bedz her/pp$ appraisal/nn in/in 1908/cd ,/, and/cc she/pps stopped/vbd teaching/vbg and/cc writing/vbg to/to devote/vb herself/ppl to/in the/at fulfillment/nn of/in her/pp$ husband's/nn$ career/nn ./. She/pps has/hvz rarely/rb been/ben photographed/vbn with/in him/ppo and/cc ,/, except/in for/in Carl's/np$ seventy-fifth/od anniversary/nn celebration/nn in/in Chicago/np in/in 1953/cd ,/, she/pps has/hvz not/* attended/vbn the/at dozens/nns of/in banquets/nns ,/, functions/nns ,/, public/jj appearances/nns ,/, and/cc dinners/nns honoring/vbg him/ppo --/-- all/abn of/in this/dt upon/in her/pp$ insistence/nn ./. Even/ql now/rb I/ppss will/md not/* intrude/vb upon/in her/ppo except/in to/to state/vb a/at few/ap bare/jj facts/nns ./. The/at only/ap way/nn to/to describe/vb Paula/np Sandburg/np is/bez to/to say/vb she/pps is/bez beautiful/jj in/in a/at Grecian/jj sense/nn ./. Her/pp$ clothes/nns ,/, her/pp$ hair/nn ,/, everything/pn about/in her/ppo is/bez both/abx graceful/jj and/cc simple/jj ./. She/pps has/hvz small/jj ,/, broad/jj ,/, capable/jj hands/nns and/cc an/at enormous/jj energy/nn ./. She/pps is/bez not/* only/rb a/at trained/vbn mathematician/nn and/cc Classicist/np ,/, but/cc a/at good/jj architect/nn ./. She/pps designed/vbd and/cc supervised/vbd the/at building/nn of/in the/at Harbert/np ,/, Michigan/np ,/, house/nn ,/, most/ap of/in which/wdt was/bedz constructed/vbn by/in one/cd local/jj carpenter/nn who/wps carried/vbd the/at heavy/jj beams/nns singly/rb upon/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn ./. As/cs the/at Sandburg/np goat/nn herd/nn increased/vbd ,/, she/pps also/rb designed/vbd the/at barn/nn alterations/nns to/to accommodate/vb them/ppo ./. When/wrb erosion/nn threatened/vbd the/at foundation/nn of/in their/pp$ home/nn in/in Harbert/np ,/, Paula/np Sandburg/np planted/vbd grapevines/nns and/cc arranged/vbd the/at snow/nn fences/nns which/wdt helped/vbd hold/nn the/at sands/nns away/rb ./. She/pps was/bedz born/vbn Lilian/np Steichen/np ,/, her/pp$ parents/nns immigrants/nns from/in Luxemburg/np ./. Her/pp$ mother/nn called/vbd her/ppo Paus'l/np ,/, a/at Luxemburg/np endearment/nn meaning/vbg ``/`` pussycat/nn ''/'' ./. Some/dti of/in the/at children/nns of/in the/at family/nn could/md not/* pronounce/vb this/dt name/nn and/cc called/vbd her/ppo Paula/np ,/, a/at soubriquet/nn Carl/np liked/vbd so/ql much/rb she/pps has/hvz been/ben Paula/np ever/ql since/rb ./. But/cc neither/cc was/bedz Lilian/np her/pp$ baptismal/jj name/nn ./. Her/pp$ parents/nns ,/, pious/jj Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps-tl ,/, christened/vbd her/ppo Mary/np Anne/np Elizabeth/np Magdalene/np Steichen/np ./. ``/`` My/pp$ mother/nn read/vbd a/at book/nn right/ql after/cs I/ppss was/bedz born/vbn and/cc there/ex was/bedz a/at Lilian/np in/in the/at book/nn she/pps loved/vbd and/cc I/ppss became/vbd Lilian/np --/-- and/cc eventually/rb I/ppss became/vbd Paula/np ''/'' ./. Lilian/np Steichen/np was/bedz an/at exceptional/jj student/nn ./. This/dt family/nn of/in Luxemburg/np immigrants/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, produced/vbd two/cd exceptional/jj children/nns ./. Paula's/np$ older/jjr brother/nn is/bez Edward/np Steichen/np ,/, a/at talented/jj artist/nn and/cc ,/, for/in the/at past/ap half-century/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ eminent/jj photographers/nns ./. (/( Two/cd years/nns ago/rb the/at photography/nn editor/nn of/in Vogue/nn-tl Magazine/nn-tl titled/vbd his/pp$ article/nn about/in Steichen/np ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl World's/nn$-tl Greatest/jjt-tl Photographer/nn-tl ''/'' ./. )/) By/in the/at time/nn Lilian/np had/hvd been/ben graduated/vbn from/in public/jj school/nn ,/, her/pp$ parents/nns were/bed doing/vbg quite/ql well/rb ./. Her/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz a/at good/jj manager/nn and/cc established/vbd a/at millinery/nn business/nn in/in Milwaukee/np ./. But/cc her/pp$ father/nn was/bedz not/* enthusiastic/jj about/in sending/vbg young/jj Paula/np to/in high/jj school/nn ./. ``/`` This/dt is/bez no/at place/nn for/in a/at young/jj girl/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. The/at parents/nns compromised/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, on/in a/at convent/nn school/nn and/cc Paula/np went/vbd to/in Ursuline/np-tl Academy/nn-tl in/in London/np ,/, Ontario/np ./. She/pps was/bedz pious/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, once/rb kneeling/vbg through/in the/at night/nn from/in Holy/jj-tl Thursday/nr-tl to/in Good/jj-tl Friday/nr-tl ,/, despite/in the/at protest/nn of/in the/at nuns/nns that/cs this/dt was/bedz too/ql much/rb for/in a/at young/jj girl/nn ./. She/pps knelt/vbd out/in of/in reverence/nn for/in having/hvg read/vbn the/at Meditations/nns-tl of/in-tl St./nn-tl Augustine/np-tl ./. She/pps read/vbd everything/pn else/rb she/pps could/md get/vb her/pp$ hands/nns on/in ,/, including/in an/at article/nn (/( she/pps thinks/vbz it/pps was/bedz in/in the/at Atlantic/jj-tl Monthly/nn-tl )/) by/in Mark/np Twain/np on/in ``/`` White/jj-tl Slavery/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Paula/np was/bedz saddened/vbn about/in what/wdt was/bedz happening/vbg to/in little/jj girls/nns and/cc vowed/vbd to/to kneel/vb no/ql more/rbr in/in Chapel/nn-tl ./. She/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/in a/at decision/nn ./. If/cs there/ex was/bedz ever/rb a/at thought/nn in/in her/pp$ mind/nn she/pps might/md devote/vb her/pp$ life/nn to/in religion/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz now/rb dispelled/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss felt/vbd that/cs I/ppss must/md devote/vb myself/ppl to/in the/at '/' outside/jj '/' world/nn ''/'' ./. She/pps passed/vbd the/at entrance/nn examinations/nns to/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Illinois/np-tl ,/, but/cc during/in the/at year/nn at/in Urbana/np felt/vbd more/ql important/jj events/nns transpired/vbd at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl ./. ``/`` And/cc besides/rb ,/, Thorstein/np Veblen/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at Chicago/np professors/nns ''/'' ./. At/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl she/pps studied/vbd Whitman/np and/cc Shelley/np ,/, and/cc became/vbd a/at Socialist/nn-tl ./. Socialist/jj-tl leaders/nns in/in Milwaukee/np recognized/vbd her/pp$ worth/nn ,/, not/* only/rb because/rb of/in her/pp$ dedication/nn but/cc because/cs of/in her/pp$ fluency/nn in/in German/np ,/, French/np ,/, and/cc Luxemburg/np ./. She/pps once/rb gave/vbd a/at German/np recitation/nn before/in a/at convention/nn of/in German-language/jj teachers/nns in/in Milwaukee/np ./. Carl/np and/cc Paula/np met/vbd in/in Milwaukee/np in/in 1907/cd during/in Paula's/np$ Christmas/np holiday/nn visit/nn to/in her/pp$ parents/nns ./. Carl/np was/bedz still/rb Charles/np A./np Sandburg/np ./. He/pps ``/`` legitimized/vbd ''/'' Paula/np for/in Lilian/np Steichen/np ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz Paula/np who/wps insisted/vbd on/in Carl/np for/in Charles/np ./. Victor/np Berger/np ,/, the/at panjandrum/nn of/in Wisconsin/np-tl Socialism/nn-tl and/cc member/nn of/in Congress/np ,/, had/hvd asked/vbn Paula/np Steichen/np to/to translate/vb some/dti of/in his/pp$ German/np editorials/nns into/in English/np ./. Carl/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz stationed/vbn in/in Appleton/np ,/, Wisconsin/np ,/, organizing/vbg for/in the/at Social/jj-tl Democrats/nps-tl ,/, was/bedz in/in Berger's/np$ office/nn and/cc made/vbd it/ppo his/pp$ business/nn to/to escort/vb Paula/np to/in the/at streetcar/nn ./. She/pps left/vbd the/at next/ap day/nn for/in her/pp$ teaching/vbg job/nn at/in Princeton/np ,/, Illinois/np ./. (/( After/in graduation/nn from/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl ,/, Paula/np taught/vbd for/in two/cd years/nns in/in the/at normal/jj school/nn at/in Valley/nn-tl City/nn-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, then/rb two/cd years/nns at/in Princeton/np-tl (/( Illinois/np )/) Township/nn-tl High/jj-tl School/nn-tl ./. )/) By/in the/at time/nn the/at streetcar/nn pulled/vbd away/rb ,/, he/pps had/hvd fallen/vbn in/in love/nn with/in Paula/np ./. A/at letter/nn awaited/vbd her/ppo at/in Princeton/np ./. Paula/np says/vbz that/cs even/rb though/cs Carl's/np$ letters/nns usually/rb began/vbd ,/, ``/`` Dear/jj Miss/np Steichen/np ''/'' ,/, there/ex was/bedz an/at understanding/nn from/in the/at beginning/nn that/cs they/ppss would/md become/vb husband/nn and/cc wife/nn ./. Paula/np generously/rb lent/vbd me/ppo one/cd of/in Carl's/np$ love/nn letters/nns ,/, dated/vbn February/np 21/cd ,/, 1908/cd ,/, Hotel/nn-tl Athearn/np-tl ,/, Oshkosh/np ,/, Wisconsin/np :/: ``/`` Dear/jj Miss/np Steichen/np :/: It/pps is/bez a/at very/ql good/jj letter/nn you/ppss send/vb me/ppo --/-- softens/vbz the/at intensity/nn of/in this/dt guerilla/nn warfare/nn I/ppss am/bem carrying/vbg on/rp up/in here/rb ./. Never/rb until/in in/in this/dt work/nn of/in S-D/nn organization/nn have/hv I/ppss realized/vbn and/cc felt/vbd the/at attitude/nn and/cc experience/nn of/in a/at Teacher/nn ./.

cg35

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The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez always/rb ready/jj to/to participate/vb with/in the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl in/in serious/jj discussion/nn of/in these/dts or/cc any/dti other/ap subjects/nns that/wps may/md lead/vb to/in peace/nn with/in justice/nn ./. Certainly/rb it/pps is/bez not/* necessary/jj to/to repeat/vb that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl has/hvz no/at intention/nn of/in interfering/vbg in/in the/at internal/jj affairs/nns of/in any/dti nation/nn ;/. ;/. by/in the/at same/ap token/nn ,/, we/ppss reject/vb any/dti Soviet/np attempt/nn to/to impose/vb its/pp$ system/nn on/in us/ppo or/cc other/ap peoples/nns by/in force/nn or/cc subversion/nn ./. Now/rb this/dt concern/nn for/in the/at freedom/nn of/in other/ap peoples/nns is/bez the/at intellectual/jj and/cc spiritual/jj cement/nn which/wdt has/hvz allied/vbn us/ppo with/in more/ap than/in forty/cd other/ap nations/nns in/in a/at common/jj defense/nn effort/nn ./. Not/* for/in a/at moment/nn do/do we/ppss forget/vb that/cs our/pp$ own/jj fate/nn is/bez firmly/rb fastened/vbn to/in that/dt of/in these/dts countries/nns ;/. ;/. we/ppss will/md not/* act/vb in/in any/dti way/nn which/wdt would/md jeopardize/vb our/pp$ solemn/jj commitments/nns to/in them/ppo ./. We/ppss and/cc our/pp$ friends/nns are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, concerned/vbn with/in self-defense/nn ./. Growing/vbg out/in of/in this/dt concern/nn is/bez the/at realization/nn that/cs all/abn people/nns of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl have/hv a/at great/jj stake/nn in/in the/at progress/nn ,/, in/in freedom/nn ,/, of/in the/at uncommitted/jj and/cc newly/rb emerging/vbg nations/nns ./. These/dts peoples/nns ,/, desperately/rb hoping/vbg to/to lift/vb themselves/ppls to/in decent/jj levels/nns of/in living/vbg must/md not/* ,/, by/in our/pp$ neglect/nn ,/, be/be forced/vbn to/to seek/vb help/nn from/in ,/, and/cc finally/rb become/vb virtual/jj satellites/nns of/in ,/, those/dts who/wps proclaim/vb their/pp$ hostility/nn to/in freedom/nn ./. But/cc they/ppss must/md have/hv technical/jj and/cc investment/nn assistance/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at problem/nn to/to be/be solved/vbn not/* by/in America/np alone/rb ,/, but/cc also/rb by/in every/at nation/nn cherishing/vbg the/at same/ap ideals/nns and/cc in/in position/nn to/to provide/vb help/nn ./. In/in recent/jj years/nns America's/np$ partners/nns and/cc friends/nns in/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl and/cc Japan/np have/hv made/vbn great/jj economic/jj progress/nn ./. The/at international/jj economy/nn of/in 1960/cd is/bez markedly/ql different/jj from/in that/dt of/in the/at early/jj postwar/jj years/nns ./. No/ql longer/rbr is/bez the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl the/at only/ap major/jj industrial/jj country/nn capable/jj of/in providing/vbg substantial/jj amounts/nns of/in the/at resources/nns so/ql urgently/rb needed/vbn in/in the/at newly/rb developed/vbn countries/nns ./. To/to remain/vb secure/jj and/cc prosperous/jj themselves/ppls ,/, wealthy/jj nations/nns must/md extend/vb the/at kind/nn of/in co-operation/nn to/in the/at less/ql fortunate/jj members/nns that/wps will/md inspire/vb hope/nn ,/, confidence/nn ,/, and/cc progress/nn ./. A/at rich/jj nation/nn can/md for/in a/at time/nn ,/, without/in noticeable/jj damage/nn to/in itself/ppl ,/, pursue/vb a/at course/nn of/in self-indulgence/nn ,/, making/vbg its/pp$ single/ap goal/nn the/at material/nn ease/nn and/cc comfort/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj citizens/nns --/-- thus/rb repudiating/vbg its/pp$ own/jj spiritual/jj and/cc material/nn stake/nn in/in a/at peaceful/jj and/cc prosperous/jj society/nn of/in nations/nns ./. But/cc the/at enmities/nns it/pps will/md incur/vb ,/, the/at isolation/nn into/in which/wdt it/pps will/md descend/vb ,/, and/cc the/at internal/jj moral/jj and/cc spiritual/jj softness/nn that/wps will/md be/be engendered/vbn ,/, will/md ,/, in/in the/at long/jj term/nn ,/, bring/vb it/ppo to/in economic/jj and/cc political/jj disaster/nn ./. America/np did/dod not/* become/vb great/jj through/in softness/nn and/cc self-indulgence/nn ./. Her/pp$ miraculous/jj progress/nn in/in material/nn achievements/nns flows/vbz from/in other/ap qualities/nns far/ql more/ql worthy/jj and/cc substantial/jj :/: adherence/nn to/in principles/nns and/cc methods/nns consonant/jj with/in our/pp$ religious/jj philosophy/nn ;/. ;/. a/at satisfaction/nn in/in hard/jj work/nn ;/. ;/. the/at readiness/nn to/to sacrifice/vb for/in worthwhile/jj causes/nns ;/. ;/. the/at courage/nn to/to meet/vb every/at challenge/nn ;/. ;/. the/at intellectual/jj honesty/nn and/cc capacity/nn to/to recognize/vb the/at true/jj path/nn of/in her/pp$ own/jj best/jjt interests/nns ./. To/in us/ppo and/cc to/in every/at nation/nn of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, rich/jj or/cc poor/jj ,/, these/dts qualities/nns are/ber necessary/jj today/nr as/cs never/ql before/rb if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to march/vb together/rb to/in greater/jjr security/nn ,/, prosperity/nn and/cc peace/nn ./. I/ppss believe/vb that/cs the/at industrial/jj countries/nns are/ber ready/jj to/to participate/vb actively/rb in/in supplementing/vbg the/at efforts/nns of/in the/at developing/vbg nations/nns to/to achieve/vb progress/nn ./. The/at immediate/jj need/nn for/in this/dt kind/nn of/in co-operation/nn is/bez underscored/vbn by/in the/at strain/nn in/in this/dt nation's/nn$ international/jj balance/nn of/in payments/nns ./. Our/pp$ surplus/nn from/in foreign/jj business/nn transactions/nns has/hvz in/in recent/jj years/nns fallen/vbn substantially/rb short/jj of/in the/at expenditures/nns we/ppss make/vb abroad/rb to/to maintain/vb our/pp$ military/jj establishments/nns overseas/rb ,/, to/to finance/vb private/jj investment/nn ,/, and/cc to/to provide/vb assistance/nn to/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn nations/nns ./. In/in 1959/cd our/pp$ deficit/nn in/in balance/nn of/in payments/nns approached/vbd four/cd billion/cd dollars/nns ./. Continuing/vbg deficits/nns of/in anything/pn like/cs this/dt magnitude/nn would/md ,/, over/in time/nn ,/, impair/vb our/pp$ own/jj economic/jj growth/nn and/cc check/vb the/at forward/jj progress/nn of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl ./. We/ppss must/md meet/vb this/dt situation/nn by/in promoting/vbg a/at rising/vbg volume/nn of/in exports/nns and/cc world/nn trade/nn ./. Further/rbr ,/, we/ppss must/md induce/vb all/abn industrialized/vbn nations/nns of/in the/at Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl to/to work/vb together/rb to/to help/vb lift/vb the/at scourge/nn of/in poverty/nn from/in less/ql fortunate/jj ./. This/dt co-operation/nn in/in this/dt matter/nn will/md provide/vb both/abx for/in the/at necessary/jj sharing/nn of/in this/dt burden/nn and/cc in/in bringing/vbg about/rp still/ql further/jjr increases/nns in/in mutually/ql profitable/jj trade/nn ./. New/jj Nations/nns-tl ,/, and/cc others/nns struggling/vbg with/in the/at problems/nns of/in development/nn ,/, will/md progress/vb only/rb --/-- regardless/rb of/in any/dti outside/jj help/nn --/-- if/cs they/ppss demonstrate/vb faith/nn in/in their/pp$ own/jj destiny/nn and/cc use/vb their/pp$ own/jj resources/nns to/to fulfill/vb it/ppo ./. Moreover/rb ,/, progress/nn in/in a/at national/jj transformation/nn can/md be/be only/ql gradually/rb earned/vbn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez no/at easy/jj and/cc quick/jj way/nn to/to follow/vb from/in the/at oxcart/nn to/in the/at jet/nn plane/nn ./. But/cc ,/, just/rb as/cs we/ppss drew/vbd on/in Europe/np for/in assistance/nn in/in our/pp$ earlier/jjr years/nns ,/, so/rb now/rb do/do these/dts new/jj and/cc emerging/vbg nations/nns that/wps do/do have/hv this/dt faith/nn and/cc determination/nn deserve/vb help/nn ./. Respecting/in their/pp$ need/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at major/jj focal/jj points/nns of/in our/pp$ concern/nn is/bez the/at South-Asian/jj region/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, in/in two/cd nations/nns alone/rb ,/, are/ber almost/rb five/cd hundred/cd million/cd people/nns ,/, all/abn working/vbg ,/, and/cc working/vbg hard/rb ,/, to/to raise/vb their/pp$ standards/nns ,/, and/cc in/in doing/vbg so/rb ,/, to/to make/vb of/in themselves/ppls a/at strong/jj bulwark/nn against/in the/at spread/nn of/in an/at ideology/nn that/wps would/md destroy/vb liberty/nn ./. I/ppss cannot/md* express/vb to/in you/ppo the/at depth/nn of/in my/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs ,/, in/in our/pp$ own/jj and/cc free/jj world/nn interest/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md co-operate/vb with/in others/nns to/to help/vb these/dts people/nns achieve/vb their/pp$ legitimate/jj ambitions/nns ,/, as/cs expressed/vbn in/in their/pp$ different/jj multi-year/jj plans/nns ./. Through/in the/at World/nn-tl Bank/nn-tl and/cc other/ap instrumentalities/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs through/in individual/jj action/nn by/in every/at nation/nn in/in position/nn to/to help/vb ,/, we/ppss must/md squarely/rb face/vb this/dt titanic/jj challenge/nn ./. I/ppss shall/md continue/vb to/to urge/vb the/at American/jj people/nns ,/, in/in the/at interests/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj security/nn ,/, prosperity/nn and/cc peace/nn ,/, to/to make/vb sure/jj that/cs their/pp$ own/jj part/nn of/in this/dt great/jj project/nn be/be amply/rb and/cc cheerfully/rb supported/vbn ./. Free/jj world/nn decisions/nns in/in this/dt matter/nn may/md spell/vb the/at difference/nn between/in world/nn disaster/nn and/cc world/nn progress/nn in/in freedom/nn ./. Other/ap countries/nns ,/, some/dti of/in which/wdt I/ppss visited/vbd last/ap month/nn ,/, have/hv similar/jj needs/nns ./. A/at common/jj meeting/vbg ground/nn is/bez desirable/jj for/in those/dts nations/nns which/wdt are/ber prepared/vbn to/to assist/vb in/in the/at development/nn effort/nn ./. During/in the/at past/ap year/nn I/ppss have/hv discussed/vbn this/dt matter/nn with/in the/at leaders/nns of/in several/ap Western/jj-tl nations/nns ./. Because/rb of/in its/pp$ wealth/nn of/in experience/nn ,/, the/at Organization/nn-tl for/in-tl European/jj-tl Economic/jj-tl Cooperation/nn-tl could/md help/vb with/in the/at initial/jj studies/nns needed/vbn ./. The/at goal/nn is/bez to/to enlist/vb all/abn available/jj economic/jj resources/nns in/in the/at industrialized/vbn Free/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, especially/rb private/jj investment/nn capital/nn ./. By/in extending/vbg this/dt help/nn ,/, we/ppss hope/vb to/to make/vb possible/jj the/at enthusiastic/jj enrollment/nn of/in these/dts nations/nns under/in freedom's/nn$ banner/nn ./. No/at more/ql startling/jj contrast/nn to/in a/at system/nn of/in sullen/jj satellites/nns could/md be/be imagined/vbn ./. If/cs we/ppss grasp/vb this/dt opportunity/nn to/to build/vb an/at age/nn of/in productive/jj partnership/nn between/in the/at less/ql fortunate/jj nations/nns and/cc those/dts that/wps have/hv already/rb achieved/vbn a/at high/jj state/nn of/in economic/jj advancement/nn ,/, we/ppss will/md make/vb brighter/jjr the/at outlook/nn for/in a/at world/nn order/nn based/vbn upon/in security/nn and/cc freedom/nn ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, the/at outlook/nn could/md be/be dark/jj indeed/qlp ./. We/ppss face/vb ,/, indeed/rb ,/, what/wdt may/md be/be a/at turning/vbg point/nn in/in history/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss must/md act/vb decisively/rb and/cc wisely/rb ./. As/cs a/at nation/nn we/ppss can/md successfully/rb pursue/vb these/dts objectives/nns only/rb from/in a/at position/nn of/in broadly/ql based/vbn strength/nn ./. No/at matter/nn how/wql earnest/jj is/bez our/pp$ quest/nn for/in guaranteed/vbn peace/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md maintain/vb a/at high/jj degree/nn of/in military/jj effectiveness/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn we/ppss are/ber engaged/vbn in/in negotiating/vbg the/at issue/nn of/in arms/nns reduction/nn ./. Until/cs tangible/jj and/cc mutually/ql enforceable/jj arms/nns reduction/nn measures/nns are/ber worked/vbn out/rp we/ppss will/md not/* weaken/vb the/at means/nns of/in defending/vbg our/pp$ institutions/nns ./. America/np possesses/vbz an/at enormous/jj defense/nn power/nn ./. It/pps is/bez my/pp$ studied/vbn conviction/nn that/cs no/at nation/nn will/md ever/rb risk/vb general/jj war/nn against/in us/ppo unless/cs we/ppss should/md become/vb so/ql foolish/jj as/cs to/to neglect/vb the/at defense/nn forces/nns we/ppss now/rb so/ql powerfully/rb support/vb ./. It/pps is/bez world-wide/jj knowledge/nn that/cs any/dti power/nn which/wdt might/md be/be tempted/vbn today/nr to/to attack/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl by/in surprise/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs we/ppss might/md sustain/vb great/jj losses/nns ,/, would/md itself/ppl promptly/rb suffer/vb a/at terrible/jj destruction/nn ./. But/cc I/ppss once/rb again/rb assure/vb all/abn peoples/nns and/cc all/abn nations/nns that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, except/rb in/in defense/nn ,/, will/md never/rb turn/vb loose/rb this/dt destructive/jj power/nn ./. During/in the/at past/ap year/nn ,/, our/pp$ long-range/nn striking/vbg power/nn ,/, unmatched/jj today/nr in/in manned/vbn bombers/nns ,/, has/hvz taken/vbn on/rp new/jj strength/nn as/cs the/at Atlas/np intercontinental/jj ballistic/jj missile/nn has/hvz entered/vbn the/at operational/jj inventory/nn ./. In/in fourteen/cd recent/jj test/nn launchings/nns ,/, at/in ranges/nns of/in five/cd thousand/cd miles/nns ,/, Atlas/np has/hvz been/ben striking/vbg on/in an/at average/nn within/in two/cd miles/nns of/in the/at target/nn ./. This/dt is/bez less/ap than/cs the/at length/nn of/in a/at jet/nn runway/nn --/-- well/ql within/in the/at circle/nn of/in destruction/nn ./. Incidentally/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz an/at Atlas/np firing/nn last/ap night/nn ./. From/in all/abn reports/nns so/ql far/rb received/vbn ,/, its/pp$ performance/nn conformed/vbd to/in the/at high/jj standards/nns I/ppss have/hv just/rb described/vbn ./. Such/jj performance/nn is/bez a/at great/jj tribute/nn to/in American/jj scientists/nns and/cc engineers/nns ,/, who/wps in/in the/at past/ap five/cd years/nns have/hv had/hvn to/to telescope/vb time/nn and/cc technology/nn to/to develop/vb these/dts long-range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns ,/, where/wrb America/np had/hvd none/pn before/rb ./. This/dt year/nn ,/, moreover/rb ,/, growing/vbg numbers/nns of/in nuclear/jj powered/vbn submarines/nns will/md enter/vb our/pp$ active/jj forces/nns ,/, some/dti to/to be/be armed/vbn with/in Polaris/np missiles/nns ./. These/dts remarkable/jj ships/nns and/cc weapons/nns ,/, ranging/vbg the/at oceans/nns ,/, will/md be/be capable/jj of/in accurate/jj fire/nn on/in targets/nns virtually/rb anywhere/rb on/in earth/nn ./. To/to meet/vb situations/nns of/in less/ap than/cs general/jj nuclear/jj war/nn ,/, we/ppss continue/vb to/to maintain/vb our/pp$ carrier/nn forces/nns ,/, our/pp$ many/ap service/nn units/nns abroad/rb ,/, our/pp$ always/ql ready/jj Army/nn-tl strategic/jj forces/nns and/cc Marine/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl divisions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at civilian/jj components/nns ./. The/at continuing/vbg modernization/nn of/in these/dts forces/nns is/bez a/at costly/jj but/cc necessary/jj process/nn ./. It/pps is/bez scheduled/vbn to/to go/vb forward/rb at/in a/at rate/nn which/wdt will/md steadily/rb add/vb to/in our/pp$ strength/nn ./. The/at deployment/nn of/in a/at portion/nn of/in these/dts forces/nns beyond/in our/pp$ shores/nns ,/, on/in land/nn and/cc sea/nn ,/, is/bez persuasive/jj demonstration/nn of/in our/pp$ determination/nn to/to stand/vb shoulder-to-shoulder/rb with/in our/pp$ allies/nns for/in collective/jj security/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, I/ppss have/hv directed/vbn that/cs steps/nns be/be taken/vbn to/to program/vb on/in a/at longer/jjr range/nn basis/nn our/pp$ military/jj assistance/nn to/in these/dts allies/nns ./. This/dt is/bez necessary/jj for/in a/at sounder/jjr collective/jj defense/nn system/nn ./. Next/rb I/ppss refer/vb to/in our/pp$ program/nn in/in space/nn exploration/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez often/rb mistakenly/rb supposed/vbn to/to be/be an/at integral/jj part/nn of/in defense/nn research/nn and/cc development/nn ./. We/ppss note/vb that/cs ,/, first/od ,/, America/np has/hvz already/rb made/vbn great/jj contributions/nns in/in the/at past/ap two/cd years/nns to/in the/at world's/nn$ fund/nn of/in knowledge/nn of/in astrophysics/nn and/cc space/nn science/nn ./. These/dts discoveries/nns are/ber of/in present/jj interest/nn chiefly/rb to/in the/at scientific/jj community/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc they/ppss are/ber important/jj foundation/nn stones/nns for/in more/ql extensive/jj exploration/nn of/in outer/jj space/nn for/in the/at ultimate/jj benefit/nn of/in all/abn mankind/nn ./. Second/od ,/, our/pp$ military/jj missile/nn program/nn ,/, going/vbg forward/rb so/ql successfully/rb ,/, does/doz not/* suffer/vb from/in our/pp$ present/jj lack/nn of/in very/ql large/jj rocket/nn engines/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber necessary/jj in/in distant/jj space/nn exploration/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem assured/vbn by/in experts/nns that/cs the/at thrust/nn of/in our/pp$ present/jj missiles/nns is/bez fully/ql adequate/jj for/in defense/nn requirements/nns ./. Third/od ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez pressing/vbg forward/rb in/in the/at development/nn of/in large/jj rocket/nn engines/nns to/to place/vb vehicles/nns of/in many/ap tons/nns into/in space/nn for/in exploration/nn purposes/nns ./. Fourth/od ,/, in/in the/at meantime/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez necessary/jj to/to remember/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv only/rb begun/vbn to/to probe/vb the/at environment/nn immediately/rb surrounding/vbg the/at earth/nn ./. Using/vbg launch/nn systems/nns presently/rb available/jj ,/, we/ppss are/ber developing/vbg satellites/nns to/to scout/vb the/at world's/nn$ weather/nn ;/. ;/. satellite/nn relay/nn stations/nns to/to facilitate/vb and/cc extend/vb communications/nns over/in the/at globe/nn ;/. ;/. for/in navigation/nn aids/nns to/to give/vb accurate/jj bearings/nns to/in ships/nns and/cc aircraft/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc for/in perfecting/vbg instruments/nns to/to collect/vb and/cc transmit/vb the/at data/nns we/ppss seek/vb ./. Fifth/od ,/, we/ppss have/hv just/rb completed/vbn a/at year's/nn$ experience/nn with/in our/pp$ new/jj space/nn law/nn ./. I/ppss believe/vb it/ppo deficient/jj in/in certain/jj particulars/nns ./. Suggested/vbn improvements/nns will/md be/be submitted/vbn to/in the/at Congress/np shortly/rb ./. The/at accomplishment/nn of/in the/at many/ap tasks/nns I/ppss have/hv alluded/vbn to/in requires/vbz the/at continuous/jj strengthening/nn of/in the/at spiritual/jj ,/, intellectual/jj ,/, and/cc economic/jj sinews/nns of/in American/jj life/nn ./. The/at steady/jj purpose/nn of/in our/pp$ society/nn is/bez to/to assure/vb justice/nn ,/, before/in God/np ,/, for/in every/at individual/nn ./. We/ppss must/md be/be ever/rb alert/jj that/cs freedom/nn does/doz not/* wither/vb through/in the/at careless/jj amassing/nn of/in restrictive/jj controls/nns or/cc the/at lack/nn of/in courage/nn to/to deal/vb boldly/rb with/in the/at issues/nns of/in the/at day/nn ./. A/at year/nn ago/rb ,/, when/wrb I/ppss met/vbd with/in you/ppo ,/, the/at nation/nn was/bedz emerging/vbg from/in an/at economic/jj downturn/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at signs/nns of/in resurgent/jj prosperity/nn were/bed not/* then/rb sufficiently/ql convincing/jj to/in the/at doubtful/jj ./. Today/nr our/pp$ surging/vbg strength/nn is/bez apparent/jj to/in everyone/pn ./. 1960/cd promises/vbz to/to be/be the/at most/ql prosperous/jj year/nn in/in our/pp$ history/nn ./. Yet/cc we/ppss continue/vb to/to be/be afflicted/vbn by/in nagging/vbg disorders/nns ./. Among/in current/jj problems/nns that/wps require/vb solutions/nns ,/, participated/vbn in/in by/in citizens/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs government/nn ,/, are/ber :/: the/at need/nn to/to protect/vb the/at public/jj interest/nn in/in situations/nns of/in prolonged/vbn labor-management/nn stalemate/nn ;/. ;/. the/at persistent/jj refusal/nn to/to come/vb to/in grips/nns with/in a/at critical/jj problem/nn in/in one/cd sector/nn of/in American/jj agriculture/nn ;/. ;/. the/at continuing/vbg threat/nn of/in inflation/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at persisting/vbg tendency/nn toward/in fiscal/jj irresponsibility/nn ;/. ;/. in/in certain/jj instances/nns the/at denial/nn to/in some/dti of/in our/pp$ citizens/nns of/in equal/jj protection/nn of/in the/at law/nn ./.

cg36

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The/at group/nn ,/, upon/in the/at issuance/nn of/in its/pp$ first/od press/nn release/nn on/in December/np 21/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, designated/vbd itself/ppl a/at ``/`` Committee/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl ''/'' ./. In/in the/at course/nn of/in its/pp$ inquiry/nn ,/, it/pps took/vbd testimony/nn from/in only/rb seven/cd witnesses/nns ./. It/pps heard/vbd Bang-Jensen/np twice/rb and/cc his/pp$ lawyer/nn ,/, Adolf/np A./np Berle/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, once/rb ./. Its/pp$ second/od press/nn release/nn was/bedz on/in January/np 15/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps recommended/vbd that/cs the/at secret/jj papers/nns be/be destroyed/vbn ./. It/pps also/rb implied/vbd that/cs Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd been/ben irresponsible/jj ./. On/in January/np 18/cd ,/, Ernest/np Gross/np conducted/vbd a/at press/nn conference/nn at/in the/at U.N./np lasting/vbg an/at hour/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, he/pps openly/rb attacked/vbd Bang-Jensen/np and/cc referred/vbd to/in his/pp$ ``/`` aberrant/jj conduct/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt conference/nn was/bedz held/vbn despite/in Stavropoulos'/np$ assurance/nn to/in Adolf/np Berle/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz leaving/vbg the/at same/ap day/nn for/in Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, that/cs nothing/pn would/md be/be done/vbn until/in his/pp$ return/nn on/in January/np 22/cd ,/, except/in that/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl would/md probably/rb order/vb the/at list/nn destroyed/vbn ./. On/in January/np 24/cd Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np ,/, accompanied/vbn by/in Adolf/np Berle/np ,/, was/bedz met/vbn by/in Dragoslav/np Protitch/np and/cc Colonel/nn-tl Frank/np Begley/np ,/, former/ap Police/nns-tl Chief/nn-tl of/in Farmington/np ,/, Conn./np ,/, and/cc now/rb head/nn of/in U.N./np special/jj police/nn ./. The/at four/cd ,/, bundled/vbn in/in overcoats/nns ,/, mounted/vbd to/in the/at wind-swept/jj roof/nn of/in the/at U.N./np There/rb ,/, Begley/np lit/vbd a/at fire/nn in/in a/at wire/nn basket/nn ,/, and/cc Bang-Jensen/np dropped/vbd four/cd sealed/vbn envelopes/nns into/in the/at flames/nns ./. In/in one/cd of/in these/dts he/pps said/vbd were/bed notes/nns on/in the/at identities/nns of/in the/at eighty-one/cd refugees/nns ./. The/at method/nn of/in destroying/vbg the/at evidence/nn embarrassed/vbd Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np ./. He/pps knew/vbd it/pps would/md be/be implied/vbn that/cs it/pps was/bedz done/vbn in/in this/dt way/nn at/in his/pp$ insistence/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz right/jj ,/, and/cc Peter/np Marshall/np could/md not/* help/vb but/cc recall/vb Andrew/np Cordier's/np$ words/nns on/in the/at subject/nn ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd as/ql good/jj a/at place/nn as/cs any/dti to/to do/do the/at job/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Gross/np group/nn had/hvd been/ben formed/vbn for/in the/at express/jj purpose/nn of/in advising/vbg the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ./. Hammarskjold's/np$ supposed/vbn desire/nn to/to seek/vb outside/jj legal/jj advice/nn in/in the/at guise/nn of/in Ernest/np Gross/np is/bez illusion/nn ,/, at/in best/jjt ./. Gross's/np$ ,/, being/beg ``/`` outside/in ''/'' the/at U.N./np applied/vbd only/rb to/in a/at physical/jj state/nn ,/, not/* an/at objective/jj one/cd ./. But/cc by/in the/at time/nn the/at papers/nns were/bed finally/rb disposed/vbn of/in ,/, the/at group/nn had/hvd informed/vbn the/at world/nn of/in its/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, its/pp$ recommendations/nns ,/, and/cc its/pp$ belief/nn that/cs Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz not/* of/in sound/jj mind/nn ./. Shortly/rb the/at group/nn would/md issue/vb its/pp$ report/nn to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, recommending/vbg Paul/np Bang-Jensen's/np$ dismissal/nn from/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./. The/at contents/nns of/in this/dt 195-page/jj document/nn would/md become/vb known/vbn to/in many/ap before/cs it/pps would/md become/vb known/vbn to/in the/at man/nn it/pps was/bedz written/vbn about/in ./. ``/`` Until/cs this/dt Hungarian/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl matter/nn came/vbd up/rp ,/, Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz a/at fine/jj and/cc devoted/vbn individual/nn ./. I/ppss had/hvd known/vbn him/ppo for/in some/dti years/nns ,/, when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz a/at delegate/nn and/cc before/rb ,/, and/cc this/dt manner/nn had/hvd never/rb been/ben his/pp$$ ''/'' ./. Ernest/np A./np Gross/np leaned/vbd back/rb in/in his/pp$ chair/nn and/cc told/vbd Peter/np Marshall/np how/wrb Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl Dag/np Hammarskjold/np had/hvd ,/, on/in December/np 4/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, called/vbn him/ppo in/rp as/cs a/at private/jj lawyer/nn to/to review/vb Bang-Jensen's/np$ conduct/nn ``/`` relating/vbg to/in his/pp$ association/nn with/in the/at Special/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl on/in the/at problem/nn of/in Hungary/np ''/'' ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz the/at ``/`` Gross/np-tl Report/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, prepared/vbn by/in Gross/np ,/, as/cs chairman/nn ,/, with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in two/cd U.N./np-tl Under/jj-tl Secretaries/nns-tl ,/, Constantin/np Stavropoulos/np and/cc Philippe/np De/np Seynes/np ./. ``/`` Yes/rb ''/'' ,/, Gross/np went/vbd on/rp ,/, ``/`` Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz an/at up-and-coming/jj young/jj man/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd always/rb done/vbn well/rb ./. Never/rb well/ql known/vbn ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd done/vbn his/pp$ work/nn competently/rb ./. ''/'' Gross/np had/hvd received/vbn Marshall/np courteously/rb and/cc they/ppss were/bed discussing/vbg the/at case/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss know/vb ''/'' ,/, the/at lawyer/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` it's/pps+bez difficult/jj to/to talk/vb like/cs this/dt about/in a/at man/nn who/wps can't/md* answer/vb back/rb ''/'' ./. Gross/np was/bedz behind/in a/at clean-top/jj desk/nn ,/, only/rb a/at manila/nn folder/nn before/in him/ppo ./. Marshall/np sat/vbd in/in one/cd of/in the/at several/ap leather/nn chairs/nns ./. Outside/in the/at office/nn windows/nns ,/, twenty-four/cd stories/nns above/in Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, a/at light/jj rain/nn was/bedz falling/vbg ./. ``/`` Mr./np Gross/np ,/, your/pp$ report/nn says/vbz that/cs '/' our/pp$ function/nn is/bez investigative/jj and/cc advisory/jj and/cc does/doz not/* in/in any/dti way/nn derogate/vb from/in or/cc prejudice/vb Mr./np Bang-Jensen's/np$ rights/nns as/cs a/at staff/nn member/nn ./. You/ppss know/vb ,/, Bang-Jensen/np characterized/vbd your/pp$ Committee/nn-tl as/cs having/hvg prejudged/vbn his/pp$ case/nn ''/'' ./. Gross/np swung/vbd his/pp$ swivel/nn chair/nn ./. ``/`` Well/rb ,/, how/wrb could/md that/dt have/hv been/ben ?/. ?/. I/ppss don't/do* consider/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz prejudged/vbn ./. We/ppss were/bed given/vbn a/at job/nn and/cc we/ppss carried/vbd it/ppo out/rp ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, his/pp$ case/nn was/bedz taken/vbn up/rp by/in the/at Disciplinary/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl ./. ``/`` We/ppss have/hv nothing/pn to/to hide/vb under/in a/at bushel/nn ./. We/ppss did/dod our/pp$ job/nn ,/, Mr./np Stavropoulos/np and/cc Mr./np De/np Seynes/np and/cc myself/ppl ,/, taking/vbg evidence/nn from/in a/at number/nn of/in people/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt did/dod you/ppss think/vb about/in his/pp$ mental/jj state/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I/ppss think/vb our/pp$ report/nn sums/vbz up/rp our/pp$ finding/nn ''/'' ,/, Gross/np answered/vbd ./. ``/`` Don't/do* forget/vb ,/, here/rb was/bedz a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben accusing/vbg his/pp$ colleagues/nns for/in almost/rb a/at year/nn of/in willfully/rb attempting/vbg to/to present/vb an/at incorrect/jj report/nn ./. ``/`` This/dt was/bedz not/* merely/rb alleging/vbg errors/nns ,/, but/cc was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp by/in day-after-day/jj allegations/nns in/in memos/nns ,/, written/vbn charges/nns of/in serious/jj consequence/nn ./. ``/`` This/dt is/bez a/at distressing/jj thing/nn ./. Supposing/cs you/ppss or/cc I/ppss were/bed being/beg accused/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn ,/, and/cc yet/rb we/ppss were/bed doing/vbg our/pp$ level/jj best/jjt to/to carry/vb on/rp our/pp$ work/nn ./. No/at organization/nn can/md carry/vb on/rp like/cs that/dt ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv been/ben in/in government/nn and/cc I/ppss can/md tell/vb some/dti pretty/ql hairy/jj stories/nns about/in personnel/nns difficulties/nns ,/, so/rb I/ppss know/vb what/wdt a/at problem/nn he/pps was/bedz ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt I'd/ppss+md like/vb you/ppss to/to comment/vb on/in is/bez the/at criticism/nn leveled/vbn at/in your/pp$ Committee/nn-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt do/do you/ppss mean/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` For/in instance/nn ,/, regarding/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Gross/np-tl Committee/nn-tl issued/vbd two/cd interim/jj announcements/nns to/in the/at press/nn during/in its/pp$ investigation/nn ./. You/ppss know/vb Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz told/vbn the/at Committee/nn-tl was/bedz '/' to/to convey/vb its/pp$ views/nns ,/, suggestions/nns and/cc recommendations/nns to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ./. In/in his/pp$ own/jj words/nns ,/, Bang-Jensen/np '/' took/vbd it/ppo for/in granted/vbn that/cs the/at Group/nn-tl would/md report/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl privately/rb and/cc not/* in/in public/nn ./. He/pps claimed/vbd that/cs the/at release/nn of/in the/at preliminary/jj findings/nns was/bedz '/' prejudicial/jj to/in his/pp$ position/nn '/' ''/'' ./. Gross/np bristled/vbd ./. For/in an/at instant/nn he/pps glared/vbd speechless/jj at/in Marshall/np ./. ``/`` Listen/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss thought/vbd the/at entire/jj report/nn was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be confidential/jj from/in beginning/nn to/in end/nn ./. But/cc you/ppss know/vb Bang-Jensen/np launched/vbd an/at active/jj campaign/nn against/in us/ppo in/in the/at press/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz getting/vbg so/rb that/cs we/ppss ,/, the/at Committee/nn-tl ,/, were/bed being/beg tried/vbn ./. You/ppss can/md find/vb it/ppo in/in the/at papers/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` Well/uh ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, I've/ppss+hv looked/vbn through/in back-issue/nn files/nns of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl papers/nns for/in December/np ,/, 1957/cd ,/, and/cc haven't/hv* found/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn ''/'' --/-- Gross/np shot/vbd another/dt look/nn at/in Marshall/np ./. ``/`` It/pps wasn't/bedz* necessarily/rb all/abn here/rb in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. Don't/do* forget/vb the/at foreign/jj press/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Then/rb what/wdt about/in the/at second/od interim/jj public/jj announcement/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt cited/vbd Bang-Jensen's/np$ '/' aberrant/jj conduct/nn '/' ''/'' ./. ``/`` The/at reason/nn for/in that/dt report/nn was/bedz to/to settle/vb the/at matter/nn of/in the/at list/nn ./. As/ql far/rb as/cs I'm/ppss+bem concerned/vbn ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at separate/jj matter/nn from/in the/at general/jj Committee/nn-tl study/nn of/in Bang-Jensen's/np$ conduct/nn ./. The/at January/np fifteen/cd report/nn recommended/vbd that/cs Bang-Jensen/np be/be instructed/vbn to/to burn/vb the/at list/nn --/-- the/at papers/nns --/-- in/in the/at presence/nn of/in a/at U.N./np-tl Security/nn-tl Officer/nn-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` How/wrb about/in your/pp$ press/nn conference/nn three/cd days/nns later/rbr --/-- what/wdt was/bedz the/at reason/nn for/in that/dt ?/. ?/. Bang-Jensen/np said/vbd you/ppss told/vbd correspondents/nns that/cs you/ppss had/hvd checked/vbn in/in advance/nn to/to make/vb sure/jj the/at term/nn '/' aberrant/jj conduct/nn '/' was/bedz not/* libelous/jj ./. He/pps claimed/vbd you/ppss made/vbn other/ap slanderous/jj allegations/nns ''/'' ./. Gross/np paused/vbd and/cc repeated/vbd himself/ppl ./. ``/`` The/at entire/jj object/nn of/in the/at press/nn conference/nn was/bedz to/to clarify/vb the/at problem/nn of/in the/at list/nn ,/, since/cs many/ap in/in the/at press/nn were/bed querying/vbg the/at U.N./np about/in it/ppo ./. What/wdt was/bedz the/at list/nn ?/. ?/. I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./. Bang-Jensen/np never/rb explained/vbd what/wdt the/at documents/nns or/cc papers/nns were/bed that/wpo he/pps had/hvd in/in his/pp$ possession/nn ./. ``/`` It/pps was/bedz foolish/jj of/in him/ppo to/to keep/vb them/ppo ,/, whatever/wdt they/ppss were/bed ./. He/pps could/md have/hv been/ben blackmailed/vbn ,/, or/cc his/pp$ family/nn might/md have/hv been/ben threatened/vbn ./. Of/in course/nn the/at matter/nn caught/vbd the/at public's/nn$ attention/nn ./. We/ppss attempted/vbd to/to conclude/vb this/dt ,/, and/cc did/dod so/rb by/in having/hvg the/at papers/nns burned/vbn ./. Hammarskjold/np didn't/dod* like/vb the/at way/nn it/pps was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at sort/nn of/in Gotterdammerung/np affair/nn ./. Hammarskjold/np believes/vbz the/at U.N./np is/bez an/at organization/nn that/wps settles/vbz matters/nns in/in a/at procedural/jj way/nn ./. ''/'' Peter/np Marshall/np reflected/vbd ./. If/cs Hammarskjold/np had/hvd not/* wanted/vbn the/at list/nn disposed/vbn of/in in/in this/dt manner/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd not/* wanted/vbn it/ppo --/-- who/wps had/hvd ordered/vbn it/ppo ?/. ?/. ``/`` Mr./np Gross/np ,/, concerning/in the/at formation/nn of/in your/pp$ Committee/nn-tl ,/, there's/ex+bez the/at fact/nn that/cs you/ppss have/hv been/ben a/at legal/jj adviser/nn to/in the/at U.N./np in/in the/at past/nn ;/. ;/. as/cs I/ppss understand/vb it/ppo ,/, Mr./np Hammarskjold/np wanted/vbd outside/jj advice/nn ./. Could/md you/ppss comment/vb on/in that/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv served/vbn as/cs a/at counsel/nn for/in the/at U.N./np for/in some/dti years/nns ,/, specializing/vbg particularly/rb in/in real/jj estate/nn matters/nns or/cc other/ap problems/nns that/cs the/at regular/jj U.N./np legal/jj staff/nn might/md not/* be/be equipped/vbn to/to handle/vb ./. Mr./np Stavropoulos/np is/bez the/at U.N./np legal/jj chief/nn and/cc a/at very/ql good/jj man/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps is/bez not/* fully/rb versed/jj on/in some/dti technical/jj points/nns of/in American/jj law/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt did/dod you/ppo think/vb about/in Bang-Jensen's/np$ contention/nn of/in errors/nns and/cc omissions/nns in/in the/at Hungarian/jj report/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Marshall/np asked/vbd ./. ``/`` Those/dts ''/'' !/. !/. Gross/np answered/vbd ./. ``/`` Why/wrb ,/, Mick/np Shann/np went/vbd over/in and/cc over/in the/at report/nn with/in Alsing/np Andersen/np ,/, trying/vbg to/to check/vb them/ppo out/rp ./. Even/rb after/in the/at incident/nn between/in Bang-Jensen/np and/cc Shann/np in/in the/at Delegates'/nns$-tl Lounge/nn-tl and/cc this/dt was/bedz not/* the/at way/nn the/at Chicago/np-tl Tribune/nn-tl presented/vbd it/ppo ''/'' ./. Gross/np reached/vbd in/in his/pp$ desk/nn and/cc pulled/vbd out/rp two/cd newspaper/nn clippings/nns ./. One/cd was/bedz an/at article/nn on/in the/at U.N./np by/in Alice/np Widener/np from/in the/at Cincinnati/np Enquirer/np ./. The/at other/ap was/bedz by/in Chesly/np Manley/np in/in the/at Chicago/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Tribune/nn-tl ./. Gross/np pointed/vbd to/in the/at Manley/np story/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss know/vb Ches/np ,/, he's/pps+bez a/at friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ./. He/pps probably/rb didn't/dod* mean/vb to/to write/vb it/ppo this/dt way/nn ,/, or/cc maybe/rb he/pps did/dod ./. There/ex wasn't/bedz* any/dti '/' violent/jj argument/nn '/' between/in Bang-Jensen/np and/cc Shann/np ,/, as/cs the/at Tribune/nn-tl puts/vbz it/ppo ./. That/dt implies/vbz that/cs Shann/np was/bedz on/in the/at enemy/nn side/nn ./. You/ppss see/vb what/wdt I/ppss mean/vb ?/. ?/. How/wrb it's/pps+bez phrased/vbn there/rb --/-- the/at word/nn violent/jj-nc ./. ``/`` The/at case/nn was/bedz that/cs Bang-Jensen/np came/vbd up/in to/in Shann/np claiming/vbg he/pps had/hvd found/vbn further/jjr errors/nns in/in the/at report/nn ./. '/' I've/ppss+hv found/vbn errors/nns and/cc I/ppss want/vb you/ppo to/to look/vb them/ppo over/rp ./. So/rb once/rb again/rb Shann/np had/hvd to/to argue/vb with/in him/ppo about/in this/dt ./. But/cc it/pps wasn't/bedz* a/at violent/jj discussion/nn ./. And/cc after/in all/abn this/dt ,/, Shann/np went/vbd over/rp all/abn that/wpo Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd brought/vbn up/rp ''/'' ./. (/( Shann's/np$ own/jj report/nn ,/, Peter/np Marshall/np reflected/vbd ,/, describes/vbz the/at encounter/nn as/cs ``/`` immoderate/jj ''/'' ./. Bang-Jensen/np was/bedz in/in ``/`` hysterical/jj condition/nn ''/'' ./. )/) Gross/np stopped/vbd briefly/rb ,/, then/rb went/vbd on/rp ./. ``/`` Shann/np was/bedz responsible/jj for/in the/at report/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz felt/vbn terrible/jj about/in all/abn this/dt ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at good/jj report/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod all/abn he/pps could/md to/to make/vb it/ppo a/at good/jj report/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss speak/vb of/in how/wrb Shann/np felt/vbd ,/, I/ppss know/vb well/rb ./. Don't/do* forget/vb ,/, I/ppss am/bem an/at old/jj member/nn of/in the/at club/nn ,/, a/at former/ap delegate/nn ./. I/ppss think/vb you/ppss are/ber being/beg unfair/jj to/to take/vb these/dts things/nns up/rp now/rb ./. ``/`` You/ppss know/vb ,/, this/dt hits/vbz in/in many/ap areas/nns ./. It/pps appeals/vbz to/in those/dts who/wps were/bed frustrated/vbn in/in the/at outcome/nn of/in the/at Hungarian/jj situation/nn ./. Don't/do* forget/vb ,/, the/at U.N./np did/dod no/ql more/rbr than/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl did/dod ./. It/pps takes/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in sophisticated/jj thought/nn to/to get/vb the/at impact/nn of/in this/dt fact/nn ''/'' ./. Chapter/nn 22/cd from/in the/at home/nn of/in his/pp$ friend/nn ,/, Henrik/np Kauffmann/np ,/, in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, Paul/np Bang-Jensen/np sent/vbd a/at telegram/nn dated/vbn December/np 9/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, to/in Ernest/np Gross/np ./. It/pps said/vbd in/in part/nn :/: ``/`` the/at matters/nns to/to be/be considered/vbn are/ber obviously/rb of/in a/at grave/jj character/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss therefore/rb respectfully/rb request/vb that/cs the/at hearing/nn be/be postponed/vbn for/in two/cd weeks/nns in/in order/nn that/cs I/ppss might/md make/vb adequate/jj preparation/nn ''/'' ./. Ernest/np Gross/np replied/vbd the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, putting/vbg the/at suspended/vbn diplomat's/nn$ fears/nns to/in rest/nn ./. ``/`` This/dt reveals/vbz some/dti misunderstanding/nn on/in your/pp$ part/nn ./. The/at group/nn conducting/vbg the/at review/nn is/bez not/* holding/vbg formal/jj hearings/nns ./. It/pps wished/vbd to/to pursue/vb ,/, in/in the/at course/nn of/in this/dt review/nn ,/, questions/nns arising/vbg from/in the/at body/nn of/in material/nn already/rb in/in its/pp$ possession/nn ./. ''/'' It/pps sounded/vbd like/cs a/at fair/jj enough/qlp invitation/nn ,/, Peter/np Marshall/np reflected/vbd ,/, and/cc Bang-Jensen/np must/md have/hv thought/vbn so/rb too/rb ,/, because/cs on/in the/at thirteenth/od ,/, he/pps met/vbd the/at group/nn of/in three/cd on/in the/at thirty-sixth/od floor/nn of/in the/at U.N./np ./. There/rb ,/, Ernest/np Gross/np further/rbr assured/vbd him/ppo :/: ``/`` We/ppss were/bed requested/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, as/cs I/ppss understand/vb it/ppo ,/, to/to discuss/vb with/in you/ppo such/jj matters/nns as/cs appear/vb to/in us/ppo to/to be/be relevant/jj ,/, and/cc we/ppss are/ber not/* of/in course/nn either/cc a/at formal/jj group/nn or/cc a/at committee/nn in/in the/at sense/nn of/in being/beg guided/vbn by/in any/dti rules/nns or/cc regulations/nns of/in the/at Secretariat/nn-tl ./. The/at only/ap rules/nns which/wdt I/ppss think/vb we/ppss shall/md follow/vb will/md be/be those/dts of/in common/jj sense/nn ,/, justice/nn ,/, and/cc fairness/nn ''/'' ./. Peter/np Marshall/np noted/vbd that/cs Bang-Jensen/np had/hvd later/rbr referred/vbn to/in his/pp$ two/cd interviews/nns with/in the/at Gross/np group/nn as/cs ``/`` unfortunate/jj experiences/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc after/in his/pp$ second/od meeting/nn on/in the/at sixteenth/od the/at Dane/np refused/vbd to/to attend/vb further/jjr hearings/nns without/in legal/jj counsel/nn ./. Marshall/np pondered/vbd the/at reason/nn for/in this/dt ,/, and/cc pondered/vbd too/rb the/at replacement/nn of/in one/cd member/nn of/in the/at three-man/jj group/nn ./. J./np A./np C./np Robertson/np ,/, after/cs serving/vbg Gross/np one/cd week/nn ,/, left/vbd for/in England/np ./.

cg37

cg37 |@word fortunately:1 hole:1 find:8 last:5 plug:1 another:3 week:1 pass:4 even:7 missionary:7 enjoy:2 voyage:3 sickness:1 go:5 two:4 young:2 couple:2 honeymoon:1 difficulty:1 food:3 spite:1 pickere:1 dodge:1 explicit:1 instruction:1 regard:1 variation:1 meal:1 seem:2 home:3 everything:1 taste:2 differently:2 land:4 thing:1 fond:1 loathe:1 ann:13 note:1 conclude:1 heavy:1 full:2 feeling:1 stomach:1 due:1 lack:1 exercise:3 walking:1 remedy:1 decide:6 deck:4 chicken:1 coop:1 pigpen:1 hardly:2 suitable:1 skipping:1 alternative:1 rope:1 like:1 child:4 school:1 skip:1 hour:1 time:4 finally:2 tire:1 monotonous:1 form:2 dance:1 instead:1 much:6 fun:1 remind:1 girl:1 old:1 carefree:1 day:7 hasseltine:2 frolic:1 room:3 bradford:2 weather:2 turn:2 warm:2 come:5 well:4 appetite:1 although:3 harriet:6 still:2 little:5 color:2 could:9 face:1 coffee:1 tea:1 without:3 milk:3 always:1 crave:1 type:1 available:1 aboard:2 sailing:2 ship:12 sure:1 baby:2 would:6 bear:3 india:7 burma:7 november:1 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anticipation:1 month:1 dream:1 craved:1 fresh:1 please:1 happy:1 intrigue:1 enjoyment:1 cautiously:1 sample:1 pineapple:1 whose:1 liken:1 rich:1 pear:1 though:1 name:1 banana:1 six:1 act:1 samuel:1 report:1 police:2 station:2 necessity:1 territory:1 try:1 discover:3 disturb:1 michael:1 symes:1 book:1 present:1 altogether:1 picture:1 realize:1 burmese:3 really:1 treat:1 important:1 visitor:1 consider:1 quietly:1 laugh:1 king:1 wish:1 nothing:1 western:1 world:1 gibault:2 visit:1 1793:1 astra:1 promptly:1 commandeer:1 take:3 captor:1 irrawaddy:1 manage:1 back:3 trade:2 item:1 town:1 museum:1 year:1 later:1 return:1 cargo:1 gum:1 lacquer:1 nobody:1 want:1 buy:1 bypass:1 unfriendly:2 knowledge:1 british:1 power:1 idea:1 despise:1 foreigner:1 cruel:1 governor:1 slight:1 whim:1 life:1 succeed:1 country:1 probably:1 allow:1 preach:1 christian:1 faith:1 burman:1 unspeakable:1 torture:1 execution:1 fate:1 mean:1 advise:1 put:1 thought:1 somewhat:1 daunt:1 question:1 clerk:1 receive:1 court:1 director:1 live:1 americans:1 asia:1 convert:1 heathen:1 belligerent:1 explain:1 stop:1 travel:1

Fortunately/rb the/at hole/nn was/bedz found/vbn at/in last/rb and/cc plugged/vbn ./. Another/dt week/nn passed/vbd and/cc even/rb the/at missionaries/nns were/bed enjoying/vbg the/at voyage/nn ./. The/at sickness/nn was/bedz gone/vbn and/cc ,/, after/in all/abn ,/, the/at two/cd young/jj couples/nns were/bed on/in their/pp$ honeymoon/nn ./. The/at only/ap lasting/vbg difficulty/nn was/bedz the/at food/nn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in Pickering/np Dodge's/np$ explicit/jj instructions/nns regarding/in variation/nn of/in meals/nns ,/, the/at food/nn did/dod not/* seem/vb the/at same/ap as/cs at/in home/nn ./. ``/`` Everything/pn tasted/vbd differently/rb from/in what/wdt it/pps does/doz on/in land/nn and/cc those/dts things/nns I/ppss was/bedz most/ql fond/jj of/in at/in home/nn ,/, I/ppss loathed/vbd the/at most/rbt here/rb ''/'' ,/, Ann/np noted/vbd ./. At/in last/rb they/ppss concluded/vbd that/cs the/at heavy/jj ,/, full/jj feeling/nn in/in their/pp$ stomachs/nns was/bedz due/jj to/in lack/nn of/in exercise/nn ./. Walking/vbg was/bedz the/at remedy/nn ,/, they/ppss decided/vbd ,/, but/cc a/at deck/nn full/jj of/in chicken/nn coops/nns and/cc pigpens/nns was/bedz hardly/ql suitable/jj ./. Skipping/vbg was/bedz the/at alternative/nn ./. A/at rope/nn was/bedz found/vbn and/cc ,/, like/cs children/nns in/in school/nn ,/, the/at missionaries/nns skipped/vbd for/in hours/nns at/in a/at time/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, tiring/vbg of/in so/ql monotonous/jj a/at form/nn of/in exercise/nn ,/, they/ppss decided/vbd to/to dance/vb instead/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz much/ql more/ql fun/nn ,/, reminding/vbg the/at girls/nns of/in their/pp$ old/jj carefree/jj days/nns in/in the/at Hasseltine/np frolics/nns room/nn at/in Bradford/np ./. The/at weather/nn turned/vbd warmer/jjr and/cc with/in it/ppo came/vbd better/jjr appetites/nns ,/, although/cs Harriet/np was/bedz still/rb a/at little/ql off-color/jj ./. She/pps could/md not/* face/vb coffee/nn or/cc tea/nn without/in milk/nn ,/, and/cc was/bedz always/rb craving/vbg types/nns of/in food/nn that/wps were/bed not/* available/jj aboard/rb a/at sailing/vbg ship/nn ./. By/in now/rb she/pps was/bedz sure/jj she/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to have/hv a/at baby/nn ,/, deciding/vbg it/pps would/md be/be born/vbn in/in India/np or/cc Burma/np that/dt November/np ./. She/pps was/bedz more/ql excited/vbn than/cs frightened/vbn at/in the/at prospect/nn of/in having/hvg her/pp$ first/od child/nn in/in a/at foreign/jj land/nn ./. The/at crew/nn of/in the/at Caravan/np never/rb failed/vbn to/to amaze/vb Ann/np ,/, who/wps during/in her/pp$ stay/nn in/in Salem/np must/md frequently/rb have/hv overheard/vbn strong/jj sailorly/jj language/nn ./. She/pps wrote/vbd in/in her/pp$ journal/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss have/hv not/* heard/vbn the/at least/ql profane/jj language/nn since/cs I/ppss have/hv been/ben on/in board/nn the/at vessel/nn ./. This/dt is/bez very/ql uncommon/jj ''/'' ./. She/pps was/bedz now/rb enjoying/vbg the/at voyage/nn very/ql much/rb ./. Even/rb the/at first/od wave/nn of/in homesickness/nn had/hvd passed/vbn ,/, although/cs there/ex were/bed moments/nns when/wrb Captain/nn-tl Heard/np pointed/vbd out/rp on/in his/pp$ compass/nn the/at direction/nn of/in Bradford/np that/cs she/pps felt/vbd a/at little/jj twinge/nn at/in her/pp$ heart/nn ./. As/cs for/in Adoniram/np ,/, she/pps found/vbd him/ppo to/to be/be ``/`` the/at kindest/jjt ''/'' of/in husbands/nns ./. On/in Sundays/nrs ,/, with/in the/at permission/nn of/in Captain/nn-tl Heard/np ,/, who/wps usually/rb attended/vbd with/in two/cd of/in his/pp$ officers/nns ,/, services/nns were/bed held/vbn in/in the/at double/jj cabin/nn ./. Sometimes/rb a/at ship/nn would/md be/be sighted/vbn and/cc the/at Caravan/np pass/vb so/ql close/rb that/cs people/nns could/md easily/rb be/be seen/vbn on/in the/at distant/jj deck/nn ./. Captain/nn-tl Heard/np did/dod not/* communicate/vb with/in any/dti strange/jj vessels/nns because/rb of/in the/at possibility/nn of/in war/nn between/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Britain/np ./. As/cs warmer/jjr temperatures/nns were/bed encountered/vbn Ann/np and/cc Harriet/np were/bed introduced/vbn to/in the/at pleasures/nns of/in bathing/vbg daily/rb in/in salt/nn water/nn ./. When/wrb May/np came/vbd the/at Caravan/np had/hvd already/rb crossed/vbn the/at Equator/nn-tl ./. They/ppss were/bed sailing/vbg round/in the/at Cape/nn-tl of/in-tl Good/jj-tl Hope/nn-tl ;/. ;/. the/at weather/nn had/hvd turned/vbn wet/jj and/cc cold/jj ./. At/in this/dt time/nn Harriet/np wrote/vbd in/in a/at letter/nn which/wdt after/cs their/pp$ finally/rb landing/vbg in/in India/np was/bedz sent/vbn to/in her/pp$ mother/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss care/vb not/* how/wql soon/rb we/ppss reach/vb Calcutta/np ,/, and/cc are/ber placed/vbn in/in a/at still/jj room/nn ,/, with/in a/at bowl/nn of/in milk/nn and/cc a/at loaf/nn of/in Indian/jj bread/nn ./. I/ppss can/md hardly/rb think/vb of/in this/dt simple/jj fare/nn without/in exclaiming/vbg ,/, oh/uh ,/, what/wdt a/at luxury/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv been/ben so/ql weary/jj of/in the/at excessive/jj rocking/nn of/in the/at vessel/nn ,/, and/cc the/at almost/ql intolerable/jj smell/nn after/in the/at rain/nn ,/, that/cs I/ppss have/hv done/vbn little/ql more/ap than/cs lounge/vb on/in the/at bed/nn for/in several/ap days/nns ./. But/cc I/ppss have/hv been/ben blest/vbn with/in excellent/jj spirits/nns ,/, and/cc to-day/nr have/hv been/ben running/vbg about/in the/at deck/nn ,/, and/cc dancing/vbg in/in our/pp$ room/nn for/in exercise/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs ever/rb ''/'' ./. While/cs studying/vbg at/in the/at seminary/nn in/in Andover/np ,/, Adoniram/np had/hvd been/ben working/vbg on/in a/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl translation/nn from/in the/at original/jj Greek/np ./. He/pps had/hvd brought/vbn it/ppo along/rb to/to continue/vb during/in the/at voyage/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz one/cd particular/jj word/nn that/wps troubled/vbd his/pp$ conscience/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz the/at Greek/jj word/nn most/ql often/rb translated/vbn as/cs ``/`` baptism/nn ''/'' ./. Born/vbn a/at Congregationalist/np ,/, he/pps had/hvd been/ben baptized/vbn as/cs a/at tiny/jj baby/nn in/in the/at usual/jj manner/nn by/in having/hvg a/at few/ap drops/nns of/in water/nn sprinkled/vbn on/in his/pp$ head/nn ,/, yet/cc nowhere/rb in/in the/at whole/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl could/md he/pps find/vb a/at description/nn of/in anybody/pn being/beg baptized/vbn by/in sprinkling/vbg ./. John/np-tl the/at-tl Baptist/np-tl used/vbd total/jj immersion/nn in/in the/at River/nn-tl Jordan/np for/in believers/nns ;/. ;/. even/rb Christ/np was/bedz baptized/vbn by/in this/dt method/nn ./. The/at more/rbr Adoniram/np looked/vbd at/in the/at Greek/jj word/nn for/in baptism/nn ,/, the/at more/ql unhappy/jj he/pps became/vbd over/in its/pp$ true/jj meaning/nn ./. As/cs was/bedz only/rb natural/jj he/pps confided/vbd his/pp$ searchings/nns to/in Ann/np ,/, conceding/vbg ruefully/rb that/cs it/pps certainly/rb looked/vbd as/cs if/cs their/pp$ own/jj Congregationalists/nps were/bed wrong/jj and/cc the/at Baptists/nps right/jj ./. Ann/np was/bedz very/ql troubled/vbn ./. By/in this/dt time/nn she/pps had/hvd learned/vbn that/cs it/pps was/bedz futile/jj to/to argue/vb with/in her/pp$ young/jj husband/nn ,/, yet/cc the/at uncomfortable/jj fact/nn remained/vbd :/: the/at American/jj-tl Congregationalists/nps were/bed sending/vbg them/ppo as/cs missionaries/nns to/in the/at Far/jj-tl East/nr-tl and/cc paying/vbg their/pp$ salaries/nns ./. What/wdt would/md happen/vb if/cs Adoniram/np ``/`` changed/vbd horses/nns in/in midstream/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Baptists/nps and/cc Congregationalists/nps in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl were/bed on/in friendly/jj terms/nns ./. How/wql embarrassing/vbg it/pps would/md be/be if/cs the/at newly/rb appointed/vbn Congregationalist/np missionaries/nns should/md suddenly/rb switch/vb their/pp$ own/jj beliefs/nns in/in order/nn to/to embrace/vb Baptist/np teachings/nns !/. !/. ``/`` If/cs you/ppss become/vb a/at Baptist/np ,/, I/ppss will/md not/* ''/'' ,/, Ann/np informed/vbd her/pp$ husband/nn ,/, but/cc sweeping/vbg her/pp$ threat/nn aside/rb Adoniram/np continued/vbd to/to search/vb for/in an/at answer/nn to/in the/at personal/jj dilemma/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps found/vbd himself/ppl ./. By/in early/jj June/np they/ppss were/bed a/at hundred/cd miles/nns off/in the/at coast/nn of/in Ceylon/np ,/, by/in which/wdt time/nn all/abn four/cd missionaries/nns were/bed hardened/vbn seafarers/nns ./. Even/rb Harriet/np could/md boldly/rb write/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss know/vb not/* how/wrb it/pps is/bez ;/. ;/. but/cc I/ppss hear/vb the/at thunder/nn roll/vb ;/. ;/. see/vb the/at lightning/nn flash/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at waves/nns threatening/vbg to/to swallow/vb up/rp the/at vessel/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc yet/rb remain/vb unmoved/jj ''/'' ./. Ann/np thrilled/vbd to/in the/at sight/nn of/in a/at delicate/jj butterfly/nn and/cc two/cd strange/jj tropical/jj birds/nns ./. Land/nn was/bedz near/rb ,/, and/cc on/in June/np 12/cd ,/, one/cd hundred/cd and/cc fourteen/cd days/nns after/cs leaving/vbg America/np ,/, they/ppss actually/rb saw/vbd ,/, twenty/cd miles/nns away/rb ,/, the/at coast/nn of/in Orissa/np ./. Captain/nn-tl Heard/np gave/vbd orders/nns for/cs the/at ship/nn to/to be/be anchored/vbn in/in the/at Bay/nn-tl of/in-tl Bengal/np-tl until/cs he/pps could/md obtain/vb the/at services/nns of/in a/at reputable/jj pilot/nn to/to steer/vb her/ppo through/in the/at shallow/jj waters/nns ./. Sometimes/rb ships/nns waited/vbd for/in days/nns for/in such/abl a/at man/nn ,/, but/cc Captain/nn-tl Heard/np was/bedz lucky/jj ./. Next/ap day/nn a/at ship/nn arrived/vbd with/in an/at English/jj pilot/nn ,/, his/pp$ leadsman/nn ,/, an/at English/jj youth/nn ,/, and/cc the/at first/od Hindu/np the/at Judsons/nps and/cc Newells/nps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./. A/at little/jj man/nn with/in a/at ``/`` a/at dark/jj copper/jj color/nn ''/'' skin/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz wearing/vbg ``/`` calico/nn trousers/nns and/cc a/at white/jj cotton/nn short/jj gown/nn ''/'' ./. Ann/np was/bedz plainly/rb disappointed/vbn in/in his/pp$ appearance/nn ./. ``/`` He/pps looks/vbz as/ql feminine/jj as/cs you/ppss can/md imagine/vb ''/'' ,/, she/pps decided/vbd ./. The/at pilot/nn possessed/vbd excellent/jj skill/nn at/in his/pp$ calling/nn ;/. ;/. all/abn day/nn long/rb the/at Caravan/np slowly/rb made/vbd her/pp$ way/nn through/in the/at difficult/jj passages/nns ./. Alas/uh ,/, to/in Ann's/np$ consternation/nn ,/, his/pp$ language/nn while/cs thus/rb employed/vbn left/vbd much/ap to/to be/be desired/vbn ./. He/pps swore/vbd so/ql loudly/rb at/in the/at top/nn of/in his/pp$ voice/nn ,/, that/cs she/pps didn't/dod* get/vb any/dti sleep/nn all/abn the/at next/ap night/nn ./. Next/ap morning/nn the/at Caravan/np was/bedz out/in of/in the/at treacherous/jj Bay/nn-tl ./. Relieved/vbn of/in the/at major/jj part/nn of/in his/pp$ responsibility/nn for/in the/at safety/nn of/in the/at ship/nn ,/, the/at pilot's/nn$ oaths/nns became/vbd fewer/ap ./. Slowly/rb she/pps moved/vbd up/in the/at Hooghli/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, a/at mouth/nn of/in the/at mighty/jj Ganges/np ,/, toward/in Calcutta/np ./. Ann/np was/bedz entranced/vbn with/in the/at view/nn ,/, as/cs were/bed her/pp$ husband/nn and/cc friends/nns ./. Running/vbg across/in the/at deck/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz empty/jj now/rb that/cs the/at livestock/nn had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn and/cc eaten/vbn ,/, they/ppss sniffed/vbd the/at spice-laden/jj breezes/nns that/wps came/vbd from/in the/at shore/nn ,/, each/dt pointing/vbg out/rp new/jj and/cc exciting/jj wonders/nns to/in the/at other/ap ./. Out/rp came/vbd the/at journal/nn and/cc in/in it/ppo went/vbd Ann's/np$ own/jj description/nn of/in the/at scene/nn :/: ``/`` On/in each/dt side/nn of/in the/at Hoogli/np ,/, where/wrb we/ppss are/ber now/rb sailing/vbg ,/, are/ber the/at Hindoo/np cottages/nns ,/, as/ql thick/rb together/rb as/cs the/at houses/nns in/in our/pp$ seaports/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber very/ql small/jj ,/, and/cc in/in the/at form/nn of/in haystacks/nns ,/, without/in either/cc chimney/nn or/cc windows/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber situated/vbn in/in the/at midst/nn of/in trees/nns ,/, which/wdt hang/vb over/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc appear/vb truly/ql romantick/jj ./. The/at grass/nn and/cc fields/nns of/in rice/nn are/ber perfectly/ql green/jj ,/, and/cc herds/nns of/in cattle/nns are/ber everywhere/rb feeding/vbg on/in the/at banks/nns of/in the/at river/nn ,/, and/cc the/at natives/nns are/ber scattered/vbn about/in differently/rb employed/vbn ./. Some/dti are/ber fishing/vbg ,/, some/dti driving/vbg the/at team/nn ,/, and/cc many/ap are/ber sitting/vbg indolently/rb on/in the/at banks/nns of/in the/at river/nn ./. The/at pagodas/nns we/ppss have/hv passed/vbn are/ber much/ql larger/jjr than/cs the/at houses/nns ''/'' ./. Harriet/np was/bedz just/rb as/ql delighted/vbn ./. Where/wrb were/bed the/at hardships/nns she/pps had/hvd expected/vbn ?/. ?/. She/pps was/bedz certain/jj now/rb that/cs it/pps would/md be/be no/ql harder/rbr to/to bear/vb her/pp$ child/nn here/rb in/in such/ql pleasant/jj surroundings/nns than/cs at/in home/nn in/in the/at big/jj white/jj house/nn in/in Haverhill/np ./. With/in childlike/jj innocence/nn she/pps wrote/vbd of/in the/at Indians/nps as/cs ``/`` walking/vbg with/in fruit/nn and/cc umbrellas/nns in/in their/pp$ hands/nns ,/, with/in the/at tawny/jj children/nns around/in them/ppo ./. This/dt is/bez the/at most/ql delightful/jj trial/nn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb had/hvn ''/'' ,/, she/pps decided/vbd ./. The/at Indians/nps who/wps came/vbd aboard/rb ship/nn to/to collect/vb the/at mail/nn also/rb interested/vbd her/ppo greatly/rb ,/, even/rb if/cs she/pps was/bedz suitably/rb shocked/vbn ,/, according/in to/in the/at customs/nns of/in the/at society/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps had/hvd been/ben reared/vbn ,/, to/to find/vb them/ppo ``/`` naked/jj ,/, except/in a/at piece/nn of/in cotton/nn cloth/nn wrapped/vbn around/in their/pp$ middle/nn ''/'' ./. At/in last/ap they/ppss saw/vbd Calcutta/np ,/, largest/jjt city/nn of/in Bengal/np and/cc the/at Caravan's/np$ destination/nn ./. Founded/vbn August/np 24/cd ,/, 1690/cd by/in Job/np Charnock/np of/in the/at East/jj-tl India/np-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, and/cc commonly/rb called/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl City/nn-tl of/in-tl Palaces/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd a/at vast/jj and/cc elegant/jj place/nn to/in Ann/np Hasseltine/np Judson/np ./. Solid/jj brick/nn buildings/nns painted/vbn dazzling/vbg white/jj ,/, large/jj domes/nns and/cc tall/jj ,/, picturesque/jj palms/nns stretched/vbd as/ql far/rb as/cs the/at eye/nn could/md see/vb ,/, while/cs the/at wharves/nns and/cc harbor/nn were/bed filled/vbn with/in tall-masted/jj sailing/vbg ships/nns ./. The/at noise/nn stunned/vbd her/ppo ./. Crowds/nns flocked/vbd through/in the/at waterfront/nn streets/nns chattering/vbg loudly/rb in/in their/pp$ strange-sounding/jj Bengali/jj tongue/nn ./. Harriet's/np$ mouth/nn watered/vbd with/in anticipation/nn when/wrb after/in months/nns of/in dreaming/vbg she/pps sat/vbd down/rp at/in last/ap to/in her/pp$ much-craved/jj milk/nn and/cc fresh/jj bread/nn ./. Ann/np ,/, pleased/vbn to/to see/vb her/pp$ friend/nn happy/jj ,/, was/bedz intrigued/vbn by/in the/at new/jj fruits/nns a/at friend/nn of/in Captain/nn-tl Heard/np had/hvd sent/vbn on/in board/nn for/in their/pp$ enjoyment/nn ./. Cautiously/rb she/pps sampled/vbd her/pp$ first/od pineapple/nn and/cc another/dt fruit/nn whose/wp$ taste/nn she/pps likened/vbd to/in that/dt of/in ``/`` a/at rich/jj pear/nn ''/'' ./. Though/cs she/pps did/dod not/* then/rb know/vb its/pp$ name/nn ,/, this/dt strange/jj new/jj fruit/nn was/bedz a/at banana/nn ./. Six/cd The/at first/od act/nn of/in Adoniram/np and/cc Samuel/np on/in reaching/vbg Calcutta/np was/bedz to/to report/vb at/in the/at police/nn station/nn ,/, a/at necessity/nn when/wrb landing/vbg in/in East/jj-tl India/np-tl Company/nn-tl territory/nn ./. On/in the/at way/nn they/ppss tried/vbd to/to discover/vb all/abn they/ppss could/md about/in Burma/np ,/, and/cc they/ppss were/bed disturbed/vbn to/to find/vb that/cs Michael/np Symes's/np$ book/nn had/hvd not/* presented/vbn an/at altogether/ql true/jj picture/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd failed/vbn to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at Burmese/nps were/bed not/* really/rb treating/vbg him/ppo as/cs the/at important/jj visitor/nn he/pps considered/vbd himself/ppl ./. They/ppss were/bed in/in fact/nn quietly/rb laughing/vbg at/in him/ppo ,/, for/cs their/pp$ King/nn-tl wished/vbd to/to have/hv nothing/pn to/to do/do with/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ./. When/wrb Captain/nn-tl John/np Gibault/np of/in Salem/np had/hvd visited/vbn Burma/np in/in 1793/cd his/pp$ ship/nn ,/, the/at Astra/np ,/, had/hvd been/ben promptly/rb commandeered/vbn and/cc taken/vbn by/in her/pp$ captors/nns up/in the/at Irrawaddy/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. Although/cs after/in much/ap trouble/nn he/pps did/dod manage/vb to/to get/vb it/ppo back/rb ,/, he/pps discovered/vbd there/ex was/bedz no/at trade/nn to/to be/be had/hvn ./. All/abn Captain/nn-tl Gibault/np took/vbd back/rb to/in Salem/np were/bed a/at few/ap items/nns for/in the/at town's/nn$ East/jj-tl India/np-tl Museum/nn-tl ./. A/at year/nn later/rbr another/dt Salem/np ship/nn returned/vbd from/in Burma/np with/in a/at cargo/nn of/in gum/nn lacquer/nn which/wdt nobody/pn wanted/vbd to/to buy/vb ./. After/in that/dt Salem/np ships/nns decided/vbd to/to bypass/vb unfriendly/jj Burma/np ./. The/at Burmese/nps appeared/vbd to/to have/hv little/ap knowledge/nn of/in British/jj power/nn or/cc any/dti idea/nn of/in trade/nn ./. They/ppss despised/vbd foreigners/nns ./. Cruel/jj Burmese/jj governors/nns could/md ,/, on/in the/at slightest/jjt whim/nn ,/, take/vb a/at man's/nn$ life/nn ./. As/in for/in missionaries/nns ,/, even/rb if/cs they/ppss succeeded/vbd in/in getting/vbg into/in the/at country/nn they/ppss probably/rb would/md not/* be/be allowed/vbn to/to preach/vb the/at Christian/jj faith/nn to/in the/at Burmans/nps ./. Unspeakable/jj tortures/nns or/cc even/rb execution/nn might/md well/rb be/be their/pp$ fate/nn ./. ``/`` Go/vb back/rb to/in America/np or/cc any/dti other/ap place/nn ''/'' ,/, well-meaning/jj friends/nns of/in Captain/nn-tl Heard/np advised/vbd them/ppo ,/, ``/`` but/cc put/vbd thoughts/nns of/in going/vbg to/in Burma/np out/in of/in your/pp$ heads/nns ''/'' ./. Somewhat/ql daunted/vbn ,/, the/at two/cd American/jj missionaries/nns reached/vbd the/at police/nn station/nn where/wrb they/ppss were/bed questioned/vbn by/in a/at most/ql unfriendly/jj clerk/nn ./. When/wrb he/pps discovered/vbd they/ppss had/hvd received/vbn from/in the/at Company's/nn$-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Directors/nns-tl no/at permission/nn to/to live/vb in/in India/np ,/, coupled/vbn with/in the/at fact/nn that/cs they/ppss were/bed Americans/nps who/wps had/hvd been/ben sent/vbn to/in Asia/np to/to convert/vb ``/`` the/at heathen/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps became/vbd more/ql belligerent/jj than/cs ever/rb ./. They/ppss explained/vbd that/cs they/ppss desired/vbd only/rb to/to stop/vb in/in India/np until/cs a/at ship/nn traveling/vbg on/rp to/in Burma/np could/md be/be found/vbn ./.

cg38

cg38 |@word describe:2 first:4 imaginary:1 reaction:2 foreigner:1 puzzle:1 unseasonable:1 exultation:1 answer:5 confused:1 honest:1 englishman:12 reason:1 whig:8 joy:1 occasion:1 find:4 expectation:1 regain:1 control:1 government:3 delight:1 prospect:1 new:5 war:2 hope:1 tory:13 hang:1 author:2 mrs:1 manley:1 sarcastically:1 deplore:2 sole:1 defense:6 protestant:2 cause:2 leave:1 ridpath:1 dick:1 steele:31 associate:1 apostle:1 young:2 man:3 coffee:2 house:9 another:2 controversy:2 typical:1 examiner:4 center:2 robert:1 later:3 viscount:1 molesworth:7 leader:3 ireland:2 member:1 irish:3 privy:3 council:3 december:1 21:1 day:3 commons:1 petition:1 removal:2 sir:1 constantine:1 phipps:2 lord:2 chancellor:1 reportedly:1 make:6 remark:4 convocation:4 turn:2 world:1 upside:1 come:2 hither:1 also:2 upon:1 complaint:1 low:1 remove:1 represent:1 blasphemous:1 affront:3 clergy:4 earlier:2 praise:1 tatler:1 189:1 defend:2 46:1 depict:1 setback:1 constitution:2 hand:1 naturally:1 assail:1 press:2 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She/pps describes/vbz ,/, first/rb ,/, the/at imaginary/jj reaction/nn of/in a/at foreigner/nn puzzled/vbn by/in this/dt ``/`` unseasonable/jj exultation/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez answered/vbn by/in a/at confused/vbn ,/, honest/jj Englishman/np ./. The/at reasons/nns for/in the/at Whig/np joy/nn on/in this/dt occasion/nn are/ber found/vbn to/to be/be their/pp$ expectation/nn of/in regaining/vbg control/nn of/in the/at government/nn ,/, their/pp$ delight/nn at/in the/at prospect/nn of/in a/at new/jj war/nn ,/, their/pp$ hopes/nns of/in having/hvg the/at Tories/nps hanged/vbn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./. As/in for/in the/at author/nn of/in the/at Englishman/np ,/, Mrs./np Manley/np sarcastically/rb deplores/vbz that/cs the/at sole/jj defense/nn of/in the/at Protestant/jj cause/nn should/md be/be left/vbn to/in ``/`` Ridpath/np ,/, Dick/np Steele/np ,/, and/cc their/pp$ Associates/nns ,/, with/in the/at Apostles/nns-tl of/in Young/jj-tl Man's/nn$-tl Coffee-House/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Another/dt controversy/nn typical/jj of/in the/at war/nn between/in the/at Englishman/np and/cc the/at Examiner/nn-tl centered/vbd on/in Robert/np (/( later/rbr Viscount/np )/) Molesworth/np ,/, a/at Whig/np leader/nn in/in Ireland/np and/cc a/at member/nn of/in the/at Irish/jj-tl Privy/jj-tl Council/nn-tl ./. On/in December/np 21/cd ,/, the/at day/nn that/cs the/at Irish/jj-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Commons/nns-tl petitioned/vbd for/in removal/nn of/in Sir/np Constantine/np Phipps/np ,/, their/pp$ Tory/np-tl Lord/nn-tl Chancellor/nn-tl ,/, Molesworth/np reportedly/rb made/vbd this/dt remark/nn on/in the/at defense/nn of/in Phipps/np by/in Convocation/nn-tl :/: ``/`` They/ppss that/wps have/hv turned/vbn the/at world/nn upside/rb down/rp ,/, are/ber come/vbn hither/rb also/rb ''/'' ./. Upon/in complaints/nns from/in the/at Lower/jjr-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Convocation/nn-tl to/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Lords/nns-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz removed/vbn from/in the/at Privy/jj-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, his/pp$ remark/nn having/hvg been/ben represented/vbn as/cs a/at blasphemous/jj affront/nn to/in the/at clergy/nn ./. Steele/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd earlier/rbr praised/vbn Molesworth/np in/in Tatler/np-tl No./nn-tl 189/cd-tl ,/, now/rb defended/vbd him/ppo in/in Englishman/np-tl No./nn-tl 46/cd-tl ,/, depicting/vbg his/pp$ removal/nn as/cs a/at setback/nn to/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, Molesworth/np was/bedz naturally/rb assailed/vbn in/in the/at Tory/np press/nn ./. Swift/np ,/, in/in the/at Dublin/np edition/nn of/in A/at-tl Preface/nn-tl to/in-tl the/at-tl Bishop/nn-tl of/in-tl Sarum's/np$-tl Introduction/nn-tl ,/, indicated/vbd his/pp$ feelings/nns by/in including/vbg Molesworth/np ,/, along/rb with/in Toland/np ,/, Tindal/np ,/, and/cc Collins/np ,/, in/in the/at group/nn of/in those/dts who/wps ,/, like/cs Burnet/np ,/, are/ber engaged/vbn in/in attacking/vbg all/abn Convocations/nns-tl of/in the/at clergy/nn ./. In/in the/at same/ap way/nn he/pps coupled/vbd Molesworth/np and/cc Wharton/np in/in a/at letter/nn to/in Archbishop/nn-tl King/np ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd earlier/rbr described/vbn him/ppo as/cs ``/`` the/at worst/jjt of/in them/ppo ''/'' in/in some/dti ``/`` Observations/nns-tl ''/'' on/in-tl the/at-tl Irish/jj-tl Privy/jj-tl Council/nn-tl submitted/vbn to/in Oxford/np ./. A/at month/nn later/rbr ,/, in/in The/at-tl Publick/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Whigs/nps-tl ,/, he/pps used/vbd Steele's/np$ defense/nn of/in Molesworth/np as/cs evidence/nn of/in his/pp$ disrespect/nn for/in the/at clergy/nn ,/, calling/vbg Steele's/np$ position/nn an/at affront/nn to/in the/at ``/`` whole/jj Convocation/nn-tl of/in-tl Ireland/np-tl ''/'' ./. On/in this/dt issue/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, as/cs on/in so/ql many/ap in/in these/dts months/nns ,/, Steele/np and/cc Swift/np took/vbd rigidly/rb opposed/vbn points/nns of/in view/nn ./. In/in the/at early/jj months/nns of/in 1714/cd ,/, the/at battle/nn between/in Swift/np and/cc Steele/np over/in the/at issue/nn of/in the/at Succession/nn-tl entered/vbd its/pp$ major/jj phase/nn ./. The/at preliminaries/nns ended/vbd with/in the/at publication/nn of/in Steele's/np$ Crisis/nn-tl on/in January/np 19/cd ,/, and/cc from/in that/dt point/nn on/rp the/at fight/nn proceeded/vbd at/in a/at rapid/jj pace/nn ./. In/in answer/nn to/in The/at-tl Crisis/nn-tl ,/, Swift/np produced/vbd The/at-tl Publick/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Whigs/nps-tl ,/, his/pp$ most/ql extensive/jj and/cc bitter/jj attack/nn on/in his/pp$ old/jj friend/nn ./. By/in this/dt time/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb ,/, the/at Tories/nps were/bed already/rb planning/vbg to/to ``/`` punish/vb ''/'' Steele/np for/in his/pp$ political/jj writing/nn by/in expelling/vbg him/ppo from/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Commons/nns-tl ./. Despite/in his/pp$ defense/nn of/in himself/ppl in/in the/at final/jj paper/nn of/in the/at Englishman/np and/cc in/in his/pp$ speech/nn before/in the/at House/nn-tl ,/, their/pp$ efforts/nns were/bed successful/jj ./. Steele/np lost/vbd his/pp$ seat/nn in/in Parliament/nn-tl ,/, and/cc his/pp$ personal/jj quarrel/nn with/in Swift/np ,/, by/in now/rb a/at public/jj issue/nn ,/, thus/rb reached/vbd its/pp$ climax/nn ./. Of/in all/abn the/at Whig/np tracts/nns written/vbn in/in support/nn of/in the/at Succession/nn-tl ,/, The/at-tl Crisis/nn-tl is/bez perhaps/rb the/at most/ql significant/jj ./. Certainly/rb it/pps is/bez the/at most/ql pretentious/jj and/cc elaborate/jj ./. Hanoverian/jj agents/nns assisted/vbd in/in promoting/vbg circulation/nn ,/, said/vbn to/to have/hv reached/vbn 40,000/cd ,/, and/cc if/cs one/pn may/md judge/vb by/in the/at reaction/nn of/in Swift/np and/cc other/ap government/nn writers/nns ,/, the/at work/nn must/md have/hv had/hvn considerable/jj impact/nn ./. Steele's/np$ main/jjs business/nn here/rb is/bez to/to arouse/vb public/jj opinion/nn to/in the/at immediate/jj danger/nn of/in a/at Stuart/np-tl Restoration/nn-tl ./. To/in this/dt end/nn ,/, the/at first/od and/cc longest/jjt section/nn of/in the/at tract/nn cites/vbz all/abn the/at laws/nns enacted/vbn since/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl to/to defend/vb England/np against/in the/at ``/`` Arbitrary/jj Power/nn of/in a/at Popish/jj Prince/nn ''/'' ./. In/in his/pp$ comment/nn on/in these/dts laws/nns Steele/np sounds/vbz all/abn the/at usual/jj notes/nns of/in current/jj Whig/np propaganda/nn ,/, ranging/vbg from/in a/at criticism/nn of/in the/at Tory/np peace/nn to/in an/at attack/nn on/in the/at dismissal/nn of/in Marlborough/np ;/. ;/. but/cc his/pp$ principal/jjs theme/nn is/bez that/cs the/at intrigues/nns of/in the/at Tories/nps ,/, ``/`` our/pp$ Popish/jj-tl or/cc Jacobite/jj-tl Party/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, pose/vb an/at immediate/jj threat/nn to/in Church/nn-tl and/cc State/nn-tl ./. Like/in Burnet/np ,/, he/pps deplores/vbz the/at indifference/nn of/in the/at people/nns in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at crisis/nn ./. Treasonable/jj books/nns striking/vbg at/in the/at Hanoverian/jj-tl Succession/nn-tl ,/, he/pps complains/vbz ,/, are/ber allowed/vbn to/to pass/vb unnoticed/jj ./. In/in this/dt connection/nn ,/, Swift/np ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez drawn/vbn in/rp for/in attack/nn :/: ``/`` The/at Author/nn of/in The/at-tl Conduct/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Allies/nns-tl has/hvz dared/vbn to/to drop/vb Insinuations/nns about/in altering/vbg the/at Succession/nn ''/'' ./. In/in his/pp$ effort/nn to/to stir/vb the/at public/nn from/in its/pp$ lethargy/nn ,/, Steele/np goes/vbz so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to list/vb Catholic/jj atrocities/nns of/in the/at sort/nn to/to be/be expected/vbn in/in the/at event/nn of/in a/at Stuart/np-tl Restoration/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, with/in rousing/jj rhetoric/nn ,/, he/pps asserts/vbz that/cs the/at only/ap preservation/nn from/in these/dts ``/`` Terrours/nns ''/'' is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at laws/nns he/pps has/hvz so/ql tediously/rb cited/vbn ./. ``/`` It/pps is/bez no/at time/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps writes/vbz ,/, ``/`` to/to talk/vb with/in Hints/nns and/cc Innuendos/nns ,/, but/cc openly/rb and/cc honestly/rb to/to profess/vb our/pp$ Sentiments/nns before/cs our/pp$ Enemies/nns have/hv compleated/vbn and/cc put/vbn their/pp$ Designs/nns in/in Execution/nn against/in us/ppo ''/'' ./. Steele/np apparently/rb professed/vbd his/pp$ sentiments/nns in/in this/dt book/nn too/ql openly/rb and/cc honestly/rb for/in his/pp$ own/jj good/nn ,/, since/cs the/at government/nn was/bedz soon/rb to/to use/vb it/ppo as/cs evidence/nn against/in him/ppo in/in his/pp$ trial/nn before/in the/at House/nn-tl ./. In/in the/at final/jj issues/nns of/in the/at Englishman/np ,/, which/wdt ended/vbd just/rb as/cs the/at new/jj session/nn of/in Parliament/nn-tl began/vbd ,/, he/pps provided/vbd his/pp$ enemies/nns with/in still/ql more/ap ammunition/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, No./nn-tl 56/cd-tl printed/vbd the/at patent/nn giving/vbg the/at Electoral/jj-tl Prince/nn-tl the/at title/nn of/in Duke/nn-tl of/in-tl Cambridge/np-tl ./. In/in a/at few/ap months/nns the/at Duke/nn-tl was/bedz to/to be/be the/at center/nn of/in a/at controversy/nn of/in some/dti significance/nn on/in the/at touchy/jj question/nn of/in the/at Protestant/jj-tl Succession/nn-tl ./. At/in the/at order/nn of/in the/at Dowager/nn-tl Electress/nn-tl ,/, the/at Hanoverian/jj agents/nns ,/, supported/vbn by/in the/at Whig/np leaders/nns ,/, demanded/vbd that/cs a/at writ/nn of/in summons/nn be/be issued/vbn which/wdt would/md call/vb the/at Duke/nn-tl to/in England/np to/to sit/vb in/in Parliament/nn-tl ,/, thus/rb further/rbr insuring/vbg the/at Succession/nn by/in establishing/vbg a/at Hanoverian/jj-tl Prince/nn-tl in/in England/np before/in the/at Queen's/nn$-tl death/nn ./. Anne/np was/bedz furious/jj ,/, and/cc Bolingbroke/np advised/vbd that/cs the/at request/nn be/be refused/vbn ./. Oxford/np ,/, realizing/vbg that/cs the/at law/nn required/vbd the/at issuance/nn of/in the/at writ/nn ,/, took/vbd the/at opposite/jj view/nn ,/, for/in which/wdt the/at Queen/nn-tl never/rb forgave/vbd him/ppo ./. Accordingly/rb the/at request/nn was/bedz granted/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at Elector/nn-tl himself/ppl ,/, who/wps had/hvd not/* been/ben consulted/vbn by/in his/pp$ mother/nn ,/, rejected/vbd the/at proposal/nn and/cc recalled/vbd his/pp$ agent/nn Schutz/np ,/, whose/wp$ impolitic/jj handling/nn of/in the/at affair/nn had/hvd caused/vbn the/at Hanoverian/jj interest/nn to/to suffer/vb and/cc had/hvd made/vbn Oxford's/np$ dismissal/nn more/ql likely/rb than/cs ever/rb ./. Steele/np in/in this/dt paper/nn is/bez indicating/vbg his/pp$ sympathy/nn for/in such/abl a/at plan/nn ./. A/at few/ap days/nns after/cs this/dt Englishman/np-tl appeared/vbd ,/, Defoe/np reported/vbd to/in Oxford/np that/cs Steele/np was/bedz expected/vbn to/to move/vb in/in Parliament/nn-tl that/cs the/at Duke/nn-tl be/be called/vbn over/rp ;/. ;/. Defoe/np then/rb commented/vbd ,/, ``/`` If/cs they/ppss Could/md Draw/vb that/dt young/jj Gentleman/nn into/in Their/pp$ Measures/nns They/ppss would/md show/vb themselves/ppls quickly/rb ,/, for/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* asham'd/jj to/to Say/vb They/ppss want/vb only/rb a/at head/nn to/in Make/vb a/at beginning/nn ''/'' ./. The/at final/jj issue/nn of/in the/at Englishman/np-tl ,/, No./nn-tl 57/cd-tl for/in February/np 15/cd ,/, ran/vbd to/in some/dti length/nn and/cc was/bedz printed/vbn as/cs a/at separate/jj pamphlet/nn ,/, entitled/vbn The/at-tl Englishman/np-tl :/: Being/beg the/at Close/nn of/in the/at Paper/nn So-called/jj ./. Steele's/np$ purpose/nn is/bez to/to present/vb a/at general/jj defense/nn of/in his/pp$ political/jj writing/nn and/cc a/at resume/nn of/in the/at themes/nns which/wdt had/hvd occupied/vbn him/ppo in/in the/at Englishman/np-tl ;/. ;/. but/cc there/ex is/bez much/ap here/rb also/rb which/wdt bears/vbz directly/rb on/in his/pp$ personal/jj quarrel/nn with/in Swift/np ./. Thus/rb he/pps complains/vbz ,/, with/in considerable/jj justice/nn ,/, that/cs the/at Tory/np writers/nns have/hv resorted/vbn to/in libel/nn instead/rb of/in answering/vbg his/pp$ arguments/nns ./. His/pp$ birth/nn ,/, education/nn ,/, and/cc fortune/nn ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, have/hv all/abn been/ben ridiculed/vbn simply/rb because/cs he/pps has/hvz spoken/vbn with/in the/at freedom/nn of/in an/at Englishman/np ,/, and/cc he/pps assures/vbz the/at reader/nn that/cs ``/`` whoever/wps talks/vbz with/in me/ppo ,/, is/bez speaking/vbg to/in a/at Gentleman/nn born/vbn ''/'' ./. As/cs notable/jj examples/nns of/in this/dt abuse/nn ,/, he/pps quotes/vbz passages/nns from/in the/at Examiner/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` that/dt Destroyer/nn of/in all/abn things/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc The/at-tl Character/nn-tl of/in-tl Richard/np-tl Steele/np-tl ,/, which/wdt he/pps here/rb attributes/vbz to/in Swift/np ./. Though/cs put/vbn in/in rather/ql maudlin/jj terms/nns ,/, Steele's/np$ defense/nn of/in himself/ppl has/hvz a/at reasonable/jj basis/nn ./. His/pp$ point/nn is/bez simply/rb that/cs the/at Tories/nps have/hv showered/vbn him/ppo with/in personal/jj satire/nn ,/, despite/in the/at fact/nn that/cs as/cs a/at private/jj subject/nn he/pps has/hvz a/at right/nn to/to speak/vb on/in political/jj matters/nns without/in affronting/vbg the/at prerogative/nn of/in the/at Sovereign/nn-tl ./. He/pps claims/vbz ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs his/pp$ political/jj convictions/nns are/ber simply/rb those/dts which/wdt are/ber called/vbn ``/`` Revolution/nn-tl Principles/nns-tl ''/'' and/cc which/wdt are/ber accepted/vbn by/in moderate/jj men/nns in/in both/abx parties/nns ./. The/at final/jj section/nn of/in this/dt pamphlet/nn is/bez of/in special/jj interest/nn in/in a/at consideration/nn of/in Steele's/np$ relations/nns with/in Swift/np ./. It/pps purports/vbz to/to be/be a/at letter/nn from/in Steele/np to/in a/at friend/nn at/in court/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in Miss/np Blanchard's/np$ opinion/nn ,/, could/md only/rb be/be meant/vbn as/cs Swift/np ./. Steele/np first/rb answers/vbz briefly/rb the/at charges/nns which/wdt his/pp$ ``/`` dear/jj old/jj Friend/nn ''/'' has/nil made/nil about/nil his/nil pamphlet/nil on/nil Dunkirk/nil and/nil his/nil Crisis/nil ./. Then/nil he/nil launches/nil into/nil an/nil attack/nil on/nil the/nil Tory/nil ministers/nil ,/, whom/nil he/nil calls/nil the/nil ``/`` New/jj Converts/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/. by/in this/dt term/nn he/pps means/vbz to/to ridicule/vb their/pp$ professions/nns of/in acting/vbg in/in the/at interest/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl despite/in their/pp$ own/jj education/nn and/cc manner/nn of/in life/nn --/-- a/at gibe/nn ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, at/in the/at ``/`` Presbyterianism/np ''/'' in/in Harley's/np$ family/nn and/cc at/in Bolingbroke's/np$ reputed/vbn impiety/nn ./. The/at Tory/np leaders/nns ,/, he/pps insinuates/vbz ,/, are/ber cynically/rb using/vbg the/at Church/nn-tl as/cs a/at political/jj ``/`` By-word/nn ''/'' to/to increase/vb party/nn friction/nn and/cc keep/vb themselves/ppls in/in power/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at principal/jjs point/nn made/vbn in/in this/dt final/jj section/nn of/in Englishman/np-tl No./nn-tl 57/cd-tl ,/, and/cc it/pps caps/vbz Steele's/np$ efforts/nns in/in his/pp$ other/ap writing/nn of/in these/dts months/nns to/to counteract/vb the/at notion/nn of/in the/at Tories/nps as/cs a/at ``/`` Church/nn-tl Party/nn-tl ''/'' supported/vbn by/in the/at body/nn of/in the/at clergy/nn ./. Next/rb ,/, Steele/np turns/vbz his/pp$ attention/nn to/in the/at ``/`` Courtier/nn-tl ''/'' he/pps is/bez addressing/vbg ./. He/pps explains/vbz that/cs there/ex are/ber sometimes/rb honorable/jj courtiers/nns ,/, but/cc that/cs too/ql often/rb a/at man/nn who/wps succeeds/vbz at/in court/nn does/doz not/* hesitate/vb to/to sacrifice/vb his/pp$ Sovereign/nn-tl and/cc nation/nn to/in his/pp$ own/jj avarice/nn and/cc ambition/nn ./. Such/jj ,/, he/pps implies/vbz ,/, is/bez the/at case/nn with/in his/pp$ friend/nn ,/, who/wps is/bez not/* really/rb a/at new/jj convert/nn himself/ppl but/cc merely/rb a/at favorer/nn of/in new/jj converts/nns ./. If/cs ``/`` Jack/np-tl the/at-tl Courtier/nn-tl ''/'' is/bez really/rb to/to be/be taken/vbn as/cs Swift/np ,/, the/at following/vbg remark/nn is/bez obviously/rb Steele's/np$ comment/nn on/in Swift's/np$ change/nn of/in parties/nns and/cc its/pp$ effect/nn on/in their/pp$ friendship/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss assure/vb you/ppo ,/, dear/jj Jack/np ,/, when/wrb I/ppss first/rb found/vbd out/rp such/abl an/at Allay/nn in/in you/ppo ,/, as/cs makes/vbz you/ppo of/in so/ql malleable/jj a/at Constitution/nn ,/, that/cs you/ppss may/md be/be worked/vbn into/in any/dti Form/nn an/at Artificer/nn pleases/vbz ,/, I/ppss foresaw/vbd I/ppss should/md not/* enjoy/vb your/pp$ Favour/nn much/ql longer/rbr ''/'' ./. He/pps closes/vbz his/pp$ ``/`` letter/nn ''/'' by/in demanding/vbg that/cs Dunkirk/np be/be demolished/vbn ,/, that/cs the/at Pretender/nn-tl be/be forced/vbn to/to move/vb farther/ql away/rb from/in the/at coast/nn of/in England/np ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at Queen/nn-tl and/cc the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Hanover/np-tl come/vb to/in a/at better/jjr understanding/nn ./. The/at last/ap point/nn was/bedz soon/rb to/to be/be included/vbn in/in the/at ``/`` seditious/jj ''/'' remarks/nns used/vbn against/in him/ppo in/in Parliament/nn-tl ./. The/at Examiner/nn-tl ,/, during/in Steele's/np$ trial/nn a/at month/nn later/rbr ,/, printed/vbd an/at answer/nn from/in the/at ``/`` Courtier/nn-tl ''/'' addressed/vbn to/in ``/`` R./np S./np ''/'' at/in Button's/np$ coffee-house/nn ./. He/pps reviews/vbz Steele's/np$ entrance/nn into/in politics/nn and/cc finds/vbz that/cs his/pp$ present/jj difficulties/nns are/ber due/jj to/in his/pp$ habit/nn of/in attributing/vbg to/in his/pp$ own/jj abilities/nns and/cc talents/nns achievements/nns which/wdt more/ql properly/rb should/md be/be credited/vbn to/in the/at indulgence/nn of/in his/pp$ friends/nns ./. Once/rb more/ql ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, Steele/np is/bez said/vbn to/to be/be indebted/jj to/in Swift/np for/in his/pp$ ``/`` wit/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. this/dt was/bedz the/at form/nn in/in which/wdt their/pp$ private/jj feud/nn most/ql often/rb appeared/vbd in/in the/at Tory/np press/nn ,/, especially/rb the/at Examiner/nn-tl ./. In/in The/at Publick/jj Spirit/nn of/in the/at Whigs/nps ,/, it/pps may/md be/be noted/vbn ,/, Swift/np himself/ppl contemptuously/rb dismissed/vbd Steele's/np$ reference/nn to/in his/pp$ friend/nn at/in court/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb by/in the/at Style/nn of/in old/jj Friend/nn ,/, and/cc the/at like/in ,/, it/pps must/md be/be some/dti Body/nn there/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj Level/nn ;/. ;/. among/in whom/wpo ,/, his/pp$ Party/nn have/hv indeed/rb more/ap Friends/nns-tl than/cs I/ppss could/md wish/vb ''/'' ./. On/in February/np 16/cd ,/, Steele/np took/vbd his/pp$ seat/nn in/in Parliament/nn-tl ./. By/in now/rb he/pps was/bedz undergoing/vbg a/at fresh/jj torrent/nn of/in abuse/nn from/in Tory/np papers/nns and/cc pamphlets/nns ,/, and/cc action/nn was/bedz being/beg taken/vbn to/to effect/vb his/pp$ punishment/nn by/in expulsion/nn from/in Parliament/nn-tl ./. On/in the/at very/ap day/nn that/cs the/at parliamentary/jj session/nn began/vbd ,/, another/dt ``/`` Infamous/jj Libel/nn ''/'' appeared/vbd ,/, entitled/vbn A/at-tl Letter/nn-tl From/in-tl The/at-tl Facetious/jj-tl Dr./nn-tl Andrew/np Tripe/np ,/, At/in-tl Bath/np-tl ,/, To/in-tl The/at-tl Venerable/jj-tl Nestor/np Ironside/np ./. It/pps is/bez filled/vbn with/in the/at usual/jj personal/jj abuse/nn of/in Steele/np ,/, especially/rb of/in his/pp$ physical/jj appearance/nn ;/. ;/. in/in the/at opening/vbg paragraph/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, Steele/np is/bez accused/vbn of/in extreme/jj egotism/nn ,/, of/in giving/vbg ``/`` himself/ppl the/at preference/nn to/in all/abn the/at learned/vbn ,/, his/pp$ contemporaries/nns ,/, from/in Dr./nn-tl Swift/np himself/ppl ,/, even/ql down/rp to/in Poet/nn-tl Cr--spe/np-tl of/in the/at Customhouse/nn-tl ''/'' ./.

cg39

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When/wrb Harold/np Arlen/np returned/vbd to/in California/np in/in the/at winter/nn of/in 1944/cd ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to take/vb up/rp again/rb a/at collaboration/nn with/in Johnny/np Mercer/np ,/, begun/vbn some/dti years/nns before/rb ./. The/at film/nn they/ppss did/dod after/in his/pp$ return/nn was/bedz an/at inconsequential/jj bit/nn of/in nothing/pn titled/vbn Out/rb-tl Of/in-tl This/dt-tl World/nn-tl ,/, a/at satire/nn on/in the/at Sinatra/np bobby-soxer/nn craze/nn ./. The/at twist/nn lay/vbd in/in using/vbg Bing/np Crosby's/np$ voice/nn on/in the/at sound/nn track/nn while/cs leading/vbg man/nn Eddie/np Bracken/np mouthed/vbd the/at words/nns ./. If/cs nothing/pn else/rb ,/, at/in least/ap two/cd good/jj songs/nns came/vbd out/in of/in the/at project/nn ,/, ``/`` Out/rb-tl Of/in-tl This/dt-tl World/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc ``/`` June/np-tl Comes/vbz-tl Around/rb-tl Every/at-tl Year/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Though/cs they/ppss would/md produce/vb some/dti very/ql memorable/jj and/cc lasting/vbg songs/nns ,/, Arlen/np and/cc Mercer/np were/bed not/* given/vbn strong/jj material/nn to/to work/vb on/in ./. Their/pp$ first/od collaboration/nn came/vbd close/rb ./. Early/rb in/in 1941/cd they/ppss were/bed assigned/vbn to/in a/at script/nn titled/vbn Hot/jj-tl Nocturne/nn-tl ./. It/pps purported/vbd to/to be/be a/at reasonably/ql serious/jj attempt/nn at/in a/at treatment/nn of/in jazz/nn musicians/nns ,/, their/pp$ aims/nns ,/, their/pp$ problems/nns --/-- the/at tug-of-war/nn between/in the/at ``/`` pure/jj ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` commercial/jj ''/'' --/-- and/cc seemed/vbd a/at promising/jj vehicle/nn ,/, for/cs the/at two/cd men/nns shared/vbd a/at common/jj interest/nn in/in jazz/nn ./. Johnny/np Mercer/np practically/rb grew/vbd up/rp with/in the/at sound/nn of/in jazz/nn and/cc the/at blues/nns in/in his/pp$ ears/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz born/vbn in/in Savannah/np ,/, Georgia/np ,/, in/in 1909/cd ./. His/pp$ father/nn ,/, George/np A./np Mercer/np ,/, was/bedz descended/vbn from/in an/at honored/vbn Southern/jj-tl family/nn that/wps could/md trace/vb its/pp$ ancestry/nn back/rb to/in one/cd Hugh/np Mercer/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd emigrated/vbn from/in Scotland/np in/in 1747/cd ./. The/at lyricist's/nn$ father/nn was/bedz a/at lawyer/nn who/wps had/hvd branched/vbn out/rp into/in real/jj estate/nn ./. His/pp$ second/od wife/nn ,/, Lillian/np ,/, was/bedz the/at mother/nn of/in John/np H./np Mercer/np ./. By/in the/at age/nn of/in six/cd young/jj Johnny/np indicated/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd the/at call/nn ./. One/cd day/nn he/pps followed/vbd the/at Irish/jj-tl Jasper/np Greens/nps ,/, the/at town/nn band/nn ,/, to/in a/at picnic/nn and/cc spent/vbd the/at entire/jj day/nn listening/vbg ,/, while/cs his/pp$ family/nn spent/vbd the/at day/nn looking/vbg ./. The/at disappearance/nn caused/vbd his/pp$ family/nn to/to assign/vb a/at full-time/jj maid/nn to/in keeping/vbg an/at eye/nn on/in the/at boy/nn ./. But/cc one/cd afternoon/nn Mrs./np Mercer/np met/vbd her/ppo ;/. ;/. both/abx were/bed obviously/rb on/in the/at way/nn to/in the/at Mercer/np home/nn ./. The/at mother/nn inquired/vbd ,/, ``/`` Where's/wrb+bez Johnny/np ,/, and/cc why/wrb did/dod you/ppo leave/vb him/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` There/ex was/bedz nothing/pn else/rb I/ppss could/md do/do ''/'' ,/, the/at maid/nn answered/vbd ,/, satisfied/vbn with/in a/at rather/ql vague/jj explanation/nn ./. But/cc Mrs./np Mercer/np demanded/vbd more/ap ./. The/at maid/nn then/rb told/vbd her/ppo ,/, ``/`` Because/cs he/pps fired/vbd me/ppo ''/'' ./. With/in her/pp$ son/nn evidencing/vbg so/ql strong/jj a/at musical/jj bent/nn his/pp$ mother/nn could/md do/do little/ap else/rb but/cc get/vb him/ppo started/vbn on/in the/at study/nn of/in music/nn --/-- though/cs she/pps waited/vbd until/cs he/pps was/bedz ten/cd --/-- beginning/vbg with/in the/at piano/nn and/cc following/vbg that/dt with/in the/at trumpet/nn ./. Young/jj Mercer/np showed/vbd a/at remarkable/jj lack/nn of/in aptitude/nn for/in both/abx instruments/nns ./. Still/rb ,/, he/pps did/dod like/vb music/nn making/nn and/cc even/rb sang/vbd in/in the/at chapel/nn choir/nn of/in the/at Woodberry/np-tl Forest/nn-tl School/nn-tl ,/, near/in Orange/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps sounded/vbd fine/rb but/cc did/dod not/* matriculate/vb too/ql well/rb ./. When/wrb he/pps was/bedz fifteen/cd John/np H./np Mercer/np turned/vbd out/rp his/pp$ first/od song/nn ,/, a/at jazzy/jj little/jj thing/nn he/pps called/vbd ``/`` Sister/nn-tl Susie/np-tl ,/, Strut/vb-tl Your/pp$-tl Stuff/nn-tl ''/'' ./. If/cs his/pp$ scholarship/nn and/cc formal/jj musicianship/nn were/bed not/* all/abn they/ppss might/md have/hv been/ben ,/, Mercer/np demonstrated/vbd at/in an/at early/jj age/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz gifted/jj with/in a/at remarkable/jj ear/nn for/in rhythm/nn and/cc dialect/nn ./. From/in his/pp$ playmates/nns in/in Savannah/np ,/, Mercer/np had/hvd picked/vbn up/rp ,/, along/rb with/in a/at soft/jj Southern/jj-tl dialect/nn ,/, traces/nns also/rb of/in the/at Gullah/np dialects/nns of/in Africa/np ./. Such/jj speech/nn differences/nns made/vbd him/ppo acutely/ql aware/jj of/in the/at richness/nn and/cc expressivness/nn of/in language/nn ./. During/in the/at summers/nns ,/, while/cs he/pps was/bedz still/rb in/in school/nn ,/, Mercer/np worked/vbd for/in his/pp$ father's/nn$ firm/nn as/cs a/at messenger/nn boy/nn ./. It/pps generally/rb took/vbd well/ql into/in the/at autumn/nn for/in the/at firm/nn to/to recover/vb from/in the/at summer's/nn$ help/nn ./. ``/`` We'd/ppss+md give/vb him/ppo things/nns to/to deliver/vb ,/, letters/nns ,/, checks/nns ,/, deeds/nns and/cc things/nns like/cs that/dt ''/'' ,/, remembers/vbz his/pp$ half-brother/nn Walter/np ,/, still/rb in/in the/at real/jj estate/nn business/nn in/in Savannah/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc learn/vb days/nns later/rbr that/cs he'd/pps+hvd absent-mindedly/rb stuffed/vbn them/ppo into/in his/pp$ pocket/nn ./. There/rb they/ppss stayed/vbd ''/'' ./. This/dt rather/ql detached/vbn attitude/nn toward/in life's/nn$ encumbrances/nns has/hvz seemed/vbn to/to be/be the/at dominant/jj trait/nn in/in Mercer's/np$ personality/nn ever/ql since/rb ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at disarming/vbg disguise/nn ,/, or/cc perhaps/rb a/at shield/nn ,/, for/cs not/* only/rb has/hvz Mercer/np proved/vbn himself/ppl to/to be/be one/cd of/in the/at few/ap great/jj lyricists/nns over/in the/at years/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb one/cd who/wps can/md function/vb remarkably/rb under/in pressure/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz also/rb enjoyed/vbn a/at successful/jj career/nn as/cs an/at entertainer/nn (/( his/pp$ records/nns have/hv sold/vbn in/in the/at millions/nns )/) and/cc is/bez a/at sharp/jj businessman/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz also/rb an/at extraordinary/jj conscience/nn ./. In/in 1927/cd his/pp$ father's/nn$ business/nn collapsed/vbd ,/, and/cc ,/, rather/in than/cs go/vb bankrupt/jj ,/, Mercer/np senior/jj turned/vbd his/pp$ firm/nn over/rp to/in a/at bank/nn for/in liquidation/nn ./. He/pps died/vbd before/cs he/pps could/md completely/rb pay/vb off/rp his/pp$ debts/nns ./. Some/dti years/nns later/rbr the/at bank/nn handling/vbg the/at Mercer/np liquidation/nn received/vbd a/at check/nn for/in $300,000/nns ,/, enough/ap to/to clear/vb up/rp the/at debt/nn ./. The/at check/nn had/hvd been/ben mailed/vbn from/in Chicago/np ,/, the/at envelope/nn bore/vbd no/at return/nn address/nn ,/, and/cc the/at check/nn was/bedz not/* signed/vbn ./. ``/`` That's/dt+bez Johnny/np ''/'' ,/, sighed/vbd the/at bank/nn president/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at best-hearted/jjt boy/nn in/in the/at world/nn ,/, but/cc absent-minded/jj ''/'' ./. But/cc Mercer's/np$ explanation/nn was/bedz simple/jj :/: ``/`` I/ppss made/vbd out/rp the/at check/nn and/cc carried/vbd it/ppo around/rb a/at few/ap days/nns unsigned/jj --/-- in/in case/nn I/ppss lost/vbd it/ppo ''/'' ./. When/wrb he/pps remembered/vbd that/cs he/pps might/md have/hv not/* signed/vbn the/at check/nn ,/, Mercer/np made/vbd out/rp another/dt for/in the/at same/ap amount/nn ,/, instructing/vbg the/at bank/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at other/ap --/-- especially/rb if/cs he/pps had/hvd happened/vbn to/to have/hv absent-mindedly/rb signed/vbn both/abx of/in them/ppo ./. When/wrb the/at family/nn business/nn failed/vbd ,/, Mercer/np left/vbd school/nn and/cc on/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ urging/vbg --/-- for/cs she/pps hoped/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md become/vb an/at actor/nn --/-- he/pps joined/vbd a/at local/jj little/jj theater/nn group/nn ./. When/wrb the/at troupe/nn traveled/vbd to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to participate/vb in/in a/at one-act-play/nn competition/nn --/-- and/cc won/vbd --/-- Mercer/np ,/, instead/rb of/in returning/vbg with/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at company/nn in/in triumph/nn ,/, remained/vbd in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. He/pps had/hvd talked/vbn one/cd other/ap member/nn of/in the/at group/nn to/to stay/vb with/in him/ppo ,/, but/cc that/dt friend/nn had/hvd tired/vbn of/in not/* eating/vbg regularly/rb and/cc returned/vbd to/in Savannah/np ./. But/cc Mercer/np hung/vbd on/rp ,/, living/vbg ,/, after/in a/at fashion/nn ,/, in/in a/at Greenwich/np-tl Village/nn-tl fourth-flight/nn walk-up/nn ./. ``/`` The/at place/nn had/hvd no/at sink/nn or/cc washbasin/nn ,/, only/rb a/at bathtub/nn ''/'' ,/, his/pp$ mother/nn discovered/vbd when/wrb she/pps visited/vbd him/ppo ./. ``/`` Johnny/np insisted/vbd on/in cooking/vbg a/at chicken/nn dinner/nn in/in my/pp$ honor/nn --/-- he's/pps+hvz always/rb been/ben a/at good/jj cook/nn --/-- and/cc I'll/ppss+md never/rb forget/vb him/ppo cleaning/vbg the/at chicken/nn in/in the/at tub/nn ''/'' ./. A/at story/nn ,/, no/at doubt/nn apocryphal/jj ,/, for/cs Mercer/np himself/ppl denies/vbz it/ppo ,/, has/hvz him/ppo sporting/vbg a/at monacle/nn in/in those/dts Village/nn-tl days/nns ./. Though/cs merely/rb clear/jj glass/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at distinctive/jj trade/nn mark/nn for/in an/at aspiring/vbg actor/nn who/wps hoped/vbd to/to imprint/vb himself/ppl upon/in the/at memories/nns of/in producers/nns ./. One/cd day/nn in/in a/at bar/nn ,/, so/rb the/at legend/nn goes/vbz ,/, someone/pn put/vbd a/at beer/nn stein/nn with/in too/ql much/ap force/nn on/in the/at monacle/nn and/cc broke/vbd it/ppo ./. The/at innocent/jj malfeasant/nn ,/, filled/vbd with/in that/dt supreme/jj sense/nn of/in honor/nn found/vbn in/in bars/nns ,/, insisted/vbd upon/in replacing/vbg the/at destroyed/vbn monacle/nn --/-- and/cc did/dod ,/, over/in the/at protests/nns of/in the/at former/ap owner/nn --/-- with/in a/at square/jj monacle/nn ./. Mercer/np is/bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv refused/vbn it/ppo with/in ,/, ``/`` Anyone/pn who/wps wears/vbz a/at square/jj monacle/nn must/md be/be affected/vbn ''/'' !/. !/. Everett/np Miller/np ,/, then/rb assistant/jj director/nn for/in the/at Garrick/np-tl Gaieties/nns-tl ,/, a/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl production/nn ,/, needed/vbd a/at lyricist/nn for/in a/at song/nn he/pps had/hvd written/vbn ;/. ;/. he/pps just/rb happened/vbd not/* to/to need/vb any/dti actor/nn at/in the/at moment/nn ,/, however/rb ./. For/in him/ppo Mercer/np produced/vbd the/at lyric/nn to/in ``/`` Out/rb-tl Of/in-tl Breath/nn-tl Scared/vbn-tl To/in-tl Death/nn-tl Of/in-tl You/ppo-tl ''/'' ,/, introduced/vbn in/in that/dt most/ql successful/jj of/in all/abn the/at Gaieties/nns-tl ,/, by/in Sterling/np Holloway/np ./. This/dt 1930/cd edition/nn also/rb had/hvd songs/nns in/in it/ppo by/in Vernon/np Duke/np and/cc Ira/np Gershwin/np ,/, by/in E./np Y./np Harburg/np and/cc Duke/np ,/, and/cc by/in Harry/np Myers/np ./. Entrance/nn into/in such/jj stellar/jj song/nn writing/vbg company/nn encouraged/vbd the/at burgeoning/vbg song/nn writer/nn to/to take/vb a/at wife/nn ,/, Elizabeth/np Meehan/np ,/, a/at dancer/nn in/in the/at Gaieties/nns-tl ./. The/at Mercers/nps took/vbd up/rp residence/nn in/in Brooklyn/np ,/, and/cc Mercer/np found/vbd a/at regular/jj job/nn in/in Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ``/`` misplacing/vbg stocks/nns and/cc bonds/nns ''/'' ./. When/wrb he/pps heard/vbd that/cs Paul/np Whiteman/np was/bedz looking/vbg for/in singers/nns to/to replace/vb the/at Rhythm/nn-tl Boys/nns-tl ,/, Mercer/np applied/vbd and/cc got/vbd the/at job/nn ,/, ``/`` not/* for/in my/pp$ voice/nn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem sure/jj ,/, but/cc because/cs I/ppss could/md write/vb songs/nns and/cc material/nn generally/rb ''/'' ./. While/cs with/in the/at Whiteman/np band/nn Mercer/np met/vbd Jerry/np Arlen/np ./. He/pps had/hvd yet/rb to/to meet/vb Harold/np Arlen/np ,/, for/cs although/cs they/ppss had/hvd ``/`` collaborated/vbn ''/'' on/in ``/`` Satan's/np$-tl Li'l/jj-tl Lamb/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Mercer/np and/cc Harburg/np had/hvd worked/vbn from/in a/at lead/nn sheet/nn the/at composer/nn had/hvd furnished/vbn them/ppo ./. The/at lyric/nn ,/, Mercer/np remembers/vbz ,/, was/bedz tailored/vbn to/to fit/vb the/at unusual/jj melody/nn ./. Mercer's/np$ Whiteman/np association/nn brought/vbd him/ppo into/in contact/nn with/in Hoagy/np Carmichael/np ,/, whose/wp$ ``/`` Snowball/nn-tl ''/'' Mercer/np relyriced/vbd as/cs ``/`` Lazybones/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in which/wdt form/nn it/pps became/vbd a/at hit/nn and/cc marked/vbd the/at real/jj beginning/nn of/in Mercer's/np$ song-writing/jj career/nn ./. After/cs leaving/vbg Whiteman/np ,/, Mercer/np joined/vbd the/at Benny/np Goodman/np band/nn as/cs a/at vocalist/nn ./. With/in the/at help/nn of/in Ziggy/np Elman/np ,/, also/rb in/in the/at band/nn ,/, he/pps transformed/vbd a/at traditional/jj Jewish/jj melody/nn into/in a/at popular/jj song/nn ,/, ``/`` And/cc-tl The/at-tl Angels/nns-tl Sing/vb-tl ''/'' ./. The/at countrywide/jj success/nn of/in ``/`` Lazybones/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc ``/`` And/cc-tl The/at-tl Angels/nns-tl Sing/vb-tl ''/'' could/md only/rb lead/vb to/in Hollywood/np ,/, where/wrb ,/, besides/in Harold/np Arlen/np ,/, Mercer/np collaborated/vbd with/in Harry/np Warren/np ,/, Jimmy/np Van/np Heusen/np ,/, Richard/np Whiting/np ,/, Walter/np Donaldson/np ,/, Jerome/np Kern/np ,/, and/cc Arthur/np Schwartz/np ./. Mercer/np has/hvz also/rb written/vbn both/abx music/nn and/cc lyrics/nns for/in several/ap songs/nns ./. He/pps may/md be/be the/at only/ap song/nn writer/nn ever/rb to/to have/hv collaborated/vbn with/in a/at secretary/nn of/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Treasury/nn-tl ;/. ;/. he/pps collaborated/vbd on/in a/at song/nn with/in William/np Hartman/np Woodin/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, 1932-33/cd ./. When/wrb Johnny/np Mercer/np and/cc Harold/np Arlen/np began/vbd their/pp$ collaboration/nn in/in 1940/cd ,/, Mercer/np ,/, like/cs Arlen/np ,/, had/hvd several/ap substantial/jj film/nn songs/nns to/in his/pp$ credit/nn ,/, among/in them/ppo ``/`` Hooray/uh-tl For/in-tl Hollywood/np-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Ride/vb-tl ,/, Tenderfoot/nn-tl ,/, Ride/vb-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Have/hv-tl You/ppss-tl Got/vbn-tl Any/dti-tl Castles/nns-tl ,/, Baby/nn-tl ?/.-tl ?/.-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` Too/ql-tl Marvelous/jj-tl For/in-tl Words/nns-tl ''/'' (/( all/abn with/in Richard/np Whiting/np )/) ;/. ;/. with/in Harry/np Warren/np he/pps did/dod ``/`` The/at-tl Girl/nn-tl Friend/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Whirling/vbg-tl Dervish/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Jeepers/uh-tl Creepers/uh-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` You/ppss-tl Must/md-tl Have/hv-tl Been/ben-tl A/at-tl Beautiful/jj-tl Baby/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Mercer's/np$ lyrics/nns are/ber characterized/vbn by/in an/at unerring/jj ear/nn for/in rhythmic/jj nuances/nns ,/, a/at puckish/jj sense/nn of/in humor/nn expressed/vbn in/in language/nn with/in a/at colloquial/jj flair/nn ./. Though/cs versatile/jj and/cc capable/jj of/in turning/vbg out/rp a/at ballad/nn lyric/nn with/in the/at best/jjt of/in them/ppo ,/, Mercer's/np$ forte/nn is/bez a/at highly/ql polished/vbn quasi-folk/jj wit/nn ./. His/pp$ casual/jj ,/, dreamlike/jj working/vbg methods/nns ,/, often/rb as/cs not/* in/in absentia/nn ,/, were/bed an/at abrupt/jj change/nn from/in Harburg's/np$ ,/, so/cs that/cs Arlen/np had/hvd to/to adjust/vb again/rb to/in another/dt approach/nn to/in collaboration/nn ./. There/ex were/bed times/nns that/cs he/pps worked/vbd with/in both/abx lyricists/nns simultaneously/rb ./. Speaking/vbg of/in his/pp$ work/nn with/in Johnny/np Mercer/np ,/, Arlen/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` Our/pp$ working/vbg habits/nns were/bed strange/jj ./. After/cs we/ppss got/vbd a/at script/nn and/cc the/at spots/nns for/in the/at songs/nns were/bed blocked/vbn out/rp ,/, we'd/ppss+md get/vb together/rb for/in an/at hour/nn or/cc so/cs every/at day/nn ./. While/cs Johnny/np made/vbd himself/ppl comfortable/jj on/in the/at couch/nn ,/, I'd/ppss+md play/vb the/at tunes/nns for/in him/ppo ./. He/pps has/hvz a/at wonderfully/ql retentive/jj memory/nn ./. After/cs I/ppss would/md finish/vb playing/vbg the/at songs/nns ,/, he'd/pps+md just/rb go/vb away/rb without/in a/at comment/nn ./. I/ppss wouldn't/md* hear/vb from/in him/ppo for/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ,/, then/rb he'd/pps+md come/vb around/rb with/in the/at completed/vbn lyric/nn ''/'' ./. Arlen/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at few/ap (/( possibly/rb the/at only/ap )/) composer/nn Mercer/np has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to work/vb with/in so/ql closely/rb ,/, for/cs they/ppss held/vbd their/pp$ meetings/nns in/in Arlen's/np$ study/nn ./. ``/`` Some/dti guys/nns bothered/vbd me/ppo ''/'' ,/, Mercer/np has/hvz said/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss couldn't/md* write/vb with/in them/ppo in/in the/at same/ap room/nn with/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc I/ppss could/md with/in Harold/np ./. He/pps is/bez probably/rb our/pp$ most/ql original/jj composer/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps often/rb uses/vbz very/ql odd/jj rhythms/nns ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz it/ppo difficult/jj ,/, and/cc challenging/jj ,/, for/in the/at lyric/nn writer/nn ''/'' ./. While/cs Arlen/np and/cc Mercer/np collaborated/vbd on/in Hot/jj-tl Nocturne/nn-tl ,/, Mercer/np worked/vbd also/rb with/in Arthur/np Schwartz/np on/in another/dt film/nn ,/, Navy/nn-tl Blues/nns-tl ./. Arlen/np ,/, too/rb ,/, worked/vbd on/in other/ap projects/nns at/in the/at same/ap time/nn with/in old/jj friend/nn Ted/np Koehler/np ./. Besides/in doing/vbg a/at single/ap song/nn ,/, ``/`` When/wrb-tl The/at-tl Sun/nn-tl Comes/vbz-tl Out/rb-tl ''/'' ,/, they/ppss worked/vbd on/in the/at ambitious/jj American-Negro/np-tl Suite/nn-tl ,/, for/in voices/nns and/cc piano/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs songs/nns for/in films/nns ./. The/at American-Negro/np-tl Suite/nn-tl is/bez in/in a/at sense/nn an/at extension/nn of/in the/at Cotton/nn-tl Club/nn-tl songs/nns in/in that/dt it/pps is/bez a/at collection/nn of/in Negro/np songs/nns ,/, not/* for/in a/at night/nn club/nn ,/, but/cc for/in the/at concert/nn stage/nn ./. The/at work/nn had/hvd its/pp$ beginning/nn in/in 1938/cd with/in an/at eight-bar/jj musical/jj strain/nn to/in which/wdt Koehler/np set/vbd the/at words/nns ``/`` There'll/ex+md be/be no/ql more/ap work/nn ;/. ;/. there'll/ex+md be/be no/ql more/ap worry/nn ''/'' ,/, matching/vbg the/at spiritual/jj feeling/nn of/in the/at jot/nn ./. This/dt grew/vbd into/in the/at song/nn ``/`` Big/jj-tl Time/nn-tl Comin'/vbg-tl ''/'' ./. By/in September/np 1940/cd the/at Suite/nn-tl had/hvd developed/vbn into/in a/at collection/nn of/in six/cd songs/nns ,/, ``/`` four/cd spirituals/nns ,/, a/at dream/nn ,/, and/cc a/at lullaby/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Negro/np composer/nn Hall/np Johnson/np studied/vbd the/at American-Negro/np-tl Suite/nn-tl and/cc said/vbd of/in it/ppo ,/, ``/`` Of/in all/abn the/at many/ap songs/nns written/vbn by/in white/jj composers/nns and/cc employing/vbg what/wdt claims/vbz to/to be/be a/at Negroid/jj idiom/nn in/in both/abx words/nns and/cc music/nn ,/, these/dts six/cd songs/nns by/in Harold/np Arlen/np and/cc Ted/np Koehler/np easily/rb stand/vb far/ql out/rp above/in the/at rest/nn ./. Thoroughly/ql modern/jj in/in treatment/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, full/jj of/in simple/jj sincerity/nn which/wdt invariably/rb characterizes/vbz genuine/jj Negro/np folk-music/nn and/cc are/ber by/in no/at means/nns to/to be/be confused/vbn with/in the/at average/jj '/' Broadway/np-tl Spirituals/nns-tl '/' which/wdt depend/vb for/in their/pp$ racial/jj flavor/nn upon/in sundry/jj allusions/nns to/in the/at '/' Amen/jj-tl Corner/nn-tl '/' ,/, '/' judgement/nn-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, '/' Gabriel's/np$ Horn/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at frustrated/vbn devil/nn --/-- with/in a/at few/ap random/jj hallelujahs/nns thrown/vbn in/rp for/in good/jj measure/nn ./.

cg40

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I/ppss feel/vb obliged/vbn to/to describe/vb this/dt cubbyhole/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd a/at single/ap porcelain/nn stall/nn and/cc but/rb one/cd cabinet/nn for/in the/at chairing/nn of/in the/at bards/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz here/rb that/cs the/at terror-stricken/jj Dennis/np Moon/np played/vbd an/at unrehearsed/jj role/nn during/in the/at children's/nns$ party/nn ./. A/at much/ql larger/jjr room/nn ,/, adjacent/jj to/in the/at lavatory/nn ,/, served/vbd as/cs a/at passageway/nn to/in and/cc from/in the/at skimpy/jj toilet/nn ./. That/dt unused/jj room/nn was/bedz large/jj enough/qlp for/in --/-- well/uh ,/, say/vb an/at elephant/nn could/md get/vb into/in it/ppo and/cc ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, an/at elephant/nn did/dod ./. Something/pn occurred/vbd on/in the/at morning/nn of/in the/at children's/nns$ party/nn which/wdt may/md illustrate/vb the/at kind/nn of/in trouble/nn our/pp$ restricted/vbn toilet/nn facilities/nns caused/vbd us/ppo ./. It/pps so/rb happened/vbd that/cs sports/nns writer/nn Arthur/np Robinson/np got/vbd out/in of/in the/at hospital/nn that/dt morning/nn after/cs promising/vbg his/pp$ doctor/nn that/cs he/pps be/be back/rb in/in an/at hour/nn or/cc two/cd to/to continue/vb his/pp$ convalescence/nn ./. Arthur/np Robinson/np traveled/vbd with/in the/at baseball/nn clubs/nns as/cs staff/nn correspondent/nn for/in the/at American/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz ghost/nn writer/nn for/in Babe/np Ruth/np ,/, whose/wp$ main/jjs talent/nn for/in literary/jj composition/nn was/bedz the/at signing/nn of/in his/pp$ autograph/nn ./. Robbie/np was/bedz a/at war/nn veteran/nn with/in battle-shattered/jj knees/nns ./. He/pps arrived/vbd on/in crutches/nns at/in the/at Newspaper/nn-tl Club/nn-tl with/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ great/jj pals/nns ,/, Oliver/np Herford/np ,/, artist/nn ,/, author/nn ,/, and/cc foe/nn of/in stupidity/nn ./. Mr./np Herford's/np$ appearance/nn was/bedz that/dt of/in a/at frustrated/vbn gnome/nn ./. He/pps seemed/vbd timid/jj (/( at/in first/rb ,/, )/) wore/vbd nose/nn glasses/nns from/in which/wdt a/at black/jj ribbon/nn dangled/vbd ,/, and/cc was/bedz no/ql bigger/jjr than/cs a/at jockey/nn ./. Robinson/np asked/vbd Herford/np to/to escort/vb him/ppo to/in the/at club's/nn$ lavatory/nn before/cs they/ppss sat/vbd down/rp for/in a/at highball/nn and/cc a/at game/nn of/in cards/nns ./. In/in the/at jakes/nn ,/, after/cs Robbie/np and/cc his/pp$ crutches/nns were/bed properly/rb stowed/vbn ,/, Mr./np Herford/np went/vbd to/in the/at adjoining/vbg facility/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd barely/rb assumed/vbn his/pp$ stance/nn there/rb when/wrb a/at fat/jj fellow/nn charged/vbd through/in the/at doorway/nn ./. Without/in any/dti regard/nn for/in rest-room/nn protocol/nn ,/, the/at hulking/vbg stranger/nn almost/rb knocked/vbd Herford/np off/in his/pp$ pins/nns ./. The/at artist-author/nn said/vbd nothing/pn ,/, but/cc stood/vbd to/in one/cd side/nn ./. He/pps waited/vbd a/at long/jj time/nn ./. Nothing/pn was/bedz said/vbn ,/, nothing/pn accomplished/vbn ./. The/at unrelieved/jj stranger/nn eventually/rb turned/vbd away/rb from/in the/at place/nn of/in his/pp$ --/-- shall/md we/ppss dare/md say/vb his/pp$ Waterloo/np ?/. ?/. --/-- to/to go/vb to/in the/at door/nn ./. Mr./np Herford/np touched/vbd the/at fat/jj man's/nn$ arm/nn ./. ``/`` Pardon/vb me/ppo ,/, sir/nn ./. May/md I/ppss say/vb that/cs you/ppss have/hv just/rb demonstrated/vbn the/at truth/nn of/in an/at old/jj proverb/nn --/-- the/at younger/jjr Pliny's/np$ ,/, if/cs memory/nn serves/vbz me/ppo --/-- which/wdt ,/, translated/vbn freely/rb from/in the/at archaic/jj Latin/np ,/, says/vbz ,/, '/' The/at more/ap haste/nn ,/, the/at less/ap peed/vbn '/' ''/'' ./. Governor/nn-tl Alfred/np E./np Smith/np was/bedz the/at official/jj host/nn at/in the/at children's/nns$ party/nn ./. United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Senator/nn-tl Royal/np S./np Copeland/np was/bedz wearing/vbg the/at robes/nns of/in Santa/np Claus/np and/cc a/at great/jj white/jj beard/nn ;/. ;/. the/at Honorable/jj-tl Robert/np Wagner/np ,/, Sr./np ,/, at/in that/dt time/nn a/at justice/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz on/in the/at reception/nn committee/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz in/in charge/nn of/in the/at arrangements/nns --/-- which/wdt were/bed soon/rb enough/qlp disarranged/vbn ./. I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn difficulties/nns from/in the/at very/ql first/od day/nn ./. When/wrb ,/, in/in my/pp$ enthusiasm/nn ,/, I/ppss proposed/vbd the/at party/nn ,/, my/pp$ city/nn editor/nn (/( who/wps disliked/vbd the/at club/nn and/cc many/ap of/in its/pp$ members/nns )/) tried/vbd to/to block/vb my/pp$ participation/nn in/in the/at gala/jj event/nn ./. Even/ql earlier/rbr than/cs that/dt he/pps had/hvd resented/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs I/ppss had/hvd been/ben chosen/vbn to/to edit/vb the/at club's/nn$ Reporter/nn-tl ./. City/nn editor/nn Victor/np Watson/np of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl American/np-tl was/bedz a/at man/nn of/in brooding/vbg suspicions/nns and/cc mysterious/jj shifts/nns of/in mood/nn ./. Mr./np Hearst's/np$ telegraphic/jj code/nn word/nn for/in Victor/np Watson/np was/bedz ``/`` fatboy/nn-nc ''/'' ./. The/at staff/nn saw/vbd in/in him/ppo the/at qualities/nns of/in a/at Don/np Cossack/np ,/, hence/rb ,/, as/cs mentioned/vbn before/rb ,/, his/pp$ nickname/nn ``/`` the/at Hetman/np ''/'' ./. The/at Hetman's/np$ physical/jj aspects/nns were/bed not/* those/dts of/in a/at savage/jj rider/nn of/in the/at steppes/nns ./. Indeed/rb ,/, he/pps looked/vbd more/rbr like/cs a/at well-fleshed/jj lay/jj brother/nn of/in the/at Hospice/nn-tl of/in-tl St./nn-tl Bernard/np-tl ./. Nor/cc were/bed his/pp$ manners/nns barbaric/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at purring/vbg voice/nn and/cc poker/nn player's/nn$ immobility/nn of/in features/nns which/wdt somehow/rb conveyed/vbd the/at feeling/nn that/cs he/pps knew/vbd where/wrb all/abn the/at bodies/nns were/bed buried/vbn ./. He/pps was/bedz the/at son/nn of/in a/at Scottish/jj father/nn and/cc an/at American/jj Jewish/jj mother/nn ,/, long/rb widowed/vbn ,/, with/in whom/wpo he/pps lived/vbd in/in a/at comfortable/jj home/nn in/in Flushing/np ./. He/pps had/hvd worked/vbn in/in the/at newspaper/nn business/nn since/cs he/pps was/bedz nineteen/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, always/rb for/in the/at Hearst/np service/nn ./. From/in the/at very/ql first/od he/pps regarded/vbd himself/ppl as/cs Mr./np Hearst's/np$ disciple/nn ,/, defender/nn ,/, and/cc afterward/rb his/pp$ prime/jj minister/nn ,/, self-ordained/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz said/vbn that/cs the/at Hetman/np plotted/vbd to/to take/vb over/rp the/at entire/jj Hearst/np newspaper/nn empire/nn one/cd day/nn by/in means/nns of/in various/jj coups/nns :/: the/at destruction/nn of/in editors/nns who/wps tried/vbd to/to halt/vb his/pp$ course/nn ,/, the/at unfrocking/nn of/in publishers/nns whose/wp$ mistakes/nns of/in judgment/nn might/md be/be magnified/vbn in/in secret/jj reports/nns to/in Mr./np Hearst/np ./. Whatever/wdt the/at Hetman's/np$ ambitions/nns ,/, his/pp$ colleagues/nns were/bed kept/vbn ill/jj at/in ease/nn ./. Among/in the/at outstanding/jj members/nns of/in the/at Hearst/np cabinet/nn whom/wpo he/pps successfully/rb opposed/vbd for/in a/at time/nn were/bed the/at great/jj Arthur/np Brisbane/np ,/, Bradford/np Merrill/np ,/, S.S./np Carvalho/np ,/, and/cc Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np ./. He/pps also/rb disliked/vbd Runyon/np ,/, for/in no/at good/jj reason/nn other/ap than/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Demon's/nn$-tl talent/nn was/bedz so/ql marked/vbn as/cs to/to put/vb him/ppo well/ql beyond/in the/at Hetman's/np$ say-so/nn or/cc his/pp$ supervision/nn ./. Runyon/np ,/, for/in his/pp$ part/nn ,/, had/hvd a/at contemptuous/jj regard/nn for/in Mr./np Watson/np ./. ``/`` He's/pps+bez a/at wrong-o/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Runyon/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc I/ppss wouldn't/md* trust/vb him/ppo as/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss could/md throw/vb the/at Statue/nn-tl of/in-tl Liberty/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Arthur/np ``/`` Bugs/np ''/'' Baer/np wrote/vbd to/in me/ppo just/ql recently/rb ,/, ``/`` Vic/np wanted/vbd to/to die/vb in/in harness/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ head/nn towards/in the/at wagon/nn ./. He/pps supported/vbd his/pp$ mother/nn and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ,/, who/wps afterwards/rb committed/vbd suicide/nn ./. Watson/np told/vbd me/ppo that/cs his/pp$ brother/nn always/rb sent/vbd roses/nns to/in his/pp$ mother/nn ,/, blossoms/nns bought/vbn with/in Vic's/np$ allowance/nn to/in him/ppo ./. '/' And/cc would/md you/ppo believe/vb it/ppo '/' ,/, Vic/np added/vbd ,/, '/' she/pps likes/vbz him/ppo better/rbr than/cs she/pps does/doz me/ppo ./. Why/wrb '/' ''/'' ?/. ?/. About/rb the/at only/ap time/nn the/at Hetman/np seemed/vbd excited/vbn was/bedz when/wrb one/cd of/in his/pp$ own/jj pet/nn ideas/nns was/bedz born/vbn ./. Then/rb he/pps would/md get/vb to/in his/pp$ feet/nns ,/, as/cs though/cs rising/vbg in/in honor/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj remarkable/jj powers/nns ,/, and/cc say/vb almost/ql invariably/rb ,/, ``/`` Gentlemen/nns-tl ,/, this/dt is/bez an/at amazing/jj story/nn !/. !/. It's/pps+bez bigger/jjr than/cs the/at Armistice/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Some/dti of/in the/at Hetman's/np$ ``/`` ideas/nns ''/'' were/bed dream-ridden/jj ,/, vaguely/rb imparted/vbn ,/, and/cc at/in times/nns preposterous/jj ./. One/cd day/nn he/pps assigned/vbd me/ppo to/to lay/vb bare/jj a/at ``/`` plot/nn ''/'' by/in the/at Duponts/nps to/to supply/vb munitions/nns to/in a/at wholly/ql fictitious/jj revolution/nn he/pps said/vbd was/bedz about/rb to/to occur/vb in/in Cuba/np ./. He/pps said/vbd that/cs his/pp$ information/nn was/bedz so/ql secret/jj that/cs he/pps would/md not/* be/be able/jj to/to confide/vb in/in me/ppo the/at origin/nn of/in his/pp$ pipeline/nn tip/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss can/md tell/vb you/ppo this/dt much/ap ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. It's/pps+bez bigger/jjr than/cs the/at Armistice/nn-tl ''/'' ./. I/ppss worked/vbd for/in a/at day/nn on/in this/dt plainly/ql ridiculous/jj assignment/nn and/cc consulted/vbd several/ap of/in my/pp$ own/jj well-informed/jj sources/nns ./. Then/rb I/ppss spent/vbd the/at next/ap two/cd days/nns at/in the/at baseball/nn park/nn and/cc at/in Jack/np Doyle's/np$ pool/nn parlors/nns ./. When/wrb I/ppss returned/vbd to/to make/vb my/pp$ report/nn ,/, the/at Hetman/np did/dod not/* remember/vb having/hvg sent/vbn me/ppo on/in the/at secret/jj mission/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz busy/jj ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, in/in having/hvg someone/pn submit/vb to/in a/at monkey-gland/nn operation/nn ./. And/cc I/ppss was/bedz to/to go/vb to/in work/nn on/in that/dt odd/jj matter/nn ./. I/ppss shall/md tell/vb of/in it/ppo later/rbr on/rp ./. The/at Hetman/np had/hvd a/at strong/jj liking/nn for/in a/at story/nn ,/, any/dti story/nn which/wdt was/bedz to/to be/be had/hvn by/in means/nn of/in much/ap sleuthing/nn or/cc by/in roundabout/jj methods/nns ./. Most/ap of/in my/pp$ stories/nns were/bed obtained/vbn by/in simply/rb seeking/vbg out/rp the/at person/nn who/wps could/md give/vb me/ppo the/at facts/nns ,/, and/cc not/* as/cs a/at rule/nn by/in playing/vbg clever/jj tricks/nns ./. One/cd day/nn I/ppss tired/vbd of/in following/vbg the/at Hetman's/np$ advice/nn of/in ``/`` shadowing/vbg ''/'' and/cc of/in the/at ``/`` ring-around-the-rosie/nn ''/'' approach/nn to/in a/at report/nn that/cs Enrico/np Caruso/np had/hvd pinched/vbn a/at lady's/nn$ hip/nn while/cs visiting/vbg the/at Central/jj-tl Park/nn-tl monkey/nn house/nn ./. I/ppss explained/vbd my/pp$ state/nn of/in mind/nn to/in artist/nn Winsor/np McCay/np and/cc to/in ``/`` Bugs/np ''/'' Baer/np ./. Mr./np Baer/np obtained/vbd a/at supply/nn of/in crepe/nn hair/nn and/cc spirit-gum/nn from/in an/at actor/nn at/in the/at Friars/nns-tl ./. We/ppss fashioned/vbd beards/nns ,/, put/vbd them/ppo on/rp ,/, and/cc reported/vbd to/in the/at Hetman/np at/in the/at city/nn desk/nn ./. Mr./np Baer/np had/hvd an/at auburn/jj beard/nn ,/, like/cs Longfellow's/np$ ./. Mr./np McCay/np had/hvd on/rp a/at sort/nn of/in Emperor/nn-tl Maximilian/np beard/nn and/cc mustache/nn ./. As/cs for/in myself/ppl ,/, I/ppss had/hvd on/rp an/at enormous/jj black/jj ``/`` muff/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt ,/, together/rb with/in a/at derby/nn hat/nn and/cc horn-rim/jj eyeglasses/nns ,/, gave/vbd me/ppo the/at appearance/nn of/in a/at Russian/jj nihilist/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss are/ber ready/jj for/in your/pp$ next/rb mysterious/jj assignment/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mr./np Baer/np to/in the/at Hetman/np ./. ``/`` Where/wrb to/in ,/, sir/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Mr./np Watson/np did/dod not/* have/hv much/ap humor/nn in/in his/pp$ make-up/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps managed/vbd a/at mirthless/jj smile/nn ./. Just/ql then/rb a/at reporter/nn telephoned/vbd in/rp from/in the/at Bronx/np to/to give/vb the/at rewrite/nn desk/nn an/at account/nn of/in a/at murder/nn ./. The/at Hetman/np told/vbd me/ppo to/to take/vb the/at story/nn over/in the/at phone/nn and/cc to/to write/vb it/ppo ./. While/cs I/ppss was/bedz sitting/vbg at/in one/cd of/in the/at rewrite/nn telephones/nns with/in my/pp$ derby/nn and/cc my/pp$ great/jj beard/nn ,/, Arthur/np Brisbane/np whizzed/vbd in/rp with/in some/dti editorial/nn copy/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn ./. He/pps paused/vbd for/in a/at moment/nn to/to look/vb at/in me/ppo ,/, then/rb went/vbd on/rp to/in the/at city/nn desk/nn to/to deliver/vb his/pp$ ``/`` Today/nr-tl ''/'' column/nn ./. I/ppss thought/vbd it/ppo expedient/jj to/to take/vb off/rp my/pp$ derby/nn ,/, my/pp$ glasses/nns ,/, and/cc the/at beard/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc also/rb to/to change/vb telephones/nns ./. I/ppss managed/vbd to/to do/do this/dt by/in the/at time/nn the/at great/jj A.B./np returned/vbd to/in the/at place/nn where/wrb he/pps last/rb had/hvd seen/vbn the/at fierce/jj nihilist/nn ./. He/pps stood/vbd there/rb staring/vbg with/in disbelief/nn at/in the/at vacant/jj desk/nn ./. Then/rb he/pps wrinkled/vbd his/pp$ huge/jj brow/nn and/cc went/vbd slowly/rb out/in of/in the/at room/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at somewhat/ql goggle-eyed/jj expression/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` seeing/vbg things/nns ''/'' ./. The/at Hetman's/np$ ``/`` ideas/nns ''/'' for/in news/nn stories/nns or/cc editorial/nn campaigns/nns were/bed by/in no/at means/nns always/rb fruitless/jj or/cc lacking/vbg in/in merit/nn ./. He/pps campaigned/vbd successfully/rb for/in the/at riddance/nn of/in ``/`` Death/nn-tl Avenue/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc also/rb brought/vbd about/rb the/at ending/nn of/in pollution/nn of/in metropolitan/jj beaches/nns by/in sewage/nn ./. He/pps exposed/vbd the/at bucket-shop/nn racket/nn with/in the/at able/jj assistance/nn of/in two/cd excellent/jj reporters/nns ,/, Nat/np Ferber/np and/cc Carl/np Helm/np ./. In/in the/at conduct/nn of/in these/dts and/cc many/ap other/ap campaigns/nns ,/, the/at Hetman/np proved/vbd to/to be/be a/at much/ql abler/jjr journalist/nn than/cs his/pp$ critics/nns allowed/vbd ./. It/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo now/rb ,/, in/in a/at long/jj backward/jj glance/nn ,/, that/cs many/ap of/in the/at Hetman's/np$ conceits/nns and/cc odd/jj actions/nns --/-- together/rb with/in his/pp$ grim/jj posture/nn when/wrb brandishing/vbg the/at hatchet/nn in/in the/at name/nn of/in Mr./np Hearst/np --/-- were/bed keyed/vbn with/in the/at tragedy/nn which/wdt was/bedz to/to close/vb over/in him/ppo one/cd day/nn ./. Alone/rb ,/, rejected/vbn on/in every/at hand/nn ,/, divorced/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in financial/jj trouble/nn ,/, he/pps leaped/vbd from/in an/at eleventh-floor/nn window/nn of/in the/at Abbey/nn-tl Hotel/nn-tl in/in 1937/cd ./. One/pn finds/vbz it/ppo difficult/jj to/to pass/vb censure/nn on/in the/at lonely/jj figure/nn who/wps waited/vbd for/in days/nns for/in a/at saving/vbg word/nn from/in his/pp$ zealously/ql served/vbn idol/nn ,/, W.R./np Hearst/np ./. That/dt word/nn was/bedz withheld/vbn when/wrb the/at need/nn of/in it/ppo seemed/vbd the/at measure/nn of/in his/pp$ despair/nn ./. The/at unfinished/jj note/nn ,/, written/vbn in/in pencil/nn upon/in the/at back/nn of/in a/at used/vbn envelope/nn ,/, and/cc addressed/vbn to/in the/at coroner/nn ,/, makes/vbz one/pn wonder/vb about/in many/ap things/nns :/: ``/`` God/np forgive/vb me/ppo for/in everything/pn ./. I/ppss cannot/md* ''/'' Much/ap to/in Damon/np Runyon's/np$ amazement/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs my/pp$ own/jj ,/, I/ppss got/vbd along/rb splendidly/rb with/in the/at Hetman/np ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, until/cs I/ppss became/vbd an/at editor/nn ,/, hence/rb ,/, in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, a/at rival/nn ./. Not/* long/rb after/cs Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np had/hvd foisted/vbn me/ppo on/in the/at Watson/np staff/nn I/ppss received/vbd a/at salary/nn raise/nn and/cc a/at contract/nn on/in the/at Hetman's/np$ recommendation/nn ./. During/in the/at next/ap years/nns he/pps gave/vbd me/ppo the/at second/od of/in the/at five/cd contracts/nns I/ppss would/md sign/vb with/in the/at Hearst/np-tl Service/nn-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at somewhat/ql unusual/jj thing/nn for/in a/at reporter/nn to/to have/hv a/at contract/nn in/in those/dts days/nns before/in the/at epidemic/nn of/in syndicated/vbn columnists/nns ./. I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to believe/vb that/cs my/pp$ ability/nn warranted/vbd this/dt advancement/nn ./. Somehow/rb I/ppss think/vb that/cs Watson/np paid/vbd more/ap attention/nn to/in me/ppo than/cs he/pps otherwise/rb might/md have/hv because/cs his/pp$ foe/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np ,/, wouldn't/md* touch/vb me/ppo with/in a/at ten-foot/jj blue/jj pencil/nn ./. I/ppss remember/vb one/cd day/nn when/wrb Mr./np Hearst/np (/( and/cc I/ppss never/rb knew/vbd why/wrb he/pps liked/vbd me/ppo ,/, either/rb )/) sent/vbd the/at Hetman/np a/at telegram/nn :/: ``/`` Please/vb find/vb some/dti more/ap reporters/nns like/cs that/dt young/jj man/nn from/in Denver/np ''/'' ./. Watson/np showed/vbd this/dt wire/nn to/in Colonel/nn-tl Van/np Hamm/np ./. The/at colonel/nn grunted/vbd ,/, then/rb made/vbd a/at remark/nn which/wdt might/md be/be construed/vbn in/in either/dtx of/in two/cd ways/nns ./. ``/`` Don't/do* bother/vb to/to look/vb any/dti further/rbr ./. We/ppss already/rb have/hv the/at only/ap one/cd of/in its/pp$ kind/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Hetman/np did/dod have/hv friends/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed mostly/rb outside/in the/at newspaper/nn profession/nn ./. Sergeant/nn-tl Mike/np Donaldson/np ,/, Congressional/jj-tl Medal/nn-tl of/in-tl Honor/nn-tl soldier/nn ,/, was/bedz one/cd of/in them/ppo ./. Dr./nn-tl Menas/np S./np Gregory/np was/bedz another/dt ./. I/ppss used/vbd to/to go/vb with/in Watson/np to/to call/vb on/in the/at eminent/jj neurologist/nn at/in his/pp$ apartment/nn ,/, to/to sit/vb among/in the/at doctor's/nn$ excellent/jj collection/nn of/in statues/nns ,/, paintings/nns ,/, and/cc books/nns and/cc drink/vb Oriental/jj-tl coffee/nn while/cs Watson/np seemed/vbd to/to thaw/vb out/rp and/cc become/vb almost/ql affable/jj ./. There/ex was/bedz one/cd time/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, when/wrb his/pp$ face/nn clouded/vbd and/cc he/pps suddenly/rb blurted/vbd ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb did/dod my/pp$ brother/nn commit/vb suicide/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss cannot/md* remember/vb Dr./nn-tl Gregory's/np$ reply/nn ,/, if/cs ,/, indeed/rb ,/, he/pps made/vbd one/cd ./.

cg41

cg41 |@word home:2 mama:28 would:34 see:6 fresh:1 white:16 rise:1 sometimes:1 mrs:24 coolidge:30 close:2 green:1 suite:1 second:2 floor:3 play:3 piano:1 bring:3 house:14 know:7 son:3 favorite:2 piece:1 feel:3 disturb:1 rest:1 day:6 shadow:1 tragic:1 loss:1 even:4 though:2 president:23 try:2 harder:1 ever:4 make:4 little:9 dry:2 joke:1 tease:1 people:3 around:6 boy:2 come:8 give:5 personal:2 condolence:1 word:2 want:1 show:3 backstair:1 maid:7 cry:2 stand:4 invitation:1 mention:2 generous:1 first:11 lady:5 tragedy:1 box:2 candy:2 present:2 coax:1 smile:3 lip:1 shawls:1 dress:10 short:1 spanish:1 shawl:2 throw:1 get:7 dozen:1 one:12 tremendous:1 could:2 wear:6 drape:1 banister:1 hang:1 stairway:1 use:3 look:8 ghost:1 spend:1 time:5 bedroom:1 among:3 doll:5 collection:2 keep:3 lincoln:1 bed:2 night:4 turn:2 back:3 cover:2 take:6 place:3 elsewhere:1 always:2 symbolize:1 wish:1 girl:1 mean:2 much:3 pick:1 often:2 tiny:1 envelope:3 tie:2 wrist:1 accompanying:1 sympathetic:1 letter:1 explain:1 inside:2 name:2 granddaughter:1 help:5 overcome:1 grief:1 eye:2 future:1 cynthia:1 life:2 death:1 quiet:2 john:1 away:1 school:1 knit:1 sit:1 reading:1 many:2 pet:1 call:3 jack:2 master:1 hound:1 nickname:1 messenger:1 work:4 since:2 teddy:1 roosevelt:1 administration:1 discuss:1 welfare:1 animal:1 part:3 dog:9 immortalize:1 painting:3 rob:8 roy:8 pose:2 portrait:2 howard:1 chandler:1 christy:1 feed:1 enjoy:2 session:1 well:2 like:3 straighten:2 misconception:1 manikin:1 smithsonian:3 think:1 picture:1 lengthen:1 artist:1 later:1 true:2 bright:3 red:2 rhinestone:1 form:1 spray:1 right:2 side:2 long:2 train:5 flow:1 shoulder:1 still:1 hope:2 institution:1 memento:1 fondly:1 museum:1 contain:1 article:1 daily:1 organized:1 household:1 obviously:1 love:1 public:1 send:3 calamity:2 jane:2 timmy:1 blackberry:2 last:2 two:2 black:2 chow:1 remain:1 boss:1 teach:1 state:3 terror:1 run:3 hall:1 burst:1 bullet:1 whether:1 tell:4 ear:1 afraid:1 understand:1 perfect:2 angel:1 family:3 every:6 nap:2 stretch:1 window:2 seat:1 near:1 gentleman:1 stare:1 thoughtfully:1 sound:1 waken:1 leave:2 office:2 bark:1 let:2 everyone:1 coast:1 clear:1 signal:2 also:2 watch:1 self:1 appoint:1 accompany:1 morning:1 aware:1 importance:1 mission:1 walk:1 front:1 neither:1 left:1 dinner:2 lunch:1 breakfast:6 supper:2 meal:4 butler:2 announce:1 dash:1 elevator:1 go:3 dining:2 room:4 lie:1 rug:1 pretty:2 sight:2 prudence:2 snow:1 young:1 trust:1 radiator:1 leash:1 talk:2 tidy:1 sitting:1 return:2 finally:2 sorry:1 decide:1 radio:1 husband:1 disapprove:1 waste:1 electricity:1 catherine:1 previous:1 become:2 ill:1 die:1 choose:2 high:1 mark:1 seem:2 couple:1 upon:1 rely:1 friendship:1 mr:5 frank:1 stearns:1 boston:1 massachusetts:1 owner:1 large:1 department:1 store:1 half:1 amuse:1 stearn:2 say:3 grace:2 omit:1 speak:1 inaugurate:1 new:2 custom:1 conduct:1 business:1 table:1 economy:1 move:1 bill:1 pass:1 harding:2 designate:1 government:3 rather:1 tab:1 lifter:1 official:3 hearty:1 invite:2 attend:1 cause:1 lot:2 hour:1 barber:1 trim:1 hair:1 eat:1 suppose:1 colorful:2 certainly:1 good:3 exactly:1 guest:5 far:1 staff:1 concern:1 wrigley:2 chew:3 gum:2 king:1 christmas:1 check:2 100:1 divide:1 imagine:1 service:2 another:1 friend:2 george:1 harvey:1 ambassador:1 great:1 britain:1 1921:1 1923:1 continue:1 royalty:1 wait:1 queen:1 marie:1 rumania:1 honor:1 october:1 21:1 1926:1 overnight:1 ike:1 hoover:1 chief:1 usher:1 fur:1 coat:1 care:1 need:1 prettiest:1 patriotic:1 duty:1 proud:1 repair:1 edge:2 flag:4 fly:1 actually:1 mansion:1 small:1 rainy:1 big:1 wool:1 frazzled:1 blow:3 wind:2 mend:1 roof:1 attendant:1 evening:2 way:3 wonderful:1 safe:1 feeling:1 americans:1 protect:1 matter:1 mourning:2 reach:3 trouble:1 person:1 brother:1 emmett:2 lung:2 affect:1 gas:1 war:1 mount:1 alto:1 hospital:2 veteran:1 number:1 interest:1 doctor:1 assign:1 dr:1 james:1 coupal:1 result:1 arizona:1 health:1 improve:1 enough:1 washington:2 danger:1 suffer:1 muggy:1 weather:1 climate:1 west:1 live:2 grey:1 mourn:1 color:2 select:1 lovely:1 start:1 open:1 tear:1 sad:1 face:1 social:1 chore:1 formal:1 reception:1 thrill:1 job:1 foot:1 stair:2 step:2 tread:1 march:1 blue:1 greet:2 famous:1 anyone:1 note:1 gown:1 practically:1 shock:1 bottom:1 usual:1 stoop:1 fix:1 nothing:1 without:1 hold:1 aloft:1 horrify:1 expression:1 quickly:1 whole:1 thing:1 fall:1 swirl:1 lose:1 presidency:1

If/cs she/pps were/bed not/* at/in home/nn ,/, Mama/nn-tl would/md see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs a/at fresh/jj white/jj rose/nn was/bedz there/rb ./. Sometimes/rb ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np would/md close/vb herself/ppl in/in the/at Green/jj-tl Suite/nn-tl on/in the/at second/od floor/nn ,/, and/cc play/vb the/at piano/nn she/pps had/hvd brought/vbn to/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. Mama/nn-tl knew/vbd she/pps was/bedz playing/vbg her/pp$ son's/nn$ favorite/jj pieces/nns and/cc feeling/nn close/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc did/dod not/* disturb/vb her/ppo ./. All/ql the/at rest/nn of/in the/at days/nns in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl would/md be/be shadowed/vbn by/in the/at tragic/jj loss/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at President/nn-tl tried/vbd harder/rbr than/cs ever/rb to/to make/vb his/pp$ little/jj dry/jj jokes/nns and/cc to/to tease/vb the/at people/nns around/in him/ppo ./. A/at little/jj boy/nn came/vbd to/to give/vb the/at President/nn-tl his/pp$ personal/jj condolences/nns ,/, and/cc the/at President/nn-tl gave/vbd word/nn that/cs any/dti little/jj boy/nn who/wps wanted/vbd to/to see/vb him/ppo was/bedz to/to be/be shown/vbn in/rp ./. Backstairs/rb ,/, the/at maids/nns cried/vbd a/at little/jj over/in that/dt ,/, and/cc the/at standing/vbg invitation/nn was/bedz not/* mentioned/vbn to/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np ./. The/at President/nn-tl was/bedz even/ql more/ql generous/jj with/in the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl than/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben before/in the/at tragedy/nn ./. He/pps would/md bring/vb her/ppo boxes/nns of/in candy/nn and/cc other/ap presents/nns to/to coax/vb a/at smile/nn to/in her/pp$ lips/nns ./. He/pps brought/vbd her/ppo shawls/nns ./. Dresses/nns were/bed short/jj in/in the/at days/nns of/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np ,/, and/cc Spanish/jj shawls/nns were/bed thrown/vbn over/in them/ppo ./. He/pps got/vbd her/ppo dozens/nns of/in them/ppo ./. One/cd shawl/nn was/bedz so/ql tremendous/jj that/cs she/pps could/md not/* wear/vb it/ppo ,/, so/cs she/pps draped/vbd it/ppo over/in the/at banister/nn on/in the/at second/od floor/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps hung/vbd over/in the/at stairway/nn ./. The/at President/nn-tl used/vbd to/to look/vb at/in it/ppo with/in a/at ghost/nn of/in a/at smile/nn ./. Mrs./np Coolidge/np spent/vbd more/ap time/nn in/in her/pp$ bedroom/nn among/in her/pp$ doll/nn collection/nn ./. She/pps kept/vbd the/at dolls/nns on/in the/at Lincoln/np bed/nn ./. At/in night/nn ,/, when/wrb Mama/nn-tl would/md turn/vb back/rb the/at covers/nns ,/, she/pps would/md have/hv to/to take/vb all/abn the/at dolls/nns off/in the/at bed/nn and/cc place/vb them/ppo elsewhere/rb for/in the/at night/nn ./. Mama/nn-tl always/rb felt/vbd that/cs the/at collection/nn symbolized/vbd Mrs./np Coolidge's/np$ wish/nn for/in a/at little/jj girl/nn ./. Among/in the/at dolls/nns was/bedz one/cd that/wps meant/vbd very/ql much/rb to/in the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl ,/, who/wps would/md pick/vb it/ppo up/rp and/cc look/vb at/in it/ppo often/rb ./. It/pps had/hvd a/at tiny/jj envelope/nn tied/vbn to/in its/pp$ wrist/nn ./. An/at accompanying/vbg sympathetic/jj letter/nn explained/vbd that/cs inside/in the/at envelope/nn was/bedz a/at name/nn for/in Mrs./np Coolidge's/np$ first/od granddaughter/nn ./. Mama/nn-tl knew/vbd this/dt doll/nn was/bedz meant/vbn to/to help/vb Mrs./np Coolidge/np overcome/vb her/ppo grief/nn by/in turning/vbg her/pp$ eyes/nns to/in the/at future/nn ./. The/at name/nn inside/in the/at envelope/nn was/bedz ``/`` Cynthia/np ''/'' ./. The/at Coolidges'/nps$ life/nn ,/, after/in the/at death/nn of/in their/pp$ son/nn ,/, was/bedz quieter/jjr than/cs ever/rb ./. John/np was/bedz away/rb at/in school/nn most/ap of/in the/at time/nn ./. Mrs./np Coolidge/np would/md knit/vb ,/, and/cc the/at President/nn-tl would/md sit/vb reading/vbg ,/, or/cc playing/vbg with/in the/at many/ap pets/nns around/in them/ppo ./. Now/rb and/cc then/rb ,/, the/at President/nn-tl would/md call/vb for/in ``/`` Little/jj-tl Jack/np-tl ,/, Master/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Hounds/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt was/bedz his/pp$ nickname/nn for/in a/at messenger/nn who/wps had/hvd worked/vbn in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl since/in Teddy/np Roosevelt's/np$ administration/nn ,/, and/cc discuss/vb the/at welfare/nn of/in some/dti one/cd of/in the/at animals/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz part/nn of/in Little/jj-tl Jack's/np$-tl work/nn to/to look/vb after/in the/at dogs/nns ./. One/cd White/jj-tl House/nn-tl dog/nn was/bedz immortalized/vbn in/in a/at painting/nn ./. That/dt was/bedz Rob/np Roy/np ,/, who/wps posed/vbd with/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np for/in the/at portrait/nn by/in Howard/np Chandler/np Christy/np ./. To/to get/vb him/ppo to/to pose/vb ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np would/md feed/vb him/ppo candy/nn ,/, so/cs he/pps enjoyed/vbd the/at portrait/nn sessions/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs she/pps did/dod ./. I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to straighten/vb out/rp a/at misconception/nn about/in the/at dress/nn Mrs./np Coolidge/np is/bez wearing/vbg in/in this/dt painting/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* the/at same/ap dress/nn as/cs the/at one/cd on/in her/pp$ manikin/nn in/in the/at Smithsonian/np ./. People/nns think/vb the/at dress/nn in/in the/at picture/nn was/bedz lengthened/vbn by/in an/at artist/nn much/ql later/rbr on/rp ./. This/dt is/bez not/* true/jj ./. The/at dress/nn in/in the/at painting/nn is/bez a/at bright/jj red/jj ,/, with/in rhinestones/nns forming/vbg a/at spray/nn on/in the/at right/jj side/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at long/jj train/nn flowing/vbg from/in the/at shoulders/nns ./. Mrs./np Coolidge/np gave/vbd Mama/nn-tl this/dt dress/nn for/in me/ppo ,/, and/cc I/ppss wore/vbd it/ppo many/ap times/nns ./. I/ppss still/rb have/hv the/at dress/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss hope/vb to/to give/vb it/ppo to/in the/at Smithsonian/np-tl Institution/nn-tl as/cs a/at memento/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, as/cs I/ppss more/ql fondly/rb hope/vb ,/, to/to present/vb it/ppo to/in a/at museum/nn containing/vbg articles/nns showing/vbg the/at daily/jj lives/nns of/in the/at Presidents/nns-tl --/-- if/cs I/ppss can/md get/vb it/ppo organized/vbn ./. But/cc to/to get/vb back/rb to/in the/at Coolidge/np household/nn ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np so/ql obviously/rb loved/vbd dogs/nns ,/, that/cs the/at public/nn sent/vbd her/ppo more/ap dogs/nns --/-- Calamity/nn-tl Jane/np ,/, Timmy/np ,/, and/cc Blackberry/np ./. The/at last/ap two/cd were/bed a/at red/jj and/cc a/at black/jj chow/nn ./. Rob/np Roy/np remained/vbd boss/nn of/in all/abn the/at dogs/nns ./. He/pps showed/vbd them/ppo what/wdt to/to do/do ,/, and/cc taught/vbd them/ppo how/wrb to/to keep/vb the/at maids/nns around/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl in/in a/at state/nn of/in terror/nn ./. The/at dogs/nns would/md run/vb through/in the/at halls/nns after/in him/ppo like/cs a/at burst/nn of/in bullets/nns ,/, and/cc all/abn the/at maids/nns would/md run/vb for/in cover/nn ./. Mama/nn-tl didn't/dod* know/vb what/wdt to/to do/do --/-- whether/cs to/to tell/vb on/in Rob/np Roy/np or/cc not/* --/-- since/cs she/pps had/hvd the/at ear/nn of/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np more/rbr than/cs the/at other/ap maids/nns ./. But/cc she/pps was/bedz afraid/jj the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl would/md not/* understand/vb ,/, because/cs Rob/np Roy/np was/bedz a/at perfect/jj angel/nn with/in the/at First/od-tl Family/nn-tl ./. Every/at day/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at President/nn-tl took/vbd his/pp$ nap/nn ,/, Rob/np Roy/np would/md stretch/vb out/rp on/in the/at window/nn seat/nn near/in him/ppo ,/, like/cs a/at perfect/jj gentleman/nn ,/, and/cc stare/vb thoughtfully/rb out/in the/at window/nn ,/, or/cc he/pps would/md take/vb a/at little/jj nap/nn himself/ppl ./. He/pps would/md not/* make/vb a/at sound/nn until/cs the/at President/nn-tl had/hvd wakened/vbn and/cc left/vbn for/in the/at office/nn ;/. ;/. then/rb he/pps would/md bark/vb to/to let/vb everyone/pn know/vb the/at coast/nn was/bedz clear/jj ./. His/pp$ signal/nn was/bedz for/in the/at other/ap dogs/nns to/to come/vb running/vbg ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz also/rb the/at signal/nn for/in Mama/nn-tl and/cc the/at other/ap maids/nns to/to watch/vb out/rp ./. Rob/np Roy/np was/bedz self-appointed/jj to/to accompany/vb the/at President/nn-tl to/in his/pp$ office/nn every/at morning/nn ./. Rob/np Roy/np was/bedz well/ql aware/jj of/in the/at importance/nn of/in this/dt mission/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps would/md walk/vb in/in front/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl ,/, looking/vbg neither/cc to/in the/at right/nr nor/cc to/in the/at left/nr ./. At/in dinner/nn ,/, lunch/nn ,/, or/cc breakfast/nn ,/, the/at President/nn-tl would/md call/vb out/rp ,/, ``/`` Supper/nn ''/'' !/. !/. --/-- he/pps called/vbd all/abn meals/nns supper/nn --/-- after/cs the/at butler/nn had/hvd announced/vbn the/at meal/nn ./. All/ql the/at dogs/nns would/md dash/vb to/to get/vb on/in the/at elevator/nn with/in the/at President/nn-tl and/cc go/vb to/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn ./. They/ppss would/md all/abn lie/vb around/rb on/in the/at rug/nn during/in the/at meal/nn ,/, a/at very/ql pretty/jj sight/nn as/cs Rob/np Roy/np ,/, Prudence/np ,/, and/cc Calamity/nn-tl Jane/np were/bed all/abn snow-white/jj ./. When/wrb Prudence/np and/cc Blackberry/np were/bed too/ql young/jj to/to be/be trusted/vbn in/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed tied/vbn to/in the/at radiator/nn with/in their/pp$ leashes/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss would/md cry/vb ./. Mama/nn-tl tried/vbd to/to talk/vb to/in them/ppo and/cc keep/vb them/ppo quiet/jj while/cs she/pps tidied/vbd up/rp the/at sitting/vbg room/nn before/cs the/at First/od-tl Family/nn-tl returned/vbd ./. Finally/rb ,/, Mama/nn-tl did/dod mention/vb to/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np that/cs she/pps felt/vbd sorry/jj for/in the/at little/jj dogs/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb Mrs./np Coolidge/np decided/vbd to/to leave/vb the/at radio/nn on/rp for/in them/ppo while/cs she/pps was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, even/rb though/cs her/pp$ husband/nn disapproved/vbd of/in the/at waste/nn of/in electricity/nn ./. Mama/nn-tl was/bedz now/rb the/at first/od maid/nn to/in Mrs./np Coolidge/np ,/, because/cs Catherine/np ,/, the/at previous/jj first/od maid/nn ,/, had/hvd become/vbn ill/jj and/cc died/vbn ./. Mrs./np Coolidge/np chose/vbd Mama/nn-tl in/in her/pp$ place/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at high/jj mark/nn for/in Mama/nn-tl ./. Every/at First/od-tl Family/nn-tl seems/vbz to/to have/hv one/cd couple/nn upon/in whom/wpo it/pps relies/vbz for/in true/jj friendship/nn ./. For/in the/at Coolidges/nps ,/, it/pps was/bedz Mr./np and/cc Mrs./np Frank/np W./np Stearns/np of/in Boston/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, owners/nns of/in a/at large/jj department/nn store/nn ./. They/ppss seemed/vbd to/to be/be at/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl half/abn the/at time/nn ./. The/at butlers/nns were/bed amused/vbn because/cs when/wrb the/at Stearns/nps were/bed there/rb ,/, the/at President/nn-tl would/md say/vb grace/nn at/in breakfast/nn ./. If/cs the/at Stearns/nps were/bed not/* there/rb ,/, grace/nn would/md be/be omitted/vbn ./. Speaking/vbg of/in breakfast/nn ,/, the/at President/nn-tl inaugurated/vbd a/at new/jj custom/nn --/-- that/dt of/in conducting/vbg business/nn at/in the/at breakfast/nn table/nn ./. The/at word/nn was/bedz that/cs this/dt too/rb was/bedz part/nn of/in an/at economy/nn move/nn on/in his/pp$ part/nn ./. A/at new/jj bill/nn had/hvd been/ben passed/vbn under/in Harding/np that/wps designated/vbd the/at Government/nn-tl ,/, rather/in than/in the/at President/nn-tl ,/, as/cs the/at tab-lifter/nn for/in official/jj meals/nns ./. So/cs the/at President/nn-tl would/md make/vb a/at hearty/jj breakfast/nn official/jj by/in inviting/vbg Government/nn-tl officials/nns to/to attend/vb ./. He/pps caused/vbd a/at lot/nn of/in talk/nn when/wrb he/pps also/rb chose/vbd the/at breakfast/nn hour/nn to/to have/hv the/at barber/nn come/vb in/rp and/cc trim/vb his/pp$ hair/nn while/cs he/pps ate/vbd ./. Mama/nn-tl said/vbd that/cs if/cs Presidents/nns-tl were/bed supposed/vbn to/to be/be colorful/jj ,/, Mr./np Coolidge/np certainly/rb made/vbd a/at good/jj president/nn ./. He/pps knew/vbd exactly/rb how/wrb to/to be/be colorful/jj !/. !/. The/at favorite/jj guest/nn of/in the/at house/nn ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs the/at staff/nn was/bedz concerned/vbn ,/, was/bedz Mr./np Wrigley/np ,/, the/at chewing/vbg gum/nn king/nn ./. The/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl had/hvd chewing/vbg gum/nn until/cs it/pps could/md chew/vb no/ql more/rbr ,/, and/cc every/at Christmas/np ,/, Mr./np Wrigley/np sent/vbd the/at President/nn-tl a/at check/nn for/in $100/nns ,/, to/to be/be divided/vbn among/in all/abn the/at help/nn ./. You/ppss can/md imagine/vb that/cs he/pps got/vbd pretty/ql good/jj service/nn ./. Another/dt good/nn friend/nn of/in the/at Coolidges'/nps$ was/bedz George/np B./np Harvey/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz the/at Ambassador/nn-tl to/in-tl Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl from/in 1921/cd to/in 1923/cd ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at friend/nn of/in the/at Hardings/nps ,/, and/cc continued/vbd to/to be/be invited/vbn by/in the/at Coolidges/nps ./. The/at first/od royalty/nn whom/wpo Mama/nn-tl ever/rb waited/vbd on/in in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl was/bedz Queen/nn-tl Marie/np of/in Rumania/np ,/, who/wps came/vbd to/in a/at State/nn-tl dinner/nn given/vbn in/in her/pp$ honor/nn on/in October/np 21/cd ,/, 1926/cd ./. She/pps was/bedz not/* an/at overnight/jj guest/nn in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, but/cc Mr./np Ike/np Hoover/np ,/, the/at chief/jjs usher/nn ,/, had/hvd Mama/nn-tl check/vb her/pp$ fur/nn coat/nn when/wrb she/pps came/vbd in/rp ,/, and/cc take/vb care/nn of/in her/pp$ needs/nns ./. Mama/nn-tl said/vbd she/pps was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at prettiest/jjt ladies/nns she/pps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./. Mama/nn-tl was/bedz very/ql patriotic/jj ,/, and/cc one/cd of/in the/at duties/nns she/pps was/bedz proudest/jjt of/in was/bedz repairing/vbg the/at edges/nns of/in the/at flag/nn that/wps flew/vbd above/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. Actually/rb ,/, two/cd flags/nns were/bed used/vbn at/in the/at mansion/nn --/-- a/at small/jj one/cd on/in rainy/jj days/nns ,/, and/cc a/at big/jj one/cd on/in bright/jj days/nns ./. The/at wool/nn would/md become/vb frazzled/vbn around/in the/at edges/nns from/in blowing/vbg in/in the/at wind/nn ,/, and/cc Mama/nn-tl would/md mend/vb it/ppo ./. She/pps would/md often/rb go/vb up/rp on/in the/at roof/nn to/to see/vb the/at attendant/nn take/vb down/rp the/at flag/nn in/in the/at evening/nn ./. She/pps used/vbd to/to tell/vb me/ppo ,/, ``/`` When/wrb I/ppss stand/vb there/rb and/cc look/vb at/in the/at flag/nn blowing/vbg this/dt way/nn and/cc that/dt way/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv the/at wonderful/jj ,/, safe/jj feeling/nn that/cs Americans/nps are/ber protected/vbn no/at matter/nn which/wdt way/nn the/at wind/nn blows/vbz ''/'' ./. Even/rb when/wrb Mrs./np Coolidge/np was/bedz in/in mourning/vbg for/in her/pp$ son/nn ,/, she/pps reached/vbd out/rp to/to help/vb other/ap people/nns in/in trouble/nn ./. One/cd person/nn she/pps helped/vbd was/bedz my/pp$ brother/nn ./. Mama/nn-tl had/hvd told/vbn her/ppo how/wrb Emmett's/np$ lungs/nns had/hvd been/ben affected/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz gassed/vbn in/in the/at war/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz in/in and/cc out/in of/in Mount/nn-tl Alto/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl for/in veterans/nns any/dti number/nn of/in times/nns ./. Taking/vbg a/at personal/jj interest/nn ,/, she/pps had/hvd the/at doctor/nn assigned/vbn to/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, Dr./nn-tl James/np Coupal/np ,/, look/vb Emmett/np over/rp ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz sent/vbn to/in a/at hospital/nn in/in Arizona/np until/cs his/pp$ health/nn improved/vbd enough/rb for/in him/ppo to/to come/vb back/rb to/in Washington/np to/to work/vb in/in the/at Government/nn-tl service/nn ./. But/cc again/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz danger/nn that/cs his/pp$ lungs/nns would/md suffer/vb in/in the/at muggy/jj Washington/np weather/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd to/to return/vb to/in the/at dry/jj climate/nn of/in the/at West/nr-tl to/to live/vb and/cc work/nn ./. When/wrb Mrs./np Coolidge/np was/bedz in/in mourning/vbg ,/, she/pps did/dod not/* wear/vb black/jj ./. She/pps wore/vbd grey/jj every/at day/nn ,/, and/cc white/jj every/at evening/nn ./. Mama/nn-tl knew/vbd that/cs she/pps was/bedz out/in of/in mourning/vbg when/wrb she/pps finally/rb wore/vbd bright/jj colors/nns ./. The/at President/nn-tl helped/vbd her/ppo a/at lot/nn by/in selecting/vbg some/dti lovely/jj colored/vbn dresses/nns to/to get/vb her/ppo started/vbn ./. She/pps opened/vbd the/at boxes/nns with/in a/at tear/nn in/in her/pp$ eye/nn and/cc a/at sad/jj smile/nn on/in her/pp$ face/nn ./. On/in the/at social/jj side/nn ,/, the/at chore/nn Mama/nn-tl had/hvd at/in the/at formal/jj receptions/nns at/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl thrilled/vbd her/ppo the/at most/rbt ./. It/pps was/bedz her/pp$ job/nn to/to stand/vb at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at stairs/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, just/rb as/cs the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl stepped/vbd off/in the/at last/ap tread/nn ,/, Mama/nn-tl would/md straighten/vb out/rp her/pp$ long/jj train/nn before/cs she/pps marched/vbd to/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Room/nn-tl to/to greet/vb her/pp$ guests/nns with/in the/at President/nn-tl ./. Mama/nn-tl would/md enjoy/vb the/at sight/nn of/in the/at famous/jj guests/nns as/ql much/rb as/cs anyone/pn ,/, and/cc would/md note/vb a/at gown/nn here/rb and/cc there/rb to/to tell/vb me/ppo about/in that/dt night/nn ./. One/cd night/nn ,/, Mama/nn-tl came/vbd home/nr practically/rb in/in a/at state/nn of/in shock/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd stood/vbn at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at stairs/nns ,/, as/cs usual/jj ,/, when/wrb Mrs./np Coolidge/np came/vbd down/rp ,/, in/in the/at same/ap dress/nn that/wps is/bez now/rb in/in the/at Smithsonian/np ,/, to/to greet/vb her/pp$ guests/nns ./. Mama/nn-tl stooped/vbd down/rp to/to fix/vb the/at train/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at train/nn there/rb !/. !/. She/pps reached/vbd and/cc reached/vbd around/in the/at dress/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn there/rb ./. She/pps looked/vbd up/rp and/cc saw/vbd that/cs ,/, without/in knowing/vbg it/ppo ,/, Mrs./np Coolidge/np was/bedz holding/vbg it/ppo aloft/rb ./. Mrs./np Coolidge/np looked/vbd down/rp ,/, saw/vbd Mama's/nn$-tl horrified/vbn expression/nn and/cc quickly/rb let/vb the/at whole/jj thing/nn fall/vb to/in the/at floor/nn ./. Mama/nn-tl swirled/vbd the/at train/nn in/in place/nn ,/, and/cc not/* a/at step/nn was/bedz lost/vbn ./. The/at Coolidges/nps did/dod not/* always/rb live/vb at/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl during/in the/at Presidency/nn-tl ./.

cg42

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Impressive/jj as/cs this/dt enumeration/nn is/bez ,/, it/pps barely/rb hints/vbz at/in the/at diverse/jj perceptions/nns of/in Jews/nps ,/, collectively/rb or/cc individually/rb ,/, that/wps have/hv been/ben attested/vbn by/in their/pp$ Gentile/np environment/nn ./. It/pps is/bez reasonable/jj to/to affirm/vb two/cd propositions/nns :/: Jews/nps have/hv been/ben perceived/vbn by/in non-Jews/nps as/cs all/abn things/nns to/in all/abn men/nns ;/. ;/. some/dti Jews/nps have/hv in/in fact/nn been/ben all/abn things/nns to/in all/abn men/nns ./. In/in the/at arena/nn of/in power/nn Jews/nps have/hv at/in one/cd time/nn or/cc another/dt been/ben somebody's/pn$ ally/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss have/hv observed/vbn correct/jj neutrality/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss have/hv been/ben someone's/pn$ enemy/nn ./. In/in the/at market/nn place/nn Jews/nps have/hv in/in fact/nn under/in various/jj circumstances/nns been/ben valued/vbn customers/nns and/cc suppliers/nns ,/, or/cc clannish/jj monopolists/nns and/cc cutthroat/nn competitors/nns ./. And/cc so/rb on/rp through/in the/at roles/nns referred/vbn to/in in/in the/at previous/jj paragraph/nn ./. Diversity/nn of/in perception/nn ,/, yes/rb ;/. ;/. diversity/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, yes/rb ./. But/cc the/at two/cd do/do not/* invariably/rb or/cc even/ql typically/rb coincide/vb ./. The/at ``/`` conventional/jj ''/'' image/nn of/in a/at particular/jj time/nn and/cc place/nn is/bez not/* necessarily/rb congruent/jj with/in the/at image/nn of/in the/at facts/nns as/cs established/vbn over/in the/at years/nns by/in scholarly/jj and/cc scientific/jj research/nn ./. Conventional/jj images/nns of/in Jews/nps have/hv this/dt in/in common/jj with/in all/abn perceptions/nns of/in a/at configuration/nn in/in which/wdt one/cd feature/nn is/bez held/vbn constant/jj :/: images/nns can/md be/be both/abx true/jj and/cc false/jj ./. The/at genuinely/ql interesting/jj question/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, becomes/vbz :/: What/wdt factors/nns determine/vb the/at degree/nn of/in realism/nn or/cc distortion/nn in/in conventional/jj images/nns of/in Jews/nps ?/. ?/. The/at working/vbg test/nn of/in ``/`` the/at facts/nns ''/'' must/md always/rb be/be the/at best/jjt available/jj description/nn obtainable/jj from/in scholars/nns and/cc scientists/nns who/wps have/hv applied/vbn their/pp$ methods/nns of/in investigation/nn to/in relevant/jj situations/nns ./. Granted/vbn ,/, such/jj ``/`` functional/jj ''/'' images/nns are/ber subject/jj to/in human/jj error/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber self-correcting/jj in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber subject/jj to/in disciplined/vbn procedures/nns that/wps check/vb and/cc recheck/vb against/in error/nn ./. In/in accounting/vbg for/in realism/nn or/cc distortion/nn two/cd sets/nns of/in factors/nns can/md be/be usefully/rb distinguished/vbn :/: current/jj intelligence/nn ;/. ;/. predispositions/nns regarding/in intelligence/nn ./. General/nn-tl Grant/np may/md have/hv been/ben the/at victim/nn of/in false/jj information/nn in/in the/at instance/nn reported/vbn in/in this/dt book/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs so/rb ,/, he/pps would/md not/* be/be the/at first/od or/cc last/ap commanding/vbg officer/nn who/wps has/hvz succumbed/vbn to/in bad/jj information/nn and/cc dubious/jj estimates/nns of/in the/at future/nn ./. But/cc General/nn-tl Grant/np may/md have/hv been/ben self-victimized/jj ./. He/pps may/md have/hv entered/vbn the/at situation/nn with/in predispositions/nns that/wps prepared/vbd him/ppo to/to act/vb uncritically/rb in/in the/at press/nn of/in affairs/nns ./. Predispositions/nns ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, fall/vb conveniently/rb into/in two/cd categories/nns for/in purposes/nns of/in analysis/nn ./. To/in some/dti extent/nn predispositions/nns are/ber shaped/vbn by/in exposure/nn to/to group/nn environments/nns ./. In/in some/dti measure/nn they/ppss depend/vb upon/in the/at structure/nn of/in individual/jj personality/nn ./. The/at anti-Semitism/nn of/in Hitler/np owed/vbd something/pn to/in his/pp$ exposure/nn to/in the/at ideology/nn of/in Lueger's/np$ politically/rb successful/jj Christian/jj socialist/nn movement/nn in/in Vienna/np ./. But/cc millions/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns were/bed exposed/vbn to/in Lueger's/np$ propaganda/nn and/cc record/nn ./. After/cs allowing/vbg for/in group/nn exposures/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez apparent/jj that/cs other/ap factors/nns must/md be/be considered/vbn if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to comprehend/vb fanaticism/nn ./. These/dts are/ber personality/nn factors/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss include/vb harmonies/nns and/cc conflicts/nns within/in the/at whole/jj man/nn ,/, and/cc mechanisms/nns whereby/wrb inner/jj components/nns are/ber more/ql or/cc less/ql smoothly/rb met/vbn ./. Modern/jj psychiatric/jj knowledge/nn provides/vbz us/ppo with/in many/ap keys/nns to/to unlock/vb the/at significance/nn of/in behavior/nn of/in the/at kind/nn ./. The/at foregoing/vbg factors/nns are/ber pertinent/jj to/in the/at analysis/nn of/in perceptual/jj images/nns and/cc the/at broad/jj conditions/nns under/in which/wdt they/ppss achieve/vb realism/nn or/cc fall/vb short/rb of/in it/ppo ./. Undoubtedly/rb one/cd merit/nn of/in the/at vast/jj panorama/nn of/in Gentile/np conceptions/nns of/in the/at Jew/np unfolded/vbn in/in the/at present/jj anthology/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps provides/vbz a/at formidable/jj body/nn of/in material/nn that/wps invites/vbz critical/jj examination/nn in/in terms/nns of/in reality/nn ./. Many/ap selections/nns are/ber themselves/ppls convincing/jj contributions/nns to/in this/dt appraisal/nn ./. Undoubtedly/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at significance/nn of/in the/at volume/nn is/bez greater/jjr than/cs the/at foregoing/vbg paragraphs/nns suggest/vb ./. Speaking/vbg as/cs a/at non-Jew/np I/ppss believe/vb that/cs its/pp$ primary/jj contribution/nn is/bez in/in the/at realm/nn of/in future/jj policy/nn ./. Since/cs we/ppss can/md neither/cc undo/vb nor/cc redo/vb the/at past/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber limited/vbn to/in the/at events/nns of/in today/nr and/cc tomorrow/nr ./. In/in this/dt domain/nn the/at simple/jj fact/nn of/in coexistence/nn in/in the/at same/ap local/jj ,/, national/jj ,/, and/cc world/nn community/nn is/bez enough/ap to/to guarantee/vb that/cs we/ppss cannot/md* refrain/vb from/in having/hvg some/dti effect/nn ,/, large/jj or/cc small/jj ,/, upon/in Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns ./. What/wdt shall/md these/dts effects/nns be/be ?/. ?/. I/ppss am/bem deliberately/rb raising/vbg the/at policy/nn problems/nns involved/vbn in/in Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns ./. Comprehensive/jj examination/nn of/in any/dti policy/nn question/nn calls/vbz for/in the/at performance/nn of/in the/at intellectual/jj tasks/nns inseparable/jj from/in any/dti problem-solving/jj method/nn ./. The/at tasks/nns are/ber briefly/rb indicated/vbn by/in these/dts questions/nns :/: What/wdt are/ber my/pp$ goals/nns in/in Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns ?/. ?/. What/wdt are/ber the/at historical/jj trends/nns in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc abroad/rb in/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt these/dts goals/nns are/ber effectively/rb realized/vbn ?/. ?/. What/wdt factors/nns condition/vb the/at degree/nn of/in realization/nn at/in various/jj times/nns and/cc places/nns ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez the/at probable/jj course/nn of/in future/jj developments/nns ?/. ?/. What/wdt policies/nns if/cs adopted/vbn and/cc applied/vbn in/in various/jj circumstances/nns will/md increase/vb the/at likelihood/nn that/cs future/jj events/nns will/md coincide/vb with/in desired/vbn events/nns and/cc do/do so/rb at/in least/ap cost/nn in/in terms/nns of/in all/abn human/jj values/nns ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez beyond/in the/at province/nn of/in this/dt epilogue/nn to/to cover/vb policy/nn questions/nns of/in such/jj depth/nn and/cc range/nn ./. The/at discussion/nn is/bez therefore/rb limited/vbn to/in a/at suggested/vbn procedure/nn for/in realizing/vbg at/in least/ap some/dti of/in the/at potential/jj importance/nn of/in this/dt volume/nn for/in future/jj policy/nn ./. As/cs a/at groundwork/nn for/in the/at proposal/nn I/ppss give/vb some/dti attention/nn to/in the/at first/od task/nn enumerated/vbn above/rb ,/, the/at clarification/nn of/in goal/nn ./. My/pp$ reply/nn is/bez that/cs I/ppss associate/vb myself/ppl with/in all/abn those/dts who/wps affirm/vb that/cs Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns should/md contribute/vb to/in the/at theory/nn and/cc practice/nn of/in human/jj dignity/nn ./. The/at basic/jj goal/nn finds/vbz partial/jj expression/nn in/in the/at Universal/jj-tl Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Human/jj-tl Rights/nns-tl ,/, a/at statement/nn initiated/vbn and/cc endorsed/vbn by/in individuals/nns and/cc organizations/nns of/in many/ap religious/jj and/cc philosophical/jj traditions/nns ./. Within/in this/dt frame/nn of/in reference/nn policies/nns appropriate/jj to/in claims/nns advanced/vbn in/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at Jews/nps depend/vb upon/in which/wdt Jewish/jj identity/nn is/bez involved/vbn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs upon/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at claim/nn ,/, the/at characteristics/nns of/in the/at claimant/nn ,/, the/at justifications/nns proposed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at predispositions/nns of/in the/at community/nn decision/nn makers/nns who/wps are/ber called/vbn upon/rb to/to act/vb ./. If/cs Jews/nps are/ber identified/vbn as/cs a/at religious/jj body/nn in/in a/at controversy/nn that/dt comes/vbz before/in a/at national/jj or/cc international/jj tribunal/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez obviously/rb compatible/jj with/in the/at goal/nn of/in human/jj dignity/nn to/to protect/vb freedom/nn of/in worship/nn ./. When/wrb decision/nn makers/nns act/vb within/in this/dt frame/nn they/ppss determine/vb whether/cs a/at claim/nn put/vbn forward/rb in/in the/at name/nn of/in religion/nn is/bez to/to be/be accepted/vbn by/in the/at larger/jjr community/nn as/cs appropriate/jj to/in religion/nn ./. Since/cs the/at recognition/nn of/in Israel/np as/cs a/at nation/nn state/nn ,/, claims/nns are/ber made/vbn in/in many/ap cases/nns which/wdt identify/vb the/at claimant/nn as/cs a/at member/nn of/in the/at new/jj body/nn politic/jj ./. Community/nn decision/nn makers/nns must/md make/vb up/rp their/pp$ minds/nns whether/cs a/at claim/nn is/bez acceptable/jj to/in the/at larger/jjr community/nn in/in terms/nns of/in prevailing/vbg expectations/nns regarding/in members/nns of/in nation/nn states/nns ./. In/in free/jj countries/nns many/ap controversies/nns involve/vb self-styled/jj Jews/nps who/wps use/vb the/at symbol/nn in/in asserting/vbg a/at vaguely/ql ``/`` cultural/jj ''/'' rather/in than/in religious/jj or/cc political/jj identity/nn ./. The/at decision/nn maker/nn who/wps acts/vbz for/in the/at community/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn must/md decide/vb whether/cs the/at objectives/nns pursued/vbn and/cc the/at methods/nns used/vbn are/ber appropriate/jj to/in public/jj policy/nn regarding/in cultural/jj groups/nns ./. We/ppss know/vb that/cs much/ap is/bez made/vbn of/in the/at multiplicity/nn and/cc ambiguity/nn of/in the/at identities/nns that/wps cluster/vb around/in the/at key/jjs symbol/nn of/in the/at Jew/np ./. Many/ap public/jj and/cc private/jj controversies/nns will/md undoubtedly/rb continue/vb to/to reflect/vb these/dts confusions/nns in/in the/at mind/nn and/cc usage/nn of/in Gentile/np and/cc Jew/np ./. However/rb ,/, in/in the/at context/nn of/in legal/jj and/cc civic/jj policy/nn ,/, these/dts controversies/nns are/ber less/ap than/cs novel/jj ./. They/ppss involve/vb similar/jj uncertainties/nns regarding/in the/at multiple/jj identities/nns of/in any/dti number/nn of/in non-Jewish/jj groups/nns ./. So/ql far/rb as/cs the/at existing/vbg body/nn of/in formal/jj principle/nn and/cc procedure/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, categorical/jj novelties/nns are/ber not/* to/to be/be anticipated/vbn in/in Jewish-Gentile/jj relationships/nns ;/. ;/. claims/nns are/ber properly/rb disposed/vbn of/in according/in to/in norms/nns common/jj to/in all/abn parties/nns ./. It/pps is/bez not/* implied/vbn that/cs formal/jj principles/nns and/cc procedures/nns are/ber so/ql firmly/rb entrenched/vbn within/in the/at public/jj order/nn of/in the/at world/nn community/nn or/cc even/rb of/in free/jj commonwealths/nns that/cs they/ppss will/md control/vb in/in all/abn circumstances/nns involving/vbg Jews/nps and/cc Gentiles/nps during/in coming/vbg years/nns ./. Social/jj process/nn is/bez always/rb anchored/vbn in/in past/ap predisposition/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc it/pps is/bez perennially/rb restructured/vbn in/in situations/nns where/wrb anchors/nns are/ber dragged/vbn or/cc lost/vbn ./. In/in conformance/nn with/in the/at maximization/nn principle/nn we/ppss affirm/vb that/cs Gentile-Jewish/jj relations/nns will/md be/be harmonious/jj or/cc inharmonious/jj to/in the/at degree/nn that/cs one/cd relation/nn or/cc the/at other/ap is/bez expected/vbn by/in the/at active/jj participants/nns to/to yield/vb the/at greatest/jjt net/nn advantage/nn ,/, taking/vbg all/abn value/nn outcomes/nns and/cc effects/nns into/in consideration/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* difficult/jj to/to anticipate/vb circumstances/nns in/in which/wdt negative/jj tensions/nns will/md cumulate/vb ;/. ;/. for/in instance/nn ,/, imagine/vb the/at situation/nn if/cs Israel/np ever/rb joins/vbz an/at enemy/nn coalition/nn ./. The/at formal/jj position/nn of/in Americans/nps who/wps identify/vb themselves/ppls with/in one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at several/ap identities/nns of/in the/at Jewish/jj symbol/nn is/bez already/rb clear/jj ;/. ;/. the/at future/jj weight/nn of/in informal/jj factors/nns cannot/md* be/be so/ql easily/rb assessed/vbn ./. When/wrb we/ppss consider/vb the/at disorganized/vbn state/nn of/in the/at world/nn community/nn ,/, and/cc the/at legacy/nn of/in predispositions/nns adversely/rb directed/vbn against/in all/abn who/wps are/ber identified/vbn as/cs Jews/nps ,/, it/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs the/at struggle/nn for/in the/at minds/nns and/cc muscles/nns of/in men/nns needs/vbz to/to be/be prosecuted/vbn with/in increasing/vbg vigor/nn and/cc skill/nn ./. During/in moments/nns of/in intense/jj crisis/nn the/at responsibility/nn of/in political/jj leaders/nns is/bez overwhelming/jj ./. But/cc their/pp$ freedom/nn of/in policy/nn is/bez limited/vbn by/in the/at pattern/nn of/in predisposition/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss and/cc the/at people/nns around/in them/ppo enter/vb the/at crisis/nn ./. At/in such/jj critical/jj moments/nns predispositions/nns favorable/jj to/in human/jj dignity/nn most/ql obviously/rb ``/`` pay/vb off/rp ''/'' ./. By/in the/at same/ap test/nn predispositions/nns destructive/jj of/in human/jj personality/nn exercise/vb their/pp$ most/ql sinister/jj impact/nn ,/, with/in the/at result/nn that/cs men/nns of/in good/jj will/nn are/ber often/rb trapped/vbn and/cc nullified/vbn ./. Among/in measures/nns in/in anticipation/nn of/in crisis/nn are/ber plans/nns to/to inject/vb into/in the/at turmoil/nn as/cs assistants/nns of/in key/jjs decision/nn makers/nns qualified/vbn persons/nns who/wps are/ber cognizant/jj of/in the/at corrosive/jj effect/nn of/in crisis/nn upon/in personal/jj relationships/nns and/cc are/ber also/rb able/jj to/to raise/vb calm/jj and/cc realistic/jj voices/nns when/wrb overburdened/vbn leaders/nns near/vb the/at limit/nn of/in self-control/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber learning/vbg how/wrb to/to do/do these/dts things/nns in/in some/dti of/in the/at vast/jj organized/vbn structures/nns of/in modern/jj society/nn ;/. ;/. the/at process/nn can/md be/be accelerated/vbn ./. A/at truism/nn is/bez that/cs the/at time/nn to/to prepare/vb for/in the/at worst/jjt is/bez when/wrb times/nns are/ber best/jjt ./. During/in intercrisis/nn periods/nns the/at educational/jj facilities/nns of/in the/at community/nn have/hv the/at possibility/nn of/in remolding/vbg the/at perspectives/nns and/cc altering/vbg the/at behavior/nn of/in vast/jj numbers/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns of/in every/at age/nn and/cc condition/nn ./. As/cs more/ap men/nns and/cc women/nns are/ber made/vbn capable/jj of/in living/vbg up/rp to/in the/at challenge/nn of/in decency/nn the/at chances/nns are/ber improved/vbn that/cs the/at pattern/nn of/in predisposition/nn prevailing/vbg in/in positions/nns of/in strength/nn in/in future/jj crises/nns can/md be/be favorably/ql affected/vbn ./. Now/rb an/at abiding/vbg difficulty/nn of/in paragraphs/nns like/cs the/at foregoing/nn is/bez that/cs they/ppss appear/vb to/to preach/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in contemporary/jj society/nn we/ppss often/rb complain/vb of/in too/ql much/ap reaffirmation/nn of/in the/at goodness/nn of/in the/at good/nn ./. In/in any/dti case/nn I/ppss do/do not/* intend/vb to/to let/vb the/at present/jj occasion/nn pass/vb without/in dealing/vbg more/ql directly/rb with/in the/at problem/nn of/in implementing/vbg good/jj intentions/nns ./. I/ppss assume/vb that/cs the/at number/nn of/in readers/nns of/in this/dt anthology/nn who/wps regard/vb themselves/ppls as/ql morally/rb perfect/jj is/bez small/jj ,/, and/cc that/cs most/ap readers/nns are/ber willing/jj to/to consider/vb procedures/nns by/in which/wdt they/ppss may/md gain/vb more/ap insight/nn into/in themselves/ppls and/cc better/jjr understanding/nn of/in others/nns ./. Properly/rb used/vbn ,/, the/at present/jj book/nn is/bez an/at excellent/jj instrument/nn of/in enlightenment/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo not/* confuse/vb the/at issue/nn by/in labeling/vbg the/at objective/nn or/cc the/at method/nn ``/`` psychoanalytic/jj ''/'' ,/, for/cs this/dt is/bez a/at well/ql established/vbn term/nn of/in art/nn for/in the/at specific/jj ideas/nns and/cc procedures/nns initiated/vbn by/in Sigmund/np Freud/np and/cc his/pp$ followers/nns for/in the/at study/nn and/cc treatment/nn of/in disordered/vbn personalities/nns ./. The/at traditional/jj method/nn proceeds/vbz by/in the/at technique/nn of/in free/jj association/nn ,/, punctuated/vbn by/in interpretations/nns proposed/vbn by/in the/at psychoanalytic/jj interviewer/nn ./. What/wdt we/ppss have/hv in/in mind/nn does/doz have/hv something/pn in/in common/jj with/in the/at goals/nns of/in psychoanalysis/nn and/cc with/in the/at methods/nns by/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber sought/vbn ./. For/in what/wdt we/ppss propose/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at psychoanalyst/nn is/bez not/* necessary/jj ,/, even/rb though/cs one/cd aim/nn is/bez to/to enable/vb the/at reader/nn to/to get/vb beneath/in his/pp$ own/jj defenses/nns --/-- his/pp$ defenses/nns of/in himself/ppl to/in himself/ppl ./. For/in this/dt purpose/nn a/at degree/nn of/in intellectual/jj and/cc emotional/jj involvement/nn is/bez necessary/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc involvement/nn needs/vbz to/to be/be accompanied/vbn by/in a/at special/jj frame/nn of/in mind/nn ./. The/at relatively/ql long/jj and/cc often/rb colorful/jj selections/nns in/in this/dt anthology/nn enable/vb the/at reader/nn to/to become/vb genuinely/ql absorbed/vbn in/in what/wdt is/bez said/vbn ,/, whether/cs he/pps responds/vbz with/in anger/nn or/cc applause/nn ./. But/cc simple/jj involvement/nn is/bez not/* enough/ap ;/. ;/. self-discovery/nn calls/vbz for/in an/at open/jj ,/, permissive/jj ,/, inquiring/vbg posture/nn of/in self-observation/nn ./. The/at symposium/nn provides/vbz an/at opportunity/nn to/to confront/vb the/at self/nn with/in specific/jj statements/nns which/wdt were/bed made/vbn at/in particular/jj times/nns by/in identifiable/jj communicators/nns who/wps were/bed addressing/vbg definite/jj audiences/nns --/-- and/cc throughout/in several/ap hundred/cd pages/nns everyone/pn is/bez talking/vbg about/in the/at same/ap key/jjs symbol/nn of/in identification/nn ./. An/at advantage/nn of/in being/beg exposed/vbn to/in such/jj specificity/nn about/in an/at important/jj and/cc recurring/vbg feature/nn of/in social/jj reality/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps can/md be/be taken/vbn advantage/nn of/in by/in the/at reader/nn to/to examine/vb covert/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs overt/jj resonances/nns within/in himself/ppl ,/, resonances/nns triggered/vbn by/in explicit/jj symbols/nns clustering/vbg around/in the/at central/jj figure/nn of/in the/at Jew/np ./.

cg43

cg43 |@word two:1 facet:1 aspect:3 literary:6 process:2 special:3 significance:4 time:2 one:17 reservation:1 point:2 make:3 phenomenon:1 pseudo:4 think:6 feeling:5 willing:1 fromm:1 discuss:1 escape:1 freedom:1 essence:1 involve:3 ground:1 thought:1 emotion:12 value:8 experience:9 rather:3 risk:1 instead:1 teach:2 person:4 read:2 fiction:4 drama:2 may:12 somebody:1 else:2 clearly:1 bring:2 reading:3 important:2 moreover:1 critic:1 instruct:2 audience:2 see:3 work:3 contribute:3 thinking:1 evaluate:1 help:1 achieve:1 identity:2 second:3 timely:1 part:6 sketch:2 literature:22 search:2 difference:5 good:2 endure:1 ephemeral:1 mass:2 culture:1 product:2 today:1 range:2 variety:3 character:2 life:11 get:1 along:2 right:3 style:2 never:1 imagine:1 possible:5 implicit:1 lesson:1 differentiation:1 reader:2 observe:1 ask:2 different:1 find:1 answer:1 license:2 variant:1 human:5 specie:1 observer:1 television:1 permit:1 like:4 model:1 even:4 everybody:1 hold:1 well:5 would:7 need:3 test:1 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indecision:1 fourth:1 transformation:1 housman:1 fine:1 phrase:1 transform:2 beautify:1 inner:2 enrichment:1 fifth:1 northrop:1 future:1 suggest:2 drab:2 empty:2 leave:1 end:1 day:1 fatigue:1 deflate:1 spiritually:1 pressure:1 tax:1 practical:1 utilitarian:1 common:3 object:1 release:1 postulate:1 symbolically:1 back:1 ineffable:1 beauty:3 richness:1 component:1 reality:1 immediacy:1 sever:1 connection:1 entity:1 take:2 central:1 contrast:2 quality:5 enrich:1 richard:1 constitute:2 sixth:1 impulse:2 account:1 particular:3 deserve:1 wide:2 earth:1 bind:1 race:1 none:1 difficult:1 manage:1 troublesome:1 enduring:2 effect:4 control:5 love:3 hate:1 curious:1 william:1 wimsatt:1 cleanth:1 brooks:1 penetrating:1 insight:1 talk:3 yet:2 aim:3 exciting:1 erotic:1 platonic:1 esteem:2 anger:3 murder:1 arouse:1 indignation:1 poetic:1 kind:3 intensification:1 compounding:1 magnification:1 direct:1 assault:1 affection:1 something:3 indirect:1 mixed:1 reconcile:1 tensional:1 stratagem:1 devious:1 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Two/cd facets/nns of/in this/dt aspect/nn of/in the/at literary/jj process/nn have/hv special/jj significance/nn for/in our/pp$ time/nn ./. One/cd ,/, a/at reservation/nn on/in the/at point/nn I/ppss have/hv just/rb made/vbn ,/, is/bez the/at phenomenon/nn of/in pseudo-thinking/nn ,/, pseudo-feeling/nn ,/, and/cc pseudo-willing/nn ,/, which/wdt Fromm/np discussed/vbd in/in The/at-tl Escape/nn-tl From/in-tl Freedom/nn-tl ./. In/in essence/nn this/dt involves/vbz grounding/vbg one's/pn$ thought/nn and/cc emotion/nn in/in the/at values/nns and/cc experience/nn of/in others/nns ,/, rather/in than/in in/in one's/pn$ own/jj values/nns and/cc experience/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at risk/nn that/cs instead/rb of/in teaching/vbg a/at person/nn how/wrb to/to be/be himself/ppl ,/, reading/vbg fiction/nn and/cc drama/nn may/md teach/vb him/ppo how/wrb to/to be/be somebody/pn else/rb ./. Clearly/rb what/wdt the/at person/nn brings/vbz to/in the/at reading/nn is/bez important/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, if/cs the/at critic/nn instructs/vbz his/pp$ audience/nn in/in what/wdt to/to see/vb in/in a/at work/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez contributing/vbg to/in this/dt pseudo-thinking/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs he/pps instructs/vbz them/ppo in/in how/wrb to/to evaluate/vb a/at work/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez helping/vbg them/ppo to/to achieve/vb their/pp$ own/jj identity/nn ./. The/at second/od timely/jj part/nn of/in this/dt sketch/nn of/in literature/nn and/cc the/at search/nn for/in identity/nn has/hvz to/to do/do with/in the/at difference/nn between/in good/jj and/cc enduring/vbg literary/jj works/nns and/cc the/at ephemeral/jj mass/nn culture/nn products/nns of/in today/nr ./. In/in the/at range/nn and/cc variety/nn of/in characters/nns who/wps ,/, in/in their/pp$ literary/jj lives/nns ,/, get/vb along/rb all/ql right/rb with/in life/nn styles/nns one/pn never/rb imagined/vbd possible/jj ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at implicit/jj lesson/nn in/in differentiation/nn ./. The/at reader/nn ,/, observing/vbg this/dt process/nn ,/, might/md ask/vb ``/`` why/wrb not/* be/be different/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc find/vb in/in the/at answer/nn a/at license/nn to/to be/be a/at variant/nn of/in the/at human/jj species/nn ./. The/at observer/nn of/in television/nn or/cc other/ap products/nns for/in a/at mass/nn audience/nn has/hvz only/rb a/at permit/nn to/to be/be ,/, like/cs the/at models/nns he/pps sees/vbz ,/, even/ql more/rbr like/cs everybody/pn else/rb ./. And/cc this/dt ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, holds/vbz for/in values/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs life/nn styles/nns ./. One/pn would/md need/vb to/to test/vb this/dt proposition/nn carefully/rb ;/. ;/. after/in all/abn ,/, the/at large/jj (/( and/cc probably/rb unreliable/jj )/) Reader's/nn$-tl Digest/nn-tl literature/nn on/in the/at ``/`` most/ql unforgettable/jj character/nn I/ppss ever/rb met/vbd ''/'' deals/vbz with/in village/nn grocers/nns ,/, country/nn doctors/nns ,/, favorite/jj if/cs illiterate/jj aunts/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb forth/rb ./. Scientists/nns often/rb turn/vb out/rp to/to be/be idiosyncratic/jj ,/, too/rb ./. But/cc still/rb ,/, the/at proposition/nn is/bez worth/jj examination/nn ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs the/at study/nn of/in literature/nn affects/vbz the/at conscience/nn ,/, the/at morality/nn ,/, the/at sensitivity/nn to/in some/dti code/nn of/in ``/`` right/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` wrong/nn ''/'' ./. I/ppss do/do not/* know/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez true/jj ;/. ;/. both/abx Flugel/np and/cc Ranyard/np West/np deal/vb with/in the/at development/nn and/cc nature/nn of/in conscience/nn ,/, as/cs do/do such/jj theologians/nns as/cs Niebuhr/np and/cc Buber/np ./. It/pps forms/vbz the/at core/nn of/in many/ap ,/, perhaps/rb most/ap ,/, problems/nns of/in psychotherapy/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem not/* aware/jj of/in great/jj attention/nn by/in any/dti of/in these/dts authors/nns or/cc by/in the/at psychotherapeutic/jj profession/nn to/in the/at role/nn of/in literary/jj study/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in conscience/nn --/-- most/ap of/in their/pp$ attention/nn is/bez to/in a/at pre-literate/jj period/nn of/in life/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, for/in the/at theologians/nns of/in course/nn ,/, to/in the/at influence/nn of/in religion/nn ./. Still/rb ,/, it/pps would/md be/be surprising/vbg if/cs what/wdt one/pn reads/vbz did/dod not/* contribute/vb to/in one's/pn$ ideas/nns of/in right/nn and/cc wrong/nn ;/. ;/. certainly/rb the/at awakened/vbn alarm/nn over/in the/at comic/jj books/nns and/cc the/at continuous/jj concern/nn over/in prurient/jj literature/nn indicate/vb some/dti peripheral/jj aspects/nns of/in this/dt influence/nn ./. Probably/rb the/at most/ql important/jj thing/nn to/to focus/vb on/in is/bez not/* the/at development/nn of/in conscience/nn ,/, which/wdt may/md well/rb be/be almost/rb beyond/in the/at reach/nn of/in literature/nn ,/, but/cc the/at contents/nns of/in conscience/nn ,/, the/at code/nn which/wdt is/bez imparted/vbn to/in the/at developed/vbn or/cc immature/jj conscience/nn available/jj ./. This/dt is/bez in/in large/jj part/nn a/at code/nn of/in behavior/nn and/cc a/at glossary/nn of/in values/nns :/: what/wdt is/bez it/pps that/wpo people/nns do/do and/cc should/md do/do and/cc how/wrb one/pn should/md regard/vb it/ppo ./. In/in a/at small/jj way/nn this/dt is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn novelist/nn who/wps argued/vbd for/in the/at powerful/jj influence/nn of/in literature/nn as/cs a/at teacher/nn of/in society/nn and/cc who/wps illustrated/vbd this/dt with/in the/at way/nn a/at girl/nn learned/vbd to/to meet/vb her/pp$ lover/nn ,/, how/wrb to/to behave/vb ,/, how/wrb to/to think/vb about/in this/dt new/jj experience/nn ,/, how/wrb to/to exercise/vb restraint/nn ./. Literature/nn may/md be/be said/vbn to/to give/vb people/nns a/at sense/nn of/in purpose/nn ,/, dedication/nn ,/, mission/nn ,/, significance/nn ./. This/dt ,/, no/at doubt/nn ,/, is/bez part/nn of/in what/wdt Gilbert/np Seldes/np implies/vbz when/wrb he/pps says/vbz of/in the/at arts/nns ,/, ``/`` They/ppss give/vb form/nn and/cc meaning/nn to/in life/nn which/wdt might/md otherwise/rb seem/vb shapeless/jj and/cc without/in sense/nn ''/'' ./. Men/nns seem/vb almost/ql universally/rb to/to want/vb a/at sense/nn of/in function/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, a/at feeling/nn that/cs their/pp$ existence/nn makes/vbz a/at difference/nn to/in someone/pn ,/, living/vbg or/cc unborn/jj ,/, close/jj and/cc immediate/jj or/cc generalized/vbn ./. Feeling/vbg useless/jj seems/vbz generally/rb to/to be/be an/at unpleasant/jj sensation/nn ./. A/at need/nn so/ql deeply/rb planted/vbn ,/, asking/vbg for/in direction/nn ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be gratified/vbn by/in the/at vivid/jj examples/nns and/cc heroic/jj proportions/nns of/in literature/nn ./. The/at terms/nns ``/`` renewal/nn-nc ''/'' and/cc ``/`` refreshed/vbn-nc ''/'' ,/, which/wdt often/rb come/vb up/rp in/in aesthetic/jj discussion/nn ,/, seem/vb partly/rb to/to derive/vb their/pp$ import/nn from/in the/at ``/`` renewal/nn ''/'' of/in purpose/nn and/cc a/at ``/`` refreshed/vbn ''/'' sense/nn of/in significance/nn a/at person/nn may/md receive/vb from/in poetry/nn ,/, drama/nn ,/, and/cc fiction/nn ./. The/at notion/nn of/in ``/`` inspiration/nn ''/'' is/bez somehow/rb cognate/jj to/in this/dt feeling/nn ./. How/wrb literature/nn does/doz this/dt ,/, or/cc for/in whom/wpo ,/, is/bez certainly/rb not/* clear/jj ,/, but/cc the/at content/nn ,/, form/nn ,/, and/cc language/nn of/in the/at ``/`` message/nn ''/'' ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at source/nn ,/, would/md all/abn play/vb differentiated/vbn parts/nns in/in giving/vbg and/cc molding/vbg a/at sense/nn of/in purpose/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql salient/jj features/nns of/in literary/jj value/nn has/hvz been/ben deemed/vbn to/to be/be its/pp$ influence/nn upon/in and/cc organization/nn of/in emotion/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo differentiate/vb a/at few/ap of/in these/dts ideas/nns ./. The/at Aristotelian/jj notion/nn of/in catharsis/nn ,/, the/at purging/nn of/in emotion/nn ,/, is/bez a/at persistent/jj and/cc viable/jj one/cd ./. The/at idea/nn here/rb is/bez one/cd of/in discharge/nn but/cc this/dt must/md stand/vb in/in opposition/nn to/in a/at second/od view/nn ,/, Plato's/np$ notion/nn of/in the/at arousal/nn of/in emotion/nn ./. A/at third/od idea/nn is/bez that/cs artistic/jj literature/nn serves/vbz to/to reduce/vb emotional/jj conflicts/nns ,/, giving/vbg a/at sense/nn of/in serenity/nn and/cc calm/nn to/in individuals/nns ./. This/dt is/bez given/vbn some/dti expression/nn in/in Beardsley's/np$ notion/nn of/in harmony/nn and/cc the/at resolution/nn of/in indecision/nn ./. A/at fourth/od view/nn is/bez the/at transformation/nn of/in emotion/nn ,/, as/cs in/in Housman's/np$ fine/jj phrase/nn on/in the/at arts/nns :/: they/ppss ``/`` transform/vb and/cc beautify/vb our/pp$ inner/jj nature/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs the/at idea/nn of/in enrichment/nn of/in emotion/nn is/bez a/at fifth/od idea/nn ./. F.S.C./np Northrop/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ discussion/nn of/in The/at-tl ``/`` Functions/nns-tl And/cc-tl Future/nn-tl Of/in-tl Poetry/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, suggests/vbz this/dt :/: ``/`` One/cd of/in the/at things/nns which/wdt makes/vbz our/pp$ lives/nns drab/jj and/cc empty/jj and/cc which/wdt leaves/vbz us/ppo ,/, at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at day/nn ,/, fatigued/vbn and/cc deflated/vbn spiritually/rb is/bez the/at pressure/nn of/in the/at taxing/vbg ,/, practical/jj ,/, utilitarian/jj concern/nn of/in common-sense/jj objects/nns ./. If/cs art/nn is/bez to/to release/vb us/ppo from/in these/dts postulated/vbn things/nns (/( things/nns we/ppss must/md think/vb symbolically/rb about/in )/) and/cc bring/vb us/ppo back/rb to/in the/at ineffable/jj beauty/nn and/cc richness/nn of/in the/at aesthetic/jj component/nn of/in reality/nn in/in its/pp$ immediacy/nn ,/, it/pps must/md sever/vb its/pp$ connection/nn with/in these/dts common/jj sense/nn entities/nns ''/'' ./. I/ppss take/vb the/at central/jj meaning/nn here/rb to/to be/be the/at contrast/nn between/in the/at drab/jj empty/jj quality/nn of/in life/nn without/in literature/nn and/cc a/at life/nn enriched/vbn by/in it/ppo ./. Richards'/np$ view/nn of/in the/at aesthetic/jj experience/nn might/md constitute/vb a/at sixth/od variety/nn :/: for/in him/ppo it/pps constitutes/vbz ,/, in/in part/nn ,/, the/at organization/nn of/in impulses/nns ./. A/at sketch/nn of/in the/at emotional/jj value/nn of/in the/at study/nn of/in literature/nn would/md have/hv to/to take/vb account/nn of/in all/abn of/in these/dts ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd in/in particular/jj which/wdt ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, deserves/vbz special/jj attention/nn ./. In/in the/at wide/jj range/nn of/in experiences/nns common/jj to/in our/pp$ earth-bound/jj race/nn none/pn is/bez more/ql difficult/jj to/to manage/vb ,/, more/ql troublesome/jj ,/, and/cc more/ql enduring/vbg in/in its/pp$ effects/nns than/cs the/at control/nn of/in love/nn and/cc hate/nn ./. The/at study/nn of/in literature/nn contributes/vbz to/in this/dt control/nn in/in a/at curious/jj way/nn ./. William/np Wimsatt/np and/cc Cleanth/np Brooks/np ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, have/hv a/at penetrating/jj insight/nn into/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt this/dt control/nn is/bez effected/vbn :/: ``/`` For/cs if/cs we/ppss say/vb poetry/nn is/bez to/to talk/vb of/in beauty/nn and/cc love/nn (/( and/cc yet/rb not/* aim/vb at/in exciting/vbg erotic/jj emotion/nn or/cc even/rb an/at emotion/nn of/in Platonic/jj esteem/nn )/) and/cc if/cs it/pps is/bez to/to talk/vb of/in anger/nn and/cc murder/nn (/( and/cc yet/rb not/* aim/vb at/in arousing/vbg anger/nn and/cc indignation/nn )/) --/-- then/rb it/pps may/md be/be that/cs the/at poetic/jj way/nn of/in dealing/vbg with/in these/dts emotions/nns will/md not/* be/be any/dti kind/nn of/in intensification/nn ,/, compounding/vbg ,/, or/cc magnification/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti direct/jj assault/nn upon/in the/at affections/nns at/in all/abn ./. Something/pn indirect/jj ,/, mixed/vbn ,/, reconciling/vbg ,/, tensional/jj might/md well/rb be/be the/at stratagem/nn ,/, the/at devious/jj technique/nn by/in which/wdt a/at poet/nn indulged/vbd in/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in talk/nn about/in love/nn and/cc anger/nn and/cc even/rb in/in something/pn like/cs ``/`` expressions/nns ''/'' of/in these/dts emotions/nns ,/, without/in aiming/vbg at/in their/pp$ incitement/nn or/cc even/rb uttering/vbg anything/pn that/cs essentially/rb involves/vbz their/pp$ incitement/nn ''/'' ./. The/at rehearsal/nn through/in literature/nn of/in emotional/jj life/nn under/in controlled/vbn conditions/nns may/md be/be a/at most/ql valuable/jj human/jj experience/nn ./. Here/rb I/ppss do/do not/* mean/vb catharsis/nn ,/, the/at discharge/nn of/in emotion/nn ./. I/ppss mean/vb something/pn more/rbr like/cs Freud's/np$ concept/nn of/in the/at utility/nn of/in ``/`` play/nn ''/'' to/in a/at small/jj child/nn :/: he/pps plays/vbz ``/`` house/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` doctor/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` fireman/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at way/nn of/in mastering/vbg slightly/rb frightening/vbg experiences/nns ,/, reliving/vbg them/ppo imaginatively/rb until/cs they/ppss are/ber under/in control/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at second/od feature/nn of/in the/at influences/nns of/in literature/nn ,/, good/jj literature/nn ,/, on/in emotional/jj life/nn which/wdt may/md have/hv some/dti special/jj value/nn for/in our/pp$ time/nn ./. In/in B./np M./np Spinley's/np$ portrayal/nn of/in the/at underprivileged/jj and/cc undereducated/jj youth/nns of/in London/np ,/, a/at salient/jj finding/nn was/bedz the/at inability/nn to/to postpone/vb gratification/nn ,/, a/at need/nn to/to satisfy/vb impulses/nns immediately/rb without/in the/at pleasure/nn of/in anticipation/nn or/cc of/in savoring/vbg the/at experience/nn ./. Perhaps/rb it/pps is/bez only/rb an/at analogy/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd of/in the/at most/ql obvious/jj differences/nns between/in cheap/jj fiction/nn and/cc fiction/nn of/in an/at enduring/vbg quality/nn is/bez the/at development/nn of/in a/at theme/nn or/cc story/nn with/in leisure/nn and/cc anticipation/nn ./. Anyone/pn who/wps has/hvz watched/vbn children/nns develop/vb a/at taste/nn for/in literature/nn will/md understand/vb what/wdt I/ppss mean/vb ./. It/pps is/bez at/in least/ap possible/jj that/cs the/at capacity/nn to/to postpone/vb gratification/nn is/bez developed/vbn as/ql well/rb as/cs expressed/vbn in/in a/at continuous/jj and/cc guided/vbn exposure/nn to/in great/jj literature/nn ./. In/in any/dti inquiry/nn into/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt great/jj literature/nn affects/vbz the/at emotions/nns ,/, particularly/rb with/in respect/nn to/in the/at sense/nn of/in harmony/nn ,/, or/cc relief/nn of/in tension/nn ,/, or/cc sense/nn of/in ``/`` a/at transformed/vbn inner/jj nature/nn ''/'' which/wdt may/md occur/vb ,/, a/at most/ql careful/jj exploration/nn of/in the/at particular/jj feature/nn of/in the/at experience/nn which/wdt produces/vbz the/at effect/nn would/md be/be required/vbn ./. In/in the/at calm/nn which/wdt follows/vbz the/at reading/nn of/in a/at poem/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, is/bez the/at effect/nn produced/vbn by/in the/at enforced/vbn quiet/nn ,/, by/in the/at musical/jj quality/nn of/in words/nns and/cc rhythm/nn ,/, by/in the/at sentiments/nns or/cc sense/nn of/in the/at poem/nn ,/, by/in the/at associations/nns with/in earlier/jjr readings/nns ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez familiar/jj ,/, by/in the/at boost/nn to/in the/at self-esteem/nn for/in the/at semi-literate/jj ,/, by/in the/at diversion/nn of/in attention/nn ,/, by/in the/at sense/nn of/in security/nn in/in a/at legitimized/vbn withdrawal/nn ,/, by/in a/at kind/jj license/nn for/in some/dti variety/nn of/in fantasy/nn life/nn regarded/vbn as/cs forbidden/vbn ,/, or/cc by/in half-conscious/jj ideas/nns about/in the/at magical/jj power/nn of/in words/nns ?/. ?/. These/dts are/ber ,/, if/cs the/at research/nn is/bez done/vbn with/in subtlety/nn and/cc skill/nn ,/, researchable/jj topics/nns ,/, but/cc the/at research/nn is/bez missing/vbg ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql frequent/jj views/nns of/in the/at value/nn of/in literature/nn is/bez the/at education/nn of/in sensibility/nn that/wpo it/pps is/bez thought/vbn to/to provide/vb ./. Sensibility/nn is/bez a/at vague/jj word/nn ,/, covering/vbg an/at area/nn of/in meaning/nn rather/in than/in any/dti precise/jj talent/nn ,/, quality/nn ,/, or/cc skill/nn ./. Among/in other/ap things/nns it/pps means/vbz perception/nn ,/, discrimination/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn to/in subtle/jj differences/nns ./. Both/abx the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt this/dt is/bez true/jj and/cc the/at limits/nns of/in the/at field/nn of/in perceptual/jj skill/nn involved/vbn should/md be/be acknowledged/vbn ./. Its/pp$ truth/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in the/at skill/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn ,/, and/cc general/jj expertise/nn of/in the/at English/jj professor/nn with/in whom/wpo one/pn attends/vbz the/at theatre/nn ./. The/at limits/nns are/ber suggested/vbn by/in an/at imaginary/jj experiment/nn :/: contrast/vb the/at perceptual/jj skill/nn of/in English/jj professors/nns with/in that/dt of/in their/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in discriminating/vbg among/in motor/nn cars/nns ,/, political/jj candidates/nns ,/, or/cc female/jj beauty/nn ./. Along/in these/dts lines/nns ,/, the/at particular/jj point/nn that/cs sensitivity/nn in/in literature/nn leads/vbz to/in sensitivity/nn in/in human/jj relations/nns would/md require/vb more/ap proof/nn than/cs I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ./. In/in a/at symposium/nn and/cc general/jj exploration/nn of/in the/at field/nn of/in Personal/jj-tl Perception/nn-tl and/cc-tl Interpersonal/jj-tl Behavior/nn-tl the/at discussion/nn does/doz not/* touch/vb upon/in this/dt aspect/nn of/in the/at subject/nn ,/, with/in one/cd possible/jj exception/nn ;/. ;/. Solomon/np Asch/np shows/vbz the/at transcultural/jj stability/nn of/in metaphors/nns based/vbn on/in sensation/nn (/( hot/jj ,/, sweet/jj ,/, bitter/jj ,/, etc./rb )/) dealing/vbg with/in personal/jj qualities/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns and/cc events/nns ./. But/cc to/to go/vb from/in here/rb to/in the/at belief/nn that/cs those/dts more/ql sensitive/jj to/in metaphor/nn and/cc language/nn will/md also/rb be/be more/ql sensitive/jj to/in personal/jj differences/nns is/bez too/ql great/jj an/at inferential/jj leap/nn ./. I/ppss would/md say/vb ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs the/at study/nn of/in literature/nn tends/vbz to/to give/vb a/at person/nn what/wdt I/ppss shall/md call/vb depth/nn ./. I/ppss use/vb this/dt term/nn to/to mean/vb three/cd things/nns :/: a/at search/nn for/in the/at human/jj significance/nn of/in an/at event/nn or/cc state/nn of/in affairs/nns ,/, a/at tendency/nn to/to look/vb at/in wholes/nns rather/in than/in parts/nns ,/, and/cc a/at tendency/nn to/to respond/vb to/in these/dts events/nns and/cc wholes/nns with/in feeling/vbg ./. It/pps is/bez the/at obverse/nn of/in triviality/nn ,/, shallowness/nn ,/, emotional/jj anaesthesia/nn ./. I/ppss think/vb these/dts attributes/nns cluster/vb ,/, but/cc I/ppss have/hv no/at evidence/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, I/ppss can/md only/rb say/vb this/dt seems/vbz to/in me/ppo to/to follow/vb from/in a/at wide/jj ,/, continuous/jj ,/, and/cc properly/rb guided/vbn exposure/nn to/in literary/jj art/nn ./.

cg44

cg44 |@word late:1 collingwood:2 philosopher:5 whose:2 work:6 prove:2 helpful:2 many:10 student:10 literature:17 write:1 though:1 snobbish:1 enough:1 wish:1 deny:2 far:3 close:1 sympathy:2 art:9 music:1 hall:1 picture:1 palace:1 chaucer:1 cimabue:1 even:6 shakespeare:2 titian:1 effort:2 historical:5 cast:1 mind:3 back:1 remote:1 past:4 alien:1 present:6 enjoy:3 carving:1 caveman:1 japanese:1 colour:1 print:1 possibility:1 bind:1 development:4 thought:10 great:4 achievement:2 civilization:2 last:1 two:1 century:4 utterly:1 impossible:1 people:3 take:4 place:3 natural:2 primary:3 aesthetic:1 attitude:3 contemporary:4 despise:1 dislike:1 recent:4 wholly:1 ignore:2 everything:1 else:2 one:15 may:18 argue:4 ultimate:1 purpose:1 literary:6 scholarship:1 correct:1 spontaneous:1 provincialism:1 likely:2 obscure:1 horizon:1 general:4 public:1 newspaper:1 critic:2 creative:1 artist:1 result:1 study:9 free:1 tyranny:1 form:3 idea:28 course:2 go:1 without:2 say:3 justifiably:1 scene:1 frequently:5 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christianity:1 usually:1 offer:1 special:2 individualized:1 rendering:1 treatment:1 necessary:1 carefully:1 several:1 mode:2 accordingly:1 platonism:3 peculiar:1 shelley:4 type:1 stoicism:2 henley:2 invictus:1 describe:2 difficult:1 challenge:1 enterprise:1 orthodox:1 hellenic:1 platonist:1 romantic:3 defiance:1 color:1 self:1 mastery:1 characteristic:2 stoic:1 thinker:1 marcus:1 aurelius:1 gentle:1 acquiescence:1 almost:1 christian:1 comparable:2 patience:1 express:1 milton:1 sonnet:1 blindness:1 year:1 come:2 increasingly:1 recognize:3 least:2 chapter:1 thematic:1 conceptual:1 aspect:2 conjunction:1 religion:1 science:3 field:1 pattern:3 relationship:1 emerge:1 indicate:2 vast:1 community:1 reciprocal:1 tradition:1 primarily:1 religious:2 philosophical:1 contact:2 fine:1 extent:1 observe:1 modern:2 build:1 objective:1 research:2 quote:1 properly:1 action:4 regard:2 outside:1 event:4 series:1 physical:1 world:2 inside:2 carrying:1 certain:2 business:1 penetrate:1 deal:2 reconstruct:1 rather:1 rethink:1 constitute:2 think:2 ipso:1 facto:1 sympathetic:1 intuition:1 common:1 allow:1 claim:2 single:1 knowledge:3 except:1 justify:2 exhibit:1 secondly:1 able:1 willing:1 follow:2 demonstration:1 ground:1 upon:3 base:1 mean:2 inferential:1 virtue:1 evidence:1 disposal:1 obvious:1 recapture:1 motivate:1 behavior:1 throughout:1 give:1 age:2 central:1 major:1 mere:1 supplement:1 adjunct:1 significant:1 always:1 transition:2 transformation:1 whereby:1 pass:2 area:2 activity:1 reformation:1 revolutionary:1 movement:1 dwell:1 finally:2 decade:1 trace:1 individual:3 autonomy:1 manifestation:1 practice:1 theological:1 practical:1 politic:1 political:2 theory:3 note:1 educational:1 widespread:1 broad:2 intrinsic:1 interest:1 would:1 woefully:1 incomplete:1 frequent:1 still:1 remember:1 construct:1 generalization:1 unless:1 instance:1 move:1 theology:1 actual:1 vitally:1 life:2 author:1 perhaps:1 powerful:1 western:2 old:1 new:1 testament:1 comment:2 make:1 spiritual:1 cultural:1 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The/at late/jj R./np G./np Collingwood/np ,/, a/at philosopher/nn whose/wp$ work/nn has/hvz proved/vbn helpful/jj to/in many/ap students/nns of/in literature/nn ,/, once/rb wrote/vbd ``/`` :/. :/. We/ppss are/ber all/abn ,/, though/cs many/ap of/in us/ppo are/ber snobbish/jj enough/qlp to/to wish/vb to/to deny/vb it/ppo ,/, in/in far/ql closer/jjr sympathy/nn with/in the/at art/nn of/in the/at music-hall/nn and/cc picture-palace/nn than/cs with/in Chaucer/np and/cc Cimabue/np ,/, or/cc even/rb Shakespeare/np and/cc Titian/np ./. By/in an/at effort/nn of/in historical/jj sympathy/nn we/ppss can/md cast/vb our/pp$ minds/nns back/rb into/in the/at art/nn of/in a/at remote/jj past/nn or/cc an/at alien/jj present/nn ,/, and/cc enjoy/vb the/at carvings/nns of/in cavemen/nns and/cc Japanese/jj colour-prints/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at possibility/nn of/in this/dt effort/nn is/bez bound/vbn up/rp with/in that/dt development/nn of/in historical/jj thought/nn which/wdt is/bez the/at greatest/jjt achievement/nn of/in our/pp$ civilization/nn in/in the/at last/ap two/cd centuries/nns ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez utterly/ql impossible/jj to/in people/nns in/in whom/wpo this/dt development/nn has/hvz not/* taken/vbn place/nn ./. The/at natural/jj and/cc primary/jj aesthetic/jj attitude/nn is/bez to/to enjoy/vb contemporary/jj art/nn ,/, to/to despise/vb and/cc dislike/vb the/at art/nn of/in the/at recent/jj past/nn ,/, and/cc wholly/rb to/to ignore/vb everything/pn else/rb ''/'' ./. One/pn might/md argue/vb that/cs the/at ultimate/jj purpose/nn of/in literary/jj scholarship/nn is/bez to/to correct/vb this/dt spontaneous/jj provincialism/nn that/wps is/bez likely/rb to/to obscure/vb the/at horizons/nns of/in the/at general/jj public/nn ,/, of/in the/at newspaper/nn critic/nn ,/, and/cc of/in the/at creative/jj artist/nn himself/ppl ./. There/ex results/vbz a/at study/nn of/in literature/nn freed/vbn from/in the/at tyranny/nn of/in the/at contemporary/nn ./. Such/jj study/nn may/md take/vb many/ap forms/nns ./. The/at study/nn of/in ideas/nns in/in literature/nn is/bez one/cd of/in these/dts ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, it/pps goes/vbz without/in saying/vbg that/cs no/at student/nn of/in ideas/nns can/md justifiably/rb ignore/vb the/at contemporary/jj scene/nn ./. He/pps will/md frequently/rb return/vb to/in it/ppo ./. The/at continuities/nns ,/, contrasts/nns ,/, and/cc similarities/nns discernible/jj when/wrb past/nn and/cc present/nn are/ber surveyed/vbn together/rb are/ber inexhaustible/jj and/cc the/at one/cd is/bez often/rb understood/vbn through/in the/at other/ap ./. When/wrb we/ppss assert/vb the/at value/nn of/in such/jj study/nn ,/, we/ppss find/vb ourselves/ppls committed/vbn to/in an/at important/jj assumption/nn ./. Most/ap students/nns of/in literature/nn ,/, whether/cs they/ppss call/vb themselves/ppls scholars/nns or/cc critics/nns ,/, are/ber ready/jj to/to argue/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to understand/vb literary/jj works/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/to enjoy/vb them/ppo ./. Many/ap will/md add/vb that/cs we/ppss may/md find/vb our/pp$ enjoyment/nn heightened/vbn by/in our/pp$ understanding/nn ./. This/dt understanding/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, may/md in/in its/pp$ turn/nn take/vb many/ap forms/nns and/cc some/dti of/in these/dts --/-- especially/rb those/dts most/ql interesting/jj to/in the/at student/nn of/in comparative/jj literature/nn --/-- are/ber essentially/rb historical/jj ./. But/cc the/at historian/nn of/in literature/nn need/md not/* confine/vb his/pp$ attention/nn to/in biography/nn or/cc to/in stylistic/jj questions/nns of/in form/nn ,/, ``/`` texture/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc technique/nn ./. He/pps may/md also/rb consider/vb ideas/nns ./. It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs this/dt distinction/nn between/in style/nn and/cc idea/nn often/rb approaches/vbz the/at arbitrary/jj since/cs in/in the/at end/nn we/ppss must/md admit/vb that/cs style/nn and/cc content/nn frequently/rb influence/vb or/cc interpenetrate/vb one/cd another/dt and/cc sometimes/rb appear/vb as/cs expressions/nns of/in the/at same/ap insight/nn ./. But/cc ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, we/ppss may/md argue/vb that/cs the/at student/nn can/md direct/vb the/at primary/jj emphasis/nn of/in his/pp$ attention/nn toward/in one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap ./. At/in this/dt point/nn a/at working/vbg definition/nn of/in idea/nn-nc is/bez in/in order/nn ,/, although/cs our/pp$ first/od definition/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be qualified/vbn somewhat/rb as/cs we/ppss proceed/vb ./. The/at term/nn idea/nn-nc refers/vbz to/in our/pp$ more/ql reflective/jj or/cc thoughtful/jj consciousness/nn as/cs opposed/vbn to/in the/at immediacies/nns of/in sensuous/jj or/cc emotional/jj experience/nn ./. It/pps is/bez through/in such/jj reflection/nn that/cs literature/nn approaches/vbz philosophy/nn ./. An/at idea/nn ,/, let/vb us/ppo say/vb ,/, may/md be/be roughly/rb defined/vbn as/cs a/at theme/nn or/cc topic/nn with/in which/wdt our/pp$ reflection/nn may/md be/be concerned/vbn ./. In/in this/dt essay/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber ,/, along/rb with/in most/ap historians/nns ,/, interested/vbn in/in the/at more/ql general/jj or/cc more/ql inclusive/jj ideas/nns ,/, that/wps are/ber so/rb to/to speak/vb ``/`` writ/vbn large/jj ''/'' in/in history/nn of/in literature/nn where/wrb they/ppss recur/vb continually/rb ./. Outstanding/jj among/in these/dts is/bez the/at idea/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn itself/ppl ,/, including/in the/at many/ap definitions/nns that/wps have/hv been/ben advanced/vbn over/in the/at centuries/nns ;/. ;/. also/rb secondary/jj notions/nns such/jj as/cs the/at perfectibility/nn of/in man/nn ,/, the/at depravity/nn of/in man/nn ,/, and/cc the/at dignity/nn of/in man/nn ./. One/pn might/md ,/, indeed/rb ,/, argue/vb that/cs the/at history/nn of/in ideas/nns ,/, in/in so/ql far/rb as/cs it/pps includes/vbz the/at literatures/nns ,/, must/md center/vb on/in characterizations/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc that/cs the/at great/jj periods/nns of/in literary/jj achievement/nn may/md be/be distinguished/vbn from/in one/cd another/dt by/in reference/nn to/in the/at images/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn that/wpo they/ppss succeed/vb in/in fashioning/vbg ./. We/ppss need/md not/* ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, expect/vb to/to find/vb such/jj ideas/nns in/in every/at piece/nn of/in literature/nn ./. An/at idea/nn ,/, of/in the/at sort/nn that/wpo we/ppss have/hv in/in mind/nn ,/, although/cs of/in necessity/nn readily/rb available/jj to/in imagination/nn ,/, is/bez more/ql general/jj in/in connotation/nn than/cs most/ap poetic/jj or/cc literary/jj images/nns ,/, especially/rb those/dts appearing/vbg in/in lyric/nn poems/nns that/wps seek/vb to/to capture/vb a/at moment/nn of/in personal/jj experience/nn ./. Thus/rb Burns's/np$ ``/`` My/pp$ love/nn is/bez like/cs a/at red/jj ,/, red/jj rose/nn ''/'' and/cc Hopkins'/np$ ``/`` The/at thunder-purple/jj sea-beach/nn ,/, plumed/vbn purple/nn of/in Thunder/nn-tl ''/'' although/cs clearly/rb intelligible/jj in/in content/nn ,/, hardly/rb present/vb ideas/nns of/in the/at sort/nn with/in which/wdt we/ppss are/ber here/rb concerned/vbn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, Arnold's/np$ ``/`` The/at unplumbed/jj ,/, salt/nn ,/, estranging/vbg sea/nn ''/'' ,/, taken/vbn in/in its/pp$ context/nn ,/, certainly/rb does/doz so/rb ./. Understanding/vbg a/at work/nn of/in art/nn involves/vbz recognition/nn of/in the/at ideas/nns that/wpo it/pps reflects/vbz or/cc embodies/vbz ./. Thus/rb the/at student/nn of/in literature/nn may/md sometimes/rb find/vb it/ppo helpful/jj to/to classify/vb a/at poem/nn or/cc an/at essay/nn as/cs being/beg in/in idea/nn or/cc in/in ideal/jj content/nn or/cc subject/nn matter/nn typical/jj or/cc atypical/jj of/in its/pp$ period/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, he/pps may/md discover/vb embodied/vbn within/in its/pp$ texture/nn a/at theme/nn or/cc idea/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben presented/vbn elsewhere/rb and/cc at/in other/ap times/nns in/in various/jj ways/nns ./. Our/pp$ understanding/vbg will/md very/ql probably/rb require/vb both/abx these/dts commentaries/nns ./. Very/ql likely/jj it/pps will/md also/rb include/vb a/at recognition/nn that/cs the/at work/nn we/ppss are/ber reading/vbg reflects/vbz or/cc ``/`` belongs/vbz to/in ''/'' some/dti way/nn of/in thought/nn labelled/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` school/nn ''/'' or/cc an/at ``/`` -ism/nn ''/'' ,/, i.e./rb a/at complex/nn or/cc ``/`` syndrome/nn ''/'' of/in ideas/nns occurring/vbg together/rb with/in sufficient/jj prominence/nn to/to warrant/vb identification/nn ./. Thus/rb ideas/nns like/cs ``/`` grace/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` salvation/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` providence/nn ''/'' cluster/vb together/rb in/in traditional/jj Christianity/np ./. Usually/rb the/at work/nn studied/vbn offers/vbz us/ppo a/at special/jj or/cc even/rb an/at individualized/vbn rendering/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in the/at ideas/nns in/in question/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at student/nn finds/vbz it/ppo necessary/jj to/to distinguish/vb carefully/rb between/in the/at several/ap expressions/nns of/in an/at ``/`` -ism/nn ''/'' or/cc mode/nn of/in thought/nn ./. Accordingly/rb we/ppss may/md speak/vb of/in the/at Platonism/np peculiar/jj to/in Shelley's/np$ poems/nns or/cc the/at type/nn of/in Stoicism/nn-tl present/rb in/in Henley's/np$ ``/`` Invictus/fw-jj-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc we/ppss may/md find/vb that/cs describing/vbg such/jj Platonism/np or/cc such/jj Stoicism/nn-tl and/cc contrasting/vbg each/dt with/in other/ap expressions/nns of/in the/at same/ap attitude/nn or/cc mode/nn of/in thought/nn is/bez a/at difficult/jj and/cc challenging/jj enterprise/nn ./. After/in all/abn ,/, Shelley/np is/bez no/at ``/`` orthodox/jj ''/'' or/cc Hellenic/jj Platonist/np ,/, and/cc even/rb his/pp$ ``/`` romantic/jj ''/'' Platonism/np can/md be/be distinguished/vbn from/in that/dt of/in his/pp$ contemporaries/nns ./. Again/rb ,/, Henley's/np$ attitude/nn of/in defiance/nn which/wdt colors/vbz his/pp$ ideal/nn of/in self-mastery/nn is/bez far/rb from/in characteristic/jj of/in a/at Stoic/np thinker/nn like/cs Marcus/np Aurelius/np ,/, whose/wp$ gentle/jj acquiescence/nn is/bez almost/rb Christian/jj ,/, comparable/jj to/in the/at patience/nn expressed/vbn in/in Milton's/np$ sonnet/nn on/in his/pp$ own/jj blindness/nn ./. In/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv come/vbn increasingly/rb to/to recognize/vb that/cs ideas/nns have/hv a/at history/nn and/cc that/cs not/* the/at least/ql important/jj chapters/nns of/in this/dt history/nn have/hv to/to do/do with/in thematic/jj or/cc conceptual/jj aspects/nns of/in literature/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns ,/, although/cs these/dts aspects/nns should/md be/be studied/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at history/nn of/in philosophy/nn ,/, of/in religion/nn ,/, and/cc of/in the/at sciences/nns ./. When/wrb these/dts fields/nns are/ber surveyed/vbn together/rb ,/, important/jj patterns/nns of/in relationship/nn emerge/vb indicating/vbg a/at vast/jj community/nn of/in reciprocal/jj influence/nn ,/, a/at continuity/nn of/in thought/nn and/cc expression/nn including/in many/ap traditions/nns ,/, primarily/rb literary/jj ,/, religious/jj ,/, and/cc philosophical/jj ,/, but/cc frequently/rb including/in contact/nn with/in the/at fine/jj arts/nns and/cc even/rb ,/, to/in some/dti extent/nn ,/, with/in science/nn ./. Here/rb we/ppss may/md observe/vb that/cs at/in least/ap one/cd modern/jj philosophy/nn of/in history/nn is/bez built/vbn on/in the/at assumption/nn that/cs ideas/nns are/ber the/at primary/jj objectives/nns of/in the/at historian's/nn$ research/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo quote/vb once/rb more/rbr from/in R./np G./np Collingwood/np :/: ``/`` History/nn is/bez properly/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at actions/nns of/in human/jj beings/nns Regarded/vbn from/in the/at outside/nn ,/, an/at action/nn is/bez an/at event/nn or/cc series/nn of/in events/nns occurring/vbg in/in the/at physical/jj world/nn ;/. ;/. regarded/vbn from/in the/at inside/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at carrying/nn into/in action/nn of/in a/at certain/jj thought/nn The/at historian's/nn$ business/nn is/bez to/to penetrate/vb to/in the/at inside/nn of/in the/at actions/nns with/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez dealing/vbg and/cc reconstruct/vb or/cc rather/rb rethink/vb the/at thoughts/nns which/wdt constituted/vbd them/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez a/at characteristic/nn of/in thoughts/nns that/cs in/in re-thinking/vbg them/ppo we/ppss come/vb ,/, ipso/fw-jj facto/fw-nn ,/, to/to understand/vb why/wrb they/ppss were/bed thought/vbn ''/'' ./. Such/abl an/at understanding/nn ,/, although/cs it/pps must/md seek/vb to/to be/be sympathetic/jj ,/, is/bez not/* a/at matter/nn of/in intuition/nn ./. ``/`` History/nn has/hvz this/dt in/in common/jj with/in every/at other/ap science/nn :/: that/cs the/at historian/nn is/bez not/* allowed/vbn to/to claim/vb any/dti single/ap piece/nn of/in knowledge/nn ,/, except/in where/wrb he/pps can/md justify/vb his/pp$ claim/nn by/in exhibiting/vbg to/in himself/ppl in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, and/cc secondly/rb to/in any/dti one/pn else/rb who/wps is/bez both/abx able/jj and/cc willing/jj to/to follow/vb his/pp$ demonstration/nn ,/, the/at grounds/nns upon/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez based/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez what/wdt was/bedz meant/vbn ,/, above/rb ,/, by/in describing/vbg history/nn as/cs inferential/jj ./. The/at knowledge/nn in/in virtue/nn of/in which/wdt a/at man/nn is/bez an/at historian/nn is/bez a/at knowledge/nn of/in what/wdt the/at evidence/nn at/in his/pp$ disposal/nn proves/vbz about/in certain/jj events/nns ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs the/at historian/nn who/wps seeks/vbz to/to recapture/vb the/at ideas/nns that/wps have/hv motivated/vbn human/jj behavior/nn throughout/in a/at given/vbn period/nn will/md find/vb the/at art/nn and/cc literature/nn of/in that/dt age/nn one/cd of/in his/pp$ central/jj and/cc major/jj concerns/nns ,/, by/in no/at means/nn a/at mere/jj supplement/nn or/cc adjunct/nn of/in significant/jj historical/jj research/nn ./. The/at student/nn of/in ideas/nns and/cc their/pp$ place/nn in/in history/nn will/md always/rb be/be concerned/vbn with/in the/at patterns/nns of/in transition/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber at/in the/at same/ap time/nn patterns/nns of/in transformation/nn ,/, whereby/wrb ideas/nns pass/vb from/in one/cd area/nn of/in activity/nn to/in another/dt ./. Let/vb us/ppo survey/vb for/in a/at moment/nn the/at development/nn of/in modern/jj thought/nn --/-- turning/vbg our/pp$ attention/nn from/in the/at Reformation/nn-tl toward/in the/at revolutionary/jj and/cc romantic/jj movements/nns that/wps follow/vb and/cc dwelling/vbg finally/rb on/in more/ql recent/jj decades/nns ./. We/ppss may/md thus/rb trace/vb the/at notion/nn of/in individual/jj autonomy/nn from/in its/pp$ manifestation/nn in/in religious/jj practice/nn and/cc theological/jj reflection/nn through/in practical/jj politics/nn and/cc political/jj theory/nn into/in literature/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns ./. Finally/rb we/ppss may/md note/vb that/cs the/at idea/nn appears/vbz in/in educational/jj theory/nn where/wrb its/pp$ influence/nn is/bez at/in present/nn widespread/rb ./. No/at one/pn will/md deny/vb that/cs such/jj broad/jj developments/nns and/cc transitions/nns are/ber of/in great/jj intrinsic/jj interest/nn and/cc the/at study/nn of/in ideas/nns in/in literature/nn would/md be/be woefully/ql incomplete/jj without/in frequent/jj reference/nn to/in them/ppo ./. Still/rb ,/, we/ppss must/md remember/vb that/cs we/ppss cannot/md* construct/vb and/cc justify/vb generalizations/nns of/in this/dt sort/nn unless/cs we/ppss are/ber ready/jj to/to consider/vb many/ap special/jj instances/nns of/in influence/nn moving/vbg between/in such/jj areas/nns as/cs theology/nn ,/, philosophy/nn ,/, political/jj thought/nn ,/, and/cc literature/nn ./. The/at actual/jj moments/nns of/in contact/nn are/ber vitally/ql important/jj ./. These/dts moments/nns are/ber historical/jj events/nns in/in the/at lives/nns of/in individual/jj authors/nns with/in which/wdt the/at student/nn of/in comparative/jj literature/nn must/md be/be frequently/rb concerned/vbn ./. Perhaps/rb the/at most/ql powerful/jj and/cc most/ql frequently/rb recurring/vbg literary/jj influence/nn on/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn has/hvz been/ben that/dt of/in the/at Old/jj-tl and/cc New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl ./. Certainly/rb one/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj comments/nns that/wpo can/md be/be made/vbn upon/in the/at spiritual/jj and/cc cultural/jj life/nn of/in any/dti period/nn of/in Western/jj-tl civilization/nn during/in the/at past/ap sixteen/cd or/cc seventeen/cd centuries/nns has/hvz to/to do/do with/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt its/pp$ leaders/nns have/hv read/vbn and/cc interpreted/vbn the/at Bible/np ./. This/dt reading/nn and/cc the/at comments/nns that/wpo it/pps evoked/vbd constitute/vb the/at influence/nn ./. A/at contrast/nn of/in the/at scripture/nn reading/nn of/in ,/, let/vb us/ppo say/vb ,/, St./nn-tl Augustine/np ,/, John/np Bunyan/np ,/, and/cc Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, all/abn three/cd of/in whom/wpo found/vbd in/in such/jj study/nn a/at real/jj source/nn of/in enlightenment/nn ,/, can/md tell/vb us/ppo a/at great/jj deal/nn about/in these/dts three/cd men/nns and/cc the/at age/nn that/wpo each/dt represented/vbd and/cc helped/vbd bring/vb to/in conscious/jj expression/nn ./. In/in much/rb the/at same/ap way/nn ,/, we/ppss recognize/vb the/at importance/nn of/in Shakespeare's/np$ familarity/nn with/in Plutarch/np and/cc Montaigne/np ,/, of/in Shelley's/np$ study/nn of/in Plato's/np$ dialogues/nns ,/, and/cc of/in Coleridge's/np$ enthusiastic/jj plundering/nn of/in the/at writings/nns of/in many/ap philosophers/nns and/cc theologians/nns from/in Plato/np to/in Schelling/np and/cc William/np Godwin/np ,/, through/in which/wdt so/ql many/ap abstract/jj ideas/nns were/bed brought/vbn to/in the/at attention/nn of/in English/jj men/nns of/in letters/nns ./. We/ppss may/md also/rb recognize/vb cases/nns in/in which/wdt the/at poets/nns have/hv influenced/vbn the/at philosophers/nns and/cc even/rb indirectly/rb the/at scientists/nns ./. English/jj philosopher/nn Samuel/np Alexander's/np$ debt/nn to/in Wordsworth/np and/cc Meredith/np is/bez a/at recent/jj interesting/jj example/nn ,/, as/cs also/rb A./np N./np Whitehead's/np$ understanding/nn of/in the/at English/jj romantics/nns ,/, chiefly/rb Shelley/np and/cc Wordsworth/np ./. Hegel's/np$ profound/jj admiration/nn for/in the/at insights/nns of/in the/at Greek/jj tragedians/nns indicates/vbz a/at broad/jj channel/nn of/in classical/jj influence/nn upon/in nineteenth-century/nn philosophy/nn ./. Again/rb the/at student/nn of/in evolutionary/jj biology/nn will/md find/vb a/at fascinating/jj ,/, if/cs to/in our/pp$ minds/nns grotesque/jj ,/, anticipation/nn of/in the/at theory/nn of/in chance/nn variations/nns and/cc the/at natural/jj elimination/nn of/in the/at unfit/jj in/in Lucretius/np ,/, who/wps in/in turn/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv borrowed/vbn the/at concept/nn from/in the/at philosopher/nn Empedocles/np ./. Here/rb an/at important/jj caveat/nn is/bez in/in order/nn ./. We/ppss must/md avoid/vb the/at notion/nn ,/, suggested/vbn to/in some/dti people/nns by/in examples/nns such/jj as/cs those/dts just/rb mentioned/vbn ,/, that/cs ideas/nns are/ber ``/`` units/nns ''/'' in/in some/dti way/nn comparable/jj to/in coins/nns or/cc counters/nns that/wps can/md be/be passed/vbn intact/jj from/in one/cd group/nn of/in people/nns to/in another/dt or/cc even/rb ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, from/in one/cd individual/nn to/in another/dt ./.

cg45

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``/`` Suppose/vb you/ppss take/vb Mr./np Hearst's/np$ morning/nn American/np at/in $10,000/nns a/at year/nn ''/'' ,/, Brisbane/np proposed/vbd ./. ``/`` You/ppss could/md come/vb down/rp to/in the/at office/nn once/rb a/at day/nn ,/, look/vb over/in a/at few/ap exchanges/nns ,/, dictate/vb an/at editorial/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb have/hv the/at remainder/nn of/in your/pp$ time/nn for/in your/pp$ more/ql serious/jj literary/jj labors/nns ./. If/cs within/in one/cd year/nn you/ppss can/md make/vb a/at success/nn out/in of/in the/at American/np ,/, you/ppss can/md practically/rb name/vb your/pp$ own/jj salary/nn thereafter/rb ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss don't/do* make/vb the/at American/np a/at success/nn ,/, Hearst/np will/md have/hv no/at further/ap use/nn for/in you/ppo ''/'' ./. The/at blue-eyed/jj Watson/np decided/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md dislike/vb living/vbg in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at deal/nn fell/vbd through/rp ./. Hearst's/np$ luck/nn was/bedz even/ql poorer/jjr when/wrb he/pps had/hvd a/at chat/nn with/in Franklin/np K./np Lane/np ,/, a/at prominent/jj California/np journalist/nn and/cc reform/nn politician/nn ,/, whom/wpo he/pps asked/vbd for/in his/pp$ support/nn ./. Lane/np was/bedz still/rb burning/vbg because/cs he/pps had/hvd narrowly/rb missed/vbn election/nn as/cs governor/nn of/in California/np in/in 1902/cd and/cc laid/vbd his/pp$ defeat/nn to/in the/at antagonism/nn of/in Hearst's/np$ San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Examiner/nn-tl ./. Hearst/np disclaimed/vbd blame/nn for/in this/dt ,/, but/cc the/at conversation/nn ,/, according/in to/in Lane/np ,/, ended/vbd on/in a/at tart/jj note/nn ./. ``/`` Mr./np Lane/np ''/'' ,/, Hearst/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` if/cs you/ppss ever/rb wish/vb anything/pn that/wpo I/ppss can/md do/do ,/, all/abn you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to do/do will/md be/be to/to send/vb me/ppo a/at telegram/nn asking/vbg ,/, and/cc it/pps will/md be/be done/vbn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Mr./np Hearst/np ''/'' ,/, Lane/np replied/vbd as/cs he/pps left/vbd ,/, ``/`` if/cs you/ppss ever/rb get/vb a/at telegram/nn from/in me/ppo asking/vbg you/ppo to/to do/do anything/pn ,/, you/ppss can/md put/vb the/at telegram/nn down/rp as/cs a/at forgery/nn ''/'' ./. Hearst/np took/vbd a/at brief/jj respite/nn to/to hurry/nn home/nr to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to become/vb a/at father/nn ./. On/in April/np 10/cd ,/, 1904/cd ,/, his/pp$ first/od child/nn was/bedz born/vbn ,/, a/at son/nn named/vbn George/np after/in the/at late/jj Senator/nn-tl ./. Hearst/np saw/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc child/nn ,/, sent/vbd a/at joyful/jj message/nn to/in his/pp$ mother/nn in/in California/np ,/, and/cc soon/rb returned/vbd to/in Washington/np ,/, where/wrb on/in April/np 22/cd ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, he/pps opened/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn in/in Congress/np ./. This/dt was/bedz not/* before/in the/at House/nn-tl but/cc before/in the/at Judiciary/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps asked/vbd for/in action/nn on/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ pet/nn bills/nns ,/, that/dt calling/vbg for/in an/at investigation/nn of/in the/at coal-railroad/nn monopoly/nn ./. Attorney/nn-tl Shearn/np had/hvd worked/vbn on/in this/dt for/in two/cd years/nns and/cc had/hvd succeeded/vbn in/in getting/vbg a/at report/nn supporting/vbg his/pp$ stand/nn from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Attorney/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl District/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. Hearst/np had/hvd spent/vbn more/ap than/in $60,000/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj money/nn in/in the/at probe/nn ,/, but/cc still/rb Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Knox/np was/bedz quiescent/jj ./. Six/cd of/in the/at railroads/nns carrying/vbg coal/nn to/in Tidewater/nn-tl from/in the/at Pennsylvania/np fields/nns ,/, Hearst/np said/vbd ,/, not/* only/rb had/hvd illegal/jj agreements/nns with/in coal/nn operators/nns but/cc owned/vbd outright/rb at/in least/ap eleven/cd mines/nns ./. They/ppss had/hvd watered/vbn their/pp$ stock/nn at/in immense/jj profit/nn ,/, then/rb had/hvd raised/vbn the/at price/nn of/in coal/nn fifty/cd cents/nns a/at ton/nn ,/, netting/vbg themselves/ppls another/dt $20,000,000/nns in/in annual/jj profit/nn ./. ``/`` The/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl has/hvz been/ben brooding/vbg over/in that/dt evidence/nn like/cs an/at old/jj hen/nn on/in a/at doorknob/nn for/in eighteen/cd months/nns ''/'' ,/, Hearst/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` He/pps has/hvz not/* acted/vbn in/in any/dti way/nn ,/, and/cc won't/md* let/vb anyone/pn take/vb it/ppo away/rb from/in him/ppo ./. What/wdt I/ppss want/vb is/bez to/to have/hv this/dt evidence/nn come/vb before/in Congress/np and/cc if/cs the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl does/doz not/* report/vb it/ppo ,/, as/cs I/ppss am/bem very/ql sure/jj he/pps won't/md* ,/, as/cs he/pps has/hvz refused/vbn to/to do/do anything/pn of/in the/at kind/nn ,/, I/ppss then/rb wish/vb that/cs a/at committee/nn of/in seven/cd Representatives/nns-tl be/be appointed/vbn with/in power/nn to/to take/vb the/at evidence/nn ./. ''/'' The/at Congressman/nn-tl tried/vbd hard/rb ,/, but/cc failed/vbd ./. This/dt was/bedz the/at very/ap sort/nn of/in legislation/nn that/wpo Roosevelt/np himself/ppl had/hvd in/in mind/nn ./. There/ex can/md be/be little/ap doubt/nn that/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at conspiracy/nn in/in Washington/np ,/, overt/jj or/cc implied/vbn ,/, to/to block/vb anything/pn Hearst/np wanted/vbd ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps was/bedz something/pn good/jj ./. Hatred/nn tied/vbd his/pp$ hands/nns in/in Congress/np ./. Roosevelt/np and/cc others/nns considered/vbd him/ppo partly/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at murder/nn of/in McKinley/np ./. They/ppss were/bed repelled/vbn by/in his/pp$ noisy/jj newspapers/nns ,/, his/pp$ personal/jj publicity/nn ,/, his/pp$ presumptuous/jj campaign/nn for/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl nomination/nn ,/, and/cc by/in the/at swelling/vbg cloud/nn of/in rumor/nn about/in his/pp$ moral/jj lapses/nns ./. He/pps might/md get/vb votes/nns from/in his/pp$ constituents/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps would/md never/rb get/vb a/at helping/vbg hand/nn in/in Congress/np ./. He/pps was/bedz the/at House/nn-tl pariah/nn ./. Even/rb the/at regular/jj Democrats/nps disowned/vbd him/ppo ./. Inherently/rb incapable/jj of/in cooperating/vbg with/in others/nns ,/, he/pps ran/vbd his/pp$ own/jj show/nn regardless/rb of/in how/wql many/ap party-line/nn Democratic/jj-tl toes/nns he/pps stepped/vbd on/in ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at political/jj maverick/nn ,/, a/at reformer/nn with/in his/pp$ own/jj program/nn ,/, determined/vbn to/to bulldoze/vb it/ppo through/rp or/cc to/to blazon/vb the/at infamy/nn of/in those/dts who/wps balked/vbd him/ppo ./. He/pps showed/vbd little/ap interest/nn in/in measures/nns put/vb forward/rb by/in the/at regular/jj Democrats/nps ./. He/pps sought/vbd to/to run/vb Congress/np as/cs he/pps ran/vbd his/pp$ New/jj-tl York/np-tl American/np-tl or/cc Journal/nn-tl ,/, a/at scheme/nn veteran/jj legislators/nns resisted/vbd ./. For/cs a/at freshman/nn Congressman/nn-tl to/to read/vb political/jj Lessons/nns-tl to/in graybeard/nn Democrats/nps was/bedz poor/jj policy/nn for/in one/cd who/wps needed/vbd to/to make/vb friends/nns ./. He/pps soon/rb quarreled/vbd with/in all/abn the/at party/nn leaders/nns in/in the/at House/nn-tl ,/, and/cc came/vbd to/to be/be regarded/vbn with/in detestation/nn by/in regular/jj Democrats/nps as/cs a/at professional/jj radical/jj leading/vbg a/at small/jj pack/nn of/in obedient/jj terriers/nns whose/wp$ constant/jj snapping/nn was/bedz demoralizing/vbg to/in party/nn discipline/nn ./. To/in old-line/nn Democrats/nps ,/, the/at Hearst/np Presidential/jj-tl boom/nn ,/, now/rb in/in full/jj cry/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at joke/nn of/in the/at new/jj century/nn ./. Yet/cc no/at leader/nn had/hvd come/vbn to/in the/at fore/nn who/wps seemed/vbd likely/jj to/to give/vb the/at puissant/jj T./np R./np a/at semblance/nn of/in a/at race/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz talk/nn of/in dragging/vbg old/jj ex-President/nn Cleveland/np out/in of/in retirement/nn for/in another/dt try/nn ./. Some/dti preferred/vbd Judge/nn-tl Alton/np B./np Parker/np of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at host/nn of/in dark/jj horses/nns ./. The/at sneers/nns at/in Hearst/np changed/vbd to/in concern/nn when/wrb it/pps was/bedz seen/vbn that/cs he/pps had/hvd strong/jj support/nn in/in many/ap parts/nns of/in the/at country/nn ./. Platoons/nns of/in Hearst/np agents/nns were/bed traveling/vbg from/in state/nn to/in state/nn in/in a/at surprisingly/ql successful/jj search/nn for/in delegates/nns at/in the/at coming/vbg convention/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex were/bed charges/nns that/cs money/nn was/bedz doing/vbg a/at large/jj part/nn of/in the/at persuading/nn ./. Just/rb when/wrb it/pps was/bedz needed/vbn for/in the/at campaign/nn ,/, Hearst/np-tl Paper/nn-tl No./nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, the/at Boston/np-tl American/np-tl ,/, began/vbd publication/nn ./. A/at Bay/nn-tl State/nn-tl supporter/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Mr./np Hearst's/np$ fight/nn has/hvz been/ben helped/vbn along/rb greatly/rb by/in the/at starting/nn of/in his/pp$ paper/nn in/in Boston/np ''/'' ./. His/pp$ candidacy/nn affected/vbd his/pp$ journalism/nn somewhat/rb ./. He/pps ordered/vbd his/pp$ editors/nns to/to tone/vb down/rp on/in sensationalism/nn and/cc to/to refrain/vb from/in using/vbg such/jj words/nns as/cs ``/`` seduction/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` rape/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` abortion/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` criminal/jj-nc assault/nn-nc ''/'' and/cc ``/`` born/vbn-nc out/rb-nc of/in-nc wedlock/nn-nc ''/'' ./. In/in a/at story/nn headed/vbn ,/, ``/`` Hearst/np-hl Offers/vbz-hl Cash/nn-hl ''/'' ,/, the/at Republican/np New/jj-tl York/np-tl Tribune/nn-tl spread/vbd the/at money/nn rumor/nn ,/, quoting/vbg an/at unnamed/jj ``/`` Hearst/np supporter/nn ''/'' as/cs saying/vbg :/: ``/`` The/at argument/nn that/wps is/bez cutting/vbg most/ap ice/nn is/bez that/cs Hearst/np is/bez the/at only/ap candidate/nn who/wps is/bez fighting/vbg the/at trusts/nns fearlessly/rb and/cc who/wps would/md use/vb all/abn the/at powers/nns of/in government/nn to/to disrupt/vb them/ppo if/cs he/pps were/bed elected/vbn ./. The/at Hearst/np men/nns say/vb that/cs if/cs Hearst/np is/bez nominated/vbn ,/, he/pps and/cc his/pp$ immediate/jj friends/nns will/md contribute/vb to/in the/at Democratic/jj-tl National/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl the/at sum/nn of/in $1,500,000/nns ./. This/dt ,/, it/pps is/bez urged/vbn ,/, would/md relieve/vb the/at national/jj committee/nn from/in the/at necessity/nn of/in appealing/vbg to/in the/at trust/nn magnates/nns ./. The/at alternative/nn to/in this/dt is/bez that/cs if/cs a/at conservative/jj candidate/nn is/bez nominated/vbn the/at national/jj committee/nn will/md have/hv to/to appeal/vb to/in the/at trusts/nns for/in their/pp$ campaign/nn funds/nns ,/, and/cc in/in doing/vbg this/dt will/md incur/vb obligations/nns which/wdt would/md make/vb a/at Democratic/jj-tl victory/nn absolutely/ql fruitless/jj ./. The/at average/jj Democratic/jj-tl politician/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at country/nn districts/nns ,/, is/bez hungry/jj for/in the/at spoils/nns of/in office/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben a/at long/jj time/nn since/cs he/pps has/hvz seen/vbn any/dti campaign/nn money/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at proposition/nn is/bez laid/vbn down/rp to/in him/ppo as/cs the/at friends/nns of/in Mr./np Hearst/np are/ber laying/vbg it/ppo down/rp these/dts days/nns he/pps is/bez quite/ql likely/jj to/to get/vb aboard/in the/at Hearst/np bandwagon/nn ''/'' ./. If/cs anything/pn ,/, the/at conservative/jj Democrats/nps were/bed more/ql opposed/vbn to/in Hearst/np than/cs the/at Republicans/nps ./. In/in his/pp$ own/jj state/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, the/at two/cd Democratic/jj-tl bellwethers/nns ,/, State/nn-tl Leader/nn-tl Hill/np and/cc Tammany/np-tl Boss/nn-tl Murphy/np ,/, were/bed saying/vbg nothing/pn openly/rb against/in Hearst/np but/cc industriously/rb boosting/vbg their/pp$ own/jj favorites/nns ,/, Murphy/np being/beg for/in Cleveland/np and/cc Hill/np for/in Parker/np ./. They/ppss had/hvd lost/vbn twice/rb with/in the/at radical/jj Bryan/np ,/, and/cc were/bed having/hvg no/at part/nn of/in Hearst/np ,/, whom/wpo they/ppss considered/vbd more/ql radical/jj than/cs Bryan/np ./. But/cc his/pp$ increasing/vbg strength/nn in/in the/at West/nr-tl looked/vbd menacing/vbg ./. It/pps caused/vbd Henry/np Watterson/np to/to sound/vb a/at blast/nn in/in his/pp$ Louisville/np-tl Courier-Journal/np-tl :/: ``/`` Does/doz any/dti sane/jj Democrat/np believe/vb that/cs Mr./np Hearst/np ,/, a/at person/nn unknown/jj even/rb to/in his/pp$ constituency/nn and/cc his/pp$ colleagues/nns ,/, without/in a/at word/nn or/cc act/nn in/in the/at public/jj life/nn of/in his/pp$ country/nn ,/, past/ap or/cc present/jj ,/, that/dt can/md be/be shown/vbn to/to be/be his/pp$ to/to commend/vb him/ppo ,/, could/md by/in any/dti possibility/nn be/be elected/vbn President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ?/. ?/. But/cc there/ex is/bez a/at Hearst/np barrel/nn ./. ''/'' More/ql splenetic/jj was/bedz Senator/nn-tl Edward/np Carmack/np of/in Tennessee/np ,/, a/at Parker/np man/nn ./. ``/`` The/at nomination/nn of/in Hearst/np would/md compass/vb the/at ruin/nn of/in the/at party/nn ''/'' ,/, Carmack/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` It/pps would/md be/be a/at disgrace/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs I/ppss have/hv already/rb said/vbn to/in the/at people/nns of/in Tennessee/np ,/, if/cs Hearst/np is/bez nominated/vbn ,/, we/ppss may/md as/ql well/rb pen/vb a/at dispatch/nn ,/, and/cc send/vb it/ppo back/rb from/in the/at field/nn of/in battle/nn :/: '/' All/abn is/bez lost/vbn ,/, including/in our/pp$ honor/nn '/' ''/'' ./. A/at lone/jj pro-Hearst/jj voice/nn from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl was/bedz that/dt of/in William/np Devery/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben expelled/vbn as/cs a/at Tammany/np leader/nn but/cc still/rb claimed/vbd strong/jj influence/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj district/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss understand/vb [/( Hearst/np ]/) is/bez a/at candidate/nn for/in Presidential/jj-tl honors/nns ''/'' ,/, Devery/np said/vbd without/in cracking/vbg a/at smile/nn ./. ``/`` There's/ex+bez nothing/pn like/cs buildin'/vbg from/in the/at bottom/nn up/rp ./. If/cs he's/pps+bez going/vbg to/in the/at St./np Louis/np convention/nn as/cs a/at delegate/nn we/ppss ought/md to/to know/vb it/ppo ./. He's/pps+bez got/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in friends/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps ought/md to/to come/vb along/rb and/cc let/vb us/ppo know/vb if/cs he/pps wants/vbz our/pp$ help/nn ''/'' ./. Hearst/np won/vbd the/at Iowa/np state/nn convention/nn ,/, but/cc ran/vbd into/in a/at bitter/jj battle/nn in/in Indiana/np before/cs losing/vbg to/in Parker/np ,/, drawing/vbg an/at angry/jj statement/nn from/in Indiana's/np$ John/np W./np Kern/np :/: ``/`` We/ppss are/ber menaced/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at Republic/nn-tl by/in the/at open/jj and/cc unblushing/jj effort/nn of/in a/at multi-millionaire/nn to/to purchase/vb the/at Presidential/jj-tl nomination/nn ./. Our/pp$ state/nn has/hvz been/ben overrun/vbn with/in a/at gang/nn of/in paid/vbn agents/nns and/cc retainers/nns ./. As/in for/in the/at paid/vbn Hessians/nps from/in other/ap states/nns ,/, we/ppss are/ber here/rb to/to instruct/vb the/at Indiana/np Democracy/nn-tl in/in their/pp$ duty/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv nothing/pn but/in contempt/nn ./. The/at Hearst/np dollar/nn mark/nn is/bez all/ql over/in them/ppo ./. ''/'' The/at talk/nn of/in a/at Hearst/np ``/`` barrel/nn ''/'' was/bedz increasing/vbg ./. Another/dt Indiana/np observer/nn later/rbr commented/vbd ,/, ``/`` Perhaps/rb we/ppss shall/md never/rb know/vb how/wql much/ap was/bedz spent/vbn (/( by/in Hearst/np )/) ,/, but/cc if/cs as/ql much/ap money/nn was/bedz expended/vbn elsewhere/rb as/cs in/in Indiana/np a/at liberal/jj fortune/nn was/bedz squandered/vbn ''/'' ./. In/in his/pp$ fight/nn for/in the/at Illinois/np and/cc Indiana/np delegations/nns ,/, Hearst/np made/vbd several/ap trips/nns to/in Chicago/np to/to confer/vb with/in Andrew/np Lawrence/np ,/, the/at former/ap San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Examiner/nn-tl man/nn who/wps was/bedz now/rb his/pp$ Chicago/np kingpin/nn ,/, and/cc once/rb to/to meet/vb with/in Bryan/np ./. On/in one/cd visit/nn he/pps stopped/vbd at/in the/at office/nn of/in the/at American/jj ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz known/vbn surreptitiously/rb as/cs ``/`` the/at Great/jj-tl White/jj-tl Chief/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc for/in the/at first/od time/nn met/vbd his/pp$ managing/vbg editor/nn ,/, fat/jj Moses/np Koenigsberg/np ./. Koenigsberg/np never/rb did/dod learn/vb what/wdt Hearst/np wanted/vbd ,/, for/cs the/at latter/ap shook/vbd hands/nns and/cc moved/vbd toward/in the/at door/nn ./. ``/`` Never/rb mind/vb ,/, thank/vb you/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss must/md hurry/vb to/to catch/vb my/pp$ train/nn ''/'' ./. Another/dt editor/nn pointed/vbd despairingly/rb at/in a/at bundle/nn of/in letters/nns that/wps had/hvd accumulated/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` But/cc Mr./np Hearst/np ,/, what/wdt shall/md I/ppss do/do with/in this/dt correspondence/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md show/vb you/ppo ''/'' ,/, Hearst/np replied/vbd ,/, grinning/vbg ./. He/pps took/vbd the/at stack/nn of/in mail/nn and/cc tossed/vbd it/ppo into/in the/at waste/nn basket/nn ./. ``/`` Don't/do* bother/vb ./. Every/at letter/nn answers/vbz itself/ppl in/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ''/'' ./. 2/cd ./. The/at Hearst/np ``/`` barrel/nn ''/'' Hearst/np hopped/vbd into/in a/at private/jj railroad/nn car/nn with/in Max/np Ihmsen/np and/cc made/vbd an/at arduous/jj personal/jj canvass/nn for/in delegates/nns in/in the/at western/jj and/cc southern/jj states/nns ,/, always/rb wearing/vbg a/at frock/nn coat/nn ,/, listening/vbg intently/rb to/in local/jj politicians/nns ,/, and/cc generally/rb making/vbg a/at good/jj impression/nn ./. He/pps laughed/vbd at/in a/at story/nn that/cs he/pps planned/vbd to/to bolt/vb the/at party/nn if/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* nominated/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss should/md ,/, of/in course/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` like/cs any/dti other/ap man/nn ,/, be/be honored/vbn and/cc gratified/vbn should/md the/at Democrats/nps see/vb fit/vbn to/to nominate/vb me/ppo ./. But/cc I/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to be/be bribed/vbn by/in office/nn to/to be/be a/at Democrat/np ./. I/ppss have/hv supported/vbn the/at Democratic/jj-tl party/nn in/in the/at last/ap five/cd campaigns/nns ./. I/ppss supported/vbd Cleveland/np three/cd times/nns and/cc Bryan/np twice/rb ./. I/ppss intend/vb to/to support/vb the/at nominee/nn of/in the/at party/nn at/in St./np Louis/np ,/, whoever/wps he/pps may/md be/be ''/'' ./. The/at Hearst/np press/nn followed/vbd the/at Chief's/nn$-tl progress/nn at/in the/at various/jj state/nn conventions/nns with/in its/pp$ usual/jj admiring/vbg attention/nn ,/, stressing/vbg the/at ``/`` enthusiasm/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` loyalty/nn ''/'' he/pps inspired/vbd ./. This/dt was/bedz historic/jj in/in its/pp$ way/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps marked/vbd the/at first/od time/nn an/at American/jj Presidential/jj-tl aspirant/nn had/hvd advertised/vbn his/pp$ own/jj virtues/nns in/in his/pp$ own/jj string/nn of/in newspapers/nns spanning/vbg the/at land/nn ./. Yet/cc his/pp$ editors/nns did/dod not/* abandon/vb their/pp$ sense/nn of/in story/nn value/nn ./. When/wrb Nan/np Patterson/np ,/, a/at stunning/jj and/cc money-minded/jj chorus/nn girl/nn who/wps had/hvd appeared/vbn in/in a/at Floradora/np road/nn show/nn ,/, rode/vbd down/in Broadway/np in/in a/at hansom/nn cab/nn with/in her/pp$ married/vbn lover/nn ,/, Frank/np Young/np ,/, she/pps stopped/vbd the/at cab/nn to/to disclose/vb that/cs Young/np had/hvd been/ben shot/vbn dead/jj ,/, tearfully/rb insisting/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd shot/vbn himself/ppl although/cs experts/nns said/vbd he/pps could/md not/* have/hv done/vbn so/rb ./.

cg46

cg46 |@word trevelyan:29 liberalism:2 spirit:1 deep:1 feeling:2 communion:1 man:4 fight:1 country:2 liberty:2 passion:1 enthusiasm:1 convey:3 courage:1 high:2 adventure:1 garibaldi:9 exploit:1 give:5 reader:2 unique:1 sense:5 participation:1 event:2 describe:2 three:3 volume:9 bring:4 fore:1 characteristic:2 prose:1 remain:2 conspicuous:1 later:5 work:10 genius:1 military:5 action:4 clarity:1 authority:1 confused:1 rambling:1 guerrilla:1 warfare:1 campaign:2 life:5 pen:2 good:3 passage:2 book:4 personal:1 familiarity:2 scene:3 undoubtedly:1 contribute:2 much:4 final:1 result:2 alone:1 would:1 enough:1 without:1 quality:3 knowledge:2 love:1 detail:3 sure:2 portrayal:1 add:1 ingredient:1 romantic:1 story:7 considerable:1 new:5 issue:2 connect:1 subject:1 outstanding:2 example:1 thousand:1 make:6 use:2 unpublished:1 paper:1 lord:3 john:2 russell:1 english:13 consular:1 material:1 reveal:1 motive:2 lead:4 british:2 government:1 permit:1 cross:1 strait:2 messina:1 look:1 back:1 possible:1 find:2 error:1 interpretation:4 evident:3 time:5 writing:1 thus:1 repeat:1 picture:5 victor:1 emmanuel:1 refuse:1 abandon:1 famous:2 statuto:1 insistence:1 general:3 radetzky:1 research:2 show:2 part:4 legend:1 galantuomo:1 false:1 accept:1 italian:3 nationalism:2 little:4 analysis:3 unduly:1 critical:2 papal:1 french:2 policy:2 generous:1 assess:1 fifty:1 year:4 trilogy:2 still:1 maintain:1 firm:1 place:4 list:1 standard:1 unification:1 italy:1 position:1 cautiously:1 prophesy:1 reviewer:1 publication:3 manin:2 venetian:2 revolution:4 1848:1 last:1 major:3 theme:2 write:4 minor:1 key:1 publish:1 1923:1 gain:1 popular:3 acclaim:1 probably:1 feel:2 less:2 home:1 bourgeois:1 lawyer:1 filibuster:1 complexity:2 politic:2 elude:1 tell:2 restrained:1 measure:1 superfluous:1 occasional:1 overemphasis:1 play:1 leading:1 figure:3 one:6 consider:1 unsatisfactory:1 compare:2 already:1 begin:2 parallel:1 nineteenth:5 century:7 study:2 several:2 period:10 first:3 bright:8 appear:3 seven:1 grey:6 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discontent:1 repression:1 congenial:1 artistic:1 northumberland:1 background:2 close:1 concentration:1 personality:1 categorical:1 assessment:1 fail:1 political:6 generation:1 harass:1 world:2 wide:1 confront:1 problem:2 adjustment:1 unprecedented:1 industrial:3 social:8 transformation:2 historian:1 point:2 taste:1 complain:1 tradition:3 contemptible:1 rather:1 intelligible:1 sympathetic:1 remark:1 intricate:1 interplay:1 dynamic:1 activity:1 ignorant:1 marionette:1 field:1 talent:1 radical:1 heritage:1 inform:2 clearly:1 distort:1 oversimplify:1 touch:1 desert:1 naturally:1 ambitious:1 britain:4 textbook:1 design:1 continuous:2 growth:2 economic:5 change:1 react:1 thought:1 ideal:1 accompany:2 direct:1 whole:1 complicated:1 process:1 plan:1 admirably:1 fulfil:1 temperately:1 despite:1 bias:1 vividly:2 sketch:1 england:9 pre:1 day:1 portray:1 stress:1 strain:1 revolutionary:1 rich:1 color:1 development:4 sharp:3 clear:1 focus:1 technique:1 genuinely:1 masterful:1 call:1 series:1 dissolve:1 merge:1 another:1 tend:2 lose:1 balanced:1 many:1 sided:1 become:6 medley:1 topic:1 unconnecte:1 single:1 thread:1 strong:1 cry:1 interrelation:1 affair:1 blur:1 largely:1 conventional:1 account:2 finally:1 1870:2 receive:1 attention:1 quite:1 superficial:1 vade:1 mecum:1 student:1 edition:2 continue:1 reprint:1 present:1 success:1 tribute:1 brilliance:1 literary:1 stylist:1 1924:1 travel:1 united:1 states:1 deliver:1 lowell:1 lecture:2 harvard:1 university:1 form:3 nucleus:1 survey:3 take:3 afterward:1 short:3 order:2 aside:1 widely:1 favor:1 public:1 green:2 like:4 aim:1 king:1 conquest:1 people:2 fortunate:1 grant:1 serve:1 text:1 schoolboy:1 deteriorate:1 badly:1 beyond:1 excursion:1 contemporary:1 rarely:1 happy:1 stimulate:1 provocative:1 broad:1 sweep:1 incomparable:1 living:1 early:1 boroughs:1 tudor:1 stuart:2 impact:1 compete:1 sensitive:1 language:1 literature:2 common:1 parliamentary:1 also:1 weakness:1 militantly:1 superiority:1 institution:2 character:1 self:2 consciousness:1 even:1 satisfaction:1 obvious:1 stretch:1 reach:2 element:1 capture:1 humanistic:1 imagination:1 worth:2 telling:1 remember:1 tolerance:1 compromise:1 justice:1 today:1 supply:1 overly:1 emphasis:1 central:1 synthesis:1 positive:1 class:1 mind:1 surely:1 four:2 queen:3 anne:4 regius:1 professor:1 modern:2 cambridge:1 honor:1 award:1 merit:1 academic:1 duty:1 effect:1 prolific:1 blenheim:5 follow:1 rapid:1 succession:2 ramillie:2 union:2 scotland:3 peace:1 protestant:1 together:1 detailed:1 wycliffe:1 select:1 group:1 document:1 case:1 illustrative:1 reign:2 1707:1 least:1 attract:1 almost:1 unconscious:1 desire:1 macaulay:2 break:1 addition:1 believe:1 dramatic:3 separateness:1 1702:1 14:1 lie:1 hanoverian:1 era:1 ethos:1 see:1 age:2 settle:1 free:1 constitution:1 attain:1 observer:1 doubt:1 artificial:1 jacket:1 upon:1 reality:2 exist:1 page:2 easily:1 opening:2 chapter:3 reminiscent:1 third:1 state:1 eighteenth:2 delightful:1 society:1 fill:1 warm:1 underestimate:1 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Trevelyan's/np$ Liberalism/nn-tl was/bedz above/in all/abn a/at liberalism/nn of/in the/at spirit/nn ,/, a/at deep/jj feeling/nn of/in communion/nn with/in men/nns fighting/vbg for/in country/nn and/cc for/in liberty/nn ./. His/pp$ passion/nn and/cc enthusiasm/nn convey/vb the/at courage/nn and/cc high/jj adventure/nn of/in Garibaldi's/np$ exploits/nns and/cc give/vb the/at reader/nn a/at unique/jj sense/nn of/in participation/nn in/in the/at events/nns described/vbn ./. The/at three/cd volumes/nns brought/vbd to/in the/at fore/nn a/at characteristic/nn of/in Trevelyan's/np$ prose/nn which/wdt remained/vbd conspicuous/jj through/in his/pp$ later/jjr works/nns --/-- a/at genius/nn for/in describing/vbg military/jj action/nn with/in clarity/nn and/cc with/in authority/nn ./. The/at confused/vbn rambling/nn of/in guerrilla/nn warfare/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs most/ap of/in Garibaldi's/np$ campaigns/nns were/bed ,/, was/bedz brought/vbn to/in life/nn by/in Trevelyan's/np$ pen/nn in/in some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt passages/nns in/in the/at books/nns ./. His/pp$ personal/jj familiarity/nn with/in the/at scenes/nns of/in action/nn undoubtedly/rb contributed/vbd much/ap to/in the/at final/jj result/nn ,/, but/cc familiarity/nn alone/rb would/md not/* have/hv been/ben enough/ap without/in other/ap qualities/nns ./. Military/jj knowledge/nn ,/, love/nn of/in detail/nn ,/, and/cc a/at sure/jj feeling/nn for/in the/at portrayal/nn of/in action/nn were/bed the/at added/vbn ingredients/nns ./. But/cc the/at Garibaldi/np volumes/nns were/bed more/ap than/cs a/at romantic/jj story/nn ./. Trevelyan/np contributed/vbd considerable/jj new/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at issues/nns connected/vbn with/in his/pp$ subject/nn ./. The/at outstanding/jj example/nn was/bedz in/in Garibaldi/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Thousand/cd-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps made/vbd use/nn of/in unpublished/jj papers/nns of/in Lord/nn-tl John/np Russell/np and/cc English/jj consular/jj materials/nns to/to reveal/vb the/at motives/nns which/wdt led/vbd the/at British/jj government/nn to/to permit/vb Garibaldi/np to/to cross/vb the/at Straits/nps of/in-tl Messina/np-tl ./. In/in looking/vbg back/rb over/in the/at volumes/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to find/vb errors/nns of/in interpretation/nn ,/, some/dti of/in which/wdt were/bed not/* so/ql evident/jj at/in the/at time/nn of/in writing/vbg ./. Thus/rb Trevelyan/np repeats/vbz the/at story/nn which/wdt pictured/vbd Victor/np Emmanuel/np as/cs refusing/vbg to/to abandon/vb the/at famous/jj Statuto/fw-nn-tl at/in the/at insistence/nn of/in General/nn-tl Radetzky/np ./. Later/jjr research/nn has/hvz shown/vbn this/dt part/nn of/in the/at legend/nn of/in the/at Re/fw-nn-tl Galantuomo/fw-nn-tl to/to be/be false/jj ./. Trevelyan/np accepts/vbz Italian/jj nationalism/nn with/in little/ap analysis/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez unduly/ql critical/jj of/in papal/jj and/cc French/jj policy/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs generous/jj in/in assessing/vbg British/jj policy/nn ./. But/cc fifty/cd years/nns later/rbr the/at trilogy/nn still/rb maintains/vbz a/at firm/jj place/nn in/in the/at list/nn of/in standard/jj works/nns on/in the/at unification/nn of/in Italy/np ,/, a/at position/nn cautiously/rb prophesied/vbn by/in the/at reviewers/nns at/in the/at time/nn of/in publication/nn ./. Trevelyan's/np$ Manin/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Venetian/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl Of/in-tl 1848/cd-tl ,/, his/pp$ last/ap major/jj volume/nn on/in an/at Italian/jj theme/nn ,/, was/bedz written/vbn in/in a/at minor/jj key/nn ./. Published/vbn in/in 1923/cd ,/, it/pps did/dod not/* gain/vb the/at popular/jj acclaim/nn of/in the/at Garibaldi/np volumes/nns ,/, probably/rb because/cs Trevelyan/np felt/vbd less/rbr at/in home/nr with/in Manin/np ,/, the/at bourgeois/nn lawyer/nn ,/, than/cs with/in Garibaldi/np ,/, the/at filibuster/nn ./. The/at complexities/nns of/in Venetian/jj politics/nn eluded/vbd him/ppo ,/, but/cc the/at story/nn of/in the/at revolution/nn itself/ppl is/bez told/vbn in/in restrained/vbn measures/nns ,/, with/in no/at superfluous/jj passages/nns and/cc only/rb an/at occasional/jj overemphasis/nn of/in the/at part/nn played/vbn by/in its/pp$ leading/vbg figure/nn ./. If/cs it/pps is/bez not/* one/cd of/in his/pp$ best/jjt books/nns ,/, it/pps can/md only/rb be/be considered/vbn unsatisfactory/jj when/wrb compared/vbn with/in his/pp$ own/jj Garibaldi/np ./. Already/rb Trevelyan/np had/hvd begun/vbn to/to parallel/vb his/pp$ nineteenth-century/nn Italian/jj studies/nns with/in several/ap works/nns on/in English/jj figures/nns of/in the/at same/ap period/nn ./. First/rb The/at-tl Life/nn-tl Of/in-tl John/np-tl Bright/np-tl appeared/vbd and/cc seven/cd years/nns later/rbr Lord/nn-tl Grey/np-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Reform/nn-tl Bill/nn-tl ./. Of/in the/at two/cd ,/, The/at-tl Life/nn-tl Of/in-tl Bright/np-tl is/bez incomparably/rb the/at better/jjr biography/nn ./. Trevelyan/np centers/vbz too/ql exclusively/rb on/in Bright/np ,/, is/bez insufficiently/ql appreciative/jj of/in the/at views/nns of/in Bright's/np$ opponents/nns and/cc critics/nns ,/, and/cc makes/vbz light/jj of/in the/at genuine/jj difficulties/nns faced/vbn by/in Peel/np ./. Yet/cc he/pps is/bez right/jj when/wrb he/pps claims/vbz in/in his/pp$ autobiography/nn that/cs he/pps drew/vbd the/at real/jj features/nns of/in the/at man/nn ,/, his/pp$ tender/jj and/cc selfless/jj motives/nns and/cc his/pp$ rugged/jj fearless/jj strength/nn ./. In/in the/at story/nn of/in Bright/np and/cc the/at Corn/nn-tl Law/nn-tl agitation/nn ,/, the/at Crimean/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at franchise/nn struggle/nn Trevelyan/np reflects/vbz something/pn of/in the/at moral/jj power/nn which/wdt enabled/vbd this/dt independent/jj man/nn to/to exercise/vb so/ql immense/jj an/at influence/nn over/in his/pp$ fellow/nn countrymen/nns for/in so/ql long/rb ./. Because/cs Bright's/np$ speeches/nns were/bed so/ql much/ap a/at part/nn of/in him/ppo ,/, there/ex are/ber long/jj and/cc numerous/jj quotations/nns ,/, which/wdt ,/, far/rb from/in making/vbg the/at biography/nn diffuse/jj ,/, help/vb to/to give/vb us/ppo the/at feel/nn of/in the/at man/nn ./. Associated/vbn in/in a/at sense/nn with/in the/at Manchester/np-tl School/nn-tl through/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ family/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np conveys/vbz in/in this/dt biography/nn something/pn of/in its/pp$ moral/jj conviction/nn and/cc drive/nn ./. Nineteenth-century/nn virtues/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, seem/vb somehow/rb to/to have/hv gone/vbn out/in of/in fashion/nn and/cc the/at Bright/np book/nn has/hvz never/rb been/ben particularly/ql popular/jj ./. The/at biography/nn of/in Lord/nn-tl Grey/np is/bez strictly/rb speaking/vbg not/* a/at biography/nn at/in all/abn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at Whig/np history/nn of/in the/at ``/`` Tory/np reaction/nn ''/'' which/wdt preceded/vbd the/at Reform/nn-tl Bill/nn-tl of/in 1832/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps uses/vbz the/at figure/nn of/in Grey/np to/to give/vb some/dti unity/nn to/in the/at narrative/nn ./. The/at volume/nn is/bez a/at piece/nn of/in passionate/jj special/jj pleading/nn ,/, written/vbn with/in the/at heat/nn --/-- and/cc often/rb with/in the/at wisdom/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be said/vbn --/-- of/in a/at Liberal/nn-tl damning/vbg the/at shortsightedness/nn of/in politicians/nns from/in 1782/cd to/in 1832/cd ./. Characteristically/rb ,/, Trevelyan/np enjoyed/vbd writing/vbg the/at work/nn ./. The/at theme/nn of/in glorious/jj summer/nn coming/vbg after/in a/at long/jj winter/nn of/in discontent/nn and/cc repression/nn was/bedz ,/, he/pps has/hvz told/vbn us/ppo ,/, congenial/jj to/in his/pp$ artistic/jj sense/nn ./. And/cc Grey's/np$ Northumberland/np background/nn was/bedz close/rb to/in Trevelyan's/np$ own/jj ./. But/cc his/pp$ concentration/nn on/in personalities/nns and/cc his/pp$ categorical/jj assessment/nn of/in their/pp$ actions/nns fail/vb to/to convey/vb the/at political/jj complexities/nns of/in a/at long/jj generation/nn harassed/vbn by/in world-wide/jj war/nn and/cc confronted/vbn with/in the/at problem/nn of/in adjustment/nn to/in an/at unprecedented/jj industrial/jj and/cc social/jj transformation/nn ./. Some/dti historians/nns have/hv found/vbn his/pp$ point/nn of/in view/nn not/* to/in their/pp$ taste/nn ,/, others/nns have/hv complained/vbn that/cs he/pps makes/vbz the/at Tory/np tradition/nn appear/vb ``/`` contemptible/jj rather/in than/in intelligible/jj ''/'' ,/, while/cs a/at sympathetic/jj critic/nn has/hvz remarked/vbn that/cs the/at ``/`` intricate/jj interplay/nn of/in social/jj dynamics/nns and/cc political/jj activity/nn of/in which/wdt ,/, at/in times/nns ,/, politicians/nns are/ber the/at ignorant/jj marionettes/nns is/bez not/* a/at field/nn for/in the/at exercise/nn of/in his/pp$ talents/nns ''/'' ./. The/at Liberal-Radical/np heritage/nn which/wdt informs/vbz all/abn of/in Trevelyan's/np$ interpretations/nns of/in history/nn here/rb seems/vbz clearly/rb to/to have/hv distorted/vbn the/at issues/nns and/cc oversimplified/vbn the/at period/nn ./. For/in once/rb his/pp$ touch/nn deserted/vbd him/ppo ./. Research/nn in/in the/at period/nn of/in Grey/np and/cc Bright/np led/vbd naturally/rb to/in a/at more/ql ambitious/jj work/nn ./. Britain/np in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn is/bez a/at textbook/nn designed/vbn ``/`` to/to give/vb the/at sense/nn of/in continuous/jj growth/nn ,/, to/to show/vb how/wrb economic/jj led/vbd to/in social/jj ,/, and/cc social/jj to/in political/jj change/nn ,/, how/wrb the/at political/jj events/nns reacted/vbd on/in the/at economic/jj and/cc social/jj ,/, and/cc how/wrb new/jj thoughts/nns and/cc new/jj ideals/nns accompanied/vbd or/cc directed/vbd the/at whole/jj complicated/vbn process/nn ''/'' ./. The/at plan/nn is/bez admirably/ql fulfilled/vbn for/in the/at period/nn up/in to/in 1832/cd ./. More/ql temperately/rb than/cs in/in the/at study/nn of/in Grey/np and/cc despite/in his/pp$ Liberal/jj-tl bias/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np vividly/rb sketches/vbz the/at England/np of/in pre-French/jj Revolution/nn-tl days/nns ,/, portrays/vbz the/at stresses/nns and/cc strains/nns of/in the/at revolutionary/jj period/nn in/in rich/jj colors/nns ,/, and/cc brings/vbz developments/nns leading/vbg to/in the/at Reform/nn-tl Bill/nn-tl into/in sharp/jj and/cc clear/jj focus/nn ./. His/pp$ technique/nn is/bez genuinely/ql masterful/jj ./. By/in what/wdt one/cd reader/nn called/vbd a/at ``/`` series/nn of/in dissolving/vbg views/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps merges/vbz one/cd period/nn into/in another/dt and/cc gives/vbz a/at sense/nn of/in continuous/jj growth/nn ./. But/cc after/in 1832/cd ,/, the/at narrative/nn tends/vbz to/to lose/vb its/pp$ balanced/vbn ,/, many-sided/jj quality/nn and/cc to/to become/vb a/at medley/nn of/in topics/nns ,/, often/rb unconnected/jj by/in any/dti single/ap thread/nn ./. Economic/jj analysis/nn was/bedz never/rb Trevelyan's/np$ strong/jj point/nn and/cc the/at England/np of/in the/at industrial/jj transformation/nn cries/vbz out/rp for/in economic/jj analysis/nn ./. Yet/cc after/in 1832/cd ,/, the/at interrelations/nns of/in economic/jj and/cc social/jj and/cc political/jj affairs/nns become/vb blurred/vbn and/cc the/at narrative/nn becomes/vbz largely/rb a/at conventional/jj political/jj account/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, the/at period/nn after/in 1870/cd receives/vbz little/ap attention/nn and/cc that/dt quite/ql superficial/jj ./. Yet/cc Britain/np-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Nineteenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl became/vbd the/at vade/fw-vb mecum/fw-ppo+in of/in beginning/vbg students/nns of/in history/nn ,/, went/vbd through/in edition/nn after/in edition/nn ,/, and/cc continues/vbz to/to be/be reprinted/vbn up/in to/in the/at very/ap present/nn ./. Its/pp$ success/nn is/bez a/at tribute/nn ,/, above/in all/abn ,/, to/in Trevelyan's/np$ brilliance/nn as/cs a/at literary/jj stylist/nn ./. In/in 1924/cd Trevelyan/np traveled/vbd to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps delivered/vbd the/at Lowell/np lectures/nns at/in Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl ./. These/dts lectures/nns formed/vbd the/at nucleus/nn of/in a/at general/jj survey/nn of/in English/jj development/nn which/wdt took/vbd form/nn afterward/rb as/cs A/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl ./. In/in short/jj order/nn ,/, the/at general/jj history/nn became/vbd his/pp$ most/ql popular/jj work/nn and/cc has/hvz remained/vbn ,/, aside/rb from/in his/pp$ later/jjr Social/jj history/nn ,/, the/at work/nn most/ql widely/rb favored/vbn by/in the/at public/nn ./. The/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl has/hvz often/rb been/ben compared/vbn with/in Green's/np$ Short/jj-tl History/nn-tl ./. Like/cs Green/np ,/, Trevelyan/np aimed/vbd to/to write/vb a/at history/nn not/* of/in ``/`` English/jj kings/nns or/cc English/jj conquests/nns ''/'' ,/, but/cc of/in the/at English/jj people/nns ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz fortunate/jj ./. The/at History/nn-tl takes/vbz too/ql much/ap for/in granted/vbn to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at text/nn for/in other/ap than/cs English/jj schoolboys/nns ,/, and/cc like/cs Britain/np-tl in/in-tl the/at-tl nineteenth/od-tl century/nn-tl it/pps deteriorates/vbz badly/rb as/cs it/pps goes/vbz beyond/in 1870/cd ./. Trevelyan's/np$ excursions/nns into/in contemporary/jj history/nn were/bed rarely/rb happy/jj ones/nns ./. But/cc as/cs a/at stimulating/jj ,/, provocative/jj interpretation/nn of/in the/at broad/jj sweep/nn of/in English/jj development/nn it/pps is/bez incomparable/jj ./. Living/vbg pictures/nns of/in the/at early/jj boroughs/nns ,/, country/nn life/nn in/in Tudor/np and/cc Stuart/np times/nns ,/, the/at impact/nn of/in the/at industrial/jj revolution/nn compete/vb with/in sensitive/jj surveys/nns of/in language/nn and/cc literature/nn ,/, the/at common/jj law/nn ,/, parliamentary/jj development/nn ./. The/at strength/nn of/in the/at History/nn-tl is/bez also/rb its/pp$ weakness/nn ./. Trevelyan/np is/bez militantly/rb sure/jj of/in the/at superiority/nn of/in English/jj institutions/nns and/cc character/nn over/in those/dts of/in other/ap peoples/nns ./. His/pp$ nationalism/nn was/bedz not/* a/at new/jj characteristic/nn ,/, but/cc its/pp$ self-consciousness/nn ,/, even/rb its/pp$ self-satisfaction/nn ,/, is/bez more/ql obvious/jj in/in a/at book/nn that/wps stretches/vbz over/in the/at long/jj reach/nn of/in English/jj history/nn ./. And/cc yet/rb the/at elements/nns which/wdt capture/vb his/pp$ liberal/jj and/cc humanistic/jj imagination/nn are/ber those/dts which/wdt make/vb the/at English/jj story/nn worth/jj telling/vbg and/cc worth/jj remembering/vbg ./. Tolerance/nn and/cc compromise/nn ,/, social/jj justice/nn and/cc civil/jj liberty/nn ,/, are/ber today/nr too/ql often/rb in/in short/jj supply/nn for/in one/pn to/to be/be overly/ql critical/jj of/in Trevelyan's/np$ emphasis/nn on/in their/pp$ central/jj place/nn in/in the/at English/jj tradition/nn ./. Like/cs most/ap major/jj works/nns of/in synthesis/nn ,/, The/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl is/bez informed/vbn by/in the/at positive/jj views/nns of/in a/at first-class/jj mind/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez surely/rb a/at major/jj work/nn ./. Four/cd years/nns after/in the/at publication/nn of/in The/at-tl History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl ,/, the/at first/od volume/nn of/in Trevelyan's/np$ Queen/nn-tl Anne/np trilogy/nn appeared/vbd ./. By/in now/rb he/pps had/hvd become/vbn Regius/np-tl Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl Modern/jj-tl History/nn-tl at/in Cambridge/np and/cc had/hvd been/ben honored/vbn by/in the/at award/nn of/in the/at Order/nn-tl of/in-tl Merit/nn-tl ./. His/pp$ academic/jj duties/nns had/hvd little/ap evident/jj effect/nn on/in his/pp$ prolific/jj pen/nn ./. Blenheim/np was/bedz followed/vbn in/in rapid/jj succession/nn by/in Ramillies/np And/cc-tl The/at-tl Union/nn-tl With/in-tl Scotland/np-tl and/cc by/in The/at-tl Peace/nn-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Protestant/jj-tl Succession/nn-tl ,/, the/at three/cd forming/vbg together/rb a/at detailed/vbn picture/nn of/in England/np under/in Queen/nn-tl Anne/np ./. Like/cs his/pp$ volume/nn on/in Wycliffe/np ,/, the/at work/nn was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in the/at publication/nn of/in a/at selected/vbn group/nn of/in documents/nns ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn illustrative/jj of/in the/at history/nn of/in Queen/nn-tl Anne's/np$ reign/nn down/rp to/in 1707/cd ./. Trevelyan/np was/bedz at/in least/ap in/in part/nn attracted/vbn to/in the/at period/nn by/in an/at almost/ql unconscious/jj desire/nn to/to take/vb up/rp the/at story/nn where/wrb Macaulay's/np$ History/nn-tl Of/in-tl England/np-tl had/hvd broken/vbn off/rp ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, he/pps believed/vbd in/in the/at ``/`` dramatic/jj unity/nn and/cc separateness/nn of/in the/at period/nn from/in 1702-14/cd ,/, lying/vbg between/in the/at Stuart/np and/cc Hanoverian/jj eras/nns with/in a/at special/jj ethos/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj ''/'' ./. He/pps saw/vbd the/at age/nn as/cs one/cd in/in which/wdt Britain/np ``/`` settled/vbd her/ppo free/jj constitution/nn ''/'' and/cc attained/vbd her/pp$ modern/jj place/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. To/in most/ap observers/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs he/pps placed/vbd an/at artificial/jj strait/nn jacket/nn of/in unity/nn upon/in the/at years/nns of/in Anne's/np$ reign/nn which/wdt in/in reality/nn existed/vbd only/rb in/in the/at pages/nns of/in his/pp$ history/nn ./. Of/in the/at three/cd volumes/nns ,/, Blenheim/np is/bez easily/rb the/at best/jjt ./. In/in four/cd opening/vbg chapters/nns reminiscent/jj of/in Macaulay's/np$ famous/jj third/od chapter/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np surveys/vbz the/at state/nn of/in England/np at/in the/at opening/nn of/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ./. His/pp$ delightful/jj picture/nn of/in society/nn and/cc institutions/nns is/bez filled/vbn with/in warm/jj detail/nn that/wps brings/vbz the/at period/nn vividly/rb to/in life/nn ./. He/pps tends/vbz to/to underestimate/vb --/-- or/cc perhaps/rb to/to view/vb charitably/rb --/-- the/at brutality/nn and/cc the/at violence/nn of/in the/at age/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs there/ex is/bez an/at idyllic/jj quality/nn in/in these/dts pages/nns which/wdt hazes/vbz over/in some/dti of/in its/pp$ sharp/jj reality/nn ./. Yet/cc as/cs an/at evocation/nn of/in time/nn past/ap ,/, there/ex are/ber few/ap such/jj successful/jj portraits/nns in/in English/jj historical/jj literature/nn ./. Once/cs the/at scene/nn is/bez set/vbn ,/, Trevelyan/np skilfully/rb builds/vbz up/rp the/at tense/jj story/nn until/cs it/pps reaches/vbz its/pp$ climax/nn in/in the/at dramatic/jj victory/nn of/in Marlborough/np and/cc Eugene/np of/in-tl Savoy/np-tl at/in Blenheim/np ./. The/at account/nn of/in the/at battle/nn is/bez ,/, next/in to/in his/pp$ descriptions/nns of/in Garibaldi's/np$ campaigns/nns ,/, Trevelyan's/np$ outstanding/jj military/jj narrative/nn ./. The/at scene/nn is/bez etched/vbn in/in sharp/jj detail/nn ,/, the/at military/jj problems/nns brilliantly/rb explained/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at excitement/nn and/cc importance/nn of/in the/at battle/nn made/vbn evident/jj ./. If/cs only/rb for/in this/dt modest/jj masterpiece/nn of/in military/jj history/nn ,/, Blenheim/np is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be read/vbn and/cc reread/vbn long/rb after/cs newer/jjr interpretations/nns have/hv perhaps/rb altered/vbn our/pp$ picture/nn of/in the/at Marlborough/np wars/nns ./. Ramillies/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Union/nn-tl With/in-tl Scotland/np-tl has/hvz fewer/ap high/jj spots/nns than/cs Blenheim/np and/cc much/ql less/ap of/in its/pp$ dramatic/jj unity/nn ./. Yet/cc in/in several/ap chapters/nns on/in Scotland/np in/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ,/, Trevelyan/np copes/vbz persuasively/rb with/in the/at tangled/vbn confusion/nn of/in Scottish/jj politics/nn against/in a/at vivid/jj background/nn of/in Scottish/jj religion/nn ,/, customs/nns ,/, and/cc traditions/nns ./.

cg47

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brother:1 bring:3 good:1 english:1 mother:1 governess:1 philadelphia:1 name:2 esther:8 peter:3 delighted:1 personal:2 contact:1 trying:1 unusual:1 circumstance:1 family:1 prove:2 wonderful:1 helpful:1 friend:3 follow:1 mrs:1 raoul:1 generously:1 lend:1 watch:1 sight:1 field:2 directly:1 pitch:2 stateless:1 dig:1 trench:1 best:1 toy:1 spade:1 donate:1 neighborhood:2 wind:1 damp:1 chill:2 necessitate:1 fire:3 warmth:1 scour:1 bit:1 open:1 area:1 tar:1 soak:1 log:1 crackle:1 burn:1 brightly:1 vast:1 roll:1 smoke:1 ashen:1 sky:1 appear:1 kettle:1 petit:1 pain:1 usually:1 among:2 advise:2 land:2 pont:1 mail:2 trickle:1 deliver:1 talkative:1 amuse:1 postman:1 quite:1 debate:1 office:1 address:1 recognize:1 christmas:3 eve:1 tree:3 place:2 either:1 favorite:1 natural:1 playground:1 kid:1 many:1 part:1 school:1 game:1 desperately:1 translate:1 grimm:1 fairy:1 tale:1 understandable:1 gather:1 surprise:1 delight:1 rush:1 shortly:2 decoration:1 merry:1 somewhat:2 soggy:1 year:1 invitation:1 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draft:1 drive:1 wave:1 adieu:1

I/ppss stood/vbd on/in a/at table/nn ,/, surrounded/vbn by/in hundreds/nns of/in expectant/jj young/jj faces/nns ./. Questions/nns came/vbd to/in me/ppo from/in all/abn sides/nns about/in my/pp$ world/nn citizenship/nn activities/nns ./. After/cs making/vbg a/at short/jj statement/nn about/in human/jj rights/nns ,/, and/cc the/at freedom/nn to/to travel/vb ,/, I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo I/ppss would/md be/be going/vbg to/in the/at Kehl/np bridge/nn the/at next/ap morning/nn in/in order/nn to/to cross/vb the/at Rhine/np into/in Germany/np ./. ``/`` May/md we/ppss come/vb with/in you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. Called/vbn out/rp a/at dozen/nn young/jj voices/nns ./. ``/`` Well/uh ,/, I/ppss might/md not/* get/vb that/ql far/rb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo ,/, ``/`` as/cs actually/rb I/ppss have/hv no/at papers/nns to/to enter/vb Germany/np and/cc ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, no/at permit/nn to/to return/vb to/in France/np once/cs I/ppss leave/vb ''/'' ./. That/dt was/bedz all/abn they/ppss needed/vbd ./. They/ppss would/md champion/vb me/ppo ./. We/ppss would/md all/abn meet/vb at/in ten/cd o'clock/rb at/in the/at Kehl/np bridge/nn ,/, five/cd miles/nns from/in Strasbourg/np ,/, and/cc march/vb triumphantly/rb across/rp into/in Germany/np ./. There/ex was/bedz only/rb one/cd hitch/nn :/: the/at small/jj town/nn of/in Kehl/np ,/, on/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at Rhine/np ,/, was/bedz still/rb under/in French/jj jurisdiction/nn ./. The/at real/jj Franco-German/jj frontier/nn was/bedz beyond/in the/at town's/nn$ limits/nns ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, all/abn persons/nns were/bed permitted/vbn to/to cross/vb the/at Rhine/np into/in Kehl/np ,/, there/ex being/beg no/at sentry/nn posted/vbn on/in the/at west/nr side/nn of/in the/at river/nn ./. That/dt evening/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss learned/vbd later/rbr ,/, the/at students/nns ,/, enjoying/vbg that/dt spontaneous/jj immodesty/nn in/in action/nn known/vbn only/rb to/in university/nn students/nns ,/, surged/vbd out/rp onto/in the/at streets/nns of/in Strasbourg/np ,/, overturning/vbg empty/jj streetcars/nns ,/, marking/vbg up/rp store/nn fronts/nns ,/, and/cc shouting/vbg imprudently/rb ,/, ``/`` Garry/np Davis/np to/in power/nn ''/'' !/. !/. As/cs I/ppss got/vbd off/in the/at trolley/nn at/in Kehl/np bridge/nn the/at next/ap morning/nn ,/, I/ppss was/bedz met/vbn by/in what/wdt looked/vbd like/cs 5,000/cd students/nns ,/, some/dti of/in whom/wpo were/bed carrying/vbg sticks/nns apparently/rb for/in the/at coming/vbg ``/`` battle/nn ''/'' with/in the/at police/nns ./. Alarmed/vbn by/in this/dt display/nn of/in weapons/nns ,/, I/ppss looked/vbd toward/in the/at bridge/nn and/cc there/rb saw/vbd ,/, stretched/vbn across/in the/at near/jj side/nn ,/, a/at cordon/nn of/in policemen/nns ,/, their/pp$ bicycles/nns forming/vbg a/at roadblock/nn before/in which/wdt stood/vbd several/ap French/jj officers/nns in/in uniform/nn and/cc a/at small/jj waspish/jj man/nn in/in a/at brown/jj derby/nn ./. ``/`` Listen/vb please/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss called/vbd to/in the/at students/nns in/in French/np ./. ``/`` I/ppss thank/vb you/ppo most/ql heartily/rb for/in being/beg here/rb ./. This/dt is/bez full/jj evidence/nn of/in your/pp$ support/nn for/in my/pp$ principles/nns ./. These/dts principles/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, will/md not/* be/be served/vbn by/in violence/nn in/in any/dti form/nn ./. If/cs they/ppss are/ber right/jj ,/, they/ppss will/md prevail/vb of/in and/cc by/in themselves/ppls ./. I/ppss ask/vb you/ppo all/abn to/to support/vb me/ppo in/in this/dt ./. If/cs one/cd finger/nn is/bez raised/vbn against/in the/at authorities/nns ,/, all/abn our/pp$ moral/jj power/nn will/md vanish/vb ./. Your/pp$ self-control/nn in/in this/dt respect/nn will/md be/be the/at only/ap witness/nn to/in your/pp$ understanding/nn of/in what/wdt I/ppss am/bem saying/vbg ./. I/ppss have/hv full/jj confidence/nn in/in you/ppo ./. Now/rb ,/, let's/vb+ppo go/vb ''/'' ./. I/ppss marched/vbd up/rp to/in the/at waiting/vbg officials/nns ,/, the/at students/nns massed/vbd behind/in me/ppo ./. As/cs usual/jj ,/, the/at press/nn photographers/nns were/bed on/in hand/nn ./. The/at waspish/jj man/nn stopped/vbd me/ppo three/cd paces/nns from/in the/at bicycle/nn barricade/nn ,/, and/cc asked/vbd me/ppo in/in French/np if/cs I/ppss had/hvd papers/nns to/to leave/vb France/np ./. I/ppss replied/vbd in/in the/at affirmative/jj ,/, taking/vbg out/rp my/pp$ recently/rb acquired/vbn titre/fw-nn d'identite/fw-in+nn et/fw-cc de/fw-in voyage/fw-nn ,/, on/in which/wdt was/bedz stamped/vbn a/at permission/nn to/to leave/vb France/np ./. He/pps examined/vbd it/ppo carefully/rb ,/, handed/vbd it/ppo back/rb and/cc said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Eh/uh bien/fw-uh ,/, you/ppss may/md leave/vb France/np ''/'' ./. I/ppss took/vbd one/cd step/nn eastward/rb ./. One/cd of/in the/at uniformed/jj officers/nns stepped/vbd in/in my/pp$ way/nn ,/, demanding/vbg to/to know/vb whether/cs I/ppss had/hvd permission/nn to/to enter/vb Germany/np ./. ``/`` No/rb ,/, I/ppss have/hv no/at permission/nn to/to enter/vb Germany/np ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ./. ``/`` Alors/fw-rb ,/, you/ppss may/md go/vb no/ql farther/rbr ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd imperiously/rb ./. ``/`` Is/bez this/dt then/rb the/at frontier/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss asked/vbd him/ppo ./. ``/`` Yes/rb ''/'' ./. At/in this/dt ,/, the/at students/nns let/vb out/rp a/at yell/nn ,/, knowing/vbg full/ql well/rb the/at actual/jj frontier/nn was/bedz beyond/in the/at town/nn of/in Kehl/np ./. ``/`` But/cc I/ppss have/hv no/at permission/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np ,/, and/cc I/ppss have/hv just/rb left/vbn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ./. ``/`` I/ppss must/md then/rb be/be standing/vbg on/in the/at line/nn between/in France/np and/cc Germany/np ''/'' ./. The/at waspish/jj man/nn stepped/vbd forward/rb ./. ``/`` Line/nn ?/. ?/. Line/nn ?/. ?/. But/cc there/ex is/bez no/at line/nn between/in France/np and/cc Germany/np ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, no/at actual/jj line/nn ./. I/ppss mean/vb ''/'' ``/`` No/at line/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss asked/vbd ./. ``/`` But/cc if/cs there/ex is/bez no/at line/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md there/ex be/be two/cd countries/nns ?/. ?/. You/ppss have/hv just/rb given/vbn me/ppo permission/nn to/to leave/vb France/np ,/, which/wdt I/ppss did/dod ./. I/ppss have/hv witnesses/nns ./. And/cc as/cs you/ppss know/vb ,/, I/ppss have/hv no/at permission/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np once/rb out/rp ./. Now/rb I/ppss learn/vb I/ppss cannot/md* enter/vb Germany/np ./. Obviously/rb I'm/ppss+bem stuck/vbn on/in the/at line/nn between/in the/at two/cd countries/nns ''/'' ./. The/at students/nns were/bed laughing/vbg uproariously/rb at/in this/dt piece/nn of/in logic/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb the/at policemen/nns were/bed trying/vbg hard/rb not/* to/to smile/vb ./. ``/`` Mais/fw-cc non/fw-rb ''/'' ,/, the/at Interior/nn-tl Ministry/nn-tl man/nn coaxed/vbd ,/, ``/`` you/ppss may/md come/vb back/rb to/in Strasbourg/np ,/, now/rb ,/, if/cs you/ppss wish/vb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ?/. ?/. Then/rb will/md you/ppss give/vb me/ppo a/at visa/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Visa/nn ?/. ?/. But/cc there/ex is/bez no/at question/nn of/in a/at visa/nn ./. You/ppss are/ber still/rb in/in France/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Ah/uh ,/, then/rb please/vb tell/vb me/ppo where/wrb the/at frontier/nn is/bez because/cs this/dt gentleman/nn here/rb ''/'' --/-- I/ppss indicated/vbd the/at French/jj occupation/nn officer/nn --/-- ``/`` informs/vbz me/ppo that/cs Germany/np is/bez just/ql on/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in him/ppo ''/'' ./. The/at Interior/nn-tl man/nn looked/vbd uneasily/rb at/in his/pp$ French/jj compatriot/nn ./. From/in the/at crowd/nn were/bed coming/vbg cries/nns of/in ``/`` He's/pps+bez right/jj ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` There/ex must/md be/be a/at line/nn ''/'' !/. !/. And/cc ``/`` Bravo/uh ,/, Garry/np ,/, continue/vb ''/'' !/. !/. Seeing/vbg their/pp$ hesitation/nn ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, until/cs I/ppss have/hv permission/nn to/to enter/vb Germany/np ,/, or/cc a/at visa/nn to/to re-enter/vb France/np ,/, I/ppss shall/md be/be obliged/vbn to/to remain/vb here/rb on/in the/at line/nn between/in two/cd countries/nns ''/'' ,/, whereupon/cs I/ppss moved/vbd to/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at road/nn ,/, parked/vbd my/pp$ backpack/nn against/in the/at small/jj guardhouse/nn on/in the/at sidewalk/nn ,/, sat/vbd down/rp ,/, took/vbd out/rp my/pp$ typewriter/nn ,/, and/cc began/vbd typing/vbg the/at above/jj conversation/nn ./. The/at reporters/nns were/bed questioning/vbg the/at Interior/nn-tl man/nn and/cc the/at French/jj officer/nn ,/, both/abx of/in whom/wpo remained/vbd noncommittal/jj as/in to/in what/wdt action/nn ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, would/md be/be taken/vbn in/in my/pp$ regard/nn ./. Finally/rb they/ppss went/vbd off/rp to/to file/vb their/pp$ stories/nns ,/, after/cs the/at photographers/nns had/hvd taken/vbn pictures/nns of/in my/pp$ latest/jjt vigil/nn ./. The/at students/nns crowded/vbd around/rb asking/vbg questions/nns ,/, slapping/vbg me/ppo on/in the/at back/nn ,/, and/cc generally/rb being/beg friendly/jj ./. ``/`` But/cc what/wdt will/md you/ppss do/do this/dt evening/nn ,/, Mr./np Davis/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. Asked/vbd a/at young/jj mustached/jj Frenchman/np ./. ``/`` It/pps will/md be/be very/ql cold/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ,/, ``/`` except/in that/cs I/ppss will/md be/be here/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss shall/md see/vb about/in getting/vbg you/ppo a/at tent/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv a/at small/jj sports/nns shop/nn in/in Strasbourg/np ''/'' ./. That/dt would/md be/be a/at great/jj help/nn ,/, I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ,/, thanking/vbg him/ppo for/in his/pp$ thoughtfulness/nn ./. A/at special/jj guard/nn was/bedz posted/vbn at/in my/pp$ end/nn of/in the/at bridge/nn to/to make/vb sure/jj I/ppss didn't/dod* cross/vb ,/, the/at ludicrousness/nn of/in the/at situation/nn being/beg revealed/vbn fully/rb in/in that/dt everyone/pn else/rb --/-- men/nns ,/, women/nns ,/, and/cc children/nns ,/, dogs/nns ,/, cats/nns ,/, horses/nns ,/, cars/nns ,/, trucks/nns ,/, baby/nn carriages/nns --/-- could/md cross/vb Kehl/np bridge/nn into/in Kehl/np without/in surveillance/nn ./. The/at day/nn passed/vbd eventfully/rb enough/qlp ,/, with/in a/at constant/jj stream/nn of/in visitors/nns ,/, some/dti stopping/vbg only/rb to/to say/vb hello/uh ,/, others/nns getting/vbg into/in serious/jj conversations/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs one/cd Andre/np Fuchs/np ,/, a/at free-lance/nn journalist/nn from/in Strasbourg/np who/wps wrote/vbd an/at article/nn for/in the/at Nouvelle/fw-jj-tl Alsatian/fw-jj-tl in/in highly/ql sympathetic/jj terms/nns ./. Some/dti students/nns from/in the/at University/nn-tl returned/vbd around/rb six/cd with/in a/at large/jj pot/nn containing/vbg enough/ap hot/jj soup/nn to/to last/vb me/ppo a/at week/nn ./. A/at volunteer/nn food/nn brigade/nn had/hvd been/ben arranged/vbn ,/, they/ppss told/vbd me/ppo ,/, which/wdt would/md supply/vb me/ppo with/in the/at necessities/nns as/ql long/rb as/cs I/ppss remained/vbd at/in the/at bridge/nn ./. A/at little/jj later/rbr ,/, the/at sports/nns shop/nn man/nn returned/vbd with/in a/at small/jj pup/nn tent/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at girl/nn students/nns ,/, sitting/vbg by/rb while/cs I/ppss ate/vbd the/at thick/jj soup/nn ,/, asked/vbd me/ppo if/cs I/ppss had/hvd a/at sleeping/vbg bag/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss informed/vbd her/ppo that/cs I/ppss didn't/dod* ,/, she/pps said/vbd she/pps would/md borrow/vb her/pp$ brother's/nn$ and/cc bring/vb it/ppo to/in me/ppo later/rbr that/dt evening/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss do/do not/* know/vb me/ppo ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd in/in good/jj English/np ,/, ``/`` but/cc my/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz your/pp$ governess/nn in/in Philadelphia/np when/wrb you/ppss were/bed a/at child/nn ''/'' ./. Her/pp$ name/nn was/bedz Esther/np Peter/np ./. I/ppss was/bedz delighted/vbn to/to make/vb that/dt personal/jj contact/nn in/in such/jj trying/jj and/cc unusual/jj circumstances/nns ./. The/at Peter/np family/nn proved/vbd wonderful/jj and/cc helpful/jj friends/nns in/in the/at following/vbg days/nns ,/, Mrs./np Peter/np ,/, little/jj Esther/np ,/, and/cc Raoul/np ,/, who/wps generously/rb lent/vbd me/ppo his/pp$ sleeping/vbg bag/nn for/in my/pp$ ``/`` Watch/nn-tl on/in-tl the/at-tl Rhine/np-tl ''/'' ./. Sighting/vbg a/at line/nn from/in the/at bridge/nn to/in a/at small/jj field/nn directly/rb to/in the/at side/nn ,/, I/ppss pitched/vbd the/at tent/nn that/dt evening/nn on/in the/at stateless/jj ``/`` line/nn ''/'' ,/, digging/vbg a/at small/jj trench/nn around/in it/ppo as/ql best/rbt I/ppss could/md with/in a/at toy/nn spade/nn donated/vbn by/in a/at neighborhood/nn child/nn ./. The/at wind/nn from/in the/at Rhine/np was/bedz damp/jj and/cc chill/jj ,/, necessitating/vbg a/at fire/nn for/in warmth/nn ./. After/cs scouring/vbg around/rb a/at bit/nn in/in the/at open/jj area/nn ,/, I/ppss came/vbd across/in what/wdt proved/vbd to/to be/be tar-soaked/jj logs/nns which/wdt crackled/vbd and/cc burned/vbd brightly/rb ,/, giving/vbg off/rp vast/jj rolls/nns of/in smoke/nn into/in the/at ashen/jj sky/nn ./. Each/dt evening/nn the/at students/nns appeared/vbd with/in the/at soup/nn kettle/nn and/cc several/ap petits/fw-jj pains/fw-nns ,/, Esther/np usually/rb being/beg among/in them/ppo ./. I/ppss had/hvd advised/vbn friends/nns to/to write/vb me/ppo to/in ``/`` No/at-tl Man's/nn$-tl Land/nn-tl ,/, Pont/np Kehl/np ,/, Between/in-tl Strasbourg/np-tl and/cc-tl Kehl/np-tl ,/, France-Germany/np-tl ''/'' ./. Sure/rb enough/qlp ,/, mail/nn began/vbd trickling/vbg in/rp ,/, delivered/vbn by/in a/at talkative/jj ,/, highly/ql amused/vbn French/jj postman/nn who/wps informed/vbd me/ppo there/ex had/hvd been/ben quite/abl a/at debate/nn at/in the/at post/nn office/nn as/in to/in whether/cs that/dt address/nn would/md be/be recognized/vbn ./. On/in Christmas/np-tl Eve/nn-tl ,/, students/nns brought/vbd out/rp two/cd small/jj Christmas/np trees/nns which/wdt I/ppss placed/vbd on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at tent/nn ./. As/cs the/at field/nn on/in which/wdt my/pp$ tent/nn was/bedz pitched/vbn was/bedz a/at favorite/jj natural/jj playground/nn for/in the/at kids/nns of/in the/at neighborhood/nil ,/, I/nil had/nil made/nil many/nil friends/nil among/nil them/nil ,/, taking/nil part/nil in/nil their/nil after-school/nil games/nil and/nil trying/nil desperately/nil to/nil translate/nil Grimm's/nil Fairy/nil Tales/nil into/nil an/nil understandable/jj French/np as/cs we/ppss gathered/vbd around/in the/at fire/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at tent/nn ./. To/in my/pp$ great/jj surprise/nn and/cc delight/nn ,/, when/wrb they/ppss saw/vbd the/at two/cd trees/nns they/ppss went/vbd rushing/vbg off/rp ,/, returning/vbg shortly/rb with/in decorations/nns from/in their/pp$ own/jj trees/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at merry/jj if/cs somewhat/ql soggy/jj Christmas/np for/in me/ppo that/dt year/nn ./. In/in the/at mail/nn were/bed invitations/nns to/to speak/vb at/in the/at universities/nns of/in Cologne/np ,/, Heidelberg/np ,/, and/cc Baden-Baden/np ./. Twenty/cd thousand/cd world/nn citizens/nns at/in Stuttgart/np had/hvd signed/vbn a/at petition/nn inviting/vbg me/ppo to/to visit/vb their/pp$ town/nn ./. When/wrb Dr./nn-tl Adenauer/np was/bedz approached/vbn by/in a/at world/nn citizen/nn delegation/nn to/to find/vb out/rp his/pp$ disposition/nn of/in my/pp$ case/nn ,/, he/pps gave/vbd them/ppo his/pp$ personal/jj approval/nn of/in my/pp$ entry/nn ,/, saying/vbg that/cs all/abn men/nns advocating/vbg peace/nn should/md be/be welcomed/vbn into/in Germany/np ./. The/at special/jj guard/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz still/rb posted/vbn on/in Kehl/np bridge/nn ./. As/cs it/pps began/vbd raining/vbg at/in around/rb eight/cd o'clock/rb on/in December/np 26th/od ,/, I/ppss retired/vbd into/in my/pp$ tent/nn early/rb ,/, somewhat/ql tired/vbn and/cc discouraged/vbn ,/, my/pp$ body/nn reacting/vbg sluggishly/rb because/rb of/in the/at continued/vbn exposure/nn ./. No/at matter/nn how/wql large/jj the/at fire/nn ,/, I/ppss couldn't/md* seem/vb to/to shake/vb off/rp the/at chill/nn that/dt day/nn ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, Mr./np Davis/np ,/, are/ber you/ppss there/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. A/at voice/nn drifted/vbd in/rp to/in me/ppo above/in the/at patter/nn of/in the/at rain/nn shortly/rb after/cs I/ppss had/hvd fallen/vbn into/in a/at fitful/jj sleep/nn ./. ``/`` Who/wps is/bez it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` We're/ppss+ber from/in the/at Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, British/jj delegation/nn ./. May/md we/ppss have/hv a/at word/nn with/in you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem sorry/jj ./. I've/ppss+hv had/hvn a/at trying/jj day/nn and/cc I/ppss just/rb can't/md* make/vb it/ppo out/rp again/rb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo ./. I/ppss heard/vbd nothing/pn more/ap ./. Later/rbr I/ppss learned/vbd that/cs Sir/np Hugh/np Dalton/np had/hvd expressed/vbn a/at desire/nn to/to see/vb me/ppo ,/, hence/rb their/pp$ trip/nn to/in ``/`` No/at-tl Man's/nn$-tl Land/nn-tl ''/'' ./. On/in the/at evening/nn of/in December/np 27th/od ,/, Esther/np noticed/vbd my/pp$ pallid/jj look/nn and/cc rasping/vbg voice/nn ./. She/pps entreated/vbd me/ppo to/to see/vb a/at doctor/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb I/ppss refused/vbd ,/, brought/vbd one/cd out/rp to/to see/vb me/ppo ./. He/pps advised/vbd immediate/jj hospitalization/nn ./. I/ppss wouldn't/md* hear/vb of/in it/ppo because/cs it/pps meant/vbd giving/vbg up/rp the/at ``/`` line/nn ''/'' ,/, though/cs I/ppss realized/vbd I/ppss was/bedz in/in poor/jj shape/nn physically/rb ./. Esther/np ,/, mistaking/vbg my/pp$ hesitation/nn ,/, assured/vbd me/ppo that/cs the/at hospital/nn expense/nn would/md be/be taken/vbn care/nn of/in by/in a/at leading/vbg merchant/nn in/in Strasbourg/np whom/wpo she/pps had/hvd already/rb approached/vbn ./. ``/`` No/rb ,/, it's/pps+bez not/* that/dt ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd her/ppo ./. ``/`` You/ppss see/vb ,/, once/cs I/ppss relinquish/vb the/at position/nn I've/ppss+hv already/rb established/vbn here/rb ,/, I/ppss couldn't/md* regain/vb it/ppo without/in sacrificing/vbg the/at logic/nn of/in it/ppo ''/'' ./. At/in that/dt moment/nn ,/, up/rp walked/vbd a/at tall/jj young/jj man/nn with/in glasses/nns who/wps announced/vbd himself/ppl as/cs a/at world/nn citizen/nn from/in Basel/np ,/, Switzerland/np ./. Without/in preliminaries/nns ,/, Esther/np asked/vbd him/ppo ,/, ``/`` If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at world/nn citizen/nn ,/, will/md you/ppss take/vb Garry/np Davis'/np$ place/nn in/in his/pp$ tent/nn while/cs he/pps goes/vbz to/in the/at hospital/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` But/cc of/in course/nn ,/, with/in pleasure/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ./. Esther/np looked/vbd at/in me/ppo ./. I/ppss looked/vbd from/in her/ppo to/in him/ppo ./. ``/`` What/wdt is/bez your/pp$ name/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss asked/vbd him/ppo ./. ``/`` Jean/np Babel/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Shake/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ./. ``/`` You/ppss have/hv just/rb enlisted/vbn for/in the/at '/' Rhine/np-tl Campaign/nn-tl '/' ''/'' ./. Esther/np jumped/vbd up/rp ,/, ran/vbd to/in him/ppo and/cc gave/vbd him/ppo a/at little/jj hug/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem so/ql happy/jj ./. Now/rb come/vb ,/, Garry/np ,/, we/ppss must/md go/vb quickly/rb ./. There/ex is/bez a/at police/nn car/nn outside/rb ./. Maybe/rb they/ppss will/md take/vb us/ppo ''/'' ./. Such/jj were/bed the/at incongruities/nns of/in the/at situation/nn that/cs the/at very/ap police/nns assigned/vbn to/to check/vb up/rp on/in me/ppo were/bed drafted/vbn into/in driving/vbg me/ppo to/in the/at Strasbourg/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl while/cs World/nn-tl Citizen/nn-tl Jean/np Babel/np waved/vbd adieu/fw-uh from/in the/at ``/`` Line/nn-tl ''/'' !/. !/.

cg48

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rattle:1 skirmish:1 always:1 rank:2 new:1 brilliance:1 adopt:1 method:1 commander:3 incorporate:1 fossilize:1 formalized:1 precedent:1 thinking:1 legendary:1 brain:1 evident:1 accuse:1 stick:1 long:1 old:1 serious:1 shortcoming:1 however:1 mistrust:1 complement:1 substitute:1 lack:2 faith:1 become:2 mixed:1 drag:1 effect:1 wagon:1 train:1 harden:1 prejudice:1 need:2 twenty:1 pound:4 food:1 along:1 horseman:1 require:1 eleven:1 footman:1 try:2 compromise:1 ship:1 rail:2 per:2 animal:1 fifteen:1 pick:1 country:1 fail:1 already:1 debilitate:1 chattanooga:1 starvation:1 horseflesh:1 run:2 downhill:1 progress:1 request:1 delay:1 flank:1 care:1 properly:1 organize:2 complementary:1 role:3 four:2 function:1 locate:2 learn:1 heavy:1 foot:2 column:1 second:1 screen:1 sight:1 threaten:1 possible:1 communication:2 reach:1 key:1 faster:1 case:1 may:2 soldier:1 pursue:1 demoralize:1 defeat:1 chance:1 hard:2 ready:1 test:1 meet:1 plan:1 wreck:1 force:1 optimum:1 mobility:1 strip:1 imagine:1 moving:1 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pursuer:1 explosive:1 merit:1 recommendation:1 pass:1 favor:1 appointee:1

He/pps remembered/vbd every/at detail/nn of/in his/pp$ pre-assault/jj movements/nns but/cc nothing/pn of/in the/at final/jj ,/, desperate/jj rush/nn to/to come/vb to/in grips/nns with/in the/at enemy/nn ./. When/wrb the/at victory/nn cheer/nn went/vbd up/rp this/dt officer/nn found/vbd himself/ppl still/rb mounted/vbn ,/, with/in his/pp$ horse/nn pressed/vbn broadside/rb against/in Cleburne's/np$ log/nn parapet/nn in/in a/at tangled/vbn group/nn of/in infantrymen/nns ./. His/pp$ hat/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, the/at tears/nns were/bed streaming/vbg from/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ./. He/pps never/rb knew/vbd how/wrb he/pps got/vbd there/rb ./. Six/cd climactic/jj minutes/nns in/in an/at individual's/nn$ life/nn left/vbd no/at memory/nn ./. Eight/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-five/cd Rebels/nns-tl surrendered/vbd within/in their/pp$ works/nns and/cc a/at thousand/cd more/ap were/bed captured/vbn or/cc surrendered/vbd themselves/ppls that/dt night/nn and/cc the/at next/ap day/nn ./. Eight/cd field/nn guns/nns were/bed captured/vbn in/in position/nn ./. Seven/cd battle/nn flags/nns and/cc fourteen/cd officers'/nns$ swords/nns were/bed sent/vbn to/in Thomas'/np$ headquarters/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at only/ap sizable/jj assault/nn upon/in infantry/nn and/cc artillery/nn behind/in breastworks/nns successfully/rb made/vbn by/in either/dtx side/nn during/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn ./. The/at Fourteenth/od-tl Regiment/nn-tl of/in-tl Ohio/np-tl Volunteers/nns-tl lost/vbd one-third/nn of/in its/pp$ numbers/nns within/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo being/beg several/ap men/nns whose/wp$ time/nn of/in service/nn had/hvd expired/vbn but/cc who/wps had/hvd volunteered/vbn to/to advance/vb with/in their/pp$ regiment/nn ./. The/at Thirty-eighth/od-tl Regiment/nn-tl of/in-tl Ohio/np-tl Volunteers/nns-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at regiments/nns in/in Thomas'/np$ First/od-tl Division/nn-tl during/in Buell's/np$ command/nn ,/, suffered/vbd its/pp$ greatest/jjt loss/nn of/in the/at war/nn in/in this/dt action/nn ./. A/at popular/jj belief/nn grew/vbd up/rp after/in the/at war/nn that/cs the/at only/ap time/nn during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl that/cs Thomas/np ever/rb put/vbd his/pp$ horse/nn to/in a/at gallop/nn was/bedz when/wrb he/pps went/vbd to/to hurry/vb up/rp Stanley/np for/in this/dt assault/nn ./. Sherman/np was/bedz responsible/jj for/in the/at story/nn when/wrb he/pps said/vbd in/in his/pp$ memoirs/nns that/cs this/dt was/bedz the/at only/ap time/nn he/pps could/md recall/vb seeing/vbg Thomas/np ride/vb so/ql fast/rb ./. While/cs Thomas'/np$ injured/vbn back/nn led/vbd him/ppo to/to restrain/vb his/pp$ mount/nn from/in its/pp$ most/ql violent/jj gait/nn he/pps moved/vbd quickly/rb enough/qlp when/wrb he/pps had/hvd to/to ./. It/pps is/bez not/* in/in the/at record/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps must/md have/hv galloped/vbn his/pp$ horse/nn at/in Peach/nn-tl Tree/nn-tl Creek/nn-tl when/wrb he/pps brought/vbd up/rp Ward's/np$ guns/nns to/to save/vb Newton's/np$ crumbling/vbg line/nn ./. While/cs the/at final/jj combat/nn of/in the/at campaign/nn was/bedz being/beg worked/vbn out/rp at/in Jonesborough/np ,/, Thomas/np ,/, on/in Sherman's/np$ instructions/nns ,/, ordered/vbd Slocum/np ,/, now/rb commanding/vbg the/at Twentieth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, to/to make/vb an/at effort/nn to/to occupy/vb Atlanta/np if/cs he/pps could/md do/do so/rb without/in exposing/vbg his/pp$ bridgehead/nn to/in a/at counterattack/nn ./. The/at dispatch/nn must/md have/hv been/ben sent/vbn after/in sundown/nn on/in September/np 1/cd ./. Slocum/np made/vbd his/pp$ reconnaissanace/nn the/at next/ap morning/nn ,/, found/vbd the/at town/nn empty/jj ,/, accepted/vbd the/at surrender/nn of/in the/at mayor/nn and/cc occupied/vbd the/at city/nn a/at little/jj before/in noon/nn ./. On/in the/at morning/nn of/in September/np 2/cd the/at Fourth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl and/cc the/at Armies/nns-tl of/in the/at Tennessee/np and/cc the/at Ohio/np followed/vbd the/at line/nn of/in Hardee's/np$ retreat/nn ./. About/rb noon/nn they/ppss came/vbd up/rp with/in the/at enemy/nn two/cd miles/nns from/in Lovejoy's/np$-tl Station/nn-tl and/cc deployed/vbd ./. The/at Fourth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl assaulted/vbd and/cc carried/vbd a/at small/jj portion/nn of/in the/at enemy/nn works/nns but/cc could/md not/* hold/vb possession/nn of/in the/at gain/nn for/in want/nn of/in cooperation/nn from/in the/at balance/nn of/in the/at line/nn ./. That/dt night/nn a/at note/nn written/vbn in/in Slocum's/np$ hand/nn and/cc dated/vbn from/in inside/in the/at captured/vbn city/nn came/vbd to/in Sherman/np stating/vbg that/cs the/at Twentieth/od-tl Corps/nn-tl was/bedz in/in possession/nn of/in Atlanta/np ./. Before/cs making/vbg the/at news/nn public/jj Sherman/np sent/vbd an/at officer/nn with/in the/at note/nn to/in Thomas/np ./. In/in a/at short/jj time/nn the/at officer/nn returned/vbd and/cc Thomas/np followed/vbd on/in his/pp$ heels/nns ./. The/at cautious/jj Thomas/np re-examined/vbd the/at note/nn and/cc then/rb ,/, making/vbg up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz genuine/jj ,/, snapped/vbd his/pp$ fingers/nns ,/, whistled/vbd and/cc almost/rb danced/vbd in/in his/pp$ exuberance/nn ./. The/at next/ap day/nn Sherman/np issued/vbd his/pp$ orders/nns ending/vbg the/at campaign/nn and/cc pulled/vbd his/pp$ armies/nns back/rb to/in Atlanta/np ./. The/at measure/nn of/in combat/nn efficiency/nn in/in an/at indecisive/jj campaign/nn is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in personal/jj choice/nn ./. Sherman/np laid/vbd great/jj store/nn by/in place/nn captures/nns ./. Hood/np refused/vbd to/to notice/vb anything/pn except/in captured/vbn guns/nns and/cc colors/nns ./. By/in both/abx standards/nns Thomas/np had/hvd the/at right/nn to/to be/be proud/jj ./. Thomas/np thanked/vbd his/pp$ men/nns for/in their/pp$ tenacity/nn of/in purpose/nn ,/, unmurmuring/jj endurance/nn ,/, cheerful/jj obedience/nn ,/, brilliant/jj heroism/nn and/cc high/jj qualities/nns in/in battle/nn ./. Sherman/np felt/vbd that/cs his/pp$ own/jj part/nn in/in the/at campaign/nn was/bedz skillful/jj and/cc well/rb executed/vbn but/cc that/cs the/at slowness/nn of/in a/at part/nn of/in his/pp$ army/nn robbed/vbd him/ppo of/in the/at larger/jjr fruits/nns of/in victory/nn ./. He/pps supposed/vbd the/at military/jj world/nn would/md approve/vb of/in his/pp$ accomplishment/nn ./. Whatever/wdt the/at military/jj world/nn thought/vbd ,/, the/at political/jj world/nn approved/vbd it/ppo wholeheartedly/rb ./. For/in some/dti time/nn ,/, despondency/nn in/in some/dti Northern/jj-tl quarters/nns had/hvd been/ben displayed/vbn in/in two/cd ways/nns --/-- an/at eagerness/nn for/in peace/nn and/cc a/at dissatisfaction/nn with/in Lincoln/np ./. Proposals/nns were/bed in/in the/at air/nn for/in a/at year's/nn$ armistice/nn ./. Lincoln/np was/bedz sure/jj that/cs he/pps would/md not/* be/be re-elected/vbn ./. In/in the/at midst/nn of/in this/dt gloom/nn ,/, at/in 10:05/cd P.M./rb on/in September/np 2/cd ,/, Slocum's/np$ telegram/nn to/in Stanton/np ,/, ``/`` General/nn-tl Sherman/np has/hvz taken/vbn Atlanta/np ''/'' ,/, shattered/vbd the/at talk/nn of/in a/at negotiated/vbn peace/nn and/cc boosted/vbd Lincoln/np into/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. To/in the/at Republicans/nps no/at victory/nn could/md have/hv been/ben more/ql complete/jj ./. Official/jj congratulations/nns showered/vbd upon/in Sherman/np and/cc his/pp$ army/nn ./. Lincoln/np mentioned/vbd their/pp$ distinguished/vbn ability/nn ,/, courage/nn and/cc perseverance/nn ./. He/pps felt/vbd that/cs this/dt campaign/nn would/md be/be famous/jj in/in the/at annals/nns of/in war/nn ./. Grant/np called/vbd it/ppo prompt/jj ,/, skillful/jj and/cc brilliant/jj ./. Halleck/np described/vbd it/ppo as/cs the/at most/ql brilliant/jj of/in the/at war/nn ./. Actually/rb the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn was/bedz a/at military/jj failure/nn ./. Next/ap best/jjt to/in destroying/vbg an/at army/nn is/bez to/to deprive/vb it/ppo of/in its/pp$ freedom/nn of/in action/nn ./. Sherman/np had/hvd accomplished/vbn this/dt much/ap of/in his/pp$ job/nn and/cc then/rb inexplicably/rb nullified/vbd it/ppo by/in his/pp$ thirty-mile/jj retreat/nn from/in Lovejoy's/np$-tl to/in Atlanta/np ./. But/cc ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs its/pp$ territorial/jj objectives/nns were/bed concerned/vbn ,/, the/at campaign/nn was/bedz successful/jj ./. Within/in the/at narrow/jj frame/nn of/in military/jj tactics/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at experts/nns agree/vb that/cs the/at campaign/nn was/bedz brilliant/jj ./. In/in seventeen/cd weeks/nns the/at military/jj front/nn was/bedz driven/vbn southward/rb more/ap than/in 100/cd miles/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at battle/nn on/in an/at average/nn of/in once/rb every/at three/cd weeks/nns ./. The/at skirmishing/nn was/bedz almost/ql constant/jj ./. In/in the/at summary/nn of/in the/at principal/jjs events/nns of/in the/at campaign/nn compiled/vbn from/in the/at official/jj records/nns there/ex are/ber only/rb ten/cd days/nns which/wdt show/vb no/at fighting/nn ./. The/at casualties/nns in/in the/at Army/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Cumberland/np-tl were/bed 22,807/cd ,/, while/cs for/in all/abn three/cd armies/nns they/ppss were/bed 37,081/cd ./. Men/nns were/bed killed/vbn in/in their/pp$ camps/nns ,/, at/in their/pp$ meals/nns and/cc in/in their/pp$ sleep/nn ./. Rifle/nn fire/nn often/rb kept/vbd the/at opposing/vbg gunners/nns from/in manning/vbg their/pp$ pieces/nns ./. Modern/jj warfare/nn was/bedz born/vbn in/in this/dt campaign/nn --/-- periscopes/nns ,/, camouflage/nn ,/, booby/nn traps/nns ,/, land/nn mines/nns ,/, extended/vbn order/nn ,/, trench/nn raids/nns ,/, foxholes/nns ,/, armored/vbn cars/nns ,/, night/nn attacks/nns ,/, flares/nns ,/, sharpshooters/nns in/in trees/nns ,/, interlaced/vbn vines/nns and/cc treetops/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed the/at forerunners/nns of/in barbed/vbn wire/nn ,/, trip/nn wires/nns to/to thwart/vb a/at cavalry/nn charge/nn ,/, which/wdt presaged/vbd the/at mine/nn trap/nn ,/, and/cc the/at general/jj use/nn of/in anesthetics/nns ./. The/at use/nn of/in map/nn coordinates/nns was/bedz begun/vbn when/wrb the/at senior/jj officers/nns began/vbd to/to select/vb tactical/jj points/nns by/in designating/vbg a/at spot/nn as/cs ``/`` near/in the/at letter/nn o/nn in/in the/at word/nn mountain/nn-nc ''/'' ./. A/at few/ap weeks/nns later/rbr the/at maps/nns were/bed being/beg divided/vbn into/in squares/nns and/cc a/at position/nn was/bedz described/vbn as/cs being/beg ``/`` about/in lots/nns 239/cd ,/, 247/cd and/cc 272/cd with/in pickets/nns forward/rb as/ql far/rb as/cs 196/cd ''/'' ./. This/dt system/nn was/bedz dependent/jj upon/in identical/jj maps/nns and/cc Thomas/np supplied/vbd them/ppo from/in a/at mobile/jj lithograph/nn press/nn ./. Orders/nns of/in the/at day/nn began/vbd to/to specify/vb the/at standard/jj map/nn for/in the/at movement/nn ./. Sherman/np proved/vbd that/cs a/at railway/nn base/nn could/md be/be movable/jj and/cc the/at most/ql brilliant/jj feature/nn of/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn was/bedz the/at rapid/jj repair/nn of/in the/at tracks/nns ./. To/in the/at Rebels/nns-tl it/pps seemed/vbd as/cs if/cs Sherman/np carried/vbd tunnels/nns and/cc bridges/nns in/in his/pp$ pockets/nns ./. The/at whistle/nn of/in Sherman's/np$ locomotives/nns often/rb drowned/vbd out/rp the/at rattle/nn of/in the/at skirmish/nn fire/nn ./. As/cs always/rb ,/, the/at ranks/nns worked/vbd out/rp new/jj and/cc better/jjr tactics/nns ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz brilliance/nn in/in the/at way/nn the/at field/nn commands/nns adopted/vbd these/dts methods/nns and/cc in/in the/at way/nn the/at army/nn commanders/nns incorporated/vbd them/ppo into/in their/pp$ military/jj thinking/nn ./. The/at fossilized/vbn ,/, formalized/vbn ,/, precedent-based/jj thinking/nn of/in the/at legendary/jj military/jj brain/nn was/bedz not/* evident/jj in/in Sherman's/np$ armies/nns ./. Sherman/np could/md never/rb be/be accused/vbn of/in sticking/vbg too/ql long/rb with/in the/at old/jj ./. One/cd of/in Sherman's/np$ most/ql serious/jj shortcomings/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ mistrust/nn of/in his/pp$ cavalry/nn ./. He/pps never/rb saw/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at complement/nn to/in his/pp$ infantry/nn and/cc not/* a/at substitute/nn for/in it/ppo ./. Then/rb ,/, in/in some/dti way/nn ,/, this/dt lack/nn of/in faith/nn in/in the/at cavalry/nn became/vbd mixed/vbn up/rp in/in his/pp$ mind/nn with/in the/at dragging/vbg effect/nn of/in wagon/nn trains/nns and/cc was/bedz hardened/vbn into/in a/at prejudice/nn ./. A/at horse/nn needed/vbd twenty/cd pounds/nns of/in food/nn a/at day/nn but/cc the/at infantryman/nn got/vbd along/rb with/in two/cd pounds/nns ./. The/at horseman/nn required/vbd eleven/cd times/nns more/ap than/cs the/at footman/nn ./. So/rb Sherman/np tried/vbd a/at compromise/nn ./. He/pps would/md ship/vb by/in rail/nn five/cd pounds/nns per/in day/nn per/in animal/nn and/cc the/at other/ap fifteen/cd pounds/nns that/wps were/bed needed/vbn could/md be/be picked/vbn up/rp off/in the/at country/nn ./. It/pps failed/vbd to/to work/vb ./. Already/rb debilitated/vbn by/in the/at Chattanooga/np starvation/nn ,/, the/at quality/nn of/in Sherman's/np$ horseflesh/nn ran/vbd downhill/rb as/cs the/at campaign/nn progressed/vbd ./. Every/at recorded/vbn request/nn by/in Thomas/np for/in a/at delay/nn in/in a/at flank/nn movement/nn or/cc an/at advance/nn was/bedz to/to gain/vb time/nn to/to take/vb care/nn of/in his/pp$ horses/nns ./. Well/rb led/vbn ,/, properly/rb organized/vbn cavalry/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ complementary/jj role/nn to/in infantry/nn ,/, had/hvd four/cd functions/nns ./. First/od ,/, it/pps could/md locate/vb the/at enemy/nn infantry/nn ,/, learn/vb what/wdt they/ppss were/bed doing/vbg ,/, and/cc hold/vb them/ppo until/cs the/at heavy/jj foot/nn columns/nns could/md come/vb up/rp and/cc take/vb over/rp ./. Second/od ,/, it/pps could/md screen/vb its/pp$ own/jj infantry/nn from/in the/at sight/nn of/in the/at enemy/nn ./. Third/od ,/, it/pps could/md threaten/vb at/in all/abn times/nns ,/, and/cc destroy/vb when/wrb possible/jj ,/, the/at enemy/nn communications/nns ./. It/pps could/md reach/vb key/jjs tactical/jj points/nns faster/rbr than/cs infantry/nn and/cc destroy/vb them/ppo or/cc hold/vb them/ppo as/cs the/at case/nn might/md be/be for/in the/at foot/nn soldier/nn ./. Its/pp$ climactic/jj role/nn was/bedz to/to pursue/vb and/cc demoralize/vb a/at defeated/vbn enemy/nn but/cc this/dt chance/nn never/rb came/vbd in/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn ./. Thomas/np tried/vbd hard/rb to/to have/hv his/pp$ cavalry/nn ready/jj for/in the/at test/nn it/pps was/bedz to/to meet/vb ,/, but/cc his/pp$ plans/nns were/bed wrecked/vbn when/wrb it/pps was/bedz forced/vbn into/in a/at campaign/nn without/in optimum/jj mobility/nn and/cc with/in its/pp$ commander/nn stripped/vbn from/in it/ppo ./. Sherman/np knew/vbd the/at uses/nns of/in cavalry/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs Thomas/np but/cc he/pps imagined/vbd a/at moving/vbg base/nn with/in infantry/nn wings/nns instead/rb of/in cavalry/nn wings/nns ./. His/pp$ conception/nn proved/vbd workable/jj but/cc slower/jjr and/cc it/pps enabled/vbd his/pp$ enemy/nn to/to make/vb clean/jj ,/, deft/jj ,/, well/rb organized/vbn retreats/nns with/in small/jj materiel/nn losses/nns ./. Sherman/np insisted/vbd that/cs cavalry/nn could/md not/* successfully/rb break/vb up/rp hostile/jj railways/nns ,/, yet/cc Garrard's/np$ Covington/np raid/nn and/cc Rousseau's/np$ Opelika/np raid/nn cut/vbd two-thirds/nns of/in the/at rail/nn lines/nns he/pps had/hvd to/to break/vb and/cc Sherman/np lived/vbd in/in mortal/jj fear/nn of/in what/wdt Forrest/np might/md do/do to/in his/pp$ communications/nns ./. When/wrb McPherson/np pushed/vbd blindly/rb through/in Snake/nn-tl Creek/nn-tl Gap/nn-tl in/in a/at potentially/rb decisive/jj movement/nn ,/, the/at only/ap cavalry/nn in/in his/pp$ van/nn was/bedz the/at Ninth/od-tl Illinois/np-tl Mounted/vbn-tl Infantry/nn-tl ,/, totally/ql inadequate/jj for/in its/pp$ role/nn ./. It/pps stumbled/vbd on/in infantry/nn where/wrb no/at infantry/nn should/md have/hv been/ben and/cc McPherson's/np$ aggressive/jj impulse/nn faded/vbd out/rp ,/, overwhelmed/vbn by/in fears/nns of/in the/at unknown/nn ./. A/at proper/jj cavalry/nn command/nn in/in his/pp$ front/nn would/md have/hv developed/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd run/vbn into/in one/cd division/nn of/in Polk's/np$ Army/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Mississippi/np-tl moving/vbg up/rp from/in the/at direction/nn of/in Mobile/np to/to join/vb Johnston/np at/in Dalton/np ./. From/in the/at night/nn of/in August/np 30/cd to/in the/at morning/nn of/in September/np 2/cd there/ex was/bedz no/at Union/nn-tl cavalry/nn east/nr of/in the/at Macon/np railway/nn to/to disclose/vb to/in Sherman/np that/cs he/pps was/bedz missing/vbg the/at greatest/jjt opportunity/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ./. A/at great/jj part/nn of/in the/at time/nn ,/, Thomas'/np$ infantry/nn never/rb knew/vbd the/at location/nn of/in the/at enemy/nn line/nn ./. At/in such/jj times/nns Thomas/np wondered/vbd when/wrb and/cc where/wrb a/at counterattack/nn would/md strike/vb him/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at hard/jj way/nn to/to fight/vb a/at war/nn but/cc Thomas/np did/dod it/ppo without/in making/vbg any/dti disastrous/jj mistakes/nns ./. Heat/nn during/in the/at Atlanta/np campaign/nn ,/, coupled/vbn with/in unsuitable/jj clothing/nn ,/, caused/vbd individual/jj irritation/nn that/wps was/bedz compounded/vbn by/in a/at lack/nn of/in opportunity/nn to/to bathe/vb and/cc shift/vb into/in clean/jj clothing/nn ./. To/to relieve/vb the/at itch/nn and/cc sweat/nn galls/nns ,/, the/at men/nns got/vbd into/in the/at water/nn whenever/wrb they/ppss could/md and/cc since/cs each/dt sizable/jj stream/nn was/bedz generally/rb the/at dividing/vbg line/nn between/in the/at armies/nns the/at pickets/nns declared/vbd a/at private/jj truce/nn while/cs the/at men/nns went/vbd swimming/vbg ./. Johnston/np believed/vbd that/cs Sherman/np put/vbd his/pp$ naked/jj engineers/nns into/in the/at swimming/vbg parties/nns to/to locate/vb the/at various/jj fords/nns ./. Lieutenant/nn-tl Colonel/nn-tl James/np P./np Brownlow/np ,/, who/wps commanded/vbd the/at First/od-tl Brigade/nn-tl of/in Thomas'/np$ First/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz ordered/vbn across/in one/cd of/in these/dts fords/nns ./. The/at water/nn was/bedz deep/jj and/cc Brownlow/np took/vbd his/pp$ troopers/nns across/rp naked/jj --/-- except/in for/in guns/nns ,/, cartridge/nn boxes/nns and/cc hats/nns ./. They/ppss kicked/vbd their/pp$ horses/nns through/in the/at deep/jj water/nn with/in their/pp$ bare/jj heels/nns ,/, drove/vbd the/at Rebels/nns-tl out/in of/in their/pp$ rifle/nn pits/nns and/cc captured/vbd four/cd men/nns ./. Most/ap of/in the/at Rebels/nns-tl got/vbd away/rb since/cs they/ppss could/md make/vb better/jjr time/nn through/in the/at stiff/jj brush/nn than/cs their/pp$ naked/jj pursuers/nns ./. Rank/nn was/bedz becoming/vbg an/at explosive/jj issue/nn in/in all/abn three/cd of/in Sherman's/np$ armies/nns ./. Merited/vbn recommendations/nns from/in army/nn commanders/nns were/bed passed/vbn over/rp in/in favor/nn of/in political/jj appointees/nns from/in civil/jj life/nn ./.

cg49

cg49 |@word one:6 letter:10 ever:2 complain:1 meynell:8 thompson:24 tell:4 patmore:1 distress:1 leave:2 london:4 new:5 friendship:6 develop:1 absurd:1 annoying:1 situation:1 place:1 curious:1 method:1 handle:1 never:4 let:1 know:10 visit:1 terminate:1 actual:1 morning:1 lymington:1 result:1 find:5 ridiculous:1 position:2 make:5 formal:1 engagement:2 next:1 week:3 two:1 day:1 departure:1 luckily:1 woman:3 anyone:1 suffer:1 opinion:1 need:1 hardly:1 remark:1 generally:3 scrupulosity:1 keep:2 social:1 irritation:1 significant:1 daughter:5 begin:3 correspondence:2 include:2 fervent:1 verse:4 pantasaph:1 mrs:6 king:8 feel:4 proper:1 victorian:1 alarm:1 look:2 upon:2 almost:1 saint:1 read:4 hound:1 heaven:1 take:7 confession:1 great:4 sinner:1 like:2 oscar:1 wilde:1 pious:1 writer:2 later:1 put:2 throw:2 swell:1 wave:1 every:2 passion:2 consequently:1 october:1 31:1 1896:2 write:9 quite:1 wish:3 ask:3 recommence:1 believe:3 drop:1 katherine:2 stay:2 convent:1 mother:2 seem:5 suggest:5 may:6 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In/in one/cd of/in the/at very/ql few/ap letters/nns in/in which/wdt he/pps ever/rb complained/vbd of/in Meynell/np ,/, Thompson/np told/vbd Patmore/np of/in his/pp$ distress/nn at/in having/hvg had/hvn to/to leave/vb London/np before/cs this/dt new/jj friendship/nn had/hvd developed/vbn further/rbr :/: ``/`` That/dt was/bedz a/at very/ql absurd/jj and/cc annoying/jj situation/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss was/bedz placed/vbn by/in W./np M.'s/np$ curious/jj methods/nns of/in handling/vbg me/ppo ./. He/pps never/rb let/vbd me/ppo know/vb that/cs my/pp$ visit/nn was/bedz about/rb to/to terminate/vb until/in the/at actual/jj morning/nn I/ppss was/bedz to/to leave/vb for/in Lymington/np ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz that/cs I/ppss found/vbd myself/ppl in/in the/at ridiculous/jj position/nn of/in having/hvg made/vbn a/at formal/jj engagement/nn by/in letter/nn for/in the/at next/ap week/nn ,/, only/rb two/cd days/nns before/in my/pp$ departure/nn from/in London/np ./. Luckily/rb both/abx women/nns knew/vbd my/pp$ position/nn and/cc if/cs anyone/pn suffered/vbd in/in their/pp$ opinion/nn it/pps was/bedz not/* I/ppss ''/'' ./. It/pps need/md hardly/rb be/be remarked/vbn that/cs Thompson/np was/bedz not/* generally/rb known/vbn for/in his/pp$ scrupulosity/nn about/in keeping/vbg his/pp$ social/jj engagements/nns ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz his/pp$ irritation/nn in/in this/dt letter/nn all/abn the/at more/ql significant/jj ./. When/wrb Thompson/np and/cc her/pp$ daughter/nn began/vbd a/at correspondence/nn which/wdt included/vbd fervent/jj verses/nns from/in Pantasaph/np ,/, Mrs./np King/np felt/vbd a/at proper/jj Victorian/jj alarm/nn ./. Some/dti ,/, she/pps knew/vbd ,/, looked/vbd upon/rb Thompson/np almost/rb as/cs a/at saint/nn ,/, but/cc others/nns read/vbd in/in ``/`` The/at-tl Hound/nn-tl Of/in-tl Heaven/nn-tl ''/'' what/wdt they/ppss took/vbd to/to be/be the/at confessions/nns of/in a/at great/jj sinner/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, like/cs Oscar/np Wilde/np ,/, had/hvd --/-- as/cs one/cd pious/jj writer/nn later/rbr put/vbd it/ppo --/-- thrown/vbn himself/ppl ``/`` on/in the/at swelling/vbg wave/nn of/in every/at passion/nn ''/'' ./. Consequently/rb ,/, on/in October/np 31/cd ,/, 1896/cd ,/, Mrs./np King/np wrote/vbd to/in Thompson/np ,/, quite/ql against/in her/pp$ daughter's/nn$ wishes/nns ,/, asking/vbg him/ppo not/* to/to ``/`` recommence/vb a/at correspondence/nn which/wdt I/ppss believe/vb has/hvz been/ben dropped/vbn for/in some/dti weeks/nns ''/'' ./. Katherine/np was/bedz staying/vbg at/in a/at convent/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ mother/nn felt/vbd that/cs ,/, as/cs Thompson/np himself/ppl seems/vbz to/to have/hv suggested/vbn ,/, she/pps might/md eventually/rb stay/vb there/rb ./. This/dt prospect/nn did/dod not/* please/vb Mrs./np King/np any/ql more/rbr than/cs did/dod the/at possibility/nn that/cs her/pp$ daughter/nn might/md marry/vb a/at Bohemian/np ,/, but/cc she/pps used/vbd it/ppo to/to suggest/vb to/in Thompson/np that/cs ,/, ``/`` It/pps is/bez not/* in/in her/pp$ nature/nn to/to love/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./. For/in his/pp$ part/nn ,/, Thompson/np had/hvd explained/vbn in/in a/at previous/jj letter/nn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be nothing/pn but/in an/at honorable/jj friendship/nn between/in Katie/np and/cc himself/ppl ./. At/in no/at time/nn does/doz he/pps seem/vb to/to have/hv proposed/vbn marriage/nn ,/, and/cc Mrs./np King/np was/bedz evidently/rb torn/vbn between/in a/at concern/nn for/in her/pp$ daughter's/nn$ emotions/nns and/cc the/at desire/nn to/to believe/vb that/cs the/at friendship/nn might/md be/be continued/vbn without/in harm/nn to/in her/pp$ reputation/nn ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, she/pps told/vbd Thompson/np that/cs she/pps saw/vbd no/at reason/nn why/wrb he/pps might/md not/* see/vb Katie/np again/rb ,/, ``/`` now/rb that/cs this/dt frank/jj explanation/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn &/cc no/at one/pn can/md misunderstand/vb ''/'' ./. She/pps ended/vbd her/pp$ letter/nn with/in the/at assurance/nn that/cs she/pps considered/vbd his/pp$ friendship/nn for/in her/pp$ daughter/nn and/cc herself/ppl to/to be/be an/at honor/nn ,/, from/in which/wdt she/pps could/md not/* part/vb ``/`` without/in still/rb more/ap pain/nn ''/'' ./. After/cs Thompson/np came/vbd to/in London/np to/to live/vb ,/, he/pps received/vbd a/at letter/nn from/in Katie/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz dated/vbn February/np 8/cd ,/, 1897/cd ./. She/pps regretted/vbd what/wdt she/pps described/vbd as/cs the/at ``/`` unwarrantable/jj &/cc unnecessary/jj ''/'' check/nn to/in their/pp$ friendship/nn and/cc said/vbd that/cs she/pps felt/vbd that/cs they/ppss understood/vbd one/cd another/dt perfectly/rb ./. This/dt letter/nn concluded/vbd with/in an/at invitation/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem a/at great/jj deal/nn at/in the/at little/jj children's/nns$ Hospital/nn-tl ./. Mr./np Meynell/np knows/vbz the/at way/nn ./. I/ppss know/vb you/ppss are/ber very/ql busy/jj now/rb ,/, you/ppss are/ber writing/vbg a/at great/jj deal/nn &/cc your/pp$ book/nn is/bez coming/vbg out/rp ,/, isn't/bez* it/pps ?/. ?/. But/cc if/cs you/ppss are/ber able/jj &/cc care/vb to/to come/vb ,/, you/ppss know/vb how/wql glad/jj I/ppss shall/md be/be ./. Ever/rb yours/pp$$ sincerely/rb ,/, Katherine/np Douglas/np King/np ''/'' The/at invitation/nn was/bedz accepted/vbn and/cc other/ap letters/nns followed/vbd ,/, in/in which/wdt she/pps spoke/vbd of/in her/pp$ concern/nn for/in his/pp$ health/nn and/cc her/pp$ delight/nn in/in seeing/vbg him/ppo so/ql much/rb at/in home/nn among/in the/at crippled/vbn children/nns she/pps served/vbd ./. It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to say/vb what/wdt Thompson/np expected/vbd would/md come/vb of/in their/pp$ relationship/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd begun/vbn so/ql soon/rb after/cs his/pp$ emotions/nns had/hvd been/ben stirred/vbn by/in Maggie/np Brien/np ,/, but/cc when/wrb Katie/np wrote/vbd on/in April/np 11/cd ,/, 1900/cd ,/, to/to tell/vb him/ppo that/cs she/pps was/bedz to/to be/be married/vbn to/in the/at Rev./np Godfrey/np Burr/np ,/, the/at vicar/nn of/in Rushall/np in/in Staffordshire/np ,/, the/at news/nn evidently/rb helped/vbd to/to deepen/vb his/pp$ discouragement/nn over/in the/at failure/nn of/in his/pp$ hopes/nns for/in a/at new/jj volume/nn of/in verse/nn ./. In/in a/at letter/nn to/in Meynell/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz written/vbn in/in June/np ,/, less/ap than/cs a/at month/nn before/in Katie's/np$ wedding/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz highly/ql melodramatic/jj in/in his/pp$ despair/nn and/cc once/rb again/rb announced/vbd his/pp$ intention/nn of/in returning/vbg to/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at streets/nns :/: ``/`` A/at week/nn in/in arrears/nns ,/, and/cc without/in means/nn to/to pay/vb ,/, I/ppss must/md go/vb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at only/ap right/jj thing/nn ./. Perhaps/rb Mrs./np Meynell/np would/md do/do me/ppo the/at undeserved/jj kindness/nn to/to keep/vb my/pp$ own/jj copy/nn of/in the/at first/od edition/nn of/in my/pp$ first/od book/nn ,/, with/in all/abn its/pp$ mementos/nns of/in her/ppo and/cc the/at dear/jj ones/nns ./. Last/rb ,/, not/* least/ap ,/, there/ex are/ber some/dti poems/nns which/wdt K./np King/np sent/vbd me/ppo (/( addressed/vbn to/in herself/ppl )/) when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz preparing/vbg a/at fresh/jj volume/nn ,/, asking/vbg me/ppo to/to include/vb them/ppo ./. The/at terrible/jj blow/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Year/nn-tl put/vbd an/at end/nn to/in that/dt project/nn ./. I/ppss wish/vb you/ppss would/md return/vb them/ppo to/in her/ppo ./. I/ppss have/hv not/* the/at heart/nn ./. I/ppss never/rb had/hvd the/at courage/nn to/to look/vb at/in them/ppo ,/, when/wrb my/pp$ projected/vbn volume/nn became/vbd hopeless/jj ,/, fearing/vbg they/ppss were/bed poor/jj ,/, until/in now/rb when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz obliged/vbn to/to do/do so/rb ./. O/uh my/pp$ genius/nn ,/, young/jj and/cc ripening/vbg ,/, you/ppss would/md swear/vb ,/, --/-- when/wrb I/ppss wrote/vbd them/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc now/rb !/. !/. What/wdt has/hvz it/pps all/abn come/vbn to/in ?/. ?/. All/abn chance/nn of/in fulfilling/vbg my/pp$ destiny/nn is/bez over/rp ./. I/ppss want/vb you/ppo to/to be/be grandfather/nn to/in these/dts orphaned/vbn poems/nns ,/, dear/jj father-brother/nn ,/, now/rb I/ppss am/bem gone/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc launch/vb them/ppo on/in the/at world/nn when/wrb their/pp$ time/nn comes/vbz ./. For/in them/ppo a/at box/nn will/md be/be lodgment/nn enough/ap ./. Katie/np cannot/md* mind/vb your/pp$ seeing/vbg them/ppo now/rb ;/. ;/. since/cs my/pp$ silence/nn must/md have/hv ended/vbn when/wrb I/ppss gave/vbd the/at purposed/vbn volume/nn to/in you/ppo ./. I/ppss ask/vb you/ppo to/to do/do me/ppo the/at last/ap favour/nn of/in reading/vbg them/ppo by/in 8/cd to-morrow/nr evening/nn ,/, about/rb which/wdt time/nn I/ppss shall/md come/vb to/to say/vb my/pp$ sad/jj good-bye/uh ./. If/cs you/ppss don't/do* think/vb much/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, tell/vb me/ppo the/at wholesome/jj truth/nn ./. If/cs otherwise/rb ,/, you/ppss will/md give/vb me/ppo a/at pleasure/nn ./. O/uh Wilfrid/np !/. !/. It/pps is/bez strange/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc this/dt --/-- yes/rb ,/, terrible/jj step/nn I/ppss am/bem about/rb to/to take/vb is/bez lightened/vbn with/in an/at inundating/vbg joy/nn by/in the/at new-found/jj hope/nn that/cs here/rb ,/, in/in these/dts poems/nns ,/, is/bez treasure/nn --/-- or/cc at/in least/ap some/dti measure/nn of/in beauty/nn ,/, which/wdt I/ppss did/dod not/* know/vb of/in ''/'' ./. Thompson/np ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz persuaded/vbn not/* to/to take/vb the/at ``/`` terrible/jj step/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. Meynell/np once/rb again/rb paid/vbd his/pp$ debts/nns and/cc it/pps was/bedz Katie/np ,/, rather/in than/in Thompson/np ,/, whose/wp$ life/nn was/bedz soon/rb ended/vbn ,/, for/cs she/pps died/vbd in/in childbirth/nn in/in April/np ,/, 1901/cd ,/, in/in the/at first/od year/nn of/in her/pp$ marriage/nn ./. The/at ``/`` orphaned/vbn poems/nns ''/'' mentioned/vbn in/in the/at letter/nn to/in Meynell/np comprised/vbd a/at group/nn of/in five/cd sonnets/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed published/vbn in/in the/at 1913/cd edition/nn of/in Thompson's/np$ works/nns under/in the/at heading/nn ``/`` Ad/fw-in-tl Amicam/fw-nn-tl ''/'' ,/, plus/in certain/ap other/ap completed/vbn pieces/nns and/cc rough/jj drafts/nns gathered/vbn together/rb in/in one/cd of/in the/at familiar/jj exercise/nn books/nns ./. The/at publication/nn of/in Father/nn-tl Connolly's/np$ The/at-tl Man/nn-tl Has/hvz-tl Wings/nns-tl has/hvz made/vbd more/ap of/in the/at group/nn available/jj in/in print/nn so/cs that/cs a/at general/jj picture/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps contained/vbd can/md now/rb be/be had/hvn without/in difficulty/nn ./. Some/dti of/in the/at poems/nns express/vb a/at mood/nn of/in joy/nn in/in a/at newly/rb discovered/vbn love/nn ;/. ;/. others/nns suggest/vb its/pp$ coming/vbg loss/nn or/cc describe/vb the/at poet's/nn$ feelings/nns when/wrb he/pps learns/vbz of/in a/at final/jj separation/nn ./. The/at somewhat/ql Petrarchan/jj love/nn story/nn which/wdt these/dts poems/nns suggest/vb cannot/md* obscure/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs undoubtedly/rb they/ppss have/hv more/ap than/cs a/at little/jj of/in autobiographical/jj sincerity/nn ./. When/wrb they/ppss were/bed first/rb written/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz evidently/rb no/at thought/nn of/in their/pp$ being/beg published/vbn ,/, and/cc those/dts which/wdt refer/vb to/in the/at writer's/nn$ love/nn for/in Mrs./np Meynell/np particularly/rb have/hv the/at ring/nn of/in truth/nn ./. In/in ``/`` My/pp$-tl Song's/nn$-tl Young/jj-tl Virgin/jj-tl Date/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Thompson/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` Yea/rb ,/, she/pps that/wps had/hvd my/pp$ song's/nn$ young/jj virgin/jj date/nn Not/* now/rb ,/, alas/uh ,/, that/dt noble/jj singular/jj she/pps ,/, I/ppss nobler/jjr hold/vb ,/, though/cs marred/vbn from/in her/ppo once/rb state/vb ,/, Than/cs others/nns in/in their/pp$ best/jjt integrity/nn ./. My/pp$ own/jj stern/jj hand/nn has/hvz rent/vbn the/at ancient/jj bond/nn ,/, And/cc thereof/rb shall/md the/at ending/nn not/* have/hv end/nn :/: But/cc not/* for/in me/ppo ,/, that/wps loved/vbd her/ppo ,/, to/to be/be fond/jj Lightly/rb to/to please/vb me/ppo with/in a/at newer/jjr friend/nn Then/rb hold/vb it/ppo more/rbr than/cs bravest-feathered/jj song/nn ,/, That/cs I/ppss affirm/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, with/in heart/nn of/in pride/nn ,/, I/ppss knew/vbd not/* what/wdt did/dod to/in a/at friend/nn belong/vb Till/cs I/ppss stood/vbd up/rp ,/, true/jj friend/nn ,/, by/in thy/pp$ true/jj side/nn ;/. ;/. Whose/wp$ absence/nn dearer/jjr comfort/nn is/bez ,/, by/in far/rb ,/, Than/cs presences/nns of/in other/ap women/nns are/ber ''/'' !/. !/. Taking/vbg into/in account/nn Thompson's/np$ capacity/nn for/in self-dramatization/nn and/cc the/at possibility/nn of/in a/at wish/nn to/to identify/vb his/pp$ own/jj life/nn with/in the/at misfortunes/nns of/in other/ap poets/nns who/wps had/hvd known/vbn unhappy/jj loves/nns ,/, there/ex can/md be/be no/at doubt/nn about/in his/pp$ genuine/jj emotion/nn for/in Katie/np King/np ./. That/cs she/pps was/bedz affected/vbn by/in his/pp$ protestations/nns seems/vbz obvious/jj ,/, but/cc since/cs she/pps was/bedz evidently/rb a/at sensible/jj young/jj woman/nn --/-- as/ql well/rb as/cs an/at outgoing/jj and/cc sympathetic/jj type/nn --/-- it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs for/in her/ppo the/at word/nn friendship/nn-nc had/hvd a/at far/ql less/ql intense/jj emotional/jj significance/nn than/cs that/dt which/wdt Thompson/np gave/vbd it/ppo ./. From/in the/at outset/nn ,/, she/pps must/md have/hv realized/vbn that/dt marriage/nn with/in him/ppo was/bedz out/in of/in the/at question/nn ,/, and/cc although/cs she/pps was/bedz displeased/vbn by/in the/at ``/`` unwarrantable/jj ''/'' interference/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz probable/jj that/cs she/pps did/dod agree/vb with/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ suggestion/nn that/cs the/at poet/nn was/bedz ``/`` perhaps/rb ''/'' a/at man/nn ``/`` most/ql fitted/vbn to/to live/vb &/cc die/vb solitary/jj ,/, &/cc in/in the/at love/nn only/rb of/in the/at Highest/jjt-tl Lover/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at poems/nns which/wdt were/bed addressed/vbn to/in her/ppo ,/, while/cs they/ppss are/ber far/ql more/ql restrained/vbn than/cs those/dts of/in ``/`` Love/nn-tl In/in-tl Dian's/np$ Lap/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, show/vb no/at great/jj technical/jj advance/nn over/in those/dts of/in the/at ``/`` Narrow/jj-tl Vessel/nn-tl ''/'' group/nn and/cc are/ber ,/, if/cs anything/pn ,/, somewhat/ql more/ap labored/vbn ./. Their/pp$ interest/nn remains/vbz chiefly/rb biographical/jj ,/, for/cs they/ppss throw/vb some/dti light/nn on/in the/at utter/jj despair/nn which/wdt overtook/vbd Thompson/np in/in the/at spring/nn and/cc early/jj summer/nn of/in 1900/cd ./. Whether/cs or/cc not/* Danchin/np is/bez correct/jj in/in suggesting/vbg that/cs Thompson's/np$ resumption/nn of/in the/at opium/nn habit/nn also/rb dates/vbz from/in this/dt period/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, a/at matter/nn of/in conjecture/nn ./. Reid/np simply/rb states/vbz ,/, without/in offering/vbg any/dti supporting/vbg evidence/nn ,/, that/cs ``/`` after/cs he/pps returned/vbd to/in London/np ,/, he/pps resumed/vbd his/pp$ draughts/nns of/in laudanum/nn ,/, and/cc continued/vbd this/dt right/ql up/rp to/in his/pp$ death/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez every/at reason/nn to/to recognize/vb that/cs in/in the/at very/ql last/ap years/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb ,/, Thompson/np did/dod take/vb the/at drug/nn in/in carefully/rb rationed/vbn doses/nns to/to ease/vb the/at pains/nns of/in his/pp$ illness/nn ,/, but/cc the/at exact/jj date/nn at/in which/wdt this/dt began/vbd has/hvz never/rb been/ben determined/vbn ./. If/cs ,/, as/cs Reid/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` nearly/rb all/abn his/pp$ poetry/nn was/bedz produced/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz not/* taking/vbg opium/nn ''/'' ,/, there/ex may/md be/be some/dti reason/nn to/to doubt/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz under/in its/pp$ influence/nn in/in the/at period/nn from/in 1896/cd to/in 1900/cd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz writing/vbg the/at poems/nns to/in Katie/np King/np and/cc making/vbg plans/nns for/in another/dt book/nn of/in verse/nn ./. In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, the/at critical/jj productivity/nn of/in that/dt time/nn is/bez abundant/jj proof/nn that/cs if/cs he/pps was/bedz taking/vbg laudanum/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz never/rb in/in command/nn of/in him/ppo to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben during/in his/pp$ vagrant/jj years/nns ./. Meynell's/np$ remedy/nn for/in Thompson's/np$ despondent/jj mood/nn was/bedz typically/rb practical/jj ./. He/pps simply/rb found/vbd more/ap work/nn for/cs him/ppo to/to do/do ,/, and/cc the/at articles/nns and/cc reviews/nns continued/vbd without/in an/at evident/jj break/nn ./. 3/cd ,/, As/cs a/at reviewer/nn ,/, Thompson/np generally/rb displayed/vbd a/at judicious/jj attitude/nn ./. That/cs he/pps read/vbd some/dti of/in the/at books/nns assigned/vbn to/in him/ppo with/in a/at studied/vbn carefulness/nn is/bez evident/jj from/in his/pp$ notes/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber often/rb so/ql full/jj that/cs they/ppss provide/vb an/at unquestionable/jj basis/nn for/in the/at identification/nn of/in reviews/nns that/wps were/bed printed/vbn without/in his/pp$ signature/nn ./. On/in the/at basis/nn of/in this/dt careful/jj reading/nn ,/, Thompson/np frequently/rb gave/vbd a/at clear/jj ,/, complete/jj ,/, and/cc interesting/jj description/nn of/in a/at prose/nn work/nn or/cc chose/vbd effective/jj quotations/nns to/to illustrate/vb his/pp$ discussions/nns of/in poetry/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz seldom/rb an/at unmethodical/jj critic/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ reviews/nns generally/rb followed/vbd a/at systematic/jj pattern/nn :/: a/at description/nn of/in what/wdt the/at work/nn contained/vbd ,/, a/at treatment/nn of/in the/at things/nns that/wps had/hvd especially/rb interested/vbn him/ppo in/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc ,/, wherever/wrb possible/jj ,/, a/at balancing/nn of/in whatever/wdt artistic/jj merits/nns and/cc faults/nns he/pps might/md have/hv found/vbn ./. It/pps was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, in/in this/dt drawing/nn of/in the/at balance/nn sheet/nn of/in judgment/nn that/cs he/pps most/ql clearly/rb displayed/vbd his/pp$ desire/nn to/to do/do full/jj justice/nn to/in an/at author/nn ./. Reviewing/vbg Davidson's/np$ The/at-tl Testament/nn-tl Of/in-tl An/at-tl Empire/nn-tl Builder/nn-tl ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Thompson/np found/vbd that/cs there/ex was/bedz ``/`` too/ql much/ap metrical/jj dialectic/nn ''/'' ./. Poetry/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, must/md be/be ``/`` dogmatic/jj ''/'' :/: it/pps must/md not/* stoop/vb to/to argue/vb like/cs a/at ``/`` K.C./np in/in cloth-of-gold/nn ''/'' ./. Yet/cc Davidson/np impressed/vbd him/ppo as/cs a/at poet/nn capable/jj of/in ``/`` sustained/vbn power/nn ,/, passion/nn ,/, or/cc beauty/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc he/pps cited/vbd specific/jj passages/nns to/to illustrate/vb not/* only/rb these/dts qualities/nns but/cc Davidson's/np$ command/nn of/in imagery/nn as/ql well/rb ./. Similarly/rb ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd that/cs Laurence/np Housman/np had/hvd a/at ``/`` too/ql deliberate/jj manner/nn ''/'' as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at lack/nn of/in ``/`` inevitable/jj felicity/nn in/in diction/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc he/pps admired/vbd Housman's/np$ ``/`` subtle/jj intellectuality/nn ''/'' and/cc delighted/vbd in/in the/at inversion/nn by/in which/wdt Divine/jj-tl Love/nn-tl becomes/vbz the/at most/ql ``/`` fatal/jj ''/'' allurement/nn in/in ``/`` Love/nn-tl The/at-tl Tempter/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed books/nns about/in which/wdt nothing/pn good/jj could/md be/be said/vbn ./. Understanding/vbg ,/, as/cs he/pps did/dod ,/, the/at difficulty/nn of/in the/at art/nn of/in poetry/nn ,/, and/cc believing/vbg that/cs the/at ``/`` only/ap technical/jj criticism/nn worth/jj having/hvg in/in poetry/nn is/bez that/dt of/in poets/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps felt/vbd obliged/vbn to/to insist/vb upon/in his/pp$ duty/nn to/to be/be hard/jj to/to please/vb when/wrb it/pps came/vbd to/in the/at review/nn of/in a/at book/nn of/in verse/nn ./.

cg50

cg50 |@word first:4 imperial:1 sortie:1 year:7 half:2 lewis:8 trek:1 southeast:1 red:4 russia:1 kamieniec:2 thence:1 push:1 farther:1 south:1 ever:1 podolia:1 nogay:2 tartary:2 yedisan:1 along:5 east:1 bank:1 southern:2 bug:1 opposite:1 hamlet:1 zhitzhakli:1 mile:1 north:3 black:6 sea:5 arrive:3 general:8 headquarters:3 russian:5 army:4 june:1 19:1 1788:3 present:1 commander:3 chief:2 governor:1 province:1 director:1 war:5 college:1 prince:12 catherine:3 grand:1 turk:2 end:1 1774:1 peace:1 treaty:1 quite:3 favorable:1 1783:1 legion:1 manage:1 annex:1 crimea:1 amid:1 scene:1 wanton:1 cruelty:1 second:4 combat:1 crescent:1 aim:1 suzerainty:1 northern:1 shoreline:1 1787:1 operation:2 side:2 lackadaisical:1 go:3 prove:2 decisive:1 though:2 many:1 detail:1 obscure:1 consolidate:1 navy:1 win:2 czarina:5 fortunate:1 time:3 history:1 land:3 force:2 enjoy:1 absolute:1 unity:1 command:4 favorite:1 giaour:1 potemkin:7 direct:1 conflict:1 three:3 front:2 caucasus:1 danube:1 among:4 carpathian:1 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As/cs he/pps had/hvd done/vbn on/in his/pp$ first/od Imperial/jj-tl sortie/nn a/at year/nn and/cc a/at half/abn before/rb ,/, Lewis/np trekked/vbd southeast/nr through/in Red/jj-tl Russia/np to/in Kamieniec/np ./. Thence/rb he/pps pushed/vbd farther/rbr south/nr than/cs he/pps had/hvd ever/rb been/ben before/rb into/in Podolia/np and/cc Nogay/np Tartary/np or/cc the/at Yedisan/np ./. There/rb ,/, along/in the/at east/nr bank/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl Bug/np-tl ,/, opposite/in the/at hamlet/nn of/in Zhitzhakli/np a/at few/ap miles/nns north/nr of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ,/, he/pps arrived/vbd at/in General/nn-tl Headquarters/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Russian/jj Army/nn-tl ./. By/in June/np 19/cd ,/, 1788/cd ,/, he/pps had/hvd presented/vbn himself/ppl to/in its/pp$ Commander/nn-tl in/in-tl Chief/nn-tl ,/, the/at Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl Provinces/nns-tl ,/, the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl War/nn-tl College/nn-tl --/-- The/at Prince/nn-tl ./. Catherine's/np$ first/od war/nn against/in the/at Grand/jj-tl Turk/np-tl had/hvd ended/vbn in/in 1774/cd with/in a/at peace/nn treaty/nn quite/ql favorable/jj to/in her/ppo ./. By/in 1783/cd her/pp$ legions/nns had/hvd managed/vbn to/to annex/vb the/at Crimea/np amid/in scenes/nns of/in wanton/jj cruelty/nn and/cc now/rb ,/, in/in this/dt second/od combat/nn with/in the/at Crescent/nn-tl ,/, were/bed aiming/vbg at/in suzerainty/nn over/in all/abn of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea's/nn$-tl northern/jj shoreline/nn ./. Through/in most/ap of/in 1787/cd operations/nns on/in both/abx sides/nns had/hvd been/ben lackadaisical/jj ;/. ;/. those/dts of/in 1788/cd were/bed going/vbg to/to prove/vb decisive/jj ,/, though/cs many/ap of/in their/pp$ details/nns are/ber obscure/jj ./. To/to consolidate/vb what/wdt her/pp$ Navy/nn-tl had/hvd won/vbn ,/, the/at Czarina/nn-tl was/bedz fortunate/jj that/cs ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in Russian/jj history/nn ,/, her/pp$ land/nn forces/nns enjoyed/vbd absolute/jj unity/nn of/in command/nn under/in her/pp$ favorite/jj Giaour/np ./. Potemkin/np was/bedz directing/vbg this/dt conflict/nn on/in three/cd fronts/nns :/: in/in the/at Caucasus/np ;/. ;/. along/in the/at Danube/np and/cc among/in the/at Carpathians/nps ,/, in/in alliance/nn with/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl Joseph's/np$ armies/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in the/at misty/jj marshlands/nns and/cc shallow/jj coastal/jj waters/nns of/in Nogay/np Tartary/np and/cc Taurida/np ,/, including/in the/at Crimean/jj peninsula/nn ./. Here/rb the/at war/nn would/md flame/vb to/in its/pp$ focus/nn ,/, and/cc here/rb Lewis/np Littlepage/np had/hvd come/vbn ./. Potemkin's/np$ Army/nn-tl of/in-tl Ekaterinoslav/np-tl ,/, totaling/vbg ,/, it/pps was/bedz claimed/vbn ,/, 40,000/cd regular/jj troops/nns and/cc 6,000/cd irregulars/nns of/in the/at Cossack/np-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd invested/vbn Islam's/np$ principal/jjs stronghold/nn on/in the/at north/nr shore/nn of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ,/, the/at fortress/nn town/nn of/in Oczakov/np ,/, and/cc was/bedz preparing/vbg to/to test/vb the/at Turk/np by/in land/nn and/cc sea/nn ./. During/in a/at sojourn/nn of/in slightly/rb more/ap than/in three/cd months/nns Chamberlain/np Littlepage/np could/md see/vb action/nn on/in both/abx elements/nns ./. As/cs his/pp$ second/od in/in command/nn The/at-tl Prince/nn-tl had/hvd Marshal/nn-tl Repnin/np ,/, one-time/nn Ambassador/nn-tl to/in-tl Poland/np-tl ./. Repnin/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd a/at rather/ql narrow/jj face/nn ,/, longish/jj nose/nn ,/, high/jj forehead/nn ,/, and/cc arching/vbg brows/nns ,/, looked/vbd like/cs a/at quizzical/jj Mephistopheles/np ./. Some/dti people/nns thought/vbd he/pps lacked/vbd both/abx ability/nn and/cc character/nn ,/, but/cc most/ap agreed/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz noble/jj in/in appearance/nn and/cc ,/, for/in a/at Russian/np ,/, humane/jj ./. The/at Marshal/nn-tl came/vbd to/to know/vb Littlepage/np quite/ql well/rb ./. At/in General/nn-tl Headquarters/nn-tl the/at newcomer/nn in/in turn/nn got/vbd to/to know/vb others/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at Neapolitan/np ,/, Ribas/np ,/, a/at capable/jj conniver/nn whose/wp$ father/nn had/hvd been/ben a/at blacksmith/nn but/cc who/wps had/hvd fawned/vbn his/pp$ way/nn up/in the/at ladder/nn of/in Catherine's/np$ and/cc Potemkin's/np$ favor/nn till/cs he/pps was/bedz now/rb a/at brigadier/nn (/( and/cc would/md one/cd day/nn be/be the/at daggerman/nn designated/vbn to/to do/do in/rp Czar/nn-tl Paul/np 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, after/cs traveling/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn to/in Naples/np to/to procure/vb just/rb the/at right/jj stiletto/nn )/) ./. Then/rb there/ex were/bed the/at distinguished/vbn foreign/jj volunteers/nns ./. Representing/vbg the/at Emperor/nn-tl were/bed the/at Prince/nn-tl De/np Ligne/np ,/, still/rb as/ql impetuous/jj as/cs a/at youth/nn of/in twenty/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc General/nn-tl the/at Count/nn-tl Pallavicini/np-tl ,/, founder/nn of/in the/at Austrian/jj branch/nn of/in that/dt celebrated/vbn Italian/jj house/nn ,/, a/at courtier/nn Littlepage/np could/md have/hv met/vbn at/in Madrid/np in/in December/np ,/, 1780/cd ./. From/in Milan/np came/vbd the/at young/jj Chevalier/np De/np Litta/np ,/, an/at officer/nn in/in the/at service/nn of/in Malta/np ./. Out/in of/in Saxony/np rode/vbd the/at Prince/nn-tl of/in-tl Anhalt-Bernburg/np-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at Czarina's/nn$-tl cousins/nns and/cc a/at lieutenant/nn general/nn in/in her/pp$ armies/nns ,/, a/at frank/jj ,/, sensitive/jj ,/, popular/jj soldier/nn whose/wp$ kindnesses/nns Littlepage/np would/md ``/`` always/rb recall/vb with/in the/at sincerest/jjt gratitude/nn ''/'' ./. Though/cs Catherine/np was/bedz vexed/vbn at/in the/at number/nn of/in French/jj officers/nns streaming/vbg to/in the/at Turkish/jj standard/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed several/ap under/in her/pp$ own/jj ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at Prince/nn-tl De/np Nassau/np ;/. ;/. the/at energetic/jj Parisian/np ,/, Roger/np De/np Damas/np ,/, three/cd year's/nn$ Littlepage's/np$ junior/nn ,/, to/in whom/wpo Nassau/np had/hvd taken/vbn a/at liking/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at artillerist/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Prevost/np ,/, whom/wpo the/at Count/nn-tl De/np Segur/np had/hvd persuaded/vbn to/to lend/vb his/pp$ technical/jj skills/nns to/in Nassau/np ./. England/np contributed/vbd a/at young/jj subaltern/nn named/vbn Newton/np and/cc the/at naval/jj architect/nn Samuel/np Bentham/np ,/, brother/nn to/in the/at economist/nn ,/, who/wps for/in his/pp$ colonel's/nn$ commission/nn was/bedz proving/vbg a/at godsend/nn to/in the/at Russian/jj fleet/nn ./. From/in America/np were/bed the/at Messrs./nps Littlepage/np and/cc Jones/np ./. Lewis/np had/hvd expected/vbn to/to report/vb at/in once/rb to/in Jones's/np$ and/cc Nassau's/np$ naval/jj command/nn post/nn ./. On/in arrival/nn at/in headquarters/nn he/pps had/hvd ,/, however/rb --/-- in/in King/nn-tl Stanislas'/np$ words/nns to/in Glayre/np --/-- ``/`` found/vbn such/jj favor/nn with/in Pe/np-tl Potemkin/np that/cs he/pps made/vbd him/ppo his/pp$ aide-de-camp/fw-nn and/cc up/in to/in now/rb does/doz not/* want/vb him/ppo to/to go/vb join/vb Paul/np Jones/np ./. ''/'' So/rb of/in course/nn he/pps stayed/vbd put/vbn ./. Having/hvg done/vbn so/rb ,/, he/pps began/vbd to/to experience/vb all/abn the/at frustrations/nns of/in others/nns who/wps attempted/vbd to/to get/vb along/rb with/in Serenissimus/np and/cc do/do a/at job/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./. The/at Prince's/nn$-tl perceptions/nns were/bed quick/jj and/cc his/pp$ energy/nn monstrous/jj ,/, but/cc these/dts qualities/nns were/bed sapped/vbn by/in an/at Oriental/jj-tl lethargy/nn and/cc a/at policy/nn of/in letting/vbg nothing/pn interfere/vb with/in personal/jj passions/nns ./. At/in headquarters/nn --/-- sufficiently/ql far/rb from/in the/at firing/vbg line/nn to/to make/vb you/ppo forget/vb occasionally/rb that/cs you/ppss were/bed in/in a/at war/nn --/-- Lewis/np found/vbd that/cs the/at Commander/nn-tl in/in-tl Chief's/nn$-tl only/ap desk/nn was/bedz his/pp$ knees/nns (/( and/cc his/pp$ only/ap comb/nn ,/, his/pp$ fingers/nns )/) ./. An/at entire/jj theater/nn had/hvd been/ben set/vbn up/rp for/in his/pp$ diversion/nn ,/, with/in a/at 200-man/jj Italian/jj orchestra/nn under/in the/at well-known/jj Sarti/np ./. In/in the/at great/jj one's/nn$ personal/jj quarters/nns ,/, a/at portable/jj house/nn ,/, almost/rb every/at evening/nn saw/vbd an/at elegant/jj banquet/nn or/cc reception/nn ./. Lewis/np could/md let/vb his/pp$ eye/nn caress/vb The/at-tl Prince's/nn$-tl divan/nn ,/, covered/vbn with/in a/at rose-pink/jj and/cc silver/jj Turkish/jj cloth/nn ,/, or/cc admire/vb the/at lovely/jj tapis/nn ,/, interwoven/vbn with/in gold/jj ,/, that/wps spread/vbd across/in the/at floor/nn ./. Filigreed/jj perfume/nn boxes/nns exuded/vbd the/at aromas/nns of/in Araby/np ./. Around/in the/at billiard/nn tables/nns were/bed always/rb at/in least/ap a/at couple/nn of/in dozen/nn beribboned/jj generals/nns ./. At/in dinner/nn the/at courses/nns were/bed carried/vbn in/rp by/in tall/jj cuirassiers/nns in/in red/jj capes/nns and/cc black/jj fur/nn caps/nns topped/vbn with/in tufts/nns of/in feathers/nns ,/, marching/vbg in/in pairs/nns like/cs guards/nns from/in a/at stage/nn tragedy/nn ./. Among/in the/at visitors/nns arriving/vbg every/at now/rb and/cc then/rb there/ex were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, women/nns ./. For/cs if/cs Serenissimus/np made/vbd the/at sign/nn of/in the/at Cross/nn-tl with/in his/pp$ right/jj hand/nn ,/, and/cc meant/vbd it/ppo ,/, with/in his/pp$ left/jj he/pps beckoned/vbd lewdly/rb to/in any/dti lady/nn who/wps happened/vbd to/to catch/vb his/pp$ eye/nn ./. Usually/rb Lewis/np would/md find/vb at/in headquarters/nn one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in The/at-tl Prince's/nn$-tl various/ap nieces/nns ./. Right/ql now/rb he/pps found/vbd Sophie/np De/np Witt/np ,/, that/dt magnificent/jj young/jj matron/nn he/pps had/hvd spotted/vbn at/in Kamieniec/np four/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. The/at Prince/nn-tl took/vbd her/ppo with/in him/ppo on/in every/at tour/nn around/in the/at area/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz rumored/vbn he/pps was/bedz utilizing/vbg her/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in Constantinople/np as/cs part/nn of/in his/pp$ espionage/nn network/nn ./. One/cd evening/nn he/pps passed/vbd around/in the/at banquet/nn table/nn a/at crystal/nn cup/nn full/jj of/in diamonds/nns ,/, requesting/vbg every/at female/nn guest/nn to/to select/vb one/cd as/cs a/at souvenir/nn ./. When/wrb a/at lady/nn chanced/vbd to/to soil/vb a/at pair/nn of/in evening/nn slippers/nns ,/, Brigadier/nn-tl Bauer/np was/bedz dispatched/vbn to/in Paris/np for/in replacements/nns ./. But/cc if/cs The/at-tl Prince/nn-tl fancied/vbd women/nns and/cc was/bedz fascinated/vbn by/in foreigners/nns ,/, he/pps could/md be/be haughtiness/nn personified/vbn to/in his/pp$ subordinates/nns ./. He/pps had/hvd collared/vbn one/cd of/in his/pp$ generals/nns in/in public/nn ./. His/pp$ coat/nn trimmed/vbn in/in sable/nn ,/, diamond/nn stars/nns of/in the/at Orders/nns-tl of/in Saints/nns-tl Andrew/np or/cc George/np agleam/jj ,/, he/pps was/bedz often/rb prone/jj to/to sit/vb sulkily/rb ,/, eye/nn downcast/jj ,/, in/in a/at Scheherazade/np trance/nn ./. When/wrb this/dt happened/vbd ,/, everything/pn stopped/vbd ./. As/cs Littlepage/np noted/vbd :/: ``/`` A/at complete/jj picture/nn of/in Prince/nn-tl Potemkin/np may/md be/be had/hvn in/in his/pp$ 1788/cd operations/nns ./. He/pps stays/vbz inactive/jj for/in half/abn the/at summer/nn in/in front/nn of/in Oczakov/np ,/, a/at quite/ql second-rate/jj spot/nn ,/, begins/vbz to/to besiege/vb it/ppo formally/rb only/rb during/in the/at autumn/nn rains/nns ,/, and/cc finally/rb carries/vbz it/ppo by/in assault/nn in/in the/at heart/nn of/in winter/nn ./. There's/ex+bez a/at man/nn who/wps never/rb goes/vbz by/in the/at ordinary/jj road/nn but/cc still/rb arrives/vbz at/in his/pp$ goal/nn ,/, who/wps gratuitously/rb gets/vbz himself/ppl into/in difficulty/nn in/in order/nn to/to get/vb out/rp of/in it/ppo with/in eclat/nn ,/, in/in a/at word/nn a/at man/nn who/wps creates/vbz monsters/nns for/in himself/ppl in/in order/nn to/to appear/vb a/at Hercules/np in/in destroying/vbg them/ppo ''/'' ./. To/to help/vb him/ppo do/do so/rb The/at Prince/nn-tl had/hvd conferred/vbn control/nn of/in his/pp$ land/nn forces/nns on/in a/at soldier/nn who/wps was/bedz different/jj from/in him/ppo in/in almost/rb every/at respect/nn save/in one/cd :/: both/abx were/bed eccentrics/nns of/in the/at purest/jjt ray/nn serene/jj ./. Alexander/np Vasilievitch/np Suvorov/np ,/, now/rb in/in his/pp$ fifty-ninth/od year/nn (/( ten/cd years/nns Potemkin's/np$ senior/jj )/) ,/, was/bedz a/at thin/jj ,/, worn-faced/jj person/nn of/in less/ap than/cs medium/jj height/nn who/wps looked/vbd like/cs a/at professor/nn of/in botany/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at small/jj mouth/nn with/in deep/jj furrows/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn ,/, a/at large/jj flat/jj nose/nn ,/, and/cc penetrating/jj blue/jj eyes/nns ./. His/pp$ gray/jj hair/nn was/bedz thin/jj ,/, his/pp$ face/nn beginning/vbg to/to attract/vb a/at swarm/nn of/in wrinkles/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz ugly/jj ./. But/cc Suvorov's/np$ face/nn was/bedz also/rb a/at theater/nn of/in vivacity/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ tough/jj ,/, stooping/vbg little/jj frame/nn was/bedz briskness/nn embodied/vbn ./. Like/cs all/abn Russians/nps he/pps was/bedz an/at emotional/jj man/nn ,/, and/cc in/in him/ppo the/at emotions/nns warred/vbd ./. Kind/jj by/in nature/nn ,/, he/pps never/rb refused/vbd charity/nn to/in a/at beggar/nn or/cc help/nn to/in anyone/pn who/wps asked/vbd him/ppo for/in it/ppo (/( as/cs Lewis/np would/md one/cd day/nn discover/vb )/) ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz perpetually/rb engaged/vbn in/in a/at battle/nn to/to command/vb his/pp$ own/jj temper/nn ./. When/wrb Littlepage/np was/bedz introduced/vbn ,/, if/cs the/at General/nn-tl behaved/vbd as/cs usual/rb ,/, the/at newcomer/nn faced/vbd a/at staccato/nn salvo/nn of/in queries/nns :/: origin/nn ?/. ?/. Age/nn ?/. ?/. Mission/nn ?/. ?/. Current/jj status/nn ?/. ?/. Woe/nn betide/vb the/at interviewee/nn if/cs he/pps answered/vbd vaguely/rb ./. Suvorov's/np$ contempt/nn for/in don't-know's/nns was/bedz proverbial/jj ;/. ;/. better/jjr to/to give/vb an/at asinine/jj answer/nn than/cs none/pn at/in all/abn ./. Despising/vbg luxuries/nns of/in any/dti sort/nn for/in a/at soldier/nn ,/, he/pps slept/vbd on/in a/at pile/nn of/in hay/nn with/in his/pp$ cloak/nn as/cs blanket/nn ./. He/pps rose/vbd at/in 4:00/cd A.M./rb the/at year/nn round/rb and/cc was/bedz apt/jj to/to stride/vb through/in camp/nn crowing/vbg like/cs a/at cock/nn to/to wake/vb his/pp$ men/nns ./. His/pp$ breakfast/nn was/bedz tea/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ dinner/nn fell/vbd anywhere/rb from/in nine/cd to/in noon/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ supper/nn was/bedz nothing/pn ./. He/pps hadn't/hvd* worn/vbn a/at watch/nn or/cc carried/vbn pocket/nn money/nn for/in years/nns because/cs he/pps disliked/vbd both/abx ,/, but/cc highest/rbt among/in his/pp$ hates/nns were/bed looking/vbg glasses/nns :/: he/pps had/hvd snatched/vbn one/cd from/in an/at officer's/nn$ grasp/nn and/cc smashed/vbn it/ppo to/in smithereens/nns ./. He/pps kept/vbd several/ap pet/nn birds/nns and/cc liked/vbd cats/nns well/rb enough/qlp that/cs if/cs one/cd crept/vbd by/rb ,/, he/pps would/md mew/vb at/in it/ppo in/in friendly/jj fashion/nn ./. Passing/vbg dogs/nns were/bed greeted/vbn with/in a/at cordial/jj bark/nn ./. Yet/cc General/nn-tl Suvorov/np --/-- who/wps had/hvd never/rb forgotten/vbn hearing/vbg his/pp$ adored/vbn Czarina/nn-tl declare/vb that/cs all/abn truly/ql great/jj men/nns had/hvd oddities/nns --/-- was/bedz mad/jj only/rb north/nr ,/, northwest/nr ./. He/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/to learn/vb that/cs a/at reputation/nn for/in peculiarity/nn allowed/vbd mere/jj field/nn officers/nns a/at certain/jj leeway/nn at/in Court/nn-tl ;/. ;/. in/in camp/nn he/pps knew/vbd it/ppo won/vbn you/ppo the/at affection/nn of/in your/pp$ men/nns ./. He/pps had/hvd accordingly/rb cultivated/vbn eccentricity/nn to/in the/at point/nn of/in second/od nature/nn ./. Underneath/rb ,/, he/pps remained/vbd one/cd of/in the/at best-educated/jjt Russians/nps of/in his/pp$ day/nn ./. He/pps dabbled/vbd in/in verse/nn ,/, could/md get/vb along/rb well/rb among/in most/ap of/in the/at European/jj languages/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz fluent/jj in/in French/np and/cc German/np ./. He/pps had/hvd also/rb mastered/vbn the/at Cossack/np tongue/nn ./. For/in those/dts little/jj men/nns with/in the/at short/jj whiskers/nns ,/, shaven/vbn polls/nns ,/, and/cc top/nn knots/nns Suvorov/np reserved/vbd a/at special/jj esteem/nn ./. Potemkin/np --/-- as/cs King/nn-tl Stanislas/np knew/vbd ,/, and/cc presently/rb informed/vbd Littlepage/np --/-- looked/vbd on/in the/at Cossacks/nps as/cs geopolitical/jj tools/nns ./. To/in Serenissimus/np such/jj tribes/nns as/cs the/at Cossacks/nps of/in the/at Don/np or/cc those/dts ex-bandits/nns the/at Zaporogian/jj Cossacks/nps (/( in/in whose/wp$ islands/nns along/in the/at lower/jjr Dnieper/np the/at Polish/jj novelist/nn Sienkiewicz/np would/md one/cd day/nn place/vb With/in-tl Fire/nn-tl And/cc-tl Sword/nn-tl )/) were/bed just/jj elements/nns for/in enforced/vbn resettlement/nn in/in ,/, say/uh ,/, Bessarabia/np ,/, where/wrb ,/, as/cs ``/`` the/at faithful/nn of/in the/at Black/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl borders/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps could/md use/vb their/pp$ presence/nn as/cs bargaining/nn points/nns in/in the/at Czarina's/nn$-tl territorial/jj claims/nns against/in Turkey/np ./. Suvorov/np saw/vbd in/in these/dts scimitar-wielding/jj skirmishers/nns not/* demographic/jj units/nns but/cc military/jj men/nns of/in a/at high/jj potential/nn ./. He/pps knew/vbd how/wrb to/to channel/vb their/pp$ exuberant/jj disorderliness/nn so/cs as/cs to/to transform/vb them/ppo from/in mere/jj plunderers/nns into/in A-1/jj guerrilla/nn fighters/nns ./. He/pps always/rb kept/vbd a/at few/ap on/in his/pp$ personal/jj staff/nn ./. He/pps often/rb donned/vbd their/pp$ tribal/jj costumes/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at one/cd featuring/vbg a/at tall/jj ,/, black/jj sheepskin/nn hat/nn from/in the/at top/nn of/in which/wdt dangled/vbd a/at little/jj red/jj bag/nn ornamented/vbn by/in a/at chain/nn of/in worsted/nn lace/nn and/cc tassels/nns ;/. ;/. broad/jj red/jj stripes/nns down/in the/at trouser/nn leg/nn ;/. ;/. broader/jjr leather/nn belt/nn round/in the/at waist/nn ,/, holding/vbg cartridges/nns and/cc light/jj sabre/nn ./. Suvorov/np played/vbd parent/nn not/* just/rb to/in his/pp$ Cossacks/nps but/cc to/in all/abn his/pp$ troops/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz probably/rb at/in this/dt period/nn that/cs Littlepage/np got/vbd his/pp$ first/od good/jj look/nn at/in the/at ordinary/jj Russian/jj soldier/nn ./. These/dts illiterate/jj boors/nns conscripted/vbn from/in villages/nns all/ql across/in the/at Czarina's/nn$-tl empire/nn had/hvd ,/, Suvorov/np may/md have/hv told/vbn Lewis/np ,/, just/rb two/cd things/nns a/at commander/nn could/md count/vb on/in :/: physical/jj fitness/nn and/cc personal/jj courage/nn ./. When/wrb their/pp$ levies/nns came/vbd shambling/vbg into/in camp/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed all/abn elbows/nns ,/, hair/nn ,/, and/cc beard/nn ./. They/ppss emerged/vbd as/cs interchangeable/jj cogs/nns in/in a/at faulty/jj but/cc formidable/jj machine/nn :/: shaved/vbn nearly/ql naked/jj ,/, hair/nn queued/vbn ,/, greatcoated/jj ,/, jackbooted/jj ,/, and/cc best/jjt of/in all/abn --/-- in/in the/at opinion/nn of/in the/at British/jj professional/nn ,/, Major/nn-tl Semple-Lisle/np --/-- ``/`` their/pp$ minds/nns are/ber not/* estranged/vbn from/in the/at paths/nns of/in obedience/nn by/in those/dts smatterings/nns of/in knowledge/nn which/wdt only/rb serve/vb to/to lead/vb to/in insubordination/nn and/cc mutiny/nn ''/'' ./.

cg51

cg51 |@word mando:5 plead:1 cause:1 must:1 say:3 dr:1 brown:1 distinguished:1 physician:1 united:2 states:2 america:1 man:2 pour:1 symptom:1 draw:1 madly:1 wave:1 line:1 indicate:1 irregularity:1 pulse:1 get:4 high:4 blood:1 pressure:1 bum:1 kidney:1 doctor:3 transparent:1 look:7 waxy:1 skin:2 could:1 well:2 uremia:1 disapprovingly:1 ash:2 tray:3 pile:1 cigarette:1 stub:1 shake:1 head:2 move:1 hand:2 back:3 forth:1 strong:1 negative:1 gesture:1 little:7 official:2 hang:1 shame:1 see:4 colleague:2 next:1 desk:1 give:4 short:1 contemptuous:1 laugh:1 push:1 forward:1 innocent:1 single:1 butt:1 thump:1 chest:1 show:1 excellent:1 condition:1 proud:1 gravely:1 nod:1 approval:1 moment:1 come:5 hurry:1 announce:1 problem:1 solve:1 norton:5 sign:1 sheaf:1 paper:1 go:6 office:4 hall:1 window:1 document:1 await:1 rest:1 personnel:1 hot:1 upon:1 heel:2 time:9 word:1 around:3 american:3 premise:1 one:8 fellow:1 liver:1 spot:1 hold:2 great:5 healer:1 funny:1 also:3 touch:2 know:2 later:2 think:4 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milk:1 lap:1 nectar:1 thirst:1 never:1 assuage:1 sea:1 food:1 piraeu:1 right:2 edge:1 enter:1 six:1 across:1 kitchen:1 waiter:1 dish:1 dodge:1 traffic:1 nimbly:1 du:1 tertre:1 paris:1 dusty:1 creature:1 fish:1 offer:1 morsel:1 glance:1 leave:1 wince:1 obviously:1 frightened:1 expect:1 kick:1 hungry:1 snatch:1 tidbit:1 highlight:1 trip:1 continue:1 southeast:1 asia:1 animal:1 horrify:1 range:1 callous:1 indifference:1 cruelty:1 course:1 true:1 sophisticated:1 meet:2 love:1 pet:1 kindness:1 basic:1 human:1 instinct:1 charming:1 among:1 chauffeur:1 panyotis:2 rank:1 limit:1 irritate:1 particularly:1 gall:1 phrase:1 disposal:1 claim:1 refrain:1 loll:1 tree:1 sip:1 ouzo:1 relish:1 leisurely:1 assure:1 young:1

Mando/np ,/, pleading/vbg her/pp$ cause/nn ,/, must/md have/hv said/vbn that/cs Dr./nn-tl Brown/np was/bedz the/at most/ql distinguished/vbn physician/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, for/cs our/pp$ man/nn poured/vbd out/rp his/pp$ symptoms/nns and/cc drew/vbd a/at madly/rb waving/vbg line/nn indicating/vbg the/at irregularity/nn of/in his/pp$ pulse/nn ./. ``/`` He's/pps+hvz got/vbn high/jj blood/nn pressure/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, and/cc bum/jj kidneys/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at doctor/nn said/vbd to/in me/ppo ./. ``/`` Transparent/jj look/nn ,/, waxy/jj skin/nn --/-- could/md well/rb be/be uremia/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps looked/vbd disapprovingly/rb at/in an/at ash/nn tray/nn piled/vbn high/rb with/in cigarette/nn stubs/nns ,/, shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ,/, and/cc moved/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn back/rb and/cc forth/rb in/in a/at strong/jj negative/jj gesture/nn ./. The/at little/jj official/nn hung/vbd his/pp$ head/nn in/in shame/nn ./. Seeing/vbg this/dt ,/, his/pp$ colleague/nn at/in the/at next/ap desk/nn gave/vbd a/at short/jj ,/, contemptuous/jj laugh/nn ,/, pushed/vbd forward/rb his/pp$ own/jj ash/nn tray/nn ,/, innocent/jj of/in a/at single/ap butt/nn ,/, thumped/vbd his/pp$ chest/nn to/to show/vb his/pp$ excellent/jj condition/nn ,/, and/cc looked/vbd proud/jj ./. The/at doctor/nn gravely/rb nodded/vbd approval/nn ./. At/in this/dt moment/nn Mando/np came/vbd hurrying/vbg up/rp to/to announce/vb that/cs the/at problem/nn was/bedz solved/vbn and/cc all/abn Norton/np had/hvd to/to do/do was/bedz to/to sign/vb a/at sheaf/nn of/in papers/nns ./. We/ppss went/vbd out/in of/in the/at office/nn and/cc down/in the/at hall/nn to/in a/at window/nn where/wrb documents/nns and/cc more/ap officials/nns awaited/vbd us/ppo ,/, the/at rest/nn of/in the/at office/nn personnel/nns hot/jj upon/in our/pp$ heels/nns ./. By/in this/dt time/nn word/nn had/hvd got/vbn around/rb that/cs an/at American/jj doctor/nn was/bedz on/in the/at premises/nns ./. One/cd fellow/nn who/wps had/hvd liver/nn spots/nns held/vbd out/rp his/pp$ hands/nns to/in the/at great/jj healer/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz funny/jj but/cc it/pps was/bedz also/rb touching/vbg ./. ``/`` You/ppss know/vb ''/'' ,/, Norton/np said/vbd to/in me/ppo later/rbr ,/, ``/`` I/ppss am/bem thinking/vbg of/in setting/vbg up/rp the/at Klinico/fw-nn-tl Brownapopolus/np ./. I/ppss might/md not/* make/vb any/dti money/nn but/cc I'd/ppss+md sure/rb have/hv patients/nns ''/'' ./. After/in luncheon/nn we/ppss took/vbd advantage/nn of/in the/at siesta/nn period/nn to/to try/vb to/to get/vb in/in touch/nn with/in a/at few/ap people/nns to/in whom/wpo our/pp$ dear/jj friend/nn Deppy/np had/hvd written/vbn ./. Deppy/np is/bez Despina/np Messinesi/np ,/, a/at long-time/nn member/nn of/in the/at Vogue/nn-tl staff/nn who/wps ,/, although/cs born/vbn in/in Boston/np ,/, was/bedz born/vbn there/rb of/in Greek/jj parents/nns ./. Several/ap years/nns of/in her/pp$ life/nn have/hv been/ben spent/vbn in/in the/at homeland/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps had/hvd written/vbn to/in friends/nns to/to alert/vb them/ppo of/in our/pp$ coming/nn ./. ``/`` All/abn you/ppss have/hv to/to do/do ,/, Ilka/np dear/jj ,/, is/bez to/to phone/vb on/in your/pp$ arrival/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber longing/vbg to/to see/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./. The/at wear/nn and/cc tear/nn of/in life/nn have/hv taught/vbn me/ppo that/cs very/ql few/ap friends/nns of/in mutual/jj friends/nns long/vb to/to see/vb foreign/jj strangers/nns ,/, but/cc I/ppss planned/vbd on/in being/beg the/at soul/nn of/in tact/nn ,/, of/in giving/vbg them/ppo plenty/nn of/in outs/nns was/bedz there/ex the/at tiniest/jjt implication/nn that/cs their/pp$ cups/nns were/bed already/rb running/vbg over/rp without/in us/ppo ./. My/pp$ diplomacy/nn was/bedz needless/jj ./. Greek/jj phone/nn service/nn is/bez worse/jjr than/cs French/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs it/pps was/bedz to/to be/be some/dti little/jj time/nn before/cs contact/nn of/in any/dti sort/nn was/bedz established/vbn ./. In/in the/at late/jj afternoon/nn Mando/np came/vbd back/rb to/to fetch/vb us/ppo ,/, and/cc we/ppss drove/vbd to/in the/at Acropolis/np ./. We/ppss stopped/vbd first/rb at/in the/at amphitheater/nn that/wps lies/vbz at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at height/nn crowned/vbn by/in the/at Parthenon/np ./. The/at curving/vbg benches/nns are/ber broken/vbn ,/, chipped/vbn ,/, tumbled/vbn ,/, but/cc still/rb in/in place/nn ,/, as/cs are/ber the/at marble/nn chairs/nns ,/, the/at seats/nns of/in honor/nn for/in the/at legislators/nns ./. The/at carved/vbn statues/nns of/in the/at frieze/nn against/in the/at low/jj wall/nn are/ber for/in the/at most/ap part/nn headless/jj ,/, but/cc their/pp$ exquisitely/ql graceful/jj nude/jj and/cc draped/vbn torsos/nns and/cc the/at kneeling/vbg Atlantes/fw-nps are/ber well/rb preserved/vbn in/in their/pp$ perfect/jj proportion/nn ./. Having/hvg completed/vbn our/pp$ camera/nn work/nn ,/, we/ppss started/vbd our/pp$ climb/nn ./. I/ppss suppose/vb the/at same/ap emotion/nn holds/vbz ,/, if/cs to/in a/at lesser/jjr degree/nn ,/, with/in any/dti famous/jj monument/nn ./. Will/md it/pps live/vb up/rp to/in its/pp$ reputation/nn ?/. ?/. The/at weight/nn of/in fame/nn and/cc history/nn is/bez formidable/jj ,/, and/cc dreary/jj steel/nn engravings/nns in/in schoolbooks/nns do/do little/ap to/to quicken/vb interest/nn and/cc imagination/nn ./. Uh/uh huh/uh ,/, we/ppss think/vb ,/, looking/vbg at/in them/ppo ,/, so/rb that's/dt+bez the/at Parthenon/np ./. And/cc then/rb perhaps/rb one/cd day/nn we/ppss get/vb to/in Athens/np ./. We/ppss are/ber here/rb !/. !/. We've/ppss+hv come/vbn a/at long/jj way/nn and/cc spent/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in money/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd better/rbr be/be good/jj ./. Don't/do* worry/vb about/in the/at Acropolis/np ./. It/pps is/bez awe-inspiring/jj ./. Probably/rb every/at visitor/nn has/hvz a/at favorite/jj time/nn for/in his/pp$ first/od sight/nn of/in it/ppo ./. We/ppss saw/vbd it/ppo frequently/rb afterward/rb ,/, but/cc our/pp$ suggestion/nn for/in the/at very/ql first/od encounter/nn is/bez near/in sunset/nn ./. The/at light/nn at/in that/dt time/nn is/bez a/at benediction/nn ./. The/at serene/jj ,/, majestic/jj columns/nns of/in the/at Parthenon/np ,/, tawny/jj in/in color/nn against/in the/at pure/jj deep/jj blue/jj sky/nn ,/, frame/vb incredible/jj vistas/nns ./. All/abn we/ppss wanted/vbd to/to do/do was/bedz to/to stand/vb very/ql quietly/rb and/cc look/vb and/cc look/vb and/cc look/vb ./. More/ap than/in twenty-four/cd hundred/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, bruised/vbn ,/, battered/vbn ,/, worn/vbn and/cc partially/rb destroyed/vbn ,/, combining/vbg to/in an/at astounding/jj degree/nn solidity/nn and/cc grace/nn ,/, it/pps still/rb stands/vbz ,/, incomparable/jj testimony/nn to/in man's/nn$ aspiration/nn ./. In/in 1687/cd the/at Turks/nps ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben in/in control/nn of/in the/at city/nn since/in the/at fifteenth/od century/nn ,/, with/in a/at truly/ql shattering/vbg lack/nn of/in prudence/nn used/vbd the/at Parthenon/np as/cs a/at powder/nn magazine/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz hit/vbn by/in a/at shell/nn fired/vbn by/in the/at bombarding/vbg Venetian/jj army/nn and/cc the/at great/jj central/jj portion/nn of/in the/at temple/nn was/bedz blown/vbn to/in smithereens/nns ./. Nearby/rb is/bez the/at temple/nn of/in Athena/np ./. The/at architectural/jj feature/nn ,/, the/at caryatides/nns upholding/vbg the/at portico/nn ,/, famous/jj around/in the/at world/nn as/cs the/at Porch/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Maidens/nns-tl ,/, was/bedz referred/vbn to/in airily/rb by/in Mando/np as/cs the/at-tl Girls'/nns$-tl Place/nn-tl ./. Another/dt beautiful/jj building/nn is/bez the/at Propylaea/np ,/, the/at entrance/nn gate/nn of/in the/at Acropolis/np ./. My/pp$ other/ap nugget/nn of/in art/nn and/cc architectural/jj knowledge/nn --/-- besides/in remembering/vbg that/cs it/pps was/bedz Ghiberti/np who/wps designed/vbd the/at doors/nns of/in the/at baptistery/nn in/in Florence/np --/-- is/bez the/at three/cd styles/nns of/in Greek/jj columns/nns ./. For/in some/dti happy/jj reason/nn Doric/jj ,/, Ionic/jj ,/, and/cc Corinthian/jj have/hv always/rb stuck/vbn in/in my/pp$ mind/nn ./. Furthermore/rb I/ppss can/md identify/vb each/dt design/nn ./. It/pps remained/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, for/cs Mando/np to/to teach/vb me/ppo that/cs Doric/jj symbolized/vbd strength/nn ,/, Ionic/jj wisdom/nn ,/, and/cc Corinthian/jj beauty/nn ,/, the/at three/cd pillars/nns of/in the/at ancient/jj world/nn ./. The/at columns/nns of/in the/at Parthenon/np are/ber fluted/vbn Doric/jj ./. Another/dt classic/jj sight/nn that/wps gave/vbd us/ppo considerable/jj pleasure/nn was/bedz the/at Evzone/np sentry/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ ballet/nn skirt/nn with/in great/jj pompons/nns on/in his/pp$ shoes/nns ,/, who/wps was/bedz patrolling/vbg up/rp and/cc down/rp in/in front/nn of/in the/at palace/nn ./. Gun/nn on/in shoulder/nn ,/, he/pps would/md march/vb smartly/rb for/in a/at few/ap yards/nns ,/, bring/vb his/pp$ heels/nns together/rb with/in a/at click/nn ,/, make/vb a/at brisk/jj pirouette/nn ,/, skirts/nns flaring/vbg ,/, and/cc march/vb back/rb to/in his/pp$ point/nn of/in departure/nn ./. We/ppss did/dod not/* dare/vb speak/vb to/in so/ql exalted/vbn a/at being/nn ,/, but/cc Norton/np aimed/vbd his/pp$ camera/nn and/cc shot/vbd him/ppo ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, on/in the/at rise/nn ,/, the/at split/vbn second/nn between/in the/at halt/nn and/cc the/at turn/nn ./. The/at evening/nn of/in our/pp$ first/od day/nn we/ppss drove/vbd with/in Christopher/np and/cc Judy/np Sakellariadis/np ,/, who/wps were/bed friends/nns and/cc patients/nns of/in Norton/np ,/, to/to dine/vb at/in a/at restaurant/nn on/in the/at shores/nns of/in the/at Aegean/np ./. On/in the/at way/nn out/rp Mr./np Sakellariadis/np detoured/vbd up/in a/at special/jj hill/nn from/in which/wdt one/pn may/md obtain/vb a/at matchless/jj view/nn of/in the/at Acropolis/np lighted/vbn by/in night/nn ./. The/at great/jj spectacle/nn was/bedz a/at source/nn of/in rancor/nn ,/, and/cc Son/fw-nn-tl et/fw-cc-tl Lumiere/fw-nn-tl ,/, which/wdt the/at French/nps were/bed trying/vbg to/to promote/vb with/in the/at Athenians/nps ,/, was/bedz the/at reason/nn ./. These/dts performances/nns were/bed being/beg staged/vbn at/in historical/jj monuments/nns throughout/in Europe/np ./. By/in a/at combination/nn of/in music/nn ,/, lighting/nn effects/nns ,/, and/cc narration/nn ,/, famous/jj events/nns that/wps have/hv transpired/vbn in/in these/dts locations/nns are/ber evoked/vbn and/cc re-created/vbn for/in large/jj audiences/nns usually/rb to/in considerable/jj acclaim/nn ./. The/at Acropolis/np had/hvd been/ben scheduled/vbn for/in the/at treatment/nn too/rb ,/, but/cc apparently/rb it/pps was/bedz to/to take/vb place/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at full/jj moon/nn when/wrb the/at Athenians/nps themselves/ppls ,/, out/in of/in respect/nn for/in the/at natural/jj beauty/nn of/in the/at occasion/nn ,/, were/bed wont/jj to/to forgo/vb their/pp$ own/jj usual/jj nocturnal/jj illumination/nn ./. Athenian/jj society/nn was/bedz split/vbn into/in two/cd factions/nns ,/, the/at Philistines/nps and/cc the/at Artists/nns-tl ./. The/at Artists/nns-tl contended/vbd that/cs the/at Philistines/nps ,/, gross/jj of/in soul/nn ,/, were/bed all/abn for/in having/hvg Son/fw-nn-tl et/fw-cc-tl Lumiere/fw-nn-tl ,/, since/cs the/at French/nps were/bed footing/vbg the/at bill/nn and/cc the/at attraction/nn ,/, wherever/wrb it/pps had/hvd been/ben done/vbn ,/, had/hvd proven/vbn popular/jj ./. This/dt was/bedz the/at crassest/jjt kind/nn of/in materialism/nn and/cc they/ppss ,/, the/at Artists/nns-tl ,/, would/md have/hv no/at truck/nn with/in it/ppo ./. The/at Acropolis/np was/bedz unique/jj in/in the/at world/nn and/cc if/cs that/dt imcomparable/jj work/nn flooded/vbn by/in moonlight/nn wasn't/bedz* enough/ap for/in both/abx natives/nns and/cc tourists/nns ,/, then/rb they/ppss were/bed quite/ql simply/rb barbarians/nns and/cc the/at hell/nn with/in them/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz very/ql stimulating/jj ./. The/at restaurant/nn to/in which/wdt the/at Sakellariadises/nps took/vbd us/ppo on/in this/dt night/nn of/in controversy/nn was/bedz the/at Asteria/np ,/, on/in Asteria/np beach/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at public/jj bathing/vbg beach/nn ,/, easily/rb accessible/jj by/in tramway/nn from/in the/at center/nn of/in Athens/np ./. Office/nn workers/nns frequently/rb go/vb out/rp there/rb to/to lunch/vb and/cc swim/vb during/in the/at siesta/nn period/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, during/in the/at summer/nn ,/, lasts/vbz from/in two/cd until/in five/cd in/in the/at afternoon/nn ,/, when/wrb shops/nns and/cc offices/nns are/ber again/rb open/jj for/in business/nn ./. They/ppss close/vb sometime/rb after/in eight/cd ./. Nine/cd o'clock/rb is/bez the/at rush/nn hour/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at busses/nns are/ber jammed/vbn ,/, and/cc by/in nine-thirty/cd the/at restaurants/nns are/ber beginning/vbg to/to fill/vb ./. Bedtime/nn is/bez late/jj ,/, for/cs the/at balmy/jj evenings/nns are/ber delightful/jj and/cc everyone/pn wants/vbz to/to linger/vb under/in the/at stars/nns ./. The/at sand/nn is/bez fine/jj and/cc pleasant/jj ,/, the/at cabanas/nns are/ber clean/jj ,/, and/cc the/at parasols/nns ,/, green/jj ,/, raspberry/jj ,/, and/cc butter/nn yellow/jj ,/, are/ber very/ql gay/jj ./. Although/cs open/jj to/in the/at general/jj public/nn it/pps is/bez not/* overcrowded/vbn ;/. ;/. the/at atmosphere/nn is/bez that/dt of/in an/at attractive/jj private/jj beach/nn club/nn at/in home/nn ./. We/ppss went/vbd there/rb a/at couple/nn of/in times/nns to/to swim/vb and/cc enjoyed/vbd ourselves/ppls thoroughly/rb ./. This/dt agreeable/jj state/nn of/in affairs/nns is/bez explicable/jj ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, on/in two/cd counts/nns ./. One/cd is/bez Greece/np is/bez not/* yet/rb suffering/vbg from/in overpopulation/nn ./. The/at public/nn may/md still/rb find/vb pleasure/nn in/in public/jj places/nns ./. The/at other/ap is/bez that/cs the/at charge/nn for/in cabanas/nns and/cc parasols/nns ,/, though/cs modest/jj from/in an/at American/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, still/rb is/bez a/at little/ql high/jj for/in many/ap Athenians/nps ./. We/ppss were/bed struck/vbn by/in the/at notable/jj absence/nn of/in banana/nn skins/nns and/cc beer/nn cans/nns ,/, but/cc just/rb so/cs that/cs we/ppss wouldn't/md* go/vb overboard/rb on/in Greek/jj refinement/nn ,/, perfection/nn was/bedz side-stepped/vbn by/in a/at couple/nn of/in braying/vbg portable/jj radios/nns ./. Greek/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns also/rb go/vb for/in rock-and-roll/nn ,/, and/cc the/at stations/nns most/rbt tuned/vbn to/in are/ber those/dts carrying/vbg United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl overseas/jj programs/nns ./. A/at good/jj deal/nn of/in English/np was/bedz spoken/vbn on/in the/at beach/nn ,/, most/ap educated/vbn Greeks/nps learn/vb it/ppo in/in childhood/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex were/bed also/rb American/jj wives/nns and/cc children/nns of/in our/pp$ overseas/jj servicemen/nns ./. For/in a/at delightful/jj drive/nn out/in of/in Athens/np I/ppss should/md recommend/vb Sounion/np ,/, at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at Attic/nn-tl Peninsula/nn-tl ./. The/at road/nn ,/, a/at comparatively/ql new/jj one/cd ,/, is/bez very/ql good/jj ,/, winding/vbg along/in inlets/nns ,/, coves/nns ,/, and/cc bays/nns of/in deep/jj and/cc brilliant/jj blue/nn ./. I/ppss suppose/vb the/at day/nn will/md inevitably/rb come/vb when/wrb the/at area/nn will/md be/be encrusted/vbn with/in developments/nns ,/, but/cc at/in present/jj it/pps is/bez deserted/vbn and/cc seductive/jj ./. Three/cd beneficial/jj hurdles/nns to/in progress/nn are/ber the/at lack/nn of/in water/nn ,/, electricity/nn ,/, and/cc telephones/nns ./. At/in Sounion/np there/ex is/bez a/at group/nn of/in beautiful/jj columns/nns ,/, the/at ruins/nns of/in a/at temple/nn to/in Poseidon/np ,/, of/in particular/jj interest/nn at/in that/dt time/nn ,/, as/cs active/jj reconstruction/nn was/bedz in/in progress/nn ./. Gaunt/jj scaffoldings/nns adjoined/vbd the/at ruins/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at ground/nn segments/nns of/in columns/nns two/cd and/cc a/at half/abn to/in three/cd feet/nns in/in thickness/nn were/bed being/beg fitted/vbn with/in sections/nns cunningly/rb chiseled/vbn to/to match/vb exactly/rb the/at fluting/nn and/cc proportion/nn of/in the/at original/nn ./. Later/rbr they/ppss would/md be/be hoisted/vbn into/in place/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at mediocre/jj restaurant/nn at/in Sounion/np and/cc I/ppss fed/vbd a/at thin/jj little/jj Grecian/jj cat/nn and/cc gave/vbd it/ppo two/cd saucers/nns of/in water/nn --/-- there/ex was/bedz no/at milk/nn --/-- which/wdt it/pps lapped/vbd up/rp as/cs though/cs it/pps were/bed nectar/nn ./. I/ppss think/vb its/pp$ thirst/nn had/hvd never/rb been/ben assuaged/vbn before/rb ./. Norton/np and/cc I/ppss dined/vbd one/cd night/nn in/in a/at sea-food/nn restaurant/nn in/in Piraeus/np right/ql on/in the/at water's/nn$ edge/nn ./. To/to enter/vb it/ppo ,/, you/ppss go/vb down/in five/cd or/cc six/cd steps/nns from/in the/at road/nn ./. Across/in the/at road/nn is/bez the/at kitchen/nn ,/, and/cc waiters/nns bearing/vbg great/jj trays/nns of/in dishes/nns dodge/vb traffic/nn as/ql nimbly/rb as/cs their/pp$ French/jj colleagues/nns at/in the/at restaurant/nn in/in the/at Place/fw-nn-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Tertre/fw-nn-tl in/in Paris/np ./. This/dt restaurant/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, had/hvd a/at cat/nn ,/, a/at dusty/jj ,/, thin/jj little/jj creature/nn ./. How/wrb can/md a/at cat/nn be/be thin/jj in/in a/at fish/nn restaurant/nn ?/. ?/. But/cc this/dt one/cd was/bedz ./. When/wrb offered/vbn a/at morsel/nn it/pps glanced/vbd right/nr and/cc left/nr and/cc winced/vbd ,/, obviously/rb frightened/vbn and/cc expecting/vbg a/at kick/nn ,/, but/cc too/ql hungry/jj not/* to/to snatch/vb the/at tidbit/nn ./. Greece/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at highlights/nns of/in our/pp$ trip/nn ,/, but/cc beginning/vbg in/in Greece/np and/cc continuing/vbg around/in the/at world/nn throughout/in Southeast/jj-tl Asia/np-tl the/at treatment/nn of/in animals/nns was/bedz horrifying/jj ,/, ranging/vbg from/in callous/jj indifference/nn to/in active/jj cruelty/nn ./. This/dt of/in course/nn was/bedz not/* true/jj of/in the/at educated/vbn and/cc sophisticated/jj people/nns we/ppss met/vbd ,/, who/wps loved/vbd their/pp$ pets/nns ,/, but/cc kindness/nn is/bez not/* a/at basic/jj human/jj instinct/nn ./. We/ppss met/vbd some/dti charming/jj Athenians/nps ,/, and/cc among/in them/ppo our/pp$ chauffeur/nn Panyotis/np ranked/vbd high/rb ./. His/pp$ English/np was/bedz limited/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at little/ap he/pps knew/vbd he/pps found/vbd irritating/jj ./. A/at particularly/ql galling/jj phrase/nn was/bedz ``/`` O.K./uh ,/, Panyotis/np ,/, we/ppss have/hv time/nn at/in our/pp$ disposal/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt he/pps claimed/vbd was/bedz the/at favorite/jj refrain/nn of/in the/at English/nps ./. They/ppss would/md be/be lolling/vbg under/in a/at tree/nn sipping/vbg Ouzo/np ,/, relishing/vbg the/at leisurely/jj life/nn ,/, assuring/vbg him/ppo that/cs the/at day/nn was/bedz yet/rb young/jj ./.

cg52

cg52 |@word let:4 become:3 honest:3 discard:1 ready:1 invent:1 whatever:3 falsehood:1 assail:1 character:3 prostitute:1 paper:1 end:2 hug:1 heart:1 proportion:1 degradation:1 moral:2 worth:3 increase:1 exonerate:1 legislature:4 thereby:1 extricate:1 sticky:2 situation:1 pike:36 take:3 another:1 course:1 make:5 appear:2 bilk:1 claim:1 attack:8 woodruff:32 scurrilous:1 underhandedness:1 deliberately:1 write:4 ambiguous:1 bid:1 confuse:1 member:1 award:4 contract:5 without:3 know:3 charge:6 farfetched:1 pay:2 little:10 attention:2 answer:2 rather:2 bored:1 way:3 wearily:1 declare:1 new:4 hand:1 pump:1 bellow:1 crittenden:3 organ:1 conclude:1 controversy:1 adversary:1 utterly:1 destitute:1 principle:1 even:2 triumph:2 would:18 entitle:3 victor:1 laurel:1 game:1 ammunition:1 cost:3 therefore:1 leave:2 writer:1 enjoyment:1 unenvied:1 reputation:3 personal:5 abuse:1 heap:1 low:4 vulgar:1 herd:1 belong:1 despite:1 continue:3 refusal:1 debate:2 column:2 newspaper:2 moment:2 month:2 political:6 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``/`` Let/vb him/ppo become/vb honest/jj ,/, and/cc they/ppss discard/vb him/ppo ./. --/-- But/cc let/vb him/ppo be/be ready/jj to/to invent/vb whatever/wdt falsehood/nn --/-- to/to assail/vb whatever/wdt character/nn --/-- and/cc to/to prostitute/vb his/pp$ paper/nn to/in whatever/wdt ends/nns --/-- and/cc they/ppss hug/vb him/ppo to/in their/pp$ heart/nn ./. In/in proportion/nn to/in the/at degradation/nn of/in his/pp$ moral/jj worth/nn ,/, is/bez the/at increase/nn of/in his/pp$ worth/nn to/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. To/to exonerate/vb the/at legislature/nn and/cc thereby/rb extricate/vb himself/ppl from/in a/at sticky/jj situation/nn ,/, Pike/np took/vbd another/dt course/nn and/cc made/vbd it/ppo appear/vb that/cs the/at legislature/nn had/hvd been/ben bilked/vbn ./. He/pps claimed/vbd in/in his/pp$ attacks/nns that/cs Woodruff/np ,/, with/in scurrilous/jj underhandedness/nn ,/, had/hvd deliberately/rb written/vbn an/at ambiguous/jj bid/nn that/wps had/hvd so/ql confused/vbn the/at honest/jj members/nns of/in the/at legislature/nn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd awarded/vbn him/ppo the/at contract/nn without/in knowing/vbg what/wdt they/ppss were/bed doing/vbg ./. The/at charge/nn was/bedz so/ql farfetched/jj that/cs Woodruff/np paid/vbd little/ap attention/nn to/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc answered/vbd Pike/np in/in a/at rather/ql bored/vbn way/nn ,/, wearily/rb declaring/vbg that/cs a/at ``/`` new/jj hand/nn ''/'' was/bedz pumping/vbg the/at bellows/nns of/in the/at Crittenden/np organ/nn ,/, and/cc concluding/vbg :/: ``/`` In/in a/at controversy/nn with/in an/at adversary/nn so/ql utterly/ql destitute/jj of/in moral/jj principles/nns ,/, even/rb a/at triumph/nn would/md entitle/vb the/at victor/nn to/in no/at laurels/nns ./. The/at game/nn is/bez not/* worth/jj the/at ammunition/nn it/pps would/md cost/vb ./. We/ppss therefore/rb leave/vb the/at writer/nn to/in the/at enjoyment/nn of/in the/at unenvied/jj reputation/nn which/wdt the/at personal/jj abuse/nn he/pps has/hvz heaped/vbn on/in us/ppo will/md entitle/vb him/ppo to/in from/in the/at low/jj and/cc vulgar/jj herd/nn to/in which/wdt he/pps belongs/vbz ''/'' ./. Despite/in Woodruff's/np$ continuing/vbg refusal/nn to/to debate/vb with/in Pike/np through/in the/at columns/nns of/in his/pp$ newspaper/nn ,/, Pike/np did/dod not/* let/vb up/rp his/pp$ attack/nn for/in a/at moment/nn ./. Over/in the/at months/nns he/pps became/vbd a/at political/jj gadfly/nn with/in an/at incessant/jj barrage/nn of/in satirical/jj poems/nns ridiculing/vbg Woodruff/np ,/, the/at ``/`` Casca/np ''/'' letters/nns belittling/vbg Woodruff/np ,/, and/cc long/jj analytical/jj articles/nns vilifying/vbg Woodruff/np ./. So/ql persistent/jj were/bed these/dts attacks/nns that/cs in/in March/np of/in the/at following/vbg year/nn ,/, Woodruff/np was/bedz finally/rb moved/vbn to/in action/nn ,/, and/cc Pike/np was/bedz to/to learn/vb his/pp$ first/od lesson/nn in/in frontier/nn politics/nn ,/, the/at subtle/jj art/nn of/in diversion/nn ./. To/to attack/vb Pike/np directly/rb would/md gain/vb Woodruff/np little/ap ,/, for/cs as/cs a/at penniless/jj newcomer/nn Pike/np had/hvd nothing/pn to/to lose/vb ./. By/in this/dt time/nn Woodruff/np had/hvd accurately/rb measured/vbn Pike/np as/cs a/at man/nn of/in great/jj personal/jj pride/nn ,/, a/at man/nn who/wps would/md fly/vb into/in a/at towering/vbg rage/nn if/cs his/pp$ integrity/nn were/bed questioned/vbn ,/, and/cc who/wps would/md be/be anxious/jj to/to avenge/vb himself/ppl ./. Pike's/np$ honor/nn would/md now/rb come/vb under/in attack/nn ,/, but/cc not/* by/in Woodruff/np himself/ppl ./. The/at charges/nns would/md be/be made/vbn in/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl by/in an/at anonymous/jj correspondent/nn ,/, and/cc Pike/np would/md be/be so/ql busy/jj trying/vbg to/to track/vb down/rp the/at illusive/jj character/nn assassin/nn that/cs he/pps would/md forget/vb about/in harassing/vbg Woodruff/np ./. The/at strategy/nn worked/vbd perfectly/rb ./. Pike/np was/bedz stunned/vbn by/in the/at first/od blast/nn against/in his/pp$ character/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz published/vbn in/in the/at March/np 4th/od issue/nn of/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl under/in the/at name/nn ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' ./. The/at anonymous/jj correspondent/nn did/dod not/* resort/vb to/in innuendoes/nns ./. He/pps called/vbd Pike/np a/at thief/nn ./. He/pps said/vbd Pike/np had/hvd stolen/vbn mules/nns from/in Harris/np during/in the/at Santa/np Fe/np expedition/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps accused/vbd Pike/np of/in continuing/vbg his/pp$ sticky-fingered/jj career/nn in/in Arkansas/np with/in the/at theft/nn of/in some/dti otter/nn skins/nns in/in Van/np Buren/np ./. The/at charges/nns caught/vbd Pike/np off/in balance/nn ,/, coming/vbg as/cs they/ppss did/dod from/in an/at unexpected/jj quarter/nn ./. Outraged/vbn ,/, he/pps used/vbd the/at Advocate/nn-tl of/in March/np 7th/od for/in a/at denial/nn ,/, sending/vbg immediately/rb to/in Santa/np Fe/np and/cc Van/np Buren/np for/in documents/nns to/to vindicate/vb himself/ppl ,/, and/cc demanding/vbg that/cs Woodruff/np reveal/vb the/at name/nn of/in this/dt perfidious/jj slanderer/nn who/wps disguised/vbd himself/ppl under/in a/at pastoral/jj pseudonym/nn ./. Woodruff/np said/vbd nothing/pn ,/, and/cc Pike/np ,/, frustrated/vbn ,/, stormed/vbd throughout/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl in/in an/at unsuccessful/jj search/nn for/in ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' ,/, asking/vbg his/pp$ friends/nns to/to keep/vb their/pp$ ears/nns open/jj ./. Finally/rb he/pps learned/vbd through/in the/at grapevine/nn that/cs the/at culprit/nn might/md be/be one/cd James/np W./np Robinson/np in/in Pope/np-tl County/nn-tl ./. Without/in further/jjr inquiry/nn ,/, Pike/np jumped/vbd to/in the/at conclusion/nn that/cs Robinson/np was/bedz guilty/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, following/vbg the/at honorable/jj route/nn that/wps would/md eventually/rb lead/vb to/in the/at dueling/vbg ground/nn ,/, sent/vbd a/at message/nn to/in Robinson/np through/in his/pp$ friends/nns ,/, demanding/vbg that/cs he/pps either/cc confirm/vb or/cc deny/vb his/pp$ complicity/nn ./. Robinson/np did/dod neither/dtx ./. To/in Pike/np ,/, silence/nn was/bedz tantamount/jj to/in an/at admission/nn of/in guilt/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps determined/vbd to/to get/vb Robinson/np onto/in the/at dueling/vbg ground/nn at/in all/abn costs/nns ./. On/in April/np 11th/od he/pps wrote/vbd an/at open/jj letter/nn in/in The/at-tl Advocate/nn-tl ,/, making/vbg it/ppo known/vbn ``/`` to/in the/at world/nn that/cs Jas./np W./np Robinson/np is/bez by/in his/pp$ own/jj admission/nn a/at base/jj liar/nn and/cc a/at slanderer/nn ''/'' ./. If/cs Robinson/np was/bedz a/at liar/nn and/cc a/at slanderer/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz also/rb a/at very/ql canny/jj gentleman/nn ,/, for/cs nothing/pn that/wpo Pike/np could/md do/do would/md pry/vb so/ql much/ap as/cs a/at single/ap word/nn out/in of/in him/ppo ./. Preoccupied/vbn with/in his/pp$ own/jj defense/nn and/cc his/pp$ attempts/nns to/to get/vb Robinson/np to/to fight/vb ,/, Pike/np lessened/vbd his/pp$ attacks/nns on/in Woodruff/np ,/, and/cc finally/rb stopped/vbd them/ppo altogether/rb ./. And/cc Pike/np never/rb did/dod find/vb out/rp if/cs Robinson/np was/bedz really/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' letter/nn ./. Woodruff's/np$ strategy/nn had/hvd been/ben immensely/ql successful/jj ./. It/pps took/vbd Pike/np a/at long/jj time/nn to/to realize/vb what/wdt Woodruff/np had/hvd done/vbn ,/, and/cc it/pps had/hvd a/at profound/jj effect/nn on/in him/ppo ./. Once/cs he/pps learned/vbd a/at lesson/nn ,/, he/pps never/rb forgot/vbd it/ppo ./. In/in the/at next/ap few/ap months/nns of/in comparative/jj silence/nn ,/, Pike/np waited/vbd patiently/rb until/cs conditions/nns were/bed perfect/jj for/in a/at new/jj attack/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, displaying/vbg a/at remarkable/jj grasp/nn of/in the/at subtleties/nns of/in political/jj infighting/nn ,/, gained/vbn from/in his/pp$ first/od bout/nn with/in Woodruff/np ,/, he/pps used/vbd these/dts changed/vbn conditions/nns to/in excellent/jj advantage/nn ./. Shortly/rb after/in the/at ``/`` Vale/np ''/'' incident/nn ,/, a/at rift/nn began/vbd to/to develop/vb between/in William/np Woodruff/np and/cc Governor/nn-tl Pope/np ./. One-armed/jj ,/, gruff/jj ,/, frugally/ql honest/jj ,/, Governor/nn-tl Pope/np had/hvd been/ben the/at ideal/jj man/nn to/to assume/vb office/nn in/in Arkansas/np after/in the/at disgraceful/jj antics/nns of/in political/jj bosses/nns like/cs Crittenden/np ,/, and/cc he/pps ruled/vbd the/at state/nn with/in an/at iron/nn fist/nn ,/, tolerating/vbg no/at nonsense/nn ./. Woodruff/np had/hvd supported/vbn him/ppo all/abn the/at way/nn ,/, both/abx as/cs a/at chief/jjs executive/nn and/cc as/cs a/at man/nn ./. Besides/in being/beg political/jj allies/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed also/rb friends/nns ./. This/dt warm/jj relationship/nn came/vbd to/in an/at abrupt/jj end/nn in/in June/np of/in 1834/cd when/wrb the/at National/jj-tl Congress/np-tl appropriated/vbd $3,000/nns for/in compiling/vbg and/cc printing/vbg the/at laws/nns of/in Arkansas/np-tl Territory/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, taking/vbg note/nn of/in the/at recent/jj wave/nn of/in corruption/nn in/in the/at legislature/nn ,/, left/vbd it/ppo to/in the/at governor/nn to/to award/vb the/at contract/nn ./. Woodruff/np wanted/vbd this/dt political/jj windfall/nn very/ql badly/rb ,/, and/cc everyone/pn assumed/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md get/vb it/ppo because/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at close/jj friend/nn of/in the/at governor/nn and/cc his/pp$ stanchest/jjt supporter/nn ./. After/in all/abn ,/, Woodruff/np owned/vbd a/at competent/jj printing/vbg plant/nn and/cc was/bedz the/at logical/jj man/nn for/in the/at job/nn ./. But/cc because/cs the/at governor/nn was/bedz determined/vbn that/cs friendship/nn should/md not/* influence/vb him/ppo one/cd way/nn or/cc the/at other/ap ,/, he/pps looked/vbd for/in a/at printer/nn with/in a/at knowledge/nn of/in the/at law/nn (/( which/wdt Woodruff/np did/dod not/* have/hv )/) ,/, and/cc awarded/vbd the/at contract/nn to/in a/at lawyer/nn named/vbn John/np Steele/np who/wps had/hvd started/vbn a/at newspaper/nn in/in Helena/np the/at year/nn before/rb ./. Woodruff/np was/bedz furious/jj ./. Considering/vbg the/at governor's/nn$ act/nn a/at personal/jj rebuff/nn ,/, he/pps aired/vbd his/pp$ feelings/nns in/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl on/in August/np 26/cd ,/, 1834/cd :/. :/. ``/`` We/ppss think/vb the/at governor/nn treated/vbd us/ppo rather/ql shabbily/rb ,/, to/to say/vb the/at least/ap of/in it/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez but/rb justice/nn to/in Mr./np Steele/np for/in us/ppo to/to add/vb that/cs ,/, in/in the/at above/jj remarks/nns ,/, nothing/pn is/bez intended/vbn to/in his/pp$ disparagement/nn ,/, either/cc as/cs a/at lawyer/nn or/cc as/cs a/at printer/nn ./. He/pps got/vbd a/at good/jj fat/jj job/nn and/cc we/ppss congratulate/vb him/ppo on/in his/pp$ good/jj luck/nn ./. We/ppss hope/vb that/cs he/pps will/md execute/vb it/ppo in/in a/at manner/nn that/wps will/md entitle/vb him/ppo to/in credit/nn ''/'' ./. As/cs summer/nn cooled/vbd into/in fall/nn and/cc winter/nn ,/, even/rb so/rb the/at relationship/nn between/in the/at two/cd men/nns continued/vbd to/to grow/vb colder/jjr by/in the/at day/nn ,/, and/cc by/in December/np of/in 1834/cd it/pps was/bedz icy/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz at/in this/dt point/nn that/cs Pike/np decided/vbd to/to capitalize/vb on/in the/at bad/jj feelings/nns between/in the/at two/cd men/nns ./. The/at eventual/jj prize/nn in/in this/dt new/jj battle/nn was/bedz the/at public/jj printing/vbg contract/nn that/wpo Woodruff/np still/rb held/vbd ./. From/in his/pp$ first/od bout/nn with/in the/at canny/jj Woodruff/np ,/, Pike/np had/hvd learned/vbn that/cs it/pps was/bedz better/jjr not/* to/to attack/vb him/ppo directly/rb ,/, so/rb ,/, harping/vbg on/in the/at theme/nn that/cs the/at cost/nn of/in printing/vbg was/bedz too/ql high/jj ,/, he/pps condemned/vbd the/at governor/nn for/in permitting/vbg such/abl a/at state/nn of/in affairs/nns to/to exist/vb ./. To/to document/vb his/pp$ charge/nn ,/, Pike/np set/vbd up/rp two/cd parallel/jj columns/nns in/in The/at-tl Advocate/nn-tl showing/vbg the/at price/nn charged/vbn by/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl and/cc the/at considerably/ql lower/jjr price/nn for/in which/wdt the/at work/nn could/md be/be done/vbn elsewhere/rb ./. Then/rb he/pps called/vbd on/in the/at governor/nn to/to explain/vb why/wrb ./. The/at governor/nn was/bedz not/* used/vbn to/in having/hvg his/pp$ integrity/nn questioned/vbn ,/, and/cc he/pps promptly/rb passed/vbd the/at charges/nns on/rp to/in Woodruff/np ,/, demanding/vbg that/cs Woodruff/np answer/vb them/ppo ./. If/cs Woodruff/np could/md not/* furnish/vb a/at strong/jj explanation/nn ,/, the/at governor/nn insisted/vbd that/cs he/pps lower/vb his/pp$ prices/nns in/in accord/nn with/in the/at scale/nn printed/vbn in/in The/at-tl Advocate/nn-tl ./. Woodruff/np was/bedz now/rb impaled/vbn on/in the/at horns/nns of/in a/at dilemma/nn ./. As/cs a/at proud/jj man/nn ,/, his/pp$ prestige/nn would/md suffer/vb if/cs he/pps let/vb Pike/np dictate/vb to/in him/ppo through/in the/at governor's/nn$ office/nn ,/, but/cc to/to lower/vb his/pp$ prices/nns would/md be/be tantamount/jj to/in an/at admission/nn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben too/ql high/jj in/in the/at first/od place/nn ./. As/cs a/at consequence/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod neither/dtx ./. Very/ql angry/jj at/in Woodruff/np ,/, the/at governor/nn used/vbd his/pp$ personal/jj influence/nn to/to have/hv the/at printing/vbg contract/nn withdrawn/vbn from/in The/at-tl Gazette/nn-tl and/cc awarded/vbn to/in the/at lowest/jjt bidder/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, by/in a/at strange/jj coincidence/nn ,/, happened/vbn to/to be/be Pike's/np$ Advocate/nn-tl ./. And/cc ,/, for/in the/at moment/nn at/in least/ap ,/, the/at governor/nn now/rb found/vbd himself/ppl allied/vbn with/in the/at head/nn of/in the/at Crittenden/np faction/nn he/pps had/hvd formerly/rb opposed/vbn ,/, and/cc Pike/np was/bedz credited/vbn with/in a/at clear/jj triumph/nn over/in Woodruff/np ./. But/cc in/in the/at confused/vbn atmosphere/nn of/in frontier/nn politics/nn ,/, alliances/nns were/bed as/ql quickly/rb broken/vbn as/cs they/ppss were/bed formed/vbn ,/, and/cc as/cs Pike/np came/vbd to/to favor/vb with/in the/at governor/nn of/in the/at Territory/nn-tl ,/, the/at governor/nn fell/vbd out/in of/in favor/nn with/in the/at President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. On/in January/np 28/cd ,/, 1835/cd ,/, Andrew/np Jackson/np removed/vbd Pope/nn-tl from/in office/nn and/cc elevated/vbn Territorial/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl William/np S./np Fulton/np to/in the/at position/nn ./. Fulton/np was/bedz a/at very/ql close/jj friend/nn of/in Jackson/np ,/, and/cc had/hvd been/ben his/pp$ private/jj secretary/nn for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns in/in the/at old/jj days/nns ./. As/cs a/at stanch/jj party/nn man/nn and/cc a/at rabid/jj Democrat/np ,/, he/pps had/hvd little/ap tolerance/nn for/in Whigs/nps like/cs Pike/np ,/, and/cc Pike/np lost/vbd any/dti immediate/jj personal/jj advantage/nn his/pp$ victory/nn over/in Woodruff/np might/md have/hv gained/vbn him/ppo ./. 2/cd ;/. ;/. as/cs Pike/np proved/vbd himself/ppl adept/jj in/in the/at political/jj arena/nn ,/, he/pps also/rb became/vbd a/at social/jj lion/nn in/in the/at village/nn of/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps served/vbd as/cs a/at symbol/nn of/in the/at culture/nn that/cs the/at ladies/nns of/in the/at town/nn were/bed striving/vbg so/ql eagerly/rb to/to cultivate/vb ./. After/in all/abn ,/, Pike/np was/bedz an/at established/vbn poet/nn and/cc his/pp$ work/nn had/hvd been/ben published/vbn in/in the/at respectable/jj periodicals/nns of/in that/dt center/nn of/in American/jj culture/nn ,/, Boston/np ./. His/pp$ accomplishments/nns ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz resident/jj ,/, did/dod much/ap to/to offset/vb the/at unkind/jj words/nns travelers/nns used/vbd to/to describe/vb Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl after/in a/at visit/nn there/rb ./. For/in some/dti reason/nn ,/, none/pn of/in them/ppo were/bed impressed/vbn with/in the/at territorial/jj capital/nn ./. The/at internationally/rb known/vbn sportsman/nn and/cc traveler/nn Friedrich/np Gerstacker/np was/bedz typical/jj of/in its/pp$ detractors/nns in/in the/at mid-thirties/nns ./. ``/`` Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl is/bez a/at vile/jj ,/, detestable/jj place/nn ./. ''/'' He/pps wrote/vbd ./. ``/`` Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl is/bez ,/, without/in any/dti flattery/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at dullest/jjt towns/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc I/ppss would/md not/* have/hv remained/vbn two/cd hours/nns in/in the/at place/nn ,/, if/cs I/ppss had/hvd not/* met/vbn with/in some/dti good/jj friends/nns who/wps made/vbd me/ppo forget/vb its/pp$ dreariness/nn ''/'' ./. Pike/np enjoyed/vbd his/pp$ new/jj social/jj position/nn tremendously/rb ,/, and/cc cultivated/vbd in/in himself/ppl those/dts traits/nns necessary/jj to/in its/pp$ preservation/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz especially/ql popular/jj with/in women/nns ,/, for/cs ,/, like/cs the/at romantic/jj poetry/nn he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, he/pps was/bedz personally/rb gracious/jj ,/, gallant/jj ,/, and/cc chivalrous/jj ./. He/pps again/rb began/vbd to/to play/vb the/at violin/nn ,/, and/cc tucking/vbg the/at instrument/nn beneath/in his/pp$ chin/nn ,/, performed/vbd soulful/jj and/cc romantic/jj airs/nns to/in match/vb the/at expressions/nns on/in the/at faces/nns of/in the/at lovely/jj women/nns who/wps gathered/vbd to/to hear/vb him/ppo ./. His/pp$ artistic/jj accomplishments/nns guaranteed/vbd him/ppo entry/nn into/in any/dti social/jj gathering/nn ./. He/pps composed/vbd songs/nns and/cc set/vbd them/ppo to/in music/nn and/cc sang/vbd them/ppo in/in a/at soft/jj ,/, melodious/jj voice/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb his/pp$ audience/nn had/hvd had/hvn enough/ap of/in music/nn he/pps would/md discourse/vb on/in politics/nn or/cc tell/vb stories/nns of/in his/pp$ western/jj adventures/nns guaranteed/vbn to/to excite/vb the/at emotions/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns alike/rb ./. The/at bulk/nn of/in his/pp$ early/jj reputation/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, came/vbd not/* from/in his/pp$ poetry/nn or/cc his/pp$ music/nn ,/, but/cc from/in his/pp$ excellence/nn as/cs an/at orator/nn ./. By/in 1834/cd the/at art/nn of/in oratory/nn had/hvd reached/vbn a/at very/ql high/jj level/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs a/at literary/jj form/nn ./. The/at orator/nn of/in this/dt period/nn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to earn/vb a/at reputation/nn ,/, had/hvd to/to pay/vb close/jj attention/nn to/in the/at formal/jj composition/nn of/in his/pp$ speech/nn ,/, judging/vbg how/wrb it/pps would/md appear/vb in/in print/nn as/rb well/rb as/rb the/at effect/nn it/pps would/md have/hv on/in the/at audience/nn that/wps heard/vbd it/ppo ./. Very/ql soon/rb after/in his/pp$ arrival/nn in/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl ,/, Pike/np had/hvd joined/vbn one/cd of/in the/at most/ql influential/jj organizations/nns in/in town/nn ,/, the/at Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl Debating/vbg-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz with/in this/dt group/nn that/cs he/pps made/vbd his/pp$ debut/nn as/cs an/at orator/nn ,/, being/beg invited/vbn to/to deliver/vb the/at annual/jj Fourth/od-tl of/in-tl July/np-tl address/nn the/at club/nn sponsored/vbd every/at year/nn ./.

cg53

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easy:1 chain:2 parade:1 lecture:1 example:1 prison:1 various:1 languish:1 winter:1

Samuel/np Gorton/np ,/, founder/nn of/in Warwick/np ,/, was/bedz styled/vbn by/in the/at historian/nn Samuel/np Greene/np Arnold/np ``/`` one/cd of/in the/at most/ql remarkable/jj men/nns who/wps ever/rb lived/vbd ''/'' ./. A/at biographer/nn called/vbd him/ppo ``/`` the/at premature/jj John/np-tl the/at-tl Baptist/np-tl of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl Transcendentalism/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at historian/nn Charles/np Francis/np Adams/np called/vbd him/ppo ``/`` a/at crude/jj and/cc half-crazy/jj thinker/nn ''/'' ./. His/pp$ contemporaries/nns in/in Massachusetts/np called/vbd him/ppo an/at arch-heretic/nn ,/, a/at beast/nn ,/, a/at miscreant/nn ,/, a/at proud/jj and/cc pestilent/jj seducer/nn ,/, a/at prodigious/jj minter/nn of/in exorbitant/jj novelties/nns ./. Edward/np Rawson/np ,/, secretary/nn of/in the/at colony/nn of/in Massachusetts/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ,/, described/vbd him/ppo as/cs ``/`` a/at man/nn whose/wp$ spirit/nn was/bedz stark/ql drunk/jj with/in blasphemies/nns and/cc insolence/nn ,/, a/at corrupter/nn of/in the/at truth/nn ,/, a/at disturber/nn of/in the/at peace/nn wherever/wrb he/pps comes/vbz ''/'' ./. Nathaniel/np Morton/np stated/vbd he/pps ``/`` was/bedz deeply/rb leavened/vbn with/in blasphemous/jj and/cc familistical/jj opinions/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz thrown/vbn out/rp ,/, more/rbr or/cc less/rbr ,/, from/in Boston/np ,/, Plymouth/np ,/, Pocasset/np ,/, Newport/np ,/, and/cc Providence/np ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Ezra/np Styles/np recorded/vbd the/at following/vbg testimony/nn of/in John/np Angell/np ,/, the/at last/ap disciple/nn of/in Gorton/np :/: ``/`` He/pps said/vbd Gorton/np was/bedz a/at holy/jj man/nn ;/. ;/. wept/vbd day/nn and/cc night/nn for/cs the/at sins/nns and/cc blindness/nn of/in the/at world/nn had/hvd a/at long/jj walk/nn through/in the/at trees/nns and/cc woods/nns by/in his/pp$ house/nn ,/, where/wrb he/pps constantly/rb walked/vbd morning/nn and/cc evening/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb in/in the/at depths/nns of/in the/at night/nn ,/, alone/rb by/in himself/ppl ,/, for/in contemplation/nn and/cc the/at enjoyment/nn of/in the/at dispensation/nn of/in light/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz universally/ql beloved/jj by/in his/pp$ neighbours/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Indians/nps ,/, who/wps esteemed/vbd him/ppo ,/, not/* only/rb as/cs a/at friend/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd high/jj in/in communion/nn with/in God/np in/in Heaven/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Gorton/np sometimes/rb signed/vbd himself/ppl ``/`` a/at professor/nn of/in the/at mysteries/nns of/in Christ/np ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez plenty/nn more/ap to/to recommend/vb Gorton/np ,/, the/at facts/nns of/in whose/wp$ life/nn are/ber given/vbn in/in The/at-tl Life/nn-tl And/cc-tl Times/nns-tl Of/in-tl Samuel/np-tl Gorton/np-tl ,/, by/in Adelos/np Gorton/np ./. He/pps fought/vbd like/cs a/at fiend/nn for/in the/at helpless/jj and/cc oppressed/vbn ,/, worked/vbd for/in the/at abolition/nn of/in slavery/nn ,/, helped/vbd the/at Quakers/nps and/cc Indians/nps ,/, and/cc worked/vbd against/in the/at prosecution/nn of/in witches/nns ./. He/pps defied/vbd the/at Boston/np hierarchy/nn ,/, and/cc after/cs they/ppss sent/vbd a/at small/jj army/nn to/to get/vb him/ppo he/pps befuddled/vbd the/at court/nn ,/, including/in John/np Cotton/np ,/, with/in one/cd of/in the/at most/ql complicated/vbn religious/jj discourses/nns ever/rb heard/vbn ./. Samuel/np Gorton/np was/bedz born/vbn at/in Gorton/np ,/, England/np ,/, near/in the/at present/jj city/nn of/in Manchester/np ,/, about/rb 1592/cd ./. Although/cs he/pps did/dod not/* attend/vb any/dti celebrated/vbn schools/nns or/cc universities/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at master/nn of/in Greek/np and/cc Hebrew/np and/cc could/md read/vb the/at Bible/np in/in the/at original/nn ./. He/pps worked/vbd as/cs a/at ``/`` clothier/nn ''/'' in/in London/np ,/, but/cc was/bedz greatly/rb concerned/vbn with/in religion/nn ./. Gorton/np left/vbd England/np ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to enjoy/vb libertie/nn of/in conscience/nn in/in respect/nn to/in faith/nn towards/in God/np ,/, and/cc for/in no/at other/ap end/nn ''/'' ./. With/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc three/cd or/cc more/ap children/nns he/pps arrived/vbd in/in Boston/np in/in March/np ,/, 1637/cd ,/, and/cc soon/rb found/vbd it/pps was/bedz no/at place/nn for/in anyone/pn looking/vbg for/in liberty/nn of/in conscience/nn ./. Roger/np Williams/np had/hvd recently/rb been/ben thrown/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc Anne/np Hutchinson/np and/cc her/pp$ Antinomians/nps were/bed slugging/vbg it/ppo out/rp with/in the/at powers-that-be/nns ./. Gorton/np and/cc his/pp$ family/nn moved/vbd to/in Plymouth/np ./. Soon/rb he/pps was/bedz in/in trouble/nn there/rb ,/, for/in defending/vbg a/at woman/nn who/wps was/bedz accused/vbn of/in smiling/vbg in/in church/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz Ellen/np Aldridge/np ,/, a/at widow/nn of/in good/jj repute/nn who/wps was/bedz employed/vbn by/in Gorton's/np$ wife/nn and/cc lived/vbd with/in the/at family/nn ./. The/at report/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` It/pps had/hvd been/ben whispered/vbn privately/rb that/cs she/pps had/hvd smiled/vbn in/in the/at congregation/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Governor/nn-tl Prence/np sent/vbd to/to knoe/vb her/pp$ business/nn ,/, and/cc command/vb ,/, after/in punishment/nn as/cs the/at bench/nn see/vb fit/vbn ,/, her/pp$ departure/nn and/cc also/rb anyone/pn who/wps brought/vbd her/ppo to/in the/at place/nn from/in which/wdt she/pps came/vbd '/' ''/'' ./. Gorton/np said/vbd they/ppss were/bed preparing/vbg to/to deport/vb her/ppo as/cs a/at vagabond/nn ,/, and/cc to/to escape/vb the/at shame/nn she/pps fled/vbd to/in the/at woods/nns for/in several/ap days/nns ,/, returning/vbg at/in night/nn ./. He/pps advised/vbd the/at poor/jj woman/nn not/* to/to appear/vb in/in court/nn as/cs what/wdt she/pps was/bedz charged/vbn with/in was/bedz not/* in/in violation/nn of/in law/nn ./. Gorton/np appeared/vbd for/in her/ppo ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc what/wdt he/pps told/vbd the/at magistrates/nns must/md have/hv been/ben plenty/nn ,/, for/cs he/pps was/bedz charged/vbn with/in deluding/vbg the/at court/nn ,/, fined/vbn ,/, and/cc told/vbn to/to leave/vb the/at colony/nn within/in fourteen/cd days/nns ./. He/pps left/vbd in/in a/at storm/nn for/in Pocasset/np ,/, December/np 4/cd ,/, 1638/cd ./. His/pp$ wife/nn was/bedz in/in delicate/jj health/nn and/cc nursing/vbg an/at infant/nn with/in measles/nn ./. The/at unconquerable/jj Mrs./np Hutchinson/np was/bedz residing/vbg at/in Pocasset/np ,/, after/cs having/hvg been/ben excommunicated/vbn by/in the/at Boston/np church/nn and/cc thrown/vbn out/in of/in the/at colony/nn ./. One/pn can/md imagine/vb that/cs with/in her/ppo and/cc Gorton/np there/rb it/pps was/bedz no/at place/nn for/in anyone/pn with/in weak/jj nerves/nns ./. William/np Coddington/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz running/vbg the/at colony/nn ,/, felt/vbd constrained/vbn to/to move/vb seven/cd miles/nns south/nr where/wrb ,/, with/in others/nns --/-- as/cs mentioned/vbn above/rb --/-- he/pps founded/vbd Newport/np ./. When/wrb ,/, in/in March/np ,/, 1640/cd ,/, the/at two/cd towns/nns were/bed united/vbn under/in Coddington/np ,/, Gorton/np claimed/vbd the/at union/nn was/bedz irregular/jj and/cc illegally/rb constituted/vbn and/cc that/cs it/pps had/hvd never/rb been/ben sanctioned/vbn by/in the/at majority/nn of/in freeholders/nns ./. Then/rb he/pps became/vbd involved/vbn in/in a/at ruckus/nn remarkably/ql similar/jj to/in the/at one/cd in/in Plymouth/np ./. A/at cow/nn owned/vbn by/in an/at old/jj woman/nn trespassed/vbd on/in Gorton's/np$ land/nn ./. While/cs driving/vbg the/at cow/nn back/rb home/nr the/at woman/nn was/bedz assaulted/vbn by/in a/at servant/nn maid/nn of/in Gorton/np ./. The/at old/jj woman/nn complained/vbd to/in the/at deputy/nn governor/nn ,/, who/wps ordered/vbd the/at servant/nn brought/vbn before/in the/at court/nn ./. Gorton/np reverted/vbd to/in his/pp$ Plymouth/np tactics/nns ,/, refused/vbd to/to let/vb her/ppo go/vb ,/, and/cc appeared/vbd himself/ppl before/in the/at Portsmouth/np grand/jj jury/nn ./. During/in the/at trial/nn he/pps told/vbd off/rp the/at jury/nn ,/, called/vbd them/ppo ``/`` Just/jj Asses/nns ''/'' and/cc called/vbd a/at freeman/nn ``/`` a/at saucy/jj boy/nn and/cc Jack-an-Apes/np ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz jailed/vbn and/cc banished/vbn ./. Gorton/np then/rb moved/vbd to/in Providence/np and/cc soon/rb put/vbd the/at town/nn in/in a/at turmoil/nn ./. He/pps held/vbd that/cs no/at group/nn of/in colonists/nns could/md set/vb up/rp or/cc maintain/vb a/at government/nn without/in royal/jj sanction/nn ./. Since/cs Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl at/in that/dt time/nn did/dod not/* have/hv such/jj sanction/nn ,/, his/pp$ opinion/nn was/bedz not/* popular/jj ./. Roger/np Williams/np wrote/vbd his/pp$ friend/nn Winthrop/np as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` Master/nn-tl Gorton/np ,/, having/hvg foully/rb abused/vbn high/jj and/cc low/jj at/in Aquidneck/np is/bez now/rb bewitching/vbg and/cc bemaddening/vbg poor/jj Providence/np ,/, both/abx with/in his/pp$ unclean/jj and/cc foul/jj censures/nns of/in all/abn the/at ministers/nns of/in this/dt country/nn (/( for/in which/wdt myself/ppl have/hv in/in Christ's/np$ name/nn withstood/vbn him/ppo )/) ,/, and/cc also/rb denying/vbg all/ql visible/jj and/cc external/jj ordinances/nns in/in depth/nn of/in Familism/np :/: almost/ql all/abn suck/vb in/rp his/pp$ poison/nn ,/, as/cs at/in first/rb they/ppss did/dod at/in Aquidneck/np ./. Some/dti few/ap and/cc myself/ppl withstand/vb his/pp$ inhabitation/nn and/cc town/nn privileges/nns ,/, without/in confession/nn and/cc reformation/nn of/in his/pp$ uncivil/jj and/cc inhuman/jj practices/nns at/in Portsmouth/np ;/. ;/. yet/cc the/at tide/nn is/bez too/ql strong/jj against/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc I/ppss fear/vb (/( if/cs the/at framer/nn of/in hearts/nns help/vb not/* )/) it/pps will/md force/vb me/ppo to/in little/ap Patience/np ,/, a/at little/jj isle/nn next/in to/in your/pp$ Prudence/np ''/'' ./. Williams/np also/rb stated/vbd :/: ``/`` Our/pp$ peace/nn was/bedz like/cs the/at peace/nn of/in a/at man/nn who/wps hath/hvz the/at tertian/nn ague/nn ''/'' ./. Providence/np finally/rb managed/vbd to/to get/vb Gorton/np out/in of/in the/at town/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps and/cc some/dti friends/nns bought/vbd land/nn at/in Pawtuxet/np on/in the/at west/jj side/nn of/in Narragansett/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ,/, five/cd miles/nns south/nr but/cc still/rb within/in the/at jurisdiction/nn of/in the/at Providence/np colony/nn ./. This/dt town/nn should/md not/* be/be confused/vbn with/in Pawtucket/np ,/, just/rb north/nr of/in Providence/np ,/, or/cc Pawcatuck/np ,/, Connecticut/np ,/, on/in the/at Pawcatuck/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, opposite/in Westerly/np ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. Up/in to/in now/rb ,/, Gorton/np had/hvd been/ben looking/vbg for/in trouble/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb that/cs he/pps was/bedz trying/vbg to/to get/vb away/rb from/in it/ppo ,/, trouble/nn started/vbd looking/vbg for/in him/ppo ./. Upon/in intelligence/nn that/cs the/at formidable/jj agitator/nn was/bedz to/to favor/vb them/ppo with/in his/pp$ presence/nn ,/, the/at benighted/jj inhabitants/nns of/in Pawtuxet/np ,/, alas/uh ,/, gave/vbd their/pp$ allegiance/nn to/in Massachusetts/np and/cc asked/vbd that/dt colony/nn to/to expel/vb the/at newcomers/nns ./. As/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at custom/nn of/in that/dt alert/jj colony/nn to/to take/vb over/rp the/at property/nn of/in persons/nns asking/vbg for/in protection/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz an/at act/nn roughly/ql equivalent/jj to/in throwing/vbg open/jj the/at door/nn to/in a/at pack/nn of/in wolves/nns and/cc saying/vbg ``/`` Come/vb and/cc get/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. Gorton/np and/cc company/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, promptly/rb bought/vbd land/nn from/in Miantonomi/np a/at few/ap miles/nns south/nr of/in Pawtuxet/np ,/, extending/vbg from/in the/at present/jj Gaspee/np-tl Point/nn-tl south/nr to/in Warwick/np Neck/np and/cc twenty/cd miles/nns inland/rb ./. The/at settlement/nn was/bedz called/vbn Shawomet/np ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* within/in the/at jurisdiction/nn of/in anybody/pn or/cc anything/pn ,/, including/in Providence/np and/cc Massachusetts/np ./. If/cs Gorton/np wanted/vbd peace/nn and/cc quiet/nn for/in his/pp$ complicated/vbn meditations/nns this/dt is/bez where/wrb he/pps should/md have/hv had/hvn it/ppo ./. Instead/rb of/in that/dt he/pps was/bedz engulfed/vbn by/in bedlam/nn ./. Pomham/np and/cc Soconoco/np ,/, a/at couple/nn of/in minor/jj sachems/nns (/( of/in something/pn less/ap than/cs exalted/vbn character/nn )/) under/in Miantonomi/np ,/, declared/vbd that/cs they/ppss had/hvd never/rb assented/vbn to/in the/at sale/nn of/in land/nn to/in Gorton/np and/cc had/hvd never/rb received/vbn anything/pn for/in it/ppo ./. Following/vbg the/at glorious/jj lead/nn of/in the/at heroes/nns of/in Pawtuxet/np ,/, they/ppss also/rb submitted/vbd themselves/ppls to/in the/at protection/nn of/in Massachusetts/np ./. One/cd historical/jj authority/nn presents/vbz laborious/jj and/cc circuitous/jj testimony/nn tending/vbg to/to arouse/vb suspicion/nn that/cs Massachusetts/np was/bedz behind/in the/at clouds/nns settling/vbg down/rp on/in the/at embattled/vbn Gorton/np ./. However/rb ,/, the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl at/in Boston/np ordered/vbd the/at purchasers/nns of/in Shawomet/np to/to appear/vb before/in them/ppo to/to answer/vb the/at sachems'/nns$ claim/nn ./. The/at purchasers/nns rejected/vbd the/at order/nn in/in two/cd letters/nns written/vbn in/in vigorous/jj terms/nns ./. Then/rb Massachusetts/np switched/vbd to/in its/pp$ standard/jj tactics/nns ./. It/pps pointed/vbd out/rp twenty-six/cd instances/nns of/in blasphemy/nn in/in the/at letters/nns ,/, and/cc ordered/vbd the/at writers/nns to/to submit/vb or/cc force/nn of/in arms/nns would/md be/be used/vbn ./. The/at next/ap week/nn ,/, forty/cd soldiers/nns were/bed sent/vbn to/to get/vb the/at miscreants/nns ./. The/at latter/ap tried/vbd to/to arbitrate/vb through/in a/at delegation/nn from/in Providence/np ,/, which/wdt offer/nn was/bedz declined/vbn by/in the/at invaders/nns ./. The/at Commissioners/nns-tl at/in Boston/np wrote/vbd the/at victims/nns to/to see/vb their/pp$ misdeeds/nns and/cc repent/vb or/cc they/ppss should/md ``/`` look/vb upon/rb them/ppo as/cs men/nns prepared/vbn for/in slaughter/nn ''/'' ./. At/in Shawomet/np ,/, women/nns and/cc children/nns fled/vbd in/in terror/nn across/in the/at Bay/nn-tl ./. The/at men/nns fortified/vbd a/at blockhouse/nn and/cc got/vbd ready/jj to/to fight/vb ,/, but/cc meanwhile/rb appealed/vbd to/in the/at King/nn-tl and/cc again/rb tried/vbd to/to arbitrate/vb ./. Gorton/np evidently/rb still/rb had/hvd plenty/nn to/to learn/vb about/in Massachusetts/np ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz learning/vbg fast/rb ./. Governor/nn-tl Winthrop/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` You/ppss may/md do/do well/rb to/to take/vb notice/nn ,/, that/cs besides/rb the/at title/nn to/in land/nn between/in the/at English/nps and/cc the/at Indians/nps there/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber twelve/cd of/in the/at English/nps that/wps have/hv subscribed/vbn their/pp$ names/nns to/in horrible/jj and/cc detestable/jj blasphemies/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber rather/rb to/to be/be judged/vbn as/ql blasphemous/jj than/cs they/ppss should/md delude/vb us/ppo by/in winning/vbg time/nn under/in pretence/nn of/in arbitration/nn ''/'' ./. The/at attack/nn started/vbd on/in October/np 2/cd ,/, 1643/cd ,/, and/cc the/at Gortonists/nps held/vbd out/rp for/in a/at day/nn and/cc a/at night/nn ./. The/at attackers/nns sent/vbd for/in more/ap soldiers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at defenders/nns ,/, to/to save/vb bloodshed/nn ,/, surrendered/vbd under/in the/at promise/nn that/cs they/ppss would/md be/be treated/vbn as/cs neighbors/nns ./. Promptly/rb their/pp$ livestock/nn was/bedz taken/vbn and/cc according/in to/in Gorton/np the/at soldiers/nns were/bed ordered/vbn to/to knock/vb down/rp anyone/pn who/wps should/md utter/vb a/at word/nn of/in insolence/nn ,/, and/cc run/vb through/in anyone/pn who/wps might/md step/vb out/in of/in line/nn ./. When/wrb the/at captives/nns arrived/vbd in/in Boston/np ,/, ``/`` the/at chaplain/nn (/( of/in their/pp$ captors/nns )/) went/vbd to/in prayers/nns in/in the/at open/jj streets/nns ,/, that/cs the/at people/nns might/md take/vb notice/nn what/wdt they/ppss had/hvd done/vbn in/in a/at holy/jj manner/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at Lord/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Gorton/np and/cc ten/cd of/in his/pp$ friends/nns were/bed thrown/vbn in/in jail/nn ./. On/in Sunday/nr they/ppss refused/vbd to/to attend/vb church/nn ./. The/at magistrates/nns were/bed determined/vbn to/to compel/vb them/ppo ./. The/at prisoners/nns agreed/vbd ,/, provided/vbn they/ppss might/md speak/vb after/in the/at sermon/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz permitted/vbn ./. Here/rb was/bedz Gorton's/np$ chance/nn to/to indulge/vb in/in something/pn at/in which/wdt he/pps was/bedz supreme/jj ./. The/at Boston/np elders/nns were/bed great/jj at/in befuddling/vbg the/at opposition/nn with/in torrents/nns of/in ecclesiastical/jj obscurities/nns ,/, but/cc Gorton/np was/bedz better/jjr ./. Reverend/np Cotton/nn-tl preached/vbd to/in them/ppo about/in Demetrius/np and/cc the/at shrines/nns of/in Ephesus/np ./. Gorton/np replied/vbd with/in blasts/nns that/wps scandalized/vbd the/at congregation/nn ./. At/in the/at trial/nn which/wdt took/vbd place/nn later/rbr ,/, the/at Pomham/np matter/nn was/bedz completely/rb omitted/vbn ./. The/at Gortonists/nps were/bed charged/vbn with/in blasphemy/nn and/cc tried/vbn for/in their/pp$ lives/nns ./. Four/cd ecclesiastical/jj questions/nns were/bed presented/vbn by/in the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl to/in Gorton/np :/: ``/`` 1/cd ./. Whether/cs the/at Fathers/nns-tl ,/, who/wps died/vbd before/cs Christ/np was/bedz born/vbn of/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np-tl ,/, were/bed justified/vbn and/cc saved/vbn only/rb by/in the/at blood/nn which/wdt he/pps shed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at death/nn which/wdt he/pps suffered/vbd after/in his/pp$ incarnation/nn ?/. ?/. 2/cd ./. Whether/cs the/at only/ap price/nn of/in our/pp$ redemption/nn were/bed not/* the/at death/nn of/in Christ/np on/in the/at cross/nn ,/, with/in the/at rest/nn of/in his/pp$ sufferings/nns and/cc obediences/nns ,/, in/in the/at time/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn here/rb ,/, after/cs he/pps was/bedz born/vbn of/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np-tl ?/. ?/. 3/cd ./. Who/wps was/bedz the/at God/np whom/wpo he/pps thinke/vb we/ppss serve/vb ?/. ?/. 4/cd ./. What/wdt he/pps means/vbz when/wrb he/pps saith/vbz ,/, wee/ppss worship/vb the/at starre/nn of/in our/pp$ God/np Remphan/np ,/, Chion/np ,/, Moloch/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. Gorton/np answered/vbd in/in writing/vbg ./. All/abn of/in the/at elders/nns except/in three/cd voted/vbd for/in death/nn ,/, but/cc a/at majority/nn of/in the/at deputies/nns refused/vbd to/to sanction/vb the/at sentence/nn ./. Seven/cd of/in the/at prisoners/nns were/bed sentenced/vbn to/to be/be confined/vbn in/in irons/nns for/in as/ql long/rb as/cs it/pps pleased/vbd the/at court/nn ,/, set/vbd to/in work/nn and/cc ,/, if/cs they/ppss broke/vbd jail/nn or/cc proclaimed/vbd heresy/nn ,/, to/to be/be executed/vbn if/cs convicted/vbn ./. The/at three/cd others/nns got/vbd off/rp easier/rbr ./. The/at convicts/nns were/bed put/vbn in/in chains/nns ,/, paraded/vbn before/in the/at congregation/nn at/in the/at Reverend/np Cotton's/np$ lecture/nn as/cs an/at example/nn ,/, and/cc sent/vbn to/in prisons/nns in/in various/jj towns/nns ,/, where/wrb they/ppss languished/vbd all/abn winter/nn ,/, chains/nns included/vbn ./.

cg54

cg54 |@word fred:10 wheel:1 back:6 room:1 big:2 one:7 look:2 porch:1 put:2 bed:1 papa:20 tell:8 tired:1 enjoy:1 greatly:1 trip:1 downtown:2 coope:1 long:7 add:1 get:5 see:5 old:4 friend:3 give:10 spirit:2 lift:1 night:3 supper:1 go:11 48:2 spruce:2 street:2 ralph:6 time:4 live:1 168:1 chestnut:1 still:3 elated:1 afternoon:2 visit:4 baby:1 lot:3 eye:1 bright:1 mighty:1 good:4 man:10 next:1 day:4 seem:1 fairly:2 shape:1 excellent:1 return:4 begin:4 hemorrhage:4 beginning:1 early:1 complete:1 disintegration:1 morning:1 quickly:3 massive:1 dr:5 glenn:4 could:5 wire:1 tom:21 desperate:1 condition:3 prostate:1 region:1 happen:1 lose:1 much:5 blood:10 say:9 take:4 replace:1 speak:1 plenty:1 let:3 doctor:6 agree:3 explain:3 would:20 necessary:1 first:4 check:1 ascertain:1 whether:4 type:2 patient:3 wrong:1 likely:1 kill:1 bank:1 course:1 transfusion:2 directly:1 donor:2 find:1 usually:1 whose:1 correspond:1 considerably:1 make:5 preparation:1 sample:1 laboratory:1 test:2 thing:3 require:2 preliminary:1 procedure:1 come:3 fre:5 perhaps:1 two:4 match:1 father:2 right:2 name:3 god:2 demand:1 late:3 past:3 help:2 minute:1 dead:1 well:4 midnight:2 leave:4 hour:1 ben:1 pass:1 date:1 june:2 20:1 1922:1 wolfe:2 prominent:1 business:2 pioneer:1 resident:1 section:1 die:2 shortly:1 tuesday:1 home:6 asheville:2 times:1 wednesday:1 21:1 announce:1 mr:1 decline:1 health:1 many:5 year:13 death:8 unexpected:1 biographical:1 sketch:1 follow:3 funeral:2 service:1 hold:1 thursday:1 four:2 beloved:2 campbell:1 presbyterian:1 church:1 pastor:1 charge:1 burial:1 riverside:1 cemetery:1 stand:2 tombstone:1 sensitive:1 great:2 hand:1 fashion:1 mama:4 joint:1 provide:3 event:1 either:1 accounting:1 child:3 whereby:1 receive:7 bequest:3 5000:4 cash:1 husband:1 executor:2 estate:4 term:1 qualify:1 pay:4 debt:2 currently:1 due:1 current:2 since:1 never:3 allow:1 bill:5 unpaid:1 principally:1 hospitalization:1 fee:1 last:2 life:3 owe:1 main:1 cost:1 fourteen:1 thousand:1 dollar:2 remember:1 manifestly:1 survive:1 five:2 attempt:1 prorate:1 money:1 account:1 anything:1 consequently:1 college:1 education:2 sign:1 statement:1 effect:1 full:1 effie:1 allot:1 frank:1 half:1 legacy:2 use:2 venture:1 difference:1 amount:1 university:4 north:2 carolina:2 harvard:9 georgia:1 tech:2 carneigie:1 part:1 self:1 student:2 less:1 feel:1 proper:1 hundred:2 remain:1 divide:1 emphasize:1 invalid:1 several:4 hospital:1 large:2 income:1 cut:1 little:2 except:1 small:1 rental:1 property:3 able:2 escape:1 siege:1 invalidism:1 convinced:1 sizable:1 succeed:1 far:1 valuable:1 house:3 land:1 stock:1 bond:1 taxpayer:1 recall:1 taxis:1 exceed:1 800:1 low:2 valuation:1 tax:2 rate:1 payment:1 represent:1 ownership:1 merciful:1 julia:1 know:6 exclaim:1 dog:1 expect:1 shot:1 35:1 spring:3 second:1 offer:1 job:4 northwestern:3 instructor:1 english:1 department:1 delay:1 accept:3 response:1 telegram:1 drop:1 postcard:1 miss:2 mccrady:2 head:1 appointment:1 office:1 ask:4 please:1 write:6 authority:1 circumstance:1 actually:1 postpone:1 answer:1 confident:1 want:8 teach:2 fact:1 anywhere:1 another:1 playwriting:1 complicate:1 financing:1 hope:1 third:3 week:2 arrange:1 work:3 family:1 august:1 explanatory:1 letter:1 matter:1 unsettled:1 stay:1 happy:1 finance:1 professor:4 baker:4 play:15 fury:1 believe:2 seventeen:1 short:2 houghton:1 library:1 think:2 figure:1 fall:2 submit:2 act:2 outline:1 six:1 accord:2 associate:1 also:2 call:3 niggertown:1 material:1 collect:1 summer:3 later:3 welcome:3 city:3 must:1 mannerhouse:1 select:1 production:3 47:1 workshop:1 stage:1 middle:1 may:1 run:2 though:2 generally:1 praise:1 considerable:1 criticism:1 length:2 weakness:1 demonstrate:1 critic:1 point:1 novel:1 character:3 detail:1 condense:1 boil:1 always:1 concerned:1 try:1 picture:1 whole:5 nothing:2 compress:1 tight:1 squeeze:1 despise:1 parsimony:1 particularly:1 word:1 thirty:1 unnamed:1 describe:1 choose:1 defend:1 array:1 declare:2 include:1 save:1 paint:1 threaten:1 someday:1 fifty:1 eighty:1 people:1 town:1 race:1 epoch:1 probably:1 nobody:1 produce:1 soul:1 ease:1 comfort:1 attend:1 session:1 send:1 instead:1 new:4 york:4 theatre:3 guild:3 recommend:1 highly:1 hang:1 around:1 wait:1 hear:1 chapel:1 hill:1 almost:2 childish:1 delight:1 favorite:1 campus:2 spot:1 alumnus:1 contribution:1 graham:3 memorial:2 building:1 fund:1 union:1 honor:1 edward:1 kidder:1 president:1 enter:1 keep:2 finally:1 december:1 turn:1 reconsider:1 assure:1 rewrite:1 evening:1 shut:1 desk:1 sit:1 pull:1 apologetically:1 burst:1 tear:1 disappointed:1 detailed:1 sort:1 public:3 realism:2 fantastic:1 beautiful:1 insist:1 willing:1 revise:1 plan:1 suggest:1 revision:1 ruin:1 change:1 conception:1 treatment:1 accordance:1 suggestion:1

When/wrb Fred/np wheeled/vbd him/ppo back/rb into/in his/pp$ room/nn ,/, the/at big/jj one/cd looking/vbg out/rp on/in the/at back/jj porch/nn ,/, and/cc put/vbd him/ppo to/in bed/nn ,/, Papa/np told/vbd him/ppo he/pps was/bedz very/ql tired/vbn but/cc that/cs he/pps had/hvd enjoyed/vbn greatly/rb the/at trip/nn downtown/nr ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv been/ben cooped/vbn up/rp so/ql long/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps added/vbd ./. Getting/vbg out/rp again/rb ,/, seeing/vbg old/jj friends/nns ,/, had/hvd given/vbn his/pp$ spirits/nns a/at lift/nn ./. That/dt night/nn after/in supper/nn I/ppss went/vbd back/rb over/in to/in 48/cd-tl Spruce/nn-tl Street/nn-tl --/-- Ralph/np and/cc I/ppss at/in that/dt time/nn were/bed living/vbg at/in 168/cd-tl Chestnut/nn-tl --/-- and/cc Ralph/np went/vbd with/in me/ppo ./. Papa/np was/bedz still/rb elated/vbn over/in his/pp$ afternoon/nn visit/nn downtown/nr ./. ``/`` Baby/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss saw/vbd a/at lot/nn of/in old/jj friends/nns I/ppss hadn't/hvd* seen/vbn in/in a/at long/jj time/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps told/vbd me/ppo ,/, his/pp$ eyes/nns bright/jj ./. ``/`` It/pps was/bedz mighty/ql good/jj for/in the/at old/jj man/nn to/to get/vb out/rp again/rb ''/'' ./. The/at next/ap day/nn he/pps seemed/vbd to/to be/be in/in fairly/ql good/jj shape/nn and/cc still/rb in/in excellent/jj spirits/nns ./. But/cc a/at few/ap days/nns after/in Fred's/np$ return/nn he/pps began/vbd hemorrhaging/vbg and/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at beginning/nn of/in early/jj and/cc complete/jj disintegration/nn ./. It/pps began/vbd in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, and/cc very/ql quickly/rb the/at hemorrhage/nn was/bedz a/at massive/jj one/cd ./. We/ppss got/vbd Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np to/in him/ppo as/ql quickly/rb as/cs we/ppss could/md ,/, and/cc we/ppss wired/vbd Tom/np of/in Papa's/np$ desperate/jj condition/nn ./. The/at hemorrhage/nn was/bedz in/in the/at prostate/nn region/nn ;/. ;/. Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np saw/vbd at/in once/rb what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn ./. ``/`` He/pps has/hvz lost/vbn much/ap blood/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` It'll/pps+md take/vb a/at lot/nn to/to replace/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np ,/, I've/ppss+hv got/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in blood/nn ''/'' ,/, Fred/np spoke/vbd up/rp ,/, ``/`` plenty/nn of/in it/ppo ./. Let/vb me/ppo give/vb Papa/np blood/nn ''/'' ./. The/at doctor/nn agreed/vbd ,/, but/cc explained/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md be/be necessary/jj first/rb to/to check/vb Fred's/np$ blood/nn to/to ascertain/vb whether/cs or/cc not/* it/pps was/bedz of/in the/at same/ap type/nn as/cs Papa's/np$ ./. To/to give/vb a/at patient/nn the/at wrong/jj type/nn of/in blood/nn ,/, said/vbd the/at doctor/nn ,/, would/md likely/rb kill/vb him/ppo ./. That/dt was/bedz in/in the/at days/nns before/in blood/nn banks/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, and/cc transfusions/nns had/hvd to/to be/be given/vbn directly/rb from/in donor/nn to/in patient/nn ./. One/pn had/hvd to/to find/vb a/at donor/nn ,/, and/cc usually/rb very/ql quickly/rb ,/, whose/wp$ blood/nn corresponded/vbd with/in the/at patient's/nn$ ./. And/cc then/rb it/pps took/vbd considerably/ql longer/rbr to/to make/vb preparations/nns for/in giving/vbg transfusions/nns ./. They/ppss had/hvd to/to take/vb blood/nn samples/nns to/in the/at laboratory/nn to/to test/vb them/ppo ,/, for/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz much/ap required/vbn preliminary/jj procedure/nn ./. They/ppss made/vbd the/at tests/nns and/cc came/vbd to/in Fred/np ;/. ;/. by/in now/rb it/pps was/bedz perhaps/rb two/cd days/nns or/cc longer/rbr after/cs Papa/np had/hvd begun/vbn hemorrhaging/vbg ./. ``/`` Fred/np ,/, your/pp$ blood/nn matches/vbz your/pp$ father's/nn$ ,/, all/ql right/rb ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Glenn/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` But/cc we/ppss aren't/ber* going/vbg to/to let/vb you/ppss give/vb him/ppo any/dti ''/'' ./. ``/`` But/cc why/wrb in/in the/at name/nn of/in God/np can't/md* I/ppss give/vb my/pp$ father/nn blood/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Fred/np demanded/vbn ./. ``/`` Why/wrb can't/md* I/ppss ,/, Doctor/nn-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Because/cs ,/, Fred/np ,/, it/pps could/md do/do him/ppo no/at good/nn ./. It's/pps+bez too/ql late/rb now/rb ./. He's/pps+bez past/in helping/vbg ./. He's/pps+bez as/ql good/jj as/cs gone/vbn ''/'' ./. And/cc in/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns Papa/np was/bedz dead/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz well/ql past/in midnight/nn ./. Papa/np had/hvd left/vbn us/ppo about/rb the/at same/ap hour/nn of/in the/at night/nn that/cs Ben/np had/hvd passed/vbn on/rp ./. The/at date/nn was/bedz June/np 20/cd ,/, 1922/cd ./. ``/`` W./np O./np Wolfe/np ,/, prominent/jj business/nn man/nn and/cc pioneer/nn resident/nn of/in this/dt section/nn ,/, died/vbd shortly/rb after/in midnight/nn Tuesday/nr at/in his/pp$ home/nn 48/cd-tl Spruce/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, the/at Asheville/np-tl Times/nns-tl of/in Wednesday/nr ,/, June/np 21/cd ,/, announced/vbd ./. ``/`` Mr./np Wolfe/np had/hvd been/ben in/in declining/vbg health/nn for/in many/ap years/nns and/cc death/nn was/bedz not/* unexpected/jj ''/'' ./. A/at biographical/jj sketch/nn followed/vbd ./. Funeral/nn services/nns were/bed held/vbn Thursday/nr afternoon/nn at/in four/cd o'clock/rb at/in the/at home/nn ./. Beloved/jj Dr./nn-tl R./np F./np Campbell/np ,/, our/pp$ First/od-tl Presbyterian/np-tl Church/nn-tl pastor/nn ,/, was/bedz in/in charge/nn ./. The/at burial/nn was/bedz out/rp in/in Riverside/np-tl Cemetery/nn-tl ./. All/abn about/in him/ppo stood/vbd tombstones/nns his/pp$ own/jj sensitive/jj great/jj hands/nns had/hvd fashioned/vbn ./. A/at few/ap years/nns before/in his/pp$ death/nn Papa/np had/hvd agreed/vbn with/in Mama/nn-tl to/to make/vb a/at joint/nn will/nn with/in her/ppo in/in which/wdt it/pps would/md be/be provided/vbn that/cs in/in the/at event/nn of/in the/at death/nn of/in either/dtx of/in them/ppo an/at accounting/nn would/md be/be made/vbn to/in their/pp$ children/nns whereby/wrb each/dt child/nn would/md receive/vb a/at bequest/nn of/in $5000/nns cash/nn ./. At/in his/pp$ death/nn Fred/np and/cc Ralph/np ,/, my/pp$ husband/nn ,/, were/bed named/vbn executors/nns of/in the/at estate/nn under/in the/at terms/nns of/in the/at will/nn ./. Fred/np and/cc Ralph/np qualified/vbd as/cs executors/nns and/cc paid/vbd off/rp what/wdt debts/nns were/bed currently/rb due/jj ,/, and/cc they/ppss were/bed all/abn current/jj ,/, since/cs Papa/np was/bedz never/rb one/cd to/to allow/vb bills/nns to/to go/vb unpaid/jj ./. The/at bills/nns were/bed principally/rb for/in hospitalization/nn and/cc doctors'/nns$ fees/nns during/in the/at last/ap years/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps died/vbd he/pps owed/vbd in/in the/at main/jjs only/ap current/jj doctor's/nn$ bills/nns ./. After/cs they/ppss had/hvd paid/vbn all/abn his/pp$ debts/nns and/cc the/at funeral/nn costs/nns ,/, Ralph/np and/cc Fred/np had/hvd some/dti fourteen/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns ,/, as/cs I/ppss remember/vb ,/, with/in which/wdt to/to pay/vb the/at bequests/nns ./. This/dt ,/, manifestly/rb ,/, would/md not/* provide/vb $5000/nns to/in each/dt of/in the/at surviving/vbg five/cd children/nns ./. So/rb what/wdt Fred/np and/cc Ralph/np did/dod was/bedz to/to attempt/vb to/to prorate/vb the/at money/nn fairly/rb by/in taking/vbg into/in account/nn what/wdt each/dt of/in the/at five/cd had/hvd received/vbn ,/, if/cs anything/pn ,/, from/in the/at estate/nn before/in Papa's/np$ death/nn ./. Consequently/rb ,/, Fred/np and/cc Tom/np ,/, the/at two/cd who/wps had/hvd been/ben provided/vbn college/nn educations/nns ,/, signed/vbd statements/nns to/in the/at effect/nn that/cs each/dt had/hvd received/vbn his/pp$ bequest/nn in/in full/jj ,/, and/cc Effie/np and/cc I/ppss were/bed each/dt allotted/vbn $5000/nns ./. Frank/np had/hvd been/ben given/vbn about/rb half/abn his/pp$ legacy/nn to/to use/vb in/in a/at business/nn venture/nn before/in Papa's/np$ death/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps was/bedz given/vbn the/at difference/nn between/in that/dt amount/nn and/cc $5000/nns ./. Tom/np had/hvd received/vbn four/cd years/nns of/in education/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl and/cc two/cd at/in Harvard/np ,/, and/cc Fred/np had/hvd been/ben in/in and/cc out/in of/in Georgia/np Tech/np and/cc Carneigie/np Tech/np and/cc part/nn of/in the/at time/nn had/hvd been/ben a/at self-help/nn student/nn ./. So/rb ,/, because/cs he/pps had/hvd received/vbn less/ap than/cs Tom/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz felt/vbn proper/jj that/cs Fred/np should/md receive/vb the/at few/ap hundred/cd dollars/nns that/wps remained/vbd ./. And/cc that's/dt+bez how/wrb Papa's/np$ estate/nn was/bedz divided/vbn ./. Papa/np ,/, I/ppss should/md emphasize/vb ,/, had/hvd been/ben an/at invalid/nn the/at last/ap several/ap years/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ hospital/nn and/cc doctor/nn bills/nns had/hvd been/ben large/jj and/cc his/pp$ income/nn had/hvd been/ben cut/vbn until/cs he/pps was/bedz receiving/vbg little/ap except/in small/jj rentals/nns on/in some/dti properties/nns he/pps still/rb owned/vbn ./. Had/hvd he/pps been/ben able/jj to/to escape/vb this/dt long/jj siege/nn of/in invalidism/nn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem convinced/vbn ,/, Papa/np would/md have/hv left/vbn a/at sizable/jj estate/nn ./. But/cc he/pps had/hvd succeeded/vbn well/rb ,/, we/ppss agreed/vbd ./. He/pps had/hvd left/vbn us/ppo a/at legacy/nn far/ql more/ql valuable/jj than/cs houses/nns and/cc lands/nns and/cc stocks/nns and/cc bonds/nns ./. For/in years/nns Papa/np and/cc Mama/nn-tl had/hvd been/ben large/jj taxpayers/nns ./. I/ppss recall/vb that/cs several/ap years/nns their/pp$ taxes/nns exceeded/vbd $800/nns ./. In/in those/dts years/nns of/in lower/jjr property/nn valuations/nns and/cc lower/jjr tax/nn rates/nns ,/, that/dt payment/nn represented/vbd ownership/nn of/in much/ap property/nn ./. ``/`` Merciful/jj God/np ,/, Julia/np ''/'' !/. !/. I/ppss have/hv known/vbn Papa/np to/to exclaim/vb on/in getting/vbg his/pp$ tax/nn bill/nn ,/, ``/`` we're/ppss+ber going/vbg to/in the/at dogs/nns ''/'' !/. !/. But/cc he/pps never/rb expected/vbd to/to do/do that/dt ./. And/cc he/pps didn't/dod* ,/, by/in a/at long/jj shot/nn !/. !/. 35/cd ./. In/in the/at spring/nn of/in his/pp$ second/od year/nn at/in Harvard/np ,/, Tom/np had/hvd been/ben offered/vbn a/at job/nn at/in Northwestern/jj-tl University/nn-tl as/cs an/at instructor/nn in/in the/at English/np-tl Department/nn-tl ./. But/cc he/pps had/hvd delayed/vbn accepting/vbg this/dt job/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs he/pps was/bedz leaving/vbg to/to come/vb home/nr to/in Papa/np in/in response/nn to/in our/pp$ telegram/nn ,/, he/pps dropped/vbd a/at postcard/nn to/in Miss/np McCrady/np ,/, head/nn of/in the/at Harvard/np-tl Appointment/nn-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, asking/vbg her/ppo please/vb to/to write/vb Northwestern/jj authorities/nns and/cc explain/vb the/at circumstances/nns ./. Actually/rb Tom/np had/hvd been/ben postponing/vbg giving/vbg them/ppo an/at answer/nn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem confident/jj ,/, because/cs he/pps did/dod not/* want/vb to/to go/vb out/rp there/rb to/to teach/vb ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, he/pps didn't/dod* want/vb to/to teach/vb anywhere/rb ./. He/pps wanted/vbd to/to go/vb back/rb to/in Harvard/np for/in another/dt year/nn of/in playwriting/nn ./. But/cc Papa's/np$ death/nn had/hvd further/rbr complicated/vbn the/at financing/nn of/in Tom's/np$ hoped-for/jj third/od year/nn ,/, and/cc for/in the/at weeks/nns following/vbg it/ppo Tom/np did/dod not/* know/vb whether/cs his/pp$ return/nn to/in Harvard/np could/md be/be arranged/vbn ./. But/cc things/nns were/bed worked/vbn out/rp in/in the/at family/nn and/cc late/rb in/in August/np he/pps wrote/vbd Miss/np McCrady/np an/at explanatory/jj letter/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps told/vbd her/ppo that/cs matters/nns at/in home/nn had/hvd been/ben in/in an/at unsettled/vbn condition/nn after/in Papa's/np$ death/nn and/cc he/pps had/hvd not/* known/vbn whether/cs he/pps would/md stay/vb at/in home/nn with/in Mama/nn-tl ,/, accept/vb the/at Northwestern/jj job/nn ,/, or/cc return/vb to/in Harvard/np ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz happy/jj to/to tell/vb her/ppo that/cs his/pp$ finances/nns were/bed now/rb in/in such/jj condition/nn that/cs he/pps could/md go/vb back/rb to/in Harvard/np for/in a/at third/od year/nn with/in Professor/nn-tl Baker/np ./. And/cc that's/dt+bez what/wdt he/pps did/dod ./. That/dt third/od year/nn he/pps wrote/vbd plays/nns with/in a/at fury/nn ./. I/ppss believe/vb there/ex are/ber seventeen/cd short/jj plays/nns by/in Tom/np now/rb housed/vbn in/in the/at Houghton/np-tl Library/nn-tl at/in Harvard/np ;/. ;/. I/ppss think/vb I'm/ppss+bem right/jj in/in that/dt figure/nn ./. That/dt fall/nn he/pps submitted/vbd to/in Professor/nn-tl Baker/np the/at first/od acts/nns and/cc outlines/nns of/in the/at following/vbg acts/nns of/in several/ap plays/nns ,/, six/cd of/in them/ppo ,/, according/in to/in some/dti of/in his/pp$ associates/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps also/rb worked/vbd on/in a/at play/nn that/wpo he/pps first/od called/vbd Niggertown/np ,/, the/at material/nn for/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd collected/vbn during/in the/at summer/nn at/in home/nn ./. Later/rbr this/dt play/nn would/md be/be called/vbn Welcome/uh-tl To/in-tl Our/pp$-tl City/nn-tl ./. In/in the/at spring/nn ,/, it/pps must/md have/hv been/ben ,/, he/pps began/vbd working/vbg on/in the/at play/nn that/wpo he/pps called/vbd The/at-tl House/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt later/rbr would/md be/be Mannerhouse/np ./. That/dt spring/nn Welcome/uh-tl To/in-tl Our/pp$-tl City/nn-tl was/bedz selected/vbn for/in production/nn by/in the/at 47/cd-tl Workshop/nn-tl and/cc it/pps was/bedz staged/vbn in/in the/at middle/nn of/in May/np ./. It/pps ran/vbd two/cd nights/nns ,/, and/cc though/cs it/pps was/bedz generally/rb praised/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz considerable/jj criticism/nn of/in its/pp$ length/nn ./. It/pps ran/vbd until/in past/in one/cd o'clock/rb ./. That/dt was/bedz Tom's/np$ weakness/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz demonstrated/vbn ,/, many/ap critics/nns would/md later/rbr point/vb out/rp ,/, in/in the/at length/nn of/in his/pp$ novels/nns ./. In/in this/dt play/nn there/ex were/bed so/ql many/ap characters/nns and/cc so/ql much/ap detail/nn ./. Tom/np never/rb knew/vbd how/wrb to/to condense/vb ,/, to/to boil/vb down/rp ./. He/pps was/bedz always/rb concerned/vbn with/in life/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps tried/vbd to/to picture/vb it/ppo whole/jj ;/. ;/. he/pps wanted/vbd nothing/pn compressed/vbn ,/, tight/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at big/jj man/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps wanted/vbd nothing/pn little/jj ,/, squeezed/vbn ;/. ;/. he/pps despised/vbd parsimony/nn ,/, and/cc particularly/rb of/in words/nns ./. In/in this/dt play/nn there/ex were/bed some/dti thirty/cd or/cc more/ap named/vbn characters/nns and/cc I/ppss don't/do* know/vb how/wql many/ap more/ap unnamed/jj ./. In/in describing/vbg it/ppo to/in Professor/nn-tl Baker/np after/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben chosen/vbn for/in production/nn ,/, he/pps defended/vbd his/pp$ great/jj array/nn of/in characters/nns by/in declaring/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd included/vbn that/cs many/ap not/* because/cs ``/`` I/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb how/wrb to/to save/vb paint/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc because/cs the/at play/nn required/vbd them/ppo ./. And/cc he/pps threatened/vbd someday/rb to/to write/vb a/at play/nn ``/`` with/in fifty/cd ,/, eighty/cd ,/, a/at hundred/cd people/nns --/-- a/at whole/jj town/nn ,/, a/at whole/jj race/nn ,/, a/at whole/jj epoch/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps said/vbd he/pps would/md do/do it/ppo ,/, though/cs probably/rb nobody/pn would/md produce/vb it/ppo ,/, for/in his/pp$ own/jj ``/`` soul's/nn$ ease/nn and/cc comfort/nn ''/'' ./. That/dt summer/nn Tom/np attended/vbd the/at summer/nn session/nn at/in Harvard/np ,/, but/cc he/pps did/dod not/* ask/vb Mama/nn-tl to/to send/vb him/ppo back/rb in/in the/at fall/nn ./. Instead/rb ,/, he/pps went/vbd down/rp to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl and/cc submitted/vbd Welcome/uh-tl To/in-tl Our/pp$-tl City/nn-tl to/in the/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt had/hvd asked/vbn him/ppo to/to let/vb them/ppo have/hv a/at look/nn at/in it/ppo after/cs Professor/nn-tl Baker/np had/hvd recommended/vbn it/ppo highly/rb ./. He/pps hung/vbd around/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, waiting/vbg to/to hear/vb whether/cs they/ppss would/md accept/vb it/ppo for/in production/nn and/cc in/in that/dt time/nn came/vbd down/rp to/in Asheville/np and/cc also/rb paid/vbd a/at short/jj visit/nn to/in Chapel/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb with/in almost/ql childish/jj delight/nn he/pps visited/vbd old/jj friends/nns and/cc favorite/jj campus/nn spots/nns ./. On/in returning/vbg to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl he/pps had/hvd a/at job/nn for/in several/ap weeks/nns ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz visiting/vbg University/nn-tl of/in-tl North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl alumni/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to ask/vb them/ppo for/in contributions/nns to/in the/at Graham/np-tl Memorial/nn-tl Building/nn-tl fund/nn ./. The/at Graham/np-tl Memorial/jj-tl would/md be/be the/at campus/nn student/nn union/nn honoring/vbg the/at late/jj and/cc much/ql beloved/jj Edward/np Kidder/np Graham/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben president/nn when/wrb Tom/np entered/vbd the/at university/nn ./. Well/uh ,/, the/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl kept/vbd that/dt play/nn ,/, and/cc kept/vbd it/ppo ,/, and/cc finally/rb in/in December/np they/ppss turned/vbd it/ppo down/rp ./. But/cc they/ppss would/md reconsider/vb it/ppo ,/, they/ppss assured/vbd him/ppo ,/, if/cs he/pps would/md rewrite/vb it/ppo ./. Tom/np told/vbd me/ppo about/in it/ppo ,/, how/wrb one/cd evening/nn he/pps went/vbd over/rp to/to see/vb the/at Theatre/nn-tl Guild/nn-tl man/nn ./. This/dt man/nn ,/, Tom/np said/vbd ,/, had/hvd the/at play/nn shut/vbn up/rp in/in his/pp$ desk/nn ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, and/cc when/wrb Tom/np sat/vbd down/rp ,/, he/pps pulled/vbd it/ppo out/rp and/cc apologetically/rb told/vbd Tom/np that/cs they/ppss wouldn't/md* be/be able/jj to/to use/vb it/ppo ./. Tom/np said/vbd he/pps almost/rb burst/vb into/in tears/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz so/ql disappointed/vbn and/cc put/vbn out/rp ./. The/at man/nn ,/, Tom/np said/vbd ,/, explained/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* only/rb too/ql long/jj and/cc detailed/vbn but/cc that/cs as/cs it/pps stood/vbd it/pps wasn't/bedz* the/at sort/nn of/in thing/nn the/at public/nn wanted/vbd ./. The/at public/nn ,/, Tom/np said/vbd the/at man/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, wanted/vbd realism/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ play/nn wasn't/bedz* that/dt ./. It/pps was/bedz fantastic/jj writing/nn ,/, beautiful/jj writing/nn ,/, the/at man/nn declared/vbd ,/, but/cc the/at public/nn ,/, he/pps insisted/vbd ,/, wanted/vbd realism/nn ./. Tom/np was/bedz not/* willing/jj to/to revise/vb the/at play/nn according/in to/in the/at plan/nn the/at man/nn suggested/vbd ./. Such/abl a/at revision/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, would/md ruin/vb it/ppo ,/, would/md change/vb his/pp$ whole/jj conception/nn of/in the/at play/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at treatment/nn ./. He/pps thought/vbd about/in it/ppo and/cc he/pps told/vbd the/at man/nn he/pps just/rb couldn't/md* do/do it/ppo over/rp in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at suggestions/nns he/pps had/hvd made/vbn ./.

cg55

cg55 |@word return:1 city:1 live:3 still:1 brown:2 sharpe:1 feel:4 full:2 impact:1 evangelical:2 christianity:1 come:9 spell:1 young:4 group:5 church:6 lead:2 pastor:2 old:2 son:1 spirit:1 world:3 doom:1 eternal:1 punishment:1 god:5 jesus:2 christ:1 provide:1 way:1 escape:1 confess:3 sin:9 accept:4 salvation:2 million:1 doctrine:5 indeed:3 truly:1 fate:1 humanity:2 lie:1 weight:1 soul:6 night:1 day:3 park:1 place:2 make:8 earnest:2 draw:3 deeper:1 deep:2 concern:3 responsibility:7 engage:1 religious:3 activity:1 besides:1 sunday:1 school:1 go:4 door:2 meeting:1 sidewalk:1 afternoon:1 service:2 aj:1 christian:1 endeavor:1 society:2 evening:1 much:1 lack:2 active:1 support:1 people:8 self:3 energize:2 twice:1 father:3 ask:4 overdo:1 bit:3 churchgoing:1 meanwhile:1 yet:2 save:1 least:3 unable:1 lay:2 hold:1 experience:3 conversion:1 try:1 may:4 answer:1 heaven:3 finally:1 year:3 give:6 basic:1 difficulty:1 suppose:1 ultimate:2 inability:2 burden:2 seek:2 relief:1 familiar:1 pilgrim:1 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It/pps was/bedz not/* until/cs we/ppss had/hvd returned/vbn to/in the/at city/nn to/to live/vb ,/, while/cs I/ppss was/bedz still/rb at/in Brown/np-tl and/cc-tl Sharpe's/np$-tl ,/, that/cs I/ppss felt/vbd the/at full/jj impact/nn of/in evangelical/jj Christianity/np ./. I/ppss came/vbd under/in the/at spell/nn of/in a/at younger/jjr group/nn in/in the/at church/nn led/vbn by/in the/at pastor's/nn$ older/jjr son/nn ./. The/at spirit/nn of/in this/dt group/nn was/bedz that/cs we/ppss were/bed --/-- and/cc are/ber --/-- living/vbg in/in a/at world/nn doomed/vbn to/in eternal/jj punishment/nn ,/, but/cc that/cs God/np through/in Jesus/np Christ/np has/hvz provided/vbn a/at way/nn of/in escape/nn for/in those/dts who/wps confess/vb their/pp$ sins/nns and/cc accept/vb salvation/nn ./. There/ex are/ber millions/nns who/wps accept/vb this/dt doctrine/nn ,/, but/cc few/ap indeed/rb are/ber those/dts who/wps accept/vb it/ppo so/ql truly/rb that/cs the/at fate/nn of/in humanity/nn lies/vbz as/cs a/at weight/nn on/in their/pp$ souls/nns night/nn and/cc day/nn ./. This/dt group/nn in/in Park/nn-tl Place/nn-tl Church/nn-tl was/bedz made/vbn up/rp of/in the/at earnest/jj few/ap ./. I/ppss was/bedz drawn/vbn deeper/rbr and/cc deeper/rbr into/in these/dts concerns/nns and/cc responsibilities/nns ./. I/ppss engaged/vbd more/rbr and/cc more/rbr in/in religious/jj activities/nns ./. Besides/in Church/nn-tl and/cc Sunday/nr-tl School/nn-tl I/ppss went/vbd to/in out-of-door/jj meetings/nns on/in the/at sidewalk/nn at/in the/at church/nn door/nn ./. I/ppss went/vbd to/in an/at afternoon/nn service/nn at/in the/at Aj/nn ./. I/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at Christian/jj-tl Endeavor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl and/cc to/in the/at evening/nn service/nn of/in the/at church/nn ./. Much/ap of/in this/dt lacked/vbd the/at active/jj support/nn of/in the/at pastor/nn ./. The/at young/jj people/nns were/bed self-energizing/jj ,/, and/cc I/ppss was/bedz energized/vbn ./. Once/rb or/cc twice/rb my/pp$ father/nn asked/vbd me/ppo if/cs I/ppss wasn't/bedz* overdoing/vbg a/at bit/nn in/in my/pp$ churchgoing/nn ./. Meanwhile/rb I/ppss myself/ppl was/bedz not/* yet/rb saved/vbn ./. At/in least/ap I/ppss had/hvd been/ben unable/jj to/to lay/vb hold/nn on/in the/at experience/nn of/in conversion/nn ./. Try/vb as/cs I/ppss might/md to/to confess/vb my/pp$ sins/nns and/cc accept/vb salvation/nn ,/, no/at answer/nn came/vbd to/in me/ppo from/in heaven/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, after/in years/nns ,/, I/ppss gave/vbd up/rp ./. The/at basic/jj difficulty/nn ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, was/bedz in/in my/pp$ ultimate/jj inability/nn to/to feel/vb a/at burden/nn of/in sin/nn from/in which/wdt I/ppss sought/vbd relief/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz familiar/jj with/in Pilgrim's/nn$-tl Progress/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt I/ppss read/vbd as/cs literature/nn ./. No/at load/nn of/in sin/nn had/hvd been/ben laid/vbn on/in my/pp$ shoulders/nns ,/, nor/cc did/dod earnest/jj effort/nn enable/vb me/ppo to/to become/vb conscious/jj of/in one/cd ./. There/ex is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, the/at doctrine/nn of/in original/jj sin/nn ,/, which/wdt asserts/vbz that/cs each/dt of/in us/ppo as/cs individuals/nns partakes/vbz of/in the/at guilt/nn of/in our/pp$ first/od ancestor/nn ./. In/in the/at rhyming/vbg catechism/nn this/dt doctrine/nn is/bez worded/vbn thus/rb :/: ``/`` In/in Adam's/np$ fall/nn We/ppss sin-ned/vbd all/abn ''/'' ./. This/dt doctrine/nn was/bedz repugnant/jj to/in my/pp$ moral/jj sense/nn ./. I/ppss did/dod not/* feel/vb it/ppo presumptuous/jj to/to expect/vb that/cs the/at Creator/nn-tl would/md be/be at/in least/ap as/ql just/jj as/cs the/at most/ql righteous/jj of/in His/pp$ creatures/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at doctrine/nn of/in original/jj sin/nn is/bez compounded/vbn of/in injustice/nn ./. Some/dti of/in these/dts thoughts/nns --/-- not/* all/abn of/in them/ppo --/-- have/hv taken/vbn organized/vbn form/nn in/in later/jjr years/nns ./. The/at actual/jj impelling/vbg force/nn which/wdt severed/vbd me/ppo from/in evangelical/jj effort/nn was/bedz of/in another/dt sort/nn ./. I/ppss became/vbd disgusted/vbn at/in being/beg so/ql preoccupied/vbn with/in the/at state/nn of/in my/pp$ own/jj miserable/jj soul/nn ./. I/ppss found/vbd myself/ppl becoming/vbg one/cd of/in that/dt group/nn of/in people/nns who/wps ,/, in/in Carlyle's/np$ words/nns ,/, ``/`` are/ber forever/rb gazing/vbg into/in their/pp$ own/jj navels/nns ,/, anxiously/rb asking/vbg '/' Am/bem I/ppss right/jj ,/, am/bem I/ppss wrong/jj '/' ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss bethought/vbd me/ppo of/in the/at Lord's/np$-tl Prayer/nn-tl ,/, and/cc these/dts words/nns came/vbd to/in mind/nn :/: ``/`` Thy/pp$ kingdom/nn come/vb ,/, Thy/pp$ will/nn be/be done/vbn ,/, on/in earth/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in heaven/nn ''/'' ./. They/ppss have/hv remained/vbn on/in the/at opened/vbn page/nn of/in my/pp$ mind/nn in/in all/abn the/at years/nns which/wdt since/rb have/hv passed/vbn ./. From/in that/dt time/nn to/in this/dt my/pp$ religious/jj concern/nn is/bez that/cs I/ppss might/md give/vb effective/jj help/nn to/in the/at bringing/nn in/rp of/in God's/np$ kingdom/nn on/in earth/nn ./. I/ppss do/do not/* claim/vb to/to be/be free/jj from/in sin/nn ,/, or/cc from/in the/at need/nn for/in repentance/nn and/cc forgiveness/nn ./. In/in my/pp$ experience/nn the/at assurance/nn of/in forgiveness/nn comes/vbz only/rb when/wrb I/ppss have/hv confessed/vbn to/in the/at wronged/vbn one/cd and/cc have/hv made/vbn as/ql full/jj reparation/nn as/cs I/ppss can/md devise/vb ./. There/ex was/bedz one/cd further/jjr step/nn in/in my/pp$ religious/jj progress/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz taken/vbn after/cs I/ppss came/vbd to/to live/vb in/in Springfield/np ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz made/vbn under/in the/at guidance/nn of/in the/at Reverend/np Raymond/np Beardslee/np ,/, a/at young/jj preacher/nn who/wps came/vbd to/in the/at Congregational/jj-tl Church/nn-tl there/rb at/in about/rb the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs I/ppss moved/vbd from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. His/pp$ father/nn was/bedz a/at professor/nn at/in Hartford/np-tl Theological/jj-tl Seminary/nn-tl ,/, and/cc from/in him/ppo he/pps acquired/vbd a/at conviction/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps passed/vbd along/rb to/in me/ppo ,/, that/cs there/ex is/bez in/in the/at universe/nn of/in persons/nns a/at moral/jj law/nn ,/, the/at law/nn of/in love/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez a/at natural/jj law/nn in/in the/at same/ap sense/nn as/cs is/bez the/at physical/jj law/nn ./. It/pps is/bez most/ql important/jj that/cs we/ppss recognize/vb the/at law/nn of/in love/nn as/cs being/beg unbreakable/jj in/in all/ql personal/jj relationships/nns ,/, whether/cs individually/rb ,/, socially/rb or/cc as/cs between/in whole/jj nations/nns of/in people/nns ./. If/cs obeyed/vbn ,/, the/at law/nn brings/vbz order/nn and/cc satisfaction/nn ./. If/cs disobeyed/vbn ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez turmoil/nn and/cc chaos/nn ./. As/cs we/ppss observe/vb moral/jj law/nn and/cc physical/jj law/nn they/ppss appear/vb as/cs being/beg inevitable/jj ./. We/ppss can/md conceive/vb of/in no/at alternatives/nns ./. Their/pp$ basis/nn seems/vbz deeper/jjr than/cs mere/jj authority/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber not/* true/jj because/cs scientists/nns or/cc prophets/nns say/vb they/ppss are/ber true/jj ./. It/pps is/bez not/* the/at authority/nn of/in God/np Himself/ppl which/wdt makes/vbz them/ppo true/jj ./. Because/cs God/np is/bez what/wdt He/pps is/bez ,/, the/at laws/nns of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, material/jj and/cc spiritual/jj ,/, are/ber what/wdt they/ppss are/ber ./. Deity/nn and/cc Law/nn-tl are/ber one/cd and/cc inseparable/jj ./. With/in this/dt conviction/nn ,/, the/at partition/nn between/in the/at sacred/jj and/cc the/at secular/nn disappears/vbz ./. One's/pn$ daily/jj work/nn becomes/vbz sacred/jj ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez performed/vbn in/in the/at field/nn of/in influence/nn of/in the/at moral/jj law/nn ,/, dealing/vbg as/cs it/pps does/doz with/in people/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs with/in matter/nn and/cc energy/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ book/nn Civilization/nn-tl And/cc-tl Ethics/nn-tl Albert/np Schweitzer/np faces/vbz the/at moral/jj problems/nns which/wdt arise/vb when/wrb moral/jj law/nn is/bez recognized/vbn in/in business/nn life/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ./. His/pp$ Ethics/nn-tl defines/vbz ``/`` possessions/nns as/cs the/at property/nn of/in the/at community/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt the/at individual/nn is/bez sovereign/jj steward/nn ./. One/pn serves/vbz society/nn by/in conducting/vbg a/at business/nn from/in which/wdt a/at certain/jj number/nn of/in employees/nns draw/vb their/pp$ means/nn of/in subsistence/nn ;/. ;/. another/dt by/in giving/vbg away/rb his/pp$ property/nn in/in order/nn to/to help/vb his/pp$ fellow/nn man/nn ./. Each/dt will/md decide/vb on/in his/pp$ own/jj course/nn somewhere/rb between/in these/dts two/cd extreme/jj cases/nns according/in to/in the/at sense/nn of/in responsibility/nn which/wdt is/bez determined/vbn for/in him/ppo by/in the/at particular/jj circumstances/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj life/nn ./. No/at one/pn is/bez to/to judge/vb others/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps is/bez uncompromising/jj in/in assigning/vbg guilt/nn to/in the/at man/nn who/wps finds/vbz it/ppo necessary/jj to/to inflict/vb or/cc permit/vb injury/nn to/in one/cd individual/nn or/cc group/nn for/in the/at sake/nn of/in a/at larger/jjr good/nn ./. For/in this/dt decision/nn a/at man/nn must/md take/vb personal/jj responsibility/nn ./. Says/vbz he/pps ,/, ``/`` I/ppss may/md never/rb imagine/vb that/cs in/in the/at struggle/nn between/in personal/jj and/cc supra-personal/jj responsibility/nn it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to make/vb a/at compromise/nn between/in the/at ethical/jj and/cc the/at purposive/jj in/in the/at shape/nn of/in a/at relative/jj ethic/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc to/to let/vb the/at ethical/jj be/be superseded/vbn by/in the/at purposive/jj ./. On/in the/at contrary/jj it/pps is/bez my/pp$ duty/nn to/to make/vb my/pp$ own/jj decision/nn as/cs between/in the/at two/cd ''/'' ./. Schweitzer/np seems/vbz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, to/to acquire/vb for/in himself/ppl a/at burden/nn of/in sin/nn ,/, not/* bequeathed/vbn by/in Adam/np ,/, but/cc accumulated/vbn in/in the/at inevitable/jj judgments/nns which/wdt life/nn requires/vbz of/in him/ppo as/cs between/in greater/jjr and/cc lesser/jjr responsibilities/nns ./. This/dt viewpoint/nn I/ppss find/vb interesting/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz never/rb weighed/vbn on/in my/pp$ soul/nn ./. Perhaps/rb it/pps should/md have/hv ./. My/pp$ own/jj experience/nn has/hvz followed/vbn simpler/jjr lines/nns ./. An/at uncompromising/jj belief/nn in/in the/at moral/jj law/nn has/hvz the/at advantage/nn of/in making/vbg religion/nn natural/jj ,/, even/rb as/cs physical/jj law/nn is/bez natural/jj ./. Neither/cc the/at engineer/nn nor/cc the/at ordinary/jj citizen/nn feels/vbz any/dti self-consciousness/nn in/in obeying/vbg the/at laws/nns of/in matter/nn and/cc energy/nn ,/, nor/cc can/md he/pps achieve/vb a/at sense/nn of/in self-righteousness/nn in/in such/jj obedience/nn ./. To/to obey/vb the/at moral/jj law/nn is/bez just/rb ordinary/jj common/jj sense/nn ,/, applied/vbn to/in a/at neglected/vbn field/nn ./. Religion/nn thus/rb becomes/vbz integrated/vbn with/in life/nn ./. This/dt truth/nn that/cs the/at moral/jj law/nn is/bez natural/jj has/hvz other/ap important/jj corollaries/nns ./. One/cd of/in them/ppo is/bez that/cs it/pps gives/vbz meaning/nn and/cc purpose/nn to/in life/nn ./. In/in seeking/vbg for/in such/jj meaning/nn and/cc purpose/nn ,/, Albert/np Schweitzer/np seized/vbd upon/in the/at concept/nn of/in the/at ``/`` sacredness/nn of/in life/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez puzzling/jj to/in the/at occidental/jj mind/nn (/( to/in mine/pp$$ at/in least/ap )/) to/to assign/vb ``/`` sacredness/nn ''/'' to/in animal/nn ,/, insect/nn ,/, and/cc plant/nn life/nn ./. These/dts lives/nns are/ber in/in themselves/ppls outside/in of/in the/at moral/jj order/nn and/cc are/ber unburdened/vbn with/in moral/jj responsibility/nn ./. There/ex is/bez indeed/rb a/at moral/jj responsibility/nn on/in man/nn himself/ppl ,/, for/in his/pp$ own/jj soul's/nn$ sake/nn ,/, to/to respect/vb lower/jjr life/nn and/cc to/to avoid/vb the/at infliction/nn of/in suffering/vbg ,/, but/cc this/dt viewpoint/nn Schweitzer/np rejects/vbz ./. So/ql far/rb as/cs ``/`` sacredness/nn ''/'' inheres/vbz in/in any/dti aspect/nn of/in creation/nn it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo to/to be/be found/vbn in/in human/jj personality/nn ,/, whether/cs in/in Lambarene/np ,/, Africa/np ,/, or/cc in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./. One/pn cannot/md* read/vb the/at records/nns of/in scientists/nns ,/, officials/nns and/cc travelers/nns who/wps have/hv penetrated/vbn to/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at most/ql savage/jj races/nns without/in realizing/vbg that/cs each/dt individual/nn met/vbn with/in is/bez a/at person/nn ./. Read/vbn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, in/in Malcolm/np MacDonald's/np$ Borneo/np-tl People/nns-tl of/in Segura/np and/cc her/pp$ wise/jj father/nn Tomonggong/np Koh/np ,/, and/cc her/pp$ final/jj adjustment/nn to/in encroaching/vbg civilization/nn ./. Above/in all/abn read/vbn in/in Jens/np Bjerre's/np$ The/at-tl Last/ap-tl Cannibal/nn-tl Show/nn-tl the/at old/jj man/nn of/in the/at Wailbri/np tribe/nn (/( not/* cannibals/nns )/) in/in central/jj Australia/np gave/vbd to/in the/at white/jj man/nn his/pp$ choicest/jjt possession/nn ,/, while/cs the/at tears/nns streamed/vbd down/in his/pp$ face/nn ./. The/at Australian/jj aborigine/nn is/bez the/at conventional/jj exemplar/nn of/in degraded/vbn humanity/nn ;/. ;/. yet/cc here/rb was/bedz a/at depth/nn of/in sensibility/nn which/wdt is/bez lacking/vbg in/in a/at considerable/jj portion/nn of/in the/at beneficiaries/nns of/in our/pp$ civilization/nn ./. Persons/nns ,/, whether/cs white/jj ,/, black/jj ,/, brown/jj or/cc yellow/jj ,/, are/ber a/at concern/nn of/in God/np ./. Respect/nn for/in personality/nn is/bez a/at privilege/nn and/cc a/at duty/nn for/in us/ppo as/cs brothers/nns ./. Such/jj is/bez the/at field/nn for/in exercising/vbg our/pp$ reverence/nn ./. As/in to/in our/pp$ action/nn ,/, let/vb us/ppo align/vb ourselves/ppls with/in the/at purpose/nn expressed/vbn by/in Jesus/np in/in the/at Lord's/np$-tl Prayer/nn-tl :/: ``/`` Thy/pp$ kingdom/nn come/vb ,/, Thy/pp$ will/md be/be done/vbn ,/, on/in earth/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in heaven/nn ''/'' ./. With/in the/at knowledge/nn that/cs the/at kingdom/nn comes/vbz by/in obedience/nn to/in the/at moral/jj law/nn in/in our/pp$ relations/nns with/in all/abn people/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv a/at firm/jj intellectual/jj grasp/nn on/in both/abx the/at means/nns and/cc the/at ends/nns of/in our/pp$ lives/nns ./. This/dt intellectual/jj approach/nn to/in spiritual/jj life/nn suited/vbd me/ppo well/rb ,/, because/cs I/ppss was/bedz never/rb content/jj to/to lead/vb a/at divided/vbn life/nn ./. As/cs I/ppss have/hv said/vbn ,/, words/nns from/in Tennyson/np remain/vb ever/rb in/in my/pp$ memory/nn :/: ``/`` That/cs mind/nn and/cc soul/nn ,/, according/vbg well/rb ,/, May/md make/vb one/cd music/nn as/cs before/rb ''/'' ./. Let/vb us/ppo now/rb give/vb some/dti thought/nn to/in the/at soul/nn ./. When/wrb the/at young/jj biologist/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Ballard/np ,/, began/vbd to/to show/vb interest/nn in/in our/pp$ daughter/nn Elizabeth/np ,/, this/dt induced/vbd a/at corresponding/jj interest/nn ,/, on/in our/pp$ part/nn ,/, in/in him/ppo ./. I/ppss asked/vbd one/cd day/nn what/wdt he/pps was/bedz doing/vbg ./. He/pps told/vbd me/ppo that/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at big/jj newt/nn and/cc a/at little/jj newt/nn and/cc that/cs he/pps was/bedz transplanting/vbg a/at big/jj eye/nn of/in the/at big/jj newt/nn onto/in the/at little/jj newt/nn and/cc a/at little/jj eye/nn of/in the/at little/jj newt/nn onto/in the/at big/jj newt/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz then/rb noting/vbg that/cs the/at big/jj eye/nn on/in the/at little/jj newt/nn hung/vbd back/rb until/cs the/at little/jj eye/nn had/hvd grown/vbn up/rp to/in it/ppo ,/, while/cs the/at little/jj eye/nn on/in the/at big/jj newt/nn grew/vbd rapidly/rb until/cs it/pps was/bedz as/ql big/jj as/cs the/at other/ap ./. Then/rb I/ppss asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` What/wdt does/doz that/dt teach/vb you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. Said/vbd he/pps ,/, ``/`` It/pps teaches/vbz me/ppo to/to wonder/vb ''/'' ./. This/dt was/bedz a/at profound/jj statement/nn ./. In/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at unfolding/vbg universe/nn ,/, our/pp$ ultimate/jj attitude/nn is/bez that/dt of/in wonder/nn ./. Wonder/nn is/bez indeed/rb the/at intellectual/jj gateway/nn to/in the/at spiritual/jj world/nn ./. Gone/vbn are/ber the/at days/nns when/wrb ,/, in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, scientists/nns thought/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed close/jj to/in the/at attainment/nn of/in complete/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at physical/jj universe/nn ./. For/in them/ppo only/rb a/at little/ql more/ap needed/vbd to/to be/be learned/vbn ,/, and/cc then/rb all/abn physical/jj knowledge/nn could/md be/be neatly/rb sorted/vbn ,/, packaged/vbn and/cc put/vbn in/in the/at inventory/nn to/to be/be drawn/vbn on/in for/in the/at solution/nn of/in any/dti human/jj problem/nn ./. This/dt complacency/nn was/bedz blown/vbn to/in bits/nns by/in the/at relativity/nn of/in Einstein/np ,/, the/at revelation/nn of/in the/at complex/jj anatomy/nn of/in the/at atom/nn and/cc the/at discovery/nn of/in the/at expanding/vbg universe/nn ./. None/pn of/in these/dts discoveries/nns were/bed neatly/rb rounded/vbn off/rp bits/nns of/in knowledge/nn ./. Each/dt faded/vbd out/rp into/in the/at unexplored/jj areas/nns of/in the/at future/nn ./. It/pps is/bez as/cs if/cs we/ppss ,/, in/in our/pp$ center/nn of/in human/jj observation/nn ,/, from/in time/nn to/in time/nn penetrate/vb more/ql deeply/rb into/in the/at unknown/jj ./. As/cs our/pp$ radius/nn of/in penetration/nn ,/, R/nn ,/, increases/vbz ,/, the/at area/nn of/in new/jj knowledge/nn increases/vbz by/in Af/nn ,/, and/cc the/at total/nn of/in human/jj knowledge/nn becomes/vbz measured/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in Af/nn ./. Wonder/nn grows/vbz ./. It/pps is/bez endless/jj ./. There/ex are/ber some/dti people/nns ,/, intelligent/jj people/nns ,/, who/wps seem/vb to/to be/be untouched/jj by/in the/at sea/nn of/in wonder/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss are/ber immersed/vbn and/cc in/in which/wdt we/ppss spend/vb our/pp$ lives/nns ./. One/cd such/jj is/bez Abraham/np Meyer/np ,/, the/at writer/nn of/in a/at recent/jj book/nn ,/, Speaking/vbg-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez a/at straightforward/jj denial/nn of/in the/at spiritual/jj world/nn and/cc a/at vigorous/jj defense/nn of/in pure/jj materialism/nn ./. His/pp$ inability/nn to/to wonder/vb vitiates/vbz his/pp$ argument/nn ./. The/at subject/nn of/in immortality/nn brings/vbz to/in mind/nn a/at vivid/jj incident/nn which/wdt took/vbd place/nn in/in 1929/cd at/in Montreux/np in/in Switzerland/np ./.

cg56

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Criticism/nn is/bez as/ql old/jj as/cs literary/jj art/nn and/cc we/ppss can/md set/vb the/at stage/nn for/in our/pp$ study/nn of/in three/cd moderns/nns if/cs we/ppss see/vb how/wrb certain/jj critics/nns in/in the/at past/nn have/hv dealt/vbn with/in the/at ethical/jj aspects/nns of/in literature/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv chosen/vbn five/cd contrasting/vbg pairs/nns ,/, ten/cd men/nns in/in all/abn ,/, and/cc they/ppss are/ber arranged/vbn in/in roughly/rb chronological/jj order/nn ./. Such/abl a/at list/nn must/md naturally/rb be/be selective/jj ,/, and/cc the/at treatment/nn of/in each/dt man/nn is/bez brief/jj ,/, for/cs I/ppss am/bem interested/vbn only/rb in/in their/pp$ general/jj ideas/nns on/in the/at moral/jj measure/nn of/in literature/nn ./. Altogether/rb ,/, the/at list/nn will/md give/vb us/ppo considerable/jj variety/nn in/in attitudes/nns and/cc some/dti typical/jj ones/nns ,/, for/cs these/dts critics/nns range/vb all/abn the/at way/nn from/in censors/nns to/in those/dts who/wps consider/vb art/nn above/in ethics/nn ,/, all/abn the/at way/nn from/in Plato/np to/in Poe/np ./. And/cc most/ap of/in the/at great/jj periods/nns are/ber represented/vbn ,/, because/cs we/ppss will/md compare/vb Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np from/in the/at golden/jj age/nn of/in Greece/np ;/. ;/. Stephen/np Gosson/np and/cc Sir/np Philip/np Sidney/np from/in renaissance/nn England/np ;/. ;/. Dr./nn-tl Johnson/np and/cc William/np Hazlitt/np of/in the/at eighteenth/od and/cc early/jj nineteenth/od centuries/nns in/in England/np ;/. ;/. and/cc James/np Russell/np Lowell/np and/cc Edgar/np Allan/np Poe/np of/in nineteenth/od century/nn American/jj letters/nns ./. Plato/np-hl and/cc-hl Aristotle/np-hl Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np agree/vb on/in some/dti vital/jj literary/jj issues/nns ./. They/ppss both/abx measure/vb literature/nn by/in moral/jj standards/nns ,/, and/cc in/in their/pp$ political/jj writings/nns both/abx allow/vb for/in censorship/nn ,/, but/cc the/at differences/nns between/in them/ppo are/ber also/rb significant/jj ./. While/cs Aristotle/np censors/vbz literature/nn only/rb for/in the/at young/jj ,/, Plato/np would/md banish/vb all/abn poets/nns from/in his/pp$ ideal/jj state/nn ./. Even/rb more/ql important/jj ,/, in/in his/pp$ Poetics/nn-tl ,/, Aristotle/np differs/vbz somewhat/rb from/in Plato/np when/wrb he/pps moves/vbz in/in the/at direction/nn of/in treating/vbg literature/nn as/cs a/at unique/jj thing/nn ,/, separate/jj and/cc apart/rb from/in its/pp$ causes/nns and/cc its/pp$ effects/nns ./. All/ql through/in The/at-tl Republic/nn-tl ,/, Plato/np attends/vbz to/in the/at way/nn art/nn relates/vbz to/in the/at general/jj life/nn and/cc ultimately/rb to/in a/at good/jj life/nn for/in his/pp$ citizens/nns ./. In/in short/jj ,/, he/pps is/bez constantly/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at ethical/jj effects/nns ./. When/wrb he/pps discusses/vbz the/at subject/nn matter/nn of/in poetry/nn ,/, he/pps asks/vbz what/wdt moral/jj effect/nn the/at scenes/nns will/md have/hv ./. When/wrb he/pps turns/vbz briefly/rb to/in literary/jj style/nn ,/, in/in the/at Third/od-tl Book/nn-tl ,/, he/pps again/rb looks/vbz to/in the/at effect/nn on/in the/at audience/nn ./. He/pps explains/vbz that/cs his/pp$ citizens/nns must/md not/* be/be corrupted/vbn by/in any/dti of/in the/at misrepresentations/nns of/in the/at gods/nns or/cc heroes/nns that/wpo one/pn finds/vbz in/in much/ap poetry/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps observes/vbz that/cs all/abn ``/`` these/dts pantomimic/jj gentlemen/nns ''/'' will/md be/be sent/vbn to/in another/dt state/nn ./. Only/rb those/dts story/nn tellers/nns will/md remain/vb who/wps can/md ``/`` imitate/vb the/at style/nn of/in the/at virtuous/jj ''/'' ./. Plato/np is/bez ,/, at/in times/nns ,/, just/rb as/ql suspicious/jj of/in the/at poets/nns themselves/ppls as/cs he/pps is/bez of/in their/pp$ work/nn ./. When/wrb he/pps discusses/vbz tyrants/nns in/in the/at Eighth/od-tl Book/nn-tl of/in The/at-tl Republic/nn-tl ,/, he/pps pictures/vbz the/at poets/nns as/cs willing/jj to/to praise/vb the/at worst/jjt rulers/nns ./. But/cc the/at most/ql fundamental/jj objection/nn he/pps has/hvz to/in poets/nns appears/vbz in/in the/at Tenth/od-tl Book/nn-tl ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez derived/vbn from/in his/pp$ doctrine/nn of/in ideal/jj forms/nns ./. In/in Plato's/np$ mind/nn there/ex is/bez an/at irresolvable/jj conflict/nn between/in the/at poet/nn and/cc the/at philosopher/nn ,/, because/cs the/at poet/nn imitates/vbz only/rb particular/jj objects/nns and/cc is/bez incapable/jj of/in rising/vbg to/in the/at first/od level/nn of/in abstraction/nn ,/, much/ql less/rbr the/at highest/jjt level/nn of/in ideal/jj forms/nns ./. True/jj reality/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez the/at ideal/jj ,/, and/cc the/at poet/nn knows/vbz nothing/pn of/in this/dt ;/. ;/. only/rb the/at philosopher/nn knows/vbz the/at truth/nn ./. Poets/nns ,/, moreover/rb ,/, dwell/vb on/in human/jj passions/nns ./. And/cc with/in this/dt point/nn about/in the/at passions/nns ,/, we/ppss encounter/vb Plato's/np$ dualism/nn ./. The/at same/ap sort/nn of/in thinking/vbg plays/vbz so/ql large/jj a/at part/nn in/in both/abx Babbitt/np and/cc More/np ,/, that/cs we/ppss must/md examine/vb it/ppo in/in some/dti detail/nn ./. Plato/np feels/vbz that/cs man/nn has/hvz two/cd competing/vbg aspects/nns ,/, his/pp$ rational/jj faculty/nn and/cc his/pp$ irrational/jj ./. We/ppss can/md be/be virtuous/jj only/rb if/cs we/ppss control/vb our/pp$ lower/jjr natures/nns ,/, the/at passions/nns in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, and/cc strengthen/vb our/pp$ rational/jj side/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc poetry/nn ,/, with/in all/abn its/pp$ emphasis/nn on/in the/at passions/nns ,/, encourages/vbz the/at audience/nn to/to give/vb way/nn to/in emotion/nn ./. For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, poetry/nn tends/vbz to/to weaken/vb the/at power/nn of/in control/nn ,/, the/at reason/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps tempts/vbz one/cd to/to indulge/vb his/pp$ passions/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb the/at best/jjt of/in men/nns ,/, he/pps maintains/vbz ,/, may/md be/be corrupted/vbn by/in this/dt subtle/jj influence/nn ./. Plato's/np$ attitude/nn toward/in poetry/nn has/hvz always/rb been/ben something/pn of/in an/at enigma/nn ,/, because/cs he/pps is/bez so/ql completely/ql sensitive/jj to/in its/pp$ charm/nn ./. His/pp$ whole/jj objection/nn ,/, indeed/rb ,/, seems/vbz to/to rise/vb out/in of/in a/at deep/jj conviction/nn that/cs the/at poets/nns do/do have/hv great/jj power/nn to/to influence/vb ,/, but/cc Plato/np seldom/rb pays/vbz any/dti attention/nn to/in what/wdt might/md be/be called/vbn the/at poem/nn itself/ppl ./. He/pps is/bez ,/, rather/rb ,/, concerned/vbn with/in the/at effect/nn on/in society/nn and/cc he/pps wants/vbz the/at poets/nns to/to join/vb his/pp$ fight/nn for/in justice/nn ./. He/pps wants/vbz them/ppo to/to use/vb their/pp$ great/jj power/nn to/to strengthen/vb man's/nn$ rational/jj side/nn ,/, to/to teach/vb virtue/nn ,/, and/cc to/to encourage/vb religion/nn ./. While/cs Plato/np finally/rb allows/vbz a/at few/ap acceptable/jj hymns/nns to/in the/at gods/nns and/cc famous/jj men/nns ,/, still/rb he/pps clearly/rb leaves/vbz the/at way/nn open/jj for/in further/jjr discussion/nn of/in the/at issue/nn ./. He/pps even/rb calls/vbz upon/rb the/at poets/nns to/to defend/vb the/at Muse/nn-tl and/cc to/to show/vb that/dt poetry/nn may/md contribute/vb to/in virtue/nn ./. He/pps says/vbz :/: ``/`` We/ppss may/md further/rbr grant/vb to/in those/dts of/in her/pp$ (/( Poetry's/nn$-tl )/) defenders/nns who/wps are/ber lovers/nns of/in poetry/nn and/cc yet/rb not/* poets/nns ,/, the/at permission/nn to/to speak/vb in/in prose/nn on/in her/pp$ behalf/nn :/: let/vb them/ppo show/vb not/* only/rb that/cs she/pps is/bez pleasant/jj but/cc also/rb useful/jj to/in States/nns-tl and/cc to/in human/jj life/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss will/md listen/vb in/in a/at kindly/jj spirit/nn ;/. ;/. for/cs if/cs this/dt can/md be/be proved/vbn we/ppss shall/md surely/rb be/be the/at gainers/nns --/-- I/ppss mean/vb ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez a/at use/nn in/in poetry/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at delight/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb we/ppss turn/vb to/in Aristotle's/np$ ideas/nns on/in the/at moral/jj measure/nn of/in literature/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez at/in once/rb apparent/jj that/cs he/pps is/bez at/in times/nns equally/rb concerned/vbn about/in the/at influence/nn of/in the/at art/nn ./. In/in the/at ideal/jj state/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, he/pps argues/vbz that/cs the/at young/jj citizens/nns should/md hear/vb only/rb the/at most/ql carefully/rb selected/vbn tales/nns and/cc stories/nns ./. For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, he/pps would/md banish/vb indecent/jj pictures/nns and/cc speeches/nns from/in the/at stage/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at young/jj people/nns should/md not/* even/vb be/be permitted/vbn to/to see/vb comedies/nns till/cs they/ppss are/ber old/jj enough/qlp to/to drink/vb strong/jj wine/nn and/cc sit/vb at/in the/at public/jj tables/nns ./. By/in the/at time/nn they/ppss reach/vb that/dt age/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, Aristotle/np no/ql longer/rbr worries/vbz about/in the/at evil/jj influence/nn of/in comedies/nns ./. In/in Aristotle's/np$ analysis/nn of/in tragedy/nn in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, we/ppss find/vb an/at attempt/nn to/to isolate/vb the/at art/nn ,/, to/to consider/vb only/rb those/dts things/nns proper/jj to/in it/ppo ,/, to/to discover/vb how/wrb it/pps differs/vbz from/in other/ap arts/nns ,/, and/cc to/to deal/vb with/in the/at effects/nns peculiar/jj to/in it/ppo ./. He/pps assures/vbz us/ppo ,/, early/rb in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, that/cs all/abn art/nn is/bez ``/`` imitation/nn ''/'' and/cc that/cs all/abn imitation/nn gives/vbz pleasure/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps distinguishes/vbz between/in art/nn in/in general/jj and/cc poetic/jj art/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at means/nn ,/, manner/nn ,/, and/cc the/at objects/nns of/in the/at imitation/nn ./. Once/rb the/at poetic/jj arts/nns are/ber separated/vbn from/in the/at other/ap forms/nns ,/, he/pps lays/vbz down/rp his/pp$ famous/jj definition/nn of/in tragedy/nn ,/, which/wdt sets/vbz up/rp standards/nns and/cc so/rb lends/vbz direction/nn to/in the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at work/nn ./. A/at tragedy/nn ,/, by/in his/pp$ definition/nn ,/, is/bez an/at imitation/nn of/in an/at action/nn that/wps is/bez serious/jj ,/, of/in a/at certain/jj magnitude/nn ,/, and/cc complete/jj in/in itself/ppl ./. It/pps should/md have/hv a/at dramatic/jj form/nn with/in pleasing/jj language/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps should/md portray/vb incidents/nns which/wdt so/ql arouse/vb pity/nn and/cc fear/nn that/cs it/pps purges/vbz these/dts emotions/nns in/in the/at audience/nn ./. Any/dti tragedy/nn ,/, he/pps maintains/vbz ,/, has/hvz six/cd elements/nns :/: plot/nn ,/, character/nn ,/, and/cc thought/nn (/( the/at objects/nns of/in imitation/nn )/) ,/, diction/nn and/cc melody/nn (/( the/at means/nn of/in imitation/nn )/) ,/, and/cc spectacle/nn (/( the/at manner/nn of/in imitation/nn )/) ./. Throughout/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, Aristotle/np continues/vbz to/to discuss/vb the/at characteristics/nns of/in these/dts six/cd parts/nns and/cc their/pp$ interrelationship/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps refers/vbz frequently/rb to/in the/at standards/nns suggested/vbn by/in his/pp$ definition/nn of/in tragedy/nn ./. Aristotle's/np$ method/nn in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl ,/, then/rb ,/, does/doz suggest/vb that/cs we/ppss should/md isolate/vb the/at work/nn ./. The/at Chicago/np contingent/nn of/in modern/jj critics/nns follow/vb Aristotle/np so/ql far/rb in/in this/dt direction/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to see/vb how/wrb they/ppss can/md compare/vb one/cd poem/nn with/in another/dt for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in evaluation/nn ./. But/cc there/ex are/ber ,/, however/rb ,/, several/ap features/nns of/in Aristotle's/np$ approach/nn which/wdt open/vb the/at way/nn for/in the/at moral/jj measure/nn of/in literature/nn ./. For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, Aristotle/np mentions/vbz that/cs plays/nns may/md corrupt/vb the/at audience/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, his/pp$ definition/nn of/in a/at tragedy/nn invites/vbz our/pp$ attention/nn ,/, because/cs a/at serious/jj and/cc important/jj action/nn may/md very/ql well/rb be/be one/cd that/wps tests/vbz the/at moral/jj fiber/nn of/in the/at author/nn or/cc of/in the/at characters/nns ./. And/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd other/ap point/nn in/in the/at Poetics/nn-tl that/wps invites/vbz moral/jj evaluation/nn :/: Aristotle's/np$ notion/nn that/cs the/at distinctive/jj function/nn of/in tragedy/nn is/bez to/to purge/vb one's/pn$ emotions/nns by/in arousing/vbg pity/nn and/cc fear/nn ./. He/pps rejects/vbz certain/jj plots/nns because/cs they/ppss do/do not/* contribute/vb to/in that/dt end/nn ./. The/at point/nn is/bez that/cs an/at ethical/jj critic/nn ,/, with/in an/at assist/vb from/in Freud/np ,/, can/md seize/vb on/in this/dt theory/nn to/to argue/vb that/cs tragedy/nn provides/vbz us/ppo with/in a/at harmless/jj outlet/nn for/in our/pp$ hostile/jj urges/nns ./. In/in his/pp$ study/nn Samuel/np Johnson/np ,/, Joseph/np Wood/np Krutch/np takes/vbz this/dt line/nn when/wrb he/pps says/vbz that/cs what/wdt Aristotle/np really/rb means/vbz by/in his/pp$ theory/nn of/in catharsis/nn is/bez that/cs our/pp$ evil/jj passions/nns may/md be/be so/ql purged/vbn by/in the/at dramatic/jj ritual/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez ``/`` less/ql likely/jj that/cs we/ppss shall/md indulge/vb them/ppo through/in our/pp$ own/jj acts/nns ''/'' ./. In/in Krutch's/np$ view/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez one/cd way/nn to/to show/vb how/wrb literature/nn may/md be/be moral/jj in/in effect/nn without/in employing/vbg the/at explicit/jj methods/nns of/in a/at moralist/nn ./. And/cc we/ppss can/md add/vb that/cs Krutch's/np$ interpretation/nn of/in purgation/nn is/bez also/rb one/cd answer/nn to/in Plato's/np$ fear/nn that/cs poetry/nn will/md encourage/vb our/pp$ passions/nns ./. If/cs Krutch/np is/bez correct/jj ,/, tragedy/nn may/md have/hv quite/abl the/at opposite/jj effect/nn ./. It/pps may/md allay/vb our/pp$ passions/nns and/cc so/rb restore/vb the/at rule/nn of/in reason/nn ./. Or/cc in/in more/ql Freudian/jj terms/nns ,/, the/at experience/nn may/md serve/vb to/to sublimate/vb our/pp$ destructive/jj urges/nns and/cc strengthen/vb the/at ego/nn and/cc superego/nn ./. Gosson/np and/cc Sidney/np The/at second/od half/abn of/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn in/in England/np was/bedz the/at setting/nn for/in a/at violent/jj and/cc long/jj controversy/nn over/in the/at moral/jj quality/nn of/in renaissance/nn literature/nn ,/, especially/rb the/at drama/nn ./. No/at one/pn suggested/vbd that/cs the/at ethical/jj effects/nns of/in the/at art/nn were/bed irrelevant/jj ./. Both/abx sides/nns agreed/vbd that/cs the/at theater/nn must/md stand/vb a/at moral/jj test/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss could/md not/* agree/vb on/in whether/cs the/at poets/nns were/bed a/at good/jj or/cc a/at bad/jj influence/nn ./. Both/abx sides/nns claimed/vbd that/cs Plato/np and/cc Aristotle/np supported/vbd their/pp$ cause/nn ./. Those/dts who/wps wanted/vbd to/to close/vb the/at theaters/nns ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, pointed/vbd to/in Plato's/np$ Republic/nn-tl and/cc those/dts who/wps wished/vbd to/to keep/vb them/ppo open/jj called/vbd on/in the/at Plato/np of/in the/at Ion/np-tl to/to testify/vb in/in their/pp$ behalf/nn ./. The/at most/ql famous/jj document/nn that/wps comes/vbz out/in of/in this/dt dispute/nn is/bez perhaps/rb Sir/np Philip/np Sidney's/np$ An/at-tl Apologie/nn-tl For/in-tl Poetrie/nn-tl ,/, published/vbn in/in 1595/cd ./. Many/ap students/nns of/in literature/nn know/vb that/dt classical/jj defense/nn ./. What/wdt is/bez not/* so/ql well/rb known/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc what/wdt is/bez quite/ql important/jj for/in understanding/vbg the/at issues/nns of/in this/dt early/jj quarrel/nn ,/, is/bez the/at kind/nn of/in attack/nn on/in literature/nn that/wpo Sidney/np was/bedz answering/vbg ./. For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, then/rb I/ppss want/vb to/to describe/vb ,/, first/od ,/, two/cd examples/nns of/in the/at puritanical/jj attacks/nns :/: Stephen/np Gosson's/np$ The/at-tl School/nn-tl Of/in-tl Abuse/nn-tl ,/, 1579/cd ,/, and/cc his/pp$ later/jjr Playes/nns-tl Confuted/vbn-tl ,/, published/vbn in/in 1582/cd ./. Second/od ,/, we/ppss will/md see/vb how/wrb Sidney/np answered/vbd the/at charges/nns ,/, for/cs while/cs Sidney's/np$ essay/nn was/bedz not/* specifically/rb a/at reply/nn to/in Gosson/np ,/, his/pp$ arguments/nns do/do support/vb the/at new/jj theater/nn ./. According/in to/in William/np Ringler's/np$ study/nn ,/, Stephen/np Gosson/np ,/, the/at theater/nn business/nn in/in London/np had/hvd become/vbn a/at thriving/vbg enterprise/nn by/in 1577/cd ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in the/at opinion/nn of/in many/ap ,/, a/at thoroughly/ql bad/jj business/nn ./. Aroused/vbn by/in what/wdt they/ppss considered/vbd an/at evil/jj influence/nn ,/, some/dti members/nns of/in the/at clergy/nn ,/, joined/vbn by/in city/nn authorities/nns ,/, merchants/nns ,/, and/cc master/nn craftsmen/nns ,/, began/vbd the/at attack/nn on/in the/at plays/nns and/cc the/at actors/nns for/in what/wdt they/ppss called/vbd ``/`` the/at abuses/nns of/in the/at art/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc by/in 1582/cd some/dti of/in them/ppo began/vbd to/to denounce/vb the/at whole/jj idea/nn of/in acting/vbg ./. Although/cs this/dt kind/nn of/in wholesale/jj objection/nn came/vbd at/in first/rb from/in some/dti men/nns who/wps were/bed not/* technically/rb Puritans/nps ,/, still/rb ,/, once/cs the/at Puritans/nps gained/vbd power/nn ,/, they/ppss climaxed/vbd the/at affair/nn by/in passing/vbg the/at infamous/jj ordinance/nn of/in 1642/cd which/wdt decreed/vbd that/cs all/abn ``/`` public/jj stage-plays/nns shall/md cease/vb and/cc be/be forborne/vbn ''/'' ./. With/in that/dt act/nn of/in Parliament/nn-tl the/at opponents/nns of/in the/at stage/nn won/vbd the/at day/nn ,/, and/cc for/in more/ap than/in two/cd decades/nns after/in that/dt England/np had/hvd no/at legitimate/jj public/jj drama/nn ./. In/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in this/dt controversy/nn over/in the/at theater/nn one/cd of/in the/at interested/vbn parties/nns ,/, Stephen/np Gosson/np ,/, published/vbd a/at little/jj tract/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps objected/vbd mildly/rb to/in the/at abuses/nns of/in art/nn ,/, rather/in than/in the/at art/nn itself/ppl ./. But/cc his/pp$ opposition/nn hardened/vbd and/cc by/in 1579/cd ,/, in/in The/at-tl School/nn-tl Of/in-tl Abuse/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz ready/jj to/to banish/vb all/abn ``/`` players/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps advises/vbz women/nns to/to beware/vb ``/`` of/in those/dts places/nns which/wdt in/in sorrows/nns cheere/vb you/ppo and/cc beguile/vb you/ppo in/in mirth/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps does/doz not/* really/rb approve/vb of/in levity/nn and/cc laughter/nn ,/, but/cc sex/nn is/bez the/at deadly/jj sin/nn ./. He/pps warns/vbz that/cs a/at single/ap glance/nn can/md lead/vb us/ppo into/in temptation/nn ,/, for/cs ``/`` Looking/vbg eies/nns have/hv lyking/vbg hartes/nns ,/, and/cc lyking/vbg hartes/nns may/md burne/vb in/in lust/nn ''/'' ./.

cg57

cg57 |@word would:1 satisfactory:1 leave:1 conclusion:2 point:2 reach:1 fortunately:1 possible:1 somewhat:1 concrete:1 factual:1 diagnose:1 involvement:1 value:23 education:9 purpose:1 draw:1 upon:5 datum:7 sociological:1 psychological:1 study:7 student:34 american:2 college:13 university:8 particularly:1 cornell:2 latter:2 research:2 program:1 information:1 available:1 survey:2 1950:2 1952:3 sample:1 944:1 person:2 two:2 year:5 earlier:1 hence:1 change:3 attitude:3 analyze:1 identical:1 individual:2 time:5 addition:1 collect:1 comparable:1 ten:1 scatter:1 across:2 country:3 dartmouth:1 harvard:1 yale:1 wesleyan:1 north:1 carolina:1 fisk:1 texas:1 california:1 los:1 angeles:1 wayne:1 michigan:1 find:4 first:2 place:2 overwhelmingly:2 approve:3 high:5 positively:1 evaluate:1 job:1 institution:3 accept:4 criticism:1 level:2 public:1 print:1 whole:1 way:3 deal:1 problem:3 inculcation:1 impression:3 evaluation:2 naively:1 uncritical:1 resultant:1 blissful:1 ignorance:1 rather:1 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But/cc it/pps would/md not/* be/be very/ql satisfactory/jj to/to leave/vb our/pp$ conclusions/nns at/in the/at point/nn just/rb reached/vbn ./. Fortunately/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to be/be somewhat/ql more/ql concrete/jj and/cc factual/jj in/in diagnosing/vbg the/at involvement/nn of/in values/nns in/in education/nn ./. For/in this/dt purpose/nn we/ppss now/rb draw/vb upon/in data/nns from/in sociological/jj and/cc psychological/jj studies/nns of/in students/nns in/in American/jj colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns ,/, and/cc particularly/rb from/in the/at Cornell/np-tl Values/nns-tl Studies/nns-tl ./. In/in the/at latter/ap research/nn program/nn ,/, information/nn is/bez available/jj for/in 2,758/cd Cornell/np students/nns surveyed/vbn in/in 1950/cd and/cc for/in 1,571/cd students/nns surveyed/vbn in/in 1952/cd ./. Of/in the/at latter/ap sample/nn ,/, 944/cd persons/nns had/hvd been/ben studied/vbn two/cd years/nns earlier/rbr ;/. ;/. hence/rb changes/nns in/in attitudes/nns and/cc values/nns can/md be/be analyzed/vbn for/in identical/jj individuals/nns at/in two/cd points/nns in/in time/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at 1952/cd study/nn collected/vbd comparable/jj data/nns from/in 4,585/cd students/nns at/in ten/cd other/ap colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns scattered/vbn across/in the/at country/nn :/: Dartmouth/np ,/, Harvard/np ,/, Yale/np ,/, Wesleyan/np ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, Fisk/np ,/, Texas/np ,/, University/nn-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl at/in-tl Los/np-tl Angeles/np-tl ,/, Wayne/np ,/, and/cc Michigan/np ./. We/ppss find/vb ,/, in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, that/cs the/at students/nns overwhelmingly/rb approve/vb of/in higher/jjr education/nn ,/, positively/rb evaluate/vb the/at job/nn their/pp$ own/jj institution/nn is/bez doing/vbg ,/, do/do not/* accept/vb most/ap of/in the/at criticisms/nns levelled/vbn against/in higher/jjr education/nn in/in the/at public/jj prints/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, on/in the/at whole/jj ,/, approve/vb of/in the/at way/nn their/pp$ university/nn deals/vbz with/in value-problems/nns and/cc value/nn inculcation/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* our/pp$ impression/nn that/cs these/dts evaluations/nns are/ber naively/rb uncritical/jj resultants/nns of/in blissful/jj ignorance/nn ;/. ;/. rather/rb ,/, the/at generality/nn of/in these/dts students/nns find/vb their/pp$ university/nn experience/nn congenial/jj to/in their/pp$ own/jj sense/nn of/in values/nns ./. Students/nns are/ber approximately/ql equally/rb divided/vbn between/in those/dts who/wps regard/vb vocational/jj preparation/nn as/cs the/at primary/jj goal/nn of/in an/at ideal/jj education/nn and/cc those/dts who/wps chose/vbd a/at general/jj liberal/jj education/nn ./. Other/ap conceivable/jj goals/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs character-education/nn and/cc social/jj adjustment/nn ,/, are/ber of/in secondary/jj importance/nn to/in them/ppo ./. The/at ideal/nn of/in a/at liberal/jj education/nn impresses/vbz itself/ppl upon/in the/at students/nns more/rbr and/cc more/rbr as/cs they/ppss move/vb through/in college/nn ./. Even/rb in/in such/jj technical/jj curricula/nns as/cs engineering/nn ,/, the/at senior/nn is/bez much/ql more/ql likely/jj than/cs the/at freshman/nn to/to choose/vb ,/, as/cs an/at ideal/jj ,/, liberal/jj education/nn over/in specific/jj vocational/jj preparation/nn ./. In/in the/at university/nn milieu/nn of/in scholarship/nn and/cc research/nn ,/, of/in social/jj diversity/nn ,/, of/in new/jj ideas/nns and/cc varied/vbn and/cc wide-ranging/jj interests/nns ,/, ``/`` socialization/nn ''/'' into/in a/at campus/nn culture/nn apparently/rb means/vbz heightened/vbn appreciation/nn of/in the/at idea/nn of/in a/at liberal/jj education/nn in/in the/at arts/nns and/cc sciences/nns ./. Students'/nns$ choices/nns of/in ideal/jj educational/jj goals/nns are/ber not/* arbitrary/jj or/cc whimsical/jj ./. There/ex is/bez a/at clear/jj relationship/nn between/in their/pp$ educational/jj evaluations/nns and/cc their/pp$ basic/jj pattern/nn of/in general/jj values/nns ./. The/at selective/jj and/cc directional/jj qualities/nns of/in basic/jj value-orientations/nns are/ber clearly/ql evident/jj in/in these/dts data/nns :/: the/at ``/`` success-oriented/jj ''/'' students/nns choose/vb vocational/jj preparation/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` other-directed/jj ''/'' choose/vb goals/nns of/in social/jj adjustment/nn (/( ``/`` getting/vbg along/rb with/in people/nns ''/'' )/) ,/, the/at ``/`` intellectuals/nns ''/'' choose/vb a/at liberal/jj arts/nns emphasis/nn ./. The/at same/ap patterned/vbn consistency/nn shows/vbz itself/ppl in/in occupational/jj choices/nns ./. There/ex is/bez impressive/jj consistency/nn between/in specific/jj occupational/jj preferences/nns and/cc the/at student's/nn$ basic/jj conception/nn of/in what/wdt is/bez for/in him/ppo a/at good/jj way/nn of/in life/nn ./. And/cc ,/, contrary/jj to/in many/ap popular/jj assertions/nns ,/, the/at goal-values/nns chosen/vbn do/do not/* seem/vb to/in us/ppo to/to be/be primarily/rb oriented/vbn to/in materialistic/jj success/nn nor/cc to/in mere/jj conformity/nn ./. Our/pp$ students/nns want/vb occupations/nns that/wps permit/vb them/ppo to/to use/vb their/pp$ talents/nns and/cc training/nn ,/, to/to be/be creative/jj and/cc original/jj ,/, to/to work/vb with/in and/cc to/to help/vb other/ap people/nns ./. They/ppss also/rb want/vb money/nn ,/, prestige/nn ,/, and/cc security/nn ./. But/cc they/ppss are/ber optimistic/jj about/in their/pp$ prospects/nns in/in these/dts regards/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss set/vbd limits/nns to/in their/pp$ aspirations/nns --/-- few/ap aspire/vb to/in millions/nns of/in dollars/nns or/cc to/in ``/`` imperial/jj ''/'' power/nn and/cc glory/nn ./. Within/in the/at fixed/vbn frame/nn of/in these/dts aspirations/nns ,/, they/ppss can/md afford/vb to/to place/vb a/at high/jj value/nn on/in the/at expressive/jj and/cc people-oriented/jj aspects/nns of/in occupation/nn and/cc to/to minimize/vb the/at instrumental-reward/jj values/nns of/in power/nn ,/, prestige/nn ,/, and/cc wealth/nn ./. Occupational/jj choices/nns are/ber also/rb useful/jj --/-- and/cc interesting/jj --/-- in/in bringing/vbg out/rp clearly/rb that/cs values/nns do/do not/* constitute/vb the/at only/ap component/nn in/in goals/nns and/cc aspirations/nns ./. For/cs there/ex is/bez also/rb the/at ``/`` face/nn of/in reality/nn ''/'' in/in the/at form/nn of/in the/at individual's/nn$ perceptions/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj abilities/nns and/cc interests/nns ,/, of/in the/at objective/jj possibilities/nns open/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, of/in the/at familial/jj and/cc other/ap social/jj pressures/nns to/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez exposed/vbn ./. We/ppss find/vb ``/`` reluctant/jj recruits/nns ''/'' whose/wp$ values/nns are/ber not/* in/in line/nn with/in their/pp$ expected/vbn occupation's/nn$ characteristics/nns ./. Students/nns develop/vb occupational/jj images/nns --/-- not/* always/rb accurate/jj or/cc detailed/vbn --/-- and/cc they/ppss try/vb to/to fit/vb their/pp$ values/nns to/in the/at presumed/vbn characteristics/nns of/in the/at imagined/vbn occupation/nn ./. The/at purely/ql cognitive/jj or/cc informational/jj problems/nns are/ber often/rb acute/jj ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, many/ap reluctant/jj recruits/nns are/ber yielding/vbg to/in social/jj demands/nns ,/, or/cc compromising/vbg in/in the/at face/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj limitations/nns of/in opportunity/nn ,/, or/cc of/in ability/nn and/cc performance/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, many/abn a/at creativity-oriented/jj aspirant/nn for/in a/at career/nn in/in architecture/nn ,/, drama/nn ,/, or/cc journalism/nn ,/, resigns/vbz himself/ppl to/in a/at real/jj estate/nn business/nn ;/. ;/. many/abn a/at people-oriented/jj student/nn who/wps dreams/vbz of/in the/at M.D./np decides/vbz to/to enter/vb his/pp$ father's/nn$ advertising/vbg agency/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc many/abn a/at hopeful/jj incipient/jj business/nn executive/nn decides/vbz it/pps were/bed better/jjr to/to teach/vb the/at theory/nn of/in business/nn administration/nn than/cs to/to practice/vb it/ppo ./. The/at old/jj ideal/nn of/in the/at independent/jj entrepreneur/nn is/bez extant/jj --/-- but/cc so/rb is/bez the/at recognition/nn that/cs the/at main/jjs chance/nn may/md be/be in/in a/at corporate/jj bureaucracy/nn ./. In/in their/pp$ views/nns on/in dating/vbg ,/, courtship/nn ,/, sex/nn ,/, and/cc family/nn life/nn ,/, our/pp$ students/nns prefer/vb what/wdt they/ppss are/ber expected/vbn to/to prefer/vb ./. For/in them/ppo ,/, in/in the/at grim/jj words/nns of/in a/at once-popular/jj song/nn ,/, love/nn and/cc marriage/nn go/vb together/rb like/cs a/at horse/nn and/cc carriage/nn ./. Their/pp$ expressed/vbn standards/nns concerning/in sex/nn roles/nns ,/, desirable/jj age/nn for/in marriage/nn ,/, characteristics/nns of/in an/at ideal/jj mate/nn ,/, number/nn of/in children/nns desired/vbn are/ber congruent/jj with/in the/at values/nns and/cc stereotypes/nns of/in the/at preceding/vbg generation/nn --/-- minus/cc compulsive/jj rebellion/nn ./. They/ppss even/rb accept/vb the/at ``/`` double/jj standard/nn ''/'' of/in sex/nn morality/nn in/in a/at double/jj sense/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, both/abx sexes/nns agree/vb that/cs standards/nns for/in men/nns differ/vb from/in standards/nns for/in women/nns ,/, and/cc women/nns apply/vb to/in both/abx sexes/nns a/at standard/nn different/jj from/in that/dt held/vbn by/in men/nns ./. ``/`` Conservatism/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` traditionalism/nn ''/'' seem/vb implied/vbn by/in what/wdt has/hvz just/rb been/ben said/vbn ./. But/cc these/dts terms/nns are/ber treacherous/jj ./. In/in the/at field/nn of/in political/jj values/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez certainly/rb true/jj that/cs students/nns are/ber not/* radical/jj ,/, not/* rebels/nns against/in their/pp$ parents/nns or/cc their/pp$ peers/nns ./. And/cc as/cs they/ppss go/vb through/in college/nn ,/, the/at students/nns tend/vb to/to bring/vb their/pp$ political/jj position/nn in/in line/nn with/in that/dt prevalent/jj in/in the/at social/jj groups/nns to/in which/wdt they/ppss belong/vb ./. Yet/cc they/ppss have/hv accepted/vbn most/ap of/in the/at extant/jj ``/`` welfare/nn state/nn ''/'' provisions/nns for/in health/nn ,/, security/nn ,/, and/cc the/at regulation/nn of/in economic/jj affairs/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss overwhelmingly/rb approve/vb of/in the/at traditional/jj ``/`` liberalism/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Bill/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl ./. When/wrb their/pp$ faith/nn in/in civil/jj liberties/nns is/bez tested/vbn against/in strong/jj pressures/nns of/in social/jj expediency/nn in/in specific/jj issues/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, suppression/nn of/in ``/`` dangerous/jj ideas/nns ''/'' ,/, many/ap waver/vb and/cc give/vb in/rp ./. The/at students/nns who/wps are/ber most/ql willing/jj to/to acquiesce/vb in/in the/at suppression/nn of/in civil/jj liberties/nns are/ber also/rb those/dts who/wps are/ber most/ql likely/jj to/to be/be prejudiced/vbn against/in minority/nn groups/nns ,/, to/to be/be conformist/nn and/cc traditionalistic/jj in/in general/jj social/jj attitudes/nns ,/, and/cc to/to lack/vb a/at basic/jj faith/nn in/in people/nns ./. As/cs one/pn looks/vbz at/in the/at existing/vbg evidence/nn ,/, one/pn finds/vbz a/at correlation/nn ,/, although/cs only/rb a/at slight/jj one/cd ,/, between/in high/jj grades/nns and/cc ``/`` libertarian/jj ''/'' values/nns ./. But/cc the/at correlation/nn is/bez substantial/jj only/rb among/in upperclassmen/nns ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, as/cs students/nns go/vb through/in college/nn ,/, those/dts who/wps are/ber most/ql successful/jj academically/rb tend/vb to/to become/vb more/ql committed/vbn to/in a/at ``/`` Bill/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl ''/'' orientation/nn ./. College/nn in/in gross/nn --/-- just/rb the/at general/jj experience/nn --/-- may/md have/hv varying/vbg effects/nns ,/, but/cc the/at students/nns who/wps are/ber successful/jj emerge/vb with/in strengthened/vbn and/cc clarified/vbn democratic/jj values/nns ./. This/dt finding/nn is/bez consistent/jj also/rb with/in the/at fact/nn that/cs student/nn leaders/nns are/ber more/ql likely/jj to/to be/be supporters/nns of/in the/at values/nns implicit/jj in/in civil/jj liberties/nns than/cs the/at other/ap students/nns ./. There/ex is/bez now/rb substantial/jj evidence/nn from/in several/ap major/jj studies/nns of/in college/nn students/nns that/cs the/at experience/nn of/in the/at college/nn years/nns results/vbz in/in a/at certain/jj ,/, selective/jj homogenization/nn of/in attitudes/nns and/cc values/nns ./. Detached/vbn from/in their/pp$ prior/jj statuses/nns and/cc social/jj groups/nns and/cc exposed/vbn to/in the/at pervasive/jj stimuli/nns of/in the/at university/nn milieu/nn ,/, the/at students/nns tend/vb to/to assimilate/vb a/at new/jj common/jj culture/nn ,/, to/to converge/vb toward/in norms/nns characteristic/jj of/in their/pp$ own/jj particular/jj campus/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, in/in certain/jj respects/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber norms/nns common/jj to/in colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns across/in the/at country/nn ./. For/in instance/nn ,/, college-educated/jj people/nns consistently/rb show/vb up/rp in/in study/nn after/in study/nn as/cs more/ql often/rb than/cs others/nns supporters/nns of/in the/at Bill/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl and/cc other/ap democratic/jj rights/nns and/cc liberties/nns ./. The/at interesting/jj thing/nn in/in this/dt connection/nn is/bez that/cs the/at norms/nns upon/in which/wdt students/nns tend/vb to/to converge/vb include/vb toleration/nn of/in diversity/nn ./. To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs our/pp$ sampling/nn of/in the/at orientations/nns of/in American/jj college/nn students/nns in/in the/at years/nns 1950/cd and/cc 1952/cd may/md be/be representative/jj of/in our/pp$ culture/nn --/-- and/cc still/rb valid/jj in/in 1959/cd --/-- we/ppss are/ber disposed/vbn to/to question/vb the/at summary/nn characterization/nn of/in the/at current/jj generation/nn as/cs silent/jj ,/, beat/vbn ,/, apathetic/jj ,/, or/cc as/cs a/at mass/nn of/in other-directed/jj conformists/nns who/wps are/ber guided/vbn solely/rb by/in social/jj radar/nn without/in benefit/nn of/in inner/jj gyroscopes/nns ./. Our/pp$ data/nns indicate/vb that/cs these/dts students/nns of/in today/nr do/do basically/rb accept/vb the/at existing/vbg institutions/nns of/in the/at society/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at realities/nns of/in complex/jj and/cc large-scale/nn economic/jj and/cc political/jj problems/nns ,/, make/vb a/at wary/jj and/cc ambivalent/jj delegation/nn of/in trust/nn to/in those/dts who/wps occupy/vb positions/nns of/in legitimized/vbn responsibility/nn for/in coping/vbg with/in such/jj collective/jj concerns/nns ./. In/in a/at real/jj sense/nn they/ppss are/ber admittedly/rb conservative/jj ,/, but/cc their/pp$ conservatism/nn incorporates/vbz a/at traditionalized/vbn embodiment/nn of/in the/at original/jj ``/`` radicalism/nn ''/'' of/in 1776/cd ./. Although/cs we/ppss have/hv no/at measures/nns of/in its/pp$ strength/nn or/cc intensity/nn ,/, the/at heritage/nn of/in the/at doctrine/nn of/in inalienable/jj rights/nns is/bez retained/vbn ./. As/cs they/ppss move/vb through/in the/at college/nn years/nns our/pp$ young/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns are/ber ``/`` socialized/vbn ''/'' into/in a/at broadly/ql similar/jj culture/nn ,/, at/in the/at level/nn of/in personal/jj behavior/nn ./. In/in this/dt sense/nn also/rb ,/, they/ppss are/ber surely/rb conformists/nns ./. It/pps is/bez even/rb true/jj that/cs some/dti among/in them/ppo use/vb the/at sheer/jj fact/nn of/in conformity/nn --/-- ``/`` everyone/pn does/doz it/ppo ''/'' --/-- as/cs a/at criterion/nn for/in conduct/nn ./. But/cc the/at extent/nn of/in ethical/jj robotism/nn is/bez easily/rb overestimated/vbn ./. Few/ap students/nns are/ber really/rb so/ql faceless/jj in/in the/at not-so-lonely/jj crowd/nn of/in the/at swelling/vbg population/nn in/in our/pp$ institutions/nns of/in higher/jjr learning/nn ./. And/cc it/pps may/md be/be well/rb to/to recall/vb that/cs to/to say/vb ``/`` conformity/nn ''/'' is/bez ,/, in/in part/nn ,/, another/dt way/nn of/in saying/vbg ``/`` orderly/jj human/jj society/nn ''/'' ./. In/in the/at field/nn of/in religious/jj beliefs/nns and/cc values/nns ,/, the/at college/nn students/nns seem/vb to/in faithfully/rb reflect/vb the/at surrounding/vbg culture/nn ./. Their/pp$ commitments/nns are/ber ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, couched/vbn in/in a/at familiar/jj idiom/nn ./. Students/nns testify/vb to/in a/at felt/vbn need/nn for/in a/at religious/jj faith/nn or/cc ultimate/jj personal/jj philosophy/nn ./. Avowed/vbn atheists/nns or/cc freethinkers/nns are/ber so/ql rare/jj as/cs to/to be/be a/at curiosity/nn ./. The/at religious/jj quest/nn is/bez often/rb intense/jj and/cc deep/jj ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber students/nns on/in every/at campus/nn who/wps are/ber seriously/rb wrestling/vbg with/in the/at most/ql profound/jj questions/nns of/in meaning/nn and/cc value/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, a/at major/jj proportion/nn of/in these/dts young/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns see/vb religion/nn as/cs a/at means/nn of/in personal/jj adjustment/nn ,/, an/at anchor/nn for/in family/nn life/nn ,/, a/at source/nn of/in emotional/jj security/nn ./. These/dts personal/jj and/cc social/jj goals/nns often/rb overshadow/vb the/at goals/nns of/in intellectual/jj clarity/nn ,/, and/cc spiritual/jj transcendence/nn ./. The/at ``/`` cult/nn of/in adjustment/nn ''/'' does/doz exist/vb ./. It/pps exists/vbz alongside/in the/at acceptance/nn of/in traditional/jj forms/nns of/in organized/vbn religion/nn (/( church/nn ,/, ordained/vbn personnel/nns ,/, ritual/nn ,/, dogma/nn )/) ./. Still/rb another/dt segment/nn of/in the/at student/nn population/nn consists/vbz of/in those/dts who/wps seek/vb ,/, in/in what/wdt they/ppss regard/vb as/cs religion/nn ,/, intellectual/jj clarity/nn ,/, rational/jj belief/nn ,/, and/cc ethical/jj guidance/nn and/cc reinforcement/nn ./. Our/pp$ first/od impression/nn of/in the/at data/nns was/bedz that/cs the/at students/nns were/bed surprisingly/rb orthodox/jj and/cc religiously/rb involved/vbn ./. Upon/in second/od thought/nn we/ppss were/bed forced/vbn to/to realize/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv very/ql few/ap reliable/jj historical/jj benchmarks/nns against/in which/wdt we/ppss might/md compare/vb the/at present/jj situation/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs conclusions/nns that/cs present-day/jj students/nns are/ber ``/`` more/ql ''/'' or/cc ``/`` less/ql ''/'' religious/jj could/md not/* be/be defended/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in our/pp$ data/nns ./. As/cs we/ppss looked/vbd more/ql intently/rb at/in the/at content/nn of/in our/pp$ belief/nn and/cc the/at extent/nn of/in religious/jj participation/nn ,/, we/ppss received/vbd the/at impression/nn that/cs many/ap of/in the/at religious/jj convictions/nns expressed/vbn represented/vbd a/at conventional/jj acceptance/nn ,/, of/in low/jj intensity/nn ./. But/cc ,/, here/rb again/rb ,/, comparative/jj benchmarks/nns are/ber lacking/vbg ,/, and/cc we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb ,/, in/in any/dti case/nn ,/, what/wdt measure/nn of/in profoundity/nn and/cc intensity/nn to/to expect/vb from/in healthy/jj ,/, young/jj ,/, secure/jj and/cc relatively/ql inexperienced/jj persons/nns ;/. ;/. after/in all/abn ,/, feelings/nns of/in immortality/nn and/cc invulnerability/nn are/ber standard/jj illusions/nns of/in youth/nn ./. Nor/cc are/ber optimistic/jj and/cc socially-oriented/jj themes/nns at/in all/ql rare/jj in/in the/at distinctive/jj religious/jj history/nn of/in this/dt country/nn ./. Kluckhohn/np recently/rb has/hvz summarized/vbn evidence/nn regarding/in changes/nns in/in values/nns during/in a/at period/nn of/in years/nns ,/, primarily/rb 1935-1955/cd ,/, but/cc extending/vbg much/ql farther/ql back/rb in/in some/dti instances/nns ./. A/at variety/nn of/in data/nns are/ber assembled/vbn to/to bear/vb upon/in such/jj alleged/vbn changes/nns as/cs diminished/vbn puritan/jj morality/nn ,/, work-success/nn ethic/nn ,/, individualism/nn ,/, achievement/nn ,/, lessened/vbn emphasis/nn on/in future-time/jj orientation/nn in/in favor/nn of/in sociability/nn ,/, moral/jj relativism/nn ,/, consideration/nn and/cc tolerance/nn ,/, conformity/nn ,/, hedonistic/jj present-time/jj orientation/nn ./. Although/cs he/pps questions/vbz the/at extent/nn and/cc nature/nn of/in the/at alleged/vbn revival/nn of/in religion/nn and/cc the/at alleged/vbn increase/nn in/in conformity/nn ,/, and/cc thinks/vbz that/cs ``/`` hedonistic/jj ''/'' present-time/jj orientation/nn does/doz not/* have/hv the/at meaning/nn usually/rb attributed/vbn to/in it/ppo ,/, he/pps does/doz conclude/vb that/cs Americans/nps increasingly/rb enjoy/vb leisure/nn without/in guilt/nn ,/, do/do not/* stress/vb achievement/nn so/ql much/rb as/cs formerly/rb ,/, are/ber more/ql accepting/jj of/in group/nn harmony/nn as/cs a/at goal/nn ,/, more/ql tolerant/jj of/in diversity/nn and/cc aware/jj of/in other/ap cultures/nns ./.

cg58

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From/in New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, Morgan/np hastened/vbd to/in the/at headquarters/nn of/in Washington/np at/in Whitemarsh/np ,/, Pennsylvania/np ,/, arriving/vbg there/rb on/in November/np 18th/od ./. There/ex was/bedz much/ap sickness/nn in/in the/at corps/nn ,/, and/cc the/at men/nns were/bed ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, without/in the/at clothing/nn ,/, shoes/nns ,/, and/cc blankets/nns needed/vbn for/in the/at winter/nn weather/nn ./. Morgan/np himself/ppl had/hvd sciatica/nn again/rb ./. Even/rb on/in his/pp$ tough/jj constitution/nn ,/, the/at exposure/nn and/cc strenuous/jj activity/nn were/bed beginning/vbg to/to tell/vb in/in earnest/nn ./. On/in the/at morning/nn of/in November/np 17th/od ,/, Cornwallis/np and/cc 2,000/cd men/nns had/hvd left/vbn Philadelphia/np with/in the/at object/nn of/in capturing/vbg Fort/nn-tl Mercer/np-tl at/in Red/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ./. In/in order/nn to/to prevent/vb this/dt ,/, Washington/np hastened/vbd to/to dispatch/vb several/ap units/nns to/to reinforce/vb the/at fort/nn ,/, including/in a/at force/nn under/in the/at Marquis/np De/np Lafayette/np containing/vbg some/dti 160/cd of/in Morgan's/np$ riflemen/nns ,/, all/abn who/wps were/bed fit/vbn for/in duty/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, the/at rest/nn having/hvg no/at shoes/nns ./. Although/cs the/at fort/nn was/bedz evacuated/vbn in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at force/nn of/in Cornwallis/np ,/, Morgan/np and/cc his/pp$ men/nns did/dod have/hv a/at chance/nn to/to take/vb another/dt swing/nn at/in the/at redcoats/nns ./. A/at picket/nn guard/nn of/in about/rb 350/cd ,/, mostly/rb Hessians/nps ,/, were/bed attacked/vbn by/in the/at Americans/nps under/in Lafayette/np ,/, and/cc driven/vbn back/rb to/in their/pp$ camp/nn ,/, some/dti twenty/cd to/in thirty/cd of/in them/ppo falling/vbg before/in the/at riflemen's/nns$ fire/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss never/rb saw/vbd men/nns ''/'' ,/, Lafayette/np declared/vbd in/in regard/nn to/in the/at riflemen/nns ,/, ``/`` so/ql merry/jj ,/, so/ql spirited/vbn ,/, and/cc so/ql desirous/jj to/to go/vb on/rp to/in the/at enemy/nn ,/, whatever/wdt force/nn they/ppss might/md have/hv ,/, as/cs that/dt small/jj party/nn in/in this/dt fight/nn ''/'' ./. Nathanael/np Greene/np told/vbd Washington/np that/cs ``/`` Lafayette/np was/bedz charmed/vbn with/in the/at spirited/vbn behavior/nn of/in the/at militia/nn and/cc riflemen/nns ''/'' ./. A/at few/ap days/nns later/rbr it/pps was/bedz learned/vbn that/cs General/nn-tl Howe/np was/bedz planning/vbg an/at attack/nn upon/in the/at American/jj camp/nn ./. The/at British/jj general/nn moved/vbd his/pp$ forces/nns north/nr from/in Philadelphia/np to/in Chestnut/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, near/in the/at right/jj wing/nn of/in the/at patriot/nn encampment/nn ./. Here/rb the/at Pennsylvania/np militia/nn skirmished/vbd with/in the/at British/nps ,/, but/cc soon/rb fled/vbd ./. Morgan/np was/bedz ordered/vbn to/to attack/vb the/at enemy/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd meantime/rb moved/vbn to/in Edge/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl on/in the/at left/nr of/in the/at Americans/nps ./. Similar/jj orders/nns were/bed given/vbn to/in the/at Maryland/np militia/nn ./. Morgan/np immediately/rb disposed/vbd his/pp$ troops/nns for/in action/nn and/cc found/vbd he/pps had/hvd not/* long/rb to/to wait/vb ./. A/at body/nn of/in redcoats/nns were/bed seen/vbn marching/vbg down/in a/at nearby/jj slope/nn ,/, a/at tempting/vbg target/nn for/in the/at riflemen/nns ,/, who/wps threw/vbd a/at volley/nn into/in their/pp$ ranks/nns and/cc ``/`` messed/vbd up/rp ''/'' the/at smart/jj formation/nn considerably/rb ./. Now/rb the/at riflemen/nns and/cc the/at Marylanders/nps followed/vbd up/rp their/pp$ beginning/nn and/cc closed/vbd in/rp on/in the/at British/nps ,/, giving/vbg them/ppo another/dt telling/jj round/nn of/in fire/nn ./. The/at redcoats/nns ran/vbd like/cs rabbits/nns ./. But/cc the/at Maryland/np militia/nn had/hvd likewise/rb fled/vbn ,/, all/abn too/ql typical/jj of/in this/dt type/nn of/in soldier/nn during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, an/at experience/nn which/wdt gave/vbd Morgan/np little/ap confidence/nn in/in militia/nn in/in general/jj ,/, as/cs he/pps watched/vbd other/ap instances/nns of/in their/pp$ breaking/nn in/in hot/jj engagements/nns ./. The/at British/nps ,/, although/cs suffering/vbg considerable/jj losses/nns ,/, noted/vbd the/at defection/nn of/in the/at Marylanders/nps ,/, made/vbd a/at stand/nn ,/, then/rb turned/vbd and/cc attacked/vbd Morgan/np who/wps became/vbd greatly/rb outnumbered/vbn and/cc had/hvd to/to retire/vb ./. The/at Americans/nps lost/vbd forty-four/cd men/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo Major/nn-tl Joseph/np Morris/np of/in Morgan's/np$ regiment/nn ,/, an/at officer/nn who/wps was/bedz regarded/vbn with/in high/jj esteem/nn and/cc affection/nn ,/, not/* only/rb by/in his/pp$ commander/nn ,/, but/cc by/in Washington/np and/cc Lafayette/np as/ql well/rb ./. The/at latter/ap was/bedz so/ql upset/vbn on/in learning/vbg of/in the/at death/nn of/in Morris/np ,/, that/cs he/pps wrote/vbd Morgan/np a/at letter/nn ,/, showing/vbg his/pp$ own/jj warmhearted/jj generosity/nn ./. After/cs complimenting/vbg Morgan/np and/cc the/at riflemen/nns and/cc saying/vbg he/pps was/bedz praising/vbg them/ppo to/in Congress/np ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at ardent/jj Frenchman/np added/vbd he/pps felt/vbd that/cs Congress/np should/md make/vb some/dti financial/jj restitution/nn to/in the/at widow/nn and/cc family/nn of/in Morris/np ,/, but/cc that/cs he/pps knew/vbd Morgan/np realized/vbd how/wql long/rb such/jj action/nn usually/rb required/vbn ,/, if/cs it/pps was/bedz done/vbn at/in all/abn ./. ``/`` As/cs Mrs./np Morris/np may/md be/be in/in some/dti want/nn before/in that/dt time/nn ''/'' ,/, Lafayette/np continued/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss am/bem going/vbg to/to trouble/vb you/ppo with/in a/at commission/nn which/wdt I/ppss beg/vb you/ppss will/md execute/vb with/in the/at greatest/jjt secrecy/nn ./. If/cs she/pps wanted/vbd to/to borrow/vb any/dti sum/nn of/in money/nn in/in expecting/vbg the/at arrangements/nns of/in Congress/np ,/, it/pps would/md not/* become/vb a/at stranger/nn ,/, unknown/jj to/in her/ppo ,/, to/to offer/vb himself/ppl for/in that/dt purpose/nn ./. But/cc you/ppss could/md (/( as/cs from/in yourself/ppl )/) tell/vb her/ppo that/cs you/ppss had/hvd friends/nns who/wps ,/, being/beg with/in the/at army/nn ,/, don't/do* know/vb what/wdt to/to do/do with/in their/pp$ money/nn and/cc would/md willingly/rb let/vb her/ppo have/hv one/cd or/cc many/ap thousand/cd dollars/nns ''/'' ./. This/dt was/bedz accordingly/rb done/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at plight/nn of/in the/at grateful/jj Mrs./np Morris/np was/bedz much/ql relieved/vbn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at generous/jj loan/nn ,/, the/at amount/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez not/* known/vbn ./. Apparently/rb still/rb sensitive/jj about/in the/at idea/nn with/in which/wdt General/nn-tl Gates/np had/hvd approached/vbn him/ppo at/in Saratoga/np ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/cs George/np Washington/np be/be replaced/vbn ,/, Morgan/np was/bedz vehement/jj in/in his/pp$ support/nn of/in the/at commander-in-chief/nn during/in the/at campaign/nn around/in Philadelphia/np ./. Richard/np Peters/np ,/, Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl ,/, thought/vbd Morgan/np was/bedz so/ql extreme/jj on/in the/at subject/nn that/cs he/pps accused/vbd him/ppo of/in trying/vbg to/to pick/vb a/at quarrel/nn ./. Morgan/np hotly/rb denied/vbd this/dt and/cc informed/vbd the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl that/cs the/at men/nns in/in camp/nn linked/vbd the/at name/nn of/in Peters/np with/in the/at plot/nn against/in Washington/np ./. Peters/np insisted/vbd that/cs this/dt impression/nn was/bedz a/at great/jj misunderstanding/nn ,/, and/cc evidently/rb ,/, from/in the/at quarrel/nn ,/, obtained/vbn an/at unfavorable/jj impression/nn of/in Morgan's/np$ judgment/nn ./. Such/abl a/at situation/nn regarding/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl could/md hardly/rb have/hv helped/vbn Morgan's/np$ chances/nns for/in promotion/nn when/wrb that/dt matter/nn came/vbd before/in the/at group/nn later/rbr on/rp ./. In/in late/jj December/np ,/, the/at American/jj army/nn moved/vbd from/in Whitemarsh/np to/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl ,/, and/cc although/cs the/at distance/nn was/bedz only/rb 13/cd miles/nns ,/, the/at journey/nn took/vbd more/ap than/in a/at week/nn because/rb of/in the/at bad/jj weather/nn ,/, the/at barefooted/jj and/cc almost/ql naked/jj men/nns ./. The/at position/nn of/in the/at new/jj camp/nn was/bedz admirably/rb selected/vbn and/cc well/ql fortified/vbn ,/, its/pp$ easily/ql defensible/jj nature/nn being/beg one/cd good/jj reason/nn why/wrb Howe/np did/dod not/* attack/vb it/ppo ./. Besides/rb helping/vbg to/to prevent/vb the/at movement/nn of/in the/at British/nps to/in the/at west/nr ,/, Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl also/rb obstructed/vbd the/at trade/nn between/in Howe's/np$ forces/nns and/cc the/at farmers/nns ,/, thus/rb threatening/vbg the/at vital/jj subsistence/nn of/in the/at redcoats/nns and/cc rendering/vbg their/pp$ foraging/nn to/to obtain/vb necessary/jj supplies/nns extremely/ql hazardous/jj ./. In/in order/nn to/to see/vb that/cs this/dt hindering/vbg situation/nn remained/vbd effective/jj ,/, Washington/np detached/vbd several/ap bodies/nns of/in his/pp$ troops/nns to/in the/at periphery/nn of/in the/at Philadelphia/np area/nn ./. Morgan/np and/cc his/pp$ corps/nn were/bed placed/vbn on/in the/at west/nr side/nn of/in the/at Schuylkill/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, with/in instructions/nns to/to intercept/vb all/abn supplies/nns found/vbn going/vbg to/in the/at city/nn and/cc to/to keep/vb a/at close/jj eye/nn on/in the/at movements/nns of/in the/at enemy/nn ./. The/at headquarters/nn of/in Morgan/np was/bedz on/in a/at farm/nn ,/, said/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben particularly/ql well/ql located/vbn so/rb as/in to/to prevent/vb the/at farmers/nns nearby/rb from/in trading/vbg with/in the/at British/nps ,/, a/at practice/nn all/ql too/ql common/jj to/in those/dts who/wps preferred/vbd to/to sell/vb their/pp$ produce/nn for/in British/jj gold/nn rather/in than/in the/at virtually/ql worthless/jj Continental/jj-tl currency/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ dealings/nns with/in offenders/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, Morgan/np was/bedz typically/rb firm/jj but/cc just/jj ./. For/in example/nn ,/, he/pps captured/vbd some/dti persons/nns from/in York/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, who/wps with/in teams/nns were/bed taking/vbg to/in Philadelphia/np the/at furniture/nn of/in a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd just/rb been/ben released/vbn from/in prison/nn through/in the/at efforts/nns of/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps apparently/rb was/bedz helpless/jj to/to prevent/vb the/at theft/nn of/in his/pp$ household/nn goods/nns ./. Morgan/np took/vbd charge/nn of/in the/at furniture/nn and/cc restored/vbd it/ppo to/in its/pp$ thankful/jj owners/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps let/vb the/at culprits/nns who/wps had/hvd stolen/vbn it/pps go/vb free/jj ./. Morgan/np complained/vbd to/in Washington/np about/in the/at men/nns detailed/vbn to/in him/ppo for/in scouting/vbg duty/nn ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo he/pps said/vbd being/beg useless/jj ./. ``/`` They/ppss straggle/vb at/in such/abl a/at rate/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps told/vbd the/at commander-in-chief/nn ,/, ``/`` that/cs if/cs the/at enemy/nn were/bed enterprising/jj ,/, they/ppss might/md get/vb two/cd from/in us/ppo ,/, when/wrb we/ppss would/md take/vb one/cd of/in them/ppo ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz me/ppo wish/vb General/nn-tl Howe/np would/md go/vb on/rp ,/, lest/cs any/dti incident/nn happen/vb to/in us/ppo ''/'' ./. If/cs the/at hardships/nns of/in the/at winter/nn at/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl were/bed trying/vbg for/in healthy/jj men/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, much/ql more/ql so/rb for/in those/dts not/* in/in good/jj health/nn ./. Daniel/np Morgan's/np$ rheumatic/jj condition/nn worsened/vbd with/in the/at increase/nn of/in the/at cold/jj and/cc damp/jj weather/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd braved/vbn the/at elements/nns and/cc the/at enemy/nn ,/, but/cc the/at strain/nn ,/, aided/vbn by/in the/at winter/nn ,/, was/bedz catching/vbg up/rp with/in him/ppo at/in last/ap ./. Also/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz now/rb forty-three/cd years/nns old/jj ./. The/at mild/jj activity/nn of/in his/pp$ command/nn during/in the/at sojourn/nn of/in the/at troops/nns at/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl could/md be/be handled/vbn by/in a/at subordinate/nn ,/, he/pps felt/vbd ,/, so/rb like/cs Henry/np Knox/np ,/, equally/ql loyal/jj to/in Washington/np ,/, who/wps went/vbd to/in Boston/np at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, Morgan/np received/vbd permission/nn to/to visit/vb his/pp$ home/nn in/in Virginia/np for/in several/ap weeks/nns ./. In/in his/pp$ absence/nn ,/, the/at rifle/nn regiment/nn was/bedz under/in the/at command/nn of/in Major/nn-tl Thomas/np Posey/np ,/, another/dt able/jj Virginian/np ./. But/cc Morgan/np did/dod not/* leave/vb before/cs he/pps had/hvd written/vbn a/at letter/nn to/in a/at William/np Pickman/np in/in Salem/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, apparently/rb an/at acquaintance/nn ,/, praising/vbg Washington/np and/cc saying/vbg that/cs the/at slanders/nns propagated/vbn about/in him/ppo were/bed ``/`` opposed/vbn by/in the/at general/jj current/nn of/in the/at people/nns to/to exalt/vb General/nn-tl Gates/np at/in the/at expense/nn of/in General/nn-tl Washington/np was/bedz injurious/jj to/in the/at latter/ap ./. If/cs there/ex be/be a/at disinterested/jj patriot/nn in/in America/np ,/, 'tis/pps+bez General/nn-tl Washington/np ,/, and/cc his/pp$ bravery/nn ,/, none/pn can/md question/vb ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez doubtful/jj if/cs Morgan/np was/bedz able/jj to/to take/vb home/nr much/ap money/nn to/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc children/nns ,/, for/cs his/pp$ pay/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn by/in the/at War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl Abstracts/nns-tl of/in early/jj 1778/cd was/bedz $75/nns a/at month/nn as/cs a/at colonel/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt apt/jj to/to be/be delayed/vbn ./. He/pps was/bedz shown/vbn a/at warm/jj welcome/nn regardless/rb ,/, and/cc spent/vbd the/at time/nn in/in Winchester/np recuperating/vbg from/in his/pp$ ailment/nn ,/, enjoying/vbg his/pp$ family/nn and/cc arranging/vbg his/pp$ private/jj affairs/nns which/wdt were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, run/vbn down/rp ./. His/pp$ neighbors/nns celebrated/vbd his/pp$ return/nn ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps was/bedz only/rb temporary/jj ,/, and/cc Morgan/np was/bedz especially/ql gratified/vbn by/in the/at quaint/jj expression/nn of/in an/at elderly/jj friend/nn ,/, Isaac/np Lane/np ,/, who/wps told/vbd him/ppo ,/, ``/`` A/at man/nn that/wps has/hvz so/ql often/rb left/vbn all/abn that/wps is/bez dear/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, as/cs thou/ppss hast/hv ,/, to/to serve/vb thy/pp$ country/nn ,/, must/md create/vb a/at sympathetic/jj feeling/nn in/in every/at patriotic/jj heart/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex must/md have/hv been/ben special/jj feelings/nns of/in joy/nn and/cc patriotism/nn in/in the/at heart/nn of/in Daniel/np Morgan/np too/rb ,/, when/wrb the/at news/nn was/bedz received/vbn on/in April/np 30th/od of/in the/at recognition/nn by/in France/np of/in the/at independence/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. His/pp$ fellow/nn Virginian/np ,/, George/np Washington/np ,/, had/hvd stated/vbn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss believe/vb no/at event/nn was/bedz ever/rb received/vbn with/in more/ql heartfelt/jj joy/nn ''/'' ./. The/at dreary/jj camp/nn at/in Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl was/bedz turned/vbn into/in an/at arena/nn of/in rejoicing/vbg ./. Even/rb the/at dignified/vbn Washington/np indulged/vbd in/in a/at game/nn of/in wickets/nns with/in some/dti children/nns ./. His/pp$ soldiers/nns on/in the/at whole/jj did/dod not/* celebrate/vb so/ql mildly/rb ./. On/in May/np 6th/od ,/, Morgan/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd returned/vbn ,/, received/vbd from/in Washington/np orders/nns to/to ``/`` send/vb out/rp patrols/nns under/in vigilant/jj officers/nns ''/'' to/to keep/vb near/in the/at enemy/nn ./. ``/`` The/at reason/nn for/in this/dt ''/'' ,/, the/at orders/nns said/vbd ,/, ``/`` is/bez that/cs the/at enemy/nn may/md think/vb to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in the/at celebration/nn of/in this/dt day/nn ./. The/at troops/nns must/md have/hv more/ap than/cs the/at common/jj quantity/nn of/in liquor/nn ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb there/ex will/md be/be some/dti little/jj drunkenness/nn among/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. Apparently/rb no/at serious/jj disorders/nns resulted/vbd from/in the/at celebration/nn ,/, and/cc within/in a/at few/ap days/nns ,/, Morgan/np joined/vbd the/at force/nn of/in Lafayette/np who/wps now/rb had/hvd command/nn of/in some/dti 2,000/cd men/nns at/in Barren/jj-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, not/* far/rb above/in Philadelphia/np on/in the/at Schuylkill/np ./. The/at Frenchman/np had/hvd been/ben ordered/vbn to/to approach/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ lines/nns ,/, harass/vb them/ppo and/cc get/vb intelligence/nn of/in their/pp$ movements/nns ./. Interestingly/rb enough/qlp ,/, the/at order/nn transmitted/vbn to/in Morgan/np through/in Alexander/np Hamilton/np also/rb informed/vbd him/ppo that/cs ``/`` A/at party/nn of/in Indians/nps will/md join/vb the/at party/nn to/to be/be sent/vbn from/in your/pp$ command/nn at/in Whitemarsh/np ,/, and/cc act/vb with/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. These/dts were/bed Oneida/np Indians/nps ./. Washington/np evidently/rb was/bedz anxious/jj for/in Morgan/np to/to be/be cautious/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs aggressive/jj ,/, for/cs on/in May/np 17th/od ,/, 18th/od and/cc 20th/od he/pps admonished/vbd the/at leader/nn of/in the/at riflemen-rangers/nns to/to be/be on/in the/at alert/nn ./. Obviously/rb the/at commander-in-chief/nn had/hvd confidence/nn that/cs Morgan/np would/md furnish/vb him/ppo good/jj intelligence/nn too/rb ,/, for/cs on/in the/at 23rd/od of/in May/np ,/, he/pps told/vbd Morgan/np that/cs the/at British/nps were/bed prepared/vbn to/to move/vb ,/, perhaps/rb in/in the/at night/nn ,/, and/cc asked/vbd Morgan/np to/to have/hv two/cd of/in his/pp$ best/jjt horses/nns ready/jj to/to dispatch/vb to/in General/nn-tl Smallwood/np with/in the/at intelligence/nn obtained/vbn ./. Meantime/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, this/dt same/ap General/nn-tl Smallwood/np seemed/vbd to/to be/be serving/vbg chivalry/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at American/jj army/nn ./. Colonel/nn-tl Benjamin/np Ford/np wrote/vbd to/in Morgan/np from/in Wilmington/np that/cs he/pps understood/vbd a/at Mrs./np Sanderson/np from/in Maryland/np had/hvd obtained/vbn permission/nn from/in Smallwood/np to/to visit/vb Philadelphia/np ,/, and/cc would/md return/vb on/in May/np 26th/od ,/, escorted/vbn by/in several/ap officers/nns from/in Maryland/np ``/`` belonging/vbg to/in the/at new/jj levies/nns in/in the/at British/jj service/nn ''/'' ./. Ford/np urged/vbd Morgan/np to/to capture/vb these/dts men/nns ,/, who/wps ,/, he/pps thought/vbd ,/, might/md be/be disguised/vbn as/cs Quakers/nps or/cc peasants/nns ./. Morgan/np took/vbd the/at suggested/vbn steps/nns ,/, but/cc when/wrb Mrs./np Sanderson/np appeared/vbd ,/, there/ex was/bedz nobody/pn with/in her/ppo but/cc her/pp$ husband/nn ,/, whom/wpo he/pps promptly/rb sent/vbd to/in headquarters/nn to/in be/be questioned/vbn ./. But/cc Morgan/np evidently/rb reported/vbd matters/nns of/in intelligence/nn much/ql more/ql important/jj to/in his/pp$ commanding/vbg general/nn ./. A/at letter/nn of/in a/at few/ap days/nns later/rbr from/in Washington's/np$ aide/nn to/in Morgan/np stated/vbd ,/, ``/`` His/pp$ Excellency/nn-tl is/bez highly/ql pleased/vbn with/in your/pp$ conduct/nn upon/in this/dt occasion/nn ''/'' ./.

cg59

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For/cs by/in now/rb the/at original/jj cause/nn of/in the/at quarrel/nn ,/, Philip's/np$ seizure/nn of/in Gascony/np ,/, was/bedz only/rb one/cd strand/nn in/in the/at spider/nn web/nn of/in French/jj interests/nns that/wps overlay/vbd all/abn western/jj Europe/np and/cc that/dt had/hvd been/ben so/ql well/rb and/cc closely/rb spun/vbn that/cs the/at lightest/jjt movement/nn could/md set/vb it/ppo trembling/vbg from/in one/cd end/nn to/in the/at other/ap ./. Even/rb so/rb ,/, Edward's/np$ ambassadors/nns can/md scarcely/rb have/hv foreseen/vbn that/cs five/cd years/nns of/in unremitting/jj work/nn lay/vbd ahead/rb of/in them/ppo before/cs peace/nn was/bedz finally/rb made/vbn and/cc that/cs when/wrb it/pps did/dod come/vb the/at countless/jj embassies/nns that/wps left/vbd England/np for/in Rome/np during/in that/dt period/nn had/hvd very/ql little/ap to/to do/do with/in it/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez hard/jj not/* to/to lay/vb most/ap of/in the/at blame/nn for/in their/pp$ failures/nns on/in the/at pope/nn ./. Nogaret/np is/bez hardly/rb an/at impartial/jj witness/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb he/pps did/dod not/* make/vb his/pp$ charges/nns against/in Boniface/np until/cs the/at latter/ap was/bedz dead/jj ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez some/dti truth/nn in/in what/wdt he/pps said/vbd and/cc more/ap in/in what/wdt he/pps did/dod not/* say/vb ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* merely/rb a/at hunger/nn for/in ``/`` money/nn ,/, gold/nn and/cc precious/jj objects/nns ''/'' that/wps delayed/vbd the/at papal/jj pronouncement/nn that/wps could/md have/hv brought/vbn the/at war/nn to/in an/at end/nn ;/. ;/. the/at pope/nn was/bedz playing/vbg a/at dangerous/jj game/nn ,/, with/in so/ql many/ap balls/nns in/in the/at air/nn at/in once/rb that/cs a/at misstep/nn would/md bring/vb them/ppo all/abn about/in his/pp$ ears/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ only/ap hope/nn was/bedz to/to temporize/vb so/cs that/cs he/pps could/md take/vb advantage/nn of/in every/at change/nn in/in the/at delicate/jj balance/nn of/in European/jj affairs/nns ./. When/wrb the/at negotiations/nns began/vbd ,/, his/pp$ quarrel/nn with/in the/at king/nn of/in France/np was/bedz temporarily/rb in/in abeyance/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd no/at intention/nn of/in reviving/vbg it/ppo so/ql long/rb as/cs there/ex was/bedz hope/nn that/cs French/jj money/nn would/md come/vb to/to pay/vb the/at troops/nns who/wps ,/, under/in Charles/np-tl of/in-tl Valois/np-tl ,/, the/at papal/jj vicar/nn of/in Tuscany/np ,/, were/bed so/ql valuable/jj in/in the/at crusade/nn against/in the/at Colonna/np cardinals/nns and/cc their/pp$ Sicilian/jj allies/nns ./. If/cs his/pp$ circumspection/nn in/in regard/nn to/in Philip's/np$ sensibilities/nns went/vbd so/ql far/rb that/cs he/pps even/rb refused/vbd to/to grant/vb a/at dispensation/nn for/in the/at marriage/nn of/in Amadee's/np$ daughter/nn ,/, Agnes/np ,/, to/in the/at son/nn of/in the/at dauphin/nn of/in Vienne/np --/-- a/at truly/ql peacemaking/jj move/nn according/in to/in thirteenth-century/nn ideas/nns ,/, for/cs Savoy/np and/cc Dauphine/np were/bed as/cs usual/jj fighting/vbg on/in opposite/jj sides/nns --/-- for/cs fear/nn that/cs he/pps might/md seem/vb to/to be/be favoring/vbg the/at anti-French/jj coalition/nn ,/, he/pps would/md certainly/rb never/rb take/vb the/at far/ql more/ql drastic/jj step/nn of/in ordering/vbg the/at return/nn of/in Gascony/np to/in Edward/np ,/, even/rb though/rb ,/, as/cs he/pps admitted/vbd to/in the/at English/jj ambassadors/nns ,/, he/pps had/hvd been/ben advised/vbn that/cs the/at original/jj cession/nn was/bedz invalid/jj ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* want/vb to/to offend/vb Edward/np either/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps found/vbd himself/ppl in/in a/at very/ql difficult/jj position/nn ./. On/in the/at surface/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj question/nn was/bedz purely/ql feudal/jj ./. The/at French/nps were/bed now/rb occupying/vbg Gascony/np and/cc Flanders/np on/in the/at technical/jj grounds/nns that/cs their/pp$ rulers/nns had/hvd forfeited/vbn them/ppo by/in a/at breach/nn of/in the/at feudal/jj contract/nn ./. But/cc Edward/np was/bedz invading/vbg Scotland/np for/in precisely/rb the/at same/ap reason/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ insubordinate/jj vassal/nn was/bedz the/at ally/nn of/in the/at king/nn of/in France/np ./. Boniface/np had/hvd to/to uphold/vb the/at sacredness/nn of/in the/at feudal/jj contract/nn at/in all/abn costs/nns ,/, for/cs it/pps was/bedz only/rb as/cs suzerain/nn of/in Sicily/np and/cc of/in the/at Patrimony/nn-tl of/in-tl Peter/np-tl that/cs he/pps had/hvd any/dti justification/nn for/in his/pp$ Italian/jj wars/nns ,/, but/cc in/in the/at English-Scottish-French/jj triangle/nn it/pps was/bedz almost/ql impossible/jj for/in him/ppo to/to recognize/vb the/at claims/nns of/in any/dti one/cd of/in the/at contestants/nns without/in seeming/vbg to/to invalidate/vb those/dts of/in the/at other/ap two/cd ./. Because/rb of/in these/dts involvements/nns in/in the/at matter/nn at/in stake/nn ,/, Boniface/np lacked/vbd the/at impartiality/nn that/wps is/bez supposed/vbn to/to be/be an/at essential/jj qualification/nn for/in the/at position/nn of/in arbiter/nn ,/, and/cc in/in retrospect/nn that/wps would/md seem/vb to/to be/be sufficient/jj reason/nn why/wrb the/at English/jj embassies/nns to/in the/at Curia/np proved/vbd so/ql fruitless/jj ./. But/cc when/wrb the/at situation/nn was/bedz so/ql complicated/vbn that/cs even/rb Nogaret/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at principal/jjs actors/nns in/in the/at drama/nn ,/, could/md misinterpret/vb the/at pope's/nn$ motives/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs Othon/np and/cc his/pp$ companions/nns ,/, equally/rb baffled/vbn ,/, attributed/vbd their/pp$ difficulties/nns to/in a/at more/ql immediate/jj cause/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz Boniface's/np$ monumental/jj tactlessness/nn ./. ``/`` Tact/nn ''/'' ,/, by/in its/pp$ very/ap derivation/nn ,/, implies/vbz that/cs its/pp$ possessor/nn keeps/vbz in/in touch/nn with/in other/ap people/nns ,/, but/cc the/at author/nn of/in Clericis/fw-nns-tl Laicos/fw-nns-tl and/cc-tl Unam/fw-cd-tl Sanctam/fw-jj-tl ,/, the/at wielder/nn of/in the/at two/cd swords/nns ,/, the/at papal/jj sun/nn of/in which/wdt the/at imperial/jj moon/nn was/bedz but/rb a/at dim/jj reflection/nn ,/, the/at peer/nn of/in Caesar/np and/cc vice-regent/nn of/in Christ/np ,/, was/bedz so/ql high/jj above/in other/ap human/jj beings/nns that/cs he/pps had/hvd forgotten/vbn what/wdt they/ppss were/bed like/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at learned/vbn and/cc brilliant/jj man/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt jurists/nns in/in Europe/np and/cc with/in flashes/nns of/in penetrating/jj insight/nn ,/, and/cc yet/rb in/in his/pp$ dealings/nns with/in other/ap people/nns ,/, particularly/rb when/wrb he/pps tried/vbd to/to be/be ingratiating/jj ,/, he/pps was/bedz capable/jj of/in an/at abysmal/jj stupidity/nn that/wps can/md have/hv come/vbn only/rb from/in a/at complete/jj incomprehension/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc human/jj motives/nns ./. This/dt lofty/jj disregard/nn for/in others/nns was/bedz not/* shared/vbn by/in such/jj men/nns as/cs Pierre/np Flotte/np and/cc his/pp$ associates/nns ,/, that/dt ``/`` brilliant/jj group/nn of/in mediocre/jj men/nns ''/'' ,/, as/cs Powicke/np calls/vbz them/ppo ,/, who/wps provided/vbd the/at brains/nns for/in the/at French/jj embassy/nn that/wps came/vbd to/in Rome/np under/in the/at nominal/jj leadership/nn of/in the/at archbishop/nn of/in Narbonne/np ,/, the/at duke/nn of/in Burgundy/np ,/, and/cc the/at count/nn of/in St.-Pol/np ./. They/ppss had/hvd risen/vbn from/in humble/jj beginnings/nns by/in their/pp$ own/jj diligence/nn and/cc astuteness/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed unfettered/jj by/in the/at codes/nns that/wps bound/vbd nobles/nns like/cs Othon/np or/cc even/rb the/at older/jjr generation/nn of/in clerks/nns like/cs Hotham/np ,/, and/cc they/ppss were/bed working/vbg for/in an/at end/nn that/wpo their/pp$ opponents/nns had/hvd never/rb even/rb visualized/vbn ./. Boniface/np was/bedz later/rbr to/to explain/vb to/in the/at English/nps that/cs Robert/np-tl of/in-tl Burgundy/np-tl and/cc Guy/np De/np St.-Pol/np were/bed easy/jj enough/qlp to/to do/do business/nn with/in ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz the/at clerks/nns who/wps caused/vbd the/at mischief/nn and/cc who/wps made/vbd him/ppo say/vb that/cs the/at ruling/vbg passion/nn of/in their/pp$ race/nn was/bedz covetousness/nn and/cc that/cs in/in dealing/vbg with/in them/ppo he/pps never/rb knew/vbd whether/cs he/pps had/hvd to/to do/do with/in a/at Frenchman/np or/cc with/in a/at devil/nn ./. To/in the/at pope/nn ,/, head/nn of/in the/at universal/jj Church/nn-tl ,/, to/in the/at duke/nn of/in Burgundy/np ,/, taking/vbg full/jj advantage/nn of/in his/pp$ position/nn on/in the/at borders/nns of/in France/np and/cc of/in the/at Empire/nn-tl ,/, or/cc to/in Othon/np ,/, who/wps found/vbd it/ppo quite/ql natural/jj that/cs he/pps should/md do/do homage/nn to/in Edward/np for/in Tipperary/np and/cc to/in the/at count/nn of/in Savoy/np for/in Grandson/nn-tl ,/, Flotte's/np$ outspoken/jj nationalism/nn was/bedz completely/ql incomprehensible/jj ./. And/cc yet/rb he/pps made/vbd no/at pretense/nn about/in it/ppo ;/. ;/. when/wrb the/at pope/nn ,/, trying/vbg no/at doubt/nn to/to appeal/vb to/in his/pp$ better/jjr nature/nn ,/, said/vbd to/in him/ppo ,/, ``/`` You/ppss have/hv already/rb taken/vbn Normandy/np ./. Do/do you/ppss want/vb to/to drive/vb the/at king/nn of/in England/np from/in all/abn his/pp$ overseas/jj possessions/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at Frenchman's/np$ answer/nn was/bedz a/at terse/jj ``/`` Vous/fw-ppss dites/fw-vb vrai/fw-jj ''/'' ./. Loyal/jj and/cc unscrupulous/jj ,/, with/in a/at single-minded/jj ambition/nn to/in which/wdt he/pps devoted/vbd all/abn his/pp$ energies/nns ,/, he/pps outmatched/vbd the/at English/jj diplomats/nns time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb until/cs ,/, by/in a/at kind/nn of/in poetic/jj justice/nn ,/, he/pps fell/vbd at/in the/at battle/nn of/in Courtrai/np ,/, the/at victim/nn of/in the/at equally/ql nationalistic/jj if/cs less/ql articulate/jj Flemings/nps ./. The/at English/nps ,/, relying/vbg on/in a/at prejudiced/vbn arbiter/nn and/cc confronted/vbn with/in superior/jj diplomatic/jj skill/nn ,/, were/bed also/rb hampered/vbn in/in their/pp$ negotiations/nns by/in the/at events/nns that/wps were/bed taking/vbg place/nn at/in home/nn ./. The/at Scots/nps had/hvd found/vbn a/at new/jj leader/nn in/in William/np Wallace/np ,/, and/cc Edward's/np$ yearly/jj expeditions/nns across/in the/at Border/nn-tl called/vbd for/in evermounting/jj taxes/nns ,/, which/wdt only/rb increased/vbd his/pp$ difficulties/nns with/in the/at barons/nns and/cc the/at clergy/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz unable/jj to/to send/vb any/dti more/ap help/nn to/in his/pp$ allies/nns on/in the/at Continent/nn-tl ,/, and/cc during/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns many/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, left/vbn to/to resist/vb French/jj pressure/nn unaided/jj ,/, surrendered/vbd to/in the/at inevitable/jj and/cc made/vbd their/pp$ peace/nn with/in Philip/np ./. The/at defeat/nn and/cc death/nn of/in Adolf/np-tl of/in-tl Nassau/np-tl at/in the/at hands/nns of/in Albert/np-tl of/in-tl Habsburg/np-tl also/rb worked/vbd to/in the/at disadvantage/nn of/in the/at English/nps ,/, for/cs all/abn the/at efforts/nns to/to revive/vb the/at anti-French/jj coalition/nn came/vbd to/in nothing/pn when/wrb Philip/np made/vbd an/at alliance/nn with/in the/at new/jj king/nn of/in the/at Romans/nps ./. These/dts shifts/nns in/in alliance/nn and/cc allegiance/nn not/* only/rb increased/vbn the/at difficulties/nns confronting/vbg the/at English/jj embassy/nn as/cs a/at whole/jj ,/, but/cc also/rb directly/rb involved/vbd the/at two/cd Savoyards/nps ,/, Amadee/np and/cc Othon/np ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at armistice/nn negotiated/vbn by/in Amadee/np two/cd years/nns earlier/rbr ,/, the/at war/nn between/in Bishop/nn-tl Guillaume/np of/in Lausanne/np and/cc Louis/np-tl of/in-tl Savoy/np-tl was/bedz still/rb going/vbg on/rp ,/, and/cc although/cs little/ap is/bez known/vbn about/in it/ppo ,/, that/dt little/ap proves/vbz that/cs it/pps was/bedz yet/rb another/dt phase/nn of/in the/at struggle/nn against/in French/jj expansion/nn and/cc was/bedz closely/rb interwoven/vbn with/in the/at larger/jjr conflict/nn ./. A/at second/od truce/nn had/hvd been/ben arbitrated/vbn in/in April/np ,/, 1298/cd ,/, by/in Jean/np D'Arlay/np ,/, lord/nn of/in Chalon-sur-Saone/np ,/, the/at most/ql staunch/jj of/in Edward's/np$ Burgundian/jj allies/nns ,/, and/cc these/dts last/ap were/bed represented/vbn in/in the/at discussions/nns at/in the/at Curia/np by/in Gautier/np de/np Montfaucon/np ,/, Othon's/np$ neighbor/nn and/cc a/at member/nn of/in the/at Vaudois/np coalition/nn ./. But/cc although/cs in/in many/ap of/in these/dts discussions/nns Othon/np and/cc Amadee/np might/md have/hv been/ben tempted/vbn to/to consider/vb their/pp$ own/jj interests/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs those/dts of/in the/at king/nn ,/, Edward's/np$ confidence/nn in/in them/ppo was/bedz so/ql absolute/jj that/cs they/ppss were/bed made/vbn the/at acknowledged/vbn leaders/nns of/in the/at embassy/nn ./. Amadee/np may/md have/hv owed/vbn this/dt partly/rb to/in his/pp$ relationship/nn with/in the/at king/nn ,/, but/cc Othon/np ,/, who/wps at/in sixty/cd seems/vbz still/rb to/to have/hv been/ben a/at simple/jj knight/nn ,/, merited/vbd his/pp$ position/nn solely/rb by/in his/pp$ own/jj character/nn and/cc ability/nn ./. The/at younger/jjr men/nns ,/, Vere/np ,/, and/cc Pembroke/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz also/rb Edward's/np$ cousin/nn and/cc whose/wp$ Lusignan/np blood/nn gave/vbd him/ppo the/at swarthy/jj complexion/nn that/wps caused/vbd Edward/np-tl of/in-tl Carnarvon's/np$-tl irreverent/jj friend/nn ,/, Piers/np Gaveston/np ,/, to/to nickname/vb him/ppo ``/`` Joseph/np-tl the/at-tl Jew/np-tl ''/'' ,/, were/bed relatively/ql new/jj to/in the/at game/nn of/in diplomacy/nn ,/, but/cc Pontissara/np had/hvd been/ben on/in missions/nns to/in Rome/np before/rb ,/, and/cc Hotham/np ,/, a/at man/nn of/in great/jj learning/nn ,/, ``/`` jocund/jj in/in speech/nn ,/, agreeable/jj to/to meet/vb ,/, of/in honest/jj religion/nn ,/, and/cc pleasing/jj in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in all/abn ''/'' ,/, and/cc an/at archbishop/nn to/in boot/nn ,/, was/bedz as/ql reliable/jj and/cc experienced/vbn as/cs Othon/np himself/ppl ./. But/cc all/abn the/at reports/nns of/in this/dt first/od embassy/nn show/vb that/cs the/at two/cd Savoyards/nps were/bed the/at heads/nns of/in it/ppo ,/, for/cs they/ppss were/bed the/at only/ap ones/nns who/wps were/bed empowered/vbn to/to swear/vb for/in the/at king/nn that/cs he/pps would/md abide/vb by/in the/at pope's/nn$ decision/nn and/cc who/wps were/bed allowed/vbn to/to appoint/vb deputies/nns in/in the/at event/nn that/cs one/cd was/bedz unavoidably/ql absent/jj ./. This/dt also/rb gave/vbd them/ppo the/at unpleasant/jj duty/nn of/in being/beg spokesmen/nns for/in the/at mission/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss could/md foresee/vb that/cs that/dt would/md not/* be/be easy/jj ./. Underneath/in all/abn the/at high-sounding/jj phrases/nns of/in royal/jj and/cc papal/jj letters/nns and/cc behind/in the/at more/ql down-to-earth/jj instructions/nns to/in the/at envoys/nns was/bedz the/at inescapable/jj fact/nn that/cs Edward/np would/md have/hv to/to desert/vb his/pp$ Flemish/jj allies/nns and/cc leave/vb them/ppo to/in the/at vengeance/nn of/in their/pp$ indignant/jj suzerain/nn ,/, the/at king/nn of/in France/np ,/, in/in return/nn for/in being/beg given/vbn an/at equally/ql free/jj hand/nn with/in the/at insubordinate/jj Scots/nps ./. This/dt was/bedz a/at doubly/ql bitter/jj blow/nn to/in the/at king/nn ./. In/in the/at eyes/nns of/in those/dts who/wps still/rb cared/vbn for/in such/jj things/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at reflection/nn on/in his/pp$ honor/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps gave/vbd further/jjr grounds/nns for/in complaint/nn to/in his/pp$ overtaxed/vbn subjects/nns ,/, who/wps were/bed already/rb grumbling/vbg --/-- although/cs probably/rb not/* in/in Latin/np --/-- ``/`` Non/fw-* est/fw-bez lex/fw-nn sana/fw-jj Quod/fw-wdt regi/fw-nn sit/fw-be mea/fw-pp$ lana/fw-nn ''/'' ./. Bad/jj relations/nns between/in England/np and/cc Flanders/np brought/vbd hard/jj times/nns to/in the/at shepherds/nns scattered/vbn over/in the/at dales/nns and/cc downs/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in the/at crowded/vbn Flemish/jj cities/nns ,/, and/cc while/cs the/at English/nps ,/, so/ql far/rb ,/, had/hvd done/vbn no/at more/ap than/cs grumble/nn ,/, Othon/np had/hvd seen/vbn what/wdt the/at discontent/nn might/md lead/vb to/in ,/, for/cs before/cs he/pps left/vbd the/at Low/jj-tl Countries/nns-tl the/at citizens/nns of/in Ghent/np had/hvd risen/vbn in/in protest/nn against/in the/at expense/nn of/in supporting/vbg Edward/np and/cc his/pp$ troops/nns ,/, and/cc the/at regular/jj soldiers/nns had/hvd found/vbn it/ppo unexpectedly/rb difficult/jj to/to put/vb down/rp the/at nasty/jj little/jj riot/nn that/wps ensued/vbd ./. In/in all/abn the/at talk/nn of/in feudal/jj rights/nns ,/, the/at knights/nns and/cc bishops/nns must/md never/rb forget/vb the/at woolworkers/nns ,/, nor/cc was/bedz it/pps easy/jj to/to do/do so/rb ,/, for/cs all/abn along/in the/at road/nn to/in Italy/np they/ppss passed/vbd the/at Florentine/jj pack/nn trains/nns going/vbg home/nr with/in their/pp$ loads/nns of/in raw/jj wool/nn from/in England/np and/cc rough/jj Flemish/jj cloth/nn ,/, the/at former/ap to/to be/be spun/vbn and/cc woven/vbn by/in the/at Arte/fw-nn-tl Della/fw-in+at-tl Lana/fw-nn-tl and/cc the/at latter/ap to/to be/be refined/vbn and/cc dyed/vbn by/in the/at Arte/fw-nn-tl Della/fw-in+at-tl Calimala/fw-nn-tl with/in the/at pigment/nn recently/rb discovered/vbn in/in Asia/np-tl Minor/jj-tl by/in one/cd of/in their/pp$ members/nns ,/, Bernardo/np Rucellai/np ,/, the/at secret/nn of/in which/wdt they/ppss jealously/rb kept/vbd for/in themselves/ppls ./. These/dts chatty/jj merchants/nns made/vbd amusing/jj and/cc instructive/jj traveling/vbg companions/nns ,/, for/cs their/pp$ business/nn took/vbd them/ppo to/in all/abn four/cd corners/nns of/in the/at globe/nn ,/, and/cc Florentine/jj gossip/nn had/hvd already/rb reached/vbn a/at high/jj stage/nn of/in development/nn as/cs even/rb a/at cursory/jj glance/nn at/in the/at Inferno/fw-nn-tl will/md prove/vb ./. A/at northern/jj ambassador/nn ,/, willing/jj to/to keep/vb his/pp$ mouth/nn shut/vbn and/cc his/pp$ ears/nns open/jj ,/, could/md learn/vb a/at lot/nn that/wps would/md stand/vb him/ppo in/in good/jj stead/nn at/in the/at Curia/np ./. They/ppss had/hvd other/ap topics/nns of/in conversation/nn ,/, besides/in their/pp$ news/nn from/in courts/nns and/cc fairs/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed of/in interest/nn to/in Othon/np ,/, the/at builder/nn of/in castles/nns in/in Wales/np and/cc churches/nns in/in his/pp$ native/jj country/nn ./. Behind/in him/ppo lay/vbd the/at Low/jj-tl Countries/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb men/nns were/bed still/rb completing/vbg the/at cathedrals/nns that/cs a/at later/jjr Florentine/np would/md describe/vb as/cs ``/`` a/at malediction/nn of/in little/jj tabernacles/nns ,/, one/cd on/in top/nn of/in the/at other/ap ,/, with/in so/ql many/ap pyramids/nns and/cc spires/nns and/cc leaves/nns that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at wonder/nn they/ppss stand/vb up/rp at/in all/abn ,/, for/cs they/ppss look/vb as/cs though/cs they/ppss were/bed made/vbn of/in paper/nn instead/rb of/in stone/nn or/cc marble/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. the/at Low/jj-tl Countries/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl were/bed to/to last/vb for/in another/dt two/cd centuries/nns and/cc die/vb out/rp only/rb when/wrb Charles/np-tl the/at-tl Bold/jj-tl of/in Burgundy/np met/vbd his/pp$ first/od defeat/nn in/in the/at fields/nns and/cc forests/nns below/in the/at walls/nns of/in Grandson/nn-tl ./.

cg60

cg60 |@word usually:1 turn:3 well:6 either:1 like:9 right:1 people:8 wrong:1 town:6 alfred:30 want:7 invest:1 father:8 hotel:3 advance:1 enough:1 money:1 build:1 large:1 place:1 tempting:1 offer:1 would:12 mother:3 fear:1 debt:1 anyone:1 even:4 alfre:9 alpert:6 spite:1 careful:1 opinion:1 sharp:1 little:8 good:4 true:1 one:6 afraid:1 brother:7 lew:4 know:10 two:3 store:4 margaretville:1 fleischmann:3 set:1 partnership:1 dissolve:1 separate:1 everything:4 friendly:1 except:1 come:8 harry:8 young:1 deal:1 old:3 treat:2 son:2 decide:2 stay:4 business:1 instead:2 go:8 look:7 decision:1 betrayal:1 day:4 never:2 speak:4 boy:2 mort:1 jimmy:1 six:1 mile:2 become:6 ocean:1 family:6 stranger:2 time:5 everybody:2 get:7 fifteen:2 sixteen:1 twenty:1 still:2 tessie:7 sit:5 porch:2 rose:1 hair:2 rich:1 sicker:1 diabetes:1 spring:3 year:1 take:5 bed:2 find:5 marriage:1 leave:9 nothing:5 hold:1 together:1 think:2 strong:3 woman:2 lean:2 force:1 front:1 home:4 rock:1 rocker:1 living:1 room:2 stare:2 window:4 rise:1 could:8 cook:1 clean:2 make:3 comfortable:1 wait:4 care:1 life:6 sickroom:1 death:1 remember:1 point:1 say:5 wish:1 live:5 see:3 another:5 begin:3 put:3 affair:1 order:3 man:5 thing:2 storage:1 much:2 constant:1 visitor:1 tell:2 wise:1 ask:2 something:1 let:1 trinket:1 else:1 favor:1 daughter:3 involve:1 lawsuit:1 trouble:1 understood:1 sick:1 doctor:1 hospital:5 near:1 forty:1 away:3 kingston:3 give:1 conviction:1 lifetime:1 send:1 meltzer:14 butcher:7 friend:3 rabbi:1 solemnly:1 walk:8 back:2 house:3 without:2 word:7 pass:2 enter:1 silence:1 close:1 door:3 behind:2 watch:2 move:3 keep:1 minute:2 hear:3 voice:2 quiet:2 calm:1 start:1 kaddish:1 prayer:2 dead:1 counterpoint:1 punctuate:1 sobs:1 sorrow:1 resignation:1 finality:1 rhythm:1 end:2 hope:2 wondering:1 ever:2 open:1 dress:2 trip:1 car:6 stop:1 nod:2 outside:1 bye:1 past:3 run:3 side:3 beg:1 straight:2 ahead:2 cry:1 follow:2 reach:2 main:1 road:3 towards:1 stand:1 sight:1 visit:2 first:2 bring:3 water:4 flagler:1 remind:2 mountain:1 next:1 fill:2 five:2 gallon:1 jug:2 drink:1 happen:1 evaporate:1 disappear:1 earth:1 rain:1 maybe:1 stream:4 12:1 write:1 mr:3 banks:2 always:3 call:2 bank:8 shop:3 scholar:2 automatically:1 boarder:1 directly:1 boat:1 america:1 russia:1 learned:1 gentle:2 soul:2 knowledge:1 bible:1 talmud:2 whyfore:1 wherefore:1 weak:2 therefore:1 apprentice:1 clear:1 learning:1 must:1 able:1 quote:1 commentary:1 learn:1 new:2 trade:2 supply:1 meat:1 wife:1 lilly:13 someday:1 seem:4 hard:6 sad:1 reality:2 fact:1 love:1 satisfy:1 wishful:1 thinking:1 master:1 difference:1 flesh:1 hang:2 carcass:1 stock:1 equal:2 indifference:1 contempt:1 perhaps:1 sympathetic:1 beef:1 silently:1 hook:1 opposite:1 positive:1 pole:1 negative:1 reaction:1 warmth:1 kindness:2 harsh:1 whole:1 apology:2 karl:3 probe:1 eye:3 every:3 rude:1 chance:1 free:1 bind:1 duty:1 coming:1 lighten:1 glass:1 display:1 case:1 help:5 scrub:1 cut:1 table:1 wire:1 brush:1 mop:1 floor:2 sawdust:1 check:1 outgoing:1 chore:1 finish:2 allow:2 whatever:1 freedom:1 game:1 deadly:1 seriousness:1 play:4 hour:1 escape:1 work:1 along:3 north:1 wood:2 nothingness:1 graveyard:1 prefer:1 loneliness:1 busyness:1 peace:1 silent:1 unstaring:1 understand:1 fine:1 lovely:1 girl:1 gawky:1 badly:1 kid:1 whose:2 arm:1 long:1 leg:1 bony:1 hip:1 loose:1 jointed:1 string:1 bead:1 stroll:1 street:1 kind:1 cross:2 shock:1 unexpected:3 head:1 bend:1 mark:1 friendship:1 face:1 accept:2 childishness:2 compare:1 grow:1 understanding:1 punishment:1 yet:1 undisclosed:1 sin:1 almost:2 age:1 twelve:1 feel:3 forward:1 necessary:1 walks:1 exact:1 copy:1 physically:1 strange:1 expect:1 huge:1 hulk:1 guitar:1 alone:1 favorite:1 song:4 schubert:2 lullaby:2 german:1 sing:2 foreign:1 language:1 gute:2 ruh:2 die:2 augen:1 zu:1 longing:1 simple:1 sadness:1 frighten:1 later:1 part:1 schone:1 mullerin:1 concert:1 hall:1 surround:1 hundred:1 melody:1 cold:1 husband:1 hand:1 sister:1 sort:1 mutual:1 aid:1 society:1 fortress:1 world:1 flattered:1 include:1 protection:1 company:1 though:1 protect:1

It/pps usually/rb turned/vbd out/rp well/rb for/in him/ppo because/cs either/cc he/pps liked/vbd the/at right/jj people/nns or/cc there/ex were/bed only/rb a/at few/ap wrong/jj people/nns in/in the/at town/nn ./. Alfred/np wanted/vbn to/to invest/vb in/in my/pp$ father's/nn$ hotel/nn and/cc advance/vb enough/ap money/nn to/to build/vb a/at larger/jjr place/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at very/ql tempting/vbg offer/nn ./. My/pp$ father/nn would/md have/hv done/vbn it/ppo if/cs it/pps hadn't/hvd* been/ben for/in my/pp$ mother/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd a/at fear/nn of/in being/beg in/in debt/nn to/in anyone/pn --/-- even/rb Alfred/np Alpert/np ./. In/in spite/nn of/in his/pp$ being/beg well/ql liked/vbn there/ex were/bed a/at few/ap people/nns who/wps were/bed very/ql careful/jj about/in Alfred/np ./. They/ppss had/hvd my/pp$ mother's/nn$ opinion/nn of/in him/ppo :/: that/cs he/pps was/bedz too/ql sharp/jj or/cc a/at little/ql too/ql good/jj to/to be/be true/jj ./. One/cd of/in the/at people/nns who/wps was/bedz afraid/jj of/in Alfred/np was/bedz his/pp$ own/jj brother/nn ,/, Lew/np ./. I/ppss don't/do* know/vb how/wrb and/cc I/ppss don't/do* know/vb why/wrb but/cc the/at two/cd stores/nns ,/, the/at one/cd in/in Margaretville/np and/cc the/at one/cd in/in Fleischmanns/np that/wps had/hvd been/ben set/vbn up/rp as/cs a/at partnership/nn ,/, were/bed dissolved/vbn ,/, separated/vbn from/in each/dt other/ap ./. Everything/pn was/bedz all/ql very/ql friendly/jj ,/, except/rb when/wrb it/pps came/vbd to/in Harry/np ,/, the/at youngest/jjt brother/nn ./. Alfred/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz a/at good/jj deal/nn older/jjr than/cs Harry/np ,/, had/hvd treated/vbn him/ppo like/cs a/at son/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb Harry/np decided/vbd to/to stay/vb in/in business/nn with/in Lew/np instead/rb of/in going/vbg with/in Alfred/np ,/, Alfred/np looked/vbd on/in the/at decision/nn as/cs a/at betrayal/nn ./. From/in that/dt day/nn on/rp he/pps never/rb spoke/vbd to/in Harry/np or/cc to/in Lew/np ,/, or/cc to/in Lew's/np$ two/cd boys/nns ,/, Mort/np and/cc Jimmy/np ./. The/at six/cd miles/nns between/in the/at towns/nns became/vbd an/at ocean/nn and/cc the/at Alperts/nps became/vbd a/at family/nn of/in strangers/nns ./. Time/nn went/vbd on/rp and/cc everybody/pn got/vbd older/jjr ./. I/ppss became/vbd fifteen/cd ,/, sixteen/cd ,/, then/rb twenty/cd ,/, and/cc still/rb Tessie/np Alpert/np sat/vbd on/in the/at porch/nn with/in a/at rose/nn in/in her/pp$ hair/nn ,/, and/cc Alfred/np got/vbd richer/jjr and/cc sicker/jjr with/in diabetes/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz in/in the/at spring/nn of/in the/at year/nn when/wrb he/pps took/vbd to/in his/pp$ bed/nn and/cc Tessie/np and/cc Alfred/np found/vbd out/rp that/cs they/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb each/dt other/ap ./. They/ppss were/bed like/cs two/cd strangers/nns ./. The/at store/nn was/bedz their/pp$ marriage/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb Alfred/np had/hvd to/to leave/vb it/ppo there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn to/to hold/vb them/ppo together/rb ./. Tessie/np ,/, everybody/pn thought/vbd ,/, was/bedz a/at strong/jj woman/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps was/bedz only/rb strong/jj because/cs she/pps had/hvd Alfred/np to/to lean/vb on/in ./. And/cc when/wrb Alfred/np was/bedz forced/vbn into/in his/pp$ bed/nn ,/, Tessie/np left/vbd the/at front/jj porch/nn of/in the/at store/nn and/cc sat/vbd at/in home/nn ,/, rocking/vbg in/in her/pp$ rocker/nn in/in the/at living/vbg room/nn ,/, staring/vbg out/in the/at window/nn --/-- the/at rose/nn still/rb in/in her/pp$ hair/nn ./. Tessie/np could/md do/do nothing/pn for/in Alfred/np ./. She/pps couldn't/md* cook/vb or/cc clean/vb or/cc make/vb him/ppo comfortable/jj ./. Instead/rb she/pps waited/vbd for/in Alfred/np to/to get/vb better/jjr and/cc take/vb care/nn of/in her/ppo ./. Spring/nn was/bedz life/nn --/-- and/cc Alfred/np Alpert/np in/in his/pp$ sickroom/nn was/bedz death/nn ./. Alfred/np knew/vbd that/dt ,/, too/rb ./. I/ppss remember/vb him/ppo pointing/vbg out/in of/in the/at window/nn and/cc saying/vbg that/cs he/pps wished/vbd he/pps could/md live/vb to/to see/vb another/dt spring/nn but/cc that/cs he/pps wouldn't/md* ./. Alfred/np began/vbd to/to put/vb his/pp$ affairs/nns in/in order/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps went/vbd about/in it/ppo like/cs a/at man/nn putting/vbg his/pp$ things/nns into/in storage/nn ./. My/pp$ father/nn ,/, who/wps liked/vbd Alfred/np very/ql much/rb ,/, was/bedz a/at constant/jj visitor/nn ./. One/cd day/nn Alfred/np told/vbd him/ppo that/cs he/pps had/hvd decided/vbn to/to leave/vb everything/pn to/in me/ppo ./. My/pp$ father/nn ,/, a/at wise/jj man/nn ,/, asked/vbd him/ppo not/* to/to ./. He/pps knew/vbd Alfred/np liked/vbd me/ppo ;/. ;/. if/cs he/pps wanted/vbd to/to leave/vb me/ppo something/pn let/vb it/pps be/be a/at trinket/nn ,/, nothing/pn else/rb ./. By/in leaving/vbg me/ppo everything/pn he/pps wouldn't/md* be/be doing/vbg me/ppo a/at favor/nn ,/, my/pp$ father/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps didn't/dod* want/vb to/to see/vb his/pp$ daughter/nn involved/vbn in/in a/at lawsuit/nn ./. He/pps didn't/dod* want/vb Alfred/np to/to leave/vb me/ppo trouble/nn because/cs that's/dt+bez all/abn it/pps would/md be/be ,/, and/cc Alfred/np understood/vbd ./. Alfred/np was/bedz getting/vbg too/ql sick/jj to/to stay/vb in/in his/pp$ own/jj home/nn ./. The/at doctor/nn wanted/vbd him/ppo in/in a/at hospital/nn ;/. ;/. the/at nearest/jjt one/cd was/bedz forty/cd miles/nns away/rb in/in Kingston/np ./. The/at day/nn Alfred/np left/vbd his/pp$ home/nn and/cc Fleischmanns/np he/pps gave/vbd up/rp the/at convictions/nns of/in a/at lifetime/nn ./. He/pps sent/vbd me/ppo for/in Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl ,/, whom/wpo he/pps wanted/vbd not/* as/cs a/at friend/nn but/cc as/cs a/at rabbi/nn ./. Meltzer/np knew/vbd why/wrb I/ppss had/hvd come/vbn for/in him/ppo ./. Solemnly/rb he/pps walked/vbd me/ppo back/rb to/in Alfred's/np$ house/nn without/in a/at word/nn passing/vbg between/in us/ppo ./. He/pps entered/vbd the/at house/nn in/in silence/nn ,/, walked/vbd into/in Alfred's/np$ room/nn ,/, and/cc closed/vbd the/at door/nn behind/in him/ppo ./. I/ppss sat/vbd down/rp to/to wait/vb ,/, and/cc I/ppss watched/vbd Tessie/np Alpert/np ,/, who/wps hadn't/hvd* moved/vbn or/cc said/vbn a/at word/nn but/cc kept/vbd staring/vbg out/in of/in the/at window/nn ./. For/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn to/to hear/vb ./. Then/rb Meltzer's/np$ voice/nn ,/, quiet/jj ,/, calm/jj ,/, strong/jj ,/, started/vbd the/at Kaddish/np ,/, the/at prayer/nn for/in the/at dead/nn ./. I/ppss could/md hear/vb Alfred's/np$ voice/nn a/at few/ap words/nns behind/in Meltzer's/np$ like/cs a/at counterpoint/nn ,/, punctuated/vbn by/in sobs/nns of/in sorrow/nn and/cc resignation/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at finality/nn in/in the/at rhythm/nn of/in the/at prayer/nn --/-- it/pps was/bedz the/at end/nn of/in a/at life/nn ,/, the/at end/nn of/in hope/nn ,/, and/cc the/at wondering/nn if/cs there/ex would/md ever/rb be/be another/dt beginning/nn ./. Meltzer/np stayed/vbd with/in Alfred/np ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at door/nn opened/vbd they/ppss both/abx came/vbd out/rp ./. Alfred/np was/bedz dressed/vbn for/in his/pp$ trip/nn to/in the/at hospital/nn ./. The/at car/nn was/bedz waiting/vbg for/in him/ppo ./. Alfred/np ,/, leaning/vbg on/in Meltzer/np ,/, stopped/vbd for/in a/at minute/nn to/to look/vb at/in Tessie/np ./. She/pps didn't/dod* turn/vb away/rb from/in the/at window/nn ./. Alfred/np nodded/vbn a/at little/jj nod/nn and/cc went/vbd out/rp through/in the/at door/nn ./. Outside/rb ,/, his/pp$ brother/nn Harry/np was/bedz waiting/vbg for/in him/ppo --/-- he/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/to say/vb good-bye/uh ./. Alfred/np walked/vbd past/in him/ppo without/in a/at word/nn and/cc got/vbd into/in the/at car/nn ./. Harry/np ran/vbd to/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at car/nn where/wrb Alfred/np was/bedz sitting/vbg and/cc looked/vbd at/in him/ppo ,/, begging/vbg him/ppo to/to speak/vb ./. Alfred/np looked/vbn straight/rb ahead/rb ./. The/at car/nn began/vbd to/to move/vb and/cc Harry/np ran/vbd after/in it/ppo crying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Alfred/np !/. !/. Alfred/np !/. !/. Speak/vb to/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. But/cc the/at car/nn moved/vbd off/rp and/cc Alfred/np just/rb looked/vbd straight/rb ahead/rb ./. Harry/np followed/vbd the/at car/nn until/cs it/pps reached/vbd the/at main/jjs road/nn and/cc turned/vbd towards/in Kingston/np ./. He/pps stood/vbd there/rb watching/vbg until/cs it/pps had/hvd gone/vbn from/in his/pp$ sight/nn ./. I/ppss went/vbd to/to visit/vb Alfred/np in/in the/at Kingston/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl a/at few/ap times/nns ./. The/at first/od time/nn I/ppss went/vbd there/rb he/pps asked/vbd me/ppo to/to bring/vb him/ppo water/nn from/in Flagler's/np$ well/nn --/-- water/nn that/wps reminded/vbd him/ppo of/in his/pp$ first/od days/nns in/in the/at mountains/nns --/-- and/cc before/cs I/ppss came/vbd the/at next/ap time/nn I/ppss filled/vbd a/at five-gallon/jj jug/nn for/in him/ppo and/cc brought/vbd it/ppo to/in the/at hospital/nn ./. I/ppss don't/do* think/vb he/pps ever/rb got/vbd to/to drink/vb any/dti of/in it/ppo ./. The/at jug/nn stayed/vbd at/in the/at hospital/nn and/cc the/at water/nn --/-- what/wdt can/md happen/vb to/in water/nn ?/. ?/. --/-- it/pps evaporated/vbd ,/, disappeared/vbd ,/, and/cc came/vbd back/rb to/in the/at earth/nn as/cs rain/nn --/-- maybe/rb for/in another/dt well/nn or/cc another/dt stream/nn or/cc another/dt Alfred/np Alpert/np ./. 12/cd ``/`` where/wrb is/bez it/pps written/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Mr./np Banks/np was/bedz always/rb called/vbn Banks/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl until/cs he/pps left/vbd town/nn and/cc the/at shop/nn passed/vbd over/rp to/in Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Scholar/nn-tl who/wps then/rb became/vbd automatically/rb Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl ./. Meltzer/np was/bedz a/at boarder/nn with/in the/at Banks/np family/nn ./. He/pps came/vbd to/in Fleischmanns/np directly/rb from/in the/at boat/nn that/wps brought/vbd him/ppo to/in America/np from/in Russia/np ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at learned/jj man/nn and/cc a/at very/ql gentle/jj soul/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz filled/vbn with/in knowledge/nn of/in the/at Bible/np and/cc the/at Talmud/np ./. He/pps knew/vbd the/at whyfores/nns and/cc the/at wherefores/nns but/cc he/pps was/bedz weak/jj ,/, very/ql weak/jj ,/, on/in the/at therefores/nns ./. Banks/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl took/vbd Meltzer/np-tl the/at-tl Scholar/nn-tl as/cs an/at apprentice/nn and/cc he/pps made/vbd it/ppo very/ql clear/jj that/cs a/at man/nn of/in learning/vbg must/md be/be able/jj to/to do/do more/ap than/cs just/rb quote/vb the/at Commentaries/nns-tl of/in the/at Talmud/np in/in order/nn to/to live/vb ./. So/cs Meltzer/np learned/vbd a/at new/jj trade/nn from/in Banks/np ,/, who/wps supplied/vbd the/at town/nn and/cc the/at hotels/nns with/in meat/nn ./. Banks/np had/hvd a/at family/nn --/-- a/at wife/nn ,/, a/at daughter/nn ,/, and/cc a/at son/nn ./. The/at daughter/nn ,/, Lilly/np ,/, was/bedz a/at very/ql good/jj friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ and/cc I/ppss always/rb had/hvd hopes/nns that/cs someday/rb she/pps and/cc Meltzer/np would/md find/vb each/dt other/ap ./. They/ppss lived/vbd in/in the/at same/ap house/nn and/cc it/pps didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to be/be such/abl a/at hard/jj thing/nn to/to do/do ,/, but/cc the/at sad/jj realities/nns of/in Lilly's/np$ life/nn and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs Meltzer/np didn't/dod* love/vb her/ppo never/rb satisfied/vbd my/pp$ wishful/jj thinking/nn ./. Banks/np-tl the/at-tl Butcher/nn-tl was/bedz a/at hard/jj master/nn and/cc a/at hard/jj father/nn ,/, a/at man/nn who/wps didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to know/vb the/at difference/nn between/in the/at living/vbg flesh/nn of/in his/pp$ family/nn and/cc the/at hanging/vbg carcasses/nns of/in his/pp$ stock/nn in/in trade/nn ./. He/pps treated/vbd both/abx with/in equal/jj indifference/nn and/cc with/in equal/jj contempt/nn ;/. ;/. perhaps/rb he/pps was/bedz a/at little/ql more/ql sympathetic/jj to/in the/at sides/nns of/in beef/nn that/wps hung/vbd silently/rb from/in his/pp$ hooks/nns ./. Lilly/np Banks/np and/cc I/ppss became/vbd friends/nns ./. She/pps was/bedz the/at opposite/nn of/in everything/pn she/pps should/md have/hv been/ben --/-- a/at positive/jj pole/nn in/in a/at negative/jj home/nn ,/, a/at living/vbg reaction/nn of/in warmth/nn and/cc kindness/nn to/in the/at harsh/jj reality/nn of/in her/pp$ father/nn ./. And/cc Lilly's/np$ whole/jj family/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be an/at apology/nn for/in Mr./np Banks/np ./. Her/pp$ brother/nn Karl/np was/bedz a/at very/ql gentle/jj soul/nn ,/, her/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz a/at quiet/jj woman/nn who/wps said/vbd little/ap but/cc who/wps had/hvd hard/jj ,/, probing/vbg eyes/nns ./. For/in every/at rude/jj word/nn of/in Mr./np Banks's/np$ the/at family/nn had/hvd five/cd in/in apology/nn ./. Every/at chance/nn I/ppss got/vbd I/ppss left/vbd the/at hotel/nn to/to visit/vb Lilly/np ./. I/ppss was/bedz free/jj but/cc she/pps was/bedz bound/vbn to/in her/pp$ duties/nns that/wpo not/* even/rb the/at coming/nn of/in Meltzer/np lightened/vbd ./. She/pps had/hvd to/to clean/vb the/at glass/nn on/in the/at display/nn cases/nns in/in the/at butcher/nn shop/nn ,/, help/vb her/pp$ brother/nn scrub/vb the/at cutting/vbg tables/nns with/in wire/nn brushes/nns ,/, mop/vb the/at floors/nns ,/, put/vb down/rp new/jj sawdust/nn on/in the/at floors/nns and/cc help/vb check/vb the/at outgoing/jj orders/nns ./. When/wrb these/dts chores/nns were/bed finished/vbn ,/, only/rb then/rb ,/, was/bedz she/pps allowed/vbd whatever/wdt freedom/nn she/pps could/md find/vb ./. I/ppss helped/vbd Lilly/np in/in the/at store/nn ./. To/in me/ppo it/pps was/bedz a/at game/nn ,/, to/in her/ppo it/pps was/bedz the/at deadly/jj seriousness/nn of/in life/nn ./. I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to help/vb so/cs that/cs we/ppss could/md find/vb time/nn to/to play/vb ./. And/cc Lilly/np allowed/vbd me/ppo to/to help/vb so/cs that/cs she/pps could/md have/hv her/pp$ few/ap little/jj hours/nns of/in escape/nn ./. When/wrb the/at work/nn was/bedz finished/vbn ,/, we/ppss would/md walk/vb ./. The/at road/nn past/in the/at butcher/nn shop/nn took/vbd us/ppo along/in the/at side/nn of/in a/at stream/nn ./. It/pps ran/vbd north/nr ,/, away/rb from/in the/at town/nn and/cc the/at people/nns ,/, through/in woods/nns and/cc past/in the/at nothingness/nn of/in a/at graveyard/nn ./. Lilly/np preferred/vbd the/at loneliness/nn of/in that/dt walk/nn ./. I/ppss would/md have/hv liked/vbn the/at town/nn and/cc the/at busyness/nn of/in its/pp$ people/nns but/cc I/ppss always/rb followed/vbd Lilly/np into/in the/at peace/nn of/in the/at silent/jj and/cc unstaring/jj road/nn ./. It/pps wasn't/bedz* hard/jj to/to understand/vb ./. To/in me/ppo Lilly/np was/bedz a/at fine/jj and/cc lovely/jj girl/nn ./. To/in people/nns who/wps didn't/dod* know/vb her/ppo she/pps was/bedz a/at gawky/jj ,/, badly/rb dressed/vbn kid/nn whose/wp$ arms/nns were/bed too/ql long/jj ,/, whose/wp$ legs/nns were/bed a/at little/ql too/ql bony/jj ./. She/pps had/hvd the/at hips/nns of/in a/at boy/nn and/cc a/at loose-jointed/jj walk/nn that/wps reminded/vbd me/ppo of/in a/at string/nn of/in beads/nns strolling/vbg down/in the/at street/nn ./. And/cc she/pps had/hvd the/at kind/nn of/in crossed/vbn eyes/nns that/wps shocked/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz unexpected/jj ,/, unexpected/jj because/cs Lilly/np walked/vbd with/in her/pp$ head/nn bent/vbn down/rp ,/, down/rp ,/, and/cc her/pp$ mark/nn of/in friendship/nn was/bedz to/to look/vb into/in your/pp$ face/nn ./. I/ppss accepted/vbd her/pp$ crossed/vbn eyes/nns as/cs she/pps accepted/vbd my/pp$ childishness/nn ;/. ;/. childishness/nn compared/vbn to/in her/pp$ grown-up/jj understanding/nn that/cs life/nn was/bedz a/at punishment/nn for/in as/ql yet/rb undisclosed/jj sins/nns ./. We/ppss were/bed almost/rb the/at same/ap age/nn ,/, she/pps was/bedz fifteen/cd ,/, I/ppss was/bedz twelve/cd ,/, and/cc where/wrb I/ppss felt/vbd there/ex was/bedz a/at life/nn to/to look/vb forward/rb to/in Lilly/np felt/vbd she/pps had/hvd had/hvn as/ql much/ap of/in it/ppo as/cs was/bedz necessary/jj ./. When/wrb we/ppss went/vbd for/in our/pp$ walks/nns Lilly's/np$ brother/nn would/md come/vb along/rb every/at once/rb in/in a/at while/nn ./. Karl/np was/bedz an/at almost/ql exact/jj copy/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn physically/rb and/cc it/pps was/bedz strange/jj to/to see/vb the/at expected/vbn become/vb the/at unexpected/jj ./. This/dt huge/jj hulk/nn played/vbd the/at guitar/nn and/cc he/pps would/md take/vb it/ppo along/rb on/in our/pp$ walks/nns and/cc play/vb for/in us/ppo as/cs we/ppss sat/vbd alone/rb in/in the/at woods/nns or/cc by/in the/at stream/nn ./. Karl/np played/vbd well/rb and/cc his/pp$ favorite/jj song/nn was/bedz a/at Schubert/np lullaby/nn ./. He/pps spoke/vbd no/at German/np but/cc he/pps could/md sing/vb it/ppo and/cc the/at words/nns of/in the/at song/nn were/bed the/at only/ap ones/nns he/pps knew/vbd in/in a/at foreign/jj language/nn ./. The/at song/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl Stream's/nn$-tl Lullaby/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps sang/vbd ,/, ``/`` Gute/fw-jj ruh/fw-nn ,/, Gute/fw-jj ruh/fw-nn ,/, Mach't/fw-vb die/fw-at augen/fw-nns zu/fw-rb ,/, ''/'' there/ex was/bedz such/jj longing/nn and/cc such/jj simple/jj sadness/nn that/cs it/pps frightened/vbd me/ppo ./. Later/rbr ,/, when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz older/jjr ,/, I/ppss found/vbd the/at song/nn was/bedz part/nn of/in Schubert's/np$ Die/fw-at-tl Schone/fw-jj-tl Mullerin/fw-nn-tl ./. And/cc even/rb hearing/vbg it/ppo in/in a/at concert/nn hall/nn surrounded/vbn by/in hundreds/nns of/in people/nns the/at words/nns and/cc the/at melody/nn would/md make/vb me/ppo a/at little/ql colder/jjr and/cc I/ppss would/md reach/vb out/rp for/in my/pp$ husband's/nn$ hand/nn ./. The/at brother/nn and/cc sister/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be a/at sort/nn of/in mutual-aid/nn society/nn ,/, a/at little/jj fortress/nn of/in kindness/nn for/in each/dt other/ap in/in a/at hard/jj world/nn ./. I/ppss felt/vbd very/ql flattered/vbn to/to be/be included/vbn in/in the/at protection/nn of/in their/pp$ company/nn even/rb though/cs I/ppss had/hvd nothing/pn to/to be/be protected/vbn from/in ./.

cg61

cg61 |@word turn:3 century:19 precise:3 two:1 decade:2 preceede:2 follow:3 mark:2 great:4 change:4 history:4 early:12 english:11 scholarship:2 bottom:1 stride:1 forward:1 technical:2 equipment:1 standard:3 historian:3 archaeology:7 example:1 contribution:1 frederick:2 haverfield:2 reginald:1 smith:1 various:1 volume:1 victoria:1 county:1 raise:2 discipline:1 status:1 antiquarian:1 pastime:1 valuable:1 single:1 tool:1 publication:2 leeds:2 anglo:11 saxon:36 settlement:3 student:1 present:5 organized:1 synthesis:1 archaeological:7 datum:2 know:3 true:2 also:3 place:10 name:10 study:4 value:1 reconstruction:1 long:1 recognize:2 fact:4 extensively:1 utilize:1 purpose:4 time:8 camden:1 onwards:1 without:1 knowledge:1 germanic:4 philology:1 however:3 debatable:1 whether:1 use:2 often:2 source:3 confusion:1 error:2 anything:1 else:1 even:4 nineteenth:7 accomplished:1 philologist:1 kemble:8 guest:4 lead:1 seem:4 ludicrous:1 failure:1 modern:4 form:2 necessarily:1 result:3 logical:1 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mercenary:1 reasonable:1

The/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, or/cc to/to be/be more/ql precise/jj ,/, the/at two/cd decades/nns preceeding/vbg and/cc following/vbg it/ppo ,/, marks/vbz a/at great/jj change/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in early/jj English/jj scholarship/nn ./. At/in the/at bottom/nn of/in this/dt change/nn were/bed great/jj strides/nns forward/rb in/in the/at technical/jj equipment/nn and/cc technical/jj standards/nns of/in the/at historian/nn ./. In/in archaeology/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, the/at contributions/nns of/in Frederick/np Haverfield/np and/cc Reginald/np Smith/np to/in the/at various/jj volumes/nns of/in the/at Victoria/np-tl County/nn-tl Histories/nns-tl raised/vbd the/at discipline/nn from/in the/at status/nn of/in an/at antiquarian/jj pastime/nn to/in that/dt of/in the/at most/ql valuable/jj single/ap tool/nn of/in the/at early/jj English/jj historian/nn ./. And/cc with/in the/at publication/nn of/in E./np T./np Leeds'/np$ Archaeology/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Anglo-Saxon/jj-tl Settlements/nns-tl the/at student/nn was/bedz presented/vbn with/in an/at organized/vbn synthesis/nn of/in the/at archaeological/jj data/nn then/rb known/vbn ./. What/wdt was/bedz true/jj for/in archaeology/nn was/bedz also/rb true/jj of/in place-name/nn studies/nns ./. The/at value/nn of/in place-names/nns in/in the/at reconstruction/nn of/in early/jj English/jj history/nn had/hvd long/rb been/ben recognized/vbn ./. Place-names/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, had/hvd been/ben extensively/rb utilized/vbn for/in this/dt purpose/nn from/in the/at time/nn of/in Camden/np onwards/rb ./. Without/in a/at precise/jj knowledge/nn of/in Germanic/jj philology/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez debatable/jj whether/cs their/pp$ use/nn was/bedz not/* more/ql often/rb a/at source/nn of/in confusion/nn and/cc error/nn than/cs anything/pn else/rb ./. Even/rb in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn such/jj accomplished/vbn philologists/nns as/cs Kemble/np and/cc Guest/np were/bed led/vbn into/in what/wdt now/rb seem/vb ludicrous/jj errors/nns because/rb of/in their/pp$ failure/nn to/to recognize/vb that/cs modern/jj forms/nns of/in place/nn names/nns are/ber not/* necessarily/rb the/at result/nn of/in logical/jj philological/jj development/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz therefore/rb not/* until/in the/at publication/nn of/in J.H./np Round's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Settlement/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl South/jj-tl And/cc-tl East/jj-tl Saxons/nps-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc W.H./np Stevenson's/np$ ``/`` Dr./nn-tl Guest/np-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl English/jj Conquest/nn-tl Of/in-tl South/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ''/'' ,/, that/cs a/at scientific/jj basis/nn for/in place-name/nn studies/nns was/bedz established/vbn ./. Diplomatic/jj is/bez another/dt area/nn for/in which/wdt the/at dawn/nn of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn marks/vbz the/at beginning/nn of/in modern/jj standards/nns of/in scholarship/nn ./. Although/cs because/rb of/in the/at important/jj achievements/nns of/in nineteenth/od century/nn scholars/nns in/in the/at field/nn of/in textual/jj criticism/nn the/at advance/nn is/bez not/* so/ql striking/jj as/cs it/pps was/bedz in/in the/at case/nn of/in archaeology/nn and/cc place-names/nns ,/, the/at editorial/jj principles/nns laid/vbn down/rp by/in Stevenson/np in/in his/pp$ great/jj edition/nn of/in Asser/np and/cc in/in his/pp$ Crawford/np-tl Charters/nns-tl were/bed a/at distinct/jj improvement/nn upon/in those/dts of/in his/pp$ predecessors/nns and/cc remain/vb unimproved/jj upon/rb today/nr ./. In/in sum/nn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be said/vbn that/cs the/at techniques/nns and/cc standards/nns of/in present/jj day/nn have/hv their/pp$ origin/nn at/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez this/dt ,/, particularly/rb the/at establishment/nn of/in archaeology/nn and/cc place-name/nn studies/nns on/in a/at scientific/jj basis/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber immediately/rb pertinent/jj to/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl ./. Almost/ql inevitably/rb ,/, the/at first/od result/nn of/in this/dt technological/jj revolution/nn was/bedz a/at reaction/nn against/in the/at methods/nns and/cc in/in many/ap cases/nns the/at conclusions/nns of/in the/at Oxford/np school/nn of/in Stubbs/np ,/, Freeman/np and/cc (/( particularly/rb )/) Green/np regarding/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj conquest/nn of/in Britain/np ./. Even/rb before/cs the/at century/nn was/bedz out/rp the/at tide/nn of/in reaction/nn had/hvd set/vbn in/rp ./. Charles/np Plummer/np in/in the/at introduction/nn and/cc notes/nns to/in his/pp$ splendid/jj edition/nn of/in Bede/np voiced/vbd some/dti early/jj doubts/nns concerning/in the/at ``/`` elaborate/jj superstructure/nn ''/'' they/ppss raised/vbd up/rp over/in the/at slim/jj foundations/nns afforded/vbn by/in the/at traditional/jj narratives/nns of/in the/at conquest/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz Plummer/np ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, who/wps coined/vbd the/at much/ql quoted/vbn remark/nn :/: ``/`` Mr./np Green/np indeed/rb writes/vbz as/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben present/rb at/in the/at landing/nn of/in the/at Saxons/nps and/cc had/hvd watched/vbn every/at step/nn of/in their/pp$ subsequent/jj progress/nn ''/'' ./. Sir/np Henry/np Howorth/np ,/, writing/vbg in/in 1898/cd ,/, put/vbd himself/ppl firmly/rb in/in the/at Lappenburg-Kemble/np tradition/nn by/in attacking/vbg the/at veracity/nn of/in the/at West/jj-tl Saxon/np-tl annals/nns ./. Early/rb in/in the/at present/jj century/nn ,/, W./np H./np Stevenson/np continued/vbd the/at attack/nn with/in a/at savage/jj article/nn against/in Guest/np ./. Following/vbg him/ppo in/in varying/vbg degrees/nns of/in scepticism/nn were/bed T.W./np Shore/np ,/, H.M./np Chadwick/np ,/, Thomas/np Hodgkin/np and/cc F./np G./np Beck/np ./. By/in 1913/cd ,/, Ferdinand/np Lot/np could/md begin/vb an/at article/nn subtitled/vbn ``/`` La/fw-at-tl Conquete/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in La/fw-at-tl Grande-Bretagne/np-tl par/fw-in Les/fw-at-tl Saxons/nps-tl ''/'' with/in the/at words/nns ,/, ``/`` Il/fw-pps est/fw-bez difficile/fw-jj aujourd'hui/fw-nr d'entretenir/fw-to+vb des/fw-in+at illusions/fw-nns sur/fw-in la/fw-at valeur/fw-nn du/fw-in+at recit/fw-nn traditionnel/fw-jj de/fw-in la/fw-at conquete/fw-nn de/fw-in la/fw-at Grande-Bretagne/np ./. ''/'' It/pps is/bez also/rb worthy/jj of/in note/nn that/cs Lot/np cited/vbd both/abx Kemble/np and/cc Lappenberg/np with/in favor/nn in/in that/dt article/nn ./. It/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs the/at wheel/nn had/hvd turned/vbn full/jj circle/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, modern/jj scholarly/jj opinion/nn in/in the/at main/jjs has/hvz not/* retreated/vbn all/abn the/at way/nn back/rb to/in the/at destructive/jj scepticism/nn of/in the/at first/od half/abn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ./. Although/cs one/pn meets/vbz with/in occasional/jj extremists/nns like/cs Zachrisson/np or/cc ,/, very/ql recently/rb ,/, Arthur/np Wade-Evans/np the/at majority/nn of/in scholars/nns have/hv taken/vbn a/at middle/jj position/nn between/in the/at extremes/nns of/in scepticism/nn and/cc gullibility/nn ./. Most/ap now/rb admit/vb that/cs Bede/np ,/, Gildas/np ,/, Nennius/np and/cc The/at-tl Anglo-Saxon/jj Chronicles/nns-tl cannot/md* be/be the/at infallible/jj guides/nns to/in early/jj English/jj history/nn that/wps Guest/np ,/, Freeman/np and/cc Green/np thought/vbd them/ppo to/to be/be ./. As/cs R.H./np Hodgkin/np has/hvz remarked/vbn :/: ``/`` The/at critical/jj methods/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn shattered/vbd most/ap of/in this/dt picturesque/jj narrative/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at consensus/nn of/in opinion/nn is/bez that/cs ,/, used/vbn with/in caution/nn and/cc in/in conjunction/nn with/in other/ap types/nns of/in evidence/nn ,/, the/at native/jj sources/nns still/rb provide/vb a/at valid/jj rough/jj outline/nn for/in the/at English/jj settlement/nn of/in southern/jj Britain/np ./. As/cs Sir/np Charles/np Oman/np once/rb said/vbd ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr fashionable/jj to/to declare/vb that/cs we/ppss can/md say/vb nothing/pn certain/jj about/in Old/jj-tl English/jj origins/nns ''/'' ./. Therefore/rb ,/, in/in one/cd way/nn Kemble/np and/cc Lappenberg/np have/hv been/ben vindicated/vbn ./. Their/pp$ conclusions/nns concerning/in the/at untrustworthiness/nn of/in the/at West/jj-tl Saxon/np-tl annals/nns ,/, the/at confused/vbn chronology/nn of/in Bede/np ,/, the/at unreliability/nn of/in the/at early/jj positions/nns of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj genealogies/nns and/cc the/at mythological/jj elements/nns contained/vbn in/in Nennius/np are/ber now/rb mostly/rb accepted/vbn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, in/in another/dt way/nn modern/jj historians/nns still/rb labor/vb in/in the/at vineyard/nn of/in the/at Oxford/np school/nn ./. For/cs it/pps is/bez their/pp$ catastrophic/jj concept/nn of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns rather/in than/in Kemble's/np$ gradualist/nn approach/nn which/wdt dominates/vbz the/at field/nn ./. Despite/in the/at rejection/nn of/in the/at traditional/jj accounts/nns on/in many/ap points/nns of/in detail/nn ,/, as/ql late/rb as/cs 1948/cd it/pps was/bedz still/rb possible/jj to/to postulate/vb a/at massive/jj and/cc comparatively/rb sudden/jj (/( beginning/vbg in/in ca./rb 450/nn )/) influx/nn of/in Germans/nps as/cs the/at type/nn of/in invasions/nns ./. At/in this/dt point/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, the/at issue/nn has/hvz become/vb complicated/vbn by/in a/at development/nn unforeseen/jj by/in Lappenberg/np and/cc Kemble/np ./. They/ppss ,/, however/wql much/ap they/ppss were/bed in/in disagreement/nn with/in the/at late/jj Victorians/nps over/in the/at method/nn by/in which/wdt Britain/np was/bedz Germanized/vbn ,/, agreed/vbd with/in them/ppo that/cs the/at end/nn result/nn was/bedz the/at complete/jj extinction/nn of/in the/at previous/jj Celtic/jj population/nn and/cc civilization/nn ./. But/cc beginning/vbg ,/, for/in all/abn practical/jj purposes/nns ,/, with/in Frederick/np Seebohm's/np$ English/jj-tl Village/nn-tl Community/nn-tl scholars/nns have/hv had/hvn to/to reckon/vb with/in a/at theory/nn involving/vbg institutional/jj and/cc agrarian/jj continuity/nn between/in Roman/jj and/cc Anglo-Saxon/jj times/nns which/wdt is/bez completely/rb at/in odds/nns with/in the/at reigning/vbg concept/nn of/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns ./. Against/in Seebohm/np formidable/jj foes/nns have/hv taken/vbn the/at field/nn ,/, notably/rb F./np W./np Maitland/np ,/, whose/wp$ Domesday/np-tl Book/nn-tl And/cc-tl Beyond/rb-tl was/bedz written/vbn expressly/rb for/in this/dt purpose/nn ,/, and/cc Sir/np Paul/np Vinogradoff/np whose/wp$ The/at-tl Growth/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Manor/nn-tl had/hvd a/at similar/jj aim/nn ./. Largely/rb due/rb to/in their/pp$ efforts/nns the/at catastrophic/jj invasion-theory/nn has/hvz maintained/vbn its/pp$ position/nn although/cs Seebohm/np has/hvz always/rb found/vbn supporters/nns ./. H.L./np Gray/np in/in his/pp$ English/jj-tl Field/nn-tl Systems/nns-tl and/cc Zachrisson's/np$ Romans/nps-tl ,/, Kelts/nps-tl And/cc-tl Saxons/nps-tl defended/vbd in/in part/nn the/at Seebohm/np thesis/nn while/cs at/in the/at present/jj time/nn H.P.R./np Finberg/np and/cc Gordon/np Copley/np seem/vb to/to fall/vb into/in the/at Celtic/jj survivalist/nn camp/nn ./. This/dt is/bez nevertheless/rb a/at minority/nn view/nn ./. Most/ap scholars/nns ,/, while/cs willing/jj to/to accept/vb a/at survival/nn (/( revival/nn ?/. ?/. )/) of/in Celtic/jj art/nn forms/nns and/cc a/at considerable/jj proportion/nn of/in the/at Celtic/jj population/nn ,/, reject/vb any/dti institutional/jj legacy/nn from/in pre-Anglo-Saxon/jj Britain/np ./. Therefore/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez plain/jj that/cs the/at clear/jj distinctions/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn are/ber no/ql longer/rbr with/in us/ppo ./. In/in the/at main/jjs stream/nn of/in historical/jj thinking/nn is/bez a/at group/nn of/in scholars/nns ,/, H.M./np Chadwick/np ,/, R.H./np Hodgkin/np ,/, Sir/np Frank/np Stenton/np et/fw-cc al./fw-nns who/wps are/ber in/in varying/vbg degrees/nns sceptical/jj of/in the/at native/jj traditions/nns of/in the/at conquest/nn but/cc who/wps defend/vb the/at catastrophic/jj type/nn of/in invasion/nn suggested/vbn by/in them/ppo ./. They/ppss ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, have/hv compromised/vbn the/at opposing/vbg positions/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap side/nn are/ber the/at Celtic/jj survivalists/nns who/wps have/hv taken/vbn a/at tack/nn divergent/jj from/in both/abx these/dts schools/nns of/in nineteenth/od century/nn thought/nn ./. As/cs a/at group/nn they/ppss should/md be/be favorable/jj to/in a/at concept/nn of/in gradual/jj Germanic/jj infiltration/nn although/cs the/at specialist/nn nature/nn of/in much/ap of/in their/pp$ work/nn ,/, e.g./rb Seebohm/np ,/, Gray/np and/cc Finberg/np ,/, tends/vbz to/to obscure/vb their/pp$ sympathies/nns ./. Those/dts who/wps do/do have/hv occasion/nn to/to deal/vb with/in the/at invasions/nns in/in a/at more/ql general/jj way/nn ,/, like/cs T.W./np Shore/np and/cc Arthur/np Wade-Evans/np ,/, are/ber on/in the/at side/nn of/in a/at gradual/jj and/cc often/rb peaceful/jj Germanic/jj penetration/nn into/in Britain/np ./. Wade-Evans/np ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, denies/vbz that/cs there/ex were/bed any/dti Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns at/in all/abn other/ap than/cs a/at minor/jj Jutish/jj foray/nn in/in A.D./rb 514/cd ./. Now/rb omitting/vbg for/in a/at moment/nn some/dti recent/jj developments/nns we/ppss can/md say/vb the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl hypothesis/nn of/in Lappenberg/np and/cc Kemble/np has/hvz undergone/vbn virtual/jj eclipse/nn in/in this/dt century/nn ./. It/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr possible/jj to/to say/vb that/cs a/at sceptical/jj attitude/nn towards/in the/at received/vbn accounts/nns of/in the/at invasions/nns almost/ql automatically/rb produces/vbz a/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' interpretation/nn ./. Everyone/pn is/bez more/ql or/cc less/ql sceptical/jj and/cc virtually/rb no/at one/pn has/hvz been/ben willing/jj to/to accept/vb Lappenberg/np or/cc Kemble's/np$ position/nn on/in that/dt point/nn ./. One/cd reason/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs the/at new/jj scepticism/nn has/hvz been/ben willing/jj to/to maintain/vb the/at general/jj picture/nn of/in the/at invasions/nns as/cs portrayed/vbn in/in the/at traditional/jj sources/nns ./. The/at few/ap scholars/nns who/wps have/hv adopted/vbn the/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' interpretation/nn ,/, Howorth/np ,/, Shore/np ,/, and/cc Wade-Evans/np ,/, have/hv all/abn been/ben Celtic/jj survivalists/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, they/ppss have/hv done/vbn so/rb in/in rather/ql special/jj circumstances/nns ./. The/at primary/jj reason/nn for/in the/at abandonment/nn of/in the/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' thesis/nn has/hvz been/ben the/at assimilation/nn and/cc accumulation/nn of/in archaeological/jj evidence/nn ,/, the/at most/ql striking/jj feature/nn of/in early/jj English/jj studies/nns in/in this/dt century/nn ./. Again/rb omitting/vbg recent/jj developments/nns ,/, E.T./np Leeds'/np$ dictum/nn of/in 1913/cd has/hvz stood/vbn unchallenged/jj :/: ``/`` So/ql far/rb as/cs archaeology/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez not/* the/at least/ap warrant/nn for/in the/at second/od (/( shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in )/) of/in these/dts theories/nns ''/'' ./. Even/rb earlier/rbr Haverfield/np had/hvd come/vbn to/in the/at same/ap conclusion/nn ./. What/wdt they/ppss meant/vbd was/bedz that/cs there/ex was/bedz no/at evidence/nn to/to show/vb that/cs the/at south/nr and/cc east/nr coasts/nns of/in Britain/np received/vbd Germanic/jj settlers/nns conspicuously/rb earlier/rbr than/cs some/dti other/ap parts/nns of/in England/np ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at trace/nn of/in Anglo-Saxons/nps in/in Britain/np as/ql early/rb as/cs the/at late/jj third/od century/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt time/nn the/at archaeological/jj evidence/nn for/in the/at erection/nn of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl forts/nns was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to point/vb ./. In/in the/at face/nn of/in a/at clear/jj judgment/nn from/in archaeology/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, it/pps became/vbd impossible/jj for/in a/at time/nn for/cs scholars/nns to/to re-adopt/vb the/at ``/`` shore/nn settled/vbn by/in ''/'' theory/nn ./. In/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at wind/nn of/in change/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be blowing/vbg through/in early/jj English/jj historical/jj circles/nns ./. The/at great/jj increase/nn in/in the/at amount/nn of/in archaeological/jj activity/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb information/nn ,/, in/in the/at years/nns immediately/rb preceeding/vbg and/cc following/vbg the/at Second/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl has/hvz brought/vbn to/in light/nn data/nn which/wdt has/hvz changed/vbn the/at complection/nn of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl dispute/nn ./. Where/wrb there/ex were/bed none/pn fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, several/ap scholars/nns currently/rb are/ber edging/vbg their/pp$ way/nn cautiously/rb towards/in the/at acceptance/nn of/in the/at ``/`` shore/nn occupied/vbn by/in ''/'' position/nn ./. We/ppss must/md ,/, therefore/rb ,/, have/hv a/at look/nn at/in the/at new/jj archaeological/jj material/nn and/cc re-examine/vb the/at literary/jj and/cc place-name/nn evidence/nn which/wdt bears/vbz upon/in the/at problem/nn ./. What/wdt exactly/rb are/ber we/ppss trying/vbg to/to prove/vb ?/. ?/. We/ppss know/vb that/cs the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl was/bedz a/at phenonenon/nn of/in late/jj Roman/jj defensive/jj policy/nn ;/. ;/. in/in other/ap words/nns its/pp$ existence/nn belongs/vbz to/in the/at period/nn of/in Roman/jj Britain/np ./. So/rb whenever/wrb the/at Romans/nps finally/rb withdrew/vbd from/in the/at island/nn ,/, the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl disappeared/vbd in/in the/at first/od decade/nn of/in the/at fifth/od century/nn ./. We/ppss also/rb know/vb that/cs the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl as/cs reflected/vbn in/in the/at Notitia/fw-nns-tl was/bedz created/vbn as/cs a/at part/nn of/in the/at Theodosian/jj reorganization/nn of/in Britain/np (/( post/in A.D./rb 369/cd )/) ./. My/pp$ argument/nn is/bez that/cs there/ex was/bedz no/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl prior/rb to/in that/dt time/nn even/rb though/cs the/at forts/nns had/hvd been/ben in/in existence/nn since/in the/at time/nn of/in Carausius/np ./. Therefore/rb ,/, what/wdt we/ppss must/md prove/vb or/cc disprove/vb is/bez that/cs there/ex were/bed Saxons/nps ,/, in/in the/at broad/jj sense/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss must/md construe/vb the/at word/nn ,/, in/in the/at area/nn of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl at/in the/at time/nn it/pps was/bedz called/vbn the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, we/ppss must/md find/vb Saxons/nps in/in East/jj-tl Anglia/np-tl ,/, Kent/np ,/, Sussex/np and/cc Hampshire/np in/in the/at last/ap half/nn of/in the/at fourth/od century/nn ./. The/at problem/nn ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, is/bez strictly/rb a/at chronological/jj one/cd ./. In/in Gaul/np the/at Saxon/np element/nn on/in its/pp$ Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl was/bedz plainly/ql visible/jj because/cs there/rb the/at Saxons/nps were/bed an/at intrusive/jj element/nn in/in the/at population/nn ./. In/in Britain/np ,/, obviously/rb ,/, the/at archaeological/jj and/cc place-name/nn characteristics/nns of/in the/at Saxon/np-tl Shore/nn-tl region/nn are/ber bound/vbn to/to be/be Saxon/np ./. It/pps is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in trying/vbg to/to sort/vb out/rp an/at earlier/jjr fourth-century/nn Saxon/np element/nn from/in the/at later/jjr ,/, fifth-century/nn mainstream/nn of/in Anglo-Saxon/jj invasions/nns ./. This/dt ,/, naturally/rb ,/, will/md be/be difficult/jj to/to do/do since/cs both/abx the/at archaeological/jj and/cc place-name/nn evidence/nn in/in this/dt period/nn ,/, with/in some/dti fortunate/jj exceptions/nns ,/, is/bez insufficient/jj for/in precise/jj chronological/jj purposes/nns ./. It/pps might/md be/be well/jj to/to consider/vb the/at literary/jj evidence/nn first/rb because/cs it/pps can/md provide/vb us/ppo with/in an/at answer/nn to/in one/cd important/jj question/nn ;/. ;/. namely/rb ,/, is/bez the/at idea/nn that/cs there/ex were/bed Saxon/np mercenaries/nns in/in England/np at/in all/abn reasonable/jj ?/. ?/.

cg62

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To/to do/do so/rb ,/, something/pn was/bedz necessary/jj beyond/in volunteering/vbg because/cs there/ex was/bedz little/ap glamour/nn or/cc romance/nn in/in the/at European/jj war/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps meant/vbd instead/rb hardship/nn ,/, dirt/nn ,/, and/cc death/nn ./. Baker/np gave/vbd Leonard/np Wood/np credit/nn for/in the/at initiation/nn of/in the/at draft/nn of/in soldiers/nns ;/. ;/. from/in the/at General's/nn$-tl idea/nn a/at chain/nn reaction/nn occurred/vbd ./. Wood/np took/vbd the/at proposal/nn to/in Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl Hugh/np L./np Scott/np ,/, who/wps passed/vbd it/ppo on/rp to/in Baker/np a/at month/nn before/in the/at actual/jj declaration/nn of/in war/nn against/in Germany/np ./. The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl gave/vbd his/pp$ assent/nn after/cs studying/vbg the/at history/nn of/in the/at draft/nn in/in the/at American/jj-tl Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at British/jj volunteer/nn system/nn in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. He/pps concluded/vbd that/cs selective/jj service/nn would/md not/* only/rb prevent/vb the/at disorganization/nn of/in essential/jj war/nn industries/nns but/cc would/md avoid/vb the/at undesirable/jj moral/jj effects/nns of/in the/at British/jj reliance/nn on/in enlistment/nn only/rb --/-- ``/`` where/wrb the/at feeling/nn of/in the/at people/nns was/bedz whipped/vbn into/in a/at frenzy/nn by/in girls/nns pinning/vbg white/jj feathers/nns on/in reluctant/jj young/jj men/nns ,/, orators/nns preaching/vbg hate/nn of/in the/at Germans/nps ,/, and/cc newspapers/nns exaggerating/vbg enemy/nn outrages/nns to/to make/vb men/nns enlist/vb out/in of/in motives/nns of/in revenge/nn and/cc retaliation/nn ''/'' ./. Baker/np took/vbd the/at plan/nn to/in Wilson/np who/wps said/vbd :/: ``/`` Baker/np ,/, this/dt is/bez plainly/rb right/jj on/in any/dti ground/nn ./. Start/vb to/to prepare/vb the/at necessary/jj legislation/nn so/cs that/cs if/cs I/ppss am/bem obliged/vbn to/to go/vb to/in Congress/np the/at bills/nns will/md be/be ready/jj for/in immediate/jj consideration/nn ''/'' ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz that/cs by/in secret/jj agreement/nn draft/nn machinery/nn was/bedz actually/rb ready/jj long/rb before/cs the/at country/nn knew/vbd that/cs the/at device/nn was/bedz to/to take/vb the/at place/nn of/in the/at volunteering/vbg method/nn which/wdt Theodore/np Roosevelt/np favored/vbd ./. Before/cs the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl was/bedz passed/vbn Baker/np had/hvd confidentially/rb briefed/vbn governors/nns ,/, sheriffs/nns ,/, and/cc prospective/jj draft/nn board/nn members/nns on/in the/at administration/nn of/in the/at measure/nn --/-- and/cc the/at confidence/nn was/bedz kept/vbn so/ql well/rb that/cs only/rb one/cd newspaper/nn learned/vbd what/wdt was/bedz going/vbg on/rp ./. It/pps was/bedz Baker/np ,/, working/vbg through/in Provost/nn-tl Marshal/nn-tl Enoch/np Crowder/np and/cc Major/nn-tl Hugh/np S./np (/( ``/`` Old/jj-tl Ironpants/nn-tl ''/'' )/) Johnson/np ,/, who/wps arranged/vbd for/in a/at secret/jj printing/nn by/in the/at million/cd of/in selective/jj service/nn blanks/nns --/-- again/rb before/cs the/at Act/nn-tl was/bedz passed/vbn --/-- until/cs corridors/nns in/in the/at Government/nn-tl Printing/vbg-tl Office/nn-tl were/bed full/jj and/cc the/at basement/nn of/in the/at Washington/np-tl Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl was/bedz stacked/vbn to/in the/at ceiling/nn ./. General/nn-tl Crowder/np proposed/vbd that/cs Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl officers/nns select/vb the/at draftees/nns in/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns throughout/in the/at nation/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz Baker/np who/wps thought/vbd of/in lessening/vbg the/at shock/nn ,/, which/wdt conscription/nn always/rb brings/vbz to/in a/at country/nn ,/, by/in substituting/vbg ``/`` Greetings/nns from/in your/pp$ neighbors/nns ''/'' for/in the/at recruiting/vbg sergeant/nn ,/, and/cc registration/nn in/in familiar/jj voting/vbg places/nns rather/in than/in at/in military/jj installations/nns ./. Even/rb so/rb ,/, the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl encountered/vbd rough/jj sledding/nn in/in its/pp$ progress/nn through/in the/at Congress/np ./. Democratic/jj-tl Speaker/nn-tl Champ/np Clark/np saw/vbd little/ap difference/nn between/in a/at conscript/nn and/cc a/at convict/nn ./. Democrat/np Stanley/np H./np Dent/np ,/, Chairman/nn-tl of/in the/at House/nn-tl Military/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, declined/vbd to/to introduce/vb the/at bill/nn ./. Democratic/jj-tl Floor/nn-tl Leader/nn-tl Claude/np Kitchin/np would/md have/hv no/at part/nn of/in the/at measure/nn ./. In/in the/at judgment/nn of/in Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl Scott/np it/pps was/bedz ironic/jj that/cs the/at draft/nn policy/nn of/in a/at Democratic/jj-tl President/nn-tl ,/, aimed/vbn at/in Germany/np ,/, had/hvd to/to be/be pushed/vbn through/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl by/in the/at ranking/vbg minority/nn member/nn of/in the/at Military/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl --/-- a/at Republican/np Jew/np born/vbn in/in Germany/np !/. !/. He/pps was/bedz Julius/np Kahn/np for/in whom/wpo the/at Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl thought/vbd no/at honor/nn could/md be/be too/ql great/jj ./. After/in Kahn's/np$ death/nn in/in 1924/cd Scott/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` May/md he/pps rest/vb in/in peace/nn with/in the/at eternal/jj gratitude/nn of/in his/pp$ adopted/vbn country/nn ''/'' ./. In/in spite/nn of/in powerful/jj opposition/nn the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl finally/rb passed/vbd Congress/np on/in May/np 17/cd ,/, 1917/cd ./. In/in early/jj June/np ten/cd million/cd young/jj men/nns registered/vbd by/in name/nn and/cc number/nn ./. The/at day/nn passed/vbd without/in incident/nn in/in spite/nn of/in the/at warning/nn of/in Senator/nn-tl James/np A./np Reed/np of/in Missouri/np :/: ``/`` Baker/np ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv the/at streets/nns of/in our/pp$ American/jj cities/nns running/vbg with/in blood/nn on/in registration/nn day/nn ''/'' ./. On/in July/np 20/cd ,/, the/at first/od drawing/nn of/in numbers/nns occurred/vbd in/in the/at Senate/nn-tl Office/nn-tl Building/nn-tl before/in a/at distinguished/vbn group/nn of/in congressmen/nns and/cc high/jj Army/nn-tl officers/nns ./. Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl Baker/np ,/, blindfolded/vbn ,/, put/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn into/in a/at large/jj glass/nn bowl/nn and/cc drew/vbd the/at initial/jj number/nn of/in those/dts to/to be/be called/vbn ./. It/pps was/bedz 258/cd ./. A/at man/nn in/in Mississippi/np wired/vbd :/: ``/`` Thanks/nns for/in drawing/vbg 258/cd --/-- that's/dt+bez me/ppo ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz the/at first/od of/in 2,800,000/cd called/vbn to/in the/at Army/nn-tl through/in the/at selective/jj service/nn system/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz one/cd thing/nn to/to call/vb men/nns to/in the/at colors/nns ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz another/dt to/to house/vb ,/, feed/vb ,/, and/cc train/vb them/ppo ./. The/at existing/vbg Army/nn-tl posts/nns were/bed wholly/ql inadequate/jj ./. In/in a/at matter/nn of/in months/nns the/at War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl built/vbd thirty-two/cd camps/nns ,/, each/dt one/cd accommodating/vbg fifty/cd thousand/cd men/nns --/-- sixteen/cd were/bed under/in canvas/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc sixteen/cd with/in frame/nn structures/nns in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at gargantuan/jj task/nn ;/. ;/. a/at typical/jj cantonment/nn in/in the/at North/nr-tl had/hvd twelve/cd hundred/cd buildings/nns ,/, an/at electric-sewer-water/nn system/nn ,/, and/cc twenty-five/cd miles/nns of/in roads/nns ./. At/in Camp/nn-tl Taylor/np-tl in/in Kentucky/np a/at barracks/nn was/bedz built/vbn in/in an/at hour/nn and/cc a/at half/abn from/in timber/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben standing/vbg in/in Mississippi/np forests/nns one/cd week/nn before/rb ./. The/at total/jj operation/nn was/bedz a/at construction/nn project/nn comparable/jj in/in magnitude/nn with/in the/at Panama/np-tl Canal/nn-tl ,/, but/cc in/in 1917/cd time/nn was/bedz in/in short/jj supply/nn ;/. ;/. in/in three/cd months/nns the/at Army/nn-tl spent/vbd three-quarters/nns as/ql much/ap as/cs had/hvd been/ben expended/vbn on/in the/at ``/`` big/jj Ditch/nn-tl ''/'' in/in ten/cd years/nns ./. In/in later/jjr years/nns Josephus/np Daniels/np was/bedz to/to claim/vb that/cs World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz the/at first/od in/in American/jj history/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex was/bedz great/jj concern/nn for/in both/abx the/at health/nn and/cc morals/nns of/in our/pp$ soldiers/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at first/od American/jj war/nn in/in which/wdt the/at death/nn rate/nn from/in disease/nn was/bedz lower/jjr than/cs that/dt from/in battle/nn ,/, due/rb to/in the/at provision/nn of/in trained/vbn medical/jj personnel/nns (/( of/in the/at 200,000/cd officers/nns ,/, 42,000/cd were/bed physicians/nns )/) ,/, compulsory/jj vaccination/nn ,/, rigorous/jj camp/nn sanitation/nn ,/, and/cc adequate/jj hospital/nn facilities/nns ./. To/in the/at middle/nn of/in September/np 1918/cd ,/, there/ex had/hvd been/ben fewer/ap than/in 10,000/cd deaths/nns from/in disease/nn in/in the/at new/jj army/nn ./. This/dt enviable/jj record/nn would/md have/hv been/ben maintained/vbn but/in for/in a/at great/jj and/cc unexpected/jj disaster/nn which/wdt struck/vbd the/at world/nn with/in murderous/jj stealth/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at influenza/nn pandemic/nn of/in 1918-19/cd ./. The/at malady/nn was/bedz popularly/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at ``/`` Spanish/jj flu/nn ''/'' from/in the/at alleged/vbn locale/nn of/in its/pp$ origin/nn ./. The/at world-wide/jj total/nn of/in deaths/nns from/in ``/`` Spanish/jj flu/nn ''/'' was/bedz around/rb twenty/cd million/cd ;/. ;/. in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl 300,000/cd succumbed/vbd to/in it/ppo ./. In/in mid-September/np 1918/cd ,/, the/at influenza-pneumonia/nn pandemic/nn swept/vbd through/in every/at American/jj military/jj camp/nn ;/. ;/. during/in the/at eight-week/jj blitz/nn attack/nn 25,000/cd soldiers/nns died/vbd from/in the/at disease/nn and/cc the/at death/nn rate/nn (/( formerly/rb 5/cd per/in year/nn per/in 1,000/cd men/nns )/) increased/vbd almost/rb fifty/cd times/nns to/in 4/cd per/in week/nn per/in 1,000/cd men/nns ./. In/in spite/nn of/in this/dt catastrophe/nn the/at final/jj mortality/nn figure/nn from/in disease/nn in/in the/at American/jj Army/nn-tl during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz 15/cd per/in 1,000/cd per/in year/nn ,/, contrasted/vbn with/in 110/cd per/in 1,000/cd per/in year/nn in/in the/at Mexican/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, and/cc 65/cd in/in the/at American/jj Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./. Both/abx Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl War/nn-tl Baker/np and/cc Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Navy/nn-tl Daniels/np devoted/vbd much/ap time/nn and/cc effort/nn to/in the/at problem/nn of/in providing/vbg reasonably/ql normal/jj and/cc wholesome/jj activities/nns in/in camp/nn for/in the/at millions/nns of/in men/nns who/wps had/hvd been/ben removed/vbn from/in their/pp$ home/nn environment/nn ./. Their/pp$ policy/nn ran/vbd counter/rb to/in the/at traditional/jj idea/nn that/cs a/at good/jj fighter/nn was/bedz usually/rb a/at libertine/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs in/in sex/nn affairs/nns ``/`` God-given/jj passion/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at proof/nn of/in manliness/nn ./. Baker/np moved/vbd first/rb ;/. ;/. six/cd days/nns after/cs war/nn was/bedz declared/vbn he/pps appointed/vbd Raymond/np Fosdick/np chairman/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl Training/vbg-tl Camp/nn-tl Activities/nns-tl (/( the/at CTCA/np-tl )/) ./. Fosdick/np ,/, a/at brother/nn of/in minister/nn Harry/np Emerson/np Fosdick/np ,/, was/bedz a/at graduate/nn of/in Princeton/np ,/, and/cc a/at member/nn of/in Phi/np Beta/np Kappa/np and/cc the/at American/jj-tl Philosophical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl ./. His/pp$ assignment/nn was/bedz not/* a/at new/jj one/cd because/cs Baker/np had/hvd sent/vbn him/ppo to/in the/at Mexican/jj border/nn in/in 1916/cd to/to investigate/vb lurid/jj newspaper/nn stories/nns about/in lack/nn of/in discipline/nn ,/, drunkenness/nn ,/, and/cc venereal/jj disease/nn in/in American/jj military/jj camps/nns ./. Fosdick/np had/hvd found/vbn the/at installations/nns surrounded/vbn by/in a/at battery/nn of/in saloons/nns and/cc houses/nns of/in prostitution/nn ,/, with/in filles/fw-nns de/fw-in joie/fw-nn from/in all/ql over/in the/at country/nn flocking/vbg to/in San/np Antonio/np ,/, Laredo/np ,/, and/cc El/np Paso/np to/to ``/`` woman/vb the/at cribs/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps also/rb ascertained/vbd that/cs many/ap officers/nns were/bed indifferent/jj to/in the/at problem/nn ,/, including/in Commanding/vbg-tl General/nn-tl Frederick/np Funston/np who/wps gave/vbd Fosdick/np the/at nickname/nn of/in ``/`` Reverend/np ''/'' ./. On/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at long/jj chronicle/nn of/in military/jj history/nn Funston/np and/cc his/pp$ brethren/nns assumed/vbd that/cs the/at issue/nn was/bedz insoluble/jj and/cc that/cs anyone/pn interested/vbn in/in a/at mission/nn like/cs Fosdick's/np$ was/bedz an/at impractical/jj idealist/nn or/cc a/at do-gooder/nn ./. During/in the/at brief/jj Mexican/jj venture/nn Fosdick's/np$ report/nn to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl recommended/vbd a/at definite/jj stand/nn by/in the/at War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl against/in the/at saloon/nn and/cc the/at excesses/nns of/in prostitution/nn ./. The/at problem/nn involved/vbd military/jj necessity/nn as/ql much/ap as/cs morality/nn ,/, for/cs in/in pre-penicillin/jj days/nns venereal/jj disease/nn was/bedz a/at crippling/vbg disability/nn ./. Fosdick/np insisted/vbd that/cs a/at strong/jj word/nn was/bedz needed/vbn from/in Washington/np ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz immediately/rb forthcoming/jj ./. Baker/np put/vbd the/at ``/`` cribs/nns ''/'' and/cc the/at saloons/nns out/in of/in bounds/nns ,/, ordered/vbd the/at co-operation/nn of/in military/jj officers/nns with/in local/jj law/nn authorities/nns ,/, and/cc told/vbd communities/nns that/cs the/at troops/nns would/md be/be moved/vbn unless/cs wholesome/jj conditions/nns were/bed restored/vbn ./. Both/abx Baker/np and/cc Fosdick/np knew/vbd that/cs a/at substitute/nn was/bedz necessary/jj ,/, that/cs a/at verboten/fw-vbn approach/nn was/bedz not/* the/at real/jj answer/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed aware/jj that/cs soldiers/nns went/vbd to/in town/nn ,/, in/in more/ap ways/nns than/in one/cd ,/, because/rb of/in the/at monotony/nn of/in camp/nn life/nn ,/, to/to find/vb the/at only/ap release/nn available/jj in/in the/at absence/nn of/in movies/nns ,/, reading/vbg rooms/nns ,/, and/cc playing/vbg fields/nns with/in adequate/jj athletic/jj equipment/nn ./. Both/abx knew/vbd that/cs when/wrb trains/nns stopped/vbd at/in Texan/jj crossroads/nns bored/vbn soldiers/nns would/md sometimes/rb enter/vb to/to ask/vb the/at passengers/nns if/cs they/ppss had/hvd any/dti reading/vbg material/nn to/to spare/vb ,/, even/rb a/at newspaper/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at time/nn in/in the/at short/jj Mexican/jj encounter/nn to/to evolve/vb a/at solution/nn but/cc the/at area/nn provided/vbd a/at proving/vbg ground/nn for/in new/jj departures/nns in/in the/at near/jj future/nn ./. When/wrb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl entered/vbd the/at First/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl Baker/np made/vbd certain/jj that/cs the/at Draft/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1917/cd prohibited/vbd the/at sale/nn of/in liquor/nn to/in men/nns in/in uniform/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps provided/vbd for/in broad/jj zones/nns around/in the/at camps/nns in/in which/wdt prostitution/nn was/bedz outlawed/vbn ./. Even/rb so/rb Fosdick/np ,/, as/cs the/at new/jj Chairman/nn-tl of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl Training/vbg-tl Camp/nn-tl Activities/nns-tl ,/, encountered/vbd strong/jj and/cc vociferous/jj opposition/nn ./. New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl had/hvd a/at notorious/jj red-light/nn district/nn extending/vbg over/in twenty-eight/cd city/nn blocks/nns ,/, and/cc the/at business-minded/jj mayor/nn of/in the/at city/nn journeyed/vbd to/in Washington/np to/to present/vb the/at case/nn for/in ``/`` the/at God-given/jj right/nn of/in men/nns to/to be/be men/nns ''/'' ./. In/in Europe/np ,/, Premier/nn-tl Clemenceau/np ,/, showing/vbg his/pp$ animal/nn proclivities/nns as/cs the/at ``/`` Tiger/nn-tl of/in-tl France/np-tl ''/'' ,/, asked/vbd Pershing/np by/in letter/nn for/in the/at creation/nn of/in special/jj houses/nns where/wrb the/at sexual/jj desires/nns of/in American/jj men/nns could/md be/be satisfied/vbn ./. When/wrb Fosdick/np showed/vbd the/at letter/nn to/in Baker/np his/pp$ negative/jj response/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` For/in God's/np$ sake/nn ,/, Raymond/np ,/, don't/do* show/vb this/dt to/in the/at President/nn-tl or/cc he'll/pps+md stop/vb the/at war/nn ''/'' ./. Ultimately/rb Fosdick's/np$ ``/`` Fit/jj to/to fight/vb ''/'' slogan/nn swept/vbd across/in the/at country/nn and/cc every/at well-known/jj red-light/nn district/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz closed/vbn ,/, a/at hundred/cd and/cc ten/cd of/in them/ppo ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz that/cs the/at rate/nn of/in venereal/jj disease/nn in/in the/at American/jj Army/nn-tl was/bedz the/at lowest/jjt in/in our/pp$ military/jj history/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz the/at negative/jj side/nn of/in the/at situation/nn ./. Affirmatively/rb Baker/np worked/vbd on/in the/at premise/nn that/cs ``/`` young/jj men/nns spontaneously/rb prefer/vb to/to be/be decent/jj ,/, and/cc that/cs opportunities/nns for/in wholesome/jj recreation/nn are/ber the/at best/jjt possible/jj cure/nn for/in irregularities/nns in/in conduct/nn which/wdt arise/vb from/in idleness/nn and/cc the/at baser/jjr temptations/nns ''/'' ./. The/at wholesome/jj activities/nns were/bed to/to be/be provided/vbn by/in many/ap organizations/nns including/in the/at YMCA/nn ,/, the/at Knights/nns-tl of/in-tl Columbus/np-tl ,/, the/at Jewish/jj-tl Welfare/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Library/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Playground/nn-tl and/cc-tl Recreation/nn-tl Association/nn-tl --/-- private/jj societies/nns which/wdt voluntarily/rb performed/vbd the/at job/nn that/wps was/bedz taken/vbn over/rp almost/ql entirely/rb by/in the/at Special/jj-tl Services/nns-tl Division/nn-tl of/in the/at Army/nn-tl itself/ppl in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Over/in these/dts voluntary/jj agencies/nns ,/, in/in 1917-18/cd ,/, the/at CTCA/nn served/vbd as/cs a/at co-ordinating/vbg body/nn in/in carrying/vbg out/rp what/wdt Survey/nn-tl called/vbd ``/`` the/at most/ql stupendous/jj piece/nn of/in social/jj work/nn in/in modern/jj times/nns ''/'' ./. Under/in Fosdick/np the/at first/od executive/nn officer/nn of/in the/at CTCA/nn was/bedz Richard/np Byrd/np ,/, whose/wp$ name/nn in/in later/jjr years/nns was/bedz to/to become/vb synonymous/jj with/in activities/nns at/in the/at polar/jj antipodes/nns ./. From/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in popularity/nn the/at best-known/jjt member/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl was/bedz Walter/np Camp/np ,/, the/at Yale/np athlete/nn whose/wp$ sobriquet/nn was/bedz ``/`` the/at father/nn of/in American/jj football/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz placed/vbn in/in charge/nn of/in athletics/nn ,/, and/cc among/in other/ap things/nns adapted/vbd the/at type/nn of/in calisthenics/nns known/vbn as/cs the/at daily/jj dozen/nn ./. The/at CTCA/nn program/nn of/in activities/nns was/bedz profuse/jj :/: William/np Farnum/np and/cc Mary/np Pickford/np on/in the/at screen/nn ,/, Elsie/np Janis/np and/cc Harry/np Lauder/np on/in the/at stage/nn ,/, books/nns provided/vbn by/in the/at American/jj-tl Library/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, full/jj equipment/nn for/in games/nns and/cc sports/nns --/-- except/in that/cs no/at ``/`` bones/nns ''/'' were/bed furnished/vbn for/in the/at all-time/jj favorite/jj pastime/nn played/vbn on/in any/dti floor/nn and/cc known/vbn as/cs ``/`` African/jj golf/nn ''/'' ./. The/at CTCA/nn distributed/vbd a/at khaki-bound/jj songbook/nn that/wps provided/vbd the/at impetus/nn for/in spirited/jj renditions/nns of/in the/at selections/nns found/vbn therein/rb ,/, plus/cc a/at number/nn of/in others/nns whose/wp$ lyrics/nns were/bed more/ql earthy/jj --/-- from/in ``/`` Johnny/np-tl Get/vb-tl Your/pp$-tl Gun/nn-tl ''/'' to/in ``/`` Keep/vb-tl The/at-tl Home/nn-tl Fires/nns-tl Burning/vbg-tl ''/'' to/in ``/`` Mademoiselle/fw-nn-tl From/in-tl Armentieres/np-tl ''/'' ./.

cg63

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In/in the/at imagination/nn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn the/at Greek/jj tragedians/nns and/cc Shakespeare/np stand/vb side/nn by/in side/nn ,/, their/pp$ affinity/nn transcending/vbg all/abn the/at immense/jj contrarieties/nns of/in historical/jj circumstance/nn ,/, religious/jj belief/nn ,/, and/cc poetic/jj form/nn ./. We/ppss no/ql longer/rbr use/vb the/at particular/jj terms/nns of/in Lessing/np and/cc Victor/np Hugo/np ./. But/cc we/ppss abide/vb by/in their/pp$ insight/nn ./. The/at word/nn ``/`` tragedy/nn-nc ''/'' encloses/vbz for/in us/ppo in/in a/at single/ap span/nn both/abx the/at Greek/jj and/cc the/at Elizabethan/jj example/nn ./. The/at sense/nn of/in relationship/nn overreaches/vbz the/at historical/jj truth/nn that/cs Shakespeare/np may/md have/hv known/vbn next/in to/in nothing/pn of/in the/at actual/jj works/nns of/in Aeschylus/np ,/, Sophocles/np ,/, and/cc Euripides/np ./. It/pps transcends/vbz the/at glaring/vbg fact/nn that/cs the/at Elizabethans/nps mixed/vbd tragedy/nn and/cc comedy/nn whereas/cs the/at Greeks/nps kept/vbd the/at two/cd modes/nns severely/ql distinct/jj ./. It/pps overcomes/vbz our/pp$ emphatic/jj awareness/nn of/in the/at vast/jj difference/nn in/in the/at shape/nn and/cc fabric/nn of/in the/at two/cd languages/nns and/cc styles/nns of/in dramatic/jj presentation/nn ./. The/at intimations/nns of/in a/at related/vbn spirit/nn and/cc ordering/nn of/in human/jj values/nns are/ber stronger/jjr than/cs any/dti sense/nn of/in disparity/nn ./. Comparable/jj visions/nns of/in life/nn are/ber at/in work/nn in/in Antigone/np and/cc Romeo/np-tl And/cc-tl Juliet/np-tl ./. We/ppss see/vb at/in once/rb what/wdt Victor/np Hugo/np means/vbz when/wrb he/pps calls/vbz Macbeth/np a/at northern/jj scion/nn of/in the/at house/nn of/in Atreus/np ./. Elsinore/np seems/vbz to/to lie/vb in/in a/at range/nn of/in Mycenae/np ,/, and/cc the/at fate/nn of/in Orestes/np resounds/vbz in/in that/dt of/in Hamlet/np ./. The/at hounds/nns of/in hell/nn search/vb out/rp their/pp$ quarry/nn in/in Apollo's/np$ sanctuary/nn as/cs they/ppss do/do in/in the/at tent/nn of/in Richard/np-tl 3/cd-tl ./. Oedipus/np and/cc Lear/np attain/vb similar/jj insights/nns by/in virtue/nn of/in similar/jj blindness/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* between/in Euripides/np and/cc Shakespeare/np that/cs the/at western/jj mind/nn turns/vbz away/rb from/in the/at ancient/jj tragic/jj sense/nn of/in life/nn ./. It/pps is/bez after/in the/at late/jj seventeenth/od century/nn ./. I/ppss say/vb the/at late/jj seventeenth/od century/nn because/cs Racine/np (/( whom/wpo Lessing/np did/dod not/* really/rb know/vb )/) stands/vbz on/in the/at far/jj side/nn of/in the/at chasm/nn ./. The/at image/nn of/in man/nn which/wdt enters/vbz into/in force/nn with/in Aeschylus/np is/bez still/rb vital/jj in/in Phedre/np and/cc Athalie/np ./. It/pps is/bez the/at triumph/nn of/in rationalism/nn and/cc secular/jj metaphysics/nn which/wdt marks/vbz the/at point/nn of/in no/at return/nn ./. Shakespeare/np is/bez closer/rbr to/in Sophocles/np than/cs he/pps is/bez to/in Pope/np and/cc Voltaire/np ./. To/to say/vb this/dt is/bez to/to set/vb aside/rb the/at realness/nn of/in time/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, nevertheless/rb ./. The/at modes/nns of/in the/at imagination/nn implicit/jj in/in Athenian/jj tragedy/nn continued/vbd to/to shape/vb the/at life/nn of/in the/at mind/nn until/in the/at age/nn of/in Descartes/np and/cc Newton/np ./. It/pps is/bez only/rb then/rb that/cs the/at ancient/jj habits/nns of/in feeling/vbg and/cc the/at classic/jj orderings/nns of/in material/nn and/cc psychological/jj experience/nn were/bed abandoned/vbn ./. With/in the/at Discours/fw-nn-tl de/fw-in-tl la/fw-at-tl methode/fw-nn-tl and/cc the/at Principia/fw-nns-tl the/at things/nns undreamt/jj of/in in/in Horatio's/np$ philosophy/nn seem/vb to/to pass/vb from/in the/at world/nn ./. In/in Greek/jj tragedy/nn as/cs in/in Shakespeare/np ,/, mortal/jj actions/nns are/ber encompassed/vbn by/in forces/nns which/wdt transcend/vb man/nn ./. The/at reality/nn of/in Orestes/np entails/vbz that/dt of/in the/at Furies/nps ;/. ;/. the/at Weird/jj-tl Sisters/nns-tl wait/vb for/in the/at soul/nn of/in Macbeth/np ./. We/ppss cannot/md* conceive/vb of/in Oedipus/np without/in a/at Sphinx/np ,/, nor/cc of/in Hamlet/np without/in a/at Ghost/nn-tl ./. The/at shadows/nns cast/vbn by/in the/at personages/nns of/in Greek/jj and/cc Shakespearean/jj drama/nn lengthen/vb into/in a/at greater/jjr darkness/nn ./. And/cc the/at entirety/nn of/in the/at natural/jj world/nn is/bez party/nn to/in the/at action/nn ./. The/at thunderclaps/nns over/in the/at sacred/jj wood/nn at/in Colonus/np and/cc the/at storms/nns in/in King/nn-tl Lear/np-tl are/ber caused/vbn by/in more/ap than/cs weather/nn ./. In/in tragedy/nn ,/, lightning/nn is/bez a/at messenger/nn ./. But/cc it/pps can/md no/ql longer/rbr be/be so/rb once/cs Benjamin/np Franklin/np (/( the/at incarnation/nn of/in the/at new/jj rational/jj man/nn )/) has/hvz flown/vbn a/at kite/nn to/in it/ppo ./. The/at tragic/jj stage/nn is/bez a/at platform/nn extending/vbg precariously/rb between/in heaven/nn and/cc hell/nn ./. Those/dts who/wps walk/vb on/in it/pps may/md encounter/vb at/in any/dti turn/nn ministers/nns of/in grace/nn or/cc damnation/nn ./. Oedipus/np-tl and/cc Lear/np-tl instruct/vb us/ppo how/wql little/ap of/in the/at world/nn belongs/vbz to/in man/nn ./. Mortality/nn is/bez the/at pacing/nn of/in a/at brief/jj and/cc dangerous/jj watch/nn ,/, and/cc to/in all/abn sentinels/nns ,/, whether/cs at/in Elsinore/np or/cc on/in the/at battlements/nns at/in Mycenae/np ,/, the/at coming/nn of/in dawn/nn has/hvz its/pp$ breath/nn of/in miracle/nn ./. It/pps banishes/vbz the/at night/nn wanderers/nns to/in fire/nn or/cc repose/nn ./. But/cc at/in the/at touch/nn of/in Hume/np and/cc Voltaire/np the/at noble/jj or/cc hideous/jj visitations/nns which/wdt had/hvd haunted/vbn the/at mind/nn since/cs Agamemnon's/np$ blood/nn cried/vbd out/rp for/in vengeance/nn ,/, disappeared/vbd altogether/rb or/cc took/vbd tawdry/jj refuge/nn among/in the/at gaslights/nns of/in melodrama/nn ./. Modern/jj roosters/nns have/hv lost/vbn the/at art/nn of/in crowing/vbg restless/jj spirits/nns back/rb to/in Purgatory/np ./. In/in Athens/np ,/, in/in Shakespeare's/np$ England/np ,/, and/cc at/in Versailles/np ,/, the/at hierarchies/nns of/in worldly/jj power/nn were/bed stable/jj and/cc manifest/jj ./. The/at wheel/nn of/in social/jj life/nn spun/vbd around/in the/at royal/jj or/cc aristocratic/jj centre/nn ./. From/in it/ppo ,/, spokes/nns of/in order/nn and/cc degree/nn led/vbd to/in the/at outward/jj rim/nn of/in the/at common/jj man/nn ./. Tragedy/nn presumes/vbz such/abl a/at configuration/nn ./. Its/pp$ sphere/nn is/bez that/dt of/in royal/jj courts/nns ,/, dynastic/jj quarrels/nns ,/, and/cc vaulting/vbg ambitions/nns ./. The/at same/ap metaphors/nns of/in swift/jj ascent/nn and/cc calamitous/jj decline/nn apply/vb to/in Oedipus/np and/cc Macbeth/np because/cs they/ppss applied/vbd also/rb to/in Alcibiades/np and/cc Essex/np ./. And/cc the/at fate/nn of/in such/jj men/nns has/hvz tragic/jj relevance/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez public/jj ./. Agamemnon/np ,/, Creon/np ,/, and/cc Medea/np perform/vb their/pp$ tragic/jj actions/nns before/in the/at eyes/nns of/in the/at polis/fw-nn ./. Similarly/rb the/at sufferings/nns of/in Hamlet/np ,/, Othello/np ,/, or/cc Phedre/np engage/vb the/at fortunes/nns of/in the/at state/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber enacted/vbn at/in the/at heart/nn of/in the/at body/nn politic/jj ./. Hence/rb the/at natural/jj setting/nn of/in tragedy/nn is/bez the/at palace/nn gate/nn ,/, the/at public/jj square/nn ,/, or/cc the/at court/nn chamber/nn ./. Greek/jj and/cc Elizabethan/jj life/nn and/cc ,/, to/in a/at certain/jj extent/nn ,/, the/at life/nn of/in Versailles/np shared/vbd this/dt character/nn of/in intense/jj ``/`` publicity/nn ''/'' ./. Princes/nns and/cc factions/nns clashed/vbd in/in the/at open/jj street/nn and/cc died/vbd on/in the/at open/jj scaffold/nn ./. With/in the/at rise/nn to/in power/nn of/in the/at middle/jj class/nn the/at centre/nn of/in gravity/nn in/in human/jj affairs/nns shifted/vbd from/in the/at public/nn to/in the/at private/nn ./. The/at art/nn of/in Defoe/np and/cc Richardson/np is/bez founded/vbn on/in an/at awareness/nn of/in this/dt great/jj change/nn ./. Heretofore/rb an/at action/nn had/hvd possessed/vbn the/at breadth/nn of/in tragedy/nn only/rb if/cs it/pps involved/vbd high/jj personages/nns and/cc if/cs it/pps occurred/vbd in/in the/at public/jj view/nn ./. Behind/in the/at tragic/jj hero/nn stands/vbz the/at chorus/nn ,/, the/at crowd/nn ,/, or/cc the/at observant/jj courtier/nn ./. In/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn there/ex emerges/vbz for/in the/at first/od time/nn the/at notion/nn of/in a/at private/jj tragedy/nn (/( or/cc nearly/rb for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, there/ex having/hvg been/ben a/at small/jj number/nn of/in Elizabethan/jj domestic/jj tragedies/nns such/jj as/cs the/at famous/jj Arden/np-tl Of/in-tl Feversham/np-tl )/) ./. In/in La/fw-at-tl Nouvelle-Heloise/np-tl and/cc Werther/np-tl tragedy/nn is/bez made/vbn intimate/jj ./. And/cc private/jj tragedy/nn became/vbd the/at chosen/vbn ground/nn not/* of/in drama/nn ,/, but/cc of/in the/at new/jj ,/, unfolding/vbg art/nn of/in the/at novel/nn ./. The/at novel/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb the/at presenter/nn of/in the/at new/jj ,/, secular/jj ,/, rationalistic/jj ,/, private/jj world/nn of/in the/at middle/jj class/nn ./. It/pps served/vbd also/rb as/cs a/at literary/jj form/nn exactly/ql appropriate/jj to/in the/at fragmented/vbn audience/nn of/in modern/jj urban/jj culture/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv said/vbn before/rb how/wql difficult/jj it/pps is/bez to/to make/vb any/dti precise/jj statements/nns with/in regard/nn to/in the/at character/nn of/in the/at Greek/jj and/cc Elizabethan/jj public/nn ./. But/cc one/cd major/jj fact/nn seems/vbz undeniable/jj ./. Until/in the/at advent/nn of/in rational/jj empiricism/nn the/at controlling/vbg habits/nns of/in the/at western/jj mind/nn were/bed symbolic/jj and/cc allegoric/jj ./. Available/jj evidence/nn regarding/in the/at natural/jj world/nn ,/, the/at course/nn of/in history/nn ,/, and/cc the/at varieties/nns of/in human/jj action/nn were/bed translated/vbn into/in imaginative/jj designs/nns or/cc mythologies/nns ./. Classic/jj mythology/nn and/cc Christianity/np are/ber such/jj architectures/nns of/in the/at imagination/nn ./. They/ppss order/vb the/at manifold/jj levels/nns of/in reality/nn and/cc moral/jj value/nn along/in an/at axis/nn of/in being/beg which/wdt extends/vbz from/in brute/jj matter/nn to/in the/at immaculate/jj stars/nns ./. There/ex had/hvd not/* yet/rb supervened/vbn between/in understanding/vbg and/cc expression/nn the/at new/jj languages/nns of/in mathematics/nn and/cc scientific/jj formulas/nns ./. The/at poet/nn was/bedz by/in definition/nn a/at realist/nn ,/, his/pp$ imaginings/nns and/cc parables/nns being/beg natural/jj organizations/nns of/in reality/nn ./. And/cc in/in these/dts organizations/nns certain/jj primal/jj notions/nns played/vbd a/at radiant/jj part/nn ,/, radiant/jj both/abx in/in the/at sense/nn of/in giving/vbg light/nn and/cc of/in being/beg a/at pole/nn toward/in which/wdt all/abn perspectives/nns converge/vb ./. I/ppss mean/vb such/jj concepts/nns as/cs the/at presence/nn of/in the/at supernatural/nn in/in human/jj affairs/nns ,/, the/at sacraments/nns of/in grace/nn and/cc divine/jj retribution/nn ,/, the/at idea/nn of/in preordainment/nn (/( the/at oracle/nn over/in Oedipus/np ,/, the/at prophecy/nn of/in the/at witches/nns to/in Macbeth/np ,/, or/cc God's/np$ covenant/nn with/in His/pp$ people/nns in/in Athalie/np-tl )/) ./. I/ppss refer/vb to/in the/at notion/nn that/cs the/at structure/nn of/in society/nn is/bez a/at microcosm/nn of/in the/at cosmic/jj design/nn and/cc that/cs history/nn conforms/vbz to/in patterns/nns of/in justice/nn and/cc chastisement/nn as/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed a/at morality/nn play/nn set/vbn in/in motion/nn by/in the/at gods/nns for/in our/pp$ instruction/nn ./. These/dts conceptions/nns and/cc the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed transposed/vbn into/in poetry/nn or/cc engendered/vbn by/in poetic/jj form/nn are/ber intrinsic/jj to/in western/jj life/nn from/in the/at time/nn of/in Aeschylus/np to/in that/dt of/in Shakespeare/np ./. And/cc although/cs they/ppss were/bed ,/, as/cs I/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn ,/, under/in increasing/vbg strain/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in Racine/np ,/, they/ppss are/ber still/rb alive/jj in/in his/pp$ theatre/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber the/at essential/jj force/nn behind/in the/at conventions/nns of/in tragedy/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber as/ql decisively/rb present/rb in/in the/at Oresteia/np-tl and/cc Oedipus/np-tl as/cs in/in Macbeth/np-tl ,/, King/nn-tl Lear/np-tl ,/, and/cc Phedre/np-tl ./. After/in the/at seventeenth/od century/nn the/at audience/nn ceased/vbd to/to be/be an/at organic/jj community/nn to/in which/wdt these/dts ideas/nns and/cc their/pp$ attendant/jj habits/nns of/in figurative/jj language/nn would/md be/be natural/jj or/cc immediately/rb familiar/jj ./. Concepts/nns such/jj as/cs grace/nn ,/, damnation/nn ,/, purgation/nn ,/, blasphemy/nn ,/, or/cc the/at chain/nn of/in being/beg ,/, which/wdt are/ber everywhere/rb implicit/jj in/in classic/nn and/cc Shakespearean/jj tragedy/nn ,/, lose/vb their/pp$ vitality/nn ./. They/ppss become/vb philosophic/jj abstractions/nns of/in a/at private/jj and/cc problematic/jj relevance/nn ,/, or/cc mere/jj catchwords/nns in/in religious/jj customs/nns which/wdt had/hvd in/in them/ppo a/at diminishing/vbg part/nn of/in active/jj belief/nn ./. After/in Shakespeare/np the/at master/nn spirits/nns of/in western/jj consciousness/nn are/ber no/ql longer/rbr the/at blind/jj seers/nns ,/, the/at poets/nns ,/, or/cc Orpheus/np performing/vbg his/pp$ art/nn in/in the/at face/nn of/in hell/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber Descartes/np ,/, Newton/np ,/, and/cc Voltaire/np ./. And/cc their/pp$ chroniclers/nns are/ber not/* the/at dramatic/jj poets/nns but/cc the/at prose/nn novelists/nns ./. The/at romantics/nns were/bed the/at immediate/jj inheritors/nns of/in this/dt tremendous/jj change/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed not/* yet/rb prepared/vbn to/to accept/vb it/ppo as/cs irremediable/jj ./. Rousseau's/np$ primitivism/nn ,/, the/at anti-Newtonian/jj mythology/nn of/in Blake/np ,/, Coleridge's/np$ organic/jj metaphysics/nn ,/, Victor/np Hugo's/np$ image/nn of/in the/at poets/nns as/cs the/at Magi/nps ,/, and/cc Shelley's/np$ ``/`` unacknowledged/jj legislators/nns ''/'' are/ber related/vbn elements/nns in/in the/at rear-guard/nn action/nn fought/vbn by/in the/at romantics/nns against/in the/at new/jj scientific/jj rationalism/nn ./. From/in this/dt action/nn sprang/vbd the/at idea/nn of/in somehow/rb uniting/vbg Greek/jj and/cc Shakespearean/jj drama/nn into/in a/at new/jj total/jj form/nn ,/, capable/jj of/in restoring/vbg to/in life/nn the/at ancient/jj moral/jj and/cc poetic/jj responses/nns ./. The/at dream/nn of/in achieving/vbg a/at synthesis/nn between/in the/at Sophoclean/jj and/cc the/at Shakespearean/jj genius/nn inspired/vbd the/at ambitions/nns of/in poets/nns and/cc composers/nns from/in the/at time/nn of/in Shelley/np and/cc Victor/np Hugo/np to/in that/dt of/in Bayreuth/np ./. It/pps could/md not/* really/rb be/be fulfilled/vbn ./. The/at conventions/nns into/in which/wdt the/at romantics/nns tried/vbd to/in breath/nn life/nn no/ql longer/rbr corresponded/vbd to/in the/at realities/nns of/in thought/nn and/cc feeling/nn ./. But/cc the/at attempt/nn itself/ppl produced/vbd a/at number/nn of/in brilliant/jj works/nns ,/, and/cc these/dts form/vb a/at transition/nn from/in the/at early/jj romantic/jj period/nn to/in the/at new/jj age/nn of/in Ibsen/np and/cc Chekhov/np ./. The/at wedding/nn of/in the/at Hellenic/jj to/in the/at northern/jj genius/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at dominant/jj motifs/nns in/in Goethe's/np$ thought/nn ./. His/pp$ Italian/jj journey/nn was/bedz a/at poet's/nn$ version/nn of/in those/dts perennial/jj thrusts/nns across/in the/at Alps/nps of/in the/at German/jj emperors/nns of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ./. The/at dream/nn of/in a/at descent/nn into/in the/at gardens/nns of/in the/at south/nr always/rb drew/vbd German/jj ambitions/nns toward/in Rome/np and/cc Sicily/np ./. Goethe/np asks/vbz in/in Wilhelm/np-tl Meister/np-tl whether/cs we/ppss know/vb the/at land/nn where/wrb the/at lemon/nn trees/nns flower/vb ,/, and/cc the/at light/nn of/in the/at Mediterranean/np glows/vbz through/in Torquato/np Tasso/np and/cc the/at Roman/jj-tl Elegies/nns-tl ./. Goethe/np believed/vbd that/cs the/at Germanic/jj spirit/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ grave/jj strength/nn but/cc flagrant/jj streaks/nns of/in brutality/nn and/cc intolerance/nn ,/, should/md be/be tempered/vbn with/in the/at old/jj sensuous/jj wisdom/nn and/cc humanism/nn of/in the/at Hellenic/jj ./. On/in the/at narrower/jjr ground/nn of/in poetic/jj form/nn ,/, he/pps felt/vbd that/cs in/in the/at drama/nn of/in the/at future/nn the/at Greek/jj conception/nn of/in tragic/jj fate/nn should/md be/be joined/vbn to/in the/at Shakespearean/jj vision/nn of/in tragic/jj will/nn ./. The/at wager/nn between/in God/np and/cc Satan/np brings/vbz on/rp the/at destiny/nn of/in Faust/np ,/, but/cc Faust/np assumes/vbz his/pp$ role/nn voluntarily/rb ./. The/at third/od Act/nn-tl of/in Faust/np-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, is/bez a/at formal/jj celebration/nn of/in the/at union/nn between/in the/at Germanic/jj and/cc the/at classic/jj ,/, between/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Euripides/np and/cc that/dt of/in romantic/jj drama/nn ./. The/at motif/nn of/in Faust's/np$ love/nn for/in Helen/np-tl of/in-tl Troy/np-tl goes/vbz back/rb to/in the/at sources/nns of/in the/at Faustian/jj legend/nn ./. It/pps tells/vbz us/ppo of/in the/at ancient/jj human/jj desire/nn to/to see/vb the/at highest/jjt wisdom/nn joined/vbn to/in the/at highest/jjt sensual/jj beauty/nn ./. There/ex can/md be/be no/at greater/jjr magic/nn than/cs to/to wrest/vb from/in death/nn her/ppo in/in whom/wpo the/at flesh/nn was/bedz all/abn ,/, in/in whom/wpo beauty/nn was/bedz entirely/ql pure/jj because/cs it/pps was/bedz entirely/ql corruptible/jj ./. It/pps is/bez thus/rb that/cs the/at brightness/nn of/in Helen/np passes/vbz through/in Marlowe's/np$ Faustus/np-tl ./. Goethe/np used/vbd the/at fable/nn to/in more/ql elaborate/jj ends/nns ./. Faust/np rescuing/vbg Helen/np from/in Menelaus'/np$ vengeance/nn is/bez the/at genius/nn of/in renaissance/nn Europe/np restoring/vbg to/in life/nn the/at classic/jj tradition/nn ./. The/at necromantic/jj change/nn from/in the/at palace/nn at/in Sparta/np to/in Faust's/np$ Gothic/jj-tl castle/nn directs/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at aesthetic/jj meaning/nn of/in the/at myth/nn --/-- the/at translation/nn of/in antique/jj drama/nn into/in Shakespearean/jj and/cc romantic/jj guise/nn ./. This/dt translation/nn ,/, or/cc rather/rb the/at fusion/nn of/in the/at two/cd ideals/nns ,/, creates/vbz the/at Gesamtkunstwerke/fw-nn ,/, the/at ``/`` total/nn art/nn form/nn ''/'' ./.

cg64

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The/at Bishop/nn-tl of/in-tl Gloucester/np-tl described/vbd the/at elder/jjr Thomas/np in/in 1577/cd as/cs the/at richest/jjt recusant/nn in/in his/pp$ diocese/nn ,/, worth/jj five/cd hundred/cd pounds/nns a/at year/nn in/in lands/nns and/cc goods/nns ./. When/wrb Quiney/np and/cc William/np Parsons/np wrote/vbd to/in Greville/np in/in 1593/cd asking/vbg his/pp$ consent/nn in/in the/at election/nn for/in bailiff/nn ,/, they/ppss sent/vbd the/at letter/nn to/in Mr./np William/np Sawnders/np ,/, attendant/nn on/in the/at worshipful/jj Mr./np Thomas/np Bushell/np at/in Marston/np ./. Mr./np Bushell/np was/bedz mentioned/vbn in/in 1602/cd in/in the/at will/nn of/in Joyce/np Hobday/np ,/, widow/nn of/in a/at Stratford/np glover/nn ./. Thomas/np the/at elder/jjr married/vbd twice/rb ,/, had/hvd seventeen/cd children/nns ,/, and/cc died/vbd in/in 1615/cd ./. His/pp$ daughter/nn Elinor/np married/vbd Quiney's/np$ son/nn Adrian/np in/in 1613/cd ,/, and/cc his/pp$ son/nn Henry/np married/vbd Mary/np Lane/np of/in Stratford/np in/in 1609/cd ./. His/pp$ son/nn Thomas/np ,/, aged/vbn fifteen/cd when/wrb he/pps entered/vbd Oxford/np in/in 1582/cd ,/, married/vbd as/cs his/pp$ first/od wife/nn Margaret/np ,/, sister/nn of/in Sir/np Edward/np Greville/np ./. Bridges/np ,/, a/at son/nn by/in his/pp$ second/od wife/nn ,/, was/bedz christened/vbn at/in Pebworth/np in/in 1607/cd ,/, but/cc Thomas/np the/at younger/jjr was/bedz living/vbg at/in Packwood/np two/cd years/nns later/rbr and/cc sold/vbd Broad/jj-tl Marston/np-tl manor/nn in/in 1622/cd ./. A/at third/od Thomas/np Bushell/np (/( 1594-1674/cd )/) ,/, ``/`` much/rb loved/vbn ''/'' by/in Bacon/np ,/, called/vbd himself/ppl ``/`` The/at-tl Superlative/jj-tl Prodigall/nn-tl ''/'' in/in The/at-tl First/od-tl Part/nn-tl of/in-tl Youths/nn$-tl Errors/nns-tl (/( 1628/cd )/) and/cc became/vbd an/at expert/nn on/in silver/nn mines/nns and/cc on/in the/at art/nn of/in running/vbg into/in debt/nn ./. Edward/np Greville/np ,/, born/vbn about/rb 1565/cd ,/, had/hvd inherited/vbn Milcote/np on/in the/at execution/nn of/in his/pp$ father/nn Lodowick/np for/in murder/nn in/in 1589/cd ./. He/pps refused/vbd his/pp$ consent/nn to/in the/at election/nn of/in Quiney/np as/cs bailiff/nn in/in 1592/cd ,/, but/cc gave/vbd it/ppo at/in the/at request/nn of/in the/at recorder/nn ,/, his/pp$ cousin/nn Sir/np Fulke/np Greville/np ./. The/at corporation/nn entertained/vbd him/ppo for/in dinner/nn at/in Quiney's/np$ house/nn in/in 1596/7/cd ,/, with/in wine/nn and/cc sugar/nn sent/vbn by/in the/at bailiff/nn ,/, Sturley/np ./. At/in Milcote/np on/in November/np 3/cd ,/, 1597/cd ,/, the/at aldermen/nns asked/vbd him/ppo to/to support/vb their/pp$ petition/nn for/in a/at new/jj charter/nn ./. Sturley/np wrote/vbd to/in Quiney/np that/cs Sir/np Edward/np ``/`` gave/vbd his/pp$ allowance/nn and/cc liking/nn thereof/rb ,/, and/cc affied/vbd unto/in us/ppo his/pp$ best/jjt endeavour/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs his/pp$ rights/nns be/be preserved/vbn ''/'' ,/, and/cc that/cs ``/`` Sir/np Edward/np saith/vbz we/ppss shall/md not/* be/be at/in any/dti fault/nn for/in money/nn for/in prosecuting/vbg the/at cause/nn ,/, for/in himself/ppl will/md procure/vb it/ppo and/cc lay/vb it/ppo down/rp for/in us/ppo for/in the/at time/nn ''/'' ./. Greville/np proposed/vbd Quiney/np as/cs the/at fittest/jjt man/nn ``/`` for/in the/at following/nn of/in the/at cause/nn and/cc to/to attend/vb him/ppo in/in the/at matter/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc at/in his/pp$ suggestion/nn the/at corporation/nn allowed/vbd Quiney/np two/cd shillings/nns a/at day/nn ./. ``/`` If/cs you/ppss can/md firmly/rb make/vb the/at good/jj knight/nn sure/jj to/to pleasure/vb our/pp$ Corporation/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Sturley/np wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` besides/in that/dt ordinary/jj allowance/nn for/in your/pp$ diet/nn you/ppss shall/md have/hv 20/cd for/in recompence/nn ''/'' ./. In/in his/pp$ letter/nn mentioning/vbg Shakespeare/np on/in January/np 24/cd ,/, 1597/8/cd ,/, Sturley/np asked/vbd Quiney/np especially/rb that/cs ``/`` theare/ex might/md (/( be/be )/) bi/in Sir/np Ed./np Grev./np some/dti meanes/nns made/vbn to/in the/at Knightes/nns of/in the/at Parliament/nn-tl for/in an/at ease/nn and/cc discharge/nn of/in such/jj taxes/nns and/cc subsedies/nns wherewith/wrb our/pp$ towne/nn is/bez like/jj to/to be/be charged/vbn ,/, and/cc I/ppss assure/vb u/ppo I/ppss am/bem in/in great/jj feare/nn and/cc doubte/nn bi/in no/at meanes/nns hable/jj to/to paie/vb ./. Sir/np Ed./np Gre./np is/bez gonne/vbn to/in Brestowe/np and/cc from/in thence/rb to/in Lond./np as/cs I/ppss heare/vb ,/, who/wps verie/ql well/rb knoweth/vbz our/pp$ estates/nns and/cc wil/md be/be willinge/jj to/to do/do us/ppo ani/dti good/nn ''/'' ./. The/at knights/nns for/in Warwickshire/np in/in this/dt parliament/nn ,/, which/wdt ended/vbd its/pp$ session/nn on/in February/np 9/cd ,/, were/bed Fulke/np Greville/np (/( the/at poet/nn )/) and/cc William/np Combe/np of/in Warwick/np ,/, as/cs Fulke/np Greville/np and/cc Edward/np Greville/np had/hvd been/ben in/in 1593/cd ./. The/at corporation/nn voted/vbd on/in September/np 27/cd ,/, 1598/cd ,/, that/cs Quiney/np should/md ride/vb to/in London/np about/in the/at suit/nn to/in Sir/np John/np Fortescue/np ,/, chancellor/nn of/in the/at Exchequer/nn-tl ,/, for/in discharging/vbg of/in the/at tax/nn and/cc subsidy/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben in/in London/np for/in several/ap weeks/nns when/wrb he/pps wrote/vbd to/in Shakespeare/np on/in October/np 25/cd ./. Sturley/np on/in November/np 4/cd answered/vbd a/at letter/nn from/in Quiney/np written/vbn on/in October/np 25/cd which/wdt imported/vbd ,/, wrote/vbd Sturley/np ,/, ``/`` that/cs our/pp$ countriman/nn Mr./np Wm./np Shak./np would/md procure/vb us/ppo monei/nn :/: which/wdt I/ppss will/md like/vb of/in as/cs I/ppss shall/md heare/vb when/wrb ,/, wheare/wrb &/cc howe/wrb :/: and/cc I/ppss prai/vb let/vb not/* go/vb that/dt occasion/nn if/cs it/pps mai/md sort/vb to/in ani/dti indifferent/jj condicions/nns ./. Allso/rb that/cs if/cs monei/nn might/md be/be had/hvn for/in 30/cd or/cc 40/cd a/at lease/nn &/cc might/md be/be procured/vbn ''/'' ./. Sturley/np quoted/vbd Quiney/np as/cs having/hvg written/vbn on/in November/np 1/cd that/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd ``/`` more/ap monei/nn presente/rb much/ap might/md be/be done/vbn to/to obtaine/vb our/pp$ Charter/nn-tl enlargd/vbn ,/, ij/nil faires/nil more/nil ,/, with/in tole/nn of/in corne/nn ,/, bestes/nns ,/, and/cc sheepe/nns ,/, and/cc a/at matter/nn of/in more/ap valewe/nn then/cs all/abn that/dt ''/'' ./. Sturley/np thought/vbd that/cs this/dt matter/nn might/md be/be ``/`` the/at rest/nn of/in the/at tithes/nns and/cc the/at College/nn-tl houses/nns and/cc landes/nns in/in our/pp$ towne/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps suggested/vbd offering/vbg half/nn to/in Sir/np Edward/np ,/, fearing/vbg lest/cs ``/`` he/pps shall/md thinke/vb it/ppo to/ql good/jj for/in us/ppo and/cc procure/vb it/ppo for/in himselfe/ppl ,/, as/cs he/pps served/vbd us/ppo the/at last/ap time/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt refers/vbz to/in what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn after/cs the/at Earl/nn-tl of/in-tl Warwick/np-tl died/vbd in/in 1590/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at town/nn petitioned/vbd Burghley/np for/in the/at right/nn to/to name/vb the/at vicar/nn and/cc schoolmaster/nn and/cc other/ap privileges/nns but/cc Greville/np bought/vbd the/at lordship/nn for/in himself/ppl ./. Sturley's/np$ allusion/nn probably/rb explains/vbz why/wrb Greville/np took/vbd out/rp the/at patent/nn in/in the/at names/nns of/in Best/np and/cc Wells/np ,/, for/cs Sir/np Anthony/np Ashley/np described/vbd Best/np as/cs ``/`` a/at scrivener/nn within/in Temple/nn-tl Bar/nn-tl ,/, that/wps deals/vbz in/in many/ap matters/nns for/in my/pp$ L./np Essex/np ''/'' through/in Sir/np Gelly/np Merrick/np ,/, especially/rb in/in ``/`` causes/nns that/wpo he/pps would/md not/* be/be known/vbn of/in ''/'' ./. Adrian/np Quiney/np wrote/vbd to/in his/pp$ son/nn Richard/np on/in October/np 29/cd and/cc again/rb perhaps/rb the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, since/cs the/at bearer/nn of/in the/at letter/nn ,/, the/at bailiff/nn ,/, was/bedz expected/vbn to/to reach/vb London/np on/in November/np 1/cd ./. In/in his/pp$ second/od letter/nn the/at old/jj mercer/nn advised/vbd his/pp$ son/nn ``/`` to/to bye/vb some/dti such/jj warys/nns as/cs yow/ppss may/md selle/vb presentlye/rb with/in profet/nn ./. Yff/cs yow/ppss bargen/vb with/in Wm./np Sha./np (/( so/rb in/in the/at MS/nn )/) or/cc Receave/vb money/nn ther/rb or/cc brynge/vb your/pp$ money/nn home/nr yow/ppss maye/md see/vb howe/wrb knite/vbn stockynges/nns be/be sold/vbn ther/rb ys/bez gret/jj byinge/nn of/in them/ppo at/in Aysshom/np ./. Wherefore/wrb I/ppss thynke/vb yow/ppss maye/md doo/do good/rb yff/cs yow/ppss can/md have/hv money/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt seems/vbz to/to refer/vb ,/, not/* to/in the/at loan/nn Richard/np had/hvd asked/vbn for/in ,/, but/cc to/in a/at proposed/vbn bargain/nn with/in Shakespeare/np ./. Richard/np Quiney/np the/at-tl younger/jjr ,/, a/at schoolboy/nn of/in eleven/cd ,/, wrote/vbd a/at letter/nn in/in Latin/np asking/vbg his/pp$ father/nn to/to buy/vb copybooks/nns (/( ``/`` chartaceos/fw-jj libellos/fw-nns )/) ''/'' )/) for/in him/ppo and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ./. His/pp$ mother/nn Bess/np ,/, who/wps could/md not/* write/vb herself/ppl ,/, reminded/vbd her/pp$ husband/nn through/in Sturley/np to/to buy/vb the/at apron/nn he/pps had/hvd promised/vbn her/ppo and/cc ``/`` a/at suite/nn of/in hattes/nns for/in 5/cd boies/nns the/at yongst/jjt lined/vbn &/cc trimmed/vbn with/in silke/nn ''/'' (/( for/in John/np ,/, only/rb a/at year/nn old/jj )/) ./. A/at letter/nn signed/vbn ``/`` Isabell/np Bardall/np ''/'' entreated/vbd ``/`` Good/jj-tl Cozen/nn-tl ''/'' Quiney/np-tl to/to find/vb her/pp$ stepson/nn Adrian/np ,/, son/nn of/in George/np Bardell/np ,/, a/at place/nn in/in London/np with/in some/dti handicraftsman/nn ./. William/np Parsons/np and/cc William/np Walford/np ,/, drapers/nns ,/, asked/vbd Quiney/np to/to see/vb to/in business/nn matters/nns in/in London/np ./. Daniel/np Baker/np deluged/vbd his/pp$ ``/`` Unckle/nn-tl Quyne/np ''/'' with/in requests/nns to/to pay/vb money/nn for/in him/ppo to/in drapers/nns in/in Watling/np-tl Street/nn-tl and/cc at/in the/at Two/cd-tl Cats/nns-tl in/in Canning/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./. His/pp$ letter/nn of/in October/np 26/cd named/vbd two/cd of/in the/at men/nns about/in whom/wpo Quiney/np had/hvd written/vbn to/in Shakespeare/np the/at day/nn before/rb ./. Baker/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss tooke/vbd order/nn with/in Sr./np E./np Grevile/np for/in the/at payment/nn of/in Ceartaine/jj monei/nn beefore/in his/pp$ going/vbg towardes/in London/np ./. &/cc synce/cs I/ppss did/dod write/vb unto/in him/ppo to/to dessier/vb him/ppo to/to paie/vb 10/cd for/in mee/ppo which/wdt standeth/vbz mee/ppo greatly/rb uppon/in to/to have/hv paide/vbn ./. &/cc 20/cd more/ap Mr./np Peeter/np Rowswell/np tooke/vbd order/nn with/in his/pp$ master/nn to/to paie/vb for/in mee/ppo ''/'' ./. He/pps asked/vbd Quiney/np to/to find/vb out/rp whether/cs the/at money/nn had/hvd been/ben paid/vbn and/cc ,/, if/cs not/* ,/, to/to send/vb to/in the/at lodging/nn of/in Sir/np Edward/np and/cc entreat/vb him/ppo to/to pay/vb what/wdt he/pps owed/vbd ./. Baker/np added/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss pray/vb you/ppss delivre/vb these/dts inclosed/vbn Letters/nns And/cc Comend/vb mee/ppo to/in Mr./np Rychard/np Mytton/np whoe/wps I/ppss know/vb will/md ffreind/vb mee/ppo for/in the/at payment/nn of/in this/dt monei/nn ''/'' ./. Further/jjr letters/nns in/in November/np mention/vb that/cs Sir/np Edward/np paid/vbd forty/cd pounds/nns ./. Stratford's/np$ petition/nn to/in the/at queen/nn declared/vbd that/cs two/cd great/jj fires/nns had/hvd burnt/vbn two/cd hundred/cd houses/nns in/in the/at town/nn ,/, with/in household/nn goods/nns ,/, to/in the/at value/nn of/in twelve/cd thousand/cd pounds/nns ./. The/at chancellor/nn of/in the/at Exchequer/nn-tl wrote/vbd on/in the/at petition/nn :/: ``/`` in/in myn/pp$ opinion/nn it/pps is/bez very/ql resonable/jj and/cc conscionable/jj for/cs hir/pp$ maiestie/nn to/to graunt/vb in/in relief/nn of/in this/dt towne/nn twise/rb afflicted/vbn and/cc almost/rb wasted/vbn by/in fire/nn ''/'' ./. The/at queen/nn agreed/vbd on/in December/np 17/cd ,/, a/at warrant/nn was/bedz signed/vbn on/in January/np 27/cd ,/, and/cc the/at Exchequer/nn-tl paid/vbd Quiney/np his/pp$ expenses/nns on/in February/np 27/cd ,/, 1598/9/cd ./. He/pps listed/vbd what/wdt he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn for/in ``/`` My/pp$ own/jj diet/nn in/in London/np eighteen/cd weeks/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt I/ppss was/bedz sick/jj a/at month/nn ;/. ;/. my/pp$ mare/nn at/in coming/vbg up/rp 14/cd days/nns ;/. ;/. another/dt I/ppss bought/vbd there/rb to/to bring/vb me/ppo home/nr 7/cd weeks/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc I/ppss was/bedz six/cd days/nns going/vbg thither/rb and/cc coming/vbg homewards/rb ;/. ;/. all/abn which/wdt cost/vbd me/ppo at/in the/at least/ap 20/cd pounds/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz allowed/vbn forty-four/cd pounds/nns in/in all/abn ,/, including/in fees/nns to/in the/at masters/nns of/in requests/nns ,/, Mr./np Fanshawe/np of/in the/at Exchequer/nn-tl ,/, the/at solicitor/nn general/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap officials/nns and/cc their/pp$ clerks/nns ./. If/cs he/pps borrowed/vbd money/nn from/in Shakespeare/np or/cc with/in his/pp$ help/nn ,/, he/pps would/md now/rb have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to repay/vb the/at loan/nn ./. Since/cs more/ap is/bez known/vbn about/in Quiney/np than/cs about/in any/dti other/ap acquaintance/nn of/in Shakespeare/np in/in Stratford/np ,/, his/pp$ career/nn may/md be/be followed/vbn to/in its/pp$ sudden/jj end/nn in/in 1602/cd ./. During/in 1598/cd and/cc 1599/cd he/pps made/vbd ``/`` manye/ap Guiftes/nns of/in myne/pp$ owne/jj provision/nn bestowed/vbn uppon/in Cowrtiers/nns &/cc others/nns for/in the/at better/jjr effectinge/nn of/in our/pp$ suites/nns in/in hande/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz in/in London/np ``/`` searching/vbg records/nns for/in our/pp$ town's/nn$ causes/nns ''/'' in/in 1600/cd with/in young/jj Henry/np Sturley/np ,/, the/at assistant/jj schoolmaster/nn ./. When/wrb Sir/np Edward/np Greville/np enclosed/vbd the/at town/nn commons/nn on/in the/at Bancroft/np ,/, Quiney/np and/cc others/nns leveled/vbd his/pp$ hedges/nns on/in January/np 21/cd ,/, 1600/1/cd ,/, and/cc were/bed charged/vbn with/in riot/nn by/in Sir/np Edward/np ./. He/pps also/rb sued/vbd them/ppo for/in taking/vbg toll/nn of/in grain/nn at/in their/pp$ market/nn ./. Accompanied/vbn by/in ``/`` Master/nn-tl Greene/np our/pp$ solicitor/nn ''/'' (/( Thomas/np Greene/np of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Temple/nn-tl ,/, Shakespeare's/np$ ``/`` cousin/nn ''/'' )/) ,/, Quiney/np tried/vbd to/to consult/vb Sir/np Edward/np Coke/np ,/, attorney/nn general/nn ,/, and/cc gave/vbd money/nn to/in a/at clerk/nn and/cc a/at doorkeeper/nn ``/`` that/cs we/ppss might/md have/hv access/nn to/in their/pp$ master/nn for/in his/pp$ counsel/nn butt/cc colde/md nott/* have/hv him/ppo att/in Leasure/nn by/in the/at reason/nn of/in thees/dts trobles/nns ''/'' (/( the/at Essex/np rising/vbg on/in February/np 8/cd )/) ./. He/pps set/vbd down/rp that/cs ``/`` I/ppss gave/vbd Mr./np Greene/np a/at pynte/nn of/in muskadell/nn and/cc a/at roll/nn of/in bread/nn that/dt last/ap morning/nn I/ppss went/vbd to/to have/hv his/pp$ company/nn to/in Master/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl ''/'' ./. After/cs returning/vbg Stratford/np he/pps drew/vbd up/rp a/at defense/nn of/in the/at town's/nn$ right/nn to/to toll/vb corn/nn and/cc the/at office/nn of/in collecting/vbg it/ppo ,/, and/cc his/pp$ list/nn of/in suggested/vbn witnesses/nns included/vbd his/pp$ father/nn and/cc Shakespeare's/np$ father/nn ./. No/at one/pn ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, took/vbd any/dti corn/nn of/in Greville's/np$ ,/, for/cs his/pp$ bailiff/nn of/in husbandry/nn ``/`` swore/vbd a/at greate/jj oathe/nn thatt/cs who/wps soe/rb came/vbd to/to put/vb hys/pp$ hande/nn into/in hys/pp$ sackes/nns for/in anye/dti corne/nn shuld/md leave/vb hys/pp$ hande/nn behynde/in hym/ppo ''/'' ./. Quiney/np was/bedz in/in London/np again/rb in/in June/np ,/, 1601/cd ,/, and/cc in/in November/np ,/, when/wrb he/pps rode/vbd up/rp ,/, as/cs Shakespeare/np must/md often/rb have/hv done/vbn ,/, by/in way/nn of/in Oxford/np ,/, High/jj-tl Wycombe/np-tl ,/, and/cc Uxbridge/np ,/, and/cc home/nr through/in Aylesbury/np and/cc Banbury/np ./. After/cs Quiney/np was/bedz elected/vbn bailiff/nn in/in September/np ,/, 1601/cd ,/, without/in Greville's/np$ approval/nn ,/, Greene/np wrote/vbd him/ppo that/cs Coke/np had/hvd promised/vbn to/to be/be of/in counsel/nn for/in Stratford/np and/cc had/hvd advised/vbn ``/`` that/cs the/at office/nn of/in bayly/nn may/md be/be exercised/vbn as/cs it/pps is/bez taken/vbn upon/in you/ppo ,/, (/( Sr./np Edwardes/np his/pp$ consent/nn not/* beinge/beg hadd/hvn to/in the/at swearinge/nn of/in you/ppo )/) ''/'' ./. Asked/vbn by/in the/at townsmen/nns to/to cease/vb his/pp$ suit/nn ,/, Greville/np had/hvd answered/vbn that/cs ``/`` hytt/pps shulde/md coste/vb hym/ppo 500/cd first/rb &/cc sayed/vbd it/pps must/md be/be tried/vbn ether/dtx before/in my/pp$ Lorde/nn-tl Anderson/np in/in the/at countrey/nn or/cc his/pp$ uncle/nn Ffortescue/np in/in the/at exchequer/nn with/in whom/wpo he/pps colde/md more/rbr prevaile/vb then/cs we/ppss ''/'' ./. The/at corporation/nn proposed/vbd Chief/jjs-tl Justice/nn-tl Anderson/np for/in an/at arbiter/nn ,/, sending/vbg him/ppo a/at gift/nn of/in sack/nn and/cc claret/nn ./. Lady/nn-tl Greville/np ,/, daughter/nn of/in the/at late/jj Lord/nn-tl Chancellor/nn-tl Bromley/np and/cc niece/nn of/in Sir/np John/np Fortescue/np ,/, was/bedz offered/vbn twenty/cd pounds/nns by/in the/at townsmen/nns to/to make/vb peace/nn ;/. ;/. she/pps ``/`` labored/vbd &/cc thought/vbd she/pps shuld/md effecte/vb ''/'' it/ppo but/cc her/pp$ husband/nn said/vbd that/cs ``/`` we/ppss shuld/md wynne/vb it/ppo by/in the/at sworde/nn ''/'' ./. His/pp$ servant/nn Robin/np Whitney/np threatened/vbd Quiney/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd Whitney/np bound/vbn to/in ``/`` the/at good/jj abaringe/nn ''/'' to/to keep/vb the/at peace/nn ./. A/at report/nn of/in Sr./np Edw/np Grevyles/np$ minaces/nns to/in the/at Baileefe/nn Aldermen/nns &/cc Burgesses/nns of/in Stratforde/np ''/'' tells/vbz how/wrb Quiney/np was/bedz injured/vbn by/in Greville's/np$ men/nns :/: ``/`` in/in the/at tyme/nn Mr./np Ryc'/np Quyney/np was/bedz bayleefe/nn ther/ex came/vbd some/dti of/in them/ppo whoe/wps beinge/beg druncke/jj fell/vbd to/in braweling/vbg in/in ther/pp$ hosts/nn$ howse/nn wher/wrb thei/ppss druncke/vbd &/cc drewe/vbd ther/pp$ dagers/nns uppon/in the/at hoste/nn :/: att/in a/at faier/jj tyme/nn the/at Baileefe/nn being/beg late/rb abroade/rb to/to see/vb the/at towne/nn in/in order/nn &/cc comminge/vbg by/rb in/in hurley/nn burley/nn came/vbd into/in the/at howse/nn &/cc commawnded/vbd the/at peace/nn to/to be/be kept/vbn butt/cc colde/md nott/* prevayle/vb &/cc in/in hys/pp$ endevor/nn to/to sticle/vb the/at brawle/nn had/hvd his/pp$ heade/nn grevouselye/rb brooken/vbn by/in one/cd of/in hys/pp$ (/( Greville's/np$ )/) men/nns whom/wpo nether/dtx hymselfe/ppl (/( Greville/np )/) punnished/vbd nor/cc wolde/md suffer/vb to/to be/be punnished/vbn but/cc with/in a/at shewe/nn to/to turne/vb them/ppo awaye/rb &/cc enterteyned/vbn agayne/rb ''/'' ./.

cg65

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roman:1 cite:1 french:1 revolution:1 typify:1 mention:1 italian:1 able:1 adapt:1 type:2 circumstance:1 pontificate:1 first:2 sign:1 advance:1 civilization:3 woman:1 eye:1 difference:1 point:2 opposite:1 conclusion:2 critic:1 observe:1 particular:1 deficiency:2 shotwell:1 appal:1 spurious:1 attribute:1 carolingian:1 empire:1 woolen:1 trade:1 transform:1 real:1 embody:1 merely:1 also:4 modification:1 exception:1 wergeland:1 call:1 literally:1 antihistorical:1 clive:1 day:2 maintain:3 confine:1 alone:1 applicable:1 straight:1 factual:1 state:1 omit:1 tend:1 disprove:1 even:1 wasson:1 compare:1 lifting:1 ancient:1 landscape:1 author:1 summary:1 feel:1 nature:5 order:2 discover:1 subject:1 believe:3 lack:1 essential:1 instrument:1 proper:1 despite:2 many:1 open:1 suspicion:1 employ:1 correct:1 evaluation:1 finding:2 completely:1 investigator:1 important:1 concept:1 shape:1 direction:1 thought:1 final:1 analysis:1 contribution:1 american:1 found:1 religion:11 economic:1 darwinism:1 three:1 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The/at fall/nn of/in Rome/np ,/, the/at discovery/nn of/in precious/jj metals/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Protestant/jj-tl Reformation/nn-tl were/bed all/abn links/nns and/cc could/md only/rb be/be explained/vbn and/cc understood/vbn by/in comprehending/vbg the/at links/nns that/wps preceded/vbd and/cc those/dts that/wps followed/vbd ./. Often/rb the/at historian/nn must/md consider/vb the/at use/nn of/in intuition/nn or/cc instinct/nn by/in those/dts individuals/nns or/cc nations/nns which/wdt he/pps is/bez studying/vbg ./. Unconsciously/rb ,/, governments/nns or/cc races/nns or/cc institutions/nns may/md enter/vb into/in some/dti undertaking/nn without/in fully/rb realizing/vbg why/wrb they/ppss are/ber doing/vbg so/rb ./. They/ppss react/vb in/in obedience/nn to/in an/at instinct/nn or/cc urge/nn which/wdt has/hvz itself/ppl been/ben impelled/vbn by/in natural/jj law/nn ./. A/at court/nn may/md strike/vb down/rp a/at law/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in an/at intuitive/jj feeling/nn that/cs the/at law/nn is/bez inimical/jj to/in the/at numerical/jj majority/nn ./. A/at nation/nn may/md go/vb to/in war/nn on/in some/dti trifling/vbg pretext/nn ,/, when/wrb in/in reality/nn it/pps may/md have/hv been/ben guided/vbn by/in an/at unconscious/jj instinct/nn that/cs its/pp$ very/ap life/nn was/bedz at/in stake/nn ./. When/wrb the/at historian/nn encounters/vbz a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps can/md perceive/vb no/at visible/jj cause/nn and/cc effect/nn sequence/nn ,/, he/pps should/md be/be alert/jj to/in intuition/nn and/cc unconscious/jj instinct/nn as/cs possible/jj guides/nns ./. Adams/np firmly/rb contended/vbd that/cs the/at historian/nn must/md never/rb underrate/vb the/at impact/nn of/in the/at geographical/jj environment/nn on/in history/nn ./. Here/rb was/bedz another/dt indispensable/jj tool/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, he/pps concluded/vbd that/cs ``/`` geographical/jj conditions/nns have/hv exercised/vbn a/at great/jj ,/, possibly/rb a/at preponderating/vbg ,/, influence/nn over/in man's/nn$ destiny/nn ''/'' ./. The/at failure/nn of/in Greece/np to/to reach/vb the/at imperial/jj destiny/nn that/cs Periclean/jj Athens/np had/hvd seemed/vbn to/to promise/vb was/bedz almost/ql directly/rb attributable/jj to/in her/pp$ physical/jj conformation/nn ./. All/abn areas/nns of/in history/nn were/bed either/cc favorably/rb or/cc adversely/rb affected/vbn by/in the/at geographical/jj environment/nn ,/, and/cc no/at respectable/jj historian/nn could/md pursue/vb the/at study/nn of/in history/nn without/in a/at thorough/jj knowledge/nn of/in geography/nn ./. Brooks/np Adams/np was/bedz consistent/jj in/in his/pp$ admonishments/nns to/in historians/nns about/in the/at necessary/jj tools/nns or/cc insights/nns they/ppss needed/vbd to/to possess/vb ./. However/rb ,/, as/cs a/at practicing/vbg historian/nn ,/, he/pps ,/, himself/ppl ,/, has/hvz left/vbn few/ap clues/nns to/in the/at amount/nn of/in professional/jj scholarship/nn that/wpo he/pps used/vbd when/wrb writing/vbg history/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, if/cs judgments/nns are/ber to/to be/be rendered/vbn upon/in the/at soundness/nn of/in his/pp$ historicism/nn ,/, they/ppss must/md be/be based/vbn on/in scanty/jj evidence/nn ./. What/wdt evidence/nn is/bez available/jj would/md seem/vb to/to indicate/vb that/cs Brooks/np ,/, unlike/in his/pp$ older/jjr brother/nn Henry/np ,/, had/hvd most/ap of/in the/at methodological/jj vices/nns usually/rb found/vbn in/in the/at amateur/nn ./. A/at credulousness/nn ,/, a/at distaste/nn for/in documentation/nn ,/, an/at uncritical/jj reliance/nn on/in contemporary/jj accounts/nns ,/, and/cc a/at proneness/nn to/to assume/vb a/at theory/nn as/cs true/jj before/cs adequate/jj proof/nn was/bedz provided/vbn were/bed all/abn evidences/nns of/in his/pp$ failure/nn to/to comprehend/vb the/at use/nn of/in the/at scientific/jj method/nn or/cc to/to evaluate/vb the/at responsibilities/nns of/in the/at historian/nn to/in his/pp$ reading/vbg public/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* to/to assume/vb that/cs his/pp$ work/nn was/bedz without/in merit/nn ,/, but/cc the/at validity/nn of/in his/pp$ assumptions/nns concerning/in the/at meaning/nn of/in history/nn must/md always/rb be/be considered/vbn against/in this/dt background/nn of/in an/at unprofessional/jj approach/nn ./. His/pp$ credulity/nn is/bez perhaps/rb best/rbt illustrated/vbn in/in his/pp$ introduction/nn to/in The/at-tl Emancipation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl ,/, which/wdt purports/vbz to/to examine/vb the/at trials/nns of/in Moses/np and/cc to/to draw/vb a/at parallel/nn between/in the/at leader/nn of/in the/at Israelite/np exodus/nn from/in Egypt/np and/cc the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at Puritan/jj-tl clergy/nn in/in colonial/jj New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./. Much/ap criticism/nn has/hvz been/ben leveled/vbn at/in this/dt rather/ql forced/vbn analogy/nn ,/, but/cc what/wdt is/bez equally/ql significant/jj is/bez Adams'/np$ complete/jj acceptance/nn of/in the/at Biblical/jj record/nn as/cs ``/`` good/jj and/cc trustworthy/jj history/nn ''/'' ./. In/in light/nn of/in the/at scholarly/jj reappraisals/nns engendered/vbn by/in the/at higher/jjr criticism/nn this/dt is/bez a/at most/ql remarkable/jj statement/nn ,/, particularly/rb coming/vbg from/in one/pn who/wps was/bedz well/rb known/vbn for/in his/pp$ antifundamentalist/nn views/nns ./. The/at desire/nn to/to substantiate/vb a/at thesis/nn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in sound/jj research/nn technique/nn smacks/vbz more/ap of/in the/at propagandist/nn than/cs the/at historian/nn ./. A/at similar/jj amateurish/jj characteristic/nn is/bez revealed/vbn in/in Adams'/np$ failure/nn to/to check/vb the/at accuracy/nn and/cc authenticity/nn of/in his/pp$ informational/jj sources/nns ./. If/cs he/pps found/vbd data/nn that/wps fitted/vbd his/pp$ general/jj plan/nn ,/, he/pps used/vbd it/ppo and/cc counted/vbd his/pp$ sources/nns trustworthy/jj ./. Conversely/rb ,/, if/cs statistics/nns were/bed uncovered/vbn which/wdt contradicted/vbd a/at cherished/vbn theory/nn ,/, the/at sources/nns were/bed denounced/vbn as/cs faulty/jj ./. Such/jj manipulations/nns are/ber frequently/rb encountered/vbn in/in his/pp$ essay/nn on/in the/at suppression/nn of/in the/at monasteries/nns during/in the/at English/jj reformation/nn ./. Adams/np depended/vbd largely/rb on/in the/at dispatches/nns of/in foreign/jj ambassadors/nns and/cc observers/nns in/in England/np ,/, claiming/vbg that/cs the/at reports/nns of/in such/jj agents/nns had/hvd to/to be/be accurate/jj because/cs there/ex were/bed no/at newspapers/nns ./. This/dt is/bez certainly/rb an/at irrational/jj dogmatism/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at modern/jj mind/nn attempts/vbz to/to understand/vb the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn on/in twentieth-century/nn terms/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps rejects/vbz the/at contemporary/jj accounts/nns of/in Englishmen/nps ,/, casually/rb adjudging/vbg them/ppo to/to be/be distorted/vbn by/in prejudice/nn because/cs ``/`` the/at opinions/nns of/in Englishmen/nps are/ber of/in no/at great/jj value/nn ''/'' ./. What/wdt is/bez exposited/vbn by/in this/dt observation/nn is/bez not/* the/at inherent/jj prejudices/nns of/in Englishmen/nps but/cc the/at Anglophobia/nn of/in Brooks/np Adams/np ./. In/in all/abn fairness/nn it/pps must/md be/be admitted/vbn that/cs Adams/np made/vbd no/at pretense/nn at/in being/beg an/at impartial/jj historian/nn ./. Impartiality/nn to/in him/ppo meant/vbd an/at unwillingness/nn to/to generalize/vb and/cc to/to search/vb for/in a/at synthesis/nn ./. He/pps deplored/vbd the/at impact/nn of/in German/jj historiography/nn on/in the/at writing/nn of/in history/nn ,/, terming/vbg it/ppo a/at ``/`` dismal/jj monster/nn ''/'' ./. Ranke/np and/cc his/pp$ disciples/nns had/hvd reduced/vbn history/nn to/in a/at profession/nn of/in dullness/nn ;/. ;/. Brooks/np Adams/np preferred/vbd the/at chronicles/nns of/in Froissart/np or/cc the/at style/nn and/cc theorizing/nn of/in Edward/np Gibbon/np ,/, for/cs at/in least/ap they/ppss took/vbd a/at stand/nn on/in the/at issues/nns about/in which/wdt they/ppss wrote/vbd ./. He/pps wrote/vbd eloquently/rb to/in William/np James/np that/cs impartial/jj history/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb impossible/jj but/cc undesirable/jj ./. If/cs the/at historian/nn was/bedz convinced/vbn of/in his/pp$ own/jj correctness/nn ,/, then/rb he/pps should/md not/* allow/vb his/pp$ vision/nn to/to become/vb fogged/vbn by/in disturbing/jj facts/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz history/nn that/wps must/md be/be in/in error/nn ,/, not/* the/at historian/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz this/dt basic/jj trait/nn that/wps separated/vbd Adams/np from/in the/at ranks/nns of/in professional/jj historians/nns and/cc led/vbd him/ppo to/to commit/vb time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb what/wdt was/bedz his/pp$ most/ql serious/jj offense/nn against/in the/at historical/jj method/nn --/-- namely/rb ,/, the/at tendency/nn to/to assume/vb the/at truth/nn of/in an/at hypothesis/nn before/cs submitting/vbg it/ppo to/in the/at test/nn of/in facts/nns ./. All/abn of/in Adams'/np$ work/nn reflects/vbz this/dt dogmatic/jj characteristic/nn ./. No/at page/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be complete/jj without/in the/at statement/nn of/in at/in least/ap one/cd unproved/jj generalization/nn ./. One/cd example/nn of/in this/dt was/bedz his/pp$ assertion/nn that/cs ``/`` all/abn servile/jj revolts/nns must/md be/be dealt/vbn with/in by/in physical/jj force/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez no/at explanation/nn of/in terms/nns nor/cc a/at qualification/nn that/cs most/ap such/jj revolts/nns have/hv been/ben dealt/vbn with/in by/in force/nn --/-- only/rb a/at bald/jj dogmatism/nn that/cs they/ppss must/md ,/, because/cs of/in some/dti undefined/jj compulsion/nn ,/, be/be so/rb repelled/vbn ./. On/in matters/nns of/in race/nn he/pps was/bedz similarly/rb inflexible/jj :/: ``/`` Most/ap of/in the/at modern/jj Latin/jj races/nns seem/vb to/to have/hv inherited/vbn the/at rigidity/nn of/in the/at Roman/jj mind/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps cites/vbz the/at French/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl as/cs typifying/vbg this/dt rigidity/nn but/cc makes/vbz no/at mention/nn of/in the/at Italians/nps ,/, who/wps have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to adapt/vb to/in all/abn types/nns of/in circumstances/nns ./. He/pps pontificates/vbz that/cs ``/`` one/cd of/in the/at first/od signs/nns of/in advancing/vbg civilization/nn is/bez the/at fall/nn in/in the/at value/nn of/in women/nns in/in men's/nns$ eyes/nns ''/'' ./. It/pps made/vbd no/at difference/nn that/cs most/ap evidence/nn points/vbz to/in an/at opposite/jj conclusion/nn ./. For/cs Adams/np had/hvd made/vbn up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn before/cs all/abn the/at facts/nns were/bed available/jj ./. All/abn critics/nns of/in Adams/np and/cc his/pp$ methods/nns have/hv observed/vbn this/dt particular/jj deficiency/nn ./. J./np T./np Shotwell/np was/bedz appalled/vbn by/in such/jj spurious/jj history/nn as/cs that/dt which/wdt attributed/vbd the/at fall/nn of/in the/at Carolingian/jj empire/nn to/in the/at woolen/nn trade/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps urged/vbd Adams/np to/to ``/`` transform/vb his/pp$ essay/nn into/in a/at real/jj history/nn ,/, embodying/vbg not/* merely/rb those/dts facts/nns which/wdt fit/vb into/in his/pp$ theory/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb the/at modifications/nns and/cc exceptions/nns ''/'' ./. A./np M./np Wergeland/np called/vbd the/at Adams/np method/nn literally/rb antihistorical/jj ,/, while/cs Clive/np Day/np maintained/vbd that/cs the/at assumptions/nns were/bed not/* confined/vbn to/in theories/nns alone/rb but/cc were/bed also/rb applicable/jj to/in straight/jj factual/jj evidence/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, stated/vbd Day/np ,/, ``/`` He/pps always/rb omits/vbz facts/nns which/wdt tend/vb to/to disprove/vb his/pp$ hypothesis/nn ''/'' ./. Even/rb D./np A./np Wasson/np ,/, who/wps compared/vbd The/at-tl Emancipation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl to/in the/at lifting/nn of/in a/at fog/nn from/in ancient/jj landscapes/nns ,/, was/bedz also/rb forced/vbn to/to admit/vb the/at methodological/jj deficiencies/nns of/in the/at author/nn ./. In/in summary/nn ,/, Brooks/np Adams/np felt/vbd that/cs the/at nature/nn of/in history/nn was/bedz order/nn and/cc that/cs the/at order/nn so/rb discovered/vbn was/bedz as/ql much/rb subject/jj to/in historical/jj laws/nns as/cs the/at forces/nns of/in nature/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps believed/vbd that/cs most/ap professional/jj historians/nns lacked/vbd some/dti of/in the/at essential/jj instruments/nns for/in a/at proper/jj study/nn of/in history/nn ./. However/rb ,/, despite/in the/at insight/nn of/in many/ap of/in his/pp$ observations/nns ,/, his/pp$ own/jj conclusions/nns are/ber open/jj to/in suspicion/nn because/rb of/in his/pp$ failure/nn to/to employ/vb at/in all/abn times/nns the/at correct/jj research/nn methods/nns ./. This/dt should/md not/* prejudice/vb an/at evaluation/nn of/in his/pp$ findings/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed not/* the/at findings/nns of/in a/at completely/ql impartial/jj investigator/nn ./. What/wdt was/bedz perhaps/rb more/ql important/jj than/cs his/pp$ concept/nn of/in the/at nature/nn of/in history/nn and/cc the/at historical/jj method/nn were/bed those/dts forces/nns which/wdt shaped/vbd the/at direction/nn of/in his/pp$ thought/nn ./. In/in the/at final/jj analysis/nn his/pp$ contribution/nn to/in American/jj historiography/nn was/bedz founded/vbn on/in almost/ql intuitive/jj insights/nns into/in religion/nn ,/, economics/nn ,/, and/cc Darwinism/np ,/, the/at three/cd factors/nns which/wdt conditioned/vbd his/pp$ search/nn for/in a/at law/nn of/in history/nn ./. Religion/nn without/in supernaturalism/nn Brooks/np Adams/np considered/vbd religion/nn as/cs an/at extremely/ql significant/jj manifestation/nn of/in man's/nn$ fear/nn of/in the/at unknown/nn ./. But/cc it/pps was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs that/dt ./. Religion/nn and/cc the/at churches/nns were/bed institutions/nns which/wdt had/hvd been/ben created/vbn by/in man/nn ,/, not/* God/np ./. He/pps did/dod not/* deny/vb God/np ;/. ;/. he/pps simply/rb did/dod not/* believe/vb that/cs a/at Creator/nn-tl intervened/vbd or/cc interfered/vbd in/in human/jj affairs/nns ./. The/at historian/nn need/vb not/* be/be concerned/vbn with/in the/at philosophical/jj problems/nns suggested/vbn by/in religion/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at evidence/nn ,/, either/cc of/in a/at positive/jj or/cc negative/jj type/nn ,/, of/in the/at actions/nns of/in a/at Divine/jj-tl Being/nn-tl in/in this/dt world/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, since/cs the/at historian/nn should/md only/rb be/be interested/vbn in/in strictly/ql terrestrial/jj activity/nn ,/, his/pp$ research/nn should/md eliminate/vb the/at supernatural/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, he/pps must/md regard/vb religion/nn as/cs the/at expression/nn of/in human/jj forces/nns ./. Certainly/rb ,/, he/pps must/md recognize/vb its/pp$ power/nn and/cc attempt/vb to/to ascertain/vb its/pp$ influence/nn on/in the/at flow/nn of/in history/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps must/md not/* confuse/vb the/at natural/jj and/cc the/at mundane/jj with/in the/at divine/nn ./. Adams/np was/bedz not/* breaking/vbg new/jj ground/nn when/wrb he/pps claimed/vbd that/cs the/at worship/nn of/in an/at unseen/jj power/nn was/bedz in/in reality/nn a/at reflection/nn of/in man's/nn$ inability/nn to/to cope/vb with/in his/pp$ environment/nn ./. Students/nns of/in anthropology/nn and/cc comparative/jj religion/nn had/hvd long/rb been/ben aware/jj that/cs there/ex was/bedz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, a/at direct/jj connection/nn ./. But/cc Adams/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at first/od to/to suggest/vb that/cs this/dt human/jj incompetence/nn was/bedz the/at only/ap motivating/vbg factor/nn behind/in religion/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz this/dt fear/nn which/wdt explained/vbd the/at development/nn of/in a/at priestly/jj caste/nn whose/wp$ function/nn in/in society/nn was/bedz to/to mollify/vb and/cc appease/vb the/at angry/jj deities/nns ./. To/to keep/vb themselves/ppls entrenched/vbn in/in power/nn ,/, the/at priests/nns were/bed forced/vbn to/to demonstrate/vb their/pp$ unique/jj status/nn through/in the/at miracle/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at use/nn of/in the/at supernatural/nn that/wps kept/vbd them/ppo in/in business/nn ./. The/at German/jj barbarians/nns of/in the/at fourth/od century/nn offered/vbd an/at excellent/jj example/nn :/: ``/`` The/at Germans/nps in/in the/at fourth/od century/nn were/bed a/at very/ql simple/jj race/nn ,/, who/wps comprehended/vbd little/ap of/in natural/jj laws/nns ,/, and/cc who/wps therefore/rb referred/vbd phenomena/nns they/ppss did/dod not/* understand/vb to/in supernatural/jj intervention/nn ./. This/dt intervention/nn could/md only/rb be/be controlled/vbn by/in priests/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb the/at invasions/nns caused/vbd a/at rapid/jj rise/nn in/in the/at influence/nn of/in the/at sacred/jj class/nn ./. The/at power/nn of/in every/at ecclesiastical/jj organization/nn has/hvz always/rb rested/vbn on/in the/at miracle/nn ,/, and/cc the/at clergy/nns have/hv always/rb proved/vbn their/pp$ divine/jj commission/nn as/cs did/dod Elijah/np ''/'' ./. Adams/np contended/vbd that/cs once/cs such/abl a/at special/jj class/nn had/hvd been/ben created/vbn it/pps became/vbd a/at vested/vbn interest/nn and/cc sought/vbd to/to maintain/vb itself/ppl by/in assuming/vbg exclusive/jj control/nn over/in the/at relationships/nns between/in God/np and/cc man/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at Church/nn-tl was/bedz born/vbn and/cc because/rb of/in its/pp$ intrinsic/jj character/nn was/bedz soon/rb identified/vbn as/cs a/at conservative/jj institution/nn ,/, determined/vbn to/to resist/vb the/at forces/nns of/in change/nn ,/, to/to identify/vb itself/ppl with/in the/at political/jj rulers/nns ,/, and/cc to/to maintain/vb a/at kind/nn of/in splendid/jj isolation/nn from/in the/at masses/nns ./. Doctrine/nn was/bedz not/* only/rb mysterious/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz also/rb sacred/jj ,/, ``/`` and/cc no/at believer/nn in/in an/at inspired/vbn church/nn could/md tolerate/vb having/hvg her/pp$ canons/nns examined/vbn as/cs we/ppss should/md examine/vb human/jj laws/nns ''/'' ./. These/dts basic/jj ideas/nns concerning/in the/at nature/nn of/in religion/nn were/bed ,/, Adams/np believed/vbd ,/, some/dti of/in the/at major/jj keys/nns to/in the/at understanding/nn of/in history/nn and/cc the/at movement/nn of/in society/nn ./. The/at dark/jj views/nns about/in the/at Puritans/nps found/vbn in/in The/at-tl Emancipation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl were/bed never/rb altered/vbn ./. Despite/in their/pp$ adherence/nn to/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt ,/, the/at forces/nns of/in organized/vbn religion/nn were/bed compelled/vbn to/to make/vb adjustments/nns as/cs increasing/vbg civilization/nn augmented/vbd human/jj knowledge/nn ./. In/in The/at-tl Law/nn-tl Of/in-tl Civilization/nn-tl And/cc-tl Decay/nn-tl Brooks/np Adams/np traced/vbd this/dt evolution/nn ,/, always/rb pointing/vbg to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs although/cs the/at forms/nns became/vbd more/ql rational/jj ,/, the/at substance/nn remained/vbd unchanged/jj ./. The/at relic/nn worship/nn and/cc monasticism/nn of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl were/bed more/ql advanced/vbn forms/nns than/cs were/bed primitive/jj fetish/nn worship/nn and/cc nature/nn myths/nns ./. Yet/rb ,/, the/at idea/nn imbedded/vbn in/in each/dt was/bedz identical/jj :/: to/to surround/vb the/at unknown/nn with/in mystery/nn and/cc to/to isolate/vb that/dt class/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben given/vbn special/jj dominion/nn over/in the/at secrets/nns of/in God/np ./. To/in Adams/np that/dt age/nn in/in which/wdt religion/nn exercised/vbd power/nn over/in the/at entire/jj culture/nn of/in the/at race/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in imagination/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez largely/rb the/at admiration/nn he/pps so/ql obviously/rb held/vbd for/in such/jj eras/nns that/wps betrays/vbz a/at peculiar/jj religiosity/nn --/-- a/at sentiment/nn he/pps would/md have/hv probably/rb denied/vbn ./.

cg66

cg66 |@word stephens:5 write:11 classic:2 incident:1 travel:2 region:1 hundred:2 year:12 catherwood:2 study:3 piranesi:1 london:3 great:9 ruin:1 egypt:1 greece:1 draw:1 splendid:1 illustration:1 accompany:1 text:1 architect:1 new:8 york:5 forget:3 like:7 victor:4 reconstruct:2 life:5 one:5 museum:2 dinosaur:1 two:5 three:3 petrified:1 bone:1 unearth:1 stephen:1 letter:6 jersey:1 farmhouse:1 discover:2 unmarked:1 grave:1 old:11 cemetery:1 east:1 side:1 traveller:1 hastily:1 bury:1 cholera:1 epidemic:1 stir:1 account:2 maker:1 finder:1 lose:1 writer:1 melville:1 see:5 childhood:1 bent:1 resurrect:1 lead:2 adventurous:1 metier:1 american:1 tropics:1 live:7 latin:2 america:2 among:3 primitive:1 tribe:1 amazon:2 river:1 well:1 know:13 sleepless:1 night:4 howl:1 sore:1 ridden:1 dog:1 bite:1 insect:1 village:2 kofane:1 huitotoe:1 yet:2 undertake:1 exploit:1 later:5 rediscovery:1 ancient:1 inca:1 highway:1 route:1 pizarro:1 peru:1 climb:1 original:1 el:1 dorado:1 andean:1 lake:1 guatemala:1 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Stephens/np had/hvd written/vbn his/pp$ classic/jj ``/`` incidents/nns of/in travel/nn ''/'' about/in these/dts regions/nns a/at hundred/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, and/cc Catherwood/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd studied/vbn Piranesi/np in/in London/np and/cc the/at great/jj ruins/nns of/in Egypt/np and/cc Greece/np ,/, had/hvd drawn/vbn the/at splendid/jj illustrations/nns that/wps accompanied/vbd the/at text/nn ./. Catherwood/np ,/, an/at architect/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, had/hvd been/ben forgotten/vbn ,/, like/cs Stephens/np ,/, and/cc Victor/np reconstructed/vbd their/pp$ lives/nns as/cs one/pn reconstructs/vbz ,/, for/in a/at museum/nn ,/, a/at dinosaur/nn from/in two/cd or/cc three/cd petrified/vbn bones/nns ./. He/pps had/hvd unearthed/vbn Stephens's/np$ letters/nns in/in a/at New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl farmhouse/nn and/cc he/pps discovered/vbd Stephens's/np$ unmarked/jj grave/nn in/in an/at old/jj cemetery/nn on/in the/at east/nr side/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at great/jj traveller/nn had/hvd been/ben hastily/rb buried/vbn during/in a/at cholera/nn epidemic/nn ./. Victor/np had/hvd been/ben stirred/vbn by/in my/pp$ account/nn of/in him/ppo in/in Makers/nns-tl And/cc-tl Finders/nns-tl ,/, for/cs Stephens/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at lost/vbn writers/nns whom/wpo Melville/np had/hvd seen/vbn in/in his/pp$ childhood/nn and/cc whom/wpo I/ppss was/bedz bent/vbn on/in resurrecting/vbg ./. Victor/np had/hvd led/vbn an/at adventurous/jj life/nn ./. His/pp$ metier/fw-nn was/bedz the/at American/jj tropics/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd lived/vbn all/ql over/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl and/cc among/in the/at primitive/jj tribes/nns on/in the/at Amazon/np river/nn ./. Well/rb he/pps knew/vbd the/at sleepless/jj nights/nns ,/, the/at howling/vbg sore-ridden/jj dogs/nns and/cc the/at biting/vbg insects/nns in/in the/at villages/nns of/in the/at Kofanes/nps and/cc Huitotoes/nps ./. He/pps had/hvd not/* yet/rb undertaken/vbn the/at great/jj exploit/nn of/in his/pp$ later/jjr years/nns ,/, the/at rediscovery/nn of/in the/at ancient/jj Inca/np highway/nn ,/, the/at route/nn of/in Pizarro/np in/in Peru/np ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd climbed/vbn to/in the/at original/jj El/np Dorado/np ,/, the/at Andean/jj lake/nn of/in Guatemala/np ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd scaled/vbn the/at southern/jj Sierra/np Nevada/np with/in its/pp$ Tibetan-like/jj people/nns and/cc looked/vbn into/in the/at emerald/nn mines/nns of/in Muzo/np ./. As/cs a/at naturalist/nn living/vbg for/in two/cd years/nns at/in the/at headwaters/nns of/in the/at Amazon/np ,/, he/pps had/hvd collected/vbn specimens/nns for/in Mexican/jj museums/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd taken/vbn to/in the/at London/np zoo/nn a/at live/jj quetzal/nn ,/, the/at sacred/jj bird/nn of/in the/at old/jj Mayans/nps ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd raised/vbn quetzal/nn birds/nns in/in his/pp$ camp/nn in/in the/at forest/nn of/in Ecuador/np ./. Moreover/rb ,/, he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn six/cd months/nns on/in the/at Galapagos/np islands/nns ,/, among/in the/at great/jj turtles/nns that/wpo Captain/nn-tl Cook/np had/hvd found/vbn there/rb ,/, and/cc now/rb and/cc then/rb he/pps would/md disappear/vb into/in some/dti small/jj island/nn of/in the/at West/jj-tl Indies/nps-tl ./. Victor's/np$ book/nn on/in John/np Lloyd/np Stephens/np was/bedz largely/rb written/vbn in/in my/pp$ study/nn in/in the/at house/nn at/in Weston/np ./. I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn my/pp$ name/nn taken/vbn out/in of/in the/at telephone/nn book/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt was/bedz partly/rb because/rb of/in a/at convict/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben discharged/vbn from/in Sing/np Sing/np and/cc who/wps called/vbd me/ppo night/nn after/in night/nn ./. He/pps said/vbd he/pps was/bedz a/at friend/nn of/in Heywood/np Broun/np who/wps had/hvd run/vbn a/at free/jj employment/nn bureau/nn for/in several/ap months/nns during/in the/at depression/nn ,/, but/cc the/at generous/jj Broun/np to/in whom/wpo I/ppss wrote/vbd did/dod not/* know/vb his/pp$ name/nn and/cc I/ppss somehow/rb conceived/vbd the/at morbid/jj notion/nn that/cs the/at man/nn in/in question/nn was/bedz prowling/vbg round/in the/at house/nn ./. But/cc one/cd day/nn came/vbd the/at voice/nn of/in a/at man/nn I/ppss had/hvd known/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz a/at boy/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss later/rbr remembered/vbd that/cs this/dt boy/nn ,/, thirty/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, had/hvd struck/vbn me/ppo as/cs coming/vbg to/in no/at good/nn ./. There/ex had/hvd been/ben something/pn sinister/jj about/in him/ppo that/wps warned/vbd me/ppo against/in him/ppo ,/, --/-- I/ppss had/hvd never/rb felt/vbn that/dt way/nn about/in any/dti other/ap boy/nn ,/, --/-- but/cc when/wrb he/pps uttered/vbd his/pp$ name/nn on/in the/at telephone/nn I/ppss had/hvd forgotten/vbn this/dt and/cc I/ppss was/bedz glad/jj to/to do/do what/wdt he/pps asked/vbd of/in me/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at captain/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, in/in the/at army/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at train/nn to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl his/pp$ purse/nn and/cc all/abn his/pp$ money/nn had/hvd been/ben stolen/vbn ,/, and/cc would/md I/ppss lend/vb him/ppo twenty-five/cd dollars/nns to/to be/be given/vbn him/ppo at/in the/at General/jj-tl Delivery/nn-tl window/nn ?/. ?/. Never/rb hearing/vbg from/in him/ppo again/rb ,/, I/ppss remembered/vbd the/at little/jj boy/nn of/in whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn such/jj doubts/nns when/wrb he/pps was/bedz ten/cd years/nns old/jj ./. We/ppss lived/vbd for/in a/at while/nn in/in a/at movie/nn melodrama/nn with/in a/at German/jj cook/nn and/cc her/pp$ son/nn who/wps turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be Nazis/nps ./. Finally/rb we/ppss got/vbd them/ppo out/in of/in the/at house/nn ,/, after/cs the/at boy/nn had/hvd run/vbn away/rb four/cd times/nns looking/vbg for/in other/ap Nazis/nps ,/, threatening/vbg to/to murder/vb village/nn schoolchildren/nns and/cc bragging/vbg that/cs he/pps was/bedz to/to be/be the/at next/ap Fuhrer/np ./. Then/rb he/pps began/vbd to/to have/hv epileptic/jj fits/nns ./. We/ppss found/vbd that/cs a/at charitable/jj society/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl had/hvd a/at long/jj case-history/nn of/in the/at two/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc they/ppss agreed/vbd to/to see/vb that/cs the/at tragic/jj pair/nn would/md not/* put/vb poison/nn in/in anybody/pn else's/rb$ soup/nn ./. To/in the/at Weston/np house/nn came/vbd once/rb William/np Allen/np Neilson/np ,/, the/at president/nn of/in Smith/np-tl College/nn-tl who/wps had/hvd been/ben one/cd of/in my/pp$ old/jj professors/nns and/cc who/wps still/rb called/vbd me/ppo ``/`` Boy/nn-tl ''/'' when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz sixty/cd ./. It/pps reminded/vbd me/ppo of/in my/pp$ other/ap professor/nn ,/, Edward/np Kennard/np Rand/np ,/, of/in whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd been/ben so/ql fond/jj when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz at/in Harvard/np ,/, the/at great/jj mediaevalist/nn and/cc classical/jj scholar/nn who/wps had/hvd asked/vbn me/ppo to/to call/vb him/ppo ``/`` Ken/np ''/'' ,/, saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Age/nn counts/vbz for/in nothing/pn among/in those/dts who/wps have/hv learned/vbn to/to know/vb life/nn sub/fw-in specie/fw-nn aeternitatis/fw-nn$ ''/'' ./. I/ppss had/hvd always/rb thought/vbn of/in that/dt lovable/jj man/nn as/cs many/ap years/nns older/jjr than/cs myself/ppl ,/, although/cs he/pps was/bedz perhaps/rb only/rb twenty/cd years/nns older/jjr ,/, and/cc he/pps confirmed/vbd my/pp$ feeling/nn ,/, along/rb with/in the/at feeling/nn of/in both/abx my/pp$ sons/nns ,/, that/cs teachers/nns of/in the/at classics/nns are/ber invariably/rb endearing/jj ./. I/ppss must/md have/hv written/vbn to/to say/vb how/wql much/ap I/ppss had/hvd enjoyed/vbn his/pp$ fine/jj book/nn The/at-tl Building/nn-tl Of/in-tl Eternal/jj-tl Rome/np-tl ,/, and/cc I/ppss found/vbd he/pps had/hvd not/* regretted/vbn giving/vbg me/ppo the/at highest/jjt mark/nn in/in his/pp$ old/jj course/nn on/in the/at later/jjr Latin/jj poets/nns ,/, although/cs in/in my/pp$ final/jj examination/nn I/ppss had/hvd ignored/vbn the/at questions/nns and/cc filled/vbn the/at bluebook/nn with/in a/at comparison/nn of/in Propertius/np and/cc Coleridge/np ./. He/pps had/hvd written/vbn to/in me/ppo about/in a/at dinner/nn he/pps had/hvd had/hvn with/in the/at Benedictine/jj monks/nns at/in St./nn-tl Anselm's/np$-tl Priory/nn-tl in/in Washington/np ./. There/ex had/hvd been/ben reading/vbg at/in table/nn ,/, especially/rb from/in two/cd books/nns ,/, Pope/nn-tl Gregory/np-tl The/at-tl Great's/jj$-tl account/nn of/in St./nn-tl Scholastica/np in/in his/pp$ Dialogues/nns-tl and/cc my/pp$ own/jj The/at-tl World/nn-tl Of/in-tl Washington/np-tl Irving/np-tl ./. He/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Some/dti have/hv criticized/vbn your/pp$ book/nn as/cs being/beg neither/cc literary/jj criticism/nn nor/cc history/nn ./. Of/in course/nn it/pps was/bedz not/* meant/vbn to/to be/be ./. Some/dti have/hv felt/vbn that/cs Washington/np Irving/np comes/vbz out/rp rather/ql slimly/rb ,/, but/cc let/vb them/ppo look/vb at/in the/at title/nn of/in the/at book/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps felt/vbd as/cs I/ppss felt/vbd about/in this/dt best/jjt of/in all/abn my/pp$ books/nns ,/, that/cs it/pps was/bedz ``/`` really/ql tops/jjs ''/'' ./. Two/cd or/cc three/cd times/nns ,/, C./np C./np Burlingham/np came/vbd to/in lunch/nn with/in us/ppo in/in Weston/np ,/, that/dt wonderful/jj man/nn who/wps lived/vbd to/to be/be more/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd years/nns old/jj and/cc whose/wp$ birthplace/nn had/hvd been/ben my/pp$ Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl suburb/nn ./. His/pp$ reading/nn ranged/vbd from/in Agatha/np Christie/np to/in The/at-tl Book/nn-tl Of/in-tl Job/np-tl and/cc he/pps had/hvd an/at insatiable/jj interest/nn in/in his/pp$ fellow-creatures/nns ,/, while/cs his/pp$ letters/nns were/bed full/jj of/in gossip/nn about/in new/jj politicians/nns and/cc old/jj men/nns of/in letters/nns with/in whom/wpo he/pps had/hvd been/ben intimately/rb thrown/vbn six/cd decades/nns before/rb ./. I/ppss could/md never/rb forget/vb the/at gaiety/nn with/in which/wdt ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz both/abx blind/jj and/cc deaf/jj ,/, he/pps let/vbd me/ppo lead/vb him/ppo around/in his/pp$ rooms/nns to/to look/vb at/in some/dti of/in the/at pictures/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc once/rb when/wrb he/pps came/vbd to/to see/vb us/ppo in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl he/pps walked/vbd away/rb in/in a/at rainstorm/nn ,/, unwilling/jj to/to hear/vb of/in a/at taxi/nn or/cc even/rb an/at umbrella/nn ,/, although/cs he/pps was/bedz at/in the/at time/nn ninety/cd years/nns old/jj ./. There/ex were/bed several/ap men/nns of/in ninety/cd or/cc more/ap whom/wpo I/ppss knew/vbd first/rb or/cc last/rb ,/, all/abn of/in whom/wpo were/bed still/rb productive/jj and/cc most/ap of/in whom/wpo knew/vbd one/cd another/dt as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd naturally/rb come/vbn together/rb at/in the/at apex/nn of/in their/pp$ lives/nns ./. I/ppss never/rb met/vbd John/np Dewey/np ,/, whose/wp$ style/nn was/bedz a/at sort/nn of/in verbal/jj fog/nn and/cc who/wps had/hvd written/vbn asking/vbg me/ppo to/to go/vb to/in Mexico/np with/in him/ppo when/wrb he/pps was/bedz investigating/vbg the/at cause/nn of/in Trotsky/np ;/. ;/. but/cc I/ppss liked/vbd to/to think/vb of/in him/ppo at/in ninety/cd swimming/vbg and/cc working/vbg at/in Key/nn-tl West/jj-tl long/rb after/cs Hemingway/np had/hvd moved/vbn to/in Cuba/np ./. At/in Lee/np Simonson's/np$ house/nn ,/, I/ppss had/hvd dined/vbn with/in Edith/np Hamilton/np ,/, the/at nonogenarian/nn rationalist/nn and/cc the/at charming/jj scholar/nn who/wps had/hvd a/at great/jj popular/jj success/nn with/in The/at-tl Greek/jj-tl Way/nn-tl ./. Then/rb there/ex was/bedz Mark/np Howe/np and/cc there/ex was/bedz Henry/np Dwight/np Sedgwick/np ,/, an/at accomplished/jj man/nn of/in letters/nns who/wps wrote/vbd in/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Montaigne/np and/cc produced/vbd in/in the/at end/nn a/at formidable/jj body/nn of/in work/nn ./. I/ppss saw/vb Sedgwick/np often/rb before/in his/pp$ death/nn at/in ninety-five/cd ,/, --/-- he/pps had/hvd remarried/vbn at/in the/at age/nn of/in ninety/cd ,/, --/-- and/cc he/pps asked/vbd me/ppo ,/, when/wrb once/rb I/ppss returned/vbd from/in Rome/np ,/, if/cs I/ppss knew/vbd the/at Cavallinis/nps in/in the/at church/nn of/in St./nn-tl Cecilia/np in/in Trastevere/np ./. I/ppss had/hvd to/to confess/vb that/cs I/ppss had/hvd missed/vbn these/dts frescoes/nns ,/, recently/rb discovered/vbn ,/, that/cs he/pps had/hvd studied/vbn in/in his/pp$ eighties/nns ./. Sedgwick/np had/hvd chosen/vbn to/to follow/vb the/at philosophy/nn of/in Epicurus/np whom/wpo ,/, with/in his/pp$ followers/nns ,/, Dante/np put/vbd in/in hell/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc he/pps defended/vbd the/at doctrine/nn in/in The/at-tl Art/nn-tl Of/in-tl Happiness/nn-tl ,/, and/cc what/wdt indeed/rb could/md be/be said/vbn against/in the/at Epicurean/np virtues/nns ,/, health/nn ,/, frugality/nn ,/, privacy/nn ,/, culture/nn and/cc friendship/nn ?/. ?/. Of/in Mark/np Antony/np De/np Wolfe/np Howe/np the/at philosopher/nn Whitehead/np said/vbd the/at Earth's/nn$-tl first/od visitors/nns to/in Mars/np should/md be/be persons/nns likely/jj to/to make/vb a/at good/jj impression/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps was/bedz asked/vbn ,/, ``/`` Whom/wpo would/md you/ppo send/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ first/od choice/nn would/md be/be Mark/np Howe/np ''/'' ./. This/dt friend/nn of/in many/ap years/nns came/vbd once/rb to/to visit/vb us/ppo in/in the/at house/nn at/in Weston/np ./. Then/rb I/ppss spoke/vbd at/in the/at ninetieth/od birthday/nn party/nn of/in W./np E./np Burghardt/np Du/np Bois/np ,/, who/wps embarked/vbd on/in a/at fictional/jj trilogy/nn at/in eighty-nine/cd and/cc who/wps ,/, with/in The/at-tl Crisis/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd created/vbn a/at Negro/np intelligentsia/nn that/wps had/hvd never/rb existed/vbn in/in America/np before/in him/ppo ./. As/cs their/pp$ interpreter/nn and/cc guide/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd broken/vbn with/in Tuskegee/np and/cc become/vbn a/at spokesman/nn of/in the/at coloured/vbn people/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./. Mr./np Burlingham/np ,/, --/-- ``/`` C.C.B./np ''/'' --/-- wrote/vbd to/in me/ppo once/rb about/in an/at old/jj friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ,/, S./np K./np Ratcliffe/np ,/, whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd first/rb met/vbn in/in London/np in/in 1914/cd and/cc who/wps also/rb came/vbd out/rp for/in a/at week-end/nn in/in Weston/np ./. ``/`` Did/dod you/ppss ever/rb know/vb a/at man/nn with/in greater/jjr zest/nn for/in information/nn ?/. ?/. And/cc his/pp$ memory/nn ,/, like/cs an/at elephant's/nn$ ,/, stored/vbn with/in precise/jj knowledge/nn of/in men/nns and/cc things/nns and/cc happenings/nns ''/'' ./. His/pp$ wife/nn ,/, Katie/np ,/, ``/`` as/ql gay/jj as/cs a/at lark/nn and/cc as/ql lively/jj as/cs a/at gazelle/nn ''/'' ,/, --/-- she/pps was/bedz then/rb seventy-six/cd ,/, --/-- had/hvd ``/`` a/at sense/nn of/in humour/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben denied/vbn S.K./np ,/, but/cc neither/dtx has/hvz any/dti aesthetic/jj perceptions/nns ./. People/nns and/cc books/nns are/ber enough/ap for/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. S.K./np was/bedz visiting/vbg C.C.B./np and/cc ,/, not/* waiting/vbg for/in breakfast/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz off/rp to/in the/at University/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps spent/vbd hours/nns writing/vbg obituaries/nns of/in living/vbg Americans/nps for/in The/at-tl Manchester/np-tl Guardian/nn-tl or/cc The/at-tl Glasgow/np-tl Herald/nn-tl ./. Later/rbr ,/, rising/vbg ninety/cd ,/, he/pps was/bedz beset/vbn by/in publishers/nns for/in the/at story/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn and/cc miracles/nns ,/, as/cs he/pps put/vbd it/ppo ,/, but/cc ,/, calling/vbg himself/ppl the/at Needy/jj-tl Knife-grinder/nn-tl ,/, he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn his/pp$ time/nn writing/vbg short/jj articles/nns and/cc long/jj letters/nns and/cc could/md not/* get/vb even/rb a/at small/jj popular/jj book/nn done/vbn ./. Then/rb ,/, all/abn but/in blind/jj ,/, he/pps said/vbd there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn in/in Back/rb-tl to/in-tl Methuselah/np-tl --/-- ,/, --/-- ``/`` G.B.S./np ought/md to/to have/hv known/vbn that/dt ''/'' ,/, --/-- and/cc ``/`` I/ppss look/vb at/in my/pp$ bookshelves/nns despairingly/rb ,/, knowing/vbg that/cs I/ppss can/md have/hv nothing/pn more/ap to/to do/do with/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. However/rb ,/, at/in eighty-five/cd ,/, he/pps had/hvd still/rb been/ben busy/jj writing/vbg articles/nns ,/, reviewing/vbg and/cc speaking/vbg ,/, and/cc I/ppss had/hvd never/rb before/rb known/vbn an/at Englishman/np who/wps had/hvd visited/vbn and/cc lectured/vbn in/in three/cd quarters/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Finally/rb ,/, colleges/nns and/cc clubs/nns took/vbd the/at line/nn that/cs speakers/nns from/in England/np were/bed not/* wanted/vbn any/ql longer/rbr ,/, even/rb speakers/nns like/cs S.K./np ,/, so/ql unlike/in the/at novelists/nns and/cc poets/nns who/wps had/hvd patronized/vbn the/at Americans/nps for/in many/ap years/nns ./. With/in their/pp$ facile/jj generalizations/nns about/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, these/dts mediocrities/nns ,/, as/cs they/ppss often/rb were/bed ,/, had/hvd been/ben great/jj successes/nns ./. While/cs S.K./np did/dod not/* like/vb Dylan/np Thomas/np ,/, I/ppss liked/vbd his/pp$ poems/nns very/ql much/rb ,/, but/cc I/ppss made/vbd the/at mistake/nn of/in telling/vbg Dylan/np Thomas/np so/rb ,/, whereupon/cs he/pps said/vbd to/in me/ppo ,/, ``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb you/ppo think/vb you/ppss know/vb all/abn about/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. I/ppss should/md have/hv replied/vbn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss probably/rb know/vb something/pn about/in the/at best/jjt part/nn of/in you/ppo ''/'' ./. But/cc I/ppss only/rb thought/vbd of/in that/dt in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at night/nn ./. Many/ap years/nns later/rbr I/ppss went/vbd to/to see/vb S.K./np in/in England/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz living/vbg at/in Whiteleaf/np ,/, near/in Aylesbury/np ,/, and/cc he/pps showed/vbd me/ppo beside/in his/pp$ cottage/nn there/rb the/at remains/nns of/in the/at road/nn on/in which/wdt Boadicea/np is/bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv travelled/vbn ./. He/pps was/bedz convinced/vbn that/cs George/np Orwell's/np$ 1984/cd-tl was/bedz nearly/ql all/ql wrong/jj as/cs it/pps applied/vbd to/in England/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz ``/`` driving/vbg forward/rb into/in uncharted/jj waters/nns ''/'' ,/, with/in the/at danger/nn of/in a/at new/jj tyranny/nn ahead/rb ./. ``/`` But/cc however/wrb we/ppss go/vb ,/, whatever/wdt our/pp$ doom/nn ,/, it/pps will/md not/* take/vb the/at Orwellian/jj shape/nn ''/'' ./. With/in facts/nns mainly/rb in/in his/pp$ mind/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz often/rb acute/jj in/in the/at matter/nn of/in style/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` The/at young/jj who/wps have/hv as/cs yet/rb nothing/pn to/to say/vb will/md try/vb larks/nns with/in initial/jj letters/nns and/cc broken/vbn lines/nns ./. But/cc put/vb them/ppo before/in a/at situation/nn which/wdt they/ppss are/ber forced/vbn to/to depict/vb ''/'' ,/, --/-- he/pps was/bedz speaking/vbg of/in the/at Spanish/jj civil/jj war/nn ,/, --/-- ``/`` and/cc they/ppss have/hv no/at hesitation/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss merely/rb do/do their/pp$ best/jjt to/to make/vb it/ppo real/jj for/in others/nns ''/'' ./.

cg67

cg67 |@word look:3 speak:2 get:4 still:2 simply:1 wordlessly:1 walk:2 end:2 nearly:1 go:12 hotel:2 mayflower:1 telegraph:1 mencken:2 would:13 meet:1 baltimore:1 draw:1 room:3 car:2 three:3 train:2 leave:1 washington:2 nine:1 next:2 morning:5 new:7 york:6 together:1 party:8 pile:1 weariness:1 misery:1 long:3 alfred:2 harcourt:5 donald:1 brace:2 write:8 enthusiastic:1 praise:1 elmer:4 gantry:5 change:2 could:3 make:9 proof:1 already:2 come:7 printer:1 order:2 copy:1 large:1 first:4 printing:1 book:6 history:1 none:1 soothe:1 exacerbate:1 nerve:1 year:2 eve:1 drive:1 hudson:1 bill:1 brown:1 training:2 camp:1 well:6 know:4 establishment:2 speedy:1 temporary:1 rehabilitation:1 drunkard:1 longer:1 help:2 depart:1 lewis:32 beg:2 breast:4 liquor:2 apartment:2 grosvenor:2 return:4 take:10 thirty:1 galley:3 january:3 4:1 boy:1 back:3 school:1 college:1 mrs:4 say:10 quite:2 whole:2 venture:1 last:3 gesture:1 fail:1 physically:1 mentally:1 reach:1 limit:1 endurance:1 gift:1 complete:1 silence:1 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He/pps looked/vbd at/in her/ppo as/cs she/pps spoke/vbd ,/, then/rb got/vbd up/rp as/cs she/pps was/bedz speaking/vbg still/rb ,/, and/cc ,/, simply/rb and/cc wordlessly/rb ,/, walked/vbd out/rp ./. And/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at end/nn ./. Or/cc nearly/rb ./. He/pps went/vbd to/in the/at Hotel/nn-tl Mayflower/np-tl and/cc telegraphed/vbd Mencken/np ./. Would/md he/pps meet/vb him/ppo in/in Baltimore/np in/in Drawing/jj-tl Room/nn-tl A/np-tl ,/, Car/nn-tl Three/cd-tl on/in the/at train/nn leaving/vbg Washington/np at/in nine/cd o'clock/rb next/ap morning/nn ?/. ?/. They/ppss would/md go/vb to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl together/rb ,/, where/wrb parties/nns would/md be/be piled/vbn on/in weariness/nn and/cc on/in misery/nn ./. But/cc not/* for/in long/rb ./. Both/abx Alfred/np Harcourt/np and/cc Donald/np Brace/np had/hvd written/vbn him/ppo enthusiastic/jj praise/nn of/in Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl (/( any/dti changes/nns could/md be/be made/vbn in/in proof/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz already/rb coming/vbg from/in the/at printer/nn )/) and/cc they/ppss had/hvd ordered/vbn 140,000/cd copies/nns --/-- the/at largest/jjt first/od printing/nn of/in any/dti book/nn in/in history/nn ./. But/cc none/pn of/in this/dt could/md soothe/vb the/at exacerbated/vbn nerves/nns ./. On/in New/jj-tl Year's/nn$-tl Eve/nn-tl ,/, Alfred/np Harcourt/np drove/vbd him/ppo up/in the/at Hudson/np to/in Bill/np Brown's/np$ Training/nn-tl Camp/nn-tl ,/, a/at well-known/jj establishment/nn for/in the/at speedy/jj if/cs temporary/jj rehabilitation/nn of/in drunkards/nns who/wps could/md no/ql longer/rbr help/vb themselves/ppls ./. But/cc ,/, in/in departing/vbg ,/, Lewis/np begged/vbd Breasted/np that/cs there/ex be/be no/at liquor/nn in/in the/at apartment/nn at/in the/at Grosvenor/np on/in his/pp$ return/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps took/vbd with/in him/ppo the/at first/od thirty/cd galleys/nns of/in Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl ./. On/in January/np 4/cd ,/, with/in the/at boys/nns back/rb at/in school/nn and/cc college/nn ,/, Mrs./np Lewis/np wrote/vbd Harcourt/np to/to say/vb that/cs she/pps was/bedz ``/`` through/rp ,/, quite/ql through/rp ''/'' ./. ``/`` This/dt whole/jj Washington/np venture/nn was/bedz my/pp$ last/ap gesture/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps has/hvz failed/vbn ./. Physically/rb as/ql well/rb as/cs mentally/rb I/ppss have/hv reached/vbn the/at limit/nn of/in my/pp$ endurance/nn ./. My/pp$ last/ap gift/nn to/in him/ppo is/bez complete/jj silence/nn until/cs the/at book/nn is/bez out/rp and/cc the/at first/od heated/vbn discussion/nn dies/vbz down/rp ./. For/cs him/ppo to/to divorce/vb God/np and/cc wife/nn simultaneously/rb would/md be/be bad/jj publicity/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem really/ql ill/jj at/in the/at present/jj moment/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss will/md go/vb to/in some/dti sort/nn of/in a/at sanitarium/nn to/to normalize/vb myself/ppl ''/'' ./. And/cc she/pps withdrew/vbd then/rb to/in Cromwell/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, in/in Cromwell/np ,/, Connecticut/np ./. Harcourt/np replied/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss do/do really/rb hope/vb you/ppss can/md achieve/vb serenity/nn in/in the/at course/nn of/in time/nn ./. Of/in course/nn I/ppss hope/vb Hal/np can/md also/rb ,/, but/cc those/dts hopes/nns are/ber much/ql more/ql faint/jj ''/'' ./. 8/cd on/in January/np 8/cd ,/, 1927/cd ,/, he/pps returned/vbd to/in the/at Grosvenor/np in/in high/jj spirits/nns ,/, and/cc looking/vbg fit/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd Mencken/np at/in once/rb ,/, ``/`` in/in the/at country/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at euphemism/nn for/in an/at experience/nn that/wps had/hvd not/* greatly/rb changed/vbn him/ppo ./. Charles/np Breasted/np remembers/vbz that/cs ,/, before/cs unpacking/vbg his/pp$ bag/nn ,/, he/pps telephoned/vbd his/pp$ bootlegger/nn with/in a/at generous/jj order/nn ,/, and/cc almost/rb at/in once/rb ``/`` the/at familiar/jj procession/nn of/in people/nns began/vbd milling/vbg through/in our/pp$ living/vbg room/nn at/in any/dti hour/nn between/in two/cd P.M./rb and/cc three/cd A.M./rb ''/'' ./. They/ppss were/bed strays/nns of/in every/at kind/nn --/-- university/nn students/nns and/cc journalists/nns ,/, Village/nn-tl hangers-on/nns and/cc barflies/nns ,/, taxi/nn drivers/nns and/cc editors/nns and/cc unknown/jj poets/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs friends/nns like/cs Elinor/np Wylie/np and/cc William/np Rose/np Benet/np ,/, the/at Van/np Dorens/nps and/cc Nathan/np ,/, Rebecca/np West/np and/cc Hugh/np Walpole/np and/cc Osbert/np Sitwell/np ,/, Laurence/np Stallings/np ,/, Lewis/np Browne/np ,/, William/np Seabrook/np ,/, Arthur/np Hopkins/np ,/, the/at Woodwards/nps ./. When/wrb he/pps came/vbd home/nr from/in his/pp$ office/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at afternoon/nn ,/, Breasted/np never/rb knew/vbd what/wdt gathering/nn he/pps should/md expect/vb to/to find/vb ,/, but/cc there/ex almost/ql always/rb was/bedz one/cd ./. He/pps did/dod not/* neglect/vb his/pp$ wife/nn in/in Cromwell/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, but/cc telephoned/vbd her/ppo and/cc wrote/vbd her/ppo with/in assurances/nns of/in his/pp$ continuing/vbg interest/nn and/cc of/in his/pp$ wish/nn to/to ``/`` stand/vb behind/in ''/'' her/ppo in/in their/pp$ separation/nn and/cc of/in his/pp$ hope/nn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be no/at bitterness/nn between/in them/ppo ./. She/pps was/bedz occupying/vbg herself/ppl in/in an/at attempt/nn to/to write/vb an/at article/nn about/in the/at variety/nn of/in houses/nns that/wpo they/ppss had/hvd rented/vbn abroad/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz of/in unsettled/vbn mind/nn as/in to/in whether/cs he/pps should/md go/vb abroad/rb when/wrb the/at Gantry/np-tl galleys/nns were/bed finished/vbn ./. For/in a/at time/nn ,/, urging/vbg Breasted/np to/to give/vb up/rp his/pp$ public/jj relations/nns work/nn and/cc take/vb up/rp writing/vbg instead/rb ,/, he/pps hoped/vbd to/to persuade/vb him/ppo to/to become/vb his/pp$ assistant/nn in/in research/nn for/in the/at labor/nn novel/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs Breasted/np agreed/vbd ,/, they/ppss would/md get/vb a/at car/nn and/cc tour/vb the/at country/nn ,/, visiting/vbg every/at kind/nn of/in industrial/jj center/nn ./. When/wrb Breasted/np insisted/vbd that/cs this/dt was/bedz impossible/jj for/in him/ppo ,/, Lewis/np decided/vbd to/to go/vb abroad/rb ./. He/pps telephoned/vbd L./np M./np Birkhead/np and/cc asked/vbd him/ppo and/cc his/pp$ wife/nn to/to come/vb to/in Europe/np as/cs his/pp$ guests/nns ,/, but/cc Birkhead/np declined/vbd on/in the/at grounds/nns that/cs one/cd of/in them/ppo must/md be/be in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl when/wrb Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl was/bedz published/vbn ./. Lewis/np was/bedz spending/vbg his/pp$ mornings/nns ,/, with/in the/at help/nn of/in two/cd secretaries/nns ,/, on/in the/at galleys/nns of/in that/dt long/jj novel/nn ,/, making/vbg considerable/jj revisions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at combination/nn of/in hard/jj work/nn and/cc hard/jj frivolity/nn exhausted/vbd him/ppo once/rb more/rbr ,/, so/cs that/cs he/pps was/bedz compelled/vbn to/to spend/vb three/cd days/nns in/in the/at Harbor/nn-tl Sanatorium/nn-tl in/in the/at last/ap week/nn of/in January/np ./. Before/cs he/pps made/vbd that/dt retreat/nn ,/, he/pps telephoned/vbd Earl/np Blackman/np in/in Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl and/cc asked/vbd him/ppo to/to come/vb to/in Europe/np with/in him/ppo ./. Blackman/np was/bedz to/to be/be in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl by/in February/np 2/cd ,/, because/cs they/ppss were/bed sailing/vbg at/in 12:01/cd next/ap morning/nn ./. Lewis/np told/vbd him/ppo what/wdt clothes/nns he/pps should/md bring/vb along/rb ,/, and/cc enjoined/vbd him/ppo not/* to/to buy/vb anything/pn that/wpo he/pps did/dod not/* already/rb own/vb ,/, they/ppss would/md do/do that/dt in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. Blackman/np arrived/vbd a/at day/nn or/cc two/cd early/rb ,/, and/cc Lewis/np took/vbd him/ppo to/in a/at department/nn store/nn immediately/rb and/cc outfitted/vbd him/ppo ,/, luggage/nn and/cc all/abn ,/, and/cc then/rb he/pps took/vbd him/ppo to/in a/at party/nn at/in the/at Woodwards/nps that/wps went/vbd on/rp until/in four/cd in/in the/at morning/nn ./. On/in the/at evening/nn that/wpo they/ppss were/bed to/to sail/vb ,/, Lewis/np himself/ppl gave/vbd a/at party/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz too/ql indisposed/vbn to/to appear/vb at/in it/ppo ./. Woodward/np took/vbd occasion/nn to/to warn/vb Blackman/np about/in Lewis's/np$ drinking/nn and/cc urged/vbd him/ppo to/to ``/`` try/vb to/to keep/vb him/ppo sober/jj ''/'' ./. After/in a/at dinner/nn party/nn for/in which/wdt she/pps had/hvd come/vbn down/rp to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Mrs./np Lewis/np and/cc Casanova/np arrived/vbd to/to see/vb them/ppo off/rp ,/, and/cc Elinor/np Wylie/np made/vbd tart/jj observations/nns that/wps indicated/vbd that/cs Lewis/np had/hvd been/ben less/ql discreet/jj than/cs he/pps had/hvd promised/vbn to/to be/be about/in the/at real/jj nature/nn of/in their/pp$ separation/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, Mrs./np Lewis/np was/bedz still/rb solicitous/jj of/in his/pp$ condition/nn :/: let/vb him/ppo do/do as/cs he/pps wished/vbd ,/, let/vb him/ppo sleep/vb with/in chambermaids/nns if/cs he/pps must/md ,/, but/cc ,/, she/pps begged/vbd Blackman/np ,/, try/vb to/to keep/vb him/ppo from/in drinking/vbg a/at great/jj deal/nn and/cc bring/vb him/ppo back/rb in/in good/jj health/nn ./. As/cs they/ppss stood/vbd at/in the/at first-class/jj rail/nn ,/, waving/vbg down/rp to/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc Casanova/np below/rb ,/, Lewis/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Earl/np ,/, there/ex is/bez Gracie's/np$ future/jj husband/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc when/wrb questioned/vbn by/in ship's/nn$ reporters/nns about/in the/at separation/nn ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss adore/vb him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps adores/vbz me/ppo ''/'' ./. Blackman/np had/hvd brought/vbn news/nn from/in Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ./. Before/in his/pp$ departure/nn ,/, a/at group/nn of/in his/pp$ friends/nns ,/, the/at Reverend/np Stidger/np among/in them/ppo ,/, had/hvd given/vbn him/ppo a/at luncheon/nn ,/, and/cc Stidger/np had/hvd seen/vbn advance/nn sheets/nns of/in Elmer/np-tl Gantry/np-tl ./. He/pps was/bedz outraged/vbn by/in the/at book/nn and/cc announced/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd discovered/vbn fifty/cd technical/jj errors/nns in/in its/pp$ account/nn of/in church/nn practices/nns ./. L./np M./np Birkhead/np challenged/vbd him/ppo to/to name/vb one/cd and/cc he/pps was/bedz silent/jj ./. But/cc his/pp$ rancor/nn did/dod not/* cease/vb ,/, and/cc presently/rb ,/, on/in March/np 13/cd ,/, when/wrb he/pps preached/vbd a/at sermon/nn on/in the/at text/nn ,/, ``/`` And/cc Ben-hadad/np Was/bedz Drunk/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps told/vbd his/pp$ congregation/nn how/wql disappointed/vbn he/pps was/bedz in/in Mr./np Lewis/np ,/, how/wrb he/pps regretted/vbd having/hvg had/hvn him/ppo in/in his/pp$ house/nn ,/, and/cc how/wrb he/pps should/md have/hv been/ben warned/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at novelist/nn was/bedz drunk/jj all/abn the/at time/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz working/vbg on/in the/at book/nn ./. But/cc that/dt sermon/nn ,/, like/cs those/dts of/in hundreds/nns of/in other/ap ministers/nns ,/, was/bedz yet/rb to/to be/be delivered/vbn ./. In/in London/np Lewis/np took/vbd the/at usual/jj suite/nn in/in Bury/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./. To/in the/at newspapers/nns he/pps talked/vbd about/in his/pp$ unquiet/jj life/nn ,/, about/in his/pp$ wish/nn to/to be/be a/at newspaperman/nn once/rb more/rbr ,/, about/in the/at prevalence/nn of/in American/jj slang/nn in/in British/jj speech/nn ,/, about/in the/at loquacity/nn of/in the/at English/nps and/cc the/at impossibility/nn of/in finding/vbg quiet/nn in/in a/at railway/nn carriage/nn ,/, about/in his/pp$ plans/nns to/to wander/vb for/in two/cd years/nns ``/`` unless/cs stopped/vbn and/cc made/vbn to/to write/vb another/dt book/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Manchester/np-tl Guardian/nn-tl wondered/vbd how/wrb anyone/pn in/in a/at railway/nn carriage/nn would/md have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to talk/vb to/in Mr./np Lewis/np ,/, since/cs it/pps was/bedz well/rb known/vbn that/cs Mr./np Lewis/np always/rb did/dod all/abn of/in the/at talking/vbg ./. His/pp$ English/jj friends/nns ,/, it/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd gone/vbn into/in training/vbg to/to keep/vb up/rp with/in him/ppo vocally/rb and/cc with/in his/pp$ ``/`` allegro/jj movements/nns around/in the/at luncheon/nn table/nn ''/'' ./. The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl editorialist/nn wondered/vbd just/rb who/wps would/md stop/vb Mr./np Lewis/np and/cc make/vb him/ppo write/vb a/at book/nn ./. Lewis's/np$ remarks/nns about/in his/pp$ marriage/nn were/bed suggestive/jj enough/qlp to/to induce/vb American/jj reporters/nns to/to invade/vb the/at offices/nns of/in Harcourt/np-tl ,/, Brace/np-tl &/cc-tl Company/nn-tl for/in information/nn ,/, to/to pursue/vb Mrs./np Lewis/np to/in Cromwell/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, after/cs she/pps had/hvd returned/vbn to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, to/to ferret/vb her/ppo out/rp at/in the/at Stanhope/np on/in upper/jj Fifth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl where/wrb she/pps had/hvd taken/vbn an/at apartment/nn ./. There/rb ,/, to/in the/at Evening/nn-tl Post/nn-tl ,/, she/pps emphatically/rb denied/vbd the/at divorce/nn rumors/nns and/cc explained/vbd that/cs she/pps had/hvd stayed/vbn behind/rb because/rb of/in the/at schooling/nn of/in their/pp$ son/nn ,/, which/wdt henceforth/rb would/md be/be strictly/ql American/jj ./. These/dts rumors/nns of/in permanent/jj separation/nn started/vbd up/rp a/at whole/jj crop/nn of/in stories/nns about/in her/ppo ./. One/cd had/hvd it/ppo that/cs a/at friend/nn ,/, protesting/vbg her/pp$ snobbery/nn ,/, said/vbd ,/, ``/`` But/cc ,/, Gracie/np ,/, you/ppss are/ber an/at American/np ,/, aren't/ber* you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc she/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss was/bedz born/vbn in/in America/np ,/, but/cc I/ppss was/bedz conceived/vbn in/in Vienna/np ''/'' ./. Lewis/np himself/ppl furthered/vbd these/dts tales/nns ./. He/pps is/bez said/vbn to/to have/hv reported/vbn that/cs once/rb ,/, when/wrb she/pps went/vbd to/in a/at hospital/nn to/to call/vb on/in a/at friend/nn after/in a/at serious/jj operation/nn ,/, and/cc the/at friend/nn protested/vbd that/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` nothing/pn ''/'' ,/, she/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, it/pps was/bedz your/pp$ healthy/jj American/jj peasant/nn blood/nn that/wps pulled/vbd you/ppo through/rp ''/'' ./. With/in these/dts and/cc similar/jj tales/nns he/pps was/bedz entertaining/vbg his/pp$ English/jj friends/nns ,/, all/abn of/in whom/wpo he/pps was/bedz seeing/vbg when/wrb he/pps was/bedz not/* showing/vbg Blackman/np the/at sights/nns of/in London/np and/cc its/pp$ environs/nns ./. At/in once/rb upon/in his/pp$ arrival/nn ,/, he/pps telephoned/vbd Lady/nn-tl Sybil/np Colefax/np who/wps invited/vbd them/ppo to/in tea/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb Lewis/np decided/vbd to/to give/vb a/at party/nn as/cs a/at quick/jj way/nn of/in rounding/vbg up/rp his/pp$ friends/nns ./. He/pps invited/vbd Lady/nn-tl Sybil/np ,/, Lord/nn-tl Thomson/np ,/, Bechhofer/np Roberts/np ,/, and/cc a/at half/abn dozen/nn others/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at dinner/nn party/nn ,/, Lewis/np had/hvd been/ben drinking/vbg during/in the/at afternoon/nn ,/, and/cc long/rb before/cs the/at party/nn really/rb got/vbd under/in way/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz quite/ql drunk/jj ,/, with/in the/at result/nn that/cs the/at party/nn broke/vbd up/rp even/rb before/cs dinner/nn was/bedz over/rp ./. Lewis/np ,/, at/in the/at head/nn of/in the/at table/nn ,/, would/md leap/vb up/rp and/cc move/vb around/rb behind/in the/at chairs/nns of/in his/pp$ guests/nns making/vbg remarks/nns that/cs ,/, when/wrb not/* highly/ql offensive/jj ,/, were/bed at/in least/ap highly/ql inappropriate/jj ,/, and/cc then/rb presently/rb he/pps collapsed/vbd and/cc was/bedz put/vbn to/in bed/nn ./. When/wrb Blackman/np emerged/vbd from/in the/at bedroom/nn ,/, everyone/pn was/bedz gone/vbn except/in the/at tolerant/jj Lord/nn-tl Thomson/np ,/, who/wps stayed/vbd and/cc chatted/vbd with/in him/ppo for/in half/abn an/at hour/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb Blackman/np lay/vbd awake/jj most/ap of/in that/dt night/nn ,/, despairing/vbg of/in what/wdt he/pps must/md expect/vb on/in the/at Continent/nn-tl ./. Finally/rb ,/, at/in dawn/nn ,/, he/pps fell/vbd asleep/rb ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps awoke/vbd and/cc came/vbd into/in the/at living/vbg room/nn ,/, he/pps found/vbd Lewis/np in/in his/pp$ pajamas/nns before/in the/at fire/nn ,/, smoking/vbg a/at cigarette/nn ./. Blackman/np said/vbd that/cs he/pps wanted/vbd to/to apologize/vb for/in not/* having/hvg prevented/vbn Lewis/np from/in making/vbg that/dt horrible/jj spectacle/nn of/in himself/ppl ,/, that/cs he/pps should/md have/hv seized/vbn him/ppo by/in the/at neck/nn at/in once/rb and/cc forcibly/rb hauled/vbn him/ppo into/in his/pp$ bedroom/nn ./. Lewis/np warned/vbd him/ppo never/rb to/to lay/vb a/at hand/nn on/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc then/jj Blackman/np asked/vbd for/in his/pp$ fare/nn back/rb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Lewis/np looked/vbd at/in him/ppo and/cc began/vbd to/to cry/vb ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, saying/vbg that/cs he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to make/vb a/at promise/nn ,/, he/pps asked/vbd Blackman/np to/to call/vb the/at porter/nn and/cc to/to tell/vb him/ppo to/to take/vb out/rp all/abn the/at liquor/nn that/wpo he/pps did/dod not/* want/vb ./. ``/`` And/cc from/in now/rb on/rp ,/, for/in the/at rest/nn of/in this/dt trip/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md only/rb drink/vb what/wdt you/ppss agree/vb that/wpo I/ppss should/md drink/vb ''/'' ./. Blackman/np called/vbd the/at porter/nn and/cc had/hvd him/ppo remove/vb everything/pn but/in one/cd bottle/nn of/in brandy/nn ,/, and/cc after/in that/cs they/ppss would/md have/hv a/at cocktail/nn or/cc two/cd before/in dinner/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, on/in one/cd of/in their/pp$ walking/vbg trips/nns ,/, beer/nn ,/, or/cc ,/, in/in France/np and/cc Italy/np ,/, wine/nn in/in moderation/nn ./. Lewis/np gave/vbd him/ppo a/at guidebook/nn tour/nn of/in London/np and/cc ,/, motoring/vbg and/cc walking/vbg ,/, took/vbd him/ppo to/in Stratford/np ,/, but/cc the/at London/np stay/nn was/bedz for/in only/rb ten/cd days/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at twentieth/od they/ppss took/vbd the/at train/nn for/in Southampton/np ,/, where/wrb they/ppss spent/vbd the/at night/nn for/in an/at early/jj morning/nn Channel/nn-tl crossing/nn ./. Near/in Southampton/np ,/, in/in a/at considerable/jj establishment/nn ,/, lived/vbd Homer/np Vachell/np ,/, a/at well-known/jj pulp/nn writer/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ,/, Horace/np --/-- both/abx friends/nns of/in Lewis's/np$ ./. He/pps suggested/vbd that/cs they/ppss call/vb on/in these/dts brothers/nns ,/, who/wps received/vbd them/ppo pleasantly/rb ./. Then/rb they/ppss returned/vbd to/in their/pp$ hotel/nn and/cc got/vbd ready/jj for/in bed/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz late/jj ,/, and/cc Blackman/np was/bedz ready/jj to/to go/vb to/in sleep/nn ,/, but/cc Lewis/np was/bedz not/* ./. He/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` We/ppss had/hvd a/at good/jj time/nn tonight/nr ,/, didn't/dod* we/ppss ,/, Earl/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. Earl/np agreed/vbd ,/, and/cc Lewis/np said/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md have/hv been/ben very/ql different/jj if/cs his/pp$ wife/nn had/hvd been/ben with/in him/ppo ./. Then/rb he/pps kept/vbd Blackman/np awake/jj for/in more/ap than/in an/at hour/nn while/cs he/pps did/dod an/at imaginary/jj dialogue/nn between/in his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc himself/ppl in/in which/wdt ,/, discussing/vbg the/at evening/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz continually/rb berated/vbn ./. He/pps began/vbd the/at dialogue/nn by/in having/hvg his/pp$ wife/nn announce/vb that/cs one/pn does/doz not/* invade/vb people's/nns$ homes/nns without/in warning/vbg them/ppo that/cs one/pn is/bez coming/vbg ,/, and/cc went/vbd on/rp from/in that/dt with/in the/at entire/jj catalogue/nn of/in his/pp$ social/jj gaucheries/nns ./.

cg68

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graceful:1 fence:1 dancing:1 lesson:1 teach:1 addition:1 grace:1 slight:1 wiry:1 frame:1 cut:1 enough:3 evoke:1 nickname:1 refer:1 6:2 quibusdam:1 audivi:1 nuper:1 domina:2 trust:5 specious:1 pack:1 wit:3 persiflage:1 sound:1 real:2 anyone:1 put:1 except:1 illusive:1 allusiveness:1 deserve:2 whatever:1 fate:1 mete:1 virtue:1 egregiously:1 stilte:1 banter:4 short:2 traditional:1 epithet:2 lady:1 eminently:1 fitting:1 rest:1 baffle:1 passage:2 midst:1 treacherous:1 leave:1 aubrey:1 mention:2 bodleian:1 ms:1 aubr:1 8:1 63:1 christopher:1 phillips:1 question:1 truth:1 falsity:1 autobiographic:1 occur:1 mass:1 intentionally:1 bury:1 allusion:1 nothing:1 accept:1 true:1 discard:1 false:1 english:1 mere:1 fact:2 select:1 substitute:1 interlocutor:1 moderator:1 say:1 buck:1 father:1 difficult:1 development:2 grasp:1 archfool:1 supreme:1 lightly:2 pater:2 liber:1 trip:1 treatment:1 annihilate:1 common:1 enemy:2 gathering:1 word:3 alone:1 involve:1 merely:2 raucous:1 rough:1 tumble:1 comedy:1 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letter:1 hartlib:1 sketch:1 scheme:1 educate:1 overlook:1

From/in 1613/cd on/rp ,/, if/cs the/at lists/nns exist/vb ,/, they/ppss contain/vb between/in twenty/cd to/in thirty/cd names/nns ./. As/cs the/at total/nn number/nn of/in incepting/vbg bachelors/nns in/in 1629/cd was/bedz ,/, according/in to/in Masson/np (/( Life/nn-tl ,/, 1:218/cd )/) and/cc n/nn ,/, two/cd hundred/cd fifty-nine/cd ,/, the/at twenty-four/cd names/nns listed/vbn in/in the/at ordo/fw-nn senioritatis/fw-nn$ for/in that/dt year/nn constitute/vb slightly/rb less/ap than/in one/cd tenth/od of/in the/at total/nn number/nn of/in bachelors/nns who/wps then/rb incepted/vbd ./. There/ex were/bed four/cd from/in St./nn-tl John's/np$-tl and/cc four/cd from/in Christ's/np$-tl ,/, three/cd from/in Pembroke/np ,/, and/cc two/cd from/in each/dt of/in the/at colleges/nns ,/, Jesus/np ,/, Peterhouse/np ,/, Queens'/nns$-tl ,/, and/cc Trinity/np ,/, with/in Caius/np ,/, Clare/np ,/, King's/nn$-tl ,/, Magdalene/np ,/, and/cc Sidney/np supplying/vbg one/cd each/dt in/in the/at ordo/fw-nn senioritatis/fw-nn$ ./. The/at list/nn was/bedz headed/vbn by/in (/( Henry/np )/) Hutton/np of/in St./nn-tl John's/np$-tl who/wps was/bedz matriculated/vbn from/in St./nn-tl John's/np$-tl at/in Easter/np ,/, 1625/cd ./. He/pps became/vbd a/at fellow/nn of/in Jesus/np in/in 1629/cd ,/, proceeded/vbd M.A./np from/in Jesus/np in/in 1632/cd ,/, and/cc was/bedz proctor/nn in/in 1639-40/cd ./. The/at second/od name/nn was/bedz (/( Edward/np )/) Kempe/np ,/, matriculated/vbn from/in Queens'/nns$-tl College/nn-tl at/in Easter/np ,/, 1625/cd ./. He/pps proceeded/vbd M.A./np in/in 1632/cd ,/, and/cc B.D./np in/in 1639/cd ,/, being/beg made/vbn fellow/nn in/in 1632/cd ./. He/pps was/bedz ordained/vbn deacon/nn 16/cd June/np and/cc priest/nn 22/cd December/np 1633/cd ./. The/at third/od name/nn was/bedz (/( John/np )/) Ravencroft/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz admitted/vbn to/in the/at Inner/jj-tl Temple/nn-tl in/in November/np 1631/cd ./. The/at fourth/od name/nn was/bedz (/( John/np )/) Milton/np of/in Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl ,/, followed/vbn by/in (/( Richard/np )/) Manningham/np of/in Peterhouse/np ,/, who/wps matriculated/vbd 16/cd October/np 1624/cd ./. Venn/np gave/vbd his/pp$ B.A./np as/cs 1624/cd ,/, a/at mistake/nn for/in 1629/cd ./. Manningham/np also/rb proceeded/vbd M.A./np in/in 1632/cd and/cc became/vbd a/at fellow/nn of/in his/pp$ college/nn in/in that/dt year/nn ./. (/( John/np )/) Boutflower/np of/in Christ's/np$-tl was/bedz twelfth/od in/in the/at list/nn ,/, coming/vbg from/in Perse/np-tl School/nn-tl under/in Mr./np Lovering/np as/cs pensioner/nn 20/cd April/np 1625/cd under/in Mr./np Alsop/np ./. The/at fourteenth/od name/nn was/bedz (/( Richard/np )/) Buckenham/np ,/, written/vbn Buckman/np-nc ,/, admitted/vbn to/in Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl under/in Scott/np 2/cd July/np 1625/cd ./. The/at fifteenth/od name/nn was/bedz (/( Thomas/np )/) Baldwin/np ,/, admitted/vbn to/in Christ's/np$-tl 4/cd March/np 1625/cd under/in Alsop/np ./. Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl was/bedz well/rb represented/vbn that/dt year/nn in/in the/at ordo/fw-nn ,/, and/cc the/at name/nn highest/rbt on/in the/at list/nn from/in that/dt college/nn was/bedz Milton's/np$ ,/, fourth/od in/in the/at entire/jj university/nn ./. Small/jj wonder/nn that/cs Milton/np later/rbr boasted/vbd of/in how/wql well/rb his/pp$ work/nn had/hvd been/ben received/vbn there/rb ,/, since/cs he/pps attained/vbd a/at rank/nn in/in the/at order/nn of/in commencing/vbg bachelors/nns higher/jjr than/cs that/dt of/in any/dti other/ap inceptor/nn from/in Christ's/np$-tl of/in that/dt year/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* possible/jj to/to reconstruct/vb fully/rb the/at arrangements/nns whereby/wrb these/dts honors/nns lists/nns were/bed then/rb made/vbn up/rp or/cc even/rb how/wrb the/at names/nns that/wpo they/ppss contained/vbd assumed/vbd the/at order/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss find/vb them/ppo ./. The/at process/nn usually/rb began/vbd with/in a/at tutor/nn boasting/vbg about/in a/at boy/nn ,/, as/cs Chappell/np had/hvd boasted/vbn about/in Lightfoot/np ,/, to/in the/at higher/jjr officers/nns of/in the/at college/nn and/cc university/nn ./. Then/rb the/at various/jj officers/nns of/in the/at college/nn might/md take/vb up/rp the/at case/nn ./. It/pps would/md ,/, however/rb ,/, reach/vb the/at proctors/nns and/cc other/ap officers/nns in/in charge/nn of/in the/at public-school/nn performances/nns of/in the/at incepting/vbg bachelors/nns ,/, and/cc the/at place/nn that/wpo any/dti individual/nn obtained/vbd in/in the/at lists/nns depended/vbd greatly/rb on/in how/wrb he/pps comported/vbd himself/ppl in/in the/at public/jj schools/nns during/in his/pp$ acts/nns therein/rb as/cs he/pps was/bedz incepting/vbg ./. Of/in course/nn the/at higher/jjr officials/nns could/md add/vb or/cc place/vb a/at name/nn on/in the/at list/nn wherever/wrb they/ppss wished/vbd ./. Milton's/np$ name/nn being/beg fourth/od is/bez neither/cc too/ql high/rb nor/cc too/ql low/rb to/to be/be assigned/vbn to/in the/at arbitrary/jj action/nn of/in vice-chancellor/nn ,/, proctor/nn ,/, master/nn ,/, or/cc other/ap mighty/jj hand/nn ./. He/pps evidently/rb earned/vbd the/at place/nn assigned/vbn him/ppo ./. Recapitulation/nn of/in Milton's/np$ undergraduate/jj career/nn Looking/vbg back/rb from/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1629/cd over/in the/at four/cd years/nns of/in Milton's/np$ undergraduate/jj days/nns ,/, certain/jj phases/nns of/in his/pp$ college/nn career/nn stand/vb out/rp as/cs of/in permanent/jj consequence/nn to/in him/ppo and/cc hence/rb to/in us/ppo ./. Of/in course/nn the/at principal/jjs factor/nn in/in the/at whole/jj experience/nn was/bedz the/at kind/nn of/in education/nn he/pps received/vbd ./. It/pps differed/vbd from/in what/wdt an/at undergraduate/nn receives/vbz today/nr from/in any/dti American/jj college/nn or/cc university/nn mainly/rb in/in the/at certainty/nn of/in what/wdt he/pps was/bedz forced/vbn to/to learn/vb compared/vbn with/in the/at loose/jj and/cc widely/rb scattered/vbn information/nn obtained/vbn today/nr by/in most/ap of/in our/pp$ undergraduates/nns ./. Milton/np was/bedz required/vbn to/to absorb/vb and/cc display/vb an/at intensive/jj and/cc accurate/jj knowledge/nn of/in Latin/jj grammar/nn ,/, logic-rhetoric/nn ,/, ethics/nn ,/, physics/nn or/cc natural/jj philosophy/nn ,/, metaphysics/nn ,/, and/cc Latin/np ,/, Greek/np ,/, and/cc Hebrew/np ./. He/pps had/hvd also/rb sampled/vbn various/jj special/jj fields/nns of/in learning/vbg ,/, being/beg unable/jj to/to miss/vb some/dti study/nn of/in divinity/nn ,/, Justinian/np (/( law/nn )/) ,/, and/cc Galen/np (/( medicine/nn )/) ./. Above/in all/abn ,/, he/pps had/hvd learned/vbn to/to write/vb formal/jj Latin/jj prose/nn and/cc verse/nn to/in a/at remarkable/jj degree/nn of/in artistry/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd learned/vbn to/to dispute/vb devastatingly/rb ,/, both/abx formally/rb and/cc informally/rb in/in Latin/np ,/, and/cc according/in to/in the/at rules/nns on/in any/dti topic/nn ,/, pro/jj or/cc con/jj ,/, drawn/vbn from/in almost/rb any/dti subject/nn ,/, more/ql especially/rb from/in Aristotle's/np$ works/nns ./. He/pps could/md produce/vb carefully/rb constructed/vbn orations/nns ,/, set/vbn and/cc formal/jj speeches/nns ,/, artfully/rb and/cc prayerfully/rb made/vbn by/in writing/vbg and/cc rewriting/vbg with/in all/abn the/at aid/nn his/pp$ tutor/nn and/cc others/nns could/md provide/vb ,/, and/cc then/rb delivered/vbn verbatim/rb from/in memory/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd also/rb learned/vbn to/to dispute/vb extempore/rb remarkably/ql well/rb ,/, the/at main/jjs evidence/nn for/in which/wdt of/in course/nn is/bez the/at presence/nn of/in his/pp$ name/nn in/in the/at honors/nns list/nn of/in 1628/29/cd ./. He/pps also/rb displayed/vbd the/at ability/nn to/to write/vb Latin/jj verse/nn on/in almost/rb any/dti topic/nn of/in dispute/nn ,/, the/at verses/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to be/be delivered/vbn from/in memory/nn ./. Then/rb we/ppss have/hv surviving/vbg at/in least/ap one/cd instance/nn of/in a/at poem/nn prepared/vbn for/in another/dt ,/, in/in Naturam/fw-nn-tl non/fw-*-tl Pati/fw-vb-tl Senium/fw-nn-tl ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb also/rb the/at De/fw-in-tl Idea/fw-nn-tl Platonica/fw-jj-tl ./. But/cc his/pp$ greatest/jjt achievement/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ own/jj eyes/nns and/cc in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns and/cc teachers/nns ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ amazing/jj ability/nn to/to produce/vb literary/jj Latin/jj pieces/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz often/rb called/vbn on/in to/to do/do so/rb ./. These/dts were/bed his/pp$ public/jj academic/jj activities/nns ,/, domi/fw-rb forisque/fw-rb+cc ,/, in/in the/at college/nn and/cc in/in the/at university/nn ./. And/cc his/pp$ performances/nns attracted/vbd much/ap attention/nn ,/, as/cs the/at frequency/nn of/in his/pp$ surviving/vbg pieces/nns in/in any/dti calendar/nn that/wps may/md be/be set/vbn up/rp for/in his/pp$ undergraduate/jj activities/nns testifies/vbz ./. His/pp$ other/ap activities/nns are/ber not/* so/ql easily/rb recovered/vbn ./. His/pp$ statements/nns about/in sports/nns and/cc exercises/nns of/in a/at physical/jj nature/nn are/ber suggestive/jj ,/, but/cc inconclusive/jj ./. His/pp$ later/jjr boastings/nns of/in his/pp$ skill/nn with/in the/at small/jj sword/nn are/ber indicative/jj of/in much/ap time/nn and/cc practice/nn devoted/vbn to/in the/at use/nn of/in that/dt weapon/nn ./. Venn/np and/cc others/nns have/hv dealt/vbn with/in sports/nns and/cc pastimes/nns at/in Cambridge/np in/in Milton's/np$ day/nn with/in not/* very/ql specific/jj results/nns ./. Milton/np himself/ppl ,/, uncommunicative/jj as/cs he/pps is/bez about/in his/pp$ lesser/jjr and/cc nonliterary/jj activities/nns ,/, at/in least/ap gives/vbz us/ppo some/dti evidence/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at great/jj walker/nn ,/, under/in any/dti and/cc all/abn conditions/nns ./. His/pp$ early/jj poems/nns and/cc some/dti of/in his/pp$ prose/nn prolusions/nns speak/vb of/in wanderings/nns in/in the/at city/nn and/cc the/at neighboring/vbg country/nn that/wps may/md be/be extended/vbn to/in Cambridge/np and/cc its/pp$ surrounding/vbg countryside/nn ./. The/at town/nn itself/ppl and/cc the/at ``/`` reedy/jj Cam/np ''/'' he/pps often/rb visited/vbd ,/, as/cs did/dod all/abn in/in the/at university/nn ./. The/at churches/nns ,/, the/at taverns/nns ,/, and/cc the/at various/jj other/ap places/nns of/in the/at town/nn must/md have/hv known/vbn his/pp$ figure/nn well/rb as/cs he/pps roved/vbd to/in and/cc about/in them/ppo ./. The/at tiny/jj hamlet/nn of/in Chesterton/np to/in the/at north/nr ,/, with/in the/at fens/nns and/cc marshes/nns lying/vbg on/rp down/in the/at Ouse/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, may/md have/hv attracted/vbn him/ppo often/rb ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod many/ap other/ap youths/nns of/in the/at time/nn ./. The/at Gog/np-tl Magog/np-tl Hills/nns-tl to/in the/at southeast/nr afforded/vbd him/ppo and/cc all/abn other/ap students/nns a/at vantage/nn point/nn from/in which/wdt to/to view/vb the/at town/nn and/cc university/nn of/in their/pp$ dwelling/nn ./. The/at country/nn about/in Cambridge/np is/bez flat/jj and/cc not/* particularly/ql spectacular/jj in/in its/pp$ scenery/nn ,/, though/cs it/pps offers/vbz easy/jj going/vbg to/in the/at foot/nn traveler/nn ./. Ball/nn games/nns ,/, especially/rb football/nn ,/, required/vbd some/dti attention/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap organized/vbn sports/nns may/md have/hv attracted/vbn him/ppo as/cs participant/nn or/cc spectator/nn ./. He/pps smoked/vbd ,/, as/cs did/dod everybody/pn ,/, and/cc imbibed/vbd the/at various/jj alcoholic/jj beverages/nns of/in that/dt day/nn ,/, although/cs his/pp$ protestations/nns while/cs at/in Cambridge/np and/cc after/rb that/cs he/pps was/bedz no/at drunkard/nn point/vb to/in reasonable/jj abstinence/nn from/in the/at wild/jj drinking/vbg bouts/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at undergraduates/nns and/cc ,/, we/ppss must/md add/vb ,/, of/in some/dti of/in their/pp$ elders/nns including/in many/ap of/in the/at regents/nns or/cc teachers/nns ./. What/wdt manner/nn of/in person/nn does/doz Milton/np appear/vb to/to have/hv been/ben when/wrb as/cs an/at undergraduate/nn he/pps resided/vbd at/in Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl ?/. ?/. He/pps was/bedz then/rb a/at slightly/rb built/vbn young/jj man/nn of/in pleasing/jj appearance/nn ,/, medium/jj stature/nn ,/, and/cc handsome/jj face/nn ./. Graceful/jj as/cs his/pp$ fencing/vbg and/cc dancing/vbg lessons/nns had/hvd taught/vbn him/ppo to/to be/be in/in addition/nn to/in the/at natural/jj grace/nn of/in his/pp$ slight/jj ,/, wiry/jj frame/nn ,/, he/pps cut/vbd enough/ap of/in a/at figure/nn to/to have/hv evoked/vbn a/at nickname/nn in/in the/at college/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt he/pps himself/ppl referred/vbd in/in Prolusion/nn-tl 6/cd-tl :/. :/. A/fw-in quibusdam/fw-wpo ,/, ,/, audivi/fw-vbd nuper/fw-rb Domina/fw-nn-tl ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, if/cs we/ppss can/md trust/vb that/dt most/ql specious/jj of/in prolusions/nns ,/, packed/vbn as/cs it/pps is/bez with/in wit/nn and/cc persiflage/nn ./. The/at Domina/fw-nn-tl-nc sounds/vbz real/jj enough/qlp ,/, if/cs we/ppss could/md only/rb trust/vb the/at conditions/nns under/in which/wdt we/ppss learn/vb of/in its/pp$ use/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc anyone/pn who/wps would/md put/vb much/ap trust/nn in/in any/dti phase/nn of/in Prolusion/nn-tl 6/cd-tl ,/, except/in its/pp$ illusive/jj allusiveness/nn deserves/vbz whatever/wdt fate/nn may/md be/be meted/vbn out/rp to/in him/ppo by/in virtue/nn of/in the/at egregiously/ql stilted/jj banter/nn ./. In/in short/jj ,/, the/at traditional/jj epithet/nn for/in Milton/np of/in '/' Lady/nn-tl of/in-tl Christ's/np$-tl '/' ,/, while/cs eminently/ql fitting/jj ,/, rests/vbz only/rb on/in this/dt baffling/jj passage/nn in/in the/at midst/nn of/in the/at most/ql treacherous/jj piece/nn of/in writing/vbg Milton/np left/vbd us/ppo ./. Aubrey's/np$ mention/nn of/in it/ppo (/( 2:67/cd ,/, and/cc Bodleian/np-tl MS/np-tl Aubr./np-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, F./np 63/cd )/) comes/vbz from/in this/dt prolusion/nn ,/, through/in Christopher/np Milton/np or/cc Edward/np Phillips/np ./. It/pps is/bez not/* a/at question/nn of/in truth/nn or/cc falsity/nn ;/. ;/. the/at prolusion/nn in/in which/wdt the/at autobiographic/jj statement/nn about/in the/at epithet/nn occurs/vbz is/bez such/abl a/at mass/nn of/in intentionally/rb buried/vbn allusions/nns that/cs almost/rb nothing/pn in/in it/pps can/md be/be accepted/vbn as/cs true/jj --/-- or/cc discarded/vbn as/cs false/jj ./. The/at entire/jj exercise/nn ,/, Latin/np and/cc English/np ,/, is/bez most/ql suggestive/jj of/in the/at kind/nn of/in person/nn Milton/np had/hvd become/vbn at/in Christ's/np$-tl during/in his/pp$ undergraduate/jj career/nn ;/. ;/. the/at mere/jj fact/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz selected/vbn ,/, though/cs as/cs a/at substitute/nn ,/, to/to act/vb as/cs interlocutor/nn or/cc moderator/nn for/in it/ppo ,/, or/cc perhaps/rb we/ppss should/md say/vb with/in Buck/np as/cs '/' father/nn of/in the/at act/nn '/' ,/, is/bez in/in itself/ppl a/at difficult/jj phase/nn of/in his/pp$ development/nn to/to grasp/vb ./. Milton/np was/bedz to/to act/vb as/cs the/at archfool/nn ,/, the/at supreme/jj wit/nn ,/, the/at lightly/rb bantering/vbg pater/fw-nn ,/, Pater/fw-nn-tl Liber/fw-jj-tl ,/, who/wps could/md at/in once/rb trip/vb lightly/rb over/in that/dt which/wdt deserved/vbd such/jj treatment/nn ,/, or/cc could/md at/in will/nn annihilate/vb the/at common/jj enemies/nns of/in the/at college/nn gathering/nn ,/, and/cc with/in words/nns alone/rb ./. From/in an/at exercise/nn involving/vbg merely/rb raucous/jj ,/, rough-and-tumble/jj comedy/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ hands/nns the/at performance/nn turned/vbd into/in a/at revel/nn of/in wit/nn and/cc word/nn play/nn ,/, indecent/jj at/in times/nns ,/, but/cc always/rb learned/jj ,/, pointed/jj ,/, and/cc carefully/rb aimed/vbn at/in some/dti individuals/nns present/rb ,/, and/cc at/in the/at whole/jj assembly/nn ./. To/to do/do this/dt successfully/rb required/vbd great/jj skill/nn and/cc a/at special/jj talent/nn for/in both/abx solemn/jj and/cc ribald/jj raillery/nn ,/, a/at talent/nn not/* bestowed/vbn on/in many/ap persons/nns ,/, but/cc one/cd with/in which/wdt Milton/np was/bedz marked/vbn as/cs being/beg endowed/vbn and/cc in/in which/wdt ,/, at/in least/ap in/in this/dt performance/nn ,/, he/pps obviously/rb reveled/vbd ./. It/pps may/md be/be thought/vbn unfortunate/jj that/cs he/pps was/bedz called/vbn on/in entirely/rb by/in accident/nn to/to perform/vb ,/, if/cs again/rb we/ppss may/md trust/vb the/at opening/nn of/in the/at oratio/fw-nn ,/, for/cs it/pps marks/vbz the/at beginning/nn for/in us/ppo of/in his/pp$ use/nn of/in his/pp$ peculiar/jj form/nn of/in witty/jj word/nn play/nn that/wps even/rb in/in this/dt Latin/jj banter/nn has/hvz in/in it/ppo the/at unmistakable/jj element/nn of/in viciousness/nn and/cc an/at almost/ql sadistic/jj delight/nn in/in verbally/rb tormenting/vbg an/at adversary/nn ./. But/cc the/at real/jj beginnings/nns of/in this/dt development/nn in/in him/ppo go/vb back/rb to/in the/at opposing/vbg of/in grammar/nn school/nn ,/, and/cc probably/rb if/cs it/pps had/hvd not/* been/ben this/dt occasion/nn and/cc these/dts Latin/jj lines/nns it/pps would/md have/hv been/ben some/dti others/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at first/od prolusion/nn ,/, that/wps set/vbd off/rp this/dt streak/nn in/in him/ppo of/in unbridled/vbn and/cc scathing/vbg verbal/jj attack/nn on/in an/at enemy/nn ./. All/abn western/jj Europe/np would/md hear/vb and/cc listen/vb to/in him/ppo in/in this/dt same/ap vein/nn about/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at century/nn ./. But/cc these/dts prolusions/nns that/wpo we/ppss have/hv surviving/vbg from/in the/at Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl days/nns are/ber only/rb one/cd phase/nn of/in his/pp$ existence/nn then/rb ./. Perhaps/rb his/pp$ most/ql important/jj private/jj activity/nn was/bedz the/at combination/nn of/in reading/vbg ,/, discussion/nn with/in a/at few/ap --/-- if/cs we/ppss can/md trust/vb his/pp$ writings/nns to/in Diodati/np and/cc the/at younger/jjr Gill/np ,/, very/ql few/ap --/-- congenial/jj companions/nns ./. Lines/nns 23-36/cd of/in Lycidas/np later/rbr point/vb to/in a/at friendship/nn with/in Edward/np King/np ,/, who/wps entered/vbd Christ's/np$-tl College/nn-tl 9/cd June/np 1626/cd ./. No/at other/ap names/nns among/in the/at young/jj men/nns in/in residence/nn at/in the/at time/nn seem/vb to/to have/hv been/ben even/rb suggested/vbn by/in Milton/np as/cs those/dts of/in persons/nns with/in whom/wpo he/pps in/in any/dti way/nn consorted/vbd ./. But/cc that/dt scarcely/rb means/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz the/at aloof/jj ,/, forbidding/vbg type/nn of/in student/nn who/wps shared/vbd few/ap if/cs any/dti activities/nns with/in his/pp$ fellows/nns ,/, the/at banter/nn of/in the/at surviving/vbg prolusions/nns providing/vbg enough/ap evidence/nn to/to deny/vb this/dt ./. Apparently/rb he/pps was/bedz not/* a/at participant/nn in/in the/at college/nn or/cc university/nn theatricals/nns ,/, which/wdt he/pps once/rb attacked/vbd as/cs utterly/ql unworthy/jj performances/nns (/( see/vb Apology/nn-tl ,/, 3:300/cd )/) ;/. ;/. but/cc even/rb in/in that/dt famous/jj passage/nn ,/, Milton/np was/bedz aiming/vbg not/* at/in the/at theatricals/nns as/cs such/jj but/cc at/in their/pp$ performance/nn by/in '/' persons/nns either/cc enter'd/vbn ,/, or/cc presently/rb to/to enter/vb into/in the/at ministry/nn ./. The/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps nowhere/rb mentioned/vbd theatrical/jj performances/nns as/cs part/nn of/in the/at activities/nns of/in the/at boys/nns later/rbr in/in his/pp$ hypothetical/jj academy/nn (/( 1644/cd )/) should/md not/* be/be taken/vbn too/ql seriously/rb as/cs evidence/nn that/cs he/pps desired/vbd them/ppo to/to eschew/vb such/jj performances/nns ./. Perhaps/rb ,/, in/in that/dt short/jj piece/nn or/cc letter/nn written/vbn to/in Hartlib/np in/in which/wdt he/pps sketched/vbd his/pp$ scheme/nn for/in educating/vbg young/jj men/nns ,/, he/pps merely/rb overlooked/vbd that/dt phase/nn of/in their/pp$ exercises/nns ./.

cg69

cg69 |@word writer:5 class:1 science:31 fiction:18 clearly:2 mind:4 assumption:2 man:16 master:1 principle:3 cause:2 effect:2 universe:2 mastery:1 necessarily:1 well:5 human:13 lot:1 hand:2 bright:2 vision:4 future:7 directly:2 state:2 concern:1 project:1 ideal:3 society:3 course:4 relate:2 sometimes:1 distantly:1 utopian:3 literature:3 optimistic:2 whose:1 period:2 great:6 vigor:2 late:1 nineteenth:1 early:3 twentieth:2 century:3 produce:2 edward:1 bellamy:1 look:1 backward:1 wells:3 modern:1 utopia:3 arthur:1 clarke:1 childhood:5 end:5 1953:4 though:4 write:1 present:5 flood:3 dystopia:6 begin:1 see:4 define:1 apparently:1 indebted:1 kurd:1 lasswitz:1 romance:1 auf:1 zwei:1 planeten:1 1897:1 also:4 history:1 especially:1 world:10 set:2 free:2 1914:1 shape:1 thing:1 come:3 1933:1 describe:5 bloodless:1 conquest:1 earth:4 overlord:3 vastly:1 superior:1 creature:1 order:4 prepare:2 race:1 next:1 stage:1 development:1 eventual:1 merging:1 composite:1 arrive:1 time:3 stop:2 turn:4 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Writers/nns of/in this/dt class/nn of/in science/nn fiction/nn have/hv clearly/rb in/in mind/nn the/at assumptions/nns that/cs man/nn can/md master/vb the/at principles/nns of/in this/dt cause-and-effect/jj universe/nn and/cc that/cs such/jj mastery/nn will/md necessarily/rb better/vb the/at human/jj lot/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at bright/jj vision/nn of/in the/at future/nn has/hvz been/ben directly/rb stated/vbn in/in science/nn fiction/nn concerned/vbn with/in projecting/vbg ideal/jj societies/nns --/-- science/nn fiction/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez related/vbn ,/, if/cs sometimes/rb distantly/rb ,/, to/in that/dt utopian/jj literature/nn optimistic/jj about/in science/nn ,/, literature/nn whose/wp$ period/nn of/in greatest/jjt vigor/nn in/in the/at late/jj nineteenth/od and/cc early/jj twentieth/od centuries/nns produced/vbd Edward/np Bellamy's/np$ Looking/vbg-tl Backward/rb-tl and/cc H./np G./np Wells's/np$ A/at-tl Modern/jj-tl Utopia/np-tl ./. In/in Arthur/np Clarke's/np$ Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, though/cs written/vbn after/cs the/at present/jj flood/nn of/in dystopias/nns began/vbd ,/, we/ppss can/md see/vb the/at bright/jj vision/nn of/in science/nn fiction/nn clearly/rb defined/vbn ./. Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl --/-- apparently/rb indebted/jj to/in Kurd/np Lasswitz's/np$ Utopian/jj-tl romance/nn ,/, Auf/fw-in-tl Zwei/fw-cd-tl Planeten/fw-nns-tl (/( 1897/cd )/) ,/, and/cc also/rb to/in Wells's/np$ Histories/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Future/nn-tl ,/, especially/rb ,/, The/at-tl World/nn-tl Set/vbn-tl Free/jj-tl (/( 1914/cd )/) and/cc The/at-tl Shape/nn-tl Of/in-tl Things/nns-tl To/to-tl Come/vb-tl (/( 1933/cd )/) --/-- describes/vbz the/at bloodless/jj conquest/nn of/in earth/nn by/in the/at Overlords/nps ,/, vastly/ql superior/jj creatures/nns who/wps come/vb to/in our/pp$ world/nn in/in order/nn to/to prepare/vb the/at human/jj race/nn for/in its/pp$ next/ap stage/nn of/in development/nn ,/, an/at eventual/jj merging/nn with/in the/at composite/jj mind/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./. Arriving/vbg just/rb in/in time/nn to/to stop/vb men/nns from/in turning/vbg their/pp$ planet/nn into/in a/at radioactive/jj wasteland/nn ,/, the/at Overlords/nps unite/vb earth/nn into/in one/cd world/nn in/in which/wdt justice/nn ,/, order/nn ,/, and/cc benevolence/nn prevail/vb and/cc ignorance/nn ,/, poverty/nn ,/, and/cc fear/nn have/hv ceased/vbn to/to exist/vb ./. Under/in their/pp$ rule/nn ,/, earth/nn becomes/vbz a/at technological/jj utopia/nn ./. Both/abx abolition/nn of/in war/nn and/cc new/jj techniques/nns of/in production/nn ,/, particularly/rb robot/nn factories/nns ,/, greatly/rb increase/vb the/at world's/nn$ wealth/nn ,/, a/at situation/nn described/vbn in/in the/at following/vbg passage/nn ,/, which/wdt has/hvz the/at true/jj utopian/jj ring/nn :/: ``/`` Everything/pn was/bedz so/ql cheap/jj that/cs the/at necessities/nns of/in life/nn were/bed free/jj ,/, provided/vbn as/cs a/at public/jj service/nn by/in the/at community/nn ,/, as/cs roads/nns ,/, water/nn ,/, street/nn lighting/nn and/cc drainage/nn had/hvd once/rb been/ben ./. A/at man/nn could/md travel/vb anywhere/rb he/pps pleased/vbd ,/, eat/vb whatever/wdt he/pps fancied/vbd --/-- without/in handing/vbg over/rp any/dti money/nn ''/'' ./. With/in destructive/jj tensions/nns and/cc pressures/nns removed/vbn men/nns have/hv the/at vigor/nn and/cc energy/nn to/to construct/vb a/at new/jj human/jj life/nn --/-- rebuilding/vbg entire/jj cities/nns ,/, expanding/vbg facilities/nns for/in entertainment/nn ,/, providing/vbg unlimited/jj opportunities/nns for/in education/nn --/-- indeed/rb ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn giving/vbg everyone/pn the/at chance/nn to/to employ/vb his/pp$ talents/nns to/in the/at fullest/jjt ./. Mankind/nn ,/, as/cs a/at result/nn ,/, attains/vbz previously/rb undreamed/jj of/in levels/nns of/in civilization/nn and/cc culture/nn ,/, a/at golden/jj age/nn which/wdt the/at Overlords/nps ,/, a/at very/ql evident/jj symbol/nn of/in science/nn ,/, have/hv helped/vbn produce/vb by/in introducing/vbg reason/nn and/cc the/at scientific/jj method/nn into/in human/jj activities/nns ./. Thus/rb science/nn is/bez the/at savior/nn of/in mankind/nn ,/, and/cc in/in this/dt respect/nn Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl only/rb blueprints/vbz in/in greater/jjr detail/nn the/at vision/nn of/in the/at future/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs not/* always/rb so/ql directly/rb stated/vbn ,/, has/hvz nevertheless/rb been/ben present/jj in/in the/at minds/nns of/in most/ap science-fiction/nn writers/nns ./. Considering/in then/rb the/at optimism/nn which/wdt has/hvz permeated/vbn science/nn fiction/nn for/in so/ql long/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez really/ql remarkable/jj is/bez that/cs during/in the/at last/ap twelve/cd years/nns many/ap science-fiction/nn writers/nns have/hv turned/vbn about/rb and/cc attacked/vbn their/pp$ own/jj cherished/vbn vision/nn of/in the/at future/nn ,/, have/hv attacked/vbn the/at Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl kind/nn of/in faith/nn that/cs science/nn and/cc technology/nn will/md inevitably/rb better/vb the/at human/jj condition/nn ./. And/cc they/ppss have/hv done/vbn this/dt on/in a/at very/ql large/jj scale/nn ,/, with/in a/at veritable/jj flood/nn of/in novels/nns and/cc stories/nns which/wdt are/ber either/cc dystopias/nns or/cc narratives/nns of/in adventure/nn with/in dystopian/jj elements/nns ./. Because/rb of/in the/at means/nn of/in publication/nn --/-- science-fiction/nn magazines/nns and/cc cheap/jj paperbacks/nns --/-- and/cc because/cs dystopian/jj science/nn fiction/nn is/bez still/rb appearing/vbg in/in quantity/nn the/at full/jj range/nn and/cc extent/nn of/in this/dt phenomenon/nn can/md hardly/rb be/be known/vbn ,/, though/cs one/cd fact/nn is/bez evident/jj :/: the/at science-fiction/nn imagination/nn has/hvz been/ben immensely/rb fertile/jj in/in its/pp$ extrapolations/nns ./. Among/in the/at dystopias/nns ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Isaac/np Asimov's/np$ The/at-tl Caves/nns-tl Of/in-tl Steel/nn-tl (/( 1954/cd )/) portrays/vbz the/at deadly/jj effects/nns on/in human/jj life/nn of/in the/at super-city/nn of/in the/at future/nn ;/. ;/. James/np Blish's/np$ A/at-tl Case/nn-tl Of/in-tl Conscience/nn-tl (/( 1958/cd )/) describes/vbz a/at world/nn hiding/vbg from/in its/pp$ own/jj weapons/nns of/in destruction/nn in/in underground/jj shelters/nns ;/. ;/. Ray/np Bradbury's/np$ Fahrenheit/np-tl 451/cd-tl (/( 1954/cd )/) presents/nns a/at book-burning/jj society/nn in/in which/wdt wall/nn television/nn and/cc hearing-aid/nn radios/nns enslave/vb men's/nns$ minds/nns ;/. ;/. Walter/np M./np Miller/np ,/, Jr.'s/np$ ,/, A/at-tl Canticle/nn-tl For/in-tl Leibowitz/np-tl (/( 1959/cd )/) finds/vbz men/nns ,/, after/in the/at great/jj atomic/jj disaster/nn ,/, stumbling/vbg back/rb to/in their/pp$ previous/jj level/nn of/in civilization/nn and/cc another/dt catastrophe/nn ;/. ;/. Frederick/np Pohl's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Midas/np-tl Touch/nn-tl ''/'' (/( 1954/cd )/) predicts/vbz an/at economy/nn of/in abundance/nn which/wdt ,/, in/in order/nn to/to remain/vb prosperous/jj ,/, must/md set/vb its/pp$ robots/nns to/in consuming/vbg surplus/nn production/nn ;/. ;/. Clifford/np D./np Simak's/np$ ``/`` How-2/np ''/'' (/( 1954/cd )/) tells/vbz of/in a/at future/nn when/wrb robots/nns have/hv taken/vbn over/rp ,/, leaving/vbg men/nns nothing/pn to/to do/do ;/. ;/. and/cc Robert/np Sheckley's/np$ The/at-tl Status/nn-tl Civilization/nn-tl (/( 1960/cd )/) describes/vbz a/at world/nn which/wdt ,/, frightened/vbn by/in the/at powers/nns of/in destruction/nn science/nn has/hvz given/vbn it/ppo ,/, becomes/vbz static/jj and/cc conformist/jj ./. A/at more/ql complete/jj list/nn would/md also/rb include/vb Bradbury's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Pedestrian/nn-tl ''/'' (/( 1951/cd )/) ,/, Philip/np K./np Dick's/np$ Solar/jj-tl Lottery/nn-tl (/( 1955/cd )/) ,/, David/np Karp's/np$ One/cd-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, Wilson/np Tucker's/np$ The/at-tl Long/jj-tl Loud/jj-tl Silence/nn-tl (/( 1952/cd )/) ,/, Jack/np Vance's/np$ To/to-tl Live/vb-tl Forever/rb-tl (/( 1956/cd )/) ,/, Gore/np Vidal's/np$ Messiah/np-tl (/( 1954/cd )/) ,/, and/cc Bernard/np Wolfe's/np$ Limbo/nn-tl (/( 1952/cd )/) ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at three/cd perhaps/rb most/ql outstanding/jj dystopias/nns ,/, Frederik/np Pohl/np and/cc C./np M./np Kornbluth's/np$ The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, Kurt/np Vonnegut's/np$ Player/nn-tl Piano/nn-tl (/( 1952/cd )/) ,/, and/cc John/np Wyndham's/np$ Re-Birth/nn-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, works/nns which/wdt we/ppss will/md later/rbr examine/vb in/in detail/nn ./. The/at novels/nns and/cc stories/nns like/cs Pohl's/np$ Drunkard's/nn$-tl Walk/nn-tl (/( 1960/cd )/) ,/, with/in the/at focus/nn on/in adventure/nn and/cc with/in the/at dystopian/jj elements/nns only/rb a/at dim/jj background/nn --/-- in/in this/dt case/nn an/at uneasy/jj ,/, overpopulated/vbn world/nn in/in which/wdt the/at mass/nn of/in people/nns do/do uninteresting/jj routine/jj jobs/nns while/cs a/at carefully/rb selected/vbn ,/, university-trained/jj elite/nn runs/vbz everything/pn --/-- are/ber in/in all/abn likelihood/nn as/ql numerous/jj as/cs dystopias/nns ./. There/ex is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, nothing/pn new/jj about/in dystopias/nns ,/, for/cs they/ppss belong/vb to/in a/at literary/jj tradition/nn which/wdt ,/, including/in also/rb the/at closely/rb related/vbn satiric/jj utopias/nns ,/, stretches/vbz from/in at/in least/ap as/ql far/rb back/rb as/cs the/at eighteenth/od century/nn and/cc Swift's/np$ Gulliver's/np$ Travels/nns-tl to/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn and/cc Zamiatin's/np$ We/ppss-tl ,/, Capek's/np$ War/nn-tl With/in-tl The/at-tl Newts/nns-tl ,/, Huxley's/np$ Brave/jj-tl New/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, E./np M./np Forster's/np$ ``/`` The/at-tl Machine/nn-tl Stops/vbz-tl ''/'' ,/, C./np S./np Lewis's/np$ That/dt-tl Hideous/jj-tl Strength/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Orwell's/np$ Nineteen/cd-tl Eighty-Four/cd-tl ,/, and/cc which/wdt in/in science/nn fiction/nn is/bez represented/vbn before/in the/at present/jj deluge/nn as/ql early/rb as/cs Wells's/np$ trilogy/nn ,/, The/at-tl Time/nn-tl Machine/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` A/at-tl Story/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Days/nns-tl To/to-tl Come/vb-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc When/wrb-tl The/at-tl Sleeper/nn-tl Wakes/vbz-tl ,/, and/cc as/ql recently/rb as/cs Jack/np Williamson's/np$ ``/`` With/in-tl Folded/vbn-tl Hands/nns-tl ''/'' (/( 1947/cd )/) ,/, the/at classic/jj story/nn of/in men/nns replaced/vbn by/in their/pp$ own/jj robots/nns ./. What/wdt makes/vbz the/at current/jj phenomenon/nn unique/jj is/bez that/cs so/ql many/ap science-fiction/nn writers/nns have/hv reversed/vbn a/at trend/nn and/cc turned/vbn to/in writing/vbg works/nns critical/jj of/in the/at impact/nn of/in science/nn and/cc technology/nn on/in human/jj life/nn ./. Since/cs the/at great/jj flood/nn of/in these/dts dystopias/nns has/hvz appeared/vbn only/rb in/in the/at last/ap twelve/cd years/nns ,/, it/pps seems/vbz fairly/ql reasonable/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs the/at chief/jjs impetus/nn was/bedz the/at 1949/cd publication/nn of/in Nineteen/cd-tl Eighty-Four/cd-tl ,/, an/at assumption/nn which/wdt is/bez supported/vbn by/in the/at frequent/jj echoes/nns of/in such/jj details/nns as/cs Room/nn-tl 101/cd-tl ,/, along/rb with/in education/nn by/in conditioning/vbg from/in Brave/jj-tl New/jj-tl World/nn-tl ,/, a/at book/nn to/in which/wdt science-fiction/nn writers/nns may/md well/rb have/hv returned/vbn with/in new/jj interest/nn after/cs reading/vbg the/at more/ql powerful/jj Orwell/np dystopia/nn ./. Not/* all/abn recent/jj science/nn fiction/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez dystopian/jj ,/, for/cs the/at optimistic/jj strain/nn is/bez still/rb very/ql much/ql alive/jj in/in Mission/nn-tl Of/in-tl Gravity/nn-tl and/cc Childhood's/nn$-tl End/nn-tl ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in many/ap other/ap recent/jj popular/jj novels/nns and/cc stories/nns like/cs Fred/np Hoyle's/np$ The/at-tl Black/jj-tl Cloud/nn-tl (/( 1957/cd )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc among/in works/nns of/in dystopian/jj science/nn fiction/nn ,/, not/* all/abn provide/vb intelligent/jj criticism/nn and/cc very/ql few/ap have/hv much/ap merit/nn as/cs literature/nn --/-- but/cc then/rb real/jj quality/nn has/hvz always/rb been/ben scarce/jj in/in science/nn fiction/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber many/ap areas/nns of/in the/at human/jj situation/nn besides/in the/at impact/nn of/in science/nn and/cc technology/nn which/wdt are/ber examined/vbn ,/, for/in science-fiction/nn dystopias/nns often/rb extrapolate/vb political/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, economic/jj tendencies/nns only/rb indirectly/rb related/vbn to/in science/nn and/cc technology/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, with/in all/abn these/dts qualifications/nns and/cc exceptions/nns ,/, the/at current/jj dystopian/jj phenomenon/nn remains/vbz impressive/jj for/in its/pp$ criticism/nn that/cs science/nn and/cc technology/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in bringing/vbg utopia/nn ,/, may/md well/rb enslave/vb ,/, dehumanize/vb ,/, and/cc even/rb destroy/vb men/nns ./. How/wql effectively/rb these/dts warnings/nns can/md be/be presented/vbn is/bez seen/vbn in/in Pohl/np and/cc Kornbluth's/np$ The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl ,/, Vonnegut's/np$ Player/nn-tl Piano/nn-tl and/cc Wyndham's/np$ Re-Birth/nn-tl ./. Easily/rb the/at best/rbt known/vbn of/in these/dts three/cd novels/nns is/bez The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl ,/, a/at good/jj example/nn of/in a/at science-fiction/nn dystopia/nn which/wdt extrapolates/vbz much/ql more/rbr than/cs the/at impact/nn of/in science/nn on/in human/jj life/nn ,/, though/cs its/pp$ most/ql important/jj warning/nn is/bez in/in this/dt area/nn ,/, namely/rb as/in to/in the/at use/nn to/in which/wdt discoveries/nns in/in the/at behavioral/jj sciences/nns may/md be/be put/vbn ./. The/at novel/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez not/* merely/rb dystopian/jj but/cc also/rb brilliantly/rb satiric/jj ,/, describes/vbz a/at future/jj America/np where/wrb one-sixteenth/nn of/in the/at population/nn ,/, the/at men/nns who/wps run/vb advertising/vbg agencies/nns and/cc big/jj corporations/nns ,/, control/vb the/at rest/nn of/in the/at people/nns ,/, the/at submerged/vbn fifteen-sixteenths/nns who/wps are/ber the/at workers/nns and/cc consumers/nns ,/, with/in the/at government/nn being/beg no/at more/ap than/cs ``/`` a/at clearing/vbg house/nn for/in pressures/nns ''/'' ./. Like/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, the/at economy/nn of/in the/at space/nn merchants/nns must/md constantly/rb expand/vb in/in order/nn to/to survive/vb ,/, and/cc ,/, like/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, it/pps is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at principle/nn of/in ``/`` ever/rb increasing/vbg everybody's/pn$ work/nn and/cc profits/nns in/in the/at circle/nn of/in consumption/nn ''/'' ./. The/at consequences/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, have/hv been/ben dreadful/jj :/: reckless/jj expansion/nn has/hvz led/vbn to/in overpopulation/nn ,/, pollution/nn of/in the/at earth/nn and/cc depletion/nn of/in its/pp$ natural/jj resources/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, even/rb the/at most/ql successful/jj executive/nn lives/vbz in/in a/at two-room/jj apartment/nn while/cs ordinary/jj people/nns rent/vb space/nn in/in the/at stairwells/nns of/in office/nn buildings/nns in/in which/wdt to/to sleep/vb at/in night/nn ;/. ;/. soyaburgers/nns have/hv replaced/vbn meat/nn ,/, and/cc wood/nn has/hvz become/vbn so/ql precious/jj that/cs it/pps is/bez saved/vbn for/in expensive/jj jewelry/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at atmosphere/nn is/bez so/ql befouled/vbn that/cs no/at one/pn dares/vbz walk/vb in/in the/at open/nn without/in respirators/nns or/cc soot/nn plugs/nns ./. While/cs The/at Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl indicates/vbz ,/, as/cs Kingsley/np Amis/np has/hvz correctly/rb observed/vbn ,/, some/dti of/in the/at ``/`` impending/vbg consequences/nns of/in the/at growth/nn of/in industrial/jj and/cc commercial/jj power/nn ''/'' and/cc satirizes/vbz ``/`` existing/vbg habits/nns in/in the/at advertising/vbg profession/nn ''/'' ,/, its/pp$ warning/nn and/cc analysis/nn penetrate/vb much/ql deeper/rbr ./. What/wdt is/bez wrong/jj with/in advertising/vbg is/bez not/* only/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez an/at ``/`` outrage/nn ,/, an/at assault/nn on/in people's/nns$ mental/jj privacy/nn ''/'' or/cc that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at major/jj cause/nn for/in a/at wasteful/jj economy/nn of/in abundance/nn or/cc that/cs it/pps contains/vbz a/at coercive/jj tendency/nn (/( which/wdt is/bez closer/rbr to/in the/at point/nn )/) ./. Rather/rb what/wdt Kornbluth/np and/cc Pohl/np are/ber really/rb doing/vbg is/bez warning/vbg against/in the/at dangers/nns inherent/jj in/in perfecting/vbg ``/`` a/at science/nn of/in man/nn and/cc his/pp$ motives/nns ''/'' ./. The/at-tl Space/nn-tl Merchants/nns-tl ,/, like/cs such/jj humanist/jj documents/nns as/cs Joseph/np Wood/np Krutch's/np$ The/at-tl Measure/nn-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl and/cc C./np S./np Lewis's/np$ The/at-tl Abolition/nn-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl ,/, considers/vbz what/wdt may/md result/vb from/in the/at scientific/jj study/nn of/in human/jj nature/nn ./. If/cs man/nn is/bez actually/rb the/at product/nn of/in his/pp$ environment/nn and/cc if/cs science/nn can/md discover/vb the/at laws/nns of/in human/jj nature/nn and/cc the/at ways/nns in/in which/wdt environment/nn determines/vbz what/wdt people/nns do/do ,/, then/rb someone/pn --/-- a/at someone/pn probably/rb standing/vbg outside/in traditional/jj systems/nns of/in values/nns --/-- can/md turn/vb around/rb and/cc develop/vb completely/ql efficient/jj means/nns for/in controlling/vbg people/nns ./. Thus/rb we/ppss will/md have/hv a/at society/nn consisting/vbg of/in the/at planners/nns or/cc conditioners/nns ,/, and/cc the/at controlled/vbn ./. And/cc this/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez exactly/rb what/wdt Madison/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben accused/vbn of/in doing/vbg albeit/cs in/in a/at primitive/jj way/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ ``/`` hidden/vbn persuaders/nns ''/'' and/cc what/wdt the/at space/nn merchants/nns accomplish/vb with/in much/ql greater/jjr sophistication/nn and/cc precision/nn ./. Pohl/np and/cc Kornbluth's/np$ ad/nn men/nns have/hv long/ql since/rb thrown/vbn out/rp appeals/nns to/in reason/nn and/cc developed/vbn techniques/nns of/in advertising/vbg which/wdt tie/vb in/rp with/in ``/`` every/at basic/jj trauma/nn and/cc neurosis/nn in/in American/jj life/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt work/vb on/in the/at libido/nn of/in consumers/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber linked/vbn to/in the/at ``/`` great/jj prime/jj motivations/nns of/in the/at human/jj spirit/nn ''/'' ./. As/cs the/at hero/nn ,/, Mitchell/np Courtenay/np ,/, explains/vbz before/in his/pp$ conversion/nn ,/, the/at job/nn of/in advertising/vbg is/bez ``/`` to/to convince/vb people/nns without/in letting/vbg them/ppo know/vb that/cs they're/ppss+ber being/beg convinced/vbn ''/'' ./. And/cc to/to do/do this/dt requires/vbz first/rb of/in all/abn the/at kind/nn of/in information/nn about/in people/nns which/wdt is/bez provided/vbn by/in the/at scientists/nns in/in industrial/jj anthropology/nn and/cc consumer/nn research/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, tell/vb Courtenay/np that/cs three/cd days/nns is/bez the/at ``/`` optimum/jj priming/vbg period/nn for/in a/at closed/vbn social/jj circuit/nn to/to be/be triggered/vbn with/in a/at catalytic/jj cue-phrase/nn ''/'' --/-- which/wdt means/vbz that/cs an/at effective/jj propaganda/nn technique/nn is/bez to/to send/vb an/at idea/nn into/in circulation/nn and/cc then/rb three/cd days/nns later/rbr reinforce/vb or/cc undermine/vb it/ppo ./. And/cc the/at second/od requirement/nn for/in convincing/vbg people/nns without/in their/pp$ knowledge/nn is/bez artistic/jj talent/nn to/to prepare/vb the/at words/nns and/cc pictures/nns which/wdt persuade/vb by/in using/vbg the/at principles/nns which/wdt the/at scientists/nns have/hv discovered/vbn ./. Thus/rb the/at copywriter/nn in/in the/at world/nn of/in the/at space/nn merchants/nns is/bez the/at person/nn who/wps in/in earlier/jjr ages/nns might/md have/hv been/ben a/at lyric/jj poet/nn ,/, the/at person/nn ``/`` capable/jj of/in putting/vbg together/rb words/nns that/wps stir/vb and/cc move/vb and/cc sing/vb ''/'' ./. As/cs Courtenay/np explains/vbz ,/, ``/`` Here/rb in/in this/dt profession/nn we/ppss reach/vb into/in the/at souls/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns ./. And/cc we/ppss do/do it/ppo by/in taking/vbg talent/nn --/-- and/cc redirecting/vbg it/ppo ''/'' ./. Now/rb the/at basic/jj question/nn to/to be/be asked/vbn in/in this/dt situation/nn is/bez what/wdt motivates/vbz the/at manipulators/nns ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, what/wdt are/ber their/pp$ values/nns ?/. ?/. --/-- since/cs ,/, as/cs Courtenay/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` Nobody/pn should/md play/vb with/in lives/nns the/at way/nn we/ppss do/do unless/cs he's/pps+bez motivated/vbn by/in the/at highest/jjt ideals/nns ''/'' ./. But/cc the/at only/ap ideal/nn he/pps can/md think/vb of/in is/bez ``/`` Sales/nns ''/'' !/. !/. Indeed/rb ,/, again/rb and/cc again/rb ,/, the/at space/nn merchants/nns confirm/vb the/at prediction/nn of/in the/at humanists/nns that/cs the/at conditioners/nns and/cc behavioral/jj scientists/nns ,/, once/cs they/ppss have/hv seen/vbn through/in human/jj nature/nn ,/, will/md have/hv nothing/pn except/in their/pp$ impulses/nns and/cc desires/nns to/to guide/vb them/ppo ./.

cg70

cg70 |@word often:2 say:8 person:1 look:2 young:8 age:13 old:5 yet:3 even:11 extreme:2 case:2 seldom:1 go:1 far:4 astray:1 guess:2 actually:2 mean:4 suppose:2 almost:2 invariably:1 reveal:4 easily:1 recognizable:1 sign:1 engrave:1 body:2 mind:4 presence:2 minor:1 characteristic:2 quite:2 usual:1 stigmata:1 sufficient:1 diagnosis:1 nevertheless:2 assumption:1 youth:7 youthful:2 deceive:1 successfully:1 rouge:1 dyed:1 hair:1 express:1 word:2 may:9 little:1 less:4 obviously:2 surface:1 lose:2 bloom:1 submit:1 wrinkle:1 way:4 immediately:1 obvious:3 skeptical:1 cynical:2 despairing:1 idealistic:1 believing:1 much:3 give:3 profession:2 optimism:2 always:6 subtle:1 difference:3 supposedly:1 similar:1 opinion:13 hold:1 pessimism:1 defiant:1 anxious:1 confess:2 exaggerate:1 ostensible:1 gloom:1 exuberant:1 fact:6 regard:5 ability:1 face:1 awful:1 truth:3 enough:3 compensate:1 awfulness:1 similarly:1 protest:2 proclaim:1 good:3 arouse:1 least:5 either:4 suspicious:1 question:4 perhaps:1 exclamation:2 negro:1 see:8 tombstone:1 inscription:1 dead:2 sleep:1 boy:1 fool:1 nobody:1 unfortunate:1 never:7 truthfully:1 anyone:1 succeed:2 enter:1 deep:1 sixty:1 famous:2 line:1 greek:1 anthology:1 fading:1 beauty:1 dedicate:1 mirror:3 shrine:1 goddess:1 wise:2 attitude:2 venus:2 take:4 votive:1 glass:1 since:3 day:3 shall:1 let:2 come:4 contemplate:2 sad:1 inevitable:2 pass:1 bad:4 time:6 still:4 former:1 two:1 reason:5 one:13 crack:1 sometimes:3 real:1 although:2 inadequate:1 compensation:1 grow:1 serenity:1 fortunate:1 achieve:1 joy:1 something:3 hope:2 fear:1 set:1 free:1 better:1 first:2 without:4 get:2 rid:1 second:1 concern:4 thus:1 become:3 inclined:2 inquire:1 change:5 whether:1 represent:1 wisdom:1 experience:1 result:1 physical:1 exasperatingly:1 aware:2 answer:2 favorable:1 judge:1 raise:1 many:6 reader:2 department:1 doubt:3 discount:3 certain:1 simple:4 pretty:1 accurately:1 tell:2 like:3 know:8 make:3 public:2 glance:1 man:6 woman:1 self:3 remember:3 seem:8 utter:1 stranger:1 remote:1 past:2 discontinuous:2 present:2 lack:2 conscious:1 likeness:1 mature:1 personality:1 butterfly:1 imagine:2 caterpillar:1 part:1 find:2 difficult:1 conceive:1 state:1 affair:2 reverse:1 uninterrupted:1 continuity:1 persona:1 ego:1 absurd:1 tendency:3 psychologist:1 heraclitus:1 pirandello:1 proust:1 consciousness:1 flux:1 amid:1 nothing:1 remain:1 unchanged:1 child:2 unmistakably:1 father:2 despite:2 differ:1 greatly:1 well:4 fundamental:2 value:1 temperament:1 approach:1 conviction:2 course:1 specific:2 clearly:1 illustrate:1 intellectual:1 communist:2 near:1 extremely:1 conservative:1 reactionary:3 would:9 define:1 important:1 political:5 centrist:1 position:1 distinction:1 mr:2 nixon:1 khrushchev:1 hardly:1 worth:1 note:1 passionate:1 sure:3 shadow:1 whatever:2 capable:1 black:1 white:1 therefore:4 commit:2 logical:1 temporarily:1 morally:1 politically:1 sociologically:1 antiquated:1 already:1 hint:1 namely:2 indeed:1 subject:3 ground:1 longer:1 incapable:1 also:2 remind:1 incline:1 skepticism:2 kind:3 laodicean:1 commitment:1 eager:1 disapprove:1 resist:1 prevail:1 twelve:1 spencerian:1 liberal:4 consider:2 though:3 definition:1 repeatedly:1 spencer:1 several:1 vote:2 socialist:2 ticket:1 republican:1 democrat:1 franklin:1 roosevelt:1 every:2 candidate:1 year:2 staff:1 nation:2 try:2 limit:1 patience:1 editor:1 occasion:1 permit:1 write:1 editorial:1 bearing:1 social:2 thirty:1 close:1 succumb:1 private:1 climate:1 grant:1 russian:2 communism:2 weasel:1 encomium:1 interesting:1 experiment:1 thing:2 proud:1 unblemished:1 record:1 friend:1 think:2 receive:1 deserve:1 condemnation:1 lincoln:1 steffens:1 denounce:1 review:1 book:1 perfect:1 example:2 obsolete:1 could:4 understand:1 sympathize:1 retort:1 short:1 distance:1 ahead:1 visit:2 russia:1 voice:1 future:2 work:1 favorite:1 excuse:2 recant:1 approval:1 develop:1 impressed:1 openly:1 declare:1 principle:2 intention:1 leader:1 alienate:1 honorable:1 wait:1 turn:1 ago:1 sit:1 dinner:1 next:1 arthur:1 train:1 ask:2 suddenly:1 reply:3 colleague:1 paper:1 rank:1 moment:1 thought:1 leave:1 lot:1 latitude:1 utopian:1 across:1 samuel:1 johnson:1 pronouncement:1 remedy:1 ill:1 life:2 palliative:1 rather:3 radical:1 sum:1 profound:1 probably:1 explain:1 toward:1 society:2 phrase:1 choose:1 fill:1 page:1 particular:1 issue:1 mixture:1 tenuous:1 reflection:1 autobiography:1 awareness:1 remark:1 last:1 quarter:1 pacifism:2 serve:1 confirm:1 dissent:1 nowhere:1 simply:1 however:1 suggest:1 wrong:1 dilemma:2 solution:1 victim:1 ever:2 merely:1 senile:1 phenomenon:1 must:1 act:1 need:1 action:1 conclusive:1 apropo:1 call:2 cynicism:1 anecdote:1 source:1 forget:1 small:1 town:2 minister:1 stage:1 impressive:1 object:2 lesson:2 confine:1 lion:2 lamb:3 together:2 cage:1 outside:1 church:1 door:1 parishioner:1 whole:2 ultimately:1 county:1 enormously:1 impress:1 delegation:1 imitator:1 want:1 secret:1 earth:1 manage:1 trick:2 perfectly:1 involve:1 put:1 fresh:1 blasphemous:1 really:2 promise:1 lie:1 tense:1 expect:1 happen:1 general:1 opportunity:1 trouble:1 join:1 law:2 humane:1 barbarous:1 prescribe:1 death:2 penalty:1 murder:1 extenuate:1 circumstance:1 unaware:1 force:1 strong:1 contention:1 sacred:1 neither:1 individual:2 right:1 away:1 condemn:1 noose:1 electric:1 chair:1 responsibility:1 soldier:1 sincerely:1 pacifist:1 hangman:1 avoid:1 member:1 hang:1 jury:1 murderer:1 execute:1 create:1 satisfactorily:1 dispose:1 negative:1 punishment:1 wrongdoer:1 three:1 possible:1 justification:1 revenge:1 reformation:1 deterrent:1

We/ppss often/rb say/vb of/in a/at person/nn that/cs he/pps ``/`` looks/vbz young/jj for/in his/pp$ age/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` old/jj for/in his/pp$ age/nn ''/'' ./. Yet/cc even/rb in/in the/at more/ql extreme/jj of/in such/jj cases/nns we/ppss seldom/rb go/vb very/ql far/rb astray/rb in/in guessing/vbg what/wdt his/pp$ age/nn actually/rb is/bez ./. And/cc this/dt means/vbz ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ,/, that/cs almost/ql invariably/rb age/nn reveals/vbz itself/ppl by/in easily/rb recognizable/jj signs/nns engraved/vbn on/in both/abx the/at body/nn and/cc the/at mind/nn ./. ``/`` Young/jj for/in his/pp$ age/nn ''/'' means/vbz only/rb the/at presence/nn of/in some/dti minor/jj characteristic/nn not/* quite/ql usual/jj ./. Stigmata/nns quite/ql sufficient/jj for/in diagnosis/nn are/ber nevertheless/rb there/rb ./. An/at assumption/nn of/in youth/nn ,/, or/cc the/at presence/nn of/in a/at few/ap youthful/jj characteristics/nns ,/, deceives/vbz no/ql more/ql successfully/rb than/cs rouge/nn or/cc dyed/vbn hair/nn ./. ``/`` Looking/vbg young/jj for/in your/pp$ age/nn ''/'' means/vbz ``/`` for/in your/pp$ age/nn ''/'' and/cc it/pps means/vbz no/at more/ap ./. A/at mind/nn expressing/vbg itself/ppl in/in words/nns may/md reveal/vb itself/ppl a/at little/ql less/ql obviously/rb as/cs old/jj or/cc young/jj ./. Its/pp$ surface/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ bloom/nn and/cc submits/vbz to/in its/pp$ wrinkles/nns in/in ways/nns less/ql immediately/rb obvious/jj than/cs the/at body/nn does/doz ./. Youth/nn may/md be/be ,/, and/cc often/rb is/bez ,/, skeptical/jj ,/, cynical/jj or/cc despairing/vbg ;/. ;/. age/nn may/md be/be idealistic/jj ,/, believing/vbg and/cc much/rb given/vbn to/in professions/nns of/in optimism/nn ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, always/rb a/at subtle/jj difference/nn in/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt supposedly/rb similar/jj opinions/nns are/ber held/vbn ./. The/at pessimism/nn of/in the/at young/nn is/bez defiant/jj ,/, anxious/jj to/to confess/vb or/cc even/rb exaggerate/vb its/pp$ ostensible/jj gloom/nn ,/, and/cc so/ql exuberant/jj as/cs to/to reveal/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps regards/vbz its/pp$ ability/nn to/to face/vb up/rp to/in the/at awful/jj truth/nn as/cs more/ap than/cs enough/ap to/to compensate/vb for/in the/at awfulness/nn of/in that/dt truth/nn ./. Similarly/rb the/at optimism/nn of/in age/nn protests/vbz too/ql much/rb ./. If/cs it/pps proclaims/vbz that/cs the/at best/jjt is/bez yet/rb to/to be/be ,/, it/pps always/rb arouses/vbz ,/, at/in least/ap in/in the/at young/jj ,/, either/cc a/at suspicious/jj question/nn or/cc perhaps/rb the/at exclamation/nn of/in the/at Negro/np youth/nn who/wps saw/vbd on/in a/at tombstone/nn the/at inscription/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss am/bem not/* dead/jj but/cc sleeping/vbg ''/'' ./. ``/`` Boy/nn ,/, you/ppss ain't/ber* fooling/vbg nobody/pn but/in yourself/ppl ''/'' ./. We/ppss may/md say/vb of/in some/dti unfortunates/nns that/cs they/ppss were/bed never/rb young/jj ./. We/ppss cannot/md* truthfully/rb say/vb of/in anyone/pn who/wps has/hvz succeeded/vbn in/in entering/vbg deep/rb into/in his/pp$ sixties/nns that/cs he/pps was/bedz never/rb old/jj ./. Those/dts famous/jj lines/nns of/in the/at Greek/jj-tl Anthology/nn-tl with/in which/wdt a/at fading/vbg beauty/nn dedicates/vbz her/pp$ mirror/nn at/in the/at shrine/nn of/in a/at goddess/nn reveal/vb a/at wise/jj attitude/nn :/: ``/`` Venus/np ,/, take/vb my/pp$ votive/jj glass/nn ,/, Since/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* what/wdt I/ppss was/bedz ,/, What/wdt from/in this/dt day/nn I/ppss shall/md be/be ,/, Venus/np ,/, let/vb me/ppo never/rb see/vb ''/'' ./. No/at good/nn can/md come/vb of/in contemplating/vbg the/at sad/jj ,/, inevitable/jj fact/nn that/cs once/cs youth/nn has/hvz passed/vbn ``/`` a/at worse/jjr and/cc worse/jjr time/nn still/rb succeeds/vbz the/at former/ap ''/'' ./. But/cc there/ex are/ber at/in least/ap two/cd reasons/nns for/in contemplating/vbg one's/pn$ mind/nn in/in even/rb a/at cracked/vbn mirror/nn ./. One/cd is/bez that/cs there/ex sometimes/rb are/ber real/jj although/cs inadequate/jj compensations/nns in/in growing/vbg old/jj ./. Serenity/nn ,/, if/cs one/pn is/bez fortunate/jj enough/qlp to/to achieve/vb it/ppo ,/, is/bez not/* so/ql good/jj as/cs joy/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez something/pn ./. Even/rb to/to be/be ``/`` from/in hope/nn and/cc fear/nn set/vbn free/jj ''/'' is/bez at/in least/ap better/jjr than/cs to/to have/hv lost/vbn the/at first/od without/in having/hvg got/vbn rid/jj of/in the/at second/od ./. The/at other/ap reason/nn (/( and/cc the/at one/cd with/in which/wdt I/ppss am/bem here/rb concerned/vbn )/) is/bez that/cs one/pn thus/rb becomes/vbz inclined/vbn to/to inquire/vb of/in any/dti opinion/nn ,/, or/cc change/nn of/in opinion/nn ,/, whether/cs it/pps represents/vbz the/at wisdom/nn of/in experience/nn or/cc is/bez only/rb the/at result/nn of/in the/at difference/nn between/in youth/nn and/cc age/nn which/wdt is/bez as/ql inevitable/jj as/cs the/at all/ql too/ql obvious/jj physical/jj differences/nns ./. One/pn may/md be/be exasperatingly/ql aware/jj that/cs if/cs the/at answer/nn is/bez favorable/jj it/pps will/md be/be judged/vbn such/jj only/rb by/in those/dts of/in one's/pn$ own/jj age/nn ./. But/cc at/in least/ap the/at question/nn has/hvz been/ben raised/vbn ./. Many/ap readers/nns of/in this/dt department/nn no/at doubt/nn discount/vb certain/jj of/in my/pp$ opinions/nns for/in the/at simple/jj reason/nn that/cs they/ppss can/md guess/vb pretty/ql accurately/rb ,/, even/rb if/cs they/ppss have/hv never/rb actually/rb been/ben told/vbn ,/, what/wdt my/pp$ age/nn is/bez ./. At/in least/ap I/ppss should/md like/vb them/ppo to/to know/vb that/cs I/ppss know/vb these/dts discounts/nns are/ber being/beg made/vbn ./. Let/vb me/ppo then/rb (/( and/cc in/in public/nn )/) glance/vb into/in the/at mirror/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv known/vbn some/dti men/nns and/cc women/nns who/wps said/vbd that/cs the/at selves/nns they/ppss are/ber told/vbn about/in or/cc even/rb remember/vb seem/vb utter/jj strangers/nns to/in them/ppo now/rb ;/. ;/. that/cs their/pp$ remote/jj past/nn is/bez as/ql discontinuous/jj with/in their/pp$ present/jj selves/nns ,/, as/cs lacking/vbg in/in any/dti conscious/jj likeness/nn to/in their/pp$ mature/jj personality/nn ,/, as/cs the/at self/nn of/in a/at butterfly/nn may/md be/be imagined/vbn discontinuous/jj with/in that/dt of/in the/at caterpillar/nn it/pps once/rb was/bedz ./. For/in my/pp$ part/nn I/ppss find/vb it/ppo difficult/jj to/to conceive/vb such/abl a/at state/nn of/in affairs/nns ./. I/ppss have/hv changed/vbn and/cc I/ppss have/hv reversed/vbn opinions/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc I/ppss am/bem so/ql aware/jj of/in an/at uninterrupted/jj continuity/nn of/in the/at persona/nn or/cc ego/nn that/cs I/ppss see/vb only/rb as/cs absurd/jj the/at tendency/nn of/in some/dti psychologists/nns from/in Heraclitus/np to/in Pirandello/np and/cc Proust/np to/to regard/vb consciousness/nn as/cs no/at more/ap than/cs a/at flux/nn amid/in which/wdt nothing/pn remains/vbz unchanged/jj ./. So/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss am/bem concerned/vbn ,/, the/at child/nn is/bez unmistakably/rb father/nn to/in the/at man/nn ,/, despite/in the/at obvious/jj fact/nn that/cs child/nn and/cc father/nn differ/vb greatly/rb --/-- sometimes/rb for/in the/at better/jjr and/cc sometimes/rb for/in the/at worse/jjr ./. Fundamental/jj values/nns ,/, temperament/nn and/cc the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt one/pn approaches/vbz a/at conviction/nn change/vb less/rbr ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, than/cs specific/jj opinions/nns ./. That/dt fact/nn is/bez very/ql clearly/rb illustrated/vbn in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at many/ap present-day/jj intellectuals/nns who/wps were/bed Communists/nns-tl or/cc near-Communists/nns in/in their/pp$ youth/nn and/cc are/ber now/rb so/ql extremely/ql conservative/jj (/( or/cc reactionary/jj ,/, as/cs many/ap would/md say/vb )/) that/cs they/ppss can/md define/vb no/at important/jj political/jj conviction/nn that/wps does/doz not/* seem/vb so/ql far/rb from/in even/rb a/at centrist/nn position/nn as/cs to/to make/vb the/at distinction/nn between/in Mr./np Nixon/np and/cc Mr./np Khrushchev/np for/in them/ppo hardly/ql worth/jj noting/vbg ./. But/cc in/in ways/nns more/ql fundamental/jj than/cs specific/jj political/jj opinions/nns they/ppss are/ber still/rb what/wdt they/ppss always/rb were/bed :/: passionate/jj ,/, sure/jj without/in a/at shadow/nn of/in doubt/nn of/in whatever/wdt it/pps is/bez that/cs they/ppss are/ber sure/jj of/in ,/, capable/jj of/in seeing/vbg black/nn and/cc white/nn only/rb and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, committed/vbn to/in the/at logical/jj extreme/nn of/in whatever/wdt it/pps is/bez they/ppss are/ber temporarily/rb committed/vbn to/in ./. To/in those/dts of/in my/pp$ readers/nns who/wps find/vb many/ap of/in my/pp$ opinions/nns morally/rb ,/, or/cc politically/rb ,/, or/cc sociologically/rb antiquated/vbn (/( and/cc I/ppss have/hv reason/nn to/to know/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber some/dti such/jj )/) ,/, I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to say/vb what/wdt I/ppss have/hv already/rb hinted/vbn ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/cs some/dti of/in my/pp$ opinions/nns may/md indeed/rb be/be subject/jj to/in some/dti discount/nn on/in the/at simple/jj ground/nn that/cs I/ppss am/bem no/ql longer/rbr young/jj and/cc therefore/rb incapable/jj of/in being/beg youthful/jj of/in mind/nn ./. But/cc I/ppss will/md also/rb remind/vb them/ppo that/cs I/ppss have/hv always/rb been/ben inclined/vbn to/in skepticism/nn ,/, to/in a/at kind/nn of/in Laodicean/jj lack/nn of/in commitment/nn so/ql far/rb as/cs public/jj affairs/nns are/ber concerned/vbn ;/. ;/. so/cs that/cs ,/, although/cs not/* as/ql eager/jj as/cs I/ppss once/rb was/bedz to/to be/be disapproved/vbn of/in ,/, I/ppss can/md still/rb resist/vb prevailing/vbg opinions/nns ./. At/in about/rb the/at age/nn of/in twelve/cd I/ppss became/vbd a/at Spencerian/jj liberal/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss have/hv always/rb considered/vbn myself/ppl a/at liberal/nn of/in some/dti kind/nn even/rb though/cs the/at definition/nn has/hvz changed/vbn repeatedly/rb since/cs Spencer/np became/vbd a/at reactionary/nn ./. Several/ap times/nns in/in my/pp$ youth/nn I/ppss voted/vbd the/at Socialist/jj-tl ticket/nn ,/, but/cc less/ap because/cs I/ppss was/bedz Socialist/jj-tl than/cs because/cs I/ppss was/bedz not/* either/cc a/at Republican/np or/cc a/at Democrat/np ,/, and/cc I/ppss voted/vbd for/in Franklin/np Roosevelt/np every/at time/nn he/pps was/bedz a/at candidate/nn ./. Yet/cc during/in the/at years/nns when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz on/in the/at staff/nn of/in The/at-tl Nation/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss tried/vbd to/in the/at limit/nn the/at patience/nn of/in the/at editors/nns on/in almost/rb every/at occasion/nn when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz permitted/vbn to/to write/vb an/at editorial/nn having/hvg a/at bearing/nn on/in a/at political/jj or/cc social/jj question/nn ./. Never/rb once/rb during/in the/at trying/jj thirties/nns did/dod I/ppss come/vb so/ql close/rb to/in succumbing/vbg to/in the/at private/jj climate/nn of/in opinion/nn as/cs to/to grant/vb Russian/jj communism/nn even/rb that/dt most/ql weasel-worded/jj of/in encomiums/nns ``/`` an/at interesting/jj experiment/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex are/ber few/ap things/nns of/in which/wdt I/ppss am/bem prouder/jjr than/cs of/in that/dt unblemished/jj record/nn ./. Many/ap of/in my/pp$ friends/nns at/in the/at time/nn thought/vbd that/cs I/ppss had/hvd received/vbn a/at well-deserved/jj condemnation/nn when/wrb Lincoln/np Steffens/np denounced/vbd me/ppo in/in a/at review/nn of/in one/cd of/in my/pp$ books/nns as/cs a/at perfect/jj example/nn of/in the/at obsolete/jj man/nn who/wps could/md understand/vb and/cc sympathize/vb only/rb with/in the/at dead/jj past/nn ./. But/cc he/pps ,/, as/cs I/ppss can/md now/rb retort/vb ,/, was/bedz the/at man/nn who/wps could/md see/vb so/ql short/jj a/at distance/nn ahead/rb that/cs after/in a/at visit/nn to/in Russia/np he/pps gave/vbd voice/nn to/in the/at famous/jj exclamation/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn the/at future/nn and/cc it/pps works/vbz ''/'' ./. The/at favorite/jj excuse/nn of/in those/dts who/wps have/hv now/rb recanted/vbn their/pp$ approval/nn of/in communism/nn is/bez that/cs they/ppss did/dod not/* know/vb how/wrb things/nns would/md develop/vb ./. With/in this/dt excuse/nn I/ppss have/hv never/rb been/ben much/ql impressed/vbn ./. There/ex was/bedz ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, enough/ap in/in the/at openly/rb declared/vbn principles/nns and/cc intentions/nns of/in Russian/jj leaders/nns to/to alienate/vb honorable/jj men/nns without/in their/pp$ having/hvg to/to wait/vb to/to see/vb how/wrb it/pps would/md turn/vb out/rp ./. Once/rb many/ap years/nns ago/rb I/ppss sat/vbd at/in dinner/nn next/in to/in Arthur/np Train/np ,/, and/cc the/at subject/nn of/in The/at-tl Nation/nn-tl came/vbd up/rp ./. He/pps asked/vbd me/ppo suddenly/rb ,/, ``/`` What/wdt are/ber your/pp$ political/jj opinions/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Well/uh ''/'' ,/, I/ppss replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` some/dti of/in my/pp$ colleagues/nns on/in the/at paper/nn regard/vb me/ppo as/cs a/at rank/jj reactionary/nn ''/'' ./. After/in a/at moment's/nn$ thought/nn he/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` That/dt still/rb leaves/vbz you/ppo a/at lot/nn of/in latitude/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc I/ppss suppose/vb it/pps did/dod ./. I/ppss never/rb have/hv been/ben ,/, and/cc am/bem not/* now/rb ,/, any/dti kind/nn of/in utopian/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss first/rb came/vbd across/in Samuel/np Johnson's/np$ pronouncement/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at remedy/nn for/in the/at ills/nns of/in life/nn is/bez palliative/jj rather/in than/in radical/jj ''/'' ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd to/in me/ppo to/to sum/vb up/rp the/at profoundest/jjt of/in political/jj and/cc social/jj truths/nns ./. It/pps will/md probably/rb explain/vb more/ap of/in my/pp$ attitudes/nns toward/in society/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap phrase/nn or/cc principle/nn could/md ./. Why/wrb did/dod I/ppss choose/vb to/to fill/vb these/dts pages/nns in/in this/dt particular/jj issue/nn with/in this/dt mixture/nn of/in rather/ql tenuous/jj reflections/nns and/cc autobiography/nn ?/. ?/. The/at reason/nn is/bez ,/, I/ppss think/vb ,/, my/pp$ awareness/nn that/cs my/pp$ remarks/nns last/ap quarter/nn on/in pacifism/nn may/md well/rb have/hv served/vbn to/to confirm/vb the/at opinion/nn of/in some/dti that/cs my/pp$ tendency/nn to/in skepticism/nn and/cc dissent/nn gets/vbz us/ppo nowhere/rb ,/, and/cc that/cs I/ppss am/bem simply/rb too/ql old/jj to/to hope/vb ./. I/ppss would/md ,/, however/rb ,/, like/vb to/to suggest/vb that/cs ,/, wrong/jj though/cs I/ppss may/md be/be ,/, the/at tendency/nn to/to see/vb dilemmas/nns rather/in than/in solutions/nns is/bez one/cd of/in which/wdt I/ppss have/hv been/ben a/at victim/nn ever/rb since/cs I/ppss can/md remember/vb ,/, and/cc therefore/rb not/* merely/rb a/at senile/jj phenomenon/nn ./. I/ppss know/vb that/cs one/pn must/md act/vb ./. But/cc one/pn need/vb not/* always/rb be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at action/nn is/bez either/cc wise/jj or/cc conclusive/jj ./. Apropos/jj of/in what/wdt some/dti would/md call/vb cynicism/nn ,/, I/ppss remember/vb an/at anecdote/nn the/at source/nn of/in which/wdt I/ppss forget/vb ./. It/pps concerns/vbz a/at small-town/nn minister/nn who/wps staged/vbd an/at impressive/jj object/nn lesson/nn by/in confining/vbg a/at lion/nn and/cc a/at lamb/nn together/rb in/in the/at same/ap cage/nn outside/in his/pp$ church/nn door/nn ./. Not/* only/rb his/pp$ parishioners/nns ,/, but/cc the/at whole/jj town/nn and/cc ,/, ultimately/rb ,/, the/at whole/jj county/nn were/bed enormously/ql impressed/vbn by/in this/dt object/nn lesson/nn ./. One/cd day/nn he/pps was/bedz visited/vbn by/in a/at delegation/nn of/in would-be/jj imitators/nns who/wps wanted/vbd to/to know/vb his/pp$ secret/nn ./. ``/`` How/wrb on/in earth/nn do/do you/ppo manage/vb it/ppo ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez the/at trick/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Why/uh ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez perfectly/ql simple/jj ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez no/at trick/nn involved/vbn ./. All/abn you/ppss have/hv to/to do/do is/bez put/vb in/rp a/at fresh/jj lamb/nn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ''/'' ./. Cynical/jj ?/. ?/. Blasphemous/jj ?/. ?/. Not/* really/rb ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ./. The/at promise/nn that/cs the/at lion/nn and/cc the/at lamb/nn will/md lie/vb down/rp together/rb was/bedz given/vbn in/in the/at future/jj tense/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* something/pn that/wps can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to happen/vb now/rb ./. Without/in really/rb changing/vbg the/at general/jj subject/nn ,/, I/ppss take/vb this/dt opportunity/nn to/to confess/vb that/cs I/ppss am/bem troubled/vbn by/in doubts/nns ,/, not/* only/rb about/in pacifism/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb when/wrb asked/vbn to/to join/vb in/in the/at protest/nn against/in a/at law/nn that/wpo most/ap of/in those/dts who/wps consider/vb themselves/ppls humane/jj and/cc liberal/jj seem/vb to/to regard/vb as/cs obviously/rb barbarous/jj ;/. ;/. namely/rb ,/, the/at law/nn that/wps prescribes/vbz the/at death/nn penalty/nn for/in murder/nn when/wrb there/ex seem/vb to/to be/be no/at extenuating/vbg circumstances/nns ./. It/pps is/bez not/* that/cs I/ppss am/bem unaware/jj of/in the/at force/nn of/in their/pp$ strongest/jjt contention/nn ./. Life/nn ,/, they/ppss say/vb ,/, should/md be/be regarded/vbn as/cs sacred/jj and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, as/cs something/pn that/wpo neither/cc an/at individual/nn nor/cc his/pp$ society/nn has/hvz a/at right/nn to/to take/vb away/rb ./. In/in fact/nn I/ppss cannot/md* imagine/vb myself/ppl condemning/vbg a/at man/nn to/in the/at noose/nn or/cc the/at electric/jj chair/nn if/cs I/ppss had/hvd to/to take/vb ,/, as/cs an/at individual/nn ,/, the/at responsibility/nn for/in his/pp$ death/nn ./. Just/rb as/cs I/ppss know/vb I/ppss would/md make/vb a/at bad/jj soldier/nn even/rb though/cs I/ppss cannot/md* sincerely/rb call/vb myself/ppl a/at pacifist/nn ,/, so/rb too/rb I/ppss would/md not/* be/be either/cc a/at hangman/nn by/in profession/nn or/cc ,/, if/cs I/ppss could/md avoid/vb it/ppo ,/, even/rb a/at member/nn of/in a/at hanging/vbg jury/nn ./. Despite/in these/dts facts/nns the/at question/nn ``/`` :/. :/. Should/md no/at murderer/nn ever/rb be/be executed/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Seems/vbz to/in me/ppo to/to create/vb a/at dilemma/nn not/* to/to be/be satisfactorily/rb disposed/vbn of/in by/in a/at simple/jj negative/jj answer/nn ./. Punishment/nn of/in the/at wrongdoer/nn ,/, so/cs liberals/nns are/ber inclined/vbn to/to say/vb ,/, can/md have/hv only/rb three/cd possible/jj justifications/nns :/: revenge/nn ,/, reformation/nn or/cc deterrent/nn example/nn ./.

cg71

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course:2 lecture:1 philosophy:1 head:1 department:1 german:2 embassy:1 turkey:1 nationality:1 quickly:1 involve:1 young:1 turk:1 revolutionary:1 movement:1 extent:1 patriotism:1 right:1 enver:3 pasha:3 send:1 latter:1 pave:1 way:1 empire:1 embrace:1 union:1 throughout:1 asia:3 adrianople:1 chinese:1 oasis:1 silk:1 trade:1 route:1 mission:2 failure:1 ottoman:1 nationalism:1 count:1 exist:1 sink:1 somnolence:1 awaken:1 amid:1 dusty:1 desolation:1 seem:1 survive:1 dream:2 occident:2 oh:1 green:1 europe:4 train:1 whistle:1 night:1 rattle:1 clatter:1 cab:1 almost:1 beat:1 madman:2 sacred:1 islam:1 return:4 although:1 legendary:1 popular:1 european:1 press:1 leave:1 profoundly:1 dissatisfied:1 despite:1 report:1 refuse:1 surrender:1 blood:1 alliance:1 ambition:1 apt:1 hide:1 reveal:1 shortly:1 le:1 culte:1 du:1 moi:1 experience:1 positive:1 lesson:1 six:1 command:1 convincing:1 result:1 considerably:1 enrich:1 deepen:1 revelation:1 dawn:1 sense:1 occur:1 consequence:1 often:1 suddenly:1 character:1 existential:1 question:1 nature:1 landing:1 mingle:1 strangeness:1 blank:1 immensity:1 shock:1 traveller:1 realization:1 infinite:1 possibility:1

For/cs here/rb if/cs anywhere/rb in/in contemporary/jj literature/nn is/bez a/at major/jj effort/nn to/to counterbalance/vb Existentialism/np and/cc restore/vb some/dti of/in its/pp$ former/ap lustre/nn to/in the/at tarnished/vbn image/nn of/in the/at species/nn Man/nn-tl ,/, or/cc ,/, as/cs Malraux/np himself/ppl puts/vbz it/ppo ,/, ``/`` to/to make/vb men/nns conscious/jj of/in the/at grandeur/nn they/ppss ignore/vb in/in themselves/ppls ''/'' ./. 1/cd ,/, Andre/np Malraux's/np$ The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl was/bedz written/vbn in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at second/od World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ,/, during/in a/at period/nn of/in enforced/vbn leisure/nn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz taken/vbn prisoner/nn by/in the/at Germans/nps after/in the/at fall/nn of/in France/np ./. The/at manuscript/nn ,/, presumably/rb after/cs being/beg smuggled/vbn out/in of/in the/at country/nn ,/, was/bedz published/vbn in/in Switzerland/np in/in 1943/cd ./. The/at work/nn as/cs it/pps stands/vbz is/bez not/* the/at entire/jj book/nn that/wpo Malraux/np wrote/vbd at/in that/dt time/nn --/-- it/pps is/bez only/rb the/at first/od section/nn of/in a/at three-part/jj novel/nn called/vbn La/fw-at-tl Lutte/fw-nn-tl avec/fw-in-tl l'Ange/fw-at+nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc this/dt first/od section/nn was/bedz somehow/rb preserved/vbn (/( there/ex are/ber always/rb these/dts annoying/jj little/jj mysteries/nns about/in the/at actual/jj facts/nns of/in Malraux's/np$ life/nn )/) when/wrb the/at Gestapo/np destroyed/vbd the/at rest/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to believe/vb the/at list/nn of/in titles/nns printed/vbn in/in Malraux's/np$ latest/jjt book/nn ,/, La/fw-at-tl Metamorphose/fw-nn-tl Des/fw-in+at-tl Dieux/fw-nps ,/, Vol./nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( (/( 1957/cd )/) ,/, he/pps is/bez still/rb engaged/vbn in/in writing/vbg a/at large/jj novel/nn under/in his/pp$ original/jj title/nn ./. But/cc as/cs he/pps remarks/vbz in/in his/pp$ preface/nn to/in The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl ,/, ``/`` a/at novel/nn can/md hardly/rb ever/rb be/be rewritten/vbn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` when/wrb this/dt one/cd appears/vbz in/in its/pp$ final/jj form/nn ,/, the/at form/nn of/in the/at first/od part/nn will/md no/at doubt/nn be/be radically/ql changed/vbn ''/'' ./. Malraux/np pretends/vbz ,/, perhaps/rb with/in a/at trifle/nn too/ql self-conscious/jj a/at modesty/nn ,/, that/cs his/pp$ fragmentary/jj work/nn will/md accordingly/rb ``/`` appeal/vb only/rb to/in the/at curiosity/nn of/in bibliophiles/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` to/in connoisseurs/nns of/in what/wdt might/md have/hv been/ben ''/'' ./. Even/rb in/in its/pp$ present/jj form/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at first/od part/nn of/in Malraux's/np$ unrecoverable/jj novel/nn is/bez among/in the/at greatest/jjt works/nns of/in mid-twentieth/od century/nn literature/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps should/md be/be far/ql better/rbr known/vbn than/cs it/pps is/bez ./. The/at theme/nn of/in The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl is/bez most/ql closely/rb related/vbn to/in its/pp$ immediate/jj predecessor/nn in/in Malraux's/np$ array/nn of/in novels/nns :/: Man's/nn$-tl Hope/nn-tl (/( 1937/cd )/) ./. This/dt magnificent/jj but/cc greatly/rb underestimated/vbn book/nn ,/, which/wdt bodies/vbz forth/rb the/at very/ap form/nn and/cc pressure/nn of/in its/pp$ time/nn as/cs no/at other/ap comparable/jj creation/nn ,/, has/hvz suffered/vbn severely/rb from/in having/hvg been/ben written/vbn about/in an/at historical/jj event/nn --/-- the/at Spanish/jj-tl Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl --/-- that/wps is/bez still/rb capable/jj of/in fanning/vbg the/at smoldering/vbg fires/nns of/in old/jj political/jj feuds/nns ./. Even/rb so/ql apparently/rb impartial/jj a/at critic/nn as/cs W./np H./np Frohock/np has/hvz taken/vbn for/in granted/vbn that/cs the/at book/nn was/bedz originally/rb intended/vbn as/cs a/at piece/nn of/in Loyalist/nn-tl propaganda/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc has/hvz then/rb gone/vbn on/rp to/to argue/vb ,/, with/in unimpeachable/jj consistency/nn ,/, that/cs all/abn the/at obviously/rb non-propagandistic/jj aspects/nns of/in the/at book/nn are/ber simply/rb inadvertent/jj ``/`` contradictions/nns ''/'' ./. Nothing/pn ,/, however/rb ,/, could/md be/be farther/rbr from/in the/at truth/nn ./. The/at whole/jj purpose/nn of/in Man's/nn$-tl Hope/nn-tl is/bez to/to portray/vb the/at tragic/jj dialectic/nn between/in means/nns and/cc ends/nns inherent/jj in/in all/abn organized/vbn political/jj violence/nn --/-- and/cc even/rb when/wrb such/jj violence/nn is/bez a/at necessary/jj and/cc legitimate/jj self-defense/nn of/in liberty/nn ,/, justice/nn and/cc human/jj dignity/nn ./. Nowhere/rb before/rb in/in Malraux's/np$ pages/nns have/hv we/ppss met/vbn such/jj impassioned/jj defenders/nns of/in a/at ``/`` quality/nn of/in man/nn ''/'' which/wdt transcends/vbz the/at realm/nn of/in politics/nn and/cc even/rb the/at realm/nn of/in action/nn altogether/rb --/-- both/abx the/at action/nn of/in Malraux's/np$ early/jj anarchist-adventurers/nns like/cs Perken/np and/cc Garine/np ,/, and/cc the/at self-sacrificing/jj action/nn of/in dedicated/vbn Communists/nns-tl like/cs Kyo/np Gisors/np and/cc Katow/np in/in Man's/nn$-tl Fate/nn-tl ./. ``/`` Man/nn engages/vbz only/rb a/at small/jj part/nn of/in himself/ppl in/in an/at action/nn ''/'' says/vbz old/jj Alvear/np the/at art-historian/nn ;/. ;/. ``/`` and/cc the/at more/ap the/at action/nn claims/vbz to/to be/be total/jj ,/, the/at smaller/jjr is/bez the/at part/nn of/in man/nn engaged/vbn ''/'' ./. These/dts lines/nns never/rb cease/vb to/to haunt/vb the/at book/nn amidst/in all/abn the/at exaltations/nns of/in combat/nn ,/, and/cc to/to make/vb an/at appeal/nn for/in a/at larger/jjr and/cc more/ql elemental/jj human/jj community/nn than/cs one/cd based/vbn on/in the/at brutal/jj necessities/nns of/in war/nn ./. It/pps is/bez this/dt larger/jjr theme/nn of/in the/at ``/`` quality/nn of/in man/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at quality/nn that/wps transcends/vbz the/at ideological/jj and/cc flows/vbz into/in ``/`` the/at human/jj ''/'' ,/, which/wdt now/rb forms/vbz the/at pulsating/vbg heart/nn of/in Malraux's/np$ artistic/jj universe/nn ./. Malraux/np ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, does/doz not/* abandon/vb the/at world/nn of/in violence/nn ,/, combat/nn and/cc sudden/jj death/nn which/wdt has/hvz become/vbn his/pp$ hallmark/nn as/cs a/at creative/jj artist/nn ,/, and/cc which/wdt is/bez the/at only/ap world/nn ,/, apparently/rb ,/, in/in which/wdt his/pp$ imagination/nn can/md flame/vb into/in life/nn ./. The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl includes/vbz not/* one/cd war/nn but/cc two/cd ,/, and/cc throws/vbz in/rp a/at Turkish/jj revolution/nn along/rb with/in some/dti guerrilla/nn fighting/vbg in/in the/at desert/nn for/in good/jj measure/nn ./. But/cc while/cs war/nn still/rb serves/vbz as/cs a/at catalyst/nn for/in the/at values/nns that/wpo Malraux/np wishes/vbz to/to express/vb ,/, these/dts values/nns are/ber no/ql longer/rbr linked/vbn with/in the/at triumph/nn or/cc defeat/nn of/in any/dti cause/nn --/-- whether/cs that/dt of/in an/at individual/jj assertion/nn of/in the/at will-to-power/nn ,/, or/cc a/at collective/jj attempt/nn to/to escape/vb from/in the/at humiliation/nn of/in oppression/nn --/-- as/cs their/pp$ necessary/jj condition/nn ./. On/in the/at contrary/nn ,/, the/at frenzy/nn and/cc furor/nn of/in combat/nn is/bez only/rb the/at sombre/jj foil/nn against/in which/wdt the/at sudden/jj illuminations/nns of/in the/at human/nn flash/vb forth/rb with/in the/at piercing/vbg radiance/nn of/in a/at Caravaggio/np ./. 2/cd ,/, The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl Of/in-tl Altenburg/np-tl is/bez composed/vbd in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at triptych/nn ,/, with/in the/at two/cd small/jj side/nn panels/nns framing/vbg and/cc enclosing/vbg the/at main/jjs central/jj episode/nn of/in the/at novel/nn ./. This/dt central/jj episode/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at series/nn of/in staccato/nn scenes/nns set/vbn in/in the/at period/nn from/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at present/jj century/nn up/in to/in the/at first/od World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ./. The/at framing/nn scenes/nns ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, both/abx take/vb place/nn in/in the/at late/jj Spring/nn-tl of/in 1940/cd ,/, just/rb at/in the/at moment/nn of/in the/at defeat/nn of/in France/np in/in the/at second/od great/jj world/nn conflict/nn ./. The/at narrator/nn is/bez an/at Alsatian/np serving/vbg with/in the/at French/jj Army/nn-tl ,/, and/cc he/pps has/hvz the/at same/ap name/nn (/( Berger/np )/) that/wpo Malraux/np himself/ppl was/bedz later/rbr to/to use/vb in/in the/at Resistance/nn-tl ;/. ;/. like/cs Malraux/np he/pps was/bedz also/rb serving/vbg in/in the/at tank/nn corps/nn before/cs being/beg captured/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss learn/vb as/ql well/rb that/cs in/in civilian/nn life/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at writer/nn ./. These/dts biographical/jj analogies/nns are/ber obvious/jj ,/, and/cc far/ql too/ql much/ap time/nn has/hvz been/ben spent/vbn speculating/vbg on/in their/pp$ possible/jj implications/nns ./. Much/ql more/ql important/jj is/bez to/to grasp/vb the/at feelings/nns of/in the/at narrator/nn (/( whose/wp$ full/jj name/nn is/bez never/rb given/vbn )/) as/cs he/pps becomes/vbz aware/jj of/in the/at disorganized/vbn and/cc bewildered/vbn mass/nn of/in French/jj prisoners/nns clustered/vbn together/rb in/in a/at temporary/jj prison/nn camp/nn in/in and/cc around/in the/at cathedral/nn of/in Chartres/np ./. For/cs as/cs his/pp$ companions/nns gradually/rb dissolve/vb back/rb into/in a/at state/nn of/in primitive/jj confrontation/nn with/in elemental/jj necessity/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss lose/vb all/abn the/at appanage/nn of/in their/pp$ acquired/vbn culture/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez overcome/vbn by/in the/at feeling/nn that/cs he/pps is/bez at/in last/rb being/beg confronted/vbn with/in the/at essence/nn of/in mankind/nn ./. ``/`` As/cs a/at writer/nn ,/, by/in what/wdt have/hv I/ppss been/ben obsessed/vbn these/dts last/ap ten/cd years/nns ,/, if/cs not/* by/in mankind/nn ?/. ?/. Here/rb I/ppss am/bem face/nn to/in face/nn with/in the/at primeval/jj stuff/nn ''/'' ./. The/at intuition/nn about/in mankind/nn conveyed/vbn in/in these/dts opening/vbg pages/nns is/bez of/in crucial/jj importance/nn for/cs understanding/vbg the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at text/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc we/ppss must/md attend/vb to/in it/ppo more/ql closely/rb than/cs has/hvz usually/rb been/ben done/vbn ./. What/wdt does/doz the/at narrator/nn see/vb and/cc what/wdt does/doz he/pps feel/vb ?/. ?/. A/at good/jj many/ap pages/nns of/in the/at first/od section/nn are/ber taken/vbn up/rp with/in an/at account/nn of/in the/at dogged/jj determination/nn of/in the/at prisoners/nns to/to write/vb to/in their/pp$ wives/nns and/cc families/nns --/-- even/rb when/wrb it/pps becomes/vbz clear/jj that/cs the/at Germans/nps are/ber simply/rb allowing/vbg the/at letters/nns to/to blow/vb away/rb in/in the/at wind/nn ./. Awkwardly/rb and/cc laboriously/rb ,/, in/in stiff/jj ,/, unemotional/jj phrases/nns ,/, the/at soldiers/nns continue/vb to/to bridge/vb the/at distance/nn between/in themselves/ppls and/cc those/dts they/ppss love/vb ;/. ;/. they/ppss instinctively/rb struggle/vb to/to keep/vb open/jj a/at road/nn to/in the/at future/nn in/in their/pp$ hearts/nns ./. And/cc by/in a/at skillful/jj and/cc unobtrusive/jj use/nn of/in imagery/nn (/( the/at enclosure/nn is/bez called/vbn a/at ``/`` Roman-camp/jj stockade/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at hastily/rb erected/vbn lean-to/nn is/bez a/at ``/`` Babylonian/jj hovel/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at men/nns begin/vb to/to look/vb like/cs ``/`` Peruvian/jj mummies/nns ''/'' and/cc to/to acquire/vb ``/`` Gothic/jj-tl faces/nns ''/'' )/) ,/, Malraux/np projects/vbz a/at fresco/nn of/in human/jj endurance/nn --/-- which/wdt is/bez also/rb the/at endurance/nn of/in the/at human/nn --/-- stretching/vbg backward/rb into/in the/at dark/jj abyss/nn of/in time/nn ./. The/at narrator/nn feels/vbz himself/ppl catching/vbg a/at glimpse/nn of/in pre-history/nn ,/, learning/vbg of/in man's/nn$ ``/`` age-old/jj familiarity/nn with/in misfortune/nn ''/'' ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs his/pp$ ``/`` equally/rb age-old/jj ingenuity/nn ,/, his/pp$ secret/jj faith/nn in/in endurance/nn ,/, however/wql crammed/vbn with/in catastrophes/nns ,/, the/at same/ap faith/nn perhaps/rb as/cs the/at cave-men/nns used/vbd to/to have/hv in/in the/at face/nn of/in famine/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt new/jj vision/nn of/in man/nn that/wpo the/at narrator/nn acquires/vbz is/bez also/rb accompanied/vbn by/in a/at re-vision/nn of/in his/pp$ previous/jj view/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss thought/vbd I/ppss knew/vbd more/ap than/cs my/pp$ education/nn had/hvd taught/vbn me/ppo ,/, ''/'' notes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` because/cs I/ppss had/hvd encountered/vbn the/at militant/jj mobs/nns of/in a/at political/jj or/cc religious/jj faith/nn ''/'' ./. Is/bez this/dt not/* Malraux/np himself/ppl alluding/vbg to/in his/pp$ own/jj earlier/jjr infatuation/nn with/in the/at ideological/jj ?/. ?/. But/cc now/rb he/pps knows/vbz ``/`` that/cs an/at intellectual/nn is/bez not/* only/rb a/at man/nn to/in whom/wpo books/nns are/ber necessary/jj ,/, he/pps is/bez any/dti man/nn whose/wp$ reasoning/nn ,/, however/wql elementary/jj it/pps may/md be/be ,/, affects/vbz and/cc directs/vbz his/pp$ life/nn ''/'' ./. From/in this/dt point/nn of/in view/nn the/at ``/`` militant/jj mobs/nns ''/'' of/in the/at past/nn ,/, stirred/vbn into/in action/nn by/in one/cd ideology/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, were/bed all/abn composed/vbn of/in ``/`` intellectuals/nns ''/'' --/-- and/cc this/dt is/bez not/* the/at level/nn on/in which/wdt the/at essence/nn of/in mankind/nn can/md be/be discovered/vbn ./. The/at men/nns around/in him/ppo ,/, observes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` have/hv been/ben living/vbg from/in day/nn to/in day/nn for/in thousands/nns of/in years/nns ''/'' ./. The/at human/nn is/bez deeper/jjr than/cs a/at mass/nn ideology/nn ,/, certainly/rb deeper/jjr than/cs the/at isolated/vbn individual/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at narrator/nn recalls/vbz the/at words/nns of/in his/pp$ father/nn ,/, Vincent/np Berger/np :/: ``/`` It/pps is/bez not/* by/in any/dti amount/nn of/in scratching/vbg at/in the/at individual/nn that/cs one/pn finally/rb comes/vbz down/rp to/in mankind/nn ''/'' ./. The/at entire/jj middle/jj section/nn of/in The/at-tl Walnut/nn-tl Trees/nns-tl is/bez taken/vbn up/rp with/in the/at life/nn of/in Vincent/np Berger/np himself/ppl ,/, whose/wp$ fragmentary/jj notes/nns on/in his/pp$ ``/`` encounters/nns with/in mankind/nn ''/'' are/ber now/rb conveyed/vbn by/in his/pp$ son/nn ./. ``/`` He/pps was/bedz not/* much/ql older/jjr than/cs myself/ppl ,/, ''/'' writes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` when/wrb he/pps began/vbd to/to feel/vb the/at impact/nn of/in that/dt human/jj mystery/nn which/wdt now/rb obsesses/vbz me/ppo ,/, and/cc which/wdt makes/vbz me/ppo begin/vb ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, to/to understand/vb him/ppo ''/'' ./. For/in the/at figure/nn of/in Vincent/np Berger/np Malraux/np has/hvz obviously/rb drawn/vbn on/in his/pp$ studies/nns of/in T./np E./np Lawrence/np (/( though/cs Berger/np fights/vbz on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at Turks/nps instead/rb of/in against/in them/ppo )/) ,/, and/cc like/cs both/abx Lawrence/np and/cc Malraux/np himself/ppl he/pps is/bez a/at fervent/jj admirer/nn of/in Nietzsche/np ./. A/at professor/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Constantinople/np-tl ,/, where/wrb his/pp$ first/od course/nn of/in lectures/nns was/bedz on/in Nietzsche/np and/cc the/at ``/`` philosophy/nn of/in action/nn ''/'' ,/, Vincent/np Berger/np becomes/vbz head/nn of/in the/at propaganda/nn department/nn of/in the/at German/jj-tl Embassy/nn-tl in/in Turkey/np ./. As/cs an/at Alsatian/np before/in the/at first/od World/nn-tl War/nn-tl he/pps was/bedz of/in course/nn of/in German/jj nationality/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc he/pps quickly/rb involves/vbz himself/ppl in/in the/at Young/jj-tl Turk/np-tl revolutionary/jj movement/nn to/in such/abl an/at extent/nn that/cs his/pp$ own/jj country/nn begins/vbz to/to doubt/vb his/pp$ patriotism/nn ./. And/cc ,/, after/cs becoming/vbg the/at right-hand/nn man/nn of/in Enver/np Pasha/np ,/, he/pps is/bez sent/vbn by/in the/at latter/ap to/to pave/vb the/at way/nn for/in a/at new/jj Turkish/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl embracing/vbg ``/`` the/at union/nn of/in all/abn Turks/nps throughout/in Central/jj-tl Asia/np-tl from/in Adrianople/np to/in the/at Chinese/jj oases/nns on/in the/at Silk/nn-tl Trade/nn-tl Route/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Vincent/np Berger's/np$ mission/nn is/bez a/at failure/nn because/cs the/at Ottoman/np nationalism/nn on/in which/wdt Enver/np Pasha/np counted/vbd does/doz not/* exist/vb ./. Central/jj Asia/np is/bez sunk/vbn in/in a/at somnolence/nn from/in which/wdt nothing/pn can/md awaken/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc amid/in a/at dusty/jj desolation/nn in/in which/wdt nothing/pn human/jj any/ql longer/rbr seemed/vbd to/to survive/vb ,/, Vincent/np Berger/np begins/vbz to/to dream/vb of/in the/at Occident/np ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, for/in the/at green/nn of/in Europe/np !/. !/. Trains/nns whistling/vbg in/in the/at night/nn ,/, the/at rattle/nn and/cc clatter/nn of/in cabs/nns ./. ''/'' Finally/rb ,/, after/cs almost/rb being/beg beaten/vbn to/in death/nn by/in a/at madman/nn --/-- he/pps could/md not/* fight/vb back/rb because/cs madmen/nns are/ber sacred/jj to/in Islam/np --/-- he/pps throws/vbz up/rp his/pp$ mission/nn and/cc returns/vbz to/in Europe/np ./. This/dt has/hvz been/ben his/pp$ first/od encounter/nn with/in mankind/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, although/cs he/pps has/hvz now/rb become/vbn a/at legendary/jj figure/nn in/in the/at popular/jj European/jj press/nn ,/, it/pps leaves/vbz him/ppo profoundly/ql dissatisfied/vbn ./. Despite/in Berger's/np$ report/nn ,/, Enver/np Pasha/np refuses/vbz to/to surrender/vb his/pp$ dream/nn of/in a/at Turkish/jj-tl Blood/nn-tl Alliance/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc Vincent/np Berger/np learns/vbz that/cs political/jj ambition/nn is/bez more/ql apt/jj to/to hide/vb than/cs to/to reveal/vb the/at truth/nn about/in men/nns ./. But/cc as/cs he/pps discovers/vbz shortly/rb ,/, on/in returning/vbg among/in intellectuals/nns obsessed/vbn by/in le/fw-at culte/fw-nn du/fw-in+at moi/fw-ppo ,/, his/pp$ experience/nn of/in action/nn had/hvd also/rb taught/vbn him/ppo a/at more/ql positive/jj lesson/nn ./. ``/`` For/in six/cd years/nns my/pp$ father/nn had/hvd had/hvn to/to do/do too/ql much/ap commanding/nn and/cc convincing/vbg ,/, ''/'' writes/vbz the/at narrator/nn ,/, ``/`` not/* to/to understand/vb that/cs man/nn begins/vbz with/in '/' the/at other/ap '/' ''/'' ./. And/cc when/wrb Vincent/np Berger/np returns/vbz to/in Europe/np ,/, this/dt first/od result/nn of/in his/pp$ encounters/nns with/in mankind/nn is/bez considerably/rb enriched/vbn and/cc deepened/vbn by/in a/at crucial/jj revelation/nn ./. For/cs a/at dawning/vbg sense/nn of/in illumination/nn occurs/vbz in/in consequence/nn of/in two/cd events/nns which/wdt ,/, as/cs so/ql often/rb in/in Malraux/np ,/, suddenly/rb confront/vb a/at character/nn with/in the/at existential/jj question/nn of/in the/at nature/nn and/cc value/nn of/in human/jj life/nn ./. One/cd such/jj event/nn is/bez the/at landing/nn in/in Europe/np itself/ppl ,/, when/wrb the/at mingled/vbn familiarity/nn and/cc strangeness/nn of/in the/at Occident/np ,/, after/in the/at blank/jj immensities/nns of/in Asia/np ,/, shocks/vbz the/at returning/vbg traveller/nn into/in a/at realization/nn of/in the/at infinite/jj possibilities/nns of/in human/jj life/nn ./.

cg72

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In/in a/at pessimistic/jj assessment/nn of/in the/at cold/jj war/nn ,/, Eden/np declared/vbd :/: ``/`` There/ex must/md be/be much/ql closer/jjr unity/nn within/in the/at West/nr-tl before/cs there/ex can/md be/be effective/jj negotiation/nn with/in the/at East/nr-tl ''/'' ./. Ordinary/jj methods/nns of/in diplomacy/nn within/in the/at free/jj world/nn are/ber inadequate/jj ,/, said/vbd the/at former/ap Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl ./. ``/`` Something/pn much/ql more/ql thorough/jj is/bez required/vbn ''/'' ./. Citing/vbg the/at experience/nn of/in the/at Combined/vbn-tl Chiefs/nns-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, Eden/np said/vbd that/cs all/abn would/md have/hv been/ben confusion/nn and/cc disarray/nn without/in them/ppo ./. ``/`` This/dt ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` is/bez exactly/rb what/wdt has/hvz been/ben happening/vbg between/in the/at politically/rb free/jj nations/nns in/in the/at postwar/jj world/nn ./. We/ppss need/vb joint/jj chiefs/nns of/in a/at political/jj general/jj staff/nn ''/'' ./. Citing/vbg the/at advances/nns of/in Communist/jj power/nn in/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, Sir/np Anthony/np observed/vbd :/: ``/`` This/dt very/ql grave/jj state/nn of/in affairs/nns will/md continue/vb until/cs the/at free/jj nations/nns accept/vb together/rb the/at reality/nn of/in the/at danger/nn that/wps confronts/vbz them/ppo and/cc unite/vb their/pp$ policies/nns and/cc resources/nns to/to meet/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. While/cs I/ppss fully/rb agree/vb with/in Sir/np Anthony's/np$ contention/nn ,/, I/ppss think/vb that/cs we/ppss must/md carry/vb the/at analysis/nn farther/rbr ,/, bearing/vbg in/in mind/nn that/cs while/cs common/jj peril/nn may/md be/be the/at measure/nn of/in our/pp$ need/nn ,/, the/at existence/nn or/cc absence/nn of/in a/at positive/jj sense/nn of/in community/nn must/md be/be the/at measure/nn of/in our/pp$ capacity/nn ./. While/cs it/pps is/bez hazardous/jj to/to project/vb the/at trend/nn of/in history/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz clear/jj that/cs a/at genuine/jj community/nn is/bez painfully/rb emerging/vbg in/in the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ,/, particularly/rb among/in the/at countries/nns of/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, free/jj Europe/np was/bedz ready/jj for/in a/at new/jj beginning/nn ./. The/at excesses/nns of/in nationalism/nn had/hvd brought/vbn down/rp upon/in Europe/np a/at generation/nn of/in tyranny/nn and/cc war/nn ,/, and/cc a/at return/nn to/in the/at old/jj order/nn of/in things/nns seemed/vbd unthinkable/jj ./. Under/in these/dts conditions/nns a/at new/jj generation/nn of/in Europeans/nps began/vbd to/to discover/vb the/at bonds/nns of/in long/jj association/nn and/cc shared/vbn values/nns that/wps for/in so/ql long/rb had/hvd been/ben subordinated/vbn to/in nationalist/nn xenophobia/nn ./. A/at slow/jj and/cc painful/jj trend/nn toward/in unification/nn has/hvz taken/vbn hold/nn ,/, a/at trend/nn which/wdt may/md at/in any/dti time/nn be/be arrested/vbn and/cc reversed/vbn but/cc which/wdt may/md also/rb lead/vb to/in a/at binding/vbg federation/nn of/in Europe/np ./. It/pps may/md well/rb be/be that/cs the/at unification/nn of/in Europe/np will/md prove/vb inadequate/jj ,/, that/cs the/at survival/nn of/in free/jj society/nn will/md require/vb nothing/pn less/ap than/cs the/at confederation/nn of/in the/at entire/jj Western/jj-tl world/nn ./. The/at movement/nn toward/in European/jj unity/nn has/hvz been/ben expressed/vbn in/in two/cd currents/nns :/: federalism/nn and/cc functionalism/nn ,/, one/cd looking/vbg to/in the/at constitution/nn of/in a/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, the/at other/ap building/nn on/in wartime/nn precedents/nns of/in practical/jj cooperation/nn for/in the/at solution/nn of/in specific/jj problems/nns ./. Thus/ql far/rb the/at advances/nns made/vbn have/hv been/ben almost/ql entirely/rb along/in functional/jj lines/nns ./. Many/ap factors/nns contributed/vbd to/in the/at growth/nn of/in the/at European/jj movement/nn ./. In/in 1946/cd Sir/np Winston/np Churchill/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd spoken/vbn often/rb of/in European/jj union/nn during/in the/at war/nn ,/, advocated/vbd the/at formation/nn of/in ``/`` a/at kind/nn of/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl ''/'' ./. Had/hvd Churchill/np been/ben returned/vbn to/in office/nn in/in 1945/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez just/ql possible/jj that/cs Britain/np ,/, instead/rb of/in standing/vbg fearfully/rb aloof/rb ,/, would/md have/hv led/vbn Europe/np toward/in union/nn ./. In/in 1947/cd and/cc 1948/cd the/at necessity/nn of/in massive/jj coordinated/vbn efforts/nns to/to achieve/vb economic/jj recovery/nn led/vbd to/in the/at formation/nn of/in the/at Organization/nn-tl for/in-tl European/jj-tl Economic/jj-tl Cooperation/nn-tl to/to supervise/vb and/cc coordinate/vb the/at uses/nns of/in American/jj aid/nn under/in the/at Marshall/np-tl Plan/nn-tl ./. The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl might/md well/rb have/hv exploited/vbn the/at opportunity/nn provided/vbn by/in the/at European/jj-tl Recovery/nn-tl Program/nn-tl to/to push/vb the/at hesitant/jj European/jj nations/nns toward/in political/jj federation/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs economic/jj cooperation/nn ,/, but/cc all/abn proposals/nns to/in this/dt effect/nn were/bed rejected/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Government/nn-tl at/in the/at time/nn ./. Another/dt powerful/jj factor/nn in/in the/at European/jj movement/nn was/bedz the/at threat/nn of/in Soviet/np aggression/nn ./. The/at Communist/jj coup/nn in/in Czechoslovakia/np in/in 1948/cd was/bedz followed/vbn immediately/rb by/in the/at conclusion/nn of/in the/at Brussels/np-tl Treaty/nn-tl ,/, a/at 50-year/jj alliance/nn among/in Britain/np ,/, France/np and/cc the/at Benelux/np countries/nns ./. And/cc of/in course/nn the/at Soviet/np threat/nn was/bedz responsible/jj for/in NATO/nn ,/, the/at grand/jj alliance/nn of/in the/at Atlantic/jj nations/nns ./. New/jj organs/nns of/in unification/nn proliferated/vbd in/in the/at decade/nn following/vbg the/at conclusion/nn of/in the/at NATO/nn alliance/nn ./. In/in 1949/cd the/at Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl came/vbd into/in existence/nn ,/, a/at purely/ql consultative/jj parliamentary/jj body/nn but/cc the/at first/od organ/nn of/in political/jj rather/rb than/in functional/jj unity/nn ./. In/in 1952/cd ,/, the/at European/jj-tl Coal/nn-tl and/cc-tl Steel/nn-tl Community/nn-tl was/bedz launched/vbn ,/, placing/vbg the/at coal/nn and/cc steel/nn production/nn of/in France/np ,/, West/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ,/, Italy/np and/cc Benelux/np under/in a/at supranational/jj High/jj-tl Authority/nn-tl ./. For/in a/at time/nn it/pps appeared/vbd that/cs a/at common/jj European/jj army/nn might/md be/be created/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at project/nn for/in a/at European/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl Community/nn-tl was/bedz rejected/vbn by/in the/at French/jj-tl National/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl in/in 1954/cd ./. In/in 1957/cd the/at social-economic/jj approach/nn to/in European/jj integration/nn was/bedz capped/vbn by/in the/at formation/nn among/in ``/`` the/at Six/cd-tl ''/'' of/in a/at tariff-free/jj European/jj-tl Common/jj-tl Market/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Euratom/np for/in cooperation/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in atomic/jj energy/nn ./. The/at ``/`` overseas/jj ''/'' democracies/nns have/hv generally/rb encouraged/vbn the/at European/jj unification/nn movement/nn without/in seriously/rb considering/in the/at wisdom/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj full/jj participation/nn in/in a/at broader/jjr Atlantic/jj community/nn ./. The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Canada/np belong/vb only/rb to/in NATO/nn and/cc the/at new/jj O.E.C.D./np ./. Britain/np until/in recently/rb went/vbd along/rb in/in some/dti areas/nns with/in all/abn of/in the/at enthusiasm/nn of/in the/at groom/nn at/in a/at shotgun/nn wedding/nn ./. In/in other/ap areas/nns it/pps held/vbd back/rb ,/, pleading/vbg its/pp$ Commonwealth/nn-tl bonds/nns ./. Now/rb Britain/np has/hvz decided/vbn to/to seek/vb admission/nn to/in the/at European/jj-tl Economic/jj-tl Community/nn-tl and/cc it/pps seems/vbz certain/jj that/cs she/pps will/md be/be joined/vbn by/in some/dti of/in her/pp$ partners/nns in/in the/at loose/jj Free/jj-tl Trade/nn-tl Area/nn-tl of/in the/at ``/`` Outer/jj-tl Seven/cd-tl ''/'' ./. Besides/in its/pp$ historical/jj significance/nn as/cs a/at break/nn with/in the/at centuries-old/jj tradition/nn of/in British/jj insularity/nn ,/, Britain's/np$ move/nn ,/, if/cs successful/jj ,/, will/md constitute/vb an/at historic/jj landmark/nn of/in the/at first/od importance/nn in/in the/at movement/nn toward/in the/at unification/nn of/in Europe/np and/cc the/at Western/jj-tl world/nn ./. If/cs a/at broader/jjr Atlantic/jj community/nn is/bez to/to be/be formed/vbn --/-- and/cc my/pp$ own/jj judgment/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps lies/vbz within/in the/at realm/nn of/in both/abx our/pp$ needs/nns and/cc our/pp$ capacity/nn --/-- a/at ready/jj nucleus/nn of/in machinery/nn is/bez at/in hand/nn in/in the/at NATO/nn alliance/nn ./. The/at time/nn is/bez now/rb ripe/jj ,/, indeed/rb overdue/jj ,/, for/in the/at vigorous/jj development/nn of/in its/pp$ non-military/jj potentialities/nns ,/, for/in its/pp$ development/nn as/cs an/at instrument/nn of/in Atlantic/jj community/nn ./. What/wdt is/bez required/vbn is/bez the/at full/jj implementation/nn of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl of/in the/at Treaty/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt provides/vbz :/: ``/`` The/at Parties/nns-tl will/md contribute/vb toward/in the/at further/jjr development/nn of/in peaceful/jj and/cc friendly/jj international/jj relations/nns by/in strengthening/vbg their/pp$ free/jj institutions/nns ,/, by/in bringing/vbg about/rp a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at principles/nns upon/in which/wdt these/dts institutions/nns are/ber founded/vbn ,/, and/cc by/in promoting/vbg conditions/nns of/in stability/nn and/cc well-being/nn ./. They/ppss will/md seek/vb to/to eliminate/vb conflict/nn in/in their/pp$ international/jj economic/jj policies/nns and/cc will/md encourage/vb economic/jj collaboration/nn between/in any/dti and/cc all/abn of/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. As/cs Lester/np Pearson/np wrote/vbd in/in 1955/cd :/. :/. ``/`` NATO/np-tl cannot/md* live/vb on/in fear/nn alone/rb ./. It/pps cannot/md* become/vb the/at source/nn of/in a/at real/jj Atlantic/jj community/nn if/cs it/pps remains/vbz organized/vbn to/to deal/vb only/rb with/in the/at military/jj threat/nn which/wdt first/rb brought/vbd it/ppo into/in being/beg ''/'' ./. The/at problem/nn of/in NATO/nn is/bez not/* one/cd of/in machinery/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez an/at abundance/nn ,/, but/cc of/in the/at will/nn to/to use/vb it/ppo ./. The/at NATO/nn Council/nn-tl is/bez available/jj as/cs an/at executive/nn agency/nn ,/, the/at Standing/vbg-tl Group/nn-tl as/cs a/at high/jj military/jj authority/nn ./. The/at unofficial/jj Conference/nn-tl of/in-tl Parliamentarians/nps-tl is/bez available/jj as/cs a/at potential/jj legislative/jj authority/nn ./. This/dt machinery/nn will/md not/* become/vb the/at instrument/nn of/in an/at Atlantic/jj community/nn by/in fiat/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb when/wrb that/dt community/nn evolves/vbz from/in potentiality/nn to/in reality/nn ./. The/at existence/nn of/in a/at community/nn is/bez a/at state/nn of/in mind/nn --/-- a/at conviction/nn that/cs goals/nns and/cc values/nns are/ber widely/rb shared/vbn ,/, that/cs effective/jj communication/nn is/bez possible/jj ,/, that/cs mutual/jj trust/nn is/bez reasonably/rb assured/vbn ./. An/at equally/ql promising/jj avenue/nn toward/in Atlantic/jj community/nn may/md lie/vb through/in the/at development/nn and/cc expansion/nn of/in the/at O.E.C.D./np ./. Conceived/vbn as/cs an/at organ/nn of/in economic/jj cooperation/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at reason/nn why/wrb O.E.C.D./np cannot/md* evolve/vb into/in a/at broader/jjr instrument/nn of/in union/nn if/cs its/pp$ members/nns so/rb desire/vb ./. Indeed/rb it/pps might/md be/be a/at more/ql appropriate/jj vehicle/nn than/cs NATO/nn for/in the/at development/nn of/in a/at parliamentary/jj organ/nn of/in the/at Atlantic/jj nations/nns ,/, because/cs it/pps could/md encompass/vb all/abn of/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at Atlantic/jj community/nn including/in those/dts ,/, like/cs Sweden/np and/cc Switzerland/np ,/, who/wps are/ber unwilling/jj to/to be/be associated/vbn with/in an/at essentially/rb military/jj alliance/nn like/cs Aj/nn ./. Underlying/vbg these/dts hopes/nns and/cc prescriptions/nns is/bez a/at conviction/nn that/cs the/at nations/nns of/in the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl area/nn do/do indeed/rb form/vb a/at community/nn ,/, at/in least/ap a/at potential/jj community/nn ./. There/ex is/bez nothing/pn new/jj in/in this/dt ;/. ;/. what/wdt is/bez new/jj and/cc compelling/jj is/bez that/cs the/at West/nr-tl is/bez now/rb but/rb one/cd of/in several/ap powerful/jj civilizations/nns ,/, or/cc ``/`` systems/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc that/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at others/nns may/md pose/vb a/at mortal/jj danger/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl ./. For/in centuries/nns the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl nations/nns dominated/vbd the/at world/nn and/cc as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss did/dod they/ppss could/md afford/vb the/at luxury/nn of/in fighting/vbg each/dt other/ap ./. That/dt time/nn is/bez now/rb past/jj and/cc the/at Atlantic/jj nations/nns ,/, if/cs they/ppss are/ber to/to survive/vb ,/, must/md develop/vb a/at full-fledged/jj community/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss must/md also/rb look/vb beyond/in the/at frontiers/nns of/in ``/`` Western/jj-tl civilization/nn ''/'' toward/in a/at world-wide/jj ``/`` concert/nn of/in free/jj nations/nns ''/'' ./. 6/cd ,/, The/at burden/nn of/in these/dts reflections/nns is/bez that/cs a/at broader/jjr unity/nn among/in the/at free/jj nations/nns is/bez at/in the/at core/nn of/in our/pp$ needs/nns ./. And/cc if/cs we/ppss do/do not/* aspire/vb to/in too/ql much/ap ,/, it/pps is/bez also/rb within/in our/pp$ capacity/nn ./. A/at realistic/jj balancing/nn of/in the/at need/nn for/in new/jj forms/nns of/in international/jj organization/nn on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, and/cc our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to achieve/vb them/ppo on/in the/at other/ap ,/, must/md be/be approached/vbn through/in the/at concept/nn of/in ``/`` community/nn ''/'' ./. History/nn has/hvz demonstrated/vbn many/ap times/nns that/cs concerts/nns of/in nations/nns based/vbn solely/rb on/in the/at negative/jj spur/nn of/in common/jj danger/nn are/ber unlikely/jj to/to survive/vb when/wrb the/at external/jj danger/nn ceases/vbz to/to be/be dramatically/rb urgent/jj ./. Only/rb when/wrb a/at concert/nn of/in nations/nns rests/vbz on/in the/at positive/jj foundations/nns of/in shared/vbn goals/nns and/cc values/nns is/bez it/pps likely/jj to/to form/vb a/at viable/jj instrument/nn of/in long-range/nn policy/nn ./. It/pps follows/vbz that/cs the/at solution/nn to/in the/at current/jj disunity/nn of/in the/at free/jj nations/nns is/bez only/rb to/in a/at very/ql limited/vbn extent/nn a/at matter/nn of/in devising/vbg new/jj machinery/nn of/in consultation/nn and/cc coordination/nn ./. It/pps is/bez very/ql much/ap a/at matter/nn of/in building/vbg the/at foundations/nns of/in community/nn ./. It/pps is/bez for/in these/dts reasons/nns that/cs proposals/nns for/in a/at ``/`` new/jj world/nn order/nn ''/'' ,/, through/in radical/jj overhaul/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc through/in some/dti sort/nn of/in world/nn federation/nn ,/, are/ber utterly/ql fatuous/jj ./. In/in a/at recent/jj book/nn called/vbn ``/`` World/nn-tl Peace/nn-tl Through/in-tl World/nn-tl Law/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, two/cd distinguished/vbn lawyers/nns ,/, Grenville/np Clark/np and/cc Louis/np Sohn/np ,/, call/vb for/in just/rb such/abl an/at overhaul/nn of/in the/at U.N./np ,/, basing/vbg their/pp$ case/nn on/in the/at world-wide/jj fear/nn of/in a/at nuclear/jj holocaust/nn ./. I/ppss believe/vb that/cs these/dts proposals/nns ,/, however/wql meritorious/jj in/in terms/nns of/in world/nn needs/nns ,/, go/vb far/rb beyond/in our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to realize/vb them/ppo ./. Such/jj proposals/nns look/vb to/in an/at apocalyptic/jj act/nn ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in Lockian/jj ``/`` social/jj contract/nn ''/'' on/in a/at world-wide/jj scale/nn ./. The/at defect/nn of/in these/dts proposals/nns is/bez in/in their/pp$ attempt/nn to/to outrun/vb history/nn and/cc their/pp$ assumption/nn that/cs because/cs something/pn may/md be/be desirable/jj it/pps is/bez also/rb possible/jj ./. A/at working/vbg concept/nn of/in the/at organic/jj evolution/nn of/in community/nn must/md lead/vb us/ppo in/in a/at different/jj direction/nn ./. The/at failures/nns of/in the/at U.N./np and/cc of/in other/ap international/jj organs/nns suggest/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv already/rb gone/vbn beyond/in what/wdt was/bedz internationally/rb feasible/jj ./. Our/pp$ problem/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez to/to devise/vb processes/nns more/ql modest/jj in/in their/pp$ aspirations/nns ,/, adjusted/vbn to/in the/at real/jj world/nn of/in sovereign/jj nation/nn states/nns and/cc diverse/jj and/cc hostile/jj communities/nns ./. The/at history/nn of/in the/at U.N./np demonstrates/vbz that/cs in/in a/at pluralistic/jj world/nn we/ppss must/md develop/vb processes/nns of/in influence/nn and/cc persuasion/nn rather/rb than/in coercion/nn ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs international/jj organization/nn will/md ultimately/rb supplant/vb the/at multi-state/jj system/nn ,/, but/cc its/pp$ proper/jj function/nn for/in the/at immediate/jj future/nn is/bez to/to reform/vb and/cc supplement/vb that/dt system/nn in/in order/nn to/to render/vb pluralism/nn more/ql compatible/jj with/in an/at interdependent/jj world/nn ./. New/jj machinery/nn of/in coordination/nn should/md not/* be/be our/pp$ primary/jj objective/nn in/in the/at foreseeable/jj future/nn --/-- though/cs perhaps/rb the/at ``/`` political/jj general/jj staff/nn ''/'' of/in Western/jj-tl leaders/nns proposed/vbn by/in Sir/np Anthony/np Eden/np would/md serve/vb a/at useful/jj purpose/nn ./. Generally/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at abundance/nn of/in available/jj machinery/nn of/in coordination/nn --/-- in/in NATO/nn ,/, in/in O.E.C.D./np ,/, in/in the/at U.N./np and/cc elsewhere/rb ./. The/at trouble/nn with/in this/dt machinery/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* used/vbn and/cc the/at reason/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* used/vbn is/bez the/at absence/nn of/in a/at conscious/jj sense/nn of/in community/nn among/in the/at free/jj nations/nns ./. Our/pp$ proper/jj objective/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, is/bez the/at development/nn of/in a/at new/jj spirit/nn ,/, the/at realization/nn of/in a/at potential/jj community/nn ./. A/at ``/`` concert/nn of/in free/jj nations/nns ''/'' should/md take/vb its/pp$ inspiration/nn from/in the/at traditions/nns of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn Concert/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl with/in its/pp$ common/jj values/nns and/cc accepted/vbn ``/`` rules/nns of/in the/at game/nn ''/'' ./. Constitutions/nns of/in and/cc by/in themselves/ppls mean/vb little/ap ;/. ;/. the/at history/nn of/in both/abx the/at League/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl and/cc the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl demonstrates/vbz that/dt ./. But/cc a/at powerful/jj sense/nn of/in community/nn ,/, even/rb with/in little/ap or/cc no/at machinery/nn ,/, means/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn ./. That/dt is/bez the/at lesson/nn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ./. A/at realistic/jj ``/`` concert/nn of/in free/jj nations/nns ''/'' might/md be/be expected/vbn to/to consist/vb of/in an/at ``/`` inner/jj community/nn ''/'' of/in the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl nations/nns and/cc an/at ``/`` outer/jj community/nn ''/'' embracing/vbg much/ap or/cc all/abn of/in the/at non-Communist/jj world/nn ./.

cg73

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The/at recent/jj experiments/nns in/in the/at new/jj poetry-and-jazz/nn movement/nn seen/vbn by/in some/dti as/cs part/nn of/in the/at ``/`` San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Renaissance/nn-tl ''/'' have/hv been/ben as/ql popular/jj as/cs they/ppss are/ber notorious/jj ./. ``/`` It/pps might/md well/rb start/vb a/at craze/nn like/cs swallowing/vbg goldfish/nn or/cc pee-wee/jj golf/nn ''/'' ,/, wrote/vbd Kenneth/np Rexroth/np in/in an/at explanatory/jj note/nn in/in the/at Evergreen/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, and/cc he/pps may/md have/hv been/ben right/jj ./. Under/in the/at general/jj heading/nn ``/`` poetry-and-jazz/nn-nc ''/'' widely/ql divergent/jj experiments/nns have/hv been/ben carried/vbn out/rp ./. Lawrence/np Ferlenghetti/np and/cc Bruce/np Lippincott/np have/hv concentrated/vbn on/in writing/vbg a/at new/jj poetry/nn for/in reading/vbg with/in jazz/nn that/wps is/bez very/ql closely/rb related/vbn to/in both/abx the/at musical/jj forms/nns of/in jazz/nn ,/, and/cc the/at vocabulary/nn of/in the/at musician/nn ./. Even/rb musicians/nns themselves/ppls have/hv taken/vbn to/in writing/vbg poetry/nn ./. (/( Judy/np Tristano/np now/rb has/hvz poems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs ballads/nns written/vbn for/in her/ppo ./. )/) But/cc the/at best/rbt known/vbn exploiters/nns of/in the/at new/jj medium/nn are/ber Kenneth/np Rexroth/np and/cc Kenneth/np Patchen/np ./. Rexroth/np and/cc Patchen/np are/ber far/ql apart/rb musically/rb and/cc poetically/rb in/in their/pp$ experiments/nns ./. Rexroth/np is/bez a/at longtime/nn jazz/nn buff/nn ,/, a/at name-dropper/nn of/in jazz/nn heroes/nns ,/, and/cc a/at student/nn of/in traditional/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs modern/jj jazz/nn ./. In/in San/np Francisco/np he/pps has/hvz worked/vbn with/in Brew/np Moore/np ,/, Charlie/np Mingus/np ,/, and/cc other/ap ``/`` swinging/vbg ''/'' musicians/nns of/in secure/jj reputation/nn ,/, thus/rb placing/vbg himself/ppl within/in established/vbn jazz/nn traditions/nns ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in being/beg a/at part/nn of/in the/at San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl ``/`` School/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Although/cs Patchen/np has/hvz given/vbn previous/jj evidence/nn of/in an/at interest/nn in/in jazz/nn ,/, the/at musical/jj group/nn that/wpo he/pps works/vbz with/in ,/, the/at Chamber/nn-tl Jazz/nn-tl Sextet/nn-tl ,/, is/bez often/rb ignored/vbn by/in jazz/nn critics/nns ./. (/( Downbeat/nn-tl did/dod not/* mention/vb the/at Los/np Angeles/np appearance/nn of/in Patchen/np and/cc the/at Sextet/nn-tl ,/, although/cs the/at engagement/nn lasted/vbd over/rp two/cd months/nns ./. )/) The/at stated/vbn goal/nn of/in the/at CJS/nn is/bez the/at synthesis/nn of/in jazz/nn and/cc ``/`` serious/jj ''/'' music/nn ./. Patchen's/np$ musicians/nns are/ber outsiders/nns in/in established/vbn jazz/nn circles/nns ,/, and/cc Patchen/np himself/ppl has/hvz remained/vbn outside/in the/at San/np Francisco/np poetry/nn group/nn ,/, maintaining/vbg a/at self-imposed/jj isolation/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs his/pp$ conversion/nn to/in poetry-and-jazz/nn is/bez not/* as/ql extreme/jj or/cc as/ql sudden/jj as/cs it/pps may/md first/rb appear/vb ./. He/pps had/hvd read/vbn his/pp$ poetry/nn with/in musicians/nns as/ql early/rb as/cs 1951/cd ,/, and/cc his/pp$ entire/jj career/nn has/hvz been/ben characterized/vbn by/in radical/jj experiments/nns with/in the/at form/nn and/cc presentation/nn of/in his/pp$ poetry/nn ./. However/rb ,/, his/pp$ subject/nn matter/nn and/cc basic/jj themes/nns have/hv remained/vbn surprisingly/rb consistent/jj ,/, and/cc these/dts ,/, together/rb with/in certain/jj key/jjs poetic/jj images/nns ,/, may/md be/be traced/vbn through/in all/abn his/pp$ work/nn ,/, including/in the/at new/jj jazz/nn experiments/nns ./. From/in the/at beginning/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ,/, Patchen/np has/hvz adopted/vbn an/at anti-intellectual/jj approach/nn to/in poetry/nn ./. His/pp$ first/od book/nn ,/, Before/in-tl The/at-tl Brave/nn-tl (/( 1936/cd )/) ,/, is/bez a/at collection/nn of/in poems/nns that/wps are/ber almost/rb all/abn Communistic/jj ,/, but/cc after/in publication/nn of/in this/dt book/nn he/pps rejected/vbd Communism/nn-tl ,/, and/cc advocated/vbd a/at pacifistic/jj anarchy/nn ,/, though/cs retaining/vbg his/pp$ revolutionary/jj idiom/nn ./. He/pps spoke/vbd for/in a/at ``/`` proletariat/nn ''/'' that/wps included/vbd ``/`` all/abn the/at lost/vbn and/cc sick/jj and/cc hunted/vbn of/in the/at earth/nn ''/'' ./. Patchen/np believes/vbz that/cs the/at world/nn is/bez being/beg destroyed/vbn by/in power-hungry/jj and/cc money-hungry/jj people/nns ./. Running/vbg counter/rb to/in the/at destroying/vbg forces/nns in/in the/at world/nn are/ber all/abn the/at virtues/nns that/wps are/ber innate/jj in/in man/nn ,/, the/at capacity/nn for/in love/nn and/cc brotherhood/nn ,/, the/at ability/nn to/to appreciate/vb beauty/nn ./. Beauty/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs love/nn is/bez redemptive/jj ,/, and/cc Patchen/np preaches/vbz a/at kind/nn of/in moral/jj salvation/nn ./. This/dt salvation/nn does/doz not/* take/vb the/at form/nn of/in a/at Christian/jj-tl Heaven/nn-tl ./. In/in Patchen's/np$ eyes/nns ,/, organized/vbn churches/nns are/ber as/ql odious/jj as/cs organized/vbn governments/nns ,/, and/cc Christian/jj symbols/nns ,/, having/hvg been/ben taken/vbn over/rp by/in the/at moneyed/jj classes/nns ,/, are/ber now/rb agents/nns of/in corruption/nn ./. Patchen/np envisions/vbz a/at Dark/jj-tl Kingdom/nn-tl which/wdt ``/`` stands/vbz above/in the/at waters/nns as/cs a/at sentinel/nn warning/vbg man/nn of/in danger/nn from/in his/pp$ own/jj kind/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Dark/jj-tl Kingdom/nn-tl sends/vbz Angels/nns-tl of/in-tl Death/nn-tl and/cc other/ap fateful/jj messengers/nns down/rp to/in us/ppo with/in stern/jj tenderness/nn ./. Actually/rb Heaven/nn-tl and/cc the/at Dark/jj-tl Kingdom/nn-tl overlap/vb ;/. ;/. they/ppss form/vb two/cd aspects/nns of/in heavenly/jj life/nn after/in death/nn ./. Patchen/np has/hvz almost/rb never/rb used/vbd strict/jj poetic/jj forms/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps has/hvz experimented/vbn instead/rb with/in personal/jj myth-making/nn ./. Much/ap of/in his/pp$ earlier/jjr work/nn was/bedz conceived/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in a/at ``/`` pseudo-anthropological/jj ''/'' myth/nn reference/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez concerned/vbn with/in imaginary/jj places/nns and/cc beings/nns described/vbn in/in grandiloquent/jj and/cc travelogue-like/jj language/nn ./. These/dts early/jj experiments/nns were/bed evidently/rb not/* altogether/rb satisfying/jj to/in Patchen/np ./. Beginning/vbg in/in Cloth/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Tempest/nn-tl (/( 1943/cd )/) he/pps experimented/vbd in/in merging/vbg poetry/nn and/cc visual/jj art/nn ,/, using/vbg drawings/nns to/to carry/vb long/jj narrative/jj segments/nns of/in a/at story/nn ,/, as/cs in/in Sleepers/nns-tl Awake/vb-tl ,/, and/cc constructing/vbg elaborate/jj ``/`` poems-in-drawing-and-type/nns ''/'' in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez impossible/jj to/to distinguish/vb between/in the/at ``/`` art/nn ''/'' and/cc the/at poetry/nn ./. Art/nn ``/`` makings/nns ''/'' or/cc pseudo-anthropological/jj myths/nns did/dod not/* meet/vb all/abn of/in Patchen's/np$ requirements/nns for/in a/at poetic/jj frame/nn of/in reference/nn ./. Many/ap of/in his/pp$ poems/nns purported/vbd to/to be/be exactly/ql contemporary/jj and/cc political/jj ;/. ;/. so/rb during/in the/at period/nn approximately/rb from/in 1941/cd to/in 1946/cd ,/, Patchen/np often/rb used/vbd private/jj detective/nn stories/nns as/cs a/at myth/nn reference/nn ,/, and/cc the/at ``/`` private/jj eye/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at myth/nn hero/nn ./. Speaking/vbg in/in terms/nns of/in sociological/jj stereotype/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` private/jj eye/nn ''/'' might/md appeal/vb to/in the/at poet/nn in/in search/nn of/in a/at myth/nn for/in many/ap reasons/nns ./. The/at private/jj detective/nn (/( at/in least/ap in/in the/at minds/nns of/in listeners/nns and/cc readers/nns all/ql over/in the/at country/nn )/) is/bez an/at individual/jj hero/nn fighting/vbg injustice/nn ./. He/pps is/bez usually/rb something/pn of/in an/at underdog/nn ,/, he/pps must/md battle/vb the/at organized/vbn police/nn force/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs recognized/vbn criminals/nns ./. The/at private/jj detective/nn must/md rely/vb ,/, as/cs the/at Youngest/jjt-tl Son/nn-tl or/cc Trickster/nn-tl Hero/nn-tl does/doz in/in primitive/jj myth/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ wits/nns ./. The/at private/jj detective/nn is/bez militant/nn against/in injustice/nn ,/, a/at humorous/jj and/cc ironic/jj explorer/nn of/in the/at underworld/nn ;/. ;/. most/ql important/jj to/in Patchen/np ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at non-literary/jj hero/nn ,/, and/cc very/ql contemporary/jj ./. In/in 1945/cd ,/, probably/rb almost/rb every/at American/np not/* only/rb knew/vbd who/wps Sam/np Spade/np was/bedz ,/, but/cc had/hvd some/dti kind/nn of/in emotional/jj feeling/nn about/in him/ppo ./. In/in The/at-tl Memoirs/nns-tl Of/in-tl A/at-tl Shy/jj-tl Pornographer/nn-tl (/( 1945/cd )/) Patchen/np exploited/vbd this/dt national/jj sentiment/nn by/in making/vbg his/pp$ hero/nn ,/, Albert/np Budd/np ,/, a/at private/jj detective/nn ./. But/cc since/in 1945/cd ,/, Sam/np Spade/np has/hvz undergone/vbn a/at metamorphosis/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps has/hvz become/vbn Friday/np on/in Dragnet/nn-tl ,/, a/at mouthpiece/nn of/in arbitrary/jj police/nn authority/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz ,/, like/cs so/ql many/ap other/ap secular/jj and/cc religious/jj culture/nn symbols/nns ,/, gone/vbn over/rp to/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at ruling/vbg classes/nns ./. Obviously/rb ,/, the/at ``/`` private/jj eye/nn ''/'' can/md have/hv no/at more/ap appeal/nn for/in Patchen/np ./. To/to fill/vb the/at job/nn of/in contemporary/jj hero/nn in/in 1955/cd ,/, Patchen/np needed/vbd someone/pn else/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz logical/jj that/cs he/pps would/md come/vb up/rp with/in the/at figure/nn of/in the/at modern/jj jazz/nn musician/nn ./. The/at revolution/nn in/in jazz/nn that/wps took/vbd place/nn around/in 1949/cd ,/, the/at evolution/nn from/in the/at ``/`` bebop/nn ''/'' school/nn of/in Dizzy/np Gillespie/np to/in the/at ``/`` cool/jj ''/'' sound/nn of/in Miles/np Davis/np and/cc Lennie/np Tristano/np ,/, Lee/np Konitz/np ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj legend/nn of/in Charlie/np Parker/np ,/, had/hvd made/vbn an/at impression/nn on/in many/ap academic/jj and/cc literary/jj men/nns ./. The/at differentiation/nn between/in the/at East/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl and/cc West/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl schools/nns of/in jazz/nn ,/, the/at differences/nns between/in the/at ``/`` hard/jj bop/nn ''/'' school/nn of/in Rollins/np ,/, and/cc the/at ``/`` cerebral/jj ''/'' experiments/nns of/in Tristano/np ,/, Konitz/np and/cc Marsh/np ,/, the/at general/jj differences/nns in/in the/at mores/nns of/in white/jj and/cc Negro/np musicians/nns ,/, all/abn had/hvd become/vbn fairly/ql well/rb known/vbn to/in certain/jj segments/nns of/in the/at public/nn ./. The/at immense/jj amount/nn of/in interest/nn that/wpo the/at new/jj jazz/nn had/hvd for/in the/at younger/jjr generation/nn must/md have/hv impressed/vbn him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps began/vbd working/vbg toward/in the/at merger/nn of/in jazz/nn and/cc poetry/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps had/hvd previously/rb attempted/vbn the/at union/nn of/in graphic/jj art/nn and/cc poetry/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in his/pp$ experiments/nns in/in reading/vbg poetry/nn to/in jazz/nn ,/, Patchen/np is/bez beginning/vbg to/to use/vb the/at figure/nn of/in the/at modern/jj jazz/nn musician/nn as/cs a/at myth/nn hero/nn in/in the/at same/ap way/nn he/pps used/vbd the/at figure/nn of/in the/at private/jj detective/nn a/at decade/nn ago/rb ./. In/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, his/pp$ approach/nn to/in poetry-and-jazz/nn is/bez in/in marked/vbn contrast/nn to/in Kenneth/np Rexroth's/np$ ./. Rexroth/np uses/vbz many/ap of/in his/pp$ early/jj poems/nns when/wrb he/pps reads/vbz to/in jazz/nn ,/, including/in many/ap of/in his/pp$ Chinese/jj and/cc Japanese/jj translations/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps usually/rb draws/vbz some/dti kind/nn of/in comparison/nn with/in the/at jazz/nn tradition/nn and/cc the/at poem/nn he/pps is/bez reading/vbg --/-- for/in instance/nn ,/, he/pps draws/vbz the/at parallel/nn between/in a/at poem/nn he/pps reads/vbz about/in an/at Oriental/jj courtesan/nn waiting/vbg for/in the/at man/nn she/pps loves/vbz ,/, and/cc who/wps never/rb comes/vbz ,/, and/cc the/at old/jj blues/nns chants/nns of/in Ma/nn-tl Rainy/np and/cc other/ap Negro/np singers/nns --/-- but/cc usually/rb the/at comparison/nn is/bez specious/jj ./. Rexroth/np may/md sometimes/rb achieve/vb an/at effective/jj juxtaposition/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps rarely/rb makes/vbz any/dti effort/nn to/to capture/vb any/dti jazz/nn ``/`` feeling/nn ''/'' in/in the/at text/nn of/in his/pp$ poems/nns ,/, relying/vbg on/in his/pp$ very/ql competent/jj musicians/nns to/to supply/vb this/dt feeling/nn ./. Patchen/np does/doz read/vb some/dti of/in his/pp$ earlier/jjr works/nns to/in music/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz written/vbn an/at entire/jj book/nn of/in short/jj poems/nns which/wdt seem/vb to/to be/be especially/rb suited/vbn for/in reading/vbg with/in jazz/nn ./. These/dts new/jj poems/nns have/hv only/rb a/at few/ap direct/jj references/nns to/in jazz/nn and/cc jazz/nn musicians/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss show/vb changes/nns in/in Patchen's/np$ approach/nn to/in his/pp$ poetry/nn ,/, for/cs he/pps has/hvz tried/vbn to/to enter/vb into/in and/cc understand/vb the/at emotional/jj attitude/nn of/in the/at jazz/nn musician/nn ./. It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to draw/vb the/at line/nn between/in stereotype/nn and/cc the/at reality/nn of/in the/at jazz/nn musician/nn ./. Everyone/pn knows/vbz that/cs private/jj detectives/nns in/in real/jj life/nn are/ber not/* like/cs Sam/np Spade/np and/cc Pat/np Novak/np ,/, but/cc the/at real/jj and/cc the/at imaginary/jj musician/nn are/ber closely/rb linked/vbn ./. Seen/vbn by/in the/at public/nn ,/, the/at musician/nn is/bez the/at underdog/nn par/fw-in excellence/fw-nn ./. He/pps is/bez forced/vbn to/to play/vb for/in little/ap money/nn ,/, and/cc must/md often/rb take/vb another/dt job/nn to/to live/vb ./. His/pp$ approach/nn to/in music/nn is/bez highly/ql individualistic/jj ;/. ;/. the/at accent/nn is/bez on/in improvisation/nn rather/rb than/cs arrangements/nns ./. While/cs he/pps is/bez worldly/jj ,/, the/at musician/nn often/rb cultivates/vbz public/jj attitudes/nns of/in childlike/jj astonishment/nn and/cc naivete/nn ./. The/at musician/nn is/bez non-intellectual/jj and/cc non-verbal/jj ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez far/rb from/in being/beg a/at literary/jj hero/nn ,/, yet/cc is/bez a/at creative/jj artist/nn ./. Many/ap of/in these/dts aspects/nns will/md be/be seen/vbn as/cs comparable/jj to/in those/dts of/in the/at ideal/jj detective/nn ,/, but/cc where/wrb the/at detective/nn is/bez active/jj and/cc militant/jj ,/, the/at jazz/nn musician/nn is/bez passive/jj ,/, almost/rb a/at victim/nn of/in society/nn ./. In/in order/nn to/to write/vb with/in authority/nn either/cc about/in musicians/nns ,/, or/cc as/cs a/at musician/nn ,/, Patchen/np would/md have/hv to/in soft/rb pedal/vb his/pp$ characteristically/rb outspoken/jj anger/nn ,/, and/cc change/vb (/( at/in least/ap for/in the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt poetry/nn )/) from/in a/at revolutionary/nn to/in a/at victim/nn ./. He/pps must/md become/vb one/pn who/wps knows/vbz all/abn about/in the/at injustice/nn in/in the/at world/nn ,/, but/cc who/wps declines/vbz doing/vbg anything/pn about/in it/ppo ./. This/dt involves/vbz a/at shift/nn in/in Patchen's/np$ attitude/nn and/cc it/pps is/bez a/at first/od step/nn toward/in writing/vbg a/at new/jj jazz/nn poetry/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz shown/vbn considerable/jj ingenuity/nn in/in adapting/vbg his/pp$ earliest/jjt symbols/nns and/cc devices/nns to/in the/at new/jj work/nn ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps has/hvz kept/vbn a/at body/nn of/in constant/jj symbols/nns through/in all/abn of/in his/pp$ experiments/nns gives/vbz an/at unexpected/jj continuity/nn to/in his/pp$ poetry/nn ./. Perhaps/rb tracing/vbg some/dti of/in these/dts more/ql important/jj symbols/nns through/in the/at body/nn of/in his/pp$ work/nn will/md show/vb that/cs Patchen's/np$ new/jj poetry/nn is/bez well/rb thought/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc remains/vbz within/in the/at mainstream/nn of/in his/pp$ work/nn ,/, while/cs being/beg suited/vbn to/in a/at new/jj form/nn ./. Henry/np Miller/np characterized/vbd Patchen/np as/cs a/at ``/`` man/nn of/in anger/nn and/cc light/nn ''/'' ./. His/pp$ revolutionary/jj anger/nn is/bez apparent/jj in/in most/ap of/in his/pp$ early/jj poems/nns ./. The/at following/vbg passage/nn from/in ``/`` The/at-tl Hangman's/nn$-tl Great/jj-tl Hands/nns-tl ''/'' illustrates/vbz the/at directness/nn of/in this/dt anger/nn ./. ``/`` Anger/nn won't/md* help/vb ./. I/ppss was/bedz born/vbn angry/jj ./. Angry/jj that/cs my/pp$ father/nn was/bedz being/beg burnt/vbn alive/jj in/in the/at mills/nns ;/. ;/. Angry/jj that/cs none/pn of/in us/ppo knew/vbd anything/pn but/in filth/nn and/cc poverty/nn ./. Angry/jj because/cs I/ppss was/bedz that/dt very/ap one/cd somebody/pn was/bedz supposed/vbn To/to be/be fighting/vbg for/in ''/'' ./. This/dt angry/jj and/cc exasperated/vbn stance/nn which/wdt Patchen/np has/hvz maintained/vbn in/in his/pp$ poetry/nn for/in almost/rb fifteen/cd years/nns has/hvz been/ben successfully/rb modulated/vbn into/in a/at kind/nn of/in woe/nn that/wps is/bez as/ql effective/jj as/cs anger/nn and/cc still/rb expresses/vbz his/pp$ disapproval/nn of/in the/at modern/jj world/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ recent/jj book/nn ,/, Hurray/uh-tl For/in-tl Anything/pn-tl (/( 1957/cd )/) ,/, one/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj short/jj poems/nns --/-- and/cc it/pps is/bez the/at title/nn poem/nn for/in one/cd of/in the/at long/jj jazz/nn arrangements/nns --/-- is/bez written/vbn for/in recital/nn with/in jazz/nn ./. Although/cs it/pps does/doz not/* follow/vb the/at metrical/jj rules/nns for/in a/at blues/nns to/to be/be sung/vbn ,/, the/at phrases/nns themselves/ppls carry/vb a/at blues/nns feeling/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at city/nn And/cc there/rb I/ppss did/dod Weep/vb ,/, Men/nns a-crowing/vbg like/cs asses/nns ,/, And/cc living/vbg like/cs sheep/nns ./. Oh/uh ,/, can't/md* hold/vb the/at han'/nn of/in my/pp$ love/nn !/. !/. Can't/md* hold/vb her/pp$ little/jj white/jj han'/nn !/. !/. Yes/rb ,/, I/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at city/nn ,/, And/cc there/rb I/ppss did/dod bitterly/rb cry/vb ,/, Men/nns out/rp of/in touch/nn with/in the/at earth/nn ,/, And/cc with/in never/rb a/at glance/nn at/in the/at sky/nn ./. Oh/uh ,/, can't/md* hold/vb the/at han'/nn of/in my/pp$ love/nn !/. !/. Can't/md* hold/vb her/pp$ pure/jj little/jj han'/nn !/. !/. ''/'' Patchen/np is/bez still/rb the/at rebel/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps writes/vbz in/in a/at doleful/jj ,/, mournful/jj tone/nn ./. Neither/dtx of/in these/dts poems/nns is/bez an/at aberration/nn ;/. ;/. each/dt is/bez so/ql typical/jj that/cs it/pps represents/vbz a/at prominent/jj trend/nn in/in the/at poet's/nn$ development/nn ./. Patchen/np is/bez repeatedly/rb preoccupied/vbn with/in death/nn ./. In/in many/ap of/in his/pp$ poems/nns ,/, death/nn comes/vbz by/in train/nn :/: a/at strongly/ql evocative/jj visual/jj image/nn ./. Perhaps/rb Patchen/np was/bedz once/rb involved/vbn in/in a/at train/nn accident/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt passage/nn from/in First/od-tl Will/nn-tl And/cc-tl Testament/nn-tl may/md have/hv been/ben how/wrb the/at accident/nn appeared/vbd to/in the/at poet/nn when/wrb he/pps first/rb saw/vbd it/ppo --/-- if/cs he/pps did/dod :/: ``/`` Lord/nn-tl ,/, love/vb us/ppo ,/, look/vb at/in all/abn the/at disconnected/vbn limbs/nns floating/vbg hereabouts/rb ,/, like/cs bloody/jj feathers/nns at/in that/dt --/-- and/cc all/abn the/at eyes/nns are/ber talking/vbg and/cc all/abn the/at hair/nn are/ber moving/vbg and/cc all/abn the/at tongue/nn are/ber in/in all/abn the/at cheek/nn ./.

cg74

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Let/vb us/ppo see/vb just/rb how/wql typical/jj Krim/np is/bez ./. He/pps is/bez New/jj-tl York-born/jj and/cc Jewish/jj ./. He/pps spent/vbd one/cd year/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl because/cs Thomas/np Wolfe/np went/vbd there/rb ./. He/pps returned/vbd to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to work/vb for/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl Yorker/np-tl ,/, to/to edit/vb a/at Western/jj-tl pulp/nn ,/, to/to ``/`` duck/vb the/at war/nn in/in the/at OWI/nn ''/'' ,/, to/to write/vb publicity/nn for/in Paramount/jjs-tl Pictures/nns-tl and/cc commentary/nn for/in a/at newsreel/nn ,/, then/rb he/pps began/vbd his/pp$ career/nn as/cs critic/nn for/in various/jj magazines/nns ./. Now/rb he/pps has/hvz abandoned/vbn all/abn that/dt to/to be/be A/at-tl Writer/nn-tl ./. I/ppss do/do not/* want/vb to/to quibble/vb about/in typicality/nn ;/. ;/. in/in a/at certain/jj sense/nn ,/, one/cd manner/nn of/in experience/nn will/md be/be typical/jj of/in any/dti given/vbn group/nn while/cs another/dt will/nn not/* ./. But/cc I've/ppss+hv got/vbn news/nn for/in Krim/np :/: he's/pps+bez not/* typical/jj ,/, he's/pps+bez pretty/ql special/jj ./. His/pp$ may/md typify/vb a/at certain/jj kind/nn of/in postwar/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl experience/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ experience/nn is/bez certainly/rb not/* typical/jj of/in his/pp$ ``/`` generation's/nn$ ''/'' ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, who/wps ever/rb thought/vbd that/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl is/bez typical/jj of/in anything/pn ?/. ?/. Men/nns of/in Krim's/np$ age/nn ,/, aspirations/nns ,/, and/cc level/nn of/in sophistication/nn were/bed typically/rb involved/vbn in/in politics/nn before/in the/at war/nn ./. They/ppss did/dod not/* ``/`` duck/vb the/at war/nn ''/'' but/cc they/ppss fought/vbd in/in it/ppo ,/, however/wql reluctantly/rb ;/. ;/. they/ppss sweated/vbd out/rp some/dti kind/nn of/in formal/jj education/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss read/vbd widely/rb and/cc eclectically/rb ;/. ;/. they/ppss did/dod not/* fall/vb into/in pseudo-glamorous/jj jobs/nns on/in pseudo-glamorous/jj magazines/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss did/dod whatever/wdt nasty/jj thing/nn they/ppss could/md get/vb in/in order/nn to/to eat/vb ;/. ;/. they/ppss found/vbd out/rp who/wps they/ppss were/bed and/cc what/wdt they/ppss could/md do/do ,/, then/rb within/in the/at limits/nns of/in their/pp$ talent/nn they/ppss did/dod it/ppo ./. They/ppss did/dod not/* worry/vb about/in ``/`` experience/nn ''/'' ,/, because/cs experience/nn thrust/vbd itself/ppl upon/in them/ppo ./. And/cc they/ppss traveled/vbd out/in of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. Only/rb a/at native/jj New/jj-tl Yorker/np-tl could/md believe/vb that/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl is/bez now/rb or/cc ever/rb was/bedz a/at literary/jj center/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at publishing/vbg and/cc public/jj relations/nns center/vb ,/, but/cc these/dts very/ap facts/nns prevent/vb it/ppo from/in being/beg a/at literary/jj center/nn because/cs writers/nns dislike/vb provincialism/nn and/cc untruth/nn ./. Krim's/np$ typicality/nn consists/vbz only/rb in/in his/pp$ New/jj-tl Yorker's/np$ view/nn that/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl is/bez the/at world/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps displays/vbz what/wdt outlanders/nns call/vb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl mind/nn ,/, a/at state/nn that/cs the/at subject/nn is/bez necessarily/rb unable/jj to/to perceive/vb in/in himself/ppl ./. The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl mind/nn is/bez two/cd parts/nns abstraction/nn and/cc one/cd part/nn misinformation/nn about/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at country/nn and/cc in/in fact/nn the/at world/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ fulminating/vbg against/in the/at literary/jj world/nn ,/, Krim/np is/bez really/rb struggling/vbg with/in the/at New/jj-tl Yorker/np-tl in/in himself/ppl ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez a/at losing/vbg battle/nn ./. Closely/rb related/vbn to/in his/pp$ illusions/nns about/in his/pp$ typicality/nn is/bez Krim's/np$ complicated/vbn feeling/nn about/in his/pp$ Jewishness/nn ./. He/pps writes/vbz ,/, ``/`` Most/ap of/in my/pp$ friends/nns and/cc I/ppss were/bed Jewish/jj ;/. ;/. we/ppss were/bed also/rb literary/jj ;/. ;/. the/at combination/nn of/in the/at Jewish/jj intellectual/jj tradition/nn and/cc the/at sensibility/nn needed/vbn to/to be/be a/at writer/nn created/vbd in/in my/pp$ circle/nn the/at most/ql potent/jj and/cc incredible/jj intellectual-literary/jj ambition/nn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb seen/vbn or/cc could/md ever/rb have/hv imagined/vbn ./. Within/in themselves/ppls ,/, just/rb as/cs people/nns ,/, my/pp$ friends/nns were/bed often/rb tortured/vbn and/cc unappeasably/ql bitter/jj about/in being/beg the/at offspring/nns of/in this/dt unhappily/ql unique-ingrown-screwedup/jj breed/nn ;/. ;/. their/pp$ reading/nn and/cc thinking/vbg gave/vbd an/at extension/nn to/in their/pp$ normal/jj blushes/nns about/in appearing/vbg '/' Jewish/jj '/' in/in subway/nn ,/, bus/nn ,/, racetrack/nn ,/, movie/nn house/nn ,/, any/dti of/in the/at public/jj places/nns that/wps used/vbd to/to make/vb the/at Jew/np of/in my/pp$ generation/nn self-conscious/jj (/( heavy/jj thinkers/nns walking/vbg across/in Seventh/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl without/in their/pp$ glasses/nns on/rp ,/, willing/jj to/to dare/vb the/at trucks/nns as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss didn't/dod* look/vb like/cs the/at ikey-kikey/jj caricature/nn of/in the/at Yiddish/jj intellectual/nn )/) ./. ''/'' At/in other/ap points/nns in/in his/pp$ narrative/nn ,/, Krim/np associates/vbz Jewishness/nn with/in unappeasable/jj literary/jj ambition/nn ,/, with/in abstraction/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ personal/jj turning/vbg aside/rb from/in the/at good/jj ,/, the/at true/nn ,/, and/cc the/at beautiful/jj of/in fiction/nn in/in the/at manner/nn of/in James/np T./np Farrell/np to/in the/at international/jj ,/, the/at false/jj ,/, and/cc the/at inflated/vbn ./. Krim/np says/vbz ,/, in/in short/jj ,/, that/cs he/pps is/bez a/at suffering/vbg Jew/np ./. The/at only/rb possible/jj answer/nn to/in that/dt is/bez ,/, I/ppss am/bem a/at suffering/vbg Franco-Irishman/np ./. We/ppss all/abn love/vb to/to suffer/vb ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in us/ppo love/vb to/to suffer/vb more/rbr than/cs others/nns ./. Had/hvd Krim/np gone/vbn farther/rbr from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl than/cs Chapel/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, he/pps might/md have/hv discovered/vbn that/cs large/jj numbers/nns of/in American/jj Jews/nps do/do not/* find/vb his/pp$ New/jj-tl York/np-tl version/nn of/in the/at Jews'/nps$ lot/nn remotely/rb recognizable/jj ./. More/ql important/jj is/bez the/at simple/jj human/jj point/nn that/cs all/abn men/nns suffer/vb ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at kind/nn of/in anthropological-religious/jj pride/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at Jew/np to/to believe/vb that/cs his/pp$ suffering/nn is/bez more/ql poignant/jj than/cs mine/pp$$ or/cc anyone/pn else's/rb$ ./. This/dt is/bez not/* to/to deny/vb the/at existence/nn of/in pogroms/nns and/cc ghettos/nns ,/, but/cc only/rb to/to assert/vb that/cs these/dts horrors/nns have/hv had/hvn an/at effect/nn on/in the/at nerves/nns of/in people/nns who/wps did/dod not/* experience/vb them/ppo ,/, that/cs among/in the/at various/jj side/nn effects/nns is/bez the/at local/jj hysteria/nn of/in Jewish/jj writers/nns and/cc intellectuals/nns who/wps cry/vb out/rp from/in confusion/nn ,/, which/wdt they/ppss call/vb oppression/nn and/cc pain/nn ./. In/in their/pp$ stupidity/nn and/cc arrogance/nn they/ppss believe/vb they/ppss are/ber called/vbn upon/rb to/to remind/vb the/at gentile/nn continually/rb of/in pogroms/nns and/cc ghettos/nns ./. Some/dti of/in us/ppo have/hv imagination/nn and/cc sensibility/nn too/rb ./. Finally/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at undeniable/jj fact/nn that/cs some/dti of/in the/at finest/jjt American/jj fiction/nn is/bez being/beg written/vbn by/in Jews/nps ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez not/* Jewish/jj fiction/nn ;/. ;/. Saul/np Bellow/np and/cc Bernard/np Malamud/np ,/, through/in intellectual/jj toughness/nn ,/, perception/nn ,/, through/in experience/nn in/in fact/nn ,/, have/hv obviously/rb liberated/vbn themselves/ppls from/in any/dti sentimental/jj Krim/np self-indulgence/nn they/ppss might/md have/hv been/ben tempted/vbn to/in ./. Krim's/np$ main/jjs attack/nn is/bez upon/in the/at aesthetic/jj and/cc the/at publishing/vbg apparatus/nn of/in American/jj literary/jj culture/nn in/in our/pp$ day/nn ./. Krim/np was/bedz able/jj to/to get/vb an/at advance/nn for/in a/at novel/nn ,/, and/cc time/nn and/cc opportunity/nn to/to write/vb at/in Yaddo/np ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz no/ql good/jj ./. ``/`` I/ppss had/hvd natural/jj sock/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, '/' as/cs a/at storyteller/nn and/cc was/bedz precociously/ql good/jj at/in description/nn ,/, dialogue/nn ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at other/ap staples/nns of/in the/at fiction-writer's/nn$ trade/nn but/cc I/ppss was/bedz bugged/vbn by/in a/at mammoth/jj complex/nn of/in thoughts/nns and/cc feelings/nns that/wps prevented/vbd me/ppo from/in doing/vbg more/ap than/cs just/rb diddling/vbg the/at surface/nn of/in sustained/vbn fiction-writing/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc again/rb ,/, ``/`` how/wrb can/md you/ppss write/vb when/wrb you/ppss haven't/hv* yet/rb read/vbn '/' Bartleby/np-tl The/at-tl Scrivener/nn-tl '/' ''/'' ?/. ?/. Krim/np came/vbd to/to believe/vb that/cs ``/`` the/at novel/nn as/cs a/at form/nn had/hvd outlived/vbn its/pp$ vital/jj meaning/nn ''/'' ./. His/pp$ ``/`` articulate/jj Jewish/jj friends/nns ''/'' convinced/vbd him/ppo that/cs education/nn (/( read/vb ``/`` reading/nn-nc ''/'' )/) was/bedz ``/`` a/at must/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps moved/vbd in/in a/at ``/`` highly/ql intellectual/jj ''/'' group/nn in/in Greenwich/np-tl Village/nn-tl in/in the/at late/jj forties/nns ,/, becoming/vbg ``/`` internationalized/vbn ''/'' overnight/rb ./. Then/rb followed/vbd a/at period/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps wrote/vbd reviews/nns for/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl Book/nn-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, The/at-tl Commonweal/np-tl ,/, Commentary/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd a/at small/jj piece/nn in/in Partisan/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, and/cc moved/vbd on/rp to/in Hudson/np ,/, The/at-tl Village/nn-tl Voice/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Exodus/nn-tl ./. The/at work/nn for/in Commonweal/np was/bedz more/ql satisfying/jj than/cs work/nn for/in Commentary/nn-tl ``/`` because/rb of/in the/at staff's/nn$ tiptoeing/vbg fear/nn of/in making/vbg a/at booboo/nn ''/'' ./. Commentary/nn-tl was/bedz a/at mere/jj suburb/nn of/in Partisan/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, the/at arch-enemy/nn ./. Both/abx magazines/nns were/bed ``/`` rigid/jj with/in reactionary/jj what-will-T./nil S./nil Eliot-or-Martin/nil Buber-think/nil ?/. ?/. fear/nn ./. ''/'' Partisan/nn-tl has/hvz failed/vbn ,/, Krim/np says/vbz ,/, for/in being/beg ``/`` snob-clannish/jj ,/, overcerebral/jj ,/, Europeanish/jj ,/, aristocratically/rb alienated/vbn ''/'' from/in the/at U.S./np ./. It/pps was/bedz ``/`` the/at creation/nn of/in a/at monstrous/jj historical/jj period/nn wherein/wrb it/pps thought/vbd it/pps had/hvd to/to synthesize/vb literature/nn and/cc politics/nn and/cc avant-garde/nn art/nn of/in every/at kind/nn with/in its/pp$ writers/nns crazily/rb trying/vbg to/to outdo/vb each/dt other/ap in/in Spenglerian/jj inclusiveness/nn ./. ''/'' Kenyon/np ,/, Sewanee/np ,/, and/cc Hudson/np operated/vbd in/in an/at ``/`` Anglo-Protestant/jj New/jj-tl Critical/jj-tl chill/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. their/pp$ example/nn caused/vbd Krim/np and/cc his/pp$ friends/nns to/to put/vb on/rp ``/`` Englishy/jj airs/nns ,/, affect/vb all/abn sorts/nns of/in impressive/jj scholarship/nn and/cc social-register/nn unnaturalness/nn in/in order/nn to/to slip/vb through/in their/pp$ narrow/jj transoms/nns and/cc get/vb into/in their/pp$ pages/nns ''/'' ./. Qui/fw-wps s'excuse/fw-ppl+vbz s'accuse/fw-ppl+vbz ,/, as/cs the/at French/jj Jewish/jj intellectuals/nns used/vbd to/to say/vb ./. Through/in all/abn this/dt raving/nn ,/, Krim/np is/bez performing/vbg a/at traditional/jj and/cc by/in now/rb boring/vbg rite/nn ,/, the/at attack/nn on/in intelligence/nn ,/, upon/in the/at largely/ql successful/jj attempt/nn of/in the/at magazines/nns he/pps castigates/vbz to/to liberate/vb American/jj writing/nn from/in local/jj color/nn and/cc other/ap varieties/nns of/in romantic/jj corn/nn ./. God/np knows/vbz that/cs Partisan/nn-tl and/cc the/at rest/nn often/rb were/bed ,/, and/cc remain/vb ,/, guilty/jj of/in intellectual/jj flatulence/nn ./. Sociological/jj jargon/nn ,/, Germano-Slavic/jj approximations/nns to/in English/jj ,/, third-rate/jj but/cc modish/jj fiction/nn ,/, and/cc outrages/nns to/in common/jj sense/nn have/hv often/rb disfigured/vbn Partisan/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in lesser/jjr degree/nn ,/, the/at other/ap magazines/nns on/in the/at list/nn ./. What/wdt Krim/np ignores/vbz ,/, in/in his/pp$ contempt/nn for/in history/nn and/cc for/in accuracy/nn ,/, is/bez that/cs these/dts magazines/nns ,/, Partisan/nn-tl foremost/rb ,/, brought/vbd about/rp a/at genuine/jj revolution/nn in/in the/at American/jj mind/nn from/in the/at mid-thirties/nns to/in approximately/rb 1950/cd ./. The/at most/ql obvious/jj characteristic/nn of/in contemporary/jj American/jj writing/nn ,/, apart/rb from/in the/at beat/jj nonsense/nn ,/, is/bez its/pp$ cosmopolitanism/nn ./. The/at process/nn of/in cosmopolitanism/nn had/hvd begun/vbn in/in earnest/jj about/rb 1912/cd ,/, but/cc the/at First/od-tl War/nn-tl and/cc the/at depression/nn virtually/rb stalled/vbd that/dt process/nn in/in its/pp$ tracks/nns ./. Without/in the/at good/jj magazines/nns ,/, without/in their/pp$ book/nn reviews/nns ,/, their/pp$ hospitality/nn to/in European/jj writers/nns ,/, without/in above/in all/abn their/pp$ awareness/nn of/in literary/jj standards/nns ,/, we/ppss might/md very/ql well/rb have/hv had/hvn a/at generation/nn of/in Krim's/np$ heroes/nns --/-- Wolfes/nps ,/, Farrells/nps ,/, Dreisers/nps ,/, and/cc I/ppss might/md add/vb ,/, Sandburgs/nps and/cc Frosts/nps and/cc MacLeishes/nps in/in verse/nn --/-- and/cc then/rb where/wrb would/md we/ppss be/be ?/. ?/. Screwed/vbn ,/, stewed/vbn ,/, and/cc tattooed/vbn ,/, as/cs Krim/np might/md say/vb after/cs reading/vbg a/at book/nn about/in sailors/nns ./. When/wrb Partisan/nn-tl and/cc Kenyon/np set/vbd up/rp shop/nn ,/, Mencken/np was/bedz still/rb accepted/vbn as/cs an/at arbiter/nn of/in taste/nn (/( remember/vb Hergesheimer/np ?/. ?/. )/) ,/, George/np Jean/np Nathan/np and/cc Alexander/np Woollcott/np were/bed honored/vbn in/in odd/jj quarters/nns ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj Booth/np Tarkington/np ,/, Willa/np Catheter/np (/( sic/fw-rb )/) ,/, )/) Pearl/np ,/, Buck/np ,/, ,/, Amy/np Lowell/np ,/, William/np Lyon/np Phelps/np atmosphere/nn lay/vbd thick/jj as/cs Los/np Angeles/np smog/nn over/in ,/, the/at ,/, country/nn --/-- ./. Politics/nn ,/, economics/nn ,/, sociology/nn --/-- the/at entire/jj area/nn of/in life/nn that/wps lies/vbz ``/`` between/in ''/'' --/-- literature/nn and/cc what/wdt Krim/np calls/vbz experience/nn --/-- urgently/rb needed/vbd to/to be/be dug/vbn into/in ./. The/at universities/nns certainly/rb were/bed not/* doing/vbg it/ppo ,/, nor/cc were/bed the/at popular/jj magazines/nns of/in the/at day/nn ./. This/dt Partisan/nn-tl above/in all/abn did/dod ;/. ;/. if/cs it/pps had/hvd never/rb printed/vbn a/at word/nn of/in literature/nn its/pp$ contribution/nn to/in the/at politico-sociological/jj area/nn would/md still/rb be/be historic/jj ./. But/cc it/pps did/dod print/vb good/jj verse/nn and/cc good/jj fiction/nn ./. If/cs ,/, the/at editors/nns sometimes/rb ,/, dozed/vbd and/cc printed/vbd pretentious/jj ,/, New/jj-tl ,/, York-mind/jj ,/, dross/nn ,/, they/ppss ,/, also/rb printed/vbd ,/, Malraux/np ,/, ,/, Silone/np ,/, ,/, Chiaromonte/np ,/, ,/, Gide/np ,/, Bellow/np ,/, ,/, Robert/np Lowell/np ,/, Francis/np Fergusson/np ,/, Mary/np McCarthy/np ,/, Delmore/np Schwartz/np ,/, Mailer/np ,/, Elizabeth/np Hardwick/np ,/, Eleanor/np Clark/np ,/, ,/, and/cc a/at host/nn of/in ,/, other/ap good/jj writers/nns ./. Partisan/jj-tl Review/nn-tl and/cc the/at other/ap literary/jj magazines/nns helped/vbd to/to educate/vb ,/, in/in the/at best/jjt sense/nn ,/, an/at entire/jj generation/nn ./. That/cs these/dts magazines/nns also/rb deluded/vbd the/at Krims/nps of/in the/at world/nn is/bez unfortunate/jj but/cc inevitable/jj ./. It/pps is/bez a/at fact/nn of/in life/nn that/cs magazines/nns are/ber edited/vbn by/in groups/nns :/: they/ppss have/hv to/to be/be or/cc they/ppss wouldn't/md* be/be published/vbn at/in all/abn ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez also/rb a/at fact/nn of/in life/nn that/cs there/ex will/md always/rb (/( be/be youngish/jj half-educated/jj people/nns around/rb ,/, who/wps will/md be/be dazzled/vbn by/in the/at glitter/nn of/in what/wdt looks/vbz like/cs a/at literary/jj movement/nn ./. (/( there/ex are/ber no/at )/) literary/jj movements/nns ,/, ``/`` there/ex are/ber only/rb writers/nns doing/vbg their/pp$ work/nn ./. Literary/jj movements/nns are/ber the/at ''/'' ,/, creation/nn of/in pimps/nns who/wps live/vb off/in writers/nns ./. )/) when/wrb Krim/np says/vbz mine/pp$$ was/bedz as/ql severe/jj a/at critical-intellectual/jj ,/, environment/nn as/cs can/md be/be imagined/vbn ,/, he/pps is/bez off/in his/pp$ rocker/nn ./. He/pps indicates/vbz that/cs he/pps has/hvz none/pn of/in the/at ,/, disciplines/nns that/wpo criticism/nn requires/vbz ,/, including/in education/nn ;/. ;/. the/at result/nn was/bedz his/pp$ inevitable/jj bedazzlement/nn through/in ,/, ignorance/nn ./. He/pps wasn't/bedz* being/beg ,/, ``/`` educated/vbn in/in ''/'' those/dts Village/nn-tl bull-sessions/nns ,/, as/cs he/pps claims/vbz ./. No/at one/pn was/bedz ever/rb educated/vbn through/in bull-sessions/nns in/in anything/pn other/ap than/cs ,/, to/to quote/vb him/ppo again/rb ,/, ``/`` perfumed/vbn bullshit/nn ./. Only/rb ''/'' a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl hick/nn would/md expect/vb to/to find/vb the/at literary/jj life/nn in/in Greenwich/np-tl Village/nn-tl ,/, at/in any/dti point/nn ,/, later/rbr than/cs Walt/np Whitman's/np$ day/nn ./. The/at highly/ql intellectual/jj minds/nns that/wpo Krim/np says/vbz he/pps encountered/vbd ,/, in/in the/at Village/nn-tl did/dod their/pp$ work/nn in/in spite/nn of/in ,/, ,/, not/* because/cs of/in ,/, any/dti Village/nn-tl atmosphere/nn ./. But/cc Krim's/np$ complaint/nn is/bez important/jj because/cs not/* only/rb in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, but/cc in/in other/ap cities/nns and/cc in/in universities/nns throughout/in this/dt country/nn ,/, young/jj and/cc not/* ,/, so/ql young/jj men/nns at/in this/dt moment/nn are/ber being/beg bedazzled/vbn by/in half-digested/jj ideas/nns ./. Those/dts who/wps have/hv quality/nn will/md outgrow/vb ``/`` the/at experience/nn ;/. ;/. the/at ''/'' ,/, rest/nn will/md turn/vb beat/jj ,/, or/cc into/in dentists/nns ,/, or/cc into/in beat/jj ,/, dentists/nns ./. For/cs the/at sad/jj truth/nn is/bez that/cs while/cs one/pn might/md write/vb well/rb without/in having/hvg read/vbn Bartleby/np-tl The/at-tl Scrivener/nn-tl ,/, one/pn is/bez more/ql likely/jj ,/, to/to write/vb well/rb if/cs one/pn has/hvz ``/`` read/vbn it/ppo ,/, and/cc much/ap else/rb ./. The/at most/ql appalling/jj aspect/nn of/in Krim's/np$ piece/nn is/bez his/pp$ reflection/nn of/in the/at beat/jj aesthetic/nn ./. He/pps mentions/vbz the/at beats/nns only/rb once/rb ''/'' ,/, when/wrb he/pps refers/vbz to/in their/pp$ having/hvg revived/vbn through/in mere/jj power/nn and/cc abandonment/nn and/cc the/at unwillingness/nn to/to ,/, commit/vb death/nn in/in life/nn some/dti idea/nn of/in a/at decent/jj equivalent/nn between/in verbal/jj expression/nn and/cc actual/jj experience/nn ,/, ,/, but/cc the/at entire/jj narrative/nn ,/, is/bez written/vbn in/in the/at tiresome/jj vocabulary/nn ``/`` of/in ''/'' that/dt lost/vbn ``/`` and/cc ''/'' dying/vbg cause/nn ,/, ``/`` and/cc in/in the/at ''/'' ``/`` sprung/vbn syntax/nn that/wps is/bez supposed/vbn to/to supplant/vb ,/, our/pp$ mother/nn ,/, tongue/nn ./. Krim's/np$ (/( aesthetic/nn combines/vbz anti-intellectualism/nn ,/, conscious/jj and/cc unconscious/jj naivete/nn )/) ''/'' ,/, and/cc a/at winsome/jj reliance/nn ``/`` upon/in the/at ''/'' ,/, natural/jj and/cc upon/in experience/nn ./. Ideas/nns are/ber the/at thruway/nn to/in nowhere/rb ./. My/pp$ ``/`` touchstones/nns ,/, had/hvd ,/, been/ben strictly/rb ''/'' literature/nn and/cc ,/, humanly/rb enough/qlp ,/, American/jj literature/nn (/( because/cs that/dt was/bedz what/wdt I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to write/vb )/) ./. He/pps alludes/vbz to/in something/pn called/vbn direct/jj writing/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps finds/vbz that/cs criticism/nn gets/vbz in/in the/at way/nn of/in his/pp$ truer/jjr ,/, realer/jjr ,/, imaginative/jj bounce/nn ./.

cg75

cg75 |@word sign:1 portent:1 like:8 regular:1 toppling:1 deface:1 bust:7 lauro:6 di:7 bosis:7 near:1 villa:2 lante:1 gianicolo:2 something:3 happen:4 right:2 slowly:2 true:2 could:3 feel:4 italians:1 little:4 thing:5 italian:3 poet:2 notice:1 plainclothe:1 policeman:1 lounge:1 around:3 area:2 quirinal:1 palace:1 first:1 time:5 since:1 war:6 least:1 step:1 ask:1 see:5 paper:1 hate:2 flat:1 dialect:1 mispronunciation:1 mussolini:2 home:1 district:1 dogumenti:1 per:1 favore:1 know:11 may:2 come:2 one:12 day:8 still:2 bear:1 scar:1 earn:1 police:2 station:2 basement:2 resist:1 laugh:1 national:1 form:2 manner:1 never:2 talk:4 long:2 solemnly:1 subject:1 worry:1 loud:2 short:1 memory:1 ghost:1 giuseppe:1 berto:4 party:2 tall:1 lean:1 nervous:1 handsome:2 opinion:1 good:3 novelist:2 except:2 pavese:2 dead:1 sky:2 red:2 small:3 masterpiece:1 special:1 way:7 book:2 married:1 beautiful:1 girl:1 son:1 live:3 expensive:1 apartment:3 work:2 movie:1 desk:1 accumulate:1 treatment:1 script:1 count:1 monte:1 cristo:1 bookshelf:1 late:1 american:5 novel:3 include:1 bellow:1 seize:1 read:1 send:1 publisher:1 especially:1 interested:4 writer:1 robert:1 musil:1 man:6 without:2 quality:1 lot:1 people:5 italo:1 svevo:1 think:6 new:3 big:1 wait:1 go:11 hard:3 write:1 seriously:1 story:1 tired:1 old:5 method:1 realismo:1 successfully:1 use:1 different:1 buy:1 piece:4 property:1 along:2 coast:1 country:1 calabria:2 well:3 two:3 film:1 cash:1 chuck:1 leave:3 rome:7 intellectual:1 clique:1 money:1 feed:1 life:2 back:1 seem:2 worried:1 put:3 journal:1 black:2 shirt:2 wonderful:1 strange:1 reason:5 publish:1 appeal:1 jackboot:1 poor:1 southern:1 peasant:1 boy:1 infection:1 fever:1 moment:2 realization:1 throw:1 hand:1 quit:2 end:2 prisoner:1 texas:1 fascism:1 friend:2 young:5 rimanelli:3 tough:1 square:2 build:1 adventurous:1 say:7 lion:1 much:2 foreigner:2 sense:1 apprehension:1 disappointment:1 english:7 lady:7 vienna:1 pity:1 plan:1 lay:1 wreath:5 foot:1 garibaldi:12 statue:2 tower:1 spectacular:2 benediction:1 highpoint:1 green:1 park:5 child:1 play:1 lover:1 walk:3 glowing:1 view:2 whole:3 city:3 row:1 marble:3 fall:3 rush:1 porta:1 san:1 pancrazio:1 fire:1 straight:2 narrow:2 lane:2 take:5 lose:3 high:1 ground:3 doria:1 pamphili:1 french:2 artillery:1 move:2 30:1 april:2 1849:2 gate:1 charge:5 many:2 shiver:1 figure:1 fish:1 barrel:1 fill:1 street:2 immediate:1 full:1 proper:1 name:3 hear:3 idealistic:1 european:3 call:2 awful:1 glorious:2 companion:1 huge:1 plain:1 spoken:1 sculptor:4 sixteen:1 year:3 rifleman:1 across:3 france:1 1944:1 stupid:1 butchery:2 order:2 make:6 matter:3 give:2 oh:1 would:5 last:2 history:1 anybody:1 gloriously:1 world:2 look:3 bugeye:1 amazed:1 angry:1 assault:2 180:1 pick:3 company:2 ss:1 unit:1 comparable:1 size:1 rise:2 open:1 field:2 object:1 village:2 crossroad:1 kill:3 every:2 kraut:1 schedule:1 eight:2 alive:1 wound:1 jump:2 heavily:1 truck:1 spread:1 position:1 behind:1 cover:1 slight:1 maybe:3 twenty:2 thirty:2 minute:1 let:2 color:1 drain:1 face:4 grin:1 drink:1 bad:1 martini:1 raw:1 gin:1 bullshit:1 softly:1 excuse:1 familiar:1 expression:1 afternoon:1 march:3 onto:1 building:1 ruin:3 house:2 shoot:2 hell:2 memorial:1 bronze:1 wall:1 everything:1 else:1 monument:4 alike:1 diaper:1 string:1 roof:1 really:2 want:4 30th:1 ceremony:1 exploit:1 communist:1 nowadays:1 therefore:1 government:2 part:1 sort:1 decide:1 disown:1 washington:1 lincoln:1 ecclesiastical:1 anti:1 clericalism:1 pope:1 vatican:1 catholic:1 liberal:1 political:1 persuasion:1 nothing:1 celebrate:1 bold:1 unsuccessful:1 defense:1 lie:1 base:1 show:3 somebody:1 even:4 care:1 englishman:1 fight:2 die:1 also:2 mention:1 bunch:1 flower:2 suffer:1 mixed:1 feeling:2 sensitive:1 intense:1 mustache:1 fine:1 featured:1 fly:3 early:2 scatter:1 leaflet:1 denounce:1 fascist:2 either:1 soon:1 land:1 sea:1 crash:2 plane:2 thus:1 victim:1 wonderfully:1 romantic:2 takeoff:1 gossip:2 soul:1 famous:1 dancer:2 pay:3 absurd:1 dramatic:1 remember:1 commemorate:1 rename:1 piazzo:1 romans:1 postman:1 gesture:1 find:1 usually:1 sentiment:2 close:1 dirty:1 grubby:1 often:2 anonymous:1 poetry:1 airplane:2 real:1 routine:1 resistance:1 strength:1 directly:1 proportionate:1 number:1 insignificant:1 ugly:1 business:1 keep:1 woman:1 occupation:1 austria:1 prague:1 russians:1 question:1 connection:1 pamphlet:1 sentence:1 imprisonment:1 espionage:1 escape:2 crawl:1 usual:1 mine:1 barbed:1 wire:1 swam:1 river:1 finally:1 linz:1 nathan:1 hale:1 statement:1 spot:2 dimesize:1 body:1 bruise:3 top:2 beating:1 understand:1 action:1 symbolic:1 trouble:1 symbol:1 realistic:1 tribute:1 enough:1 idea:2 proxy:1 speak:1 pretty:1 thorough:1 silence:2 point:1 spoon:1 stir:1 coffee:1 bang:1 side:1 cup:1 sound:1 bell:1 admire:1 embarrassing:1 fool:1 prevent:1 southerner:2 tradition:1 brave:1 defeat:1 forlorn:1 cause:1 though:1 shake:1 compare:1 pickett:1 almost:1 miltonic:1 term:1 angel:1 etc:1 associate:1 sentimental:1 purpose:1 try:1 prove:1 afraid:1 pleased:1 enthusiastic:1 surely:1 help:1 please:1 fifty:1 magazine:1 rottosei:1

There/ex had/hvd been/ben signs/nns and/cc portents/nns like/cs the/at regular/jj toppling/nn over/rp and/cc defacing/nn of/in the/at bust/nn of/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np near/in the/at Villa/np Lante/np and/cc in/in the/at Gianicolo/np ./. Something/pn was/bedz happening/vbg all/ql right/rb ,/, slowly/rb it/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, but/cc you/ppss could/md feel/vb it/ppo ./. The/at Italians/nps felt/vbd it/ppo ./. Little/jj things/nns ./. An/at Italian/jj poet/nn had/hvd noticed/vbn plainclothes/nns policemen/nns lounging/vbg around/in the/at area/nn of/in Quirinal/np-tl Palace/nn-tl ,/, the/at first/od time/nn since/in the/at war/nn ./. At/in least/ap they/ppss hadn't/hvd* stepped/vbn up/rp and/cc asked/vbn to/to see/vb papers/nns in/in the/at hated/vbn ,/, flat/jj ,/, dialect/nn mispronunciation/nn of/in Mussolini's/np$ home/nn district/nn --/-- Dogumenti/fw-nns ,/, per/fw-in favore/fw-nn ./. But/cc ,/, who/wps knew/vbd ,/, that/dt might/md be/be coming/vbg one/cd of/in these/dts days/nns ./. There/ex were/bed other/ap Italians/nps who/wps still/rb bore/vbd scars/nns they/ppss had/hvd earned/vbn in/in police/nn station/nn basements/nns ,/, resisting/vbg ./. They/ppss laughed/vbd and/cc ,/, true/jj to/in national/jj form/nn and/cc manners/nns ,/, never/rb talked/vbd long/rb or/cc solemnly/rb on/in any/dti subject/nn at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo worried/vbd out/rp loud/rb about/in short/jj memories/nns and/cc ghosts/nns ./. We/ppss saw/vbd Giuseppe/np Berto/np at/in a/at party/nn once/rb in/in a/at while/nn ,/, tall/jj ,/, lean/jj ,/, nervous/jj and/cc handsome/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in our/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, the/at best/jjt novelist/nn of/in them/ppo all/abn except/in Pavese/np ,/, and/cc Pavese/np is/bez dead/jj ./. Berto's/np$ The/at-tl Sky/nn-tl Is/bez-tl Red/jj-tl had/hvd been/ben a/at small/jj masterpiece/nn and/cc in/in its/pp$ special/jj way/nn the/at best/jjt book/nn to/to come/vb out/in of/in the/at war/nn ./. Now/rb he/pps was/bedz married/vbn to/in a/at beautiful/jj girl/nn ,/, had/hvd a/at small/jj son/nn ,/, and/cc lived/vbd in/in an/at expensive/jj apartment/nn and/cc worked/vbd for/in the/at movies/nns ./. On/in his/pp$ desk/nn was/bedz a/at slowly/rb accumulating/vbg treatment/nn and/cc script/nn of/in The/at-tl Count/nn-tl Of/in-tl Monte/np-tl Cristo/np-tl ./. On/in his/pp$ bookshelves/nns were/bed some/dti of/in the/at latest/jjt American/jj novels/nns ,/, including/in Bellow's/np$ Seize/vb-tl The/at-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, but/cc he/pps hadn't/hvd* read/vbn them/ppo (/( they/ppss were/bed sent/vbn by/in American/jj publishers/nns )/) and/cc wasn't/bedz* especially/rb interested/vbn in/in what/wdt the/at American/jj writers/nns were/bed up/rp to/in ./. He/pps was/bedz interested/vbn in/in Robert/np Musil's/np$ The/at-tl Man/nn-tl Without/in-tl Qualities/nns-tl ./. So/rb were/bed a/at lot/nn of/in other/ap people/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz interested/vbn in/in Italo/np Svevo/np ./. He/pps was/bedz thinking/vbg his/pp$ way/nn into/in a/at new/jj novel/nn ,/, a/at big/jj one/cd ,/, one/cd that/wpo people/nns had/hvd been/ben waiting/vbg for/in ./. It/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be hard/jj going/nn all/abn the/at way/nn because/cs he/pps hadn't/hvd* written/vbn seriously/rb for/in a/at while/nn ,/, except/in for/in a/at few/ap stories/nns ,/, was/bedz tired/vbn of/in the/at old/jj method/nn of/in realismo/fw-nn he/pps had/hvd so/ql successfully/rb used/vbn in/in The/at-tl Sky/nn-tl Is/bez-tl Red/jj-tl ./. This/dt one/cd was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be different/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd bought/vbn a/at little/jj piece/nn of/in property/nn down/rp along/in the/at coast/nn of/in the/at hard/jj country/nn of/in Calabria/np that/wpo he/pps knew/vbd so/ql well/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to do/do one/cd or/cc two/cd more/ap films/nns for/in cash/nn and/cc then/rb chuck/vb it/ppo all/abn ,/, leave/vb Rome/np and/cc its/pp$ intellectual/jj cliques/nns and/cc money-fed/jj life/nn ,/, go/vb back/rb to/in Calabria/np ./. Berto/np seemed/vbd worried/vbn ,/, too/rb ./. He/pps knew/vbd all/abn about/in it/ppo and/cc had/hvd put/vbn it/ppo down/rp in/in journal/nn form/nn in/in The/at-tl War/nn-tl In/in-tl A/at-tl Black/jj-tl Shirt/nn-tl ,/, a/at wonderful/jj book/nn not/* ,/, for/in some/dti strange/jj reason/nn ,/, published/vbn in/in the/at U.S./np ./. He/pps knew/vbd all/abn about/in the/at appeal/nn of/in a/at black/jj shirt/nn and/cc jackboots/nns to/in a/at poor/jj ,/, southern/jj ,/, peasant/nn boy/nn ./. He/pps knew/vbd all/abn about/in the/at infection/nn and/cc the/at fever/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at moment/nn of/in realization/nn when/wrb he/pps saw/vbd for/in himself/ppl ,/, threw/vbd up/rp his/pp$ hands/nns and/cc quit/vbd ,/, ended/vbd the/at war/nn as/cs a/at prisoner/nn in/in Texas/np ./. Berto/np knew/vbd all/abn about/in Fascism/np ./. So/rb did/dod his/pp$ friend/nn ,/, the/at young/jj novelist/nn Rimanelli/np ./. Rimanelli/np is/bez tough/jj and/cc square-built/jj and/cc adventurous/jj ,/, says/vbz what/wdt he/pps thinks/vbz ./. He/pps had/hvd put/vbn it/ppo down/rp in/in a/at war/nn novel/nn ,/, The/at-tl Day/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Lion/nn-tl ./. These/dts people/nns were/bed not/* talking/vbg much/rb about/in it/ppo ,/, but/cc you/ppss ,/, a/at foreigner/nn ,/, sensed/vbd their/pp$ apprehension/nn and/cc disappointment/nn ./. So/rb there/rb we/ppss were/bed talking/vbg around/in and/cc about/in it/ppo ./. The/at English/jj lady/nn said/vbd she/pps had/hvd to/to go/vb to/in Vienna/np for/in a/at while/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at pity/nn because/cs she/pps had/hvd planned/vbn to/to lay/vb a/at wreath/nn at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at Garibaldi/np statue/nn ,/, towering/vbg over/in Rome/np in/in spectacular/jj benediction/nn from/in the/at highpoint/nn of/in the/at Gianicolo/np ./. Around/in that/dt statue/nn in/in the/at green/jj park/nn where/wrb children/nns play/vb and/cc lovers/nns walk/vb in/in twos/nns and/cc there/ex is/bez a/at glowing/vbg view/nn of/in the/at whole/jj city/nn ,/, in/in that/dt park/nn are/ber the/at rows/nns of/in marble/nn busts/nns of/in Garibaldi's/np$ fallen/vbn men/nns ,/, the/at ones/nns who/wps one/cd day/nn rushed/vbd out/in of/in the/at Porta/np San/np Pancrazio/np and/cc ,/, under/in fire/nn all/abn the/at way/nn ,/, up/in the/at long/jj ,/, straight/jj narrow/jj lane/nn to/to take/vb ,/, then/rb lose/vb the/at high/jj ground/nn of/in the/at Villa/np Doria/np Pamphili/np ./. When/wrb they/ppss lost/vbd it/ppo ,/, the/at French/jj artillery/nn moved/vbd in/rp ,/, and/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at end/nn for/in Garibaldi/np that/dt time/nn ,/, on/in 30/cd April/np 1849/cd ./. Once/cs out/in of/in the/at gate/nn they/ppss had/hvd charged/vbn straight/rb up/in the/at narrow/jj lane/nn ./. We/ppss had/hvd walked/vbn it/ppo many/ap times/nns and/cc shivered/vbn ,/, figuring/vbg what/wdt a/at fish/nn barrel/nn it/pps had/hvd been/ben for/in the/at French/nps ./. Now/rb the/at park/nn is/bez filled/vbn with/in marble/nn busts/nns and/cc all/abn the/at streets/nns in/in the/at immediate/jj area/nn have/hv the/at full/jj and/cc proper/jj names/nns of/in the/at men/nns who/wps fell/vbd ./. We/ppss were/bed at/in a/at party/nn once/rb and/cc heard/vbd an/at idealistic/jj young/jj European/jj call/vb that/dt awful/jj charge/nn glorious/jj ./. Our/pp$ companion/nn was/bedz a/at huge/jj ,/, plain-spoken/jj American/jj sculptor/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben a/at sixteen-year-old/jj rifleman/nn all/ql across/in France/np in/in 1944/cd ./. He/pps said/vbd it/pps was/bedz stupid/jj butchery/nn to/to order/vb men/nns to/to make/vb a/at charge/nn like/cs that/dt ,/, no/at matter/nn who/wps gave/vbd the/at order/nn and/cc what/wdt for/in ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, it/pps would/md be/be butchery/nn all/ql right/rb ''/'' ,/, the/at European/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` We/ppss would/md see/vb it/ppo that/dt way/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz glorious/jj then/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at last/ap time/nn in/in history/nn anybody/pn could/md do/do something/pn gloriously/rb like/cs that/dt ''/'' ./. I/ppss thought/vbd :/: Who/wps is/bez older/jjr now/rb ?/. ?/. Old/jj world/nn and/cc new/jj world/nn ./. The/at sculptor/nn looked/vbd at/in him/ppo ,/, bugeyed/jj and/cc amazed/vbn ,/, angry/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd made/vbn an/at assault/nn once/rb with/in 180/cd men/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at picked/vbn assault/nn company/nn ./. They/ppss went/vbd up/rp against/in an/at SS/nn unit/nn of/in comparable/jj size/nn ,/, over/in a/at little/jj rise/nn of/in ground/nn ,/, over/in an/at open/jj field/nn ./. Object/nn --/-- a/at village/nn crossroads/nns ./. They/ppss made/vbd it/ppo ,/, killed/vbd every/at last/ap one/cd of/in the/at Krauts/nps ,/, took/vbd the/at village/nn on/in schedule/nn ./. When/wrb it/pps was/bedz over/rp ,/, eight/cd of/in his/pp$ company/nn were/bed still/rb alive/jj and/cc all/abn eight/cd were/bed wounded/vbn ./. The/at whole/jj thing/nn ,/, from/in the/at moment/nn when/wrb they/ppss jumped/vbd heavily/rb off/in the/at trucks/nns ,/, spread/vbd out/rp and/cc moved/vbd into/in position/nn just/ql behind/in the/at cover/nn of/in that/dt slight/jj rise/nn of/in ground/nn and/cc then/rb jumped/vbd off/rp ,/, took/vbd maybe/rb between/in twenty/cd and/cc thirty/cd minutes/nns ./. The/at sculptor/nn looked/vbd at/in him/ppo ,/, let/vbd the/at color/nn drain/vb out/in of/in his/pp$ face/nn ,/, grinned/vbd ,/, and/cc looked/vbd down/rp into/in his/pp$ drink/nn ,/, a/at bad/jj Martini/nn-tl made/vbd with/in raw/jj Italian/jj gin/nn ./. ``/`` Bullshit/uh ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd softly/rb ./. ``/`` Excuse/vb me/ppo ''/'' ,/, the/at European/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem not/* familiar/jj with/in the/at expression/nn ''/'' ./. The/at apartment/nn where/wrb we/ppss were/bed talking/vbg that/dt afternoon/nn in/in March/np faced/vbd onto/in the/at street/nn Garibaldi's/np$ men/nns had/hvd charged/vbn up/in and/cc along/in ./. Across/in the/at way/nn from/in the/at apartment/nn building/nn is/bez a/at ruined/vbn house/nn ,/, shot/vbn to/in hell/nn that/dt day/nn in/in 1849/cd ,/, and/cc left/vbn that/dt way/nn as/cs a/at memorial/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at bronze/nn wreath/nn on/in the/at wall/nn ./. Like/cs everything/pn else/rb in/in Rome/np ,/, ruins/nns and/cc monuments/nns alike/rb ,/, that/dt house/nn is/bez lived/vbn in/in ./. I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn diapers/nns strung/vbn across/in the/at ruined/vbn roof/nn ./. The/at English/jj lady/nn really/rb wanted/vbd to/to put/vb a/at wreath/nn on/in the/at Garibaldi/np monument/nn on/in the/at 30th/od of/in April/np ./. She/pps had/hvd her/pp$ reasons/nns for/in this/dt ./. For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, there/ex wasn't/bedz* going/vbg to/to be/be any/dti ceremony/nn at/in all/abn this/dt year/nn ./. There/ex were/bed a/at few/ap reasons/nns for/in that/dt ,/, too/rb :/: Garibaldi/np had/hvd been/ben taken/vbn up/rp and/cc exploited/vbn by/in the/at Communists/nns-tl nowadays/rb ./. Therefore/rb the/at government/nn wanted/vbd no/at part/nn of/in him/ppo ./. (/( It/pps is/bez sort/nn of/in as/cs if/cs our/pp$ government/nn should/md decide/vb to/to disown/vb Washington/np or/cc Lincoln/np for/in the/at same/ap reason/nn ./. )/) And/cc then/rb there/ex were/bed ecclesiastical/jj matters/nns ,/, the/at matter/nn of/in Garibaldi's/np$ anti-clericalism/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at new/jj Pope/nn-tl and/cc the/at Vatican/np was/bedz making/vbg itself/ppl heard/vbn and/cc felt/vbn these/dts days/nns ./. As/cs it/pps happens/vbz the/at English/jj lady/nn is/bez a/at good/jj Catholic/jj herself/ppl ,/, but/cc of/in more/ql liberal/jj political/jj persuasion/nn ./. Nothing/pn was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be done/vbn this/dt year/nn to/to celebrate/vb Garibaldi's/np$ bold/jj and/cc unsuccessful/jj defense/nn of/in Rome/np ./. All/abn that/cs the/at English/jj lady/nn wanted/vbd to/to do/do was/bedz to/to walk/vb up/rp to/in the/at monument/nn and/cc lay/vb a/at wreath/nn at/in its/pp$ base/nn ./. This/dt would/md show/vb that/cs somebody/pn ,/, even/rb a/at foreigner/nn living/vbg in/in Rome/np ,/, cared/vbd ./. And/cc then/rb there/ex were/bed other/ap things/nns ./. Some/dti of/in the/at marble/nn busts/nns in/in the/at park/nn are/ber of/in young/jj Englishmen/nps who/wps fought/vbd and/cc died/vbd for/in Garibaldi/np ./. She/pps also/rb mentioned/vbd leaving/vbg a/at little/jj bunch/nn of/in flowers/nns at/in the/at bust/nn of/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np ./. It/pps is/bez hard/jj for/cs me/ppo to/to know/vb how/wrb I/ppss feel/vb about/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np ./. I/ppss suffer/vb from/in mixed/vbn feelings/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at well-to-do/jj ,/, handsome/jj ,/, and/cc sensitive/jj young/jj poet/nn ./. His/pp$ bust/nn shows/vbz an/at intense/jj ,/, mustached/jj ,/, fine-featured/jj face/nn ./. He/pps flew/vbd over/in Rome/np one/cd day/nn during/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in Mussolini/np and/cc scattered/vbd leaflets/nns over/in the/at city/nn ,/, denouncing/vbg the/at Fascists/nps ./. He/pps was/bedz never/rb heard/vbn of/in again/rb ./. He/pps is/bez thought/vbn either/cc to/to have/hv been/ben killed/vbn by/in the/at Fascists/nps as/ql soon/rb as/cs he/pps landed/vbd or/cc to/to have/hv killed/vbn himself/ppl by/in flying/vbg out/rp to/in sea/nn and/cc crashing/vbg his/pp$ plane/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz ,/, thus/rb ,/, an/at early/jj and/cc spectacular/jj victim/nn ./. And/cc there/ex is/bez something/pn so/ql wonderfully/ql romantic/jj about/in it/ppo all/abn ./. He/pps really/rb didn't/dod* know/vb how/wrb to/to fly/vb ./. He/pps had/hvd crashed/vbn on/in takeoff/nn once/rb before/rb ./. Gossip/nn had/hvd it/ppo (/( for/cs gossip/nn is/bez the/at soul/nn of/in Rome/np )/) that/cs a/at famous/jj American/jj dancer/nn of/in the/at time/nn had/hvd paid/vbn for/in both/abx the/at planes/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz absurd/jj and/cc dramatic/jj ./. It/pps is/bez remembered/vbn and/cc has/hvz been/ben commemorated/vbn by/in a/at bust/nn in/in a/at park/nn and/cc a/at square/nn in/in the/at city/nn which/wdt was/bedz renamed/vbn Piazzo/np Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np after/in the/at war/nn ./. Most/ap Romans/nps ,/, even/rb some/dti postmen/nns ,/, know/vb it/ppo by/in the/at old/jj name/nn ./. Faced/vbn with/in a/at gesture/nn like/cs Di/np Bosis'/np$ ,/, I/ppss find/vb usually/rb that/cs my/pp$ sentiments/nns are/ber closer/rbr to/in those/dts of/in my/pp$ sculptor/nn friend/nn ./. The/at things/nns that/wps happened/vbd in/in police/nn station/nn basements/nns were/bed dirty/jj ,/, grubby/jj ,/, and/cc most/ql often/rb anonymous/jj ./. No/at poetry/nn ,/, no/at airplanes/nns ,/, no/at dancers/nns ./. That/dt is/bez how/wrb the/at real/jj routine/nn of/in resistance/nn goes/vbz on/rp ,/, and/cc its/pp$ strength/nn is/bez directly/ql proportionate/jj to/in the/at number/nn of/in insignificant/jj people/nns who/wps can/md let/vb themselves/ppls be/be taken/vbn to/in pieces/nns ,/, piece/nn by/in piece/nn ,/, without/in quitting/vbg ./. It/pps is/bez an/at ugly/jj business/nn and/cc there/ex are/ber few/ap ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, wreaths/nns for/in them/ppo ./. I/ppss keep/vb thinking/vbg of/in a/at young/jj woman/nn I/ppss knew/vbd during/in the/at Occupation/nn-tl in/in Austria/np ./. She/pps was/bedz from/in Prague/np ./. She/pps had/hvd been/ben picked/vbn up/rp by/in the/at Russians/nps ,/, questioned/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in some/dti pamphlets/nns ,/, sentenced/vbn to/in life/nn imprisonment/nn for/in espionage/nn ./. She/pps escaped/vbd ,/, crawled/vbd through/in the/at usual/jj mine/nn fields/nns ,/, under/in barbed/jj wire/nn ,/, was/bedz shot/vbn at/in ,/, swam/vbd a/at river/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss finally/rb picked/vbd her/ppo up/rp in/in Linz/np ./. She/pps showed/vbd us/ppo what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn to/in her/ppo ./. No/at airplanes/nns ,/, no/at Nathan/np Hale/np statements/nns ./. Just/rb no/at spot/nn ,/, not/* even/rb a/at dimesize/jj spot/nn ,/, on/in her/pp$ whole/jj body/nn that/wps wasn't/bedz* bruised/vbn ,/, bruise/nn on/in top/nn of/in bruise/nn ,/, from/in beatings/nns ./. I/ppss understand/vb very/ql well/rb about/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np and/cc how/wrb his/pp$ action/nn is/bez symbolic/jj ./. The/at trouble/nn is/bez that/cs like/cs many/ap symbols/nns it/pps doesn't/doz* seem/vb a/at very/ql realistic/jj one/cd ./. The/at English/jj lady/nn wanted/vbd to/to pay/vb tribute/nn to/in Garibaldi/np and/cc to/in Lauro/np Di/np Bosis/np ,/, but/cc she/pps wasn't/bedz* going/vbg to/to be/be here/rb to/to do/do it/ppo ./. Were/bed any/dti of/in us/ppo interested/vbn enough/qlp in/in the/at idea/nn to/to do/do it/ppo for/in her/ppo ,/, by/in proxy/nn so/rb to/to speak/vb ?/. ?/. There/ex was/bedz a/at pretty/ql thorough/jj silence/nn at/in that/dt point/nn ./. My/pp$ spoon/nn stirring/vbg coffee/nn ,/, banging/vbg against/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at cup/nn ,/, sounded/vbd as/ql loud/jj as/cs a/at bell/nn ./. I/ppss thought/vbd :/: What/wdt the/at hell/nn ?/. ?/. Why/wrb not/* ?/. ?/. I/ppss said/vbd I/ppss would/md do/do it/ppo for/in her/ppo ./. I/ppss had/hvd some/dti reasons/nns ,/, too/rb ./. I/ppss admire/vb the/at English/jj lady/nn ./. I/ppss hate/vb embarrassing/vbg silences/nns and/cc have/hv been/ben known/vbn to/to make/vb a/at fool/nn out/in of/in myself/ppl just/rb to/to prevent/vb one/cd ./. I/ppss also/rb had/hvd and/cc have/hv feelings/nns about/in Garibaldi/np ./. Like/cs every/at Southerner/nn-tl I/ppss can't/md* escape/vb the/at romantic/jj tradition/nn of/in brave/jj defeats/nns ,/, forlorn/jj lost/vbn causes/nns ./. Though/cs Garibaldi's/np$ fight/nn was/bedz small/jj shakes/nns compared/vbn to/in Pickett's/np$-tl Charge/nn-tl --/-- which/wdt ,/, like/cs all/abn Southerners/nns-tl ,/, I/ppss view/vb in/in almost/ql Miltonic/jj terms/nns ,/, fallen/vbn angels/nns ,/, etc./rb --/-- I/ppss associated/vbd the/at two/cd ./. And/cc to/to top/vb it/ppo all/abn I/ppss am/bem often/rb sentimental/jj on/in purpose/nn ,/, trying/vbg to/to prove/vb to/in myself/ppl that/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* afraid/jj of/in sentiment/nn ./. So/ql much/ap for/in all/abn that/dt ./. The/at English/jj lady/nn was/bedz pleased/vbn and/cc enthusiastic/jj ./. She/pps gave/vbd me/ppo the/at names/nns of/in some/dti people/nns who/wps would/md surely/rb help/vb pay/vb for/in the/at flowers/nns and/cc might/md even/rb march/vb up/rp to/in the/at monument/nn with/in me/ppo ./. The/at idea/nn of/in the/at march/nn pleased/vbd her/ppo ./. Maybe/rb twenty/cd ,/, thirty/cd ,/, fifty/cd ./. Maybe/rb I/ppss could/md call/vb Rimanelli/np at/in the/at magazine/nn Rottosei/np where/wrb he/pps worked/vbd ./.

ch01

ch01 |@word office:18 business:56 economic:5 obe:1 department:6 commerce:4 provide:6 basic:1 measure:2 national:4 economy:2 current:3 analysis:1 short:4 run:1 change:1 situation:1 outlook:1 develop:2 analyze:1 income:2 balance:2 international:1 payment:1 many:2 indicator:1 essential:1 job:1 present:2 government:13 fact:1 require:4 meet:3 objective:1 expand:1 improve:3 operation:3 contact:10 information:9 director:2 economics:1 washington:8 25:8 print:4 material:7 make:11 available:13 businessman:2 economist:1 promptly:1 monthly:2 survey:1 weekly:2 supplement:2 periodical:1 include:5 statistical:1 4:1 per:2 year:3 field:3 superintendent:2 document:2 printing:2 technical:6 assistance:9 small:43 community:9 administration:13 sba:27 guidance:2 advice:4 source:7 relate:1 management:9 research:4 development:10 product:11 practical:2 problem:5 suggest:1 solution:1 deal:1 series:1 publication:3 write:2 especially:1 manager:1 owner:2 indirectly:1 aid:3 program:7 specialist:4 numerous:1 type:6 enterprise:1 cover:2 wide:1 range:1 subject:1 direct:4 need:2 interest:8 firm:9 offer:4 administrative:1 course:2 design:2 efficiency:1 know:1 concern:15 within:5 cosponsor:1 educational:1 institution:2 group:1 counseling:1 personalized:1 sound:4 principle:1 upon:1 request:4 prospective:1 established:1 one:4 day:1 conference:1 specific:1 phase:1 also:4 part:1 continue:2 activity:1 streamline:1 meeting:1 usually:3 sponsor:1 local:2 bank:11 chamber:1 trade:1 association:3 civic:1 organization:2 production:10 regional:10 help:4 individual:4 new:7 potential:1 processing:2 method:1 market:1 industrial:3 use:4 raw:1 semi:1 process:2 waste:1 agricultural:2 serve:2 clearing:1 house:1 particularly:1 adaptable:1 exploitation:1 may:9 helpful:1 competitive:1 position:1 establish:4 diversification:1 expansion:2 economical:1 utilization:1 plant:3 capacity:1 frequently:1 arise:1 item:1 directly:1 along:1 line:1 normal:1 civilian:1 specification:2 understand:1 undertake:2 contract:5 often:1 take:1 form:2 locating:1 tool:1 urgently:1 give:1 location:1 space:1 property:15 sale:9 assist:2 wish:1 buy:1 federal:5 locate:5 insure:1 opportunity:2 bid:3 competitively:1 surplus:4 personal:1 real:1 certain:2 natural:1 resource:1 timber:1 forests:1 work:5 closely:1 principal:2 disposal:1 installation:1 review:1 propose:3 identify:1 likely:1 interested:1 purchase:3 general:2 publicize:1 news:1 release:1 flyer:1 maintain:2 want:1 list:3 principally:1 machinery:2 equipment:4 desire:2 area:3 suitable:1 representative:1 advise:1 facility:8 inventory:5 section:1 act:4 amend:2 authorize:2 complete:2 productive:3 voluntarily:1 register:2 keep:1 region:2 purpose:4 eligible:3 avail:1 service:10 congress:1 procurement:1 notice:1 invitation:1 registrant:1 labor:1 budgetary:1 staff:1 limitation:1 atlanta:2 ga:2 boston:2 mass:2 chicago:2 ill:2 cleveland:2 ohio:2 dallas:2 tex:2 denver:2 colo:2 detroit:2 mich:2 kansas:2 city:4 mo:2 los:2 angeles:2 calif:4 minneapolis:2 minn:2 york:2 philadelphia:2 pa:2 richmond:2 va:2 san:2 francisco:2 seattle:2 wash:2 branch:2 large:2 various:1 useful:1 currently:1 important:1 marketing:3 topic:1 introduction:1 30:1 cent:3 sell:1 45:1 purchasing:2 directory:1 60:1 loan:25 financing:3 otherwise:2 private:2 lending:2 reasonable:4 term:6 growth:1 thereby:1 contribute:2 substantially:1 policy:1 manufacturer:1 pool:2 wholesalers:1 retailer:1 establishment:1 finance:1 construction:1 conversion:1 supply:3 capital:5 evidence:1 unavailable:1 must:8 two:2 participation:2 jointly:1 alone:1 qualify:1 either:1 applicant:6 approve:2 credit:17 requirement:5 define:1 independently:1 operate:4 dominant:1 addition:1 criterion:1 number:1 employee:1 dollar:1 volume:1 stipulate:1 ability:2 successfully:1 enough:1 able:1 financial:2 basis:2 sufficiently:1 secure:1 assure:1 chance:1 repayment:2 record:1 past:1 earning:1 prospect:1 future:1 indicate:1 repay:4 anticipated:1 amount:2 borrow:2 depend:1 much:1 carry:1 intended:1 maximum:2 borrower:1 generally:1 repayable:1 regular:1 installment:1 rate:3 5:2 percent:2 annum:1 unpaid:1 maturity:1 10:1 6:1 pooling:1 cooperative:14 farm:11 independent:1 agency:1 agriculture:3 supervise:1 coordinate:1 system:6 compose:1 three:2 land:1 intermediate:1 farmer:4 investment:1 beneficial:1 encourage:2 industry:1 rural:2 provdie:1 first:1 outline:1 primarily:1 third:1 exist:1 authority:1 1933:2 permanent:1 distinct:1 class:1 commodity:2 eligibility:1 together:1 furnish:1 set:1 forth:1 determine:1 board:1 approval:1 division:1 circular:2 44:1 minerals:3 exploration:6 domestic:1 mineral:2 ome:2 interior:2 explore:2 claim:1 1:1 32:1 regulation:1 ordinarily:1 would:1 condition:1 circumstance:1 sole:1 expense:1 unable:1 obtain:2 fund:2 commercial:1 sufficient:1 pay:3 half:1 cost:3 progress:1 rest:1 time:1 spend:1 charge:1 apply:2 toward:1 share:1 royalty:4 nothing:1 produce:1 obligation:2 period:2 effect:1 certify:1 possible:1 specify:1 contribution:1 never:1 exceed:1 application:1 filing:1 appropriate:1

The/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Business/nn-tl Economics/nn-tl (/( OBE/np )/) of/in the/at U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl provides/vbz basic/jj measures/nns of/in the/at national/jj economy/nn and/cc current/jj analysis/nn of/in short-run/nn changes/nns in/in the/at economic/jj situation/nn and/cc business/nn outlook/nn ./. It/pps develops/vbz and/cc analyzes/vbz the/at national/jj income/nn ,/, balance/nn of/in international/jj payments/nns ,/, and/cc many/ap other/ap business/nn indicators/nns ./. Such/jj measures/nns are/ber essential/jj to/in its/pp$ job/nn of/in presenting/vbg business/nn and/cc Government/nn-tl with/in the/at facts/nns required/vbn to/to meet/vb the/at objective/nn of/in expanding/vbg business/nn and/cc improving/vbg the/at operation/nn of/in the/at economy/nn ./. Contact/nn-hl For/in further/ap information/nn contact/vb Director/nn-tl ,/, Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Business/nn-tl Economics/nn-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./. Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl Economic/jj information/nn is/bez made/vbn available/jj to/in businessmen/nns and/cc economists/nns promptly/rb through/in the/at monthly/jj Survey/nn-tl Of/in-tl Current/jj-tl Business/nn-tl and/cc its/pp$ weekly/jj supplement/nn ./. This/dt periodical/nn ,/, including/in weekly/jj statistical/jj supplements/nns ,/, is/bez available/jj for/in $4/nns per/in year/nn from/in Commerce/nn-tl Field/nn-tl Offices/nns-tl or/cc Superintendent/nn-tl of/in-tl Documents/nns-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl Printing/vbg-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./. Technical/jj-hl assistance/nn-hl to/in-hl small/jj-hl business/nn-hl community/nn-hl The/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl (/( SBA/np )/) provides/vbz guidance/nn and/cc advice/nn on/in sources/nns of/in technical/jj information/nn relating/vbg to/in small/jj-hl business/nn-hl management/nn-hl and/cc research/nn and/cc development/nn of/in products/nns ./. Small/jj business/nn management/nn Practical/jj management/nn problems/nns and/cc their/pp$ suggested/vbn solutions/nns are/ber dealt/vbn with/in in/in a/at series/nn of/in SBA/nn publications/nns ./. These/dts publications/nns ,/, written/vbn especially/rb for/in the/at managers/nns or/cc owners/nns of/in small/jj businesses/nns ,/, indirectly/rb aid/vb in/in community/nn development/nn programs/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber written/vbn by/in specialists/nns in/in numerous/jj types/nns of/in business/nn enterprises/nns ,/, cover/vb a/at wide/jj range/nn of/in subjects/nns ,/, and/cc are/ber directed/vbn to/in the/at needs/nns and/cc interests/nns of/in the/at small/jj firm/nn ./. SBA/np offers/vbz Administrative/jj-tl Management/nn-tl Courses/nns-tl ,/, which/wdt are/ber designed/vbn to/to improve/vb the/at management/nn efficiency/nn and/cc ``/`` know-how/nn ''/'' of/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns within/in a/at community/nn ./. SBA/np cosponsors/vbz these/dts courses/nns with/in educational/jj institutions/nns and/cc community/nn groups/nns ./. Through/in the/at SBA's/nn Management/nn-tl Counseling/nn-tl Program/nn-tl ,/, practical/jj ,/, personalized/vbn advice/nn on/in sound/jj management/nn principles/nns is/bez available/jj upon/in request/nn to/in both/abx prospective/jj and/cc established/vbn businessmen/nns in/in a/at community/nn ./. One-day/nn conferences/nns covering/vbg some/dti specific/jj phase/nn of/in business/nn management/nn ,/, also/rb part/nn of/in the/at continuing/vbg activities/nns of/in the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, aid/vb community/nn economic/jj development/nn programs/nns ./. These/dts short/jj ,/, ``/`` streamlined/vbn ''/'' meetings/nns usually/rb are/ber sponsored/vbn by/in local/jj banks/nns ,/, Chambers/nns-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, trade/nn associations/nns ,/, or/cc other/ap civic/jj organizations/nns ./. Product/nn-hl research/nn-hl and/cc-hl development/nn-hl Production/nn specialists/nns in/in SBA/nn regional/jj offices/nns are/ber available/jj to/to help/vb individual/jj small/jj business/nn concerns/nns with/in technical/jj production/nn problems/nns ./. Guidance/nn and/cc advice/nn are/ber available/jj on/in new/jj product/nn research/nn and/cc development/nn ;/. ;/. new/jj product/nn potential/nn ;/. ;/. processing/vbg methods/nns ;/. ;/. product/nn and/cc market/nn developments/nns ;/. ;/. new/jj industrial/jj uses/nns for/in raw/jj ,/, semi-processed/jj and/cc waste/nn ,/, materials/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc industrial/jj uses/nns for/in agricultural/jj products/nns ./. SBA/np serves/vbz also/rb as/cs a/at clearing/vbg house/nn for/in information/nn on/in products/nns and/cc processes/nns particularly/ql adaptable/jj for/in exploitation/nn by/in small/jj firms/nns ./. This/dt may/md be/be helpful/jj in/in improving/vbg the/at competitive/jj position/nn of/in established/vbn firms/nns through/in diversification/nn and/cc expansion/nn or/cc through/in more/ql economical/jj utilization/nn of/in plant/nn capacity/nn ./. Production/nn-hl assistance/nn-hl Production/nn specialists/nns are/ber available/jj in/in SBA/nn regional/jj offices/nns to/to help/vb individual/jj small/jj business/nn concerns/nns with/in technical/jj production/nn problems/nns ./. These/dts problems/nns frequently/rb arise/vb where/wrb a/at firm/nn is/bez making/vbg items/nns for/in the/at Government/nn-tl not/* directly/rb along/in the/at lines/nns of/in its/pp$ normal/jj civilian/jj business/nn or/cc where/wrb the/at Government/nn-tl specifications/nns require/vb operations/nns that/wpo the/at firm/nn did/dod not/* understand/vb when/wrb it/pps undertook/vbd the/at contract/nn ./. Production/nn assistance/nn often/rb takes/vbz the/at form/nn of/in locating/vbg tools/nns or/cc materials/nns which/wdt are/ber urgently/rb needed/vbn ./. Advice/nn is/bez given/vbn also/rb on/in problems/nns of/in plant/nn location/nn and/cc plant/nn space/nn ./. Property/nn-hl sales/nns-hl assistance/nn-hl The/at property/nn sales/nns assistance/nn program/nn is/bez designed/vbn to/to assist/vb small/jj business/nn concerns/nns that/wps may/md wish/vb to/to buy/vb property/nn offered/vbn for/in sale/nn by/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl ./. Under/in this/dt program/nn ,/, property/nn sales/nns specialists/nns in/in the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl regional/jj offices/nns help/vb small/jj business/nn concerns/nns to/to locate/vb Federal/jj-tl property/nn for/in sale/nn and/cc insure/vb that/cs small/jj firms/nns have/hv the/at opportunity/nn to/to bid/vb competitively/rb for/in surplus/jj personal/jj and/cc real/jj property/nn and/cc certain/jj natural/jj resources/nns ,/, including/in timber/nn from/in the/at national/jj forests/nns ./. SBA/np works/vbz closely/rb with/in the/at principal/jjs property/nn disposal/nn installations/nns of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl in/in reviewing/vbg proposed/vbn sales/nns programs/nns and/cc identifying/vbg those/dts types/nns of/in property/nn that/wpo small/jj business/nn concerns/nns are/ber most/ql likely/jj to/to be/be interested/vbn in/in purchasing/vbg ./. Proposed/vbn property/nn sales/nns of/in general/jj interest/nn to/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns are/ber publicized/vbn through/in SBA/nn regional/jj news/nn releases/nns ,/, and/cc by/in ``/`` flyers/nns ''/'' directed/vbn to/in the/at small/jj business/nn concerns/nns ./. Each/dt SBA/nn regional/jj office/nn also/rb maintains/vbz a/at ``/`` want/nn ''/'' list/nn of/in surplus/nn property/nn ,/, principally/rb machinery/nn and/cc equipment/nn ,/, desired/vbn by/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns in/in its/pp$ area/nn ./. When/wrb suitable/jj equipment/nn is/bez located/vbn by/in the/at SBA/nn representative/nn ,/, the/at small/jj business/nn concern/nn is/bez contacted/vbn and/cc advised/vbn on/in when/wrb ,/, where/wrb ,/, and/cc how/wrb to/to bid/vb on/in such/jj property/nn ./. Facilities/nns-hl inventory/nn-hl Section/nn 8-b-2/cd of/in the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, as/cs amended/vbn ,/, authorizes/vbz the/at SBA/nn to/to make/vb a/at complete/jj inventory/nn of/in the/at productive/jj facilities/nns of/in small/jj business/nn concerns/nns ./. The/at Administration/nn-tl maintains/vbz a/at productive/jj facilities/nns inventory/nn of/in small/jj business/nn industrial/jj concerns/nns that/wps have/hv voluntarily/rb registered/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez kept/vbn in/in each/dt Regional/jj-tl office/nn for/in the/at small/jj firms/nns within/in the/at region/nn ./. Purpose/nn of/in this/dt inventory/nn is/bez to/to include/vb all/abn eligible/jj productive/jj facilities/nns in/in SBA's/nn facilities/nns register/nn so/cs that/cs the/at small/jj business/nn concerns/nns may/md have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to avail/vb themselves/ppls of/in the/at services/nns authorized/vbn by/in the/at Congress/np in/in establishing/vbg the/at Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ./. These/dts services/nns include/vb procurement/nn and/cc technical/jj assistance/nn and/cc notice/nn of/in surplus/nn sales/nns and/cc invitations/nns to/to bid/vb on/in Government/nn-tl contracts/nns for/in products/nns and/cc services/nns within/in the/at registrants'/nns$ field/nn of/in operations/nns ./. SBA/np can/md make/vb complete/jj facilities/nns inventories/nns of/in all/abn small/jj business/nn concerns/nns in/in labor/nn surplus/nn areas/nns within/in budgetary/jj and/cc staff/nn limitations/nns ./. Contact/vb-hl For/in further/ap information/nn ,/, contact/vb Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl Regional/jj-tl Offices/nns-tl in/in Atlanta/np ,/, Ga./np ;/. ;/. Boston/np ,/, Mass./np ;/. ;/. Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ;/. ;/. Cleveland/np ,/, Ohio/np ;/. ;/. Dallas/np ,/, Tex./np ;/. ;/. Denver/np ,/, Colo./np ;/. ;/. Detroit/np ,/, Mich./np ;/. ;/. Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Mo./np ;/. ;/. Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/. Minneapolis/np ,/, Minn./np ;/. ;/. New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, N.Y./np ;/. ;/. Philadelphia/np ,/, Pa./np ;/. ;/. Richmond/np ,/, Va./np ;/. ;/. San/np Francisco/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/. and/cc Seattle/np ,/, Wash./np ./. Branch/nn Offices/nns-tl are/ber located/vbn in/in other/ap large/jj cities/nns ./. Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, What/wps-tl It/pps-tl Is/bez-tl ,/, What/wpo-tl It/pps-tl Does/doz-tl ,/, SBA/np-tl Services/nns-tl For/in-tl Community/nn-tl Economic/jj-tl Development/nn-tl ,/, and/cc various/ap other/ap useful/jj publications/nns on/in currently/rb important/jj management/nn ,/, technical/jj production/nn ,/, and/cc marketing/vbg topics/nns are/ber available/jj ,/, on/in request/nn ,/, from/in Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./. New/jj-tl Product/nn-tl Introduction/nn-tl For/in-tl Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Owners/nns-tl ,/, 30/cd cents/nns ;/. ;/. Developing/vbg-tl And/cc-tl Selling/vbg-tl New/jj-tl Products/nns-tl ,/, 45/cd cents/nns ;/. ;/. U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl Purchasing/nn-tl ,/, Specifications/nns-tl ,/, And/cc-tl Sales/nns-tl Directory/nn-tl ,/, 60/cd cents/nns ,/, are/ber available/jj from/in the/at Superintendent/nn-tl of/in-tl Documents/nns-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl Printing/vbg-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./. Loans/nns-hl to/in-hl small/jj-hl business/nn-hl SBA/nn makes/vbz loans/nns to/in individual/jj small/jj business/nn firms/nns ,/, providing/vbg them/ppo with/in financing/vbg when/wrb it/pps is/bez not/* otherwise/rb available/jj through/in private/jj lending/vbg sources/nns on/in reasonable/jj terms/nns ./. Many/ap such/jj loans/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn to/to establish/vb small/jj concerns/nns or/cc to/to aid/vb in/in their/pp$ growth/nn ,/, thereby/rb contributing/vbg substantially/rb to/in community/nn development/nn programs/nns ./. Loan/nn-hl policies/nns-hl SBA/np loans/nns ,/, which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn to/in small/jj manufacturers/nns ,/, small/jj business/nn pools/nns ,/, wholesalers/nns ,/, retailers/nns ,/, service/nn establishments/nns and/cc other/ap small/jj businesses/nns (/( when/wrb financing/vbg is/bez not/* otherwise/rb available/jj to/in them/ppo on/in reasonable/jj terms/nns )/) ,/, are/ber to/to finance/vb business/nn construction/nn ,/, conversion/nn ,/, or/cc expansion/nn ;/. ;/. the/at purchase/nn of/in equipment/nn ,/, facilities/nns ,/, machinery/nn ,/, supplies/nns ,/, or/cc materials/nns ;/. ;/. or/cc to/to supply/vb working/vbg capital/nn ./. Evidence/nn that/cs other/ap sources/nns of/in financing/vbg are/ber unavailable/jj must/md be/be provided/vbn ./. Types/nns-hl of/in-hl loans/nns-hl SBA/np business/nn loans/nns are/ber of/in two/cd types/nns :/: ``/`` participation/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` direct/jj ''/'' ./. Participation/nn loans/nns are/ber those/dts made/vbn jointly/rb by/in the/at SBA/nn and/cc banks/nns or/cc other/ap private/jj lending/vbg institutions/nns ./. Direct/jj loans/nns are/ber those/dts made/vbn by/in SBA/nn alone/rb ./. To/to qualify/vb for/in either/dtx type/nn of/in loan/nn ,/, an/at applicant/nn must/md be/be a/at small/jj business/nn or/cc approved/vbn small/jj business/nn ``/`` pool/nn ''/'' and/cc must/md meet/vb certain/jj credit/nn requirements/nns ./. A/at small/jj business/nn is/bez defined/vbn as/cs one/cd which/wdt is/bez independently/rb owned/vbn and/cc operated/vbn and/cc which/wdt is/bez not/* dominant/jj in/in its/pp$ field/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at SBA/nn uses/vbz such/jj criteria/nns as/cs number/nn of/in employees/nns and/cc dollar/nn volume/nn of/in the/at business/nn ./. Credit/nn-hl requirements/nns-hl The/at credit/nn requirements/nns stipulate/vb that/cs the/at applicant/nn must/md have/hv the/at ability/nn to/to operate/vb the/at business/nn successfully/rb and/cc have/hv enough/ap capital/nn in/in the/at business/nn so/cs that/cs ,/, with/in loan/nn assistance/nn from/in the/at SBA/nn ,/, it/pps will/md be/be able/jj to/to operate/vb on/in a/at sound/jj financial/jj basis/nn ./. A/at proposed/vbn loan/nn must/md be/be for/in sound/jj purposes/nns or/cc sufficiently/rb secured/vbn so/cs as/cs to/to assure/vb a/at reasonable/jj chance/nn of/in repayment/nn ./. The/at record/nn of/in past/ap earnings/nns and/cc prospects/nns for/in the/at future/nn must/md indicate/vb it/pps has/hvz the/at ability/nn to/to repay/vb the/at loan/nn out/in of/in current/jj and/cc anticipated/vbn income/nn ./. Loan/nn-hl amount/nn-hl The/at amount/nn which/wdt may/md be/be borrowed/vbn from/in the/at SBA/nn depends/vbz on/in how/wql much/ap is/bez required/vbn to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at intended/vbn purpose/nn of/in the/at loan/nn ./. The/at maximum/jj loan/nn which/wdt SBA/nn may/md make/vb to/in any/dti one/cd borrower/nn is/bez $350,000/nns ./. Business/nn loans/nns generally/rb are/ber repayable/jj in/in regular/jj installments/nns --/-- usually/rb monthly/rb ,/, including/in interest/nn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in 5-1/2/cd percent/nn per/in annum/nn on/in the/at unpaid/jj balance/nn --/-- and/cc have/hv a/at maximum/jj maturity/nn of/in 10/cd years/nns ;/. ;/. the/at term/nn of/in loans/nns for/in working/vbg capital/nn is/bez 6/cd years/nns ./. Contact/vb-hl For/in further/ap information/nn ,/, contact/vb SBA/nn Regional/jj-tl Offices/nns-tl in/in Atlanta/np ,/, Ga./np ;/. ;/. Boston/np ,/, Mass./np ;/. ;/. Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ;/. ;/. Cleveland/np ,/, Ohio/np ;/. ;/. Dallas/np ,/, Tex./np ;/. ;/. Denver/np ,/, Colo./np ;/. ;/. Detroit/np ,/, Mich./np ;/. ;/. Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Mo./np ;/. ;/. Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/. Minneapolis/np ,/, Minn./np ;/. ;/. New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, N.Y./np ;/. ;/. Philadelphia/np ,/, Pa./np ;/. ;/. Richmond/np ,/, Va./np ;/. ;/. San/np Francisco/np ,/, Calif./np ;/. ;/. and/cc Seattle/np ,/, Wash./np ./. Branch/nn Offices/nns-tl are/ber located/vbn in/in other/ap large/jj cities/nns ./. Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, What/wps-tl It/pps-tl Is/bez-tl ,/, What/wps-tl It/pps-tl Does/doz-tl ;/. ;/. SBA/np-tl Business/nn-tl Loans/nns-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Pooling/vbg-tl are/ber available/jj ,/, on/in request/nn ,/, from/in Small/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ,/, and/cc its/pp$ regional/jj offices/nns ./. To/in-hl cooperatives/nns-hl The/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, an/at independent/jj agency/nn located/vbn within/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ,/, supervises/vbz and/cc coordinates/vbz a/at cooperative/jj credit/nn system/nn for/in agriculture/nn ./. The/at system/nn is/bez composed/vbn of/in three/cd credit/nn services/nns ,/, Federal/jj-tl Land/nn-tl Banks/nns-tl and/cc National/jj-tl Farm/nn-tl Loan/nn-tl Associations/nns-tl ,/, Federal/jj-tl Intermediate/jj-tl (/( short-term/nn )/) Credit/nn-tl Banks/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl ./. This/dt system/nn provides/vbz long-/jj and/cc short-term/nn credit/nn to/in farmers/nns and/cc their/pp$ cooperative/jj marketing/nn ,/, purchasing/vbg ,/, and/cc business/nn service/nn organizations/nns ./. As/cs a/at source/nn of/in investment/nn capital/nn ,/, the/at system/nn is/bez beneficial/jj to/in local/jj communities/nns and/cc encourages/vbz the/at development/nn of/in industries/nns in/in rural/jj areas/nns ./. The/at credit/nn provdied/vbn by/in the/at first/od two/cd services/nns in/in the/at system/nn outlined/vbn above/rb is/bez primarily/rb for/in general/jj agricultural/jj purposes/nns ./. The/at third/od credit/nn service/nn ,/, Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl ,/, exists/vbz under/in authority/nn of/in the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1933/cd ./. The/at Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl were/bed established/vbn to/to provide/vb a/at permanent/jj source/nn of/in credit/nn on/in a/at sound/jj basis/nn for/in farmers'/nns$ cooperatives/nns ./. Types/nns-hl of/in-hl loans/nns-hl Three/cd distinct/jj classes/nns of/in loans/nns are/ber made/vbn available/jj to/in farmers'/nns$ cooperatives/nns by/in the/at Banks/nns-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl :/: Commodity/nn loans/nns ,/, operating/vbg capital/nn loans/nns ,/, and/cc facility/nn loans/nns ./. Eligibility/nn-hl To/to be/be eligible/jj to/to borrow/vb from/in a/at Bank/nn-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl ,/, a/at cooperative/nn must/md be/be an/at association/nn in/in which/wdt farmers/nns act/vb together/rb in/in processing/vbg and/cc marketing/vbg farm/nn products/nns ,/, purchasing/vbg farm/nn supplies/nns ,/, or/cc furnishing/vbg farm/nn business/nn services/nns ,/, and/cc must/md meet/vb the/at requirements/nns set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1933/cd ,/, as/cs amended/vbn ./. Interest/nn-hl rates/nns-hl Interest/nn rates/nns are/ber determined/vbn by/in the/at board/nn of/in directors/nns of/in the/at bank/nn with/in the/at approval/nn of/in the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ./. Contact/vb-hl For/in further/ap information/nn ,/, contact/vb the/at Bank/nn-tl for/in-tl Cooperatives/nns-tl serving/vbg the/at region/nn ,/, or/cc the/at Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Information/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ./. Printed/vbn-hl material/nn-hl Available/jj ,/, on/in request/nn ,/, from/in U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ,/, are/ber :/: Cooperative/jj-tl Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl Can/md-tl Assist/vb-tl In/in-tl Rural/jj-tl Development/nn-tl (/( Circular/nn-tl No./nn-tl 44/cd-tl )/) ,/, and/cc The/at-tl Cooperative/jj-tl Farm/nn-tl Credit/nn-tl System/nn-tl (/( Circular/nn-tl No./nn-tl 36-A/cd-tl )/) ./. Minerals/nns-hl exploration/nn-hl To/to encourage/vb exploration/nn for/in domestic/jj sources/nns of/in minerals/nns ,/, the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Minerals/nns-tl Exploration/nn-tl (/( OME/np )/) of/in the/at U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl offers/vbz financial/jj assistance/nn to/in firms/nns and/cc individuals/nns who/wps desire/vb to/to explore/vb their/pp$ properties/nns or/cc claims/nns for/in 1/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at 32/cd mineral/nn commodities/nns listed/vbn in/in the/at OME/nn regulations/nns ./. Requirements/nns-hl This/dt help/nn is/bez offered/vbn to/in applicants/nns who/wps ordinarily/rb would/md not/* undertake/vb the/at exploration/nn under/in present/jj conditions/nns or/cc circumstances/nns at/in their/pp$ sole/jj expense/nn and/cc who/wps are/ber unable/jj to/to obtain/vb funds/nns from/in commercial/jj sources/nns on/in reasonable/jj terms/nns ./. Each/dt applicant/nn is/bez required/vbn to/to own/vb or/cc have/hv sufficient/jj interest/nn in/in the/at property/nn to/to be/be explored/vbn ./. The/at Government/nn-tl will/md contract/vb with/in an/at eligible/jj applicant/nn to/to pay/vb up/rp to/in one-half/nn of/in the/at cost/nn of/in approved/vbn exploration/nn work/nn as/cs it/pps progresses/vbz ./. The/at applicant/nn pays/vbz the/at rest/nn of/in the/at cost/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ own/jj time/nn spent/vbn on/in the/at work/nn and/cc charges/nns for/in the/at use/nn of/in equipment/nn which/wdt he/pps owns/vbz may/md be/be applied/vbn toward/in his/pp$ share/nn of/in the/at cost/nn ./. Repayment/nn-hl Funds/nns contributed/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl are/ber repaid/vbn by/in a/at royalty/nn on/in production/nn from/in the/at property/nn ./. If/cs nothing/pn is/bez produced/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at obligation/nn to/to repay/vb ./. A/at 5-percent/nn royalty/nn is/bez paid/vbn on/in any/dti production/nn during/in the/at period/nn the/at contract/nn is/bez in/in effect/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs the/at Government/nn-tl certifies/vbz that/cs production/nn may/md be/be possible/jj from/in the/at property/nn ,/, the/at royalty/nn obligation/nn continues/vbz for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn usually/rb specified/vbn in/in the/at contract/nn or/cc until/cs the/at Government's/nn$-tl contribution/nn is/bez repaid/vbn with/in interest/nn ./. The/at royalty/nn applies/vbz to/in both/abx principal/nn and/cc interest/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps never/rb exceeds/vbz 5/cd percent/nn ./. Contact/vb-hl Information/nn ,/, application/nn forms/nns ,/, and/cc assistance/nn in/in filing/vbg may/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Minerals/nns-tl Exploration/nn-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd ,/, D.C./np ,/, or/cc from/in the/at appropriate/jj regional/jj office/nn listed/vbn below/rb ./.

ch02

ch02 |@word less:8 developed:8 country:33 however:2 programing:7 good:1 inadequate:1 bad:1 nonexistent:1 advanced:3 one:4 india:2 pakistan:1 develop:3 systematic:2 technique:1 program:18 call:3 development:23 plan:7 little:2 list:1 project:8 collect:1 various:2 ministry:1 statement:1 goal:5 without:5 analysis:1 action:1 require:6 attain:1 rarely:2 attention:4 give:5 accurate:1 progress:4 report:1 evaluation:1 help:16 planning:1 process:3 neither:1 growth:6 impose:1 must:20 express:1 nation:1 nevertheless:1 administer:1 aid:17 manner:1 promote:5 responsible:1 first:1 encourage:8 responsibility:1 establish:6 condition:7 assistance:15 substantial:4 sustained:2 scale:1 definition:1 objective:3 assessment:1 cost:1 second:1 make:11 particular:1 conditional:2 consistency:1 third:1 offer:1 technical:3 formulation:1 adapt:1 resource:11 include:4 assemble:1 basic:4 economic:8 financial:3 technological:1 educational:2 information:1 depend:2 survey:1 need:5 requirement:3 time:1 broad:2 sector:1 economy:3 transport:3 agriculture:1 communication:2 industry:2 power:3 design:6 mechanism:1 way:1 inflation:2 administrative:2 practice:3 possible:2 effective:3 review:1 implementation:1 use:2 common:1 sense:1 apply:1 application:1 allocation:1 fund:2 course:1 mechanical:1 recognize:2 different:2 stage:2 capability:2 meet:2 insist:1 level:3 performance:1 budget:2 completely:1 beyond:1 recipient:4 would:3 result:2 frustration:1 rapid:1 primitive:1 area:2 capacity:1 absorb:2 utilize:1 external:5 limit:3 activity:4 may:7 obvious:1 priority:4 decide:1 support:4 well:2 work:4 available:2 thus:3 provide:4 limited:1 field:1 education:1 essential:3 agricultural:1 improvement:1 despite:2 absence:1 acceptable:1 case:5 get:2 task:3 supply:1 perform:1 plain:1 expansion:2 even:3 continuation:1 upon:2 end:2 spectrum:1 rely:1 think:1 decision:2 within:2 consistent:2 prepare:1 depart:1 substantially:1 detailed:1 approval:1 basis:3 grant:1 move:2 toward:2 long:15 term:11 cooperation:1 foreign:2 exchange:2 self:15 1:2 reason:4 stress:1 approach:6 budgeting:2 important:6 kind:3 many:7 vitally:1 new:2 since:1 main:1 thrust:1 come:1 marginal:1 although:1 margin:1 marshall:1 decisive:1 complement:1 therefore:2 increasingly:1 incentive:6 take:9 step:4 advice:1 interference:2 expect:1 remake:1 image:1 open:1 society:2 form:1 free:1 set:2 devise:1 institution:2 achieve:1 hand:1 sovereignty:1 point:2 defect:1 exist:1 factory:1 run:5 train:2 personnel:1 staff:1 clear:3 genuinely:1 concerned:1 potential:1 blunt:1 suggest:1 occur:1 2:2 range:3 major:1 follow:1 mobilizing:1 also:2 tax:2 policy:5 raise:1 equitably:1 investment:5 fiscal:2 monetary:2 prevent:3 serious:3 regulatory:2 aim:1 attract:1 managerial:1 excessive:1 luxury:1 consumption:1 b:2 reduction:2 dependence:2 source:1 foresee:1 balance:1 payment:1 crisis:3 adequate:1 reduce:1 import:1 adopt:3 realistic:2 rate:1 infant:1 spur:1 export:1 training:1 national:1 operate:2 complete:3 c:2 tap:1 energy:2 entire:1 population:3 political:4 segment:1 able:2 share:1 otherwise:1 lead:1 longrun:1 stability:1 honesty:2 government:5 regard:2 corruption:3 favoritism:2 personal:2 influence:1 accept:1 officialdom:1 integral:1 part:1 routine:1 attempt:1 force:2 elimination:1 local:2 leadership:1 unwarranted:1 unfriendly:1 yet:2 dishonesty:1 widespread:1 moreover:3 tolerance:1 waste:2 diversion:1 generate:1 anti:1 american:1 sentiment:1 peculiarly:1 damaging:1 interest:1 dramatic:1 success:3 communism:1 win:1 trace:1 identification:1 correct:1 communist:1 regime:2 pro:1 western:1 reasonably:2 honest:1 administration:1 politically:2 uncomfortable:1 short:2 3:2 position:1 united:2 states:2 respond:2 tailor:1 effort:7 instance:1 withhold:1 willing:1 skillful:1 diplomacy:1 encouragement:1 group:1 like:1 press:1 forward:5 social:4 reform:1 measure:2 monolithic:1 still:2 inadequacy:1 shall:1 deem:1 wise:1 military:2 subject:1 ultimately:1 termination:1 e:1 fundamental:1 concept:1 focusing:1 view:3 enterprise:1 stretch:2 considerable:2 number:3 year:11 fashion:1 go:1 near:1 sufficiency:1 show:1 vary:1 greatly:1 several:2 significant:2 decade:3 concentrated:1 launch:3 carry:1 light:2 already:1 visible:1 tunnel:1 next:1 bulk:1 capital:2 gradually:1 favorably:1 situate:1 small:1 people:1 constitute:1 half:1 underdeveloped:1 world:2 meantime:1 sixty:1 hope:1 ready:1 big:1 push:1 sustain:1 barely:1 threshold:1 transition:1 modernity:1 bring:1 slow:2 human:1 service:2 expand:1 developmental:1 whole:1 conceive:1 alter:1 act:1 tool:2 recently:1 confront:1 laos:1 cuba:1 deal:1 erupt:1 specific:1 period:2 individual:1 expenditure:2 lengthy:1 dams:1 river:1 scheme:1 transportation:1 network:1 system:1 construct:1 complex:2 order:1 machinery:1 equipment:1 place:3 month:1 construction:1 commence:1 commitment:3 obligation:1 enter:2 exceed:1 twofold:1 threefold:1 business:1 firm:1 involve:3 multi:1 true:1 importantly:2 find:1 experience:1 least:1 5:1 tentatively:1 considerably:1 sure:1 interdependent:1 proper:1 sequence:1 manufacturing:1 facility:1 skilled:1 labor:1 plant:1 employ:1 allocate:2 persuade:4 necessary:3 commit:1 induce:1 describe:1 precede:1 section:1 taking:1 tough:1 internal:1 feel:2 relate:1 principal:1 supplier:1 prepared:2 aspect:1 activitie:1 effect:1 posture:1 extent:1 appraise:1 target:1 perspective:1 urgent:1 immediate:1 thing:1 problem:1 association:1 much:1 likely:1 undertake:1 difficult:1 perhaps:1 evidence:1 home:1

In/in most/ap of/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, such/jj programing/nn is/bez at/in best/jjt inadequate/jj and/cc at/in worst/jjt nonexistent/jj ./. Only/rb a/at very/ql few/ap of/in the/at more/ql advanced/vbn ones/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs India/np and/cc Pakistan/np ,/, have/hv developed/vbn systematic/jj techniques/nns of/in programing/vbg ./. Others/nns have/hv so-called/jj development/nn plans/nns ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in these/dts are/ber little/ap more/ap than/cs lists/nns of/in projects/nns collected/vbn from/in various/jj ministries/nns while/cs others/nns are/ber statements/nns of/in goals/nns without/in analysis/nn of/in the/at actions/nns required/vbn to/to attain/vb them/ppo ./. Only/rb rarely/rb is/bez attention/nn given/vbn to/in accurate/jj progress/nn reports/nns and/cc evaluation/nn ./. We/ppss-hl can/md-hl help/vb-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl planning/vbg-hl process/nn-hl ./.-hl Neither/cc growth/nn nor/cc a/at development/nn program/nn can/md be/be imposed/vbn on/in a/at country/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps must/md express/vb the/at nation's/nn$ own/jj will/nn and/cc goal/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md administer/vb an/at aid/nn program/nn in/in such/abl a/at manner/nn as/cs to/to promote/vb the/at development/nn of/in responsible/jj programing/nn ./. First/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md encourage/vb responsibility/nn by/in establishing/vbg as/cs conditions/nns for/in assistance/nn on/in a/at substantial/jj and/cc sustained/vbn scale/nn the/at definition/nn of/in objectives/nns and/cc the/at assessment/nn of/in costs/nns ./. Second/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md make/vb assistance/nn for/in particular/jj projects/nns conditional/jj on/in the/at consistency/nn of/in such/jj projects/nns with/in the/at program/nn ./. Third/rb ,/, we/ppss can/md offer/vb technical/jj help/nn in/in the/at formulation/nn of/in programs/nns for/in development/nn which/wdt are/ber adapted/vbn to/in the/at country's/nn$ objectives/nns and/cc resources/nns ./. This/dt includes/vbz assistance/nn in/in --/-- assembling/vbg the/at basic/jj economic/jj ,/, financial/jj ,/, technological/jj ,/, and/cc educational/jj information/nn on/in which/wdt programing/vbg depends/vbz ;/. ;/. surveying/vbg the/at needs/nns and/cc requirements/nns over/in time/nn of/in broad/jj sectors/nns of/in the/at economy/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs transport/nn ,/, agriculture/nn ,/, communication/nn ,/, industry/nn ,/, and/cc power/nn ;/. ;/. designing/vbg the/at financial/jj mechanisms/nns of/in the/at economy/nn in/in ways/nns that/wps will/md promote/vb growth/nn without/in inflation/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc administrative/jj practices/nns which/wdt will/md make/vb possible/jj the/at more/ql effective/jj review/nn and/cc implementation/nn of/in programs/nns once/rb established/vbn ./. We/ppss-hl must/md-hl use/vb-hl common/jj-hl sense/nn-hl in/in-hl applying/vbg-hl conditions/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at application/nn of/in conditions/nns in/in the/at allocation/nn of/in aid/nn funds/nns cannot/md* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, be/be mechanical/jj ./. It/pps must/md be/be recognized/vbn that/cs countries/nns at/in different/jj stages/nns of/in development/nn have/hv very/ql different/jj capabilities/nns of/in meeting/vbg such/jj conditions/nns ./. To/to insist/vb on/in a/at level/nn of/in performance/nn in/in programing/vbg and/cc budgeting/vbg completely/ql beyond/in the/at capabilities/nns of/in the/at recipient/jj country/nn would/md result/vb in/in the/at frustration/nn of/in the/at basic/jj objective/nn of/in our/pp$ development/nn assistance/nn to/to encourage/vb more/ql rapid/jj growth/nn ./. In/in the/at more/ql primitive/jj areas/nns ,/, where/wrb the/at capacity/nn to/to absorb/vb and/cc utilize/vb external/jj assistance/nn is/bez limited/vbn ,/, some/dti activities/nns may/md be/be of/in such/ql obvious/jj priority/nn that/cs we/ppss may/md decide/vb to/to support/vb them/ppo before/cs a/at well/rb worked/vbn out/rp program/nn is/bez available/jj ./. Thus/rb ,/, we/ppss might/md provide/vb limited/vbn assistance/nn in/in such/jj fields/nns as/cs education/nn ,/, essential/jj transport/nn ,/, communications/nns ,/, and/cc agricultural/jj improvement/nn despite/in the/at absence/nn of/in acceptable/jj country/nn programs/nns ./. In/in such/abl a/at case/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss would/md encourage/vb the/at recipient/nn country/nn to/to get/vb on/rp with/in its/pp$ programing/vbg task/nn ,/, supply/vb it/ppo with/in substantial/jj technical/jj assistance/nn in/in performing/vbg that/dt task/nn ,/, and/cc make/vb it/ppo plain/jj that/cs an/at expansion/nn or/cc even/rb a/at continuation/nn of/in our/pp$ assistance/nn to/in the/at country's/nn$ development/nn was/bedz conditional/jj upon/in programing/vbg progress/nn being/beg made/vbn ./. At/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at spectrum/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at more/ql advanced/vbn countries/nns can/md be/be relied/vbn upon/rb to/to make/vb well/rb thought/vbn through/rp decisions/nns as/in to/in project/nn priorities/nns within/in a/at consistent/jj program/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to depart/vb substantially/rb from/in detailed/vbn project/nn approval/nn as/cs the/at basis/nn for/in granting/vbg assistance/nn and/cc to/to move/vb toward/in long-term/nn support/nn ,/, in/in cooperation/nn with/in other/ap developed/vbn countries/nns ,/, of/in the/at essential/jj foreign/jj exchange/nn requirements/nns of/in the/at country's/nn$ development/nn program/nn ./. D/np-hl ./.-hl Encouraging/vbg-hl self-help/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl reasons/nns-hl for/in-hl stressing/vbg-hl self-help/nn-hl A/at systematic/jj approach/nn to/in development/nn budgeting/nn and/cc programing/nn is/bez one/cd important/jj kind/nn of/in self-help/nn ./. There/ex are/ber many/ap others/nns ./. It/pps is/bez vitally/ql important/jj that/cs the/at new/jj U.S./np aid/nn program/nn should/md encourage/vb all/abn of/in them/ppo ,/, since/cs the/at main/jjs thrust/nn for/in development/nn must/md come/vb from/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns themselves/ppls ./. External/jj aid/nn can/md only/rb be/be marginal/jj ,/, although/cs the/at margin/nn ,/, as/cs in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at Marshall/np-tl plan/nn ,/, can/md be/be decisive/jj ./. External/jj aid/nn can/md be/be effective/jj only/rb if/cs it/pps is/bez a/at complement/nn to/in self-help/nn ./. U.S./np aid/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, should/md increasingly/rb be/be designed/vbn to/to provide/vb incentives/nns for/cs countries/nns to/to take/vb the/at steps/nns that/wpo only/rb they/ppss themselves/ppls can/md take/vb ./. Aid/nn-hl advice/nn-hl is/bez-hl not/*-hl interference/nn-hl ./.-hl In/in establishing/vbg conditions/nns of/in self-help/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj that/cs we/ppss not/* expect/vb countries/nns to/to remake/vb themselves/ppls in/in our/pp$ image/nn ./. Open/jj societies/nns can/md take/vb many/ap forms/nns ,/, and/cc within/in very/ql broad/jj limits/nns recipients/nns must/md be/be free/jj to/to set/vb their/pp$ own/jj goals/nns and/cc to/to devise/vb their/pp$ own/jj institutions/nns to/to achieve/vb those/dts goals/nns ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez no/at interference/nn with/in sovereignty/nn to/to point/vb out/rp defects/nns where/wrb they/ppss exist/vb ,/, such/jj as/cs that/cs a/at plan/nn calls/vbz for/in factories/nns without/in power/nn to/to run/vb them/ppo ,/, or/cc for/in institutions/nns without/in trained/vbn personnel/nns to/to staff/vb them/ppo ./. Once/cs we/ppss have/hv made/vbn clear/jj that/cs we/ppss are/ber genuinely/rb concerned/vbn with/in a/at country's/nn$ development/nn potential/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md be/be blunt/jj in/in suggesting/vbg the/at technical/jj conditions/nns that/wps must/md be/be met/vbn for/cs development/nn to/to occur/vb ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl range/nn-hl of/in-hl self-help/nn-hl The/at major/jj areas/nns of/in self-help/nn are/ber the/at following/nn :/: (/(-hl A/at-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl effective/jj-hl mobilizing/vbg-hl of/in-hl resources/nns-hl ./.-hl This/dt includes/vbz not/* only/rb development/nn programing/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb establishing/vbg tax/nn policies/nns designed/vbn to/to raise/vb equitably/rb resources/nns for/in investment/nn ;/. ;/. fiscal/jj and/cc monetary/jj policies/nns designed/vbn to/to prevent/vb serious/jj inflation/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc regulatory/jj policies/nns aimed/vbn to/to attract/vb the/at financial/jj and/cc managerial/jj resources/nns of/in foreign/jj investment/nn and/cc to/to prevent/vb excessive/jj luxury/nn consumption/nn by/in a/at few/ap ./. (/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl reduction/nn-hl of/in-hl dependence/nn-hl on/in-hl external/jj-hl sources/nns-hl ./.-hl This/dt includes/vbz foreseeing/vbg balance-of-payments/nn crises/nns ,/, with/in adequate/jj attention/nn to/in reducing/vbg dependence/nn on/in imports/nns and/cc adopting/vbg realistic/jj exchange/nn rates/nns to/to encourage/vb infant/jj industries/nns and/cc spur/vb exports/nns ./. It/pps also/rb includes/vbz providing/vbg for/in the/at training/nn of/in nationals/nns to/to operate/vb projects/nns after/cs they/ppss are/ber completed/vbn ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl tapping/vbg-hl the/at-hl energies/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl entire/jj-hl population/nn-hl ./.-hl For/in both/abx economic/jj and/cc political/jj reasons/nns all/abn segments/nns of/in the/at population/nn must/md be/be able/jj to/to share/vb in/in the/at growth/nn of/in a/at country/nn ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, development/nn will/md not/* lead/vb to/in longrun/nn stability/nn ./. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl honesty/nn-hl in/in-hl government/nn-hl ./.-hl In/in many/ap societies/nns ,/, what/wdt we/ppss regard/vb as/cs corruption/nn ,/, favoritism/nn ,/, and/cc personal/jj influence/nn are/ber so/ql accepted/vbn as/cs consistent/jj with/in the/at mores/nns of/in officialdom/nn and/cc so/ql integral/jj a/at part/nn of/in routine/jj administrative/jj practice/nn that/cs any/dti attempt/nn to/to force/vb their/pp$ elimination/nn will/md be/be regarded/vbn by/in the/at local/jj leadership/nn as/cs not/* only/rb unwarranted/jj but/cc unfriendly/jj ./. Yet/cc an/at economy/nn cannot/md* get/vb the/at most/ap out/in of/in its/pp$ resources/nns if/cs dishonesty/nn ,/, corruption/nn ,/, and/cc favoritism/nn are/ber widespread/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, tolerance/nn by/in us/ppo of/in such/jj practices/nns results/vbz in/in serious/jj waste/nn and/cc diversion/nn of/in aid/nn resources/nns and/cc in/in the/at long/jj run/nn generates/vbz anti-American/jj sentiment/nn of/in a/at kind/nn peculiarly/ql damaging/vbg to/in our/pp$ political/jj interest/nn ./. Some/dti of/in the/at most/ql dramatic/jj successes/nns of/in Communism/nn-tl in/in winning/vbg local/jj support/nn can/md be/be traced/vbn to/in the/at identification/nn --/-- correct/jj or/cc not/* --/-- of/in Communist/jj regimes/nns with/in personal/jj honesty/nn and/cc pro-Western/jj regimes/nns with/in corruption/nn ./. A/at requirement/nn of/in reasonably/ql honest/jj administration/nn may/md be/be politically/rb uncomfortable/jj in/in the/at short/jj run/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez politically/rb essential/jj in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl U.S./np-hl position/nn-hl on/in-hl self-help/nn-hl The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl can/md use/vb its/pp$ aid/nn as/cs an/at incentive/nn to/in self-help/nn by/in responding/vbg with/in aid/nn on/in a/at sustained/vbn basis/nn ,/, tailored/vbn to/in priority/nn needs/nns ,/, to/in those/dts countries/nns making/vbg serious/jj efforts/nns in/in self-help/nn ./. In/in many/ap instances/nns it/pps can/md withhold/vb or/cc limit/vb its/pp$ aid/nn to/in countries/nns not/* yet/rb willing/jj to/to make/vb such/jj efforts/nns ./. There/ex are/ber other/ap countries/nns where/wrb ,/, with/in skillful/jj diplomacy/nn ,/, we/ppss may/md be/be able/jj by/in our/pp$ aid/nn to/to give/vb encouragement/nn to/in those/dts groups/nns in/in government/nn which/wdt would/md like/vb to/to press/vb forward/rb with/in economic/jj and/cc social/jj reform/nn measures/nns to/to promote/vb growth/nn ./. Governments/nns are/ber rarely/rb monolithic/jj ./. But/cc there/ex will/md be/be still/rb other/ap countries/nns where/wrb ,/, despite/in the/at inadequacy/nn of/in the/at level/nn of/in self-help/nn ,/, we/ppss shall/md deem/vb it/ppo wise/jj ,/, for/in political/jj or/cc military/jj reasons/nns ,/, to/to give/vb substantial/jj economic/jj assistance/nn ./. Even/rb in/in these/dts cases/nns we/ppss should/md promote/vb self-help/nn by/in making/vbg it/ppo clear/jj that/cs our/pp$ supporting/vbg assistance/nn is/bez subject/jj to/in reduction/nn and/cc ultimately/rb to/in termination/nn ./. E/np-hl ./.-hl Encouraging/vbg-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl approach/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Development/nn-hl requires/vbz-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl approach/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at most/ql fundamental/jj concept/nn of/in the/at new/jj approach/nn to/in economic/jj aid/nn is/bez the/at focusing/nn of/in our/pp$ attention/nn ,/, our/pp$ resources/nns ,/, and/cc our/pp$ energies/nns on/in the/at effort/nn to/to promote/vb the/at economic/jj and/cc social/jj development/nn of/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns ./. This/dt is/bez not/* a/at short-run/nn goal/nn ./. To/to have/hv any/dti success/nn in/in this/dt effort/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md ourselves/ppls view/vb it/ppo as/cs an/at enterprise/nn stretching/vbg over/in a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in years/nns ,/, and/cc we/ppss must/md encourage/vb the/at recipients/nns of/in our/pp$ aid/nn to/to view/vb it/ppo in/in the/at same/ap fashion/nn ./. Most/ap-hl of/in-hl our/pp$-hl aid/nn-hl will/md-hl go/vb-hl to/in-hl those/dts-hl nearing/vbg-hl self-sufficiency/nn-hl ./.-hl How/wql long/rb it/pps will/md take/vb to/to show/vb substantial/jj success/nn in/in this/dt effort/nn will/md vary/vb greatly/rb from/in country/nn to/in country/nn ./. In/in several/ap significant/jj cases/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs India/np ,/, a/at decade/nn of/in concentrated/vbn effort/nn can/md launch/vb these/dts countries/nns into/in a/at stage/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss can/md carry/vb forward/rb their/pp$ own/jj economic/jj and/cc social/jj progress/nn with/in little/ap or/cc no/at government-to-government/jj assistance/nn ./. These/dts cases/nns in/in which/wdt light/nn is/bez already/rb visible/jj at/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at tunnel/nn are/ber ones/nns which/wdt over/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns will/md absorb/vb the/at bulk/nn of/in our/pp$ capital/nn assistance/nn ./. Gradually/rb-hl others/nns-hl will/md-hl move/vb-hl up/rp-hl to/in-hl the/at-hl same/ap-hl level/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at number/nn of/in countries/nns thus/rb favorably/rb situated/vbn is/bez small/jj ,/, but/cc their/pp$ peoples/nns constitute/vb over/rp half/abn of/in the/at population/nn of/in the/at underdeveloped/jj world/nn ./. Meantime/rb ,/, over/in the/at decade/nn of/in the/at sixties/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md hope/vb that/cs many/ap other/ap countries/nns will/md ready/vb themselves/ppls for/in the/at big/jj push/nn into/in self-sustaining/jj growth/nn ./. In/in still/rb others/nns which/wdt are/ber barely/rb on/in the/at threshold/nn of/in the/at transition/nn into/in modernity/nn ,/, the/at decade/nn can/md bring/vb significant/jj progress/nn in/in launching/vbg the/at slow/jj process/nn of/in developing/vbg their/pp$ human/jj resources/nns and/cc their/pp$ basic/jj services/nns to/in the/at point/nn where/wrb an/at expanded/vbn range/nn of/in developmental/jj activities/nns is/bez possible/jj ./. Aid/nn-hl is/bez-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl process/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at whole/jj program/nn must/md be/be conceived/vbn of/in as/cs an/at effort/nn ,/, stretching/vbg over/in a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in years/nns ,/, to/to alter/vb the/at basic/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj conditions/nns in/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn world/nn ./. It/pps must/md be/be recognized/vbn as/cs a/at slow-acting/jj tool/nn designed/vbn to/to prevent/vb political/jj and/cc military/jj crises/nns such/jj as/cs those/dts recently/rb confronted/vbn in/in Laos/np and/cc Cuba/np ./. It/pps is/bez not/* a/at tool/nn for/in dealing/vbg with/in these/dts crises/nns after/cs they/ppss have/hv erupted/vbn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl specific/jj-hl reasons/nns-hl for/in-hl a/at-hl long-term/nn-hl approach/nn-hl (/(-hl A/at-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at need/nn to/to budget/vb a/at period/nn of/in years/nns ./. Many/ap of/in the/at individual/jj projects/nns for/in which/wdt development/nn assistance/nn is/bez required/vbn call/vb for/in expenditures/nns over/in lengthy/jj periods/nns ./. Dams/nns ,/, river/nn development/nn schemes/nns ,/, transportation/nn networks/nns ,/, educational/jj systems/nns require/vb years/nns to/to construct/vb ./. Moreover/rb ,/, on/in complex/jj projects/nns ,/, design/nn work/nn must/md be/be completed/vbn and/cc orders/nns for/in machinery/nn and/cc equipment/nn placed/vbn months/nns or/cc even/nil years/nil before/nil construction/nil can/nil commence/nil ./. Thus/nil ,/, as/nil a/nil development/nil program/nil is/nil being/nil launched/nil ,/, commitments/nil and/nil obligations/nil must/nil be/nil entered/nil into/nil in/nil a/nil given/nil year/nil which/nil may/nil exceed/nil by/nil twofold/nil or/nil threefold/nil the/nil expenditures/nil to/nil be/nil made/nil in/nil that/nil year/nil ./. The/at capital/jj expansion/nn programs/nns of/in business/nn firms/nns involve/vb multi-year/jj budgeting/nn and/cc the/at same/ap is/bez true/jj of/in country/nn development/nn programs/nns ./. (/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl need/nn-hl to/to-hl plan/vb-hl investment/nn-hl programs/nns-hl ./.-hl More/ql importantly/rb ,/, several/ap of/in the/at more/ql advanced/vbn of/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns have/hv found/vbn through/in experience/nn that/cs they/ppss must/md plan/vb their/pp$ own/jj complex/jj investment/nn programs/nns for/in at/in least/ap 5/cd years/nns forward/rb and/cc tentatively/rb for/in considerably/ql more/ap than/in that/dt if/cs they/ppss are/ber to/to be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at various/jj interdependent/jj activities/nns involved/vbn are/ber all/abn to/to take/vb place/nn in/in the/at proper/jj sequence/nn ./. Without/in such/jj forward/jj planning/nn ,/, investment/nn funds/nns are/ber wasted/vbn because/cs manufacturing/vbg facilities/nns are/ber completed/vbn before/cs there/ex is/bez power/nn to/to operate/vb them/ppo or/cc before/cs there/ex is/bez transport/nn to/to service/vb them/ppo ;/. ;/. or/cc a/at skilled/jj labor/nn force/nn is/bez trained/vbn before/cs there/ex are/ber plants/nns available/jj in/in which/wdt they/ppss can/md be/be employed/vbn ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl the/at-hl need/nn-hl to/to-hl allocate/vb-hl country/nn-hl resources/nns-hl ./.-hl Most/ql important/jj of/in all/abn ,/, the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns must/md be/be persuaded/vbn to/to take/vb the/at necessary/jj steps/nns to/to allocate/vb and/cc commit/vb their/pp$ own/jj resources/nns ./. They/ppss must/md be/be induced/vbn to/to establish/vb the/at necessary/jj tax/nn ,/, fiscal/jj ,/, monetary/jj ,/, and/cc regulatory/jj policies/nns ./. They/ppss must/md be/be persuaded/vbn to/to adopt/vb the/at other/ap necessary/jj self-help/nn measures/nns which/wdt are/ber described/vbn in/in the/at preceding/vbg section/nn ./. The/at taking/nn of/in these/dts steps/nns involves/vbz tough/jj internal/jj policy/nn decisions/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, once/cs these/dts steps/nns are/ber taken/vbn ,/, they/ppss may/md require/vb years/nns to/to make/vb themselves/ppls felt/vbn ./. They/ppss must/md ,/, therefore/rb ,/, be/be related/vbn to/in long-range/nn development/nn plans/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Providing/vbg-hl an/at-hl incentive/nn-hl If/cs the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns are/ber to/to be/be persuaded/vbn to/to adopt/vb a/at long-term/nn approach/nn ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, as/cs the/at principal/jjs supplier/nn of/in external/jj aid/nn ,/, must/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to give/vb long-term/nn commitments/nns ./. In/in this/dt ,/, as/cs in/in so/ql many/ap aspects/nns of/in our/pp$ development/nn assistance/nn activities/nns ,/, the/at incentive/nn effects/nns of/in the/at posture/nn we/ppss take/vb are/ber the/at most/ql important/jj ones/nns ./. The/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md persuade/vb the/at less/ql developed/vbn countries/nns to/to appraise/vb their/pp$ own/jj resources/nns ,/, to/to set/vb targets/nns toward/in which/wdt they/ppss should/md be/be working/vbg ,/, to/to establish/vb in/in the/at light/nn of/in this/dt forward/jj perspective/nn the/at most/ql urgent/jj priorities/nns for/in their/pp$ immediate/jj attention/nn ,/, and/cc to/to do/do the/at other/ap things/nns which/wdt they/ppss must/md do/do to/to help/vb themselves/ppls ,/, all/abn on/in a/at realistic/jj long-term/nn basis/nn ,/, will/md depend/vb importantly/rb on/in the/at incentives/nns we/ppss place/vb before/in them/ppo ./. If/cs they/ppss feel/vb that/cs we/ppss are/ber taking/vbg a/at long-term/nn view/nn of/in their/pp$ problems/nns and/cc are/ber prepared/vbn to/to enter/vb into/in reasonably/ql long-term/nn association/nn with/in them/ppo in/in their/pp$ development/nn activities/nns ,/, they/ppss will/md be/be much/ql more/ql likely/jj to/to undertake/vb the/at difficult/jj tasks/nns required/vbn ./. Perhaps/rb the/at most/ql important/jj incentive/nn for/in them/ppo will/md be/be clear/jj evidence/nn that/cs where/wrb other/ap countries/nns have/hv done/vbn this/dt kind/nn of/in home/nr work/nn we/ppss have/hv responded/vbn with/in long-term/nn commitments/nns ./.

ch03

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You/ppss have/hv heard/vbn him/ppo tell/vb these/dts young/jj people/nns that/cs during/in his/pp$ almost/rb 50/cd years/nns of/in service/nn in/in the/at Congress/np he/pps has/hvz seen/vbn the/at Kaisers/nps and/cc the/at Hitlers/nps and/cc the/at Mussolinis/nps ,/, the/at Tojos/nps and/cc Stalins/nps and/cc Khrushchevs/nps ,/, come/vb and/cc go/vb and/cc that/cs we/ppss are/ber passing/vbg on/rp to/in them/ppo the/at freest/jjt Nation/nn-tl that/wpo mankind/nn has/hvz ever/rb known/vbn ./. Then/rb I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn the/at pride/nn of/in country/nn well/vb in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in these/dts young/jj people/nns ./. So/rb ,/, I/ppss say/vb ,/, Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, God/np bless/vb you/ppo and/cc keep/vb you/ppo for/in many/ap years/nns not/* only/rb for/in this/dt body/nn but/cc for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl and/cc the/at free/jj world/nn ./. You/ppss remember/vb the/at words/nns of/in President/nn-tl Kennedy/np a/at week/nn or/cc so/rb ago/rb ,/, when/wrb someone/pn asked/vbd him/ppo when/wrb he/pps was/bedz in/in Canada/np ,/, and/cc Dean/np Rusk/np was/bedz in/in Europe/np ,/, and/cc Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl Johnson/np was/bedz in/in Asia/np ,/, ``/`` Who/wps is/bez running/vbg the/at store/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` The/at same/ap fellow/nn who/wps has/hvz been/ben running/vbg it/ppo ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np ''/'' ./. General/jj-hl leave/nn-hl to/to-hl extend/vb-hl Mr./np-hl McCormack/np-hl ./. Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss ask/vb unanimous/jj consent/nn that/cs all/abn Members/nns-tl who/wps desire/vb to/to do/do so/rb may/md extend/vb their/pp$ remarks/nns at/in this/dt point/nn in/in the/at record/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc also/rb that/cs they/ppss may/md have/hv 5/cd legislative/jj days/nns in/in which/wdt to/to extend/vb their/pp$ remarks/nns ./. The/at-hl speaker/nn-hl pro/in-hl tempore/nn-hl ./.-hl Is/bez there/ex objection/nn to/in the/at request/nn of/in the/at gentleman/nn from/in Massachusetts/np ?/. ?/. There/ex was/bedz no/at objection/nn ./. Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl Joseph/np-hl P./np-hl Addabbo/np-hl of/in-hl New/jj-tl York/np-tl Mr./np-hl Addabbo/np-hl ./.-hl It/pps is/bez notably/ql significant/jj that/cs so/ql many/ap Members/nns-tl from/in both/abx sides/nns of/in the/at aisle/nn express/vb their/pp$ respect/nn and/cc admiration/nn for/in our/pp$ beloved/jj Speaker/nn-tl ,/, the/at Honorable/jj-tl Sam/np Rayburn/np ./. I/ppss purposely/rb refrained/vbd from/in adding/vbg the/at usual/jj distinction/nn of/in saying/vbg that/cs he/pps was/bedz from/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Texas/np-tl ./. I/ppss did/dod so/rb because/cs I/ppss agree/vb with/in so/ql many/ap here/rb today/nr ,/, that/cs he/pps is/bez the/at beloved/jj Speaker/nn-tl of/in all/abn the/at people/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. For/in the/at dignity/nn ,/, the/at influence/nn ,/, and/cc the/at power/nn of/in the/at legislative/jj branch/nn of/in our/pp$ Government/nn-tl --/-- it/pps is/bez a/at privilege/nn for/cs us/ppo to/to do/do honor/nn to/in this/dt great/jj man/nn who/wps represents/vbz not/* alone/rb his/pp$ own/jj district/nn but/cc all/abn the/at people/nns of/in our/pp$ country/nn ./. To/to honor/vb him/ppo is/bez to/to honor/vb ourselves/ppls ./. In/in this/dt my/pp$ first/od year/nn as/cs a/at Member/nn-tl of/in this/dt body/nn I/ppss have/hv experienced/vbn many/ap memorable/jj moments/nns ./. Many/ap of/in these/dts experiences/nns are/ber so/ql important/jj that/cs they/ppss will/md be/be cherished/vbn forever/rb by/in me/ppo ./. And/cc ,/, like/cs many/ap of/in you/ppo here/rb present/rb ,/, I/ppss hold/vb as/cs the/at highlight/nn of/in all/abn ,/, the/at occasion/nn of/in my/pp$ first/od meeting/nn with/in the/at honorable/jj Speaker/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl ./. At/in that/dt time/nn ,/, he/pps afforded/vbd me/ppo the/at courtesy/nn of/in his/pp$ busy/jj workday/nn for/in such/jj length/nn as/cs I/ppss may/md need/vb ,/, to/to speak/vb about/in my/pp$ background/nn ,/, my/pp$ hopes/nns ,/, my/pp$ views/nns on/in various/jj national/jj and/cc local/jj topics/nns ,/, and/cc any/dti problems/nns that/wpo I/ppss may/md have/hv been/ben vexed/vbn with/in at/in the/at time/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz fatherly/jj in/in his/pp$ handling/nn of/in all/abn subjects/nns with/in me/ppo and/cc tremendously/ql wise/jj in/in his/pp$ counsel/nn ./. In/in conclusion/nn ,/, he/pps wished/vbd me/ppo well/rb --/-- and/cc as/ql kindly/rb and/cc humbly/rb as/cs this/dt humane/jj gentleman/nn could/md express/vb himself/ppl ,/, he/pps asked/vbd to/to be/be remembered/vbn to/in my/pp$ wife/nn and/cc children/nns ./. In/in my/pp$ short/jj period/nn here/rb I/ppss believe/vb that/cs at/in no/at time/nn has/hvz he/pps been/ben otherwise/rb than/cs the/at most/ql popular/jj man/nn on/in both/abx sides/nns of/in the/at aisle/nn ./. He/pps is/bez most/ql effective/jj in/in the/at ordinary/jj business/nn of/in the/at House/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in the/at legislative/jj accomplishments/nns of/in this/dt session/nn ,/, he/pps easily/rb rose/vbd to/in great/jj occasion/nn --/-- even/rb at/in the/at height/nn of/in unpleasantness/nn and/cc exciting/jj legislative/jj struggle/nn --/-- and/cc as/cs the/at Nation/nn-tl witnessed/vbd these/dts contests/nns ,/, he/pps rose/vbd ,/, even/rb as/cs admitted/vbn by/in those/dts who/wps differed/vbd with/in him/ppo ,/, to/in the/at proportions/nns of/in a/at hero/nn and/cc a/at noble/jj partisan/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem highly/ql privileged/jj today/nr to/to commemorate/vb the/at brilliant/jj career/nn of/in this/dt parliamentary/jj giant/nn ./. He/pps will/md ever/rb be/be my/pp$ example/nn as/cs a/at true/jj statesman/nn ;/. ;/. one/pn who/wps is/bez thoroughly/ql human/jj ,/, who/wps affects/vbz no/at dignity/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps is/bez endowed/vbn with/in real/jj ability/nn ,/, genuine/jj worth/nn ,/, and/cc sterling/jj honesty/nn --/-- all/abn dedicated/vbn to/to secure/vb the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in the/at country/nn he/pps has/hvz loved/vbn and/cc served/vbn so/ql long/rb ./. May/md the/at Divine/jj-tl Speaker/nn-tl in/in Heaven/nn-tl bless/vb this/dt country/nn with/in Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ continued/vbn service/nn here/rb for/in years/nns to/to come/vb ./. Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl Wayne/np-hl L./np-hl Hays/np-hl of/in-hl Ohio/np-hl Mr./np-hl Hays/np-hl ./.-hl It/pps is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in deep/jj personal/jj satisfaction/nn for/in me/ppo to/to add/vb my/pp$ voice/nn to/in the/at great/jj and/cc distinguished/vbn chorus/nn of/in my/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in this/dt paean/nn of/in praise/nn ,/, respect/nn ,/, and/cc affection/nn for/in Speaker/nn-tl Sam/np Rayburn/np ./. In/in this/dt hour/nn of/in crisis/nn ,/, the/at wisdom/nn ,/, the/at dedication/nn ,/, the/at stabilizing/vbg force/nn that/wpo he/pps represents/vbz in/in current/jj American/jj government/nn is/bez an/at almost/ql indispensable/jj source/nn of/in strength/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz become/vbn in/in this/dt half/abn century/nn the/at grand/jj old/jj man/nn of/in American/jj history/nn ./. It/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo that/cs the/at prayers/nns of/in the/at whole/jj free/jj world/nn must/md rise/vb like/cs some/dti vast/jj petition/nn to/in Providence/np that/cs Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ vigor/nn and/cc his/pp$ life/nn remain/vb undiminished/jj through/in the/at coming/vbg decades/nns ./. Here/rb briefly/rb in/in this/dt humble/jj tribute/nn I/ppss have/hv sought/vbn for/in some/dti simple/jj and/cc succinct/jj summation/nn that/wps would/md define/vb the/at immense/jj service/nn of/in this/dt patriot/nn to/in his/pp$ country/nn ./. But/cc the/at task/nn is/bez beyond/in me/ppo because/cs I/ppss hold/vb it/ppo impossible/jj to/to compress/vb in/in a/at sentence/nn or/cc two/cd the/at complicated/vbn and/cc prodigious/jj contributions/nns Sam/np Rayburn/np has/hvz made/vbn as/cs an/at individual/nn ,/, as/cs a/at legislator/nn ,/, as/cs a/at statesman/nn and/cc as/cs a/at leader/nn and/cc conciliator/nn ,/, to/in the/at majestic/jj progress/nn of/in this/dt Nation/nn-tl ./. It/pps happens/vbz that/cs I/ppss am/bem a/at legislator/nn from/in Ohio/np and/cc that/cs I/ppss feel/vb deeply/rb about/in the/at needs/nns ,/, the/at aspirations/nns ,/, the/at interests/nns of/in my/pp$ district/nn and/cc my/pp$ State/nn-tl ./. What/wdt Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ life/nn proves/vbz to/in us/ppo all/abn is/bez the/at magnificent/jj lesson/nn in/in political/jj science/nn that/cs one/pn can/md devotedly/rb and/cc with/in absolute/jj dedication/nn represent/vb the/at seemingly/rb provincial/jj interests/nns of/in one's/pn$ own/jj community/nn ,/, one's/pn$ own/jj district/nn ,/, one's/pn$ own/jj State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc by/in that/dt help/vb himself/ppl represent/vb even/ql better/rbr the/at sweep/nn and/cc scope/nn of/in the/at problems/nns of/in this/dt the/at greatest/jjt nation/nn of/in all/abn time/nn ./. For/cs Sam/np Rayburn/np never/rb forgot/vbd Bonham/np ,/, his/pp$ home/nr community/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps never/rb forgot/vbd Texas/np ./. In/in the/at same/ap way/nn I/ppss like/vb to/to think/vb we/ppss owe/vb our/pp$ loyalty/nn as/cs legislators/nns to/in our/pp$ community/nn ,/, our/pp$ district/nn ,/, our/pp$ State/nn-tl ./. And/cc ,/, if/cs we/ppss follow/vb the/at Rayburn/np pattern/nn ,/, as/cs consciously/rb or/cc by/in an/at instinctual/jj political/jj sense/nn I/ppss like/vb to/to think/vb I/ppss have/hv followed/vbn it/ppo ,/, then/rb the/at very/ap nature/nn of/in our/pp$ loyalty/nn to/in our/pp$ own/jj immediate/jj areas/nns must/md necessarily/rb be/be reflected/vbn in/in the/at devotion/nn of/in our/pp$ services/nns to/in our/pp$ country/nn ./. For/cs what/wdt Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ life/nn in/in this/dt House/nn-tl teaches/vbz us/ppo is/bez that/cs loyalty/nn and/cc character/nn are/ber not/* divisive/jj and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at such/jj thing/nn as/cs being/beg for/in your/pp$ country/nn and/cc neglecting/vbg your/pp$ district/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at such/jj thing/nn as/cs being/beg diligent/jj about/in national/jj affairs/nns but/cc indifferent/jj about/in home/nr needs/nns ./. The/at two/cd are/ber as/cs one/cd ./. This/dt may/md not/* be/be the/at greatest/jjt but/cc it/pps certainly/rb comes/vbz close/rb to/in being/beg the/at greatest/jjt lesson/nn Sam/np Rayburn's/np$ career/nn ,/, up/in to/in this/dt hour/nn ,/, teaches/vbz all/abn of/in us/ppo who/wps would/md aspire/vb to/in distinction/nn in/in political/jj life/nn under/in our/pp$ processes/nns of/in government/nn ./. More/ap than/cs that/dt ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np is/bez the/at very/ql living/vbg symbol/nn of/in an/at iron-clad/jj integrity/nn so/ql powerful/jj in/in his/pp$ nature/nn and/cc so/ql constantly/rb demonstrated/vbn that/cs he/pps can/md count/vb some/dti of/in his/pp$ best/jjt friends/nns in/in the/at opposition/nn ./. Through/in the/at most/ql rancorous/jj battles/nns of/in political/jj controversy/nn and/cc the/at most/ql bitterly/rb fought/vbn national/jj and/cc presidential/jj campaigns/nns his/pp$ character/nn shines/vbz as/cs an/at example/nn of/in dignity/nn and/cc honesty/nn ,/, forthrightness/nn and/cc nobility/nn ./. Sam/np Rayburn/np has/hvz never/rb had/hvn to/to look/vb back/rb at/in any/dti of/in his/pp$ most/ql devastating/vbg fights/nns and/cc ever/rb feel/vb ashamed/jj of/in his/pp$ conduct/nn as/cs a/at combatant/nn under/in fire/nn or/cc his/pp$ political/jj manners/nns in/in the/at heat/nn of/in conflicting/vbg ambitions/nns ./. This/dt means/vbz much/ap to/in the/at American/jj tradition/nn ./. It/pps is/bez an/at answer/nn in/in its/pp$ way/nn ,/, individual/jj and/cc highly/ql dramatic/jj ,/, to/in the/at charge/nn that/cs the/at democratic/jj process/nn is/bez necessarily/rb vicious/jj in/in its/pp$ campaign/nn characteristics/nns ./. And/cc the/at name/nn Rayburn/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql dominant/jj in/in the/at history/nn of/in American/jj politics/nn for/in the/at last/ap half/abn century/nn ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, I/ppss insist/vb ,/, hard/jj to/to define/vb the/at Rayburn/np contribution/nn to/in our/pp$ political/jj civilization/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez so/ql massive/jj and/cc so/ql widespread/jj and/cc so/ql complicated/vbn ,/, and/cc because/cs it/pps goes/vbz so/ql deep/rb ./. But/cc this/dt we/ppss know/vb :/: Here/rb is/bez a/at great/jj life/nn that/wps in/in every/at area/nn of/in American/jj politics/nn gives/vbz the/at American/jj people/nns occasion/nn for/in pride/nn and/cc that/wps has/hvz invested/vbn the/at democratic/jj process/nn with/in the/at most/ql decent/jj qualities/nns of/in honor/nn ,/, decency/nn ,/, and/cc self-respect/nn ./. I/ppss pray/vb to/in God/np that/cs he/pps may/md be/be spared/vbn to/in us/ppo for/in many/ap years/nns to/to come/vb for/in this/dt is/bez an/at influence/nn the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc the/at whole/jj world/nn can/md ill/rb afford/vb to/to lose/vb ./. Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl Melvin/np-hl Price/np-hl of/in-hl Illinois/np-hl Mr./np-hl Price/np-hl ./.-hl All/abn but/in two/cd of/in my/pp$ nine/cd terms/nns in/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl has/hvz been/ben served/vbn under/in the/at Speakership/nn-tl of/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ./. Of/in this/dt I/ppss am/bem proud/jj ./. I/ppss have/hv a/at distinct/jj admiration/nn for/in this/dt man/nn we/ppss honor/vb today/nr because/rb of/in the/at humility/nn with/in which/wdt he/pps carries/vbz his/pp$ greatness/nn ./. And/cc Sam/np Rayburn/np is/bez a/at great/jj man/nn --/-- one/cd who/wps will/md go/vb down/rp in/in American/jj history/nn as/cs a/at truly/ql great/jj leader/nn of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./. He/pps will/md be/be considered/vbn not/* only/rb great/jj among/in his/pp$ contemporaries/nns ,/, but/cc as/cs great/jj among/in all/abn the/at Americans/nps who/wps have/hv played/vbn a/at part/nn in/in the/at country's/nn$ history/nn since/in the/at beginning/nn ./. I/ppss pay/vb my/pp$ personal/jj tribute/nn to/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, stalwart/jj Texan/np and/cc great/jj American/np ,/, not/* only/rb because/cs today/nr he/pps establishes/vbz a/at record/nn of/in having/hvg served/vbn as/cs Speaker/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl more/ap than/in twice/rb as/ql long/rb as/cs Henry/np Clay/np ,/, but/cc because/rb of/in the/at contributions/nns he/pps has/hvz made/vbn to/in the/at welfare/nn of/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl during/in his/pp$ almost/rb half/abn century/nn of/in service/nn as/cs a/at Member/nn-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ./. Speaker/nn-tl Rayburn/np has/hvz not/* limited/vbn his/pp$ leadership/nn as/cs a/at statesman/nn to/in his/pp$ direction/nn of/in the/at House/nn-tl in/in the/at Speaker's/nn$-tl chair/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd an/at outstanding/jj record/nn as/cs a/at legislator/nn since/in the/at start/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn in/in the/at House/nn-tl in/in 1913/cd ,/, the/at 63d/od Congress/np ./. No/at one/pn has/hvz sponsored/vbn more/ap progressive/jj and/cc important/jj legislation/nn than/cs has/hvz Sam/np Rayburn/np ./. He/pps is/bez the/at recognized/vbn ``/`` father/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Rural/jj-tl Electrification/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl and/cc the/at Security/nn-tl and/cc-tl Exchange/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ./. But/cc to/to run/vb the/at gauntlet/nn of/in the/at programs/nns Sam/np Rayburn/np brought/vbd into/in being/beg through/in his/pp$ legislative/jj efforts/nns would/md fill/vb the/at pages/nns of/in today's/nr$ Record/nn-tl ./. No/at greater/jjr pleasure/nn has/hvz come/vbn to/in me/ppo in/in my/pp$ own/jj service/nn in/in this/dt House/nn-tl than/cs to/to be/be present/jj today/nr to/to participate/vb in/in this/dt tribute/nn to/in this/dt great/jj Speaker/nn-tl ,/, this/dt great/jj legislator/nn ,/, this/dt great/jj Texan/np ,/, this/dt great/jj American/np ./. My/pp$ sincere/jj wish/nn is/bez that/cs he/pps continues/vbz to/to add/vb to/in this/dt record/nn he/pps sets/vbz here/rb today/nr ./. Remarks/nns-hl of/in-hl Hon./jj-tl-hl John/np-hl S./np-hl Monagan/np-hl of/in-hl Connecticut/np-hl Mr./np-hl Monagan/np-hl ./. Sam/np Rayburn/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt American/jj public/jj figures/nns in/in the/at history/nn of/in our/pp$ country/nn and/cc I/ppss consider/vb that/cs I/ppss have/hv been/ben singly/rb honored/vbn in/in the/at privilege/nn of/in knowing/vbg Sam/np Rayburn/np and/cc sharing/vbg with/in him/ppo the/at rights/nns and/cc obligations/nns of/in a/at Member/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl in/in the/at Congress/np-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Others/nns may/md speak/vb of/in Speaker/nn-tl Rayburn's/np$ uniquely/rb long/jj and/cc devoted/vbn service/nn ;/. ;/. of/in his/pp$ championship/nn of/in many/ap of/in the/at progressive/jj social/jj measures/nns which/wdt adorn/vb our/pp$ statute/nn books/nns today/nr ,/, and/cc of/in his/pp$ cooperation/nn in/in times/nns of/in adversity/nn with/in Presidents/nns-tl of/in both/abx of/in our/pp$ major/jj parties/nns in/in helping/vbg to/to pilot/vb the/at Ship/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl through/in the/at shoals/nns of/in today's/nr$ stormy/jj international/jj seas/nns ./. I/ppss prefer/vb to/to speak/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, of/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, the/at person/nn ,/, rather/in than/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, the/at American/jj institution/nn ./. Although/cs Sam/np Rayburn/np affects/vbz a/at gruff/jj exterior/nn in/in many/ap instances/nns ,/, nevertheless/rb he/pps is/bez fundamentally/rb a/at man/nn of/in warm/jj heart/nn and/cc gentle/jj disposition/nn ./. No/at one/pn could/md be/be more/ql devoted/vbn than/cs he/pps to/in the/at American/jj Congress/np as/cs an/at institution/nn and/cc more/ql aware/jj of/in its/pp$ historical/jj significance/nn in/in the/at political/jj history/nn of/in the/at world/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss shall/md never/rb forget/vb his/pp$ moving/vbg talks/nns ,/, delivered/vbn in/in simple/jj yet/cc eloquent/jj words/nns ,/, upon/in the/at meaning/nn of/in our/pp$ jobs/nns as/cs Representatives/nns-tl in/in the/at operation/nn of/in representative/jj government/nn and/cc their/pp$ importance/nn in/in the/at context/nn of/in today's/nr$ assault/nn upon/in popular/jj government/nn ./. Above/in all/abn ,/, he/pps is/bez a/at person/nn to/in whom/wpo a/at fledgling/nn Representative/nn-tl can/md go/vb to/to discuss/vb the/at personal/jj and/cc professional/jj problems/nns which/wdt inevitably/rb confront/vb a/at new/jj Congressman/nn-tl ./. In/in this/dt role/nn of/in father/nn confessor/nn ,/, he/pps has/hvz always/rb been/ben most/ql characteristic/jj and/cc most/ql helpful/jj ./. On/in September/np 16/cd ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np will/md have/hv served/vbn as/cs Speaker/nn-tl twice/rb as/ql long/rb as/cs any/dti predecessor/nn and/cc I/ppss am/bem proud/jj to/to join/vb with/in others/nns in/in marking/vbg this/dt date/nn ,/, and/cc in/in expressing/vbg my/pp$ esteem/nn for/in that/dt notable/jj American/np ,/, Sam/np Rayburn/np ./.

ch04

ch04 |@word origin:4 state:74 automobile:21 practice:9 vehicle:47 use:17 employee:13 business:4 date:1 back:2 forty:3 year:13 least:3 one:7 existence:2 1917:2 presently:1 389:1 passenger:3 comparison:2 approximately:1 200:1 1940:3 maintenance:11 unit:4 motor:11 pool:20 come:2 1942:3 responsible:2 centralized:3 management:13 transportation:4 since:2 time:5 make:9 exceptional:1 progress:2 automotive:1 include:4 establishment:1 cost:15 billing:2 system:2 record:3 keep:2 analysis:1 effect:1 economy:4 operation:10 car:24 operate:3 1959:2 average:5 per:16 mile:18 purchase:16 handle:3 similarly:1 price:2 considerably:3 low:4 general:4 public:3 quantity:2 payment:4 sale:2 federal:3 excise:2 taxis:1 assignment:12 policy:12 legislature:2 role:2 determination:2 concern:6 confine:2 almost:3 exclusively:1 appropriate:3 fund:7 meaningful:4 govern:5 shape:1 administrative:4 officer:2 kind:1 b:2 trade:4 c:1 need:6 lieu:2 mileage:10 allowance:17 e:1 take:1 home:2 f:1 liability:2 insurance:2 review:2 indicate:3 1:6 assign:5 grade:1 accord:2 position:1 status:1 driver:5 2:3 compact:2 currently:1 test:1 basis:5 3:1 mostly:1 three:2 interest:1 4:1 factor:1 flexible:1 circumstance:1 5:1 unsuccessful:1 effort:1 replace:1 high:2 6:1 reasonably:1 economical:2 garage:4 7:1 recently:2 undertake:1 survey:1 reveal:2 several:1 point:4 rhode:4 island:4 seven:1 provide:5 two:4 legislative:1 approval:1 variously:1 agency:8 individual:3 central:4 twenty:2 six:1 acquisition:1 allocation:1 nineteen:1 report:2 law:1 regulation:3 pay:3 change:1 substitute:1 type:3 actual:6 fix:3 monthly:3 itemize:1 reimbursement:3 allow:3 personally:3 rate:8 purpose:1 except:1 non:1 itemized:1 condition:1 restriction:1 set:1 forth:1 detail:3 travel:10 reimburseable:2 compare:2 favorably:2 government:4 industry:1 nationally:1 approximate:1 well:2 administer:1 unduly:1 expensive:2 requirement:1 procedure:2 control:6 properly:1 overly:1 restrictive:1 controversial:1 subject:2 great:1 advantage:1 ease:1 audit:2 however:2 lend:1 abuse:1 inadequate:1 measure:1 flat:1 50:1 month:1 subsistence:2 revise:1 official:1 exception:1 traveler:1 expense:1 15:1 day:1 regulate:1 pose:1 little:2 problem:3 administration:3 background:1 difficult:1 pinpoint:1 purchasing:2 available:2 prior:3 shed:1 light:2 registry:1 register:1 far:2 enough:1 say:1 buy:2 old:1 good:2 reason:3 advance:1 adopt:1 advent:1 expand:1 highway:2 construction:1 1920s:1 30:1 engineer:1 rough:1 dirty:1 road:1 accomplish:1 duty:1 privately:1 personal:1 hardship:1 matter:5 feel:1 perfectly:1 justifiable:1 principle:2 establish:2 increase:6 rapidly:1 contribute:2 growth:2 table:2 immediately:1 show:3 signify:1 anything:1 loose:1 ineffective:1 poor:1 steadily:1 proportion:2 past:2 ratio:1 vary:1 22:1 23:1 whether:1 many:1 problematical:1 fact:2 simply:1 remain:1 practically:1 history:1 may:2 obscure:1 subsequent:1 development:1 relate:1 clearly:1 responsibility:4 phase:1 embrace:1 determine:2 drive:1 repair:4 gasoline:2 service:4 obtain:1 ally:1 nation:1 war:1 tire:1 ration:1 commodity:1 confront:1 similar:1 meet:1 creation:1 popularly:1 call:1 headquarter:1 facility:3 providence:2 locate:1 throughout:2 organizationally:1 department:3 work:3 finance:1 rotary:3 1951:2 transfer:3 newly:1 create:1 staff:2 auxiliary:1 describe:1 recent:1 follow:1 manner:2 new:2 considerable:1 appear:1 bill:1 rather:2 uniform:1 charge:1 whereas:1 sustained:1 loss:1 beyond:2 expectation:1 introduction:1 plus:1 refinement:1 result:1 proper:1 indication:1 merit:1 find:1 period:2 1956:1 total:2 annual:1 put:2 35:1 11:1 order:2 refine:1 july:1 1958:2 title:1 every:1 executive:1 division:3 method:1 research:1 office:1 objective:1 behind:1 action:1 place:1 replacement:2 note:1 police:1 tie:1 closely:1 current:1 attempt:1 upgrade:1 extent:1 retain:1 depreciation:2 become:2 excessive:2 moreover:1 present:2 reassign:1 uniformly:1 distribute:1 fleet:1 example:1 another:2 switch:1 related:2 respectively:1 completely:1 mechanized:1 concentrate:1 station:1 activity:1 extensive:1 contract:1 outside:1 much:1 latter:1 excel:1 compilation:1 datum:4 study:1 analyse:1 gallon:1 sound:1 personnel:3 develop:1 60:1 operating:1 base:1 figure:1 consider:1 excess:1 annually:2 estimate:1 sufficient:1 experience:1 compile:1 break:1 even:2 reduce:2 select:1 random:1 complete:1 effectiveness:1 lack:1 adequate:1 quarter:1 location:1 crowd:1 antiquated:1 inefficient:1 term:1 dispersement:1 duplication:1 operational:1 stock:1 equipment:1 would:1 decide:1 help:1 probably:2 request:1 along:1 necessary:1 cooperation:1 bid:1 evaluate:1 assistance:1 award:1 bidder:1 invariably:1 obvious:1 tax:1 also:1 entitle:1 special:1 manufacturer:1 discount:1 dealer:1 ownership:1 rest:1 mention:1 earlier:1 normal:1 governmental:1 reflect:1 accurately:1 accounting:1 cover:1 later:1 important:1 broad:1 area:1 solely:1 amount:1 leave:1 judgment:1 chief:1 director:1

Origin/nn-hl of/in-hl state/nn-hl automobile/nn-hl practices/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at practice/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns for/in use/nn of/in employees/nns on/in business/nn dates/vbz back/rb over/rp forty/cd years/nns ./. At/in least/ap one/cd state/nn vehicle/nn was/bedz in/in existence/nn in/in 1917/cd ./. The/at state/nn presently/rb owns/vbz 389/cd passenger/nn vehicles/nns in/in comparison/nn to/in approximately/rb 200/cd in/in 1940/cd ./. The/at automobile/nn maintenance/nn unit/nn ,/, or/cc motor/nn pool/nn ,/, came/vbd into/in existence/nn in/in 1942/cd and/cc has/hvz been/ben responsible/jj for/in centralized/vbn maintenance/nn and/cc management/nn of/in state-owned/jj transportation/nn since/in that/dt time/nn ./. The/at motor/nn pool/nn has/hvz made/vbn exceptional/jj progress/nn in/in automotive/jj management/nn including/in establishment/nn of/in cost/nn billing/nn systems/nns ,/, records/nns keeping/nn ,/, analyses/nns of/in vehicle/nn use/nn ,/, and/cc effecting/vbg economies/nns in/in vehicle/nn operation/nn ./. Cars/nns were/bed operated/vbn in/in 1959/cd for/in an/at average/nn $.027/nns per/in mile/nn ./. Purchase/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns is/bez handled/vbn similarly/rb to/in all/abn state/nn purchases/nns ./. Unit/nn prices/nns to/in the/at state/nn are/ber considerably/ql lower/jjr than/cs to/in the/at general/jj public/nn because/rb of/in quantity/nn purchases/nns and/cc no/at payment/nn of/in state/nn sales/nns or/cc federal/jj excise/nn taxes/nns ./. Vehicle/nn-hl purchase/nn-hl ,/,-hl assignment/nn-hl and/cc-hl use/nn-hl policies/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at legislature's/nn$ role/nn in/in policy/nn determination/nn concerning/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns has/hvz been/ben confined/vbn almost/ql exclusively/rb to/in appropriating/vbg funds/nns for/in vehicles/nns ./. The/at meaningful/jj policies/nns governing/vbg the/at purchase/nn ,/, assignment/nn ,/, use/nn and/cc management/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns have/hv been/ben shaped/vbn by/in the/at state's/nn$ administrative/jj officers/nns ./. Meaningful/jj policies/nns include/vb :/: (/( A/np )/) kinds/nns of/in cars/nns the/at state/nn should/md own/vb ,/, (/( B/np )/) when/wrb cars/nns should/md be/be traded/vbn ,/, (/( C/np )/) the/at need/nn and/cc assignment/nn of/in vehicles/nns ,/, (/( D/np )/) use/nn of/in cars/nns in/in lieu/nn of/in mileage/nn allowances/nns ,/, (/( E/np )/) employees/nns taking/vbg cars/nns home/nr ,/, and/cc (/( F/np )/) need/nn for/in liability/nn insurance/nn on/in state/nn automobiles/nns ./. A/at review/nn of/in these/dts policies/nns indicates/vbz :/: (/( 1/cd )/) The/at state/nn purchases/vbz and/cc assigns/vbz grades/nns of/in cars/nns according/in to/in need/nn and/cc position/nn status/nn of/in driver/nn and/cc use/nn of/in vehicle/nn ./. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at purchase/nn of/in compact/jj (/( economy/jj )/) cars/nns is/bez being/beg made/vbn currently/rb on/in a/at test/nn basis/nn ./. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl Cars/nns are/ber traded/vbn mostly/rb on/in a/at three-year/jj basis/nn in/in the/at interest/nn of/in economy/nn ./. (/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at factors/nns governing/vbg need/nn and/cc assignment/nn of/in cars/nns are/ber flexible/jj according/in to/in circumstances/nns ./. (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl Unsuccessful/jj efforts/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn to/to replace/vb high/jj mileage/nn allowances/nns with/in state/nn automobiles/nns ./. (/(-hl 6/cd-hl )/)-hl It/pps is/bez reasonably/ql economical/jj for/cs the/at state/nn to/to have/hv drivers/nns garage/vb state/nn cars/nns at/in their/pp$ homes/nns ./. (/(-hl 7/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at state/nn has/hvz recently/rb undertaken/vbn liability/nn insurance/nn for/in drivers/nns of/in state/nn cars/nns ./. Automobile/nn-hl practices/nns-hl in/in-hl other/ap-hl states/nns-hl ./.-hl A/at survey/nn of/in practices/nns and/or/cc policies/nns in/in other/ap states/nns concerning/in assignment/nn and/cc use/nn of/in state/nn automobiles/nns reveals/vbz several/ap points/nns for/in comparison/nn with/in Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl practices/nns ./. Forty-seven/cd states/nns assign/vb or/cc provide/vb vehicles/nns for/in employees/nns on/in state/nn business/nn ./. Two/cd other/ap states/nns provide/vb vehicles/nns ,/, but/cc only/rb with/in legislative/jj approval/nn ./. States/nns which/wdt provide/vb automobiles/nns for/in employees/nns assign/vb them/ppo variously/rb to/in the/at agency/nn ,/, the/at individual/nn ,/, or/cc to/in a/at central/jj pool/nn ./. Twenty-six/cd states/nns operate/vb a/at central/jj motor/nn pool/nn for/in acquisition/nn ,/, allocation/nn and/or/cc maintenance/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns ./. Nineteen/cd states/nns report/vb laws/nns ,/, policies/nns or/cc regulations/nns for/in assigning/vbg state/nn vehicles/nns in/in lieu/nn of/in paying/vbg mileage/nn allowances/nns ./. Of/in these/dts states/nns the/at average/jj ``/`` change-over/nn ''/'' point/nn (/( at/in which/wdt a/at car/nn is/bez substituted/vbn for/in allowances/nns )/) is/bez 13,200/cd miles/nns per/in year/nn ./. Mileage/nn-hl allowances/nns-hl ./.-hl Mileage/nn allowances/nns for/in state/nn employees/nns are/ber of/in two/cd types/nns :/: (/( A/np )/) actual/jj mileage/nn and/cc (/( B/np )/) fixed/vbn monthly/jj allowances/nns ./. Actual/jj mileage/nn allowances/nns are/ber itemized/vbn reimbursements/nns allowed/vbn employees/nns for/in the/at use/nn of/in personally-owned/jj vehicles/nns on/in state/nn business/nn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in $.07/nns per/in mile/nn ./. Fixed/vbn monthly/jj allowances/nns are/ber reimbursements/nns for/in the/at same/ap purpose/nn except/in on/in a/at non-itemized/jj basis/nn ./. Both/abx allowances/nns are/ber governed/vbn by/in conditions/nns and/cc restrictions/nns set/vbn forth/rb in/in detail/nn in/in the/at state's/nn$ Travel/nn-tl Regulations/nns-tl ./. Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl reimburseable/jj rate/nn of/in $.07/nns per/in mile/nn for/in use/nn of/in personally-owned/jj cars/nns compares/vbz favorably/rb with/in other/ap states'/nns$ rates/nns ./. The/at average/nn of/in states'/nns$ rates/nns is/bez $.076/nns per/in mile/nn ./. Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl rate/nn of/in $.07/nns per/in mile/nn is/bez considerably/ql lower/jjr than/cs reimburseable/jj rates/nns in/in the/at federal/jj government/nn and/cc in/in industry/nn nationally/rb which/wdt approximate/vb a/at $.09/nns per/in mile/nn average/nn ./. Actual/jj mileage/nn allowances/nns are/ber well-administered/jj and/cc not/* unduly/ql expensive/jj for/in the/at state/nn ./. The/at travel/nn regulations/nns ,/, requirements/nns and/cc procedures/nns governing/vbg reimbursement/nn are/ber controlled/vbn properly/rb and/cc not/* overly/ql restrictive/jj ./. Fixed/vbn monthly/jj allowances/nns are/ber a/at controversial/jj subject/nn ./. They/ppss have/hv a/at great/jj advantage/nn in/in ease/nn of/in audit/nn time/nn and/cc payment/nn ./. However/rb ,/, they/ppss lend/vb themselves/ppls to/in abuse/nn and/cc inadequate/jj control/nn measures/nns ./. Flat/jj payments/nns over/in $50/nns per/in month/nn are/ber more/ql expensive/jj to/in the/at state/nn than/cs the/at assignment/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns ./. Travel/nn-hl allowances/nns-hl ./.-hl Travel/nn allowances/nns ,/, including/in subsistence/nn ,/, have/hv been/ben revised/vbn by/in administrative/jj officials/nns recently/rb and/cc compare/vb favorably/rb with/in other/ap states'/nns$ allowances/nns ./. With/in few/ap exceptions/nns travelers/nns on/in state/nn business/nn are/ber allowed/vbn actual/jj travel/nn expenses/nns and/cc $15/nns per/in day/nn subsistence/nn ./. Travel/nn allowances/nns are/ber well-regulated/jj and/cc pose/vb little/ap problem/nn in/in administration/nn and/or/cc audit/nn control/nn ./. Origin/nn-hl of/in-hl state/nn-hl automobile/nn-hl practices/nns-hl general/jj-hl background/nn-hl ./.-hl It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to pinpoint/vb the/at time/nn of/in origin/nn of/in the/at state/nn purchasing/vbg automobiles/nns for/in use/nn of/in employees/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. Few/ap records/nns are/ber available/jj concerning/in the/at subject/nn prior/rb to/in 1940/cd ./. Those/dts that/wps are/ber available/jj shed/vb little/ap light/nn ./. The/at Registry/nn-tl of/in-tl Motor/nn-tl Vehicles/nns-tl indicates/vbz that/cs at/in least/ap one/cd state/nn automobile/nn was/bedz registered/vbn as/ql far/rb back/rb as/cs 1917/cd ./. It/pps should/md be/be enough/ap to/to say/vb that/cs the/at practice/nn of/in the/at state/nn buying/vbg automobiles/nns is/bez at/in least/ap forty/cd years/nns old/jj ./. The/at best/jjt reason/nn that/wpo can/md be/be advanced/vbn for/in the/at state/nn adopting/vbg the/at practice/nn was/bedz the/at advent/nn of/in expanded/vbn highway/nn construction/nn during/in the/at 1920s/nns and/cc '30s/nns ./. At/in that/dt time/nn highway/nn engineers/nns traveled/vbd rough/jj and/cc dirty/jj roads/nns to/to accomplish/vb their/pp$ duties/nns ./. Using/vbg privately-owned/jj vehicles/nns was/bedz a/at personal/jj hardship/nn for/in such/jj employees/nns ,/, and/cc the/at matter/nn of/in providing/vbg state/nn transportation/nn was/bedz felt/vbn perfectly/ql justifiable/jj ./. Once/cs the/at principle/nn was/bedz established/vbn ,/, the/at increase/nn in/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns came/vbd rapidly/rb ./. And/cc reasons/nns other/ap than/cs employee/nn need/nn contributed/vbd to/in the/at growth/nn ./. Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl immediately/rb below/rb shows/vbz the/at rate/nn of/in growth/nn of/in vehicles/nns and/cc employees/nns ./. This/dt rate/nn of/in increase/nn does/doz not/* signify/vb anything/pn in/in itself/ppl ./. It/pps does/doz not/* indicate/vb loose/jj management/nn ,/, ineffective/jj controls/nns or/cc poor/jj policy/nn ./. But/cc it/pps does/doz show/vb that/cs automobiles/nns have/hv increased/vbn steadily/rb over/in the/at years/nns and/cc in/in almost/rb the/at same/ap proportion/nn to/in the/at increase/nn of/in state/nn employees/nns ./. In/in the/at past/ap twenty/cd years/nns the/at ratio/nn of/in state-owned/jj automobiles/nns per/in state/nn employees/nns has/hvz varied/vbn from/in 1/cd to/in 22/cd then/rb to/in 1/cd to/in 23/cd now/rb ./. Whether/cs there/ex were/bed too/ql few/ap automobiles/nns in/in 1940/cd or/cc too/ql many/ap now/rb is/bez problematical/jj ./. The/at fact/nn is/bez simply/rb that/cs state-owned/jj vehicles/nns have/hv remained/vbn in/in practically/rb the/at same/ap proportion/nn as/cs employees/nns to/to use/vb them/ppo ./. History/nn-hl and/cc-hl operation/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl motor/nn-hl pool/nn-hl ./.-hl While/cs the/at origin/nn of/in state-owned/jj automobiles/nns may/md be/be obscured/vbn ,/, subsequent/jj developments/nns concerning/in the/at assignment/nn ,/, use/nn ,/, and/cc management/nn of/in state/nn automobiles/nns can/md be/be related/vbn more/ql clearly/rb ./. Prior/rb to/in 1942/cd ,/, automobiles/nns were/bed the/at individual/jj responsibility/nn of/in the/at agency/nn to/in which/wdt assigned/vbn ./. This/dt responsibility/nn included/vbd all/abn phases/nns of/in management/nn ./. It/pps embraced/vbd determining/vbg when/wrb to/to purchase/vb and/cc when/wrb to/to trade/vb vehicles/nns ,/, who/wps was/bedz to/to drive/vb ,/, when/wrb and/cc where/wrb repairs/nns were/bed to/to be/be made/vbn ,/, where/wrb gasoline/nn and/cc automobile/nn services/nns were/bed to/to be/be obtained/vbn and/cc other/ap allied/vbn matters/nns ./. In/in 1942/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at nation/nn was/bedz at/in war/nn ./. Gasoline/nn and/cc automobile/nn tires/nns were/bed rationed/vbn commodities/nns ./. The/at state/nn was/bedz confronted/vbn with/in transportation/nn problems/nns similar/jj to/in those/dts of/in the/at individual/nn ./. It/pps met/vbd these/dts problems/nns by/in the/at creation/nn of/in the/at state/nn automobile/nn maintenance/nn unit/nn (/( more/ql popularly/rb called/vbn the/at motor/nn pool/nn )/) ,/, a/at centralized/vbn operation/nn for/in the/at maintenance/nn and/cc control/nn of/in all/abn state/nn transportation/nn ./. The/at motor/nn pool/nn then/rb ,/, as/cs now/rb ,/, had/hvd headquarter/nn facilities/nns in/in Providence/np and/cc other/ap garages/nns located/vbn throughout/in the/at state/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz organizationally/rb the/at responsibility/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Works/nns-tl and/cc was/bedz financed/vbn on/in a/at rotary/jj fund/nn basis/nn with/in each/dt agency/nn of/in government/nn contributing/vbg to/in the/at pool's/nn$ operation/nn ./. In/in 1951/cd the/at pool's/nn$ operation/nn was/bedz transferred/vbn to/in the/at newly-created/jj Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, an/at agency/nn established/vbn as/cs the/at central/jj staff/nn and/cc auxiliary/jj department/nn of/in the/at state/nn government/nn ./. The/at management/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns since/in that/dt time/nn has/hvz been/ben described/vbn in/in a/at recent/jj report/nn in/in the/at following/vbg manner/nn :/: ``/`` Under/in this/dt new/jj management/nn considerable/jj progress/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben made/vbn ./. The/at agencies/nns of/in government/nn are/ber now/rb billed/vbn for/in the/at actual/jj cost/nn of/in services/nns provided/vbn to/in each/dt passenger/nn car/nn rather/in than/in the/at prior/jj uniform/jj charge/nn for/in all/abn cars/nns ./. Whereas/cs the/at maintenance/nn rotary/jj fund/nn had/hvd in/in the/at past/nn sustained/vbn losses/nns considerably/rb beyond/in expectations/nns ,/, the/at introduction/nn of/in the/at cost-billing/nn system/nn plus/cc other/ap control/nn refinements/nns has/hvz resulted/vbn in/in keeping/vbg the/at fund/nn on/in a/at proper/jj working/vbg basis/nn ./. One/cd indication/nn of/in the/at merits/nns of/in the/at new/jj management/nn is/bez found/vbn in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs during/in the/at period/nn 1951-1956/cd ,/, while/cs total/jj annual/jj mileage/nn put/vbn on/in the/at vehicles/nns increased/vbd 35%/nn ,/, the/at total/jj maintenance/nn cost/nn increased/vbd only/rb 11%/nn ./. ``/`` In/in order/nn to/to further/rbr refine/vb the/at management/nn of/in passenger/nn vehicles/nns ,/, on/in July/np 1/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at actual/jj title/nn to/in every/at vehicle/nn was/bedz transferred/vbn ,/, by/in Executive/jj-tl Order/nn-tl ,/, to/in the/at Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Methods/nns-tl ,/, Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Office/nn-tl Services/nns-tl ./. The/at objective/nn behind/in this/dt action/nn was/bedz to/to place/vb in/in one/cd agency/nn the/at responsibility/nn for/in the/at management/nn ,/, assignment/nn ,/, and/cc replacement/nn of/in all/abn vehicles/nns ./. (/( Note/vb :/: So/ql far/rb as/cs State/nn-tl Police/nns-tl cars/nns are/ber concerned/vbn ,/, only/rb their/pp$ replacement/nn is/bez under/in this/dt division/nn )/) ./. This/dt tied/vbd in/rp closely/rb with/in the/at current/jj attempt/nn to/to upgrade/vb state-owned/jj cars/nns to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs vehicles/nns are/ber not/* retained/vbn beyond/in the/at point/nn where/wrb maintenance/nn costs/nns (/( in/in light/nn of/in depreciation/nn )/) become/vb excessive/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, it/pps allows/vbz the/at present/jj management/nn to/to reassign/vb vehicles/nns so/cs that/cs mileage/nn will/md be/be more/ql uniformly/rb distributed/vbn throughout/in the/at fleet/nn ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, if/cs one/cd driver/nn puts/vbz on/rp 22,000/cd miles/nns per/in year/nn and/cc another/dt driver/nn 8,000/cd miles/nns per/in year/nn ,/, their/pp$ cars/nns will/md be/be switched/vbn so/cs that/cs both/abx cars/nns will/md have/hv 30,000/cd miles/nns after/in two/cd years/nns ,/, rather/in than/in 44,000/cd miles/nns (/( and/cc related/vbn higher/jjr maintenance/nn costs/nns )/) and/cc 16,000/cd miles/nns respectively/rb ''/'' ./. The/at motor/nn pool/nn is/bez a/at completely/ql centralized/vbn and/cc mechanized/vbn operation/nn ./. It/pps handles/vbz all/abn types/nns of/in vehicle/nn maintenance/nn ,/, but/cc concentrates/vbz more/rbr on/in ``/`` service/nn station/nn activities/nns ''/'' than/cs on/in extensive/jj vehicle/nn repairs/nns ./. It/pps contracts/vbz with/in outside/jj repair/nn garages/nns for/in much/ap of/in the/at latter/ap work/nn ./. Where/wrb the/at pool/nn excels/vbz is/bez in/in its/pp$ compilation/nn of/in maintenance/nn and/cc cost-data/nn studies/nns and/cc analyses/nns ./. Pool/nn records/nns reveal/vb in/in detail/nn the/at cost/nn per/in mile/nn and/cc miles/nns per/in gallon/nn of/in each/dt vehicle/nn ,/, the/at miles/nns traveled/vbn in/in one/cd year/nn or/cc three/cd years/nns ,/, the/at periods/nns when/wrb vehicle/nn costs/nns become/vb excessive/jj ,/, and/cc when/wrb cars/nns should/md be/be traded/vbn for/in sound/jj economies/nns ./. From/in this/dt ,/, motor/nn pool/nn personnel/nns develop/vb other/ap meaningful/jj and/cc related/vbn data/nn ./. In/in 1959-60/cd ,/, vehicles/nns averaged/vbd an/at operating/vbg cost/nn of/in $.027/nns per/in mile/nn ./. Based/vbn on/in this/dt figure/nn and/cc considering/vbg depreciation/nn costs/nns of/in vehicles/nns ,/, pool/nn personnel/nns have/hv determined/vbn that/cs travel/nn in/in excess/nn of/in 10,000/cd miles/nns annually/rb is/bez more/ql economical/jj by/in state/nn car/nn than/cs by/in payment/nn of/in allowances/nns for/in use/nn of/in personally-owned/jj vehicles/nns ./. They/ppss estimate/vb further/rbr that/cs with/in sufficient/jj experience/nn and/cc when/wrb cost-data/nn of/in compact/jj cars/nns is/bez compiled/vbn ,/, the/at break-even/jj point/nn may/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in 7,500/cd miles/nns of/in travel/nn per/in year/nn ./. Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl shows/vbz operating/vbg cost/nn data/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns selected/vbn at/in random/nn ./. One/cd matter/nn of/in concern/nn to/in the/at complete/jj effectiveness/nn of/in pool/nn operations/nns is/bez the/at lack/nn of/in adequate/jj central/jj garage/nn facilities/nns ./. Present/jj pool/nn quarters/nns at/in two/cd locations/nns in/in Providence/np are/ber crowded/vbn ,/, antiquated/jj and/cc ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, make/vb for/in inefficient/jj operation/nn in/in terms/nns of/in dispersement/nn of/in personnel/nns and/cc duplication/nn of/in such/jj operational/jj needs/nns as/cs stock/nn and/cc repair/nn equipment/nn ./. Good/jj facilities/nns would/md be/be a/at decided/vbn help/nn to/in pool/nn operations/nns and/cc probably/rb reduce/vb vehicle/nn costs/nns even/ql more/rbr ./. Purchasing/vbg-hl practices/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at purchase/nn of/in state-owned/jj vehicles/nns is/bez handled/vbn in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs all/abn other/ap purchases/nns of/in the/at state/nn ./. Requests/nns are/ber made/vbn by/in the/at motor/nn pool/nn along/in with/in any/dti necessary/jj cooperation/nn from/in the/at agencies/nns to/in which/wdt assignments/nns of/in cars/nns will/md be/be made/vbn ./. Bids/nns are/ber evaluated/vbn by/in the/at Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Purchases/nns-tl with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in pool/nn staff/nn ,/, and/cc awards/nns for/in the/at purchase/nn of/in the/at automobiles/nns are/ber made/vbn to/in the/at lowest/jjt responsible/jj bidders/nns ./. Unit/nn prices/nns for/in state/nn vehicles/nns are/ber invariably/rb lower/jjr than/cs to/in the/at general/jj public/nn ./. The/at reasons/nns are/ber obvious/jj :/: (/( 1/cd )/) the/at state/nn is/bez buying/vbg in/in quantity/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) it/pps has/hvz no/at federal/jj excise/nn or/cc state/nn sales/nns tax/nn to/to pay/vb ./. Until/in 1958/cd the/at state/nn was/bedz also/rb entitled/vbn to/in a/at special/jj type/nn of/in manufacturers'/nns$ discount/nn through/in the/at dealers/nns ./. In/in that/cs ownership/nn of/in all/abn vehicles/nns rests/vbz with/in the/at state/nn motor/nn pool/nn ,/, cars/nns are/ber paid/vbn for/in with/in funds/nns appropriated/vbn to/in the/at agencies/nns but/cc transferred/vbn to/in the/at rotary/jj fund/nn mentioned/vbn earlier/rbr ./. This/dt is/bez a/at normal/jj governmental/jj procedure/nn which/wdt reflects/vbz more/ql accurately/rb cost-accounting/nn principles/nns ./. The/at assignment/nn and/cc use/nn of/in vehicles/nns after/in purchase/nn is/bez another/dt matter/nn to/to be/be covered/vbn in/in detail/nn later/rbr ./. Vehicle/nn-hl purchase/nn-hl ,/,-hl assignment/nn-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl use/nn-hl policies/nns-hl Probably/rb the/at most/ql important/jj of/in all/abn matters/nns for/in review/nn are/ber the/at broad/jj administrative/jj policies/nns governing/vbg the/at purchase/nn ,/, assignment/nn ,/, use/nn ,/, and/cc management/nn of/in state/nn vehicles/nns ./. The/at legislature's/nn$ role/nn in/in policy/nn determination/nn in/in this/dt area/nn for/in years/nns has/hvz been/ben confined/vbn almost/ql solely/rb to/in the/at amount/nn of/in funds/nns appropriated/vbn annually/rb for/in the/at purchase/nn and/cc operation/nn of/in vehicles/nns ./. The/at more/ql meaningful/jj policies/nns have/hv been/ben left/vbn to/in the/at judgment/nn of/in the/at chief/jjs administrative/jj officer/nn of/in the/at state/nn --/-- the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Administration/nn-tl ./.

ch05

ch05 |@word rhode:13 island:13 property:49 tax:28 time:7 year:6 ago:1 local:11 taxation:5 city:3 town:23 sufficient:1 support:1 operation:2 part:3 cost:1 state:21 government:7 well:5 many:4 pay:2 several:4 municipality:2 proceed:1 general:7 discontinue:1 1936:1 since:1 demand:1 citizen:1 new:1 expand:1 service:2 place:7 financial:3 burden:1 could:2 foresee:1 early:3 upgrading:1 expansion:1 municipal:2 thus:1 come:1 situation:3 must:2 raise:2 revenue:3 addition:1 give:2 assistance:2 become:1 necessary:1 find:2 least:2 rate:1 exist:1 insufficient:1 requirement:1 consequently:1 develop:1 form:2 grant:2 aid:2 share:1 taxis:1 unrestricted:1 purpose:5 whose:2 adoption:1 accompany:1 introduction:1 sale:1 level:1 notwithstanding:1 continue:2 seek:2 additional:1 strengthen:1 revaluation:1 real:3 personal:17 hitherto:1 neglect:1 ignore:1 tangible:11 movable:14 generally:1 hand:1 nature:1 due:2 possibly:1 reason:2 1:2 assessor:21 main:1 inadequate:1 office:2 staff:2 2:2 numerous:1 category:3 component:1 make:3 locate:2 extremely:1 difficult:3 3:1 inexperience:1 majority:1 evaluate:1 type:5 problem:9 among:3 taxing:2 particular:3 two:3 significant:1 situs:5 fair:3 equitable:3 assessment:15 value:7 recognize:1 common:1 although:2 law:5 various:2 specify:4 residence:3 domicile:1 owner:8 location:10 exception:1 regard:1 boat:23 airplane:4 mobile:1 home:2 etc:1 seem:6 add:1 uncertainty:1 proper:1 origination:1 point:2 estate:1 taxable:4 situate:7 also:2 provide:1 belong:1 inhabitant:1 intangible:3 non:2 resident:1 define:1 specifically:2 mention:3 ship:1 vessel:1 abroad:1 wherever:1 abode:2 great:4 portion:3 similar:2 statute:1 cancel:1 provision:4 definite:1 kind:3 would:13 fix:1 december:3 31:2 aircraft:3 fall:1 within:1 motor:3 vehicle:4 latter:1 determine:3 registration:1 accept:1 practice:6 consider:1 garage:1 obviously:1 impossible:1 every:1 may:5 31st:1 day:2 view:1 acceptance:1 accord:3 status:1 absence:1 specific:1 entirely:1 consistent:1 apply:2 interpretation:2 recent:2 example:1 flying:1 six:1 1960:3 newport:2 airpark:1 middletown:2 north:1 central:1 airport:1 smithfield:2 result:3 claim:3 probably:1 justifiably:1 basis:2 rateable:1 shall:3 thereof:1 actual:1 large:4 twelve:2 12:1 month:2 next:1 precede:2 first:1 april:1 turn:1 upon:2 storage:1 person:1 say:3 one:7 solve:1 determination:1 valuation:3 dependent:1 professional:2 personnel:1 take:3 individualistic:1 approach:1 account:1 wide:1 variance:1 condition:1 undoubtedly:1 uniform:2 system:2 evaluation:1 establish:2 mutual:1 agreement:2 assess:9 official:3 method:2 standard:2 adopt:1 public:3 expenditure:1 council:2 publication:1 comment:1 realistic:1 way:1 face:1 full:1 responsibility:2 adequately:1 equipped:1 go:1 far:1 toward:1 produce:1 throughout:1 single:2 statewide:1 unit:2 eliminate:1 difference:2 complication:1 inherent:2 39:1 different:2 independent:1 institute:1 administration:2 report:1 fiscal:1 study:1 commission:1 1959:1 recommend:1 consolidate:1 centralize:1 aspect:1 agency:1 professionally:1 organize:1 equip:1 job:1 setup:1 declare:1 successful:1 number:2 metropolitan:1 county:1 attitude:1 concern:1 questionnaire:1 send:1 board:1 reply:4 individual:2 detail:1 question:7 ask:2 opinion:6 necessarily:1 policy:1 case:2 legitimate:1 whole:2 significance:1 indicate:4 thinking:1 present:2 whether:4 exclude:2 automobile:1 nineteen:2 twenty:2 wording:1 quite:1 subject:2 check:1 another:2 trailer:4 tractor:1 house:1 refer:1 without:1 tabulate:1 exactly:1 mean:2 conclusion:1 draw:1 21:1 remainder:1 certain:3 five:3 know:3 equipment:1 bind:1 expedient:1 answer:2 relate:1 effort:2 inconclusive:1 four:2 normal:1 list:1 interest:3 ownership:1 fifteen:1 seven:2 favor:2 improved:1 oppose:1 express:1 fairly:1 like:2 clear:1 however:2 think:1 advantageous:1 eighteen:1 vote:2 eleven:1 prefer:3 reside:1 ten:1 date:2 summarize:1 prevail:1 respect:1 see:1 improvement:1 knowledge:2 need:1 evident:1 show:1 possibility:1 charge:1 sum:1 less:1 amount:2 order:1 meeting:2 obvious:2 particularly:1 shore:1 community:1 comprise:1 unable:1 reach:1 organization:1 association:2 long:1 debate:1 discuss:1 satisfactory:1 solution:1 difficulty:1 lack:1 diligence:1 estimate:1 water:2 something:1 excess:1 fifty:1 million:1 dollar:1 commercial:1 potential:1 lucrative:1 source:1 substantial:1 barrington:1 bristol:1 narragansett:2 westerly:1 unknown:1 really:1 actually:1 aggregate:1 slightly:1 register:2 coast:1 guard:1 prior:1 passage:1 division:1 harbor:1 river:1 end:1 season:2 threat:1 hurricane:1 bring:1 close:1 september:1 devote:1 session:1 discussion:1

The/at-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl property/nn-hl tax/nn-hl There/ex was/bedz a/at time/nn some/dti years/nns ago/rb when/wrb local/jj taxation/nn by/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns was/bedz sufficient/jj to/to support/vb their/pp$ own/jj operations/nns and/cc a/at part/nn of/in the/at cost/nn of/in the/at state/nn government/nn as/ql well/rb ./. For/in many/ap years/nns a/at state/nn tax/nn on/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns was/bedz paid/vbn by/in the/at several/ap municipalities/nns to/in the/at state/nn from/in the/at proceeds/nns of/in the/at general/jj property/nn tax/nn ./. This/dt tax/nn was/bedz discontinued/vbn in/in 1936/cd ./. Since/in that/dt time/nn the/at demands/nns of/in the/at citizens/nns for/in new/jj and/cc expanded/vbn services/nns have/hv placed/vbn financial/jj burdens/nns on/in the/at state/nn which/wdt could/md not/* have/hv been/ben foreseen/vbn in/in earlier/jjr years/nns ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn there/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at upgrading/nn and/cc expansion/nn of/in municipal/jj services/nns as/ql well/rb ./. Thus/rb ,/, there/ex has/hvz come/vbn into/in being/beg a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt the/at state/nn must/md raise/vb all/abn of/in its/pp$ own/jj revenues/nns and/cc ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, must/md give/vb assistance/nn to/in its/pp$ local/jj governments/nns ./. This/dt financial/jj assistance/nn from/in the/at state/nn has/hvz become/vbn necessary/jj because/cs the/at local/jj governments/nns themselves/ppls found/vbd the/at property/nn tax/nn ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap at/in the/at rates/nns then/rb existing/vbg ,/, insufficient/jj for/in their/pp$ requirements/nns ./. Consequently/rb there/ex have/hv developed/vbn several/ap forms/nns of/in grants-in-aid/nns and/cc shared/vbn taxes/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at unrestricted/jj grant/nn to/in local/jj governments/nns for/in general/jj purposes/nns whose/wp$ adoption/nn accompanied/vbd the/at introduction/nn of/in a/at sales/nns tax/vb at/in the/at state/nn level/nn ./. Notwithstanding/in state/nn aid/nn ,/, the/at local/jj governments/nns are/ber continuing/vbg to/to seek/vb additional/jj revenue/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj by/in strengthening/vbg the/at property/nn tax/nn ./. This/dt is/bez being/beg done/vbn both/abx by/in the/at revaluation/nn of/in real/jj property/nn and/cc by/in seeking/vbg out/rp forms/nns of/in personal/jj property/nn hitherto/rb neglected/vbn or/cc ignored/vbn ./. Taxation/nn of/in tangible/jj movable/jj property/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben generally/rb of/in a/at ``/`` hands/nns off/rp ''/'' nature/nn due/jj possibly/rb to/in several/ap reasons/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) local/jj assessors/nns ,/, in/in the/at main/jjs ,/, are/ber not/* well/rb paid/vbn and/cc have/hv inadequate/jj office/nn staffs/nns ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) the/at numerous/jj categories/nns of/in this/dt component/nn of/in personal/jj property/nn make/vb locating/vbg extremely/ql difficult/jj ,/, and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) the/at inexperience/nn of/in the/at majority/nn of/in assessors/nns in/in evaluating/vbg this/dt type/nn of/in property/nn ./. Problems/nns-hl of/in-hl taxing/vbg-hl personal/jj-hl property/nn-hl ./.-hl Among/in the/at many/ap problems/nns in/in the/at taxing/vbg of/in personal/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc of/in movable/jj tangible/jj property/nn in/in particular/jj ,/, two/cd are/ber significant/jj :/: (/( 1/cd )/) situs/nn ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) fair/jj and/cc equitable/jj assessment/nn of/in value/nn ./. These/dts problems/nns are/ber not/* local/jj to/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, but/cc are/ber recognized/vbn as/cs common/jj to/in all/abn states/nns ./. Situs/nn-hl of/in-hl property/nn-hl ./.-hl Although/cs the/at laws/nns of/in the/at various/jj states/nns ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, specify/vb the/at situs/nn of/in property/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, residence/nn or/cc domicile/nn of/in the/at owner/nn ,/, or/cc location/nn of/in the/at property/nn ,/, the/at exceptions/nns regarding/in boats/nns ,/, airplanes/nns ,/, mobile/jj homes/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, seem/vb to/to add/vb to/in the/at uncertainty/nn of/in the/at proper/jj origination/nn point/nn for/in assessment/nn ./. Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl law/nn specifies/vbz that/cs all/abn real/jj estate/nn is/bez taxable/jj in/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez situated/vbn ./. It/pps also/rb provides/vbz for/in the/at taxation/nn of/in all/abn personal/jj property/nn ,/, belonging/vbg to/in inhabitants/nns of/in the/at state/nn ,/, both/abx tangible/jj and/cc intangible/jj ,/, and/cc the/at tangible/jj personal/jj property/nn of/in non-residents/nns in/in this/dt state/nn ./. In/in defining/vbg personal/jj property/nn ,/, it/pps specifically/rb mentions/vbz ``/`` all/abn ships/nns or/cc vessels/nns ,/, at/in home/nn or/cc abroad/rb ''/'' ./. Intangible/jj property/nn is/bez taxable/jj wherever/wrb the/at owner/nn has/hvz a/at place/nn of/in abode/nn the/at greater/jjr portion/nn of/in the/at year/nn ./. Although/cs a/at similar/jj situs/nn for/in tangible/jj property/nn is/bez mentioned/vbn in/in the/at statute/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez cancelled/vbn out/rp by/in the/at provision/nn that/cs definite/jj kinds/nns of/in property/nn ``/`` and/cc all/abn other/ap tangible/jj property/nn ''/'' situated/vbn or/cc being/beg in/in any/dti town/nn is/bez taxable/jj where/wrb the/at property/nn is/bez situated/vbn ./. This/dt would/md seem/vb to/to fix/vb the/at tax/nn situs/nn of/in all/abn movable/jj personal/jj property/nn at/in its/pp$ location/nn on/in December/np 31/cd ./. Both/abx boats/nns and/cc aircraft/nn would/md fall/vb within/in this/dt category/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs motor/nn vehicles/nns ./. The/at location/nn of/in the/at latter/ap now/rb is/bez determined/vbn for/in tax/nn purposes/nns at/in the/at time/nn of/in registration/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez now/rb accepted/vbn practice/nn to/to consider/vb a/at motor/nn vehicle/nn as/cs being/beg situated/vbn where/wrb it/pps is/bez garaged/vbn ./. Obviously/rb ,/, it/pps would/md be/be impossible/jj to/to determine/vb where/wrb every/at vehicle/nn might/md be/be on/in the/at 31st/od day/nn of/in December/np ./. In/in view/nn of/in the/at acceptance/nn accorded/vbn the/at status/nn of/in motor/nn vehicles/nns for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ,/, in/in the/at absence/nn of/in any/dti specific/jj provision/nn it/pps would/md seem/vb entirely/ql consistent/jj to/to apply/vb the/at same/ap interpretation/nn to/in boats/nns or/cc aircraft/nn ./. A/at recent/jj example/nn of/in this/dt problem/nn is/bez the/at flying/nn of/in six/cd airplanes/nns ,/, on/in December/np 31/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, from/in the/at Newport/np Airpark/np in/in Middletown/np ,/, to/in the/at North/jj-tl Central/jj-tl Airport/nn-tl in/in Smithfield/np ./. This/dt situation/nn resulted/vbd in/in both/abx towns/nns claiming/vbg the/at tax/nn ,/, and/cc probably/rb justifiably/rb ./. Middletown/np bases/vbz its/pp$ claim/nn on/in the/at general/jj provision/nn of/in the/at law/nn that/cs ``/`` all/abn rateable/jj property/nn ,/, both/abx tangible/jj and/cc intangible/jj ,/, shall/md be/be taxed/vbn to/in the/at owner/nn thereof/rb in/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt such/jj owner/nn shall/md have/hv had/hvn his/pp$ actual/jj place/nn of/in abode/nn for/in the/at larger/jjr portion/nn of/in the/at twelve/cd (/( 12/cd )/) months/nns next/rb preceding/vbg the/at first/od day/nn of/in April/np in/in each/dt year/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Smithfield/np tax/nn assessor/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, claims/vbz the/at tax/nn under/in the/at provision/nn of/in law/nn ``/`` and/cc all/abn other/ap tangible/jj personal/jj property/nn situated/vbn or/cc being/beg in/in any/dti town/nn ,/, in/in or/cc upon/in any/dti place/nn of/in storage/nn shall/md be/be taxed/vbn to/in such/jj person/nn in/in the/at town/nn where/wrb said/vbn property/nn is/bez situated/vbn ''/'' ./. Assessment/nn-hl of/in-hl value/nn-hl ./.-hl This/dt problem/nn of/in fair/jj and/cc equitable/jj assessment/nn of/in value/nn is/bez a/at difficult/jj one/cd to/to solve/vb in/in that/cs the/at determination/nn of/in fair/jj valuation/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in local/jj assessors/nns ,/, who/wps in/in general/nn are/ber non-professional/jj and/cc part-time/jj personnel/nns taking/vbg an/at individualistic/jj approach/nn to/in the/at problem/nn ./. This/dt accounts/vbz for/in the/at wide/jj variance/nn in/in assessment/nn practices/nns of/in movable/jj tangible/jj property/nn in/in the/at various/jj municipalities/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. This/dt condition/nn will/md undoubtedly/rb continue/vb until/in such/jj time/nn as/cs a/at state/nn uniform/jj system/nn of/in evaluation/nn is/bez established/vbn ,/, or/cc through/in mutual/jj agreement/nn of/in the/at local/jj assessing/vbg officials/nns for/in a/at method/nn of/in standard/jj assessment/nn practice/nn to/to be/be adopted/vbn ./. The/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Public/jj-tl Expenditure/nn-tl Council/nn-tl in/in its/pp$ publication/nn once/rb commented/vbd :/: ``/`` The/at most/ql realistic/jj way/nn of/in facing/vbg up/rp to/in this/dt problem/nn would/md be/be to/to have/hv the/at State/nn-tl take/vb over/rp full/jj responsibility/nn for/in assessing/vbg all/abn taxable/jj property/nn ./. An/at adequately/rb staffed/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn State/nn-tl assessing/vbg office/nn could/md apply/vb uniform/jj methods/nns and/cc standards/nns which/wdt would/md go/vb far/rb toward/in producing/vbg equitable/jj assessments/nns on/in all/abn properties/nns throughout/in the/at State/nn-tl ./. A/at single/ap statewide/jj assessing/vbg unit/nn would/md eliminate/vb the/at differences/nns and/cc complications/nns that/wps are/ber inherent/jj in/in a/at system/nn of/in 39/cd different/jj and/cc independent/jj assessing/vbg units/nns ''/'' ./. The/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, in/in its/pp$ report/nn to/in the/at State/nn-tl Fiscal/jj-tl Study/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl in/in 1959/cd ,/, recommended/vbd ``/`` consolidating/vbg and/cc centralizing/vbg all/abn aspects/nns of/in property/nn tax/nn administration/nn in/in a/at single/ap state/nn agency/nn professionally/rb organized/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn for/in the/at job/nn ''/'' ./. The/at resulting/vbg setup/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz declared/vbn ,/, ``/`` would/md be/be similar/jj to/in that/dt which/wdt is/bez in/in successful/jj operation/nn in/in a/at number/nn of/in metropolitan/jj counties/nns as/ql large/jj or/cc larger/jjr than/cs Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Practices/nns-hl in/in-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl To/to determine/vb the/at practice/nn and/cc attitude/nn of/in municipal/jj governments/nns concerning/in tangible/jj movable/jj property/nn ,/, a/at questionnaire/nn was/bedz sent/vbn to/in all/abn local/jj government/nn assessors/nns or/cc boards/nns of/in assessors/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. The/at replies/nns from/in each/dt individual/nn town/nn are/ber not/* given/vbn in/in detail/nn because/cs the/at questions/nns asked/vbd the/at personal/jj opinion/nn of/in the/at several/ap assessors/nns and/cc are/ber not/* necessarily/rb the/at established/vbn policy/nn of/in the/at town/nn in/in each/dt case/nn ./. There/ex are/ber legitimate/jj reasons/nns for/in differences/nns of/in opinion/nn among/in the/at assessors/nns as/cs a/at whole/nn and/cc among/in the/at public/jj officials/nns in/in each/dt town/nn ./. These/dts opinions/nns of/in the/at assessors/nns are/ber of/in significance/nn in/in indicating/vbg what/wdt their/pp$ thinking/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be at/in the/at present/jj time/nn ./. In/in reply/nn to/in a/at question/nn of/in whether/cs they/ppss now/rb tax/vb boats/nns ,/, airplanes/nns and/cc other/ap movable/jj property/nn excluding/in automobiles/nns ,/, nineteen/cd said/vbd that/cs they/ppss did/dod and/cc twenty/cd that/cs they/ppss did/dod not/* ./. The/at wording/nn of/in the/at question/nn was/bedz quite/ql general/jj and/cc may/md have/hv been/ben subject/jj to/in different/jj interpretations/nns ./. One/cd assessor/nn checked/vbd boats/nns only/rb ,/, another/dt trailers/nns and/cc tractors/nns ,/, one/cd mentioned/vbd house/nn trailers/nns ,/, and/cc two/cd others/nns referred/vbd to/in trailers/nns without/in specifying/vbg the/at type/nn ./. In/in two/cd cases/nns ,/, airplanes/nns only/rb were/bed indicated/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to tabulate/vb exactly/rb what/wdt was/bedz meant/vbn in/in each/dt individual/nn situation/nn ,/, but/cc the/at conclusion/nn may/md be/be drawn/vbn that/cs 21/cd towns/nns do/do not/* assess/vb movable/jj personal/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc of/in the/at remainder/nn only/rb certain/ap types/nns are/ber valued/vbn for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ./. Boats/nns were/bed indicated/vbn specifically/rb by/in only/rb one/cd of/in the/at five/cd towns/nns known/vbn to/to tax/vb boats/nns ./. It/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs movable/jj property/nn and/cc equipment/nn is/bez not/* taxed/vbn as/cs a/at whole/nn but/cc that/cs certain/ap types/nns are/ber taxed/vbn in/in towns/nns where/wrb this/dt is/bez bound/vbn to/to be/be expedient/jj for/in that/dt particular/jj kind/nn of/in personal/jj property/nn ./. So/ql few/ap answered/vbd the/at question/nn relating/vbg to/in their/pp$ efforts/nns to/to assess/vb movable/jj property/nn that/cs the/at results/nns are/ber inconclusive/jj ./. Only/rb four/cd towns/nns indicated/vbd that/cs they/ppss made/vbd any/ql more/ap than/cs a/at normal/jj effort/nn to/to list/vb property/nn of/in this/dt kind/nn ./. Of/in greater/jjr interest/nn is/bez a/at question/nn as/in to/in whether/cs movable/jj property/nn was/bedz assessed/vbn according/in to/in its/pp$ location/nn or/cc ownership/nn ./. Fifteen/cd stated/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz according/in to/in location/nn ,/, four/cd by/in residence/nn of/in the/at owner/nn ,/, and/cc nineteen/cd did/dod not/* answer/vb ./. Twenty-seven/cd assessors/nns stated/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed in/in favor/nn of/in improved/vbn means/nns for/in assessing/vbg movable/jj personal/jj property/nn ,/, and/cc only/rb five/cd were/bed opposed/vbn ./. Seven/cd others/nns expressed/vbd no/at opinion/nn ./. On/in this/dt point/nn there/ex was/bedz fairly/ql general/jj agreement/nn that/cs assessors/nns would/md like/vb to/to do/do more/ap than/cs they/ppss are/ber doing/vbg now/rb ./. It/pps is/bez not/* clear/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, whether/cs they/ppss are/ber thinking/vbg of/in all/abn movable/jj property/nn or/cc only/rb of/in boats/nns ,/, trailers/nns ,/, aircraft/nn or/cc certain/ap other/ap types/nns of/in personal/jj property/nn whose/wp$ assessment/nn would/md be/be advantageous/jj to/in their/pp$ particular/jj towns/nns ./. Another/dt question/nn that/wps was/bedz asked/vbn of/in the/at assessors/nns was/bedz whether/cs they/ppss favored/vbd the/at assessment/nn of/in movable/jj property/nn at/in its/pp$ location/nn or/cc at/in the/at residence/nn of/in the/at owner/nn ./. Eighteen/cd voted/vbd for/in assessment/nn by/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez located/vbn and/cc eleven/cd preferred/vbd assessment/nn by/in the/at town/nn in/in which/wdt the/at owner/nn resides/vbz ./. Ten/cd others/nns made/vbd no/at reply/nn ./. Of/in those/dts who/wps have/hv an/at opinion/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz that/cs assessment/nn by/in location/nn is/bez preferred/vbn ./. There/ex was/bedz one/cd vote/nn for/in location/nn being/beg the/at place/nn where/wrb the/at property/nn is/bez situated/vbn for/in the/at greater/jjr portion/nn of/in the/at twelve/cd months/nns preceding/vbg the/at assessment/nn date/nn ./. To/to summarize/vb ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn that/cs there/ex is/bez no/at one/cd prevailing/vbg practice/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl with/in respect/nn to/in the/at taxation/nn of/in movable/jj property/nn ,/, that/cs assessors/nns would/md like/vb to/to see/vb an/at improvement/nn ,/, and/cc of/in those/dts who/wps have/hv an/at opinion/nn ,/, that/cs assessment/nn by/in the/at town/nn of/in location/nn is/bez preferred/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in their/pp$ present/jj knowledge/nn ./. The/at need/nn for/in greater/jjr knowledge/nn is/bez evident/jj from/in their/pp$ replies/nns ./. Boats/nns-hl as/cs-hl personal/jj-hl property/nn-hl taxing/vbg-hl of/in-hl boats/nns-hl ./.-hl Interest/nn has/hvz been/ben shown/vbn for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns by/in local/jj assessors/nns in/in the/at possibility/nn of/in taxing/vbg boats/nns ./. Assessors/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl are/ber charged/vbn not/* only/rb with/in placing/vbg a/at valuation/nn upon/in real/jj and/cc personal/jj property/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss also/rb have/hv the/at responsibility/nn to/to raise/vb by/in a/at tax/nn ``/`` a/at sum/nn not/* less/ap than/cs nor/cc more/ap than/cs ''/'' a/at specified/vbn amount/vb as/cs ordered/vbn by/in a/at city/nn council/nn or/cc financial/jj town/nn meeting/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben obvious/jj to/in the/at assessors/nns ,/, particularly/rb those/dts in/in shore/nn communities/nns ,/, that/cs boats/nns comprise/vb the/at largest/jjt category/nn of/in tangible/jj personal/jj property/nn which/wdt they/ppss have/hv been/ben unable/jj to/to reach/vb ./. Through/in their/pp$ professional/jj organization/nn ,/, the/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Tax/nn-tl Officials/nns-tl Association/nn-tl the/at question/nn of/in taxing/vbg boats/nns long/rb has/hvz been/ben debated/vbn and/cc discussed/vbn ./. No/at satisfactory/jj solution/nn has/hvz been/ben found/vbn ,/, but/cc this/dt is/bez due/jj more/rbr to/in the/at difficulties/nns inherent/jj in/in the/at problem/nn than/cs to/in a/at lack/nn of/in interest/nn or/cc diligence/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at assessors/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben estimated/vbn that/cs the/at value/nn of/in boats/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl waters/nns is/bez something/pn in/in excess/nn of/in fifty/cd million/cd dollars/nns ,/, excluding/in commercial/jj boats/nns ./. It/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs this/dt is/bez a/at potential/jj and/cc lucrative/jj source/nn of/in revenue/nn for/in the/at assessors/nns of/in those/dts towns/nns where/wrb a/at substantial/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj property/nn would/md be/be subject/jj to/in taxation/nn ./. It/pps is/bez known/vbn that/cs at/in least/ap five/cd towns/nns (/( Barrington/np ,/, Bristol/np ,/, Narragansett/np ,/, Newport/np and/cc Westerly/np )/) place/vb some/dti value/nn on/in some/dti boats/nns for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ./. However/rb ,/, few/ap are/ber taxed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at owners/nns and/cc location/nn of/in most/ap boats/nns are/ber unknown/jj to/in the/at assessors/nns on/in the/at date/nn of/in assessment/nn of/in town/nn valuations/nns ./. No/at one/pn really/rb knows/vbz how/wql many/ap boats/nns there/ex actually/rb are/ber or/cc what/wdt their/pp$ aggregate/jj value/nn may/md be/be ./. Slightly/rb more/ap than/in 5,000/cd boats/nns were/bed registered/vbn with/in the/at Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl prior/rb to/in the/at recent/jj passage/nn of/in the/at state/nn boating/vbg law/nn ./. Only/rb a/at few/ap more/ap than/in 10,000/cd boats/nns had/hvd been/ben registered/vbn with/in the/at Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Harbors/nns-tl and/cc-tl Rivers/nns-tl at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at 1960/cd boating/vbg season/nn ,/, but/cc many/ap had/hvd been/ben taken/vbn out/rp of/in the/at water/nn early/rb when/wrb the/at threat/nn of/in a/at hurricane/nn brought/vbd the/at season/nn to/in an/at early/jj close/nn ./. The/at assessors'/nns$ association/nn ,/, meeting/vbg at/in Narragansett/np in/in September/np 1960/cd ,/, devoted/vbd its/pp$ session/nn to/in a/at discussion/nn of/in the/at boat/nn problem/nn ./.

ch06

ch06 |@word local:6 industry:6 investment:3 rhode:21 island:22 big:1 story:1 1960:10 industrial:22 development:12 effort:3 fifty:1 two:7 company:4 start:2 commit:1 new:25 plant:7 construction:3 total:4 square:1 foot:2 represent:1 post:2 world:2 war:1 2:2 record:1 minor:1 exception:1 expansion:4 institute:3 either:1 firm:3 base:5 state:38 manufacturer:7 already:1 operate:3 make:4 location:7 figure:2 particularly:2 impressive:1 fact:1 although:2 year:9 mild:1 business:8 recession:1 throughout:1 nation:2 score:1 marked:1 progress:1 job:2 major:2 three:1 finance:1 building:2 authority:2 100:3 guarantee:1 mortgage:1 plan:16 collyer:1 wire:1 leesona:1 corporation:2 american:2 tube:1 control:1 lead:3 arrange:1 financing:2 include:7 speidel:1 cornell:1 dubilier:1 photek:1 inc:1 division:24 textron:1 narragansett:1 gray:1 iron:1 foundry:1 cobb:1 may:1 manufacture:2 relocation:1 direct:4 responsibility:3 council:3 quote:1 indicate:2 successful:1 operation:4 personnel:4 work:4 54:1 97:1 concern:7 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correspondence:1 bring:1 239:1 inquiry:2 164:1 75:1 hundred:1 nineteen:1 35:1 50:1 united:2 states:2 11:1 come:1 country:2 california:1 jersey:1 massachusetts:1 pennsylvania:2 among:2 respond:1 germany:1 canada:1 brazil:1 india:1 important:3 solicit:1 involve:1 term:2 missionary:1 call:2 one:3 specialist:1 without:1 announcement:1 top:2 official:2 highly:1 industrialize:1 area:3 25:1 carefully:1 select:1 city:3 brooklyn:1 long:5 newark:1 elizabeth:1 stamford:1 waterbury:1 bridgeport:1 cambridge:1 worcester:1 waltham:1 603:1 452:1 contact:1 executive:3 76:1 investigate:1 55:1 conference:8 organize:2 june:1 conjunction:1 association:1 chamber:1 bank:1 sponsor:2 sheraton:1 biltmore:1 hotel:1 purpose:2 find:1 way:1 offset:1 decline:1 balance:1 1958:1 1959:1 approximately:1 attend:1 conclave:1 committee:1 later:1 vote:1 activity:6 annual:1 event:2 october:2 8th:1 last:1 governor:2 former:1 henry:1 barnard:1 school:1 comprehensive:3 various:1 phase:7 attract:1 143:1 individual:1 morning:1 session:2 address:1 ward:1 miller:1 jr:1 dept:1 richard:1 preston:1 director:1 hampshire:1 planning:27 commission:1 edwin:1 kepler:1 general:1 electric:1 workshop:1 afternoon:1 connecticut:1 maine:1 round:1 rewarding:1 connection:1 supplement:1 publish:2 2nd:1 improvement:1 climate:1 prove:1 valuable:1 2000:2 copy:4 send:1 prospective:1 client:1 publication:1 speech:1 deliver:1 brochure:2 conferee:1 med:1 chemical:1 symposium:1 university:4 reprint:1 organization:1 society:1 realtor:1 1184:1 directory:2 distribute:1 643:1 541:1 attractive:1 right:1 prepared:1 print:1 shortly:1 space:1 catalogue:1 additional:1 dedication:1 turnkey:1 automate:1 brown:1 college:1 eight:1 regard:1 inauguration:1 training:1 simple:1 main:1 future:1 define:1 enable:1 act:3 assign:1 broad:1 ago:1 public:5 administration:2 issue:1 extremely:1 entitle:2 relation:1 metropolitan:2 result:1 exhaustive:1 review:1 recommendation:1 contain:1 plus:1 analysis:3 enabling:1 basic:5 objective:3 cause:1 reorientation:1 importance:1 understand:2 current:2 1:6 first:2 priority:2 preparation:2 meaningful:1 guide:3 serve:1 background:1 recognize:1 truth:1 statement:1 metropolian:1 mean:3 take:5 account:1 nature:1 encourage:2 acceptance:1 proper:1 end:1 community:2 staff:4 available:3 shared:1 cost:1 basis:3 unable:1 maintain:1 4:1 initiative:1 cooperation:1 level:1 town:1 regional:1 six:1 england:1 5:1 citizen:1 benefit:1 equally:1 resource:1 provision:1 essential:1 water:1 need:2 regardless:1 arbitrary:1 political:1 boundary:1 within:1 framework:1 reflect:1 capital:1 7:1 prepare:2 particular:1 strengthen:1 economy:1 recreation:1 functionally:1 four:3 range:4 embark:1 complete:6 aspect:1 divide:1 distinct:1 mapping:4 inventory:8 policy:1 formation:1 originally:1 propose:1 five:1 recent:1 necessity:1 origin:1 destination:1 study:3 accelerate:1 completion:2 july:3 1961:2 since:2 accurate:1 map:4 necessary:1 step:1 implement:1 serie:1 scale:2 inch:2 mile:1 second:1 26:1 sheet:1 cover:1 entire:1 aid:1 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Local/jj industry's/nn$ investment/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl was/bedz the/at big/jj story/nn in/in 1960's/cd$ industrial/jj development/nn effort/nn ./. Fifty-two/cd companies/nns started/vbd or/cc committed/vbd themselves/ppls to/in new/jj plant/nn construction/nn ,/, totaling/vbg 1,418,000/cd square/jj feet/nns and/cc representing/vbg an/at investment/nn of/in $11,900,000/nns ;/. ;/. a/at new/jj post-World/jj War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, record/nn ./. With/in minor/jj exceptions/nns ,/, this/dt expansion/nn was/bedz instituted/vbn either/cc by/in firms/nns based/vbn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl or/cc out-of-state/jj manufacturers/nns already/rb operating/vbg here/rb ./. What/wdt made/vbd these/dts new/jj location/nn figures/nns particularly/ql impressive/jj was/bedz the/at fact/nn that/cs although/cs 1960/cd was/bedz a/at year/nn of/in mild/jj business/nn recession/nn throughout/in the/at nation/nn ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl scored/vbd marked/jj progress/nn in/in new/jj industry/nn ,/, new/jj plants/nns ,/, and/cc new/jj jobs/nns ./. Of/in the/at major/jj expansions/nns in/in 1960/cd ,/, three/cd were/bed financed/vbn under/in the/at R./np I./np Industrial/jj-tl Building/nn-tl Authority's/nn$-tl 100%/nn guaranteed/vbn mortgage/nn plan/nn :/: Collyer/np-tl Wire/nn-tl ,/, Leesona/np-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc American/jj-tl Tube/nn-tl &/cc-tl Controls/nns-tl ./. Leading/vbg firms/nns that/wps arranged/vbd their/pp$ own/jj financing/nn included/vbd Speidel/np-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, Cornell-Dubilier/np ,/, Photek/np-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Textron/np-tl ,/, Narragansett/np-tl Gray/jj-tl Iron/nn-tl Foundry/nn-tl ,/, W./np-tl R./np-tl Cobb/np-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Mays/np-tl Manufacturing/vbg-tl Company/nn-tl ./. Expansion/nn and/cc relocation/nn of/in industry/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl is/bez the/at direct/jj responsibility/nn of/in the/at Development/nn-tl Council's/nn$-tl Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at figures/nns quoted/vbn above/rb indicate/vb a/at successful/jj year's/nn$ operation/nn ./. Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl personnel/nns worked/vbd with/in 54/cd out-of-state/jj and/cc 97/cd Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl concerns/nns during/in 1960/cd ,/, many/ap of/in whom/wpo are/ber still/rb interested/vbn in/in a/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl location/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber conscious/jj of/in this/dt state's/nn$ new/jj feeling/nn of/in optimism/nn and/cc assurance/nn and/cc are/ber definitely/rb impressed/vbn by/in the/at number/nn of/in new/jj plants/nns and/cc construction/nn projects/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. Aids/nns-hl to/in-hl small/jj-hl business/nn-hl Although/cs much/ap of/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Division's/nn$-tl promotional/jj effort/nn is/bez devoted/vbn to/in securing/vbg new/jj locations/nns and/cc expansions/nns by/in major/jj industries/nns ,/, small/jj business/nn is/bez also/rb afforded/vbn considerable/jj attention/nn ./. Our/pp$ Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl and/cc-tl Domestic/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl carries/vbz on/rp a/at vigorous/jj program/nn ,/, directly/rb aimed/vbn at/in solving/vbg and/cc expediting/vbg the/at problems/nns of/in manufacturers/nns in/in the/at lower/jjr employment/nn categories/nns ./. A/at primary/jj function/nn is/bez the/at operation/nn of/in a/at Government/nn-tl Bid/nn-tl Center/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt receives/vbz bids/nns daily/rb from/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Government's/nn$-tl principal/jjs purchasing/vbg agencies/nns ./. Assistance/nn is/bez rendered/vbn to/in interested/vbn Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl businessmen/nns concerning/in interpretation/nn of/in bid/nn invitations/nns ,/, where/wrb to/to obtain/vb specifications/nns ,/, and/cc follow-ups/nns concerning/in qualification/nn ./. During/in the/at past/ap year/nn ,/, 10,517/cd government/nn bid/nn invitations/nns were/bed received/vbn and/cc 4,427/cd procurement/nn leads/nns were/bed mailed/vbn to/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl manufacturers/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at Office's/nn$-tl domestic/jj trade/nn program/nn provided/vbd consultant/nn services/nns to/in those/dts seeking/vbg information/nn on/in establishment/nn of/in new/jj businesses/nns ;/. ;/. how/wrb and/cc where/wrb to/to apply/vb for/in financial/jj assistance/nn ;/. ;/. details/nns on/in marketing/vbg ;/. ;/. information/nn concerning/in patents/nns ,/, copyrights/nns and/cc trade/nn marks/nns ,/, availability/nn of/in technical/jj reports/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap subjects/nns of/in interest/nn to/in small/jj business/nn ./. The/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl and/cc-tl Domestic/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl is/bez also/rb active/jj in/in the/at field/nn of/in international/jj trade/nn ,/, assisting/vbg Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl firms/nns in/in developing/vbg and/cc enlarging/vbg markets/nns abroad/rb ./. This/dt office/nn cooperates/vbz with/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl in/in giving/vbg statewide/jj coverage/nn to/in services/nns which/wdt include/vb :/: statistics/nns on/in markets/nns abroad/rb ;/. ;/. locating/vbg foreign/jj agents/nns ,/, buyers/nns ,/, distributors/nns ,/, etc./rb ;/. ;/. information/nn on/in foreign/jj and/cc domestic/jj import/nn duties/nns and/cc regulations/nns ,/, licensing/nn ,/, investments/nns ,/, and/cc establishing/nn of/in branch/nn representatives/nns or/cc plants/nns abroad/rb ,/, and/cc documentary/jj requirements/nns concerning/in export/nn shipments/nns and/cc arrangements/nns for/in payment/nn ./. During/in the/at year/nn 1960/cd ,/, this/dt office/nn supplied/vbd 954/cd visitors/nns with/in information/nn related/vbn to/in foreign/jj and/cc domestic/jj commerce/nn ,/, and/cc made/vbd 73/cd field/nn visits/nns ./. Advertising/vbg-hl program/nn-hl Our/pp$ media/nns advertising/nn continued/vbd ,/, during/in 1960/cd ,/, its/pp$ previous/jj effective/jj program/nn that/wps stressed/vbd such/jj specifics/nns as/cs 100%/nn financing/nn ,/, plant/nn availabilities/nns ,/, and/cc location/nn advantages/nns ./. We/ppss also/rb continued/vbd to/to run/vb a/at series/nn of/in ads/nns featuring/vbg endorsement/nn of/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl by/in industrialists/nns who/wps had/hvd recently/rb established/vbn new/jj plants/nns here/rb ./. To/to reach/vb a/at still/ql greater/jjr audience/nn of/in location-minded/jj manufacturers/nns ,/, our/pp$ industrial/jj advertising/nn budget/nn for/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn was/bedz increased/vbn from/in $32,000/nns to/in $40,000/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Industrial/jj-tl Building/nn-tl Authority's/nn$-tl financial/jj participation/nn was/bedz upped/vbn from/in $17,000/nns to/in $20,000/nns ./. Newspaper/nn advertising/nn was/bedz mainly/rb concentrated/vbn in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl and/cc the/at Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl Journal/nn-tl (/( Eastern/jj-tl and/cc Midwestern/jj-tl editions/nns )/) which/wdt averaged/vbd two/cd prominent/jj ads/nns per/in month/nn ,/, and/cc to/in a/at lesser/jjr degree/nn the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Herald/nn-tl Tribune/nn-tl and/cc ,/, for/in the/at west/nr coast/nn ,/, the/at Los/np-tl Angeles/np-tl Times/nns-tl and/cc the/at Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl Journal/nn-tl (/( Pacific/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl edition/nn )/) ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at regular/jj schedule/nn ,/, advertisements/nns were/bed run/vbn for/in maximum/jj impact/nn in/in special/jj editions/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ,/, Boston/np-tl Herald/nn-tl ,/, American/jj-tl Banker/nn-tl ,/, Electronic/jj-tl News/nn-tl and/cc ,/, for/in local/jj promotion/nn ,/, the/at Providence/np-tl Sunday/nr-tl Journal/nn-tl ./. Magazine/nn advertising/nn included/vbd Management/nn-tl Methods/nns-tl ,/, The/at-tl New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl ,/, U./np-tl S./np-tl Investor/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Plant/nn-tl Location/nn-tl ./. The/at direct/jj mail/nn campaign/nn consisted/vbd of/in 3/cd intra-state/jj mailings/nns of/in 1680/cd letters/nns each/dt and/cc 6/cd out-of-state/jj directed/vbn to/in electronics/nn ,/, plastics/nns ,/, pharmaceutical/jj ,/, and/cc business/nn machine/nn manufacturers/nns ,/, and/cc to/in publishers/nns ./. These/dts totaled/vbd 6,768/cd pieces/nns of/in correspondence/nn ./. The/at 1960/cd advertising/vbg campaign/nn brought/vbd a/at total/nn of/in 239/cd inquiries/nns ;/. ;/. 164/cd from/in media/nns and/cc 75/cd from/in direct/jj mail/nn ./. Two/cd hundred/cd and/cc nineteen/cd were/bed received/vbn from/in 35/cd of/in our/pp$ 50/cd United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc 11/cd came/vbd from/in foreign/jj countries/nns ./. New/jj-tl York/np-tl led/vbd in/in the/at number/nn of/in inquiries/nns ,/, followed/vbn by/in California/np ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, and/cc Pennsylvania/np ./. Among/in foreign/jj countries/nns responding/vbg were/bed Germany/np ,/, Canada/np ,/, Brazil/np and/cc India/np ./. Industrial/jj-hl promotion/nn-hl An/at important/jj operation/nn in/in soliciting/vbg industrial/jj locations/nns involves/vbz what/wdt we/ppss term/vb ``/`` Missionary/nn-tl calls/nns ''/'' by/in one/cd of/in this/dt Division's/nn$-tl industrial/jj promotion/nn specialists/nns ./. These/dts consist/vb of/in visits/nns ,/, without/in previous/jj announcement/nn ,/, on/in top/jjs officials/nns of/in manufacturing/vbg concerns/nns located/vbn in/in highly/ql industrialized/vbn areas/nns ./. More/ap than/in 25/cd carefully/rb selected/vbn cities/nns were/bed visited/vbn ,/, including/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Brooklyn/np ,/, Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Newark/np ,/, Elizabeth/np ,/, Stamford/np ,/, Waterbury/np ,/, New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl ,/, Bridgeport/np ,/, Boston/np ,/, Cambridge/np ,/, Worcester/np ,/, and/cc Waltham/np ./. Out/in of/in a/at total/nn of/in 603/cd calls/nns ,/, 452/cd contacts/nns were/bed established/vbn with/in top/jjs executive/jj personnel/nns ./. We/ppss received/vbd 76/cd out-of-state/jj visitors/nns interested/vbn in/in investigating/vbg Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl industrial/jj advantages/nns ,/, and/cc Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl personnel/nns made/vbd 55/cd out-of-state/jj follow-up/jj visits/nns ./. Industrial/jj-hl conferences/nns-hl During/in 1960/cd ,/, two/cd important/jj conferences/nns were/bed organized/vbn by/in the/at Development/nn-tl Council's/nn$-tl Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl ./. In/in June/np ,/, the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl and/cc-tl Domestic/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl --/-- in/in conjunction/nn with/in local/jj trade/nn associations/nns ,/, chambers/nns of/in commerce/nn ,/, and/cc bank/nn officials/nns --/-- sponsored/vbd a/at World/nn-tl Trade/nn-tl Conference/nn-tl at/in the/at Sheraton-Biltmore/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl ./. Its/pp$ purpose/nn was/bedz to/to find/vb ways/nns of/in offsetting/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl States'/nns$-tl declining/vbg balance/nn of/in trade/nn for/in 1958/cd and/cc 1959/cd ./. Approximately/rb 100/cd representatives/nns of/in business/nn attended/vbd this/dt conclave/nn and/cc the/at R./np I./np Export/nn-tl Conference/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl later/rbr voted/vbd to/to continue/vb the/at activity/nn as/cs an/at annual/jj event/nn ./. On/in October/np 8th/od of/in last/ap year/nn ,/, the/at Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl sponsored/vbd the/at Governor's/nn$-tl Conference/nn-tl on/in-tl Industrial/jj-tl Development/nn-tl at/in the/at former/ap Henry/np-tl Barnard/np-tl School/nn-tl ./. A/at comprehensive/jj program/nn devoted/vbn to/in the/at various/jj phases/nns of/in the/at development/nn effort/nn attracted/vbd 143/cd interested/vbn individuals/nns ./. Morning/nn sessions/nns included/vbd addresses/nns by/in Ward/np Miller/np ,/, Jr./np of/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Dept./nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ./. Richard/np Preston/np ,/, executive/jj director/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl State/nn-tl Planning/vbg-tl and/cc-tl Development/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Edwin/np C./np Kepler/np of/in General/nn-tl Electric/jj-tl Company/nn-tl ./. Workshop/nn sessions/nns in/in the/at afternoon/nn featured/vbd development/nn executives/nns from/in Pennsylvania/np ,/, Connecticut/np and/cc Maine/np ,/, and/cc rounded/vbd out/rp a/at rewarding/jj program/nn ./. In/in connection/nn with/in this/dt conference/nn ,/, a/at 64-page/jj supplement/nn was/bedz published/vbn in/in the/at October/np 2nd/od edition/nn of/in The/at-tl Providence/np-tl Sunday/nr-tl Journal/nn-tl ./. Devoted/vbn to/in the/at improvement/nn in/in business/nn climate/nn and/cc increase/nn in/in industrial/jj construction/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, it/pps has/hvz proved/vbn a/at valuable/jj mailing/vbg piece/nn for/in this/dt Division/nn-tl ./. More/ap than/in 2000/cd copies/nns have/hv been/ben sent/vbn out/rp to/in prospective/jj clients/nns ./. Mailings/nns-hl and/cc-hl publications/nns-hl Other/ap special/jj mailings/nns by/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl included/vbd copies/nns of/in speeches/nns delivered/vbn at/in the/at Governor's/nn$-tl Conference/nn-tl ,/, letters/nns and/cc-tl brochures/nns to/in conferees/nns at/in Med-Chemical/jj-tl Symposium/nn-tl at/in University/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc letters/nns and/cc reprints/nns of/in industrial/jj advertisements/nns to/in such/jj organizations/nns as/cs Society/nn-tl of/in-tl Industrial/jj-tl Realtors/nns-tl ./. 1184/cd copies/nns of/in the/at R./np I./np Directory/nn-tl Of/in-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl were/bed distributed/vbn :/: 643/cd in-state/rb and/cc 541/cd out-of-state/rb ./. The/at Industrial/jj-tl Division/nn-tl published/vbd ,/, in/in 1960/cd ,/, a/at new/jj ,/, attractive/jj industrial/jj brochure/nn ,/, ``/`` Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl --/-- Right/jj-tl For/in-tl Industry/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc prepared/vbd copy/nn for/in a/at new/jj edition/nn of/in the/at Directory/nn-tl Of/in-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl (/( to/to be/be printed/vbn shortly/rb )/) ,/, and/cc for/in a/at new/jj space/nn catalogue/nn ./. Additional/jj promotional/jj activities/nns included/vbd organizing/vbg the/at dedication/nn program/nn for/in Operation/nn-tl Turnkey/nn-tl ,/, the/at new/jj automated/vbn post/nn office/nn ,/, and/cc a/at conference/nn with/in representatives/nns of/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, Providence/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, and/cc University/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc eight/cd electronics/nn concerns/nns regarding/in the/at inauguration/nn of/in a/at training/vbg program/nn for/in electronics/nn personnel/nns ./. Planning/vbg-hl division/nn-hl Stated/vbn in/in its/pp$ simplest/jjt terms/nns ,/, the/at main/jjs job/nn of/in the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl is/bez to/to plan/vb for/in the/at future/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. The/at activities/nns of/in the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl are/ber defined/vbn in/in considerable/jj detail/nn in/in the/at enabling/vbg act/nn of/in the/at Development/nn-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt assigns/vbz to/in the/at agency/nn both/abx broad/jj responsibilities/nns and/cc specific/jj duties/nns in/in the/at field/nn of/in planning/vbg ./. Two/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Administration/nn-tl issued/vbd an/at extremely/ql comprehensive/jj report/nn entitled/vbn ``/`` State-Local/jj-tl Relations/nns-tl In/in-tl Metropolitan/jj-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. As/cs the/at result/nn of/in an/at exhaustive/jj review/nn of/in the/at recommendations/nns contained/vbn in/in this/dt report/nn ,/, plus/in an/at analysis/nn of/in our/pp$ own/jj enabling/vbg act/nn ,/, the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl developed/vbd a/at number/nn of/in basic/jj planning/vbg objectives/nns which/wdt caused/vbd a/at reorientation/nn of/in its/pp$ work/nn program/nn ./. These/dts objectives/nns are/ber stated/vbn here/rb because/rb of/in their/pp$ importance/nn in/in understanding/vbg the/at current/jj activities/nns of/in the/at Planning/vbg-tl Division/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl First/od priority/nn will/md be/be given/vbn to/in the/at preparation/nn of/in a/at meaningful/jj state/nn guide/nn plan/nn to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at background/nn for/in all/abn other/ap planning/vbg activities/nns in/in the/at state/nn ./. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl Recognizing/vbg the/at truth/nn of/in the/at statement/nn by/in the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Administration/nn-tl that/cs ``/`` Metropolian/jj-tl Planning/nn-tl (/( in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl )/) means/vbz ,/, or/cc should/md mean/vb ,/, state/nn planning/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at state/nn guide/nn plan/nn will/md take/vb into/in account/nn the/at metropolitan/jj nature/nn of/in many/ap of/in Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl problems/nns ./. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl It/pps will/md continue/vb to/to be/be an/at objective/nn of/in this/dt division/nn to/to encourage/vb the/at acceptance/nn of/in planning/vbg as/cs a/at proper/jj and/cc continuing/vbg responsibility/nn of/in local/jj government/nn ./. To/in this/dt end/nn ,/, the/at community/nn assistance/nn program/nn of/in the/at planning/vbg division/nn will/md continue/vb to/to be/be operated/vbn as/cs a/at staff/nn function/nn to/to make/vb available/jj ,/, on/in a/at shared/vbn cost/nn basis/nn ,/, technical/jj planning/vbg assistance/nn to/in those/dts communities/nns in/in the/at state/nn unable/jj to/to maintain/vb their/pp$ own/jj planning/vbg staff/nn ./. (/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at planning/vbg division/nn will/md take/vb the/at initiative/nn in/in encouraging/vbg planning/vbg cooperation/nn at/in all/abn levels/nns of/in government/nn ;/. ;/. among/in the/at operating/vbg departments/nns of/in the/at state/nn ;/. ;/. between/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns of/in the/at state/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc on/in a/at regional/jj basis/nn between/in the/at six/cd New/jj-tl England/np-tl states/nns ./. (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl On/in the/at basis/nn that/cs all/abn citizens/nns of/in the/at state/nn are/ber entitled/vbn to/to benefit/vb equally/rb in/in the/at development/nn of/in its/pp$ resources/nns ,/, plans/nns for/in the/at provision/nn of/in essential/jj services/nns (/( such/jj as/cs water/nn )/) will/md be/be based/vbn on/in need/nn regardless/rb of/in arbitrary/jj political/jj boundaries/nns ,/, within/in the/at framework/nn of/in the/at state/nn plan/nn ./. (/(-hl 6/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at state/nn development/nn budget/nn will/md reflect/vb the/at capital/nn needs/nns of/in all/abn the/at state/nn agencies/nns and/cc the/at priority/nn of/in the/at projects/nns in/in the/at budget/nn will/md be/be based/vbn on/in the/at state/nn plan/nn ./. (/(-hl 7/cd-hl )/)-hl In/in preparing/vbg the/at state/nn guide/nn plan/nn ,/, particular/jj attention/nn will/md be/be given/vbn means/nns of/in strengthening/vbg the/at economy/nn of/in the/at state/nn through/in the/at development/nn of/in industry/nn and/cc recreation/nn ./. Functionally/rb the/at planning/vbg division/nn carries/vbz out/rp four/cd activities/nns :/: long-range/nn state/nn planning/nn ,/, current/jj state/nn planning/nn ,/, local/jj planning/vbg assistance/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at preparation/nn of/in the/at state/nn development/nn budget/nn ./. Long-range/nn-hl state/nn-hl planning/vbg-hl The/at planning/vbg division/nn has/hvz embarked/vbn on/in the/at most/ql complete/jj and/cc comprehensive/jj state/nn planning/vbg program/nn in/in the/at nation/nn ./. The/at long-range/nn aspects/nns of/in this/dt program/nn are/ber divided/vbn into/in four/cd distinct/jj phases/nns :/: basic/jj mapping/nn ,/, inventory/nn ,/, analysis/nn and/cc plan/nn and/cc policy/nn formation/nn ./. The/at work/nn program/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps was/bedz originally/rb proposed/vbn ,/, was/bedz to/to take/vb five/cd years/nns to/to complete/vb ./. Recent/jj events/nns --/-- particularly/rb the/at necessity/nn of/in providing/vbg planning/vbg information/nn for/in the/at statewide/jj origin/destination/nn study/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Works/nns-tl --/-- indicate/vb that/cs this/dt schedule/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be accelerated/vbn ./. The/at basic/jj mapping/nn phase/nn of/in the/at program/nn has/hvz been/ben completed/vbn and/cc the/at inventory/nn phase/nn is/bez scheduled/vbn for/in completion/nn July/np 1/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./. Basic/jj-hl mapping/vbg-hl Since/cs accurate/jj base/jj maps/nns are/ber necessary/jj for/in any/dti planning/vbg program/nn ,/, the/at first/od step/nn taken/vbn by/in the/at planning/vbg division/nn to/to implement/vb the/at long-range/nn state/nn plan/nn has/hvz been/ben to/to prepare/vb two/cd series/nns of/in base/jj maps/nns --/-- one/cd at/in a/at scale/nn of/in 1/cd inch/nn to/in a/at mile/nn ,/, and/cc the/at second/od a/at series/nn of/in 26/cd sheets/nns at/in a/at scale/nn of/in 1/cd inch/nn to/in 2000/cd feet/nns ,/, covering/vbg the/at entire/jj state/nn ./. With/in these/dts maps/nns completed/vbn ,/, the/at inventory/nn-hl phase/nn of/in the/at plan/nn has/hvz been/ben started/vbn ./. Inventory/nn With/in the/at aid/nn of/in matching/vbg federal/jj funds/nns available/jj under/in Section/nn-tl 701/cd-tl of/in the/at Housing/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1954/cd as/cs amended/vbn ,/, the/at planning/vbg division/nn began/vbd a/at one/cd year/nn program/nn July/np 1/cd ,/, 1960/cd to/to complete/vb the/at inventory/nn phase/nn of/in the/at state/nn planning/vbg program/nn ./. This/dt phase/nn consists/vbz of/in four/cd items/nns :/: urban/jj land/nn use/nn ,/, rural/jj land/nn use/nn ,/, physical/jj features/nns and/cc public/jj utility/nn service/nn areas/nns ./. Since/cs the/at validity/nn of/in all/abn subsequent/jj planning/nn depends/vbz on/in the/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at basic/jj inventory/nn information/nn ,/, great/jj care/nn is/bez being/beg taken/vbn that/cs the/at inventory/nn is/bez as/ql complete/jj as/cs possible/jj ./. The/at urban/jj land/nn use/nn study/nn carried/vbn out/rp by/in the/at planning/vbg division/nn staff/nn has/hvz consisted/vbn of/in identifying/vbg and/cc mapping/vbg all/abn urban/jj land/nn uses/nns which/wdt are/ber of/in significance/nn to/in statewide/jj planning/nn ./. The/at rural/jj land/nn use/nn study/nn is/bez being/beg carried/vbn out/rp under/in contract/nn by/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc identifies/vbz all/abn agricultural/jj land/nn uses/nns in/in the/at state/nn by/in type/nn of/in use/nn ./. The/at mapping/nn of/in important/jj physical/jj features/nns such/jj as/cs slopes/nns and/cc types/nns of/in soil/nn and/cc the/at collection/nn of/in all/abn available/jj information/nn pertaining/vbg to/in public/jj utility/nn service/nn areas/nns are/ber being/beg conducted/vbn as/cs staff/nn projects/nns and/cc ,/, like/cs the/at other/ap two/cd inventory/nn projects/nns ,/, are/ber scheduled/vbn for/in completion/nn July/np 1/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./. Analysis/nn-hl The/at collection/nn of/in information/nn is/bez meaningless/jj unless/cs it/pps is/bez understood/vbn and/cc used/vbn for/in a/at definite/jj purpose/nn ./.

ch07

ch07 |@word special:6 district:5 rhode:11 island:11 within:2 scope:1 report:2 elaborate:1 great:5 detail:2 upon:3 however:5 word:1 mention:1 regard:2 independent:1 unit:4 government:12 forty:3 seven:2 exclude:1 two:7 regional:1 school:2 four:2 housing:1 authority:4 kent:1 county:1 water:1 purpose:1 levy:4 taxis:5 borrow:4 money:4 property:3 sue:2 general:1 exercise:1 normal:2 corporate:1 power:1 unlike:1 city:24 town:25 submit:1 financial:11 statement:1 state:22 bureau:1 audits:1 exaggeration:1 say:2 little:2 fiscal:67 control:2 addition:2 collection:15 service:1 charge:2 annual:1 approximately:1 year:56 comparative:1 datum:1 review:1 practice:2 uniformity:6 pertinent:1 include:4 finding:1 1:11 six:3 end:9 june:13 30:19 varying:2 date:5 alabama:2 sept:1 new:5 york:1 march:1 31:7 pennsylvania:2 may:7 texas:1 august:2 2:2 sixteen:1 alaska:1 arizona:1 california:1 delaware:1 massachusetts:1 montana:1 nevada:1 mexico:1 north:3 carolina:2 dakota:2 oklahoma:1 oregon:2 vermont:1 west:1 virginia:2 wyoming:1 hawaii:1 3:3 eleven:1 december:3 arkansas:1 colorado:1 indiana:1 kansas:1 hampshire:1 jersey:1 ohio:1 south:3 utah:1 washington:1 wisconsin:1 4:2 eight:1 whose:1 close:8 majority:3 georgia:1 iowa:1 kentucky:1 maine:1 maryland:1 minnesota:1 5:2 one:8 september:5 exception:3 also:3 6:2 mississippi:1 7:1 remain:2 twelve:2 vary:3 local:9 illinois:1 louisiana:1 situation:3 sundry:1 widely:2 relation:2 advantage:7 disadvantage:3 excellent:2 summary:1 concern:1 uniform:16 coordinate:6 calendar:17 contain:1 paper:1 present:2 public:2 finance:8 recently:1 list:1 among:1 value:1 require:6 compliance:1 common:2 sense:2 administration:1 adoption:3 budget:3 plan:7 advance:2 spend:2 ensure:1 conformance:1 another:1 rule:2 cash:2 bank:2 check:1 draw:1 enable:1 make:4 economical:1 purchase:1 take:3 discount:1 promote:1 careful:2 budgeting:1 strengthen:1 expenditure:5 fix:1 tax:25 rate:2 upper:1 limit:1 set:1 bring:1 line:1 expend:1 large:2 share:1 disbursement:1 greatly:1 simplify:1 bookkeeping:1 reporting:2 eliminate:2 interest:3 form:2 anticipation:4 note:7 furthermore:1 immediately:2 need:7 current:2 invest:1 short:4 term:4 treasury:2 augment:1 miscellaneous:1 revenue:5 reduce:2 facilitate:1 inter:1 comparison:3 relatively:2 easy:2 meaningful:2 cost:2 increase:2 demand:1 different:1 difficult:3 compare:1 probably:1 none:1 important:4 elimination:2 routine:1 procedure:1 municipality:5 time:3 loan:1 sale:1 warrant:2 somewhat:1 casual:1 method:3 issuance:1 registration:1 event:1 borrowing:2 could:4 render:1 unnecessary:1 would:6 result:1 saving:2 heavy:1 high:1 freedom:1 dependence:1 credit:1 always:1 available:1 type:2 minimum:1 quarterly:1 installment:4 payment:2 institute:1 first:2 place:1 near:1 opening:1 approach:1 toward:2 system:1 look:1 security:1 equally:1 reason:2 establish:5 intergovernmental:1 basis:1 federal:2 commence:2 july:9 contribute:1 increasingly:1 sum:1 several:3 indicate:3 mostly:1 produce:1 locally:1 lack:1 handicap:1 growth:1 aid:1 emphasis:1 equalization:1 sharing:1 responsibility:1 certain:2 function:1 longer:1 true:1 haphazard:1 obstacle:1 planning:2 clear:1 efficient:1 relationship:1 although:1 many:3 sound:1 adopt:1 difficulty:4 encounter:1 involve:3 mechanic:1 employ:1 adjust:8 actual:1 principle:1 problem:8 matter:6 shifting:1 transition:4 changing:1 inherent:1 part:1 usually:2 mean:2 confused:1 disgruntle:1 pay:2 period:7 cooperation:1 understanding:1 official:1 citizenry:1 help:1 lessen:1 cover:1 fully:1 later:2 keep:1 mind:1 ease:1 convert:1 propose:2 directly:1 dependent:1 condition:4 fortunately:2 possible:1 position:1 change:5 sacrifice:1 case:2 rather:1 indefinitely:1 well:1 synchronize:1 sufficiently:2 exert:1 effort:1 secure:1 program:1 desire:2 determine:1 nature:1 extent:1 adjustment:18 feature:1 evident:1 varied:2 systematize:1 single:2 formula:2 second:1 shift:1 improve:2 least:1 consider:3 necessary:2 latter:1 section:1 presently:2 talk:1 stage:1 committee:1 accomplish:2 recognize:1 initiative:1 obtain:1 analysis:1 throughout:2 painful:1 commonly:1 think:1 must:2 stress:1 much:1 depend:1 individual:1 base:1 show:3 barrington:1 lincoln:1 middletown:1 newport:1 kingstown:2 coventry:1 east:1 providence:5 automatically:1 due:1 payable:1 collectible:1 bristol:1 glocester:1 pawtucket:1 cumberland:1 central:1 falls:1 woonsocket:1 simultaneous:1 cranston:4 enigma:1 integration:1 neither:1 easily:1 interim:2 nine:1 month:1 three:2 october:2 26:4 january:2 april:2 25:3 november:2 15:5 february:2 16:1 start:1 17:1 still:1 use:2 twenty:1 prior:1 assume:1 table:2 financing:3 aside:1 emphasize:1 strongly:1 necessarily:1 governmental:1 requirement:1 community:3 simply:1 accounting:1 management:1 like:1 combination:2 technique:1 overcome:1 burden:1 dishearten:1 proponent:1 earlier:1 identical:1 factor:2 practically:1 insure:1 feasible:1 study:1 develop:2 consideration:1 effect:2 exist:2 prospective:1 length:1 interval:1 suitable:1 range:2 formulate:1 serial:1 long:1 bond:1 stem:1 transitional:1 number:1 alternative:1 alone:1 minimize:1 even:1

Special/jj-hl districts/nns-hl in/in-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl island/nn-hl ./.-hl It/pps is/bez not/* within/in the/at scope/nn of/in this/dt report/nn to/to elaborate/vb in/in any/dti great/jj detail/nn upon/in special/jj districts/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. However/rb ,/, a/at word/nn should/md be/be mentioned/vbn in/in regard/nn to/in them/ppo as/cs independent/jj units/nns of/in government/nn ./. There/ex are/ber forty-seven/cd special/jj district/nn governments/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl (/( excluding/in two/cd regional/jj school/nn districts/nns ,/, four/cd housing/vbg authorities/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Kent/np-tl County/nn-tl Water/nn-tl Authority/nn-tl )/) ./. These/dts forty-seven/cd special/jj purpose/nn governments/nns have/hv the/at authority/nn to/to levy/vb taxes/nns ,/, to/to borrow/vb money/nn ,/, own/vb property/nn ,/, sue/vb and/cc be/be sued/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in general/jj to/to exercise/vb normal/jj corporate/jj powers/nns ./. Unlike/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to submit/vb any/dti financial/jj statements/nns to/in the/at state/nn Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Audits/nns-tl ./. It/pps is/bez not/* an/at exaggeration/nn to/to say/vb that/cs the/at state/nn government/nn has/hvz little/ap or/cc no/at fiscal/jj control/nn over/in these/dts units/nns of/in government/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at collection/nn of/in service/nn charges/nns ,/, the/at special/jj districts/nns levy/vb annual/jj property/nn taxes/nns of/in approximately/rb $450,000/nns ./. Fiscal/jj-hl years/nns-hl in/in-hl other/ap-hl states/nns-hl comparative/jj-hl data/nn-hl ./. A/at review/nn of/in practices/nns in/in other/ap states/nns regarding/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn is/bez pertinent/jj to/in this/dt report/nn ./. Included/vbn in/in the/at findings/nns are/ber :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Forty-six/cd states/nns ,/, including/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, end/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in June/np 30/cd ./. The/at other/ap four/cd states/nns end/vb on/in varying/vbg dates/nns :/: Alabama/np (/( Sept./np 30/cd )/) ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl (/( March/np 31/cd )/) ,/, Pennsylvania/np (/( May/np 31/cd )/) ,/, and/cc Texas/np (/( August/np 31/cd )/) ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in sixteen/cd states/nns ,/, the/at fiscal/jj year/nn ending/vbg of/in the/at cities/nns (/( June/np 30/cd )/) is/bez the/at same/ap as/cs that/dt of/in the/at state/nn :/: Alaska/np ,/, Arizona/np ,/, California/np ,/, Delaware/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, Montana/np ,/, Nevada/np ,/, New/jj-tl Mexico/np-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, Oklahoma/np ,/, Oregon/np ,/, Vermont/np ,/, West/jj-tl Virginia/np-tl ,/, Wyoming/np ,/, and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in eleven/cd states/nns ,/, the/at fiscal/jj year/nn of/in the/at cities/nns ends/vbz on/in December/np 31/cd ,/, while/cs the/at state/nn fiscal/jj year/nn ends/vbz on/in June/np 30/cd (/( Arkansas/np ,/, Colorado/np ,/, Indiana/np ,/, Kansas/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, Ohio/np ,/, South/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, Utah/np ,/, Washington/np ,/, and/cc Wisconsin/np )/) ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in eight/cd states/nns whose/wp$ fiscal/jj years/nns close/vb on/in June/np 30/cd ,/, a/at majority/nn of/in their/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in December/np 31/cd :/. :/. (/( Georgia/np ,/, Iowa/np ,/, Kentucky/np ,/, Maine/np ,/, Maryland/np ,/, Minnesota/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, and/cc South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl )/) ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl One/cd state/nn ,/, Alabama/np ,/, closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in September/np 30/cd ,/, and/cc all/abn cities/nns in/in the/at state/nn ,/, with/in one/cd exception/nn ,/, also/rb close/vb fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl Mississippi/np closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in June/np 30/cd ,/, while/cs all/abn of/in its/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ./. 7/cd-hl ./.-hl Pennsylvania/np closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in May/np 31/cd ./. All/abn of/in its/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in December/np 31/cd ./. The/at remaining/vbg twelve/cd states/nns have/hv varying/vbg fiscal/jj years/nns for/in the/at state/nn ,/, city/nn and/cc local/jj governments/nns ./. However/rb ,/, only/ap Illinois/np ,/, Oregon/np ,/, Louisiana/np and/cc Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl have/hv a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt the/at sundry/jj units/nns of/in government/nn vary/vb widely/rb in/in relation/nn to/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn ./. Fiscal/jj-hl uniformity/nn-hl :/:-hl advantages/nns-hl and/cc-hl disadvantages/nns-hl advantages/nns ./. An/at excellent/jj summary/nn of/in advantages/nns concerning/in the/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj calendars/nns was/bedz contained/vbn in/in a/at paper/nn presented/vbn by/in a/at public/jj finance/nn authority/nn recently/rb ./. He/pps listed/vbd among/in the/at values/nns of/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn requires/vbz compliance/nn with/in common/jj sense/nn administration/nn of/in local/jj finances/nns :/: adoption/nn of/in the/at budget/nn ,/, or/cc financial/jj plan/nn ,/, in/in advance/nn of/in spending/vbg ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ensures/vbz conformance/nn with/in another/dt common/jj sense/nn rule/nn ,/, that/dt of/in having/hvg cash/nn in/in the/at bank/nn before/cs checks/nns are/ber drawn/vbn ./. It/pps enables/vbz towns/nns to/to make/vb more/ql economical/jj purchases/nns and/cc to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in cash/nn discounts/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn promotes/vbz more/ql careful/jj budgeting/nn and/cc strengthens/vbz control/nn over/in expenditures/nns ./. By/in fixing/vbg the/at tax/nn rate/nn in/in advance/nn of/in spending/vbg ,/, upper/jj limits/nns are/ber set/vbn on/in expenditures/nns ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn brings/vbz the/at town's/nn$ fiscal/jj year/nn into/in line/nn with/in that/dt of/in the/at schools/nns ,/, which/wdt expend/vb the/at largest/jjt share/nn of/in local/jj disbursements/nns ./. This/dt greatly/rb simplifies/vbz the/at town's/nn$ bookkeeping/nn and/cc financial/jj reporting/nn ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn eliminates/vbz interest/nn charges/nns on/in money/nn borrowed/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, tax/nn collections/nns not/* immediately/rb needed/vbn for/in current/jj expenditures/nns may/md be/be invested/vbn in/in short-term/nn treasury/nn notes/nns ,/, augmenting/vbg the/at town's/nn$ miscellaneous/jj revenues/nns and/cc reducing/vbg the/at tax/nn levy/nn ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn facilitates/vbz inter-town/jj comparison/nn of/in revenues/nns and/cc expenditures/nns ./. When/wrb towns/nns have/hv the/at same/ap fiscal/jj year/nn it/pps is/bez relatively/ql easy/jj to/to make/vb meaningful/jj comparisons/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc as/cs the/at cost/nn of/in local/jj government/nn increases/vbz ,/, the/at demand/nn for/in such/jj comparison/nn also/rb increases/vbz ./. Towns/nns having/hvg different/jj fiscal/jj years/nns are/ber difficult/jj to/to compare/vb ./. Of/in all/abn advantages/nns ,/, probably/rb none/pn is/bez more/ql important/jj than/cs the/at elimination/nn of/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns ./. Borrowing/vbg in/in anticipation/nn of/in current/jj taxes/nns and/cc other/ap revenues/nns is/bez a/at routine/jj procedure/nn of/in the/at majority/nn of/in municipalities/nns at/in all/abn times/nns ./. It/pps may/md be/be by/in bank/nn loans/nns ,/, sale/nn of/in notes/nns or/cc warrants/nns ,/, or/cc by/in the/at somewhat/ql casual/jj method/nn of/in issuance/nn and/cc registration/nn of/in warrants/nns ./. In/in any/dti event/nn it/pps is/bez a/at form/nn of/in borrowing/vbg which/wdt could/md be/be and/cc should/md be/be rendered/vbn unnecessary/jj ./. Its/pp$ elimination/nn would/md result/vb in/in the/at saving/nn of/in interest/nn costs/nns ,/, heavy/jj when/wrb short-term/nn money/nn rates/nns are/ber high/jj ,/, and/cc in/in freedom/nn from/in dependence/nn on/in credit/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* always/rb available/jj when/wrb needed/vbn most/rbt ./. This/dt type/nn of/in borrowing/vbg can/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in a/at minimum/jj if/cs quarterly/jj installment/nn payment/nn of/in taxes/nns is/bez instituted/vbn and/cc the/at first/od payment/nn placed/vbn near/in the/at opening/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn ./. Any/dti approach/nn toward/in such/abl a/at system/nn looks/vbz toward/in saving/vbg and/cc security/nn ./. It/pps should/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs there/ex are/ber other/ap and/cc equally/ql important/jj reasons/nns for/in establishing/vbg meaningful/jj intergovernmental/jj reporting/vbg bases/nns on/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ./. Both/abx the/at federal/jj and/cc state/nn governments/nns commence/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in July/np 1/cd ./. Both/abx units/nns of/in government/nn contribute/vb increasingly/rb large/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn to/in the/at several/ap local/jj governments/nns in/in this/dt state/nn as/cs indicated/vbn below/rb :/: It/pps has/hvz been/ben said/vbn that/cs when/wrb local/jj government/nn revenues/nns were/bed mostly/rb produced/vbn locally/rb from/in the/at property/nn tax/nn ,/, the/at lack/nn of/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn was/bedz no/at great/jj handicap/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc with/in the/at growth/nn of/in state/nn and/cc federal/jj fiscal/jj aid/nn ,/, the/at emphasis/nn on/in equalization/nn ,/, and/cc the/at state-local/jj sharing/nn of/in responsibility/nn for/in certain/jj important/jj functions/nns ,/, this/dt is/bez no/ql longer/rbr true/jj ./. The/at haphazard/jj fiscal/jj year/nn calendar/nn is/bez an/at obstacle/nn to/in the/at planning/nn of/in clear/jj and/cc efficient/jj state-local/jj revenue/nn and/cc expenditure/nn relationships/nns ./. Disadvantages/nns-hl ./.-hl Although/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap sound/jj reasons/nns for/in adopting/vbg uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj years/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, there/ex are/ber also/rb certain/jj difficulties/nns encountered/vbn ./. These/dts involve/vb more/rbr the/at mechanics/nns employed/vbn in/in adjusting/vbg to/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn than/cs they/ppss do/do actual/jj disadvantages/nns to/in the/at principle/nn ./. One/cd problem/nn is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in shifting/vbg dates/nns ;/. ;/. the/at other/ap ,/, is/bez how/wrb to/to finance/vb the/at transition/nn ./. Little/ap can/md be/be done/vbn about/in the/at changing/nn of/in dates/nns ./. This/dt is/bez an/at inherent/jj part/nn of/in adjusting/vbg fiscal/jj calendars/nns ./. It/pps usually/rb means/vbz a/at confused/vbn and/cc disgruntled/vbn tax-paying/jj public/nn for/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn ./. But/cc cooperation/nn and/cc understanding/vbg between/in local/jj officials/nns and/cc the/at citizenry/nn help/vb lessen/vb this/dt problem/nn ./. The/at other/ap problem/nn is/bez the/at matter/nn of/in financing/vbg the/at transition/nn period/nn in/in the/at several/ap cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ./. This/dt will/md be/be covered/vbn more/ql fully/rb later/rbr ./. It/pps should/md be/be kept/vbn in/in mind/nn that/cs the/at ease/nn or/cc difficulty/nn with/in which/wdt a/at town/nn or/cc city/nn can/md convert/vb to/in the/at proposed/vbn plan/nn is/bez directly/ql dependent/jj upon/in the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in that/dt town/nn or/cc city/nn ./. Fortunately/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber no/at cities/nns or/cc towns/nns in/in the/at state/nn ,/, with/in one/cd or/cc two/cd possible/jj exceptions/nns that/wps are/ber in/in too/ql difficult/jj a/at position/nn to/to finance/vb the/at proposed/vbn change/nn ./. Sacrifice/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be made/vbn in/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez to/in the/at municipality's/nn$ advantage/nn to/to finance/vb the/at change-over/nn for/in a/at short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn rather/rb than/cs pay/vb interest/nn on/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns indefinitely/rb ./. Adjusting/vbg-hl the/at-hl fiscal/jj-hl calendars/nns-hl The/at advantages/nns of/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc well/rb synchronized/vbn fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns are/ber sufficiently/ql great/jj for/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl municipalities/nns to/to exert/vb effort/nn to/to secure/vb them/ppo ./. The/at type/nn of/in program/nn desired/vbn can/md be/be determined/vbn by/in the/at nature/nn and/cc extent/nn of/in the/at adjustments/nns needed/vbn ./. Two/cd features/nns are/ber immediately/rb evident/jj ./. First/od ,/, the/at present/jj situation/nn is/bez too/ql varied/vbn to/to be/be systematized/vbn by/in any/dti single/ap formula/nn ./. Second/od ,/, the/at shift/nn to/in a/at uniform/jj July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn will/md ,/, of/in itself/ppl ,/, improve/vb the/at tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns of/in the/at great/jj majority/nn of/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ./. There/ex are/ber at/in least/ap two/cd problems/nns to/to consider/vb :/: one/cd is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg the/at fiscal/jj calendar/nn ;/. ;/. the/at other/ap is/bez how/wrb to/to finance/vb the/at adjustments/nns when/wrb necessary/jj ./. The/at latter/ap matter/nn is/bez considered/vbn in/in detail/nn in/in a/at later/jjr section/nn ./. Twelve/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl presently/rb indicate/vb some/dti plans/nns to/to establish/vb a/at uniform/jj and/or/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj tax/nn year/nn calendar/nn ./. Plans/nns vary/vb from/in the/at ``/`` talking/vbg stage/nn ''/'' to/in establishing/vbg special/jj committees/nns to/to accomplish/vb this/dt end/nn ./. What/wdt is/bez important/jj here/rb is/bez that/cs many/ap of/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns recognize/vb the/at need/nn for/in improved/vbn fiscal/jj practices/nns and/cc are/ber taking/vbg the/at initiative/nn to/to obtain/vb them/ppo ./. An/at analysis/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendars/nns throughout/in the/at state/nn indicates/vbz that/cs transition/nn may/md not/* be/be as/ql painful/jj as/cs is/bez commonly/rb thought/vbn ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps must/md be/be stressed/vbn that/cs much/ap depends/vbz upon/in the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in the/at individual/jj cities/nns and/cc towns/nns involved/vbn ./. The/at adjustments/nns needed/vbn to/to establish/vb a/at uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn throughout/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, based/vbn on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd year/nn ,/, are/ber shown/vbn below/rb ./. No/at-hl adjustment/nn-hl needed/vbn-hl ./.-hl Six/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns are/ber presently/rb on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc have/hv coordinated/vbn their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn with/in it/ppo ./. No/at change/nn is/bez required/vbn for/in these/dts towns/nns ./. These/dts municipalities/nns include/vb :/: Barrington/np ,/, Lincoln/np ,/, Middletown/np ,/, Newport/np ,/, North/jj-tl Kingstown/np-tl ,/, and/cc South/jj-tl Kingstown/np-tl ./. Adjustment/nn-hl of/in-hl fiscal/jj-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl One/cd town/nn and/cc one/cd city/nn ,/, Coventry/np and/cc East/jj-tl Providence/np-tl ,/, require/vb an/at adjustment/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn only/rb ./. This/dt change/nn will/md automatically/rb adjust/vb their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn so/cs as/cs to/to make/vb all/abn tax/nn installments/nns due/jj and/cc payable/jj in/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn collectible/jj within/in that/dt year/nn ./. Adjustment/nn-hl of/in-hl tax/nn-hl collection/nn-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl Six/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns are/ber now/rb on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc will/md need/vb only/rb to/to adjust/vb their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn to/to establish/vb uniformity/nn ./. These/dts cities/nns and/cc towns/nns include/vb Bristol/np ,/, Glocester/np ,/, Pawtucket/np ,/, Cumberland/np ,/, Central/jj-tl Falls/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Woonsocket/np ./. Simultaneous/jj-hl adjustments/nns-hl ./.-hl Two/cd cities/nns to/to be/be considered/vbn ,/, Providence/np and/cc Cranston/np ,/, are/ber an/at enigma/nn ./. Both/abx have/hv excellent/jj integration/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendars/nns ./. However/rb ,/, neither/dtx of/in these/dts two/cd cities/nns is/bez on/in the/at desired/vbn July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn ./. The/at adjustment/nn to/in a/at uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj period/nn could/md be/be accomplished/vbn relatively/ql easily/rb for/in them/ppo ./. In/in that/cs both/abx cities/nns end/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ,/, they/ppss could/md levy/vb taxes/nns for/in an/at interim/jj period/nn of/in nine/cd months/nns ,/, commencing/vbg with/in September/np 30/cd and/cc ending/vbg with/in June/np 30/cd ./. These/dts three/cd installment/nn dates/nns would/md be/be :/: October/np 26/cd ,/, January/np 26/cd ,/, and/cc April/np 25/cd (/( Providence/np )/) and/cc November/np 15/cd ,/, February/np 16/cd and/cc May/np 15/cd (/( Cranston/np )/) ./. Both/abx would/md start/vb their/pp$ new/jj fiscal/jj year/nn on/in July/np 1/cd ./. Their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn calendar/nn could/md then/rb be/be :/: July/np 25/cd ,/, October/np 26/cd ,/, January/np 26/cd ,/, and/cc April/np 25/cd ,/, (/( Providence/np )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc August/np 15/cd ,/, November/np 15/cd ,/, February/np 17/cd ,/, and/cc May/np 15/cd ,/, (/( Cranston/np )/) ./. Under/in this/dt plan/nn both/abx Cranston/np and/cc Providence/np would/md be/be on/in the/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn but/cc would/md still/rb be/be using/vbg the/at same/ap installment/nn periods/nns ./. Varying/vbg-hl adjustments/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at remaining/vbg twenty-three/cd towns/nns have/hv fiscal/jj years/nns which/wdt end/vb prior/rb to/in June/np 30/cd ./. All/abn of/in these/dts towns/nns will/md require/vb adjustments/nns of/in both/abx their/pp$ fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn years/nns ./. Assuming/vbg an/at adjustment/nn to/in the/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn ,/, the/at required/vbn adjustment/nn of/in the/at tax/nn collection/nn years/nns and/cc the/at towns/nns involved/vbn are/ber shown/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./. Methods/nns-hl of/in-hl financing/vbg-hl adjustments/nns-hl Aside/rb from/in the/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg the/at fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn calendars/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at problem/nn of/in financing/vbg the/at adjustment/nn when/wrb this/dt is/bez necessary/jj ./. It/pps should/md be/be emphasized/vbn strongly/rb that/cs adjustments/nns in/in fiscal/jj dates/nns or/cc adoption/nn of/in interim/jj budgets/nns do/do not/* necessarily/rb mean/vb financing/vbg over/in and/cc above/in normal/jj governmental/jj requirements/nns ./. In/in many/ap communities/nns there/ex is/bez simply/rb no/at financial/jj problem/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez only/rb a/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg accounting/vbg methods/nns ,/, careful/jj fiscal/jj planning/nn and/cc management/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti like/jj combination/nn of/in techniques/nns ./. In/in other/ap municipalities/nns the/at difficulties/nns in/in overcoming/vbg the/at financial/jj burden/nn have/hv been/ben sufficiently/ql great/jj to/to dishearten/vb proponents/nns of/in fiscal/jj year/nn changes/nns ./. Fortunately/rb ,/, such/jj cases/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl are/ber more/ap the/at exception/nn than/cs the/at rule/nn ./. As/ql shown/vbn earlier/rbr in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, the/at several/ap cities/nns and/cc towns/nns use/vb widely/rb varied/vbn fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, no/at two/cd Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl communities/nns are/ber identical/jj in/in relation/nn to/in their/pp$ over-all/jj financial/jj condition/nn ./. These/dts factors/nns practically/rb insure/vb that/cs no/at single/ap financing/vbg formula/nn is/bez feasible/jj ;/. ;/. each/dt situation/nn must/md be/be studied/vbn and/cc a/at plan/nn developed/vbn that/wps takes/vbz into/in consideration/nn such/jj factors/nns as/cs the/at effect/nn of/in the/at existing/vbg and/cc prospective/jj tax/nn calendars/nns ,/, the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in the/at treasuries/nns ,/, and/cc the/at length/nn of/in the/at transition/nn interval/nn ./. Suitable/jj plans/nns range/vb from/in those/dts that/wps are/ber very/ql easy/jj to/to develop/vb to/in those/dts that/wps are/ber difficult/jj to/to formulate/vb and/cc require/vb borrowing/vbg ranging/vbg from/in short-term/nn serial/jj notes/nns to/in long-term/nn bonds/nns ./. The/at financial/jj problem/nn ,/, where/wrb it/pps exists/vbz ,/, usually/rb stems/vbz from/in the/at adoption/nn of/in a/at budget/nn for/in the/at transitional/jj or/cc adjustment/nn period/nn ./. For/in those/dts communities/nns which/wdt have/hv financial/jj difficulties/nns in/in effecting/vbg adjustments/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in alternatives/nns any/dti one/cd of/in which/wdt alone/rb ,/, or/cc in/in combination/nn with/in others/nns ,/, would/md minimize/vb if/cs not/* even/rb eliminate/vb the/at problem/nn ./.

ch08

ch08 |@word rhode:24 island:23 heritage:3 week:12 proclamation:8 john:15 notte:15 jr:15 governor:21 theme:2 1961:9 independence:10 union:1 commemorate:3 185th:1 anniversary:2 upon:3 may:8 4:1 1776:1 general:1 assembly:1 action:1 establish:2 first:7 free:2 republic:1 new:3 world:5 year:14 mark:3 centennial:1 beginning:3 civil:1 war:2 fact:1 several:1 exhibit:1 throughout:5 state:23 pay:2 tribute:1 volunteer:2 rush:1 defense:3 city:2 washington:1 put:1 disposal:1 president:3 lincoln:1 fully:1 equip:1 best:1 train:1 regiment:1 time:11 april:4 30:1 ceremony:1 departure:1 take:3 place:4 dexter:1 training:1 ground:1 providence:9 day:24 celebration:1 properly:1 observe:1 big:1 military:1 civic:1 parade:1 west:1 warwick:1 greene:1 homestead:1 anthony:1 therefore:7 plantation:7 proclaim:7 29th:1 7th:1 advise:1 citizen:4 many:4 historic:2 house:1 beautiful:2 garden:1 open:1 visitor:1 well:2 industrial:1 plant:1 craft:1 shop:1 museum:1 library:1 earnestly:1 urge:1 advantage:1 opportunity:4 see:2 outstanding:2 testimony:7 whereof:7 hereunto:7 set:9 hand:7 cause:8 seal:7 affix:7 21st:2 lord:10 one:22 thousand:7 nine:7 hundred:15 sixty:7 eighty:7 fifth:2 armed:6 forces:1 fourteenth:1 unification:1 force:5 national:5 security:3 act:2 1947:1 like:1 continue:3 search:2 peace:9 freedom:7 justice:5 everybody:1 business:2 investment:3 effort:1 great:2 nation:8 history:1 reflect:1 determination:1 ensure:1 future:5 sound:1 say:2 arm:2 sufficient:1 beyond:1 doubt:1 certain:1 never:1 employ:1 annual:1 report:1 public:1 presentation:2 design:1 give:6 people:3 land:3 stand:1 good:1 possible:1 understand:1 purpose:3 americans:1 honor:2 man:2 make:2 supreme:1 sacrifice:1 remain:1 preserve:1 depend:1 saturday:1 20th:2 remind:2 rededicate:1 respect:1 uniform:1 guardian:1 precious:1 liberty:3 17th:3 sixth:5 maritime:3 united:13 states:3 pursuant:1 joint:1 resolution:1 congress:1 issue:1 since:2 1933:1 declare:1 22nd:2 date:1 1819:1 sailing:1 savannah:2 georgia:1 liverpool:1 voyage:1 successful:1 crossing:1 atlantic:2 steam:1 propulsion:1 appropriately:1 aside:1 american:7 woman:1 contribute:4 success:1 merchant:5 marine:4 fleet:1 fourth:1 strong:1 effective:1 essential:1 economy:1 trade:1 travel:1 across:2 sea:2 carry:2 mission:1 link:1 america:4 friendly:1 monday:2 ship:1 seaman:1 ready:1 serve:1 miss:7 pageant:9 sponsor:1 junior:1 chamber:1 commerce:1 part:1 wide:1 typical:1 girl:3 official:1 preliminary:1 contest:1 hold:2 september:1 ideal:1 possess:1 talent:1 poise:1 intelligence:1 personality:1 beauty:1 face:1 figure:1 choose:1 represent:1 hour:1 jaycee:3 local:2 event:2 proceed:1 realize:3 use:2 help:1 support:2 various:1 youth:1 health:1 welfare:1 community:3 betterment:1 activity:1 sally:1 saabye:1 1960:1 within:1 short:1 june:4 reign:1 come:1 end:1 hope:3 contestant:1 attend:1 17:1 11th:2 deep:1 appreciation:1 statewide:1 encouragement:1 participate:1 nations:10 maintain:1 international:1 promote:3 advancement:1 join:1 found:1 charter:1 forth:1 standard:2 adhere:1 extremely:1 important:1 apply:1 personally:1 desperately:1 need:2 birthday:1 mankind:1 noble:1 attempt:1 last:1 tuesday:1 october:2 24th:1 call:2 engage:1 appropriate:1 observance:1 demonstrate:1 faith:3 thereby:1 understanding:1 aim:1 5th:1 july:1 ballet:10 originate:1 italy:2 1450:1 series:1 sophisticated:1 social:1 dance:3 whose:1 step:2 often:2 combine:1 devise:1 choreographer:1 flower:1 next:1 1550:1 france:2 italian:1 princess:1 catherine:1 de:2 medicis:1 marry:1 king:1 famous:1 comique:1 la:1 reine:1 1581:1 alternate:1 sung:1 speak:1 verse:1 opera:1 either:1 middle:1 intermission:1 incorporated:1 group:1 form:1 extend:1 knowledge:1 art:1 interest:1 performance:1 cultural:2 life:3 provide:1 gifted:1 student:1 reason:1 another:3 unable:1 pursue:1 career:1 develop:1 professional:1 november:3 13:1 request:1 islander:1 special:1 attention:1 unusual:1 23d:1 thanksgiving:4 draw:1 near:1 let:2 hectic:1 pace:1 try:2 recapture:1 feeling:2 fill:2 heart:1 pilgrim:5 thanksgive:1 gather:1 thank:3 benevolence:1 almighty:2 courage:2 strength:1 meet:1 overcome:1 problem:1 difficulty:1 price:1 bow:1 head:1 humble:2 gratitude:4 share:1 anticipation:1 posterity:1 could:1 guess:1 concept:1 would:2 bear:1 symbol:1 oppress:1 country:3 simply:1 turn:1 god:2 live:2 today:1 learn:1 valuable:1 lesson:1 celebrate:1 show:1 love:1 compare:1 high:1 living:1 enjoy:1 oppression:1 frugality:1 yet:1 accompany:2 realization:1 crucial:1 constantly:1 threaten:1 regard:1 skeptically:1 even:1 fear:1 imitate:1 prayer:1 conviction:1 shall:1 dire:1 protection:1 thursday:1 23rd:1 remember:1 also:1 trust:1 protect:1 past:1

Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl Heritage/nn-tl-hl Week/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl governor/nn-hl The/at theme/nn of/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Heritage/nn-tl Week/nn-tl for/in 1961/cd will/md be/be ``/`` Independence/nn-tl and/cc-tl Union/nn-tl ''/'' ./. It/pps commemorates/vbz the/at 185th/od anniversary/nn of/in Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl Independence/nn-tl when/wrb ,/, upon/in May/np 4/cd ,/, 1776/cd ,/, the/at General/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl ,/, by/in its/pp$ action/nn ,/, established/vbd the/at first/od free/jj republic/nn in/in the/at New/jj-tl World/nn-tl ./. As/cs this/dt year/nn marks/vbz the/at centennial/nn of/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, this/dt fact/nn is/bez being/beg commemorated/vbn with/in several/ap exhibits/nns throughout/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, but/cc most/ap of/in all/abn paying/vbg tribute/nn to/in the/at first/od Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Volunteers/nns-tl who/wps rushed/vbd to/in the/at defense/nn of/in the/at City/nn-tl of/in Washington/np ,/, putting/vbg at/in the/at disposal/nn of/in President/nn-tl Lincoln/np the/at only/ap fully/rb equipped/vbn and/cc best/rbt trained/vbn regiment/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ./. On/in April/np 30/cd ,/, ceremonies/nns commemorating/vbg the/at departure/nn of/in these/dts volunteers/nns will/md take/vb place/nn at/in 1:00/cd P.M./rb at/in the/at Dexter/np-tl Training/nn-tl Grounds/nns-tl in/in Providence/np ./. The/at Independence/nn-tl Day/nn-tl celebration/nn will/md be/be properly/rb observed/vbn with/in a/at big/jj military/jj and/cc civic/jj parade/nn from/in West/jj-tl Warwick/np-tl to/in the/at Greene/np-tl Homestead/nn-tl in/in Anthony/np ;/. ;/. and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb the/at week/nn of/in april/np 29th/od to/in may/np 7th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Heritage/nn-tl Week/nn-tl ,/, advising/vbg our/pp$ citizens/nns that/cs throughout/in this/dt week/nn many/ap historic/jj houses/nns and/cc beautiful/jj gardens/nns will/md be/be open/jj to/in visitors/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs industrial/jj plants/nns ,/, craft/nn shops/nns ,/, museums/nns and/cc libraries/nns and/cc I/ppss earnestly/rb urge/vb all/abn to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in these/dts opportunities/nns to/to see/vb as/ql many/ap of/in these/dts places/nns as/cs they/ppss can/md during/in this/dt outstanding/jj week/nn ./. In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 21st/od day/nn of/in April/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd and/cc on/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-fifth/od ./. Governor/nn-tl-hl Armed/vbn-tl-hl Forces/nns-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl Proclamation/nn-tl-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl The/at year/nn 1961/cd marks/vbz the/at fourteenth/od anniversary/nn of/in the/at unification/nn of/in our/pp$ Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl under/in the/at National/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1947/cd ./. National/jj defense/nn ,/, like/cs the/at continuing/vbg search/nn for/in peace/nn with/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn for/in all/abn ,/, is/bez ``/`` everybody's/pn$ business/nn ''/'' ./. Our/pp$ investment/nn in/in this/dt effort/nn ,/, the/at greatest/jjt in/in our/pp$ Nation's/nn$-tl history/nn ,/, reflects/vbz our/pp$ determination/nn to/to ensure/vb the/at peace/nn and/cc the/at future/nn of/in freedom/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at sound/jj investment/nn ./. As/cs the/at President/nn-tl has/hvz said/vbn ,/, ``/`` only/rb when/wrb our/pp$ arms/nns are/ber sufficient/jj beyond/in doubt/nn can/md we/ppss be/be certain/jj that/cs they/ppss will/md never/rb be/be employed/vbn ''/'' ./. Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Day/nn-tl is/bez the/at annual/jj report/nn on/in this/dt investment/nn ,/, a/at public/jj presentation/nn designed/vbn to/to give/vb our/pp$ own/jj people/nns ,/, and/cc the/at people/nns of/in other/ap lands/nns who/wps stand/vb with/in us/ppo for/in peace/nn with/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn ,/, the/at best/jjt possible/jj opportunity/nn to/to see/vb and/cc understand/vb what/wdt we/ppss have/hv and/cc why/wrb we/ppss have/hv it/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez the/at purpose/nn of/in Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Day/nn-tl to/to give/vb Americans/nps an/at opportunity/nn to/to honor/vb men/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ,/, those/dts who/wps have/hv made/vbn the/at supreme/jj sacrifice/nn ,/, those/dts who/wps remain/vb to/to preserve/vb our/pp$ security/nn ./. Freedom/nn depends/vbz upon/in them/ppo ;/. ;/. now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Saturday/nr ,/, May/np 20th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, reminding/vbg our/pp$ citizens/nns that/cs we/ppss should/md rededicate/vb ourselves/ppls to/in our/pp$ Nation/nn-tl ,/, respecting/vbg the/at uniforms/nns as/cs the/at guardians/nns of/in our/pp$ precious/jj liberty/nn ./. In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 17th/od day/nn of/in May/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./. Governor/nn-tl-hl National/jj-tl-hl Maritime/jj-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl The/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, pursuant/in to/in a/at Joint/jj-tl Resolution/nn-tl of/in Congress/np ,/, has/hvz issued/vbn a/at proclamation/nn each/dt year/nn since/in 1933/cd declaring/vbg May/np 22nd/od to/to be/be National/jj-tl Maritime/jj-tl Day/nn-tl ./. This/dt date/nn in/in 1819/cd marked/vbd the/at sailing/nn of/in the/at S./np S./np ``/`` Savannah/np ''/'' from/in Savannah/np ,/, Georgia/np ,/, for/in Liverpool/np ./. This/dt voyage/nn was/bedz the/at first/od successful/jj crossing/nn of/in the/at Atlantic/np under/in steam/nn propulsion/nn ./. The/at day/nn is/bez now/rb appropriately/rb set/vbn aside/rb to/to honor/vb the/at American/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns who/wps have/hv contributed/vbn to/in the/at success/nn of/in our/pp$ merchant/nn marine/nn fleet/nn in/in peace/nn and/cc war/nn ./. The/at Merchant/nn-tl Marine/nn-tl is/bez the/at ``/`` Fourth/od-tl Arm/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, for/cs a/at strong/jj and/cc effective/jj American/jj-tl Merchant/nn-tl Marine/nn-tl is/bez essential/jj to/in the/at economy/nn and/cc security/nn of/in our/pp$ Nation/nn-tl ./. Through/in trade/nn and/cc travel/nn across/in the/at seas/nns the/at American/jj-tl Merchant/nn-tl Marine/nn-tl is/bez carrying/vbg out/rp its/pp$ historic/jj mission/nn of/in linking/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl with/in friendly/jj nations/nns across/in the/at seas/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Monday/nr ,/, May/np 22nd/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs National/jj-tl Maritime/jj-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, reminding/vbg our/pp$ citizens/nns that/cs American/jj Merchant/nn-tl ships/nns and/cc American/jj seamen/nns are/ber ready/jj at/in all/abn times/nns to/to serve/vb our/pp$ Nation/nn-tl in/in the/at cause/nn of/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn ./. In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 20th/od day/nn of/in April/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-fifth/od ./. Governor/nn-tl-hl Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl-hl Week/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl The/at Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl is/bez sponsored/vbn by/in the/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Junior/jj-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl as/cs a/at part/nn of/in the/at nation-wide/jj search/nn for/in the/at typical/jj American/jj girl/nn --/-- a/at Miss/np America/np from/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez an/at official/jj preliminary/jj contest/nn of/in the/at Miss/np-tl America/np-tl Pageant/nn-tl held/vbn each/dt September/np in/in Atlantic/jj-tl City/nn-tl ./. The/at ideal/jj girl/nn --/-- possessed/vbn of/in talent/nn ,/, poise/nn ,/, intelligence/nn ,/, personality/nn and/cc beauty/nn of/in face/nn and/cc figure/nn --/-- is/bez chosen/vbn each/dt year/nn to/to represent/vb Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. Many/ap hours/nns are/ber given/vbn free/jj by/in the/at Jaycees/nps to/to make/vb this/dt and/cc all/abn local/jj pageants/nns outstanding/jj events/nns ./. Proceeds/nns realized/vbn from/in these/dts pageants/nns are/ber used/vbn by/in the/at Jaycees/nps to/to help/vb support/vb their/pp$ various/jj youth/nn ,/, health/nn ,/, welfare/nn and/cc community/nn betterment/nn activities/nns throughout/in the/at state/nn ./. Miss/np Sally/np May/np Saabye/np ,/, (/( Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl 1960/cd )/) says/vbz that/cs within/in a/at short/jj time/nn --/-- on/in June/np 17th/od --/-- her/pp$ reign/nn will/md come/vb to/in an/at end/nn ./. She/pps hopes/vbz that/cs all/abn will/md support/vb the/at contestants/nns from/in our/pp$ own/jj community/nn by/in attending/vbg our/pp$ Pageants/nns-tl and/cc the/at State/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl June/np 17/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb the/at week/nn of/in June/np 11th/od to/in 17th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Miss/np-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Pageant/nn-tl Week/nn-tl ,/, with/in deep/jj appreciation/nn to/in the/at Jaycees/nps ,/, local/jj and/cc statewide/jj ,/, for/in the/at presentation/nn of/in their/pp$ beautiful/jj Pageants/nns-tl and/cc the/at encouragement/nn of/in all/abn Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl girls/nns to/to participate/vb ./. In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 11th/od day/nn of/in June/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./. Governor/nn-hl United/vbn-tl-hl Nations/nns-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl governor/nn-hl For/in the/at purpose/nn of/in maintaining/vbg international/jj peace/nn and/cc promoting/vbg the/at advancement/nn of/in all/abn people/nns ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np joined/vbd in/in founding/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./. The/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Charter/nn-tl sets/vbz forth/rb standards/nns which/wdt ,/, if/cs adhered/vbn to/in ,/, will/md promote/vb peace/nn and/cc justice/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. It/pps is/bez extremely/ql important/jj for/cs each/dt American/np to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at theme/nn ``/`` The/at-tl United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Is/bez-tl Your/pp$-tl Business/nn-tl ''/'' applies/vbz to/in him/ppo personally/rb ./. The/at world/nn desperately/rb needs/vbz the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./. United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Day/nn-tl is/bez the/at birthday/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, mankind's/nn$ noblest/jjt attempt/nn to/to establish/vb lasting/vbg peace/nn with/in justice/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Tuesday/nr-tl ,/, October/np 24th/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl day/nn ,/, calling/vbg upon/rb all/abn our/pp$ citizens/nns to/to engage/vb in/in appropriate/jj observances/nns ,/, demonstrating/vbg faith/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl and/cc thereby/rb contributing/vbg to/in a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at aims/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl throughout/in the/at land/nn ./. In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 5th/od day/nn of/in July/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./. Governor/nn-tl-hl The/at-hl State/nn-tl-hl Ballet/nn-tl-hl of/in-tl-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl Island/nn-tl-hl Week/nn-tl-hl proclamation/nn-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl The/at ballet/nn originated/vbd in/in Italy/np about/rb 1450/cd ./. At/in that/dt time/nn it/pps was/bedz a/at series/nn of/in sophisticated/jj social/jj dances/nns whose/wp$ steps/nns were/bed often/rb combined/vbn with/in other/ap steps/nns devised/vbn by/in the/at choreographer/nn ./. Ballet/nn flowered/vbd in/in Italy/np during/in the/at next/ap hundred/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc about/rb 1550/cd was/bedz carried/vbn to/in France/np when/wrb the/at Italian/jj princess/nn ,/, Catherine/np De/np Medicis/nps ,/, married/vbd the/at King/nn-tl of/in France/np ./. The/at most/ql famous/jj ballet/nn of/in that/dt time/nn was/bedz called/vbn Ballet/fw-nn-tl Comique/fw-jj-tl De/fw-in-tl La/fw-at-tl Reine/fw-nn-tl (/( 1581/cd )/) ./. Dances/nns alternated/vbd with/in sung/vbn or/cc spoken/vbn verses/nns ./. Ballets/nns were/bed used/vbn in/in opera/nn from/in its/pp$ beginning/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed placed/vbn either/cc in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at acts/nns or/cc in/in the/at intermissions/nns ./. The/at State/nn-tl Ballet/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, the/at first/od incorporated/vbn group/nn ,/, was/bedz formed/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in extending/vbg knowledge/nn of/in the/at art/nn of/in ballet/nn in/in the/at Community/nn-tl ,/, to/to promote/vb interest/nn in/in ballet/nn performances/nns ,/, to/to contribute/vb to/in the/at cultural/jj life/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc to/to provide/vb opportunity/nn for/in gifted/jj dance/nn students/nns who/wps ,/, for/in one/cd reason/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, are/ber unable/jj to/to pursue/vb a/at career/nn and/cc to/to develop/vb others/nns for/in the/at professional/jj state/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb the/at week/nn of/in Monday/nr ,/, November/np 13/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs the/at State/nn-tl Ballet/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl Week/nn-tl ,/, requesting/vbg all/abn Rhode/np-tl Islanders/nns-tl to/to give/vb special/jj attention/nn to/in this/dt unusual/jj event/nn which/wdt should/md contribute/vb to/in the/at cultural/jj life/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ./. In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 23d/od day/nn of/in October/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd ,/, and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./. Governor/nn-tl-hl Proclamation/nn-hl Thanksgiving/nn-tl-hl Day/nn-tl-hl by/in-hl John/np-hl A./np-hl Notte/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl ,/,-hl Governor/nn-tl-hl As/cs another/dt Thanksgiving/nn-tl draws/vbz near/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo take/vb time/nn out/rp from/in the/at often/rb hectic/jj pace/nn of/in our/pp$ lives/nns to/to try/vb and/cc recapture/vb the/at feelings/nns that/wps filled/vbd the/at hearts/nns of/in the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl on/in the/at first/od Thanksgiving/nn-tl ./. The/at Pilgrims/nns-tl gathered/vbd to/to thank/vb the/at Lord/nn-tl for/in His/pp$ benevolence/nn during/in their/pp$ first/od year/nn in/in the/at new/jj land/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd been/ben through/in trying/jj times/nns ,/, but/cc their/pp$ faith/nn in/in the/at Almighty/np had/hvd given/vbn them/ppo the/at courage/nn and/cc the/at strength/nn to/to meet/vb and/cc overcome/vb the/at many/ap problems/nns and/cc difficulties/nns that/wps were/bed the/at price/nn they/ppss had/hvd to/to pay/vb for/in freedom/nn ./. And/cc as/cs the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl bowed/vbd their/pp$ heads/nns in/in humble/jj gratitude/nn ,/, they/ppss shared/vbd another/dt feeling/nn --/-- the/at anticipation/nn of/in what/wdt the/at future/nn held/vbd for/in them/ppo and/cc their/pp$ posterity/nn ./. They/ppss could/md not/* guess/vb that/cs from/in their/pp$ concepts/nns of/in liberty/nn and/cc freedom/nn would/md some/dti day/nn be/be born/vbn a/at new/jj nation/nn that/wps for/in years/nns would/md be/be the/at symbol/nn of/in hope/nn to/in the/at oppressed/vbn countries/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./. They/ppss simply/rb turned/vbd to/in God/np filled/vbd with/in gratitude/nn and/cc faith/nn ./. We/ppss who/wps are/ber living/vbg today/nr may/md learn/vb a/at valuable/jj lesson/nn from/in those/dts who/wps celebrated/vbd the/at first/od Thanksgiving/nn-tl Day/nn-tl ./. The/at Lord/nn-tl has/hvz shown/vbn time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb His/pp$ love/nn for/in us/ppo ./. We/ppss have/hv only/rb to/to compare/vb the/at liberty/nn and/cc high/jj standard/nn of/in living/vbg we/ppss enjoy/vb in/in this/dt great/jj country/nn with/in the/at oppression/nn and/cc frugality/nn of/in other/ap nations/nns to/to realize/vb with/in humble/jj gratitude/nn that/cs God's/np$ Providence/np has/hvz been/ben with/in us/ppo since/in the/at very/ap beginning/nn of/in our/pp$ country/nn ./. And/cc yet/rb ,/, accompanying/vbg our/pp$ gratitude/nn is/bez the/at realization/nn that/cs we/ppss are/ber living/vbg in/in a/at crucial/jj time/nn ./. With/in world/nn peace/nn constantly/rb being/beg threatened/vbn ,/, most/ap of/in us/ppo regard/vb the/at future/nn skeptically/rb ,/, and/cc even/rb with/in fear/nn ./. It/pps is/bez at/in this/dt time/nn that/cs we/ppss should/md imitate/vb the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl by/in accompanying/vbg our/pp$ prayers/nns of/in thanks/nns with/in the/at conviction/nn that/cs we/ppss shall/md continue/vb to/to be/be in/in dire/jj need/nn for/in the/at Lord's/np$ protection/nn in/in the/at future/nn ,/, if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to have/hv peace/nn ;/. ;/. now/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, do/do I/ppss ,/, John/np A./np Notte/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, governor/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc-tl Providence/np-tl Plantations/nns-tl ,/, proclaim/vb Thursday/nr ,/, November/np 23rd/od ,/, 1961/cd ,/, as/cs Thanksgiving/nn-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, And/cc so/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo remember/vb on/in this/dt day/nn not/* only/rb to/to thank/vb the/at Almighty/np Who/wps gave/vbd hope/nn and/cc courage/nn to/in the/at Pilgrims/nns-tl ,/, but/cc also/rb to/to place/vb our/pp$ trust/nn in/in Him/ppo that/cs He/pps will/md continue/vb to/to protect/vb us/ppo in/in the/at future/nn as/cs He/pps has/hvz in/in the/at past/nn ./. In/in testimony/nn whereof/wrb ,/, I/ppss have/hv hereunto/rb set/vbn my/pp$ hand/nn and/cc caused/vbn the/at seal/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl to/to be/be affixed/vbn this/dt 21st/od day/nn of/in November/np ,/, in/in the/at year/nn of/in Our/pp$-tl Lord/nn-tl ,/, one/cd thousand/cd nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-one/cd and/cc of/in Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at one/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty-sixth/od ./. John/np A./np Notte/np Jr./np ,/, Governor/nn-tl

ch09

ch09 |@word enact:3 senate:3 house:3 representatives:3 united:14 states:14 america:3 congress:8 assemble:4 act:25 july:1 3:5 1952:2 66:1 stat:2 328:1 amend:3 42:2 1958:3 read:2 follow:1 section:7 1:3 view:2 increase:1 shortage:1 usable:1 surface:1 ground:1 water:18 many:1 part:2 nation:3 importance:1 find:2 new:3 source:1 supply:1 meet:1 present:2 future:1 need:1 policy:2 provide:6 development:11 practicable:3 low:2 cost:6 mean:2 large:2 scale:2 production:1 quality:1 suitable:2 municipal:1 industrial:2 agricultural:1 beneficial:3 consumptive:3 use:6 saline:7 study:9 research:11 relate:3 thereto:4 term:4 include:4 sea:1 brackish:1 mineralized:1 chemically:1 charge:1 extend:1 district:1 columbia:1 commonwealth:2 puerto:2 rico:2 territory:1 possession:2 sec:11 2:8 order:3 accomplish:2 purpose:10 secretary:19 interior:7 shall:25 conduct:3 encourage:1 promote:1 fundamental:1 scientific:4 basic:1 develop:4 good:1 economical:1 process:7 method:3 convert:1 b:9 engineering:3 technical:2 work:1 determine:8 laboratory:2 pilot:1 plant:8 test:2 result:6 aforesaid:1 design:1 point:2 demonstrate:1 practical:1 c:4 recommend:1 time:2 authorization:1 construction:2 operation:4 participation:1 demonstration:3 basis:1 subsection:2 great:1 promise:1 recommendation:2 accompany:1 report:4 size:1 location:1 propose:1 economic:2 detail:1 respect:4 recovery:1 marketing:1 commercially:1 valuable:1 byproduct:2 conversion:3 e:2 undertake:4 survey:1 prospective:2 produce:3 various:1 lead:5 compare:1 standard:1 carry:4 function:1 may:13 acquire:2 service:1 chemist:1 physicist:1 engineer:1 personnel:1 contract:5 otherwise:2 enter:2 educational:1 institution:2 organization:2 firm:2 make:18 training:2 grant:2 utilize:1 facility:3 federal:2 establish:2 operate:2 necessary:5 site:2 continuous:1 testing:1 program:6 effectuate:2 f:1 secret:1 data:1 invention:1 patent:4 application:1 license:2 land:3 interest:3 right:5 property:1 purchase:1 lease:1 donation:1 g:1 maintain:3 pertinent:1 current:1 literature:1 domestic:7 foreign:5 issue:2 bibliographical:1 datum:2 h:1 cause:3 inspection:2 promising:1 project:3 case:1 locate:1 cooperate:2 participate:2 instance:1 serve:1 thereby:1 foster:1 regional:1 national:2 international:1 conference:1 j:1 coordinate:3 correlate:2 publish:1 information:4 advance:2 k:1 department:5 agency:6 state:9 local:1 instrumentality:1 interested:1 person:1 4:3 activity:3 jointly:1 defense:3 end:3 primarily:2 civil:2 nature:2 contribute:2 military:2 greatest:1 extent:1 compatible:1 security:1 requirement:1 available:5 strengthen:1 economy:1 full:1 cooperation:2 atomic:1 energy:1 commission:1 health:3 education:2 welfare:1 concerned:1 also:1 achieve:1 objective:2 within:3 sponsor:1 cosponsor:1 authorize:6 authority:3 manner:1 product:2 government:1 expenditure:1 exception:1 limitation:2 general:2 public:6 construe:2 deprive:1 owner:1 background:1 thereund:1 5:2 dispose:2 money:1 receive:1 disposition:1 pay:1 treasury:1 miscellaneous:1 receipt:1 nothing:1 alter:1 exist:1 law:3 ownership:1 control:1 6:2 president:1 beginning:1 regular:1 session:1 action:2 take:1 institute:1 provision:3 ensue:1 year:12 7:1 rule:1 regulation:1 8:1 appropriate:1 sum:1 remain:1 expend:2 fiscal:1 1962:2 1967:1 inclusive:1 finance:2 two:2 beyond:2 say:2 period:4 cooperative:1 agreement:2 theretofore:1 pursuant:3 three:1 require:2 round:1 fund:1 one:1 subject:2 approval:1 assure:1 consistent:1 private:2 country:2 useful:1 every:1 contain:1 effective:3 insure:1 connection:1 therewith:1 without:1 throughout:1 world:1 joint:4 resolution:4 september:3 72:1 1707:1 hereby:3 construct:2 terminate:1 upon:5 expiration:2 twelve:2 date:2 approve:3 deem:1 adequate:1 exceed:5 proceed:2 promptly:1 sale:10 high:1 bidder:1 direct:3 return:1 financial:1 assistance:1 proper:1 share:1 net:1 22:1 1961:2 covering:1 injury:1 hazard:1 metal:5 nonmetallic:4 mine:10 exclude:4 coal:4 lignite:4 mines:1 relative:2 effectiveness:2 voluntary:1 versus:1 mandatory:1 reporting:1 accident:1 statistic:1 contribution:1 safety:5 embody:1 entry:2 plus:1 enforcement:2 magnitude:1 effort:1 possible:1 phase:1 scope:1 adequacy:1 applicable:1 duly:1 representative:1 entitle:1 admission:1 operator:1 regularly:1 commerce:4 substantially:1 affect:1 gather:1 first:1 place:2 outside:2 thereof:2 submit:1 finding:2 together:1 base:1 enactment:1 26:1 stabilization:2 payment:11 small:5 producer:6 zinc:4 ore:3 concentrate:3 stabilize:1 mining:1 indian:1 presentation:1 evidence:1 satisfactory:1 status:1 newly:2 therefrom:2 content:1 assay:1 long:2 market:4 price:4 common:1 york:2 14:4 cent:4 per:6 pound:4 75:1 centum:2 difference:2 average:2 month:2 occur:2 prime:1 western:1 east:1 saint:1 louis:1 illinois:1 55:1 maximum:4 amount:4 account:4 calendar:4 1963:1 1964:1 1965:1

Be/be it/pps enacted/vbn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in Congress/np assembled/vbn ,/, That/cs the/at Act/nn-tl of/in July/np 3/cd ,/, 1952/cd (/( 66/cd Stat./nn-tl 328/cd )/) as/cs amended/vbn (/( 42/cd U.S.C./np 1952-1958/cd )/) ,/, is/bez further/rbr amended/vbn to/to read/vb as/cs follows/vbz :/: Section/nn-tl-hl 1/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl In/in view/nn of/in the/at increasing/vbg shortage/nn of/in usable/jj surface/nn and/cc ground/nn water/nn in/in many/ap parts/nns of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl and/cc the/at importance/nn of/in finding/vbg new/jj sources/nns of/in supply/nn to/to meet/vb its/pp$ present/jj and/cc future/jj water/nn needs/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at policy/nn of/in the/at Congress/np to/to provide/vb for/in the/at development/nn of/in practicable/jj low-cost/nn means/nns for/in the/at large-scale/nn production/nn of/in water/nn of/in a/at quality/nn suitable/jj for/in municipal/jj ,/, industrial/jj ,/, agricultural/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap beneficial/jj consumptive/jj uses/nns from/in saline/jj water/nn ,/, and/cc for/in studies/nns and/cc research/nn related/vbn thereto/rb ./. As/cs used/vbn in/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at term/nn '/' saline/jj-nc water/nn-nc '/' includes/vbz sea/nn water/nn ,/, brackish/jj water/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap mineralized/vbn or/cc chemically/rb charged/vbn water/nn ,/, and/cc the/at term/nn '/' United/vbn-tl-nc States/nns-tl-nc '/' extends/vbz to/in and/cc includes/vbz the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, the/at Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Puerto/np-tl Rico/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at territories/nns and/cc possessions/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in order/nn to/to accomplish/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl shall/md --/-- (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl conduct/vb ,/, encourage/vb ,/, and/cc promote/vb fundamental/jj scientific/jj research/nn and/cc basic/jj studies/nns to/to develop/vb the/at best/jjt and/cc most/ql economical/jj processes/nns and/cc methods/nns for/in converting/vbg saline/jj water/nn into/in water/nn suitable/jj for/in beneficial/jj consumptive/jj purposes/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl conduct/vb engineering/vbg research/nn and/cc technical/jj development/nn work/nn to/to determine/vb ,/, by/in laboratory/nn and/cc pilot/nn plant/nn testing/nn ,/, the/at results/nns of/in the/at research/nn and/cc studies/nns aforesaid/rb in/in order/nn to/to develop/vb processes/nns and/cc plant/nn designs/nns to/in the/at point/nn where/wrb they/ppss can/md be/be demonstrated/vbn on/in a/at large/jj and/cc practical/jj scale/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl recommend/vb to/in the/at Congress/np from/in time/nn to/in time/nn authorization/nn for/in construction/nn and/cc operation/nn ,/, or/cc for/in participation/nn in/in the/at construction/nn and/cc operation/nn ,/, of/in a/at demonstration/nn plant/nn for/in any/dti process/nn which/wdt he/pps determines/vbz ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in subsections/nns (/( A/np-hl )/) and/cc (/( B/nn-tl )/) above/rb ,/, has/hvz great/jj promise/nn of/in accomplishing/vbg the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, such/jj recommendation/nn to/to be/be accompanied/vbn by/in a/at report/nn on/in the/at size/nn ,/, location/nn ,/, and/cc cost/nn of/in the/at proposed/vbn plant/nn and/cc the/at engineering/vbg and/cc economic/jj details/nns with/in respect/nn thereto/rb ;/. ;/. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl study/vb methods/nns for/in the/at recovery/nn and/cc marketing/nn of/in commercially/rb valuable/jj byproducts/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at conversion/nn of/in saline/jj water/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc (/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl undertake/vb economic/jj studies/nns and/cc surveys/nns to/to determine/vb present/jj and/cc prospective/jj costs/nns of/in producing/vbg water/nn for/in beneficial/jj consumptive/jj purposes/nns in/in various/jj parts/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl by/in the/at leading/vbg saline/jj water/nn processes/nns as/cs compared/vbn with/in other/ap standard/jj methods/nns ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in carrying/vbg out/rp his/pp$ functions/nns under/in Section/nn-tl 2/cd of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl may/md --/-- (/(-hl A/at-tl-hl )/)-hl acquire/vb the/at services/nns of/in chemists/nns ,/, physicists/nns ,/, engineers/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap personnel/nns by/in contract/nn or/cc otherwise/rb ;/. ;/. (/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl enter/vb into/in contracts/nns with/in educational/jj institutions/nns ,/, scientific/jj organizations/nns ,/, and/cc industrial/jj and/cc engineering/vbg firms/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl make/vb research/nn and/cc training/vbg grants/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl utilize/vb the/at facilities/nns of/in Federal/jj-tl scientific/jj laboratories/nns ;/. ;/. (/( E/np )/) establish/vb and/cc operate/vb necessary/jj facilities/nns and/cc test/nn sites/nns at/in which/wdt to/to carry/vb on/rp the/at continuous/jj research/nn ,/, testing/nn ,/, development/nn ,/, and/cc programing/vbg necessary/jj to/to effectuate/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ;/. ;/. (/(-hl F/np-hl )/)-hl acquire/vb secret/jj processes/nns ,/, technical/jj data/nn ,/, inventions/nns ,/, patent/nn applications/nns ,/, patents/nns ,/, licenses/nns ,/, land/nn and/cc interests/nns in/in land/nn (/( including/in water/nn rights/nns )/) ,/, plants/nns and/cc facilities/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap property/nn or/cc rights/nns by/in purchase/nn ,/, license/nn ,/, lease/nn ,/, or/cc donation/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl G/np-hl )/)-hl assemble/vb and/cc maintain/vb pertinent/jj and/cc current/jj scientific/jj literature/nn ,/, both/abx domestic/jj and/cc foreign/jj ,/, and/cc issue/vb bibliographical/jj data/nn with/in respect/nn thereto/rb ;/. ;/. (/(-hl H/np-hl )/)-hl cause/vb on-site/jj inspections/nns to/to be/be made/vbn of/in promising/jj projects/nns ,/, domestic/jj and/cc foreign/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in the/at case/nn of/in projects/nns located/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, cooperate/vb and/cc participate/vb in/in their/pp$ development/nn in/in instances/nns in/in which/wdt the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl will/md be/be served/vbn thereby/rb ;/. ;/. (/(-hl I/ppss-hl )/)-hl foster/vb and/cc participate/vb in/in regional/jj ,/, national/jj ,/, and/cc international/jj conferences/nns relating/vbg to/in saline/jj water/nn conversion/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl J/np-hl )/)-hl coordinate/vb ,/, correlate/vb ,/, and/cc publish/vb information/nn with/in a/at view/nn to/in advancing/vbg the/at development/nn of/in low-cost/nn saline/jj water/nn conversion/nn projects/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc (/(-hl K/np-hl )/)-hl cooperate/vb with/in other/ap Federal/jj-tl departments/nns and/cc agencies/nns ,/, with/in State/nn-tl and/cc local/jj departments/nns ,/, agencies/nns ,/, and/cc instrumentalities/nns ,/, and/cc with/in interested/vbn persons/nns ,/, firms/nns ,/, institutions/nns ,/, and/cc organizations/nns ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 4/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl Research/nn and/cc development/nn activities/nns undertaken/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md be/be coordinated/vbn or/cc conducted/vbn jointly/rb with/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl to/in the/at end/nn that/cs developments/nns under/in this/dt Act/nn-tl which/wdt are/ber primarily/rb of/in a/at civil/jj nature/nn will/md contribute/vb to/in the/at defense/nn of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl and/cc that/cs developments/nns which/wdt are/ber primarily/rb of/in a/at military/jj nature/nn will/md ,/, to/in the/at greatest/jjt practicable/jj extent/nn compatible/jj with/in military/jj and/cc security/nn requirements/nns ,/, be/be available/jj to/to advance/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl and/cc to/to strengthen/vb the/at civil/jj economy/nn of/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./. The/at fullest/jjt cooperation/nn by/in and/cc with/in Atomic/jj-tl Energy/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Health/nn-tl ,/, Education/nn-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Welfare/nn-tl ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, and/cc other/ap concerned/vbn agencies/nns shall/md also/rb be/be carried/vbn out/rp in/in the/at interest/nn of/in achieving/vbg the/at objectives/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl B/nn-tl-hl )/)-hl All/abn research/nn within/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl contracted/vbn for/in ,/, sponsored/vbn ,/, cosponsored/vbn ,/, or/cc authorized/vbn under/in authority/nn of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, shall/md be/be provided/vbn for/in in/in such/jj manner/nn that/cs all/abn information/nn ,/, uses/nns ,/, products/nns ,/, processes/nns ,/, patents/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap developments/nns resulting/vbg from/in such/jj research/nn developed/vbn by/in Government/nn-tl expenditure/nn will/md (/( with/in such/jj exceptions/nns and/cc limitations/nns ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, as/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl may/md find/vb to/to be/be necessary/jj in/in the/at interest/nn of/in national/jj defense/nn )/) be/be available/jj to/in the/at general/jj public/nn ./. This/dt subsection/nn shall/md not/* be/be so/rb construed/vbn as/cs to/to deprive/vb the/at owner/nn of/in any/dti background/nn patent/nn relating/vbg thereto/rb of/in such/jj rights/nns as/cs he/pps may/md have/hv thereunder/rb ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 5/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl may/md dispose/vb of/in water/nn and/cc byproducts/nns resulting/vbg from/in his/pp$ operations/nns under/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./. All/abn moneys/nns received/vbn from/in dispositions/nns under/in this/dt section/nn shall/md be/be paid/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl as/cs miscellaneous/jj receipts/nns )/) ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl Nothing/pn in/in the/at Act/nn-tl shall/md be/be construed/vbn to/to alter/vb existing/vbg law/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at ownership/nn and/cc control/nn of/in water/nn ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 6/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md make/vb reports/nns to/in the/at President/nn-tl and/cc the/at Congress/np at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in each/dt regular/jj session/nn of/in the/at action/nn taken/vbn or/cc instituted/vbn by/in him/ppo under/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl and/cc of/in prospective/jj action/nn during/in the/at ensuing/vbg year/nn ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 7/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl may/md issue/vb rules/nns and/cc regulations/nns to/to effectuate/vb the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 8/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl There/ex are/ber authorized/vbn to/to be/be appropriated/vbn such/jj sums/nns ,/, to/to remain/vb available/jj until/cs expended/vbn ,/, as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj ,/, but/cc not/* more/ap than/in $75,000,000/nns in/in all/abn ,/, (/( A/np )/) to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl during/in the/at fiscal/jj years/nns 1962/cd to/in 1967/cd ,/, inclusive/jj ;/. ;/. (/( B/np )/) to/to finance/vb ,/, for/in not/* more/ap than/in two/cd years/nns beyond/in the/at end/nn of/in said/vbn period/nn ,/, such/jj grants/nns ,/, contracts/nns ,/, cooperative/jj agreements/nns ,/, and/cc studies/nns as/cs may/md theretofore/rb have/hv been/ben undertaken/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc (/( C/np )/) to/to finance/vb ,/, for/in not/* more/ap than/in three/cd years/nns beyond/in the/at end/nn of/in said/vbn period/nn ,/, such/jj activities/nns as/cs are/ber required/vbn to/to correlate/vb ,/, coordinate/vb ,/, and/cc round/vb out/rp the/at results/nns of/in studies/nns and/cc research/nn undertaken/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Act/nn-tl :/: Provided/vbn ,/, That/cs funds/nns available/jj in/in any/dti one/cd year/nn for/in research/nn and/cc development/nn may/md ,/, subject/jj to/in the/at approval/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl to/to assure/vb that/cs such/jj activities/nns are/ber consistent/jj with/in the/at foreign/jj policy/nn objectives/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, be/be expended/vbn in/in cooperation/nn with/in public/jj or/cc private/jj agencies/nns in/in foreign/jj countries/nns in/in the/at development/nn of/in processes/nns useful/jj to/in the/at program/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl :/: And/cc provided/vbn further/rbr ,/, That/cs every/at such/jj contract/nn or/cc agreement/nn made/vbn with/in any/dti public/jj or/cc private/jj agency/nn in/in a/at foreign/jj country/nn shall/md contain/vb provisions/nns effective/jj to/to insure/vb that/cs the/at results/nns or/cc information/nn developed/vbn in/in connection/nn therewith/rb shall/md be/be available/jj without/in cost/nn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl throughout/in the/at world/nn and/cc for/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at general/jj public/nn within/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in the/at joint/nn resolution/nn of/in September/np 2/cd ,/, 1958/cd (/( 72/cd Stat./nn-tl 1707/cd-tl ;/. ;/. 42/cd U./np S./np C./np 1958/cd (/( )/) )/) ,/, is/bez hereby/rb amended/vbn to/to read/vb :/: The/at authority/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl under/in this/dt joint/jj resolution/nn to/to construct/vb ,/, operate/vb ,/, and/cc maintain/vb demonstration/nn plants/nns shall/md terminate/vb upon/in the/at expiration/nn of/in twelve/cd years/nns after/in the/at date/nn on/in which/wdt this/dt joint/jj resolution/nn is/bez approved/vbn ./. Upon/in the/at expiration/nn of/in a/at period/nn deemed/vbn adequate/jj for/in demonstration/nn purposes/nns for/in each/dt plant/nn ,/, but/cc not/* to/to exceed/vb such/jj twelve-year/jj period/nn ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md proceed/vb as/ql promptly/rb as/cs practicable/jj to/to dispose/vb of/in any/dti plants/nns so/rb constructed/vbn by/in sale/nn to/in the/at highest/jjt bidder/nn ,/, or/cc as/cs may/md otherwise/rb be/be directed/vbn by/in Act/nn-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ./. Upon/in such/jj sale/nn ,/, there/ex shall/md be/be returned/vbn to/in any/dti State/nn-tl or/cc public/jj agency/nn which/wdt has/hvz contributed/vbn financial/jj assistance/nn under/in Section/nn-tl 3/cd-tl of/in this/dt joint/jj resolution/nn a/at proper/jj share/nn of/in the/at net/jj proceeds/nns of/in the/at sale/nn ./. Approved/vbn September/np 22/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./. Be/be it/pps enacted/vbn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in Congress/np assembled/vbn ,/, That/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl is/bez hereby/rb authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to make/vb or/cc cause/vb to/to be/be made/vbn a/at study/nn covering/vbg --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at causes/nns of/in injuries/nns and/cc health/nn hazards/nns in/in Metal/nn-tl and/cc nonmetallic/jj mines/nns (/( excluding/in coal/nn and/cc lignite/nn mines/nns )/) ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at relative/jj effectiveness/nn of/in voluntary/jj versus/in mandatory/jj reporting/nn of/in accident/nn statistics/nns ;/. ;/. (/( 3/cd )/) the/at relative/jj contribution/nn to/in safety/nn of/in inspection/nn programs/nns embodying/vbg --/-- (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl right-of-entry/nn only/rb and/cc (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl right-of-entry/nn plus/cc enforcement/nn authority/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at effectiveness/nn of/in health/nn and/cc safety/nn education/nn and/cc training/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at magnitude/nn of/in effort/nn and/cc costs/nns of/in each/dt of/in these/dts possible/jj phases/nns of/in an/at effective/jj safety/nn program/nn for/in metal/nn and/cc nonmetallic/jj mines/nns (/(-hl excluding/in-hl coal/nn-hl and/cc lignite/nn mines/nns )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc (/(-hl 6/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at scope/nn and/cc adequacy/nn of/in State/nn-tl mine-safety/nn laws/nns applicable/jj to/in such/jj mines/nns and/cc the/at enforcement/nn of/in such/jj laws/nns ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl or/cc any/dti duly/rb authorized/vbn representative/nn shall/md be/be entitled/vbn to/in admission/nn to/in ,/, and/cc to/to require/vb reports/nns from/in the/at operator/nn of/in ,/, any/dti metal/nn or/cc nonmetallic/jj mine/nn which/wdt is/bez in/in a/at State/nn-tl (/( excluding/in any/dti coal/nn or/cc lignite/nn mine/nn )/) ,/, the/at products/nns of/in which/wdt regularly/rb enter/vb commerce/nn or/cc the/at operations/nns of/in which/wdt substantially/rb affect/vb commerce/nn ,/, for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in gathering/vbg data/nn and/cc information/nn necessary/jj for/in the/at study/nn authorized/vbn in/in the/at first/od section/nn of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl As/cs used/vbn in/in this/dt section/nn --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at term/nn ``/`` State/nn-tl-nc ''/'' includes/vbz the/at Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Puerto/np-tl Rico/np-tl and/cc any/dti possession/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at term/nn ``/`` commerce/nn-nc ''/'' means/vbz commerce/nn between/in any/dti State/nn-tl and/cc any/dti place/nn outside/in thereof/rb ,/, or/cc between/in points/nns within/in the/at same/ap State/nn-tl but/cc through/in any/dti place/nn outside/in thereof/rb ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl shall/md submit/vb a/at report/nn of/in his/pp$ findings/nns ,/, together/rb with/in recommendations/nns for/in an/at effective/jj safety/nn program/nn for/in metal/nn and/cc nonmetallic/jj mines/nns (/( excluding/in coal/nn and/cc lignite/nn mines/nns )/) based/vbn upon/in such/jj findings/nns ,/, to/in the/at Congress/np not/* more/ap than/in two/cd years/nns after/in the/at date/nn of/in enactment/nn of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./. Approved/vbn September/np 26/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./. Be/be it/pps enacted/vbn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in Congress/np assembled/vbn ,/, That/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in the/at Interior/nn-tl is/bez hereby/rb authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to establish/vb and/cc maintain/vb a/at program/nn of/in stabilization/nn payments/nns to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns of/in lead/nn and/cc zinc/nn ores/nns and/cc concentrates/nns in/in order/nn to/to stabilize/vb the/at mining/nn of/in lead/nn and/cc zinc/nn by/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns on/in public/jj ,/, Indian/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap lands/nns as/cs provided/vbn in/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl Subject/jj to/in the/at limitations/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl shall/md make/vb stabilization/nn payments/nns to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns upon/in presentation/nn of/in evidence/nn satisfactory/jj to/in him/ppo of/in their/pp$ status/nn as/cs such/jj producers/nns and/cc of/in the/at sale/nn by/in them/ppo of/in newly/rb mined/vbn ores/nns ,/, or/cc concentrates/nns produced/vbn therefrom/rb ,/, as/cs provided/vbn in/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ./. Payments/nns shall/md be/be made/vbn only/rb with/in respect/nn to/in the/at metal/nn content/nn as/cs determined/vbn by/in assay/nn ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl Such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns of/in lead/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs the/at market/nn price/nn for/in common/jj lead/nn at/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ,/, is/bez below/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn ,/, and/cc such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be 75/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at difference/nn between/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn and/cc the/at average/jj market/nn price/nn for/in the/at month/nn in/in which/wdt the/at sale/nn occurred/vbd as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl Such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in small/jj domestic/jj producers/nns of/in zinc/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs the/at market/nn price/nn for/in prime/jj western/jj zinc/nn at/in East/jj-tl Saint/np-tl Louis/np-tl ,/, Illinois/np ,/, as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ,/, is/bez below/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn ,/, and/cc such/jj payments/nns shall/md be/be 55/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at difference/nn between/in 14-1/2/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn and/cc the/at average/jj market/nn price/nn for/in the/at month/nn in/in which/wdt the/at sale/nn occurred/vbd as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl The/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Act/nn-tl on/in account/nn of/in sales/nns of/in newly/rb mined/vbn ores/nns or/cc concentrates/nns produced/vbn therefrom/rb made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1962/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $4,500,000/nns ;/. ;/. the/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj sales/nns made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1963/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $4,500,000/nns ;/. ;/. the/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj sales/nns made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1964/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $4,000,000/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at maximum/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj payments/nns which/wdt may/md be/be made/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj sales/nns made/vbn during/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1965/cd shall/md not/* exceed/vb $3,500,000/nns ./.

ch10

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epidemiological:1 board:1 submit:1 month:1 12:1 commission:2 work:1 calculate:1 particular:1 appear:1 september:1

In/in the/at same/ap period/nn ,/, 431/cd presentations/nns by/in members/nns of/in the/at staff/nn were/bed made/vbn to/in local/jj ,/, national/jj ,/, and/cc international/jj medical/jj groups/nns ./. 3/cd ./. Education/nn :/: A/np-hl ./.-hl The/at education/nn function/nn of/in the/at Institute/nn-tl is/bez carried/vbn on/rp by/in the/at staff/nn in/in the/at departments/nns of/in pathology/nn and/cc its/pp$ consultants/nns ./. During/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1959/cd ,/, six/cd courses/nns were/bed conducted/vbn :/: Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Application/nn-tl of/in-tl Histochemistry/nn-tl to/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl Diseases/nns-tl of/in-tl Laboratory/nn-tl Animals/nns-tl ,/, Ophthalmic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Oral/jj-tl Regions/nns-tl ,/, and/cc a/at Cardiovasculatory/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl Seminar/nn-tl ./. During/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1960/cd ,/, seven/cd courses/nns were/bed conducted/vbn :/: Application/nn-tl of/in-tl Histochemistry/nn-tl to/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl Diseases/nns-tl of/in-tl Laboratory/nn-tl Animals/nns-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Oral/jj-tl Regions/nns-tl ,/, Ophthalmic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Forensic/jj-tl Sciences/nns-tl Symposium/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Orthopedic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ./. From/in 1/cd July/np 1960/cd through/in 31/cd January/np 1961/cd ,/, six/cd courses/nns were/bed conducted/vbn :/: Workshop/nn-tl in/in Resident/jj-tl Training/nn-tl in/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Pathology/nn-tl of/in-tl Diseases/nns-tl of/in-tl Laboratory/nn-tl Animals/nns-tl ,/, Application/nn-tl of/in-tl Histochemistry/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Orthopedic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ,/, Forensic/jj-tl Sciences/nns-tl Symposium/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl ./. B/np-hl ./.-hl During/in fiscal/jj years/nns 1959/cd and/cc 1960/cd ,/, there/ex were/bed 139/cd military/jj and/cc civilian/jj students/nns who/wps came/vbd to/in the/at Institute/nn-tl for/in varying/vbg periods/nns of/in special/jj instruction/nn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Research/nn-hl :/:-hl The/at Institute/nn-tl is/bez engaged/vbn in/in an/at extensive/jj program/nn of/in medico-military/jj scientific/jj research/nn in/in both/abx morphological/jj and/cc experimental/jj pathology/nn ./. Among/in the/at specific/jj areas/nns of/in concentration/nn in/in which/wdt the/at staff/nn is/bez engaged/vbn ,/, are/ber such/jj projects/nns as/cs biological/jj and/cc biochemical/jj studies/nns of/in the/at effects/nns of/in microwaves/nns ;/. ;/. study/nn of/in motor/nn end/nn plates/nns in/in man/nn and/cc animals/nns ;/. ;/. investigation/nn of/in respiratory/jj diseases/nns of/in laboratory/nn animals/nns ;/. ;/. metabolic/jj responses/nns to/in reduced/vbn oxygen/nn tension/nn ;/. ;/. neuropathology/nn of/in nuclear/jj and/cc cosmic/jj radiation/nn ;/. ;/. carcinoma/nn of/in prostate/nn ;/. ;/. evaluation/nn of/in histochemical/jj techniques/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc hip/nn dysplasia/nn in/in dogs/nns ./. There/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at increase/nn in/in cooperative/jj research/nn with/in other/ap Federal/jj-tl agencies/nns and/cc civilian/jj institutions/nns ./. During/in the/at period/nn from/in 1/cd July/np 1960/cd through/in 31/cd January/np 1961/cd ,/, additional/jj research/nn affiliations/nns were/bed effected/vbn with/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Development/nn-tl Command/nn-tl to/to conduct/vb research/nn in/in procedures/nns for/in quantitative/jj electron/nn microscopy/nn ,/, and/cc for/in the/at study/nn of/in biophysical/jj and/cc biological/jj studies/nns of/in the/at structure/nn and/cc function/nn of/in ocular/jj tissue/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, the/at Defense/nn-tl Atomic/jj-tl Support/nn-tl Agency/nn-tl sponsored/vbd a/at long-range/nn study/nn at/in this/dt Institute/nn-tl on/in the/at response/nn of/in massive/jj suspension/nn cultures/nns of/in mammalian/jj cells/nns to/in acute/jj radiation/nn ./. Other/ap scientific/jj agencies/nns ,/, both/abx Federal/jj-tl and/cc civilian/jj ,/, supported/vbd studies/nns in/in quantitative/jj electron/nn microscopical/jj approach/nn to/in microchemistry/nn and/cc microcytochemistry/nn ;/. ;/. the/at investigation/nn of/in the/at relationship/nn of/in diphosphopyridine/nn nucleotide/nn synthesizine/nn enzyme/nn to/in tumor/nn growth/nn ;/. ;/. morphological/jj study/nn and/cc classification/nn of/in leukemia/nn and/cc lymphoma/nn cases/nns in/in animals/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at study/nn of/in structural/jj changes/nns in/in M./np leprae/nn and/cc other/ap mycobacteria/nns ./. Medical/jj-tl-hl Illustration/nn-tl-hl Service/nn-tl-hl 1/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl The/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl is/bez responsible/jj for/in the/at collection/nn ,/, publication/nn ,/, exhibition/nn ,/, and/cc file/nn of/in medical/jj illustration/nn material/nn of/in medico-military/jj importance/nn to/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ./. In/in addition/nn to/in maintaining/vbg a/at permanent/jj central/jj file/nn of/in illustrations/nns of/in diseases/nns ,/, wounds/nns ,/, and/cc injuries/nns of/in military/jj importance/nn ,/, it/pps provides/vbz facilities/nns for/in clinical/jj photography/nn ,/, photomicrography/nn ,/, and/cc medical/jj arts/nns ,/, and/cc operates/vbz a/at printing/vbg plant/nn ,/, by/in permission/nn of/in Congressional/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, for/in publication/nn of/in an/at ``/`` Atlas/nn-tl of/in-tl Tumor/nn-tl Pathology/nn-tl ''/'' ./. It/pps also/rb maintains/vbz shops/nns for/in the/at design/nn and/cc fabrication/nn of/in exhibits/nns ,/, training/vbg aids/nns and/cc instruments/nns and/cc libraries/nns for/in the/at loan/nn of/in films/nns and/cc teaching/vbg lantern/nn slide/nn sets/nns ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl During/in this/dt period/nn ,/, a/at total/nn of/in 762/cd exhibits/nns were/bed presented/vbn at/in 442/cd medical/jj and/cc scientific/jj meetings/nns ./. Of/in these/dts exhibits/nns ,/, 154/cd were/bed newly/rb constructed/vbn ./. Twenty-nine/cd exhibits/nns received/vbd awards/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Visual/jj and/cc operable/jj training/vbg aids/nns developed/vbn by/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ,/, were/bed used/vbn in/in support/nn of/in Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Service/nn-tl mass/jj casualty/nn exercises/nns ./. Members/nns of/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl lectured/vbd and/cc conducted/vbd demonstrations/nns on/in the/at use/nn of/in training/vbg aids/nns to/in military/jj personnel/nns and/cc various/jj civilian/jj medical/jj organizations/nns ./. Demonstrations/nns of/in new/jj and/cc projected/vbn training/vbg aids/nns were/bed conducted/vbn at/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Instructor's/nn$-tl Conference/nn-tl ,/, Brooke/np-tl Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Center/nn-tl ,/, Texas/np ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in support/nn of/in the/at emphasis/nn placed/vbn by/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl on/in instruction/nn in/in emergency/nn medical/jj care/nn ,/, the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl developed/vbd casualty/nn simulation/nn kits/nns and/cc rescue/nn breathing/vbg manikins/nns which/wdt are/ber being/beg field/nn tested/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc overhead/jj projector/nn transparency/nn sets/nns on/in the/at subjects/nns of/in Military/jj-tl Sanitation/nn-tl :/: First/od-tl Aid/nn-tl For/in-tl Soldiers/nns-tl ;/. ;/. Bandaging/nn-tl And/cc-tl Splinting/nn-tl ;/. ;/. The/at-tl Emergency/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Treatment/nn-tl Unit/nn-tl ,/, Phase/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc Emergency/nn-tl War/nn-tl Surgery/nn-tl in/in support/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl Atlantic/np-tl Treaty/nn-tl Organization/nn-tl (/( NATO/np )/) Handbook/nn-tl ./. Fifty/cd lantern/nn slide/nn teaching/vbg sets/nns on/in the/at subject/nn of/in ``/`` Emergency/nn-tl War/nn-tl Surgery/nn-tl (/( NATO/np )/) ''/'' were/bed assembled/vbn and/cc distributed/vbn to/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Military/jj-tl Services/nns-tl of/in foreign/jj Governments/nns-tl associated/vbd with/in NATO/np-tl and/cc South-East/jj-tl Asia/np-tl Treaty/nn-tl Organization/nn-tl ./. The/at British/jj and/cc Canadian/jj Liaison/nn-tl Officers/nns-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Civil/jj-tl and/cc-tl Defense/nn-tl Mobilization/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Red/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl ,/, and/cc similar/jj interested/vbn organizations/nns were/bed informed/vbn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn as/cs training/vbg aids/nns were/bed developed/vbn ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Nine/cd veterinary/jj lantern/nn slide/nn teaching/vbg sets/nns were/bed developed/vbn and/cc distributed/vbn ,/, and/cc lantern/nn slide/nn teaching/vbg sets/nns on/in 21/cd pathology/nn subjects/nns were/bed added/vbn to/in the/at loan/nn library/nn of/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./. Illustrations/nns were/bed prepared/vbn for/in 11/cd Department/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Army/nn-tl manuals/nns and/cc one/cd Graphic/jj-tl Training/nn-tl Aid/nn-tl ./. Sixteen/cd lantern/nn slide/nn sets/nns were/bed loaned/vbn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl and/cc eight/cd sets/nns were/bed forwarded/vbn to/in the/at U.S./np-tl Embassy/nn-tl ,/, Managua/np ,/, Nicaragua/np for/in the/at Educational/jj-tl Exchange/nn-tl Program/nn-tl ./. The/at Senate/nn-tl Subcommittee/nn-tl on/in-tl Reorganization/nn-tl and/cc-tl International/jj-tl Organizations/nns-tl was/bedz provided/vbn samples/nns of/in visual/jj aids/nns on/in first/od aid/nn and/cc personal/jj health/nn produced/vbn by/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Illustration/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl Six/cd fascicles/nns (/( 10,000/cd copies/nns each/dt )/) of/in the/at ``/`` Atlas/nn-tl Of/in-tl Tumor/nn-tl Pathology/nn-tl ''/'' were/bed completed/vbn during/in the/at period/nn of/in this/dt report/nn ./. The/at-hl American/jj-hl Registry/nn-tl-hl Of/in-tl-hl Pathology/nn-tl-hl This/dt consists/vbz of/in 25/cd individual/ap registries/nns ,/, two/cd of/in which/wdt were/bed added/vbn during/in fiscal/jj years/nns 1959-1960/cd (/( The/at-tl Registry/nn-tl Of/in-tl Forensic/jj-tl Pathology/nn-tl and/cc The/at-tl Testicular/jj-tl Tumor/nn-tl Registry/nn-tl )/) ./. These/dts registries/nns are/ber sponsored/vbn by/in 18/cd national/jj medical/jj ,/, dental/jj ,/, and/cc veterinary/jj societies/nns and/cc have/hv as/cs their/pp$ mission/nn the/at assembling/vbg of/in selected/vbn cases/nns of/in interest/nn to/in military/jj medicine/nn and/cc of/in establishing/vbg through/in the/at mechanism/nn of/in follow-up/nn of/in living/vbg patients/nns the/at natural/jj history/nn of/in various/jj diseases/nns of/in military-medical/jj importance/nn ./. The/at American/jj Registry/nn-tl Of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl operates/vbz as/cs a/at cooperative/jj enterprise/nn in/in medical/jj research/nn and/cc education/nn between/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl and/cc the/at civilian/jj medical/jj profession/nn on/in a/at national/jj and/cc international/jj basis/nn ,/, under/in such/jj conditions/nns as/cs may/md be/be agreed/vbn upon/rb between/in the/at National/jj-tl Research/nn-tl Council/nn-tl and/cc The/at-tl Surgeons/nns-tl General/jj-tl of/in the/at Army/nn-tl ,/, Navy/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ./. The/at staff/nn utilized/vbd the/at collected/vbn material/nn in/in these/dts registries/nns for/in numerous/jj lectures/nns to/in national/jj and/cc international/jj meetings/nns ,/, exhibits/nns ,/, and/cc published/vbn studies/nns ./. During/in the/at period/nn of/in this/dt report/nn ,/, 37,470/cd new/jj cases/nns were/bed entered/vbn into/in the/at various/jj registries/nns ./. These/dts were/bed selected/vbn carefully/rb and/cc included/vbn not/* only/rb detailed/vbn clinical/jj information/nn but/cc adequate/jj pathology/nn of/in value/nn for/in research/nn and/cc educational/jj purposes/nns ./. In/in this/dt same/ap period/nn ,/, six/cd new/jj fascicles/nns of/in the/at Atlas/nn-tl Of/in-tl Tumor/nn-tl Pathology/nn-tl were/bed published/vbn and/cc distributed/vbn to/in medical/jj centers/nns world-wide/rb ./. There/ex were/bed 54,320/cd copies/nns of/in fascicles/nns sold/vbn and/cc 642/cd copies/nns distributed/vbn free/jj during/in this/dt period/nn ./. Forty-five/cd new/jj Clinico-pathologic/jj-tl Conferences/nns-tl were/bed prepared/vbn ,/, bringing/vbg the/at total/nn to/in 61/cd available/jj for/in loan/nn distribution/nn ./. Nine/cd new/jj teaching/vbg Clinico-pathologic/jj-tl Conference/nn-tl sets/nns were/bed prepared/vbn ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz a/at total/nn of/in 70/cd types/nns of/in teaching/vbg sets/nns for/in loan/nn ./. During/in this/dt period/nn ,/, 7,827/cd teaching/vbg sets/nns were/bed distributed/vbn on/in loan/nn ./. The/at Clinico-pathologic/jj-tl Conferences/nns-tl have/hv been/ben acknowledged/vbn as/cs of/in great/jj value/nn and/cc in/in consequent/jj great/jj demand/nn by/in the/at small/jj isolated/vbn military/jj hospitals/nns ./. The/at demand/nn for/in teaching/vbg sets/vbz continues/vbz unabated/jj since/cs they/ppss provide/vb the/at means/nn for/in the/at military/jj physicians/nns to/to review/vb the/at pathology/nn of/in selected/vbn disease/nn processes/nns or/cc organ/nn systems/nns for/in review/nn of/in basic/jj sciences/nns and/cc correlation/nn of/in clinical/jj physiological/jj behavior/nn with/in structural/jj changes/nns ./. The/at-hl Medical/jj-tl-hl Museum/nn-tl-hl In/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1959/cd ,/, the/at Medical/jj-tl Museum/nn-tl was/bedz moved/vbn to/in Chase/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, a/at temporary/jj building/nn on/in Independence/nn-tl Avenue/nn-tl at/in Ninth/od-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, Southwest/jj-tl ,/, and/cc continued/vbd to/to display/vb to/in the/at public/nn the/at achievements/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Medical/jj-tl Services/nns-tl ./. During/in the/at period/nn of/in this/dt report/nn ,/, 63/cd panel/nn exhibits/nns depicting/vbg the/at latest/jjt developments/nns in/in medical/jj research/nn were/bed displayed/vbn ./. Of/in the/at 375/cd exhibits/nns (/( of/in all/abn types/nns )/) shown/vbn ,/, 161/cd were/bed new/jj or/cc refurbished/vbn ./. Of/in the/at 885/cd specimens/nns newly/rb mounted/vbn or/cc refurbished/vbn ,/, 254/cd were/bed prepared/vbn for/in other/ap agencies/nns ./. Eighty-five/cd specimens/nns were/bed loaned/vbn for/in study/nn purposes/nns ./. An/at exhibit/nn ,/, ``/`` Macropathology/nn-tl --/-- An/at-tl Ancient/jj-tl Art/nn-tl ,/, A/at-tl New/jj-tl Science/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, was/bedz presented/vbn at/in the/at annual/jj meeting/nn of/in the/at American/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl ./. A/at three-dimensional/jj exhibit/nn depicting/vbg ``/`` A/at-tl Century/nn-tl Of/in-tl Naval/jj-tl Medicine/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz formally/rb presented/vbn to/in The/at-tl Director/nn-tl by/in George/np S./np Squibb/np ,/, great-grandson/nn of/in the/at founder/nn of/in E./np-tl R./np-tl Squibb/np-tl and/cc-tl Sons/nns-tl ,/, for/in permanent/jj display/nn in/in the/at Museum/nn-tl ./. Space/nn was/bedz provided/vbn for/in short-time/nn guest/nn medical/jj exhibits/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Museum/nn-tl collected/vbd new/jj accessions/nns of/in microscopes/nns ,/, medical/jj ,/, surgical/jj ,/, and/cc diagnostic/jj instruments/nns ,/, uniform/jj ,/, and/cc similar/jj items/nns of/in historical/jj medico-military/jj significance/nn ./. During/in the/at period/nn ,/, the/at laboratory/nn rendered/vbd centralized/vbn macropathological/jj service/nn to/in qualified/vbn requesters/nns ./. Specimens/nns were/bed mounted/vbn for/in military/jj installations/nns ,/, governmental/jj agencies/nns ,/, and/cc medical/jj schools/nns ./. Three/cd hundred/cd five/cd copies/nns of/in the/at Manual/nn-tl Of/in-tl Macropathological/jj-tl Techniques/nns-tl were/bed distributed/vbn ./. Thirty-five/cd military/jj and/cc civilian/jj students/nns received/vbd laboratory/nn training/nn ./. During/in fiscal/jj years/nns 1959/cd and/cc 1960/cd ,/, there/ex were/bed 795,586/cd visitors/nns to/in the/at Museum/nn-tl ./. During/in the/at period/nn from/in 1/cd July/np 1960/cd through/in 31/cd January/np 1961/cd ,/, the/at Medical/jj-tl Museum/nn-tl was/bedz required/vbn to/to move/vb to/in Temporary/jj-tl Building/nn-tl ``/`` S/np-tl ''/'' on/in the/at Mall/nn-tl from/in Chase/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ./. Throughout/in the/at period/nn and/cc during/in the/at movement/nn operation/nn ,/, the/at Museum/nn-tl continued/vbd its/pp$ functional/jj support/nn of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl ./. Armed/vbn-tl-hl Forces/nns-tl-hl Medical/jj-tl-hl Publication/nn-tl-hl Agency/nn-tl-hl The/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Medical/jj-tl Publication/nn-tl Agency/nn-tl ,/, established/vbn in/in 1949/cd ,/, has/hvz published/vbn ,/, since/in January/np 1950/cd ,/, The/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Medical/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl as/cs a/at triservice/nn publication/nn to/to furnish/vb material/nn of/in professional/jj interest/nn to/in Medical/jj-tl Department/nn-tl officers/nns of/in the/at three/cd military/jj services/nns ./. Its/pp$ supplement/nn ,/, The/at-tl Medical/jj-tl Technicians/nns-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, supplied/vbd similar/jj material/nn to/in enlisted/vbn medical/jj personnel/nns ./. These/dts publications/nns replaced/vbd the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, published/vbn continuously/rb from/in 1907/cd through/in 1959/cd ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at Navy's/nn$-tl Hospital/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl Quarterly/nn-tl and/cc the/at Bulletin/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl Army/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, published/vbn from/in 1922/cd to/in 1949/cd ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, their/pp$ establishment/nn made/vbd it/ppo unnecessary/jj to/to begin/vb publication/nn of/in a/at contemplated/vbn Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl medical/jj bulletin/nn ./. Estimated/vbn annual/jj savings/nns resulting/vbg from/in publication/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl and/cc Bulletin/nn-tl on/in a/at triservice/nn basis/nn ,/, as/cs compared/vbn with/in the/at cost/nn of/in producing/vbg separate/jj periodicals/nns for/in each/dt service/nn ,/, were/bed between/in $65,000/nns and/cc $70,000/nns ./. Additionally/rb ,/, on/in the/at many/ap ships/nns at/in sea/nn and/cc in/in the/at smaller/jjr naval/jj stations/nns ,/, the/at availability/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl removed/vbd the/at necessity/nn of/in subscribing/vbg to/in several/ap additional/jj journals/nns of/in civilian/jj origin/nn over/in and/cc above/in the/at quantity/nn now/rb authorized/vbn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to provide/vb any/dti reasonably/rb comparable/jj coverage/nn ./. From/in 1/cd July/np 1958/cd to/in 30/cd June/np 1960/cd ,/, 24/cd numbers/nns of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl and/cc nine/cd of/in the/at Bulletin/nn-tl were/bed published/vbn ./. Each/dt Journal/nn-tl contained/vbd articles/nns of/in professional/jj and/cc clinical/jj interest/nn ,/, and/cc departments/nns devoted/vbn to/in military/jj medical/jj news/nn ,/, reviews/nns of/in new/jj books/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap features/nns of/in interest/nn to/in officers/nns of/in the/at medical/jj services/nns ./. The/at Council/nn-tl on/in-tl National/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl American/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl contributed/vbd a/at brief/jj article/nn to/in each/dt issue/nn entitled/vbn ,/, ``/`` This/dt-tl Is/bez-tl Your/pp$-tl A.M.A./np-tl ''/'' ./. Beginning/vbg with/in the/at October/np 1959/cd issue/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl ,/, the/at method/nn of/in production/nn of/in copy/nn for/in photo-offset/nn reproduction/nn was/bedz changed/vbn from/in varityping/vbg to/in hot/jj typesetting/nn ./. This/dt resulted/vbd in/in an/at improved/vbn appearance/nn ,/, but/cc was/bedz followed/vbn by/in an/at increase/nn in/in printing/vbg cost/nn that/wps necessitated/vbd the/at institution/nn of/in major/jj economies/nns to/to keep/vb within/in the/at total/nn of/in allocated/vbn funds/nns ./. The/at use/nn of/in 100/cd instead/rb of/in 140/cd substance/nn paper/nn plus/cc the/at adoption/nn of/in side/nn stapling/nn beginning/vbg with/in the/at May/np 1960/cd issue/nn reduced/vbd costs/nns sufficiently/rb to/to allow/vb completion/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn with/in nearly/rb $4,000/nns in/in unexpended/jj funds/nns ./. Two/cd special/jj issues/nns were/bed published/vbn ,/, one/cd for/in November/np 1959/cd on/in Space/nn-tl Medicine/nn-tl ,/, the/at other/ap the/at Tenth/od-tl Anniversary/nn-tl issue/nn for/in January/np 1960/cd ./. The/at February/np 1960/cd issue/nn marked/vbd the/at reinstitution/nn of/in the/at section/nn entitled/vbn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Medical/jj-tl Officer/nn-tl Writes/vbz-tl ''/'' ./. Replacing/vbg the/at discontinued/vbn Medical/jj-tl Technicians/nns-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, publication/nn of/in which/wdt was/bedz suspended/vbn with/in the/at November-December/np 1959/cd issue/nn ,/, a/at section/nn called/vbn ``/`` Technical/jj-tl Notes/nns-tl ''/'' was/bedz inaugurated/vbn on/in a/at bimonthly/jj basis/nn beginning/vbg with/in the/at April/np 1960/cd issue/nn ./. Occasional/jj features/nns were/bed published/vbn on/in historical/jj medicine/nn ,/, special/jj reports/nns ,/, bibliography/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` Collector's/nn$-tl Items/nns-tl ''/'' ./. In/in May/np 1960/cd ,/, the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Pathology/nn-tl began/vbd a/at series/nn of/in articles/nns on/in the/at ``/`` Medical/jj-tl Museum/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc in/in June/np ,/, the/at Institute/nn-tl started/vbd contributing/vbg a/at regular/jj monthly/jj ``/`` Case/nn-tl For/in-tl Diagnosis/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at Institute/nn-tl also/rb planned/vbd to/to furnish/vb a/at regular/jj series/nn of/in articles/nns ,/, beginning/vbg in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1960/cd ,/, on/in its/pp$ more/ql significant/jj Scientific/jj-tl Exhibits/nns-tl ./. The/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl Epidemiological/jj-tl Board/nn-tl agreed/vbd to/to submit/vb each/dt month/nn a/at report/nn for/in one/cd of/in its/pp$ 12/cd commissions/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs each/dt commission/nn will/md report/vb once/rb a/at year/nn on/in some/dti phase/nn of/in its/pp$ work/nn calculated/vbn to/to be/be of/in particular/jj interest/nn and/cc value/nn to/in medical/jj officers/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ./. The/at first/od report/nn in/in this/dt continuing/vbg series/nn appeared/vbd in/in the/at September/np 1960/cd issue/nn of/in the/at Journal/nn-tl ./.

ch11

ch11 |@word another:3 recent:1 achievement:1 successful:1 development:3 method:9 complete:3 combustion:2 bomb:1 calorimeter:2 metal:1 fluorine:1 product:2 relatively:1 non:1 volatile:1 work:3 give:2 heat:4 formation:2 aluminum:2 fluoride:2 closely:1 substantiate:1 value:6 determine:1 less:3 direct:1 raise:1 property:4 15:1 percent:4 accept:2 year:1 ago:1 similar:2 measurement:10 initiate:1 resolve:1 large:5 discrepancy:2 important:1 beryllium:1 testing:1 new:2 apparatus:2 measure:9 near:2 completion:1 one:5 explode:4 wire:5 device:1 study:10 system:1 thermodynamically:1 af:22 100:1 atmosphere:3 pressure:21 major:1 goal:3 achieve:2 accuracy:2 total:2 electrical:4 energy:6 enter:1 microsecond:2 verify:1 two:5 independent:1 type:2 comparison:1 produce:2 uncertainty:3 2:2 agreement:2 consider:1 good:1 short:1 time:1 interval:1 calibration:5 employ:2 fix:1 resistance:4 element:8 insert:1 discharge:3 circuit:1 place:2 calorimetric:1 heating:2 high:7 use:10 reference:3 compare:4 ohmic:1 obtain:4 current:3 voltage:2 across:1 speed:1 shutter:5 develop:2 order:1 permit:1 photographic:1 observation:2 portion:1 explosion:1 consist:2 part:3 fast:4 open:3 close:1 edgerton:1 closing:1 action:2 blackening:1 window:1 series:1 parallel:1 lead:1 opening:2 piece:1 foil:5 approximately:2 directly:1 front:1 camera:3 lens:1 light:3 may:8 pass:3 capacitor:1 charge:1 suddenly:1 magnetic:2 force:3 set:2 passage:1 cause:1 edge:1 roll:1 inward:1 toward:3 center:3 line:11 thus:1 allow:1 experiment:3 show:1 75:1 60:1 80:1 aperture:1 make:4 small:4 change:2 area:2 adjust:1 input:1 laboratory:7 interstellar:4 radio:5 spectra:8 besides:1 well:1 know:1 hydrogen:4 21:1 cm:1 wavelength:3 extraterrestrial:2 source:3 contain:3 sharp:1 characteristic:1 atom:2 ion:1 molecule:2 detection:2 would:1 add:1 considerably:1 present:2 information:2 gas:7 cloud:1 perhaps:1 planetary:1 among:1 likely:2 producer:1 detectable:2 diatomic:2 hydride:4 oh:3 ch:2 somewhat:1 heavy:1 sh:2 sih:1 aj:2 concentration:2 low:4 molecules:1 per:1 sufficient:1 require:1 sensitivity:2 telescope:1 reduce:2 bandwidth:1 receiver:1 therefore:1 precise:3 foreknowledge:1 frequency:6 astronomical:1 search:1 feasible:1 secure:1 research:5 program:5 free:2 radical:4 microwave:2 spectroscopy:3 start:1 since:1 conventional:1 insensitive:1 molecular:1 transition:7 paramagnetic:2 resonance:2 instead:1 involve:2 application:2 strong:2 field:2 vapor:12 shift:1 conveniently:1 range:3 optimum:1 first:2 investigate:3 result:4 include:2 spectral:3 identify:1 success:3 observe:3 far:2 apparently:1 confine:1 yet:2 report:2 preparation:2 temperature:21 thermometry:3 bureau:4 pursue:1 active:1 provide:3 scale:3 thermometer:12 service:1 20:1 effort:2 accomplishment:1 fall:1 three:1 main:1 category:1 absolute:2 base:2 upon:1 velocity:1 sound:1 helium:13 secondary:2 principally:1 behavior:1 germanium:3 resistor:7 see:1 144:1 acoustical:2 interferometer:3 construct:2 thermometric:1 fluid:1 means:1 alternative:1 derive:2 instrument:3 associate:1 liquid:8 difference:2 10:2 7:1 millidegree:6 respectively:1 find:3 preliminary:2 continue:2 carbon:1 impurity:1 dope:1 precision:2 region:3 several:2 thermally:1 cycle:1 300:2 reproducible:1 within:2 whose:1 tubing:1 jacket:1 every:1 estimate:1 standard:4 deviation:1 datum:7 1:2 third:1 reproducibility:1 conjunction:1 constant:2 bath:3 surface:6 gradient:3 exist:2 metallic:1 storage:1 dewar:1 half:1 increase:2 slightly:1 great:1 yl:1 point:1 hydrostatic:1 head:1 correction:1 neither:1 necessary:2 applicable:1 determination:1 bulk:2 however:1 erroneous:1 unless:1 precaution:1 take:1 isolate:1 tube:1 bulb:1 also:3 attribute:1 film:2 flow:2 case:1 design:1 modify:1 transducer:3 pvt:1 volume:1 corrosive:1 dependent:1 sensitive:1 rugged:1 prototype:1 fulfill:1 requirement:1 thoroughly:1 test:1 null:1 stretch:1 diaphragm:5 thick:1 diameter:1 unbalance:1 displace:1 capacitance:1 electrically:1 insulate:1 plate:1 space:1 apart:1 spherical:1 concave:1 backing:1 support:1 excessive:1 apply:3 prevent:1 stress:1 exceed:1 elastic:1 limit:1 25:1 200:1 250:1 atm:1 overload:1 psi:1 period:1 day:1 millimeter:1 mercury:1 transport:3 air:5 elevated:1 project:2 carry:1 sponsorship:2 ballistic:1 missile:1 division:1 command:1 investigation:1 diffusion:4 chemical:1 bind:1 significant:1 effect:2 discover:2 existence:1 prandtl:1 number:3 reach:2 unity:1 nitrogen:3 dissociation:2 coefficient:2 thermal:3 tend:1 separate:1 oxygen:2 straddle:1 collision:2 integral:1 compute:1 late:1 critically:1 evaluate:1 intermolecular:1 form:1 table:3 viscosity:1 conductivity:1 logarithm:1 times:1 normal:1 density:1 international:2 cooperative:1 activity:2 march:2 1961:2 representative:1 national:4 australia:1 canada:1 netherlands:1 united:3 kingdom:2 states:1 west:1 germany:1 meet:1 nbs:3 devise:1 mean:1 90:1 step:1 arrangement:1 circulation:1 group:2 platinum:1 calibrate:1 send:1 physical:1 symposium:4 last:1 week:2 columbus:1 ohio:1 site:1 fourth:1 control:1 science:1 industry:1 jointly:1 sponsor:1 american:1 institute:1 physics:2 society:1 america:1 standards:1 attract:1 nearly:1 thousand:1 registrant:1 many:2 abroad:1 contribute:1 planning:1 mr:1 wildhack:1 general:1 chairman:2 dr:2 herzfeld:1 astin:1 director:1 session:1 introductory:1 remark:1 follow:1 twenty:1 six:1 paper:1 throughout:1 scientist:1 washington:1 boulder:1 laboratorie:1 atomic:5 addition:1 basic:1 solid:2 state:2 physic:1 interaction:1 electron:1 foundation:1 technological:1 progress:1 strengthen:1 astrophysic:2 infrared:2 undergo:1 reorientation:1 infrare:1 technique:2 emphasis:1 resolution:1 instrumentation:1 establish:2 collection:1 indexing:1 critical:2 evaluation:1 dissemination:1 bibliography:2 probability:4 cross:1 sections:1 office:1 naval:1 advanced:1 agency:1 gather:1 index:1 publish:2 probabilitie:2 exhaustive:1 survey:1 literature:1 primary:1 file:1 600:1 catalogue:1 select:1 available:2 wall:1 stabilize:1 arc:3 profile:2 indicate:2 calculate:1 plasma:1 reliable:1 intensity:2 70:1 copper:1 matrix:1 c:1 convert:1 approximate:2 obtainable:1 previously:1 mention:1 vast:1 useful:1 level:1 complex:1 rare:1 earth:1 computer:1 automation:1 considerable:1

Another/dt recent/jj achievement/nn was/bedz the/at successful/jj development/nn of/in a/at method/nn for/in the/at complete/jj combustion/nn in/in a/at bomb/nn calorimeter/nn of/in a/at metal/nn in/in fluorine/nn when/wrb the/at product/nn is/bez relatively/ql non-volatile/jj ./. This/dt work/nn gave/vbd a/at heat/nn of/in formation/nn of/in aluminum/nn fluoride/nn which/wdt closely/rb substantiates/vbz a/at value/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben determined/vbn by/in a/at less/ql direct/jj method/nn ,/, and/cc raises/vbz this/dt property/nn to/in 15/cd percent/nn above/in that/dt accepted/vbn a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ./. Similar/jj measurements/nns are/ber being/beg initiated/vbn to/to resolve/vb a/at large/jj discrepancy/nn in/in the/at heat/nn of/in formation/nn of/in another/dt important/jj combustion/nn product/nn ,/, beryllium/nn fluoride/nn ./. The/at development/nn and/cc testing/nn of/in new/jj apparatus/nn to/to measure/vb other/ap properties/nns is/bez nearing/vbg completion/nn ./. In/in one/cd of/in these/dts ,/, an/at exploding-wire/nn device/nn to/to study/vb systems/nns thermodynamically/rb up/rp to/in 6,000/cd Af/nn and/cc 100/cd atmospheres/nns pressure/nn ,/, a/at major/jj goal/nn was/bedz achieved/vbn ./. The/at accuracy/nn of/in measuring/vbg the/at total/nn electrical/jj energy/nn entering/vbg an/at exploding/vbg wire/nn during/in a/at few/ap microseconds/nns was/bedz verified/vbn when/wrb two/cd independent/jj types/nns of/in comparison/nn with/in the/at heat/nn energy/nn produced/vbn had/hvd an/at uncertainty/nn of/in less/ap than/in 2/cd percent/nn ./. This/dt agreement/nn is/bez considered/vbn very/ql good/jj for/in such/ql short/jj time/nn intervals/nns ./. The/at method/nn of/in calibration/nn employs/vbz a/at fixed/vbn resistance/nn element/nn as/cs a/at calorimeter/nn ./. The/at element/nn is/bez inserted/vbn in/in the/at discharge/nn circuit/nn in/in place/nn of/in the/at exploding/vbg wire/nn ,/, and/cc the/at calorimetric/jj heating/nn of/in the/at element/nn is/bez measured/vbn with/in high/jj accuracy/nn ./. This/dt is/bez used/vbn as/cs a/at reference/nn for/in comparing/vbg the/at ohmic/jj heating/nn and/cc the/at electrical/jj energy/nn obtained/vbn from/in the/at measured/vbn current/nn through/in the/at element/nn and/cc the/at measured/vbn voltage/nn across/in the/at element/nn ./. A/at high-speed/nn shutter/nn has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn in/in order/nn to/to permit/vb photographic/jj observation/nn of/in any/dti portion/nn of/in the/at electrical/jj wire/nn explosion/nn ./. The/at shutter/nn consists/vbz of/in two/cd parts/nns :/: a/at fast-opening/jj part/nn and/cc a/at fast-closing/jj part/nn ./. Using/vbg Edgerton's/np$ method/nn ,/, the/at fast-closing/jj action/nn is/bez obtained/vbn from/in the/at blackening/nn of/in a/at window/nn by/in exploding/vbg a/at series/nn of/in parallel/jj lead/nn wires/nns ./. The/at fast-opening/jj of/in the/at shutter/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at piece/nn of/in aluminum/nn foil/nn (/( approximately/rb Af/nn )/) placed/vbn directly/rb in/in front/nn of/in the/at camera/nn lens/nn so/cs that/cs no/at light/nn may/md pass/vb into/in the/at camera/nn ./. The/at opening/vbg action/nn is/bez obtained/vbn when/wrb a/at capacitor/nn ,/, charged/vbn to/in high/jj voltage/nn ,/, is/bez suddenly/rb discharged/vbn through/in the/at foil/nn ./. During/in the/at discharge/nn the/at magnetic/jj forces/nns set/vbn up/rp by/in the/at passage/nn of/in current/nn cause/vb the/at edges/nns of/in the/at foil/nn to/to roll/vb inward/rb toward/in its/pp$ center/nn line/nn ,/, thus/rb allowing/vbg light/nn to/to pass/vb into/in the/at camera/nn ./. Experiments/nns have/hv shown/vbn that/cs the/at shutter/nn is/bez 75/cd percent/nn open/jj in/in about/rb 60-80/cd microseconds/nns ./. The/at shutter/nn aperture/nn may/md be/be made/vbn larger/jjr or/cc smaller/jjr by/in changing/vbg the/at foil/nn area/nn and/cc adjusting/vbg the/at electrical/jj energy/nn input/nn to/in the/at foil/nn ./. Laboratory/nn-hl measurements/nns-hl of/in-hl interstellar/jj-hl radio/nn-hl spectra/nns-hl ./. Besides/in the/at well-known/jj hydrogen/nn line/nn at/in 21/cd cm/nn wavelength/nn ,/, the/at spectra/nns of/in extraterrestrial/jj radio/nn sources/nns may/md contain/vb sharp/jj lines/nns characteristic/jj of/in other/ap atoms/nns ,/, ions/nns ,/, and/cc small/jj molecules/nns ./. The/at detection/nn and/cc study/nn of/in such/jj line/nn spectra/nns would/md add/vb considerably/rb to/in present/jj information/nn on/in interstellar/jj gas/nn clouds/nns and/cc ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, planetary/jj atmospheres/nns ./. Among/in the/at most/ql likely/jj producers/nns of/in detectable/jj radio/nn line/nn spectra/nns are/ber the/at light/jj diatomic/jj hydrides/nns OH/nn and/cc CH/nn ;/. ;/. somewhat/ql less/ql likely/jj sources/nns are/ber the/at heavier/jjr hydrides/nns SH/nn ,/, SiH/nn ,/, and/cc Aj/nn ./. Very/ql small/jj concentrations/nns of/in these/dts hydrides/nns should/md be/be detectable/jj ;/. ;/. in/in interstellar/jj gas/nn ,/, concentrations/nns as/ql low/jj as/cs Af/nn molecules/nns per/in Af/nn may/md be/be sufficient/jj ,/, as/cs compared/vbn to/in the/at Af/nn hydrogen/nn atom's/nn$ Af/nn required/vbn for/in detection/nn of/in the/at 21-cm/nn line/nn ./. High/jj sensitivity/nn in/in radio/nn telescopes/nns is/bez achieved/vbn by/in reducing/vbg the/at bandwidth/nn of/in the/at receiver/nn ;/. ;/. therefore/rb ,/, only/rb with/in precise/jj foreknowledge/nn of/in the/at line/nn frequencies/nns is/bez an/at astronomical/jj search/nn for/in the/at radio/nn spectra/nns of/in these/dts molecules/nns feasible/jj ./. To/to secure/vb precise/jj measurements/nns of/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, a/at research/nn program/nn in/in free/jj radical/nn microwave/nn spectroscopy/nn has/hvz been/ben started/vbn ./. Since/cs conventional/jj methods/nns are/ber insensitive/jj at/in the/at low/jj frequencies/nns of/in these/dts molecular/jj transitions/nns ,/, the/at paramagnetic/jj resonance/nn method/nn is/bez being/beg used/vbn instead/rb ./. This/dt involves/vbz the/at application/nn of/in a/at strong/jj magnetic/jj field/nn to/in the/at radical/nn vapor/nn ,/, which/wdt shifts/vbz the/at low-frequency/nn spectra/nns to/in a/at conveniently/rb high/jj microwave/nn range/nn ,/, where/wrb they/ppss may/md be/be measured/vbn with/in optimum/jj sensitivity/nn ./. The/at first/od diatomic/jj hydride/nn investigated/vbn by/in the/at paramagnetic/jj resonance/nn method/nn was/bedz the/at OH/nn radical/nn ./. Results/nns of/in this/dt experiment/nn include/vb the/at frequencies/nns of/in the/at two/cd strong/jj spectral/jj lines/nns by/in which/wdt OH/nn may/md be/be identified/vbn in/in interstellar/jj gas/nn ;/. ;/. the/at frequencies/nns are/ber 1665.32/cd and/cc 1667.36/cd Af/nn ,/, with/in an/at uncertainty/nn of/in 0.10/cd Af/nn ./. Success/nn in/in observing/vbg these/dts spectral/jj lines/nns has/hvz so/ql far/rb ,/, apparently/rb ,/, been/ben confined/vbn to/in the/at laboratory/nn ;/. ;/. extraterrestrial/jj observations/nns have/hv yet/rb to/to be/be reported/vbn ./. Preparations/nns are/ber being/beg made/vbn for/in similar/jj experiments/nns on/in CH/nn and/cc SH/nn radicals/nns ./. Low/jj-hl temperature/nn-hl thermometry/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at Bureau/nn-tl is/bez pursuing/vbg an/at active/jj program/nn to/to provide/vb a/at temperature/nn scale/nn and/cc thermometer/nn calibration/nn services/nns in/in the/at range/nn 1.5/cd to/in 20/cd Af/nn ./. The/at efforts/nns and/cc accomplishments/nns fall/vb into/in three/cd main/jjs categories/nns :/: absolute/jj thermometry/nn based/vbn upon/in the/at velocity/nn of/in sound/nn in/in helium/nn gas/nn ,/, secondary/jj thermometry/nn involving/vbg principally/rb studies/nns of/in the/at behavior/nn of/in germanium/nn resistors/nns ,/, and/cc helium-4/nn vapor-pressure/nn measurements/nns (/( see/vb p./nn 144/cd )/) ./. Acoustical/jj-hl interferometer/nn-hl ./. An/at acoustical/jj interferometer/nn has/hvz been/ben constructed/vbn and/cc used/vbn ,/, with/in helium/nn gas/nn as/cs the/at thermometric/jj fluid/nn ,/, to/to measure/vb temperatures/nns near/in 4.2/cd and/cc 2.1/cd Af/nn ./. Such/abl an/at interferometer/nn provides/vbz a/at means/nn of/in absolute/jj temperature/nn measurement/nn ,/, and/cc may/md be/be used/vbn as/cs an/at alternative/nn to/in the/at gas/nn thermometer/nn ./. When/wrb values/nns of/in temperature/nn derived/vbn with/in this/dt instrument/nn were/bed compared/vbn with/in the/at accepted/vbn values/nns associated/vbn with/in liquid/nn helium-4/nn vapor/nn pressures/nns ,/, differences/nns of/in about/rb 10/cd and/cc 7/cd millidegrees/nns respectively/rb were/bed found/vbn ./. This/dt result/nn is/bez preliminary/jj ,/, and/cc work/nn is/bez continuing/vbg ./. Resistance/nn-hl thermometers/nns-hl ./.-hl Carbon/nn resistors/nns and/cc impurity-doped/jj germanium/nn resistors/nns have/hv been/ben investigated/vbn for/in use/nn as/cs precision/jj secondary/jj thermometers/nns in/in the/at liquid/nn helium/nn temperature/nn region/nn ./. Several/ap germanium/nn resistors/nns have/hv been/ben thermally/rb cycled/vbn from/in 300/cd to/in 4.2/cd Af/nn and/cc their/pp$ resistances/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to be/be reproducible/jj within/in 1/3/cd millidegree/nn when/wrb temperatures/nns were/bed derived/vbn from/in a/at vapor/nn pressure/nn thermometer/nn whose/wp$ tubing/nn is/bez jacketed/vbn through/in most/ap of/in the/at liquid/nn helium/nn ./. Preliminary/jj calibrations/nns of/in the/at resistors/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn from/in 4.21/cd to/in 2.16/cd Af/nn at/in every/at 0.1/cd Af/nn ./. The/at estimated/vbn standard/jj deviations/nns of/in the/at data/nn for/in two/cd of/in the/at resistors/nns were/bed 1/cd millidegree/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc for/in the/at third/od resistor/nn ,/, 3.3/cd millidegrees/nns ./. Vapor/nn-hl pressure/nn-hl method/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at reproducibilities/nns of/in helium/nn vapor-pressure/nn thermometers/nns have/hv been/ben investigated/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in a/at ``/`` constant/jj temperature/nn ''/'' liquid/nn helium/nn bath/nn from/in 4.2/cd to/in 1.8/cd Af/nn ./. Surface/nn temperature/nn gradients/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to exist/vb in/in liquid/nn helium/nn baths/nns contained/vbn in/in 15-/cd and/cc 25-liter/jj metallic/jj storage/nn dewars/nns ./. The/at gradient/nn was/bedz about/rb one/cd half/abn of/in a/at millidegree/nn at/in 4.2/cd Af/nn but/cc increased/vbd to/in several/ap millidegrees/nns for/in bath/nn temperatures/nns slightly/ql greater/jjr than/cs the/at **yl/nn point/nn ./. A/at hydrostatic/jj head/nn correction/nn has/hvz been/ben neither/cc necessary/jj nor/cc applicable/jj in/in the/at determination/nn of/in vapor/nn pressures/nns or/cc temperatures/nns for/in the/at bulk/jj liquid/nn helium/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at surface/nn temperature/nn gradient/nn can/md produce/vb erroneous/jj vapor-pressure/nn measurements/nns for/in the/at bulk/jj liquid/nn helium/nn unless/cs precautions/nns are/ber taken/vbn to/to isolate/vb the/at tube/nn (/( which/wdt passes/vbz through/in the/at surface/nn to/in the/at vapor/nn pressure/nn bulb/nn )/) from/in the/at liquid/nn helium/nn surface/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz also/rb been/ben observed/vbn ,/, in/in helium/nn 2/cd ,/, that/cs large/jj discrepancies/nns can/md exist/vb between/in surface/nn vapor/nn pressures/nns and/cc those/dts pressures/nns measured/vbn by/in a/at vapor/nn pressure/nn thermometer/nn ./. This/dt has/hvz been/ben attributed/vbn to/in helium/nn film/nn flow/nn in/in the/at vapor/nn pressure/nn thermometer/nn ./. In/in this/dt case/nn also/rb the/at design/nn of/in the/at thermometer/nn can/md be/be modified/vbn to/to reduce/vb the/at helium/nn film/nn flow/nn ./. Pressure/nn-hl transducer/nn-hl for/in-hl pvt/nn-hl measurements/nns-hl ./.-hl Precise/jj pressure-volume-temperature/nn measurements/nns on/in corrosive/jj gases/nns are/ber dependent/jj on/in a/at sensitive/jj yet/cc rugged/jj pressure/nn transducer/nn ./. A/at prototype/nn which/wdt fulfills/vbz the/at requirements/nns was/bedz developed/vbn and/cc thoroughly/rb tested/vbn ./. The/at transducer/nn is/bez a/at null-type/jj instrument/nn and/cc employs/vbz a/at stretched/vbn diaphragm/nn ,/, 0.001/cd in./nn thick/jj and/cc 1/cd in./nn in/in diameter/nn ./. A/at small/jj pressure/nn unbalance/nn displaces/vbz the/at diaphragm/nn and/cc changes/vbz the/at capacitance/nn between/in the/at diaphragm/nn and/cc an/at electrically/rb insulated/vbn plate/nn spaced/vbn 0.001/cd in./nn apart/rb (/( for/in Af/nn )/) ./. Spherical/jj concave/jj backing/vbg surfaces/nns support/vb the/at diaphragm/nn when/wrb excessive/jj pressures/nns are/ber applied/vbn and/cc prevent/vb the/at stresses/nns within/in the/at diaphragm/nn from/in exceeding/vbg the/at elastic/jj limit/nn ./. Over/in a/at temperature/nn range/nn from/in 25/cd to/in 200/cd Af/nn and/cc at/in pressures/nns up/rp to/in 250/cd atm/nn ,/, an/at overload/nn of/in 300/cd psi/nn ,/, applied/vbn for/in a/at period/nn of/in one/cd day/nn ,/, results/vbz in/in an/at uncertainty/nn in/in the/at pressure/nn of/in ,/, at/in most/ap ,/, one/cd millimeter/nn of/in mercury/nn ./. Transport/nn-hl properties/nns-hl of/in-hl air/nn-hl ./.-hl A/at 6-year/jj study/nn of/in the/at transport/nn properties/nns of/in air/nn at/in elevated/vbn temperatures/nns has/hvz been/ben completed/vbn ./. This/dt project/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp under/in sponsorship/nn of/in the/at Ballistic/jj-tl Missile/nn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Air/nn-tl Research/nn-tl and/cc-tl Development/nn-tl Command/nn-tl ,/, U.S./np-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ,/, and/cc had/hvd as/cs its/pp$ goal/nn the/at investigation/nn of/in the/at transport/nn by/in diffusion/nn of/in the/at heat/nn energy/nn of/in chemical/nn binding/vbg ./. A/at significant/jj effect/nn discovered/vbn during/in the/at study/nn is/bez the/at existence/nn of/in Prandtl/np numbers/nns reaching/vbg values/nns of/in more/ap than/in unity/nn in/in the/at nitrogen/nn dissociation/nn region/nn ./. Another/dt effect/nn discovered/vbn is/bez the/at large/jj coefficient/nn of/in thermal/jj diffusion/nn tending/vbg to/to separate/vb nitrogen/nn from/in the/at oxygen/nn when/wrb temperature/nn differences/nns straddling/vbg the/at nitrogen/nn dissociation/nn region/nn are/ber present/rb ./. The/at results/nns of/in the/at study/nn ,/, based/vbn on/in collision/nn integrals/nns computed/vbn from/in the/at latest/jjt critically/rb evaluated/vbn data/nn on/in intermolecular/jj forces/nns in/in air/nn ,/, will/md be/be reported/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at table/nn of/in viscosity/nn ,/, thermal/jj conductivity/nn ,/, thermal/jj diffusion/nn ,/, and/cc diffusion/nn coefficients/nns at/in temperatures/nns of/in 1,000/cd to/in 10,000/cd Af/nn and/cc of/in logarithm/nn of/in pressure/nn in/in atmospheres/nns from/in Af/nn to/in Af/nn times/nns normal/jj density/nn ./. International/jj-hl cooperative/jj-hl activities/nns-hl ./.-hl In/in March/np ,/, 1961/cd ,/, representatives/nns of/in the/at national/jj laboratories/nns of/in Australia/np ,/, Canada/np ,/, The/at-tl Netherlands/np-tl ,/, United/vbn-tl Kingdom/nn-tl ,/, U.S.S.R./np ,/, United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc West/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ,/, met/vbd at/in the/at NBS/nn to/to devise/vb means/nns for/in reaching/vbg international/jj agreement/nn on/in a/at temperature/nn scale/nn between/in 10/cd and/cc 90/cd Af/nn ./. As/cs a/at first/od step/nn toward/in this/dt goal/nn ,/, arrangements/nns were/bed worked/vbn out/rp for/in comparing/vbg the/at scales/nns now/rb in/in use/nn through/in circulation/nn of/in a/at group/nn of/in standard/jj platinum/nn resistance/nn thermometers/nns for/in calibration/nn by/in each/dt national/jj laboratory/nn ./. Such/abl a/at group/nn of/in thermometers/nns was/bedz obtained/vbn and/cc calibrated/vbn at/in the/at Aj/nn ./. These/dts thermometers/nns have/hv now/rb been/ben sent/vbn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl Kingdom/nn-tl for/in calibration/nn at/in the/at National/jj-tl Physical/jj-tl Laboratory/nn-tl ./. Temperature/nn-hl symposium/nn-hl ./.-hl During/in the/at last/ap week/nn of/in march/nn 1961/cd ,/, Columbus/np ,/, Ohio/np was/bedz the/at site/nn of/in the/at Fourth/od-tl Symposium/nn-tl on/in-tl Temperature/nn-tl ,/, Its/pp$-tl Measurement/nn-tl And/cc-tl Control/nn-tl In/in-tl Science/nn-tl And/cc-tl Industry/nn-tl ./. The/at Symposium/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz jointly/rb sponsored/vbn by/in the/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Physics/nn-tl ,/, the/at Instrument/nn-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at National/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Standards/nns-tl ,/, attracted/vbd nearly/rb one/cd thousand/cd registrants/nns ,/, including/in many/ap from/in abroad/rb ./. The/at Bureau/nn-tl contributed/vbd to/in the/at planning/nn and/cc success/nn of/in the/at Symposium/nn-tl through/in the/at efforts/nns of/in Mr./np W./np A./np Wildhack/np ,/, General/jj-tl Chairman/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Dr./nn-tl C./np M./np Herzfeld/np ,/, Program/nn-tl Chairman/nn-tl ./. Dr./nn-tl A./np V./np Astin/np ,/, NBS/nn Director/nn-tl ,/, opened/vbd the/at 5-day/jj session/nn with/in introductory/jj remarks/nns ,/, following/vbg which/wdt a/at total/nn of/in twenty-six/cd papers/nns were/bed given/vbn throughout/in the/at week/nn by/in NBS/nn scientists/nns ,/, from/in both/abx the/at Washington/np and/cc Boulder/np-tl Laboratories/nns-tl ./. 2.1.6/cd-hl ./.-hl Atomic/jj-hl physics/nn-hl In/in addition/nn to/in the/at basic/jj programs/nns in/in wavelength/nn standards/nns ,/, spectroscopy/nn ,/, solid/nn state/nn physics/nn ,/, interactions/nns of/in the/at free/jj electron/nn and/cc atomic/jj constants/nns which/wdt are/ber necessary/jj to/to provide/vb the/at foundation/nn for/in technological/jj progress/nn ,/, the/at Bureau/nn-tl has/hvz strengthened/vbn its/pp$ activities/nns in/in laboratory/nn astrophysics/nn ./. The/at programs/nns in/in infrared/jj spectroscopy/nn are/ber undergoing/vbg reorientation/nn toward/in wavelength/nn standards/nns in/in the/at far/jj infrared/nn ,/, the/at application/nn of/in infrared/jj techniques/nns to/in solid/nn state/nn studies/nns ,/, and/cc increased/vbn emphasis/nn on/in high/jj resolution/nn instrumentation/nn ./. Two/cd data/nn centers/nns have/hv been/ben established/vbn for/in the/at collection/nn ,/, indexing/nn ,/, critical/jj evaluation/nn ,/, and/cc dissemination/nn of/in bibliographies/nns and/cc critical/jj values/nns in/in the/at fields/nns of/in transition/nn probabilities/nns and/cc collision/nn cross/nn sections/nns ./. Laboratory/nn-hl astrophysics/nn-hl ./.-hl Transition/nn-hl probabilities/nns-hl ./.-hl Under/in the/at sponsorship/nn of/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Naval/jj-tl Research/nn-tl and/cc the/at Advanced/jj-tl Research/nn-tl Projects/nns-tl Agency/nn-tl ,/, a/at data/nn center/nn was/bedz established/vbn to/to gather/vb and/cc index/vb all/abn published/vbn information/nn on/in atomic/jj transition/nn probabilities/nns ./. An/at exhaustive/jj survey/nn was/bedz made/vbn of/in the/at literature/nn ,/, and/cc a/at primary/jj reference/nn file/nn of/in approximately/rb 600/cd references/nns was/bedz catalogued/vbn ./. Selected/vbn bibliographies/nns and/cc tables/nns of/in available/jj data/nn are/ber now/rb in/in preparation/nn ./. A/at wall-stabilized/jj high-current/nn arc/nn source/nn was/bedz constructed/vbn and/cc used/vbn to/to study/vb transition/nn probabilities/nns of/in atomic/jj hydrogen/nn and/cc oxygen/nn ./. This/dt apparatus/nn will/md also/rb be/be used/vbn to/to measure/vb transition/nn probabilities/nns of/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in other/ap elements/nns ./. A/at study/nn of/in the/at hydrogen/nn line/nn profiles/nns indicates/vbz that/cs a/at measurement/nn of/in these/dts profiles/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to calculate/vb a/at temperature/nn for/in the/at arc/nn plasma/nn that/wps is/bez reliable/jj to/in about/rb Af/nn percent/nn ./. A/at set/nn of/in tables/nns containing/vbg spectral/jj intensities/nns for/in 39,000/cd lines/nns of/in 70/cd elements/nns ,/, as/cs observed/vbn in/in a/at copper/nn matrix/nn in/in a/at d-c/nn arc/nn ,/, was/bedz completed/vbn and/cc published/vbn ./. Studies/nns of/in the/at intensity/nn data/nn indicate/vb that/cs they/ppss may/md be/be converted/vbn to/in approximate/jj transition/nn probabilities/nns ./. These/dts data/nn are/ber not/* of/in the/at precision/nn obtainable/jj by/in the/at methods/nns previously/rb mentioned/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at vast/jj number/nn of/in approximate/jj values/nns available/jj will/md be/be useful/jj in/in many/ap areas/nns ./. Atomic/jj-hl energy/nn-hl levels/nns-hl ./.-hl Research/nn continues/vbz on/in the/at very/ql complex/jj spectra/nns of/in the/at rare/jj earth/nn elements/nns ./. New/jj computer/nn and/cc automation/nn techniques/nns were/bed applied/vbn to/in these/dts spectra/nns with/in considerable/jj success/nn ./.

ch12

ch12 |@word e:2 addition:2 penalty:1 provide:9 title:23 18:1 united:23 states:23 code:1 section:16 1001:1 person:13 guilty:2 act:4 therein:1 respect:10 matter:1 shall:42 forfeit:2 right:2 payment:33 make:33 grant:2 commission:22 take:2 action:5 may:17 necessary:4 recover:2 f:2 connection:3 claim:27 decide:1 pursuant:16 award:26 upon:7 write:2 request:2 claimant:8 attorney:5 heretofore:1 hereafter:2 employ:1 determine:1 apportion:1 reasonable:1 fee:6 service:3 render:3 total:8 amount:24 determined:3 case:5 exceed:5 10:2 per:4 centum:4 pay:10 evidence:1 agree:2 conclusive:3 however:1 enter:4 part:5 thereof:6 secretary:18 treasury:19 deduct:3 agreement:8 contrary:1 unlawful:1 void:1 authorize:9 direct:5 mail:1 proceeding:1 notice:1 provision:4 subsection:10 whoever:1 elsewhere:1 offer:1 promise:1 receive:2 account:4 compensation:1 add:1 previously:1 misdemeanor:1 conviction:1 fine:1 imprison:1 twelve:1 month:1 thereto:3 g:1 general:4 assign:1 officer:2 employee:2 department:3 justice:1 represent:1 government:11 jurisdiction:3 require:3 cover:7 credit:4 miscellaneous:2 receipt:2 h:1 notify:2 approval:1 denial:2 state:6 reason:1 ground:1 therefor:1 approve:3 whose:1 deny:2 less:2 full:2 entitle:3 regulation:2 prescribe:4 hearing:2 duly:4 representative:2 affirm:1 modify:1 revise:1 former:1 include:1 reduction:1 theretofore:1 allow:2 final:2 question:1 law:2 fact:1 subject:3 review:2 official:2 agency:2 establishment:2 court:4 mandamus:1 otherwise:3 discretion:3 one:1 item:2 deem:1 clearly:1 establish:1 individual:1 defer:1 consideration:1 j:1 comply:1 provison:1 administrative:1 procedure:1 1946:1 except:3 specifically:1 sec:5 5:7 soon:1 possible:1 order:2 making:2 certify:7 copy:2 favor:1 national:2 formal:1 submission:1 file:2 b:6 4:6 transmission:1 foreign:4 concern:1 6:1 complete:3 affair:1 settlement:3 yugoslav:8 arise:1 1948:4 later:1 december:1 31:1 1954:1 nothing:2 construe:2 limit:1 life:1 authority:1 future:1 effect:1 legislation:1 7:4 limitation:1 hereinafter:2 8:3 principal:10 plus:1 accrue:2 interest:6 bear:4 accordance:3 application:2 c:5 reimbursement:1 expense:1 incur:1 equal:1 behalf:3 1:5 deceased:1 legal:2 disability:1 500:1 qualified:1 executor:1 administrator:1 find:3 comptroller:3 without:1 necessity:1 compliance:1 requirement:1 administration:1 estates:1 2:5 partnership:3 corporation:3 existence:1 terminate:1 paragraph:2 3:4 receiver:3 trustee:3 appoint:2 competent:2 discharge:1 prior:1 date:1 assignment:3 assignee:2 appear:2 writing:1 acknowledge:1 whenever:1 entitled:1 absolute:1 bar:1 recovery:1 agent:1 hold:1 consent:1 assumption:1 liability:1 satisfaction:1 whole:1 hereby:3 create:2 special:4 fund:15 know:2 name:1 describe:2 proper:2 specify:1 disburse:1 aforesaid:1 permanently:1 appropriate:3 sum:5 federal:2 people:2 republic:2 yugoslavia:2 purpose:1 dollar:1 deduction:1 additional:1 25:1 unpaid:3 time:3 ratable:1 proportion:2 accord:1 available:1 distribution:1 pro:1 rata:1 concurrence:1 balance:1 remain:1 extent:1 article:1 cost:1 adjudication:1 attributable:1 certification:1 9:1 money:1 enable:1 carry:1 function:1

(/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl In/in addition/nn to/in the/at penalties/nns provided/vbn in/in Title/nn-tl 18/cd-tl ,/, United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Code/nn-tl ,/, Section/nn-tl 1001/cd-tl ,/, any/dti person/nn guilty/jj of/in any/dti act/nn ,/, as/cs provided/vbn therein/rb ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in any/dti matter/nn under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, shall/md forfeit/vb all/abn rights/nns under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, if/cs payment/nn shall/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn or/cc granted/vbn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md take/vb such/jj action/nn as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to recover/vb the/at same/ap ./. (/(-hl F/np-hl )/)-hl In/in connection/nn with/in any/dti claim/nn decided/vbn by/in the/at Commission/nn-tl pursuant/in to/in this/dt Title/nn-tl in/in which/wdt an/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl may/md ,/, upon/in the/at written/vbn request/nn of/in the/at claimant/nn or/cc any/dti attorney/nn heretofore/rb or/cc hereafter/rb employed/vbn by/in such/jj claimant/nn ,/, determine/vb and/cc apportion/vb the/at just/jj and/cc reasonable/jj attorney's/nn$ fees/nns for/in services/nns rendered/vbn with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ,/, but/cc the/at total/nn amount/nn of/in the/at fees/nns so/rb determined/vbn in/in any/dti case/nn shall/md not/* exceed/vb 10/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at total/nn amount/nn paid/vbn pursuant/in to/in the/at award/nn ./. Written/vbn evidence/nn that/cs the/at claimant/nn and/cc any/dti such/jj attorney/nn have/hv agreed/vbn to/in the/at amount/nn of/in the/at attorney's/nn$ fees/nns shall/md be/be conclusive/jj upon/in the/at Commission/nn-tl :/: Provided/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, That/cs the/at total/nn amount/nn of/in the/at fees/nns so/rb agreed/vbn upon/rb does/doz not/* exceed/vb 10/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at total/nn amount/nn paid/vbn pursuant/in to/in the/at award/nn ./. Any/dti fee/nn so/rb determined/vbn shall/md be/be entered/vbn as/cs a/at part/nn of/in such/jj award/nn ,/, and/cc payment/nn thereof/rb shall/md be/be made/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl by/in deducting/vbg the/at amount/nn thereof/rb from/in the/at total/nn amount/nn paid/vbn pursuant/in to/in the/at award/nn ./. Any/dti agreement/nn to/in the/at contrary/nn shall/md be/be unlawful/jj and/cc void/jj ./. The/at Commission/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to mail/vb to/in each/dt claimant/nn in/in proceedings/nns before/in the/at Commission/nn-tl notice/nn of/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt subsection/nn ./. Whoever/wps ,/, in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc elsewhere/rb ,/, pays/vbz or/cc offers/vbz to/to pay/vb ,/, or/cc promises/vbz to/to pay/vb ,/, or/cc receives/vbz on/in account/nn of/in services/nns rendered/vbn or/cc to/to be/be rendered/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in any/dti such/jj claim/nn ,/, compensation/nn which/wdt ,/, when/wrb added/vbn to/in any/dti amount/nn previously/rb paid/vbn on/in account/nn of/in such/jj services/nns ,/, will/md exceed/vb the/at amount/nn of/in fees/nns so/rb determined/vbn by/in the/at Commission/nn-tl ,/, shall/md be/be guilty/jj of/in a/at misdemeanor/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, upon/in conviction/nn thereof/rb ,/, shall/md be/be fined/vbn not/* more/ap than/in $5,000/nns or/cc imprisoned/vbn not/* more/ap than/in twelve/cd months/nns ,/, or/cc both/abx ,/, and/cc if/cs any/dti such/jj payment/nn shall/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn or/cc granted/vbn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md take/vb such/jj action/nn as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to recover/vb the/at same/ap ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in addition/nn thereto/rb ,/, any/dti such/jj person/nn shall/md forfeit/vb all/abn rights/nns under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl G/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl shall/md assign/vb such/jj officers/nns and/cc employees/nns of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to represent/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/in to/in any/dti claims/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in respect/nn to/in which/wdt the/at Commission/nn-tl has/hvz jurisdiction/nn under/in this/dt title/nn ./. Any/dti and/cc all/abn payments/nns required/vbn to/to be/be made/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl under/in this/dt title/nn pursuant/in to/in any/dti award/nn made/vbn by/in the/at Commission/nn-tl to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl shall/md be/be covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in miscellaneous/jj receipts/nns ./. (/(-hl H/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md notify/vb all/abn claimants/nns of/in the/at approval/nn or/cc denial/nn of/in their/pp$ claims/nns ,/, stating/vbg the/at reasons/nns and/cc grounds/nns therefor/rb ,/, and/cc if/cs approved/vbn ,/, shall/md notify/vb such/jj claimants/nns of/in the/at amount/nn for/in which/wdt such/jj claims/nns are/ber approved/vbn ./. Any/dti claimant/nn whose/wp$ claim/nn is/bez denied/vbn ,/, or/cc is/bez approved/vbn for/in less/ap than/in the/at full/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj claim/nn ,/, shall/md be/be entitled/vbn ,/, under/in such/jj regulations/nns as/cs the/at Commission/nn-tl may/md prescribe/vb ,/, to/in a/at hearing/nn before/in the/at Commission/nn-tl ,/, or/cc its/pp$ duly/rb authorized/vbn representatives/nns ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ./. Upon/in such/jj hearing/nn ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl may/md affirm/vb ,/, modify/vb ,/, or/cc revise/vb its/pp$ former/ap action/nn with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ,/, including/in a/at denial/nn or/cc reduction/nn in/in the/at amount/nn theretofore/rb allowed/vbn with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj claim/nn ./. The/at action/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl in/in allowing/vbg or/cc denying/vbg any/dti claim/nn under/in this/dt title/nn shall/md be/be final/jj and/cc conclusive/jj on/in all/abn questions/nns of/in law/nn and/cc fact/nn and/cc not/* subject/jj to/in review/nn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl or/cc any/dti other/ap official/nn ,/, department/nn ,/, agency/nn ,/, or/cc establishment/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc by/in any/dti court/nn by/in mandamus/nn or/cc otherwise/rb ./. (/(-hl I/ppss-hl )/)-hl The/at Commission/nn-tl may/md in/in its/pp$ discretion/nn enter/vb an/at award/nn with/in respect/nn to/in one/cd or/cc more/ap items/nns deemed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben clearly/rb established/vbn in/in an/at individual/jj claim/nn while/cs deferring/vbg consideration/nn and/cc action/nn on/in other/ap items/nns of/in the/at same/ap claim/nn ./. (/(-hl J/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md comply/vb with/in the/at provisons/nns of/in the/at Administrative/jj-tl Procedure/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1946/cd except/in as/cs otherwise/rb specifically/rb provided/vbn by/in this/dt title/nn ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 5/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md ,/, as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj ,/, and/cc in/in the/at order/nn of/in the/at making/nn of/in such/jj awards/nns ,/, certify/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl and/cc to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl copies/nns of/in the/at awards/nns made/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc of/in nationals/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./. The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md certify/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, upon/in his/pp$ request/nn ,/, copies/nns of/in the/at formal/jj submissions/nns of/in claims/nns filed/vbn pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( B/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl for/in transmission/nn to/in the/at foreign/jj government/nn concerned/vbn ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 6/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl The/at Commission/nn-tl shall/md complete/vb its/pp$ affairs/nns in/in connection/nn with/in settlement/nn of/in United/vbn-tl States-Yugoslav/np-tl claims/nns arising/vbg under/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd not/* later/rbr than/cs December/np 31/cd ,/, 1954/cd :/. :/. Provided/vbn ,/, That/cs nothing/pn in/in this/dt provision/nn shall/md be/be construed/vbn to/to limit/vb the/at life/nn of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl ,/, or/cc its/pp$ authority/nn to/to act/vb on/in future/jj agreements/nns which/wdt may/md be/be effected/vbn under/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt legislation/nn ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 7/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl Subject/jj to/in the/at limitations/nns hereinafter/rb provided/vbn ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to pay/vb ,/, as/cs prescribed/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 8/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, an/at amount/nn not/* exceeding/vbg the/at principal/nn of/in each/dt award/nn ,/, plus/in accrued/vbn interests/nns on/in such/jj awards/nns as/cs bear/vb interest/nn ,/, certified/vbn pursuant/in to/in Section/nn-tl 5/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ,/, in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at award/nn ./. Such/jj payments/nns ,/, and/cc applications/nns for/in such/jj payments/nns ,/, shall/md be/be made/vbn in/in accordance/nn with/in such/jj regulations/nns as/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl may/md prescribe/vb ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl There/ex shall/md be/be deducted/vbn from/in the/at amount/nn of/in each/dt payment/nn made/vbn pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( C/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, as/cs reimbursement/nn for/in the/at expenses/nns incurred/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, an/at amount/nn equal/jj to/in 5/cd per/in centum/nn of/in such/jj payment/nn ./. All/abn amounts/vbz so/rb deducted/vbn shall/md be/be covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in miscellaneous/jj receipts/nns ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl Payments/nns made/vbn pursuant/in to/in this/dt Title/nn-tl shall/md be/be made/vbn only/rb to/in the/at person/nn or/cc persons/nns on/in behalf/nn of/in whom/wpo the/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, except/in that/cs --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl if/cs such/jj person/nn is/bez deceased/jj or/cc is/bez under/in a/at legal/jj disability/nn ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in his/pp$ legal/jj representative/nn :/: Provided/vbn ,/, That/cs if/cs the/at total/nn award/nn is/bez not/* over/in $500/nns and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at qualified/vbn executor/nn or/cc administrator/nn ,/, payment/nn may/md be/be made/vbn to/in the/at person/nn or/cc persons/nns found/vbn by/in the/at Comptroller/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to be/be entitled/vbn thereto/rb ,/, without/in the/at necessity/nn of/in compliance/nn with/in the/at requirements/nns of/in law/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at administration/nn of/in estates/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl in/in the/at case/nn of/in a/at partnership/nn or/cc corporation/nn ,/, the/at existence/nn of/in which/wdt has/hvz been/ben terminated/vbn and/cc on/in behalf/nn of/in which/wdt an/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn ,/, except/in as/cs provided/vbn in/in paragraphs/nns (/( 3/cd )/) and/cc (/( 4/cd )/) ,/, to/in the/at person/nn or/cc persons/nns found/vbn by/in the/at Comptroller/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to be/be entitled/vbn thereto/rb ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl if/cs a/at receiver/nn or/cc trustee/nn for/in any/dti such/jj partnership/nn or/cc corporation/nn has/hvz been/ben duly/rb appointed/vbn by/in a/at court/nn of/in competent/jj jurisdiction/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc has/hvz not/* been/ben discharged/vbn prior/rb to/in the/at date/nn of/in payment/nn ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in such/jj receiver/nn or/cc trustee/nn in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at order/nn of/in the/at court/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl if/cs a/at receiver/nn or/cc trustee/nn for/in any/dti such/jj partnership/nn or/cc corporation/nn ,/, duly/rb appointed/vbn by/in a/at court/nn of/in competent/jj jurisdiction/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, makes/vbz an/at assignment/nn of/in the/at claim/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti part/nn thereof/rb ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in which/wdt an/at award/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, or/cc makes/vbz an/at assignment/nn of/in such/jj award/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti part/nn thereof/rb ,/, payment/nn shall/md be/be made/vbn to/in the/at assignee/nn ,/, as/cs his/pp$ interest/nn may/md appear/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl in/in the/at case/nn of/in any/dti assignment/nn of/in an/at award/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti part/nn thereof/rb ,/, which/wdt is/bez made/vbn in/in writing/vbg and/cc duly/rb acknowledged/vbn and/cc filed/vbn ,/, after/cs such/jj award/nn is/bez certified/vbn to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, payment/nn may/md ,/, in/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, be/be made/vbn to/in the/at assignee/nn ,/, as/cs his/pp$ interest/nn may/md appear/vb ./. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl Whenever/wrb the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at Comptroller/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, as/cs the/at case/nn may/md be/be ,/, shall/md find/vb that/cs any/dti person/nn is/bez entitled/vbn to/in any/dti such/jj payment/nn ,/, after/cs such/jj payment/nn shall/md have/hv been/ben received/vbn by/in such/jj person/nn ,/, it/pps shall/md be/be an/at absolute/jj bar/nn to/in recovery/nn by/in any/dti other/ap person/nn against/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, its/pp$ officers/nns ,/, agents/nns ,/, or/cc employees/nns with/in respect/nn to/in such/jj payment/nn ./. (/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl Any/dti person/nn who/wps makes/vbz application/nn for/in any/dti such/jj payment/nn shall/md be/be held/vbn to/to have/hv consented/vbn to/in all/abn the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl F/np-hl )/)-hl Nothing/pn in/in the/at Title/nn-tl shall/md be/be construed/vbn as/cs the/at assumption/nn of/in any/dti liability/nn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in the/at payment/nn or/cc satisfaction/nn ,/, in/in whole/nn or/cc in/in part/nn ,/, of/in any/dti claim/nn on/in behalf/nn of/in any/dti national/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl against/in any/dti foreign/jj government/nn ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 8/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl There/ex are/ber hereby/rb created/vbn in/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl (/( 1/cd )/) a/at special/jj fund/nn to/to be/be known/vbn as/cs the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) such/jj other/ap special/jj funds/nns as/cs may/md ,/, in/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, be/be required/vbn each/dt to/to be/be a/at claims/nns fund/nn to/to be/be known/vbn by/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at foreign/jj government/nn which/wdt has/hvz entered/vbn into/in a/at settlement/nn agreement/nn with/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs described/vbn in/in subsection/nn (/( A/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./. There/ex shall/md be/be covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in the/at proper/jj special/jj fund/nn all/abn funds/nns hereinafter/rb specified/vbn ./. All/abn payments/nns authorized/vbn under/in Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl shall/md be/be disbursed/vbn from/in the/at proper/jj fund/nn ,/, as/cs the/at case/nn may/md be/be ,/, and/cc all/abn amounts/nns covered/vbn into/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl to/in the/at credit/nn of/in the/at aforesaid/jj funds/nns are/ber hereby/rb permanently/rb appropriated/vbn for/in the/at making/nn of/in the/at payments/nns authorized/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to cover/vb into/in --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl the/at sum/nn of/in $17,000,000/nns being/beg the/at amount/nn paid/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Federal/jj-tl People's/nns$-tl Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl Yugoslavia/np-tl pursuant/in to/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl a/at special/jj fund/nn created/vbn for/in that/dt purpose/nn pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( A/np )/) of/in this/dt section/nn any/dti amounts/nns hereafter/rb paid/vbn ,/, in/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dollars/nns ,/, by/in a/at foreign/jj government/nn which/wdt has/hvz entered/vbn into/in a/at claims/nns settlement/nn agreement/nn with/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs described/vbn in/in subsection/nn (/( A/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 4/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn out/rp of/in the/at sums/nns covered/vbn into/in any/dti of/in the/at funds/nns pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( B/np )/) of/in this/dt section/nn ,/, and/cc after/cs making/vbg the/at deduction/nn provided/vbn for/in in/in Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl (/( B/np )/) of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl to/to make/vb payments/nns in/in full/nn of/in the/at principal/nn of/in awards/nns of/in $1,000/nns or/cc less/ap ,/, certified/vbn pursuant/in to/in Section/nn-tl 5/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl to/to make/vb payments/nns of/in $1,000/nns on/in the/at principal/nn of/in each/dt award/nn of/in more/ap than/in $1,000/nns in/in principal/nn amount/nn ,/, certified/vbn pursuant/in to/in Section/nn-tl 5/cd-tl of/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl to/to make/vb additional/jj payment/nn of/in not/* to/to exceed/vb 25/cd per/in centum/nn of/in the/at unpaid/jj principal/nn of/in awards/nns in/in the/at principal/nn amount/nn of/in more/ap than/in $1,000/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl after/cs completing/vbg the/at payments/nns prescribed/vbn by/in paragraphs/nns (/( 2/cd )/) and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) of/in this/dt subsection/nn ,/, to/to make/vb payments/nns ,/, from/in time/nn to/in time/nn in/in ratable/jj proportions/nns ,/, on/in account/nn of/in the/at unpaid/jj principal/nn of/in all/abn awards/nns in/in the/at principal/nn amount/nn of/in more/ap than/in $1,000/nns ,/, according/in to/in the/at proportions/nns which/wdt the/at unpaid/jj principal/nn of/in such/jj awards/nns bear/vb to/in the/at total/nn amount/nn in/in the/at fund/nn available/jj for/in distribution/nn at/in the/at time/nn such/jj payments/nns are/ber made/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl after/cs payment/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn of/in the/at principal/nn amounts/nns of/in all/abn such/jj awards/nns ,/, to/to make/vb pro/in rata/fw-nns payments/nns on/in account/nn of/in accrued/vbn interest/nn on/in such/abl awards/nns as/cs bear/vb interest/nn ./. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ,/, upon/in the/at concurrence/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ,/, is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn ,/, out/rp of/in the/at sum/nn covered/vbn into/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( B/np )/) of/in this/dt section/nn ,/, after/cs completing/vbg the/at payments/nns of/in such/jj funds/nns pursuant/in to/in subsection/nn (/( C/np )/) of/in this/dt Section/nn-tl ,/, to/to make/vb payment/nn of/in the/at balance/nn of/in any/dti sum/nn remaining/vbg in/in such/jj fund/nn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Federal/jj-tl People's/nns$-tl Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl Yugoslavia/np-tl to/in the/at extent/nn required/vbn under/in Article/nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( C/np )/) of/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd ./. The/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl shall/md certify/vb to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl the/at total/nn cost/nn of/in adjudication/nn ,/, not/* borne/vbn by/in the/at claimants/nns ,/, attributable/jj to/in the/at Yugoslav/jj-tl Claims/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl of/in 1948/cd ./. Such/jj certification/nn shall/md be/be final/jj and/cc conclusive/jj and/cc shall/md not/* be/be subject/jj to/to review/vb by/in any/dti other/ap official/nn or/cc department/nn ,/, agency/nn ,/, or/cc establishment/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Sec./nn-tl-hl 9/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl There/ex is/bez hereby/rb authorized/vbn to/to be/be appropriated/vbn ,/, out/rp of/in any/dti money/nn in/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl not/* otherwise/rb appropriated/vbn ,/, such/jj sums/nns as/cs may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to enable/vb the/at Commission/nn-tl to/to carry/vb out/rp its/pp$ functions/nns under/in this/dt Title/nn-tl ./.

ch13

ch13 |@word mr:13 dooley:1 speaker:4 several:2 year:3 commuter:10 railroad:13 serve:6 large:2 metropolitan:2 area:5 find:1 increasingly:1 difficult:1 render:1 kind:2 service:7 expand:1 population:1 want:1 entitle:1 cause:1 decline:3 many:2 complex:1 high:2 taxis:1 loss:2 revenue:4 government:2 subsidized:1 highway:1 air:2 carrier:6 name:1 two:6 solution:1 problem:1 line:3 equally:1 varied:1 range:4 way:5 ownership:1 complete:2 discontinuance:1 important:2 number:3 sound:1 plan:3 propose:3 none:1 implement:1 instead:1 stand:1 idly:1 watch:1 fail:1 offer:2 help:4 hand:2 though:2 people:3 flow:1 day:4 increase:2 tremendously:1 since:5 world:8 war:4 2:1 total:4 annual:1 rail:1 commutation:1 drop:1 124:1 million:2 1947:1 1957:1 nowhere:1 painfully:1 evident:1 new:23 york:21 city:3 central:15 one:6 nation:2 alone:2 lose:1 percent:2 passenger:2 1949:1 time:8 crisis:1 threat:1 continue:2 operation:5 appear:2 form:1 chesapeake:1 ohio:2 proposal:1 control:2 baltimore:1 point:3 approve:1 interstate:3 commerce:3 commission:3 would:17 give:3 combine:2 185:1 common:1 duplication:1 wasteful:1 system:5 ability:1 take:8 freight:4 traffic:4 away:3 notes:1 susceptible:1 raid:1 provide:4 backbone:1 make:4 possible:3 essential:1 entire:1 well:2 terminal:1 maintain:2 must:5 today:2 handle:1 60:1 southbound:1 come:4 14:1 involve:1 employee:1 work:1 exclusively:1 blow:1 phase:1 serious:1 economic:1 consequence:1 per:1 efficient:1 reasonably:1 price:1 transportation:1 workable:1 alternative:2 potentially:1 dangerous:1 harmful:1 merger:5 scheme:1 logic:1 create:2 strong:1 balanced:2 competitive:3 east:1 obvious:1 publicly:1 commit:1 approach:3 outline:1 detailed:1 study:3 underway:1 far:1 completion:1 indicate:1 beyond:1 doubt:1 saving:1 result:3 unprecedented:1 benefit:2 concern:2 investor:1 customer:1 user:1 public:4 abandon:1 face:2 promising:1 outlook:1 enter:1 negotiation:1 present:1 situation:1 light:1 fact:2 however:3 intend:1 pursue:1 objective:1 healthy:1 eastern:1 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urge:1 imposition:1 naval:6 blockade:17 cuba:17 effective:1 method:1 prevent:2 continued:1 soviet:5 armament:1 western:3 hemisphere:4 violation:1 monroe:5 doctrine:5 yesterday:1 privilege:1 read:1 thoughtful:1 article:2 news:3 report:5 may:4 8:2 discuss:1 type:1 action:7 detail:1 include:3 disadvantage:1 leave:1 extend:1 remark:1 relevant:1 portion:1 together:1 text:1 congressman:1 samuel:1 washington:3 1:1 1961:2 cuban:7 whatever:2 setback:1 unsuccessful:1 attempt:1 rebel:2 establish:1 beachhead:1 castro:9 hold:2 mainland:1 last:2 week:3 least:2 positive:1 clear:2 cut:2 revelation:1 whole:1 conversion:1 russian:7 dominate:1 military:7 base:3 reason:1 failure:1 ill:1 star:1 expedition:1 lack:1 full:2 information:1 extent:2 get:2 equipment:1 somehow:1 picture:2 story:1 tank:4 beach:1 mig:2 jet:2 fighter:1 strafe:1 troop:1 bring:4 home:2 stark:1 blunt:1 truth:1 mean:1 90:1 mile:1 plane:3 jeopardize:1 security:2 united:4 states:4 violate:1 threaten:2 every:1 latin:2 republic:2 penetration:2 kennedy:3 announce:2 appropriate:1 even:2 rather:1 inclined:1 drag:1 foot:1 react:1 swiftly:1 finally:1 throw:1 inter:1 defense:1 try:2 country:3 exclude:1 secret:1 talk:2 job:1 atmosphere:1 urgency:1 see:3 example:1 extensive:1 effort:2 enlist:1 solid:1 bipartisan:1 support:3 toward:2 laos:1 direct:2 future:1 already:1 next:2 move:1 course:2 tell:1 personally:1 think:1 ought:1 set:1 immediate:1 simply:1 tolerate:1 weapon:1 possibility:1 nuclear:1 missile:1 locate:2 stop:5 thoroughly:1 relatively:1 simple:1 carry:1 abrupt:1 end:1 arm:4 look:1 cocky:1 ever:1 agent:1 america:2 act:1 answer:1 expert:4 isolate:1 infiltration:3 maybe:1 finish:1 question:3 put:1 buildup:1 communist:3 april:2 25:2 white:1 house:1 embargo:1 remain:1 trade:1 consider:1 aim:1 undermine:1 economy:1 weaken:1 another:2 strategy:3 bold:1 tough:1 attract:1 destroy:1 view:1 civilian:1 could:9 restore:1 tooth:1 halt:1 flood:1 strategic:1 supply:1 reach:1 export:1 gun:2 propaganda:1 material:1 south:1 severe:1 reprisal:1 short:3 declare:1 invoke:1 therefore:1 suddenly:1 center:2 attention:1 administration:1 official:1 officer:1 pentagon:1 debate:1 raise:1 among:1 say:2 tight:1 port:3 water:1 require:1 task:3 build:1 around:1 aircraft:1 complement:1 100:1 destroyer:1 navy:3 back:1 shangri:1 la:1 mediterranean:1 four:1 attack:1 vicinity:1 36:1 big:1 ship:4 less:1 sailing:1 round:1 submarine:1 need:1 identify:1 track:1 vessel:1 land:1 radar:2 picket:1 squadron:1 patrol:1 add:1 requirement:1 proclaim:1 powerful:1 enough:1 enforce:2 without:1 discrimination:1 condition:1 international:1 law:1 meet:2 run:1 risk:1 runner:1 gunfire:1 necessary:1 search:1 temporarily:1 send:1 ruling:1 whether:1 cargo:1 confiscate:1 accomplish:1 plenty:1 broad:1 sense:1 reaffirm:1 oppose:1 interference:1 avoid:1 intervention:1 primary:1 target:1 shipment:2 aviation:1 gasoline:1 ammunition:1 russia:1 czechoslovakia:1 similarly:1 seize:1 contraband:1 chemical:1 oil:1 textile:1 foodstuff:1 bloc:1 unload:1

Mr./np-hl Dooley/np-hl ./.-hl Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, for/in several/ap years/nns now/rb the/at commuter/nn railroads/nns serving/vbg our/pp$ large/jj metropolitan/jj areas/nns have/hv found/vbn it/ppo increasingly/rb difficult/jj to/to render/vb the/at kind/nn of/in service/nn our/pp$ expanding/vbg population/nn wants/vbz and/cc is/bez entitled/vbn to/to have/hv ./. The/at causes/nns of/in the/at decline/nn of/in the/at commuter/nn railroads/nns are/ber many/ap and/cc complex/jj --/-- high/jj taxes/nns ,/, losses/nns of/in revenue/nn to/in Government/nn-tl subsidized/vbd highway/nn and/cc air/nn carriers/nns ,/, to/to name/vb but/rb two/cd ./. And/cc the/at solutions/nns to/in the/at problems/nns of/in the/at commuter/nn lines/nns have/hv been/ben equally/rb varied/vbn ,/, ranging/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn from/in Government/nn-tl ownership/nn to/in complete/jj discontinuance/nn of/in this/dt important/jj service/nn ./. There/ex have/hv been/ben a/at number/nn of/in sound/jj plans/nns proposed/vbn ./. But/cc none/pn of/in these/dts has/hvz been/ben implemented/vbn ./. Instead/rb we/ppss have/hv stood/vbn idly/rb by/rb ,/, watched/vbn our/pp$ commuter/nn railroad/nn service/nn decline/vb ,/, and/cc have/hv failed/vbn to/to offer/vb a/at helping/vbg hand/nn ./. Though/cs the/at number/nn of/in people/nns flowing/vbg in/rp and/cc out/rp of/in our/pp$ metropolitan/jj areas/nns each/dt day/nn has/hvz increased/vbn tremendously/rb since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, total/nn annual/jj rail/nn commutation/nn dropped/vbd 124/cd million/cd for/in 1947/cd to/in 1957/cd ./. Nowhere/rb has/hvz this/dt decline/nn been/ben more/ql painfully/rb evident/jj than/cs in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl area/nn ./. Here/rb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl Railroad/nn-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at Nation's/nn$-tl most/ql important/jj carriers/nns ,/, has/hvz alone/rb lost/vbn 47.6/cd percent/nn of/in its/pp$ passengers/nns since/in 1949/cd ./. At/in this/dt time/nn of/in crisis/nn in/in our/pp$ Nation's/nn$-tl commuter/nn railroads/nns ,/, a/at new/jj threat/nn to/in the/at continued/vbn operations/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl has/hvz appeared/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in the/at Chesapeake/np-tl &/cc-tl Ohio/np-tl Railroad's/nn$-tl proposal/nn for/in control/nn of/in the/at Baltimore/np-tl &/cc-tl Ohio/np-tl railroads/nns ./. The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl has/hvz pointed/vbn out/rp that/cs this/dt control/nn ,/, if/cs approved/vbn by/in the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ,/, would/md give/vb the/at combined/vbn C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl Railroad/nn-tl a/at total/nn of/in 185/cd points/nns served/vbn in/in common/nn with/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl ./. Not/* only/rb is/bez this/dt kind/nn of/in duplication/nn wasteful/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps gives/vbz the/at combined/vbn system/nn the/at ability/nn to/to take/vb freight/nn traffic/nn away/rb from/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl and/cc other/ap railroads/nns serving/vbg the/at area/nn ./. The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl notes/vbz :/: ``/`` The/at freight/nn traffic/nn most/ql susceptible/jj to/in raiding/vbg by/in the/at C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl provides/vbz the/at backbone/nn of/in Central's/nn$-tl revenues/nns ./. These/dts revenues/nns make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to provide/vb essential/jj freight/nn and/cc passenger/nn service/nn over/in the/at entire/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl system/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl area/nn commuter/nn and/cc terminal/nn freight/nn services/nns ./. If/cs these/dts services/nns are/ber to/to be/be maintained/vbn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl must/md have/hv the/at revenues/nns to/to make/vb them/ppo possible/jj ''/'' ./. The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl today/nr handles/vbz 60/cd percent/nn of/in all/abn southbound/jj commuter/nn traffic/nn coming/vbg into/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez a/at $14/nns million/cd operation/nn involving/vbg 3,500/cd employees/nns who/wps work/vb on/in commuter/nn traffic/nn exclusively/rb ./. A/at blow/nn to/in this/dt phase/nn of/in the/at Central's/nn$-tl operations/nns would/md have/hv serious/jj economic/jj consequences/nns not/* only/rb to/in the/at railroad/nn itself/ppl ,/, but/cc to/in the/at 40,000/cd people/nns per/in day/nn who/wps are/ber provided/vbn with/in efficient/jj ,/, reasonably/rb priced/vbn transportation/nn in/rp and/cc out/rp of/in the/at city/nn ./. ``/`` There/ex is/bez a/at workable/jj alternative/nn to/in this/dt potentially/rb dangerous/jj and/cc harmful/jj C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl merger/nn scheme/nn ''/'' --/-- The/at Central/jj-tl has/hvz pointed/vbn out/rp ./. ``/`` The/at logic/nn of/in creating/vbg a/at strong/jj ,/, balanced/vbn ,/, competitive/jj two-system/jj railroad/nn service/nn in/in the/at East/nr-tl is/bez so/ql obvious/jj that/cs B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl was/bedz publicly/rb committed/vbn to/in the/at approach/nn outlined/vbn here/rb ./. Detailed/vbn studies/nns of/in the/at plan/nn were/bed well/rb underway/rb ./. Though/cs far/rb from/in completion/nn ,/, these/dts studies/nns indicated/vbd beyond/in a/at doubt/nn that/cs savings/nns would/md result/vb which/wdt would/md be/be of/in unprecedented/jj benefit/nn to/in the/at railroads/nns concerned/vbn ,/, their/pp$ investors/nns ,/, their/pp$ customers/nns ,/, their/pp$ users/nns ,/, and/cc to/in the/at public/nn at/in large/jj ./. Then/rb ,/, abandoning/vbg the/at studies/nns in/in the/at face/nn of/in their/pp$ promising/jj outlook/nn for/in all/abn concerned/vbn ,/, B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl entered/vbd on-again-off-again/jj negotiations/nns with/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np which/wdt resulted/vbd in/in the/at present/jj situation/nn ./. In/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at facts/nns at/in hand/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl intends/vbz to/to pursue/vb the/at objective/nn of/in helping/vbg to/to create/vb a/at healthy/jj two-system/jj eastern/jj railroad/nn structure/nn in/in the/at public/nn interest/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl will/md commence/vb its/pp$ deliberations/nns on/in the/at proposed/vbn C./np &/cc-tl O./np -/in-tl B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl merger/nn on/in June/np 18/cd ./. Obviously/rb ,/, the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl will/md not/* force/vb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl to/to further/rbr curtail/vb its/pp$ commuter/nn operations/nns by/in giving/vbg undue/jj competitive/jj advantages/nns to/in the/at lines/nns that/wps wish/vb to/to merge/vb ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at more/ql profound/jj consideration/nn to/in this/dt proposed/vbn merger/nn than/cs profit/nn and/cc loss/nn ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, will/md it/pps serve/vb the/at long-range/nn public/jj interest/nn ?/. ?/. For/in the/at past/ap 40/cd years/nns Congress/np has/hvz advocated/vbn a/at carefully/rb planned/vbn ,/, balanced/vbn and/cc competitive/jj railway/nn system/nn ./. We/ppss must/md ask/vb ourselves/ppls which/wdt of/in the/at two/cd alternatives/nns will/md help/vb the/at commuter/nn --/-- the/at two-way/jj B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl -/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np merger/nn ,/, or/cc the/at three-way/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl Central/jj-tl -/in B./np-tl &/cc-tl O./np-tl -/in C./np &/cc-tl O./np merger/nn ./. Which/wdt will/md serve/vb not/* only/rb the/at best/jjt interest/nn of/in the/at stockholders/nns ,/, but/cc the/at interests/nns of/in all/abn the/at traveling/vbg public/nn ?/. ?/. Mr./np-hl Lindsay/np-hl ./.-hl Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss rise/vb today/nr to/to pay/vb tribute/nn to/in a/at great/jj newspaper/nn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ,/, on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in a/at major/jj change/nn in/in its/pp$ top/nn executive/nn command/nn ./. Arthur/np Hays/np Sulzberger/np has/hvz been/ben a/at distinguished/vbn publisher/nn of/in this/dt distinguished/vbn newspaper/nn and/cc it/pps is/bez fitting/vbg that/cs we/ppss take/vb due/jj notice/nn of/in his/pp$ major/jj contribution/nn to/in American/jj journalism/nn on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in his/pp$ retirement/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem pleased/vbn to/to note/vb that/cs Mr./np Sulzberger/np will/md continue/vb to/to serve/vb as/cs chairman/nn of/in the/at board/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ./. Mr./np Sulzberger's/np$ successor/nn as/cs publisher/nn is/bez Mr./np Orvil/np E./np Dryfoos/np ,/, who/wps is/bez president/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, and/cc who/wps has/hvz been/ben with/in the/at Times/nns-tl since/in 1942/cd ./. Mr./np Dryfoos'/np$ outstanding/jj career/nn as/cs a/at journalist/nn guarantees/vbz that/cs the/at high/jj standards/nns which/wdt have/hv made/vbn the/at Times/nns-tl one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ great/jj newspapers/nns will/md be/be maintained/vbn ./. I/ppss am/bem also/rb pleased/vbn to/to note/vb that/cs Mr./np John/np B./np Oakes/np ,/, a/at member/nn of/in the/at Times/nns-tl staff/nn since/in 1946/cd ,/, has/hvz been/ben appointed/vbn as/cs editorial/nn page/nn editor/nn ./. Mr./np Oakes/np succeeds/vbz Charles/np Merz/np ,/, editor/nn since/in 1938/cd ,/, who/wps now/rb becomes/vbz editor/nn emeritus/jj ./. I/ppss should/md like/vb at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, to/to pay/vb warm/jj tribute/nn to/in Arthur/np Hays/np Sulzberger/np and/cc Charles/np Merz/np on/in the/at occasion/nn of/in their/pp$ retirement/nn from/in distinguished/vbn careers/nns in/in American/jj journalism/nn ./. My/pp$ heartiest/jjt congratulations/nns go/vb to/in their/pp$ successors/nns ,/, Orvil/np E./np Dryfoos/np and/cc John/np B./np Oakes/np ,/, who/wps can/md be/be counted/vbn upon/rb to/to sustain/vb the/at illustrious/jj tradition/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl ./. The/at people/nns of/in the/at 17th/od-tl District/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc I/ppss as/cs their/pp$ Representative/nn-tl in/in Congress/np ,/, take/vb great/jj pride/nn in/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl as/cs one/cd of/in the/at great/jj and/cc authoritative/jj newspapers/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./. Mr./np-hl Stratton/np-hl ./.-hl Mr./np Speaker/nn-tl ,/, in/in my/pp$ latest/jjt newsletter/nn to/in my/pp$ constituents/nns I/ppss urged/vbd the/at imposition/nn of/in a/at naval/jj blockade/nn of/in Cuba/np as/cs the/at only/ap effective/jj method/nn of/in preventing/vbg continued/vbn Soviet/np armaments/nns from/in coming/vbg into/in the/at Western/jj-tl Hemisphere/nn-tl in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ./. Yesterday/nr ,/, I/ppss had/hvd the/at privilege/nn of/in reading/vbg a/at thoughtful/jj article/nn in/in the/at U.S./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl of/in May/np 8/cd which/wdt discussed/vbd this/dt type/nn of/in action/nn in/in more/ap detail/nn ,/, including/in both/abx its/pp$ advantages/nns and/cc its/pp$ disadvantages/nns ./. Under/in leave/nn to/to extend/vb my/pp$ remarks/nns ,/, I/ppss include/vb the/at relevant/jj portion/nn of/in my/pp$ newsletter/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at text/nn of/in the/at article/nn from/in the/at U.S./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl :/: ``/`` your/pp$-hl Congressman/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl Samuel/np-hl S./np-hl Stratton/np-hl ,/,-hl reports/vbz-hl from/in-hl Washington/np-hl ,/,-hl May/np-hl 1/cd-hl ,/,-hl 1961/cd-hl ./.-hl Cuban/np S.S.R./np :/: Whatever/wdt may/md have/hv been/ben the/at setbacks/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at unsuccessful/jj attempt/nn of/in the/at Cuban/np rebels/nns to/to establish/vb a/at beachhead/nn on/in the/at Castro-held/jj mainland/nn last/ap week/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz at/in least/ap one/cd positive/jj benefit/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt was/bedz the/at clear-cut/jj revelation/nn to/in the/at whole/jj world/nn of/in the/at complete/jj conversion/nn of/in Cuba/np into/in a/at Russian-dominated/jj military/jj base/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at major/jj reasons/nns for/in the/at failure/nn of/in the/at ill-starred/jj expedition/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben a/at lack/nn of/in full/jj information/nn on/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt Cuba/np has/hvz been/ben getting/vbg this/dt Russian/jj military/jj equipment/nn ./. Somehow/rb ,/, the/at pictures/nns and/cc stories/nns of/in Soviet/np T-34/nn tanks/nns on/in Cuban/jj beaches/nns and/cc Russian/jj Mig/np jet/nn fighters/nns strafing/vbg rebel/nn troops/nns has/hvz brought/vbn home/nr to/in all/abn of/in us/ppo the/at stark/jj ,/, blunt/jj truth/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps means/vbz to/to have/hv a/at Russian/jj military/jj base/nn 90/cd miles/nns away/rb from/in home/nn ./. Russian/jj tanks/nns and/cc planes/nns in/in Cuba/np jeopardize/vb the/at security/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, violate/vb the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, and/cc threaten/vb the/at security/nn of/in every/at other/ap Latin/jj American/jj republic/nn ./. Once/cs the/at full/jj extent/nn of/in this/dt Russian/jj military/jj penetration/nn of/in Cuba/np was/bedz clear/jj ,/, President/nn-tl Kennedy/np announced/vbd we/ppss would/md take/vb whatever/wdt action/nn was/bedz appropriate/jj to/to prevent/vb this/dt ,/, even/rb if/cs we/ppss had/hvd to/to go/vb it/ppo alone/rb ./. But/cc the/at Latin/jj American/jj republics/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben rather/ql inclined/vbn to/to drag/vb their/pp$ feet/nns on/in taking/vbg action/nn against/in Castro/np also/rb reacted/vbd swiftly/rb last/ap week/nn by/in finally/rb throwing/vbg Cuba/np off/in the/at Inter-American/jj Defense/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ./. For/in years/nns the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl had/hvd been/ben trying/vbg to/to get/vb these/dts countries/nns to/to exclude/vb Castro's/np$ representative/nn from/in secret/jj military/jj talks/nns ./. But/cc it/pps took/vbd the/at pictures/nns of/in the/at Migs/nps and/cc the/at T-34/nn tanks/nns to/to do/do the/at job/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at new/jj atmosphere/nn of/in urgency/nn in/in Washington/np this/dt week/nn ./. You/ppss can/md see/vb it/ppo ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, in/in the/at extensive/jj efforts/nns President/nn-tl Kennedy/np has/hvz made/vbn to/to enlist/vb solid/jj bipartisan/jj support/nn for/in his/pp$ actions/nns toward/in both/abx Cuba/np and/cc Laos/np ;/. ;/. efforts/nns ,/, as/cs I/ppss see/vb it/ppo ,/, which/wdt are/ber being/beg directed/vbn ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, toward/in support/nn for/in future/jj actions/nns ,/, not/* for/in those/dts already/rb past/ap ./. What/wdt the/at next/ap move/nn will/md be/be only/rb time/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, will/md tell/vb ./. Personally/rb ,/, I/ppss think/vb we/ppss ought/md to/to set/vb up/rp an/at immediate/jj naval/jj blockade/nn of/in Cuba/np ./. We/ppss simply/rb can't/md* tolerate/vb further/ap Russian/jj weapons/nns ,/, including/in the/at possibility/nn of/in long-range/nn nuclear/jj missiles/nns ,/, being/beg located/vbn in/in Cuba/np ./. Obviously/rb ,/, we/ppss can't/md* stop/vb them/ppo from/in coming/vbg in/rp ,/, however/rb ,/, just/rb by/in talk/nn ./. A/at naval/jj blockade/nn would/md be/be thoroughly/rb in/in line/nn with/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, would/md be/be a/at relatively/ql simple/jj operation/nn to/to carry/vb out/rp ,/, and/cc would/md bring/vb an/at abrupt/jj end/nn to/in Soviet/np penetration/nn of/in our/pp$ hemisphere/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` (/( from/in U.s./np-tl News/nn-tl &/cc-tl World/nn-tl Report/nn-tl ,/, May/np 8/cd ,/, 1961/cd )/) next/ap-hl for/in-hl Cuba/np-hl :/:-hl an/at-hl arms/nns-hl blockade/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl Look/vb at/in Castro/np now/rb --/-- cockier/jjr than/cs ever/rb with/in arms/nns and/cc agents/nns to/to threaten/vb the/at Americas/nps ./. How/wrb can/md the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl act/vb ?/. ?/. Blockade/nn is/bez one/cd answer/nn offered/vbn by/in experts/nns ./. In/in it/ppo they/ppss see/vb a/at way/nn to/to isolate/vb Cuba/np ,/, stop/vb infiltration/nn ,/, maybe/rb finish/vb Castro/np ,/, too/rb ./. This/dt is/bez the/at question/nn now/rb facing/vbg President/nn-tl Kennedy/np :/: How/wrb to/to put/vb a/at stop/nn to/in the/at Soviet/np buildup/nn in/in Cuba/np and/cc to/in Communist/jj infiltration/nn of/in this/dt hemisphere/nn ?/. ?/. On/in April/np 25/cd ,/, the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl reported/vbd that/cs a/at total/nn embargo/nn of/in remaining/vbg U.S./np trade/nn with/in Cuba/np was/bedz being/beg considered/vbn ./. Its/pp$ aim/nn :/: To/to undermine/vb further/rbr Cuba's/np$ economy/nn ./. Weaken/vb Castro/np ./. Another/dt strategy/nn --/-- bolder/jjr and/cc tougher/jjr --/-- was/bedz also/rb attracting/vbg notice/nn in/in Washington/np :/: a/at naval/jj and/cc air/nn blockade/nn to/to cut/vb Cuba/np off/rp from/in the/at world/nn ,/, destroy/vb Castro/np ./. Blockade/nn ,/, in/in the/at view/nn of/in military/jj and/cc civilian/jj experts/nns ,/, could/md restore/vb teeth/nns to/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ./. It/pps could/md halt/vb a/at flood/nn of/in Communist/jj arms/nns and/cc strategic/jj supplies/nns now/rb reaching/vbg Castro/np ./. It/pps could/md stop/vb Cuban/jj re-export/nn of/in guns/nns and/cc propaganda/nn materials/nns to/in South/jj-tl America/np-tl ./. It/pps would/md be/be the/at most/ql severe/jj reprisal/nn ,/, short/rb of/in declared/vbn war/nn ,/, that/wpo the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl could/md invoke/vb against/in Castro/np ./. It/pps is/bez the/at strategy/nn of/in blockade/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/dt is/bez suddenly/rb at/in the/at center/nn of/in attention/nn of/in administration/nn officials/nns ,/, Members/nns-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ,/, officers/nns in/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl ./. As/cs a/at possible/jj course/nn of/in action/nn ,/, it/pps also/rb is/bez the/at center/nn of/in debate/nn and/cc is/bez raising/vbg many/ap questions/nns ./. Among/in these/dts questions/nns :/: what/wdt-hl would/md-hl a/at-hl Cuba/np-hl blockade/nn-hl take/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl Military/jj experts/nns say/vb a/at tight/jj naval/jj blockade/nn off/in Cuban/jj ports/nns and/cc at/in the/at approaches/nns to/in Cuban/jj waters/nns would/md require/vb two/cd naval/jj task/nn forces/nns ,/, each/dt built/vbn around/in an/at aircraft/nn carrier/nn with/in a/at complement/nn of/in about/rb 100/cd planes/nns and/cc several/ap destroyers/nns ./. The/at Navy/nn-tl ,/, on/in April/np 25/cd ,/, announced/vbd it/pps is/bez bringing/vbg back/rb the/at carrier/nn Shangri-La/np from/in the/at Mediterranean/np ,/, increasing/vbg to/in four/cd the/at number/nn of/in attack/nn carriers/nns in/in the/at vicinity/nn of/in Cuba/np ./. More/ap than/in 36/cd other/ap big/jj Navy/nn-tl ships/nns are/ber no/at less/ap than/in a/at day's/nn$ sailing/vbg time/nn away/rb ./. To/to round/vb out/rp the/at blockading/vbg force/nn ,/, submarines/nns would/md be/be needed/vbn --/-- to/to locate/vb ,/, identify/vb and/cc track/vb approaching/vbg vessels/nns ./. Land-based/jj radar/nn would/md help/vb with/in this/dt task/nn ./. So/rb would/md radar/nn picket/nn ships/nns ./. A/at squadron/nn of/in Navy/nn-tl jets/nns and/cc another/dt of/in long-range/nn patrol/nn planes/nns would/md add/vb support/nn to/in the/at carrier/nn task/nn forces/nns ./. Three/cd requirements/nns go/vb with/in a/at blockade/nn :/: It/pps must/md be/be proclaimed/vbn ;/. ;/. the/at blockading/vbg force/nn must/md be/be powerful/jj enough/qlp to/to enforce/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps must/md be/be enforced/vbn without/in discrimination/nn ./. Once/cs these/dts conditions/nns of/in international/jj law/nn are/ber met/vbn ,/, countries/nns that/wps try/vb to/to run/vb the/at blockade/nn do/do so/rb at/in their/pp$ own/jj risk/nn ./. Blockade/nn runners/nns can/md be/be stopped/vbn --/-- by/in gunfire/nn ,/, if/cs necessary/jj --/-- searched/vbn and/cc held/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap temporarily/rb ./. They/ppss could/md be/be sent/vbn to/in U.S./np ports/nns for/in rulings/nns whether/cs cargo/nn should/md be/be confiscated/vbn ./. What/wdt-hl could/md-hl a/at-hl blockade/nn-hl accomplish/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl Plenty/nn ,/, say/vb the/at experts/nns ./. In/in a/at broad/jj sense/nn ,/, it/pps would/md reaffirm/vb the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl by/in opposing/vbg Communist/jj interference/nn in/in the/at Western/jj-tl Hemisphere/nn-tl ./. It/pps could/md ,/, by/in avoiding/vbg direct/jj intervention/nn ,/, provide/vb a/at short-of-war/jj strategy/nn to/to meet/vb short-of-war/jj infiltration/nn ./. Primary/jj target/nn would/md be/be shipments/nns of/in tanks/nns ,/, guns/nns ,/, aviation/nn gasoline/nn and/cc ammunition/nn coming/vbg from/in Russia/np and/cc Czechoslovakia/np ./. Shipments/nns of/in arms/nns from/in Western/jj-tl countries/nns could/md similarly/rb be/be seized/vbn as/cs contraband/nn ./. In/in a/at total/nn blockade/nn ,/, action/nn could/md also/rb be/be taken/vbn against/in ships/nns bringing/vbg in/rp chemicals/nns ,/, oils/nns ,/, textiles/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb foodstuffs/nns ./. At/in times/nns ,/, three/cd ships/nns a/at day/nn from/in the/at Soviet/np bloc/nn are/ber unloading/vbg in/in Cuban/jj ports/nns ./.

ch14

ch14 |@word inception:1 1920:1 passage:1 public:1 law:6 236:1 66th:1 congress:4 purpose:3 vocational:10 rehabilitation:15 program:12 assist:3 state:72 mean:3 grant:7 aid:1 return:1 disabled:4 man:1 woman:1 productive:1 gainful:1 employment:2 authority:1 renew:1 several:5 time:3 make:3 permanent:1 title:1 5:3 social:1 security:1 act:8 1935:1 next:1 eight:1 year:16 service:9 provide:7 person:4 consist:1 mainly:1 training:3 counseling:2 placement:2 job:1 recognize:1 limitation:1 78th:2 1943:3 passed:1 113:2 broaden:1 concept:1 include:3 provision:7 physical:1 restoration:1 remove:1 reduce:2 disability:1 revise:1 financing:2 structure:4 recent:1 change:3 despite:1 successful:1 half:3 million:2 first:3 eleven:1 exist:2 still:2 see:4 inadequate:1 cope:1 nation:1 backlog:1 estimate:1 two:4 disable:1 therefore:1 rehabilitate:1 handicapped:1 individual:2 may:3 prepare:1 engage:1 remunerative:1 extent:1 capability:1 83rd:1 enact:1 amendment:3 1954:7 565:1 design:4 help:1 specialized:1 facility:1 sheltered:1 way:1 workshop:1 great:3 number:1 adequately:1 train:1 personnel:1 comprehensive:1 particularly:1 homebound:1 blind:3 administrative:1 improvement:2 increase:4 overall:1 effectiveness:1 financial:2 aspect:1 federal:18 government:2 basis:4 population:7 match:7 expenditure:2 50:8 assume:1 responsibility:1 100:3 necessary:3 connection:1 administration:1 cost:4 client:1 case:2 throughout:1 statutory:2 authorization:2 sum:4 carry:1 completely:1 three:5 part:3 1:8 basic:3 support:6 2:8 extension:1 3:5 research:1 demonstration:1 traineeship:1 addition:3 short:1 term:5 instruction:1 new:1 describe:3 section:3 subsequent:1 category:1 follow:3 table:1 show:1 select:1 appropriations:1 allotment:47 base:12 matching:3 fund:7 method:7 distribute:1 description:1 formula:3 order:2 maintain:2 amend:1 need:2 measure:2 fiscal:8 capacity:2 per:14 capita:14 income:14 floor:2 minimum:11 set:4 level:1 call:1 ceiling:2 maximum:7 stipulate:1 amount:8 remain:1 result:17 impose:1 use:11 insure:1 redistribute:1 reflect:2 difference:5 wealth:2 among:2 objective:1 vocationally:1 handicap:1 access:1 regardless:2 whether:1 reside:1 low:1 high:1 sparsely:1 thickly:1 populate:1 also:2 avoid:1 disruption:1 already:1 operation:1 otherwise:1 alone:1 compute:6 specifically:2 forth:3 district:4 columbia:4 virgin:10 islands:9 guam:10 puerto:10 rico:10 united:5 states:5 exclude:2 prior:10 1962:9 alaska:8 hawaii:8 step:5 employ:2 calculation:2 except:6 island:1 determine:18 average:10 last:4 source:3 datum:6 ratio:4 divide:5 obtain:16 item:23 4:4 percentage:14 bear:4 particular:10 multiply:5 75:2 fix:2 effect:3 subtract:2 shall:3 less:6 33:1 extreme:4 must:3 raise:3 lower:3 appropriate:2 6:2 square:2 7:2 8:5 9:2 product:3 computation:1 add:1 10:2 allot:4 11:3 unadjusted:12 12:2 exceed:3 13:3 one:4 excess:1 guarantee:1 equal:2 receive:1 uniform:1 bring:1 total:3 14:1 recoup:1 reduction:1 specify:2 second:1 uniformly:1 whose:1 adjustment:1 prevent:2 thereby:1 additional:1 note:1 separate:1 agency:3 proportion:1 apportion:1 requirement:3 explanation:2 1960:4 since:1 rest:1 rate:4 relate:2 pivot:2 40:5 60:1 participation:3 refer:2 share:14 begin:1 adjust:4 upward:1 downward:1 require:1 25:1 1963:1 entire:1 30:1 respectively:1 respect:1 well:1 period:1 designate:1 statute:1 vary:1 resource:1 transition:1 reach:1 dislocation:1 abrupt:1 respective:1 ration:1 70:2

From/in its/pp$ inception/nn in/in 1920/cd with/in the/at passage/nn of/in Public/jj-tl Law/nn-tl 236/cd-tl ,/, 66th/od-tl Congress/np ,/, the/at purpose/nn of/in the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn program/nn has/hvz been/ben to/to assist/vb the/at States/nns-tl ,/, by/in means/nns of/in grants-in-aid/nns ,/, to/to return/vb disabled/vbn men/nns and/cc women/nns to/in productive/jj ,/, gainful/jj employment/nn ./. The/at authority/nn for/in the/at program/nn was/bedz renewed/vbn several/ap times/nns until/cs the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn program/nn was/bedz made/vbn permanent/jj as/cs Title/nn-tl 5/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Social/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl in/in 1935/cd ./. Up/rp to/in this/dt time/nn and/cc for/in the/at next/ap eight/cd years/nns ,/, the/at services/nns provided/vbn disabled/vbn persons/nns consisted/vbd mainly/rb of/in training/vbg ,/, counseling/vbg ,/, and/cc placement/nn on/in a/at job/nn ./. Recognizing/vbg the/at limitations/nns of/in such/abl a/at program/nn ,/, the/at 78th/od-tl Congress/np-tl in/in 1943/cd passed/vbd P./np L./np 113/cd-tl ,/, which/wdt broadened/vbd the/at concept/nn of/in rehabilitation/nn to/to include/vb the/at provision/nn of/in physical/jj restoration/nn services/nns to/to remove/vb or/cc reduce/vb disabilities/nns ,/, and/cc which/wdt revised/vbd the/at financing/vbg structure/nn ./. Recent/jj-hl changes/nns-hl ./.-hl Despite/in the/at successful/jj rehabilitation/nn of/in over/rp a/at half/abn million/cd disabled/vbn persons/nns in/in the/at first/od eleven/cd years/nns after/in 1943/cd ,/, the/at existing/vbg program/nn was/bedz still/rb seen/vbn to/to be/be inadequate/jj to/to cope/vb with/in the/at nation's/nn$ backlog/nn of/in an/at estimated/vbn two/cd million/cd disabled/vbn ./. To/to assist/vb the/at States/nns-tl ,/, therefore/rb ,/, in/in rehabilitating/vbg handicapped/vbn individuals/nns ,/, ``/`` so/cs that/cs they/ppss may/md prepare/vb for/in and/cc engage/vb in/in remunerative/jj employment/nn to/in the/at extent/nn of/in their/pp$ capabilities/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at 83rd/od-tl Congress/np-tl enacted/vbd the/at Vocational/jj-tl Rehabilitation/nn-tl Amendments/nns-tl of/in 1954/cd (/( P./np L./np 565/np )/) ./. These/dts amendments/nns to/in the/at Vocational/jj-tl Rehabilitation/nn-tl Act/nn-tl were/bed designed/vbn to/to help/vb provide/vb for/in more/ap specialized/vbn rehabilitation/nn facilities/nns ,/, for/in more/ap sheltered/vbn and/cc ``/`` half-way/jj ''/'' workshops/nns ,/, for/in greater/jjr numbers/nns of/in adequately/rb trained/vbn personnel/nns ,/, for/in more/ap comprehensive/jj services/nns to/in individuals/nns (/( particularly/rb to/in the/at homebound/jj and/cc the/at blind/jj )/) ,/, and/cc for/in other/ap administrative/jj improvements/nns to/to increase/vb the/at program's/nn$ overall/jj effectiveness/nn ./. Financial/jj-hl aspects/nns-hl ./.-hl Under/in the/at law/nn as/cs it/pps existed/vbd until/in 1943/cd ,/, the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl made/vbd grants/nns to/in the/at States/nns-tl on/in the/at basis/nn of/in population/nn ,/, matching/vbg State/nn-tl expenditures/nns on/in a/at 50-50/cd basis/nn ./. Under/in P./np L./np 113/cd-tl ,/, 78th/od-tl Congress/np ,/, the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl assumed/vbd responsibility/nn for/in 100%/nn of/in necessary/jj State/nn-tl expenditures/nns in/in connection/nn with/in administration/nn and/cc the/at counseling/nn and/cc placement/nn of/in the/at disabled/vbn ,/, and/cc for/in 50%/nn of/in the/at necessary/jj costs/nns of/in providing/vbg clients/nns with/in rehabilitation/nn case/nn services/nns ./. Throughout/in these/dts years/nns ,/, the/at statutory/jj authorization/nn was/bedz for/in such/jj sums/nns as/cs were/bed necessary/jj to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at provisions/nns of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./. The/at 1954/cd Amendments/nns-tl completely/rb changed/vbd the/at financing/nn of/in the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn program/nn ,/, providing/vbg for/in a/at three-part/jj grant/nn structure/nn --/-- for/in (/( 1/cd )/) basic/jj support/nn ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) extension/nn and/cc improvement/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) research/nn ,/, demonstrations/nns ,/, training/vbg and/cc traineeships/nns for/in vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn --/-- and/cc in/in addition/nn for/in short-term/nn training/nn and/cc instruction/nn ./. The/at first/od part/nn of/in the/at new/jj structure/nn --/-- that/dt for/in supporting/vbg the/at basic/jj program/nn of/in vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn services/nns --/-- is/bez described/vbn in/in this/dt Section/nn-tl ./. Subsequent/jj sections/nns on/in grants/nns describe/vb the/at other/ap categories/nns of/in the/at grant/nn structure/nn ./. The/at following/vbg table/nn shows/vbz ,/, for/in selected/vbn years/nns ,/, the/at authorizations/nns ,/, appropriations/nns ,/, allotment/nn base/nn ,/, Federal/jj-tl grants/nns to/in States/nns-tl and/cc State/nn-tl matching/vbg funds/nns for/in this/dt part/nn of/in the/at grant/nn program/nn :/: method/nn-hl of/in-hl distributing/vbg-hl funds/nns-hl description/nn-hl of/in-hl formula/nn-hl ./.-hl In/in order/nn to/to assist/vb the/at States/nns-tl in/in maintaining/vbg basic/jj vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn services/nns ,/, Section/nn-tl 2/cd-tl of/in the/at amended/vbn Act/nn-tl provides/vbz that/cs allotments/nns to/in States/nns-tl for/in support/nn of/in such/jj services/nns be/be based/vbn on/in (/( 1/cd )/) need/nn ,/, as/cs measured/vbn by/in a/at State's/nn$-tl population/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) fiscal/jj capacity/nn ,/, as/cs measured/vbn by/in its/pp$ per/in capita/nns income/nn ./. The/at Act/nn-tl further/rbr provides/vbz for/in a/at ``/`` floor/nn ''/'' or/cc minimum/jj allotment/nn ,/, set/vbn at/in the/at 1954/cd level/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez called/vbn the/at ``/`` base/nn ''/'' allotment/nn ,/, and/cc a/at ``/`` ceiling/nn ''/'' or/cc maximum/jj allotment/nn ,/, for/in each/dt State/nn-tl ./. It/pps stipulates/vbz ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, that/cs all/abn amounts/nns remaining/vbg as/cs a/at result/nn of/in imposing/vbg the/at ``/`` ceiling/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc not/* used/vbn for/in insuring/vbg the/at ``/`` floor/nn ''/'' ,/, be/be redistributed/vbn to/in those/dts States/nns-tl still/rb below/in their/pp$ maximums/nns ./. These/dts provisions/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to reflect/vb the/at differences/nns in/in wealth/nn and/cc population/nn among/in the/at States/nns-tl ,/, with/in the/at objective/nn that/cs a/at vocationally/rb handicapped/vbn person/nn have/hv access/nn to/in needed/vbn services/nns regardless/rb of/in whether/cs he/pps resides/vbz in/in a/at State/nn-tl with/in a/at low/jj or/cc high/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn or/cc a/at sparsely/rb or/cc thickly/rb populated/vbn State/nn-tl ./. The/at provisions/nns are/ber also/rb designed/vbn to/to avoid/vb disruption/nn in/in State/nn-tl programs/nns already/rb in/in operation/nn ,/, which/wdt might/md otherwise/rb result/vb from/in the/at allotment/nn of/in funds/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in wealth/nn and/cc population/nn alone/rb ./. Method/nn-hl of/in-hl computing/vbg-hl allotments/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at method/nn used/vbn in/in computing/vbg the/at allotments/nns is/bez specifically/rb set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./. The/at term/nn ``/`` State/nn-tl-nc ''/'' means/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl ,/, the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ;/. ;/. the/at term/nn ``/`` United/vbn-tl-nc States/nns-tl-nc ''/'' includes/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, and/cc excludes/vbz the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np ./. The/at following/vbg steps/nns are/ber employed/vbn in/in calculations/nns :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl For/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, Guam/np ,/, the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) determine/vb average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn based/vbn on/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./. (/( See/vb Source/nn-tl of/in-tl Data/nns-tl ,/, below/rb for/in per/in capita/nns income/nn data/nn to/to be/be used/vbn in/in this/dt step/nn ./. )/) 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn for/in the/at U./np S./np based/vbn on/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./. (/( See/vb Source/nn-tl of/in-tl Data/nns-tl ,/, below/rb ,/, for/in per/in capita/nns income/nn data/nn to/to be/be used/vbn in/in this/dt step/nn ./. )/) 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at ratio/nn of/in 50%/nn to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at U./np S./np (/( Divide/vb 50/cd by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 2/cd above/rb ./. )/) 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb for/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) that/dt percentage/nn which/wdt bears/vbz the/at same/ap ratio/nn to/in 50%/nn as/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn bears/vbz to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at U./np S./np ./. (/( Multiply/vb the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 3/cd above/rb by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn for/in each/dt State/nn-tl in/in item/nn 1/cd above/rb ./. )/) 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl ``/`` allotment/nn percentage/nn ''/'' ./. By/in law/nn this/dt is/bez 75%/nn for/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ./. (/( Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np had/hvd fixed/vbn allotment/nn percentages/nns in/in effect/nn prior/rb to/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1962/cd ./. )/) In/in all/abn other/ap States/nns-tl it/pps is/bez the/at difference/nn obtained/vbn by/in subtracting/vbg from/in 100/cd the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 4/cd above/rb ;/. ;/. except/in that/cs no/at State/nn-tl shall/md have/hv an/at allotment/nn percentage/nn less/ap than/in 33-1/3%/nn nor/cc more/ap than/in 75%/nn ./. If/cs the/at resulting/vbg difference/nn for/in the/at particular/jj State/nn-tl is/bez less/ap or/cc more/ap than/in these/dts extremes/nns ,/, the/at State's/nn$-tl allotment/nn percentage/nn must/md be/be raised/vbn or/cc lowered/vbn to/in the/at appropriate/jj extreme/nn ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl Square/vb each/dt State's/nn$-tl allotment/nn percentage/nn ./. 7/cd ./. Determine/vb each/dt State's/nn$-tl population/nn ./. (/( See/vb Source/nn-tl of/in-tl Data/nns-tl ,/, below/rb for/in population/nn data/nn to/to be/be used/vbn in/in this/dt step/nn ./. )/) 8/cd-hl ./.-hl Multiply/vb the/at population/nn of/in each/dt State/nn-tl by/in the/at square/nn of/in its/pp$ allotment/nn percentage/nn ./. (/( Multiply/vb result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 7/cd above/rb ,/, by/in result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 6/cd above/rb ./. )/) 9/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at sum/nn of/in the/at products/nns obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 8/cd above/rb ,/, for/in all/abn the/at States/nns-tl ./. (/( For/in each/dt State/nn-tl ,/, make/vb all/abn computations/nns set/vbn forth/rb in/in items/nns 1/cd to/in 8/cd above/rb ,/, and/cc then/rb add/vb the/at results/nns obtained/vbn for/in each/dt State/nn-tl in/in item/nn 8/cd ./. )/) 10/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at ratio/nn that/wps the/at amount/nn being/beg allotted/vbn is/bez to/in the/at sum/nn of/in the/at products/nns for/in all/abn the/at States/nns-tl ./. (/( Divide/vb the/at amount/nn being/beg allotted/vbn by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 9/cd above/rb ./. )/) 11/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn for/in the/at particular/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ./. (/( Multiply/vb the/at State/nn-tl product/nn in/in item/nn 8/cd above/rb by/in the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 10/cd above/rb ./. )/) 12/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb if/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn (/( result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 11/cd above/rb )/) is/bez greater/jjr than/cs its/pp$ maximum/jj allotment/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs so/rb lower/vb its/pp$ unadjusted/jj allotment/nn to/in its/pp$ maximum/jj allotment/nn ./. (/( Each/dt State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn for/in any/dti fiscal/jj year/nn ,/, which/wdt exceeds/vbz its/pp$ minimum/jj allotment/nn described/vbn in/in item/nn 13/cd below/rb by/in a/at percentage/nn greater/jjr than/in one/cd and/cc one-half/nn times/nns the/at percentage/nn by/in which/wdt the/at sum/nn being/beg allotted/vbn exceeds/vbz $23,000,000/nns ,/, must/md be/be reduced/vbn by/in the/at amount/nn of/in the/at excess/nn ./. )/) 13/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb if/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj allotment/nn (/( result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 11/cd above/rb )/) is/bez less/ap than/in its/pp$ minimum/jj (/( base/nn )/) allotment/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs so/rb raise/vb its/pp$ unadjusted/jj allotment/nn to/in its/pp$ minimum/jj allotment/nn ./. Regardless/rb of/in its/pp$ unadjusted/jj allotment/nn ,/, each/dt State/nn-tl is/bez guaranteed/vbn by/in law/nn a/at minimum/jj allotment/nn each/dt year/nn equal/jj to/in the/at allotment/nn which/wdt it/pps received/vbd in/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1954/cd --/-- increased/vbn by/in a/at uniform/jj percentage/nn of/in 5.4865771/cd which/wdt brings/vbz total/nn 1954/cd allotments/nns to/in all/abn States/nns-tl up/rp to/in $23,000,000/nns ./. 14/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at funds/nns recouped/vbn by/in reductions/nns in/in item/nn 12/cd above/rb are/ber used/vbn :/: first/rb ,/, to/to increase/vb the/at unadjusted/jj allotments/nns to/in the/at specified/vbn minimum/nn in/in those/dts States/nns-tl where/wrb the/at unadjusted/jj allotment/nn is/bez less/ap than/in the/at minimum/jj allotment/nn (/( item/nn 13/cd above/rb )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc second/rb ,/, to/to increase/vb uniformly/rb the/at allotments/nns to/in those/dts States/nns-tl whose/wp$ allotments/nns are/ber below/in their/pp$ maximums/nns ,/, with/in adjustments/nns to/to prevent/vb the/at allotment/nn of/in any/dti State/nn-tl from/in thereby/rb exceeding/vbg its/pp$ maximum/jj ./. Additional/jj-hl note/nn-hl on/in-hl allotments/nns-hl ./.-hl For/in the/at States/nns-tl which/wdt maintain/vb two/cd separate/jj agencies/nns --/-- one/cd for/in the/at vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn of/in the/at blind/jj ,/, and/cc one/cd for/in the/at rehabilitation/nn of/in persons/nns other/ap than/in the/at blind/jj --/-- the/at Act/nn-tl specifies/vbz that/cs their/pp$ minimum/jj (/( base/nn )/) allotment/nn shall/md be/be divided/vbn between/in the/at two/cd agencies/nns in/in the/at same/ap proportion/nn as/cs it/pps was/bedz divided/vbn in/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1954/cd ./. Funds/nns allotted/vbn in/in addition/nn to/in their/pp$ minimum/jj allotment/nn are/ber apportioned/vbn to/in the/at two/cd agencies/nns as/cs they/ppss may/md determine/vb ./. Matching/vbg-hl requirements/nns-hl explanation/nn-hl of/in-hl matching/vbg-hl formula/nn-hl ./.-hl As/cs is/bez the/at case/nn with/in the/at allotment/nn provisions/nns for/in support/nn of/in vocational/jj rehabilitation/nn services/nns ,/, the/at matching/vbg requirements/nns are/ber also/rb based/vbn on/in a/at statutory/jj formula/nn ./. Prior/rb to/in 1960/cd ,/, in/in order/nn to/to provide/vb matching/vbg for/in the/at minimum/jj (/( base/nn )/) allotment/nn ,/, State/nn-tl funds/nns had/hvd to/to equal/vb 1954/cd State/nn-tl funds/nns ./. Prior/rb to/in and/cc since/in 1960/cd the/at rest/nn of/in the/at support/nn allotment/nn is/bez matched/vbn at/in rates/nns related/vbn to/in the/at fiscal/jj capacity/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, with/in a/at pivot/nn of/in 40%/nn State/nn-tl (/( or/cc 60%/nn Federal/jj-tl )/) participation/nn in/in total/nn program/nn costs/nns ./. The/at percentage/nn of/in Federal/jj-tl participation/nn in/in such/jj costs/nns for/in any/dti State/nn-tl is/bez referred/vbn to/in in/in the/at law/nn as/cs that/dt State's/nn$-tl ``/`` Federal/jj-tl share/nn ''/'' ./. For/in purposes/nns of/in this/dt explanation/nn ,/, this/dt percentage/nn is/bez referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at State's/nn$-tl ``/`` unadjusted/jj Federal/jj-tl share/nn ''/'' ./. Beginning/vbg in/in 1960/cd ,/, the/at matching/vbg requirements/nns for/in the/at base/nn allotment/nn are/ber being/beg adjusted/vbn (/( upward/rb or/cc downward/rb ,/, as/cs required/vbn )/) 25%/nn a/at year/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs by/in 1963/cd the/at entire/jj support/nn allotment/nn will/md be/be matched/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in a/at 40%/nn pivot/nn State/nn-tl share/nn ,/, with/in maximum/jj and/cc minimum/jj State/nn-tl shares/nns of/in 50%/nn and/cc 30%/nn ,/, respectively/rb ./. The/at pre-1960/jj rate/nn of/in Federal/jj-tl participation/nn with/in respect/nn to/in any/dti State's/nn$-tl base/nn allotment/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at adjusted/vbn rate/nn in/in effect/nn during/in the/at 1960/cd -/in 1962/cd period/nn ,/, is/bez designated/vbn by/in the/at statute/nn as/cs that/dt State's/nn$-tl ``/`` adjusted/vbn Federal/jj-tl Share/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at provisions/nns for/in determining/vbg a/at State's/nn$-tl unadjusted/jj Federal/jj-tl share/nn are/ber designed/vbn to/to reflect/vb the/at varying/vbg financial/jj resources/nns among/in the/at States/nns-tl ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at adjusted/vbn Federal/jj-tl share/nn relating/vbg to/in the/at base/nn allotment/nn and/cc of/in the/at transition/nn provisions/nns for/in reaching/vbg the/at unadjusted/jj Federal/jj-tl share/nn is/bez to/to prevent/vb dislocations/nns from/in abrupt/jj changes/nns in/in matching/vbg rates/nns ./. Method/nn-hl of/in-hl computing/vbg-hl Federal/jj-tl-hl shares/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at method/nn used/vbn for/in computing/vbg the/at respective/jj Federal/jj-tl and/cc State/nn-tl shares/nns in/in total/nn program/nn costs/nns is/bez specifically/rb set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./. The/at term/nn ``/`` State/nn-tl-nc ''/'' means/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl ,/, the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ,/, the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ;/. ;/. the/at term/nn ``/`` United/vbn-tl-nc States/nns-tl-nc ''/'' includes/vbz the/at several/ap States/nns-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl and/cc excludes/vbz the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np ./. The/at following/vbg steps/nns are/ber employed/vbn in/in the/at calculations/nns :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl For/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np ,/, Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ,/, determine/vb the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn for/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./. (/( the/at same/ap amount/nn used/vbn in/in item/nn 1/cd under/in Method/nn-tl Of/in-tl Computing/vbg-tl Allotments/nns-tl ,/, above/rb ./. )/) 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in the/at last/ap three/cd years/nns ./. (/( The/at same/ap amount/nn used/vbn in/in item/nn 2/cd under/in Method/nn-tl Of/in-tl Computing/vbg-tl Allotments/nns-tl ,/, above/rb ./. )/) 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at ratio/nn of/in 40%/nn to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. (/( Divide/vb 40/cd by/in the/at amount/nn used/vbn in/in item/nn 2/cd above/rb ./. )/) 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb for/in each/dt State/nn-tl (/( except/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np ,/, Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, and/cc ,/, prior/rb to/in 1962/cd ,/, Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ,/, that/dt percentage/nn which/wdt bears/vbz the/at same/ap ration/nn to/in 40%/nn as/cs the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn bears/vbz to/in the/at average/jj per/in capita/nns income/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. (/( Multiply/vb the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 3/cd above/rb by/in the/at amount/nn used/vbn for/in each/dt State/nn-tl in/in item/nn 1/cd-tl above/rb ./. )/) 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Determine/vb the/at particular/jj State's/nn$-tl ``/`` Federal/jj-tl Share/nn-tl ''/'' ./. By/in law/nn this/dt is/bez 70%/nn for/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl ,/, Guam/np and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ./. (/( Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np had/hvd fixed/vbn Federal/jj-tl share/nn percentages/nns in/in effect/nn prior/rb to/in fiscal/jj year/nn 1962/cd ./. )/) In/in all/abn other/ap States/nns-tl it/pps is/bez the/at difference/nn obtained/vbn by/in subtracting/vbg from/in 100/cd the/at result/nn obtained/vbn in/in item/nn 4/cd above/rb ;/. ;/. except/in that/cs no/at State/nn-tl shall/md have/hv a/at Federal/jj-tl share/nn less/ap than/in 50%/nn nor/cc more/ap than/in 70%/nn ./. If/cs the/at resulting/vbg difference/nn for/in the/at particular/jj State/nn-tl is/bez less/ap or/cc more/ap than/in these/dts extremes/nns ,/, the/at State's/nn$-tl Federal/jj-tl share/nn must/md be/be raised/vbn or/cc lowered/vbn to/in the/at appropriate/jj extreme/nn ./.

ch15

ch15 |@word entrance:9 side:1 shelter:61 roof:14 beam:7 rest:3 inside:5 4:3 inch:5 block:21 wall:17 outside:8 space:5 fill:3 mortar:5 edge:2 wooden:2 bracing:2 place:6 flush:1 pour:1 complete:4 thickness:1 radiation:15 shield:4 detail:1 see:3 inset:1 fig:8 5:3 first:2 one:5 two:3 board:5 mark:1 e:1 6:1 slip:1 across:1 nail:1 reach:2 open:3 concrete:16 pass:1 put:2 layer:1 together:2 work:2 continue:3 way:1 last:1 cover:5 final:1 row:1 position:1 structure:1 7:1 building:8 plan:6 page:8 21:1 solid:3 relatively:1 heavy:3 dense:1 use:9 sell:1 various:1 size:1 seldom:1 necessary:6 cut:3 fit:1 recommend:2 hollow:1 would:22 give:3 effective:2 protection:13 brick:3 alternative:1 10:4 thick:2 illustration:2 8:1 show:12 lay:1 detailed:1 instruction:3 may:14 obtain:1 local:3 supply:3 house:2 craftsman:1 source:3 information:5 include:2 national:2 masonry:2 association:4 38:1 south:1 dearborn:1 street:1 chicago:2 ill:2 portland:1 cement:1 33:1 west:1 grand:1 avenue:1 structural:2 clay:3 products:2 washington:4 aboveground:2 double:4 outdoor:1 fallout:12 also:4 build:13 9:3 people:2 hire:1 contractor:4 22:1 23:1 could:5 region:2 water:3 rock:2 close:3 surface:2 make:4 impractical:1 underground:5 construct:4 least:7 20:2 apart:1 pit:3 run:3 gravel:3 earth:2 hold:3 metal:3 tie:1 wet:1 slab:1 reinforce:2 alternate:2 perhaps:1 within:2 overlay:1 waterproof:1 28:1 material:6 cost:5 700:2 charge:3 additional:1 provide:12 almost:3 absolute:3 pre:3 shaped:2 corrugated:1 section:1 cast:1 either:2 ground:8 particularly:2 suitable:3 form:1 mound:2 figure:2 probably:3 require:3 help:2 add:3 24:1 hatchway:2 25:1 reduce:2 50:1 100:1 lumber:2 manufacturers:1 develop:2 utilize:1 specially:2 treat:1 construction:3 institute:1 product:1 depend:2 type:4 11:2 level:4 embankment:1 stairway:1 26:1 27:1 another:1 excellent:1 room:2 basement:15 home:7 500:1 total:1 illustrate:1 12:1 base:1 new:1 area:4 spring:1 1959:1 important:2 consideration:3 common:1 1:2 arrangement:1 2:3 ventilation:2 3:2 radio:6 reception:3 light:5 must:3 right:1 angle:1 turn:2 scatter:1 somewhat:1 like:1 go:2 around:1 corner:3 straight:1 line:1 therefore:2 sharp:1 intensity:2 vent:2 blower:3 instal:1 increase:1 comfort:1 essential:3 less:1 cubic:1 foot:2 per:2 minute:1 air:2 person:1 pipe:1 filter:1 keep:6 soon:4 check:1 install:1 antenna:1 receive:4 conelrad:2 broadcast:2 lighting:2 continuous:1 low:1 mean:2 hot:1 shot:1 battery:5 wire:1 flashlight:2 bulb:1 test:1 device:1 fresh:1 furnish:1 continuously:1 day:3 spare:1 week:1 assure:1 electric:3 lantern:1 available:3 period:1 bright:1 need:3 regular:2 electrical:1 outlet:1 power:4 many:2 window:4 appendix:3 29:2 emergency:2 threaten:1 project:1 wide:1 bunk:1 enclosure:1 belowground:2 serve:2 tornado:1 hurricane:1 live:2 radioactivity:1 decay:2 rapidly:1 forty:1 nine:1 hour:2 atomic:1 burst:1 percent:2 explosion:1 intense:1 start:1 extremely:1 dangerous:1 civil:2 defense:2 follow:1 instrument:2 value:1 locate:1 portion:1 offer:1 good:3 possibility:1 meter:1 become:1 thus:1 purpose:1 gather:2 broad:1 state:1 federal:2 tell:2 possible:2 long:3 stay:3 outdoors:1 prepared:3 full:1 time:6 several:2 14:1 checklist:1 30:1 family:12 child:1 particular:1 problem:5 simple:1 recreation:1 task:3 everyone:1 rotate:1 part:2 sleep:1 awake:1 break:1 monotony:1 invent:1 busy:1 record:2 diary:1 survival:1 largely:1 date:1 ration:1 operate:1 periodically:1 schedule:1 come:1 enough:1 allow:1 whole:1 however:1 much:4 spend:1 exposure:1 minimum:1 housekeeping:2 begin:1 occupy:1 food:1 medical:1 utensil:1 equipment:1 already:2 store:1 quickly:1 carry:1 settle:1 rule:1 spell:1 adult:1 sanitation:1 confine:1 thought:1 planning:2 provision:1 toilet:2 facility:1 disposal:1 human:1 waste:2 unfamiliar:1 container:1 kitchen:1 garbage:2 pail:1 tightly:1 fitting:1 safe:2 leave:1 rationing:1 difficult:1 carefully:1 portable:1 heater:2 advisable:1 cold:1 climate:1 take:1 chill:1 beginning:1 even:1 fail:1 attack:2 comfortable:1 body:1 heat:1 quarter:1 temperature:1 warm:1 clothing:1 bedding:1 course:1 flame:2 heating:1 cooking:1 avoid:1 weekend:1 rehearsal:1 learn:1 determine:2 find:1 without:2 worth:1 know:1 dwell:3 natural:3 shielding:2 floor:4 half:1 central:2 tenth:1 expose:1 deep:1 warning:1 improve:1 substantially:1 dirt:1 book:1 magazine:1 apartment:7 large:1 well:1 usual:1 dwelling:1 general:1 afford:1 small:1 heavily:1 ordinary:1 government:2 aid:1 survey:1 residential:1 commercial:1 industrial:1 city:1 dweller:1 primarily:1 exist:1 cooperation:1 occupant:1 management:1

At/in the/at entrance/nn side/nn of/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, each/dt roof/nn beam/nn is/bez rested/vbn on/in the/at inside/nn 4/cd inches/nns of/in the/at block/nn wall/nn ./. The/at outside/jj 4-inch/jj space/nn is/bez filled/vbn by/in mortaring/vbg blocks/nns on/in edge/nn ./. The/at wooden/jj bracing/nn between/in the/at roof/nn beams/nns is/bez placed/vbn flush/jj with/in the/at inside/nn of/in the/at wall/nn ./. Mortar/nn is/bez poured/vbn between/in this/dt bracing/nn and/cc the/at 4-inch/jj blocks/nns on/in edge/nn to/to complete/vb the/at wall/nn thickness/nn for/in radiation/nn shielding/nn ./. (/( For/in details/nns see/vb inset/nn ,/, fig./nn 5/cd ./. )/) The/at first/od one/cd or/cc two/cd roof/nn boards/nns (/( marked/vbn ``/`` E/nn ''/'' in/in fig./nn 6/cd )/) are/ber slipped/vbn into/in place/nn across/in the/at roof/nn beams/nns ,/, from/in outside/in the/at shelter/nn ./. These/dts boards/nns are/ber nailed/vbn to/in the/at roof/nn beams/nns by/in reaching/vbg up/rp through/in the/at open/jj space/nn between/in the/at beams/nns ,/, from/in inside/in the/at shelter/nn ./. Concrete/nn blocks/nns are/ber passed/vbn between/in the/at beams/nns and/cc put/vbn on/in the/at boards/nns ./. The/at roof/nn blocks/nns are/ber in/in two/cd layers/nns and/cc are/ber not/* mortared/vbn together/rb ./. Work/nn on/in the/at roof/nn continues/vbz in/in this/dt way/nn ./. The/at last/ap roof/nn boards/nns are/ber covered/vbn with/in blocks/nns from/in outside/in the/at shelter/nn ./. When/wrb the/at roof/nn blocks/nns are/ber all/abn in/in place/nn ,/, the/at final/jj rows/nns of/in wall/nn blocks/nns are/ber mortared/vbn into/in position/nn ./. The/at structure/nn is/bez complete/jj ./. (/( See/vb fig./nn 7/cd ./. )/) Building/vbg plans/nns are/ber on/in page/nn 21/cd ./. Solid/jj concrete/nn blocks/nns ,/, relatively/ql heavy/jj and/cc dense/jj ,/, are/ber used/vbn for/in this/dt shelter/nn ./. These/dts blocks/nns are/ber sold/vbn in/in various/jj sizes/nns so/rb it/pps seldom/rb is/bez necessary/jj to/to cut/vb a/at block/nn to/to fit/vb ./. Solid/jj blocks/nns are/ber recommended/vbn because/cs hollow/jj blocks/nns would/md have/hv to/to be/be filled/vbn with/in concrete/nn to/to give/vb effective/jj protection/nn ./. Bricks/nns are/ber an/at alternative/nn ./. If/cs they/ppss are/ber used/vbn ,/, the/at walls/nns and/cc roof/nn should/md be/be 10/cd inches/nns thick/jj to/to give/vb the/at same/ap protection/nn as/cs the/at 8-inch/jj solid/jj concrete/nn blocks/nns ./. The/at illustrations/nns in/in fig./nn 8/cd show/vb how/wrb to/to lay/vb a/at concrete/nn block/nn wall/nn ./. More/ql detailed/vbn instructions/nns may/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in your/pp$ local/jj building/vbg supply/nn houses/nns and/cc craftsmen/nns ./. Other/ap sources/nns of/in information/nn include/vb the/at National/jj-tl Concrete/nn-tl Masonry/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, 38/cd-tl South/jj-tl Dearborn/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ,/, the/at Portland/np-tl Cement/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, 33/cd-tl West/jj-tl Grand/jj-tl Avenue/nn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np ,/, and/cc the/at Structural/jj-tl Clay/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./. Aboveground/jj-hl double-wall/nn-hl shelter/nn-hl An/at outdoor/jj ,/, aboveground/jj fallout/nn shelter/nn also/rb may/md be/be built/vbn with/in concrete/nn blocks/nns ./. (/( See/vb fig./nn 9/cd ,/, double-wall/nn shelter/nn ./. )/) Most/ap people/nns would/md have/hv to/to hire/vb a/at contractor/nn to/to build/vb this/dt shelter/nn ./. Plans/nns are/ber on/in pages/nns 22/cd and/cc 23/cd ./. This/dt shelter/nn could/md be/be built/vbn in/in regions/nns where/wrb water/nn or/cc rock/nn is/bez close/rb to/in the/at surface/nn ,/, making/vbg it/ppo impractical/jj to/to build/vb an/at underground/jj shelter/nn ./. Two/cd walls/nns of/in concrete/nn blocks/nns are/ber constructed/vbn at/in least/ap 20/cd inches/nns apart/rb ./. The/at space/nn between/in them/ppo is/bez filled/vbn with/in pit-run/jj gravel/nn or/cc earth/nn ./. The/at walls/nns are/ber held/vbn together/rb with/in metal/nn ties/nns placed/vbn in/in the/at wet/jj mortar/nn as/cs the/at walls/nns are/ber built/vbn ./. The/at roof/nn shown/vbn here/rb (/( fig./nn 9/cd )/) is/bez a/at 6-inch/jj slab/nn of/in reinforced/vbn concrete/nn ,/, covered/vbn with/in at/in least/ap 20/cd inches/nns of/in pit-run/jj gravel/nn ./. An/at alternate/jj roof/nn ,/, perhaps/rb more/rbr within/in do-it-yourself/jj reach/nn ,/, could/md be/be constructed/vbn of/in heavy/jj wooden/jj roof/nn beams/nns ,/, overlaid/vbn with/in boards/nns and/cc waterproofing/nn ./. It/pps would/md have/hv to/to be/be covered/vbn with/in at/in least/ap 28/cd inches/nns of/in pit-run/jj gravel/nn ./. The/at materials/nns for/in a/at double-wall/nn shelter/nn would/md cost/vb about/rb $700/nns ./. Contractors'/nns$ charges/nns would/md be/be additional/jj ./. The/at shelter/nn would/md provide/vb almost/ql absolute/jj fallout/nn protection/nn ./. Pre-shaped/jj-hl metal/nn-hl shelter/nn-hl Pre-shaped/jj corrugated/vbn metal/nn sections/nns or/cc pre-cast/jj concrete/nn can/md be/be used/vbn for/in shelters/nns either/cc above/in or/cc below/in ground/nn ./. These/dts are/ber particularly/ql suitable/jj for/in regions/nns where/wrb water/nn or/cc rock/nn is/bez close/rb to/in the/at surface/nn ./. They/ppss form/vb effective/jj fallout/nn shelters/nns when/wrb mounded/vbn over/rp with/in earth/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 10/cd ./. Materials/nns for/in this/dt shelter/nn would/md cost/vb about/rb $700/nns ./. A/at contractor/nn probably/rb would/md be/be required/vbn to/to help/vb build/vb it/ppo ./. His/pp$ charges/nns would/md be/be added/vbn to/in the/at cost/nn of/in materials/nns ./. This/dt shelter/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn on/in page/nn 24/cd ,/, would/md provide/vb almost/ql absolute/jj protection/nn from/in fallout/nn radiation/nn ./. An/at alternate/jj hatchway/nn entrance/nn ,/, shown/vbn on/in page/nn 25/cd ,/, would/md reduce/vb the/at cost/nn of/in materials/nns $50/nns to/in $100/nns ./. The/at National/jj-tl Lumber/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np ,/, D./np C./np ,/, is/bez developing/vbg plans/nns to/to utilize/vb specially/rb treated/vbn lumber/nn for/in underground/jj shelter/nn construction/nn ./. The/at Structural/jj-tl Clay/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Institute/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, is/bez working/vbg to/to develop/vb brick/nn and/cc clay/nn products/nns suitable/jj for/in shelter/nn construction/nn ./. Underground/jj-hl concrete/nn-hl shelter/nn-hl An/at underground/jj reinforced/vbn concrete/nn shelter/nn can/md be/be built/vbn by/in a/at contractor/nn for/in about/rb $1,000/nns to/in $1,500/nns ,/, depending/in on/in the/at type/nn of/in entrance/nn ./. The/at shelter/nn shown/vbn would/md provide/vb almost/ql absolute/jj fallout/nn protection/nn ./. The/at illustration/nn (/( fig./nn 11/cd )/) shows/vbz this/dt shelter/nn with/in the/at roof/nn at/in ground/nn level/nn and/cc mounded/vbn over/rp ./. The/at same/ap shelter/nn could/md be/be built/vbn into/in an/at embankment/nn or/cc below/in ground/nn level/nn ./. Plans/nns for/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, with/in either/cc a/at stairway/nn or/cc hatchway/nn entrance/nn ,/, are/ber shown/vbn on/in pages/nns 26/cd and/cc 27/cd ./. Another/dt type/nn of/in shelter/nn which/wdt gives/vbz excellent/jj fallout/nn protection/nn can/md be/be built/vbn as/cs an/at added/vbn room/nn to/in the/at basement/nn of/in a/at home/nn under/in construction/nn ./. It/pps would/md add/vb about/rb $500/nns to/in the/at total/nn cost/nn of/in the/at home/nn ./. The/at shelter/nn illustrated/vbn in/in figure/nn 12/cd is/bez based/vbn on/in such/abl a/at room/nn built/vbn in/in a/at new/jj home/nn in/in the/at Washington/np ,/, D.C./np area/nn in/in the/at Spring/nn-tl of/in 1959/cd ./. Important/jj considerations/nns common/jj to/in each/dt type/nn of/in shelter/nn are/ber :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Arrangement/nn of/in the/at entrance/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Ventilation/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Radio/nn reception/nn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Lighting/vbg-hl ./.-hl The/at entrance/nn must/md have/hv at/in least/ap one/cd right-angle/nn turn/nn ./. Radiation/nn scatters/vbz somewhat/rb like/cs light/nn ./. Some/dti will/md go/vb around/in a/at corner/nn ./. The/at rest/nn continues/vbz in/in a/at straight/jj line/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, sharp/jj turns/nns in/in a/at shelter/nn entrance/nn will/md reduce/vb radiation/nn intensity/nn inside/in the/at shelter/nn ./. Ventilation/nn is/bez provided/vbn in/in a/at concrete/nn block/nn basement/nn shelter/nn by/in vents/nns in/in the/at wall/nn and/cc by/in the/at open/jj entrance/nn ./. A/at blower/nn may/md be/be installed/vbn to/to increase/vb comfort/nn ./. A/at blower/nn is/bez essential/jj for/in the/at double-wall/nn shelter/nn and/cc for/in the/at underground/jj shelters/nns ./. It/pps should/md provide/vb not/* less/ap than/in 5/cd cubic/jj feet/nns per/in minute/nn of/in air/nn per/in person/nn ./. Vent/nn pipes/nns also/rb are/ber necessary/jj (/( as/cs shown/vbn in/in figs./nns 9/cd ,/, 10/cd ,/, and/cc 11/cd )/) ,/, but/cc filters/nns are/ber not/* ./. Radio/nn reception/nn is/bez cut/vbn down/rp by/in the/at shielding/nn necessary/jj to/to keep/vb out/rp radiation/nn ./. As/ql soon/rb as/cs the/at shelter/nn is/bez completed/vbn a/at radio/nn reception/nn check/nn must/md be/be made/vbn ./. It/pps probably/rb will/md be/be necessary/jj to/to install/vb an/at outside/jj antenna/nn ,/, particularly/rb to/to receive/vb CONELRAD/nn broadcasts/nns ./. Lighting/vbg is/bez an/at important/jj consideration/nn ./. Continuous/jj low-level/nn lighting/nn may/md be/be provided/vbn in/in the/at shelter/nn by/in means/nns of/in a/at 4-cell/jj hot-shot/nn battery/nn to/in which/wdt is/bez wired/vbn a/at 150-milliampere/jj flashlight-type/jj bulb/nn ./. Tests/nns have/hv shown/vbn that/cs such/abl a/at device/nn ,/, with/in a/at fresh/jj battery/nn ,/, will/md furnish/vb light/nn continuously/rb for/in at/in least/ap 10/cd days/nns ./. With/in a/at spare/jj battery/nn ,/, a/at source/nn of/in light/nn for/in 2/cd weeks/nns or/cc more/ap would/md be/be assured/vbn ./. A/at flashlight/nn or/cc electric/jj lantern/nn also/rb should/md be/be available/jj for/in those/dts periods/nns when/wrb a/at brighter/jjr light/nn is/bez needed/vbn ./. There/ex should/md be/be a/at regular/jj electrical/jj outlet/nn in/in the/at shelter/nn as/cs power/nn may/md continue/vb in/in many/ap areas/nns ./. Other/ap considerations/nns ./. --/-- If/cs there/ex are/ber outside/jj windows/nns in/in the/at basement/nn corner/nn where/wrb you/ppss build/vb a/at shelter/nn ,/, they/ppss should/md be/be shielded/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl ,/, page/nn 29/cd ./. Other/ap basement/nn windows/nns should/md be/be blocked/vbn when/wrb an/at emergency/nn threatens/vbz ./. Basement/nn walls/nns that/wps project/vb above/in the/at ground/nn should/md be/be shielded/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl ,/, page/nn 29/cd ./. In/in these/dts shelters/nns the/at entrance/nn should/md be/be not/* more/ap than/in 2/cd feet/nns wide/jj ./. Bunks/nns ,/, or/cc materials/nns to/to build/vb them/ppo ,/, may/md have/hv to/to be/be put/vbn inside/in the/at enclosure/nn before/cs the/at shelter/nn walls/nns are/ber completed/vbn ./. The/at basement/nn or/cc belowground/jj shelters/nns also/rb will/md serve/vb for/in tornado/nn or/cc hurricane/nn protection/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Living/vbg-hl in/in-hl a/at-hl shelter/nn-hl The/at radioactivity/nn of/in fallout/nn decays/vbz rapidly/rb at/in first/rb ./. Forty-nine/cd hours/nns after/in an/at atomic/jj burst/nn the/at radiation/nn intensity/nn is/bez only/rb about/rb 1/cd percent/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps was/bedz an/at hour/nn after/in the/at explosion/nn ./. But/cc the/at radiation/nn may/md be/be so/ql intense/jj at/in the/at start/nn that/cs one/cd percent/nn may/md be/be extremely/ql dangerous/jj ./. Therefore/rb ,/, civil/jj defense/nn instructions/nns received/vbn over/in CONELRAD/nn or/cc by/in other/ap means/nns should/md be/be followed/vbn ./. A/at battery-powered/jj radio/nn is/bez essential/jj ./. Radiation/nn instruments/nns suitable/jj for/in home/nr use/nn are/ber available/jj ,/, and/cc would/md be/be of/in value/nn in/in locating/vbg that/dt portion/nn of/in the/at home/nn which/wdt offers/vbz the/at best/jjt protection/nn against/in fallout/nn radiation/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at possibility/nn that/cs battery-powered/jj radios/nns with/in built-in/jj radiation/nn meters/nns may/md become/vb available/jj ./. One/cd instrument/nn thus/rb would/md serve/vb both/abx purposes/nns ./. Your/pp$ local/jj civil/jj defense/nn will/md gather/vb its/pp$ own/jj information/nn and/cc will/md receive/vb broad/jj information/nn from/in State/nn-tl and/cc Federal/jj-tl sources/nns ./. It/pps will/md tell/vb you/ppo as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj :/: How/wql long/rb to/to stay/vb in/in your/pp$ shelter/nn ;/. ;/. How/wql soon/rb you/ppss may/md go/vb outdoors/rb ;/. ;/. How/wql long/rb you/ppss may/md stay/vb outside/rb ./. You/ppss should/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to stay/vb in/in your/pp$ shelter/nn full/jj time/nn for/in at/in least/ap several/ap days/nns and/cc to/to make/vb it/ppo your/pp$ home/nr for/in 14/cd days/nns or/cc longer/rbr ./. A/at checklist/nn in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl (/( (/( page/nn 30/cd )/) tells/vbz what/wdt is/bez needed/vbn ./. Families/nns with/in children/nns will/md have/hv particular/jj problems/nns ./. They/ppss should/md provide/vb for/in simple/jj recreation/nn ./. There/ex should/md be/be a/at task/nn for/in everyone/pn and/cc these/dts tasks/nns should/md be/be rotated/vbn ./. Part/nn of/in the/at family/nn should/md be/be sleeping/vbg while/cs the/at rest/nn is/bez awake/jj ./. To/to break/vb the/at monotony/nn it/pps may/md be/be necessary/jj to/to invent/vb tasks/nns that/wps will/md keep/vb the/at family/nn busy/jj ./. Records/nns such/jj as/cs diaries/nns can/md be/be kept/vbn ./. The/at survival/nn of/in the/at family/nn will/md depend/vb largely/rb on/in information/nn received/vbn by/in radio/nn ./. A/at record/nn should/md be/be kept/vbn of/in the/at information/nn and/cc instructions/nns ,/, including/in the/at time/nn and/cc date/nn of/in broadcast/nn ./. Family/nn rationing/nn probably/rb will/md be/be necessary/jj ./. Blowers/nns should/md be/be operated/vbn periodically/rb on/in a/at regular/jj schedule/nn ./. There/ex will/md come/vb a/at time/nn in/in a/at basement/nn shelter/nn when/wrb the/at radiation/nn has/hvz decayed/vbn enough/rb to/to allow/vb use/nn of/in the/at whole/jj basement/nn ./. However/rb ,/, as/ql much/ap time/nn as/cs possible/jj should/md be/be spent/vbn within/in the/at shelter/nn to/to hold/vb radiation/nn exposure/nn to/in a/at minimum/nn ./. The/at housekeeping/nn problems/nns of/in living/vbg in/in a/at shelter/nn will/md begin/vb as/ql soon/rb as/cs the/at shelter/nn is/bez occupied/vbn ./. Food/nn ,/, medical/jj supplies/nns ,/, utensils/nns ,/, and/cc equipment/nn ,/, if/cs not/* already/rb stored/vbn in/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, must/md be/be quickly/rb gathered/vbn up/rp and/cc carried/vbn into/in it/ppo ./. After/cs the/at family/nn has/hvz settled/vbn in/in the/at shelter/nn ,/, the/at housekeeping/nn rules/nns should/md be/be spelled/vbn out/rp by/in the/at adult/nn in/in charge/nn ./. Sanitation/nn in/in the/at confines/nns of/in the/at family/nn shelter/nn will/md require/vb much/ap thought/nn and/cc planning/nn ./. Provision/nn for/in emergency/nn toilet/nn facilities/nns and/cc disposal/nn of/in human/jj wastes/nns will/md be/be an/at unfamiliar/jj problem/nn ./. A/at covered/vbn container/nn such/jj as/cs a/at kitchen/nn garbage/nn pail/nn might/md do/do as/cs a/at toilet/nn ./. A/at 10-gallon/jj garbage/nn can/nn ,/, with/in a/at tightly/rb fitting/vbg cover/nn ,/, could/md be/be used/vbn to/to keep/vb the/at wastes/nns until/cs it/pps is/bez safe/jj to/to leave/vb the/at shelter/nn ./. Water/nn rationing/nn will/md be/be difficult/jj and/cc should/md be/be planned/vbn carefully/rb ./. A/at portable/jj electric/jj heater/nn is/bez advisable/jj for/in shelters/nns in/in cold/jj climates/nns ./. It/pps would/md take/vb the/at chill/nn from/in the/at shelter/nn in/in the/at beginning/nn ./. Even/rb if/cs the/at electric/jj power/nn fails/vbz after/in an/at attack/nn ,/, any/dti time/nn that/cs the/at heater/nn has/hvz been/ben used/vbn will/md make/vb the/at shelter/nn that/ql much/ql more/ql comfortable/jj ./. Body/nn heat/nn in/in the/at close/jj quarters/nns will/md help/vb keep/vb up/rp the/at temperature/nn ./. Warm/jj clothing/nn and/cc bedding/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, are/ber essential/jj ./. Open-flame/nn heating/nn or/cc cooking/vbg should/md be/be avoided/vbn ./. A/at flame/nn would/md use/vb up/rp air/nn ./. Some/dti families/nns already/rb have/hv held/vbn weekend/nn rehearsals/nns in/in their/pp$ home/nn shelters/nns to/to learn/vb the/at problems/nns and/cc to/to determine/vb for/in themselves/ppls what/wdt supplies/nns they/ppss would/md need/vb ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl If/cs an/at attack/nn finds/vbz you/ppo without/in a/at prepared/vbn shelter/nn Few/ap areas/nns ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, are/ber as/ql good/jj as/cs prepared/vbn shelters/nns but/cc they/ppss are/ber worth/jj knowing/vbg about/in ./. A/at family/nn dwelling/nn without/in a/at basement/nn provides/vbz some/dti natural/jj shielding/nn from/in fallout/nn radiation/nn ./. On/in the/at ground/nn floor/nn the/at radiation/nn would/md be/be about/rb half/rb what/wdt it/pps is/bez outside/rb ./. The/at best/jjt protection/nn would/md be/be on/in the/at ground/nn floor/nn in/in the/at central/jj part/nn of/in the/at house/nn ./. A/at belowground/jj basement/nn can/md cut/vb the/at fallout/nn radiation/nn to/in one-tenth/nn of/in the/at outside/jj level/nn ./. The/at safest/jjt place/nn is/bez the/at basement/nn corner/nn least/rbt exposed/vbn to/in windows/nns and/cc deepest/rbt below/in ground/nn ./. If/cs there/ex is/bez time/nn after/in the/at warning/vbg ,/, the/at basement/nn shielding/nn could/md be/be improved/vbn substantially/rb by/in blocking/vbg windows/nns with/in bricks/nns ,/, dirt/nn ,/, books/nns ,/, magazines/nns ,/, or/cc other/ap heavy/jj material/nn ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Shelter/nn in/in apartment/nn buildings/nns Large/jj apartment/nn buildings/nns of/in masonry/nn or/cc concrete/nn provide/vb better/jjr natural/jj shelter/nn than/cs the/at usual/jj family/nn dwellings/nns ./. In/in general/jj ,/, such/jj apartments/nns afford/vb more/ap protection/nn than/cs smaller/jjr buildings/nns because/cs their/pp$ walls/nns are/ber thick/jj and/cc there/ex is/bez more/ap space/nn ./. The/at central/jj area/nn of/in the/at ground/nn floor/nn of/in a/at heavily/rb constructed/vbn apartment/nn building/nn ,/, with/in concrete/nn floors/nns ,/, should/md provide/vb more/ap fallout/nn protection/nn than/cs the/at ordinary/jj basement/nn of/in a/at family/nn dwelling/nn ./. The/at basement/nn of/in such/abl an/at apartment/nn building/nn may/md provide/vb as/ql much/ap natural/jj protection/nn as/cs the/at specially/rb constructed/vbn concrete/nn block/nn shelter/nn recommended/vbn for/in the/at basement/nn of/in a/at family/nn dwelling/nn ./. The/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl is/bez aiding/vbg local/jj governments/nns in/in several/ap places/nns to/to survey/vb residential/jj ,/, commercial/jj and/cc industrial/jj buildings/nns to/to determine/vb what/wdt fallout/nn protection/nn they/ppss would/md provide/vb ,/, and/cc for/in how/wql many/ap people/nns ./. The/at problem/nn for/in the/at city/nn apartment/nn dweller/nn is/bez primarily/rb to/to plan/vb the/at use/nn of/in existing/vbg space/nn ./. Such/jj planning/nn will/md require/vb the/at cooperation/nn of/in other/ap occupants/nns and/cc of/in the/at apartment/nn management/nn ./.

ch16

ch16 |@word former:1 du:44 pont:44 official:1 become:2 general:41 motor:16 vice:2 president:1 set:1 maximize:1 share:14 motors:24 market:11 line:3 communication:1 establish:1 two:3 company:9 several:1 product:4 actively:1 promote:2 within:4 year:8 various:1 manufacture:2 item:1 fill:1 entire:2 requirement:3 four:1 seven:1 eight:1 operating:1 division:3 fisher:2 body:1 long:1 control:2 brother:1 voting:3 trust:2 even:1 though:1 majority:1 stock:23 follow:2 independent:1 course:2 many:1 1947:1 1948:1 resistance:1 collapse:1 purchase:4 compare:1 favorably:1 competitor:3 come:1 receive:1 high:2 percentage:2 business:3 later:1 likely:4 trend:1 stem:1 least:1 part:6 need:1 outstrip:1 capacity:1 fact:2 stick:1 voluminous:1 record:2 bulk:1 production:1 always:1 supply:1 large:2 one:5 customer:2 automobile:2 industry:1 connect:1 interest:8 inference:1 overwhelming:1 commanding:1 position:1 gain:2 solely:3 competitive:1 merit:1 353:5 605:1 court:23 agree:1 trial:1 consideration:2 price:1 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amici:3 curiae:3 represent:1 stockholder:15 consider:1 procedure:2 subsequent:1 take:1 place:2 september:1 25:2 outset:1 spokesman:1 counsel:4 preliminary:1 discussion:3 view:2 arrive:1 plan:10 could:2 recommend:2 say:2 propose:3 disenfranchisement:2 along:1 restriction:1 suggestion:1 inadequate:1 urge:1 divestiture:4 invite:1 proposal:2 specific:1 program:1 state:1 desire:1 think:1 would:16 profitable:1 prepare:1 thirty:1 day:1 indicate:1 preference:1 submission:2 detailed:2 early:1 date:1 previous:1 antitrust:1 magnitude:1 present:1 complex:1 problem:1 issue:1 readily:1 abstract:1 adopt:1 schedule:1 carry:1 october:1 call:1 equal:1 annual:4 distribution:3 dividend:3 period:3 ten:4 christiana:9 securities:1 delaware:12 realty:1 major:1 deal:1 specially:1 require:4 sale:2 trustee:3 allocable:3 well:2 outright:1 condition:1 prevail:1 allow:1 petition:1 extension:1 addition:1 right:7 vote:3 vest:1 enjoin:2 prohibit:2 director:6 officer:6 common:2 versa:1 order:2 terminate:1 agreement:1 provide:1 specified:1 grant:2 exclusive:1 patent:1 preferential:1 sell:1 chemical:2 discovery:1 maintenance:1 joint:1 commercial:1 enterprise:1 motion:1 direct:1 ruling:2 obtain:1 commissioner:2 internal:1 revenue:1 federal:2 income:3 tax:4 consequence:1 9:1 1958:4 announce:1 pay:1 taxable:1 ordinary:1 extent:1 earning:1 profit:1 measure:2 individual:1 fair:2 value:4 taxpaye:1 corporate:1 less:1 approximately:1 per:1 force:1 deposit:1 party:1 rate:1 counterproposal:1 14:1 retain:1 pass:3 turn:1 employee:4 simultaneously:1 approval:1 deny:1 additional:1 except:2 subscription:1 june:1 6:1 objection:1 argue:1 inter:1 alia:1 severely:1 depress:1 consequent:1 serious:2 loss:2 hardship:1 hundred:1 thousand:2 innocent:1 investor:1 among:1 small:1 charitable:1 institution:1 similar:2 decline:1 tremendous:1 volume:1 hang:1 hamper:1 effort:1 manufacturer:1 raise:1 equity:1 adverse:1 activity:1 comprehensively:1 contend:1 mandate:1 august:1 like:1 contain:1 ultimate:1 three:1 spouse:1 people:1 live:1 household:1 specify:1 person:1 totally:1 disenfranchise:1 hand:1

A/at former/ap Du/np Pont/np official/nn became/vbd a/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl vice/nn president/nn and/cc set/vbd about/rb maximizing/vbg Du/np Pont's/np$ share/nn of/in the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl market/nn ./. Lines/nns of/in communications/nns were/bed established/vbn between/in the/at two/cd companies/nns and/cc several/ap Du/np Pont/np products/nns were/bed actively/rb promoted/vbn ./. Within/in a/at few/ap years/nns various/jj Du/np Pont/np manufactured/vbn items/nns were/bed filling/vbg the/at entire/jj requirements/nns of/in from/in four/cd to/in seven/cd of/in General/nn-tl Motors'/nns$-tl eight/cd operating/vbg divisions/nns ./. The/at Fisher/np-tl Body/nn-tl division/nn ,/, long/rb controlled/vbn by/in the/at Fisher/np brothers/nns under/in a/at voting/vbg trust/nn even/rb though/cs General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl owned/vbd a/at majority/nn of/in its/pp$ stock/nn ,/, followed/vbd an/at independent/jj course/nn for/in many/ap years/nns ,/, but/cc by/in 1947/cd and/cc 1948/cd ``/`` resistance/nn had/hvd collapsed/vbn ''/'' and/cc its/pp$ purchases/nns from/in Du/np Pont/np ``/`` compared/vbd favorably/rb ''/'' with/in purchases/nns by/in other/ap General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl divisions/nns ./. Competitors/nns came/vbd to/to receive/vb higher/jjr percentage/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl business/nn in/in later/jjr years/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez ``/`` likely/jj ''/'' that/cs this/dt trend/nn stemmed/vbd ``/`` at/in least/ap in/in part/nn ''/'' from/in the/at needs/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl outstripping/vbg Du/np Pont's/np$ capacity/nn ./. ``/`` The/at fact/nn that/wps sticks/vbz out/rp in/in this/dt voluminous/jj record/nn is/bez that/cs the/at bulk/nn of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ production/nn has/hvz always/rb supplied/vbn the/at largest/jjt part/nn of/in the/at requirements/nns of/in the/at one/cd customer/nn in/in the/at automobile/nn industry/nn connected/vbn to/in Du/np Pont/np by/in a/at stock/nn interest/nn ./. The/at inference/nn is/bez overwhelming/jj that/cs Du/np Pont's/np$ commanding/vbg position/nn was/bedz promoted/vbn by/in its/pp$ stock/nn interest/nn and/cc was/bedz not/* gained/vbn solely/rb on/in competitive/jj merit/nn ''/'' ./. 353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 605/cd ./. This/dt Court/nn-tl agreed/vbd with/in the/at trial/nn court/nn ``/`` that/cs considerations/nns of/in price/nn ,/, quality/nn and/cc service/nn were/bed not/* overlooked/vbn by/in either/cc Du/np Pont/np or/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ''/'' ./. 353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 606/cd ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps determined/vbd that/cs neither/cc this/dt factor/nn ,/, nor/cc ``/`` the/at fact/nn that/cs all/abn concerned/vbn in/in high/jj executive/nn posts/nns in/in both/abx companies/nns acted/vbd honorably/rb and/cc fairly/rb ,/, each/dt in/in the/at honest/jj conviction/nn that/cs his/pp$ actions/nns were/bed in/in the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in his/pp$ own/jj company/nn and/cc without/in any/dti design/nn to/to overreach/vb anyone/pn ,/, including/in Du/np Pont's/np$ competitors/nns ''/'' ,/, outweighed/vbd the/at Government's/nn$-tl claim/nn for/in relief/nn ./. This/dt claim/nn ,/, as/cs submitted/vbn to/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl and/cc dismissed/vbn by/in it/ppo ,/, 126/cd F.Supp.235/np ,/, alleged/vbd violation/nn not/* only/rb of/in 7/nn of/in the/at Clayton/np-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, but/cc also/rb of/in 1/nn and/cc 2/cd of/in the/at Sherman/np-tl Act/nn-tl ./. The/at latter/ap provisions/nns proscribe/vb any/dti contract/nn ,/, combination/nn ,/, or/cc conspiracy/nn in/in restraint/nn of/in interstate/jj or/cc foreign/jj trade/nn ,/, and/cc monopolization/nn of/in ,/, or/cc attempts/nns ,/, combinations/nns ,/, or/cc conspiracies/nns to/to monopolize/vb ,/, such/jj trade/nn ./. However/rb ,/, this/dt Court/nn-tl put/vbd to/in one/cd side/nn without/in consideration/nn the/at Government's/nn$-tl appeal/nn from/in the/at dismissal/nn of/in its/pp$ Sherman/np-tl Act/nn-tl allegations/nns ./. It/pps rested/vbd its/pp$ decision/nn solely/rb on/in 7/nn ,/, which/wdt reads/vbz in/in pertinent/jj part/nn :/: ``/`` No/at corporation/nn engaged/vbn in/in commerce/nn shall/md acquire/vb ,/, directly/rb or/cc indirectly/rb ,/, the/at whole/nn or/cc any/dti part/nn of/in the/at stock/nn or/cc other/ap share/nn capital/nn of/in another/dt corporation/nn engaged/vbn also/rb in/in commerce/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at effect/nn of/in such/jj acquisition/nn may/md be/be to/to substantially/rb lessen/vb competition/nn between/in the/at corporation/nn whose/wp$ stock/nn is/bez so/rb acquired/vbn and/cc the/at corporation/nn making/vbg the/at acquisition/nn ,/, or/cc to/to restrain/vb such/jj commerce/nn in/in any/dti section/nn or/cc community/nn ,/, or/cc tend/vb to/to create/vb a/at monopoly/nn of/in any/dti line/nn of/in commerce/nn ./. This/dt section/nn shall/md not/* apply/vb to/in corporations/nns purchasing/vbg such/jj stock/nn solely/rb for/in investment/nn and/cc not/* using/vbg the/at same/ap by/in voting/vbg or/cc otherwise/rb to/to bring/vb about/rp ,/, or/cc in/in attempting/vbg to/to bring/vb about/rp ,/, the/at substantial/jj lessening/nn of/in competition/nn ./. ''/'' The/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt provision/nn was/bedz thus/rb explained/vbn in/in the/at Court's/nn$-tl opinion/nn :/: ``/`` Section/nn-tl 7/cd-tl is/bez designed/vbn to/to arrest/vb in/in its/pp$ incipiency/nn not/* only/rb the/at substantial/jj lessening/nn of/in competition/nn from/in the/at acquisition/nn by/in one/cd corporation/nn of/in the/at whole/nn or/cc any/dti part/nn of/in the/at stock/nn of/in a/at competing/vbg corporation/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb to/to arrest/vb in/in their/pp$ incipiency/nn restraints/nns or/cc monopolies/nns in/in a/at relevant/jj market/nn which/wdt ,/, as/cs a/at reasonable/jj probability/nn ,/, appear/vb at/in the/at time/nn of/in suit/nn likely/jj to/to result/vb from/in the/at acquisition/nn by/in one/cd corporation/nn of/in all/abn or/cc any/dti part/nn of/in the/at stock/nn of/in any/dti other/ap corporation/nn ./. The/at section/nn is/bez violated/vbn whether/cs or/cc not/* actual/jj restraints/nns or/cc monopolies/nns ,/, or/cc the/at substantial/jj lessening/nn of/in competition/nn ,/, have/hv occurred/vbn or/cc are/ber intended/vbn ./. ''/'' 353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 589/cd ./. Thus/rb ,/, a/at finding/nn of/in conspiracy/nn to/to restrain/vb trade/nn or/cc attempt/vb to/to monopolize/vb was/bedz excluded/vbn from/in the/at Court's/nn$-tl decision/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, as/cs already/rb noted/vbn ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl proceeded/vbd on/in the/at assumption/nn that/cs the/at executives/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at dealings/nns between/in Du/np Pont/np and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl acted/vbd ``/`` honorably/rb and/cc fairly/rb ''/'' and/cc exercised/vbd their/pp$ business/nn judgment/nn only/rb to/to serve/vb what/wdt they/ppss deemed/vbd the/at best/jjt interests/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj companies/nns ./. This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, did/dod not/* bar/vb finding/vbg that/cs Du/np Pont/np had/hvd become/vbn pre-eminent/jj as/cs a/at supplier/nn of/in automotive/jj fabrics/nns and/cc finishes/nns to/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ;/. ;/. that/cs these/dts products/nns constituted/vbd a/at ``/`` line/nn of/in commerce/nn ''/'' within/in the/at meaning/nn of/in the/at Clayton/np-tl Act/nn-tl ;/. ;/. that/cs General/nn-tl Motors'/nns$-tl share/nn of/in the/at market/nn for/in these/dts products/nns was/bedz substantial/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc that/dt competition/nn for/in this/dt share/nn of/in the/at market/nn was/bedz endangered/vbn by/in the/at financial/jj relationship/nn between/in the/at two/cd concerns/nns :/: ``/`` The/at statutory/jj policy/nn of/in fostering/vbg free/jj competition/nn is/bez obviously/rb furthered/vbn when/wrb no/at supplier/nn has/hvz an/at advantage/nn over/in his/pp$ competitors/nns from/in an/at acquisition/nn of/in his/pp$ customer's/nn$ stock/nn likely/jj to/to have/hv the/at effects/nns condemned/vbn by/in the/at statute/nn ./. We/ppss repeat/vb ,/, that/cs the/at test/nn of/in a/at violation/nn of/in 7/nn is/bez whether/cs ,/, at/in the/at time/nn of/in suit/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at reasonable/jj probability/nn that/cs the/at acquisition/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to result/vb in/in the/at condemned/vbn restraints/nns ./. The/at conclusion/nn upon/in this/dt record/nn is/bez inescapable/jj that/cs such/jj likelihood/nn was/bedz proved/vbn as/in to/in this/dt acquisition/nn ./. ''/'' 353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 607/cd ./. On/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at findings/nns which/wdt led/vbd to/in this/dt conclusion/nn ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl remanded/vbd the/at case/nn to/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl to/to determine/vb the/at appropriate/jj relief/nn ./. The/at sole/jj guidance/nn given/vbn the/at Court/nn-tl for/in discharging/vbg the/at task/nn committed/vbn to/in it/ppo was/bedz this/dt :/: ``/`` The/at judgment/nn must/md therefore/rb be/be reversed/vbn and/cc the/at cause/nn remanded/vbn to/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl for/in a/at determination/nn ,/, after/in further/rbr hearing/nn ,/, of/in the/at equitable/jj relief/nn necessary/jj and/cc appropriate/jj in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn to/to eliminate/vb the/at effects/nns of/in the/at acquisition/nn offensive/jj to/in the/at statute/nn ./. The/at District/nn-tl Courts/nns-tl ,/, in/in the/at framing/nn of/in equitable/jj decrees/nns ,/, are/ber clothed/vbn '/' with/in large/jj discretion/nn to/to model/jj their/pp$ judgements/nns to/to fit/vb the/at exigencies/nns of/in the/at particular/jj case/nn ./. International/jj-tl Salt/nn-tl Co./nn-tl v./in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 332/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl 392/cd-tl ,/, 400-401/np ''/'' ./. 353/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 607-608/cd ./. This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at course/nn of/in the/at proceedings/nns in/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl This/dt Court's/nn$-tl judgment/nn was/bedz filed/vbn in/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl on/in July/np 18/cd ,/, 1957/cd ./. The/at first/od pretrial/jj conference/nn --/-- held/vbn to/to appoint/vb amici/fw-nns curiae/fw-nn$ to/to represent/vb the/at interest/nn of/in the/at stockholders/nns of/in Du/np Pont/np and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc to/to consider/vb the/at procedure/nn to/to be/be followed/vbn in/in the/at subsequent/jj hearings/nns --/-- took/vbd place/nn on/in September/np 25/cd ,/, 1957/cd ./. At/in the/at outset/nn ,/, the/at Government's/nn$-tl spokesman/nn explained/vbd that/cs counsel/nn for/in the/at Government/nn-tl and/cc for/in Du/np Pont/np had/hvd already/rb held/vbn preliminary/jj discussions/nns with/in a/at view/nn to/in arriving/vbg at/in a/at relief/nn plan/nn that/wpo both/abx sides/nns could/md recommend/vb to/in the/at court/nn ./. Du/np Pont/np ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd proposed/vbn disenfranchisement/nn of/in its/pp$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn along/rb with/in other/ap restrictions/nns on/in the/at Du/np Pont/np -/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl relationship/nn ./. The/at Government/nn-tl ,/, deeming/vbg these/dts suggestions/nns inadequate/jj ,/, had/hvd urged/vbn that/cs any/dti judgment/nn include/vb divestiture/nn of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ shares/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ./. Counsel/nn for/in the/at Government/nn-tl invited/vbd Du/np Pont's/np$ views/nns on/in this/dt proposal/nn before/cs recommending/vbg a/at specific/jj program/nn ,/, but/cc stated/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at court/nn desired/vbd ,/, or/cc if/cs counsel/nn for/in Du/np Pont/np thought/vbd further/ap discussion/nn would/md not/* be/be profitable/jj ,/, the/at Government/nn-tl was/bedz prepared/vbn to/to submit/vb a/at plan/nn within/in thirty/cd days/nns ./. Counsel/nn for/in Du/np Pont/np indicated/vbd a/at preference/nn for/in the/at submission/nn of/in detailed/vbn plans/nns by/in both/abx sides/nns at/in an/at early/jj date/nn ./. No/at previous/jj antitrust/jj case/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd involved/vbn interests/nns of/in such/jj magnitude/nn or/cc presented/vbn such/ql complex/jj problems/nns of/in relief/nn ./. The/at submission/nn of/in detailed/vbn plans/nns would/md place/vb the/at issues/nns before/in the/at court/nn more/ql readily/rb than/cs would/md discussion/nn of/in divestiture/nn or/cc disenfranchisement/nn in/in the/at abstract/jj ./. The/at Court/nn-tl adopted/vbd this/dt procedure/nn with/in an/at appropriate/jj time/nn schedule/nn for/in carrying/vbg it/ppo out/rp ./. The/at Government/nn-tl submitted/vbd its/pp$ proposed/vbn decree/nn on/in October/np 25/cd ,/, 1957/cd ./. The/at plan/nn called/vbd for/in divestiture/nn by/in Du/np Pont/np of/in its/pp$ 63,000,000/cd shares/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn by/in equal/jj annual/jj distributions/nns to/in its/pp$ stockholders/nns ,/, as/cs a/at dividend/nn ,/, over/in a/at period/nn of/in ten/cd years/nns ./. Christiana/np-tl Securities/nns-tl Company/nn-tl and/cc Delaware/np-tl Realty/nn-tl &/cc-tl Investment/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, major/jj stockholders/nns in/in Du/np Pont/np ,/, and/cc the/at stockholders/nns of/in Delaware/np were/bed dealt/vbn with/in specially/rb by/in provisions/nns requiring/vbg the/at annual/jj sale/nn by/in a/at trustee/nn ,/, again/rb over/in a/at ten-year/jj period/nn ,/, of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn allocable/jj to/in them/ppo ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs any/dti General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn which/wdt Christiana/np and/cc Delaware/np owned/vbd outright/rb ./. If/cs ,/, in/in the/at trustee's/nn$ judgment/nn ,/, ``/`` reasonable/jj market/nn conditions/nns ''/'' did/dod not/* prevail/vb during/in any/dti given/vbn year/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz to/to be/be allowed/vbn to/to petition/vb the/at court/nn for/in an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn within/in the/at ten-year/jj period/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at right/nn to/to vote/vb the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn held/vbn by/in Du/np Pont/np was/bedz to/to be/be vested/vbn in/in Du/np Pont's/np$ stockholders/nns ,/, other/ap than/cs Christiana/np and/cc Delaware/np and/cc the/at stockholders/nns of/in Delaware/np ;/. ;/. Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np were/bed to/to be/be enjoined/vbn from/in acquiring/vbg stock/nn in/in or/cc exercising/vbg control/nn over/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ;/. ;/. Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np were/bed to/to be/be prohibited/vbn to/to have/hv any/dti director/nn or/cc officer/nn in/in common/jj with/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ,/, and/cc vice/rb versa/rb ;/. ;/. and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc Du/np Pont/np were/bed to/to be/be ordered/vbn to/to terminate/vb any/dti agreement/nn that/wps provided/vbd for/in the/at purchase/nn by/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl of/in any/dti specified/vbn percentage/nn of/in its/pp$ requirements/nns of/in any/dti Du/np Pont/np manufactured/vbn product/nn ,/, or/cc for/in the/at grant/nn of/in exclusive/jj patent/nn rights/nns ,/, or/cc for/in a/at grant/nn by/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl to/in Du/np Pont/np of/in a/at preferential/jj right/nn to/to make/vb or/cc sell/vb any/dti chemical/nn discovery/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ,/, or/cc for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in any/dti joint/jj commercial/jj enterprise/nn by/in the/at two/cd companies/nns ./. On/in motion/nn of/in the/at Amici/fw-nns-tl Curiae/fw-nn$-tl ,/, the/at court/nn directed/vbd that/cs a/at ruling/nn be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at Commissioner/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl as/in to/in the/at federal/jj income/nn tax/nn consequences/nns of/in the/at Government's/nn$-tl plan/nn ./. On/in May/np 9/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at Commissioner/nn-tl announced/vbd his/pp$ rulings/nns ./. The/at annual/jj dividends/nns paid/vbn to/in Du/np Pont/np stockholders/nns in/in shares/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn would/md be/be taxable/jj as/cs ordinary/jj income/nn to/in the/at extent/nn of/in Du/np Pont's/np$ earnings/nns and/cc profits/nns ./. The/at measure/nn ,/, for/in federal/jj income/nn tax/nn purposes/nns ,/, of/in the/at dividend/nn to/in individual/jj stockholders/nns would/md be/be the/at fair/jj market/nn value/nn of/in the/at shares/nns at/in the/at time/nn of/in each/dt annual/jj distribution/nn ./. In/in the/at case/nn of/in taxpaying/jj corporate/jj stockholders/nns ,/, the/at measure/nn would/md be/be the/at lesser/jjr of/in the/at fair/jj market/nn value/nn of/in the/at shares/nns or/cc Du/np Pont's/np$ tax/nn basis/nn for/in them/ppo ,/, which/wdt is/bez approximately/rb $2.09/nns per/in share/nn ./. The/at forced/vbn sale/nn of/in the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn owned/vbn by/in or/cc allocable/jj to/in Christiana/np ,/, Delaware/np ,/, and/cc the/at stockholders/nns of/in Delaware/np ,/, and/cc deposited/vbn with/in the/at trustee/nn ,/, would/md result/vb in/in a/at tax/nn to/in those/dts parties/nns at/in the/at capital/nn gains/nns rate/nn ./. Du/np Pont's/np$ counterproposal/nn was/bedz filed/vbn on/in May/np 14/cd ,/, 1958/cd ./. Under/in its/pp$ plan/nn Du/np Pont/np would/md retain/vb its/pp$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl shares/nns but/cc be/be required/vbn to/to pass/vb on/rp to/in its/pp$ stockholders/nns the/at right/nn to/to vote/vb those/dts shares/nns ./. Christiana/np and/cc Delaware/np would/md ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, be/be required/vbn to/to pass/vb on/rp the/at voting/vbg rights/nns to/in the/at General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl shares/nns allocable/jj to/in them/ppo to/in their/pp$ own/jj stockholders/nns ./. Du/np Pont/np would/md be/be enjoined/vbn from/in having/hvg as/cs a/at director/nn ,/, officer/nn ,/, or/cc employee/nn anyone/pn who/wps was/bedz simultaneously/rb an/at officer/nn or/cc employee/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl ,/, and/cc no/at director/nn ,/, officer/nn ,/, or/cc employee/nn of/in Du/np Pont/np could/md serve/vb as/cs a/at director/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl without/in court/nn approval/nn ./. Du/np Pont/np would/md be/be denied/vbn the/at right/nn to/to acquire/vb any/dti additional/jj General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn except/in through/in General/nn-tl Motors'/nns$-tl distributions/nns of/in stock/nn or/cc subscription/nn rights/nns to/in its/pp$ stockholders/nns ./. On/in June/np 6/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl submitted/vbd its/pp$ objections/nns to/in the/at Government's/nn$-tl proposal/nn ./. It/pps argued/vbd ,/, inter/fw-in alia/fw-nns ,/, that/cs a/at divestiture/nn order/nn would/md severely/rb depress/vb the/at market/nn value/nn of/in the/at stock/nn of/in both/abx General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc Du/np Pont/np ,/, with/in consequent/jj serious/jj loss/nn and/cc hardship/nn to/in hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in innocent/jj investors/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo thousands/nns of/in small/jj trusts/nns and/cc charitable/jj institutions/nns ;/. ;/. that/cs there/ex would/md be/be a/at similar/jj decline/nn in/in the/at market/nn values/nns of/in other/ap automotive/jj and/cc chemical/nn stocks/nns ,/, with/in similar/jj losses/nns to/in the/at stockholders/nns of/in those/dts companies/nns ;/. ;/. that/cs the/at tremendous/jj volume/nn of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl stock/nn hanging/vbg over/in the/at market/nn for/in ten/cd years/nns would/md hamper/vb the/at efforts/nns of/in General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl and/cc other/ap automobile/nn manufacturers/nns to/to raise/vb equity/nn capital/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc that/cs all/abn this/dt would/md have/hv a/at serious/jj adverse/jj effect/nn on/in the/at entire/jj stock/nn market/nn and/cc on/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn ./. General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl comprehensively/rb contended/vbd that/cs the/at Government/nn-tl plan/nn would/md not/* be/be ``/`` in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn ''/'' as/cs required/vbn by/in the/at mandate/nn of/in this/dt Court/nn-tl ./. The/at decrees/nns proposed/vbn by/in the/at amici/fw-nns curiae/fw-nn$ were/bed filed/vbn in/in August/np of/in 1958/cd ./. These/dts plans/nns ,/, like/cs Du/np Pont's/np$ ,/, contained/vbd provisions/nns for/in passing/vbg the/at vote/nn on/in Du/np Pont's/np$ General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl shares/nns on/rp to/in the/at ultimate/jj stockholders/nns of/in Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np ,/, except/in that/cs officers/nns and/cc directors/nns of/in the/at three/cd companies/nns ,/, their/pp$ spouses/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap people/nns living/vbg in/in their/pp$ households/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap specified/vbn persons/nns ,/, were/bed to/to be/be totally/rb disenfranchised/vbn ./. Both/abx plans/nns also/rb prohibited/vbd common/jj directors/nns ,/, officers/nns ,/, or/cc employees/nns between/in Du/np Pont/np ,/, Christiana/np ,/, and/cc Delaware/np ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, and/cc General/nn-tl Motors/nns-tl on/in the/at other/ap ./.

ch17

ch17 |@word medieval:1 mental:1 quirk:1 attitude:1 unnourishe:1 sense:1 believe:1 husband:4 wife:4 subject:1 risk:1 possibility:1 permit:3 endanger:1 confidentiality:1 marriage:4 relationship:4 easy:1 enough:1 ridicule:1 hawkin:1 pronouncement:1 plea:1 crown:1 metaphysical:1 point:1 view:2 concept:1 oneness:1 married:1 couple:1 may:4 reflect:2 abide:1 belief:2 communion:1 action:1 always:1 regard:1 criminal:1 law:6 make:4 inroad:1 name:1 enforcement:3 protection:1 congress:2 afford:1 court:8 today:1 continue:1 path:1 chart:1 recent:1 decision:2 wyatt:1 united:9 states:9 362:1 525:1 hold:4 circumstance:2 case:3 could:2 compel:1 testify:1 objection:1 one:2 nee:1 waver:1 virile:1 insist:1 thing:1 american:1 life:1 also:3 great:1 importance:2 even:3 must:2 accommodate:1 solidarity:1 confidential:1 opinion:2 dogmatically:1 assert:4 conspiracy:1 doctrine:2 fact:4 protect:1 hence:2 enthrone:1 unreality:1 rule:2 easily:1 persuade:1 accept:1 many:3 people:1 century:1 lightly:1 dismiss:1 event:1 submit:1 power:1 depose:1 belong:1 dissent:1 petitioner:30 claim:17 conscientious:3 objector:3 convict:1 violate:1 12a:1 universal:2 military:2 training:3 service:6 act:7 refuse:2 induct:2 armed:2 force:1 deny:9 due:6 process:8 violation:3 fifth:2 amendment:2 1:3 hearing:24 officer:19 department:23 justice:10 rebut:6 statement:8 attribute:3 local:13 board:32 2:1 trial:11 right:4 report:27 original:5 federal:5 bureau:5 investigation:5 record:2 administrative:6 procedure:3 prescribe:1 fully:3 comply:2 conviction:1 sustain:1 pp:4 60:1 66:2 proceeding:3 question:2 file:11 access:1 opportunity:6 appeal:17 62:2 63:2 b:1 entitle:5 note:6 especially:1 since:2 fail:6 show:3 particular:3 need:3 copy:3 recommendation:14 64:2 c:1 either:1 inspect:3 furnish:5 resume:3 challenge:1 accuracy:1 haydn:1 covington:1 argue:2 cause:2 brief:2 daniel:1 friedman:1 solicitor:1 general:6 rankin:1 assistant:1 attorney:5 wilkey:1 beatrice:1 rosenberg:1 bishop:1 mr:1 clark:1 deliver:1 prosecution:2 refusal:1 provision:1 stat:1 50:2 app:1 aj:1 462:1 contend:2 say:4 judge:1 decide:1 require:4 production:2 document:1 find:6 guilty:1 sentence:1 15:1 month:8 imprisonment:1 affirmed:1 269:1 2d:1 613:1 grant:1 certiorari:1 administration:1 361:1 899:1 conclude:2 control:2 rationale:1 gonzales:2 348:4 407:1 1955:2 nugent:3 346:2 1953:3 therefore:2 affirm:1 judgment:1 register:1 9:1 boulder:1 colorado:1 march:2 17:2 1952:5 answer:4 classification:6 questionnaire:1 minister:3 jehovah:2 witness:2 employ:1 night:1 sugar:1 producer:1 religion:1 devote:6 minimum:1 100:5 hour:8 preach:4 november:2 13:1 classify:2 class:1 22:1 write:1 protest:1 state:1 regular:1 average:1 actual:3 publicly:1 addition:2 75:1 ministerial:1 duty:1 oppose:1 war:1 form:1 thereafter:1 april:1 six:1 full:3 time:2 pioneer:3 discontinue:1 notify:1 periodic:1 review:2 july:1 30:1 reclassify:2 uphold:1 personal:1 appearance:1 willingness:1 kill:1 defense:1 church:2 home:1 upon:4 approval:3 reclassification:1 order:2 induction:2 june:1 11:1 1956:3 prosecute:1 however:3 subsequently:1 reopen:1 light:2 sicurella:1 385:1 follow:2 customary:1 appear:2 suggest:1 exempt:1 combatant:1 21:1 1957:1 recommend:1 ground:1 august:1 evidence:4 memorandum:2 date:1 per:3 headquarters:1 longer:1 contrary:1 relinquish:1 bible:1 student:1 servant:1 position:1 6:2 public:1 preaching:2 20:1 25:1 activity:1 highly:1 exaggerated:1 cast:1 doubt:1 veracity:1 consequently:1 sincerity:1 good:1 faith:1 thereto:1 advise:1 unanimously:1 concur:1 return:1 failure:1 first:1 procedural:2 give:3 timely:1 final:3 admit:1 know:3 open:1 apparently:1 never:2 take:1 trouble:1 nevertheless:1 ample:1 contest:1 forward:1 appropriate:1 place:3 registrant:6 lodge:1 denial:2 supra:3 reason:1 necessary:1 come:1 agency:1 ultimate:1 responsibility:1 412:2 see:1 result:1 prejudice:1 contention:3 consider:3 gonzale:2 render:1 selective:2 determination:1 overturn:1 unless:1 basis:1 estep:1 327:1 114:1 413:1 difficult:1 seek:1 secure:1 subpoena:1 duce:1 tecum:1 longhand:1 evensen:1 well:4 thereon:1 allege:1 specific:1 error:1 withhold:1 elaborate:1 favorable:2 disclose:1 section:1 nothing:1 likewise:1 turn:1 regulation:1 formerly:1 requirement:1 eliminate:1 moreover:2 intradepartmental:1 direct:1 course:1 essentially:1 different:1 receive:2 rejection:1 part:1 whole:1 within:2 go:1 making:1 significant:1 neither:1 traverse:1 conclusion:1 base:3 every:1 finding:1 succeed:1 reasoning:1 apply:1 allegation:1 withholding:1 develop:2 fair:1 stage:1 testimony:1 issue:1 respect:1 center:1 entirely:2 repudiate:1 support:1 relevancy:1 finally:1 fbi:3 inaccuracy:1 present:1 explore:1 indicate:1 hope:1 discrepancy:1 statutory:1 scheme:1 system:1 guarantee:1 produce:1 inspection:1 5:1 bind:1 would:1

It/pps is/bez not/* a/at medieval/jj mental/jj quirk/nn or/cc an/at attitude/nn ``/`` unnourished/jj by/in sense/nn ''/'' to/to believe/vb that/cs husbands/nns and/cc wives/nns should/md not/* be/be subjected/vbn to/in such/abl a/at risk/nn ,/, or/cc that/cs such/abl a/at possibility/nn should/md not/* be/be permitted/vbn to/to endanger/vb the/at confidentiality/nn of/in the/at marriage/nn relationship/nn ./. While/cs it/pps is/bez easy/jj enough/qlp to/to ridicule/vb Hawkins'/np$ pronouncement/nn in/in Pleas/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Crown/nn-tl from/in a/at metaphysical/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, the/at concept/nn of/in the/at ``/`` oneness/nn ''/'' of/in a/at married/vbn couple/nn may/md reflect/vb an/at abiding/vbg belief/nn that/cs the/at communion/nn between/in husband/nn and/cc wife/nn is/bez such/jj that/cs their/pp$ actions/nns are/ber not/* always/rb to/to be/be regarded/vbn by/in the/at criminal/jj law/nn as/cs if/cs there/ex were/bed no/at marriage/nn ./. By/in making/vbg inroads/nns in/in the/at name/nn of/in law/nn enforcement/nn into/in the/at protection/nn which/wdt Congress/np has/hvz afforded/vbn to/in the/at marriage/nn relationship/nn ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl today/nr continues/vbz in/in the/at path/nn charted/vbn by/in the/at-tl recent/jj decision/nn in/in Wyatt/np v./in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 362/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 525/cd ,/, where/wrb the/at Court/nn-tl held/vbd that/cs ,/, under/in the/at circumstances/nns of/in that/dt case/nn ,/, a/at wife/nn could/md be/be compelled/vbn to/to testify/vb against/in her/pp$ husband/nn over/in her/pp$ objection/nn ./. One/pn need/md not/* waver/vb in/in his/pp$ belief/nn in/in virile/jj law/nn enforcement/nn to/to insist/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber other/ap things/nns in/in American/jj life/nn which/wdt are/ber also/rb of/in great/jj importance/nn ,/, and/cc to/in which/wdt even/rb law/nn enforcement/nn must/md accommodate/vb itself/ppl ./. One/cd of/in these/dts is/bez the/at solidarity/nn and/cc the/at confidential/jj relationship/nn of/in marriage/nn ./. The/at Court's/nn$-tl opinion/nn dogmatically/rb asserts/vbz that/cs the/at husband-wife/jj conspiracy/nn doctrine/nn does/doz not/* in/in fact/nn protect/vb this/dt relationship/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs hence/rb the/at doctrine/nn ``/`` enthrones/vbz an/at unreality/nn into/in a/at rule/nn of/in law/nn ''/'' ./. I/ppss am/bem not/* easily/rb persuaded/vbn that/cs a/at rule/nn accepted/vbn by/in so/ql many/ap people/nns for/in so/ql many/ap centuries/nns can/md be/be so/ql lightly/rb dismissed/vbn ./. But/cc in/in any/dti event/nn ,/, I/ppss submit/vb that/cs the/at power/nn to/to depose/vb belongs/vbz to/in Congress/np ,/, not/* to/in this/dt Court/nn-tl ./. I/ppss dissent/vb ./. Petitioner/nn ,/, who/wps claims/vbz to/to be/be a/at conscientious/jj objector/nn ,/, was/bedz convicted/vbn of/in violating/vbg 12a/nn of/in the/at Universal/jj-tl Military/jj-tl Training/nn-tl and/cc-tl Service/nn-tl Act/nn-tl by/in refusing/vbg to/to be/be inducted/vbn into/in the/at armed/vbn forces/nns ./. He/pps claims/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn due/jj process/nn of/in law/nn in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Fifth/od-tl Amendment/nn-tl ,/, because/cs (/( 1/cd )/) at/in a/at hearing/nn before/in a/at hearing/nn officer/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz not/* permitted/vbn to/to rebut/vb statements/nns attributed/vbn to/in him/ppo by/in the/at local/jj board/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) at/in the/at trial/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn the/at right/nn to/to have/hv the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc the/at original/jj report/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl as/in to/in his/pp$ claim/nn ./. Held/vbn :/, On/in the/at record/nn in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, the/at administrative/jj procedures/nns prescribed/vbn by/in the/at Act/nn-tl were/bed fully/rb complied/vbn with/in ;/. ;/. petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* denied/vbn due/jj process/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc his/pp$ conviction/nn is/bez sustained/vbn ./. Pp./nns 60-66/cd ./. (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl Petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* denied/vbn due/jj process/nn in/in the/at administrative/jj proceedings/nns ,/, because/cs the/at statement/nn in/in question/nn was/bedz in/in his/pp$ file/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd access/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd opportunities/nns to/to rebut/vb it/ppo both/abx before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl and/cc before/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./. Pp./nns 62-63/cd ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl Petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* entitled/vbn to/to have/hv the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ notes/nns and/cc report/nn ,/, especially/rb since/cs he/pps failed/vbd to/to show/vb any/dti particular/jj need/nn for/in them/ppo and/cc he/pps did/dod have/hv a/at copy/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./. Pp./nns 63-64/cd ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl Petitioner/nn was/bedz not/* entitled/vbn ,/, either/cc in/in the/at administrative/jj hearing/nn at/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl or/cc at/in his/pp$ trial/nn ,/, to/to inspect/vb the/at original/jj report/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl ,/, since/cs he/pps was/bedz furnished/vbn a/at resume/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, did/dod not/* challenge/vb its/pp$ accuracy/nn ,/, and/cc showed/vbd no/at particular/jj need/nn for/in the/at original/jj report/nn ./. Pp./nns 64-66/cd ./. Haydn/np C./np Covington/np argued/vbd the/at cause/nn and/cc filed/vbd a/at brief/nn for/in petitioner/nn ./. Daniel/np M./np Friedman/np argued/vbd the/at cause/nn for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. On/in the/at brief/nn were/bed Solicitor/nn-tl General/jj-tl Rankin/np ,/, Assistant/jj-tl Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Wilkey/np ,/, Beatrice/np Rosenberg/np and/cc J./np F./np Bishop/np ./. Mr./np Justice/np Clark/np delivered/vbd the/at opinion/nn of/in the/at Court/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez a/at prosecution/nn for/in refusal/nn to/to be/be inducted/vbn into/in the/at armed/vbn services/nns ,/, in/in violation/nn of/in the/at provisions/nns of/in the/at Universal/jj-tl Military/jj-tl Training/nn-tl and/cc-tl Service/nn-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, 62/cd-tl Stat./nn-tl 604,622/cd-tl ,/, 50/cd-tl ,/, U.S.C./np-tl App./nns-tl Aj/nn 462/cd (/( A/at-tl )/) ./. Petitioner/nn ,/, who/wps claims/vbz to/to be/be a/at conscientious/jj objector/nn ,/, contends/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn due/jj process/nn ,/, both/abx in/in the/at proceedings/nns before/in a/at hearing/nn officer/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl and/cc at/in trial/nn ./. He/pps says/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* permitted/vbn to/to rebut/vb before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn statements/nns attributed/vbn to/in him/ppo by/in the/at local/jj board/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, further/rbr ,/, that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn at/in trial/nn the/at right/nn to/to have/hv the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc the/at original/jj report/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl as/in to/in his/pp$ claim/nn --/-- all/abn in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Fifth/od-tl Amendment/nn-tl ./. The/at trial/nn judge/nn decided/vbd that/cs the/at administrative/jj procedures/nns of/in the/at Act/nn-tl were/bed fully/rb complied/vbn with/in and/cc refused/vbd to/to require/vb the/at production/nn of/in such/jj documents/nns ./. Petitioner/nn was/bedz found/vbn guilty/jj and/cc sentenced/vbn to/in 15/cd months'/nns$ imprisonment/nn ./. The/at Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Appeals/nns-tl affirmed/vbd ./. 269/cd F./np 2d/cd 613/cd ./. We/ppss granted/vbd certiorari/nn in/in view/nn of/in the/at importance/nn of/in the/at questions/nns in/in the/at administration/nn of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./. 361/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl 899/np ./. We/ppss have/hv concluded/vbn that/cs petitioner's/nn$ claims/nns are/ber controlled/vbn by/in the/at rationale/nn of/in Gonzales/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 348/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 407/cd-tl (/( 1955/cd )/) ,/, and/cc United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl v./in-tl Nugent/np-tl ,/, 346/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 1/cd-tl (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, and/cc therefore/rb affirm/vb the/at judgment/nn ./. Petitioner/nn registered/vbd with/in Local/jj-tl Board/nn-tl No./nn-tl 9/cd-tl ,/, Boulder/np ,/, Colorado/np ,/, on/in March/np 17/cd ,/, 1952/cd ./. His/pp$ answers/nns to/in the/at classification/nn questionnaire/nn reflected/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at minister/nn of/in Jehovah's/np$-tl Witnesses/nns-tl ,/, employed/vbn at/in night/nn by/in a/at sugar/nn producer/nn ./. He/pps claimed/vbd 4-d/cd classification/nn as/cs a/at minister/nn of/in religion/nn ,/, devoting/vbg a/at minimum/nn of/in 100/cd hours/nns a/at month/nn to/in preaching/vbg ./. On/in November/np 13/cd ,/, 1952/cd ,/, he/pps was/bedz classified/vbn in/in Class/nn-tl 1-a/cd-tl ./. On/in November/np 22/cd ,/, 1952/cd ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd the/at Board/nn-tl ,/, protesting/vbg this/dt classification/nn ./. He/pps again/rb stated/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz ``/`` a/at regular/jj minister/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. that/cs he/pps was/bedz ``/`` devoting/vbg an/at average/nn of/in 100/cd hours/nns a/at month/nn to/in actual/jj preaching/nn publicly/rb ''/'' ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in 50/cd to/in 75/cd hours/nns in/in other/ap ministerial/jj duties/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs he/pps opposed/vbd war/nn in/in any/dti form/nn ./. Thereafter/rb he/pps was/bedz classified/vbn 1-o/cd ./. On/in April/np 1/cd ,/, 1953/cd ,/, after/in some/rb six/cd months/nns of/in full-time/jj ``/`` pioneering/vbg ''/'' ,/, petitioner/nn discontinued/vbd devoting/vbg 100/cd hours/nns a/at month/nn to/in preaching/vbg ,/, but/cc failed/vbd to/to so/rb notify/vb his/pp$ local/jj board/nn ./. In/in a/at periodic/jj review/nn ,/, the/at local/jj board/nn on/in July/np 30/cd ,/, 1953/cd ,/, reclassified/vbd him/ppo 1-a/cd and/cc upheld/vbd this/dt classification/nn after/in a/at personal/jj appearance/nn by/in petitioner/nn ,/, because/rb of/in his/pp$ willingness/nn to/to kill/vb in/in defense/nn of/in his/pp$ church/nn and/cc home/nn ./. Upon/in administrative/jj approval/nn of/in the/at reclassification/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz ordered/vbn to/to report/vb for/in induction/nn on/in June/np 11/cd ,/, 1956/cd ,/, but/cc failed/vbd to/to do/do so/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* prosecuted/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc his/pp$ case/nn was/bedz subsequently/rb reopened/vbn ,/, in/in the/at light/nn of/in Sicurella/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 348/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 385/np-tl (/( 1955/cd )/) ./. He/pps was/bedz again/rb reclassified/vbn 1-a/cd by/in the/at local/jj board/nn ./. There/ex followed/vbd a/at customary/jj Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl hearing/nn ,/, at/in which/wdt petitioner/nn appeared/vbd ./. In/in his/pp$ report/nn to/in the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, the/at hearing/nn officer/nn suggested/vbd that/cs the/at petitioner/nn be/be exempt/jj only/rb from/in combatant/jj training/nn and/cc service/nn ./. On/in March/np 21/cd ,/, 1957/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl recommended/vbd approval/nn of/in the/at 1-a/cd classification/nn ./. Its/pp$ ground/nn for/in this/dt recommendation/nn was/bedz that/cs ,/, while/cs petitioner/nn claimed/vbd before/in the/at local/jj board/nn August/np 17/cd ,/, 1956/cd (/( as/cs evidenced/vbn by/in its/pp$ memorandum/nn in/in his/pp$ file/nn of/in that/dt date/nn )/) ,/, that/cs he/pps was/bedz devoting/vbg 100/cd hours/nns per/in month/nn to/in actual/jj preaching/nn ,/, the/at headquarters/nn of/in the/at Jehovah's/np$-tl Witnesses/nns-tl reported/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr doing/vbg so/rb and/cc ,/, on/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, had/hvd relinquished/vbn both/abx his/pp$ Pioneer/nn-tl and/cc Bible/np-tl Student/nn-tl Servant/nn-tl positions/nns ./. It/pps reported/vbd that/cs he/pps now/rb devoted/vbd only/rb some/rb 6-1/2/cd hours/nns per/in month/nn to/in public/jj preaching/nn and/cc from/in 20/cd to/in 25/cd hours/nns per/in month/nn to/in church/nn activities/nns ./. His/pp$ claim/nn was/bedz therefore/rb ``/`` so/ql highly/ql exaggerated/vbn ''/'' ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl concluded/vbd ,/, that/cs it/pps ``/`` cast/vbd doubt/nn upon/in his/pp$ veracity/nn and/cc ,/, consequently/rb ,/, upon/in his/pp$ sincerity/nn and/cc good/jj faith/nn ''/'' ./. The/at appeal/nn board/nn furnished/vbd petitioner/nn a/at copy/nn of/in the/at recommendation/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ answer/nn thereto/rb ,/, he/pps advised/vbd the/at Board/nn-tl that/cs he/pps had/hvd made/vbn no/at such/jj statement/nn in/in 1956/cd ,/, and/cc asserted/vbd that/cs his/pp$ only/ap claim/nn to/in ``/`` pioneering/vbg ''/'' was/bedz in/in 1952/cd ./. The/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, unanimously/rb concurred/vbd in/in the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn ./. Upon/in return/nn of/in the/at file/nn to/in the/at local/jj board/nn ,/, petitioner/nn was/bedz again/rb ordered/vbn to/to report/vb for/in induction/nn and/cc this/dt prosecution/nn followed/vbd his/pp$ failure/nn to/to do/do so/rb ./. Petitioner/nn first/rb contends/vbz that/cs the/at Department/nn-tl denied/vbd him/ppo procedural/jj due/jj process/nn by/in not/* giving/vbg him/ppo timely/jj opportunity/nn ,/, before/in its/pp$ final/jj recommendation/nn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, to/to answer/vb the/at statement/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn as/in to/in his/pp$ claim/nn of/in devoting/vbg 100/cd hours/nns to/in actual/jj preaching/nn ./. But/cc the/at statement/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn attributing/vbg this/dt claim/nn to/in petitioner/nn was/bedz in/in his/pp$ file/nn ./. He/pps admitted/vbd that/cs he/pps knew/vbd it/pps was/bedz open/jj to/in him/ppo at/in all/abn times/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps could/md have/hv rebutted/vbn it/ppo before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn ./. This/dt he/pps failed/vbd to/to do/do ,/, asserting/vbg that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* know/vb it/ppo to/to be/be in/in his/pp$ file/nn ./. Apparently/rb he/pps never/rb took/vbd the/at trouble/nn to/to find/vb out/rp ./. Nevertheless/rb he/pps had/hvd ample/jj opportunity/nn to/to contest/vb the/at statement/nn before/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./. After/cs the/at recommendation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl is/bez forwarded/vbn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez the/at appropriate/jj place/nn for/in a/at registrant/nn to/to lodge/vb his/pp$ denial/nn ./. This/dt he/pps did/dod ./. We/ppss found/vbd in/in Gonzales/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, supra/rb ,/, that/cs this/dt was/bedz the/at controlling/vbg reason/nn why/wrb copies/nns of/in the/at recommendation/nn should/md be/be furnished/vbn a/at registrant/nn ./. We/ppss said/vbd there/rb that/cs it/pps was/bedz necessary/jj ``/`` that/cs a/at registrant/nn be/be given/vbn an/at opportunity/nn to/to rebut/vb (/( the/at Department's/nn$-tl )/) recommendation/nn when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in the/at Appeal/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, the/at agency/nn with/in the/at ultimate/jj responsibility/nn for/in classification/nn ''/'' ./. 348/cd U.S./np ,/, at/in 412/cd ./. We/ppss fail/vb to/to see/vb how/wrb such/jj procedure/nn resulted/vbd in/in any/dti prejudice/nn to/in petitioner's/nn$ contention/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz considered/vbn by/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn and/cc denied/vbn by/in it/ppo ./. As/cs was/bedz said/vbn in/in Gonzales/np ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez the/at Appeal/nn-tl Board/nn-tl which/wdt renders/vbz the/at selective/jj service/nn determination/nn considered/vbn '/' final/jj '/' in/in the/at courts/nns ,/, not/* to/to be/be overturned/vbn unless/cs there/ex is/bez no/at basis/nn in/in fact/nn ./. Estep/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, 327/cd-tl U.S./np-tl 114/cd-tl ''/'' ./. 348/cd-tl U./np-tl S./np-tl ,/, at/in 412-413/cd ./. But/cc there/ex are/ber other/ap contentions/nns which/wdt might/md be/be considered/vbn more/ql difficult/jj ./. At/in his/pp$ trial/nn ,/, petitioner/nn sought/vbd to/to secure/vb through/in subpoena/fw-nn duces/fw-vb tecum/fw-ppo+in the/at longhand/nn notes/nns of/in the/at Department's/nn$-tl hearing/nn officer/nn ,/, Evensen/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs his/pp$ report/nn thereon/rb ./. Petitioner/nn also/rb claimed/vbd at/in trial/nn the/at right/nn to/to inspect/vb the/at original/jj Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl reports/nns to/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ./. He/pps alleged/vbd no/at specific/jj procedural/jj errors/nns or/cc evidence/nn withheld/vbn ;/. ;/. nor/cc did/dod he/pps elaborate/vb just/rb what/wdt favorable/jj evidence/nn the/at Federal/jj-tl Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Investigation/nn-tl reports/nns might/md disclose/vb ./. Section/nn 6(j)/cd of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv held/vbn ,/, does/doz require/vb the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn to/to be/be placed/vbn in/in a/at registrant's/nn$ file/nn ./. Gonzales/np-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, supra/rb ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez nothing/pn in/in the/at Act/nn-tl requiring/vbg the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn to/to be/be likewise/rb turned/vbn over/rp to/in the/at registrant/nn ./. While/cs the/at regulations/nns formerly/rb required/vbd that/cs the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn be/be placed/vbn in/in the/at registrant's/nn$ file/nn ,/, this/dt requirement/nn was/bedz eliminated/vbn in/in 1952/cd ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn is/bez but/rb intradepartmental/jj ,/, is/bez directed/vbn to/in the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl and/cc ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez not/* the/at recommendation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez not/* essentially/rb different/jj from/in a/at memorandum/nn of/in an/at attorney/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, of/in which/wdt the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl receives/vbz many/ap ,/, and/cc to/in which/wdt he/pps may/md give/vb his/pp$ approval/nn or/cc rejection/nn ./. It/pps is/bez but/rb part/nn of/in the/at whole/jj process/nn within/in the/at Department/nn-tl that/wps goes/vbz into/in the/at making/nn of/in the/at final/jj recommendation/nn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb significant/jj that/cs neither/cc this/dt report/nn nor/cc the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ notes/nns were/bed furnished/vbn to/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn ./. Hence/rb the/at petitioner/nn had/hvd full/jj opportunity/nn to/to traverse/vb the/at only/ap conclusions/nns of/in the/at Department/nn-tl on/in file/nn with/in the/at Board/nn-tl ./. Petitioner/nn knew/vbd that/cs the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn was/bedz based/vbn not/* on/in the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn but/cc on/in the/at statement/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn in/in his/pp$ file/nn ./. Having/hvg had/hvn every/at opportunity/nn to/to rebut/vb the/at finding/nn of/in the/at local/jj board/nn before/in both/abx the/at hearing/nn officer/nn and/cc the/at appeal/nn board/nn ,/, petitioner/nn cannot/md* now/rb claim/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz denied/vbn due/jj process/nn because/cs he/pps did/dod not/* succeed/vb ./. It/pps appears/vbz to/in us/ppo that/cs the/at same/ap reasoning/nn applies/vbz to/in the/at production/nn of/in the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc notes/nns at/in the/at trial/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, petitioner/nn has/hvz failed/vbn to/to show/vb any/dti particular/jj need/nn for/in the/at report/nn and/cc notes/nns ./. While/cs there/ex are/ber now/rb allegations/nns of/in the/at withholding/nn of/in ``/`` favorable/jj evidence/nn developed/vbn at/in the/at hearing/nn ''/'' and/cc a/at denial/nn of/in a/at ``/`` full/jj and/cc fair/jj hearing/nn ''/'' ,/, no/at such/jj claim/nn was/bedz made/vbn by/in petitioner/nn at/in any/dti stage/nn of/in the/at administrative/jj process/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, his/pp$ testimony/nn at/in trial/nn never/rb developed/vbd any/dti such/jj facts/nns ./. In/in the/at light/nn of/in these/dts circumstances/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at issue/nn at/in trial/nn in/in this/dt respect/nn centered/vbd entirely/rb on/in the/at Department's/nn$-tl recommendation/nn ,/, which/wdt petitioner/nn repudiated/vbd but/cc which/wdt both/abx the/at appeal/nn board/nn and/cc the/at courts/nns below/rb found/vbd supported/vbn by/in the/at record/nn ,/, we/ppss find/vb no/at relevancy/nn in/in the/at hearing/nn officer's/nn$ report/nn and/cc notes/nns ./. Finally/rb petitioner/nn says/vbz that/cs he/pps was/bedz entitled/vbn to/to inspect/vb the/at FBI/nn report/nn during/in the/at proceedings/nns before/in the/at hearing/nn officer/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs at/in the/at trial/nn ./. He/pps did/dod receive/vb a/at resume/nn of/in it/ppo --/-- the/at same/ap that/wps was/bedz furnished/vbn the/at appeal/nn board/nn --/-- and/cc he/pps made/vbd no/at claim/nn of/in its/pp$ inaccuracy/nn ./. Even/rb now/rb no/at such/jj claim/nn is/bez asserted/vbn ./. He/pps bases/vbz his/pp$ present/jj contention/nn on/in the/at general/jj right/nn to/to explore/vb ,/, indicating/vbg that/cs he/pps hopes/vbz to/to find/vb some/dti discrepancy/nn in/in the/at resume/nn ./. But/cc this/dt is/bez fully/rb answered/vbn by/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl v./in-tl Nugent/np-tl ,/, supra/rb ./. There/rb we/ppss held/vbd ``/`` that/cs the/at statutory/jj scheme/nn for/in review/nn ,/, within/in the/at selective/jj service/nn system/nn ,/, entitles/vbz [/, conscientious/jj objectors/nns ]/, to/in no/at guarantee/nn that/cs the/at FBI/nn reports/nns must/md be/be produced/vbn for/in their/pp$ inspection/nn ''/'' ./. 346/cd U.S./np ,/, at/in 5-6/cd ./. Even/rb if/cs we/ppss were/bed not/* bound/vbn by/in Nugent/np ,/, petitioner/nn here/rb would/md not/* be/be entitled/vbn to/in the/at report/nn ./. The/at recommendation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl --/-- as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at decision/nn of/in the/at appeal/nn board/nn --/-- was/bedz based/vbn entirely/rb on/in the/at local/jj board/nn file/nn ,/, not/* on/in an/at FBI/nn report/nn ./.

ch18

ch18 |@word foreign:12 policy:31 total:4 context:3 enlarge:1 role:1 mind:4 like:1 make:4 suggestion:3 united:5 states:3 large:3 difference:2 happen:1 rest:2 world:4 department:17 must:10 think:9 regard:1 something:3 leave:1 defense:3 trade:1 fiscal:1 extract:1 involvement:1 american:9 people:5 government:8 abroad:6 mean:6 achieve:1 new:4 standard:1 leadership:5 term:1 situation:4 concern:7 state:5 safe:1 secure:1 monopoly:1 also:4 trading:1 relationship:1 vigorous:1 profitable:1 active:3 pass:1 interest:3 matter:4 commerce:1 longer:1 rely:1 interdepartmental:1 machinery:1 somewhere:1 upstairs:1 resolve:1 assistant:1 secretary:4 carry:2 increase:1 burden:1 formulation:1 coordination:1 find:5 enable:1 keep:3 touch:1 regularly:1 efficiently:1 possible:1 colleague:5 need:1 timeliness:1 action:14 every:4 officer:11 help:2 planning:1 unless:1 eye:1 horizon:1 ahead:1 shall:2 fail:2 bring:2 target:1 present:2 movement:1 event:1 fast:1 pace:1 severe:1 attempt:1 peer:1 future:2 essential:1 accurately:2 anything:2 executive:1 branch:1 speed:1 process:2 come:3 decision:1 act:3 promptly:1 would:5 major:1 contribution:1 conduct:2 affair:1 take:9 today:1 often:1 far:2 valuable:1 several:1 month:3 later:1 response:1 control:2 course:1 time:2 delay:2 inaction:1 suggest:1 intentionally:1 inadvertence:1 bureaucratic:2 procedural:2 difficulty:2 hope:6 reduce:1 infant:1 mortality:1 rate:1 idea:6 affliction:1 bureaucracy:1 want:3 stimulate:1 bottom:2 top:2 sure:1 junior:2 realize:2 welcome:1 initiative:2 go:7 right:1 way:3 one:3 expect:4 presidential:3 appointee:3 look:3 upon:1 source:2 responsibility:5 generate:1 function:1 regardless:1 rank:1 could:3 pay:1 attention:3 little:2 thing:2 observe:1 operation:2 various:1 part:2 feel:1 many:1 good:2 tend:1 ignore:1 minor:1 problem:14 spoil:1 main:1 effort:1 cite:1 example:2 wrong:6 man:1 position:2 perhaps:1 even:1 great:2 harm:1 attitude:3 delegate:1 experience:1 adequate:1 housing:1 york:1 city:1 diplomat:1 similar:1 circumstance:2 capital:1 easily:1 direct:2 stand:1 dozen:2 seemingly:1 small:1 sometimes:3 know:12 line:2 able:1 create:1 recognition:1 overseas:2 across:1 primary:1 washington:1 follow:1 ambassador:4 charge:1 purely:1 sense:1 operational:1 interested:3 responsible:1 fashion:1 among:2 representative:1 agency:2 station:1 country:6 supervise:1 encourage:1 assist:1 official:1 begin:4 get:1 remedial:1 occur:1 may:6 thought:2 express:2 privately:1 recent:1 year:1 clear:1 certain:2 confusion:1 public:9 develop:1 compassion:1 inside:1 try:1 call:2 senior:2 departmental:1 face:1 practically:1 everybody:1 room:1 whether:1 strike:1 home:1 determine:1 move:2 hard:1 infinite:1 variety:1 stimulus:1 head:1 question:9 president:4 proposal:2 another:2 communication:1 filing:1 item:2 agenda:1 nations:2 international:3 body:2 news:2 read:2 breakfast:1 table:1 conference:1 speech:1 senator:1 congressman:1 article:1 periodical:1 resolution:1 national:2 organization:1 request:1 assistance:1 private:2 et:1 cetera:1 ad:1 infinitum:1 live:1 antennae:1 alert:1 fall:1 within:2 range:1 first:5 difficult:1 job:1 identify:1 answer:5 pose:1 frequently:2 shape:2 chew:1 reach:1 tentative:2 identification:1 change:3 explore:1 tolerable:1 meanwhile:1 fact:2 surround:1 never:2 complete:1 general:4 background:1 much:3 already:2 lose:1 history:1 appreciative:1 expert:3 available:1 draw:1 resource:1 play:1 care:2 examine:1 least:1 raw:2 material:1 underlie:1 orient:1 conclusion:1 give:2 place:2 box:1 compass:1 alternative:1 include:2 nothing:1 relation:3 perceive:1 dimly:1 merciful:1 fog:1 bearing:1 guideline:1 well:2 establish:1 precedent:1 commitment:1 charter:1 treaty:1 basic:1 statute:1 understand:1 notion:1 literature:1 paper:3 security:1 council:1 accumulate:1 surprised:1 principle:2 produce:1 conflict:1 result:1 factual:1 confront:1 precedence:1 write:1 fit:1 crucial:1 aware:1 moderately:1 important:3 merge:1 imperceptibly:1 deal:1 manage:1 handle:2 without:1 whole:2 grasp:1 stake:1 consult:3 provide:1 helpful:1 advice:1 sufficiently:1 involve:2 probable:2 less:1 directly:1 stage:1 sequence:1 indicate:1 kind:1 relevant:1 selection:1 tool:1 waste:1 best:1 bad:1 unwanted:1 inflammation:1 exist:1 authority:1 legislation:1 money:1 require:2 unilateral:1 multilateral:1 path:1 lead:1 complex:1 parliamentary:1 diplomacy:1 add:2 still:1 dimension:1 respect:2 opinion:7 mankind:2 type:1 win:1 support:3 almost:1 secret:1 effectiveness:1 condition:1 readiness:1 sustain:1 two:1 reason:1 second:1 decent:1 reasonably:1 estimate:1 insure:1 necessary:2 caution:1 particular:1 point:2 level:1 domestic:3 politic:2 recommend:1 business:2 consider:1 political:3 aspect:1 mr:1 truman:1 emphasize:1 say:2 fellow:1 consideration:1 sit:1 editorial:1 poll:1 report:1 cross:1 desk:1 undigested:1 absence:1 turn:1 degree:1 test:1 leader:1 explain:1 ask:1 doubt:1 3:1 talk:1 marshall:1 plan:1 accept:1 thus:1 galaxy:1 utterly:1 complicate:1 factor:1 military:1 economic:1 financial:1 legal:1 legislative:1 administrative:1 sort:1 system:1 consent:1 external:1 environment:1 hound:1 snapping:1 heel:1

Foreign/jj-hl policy/nn-hl in/in-hl its/pp$-hl total/jj-hl context/nn-hl With/in this/dt enlarged/vbn role/nn in/in mind/nn ,/, I/ppss should/md like/vb to/to make/vb a/at few/ap suggestions/nns :/: What/wdt we/ppss in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl do/do or/cc do/do not/* do/do will/md make/vb a/at very/ql large/jj difference/nn in/in what/wdt happens/vbz in/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./. We/ppss in/in this/dt Department/nn-tl must/md think/vb about/in foreign/jj policy/nn in/in its/pp$ total/jj context/nn ./. We/ppss cannot/md* regard/vb foreign/jj policy/nn as/cs something/pn left/vbn over/rp after/cs defense/nn policy/nn or/cc trade/nn policy/nn or/cc fiscal/jj policy/nn has/hvz been/ben extracted/vbn ./. Foreign/jj policy/nn is/bez the/at total/jj involvement/nn of/in the/at American/jj people/nns with/in peoples/nns and/cc governments/nns abroad/rb ./. That/dt means/vbz that/cs ,/, if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to achieve/vb a/at new/jj standard/nn of/in leadership/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md think/vb in/in terms/nns of/in the/at total/jj context/nn of/in our/pp$ situation/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at concern/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl that/cs the/at American/jj people/nns are/ber safe/jj and/cc secure/jj --/-- defense/nn is/bez not/* a/at monopoly/nn concern/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb the/at concern/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl that/cs our/pp$ trading/vbg relationships/nns with/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn are/ber vigorous/jj ,/, profitable/jj ,/, and/cc active/jj --/-- this/dt is/bez not/* just/rb a/at passing/vbg interest/nn or/cc a/at matter/nn of/in concern/nn only/rb to/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ./. We/ppss can/md no/ql longer/rbr rely/vb on/in interdepartmental/jj machinery/nn ``/`` somewhere/rb upstairs/rb ''/'' to/to resolve/vb differences/nns between/in this/dt and/cc other/ap departments/nns ./. Assistant/jj Secretaries/nns-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl will/md now/rb carry/vb an/at increased/vbn burden/nn of/in active/jj formulation/nn and/cc coordination/nn of/in policies/nns ./. Means/nns must/md be/be found/vbn to/to enable/vb us/ppo to/to keep/vb in/in touch/nn as/ql regularly/rb and/cc as/ql efficiently/rb as/cs possible/jj with/in our/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in other/ap departments/nns concerned/vbn with/in foreign/jj policy/nn ./. I/ppss think/vb we/ppss need/vb to/to concern/vb ourselves/ppls also/rb with/in the/at timeliness/nn of/in action/nn ./. Every/at policy/nn officer/nn cannot/md* help/vb but/in be/be a/at planning/vbg officer/nn ./. Unless/cs we/ppss keep/vb our/pp$ eyes/nns on/in the/at horizon/nn ahead/rb ,/, we/ppss shall/md fail/vb to/to bring/vb ourselves/ppls on/in target/nn with/in the/at present/nn ./. The/at movement/nn of/in events/nns is/bez so/ql fast/jj ,/, the/at pace/nn so/ql severe/jj ,/, that/cs an/at attempt/nn to/to peer/vb into/in the/at future/nn is/bez essential/jj if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to think/vb accurately/rb about/in the/at present/nn ./. If/cs there/ex is/bez anything/pn which/wdt we/ppss can/md do/do in/in the/at executive/jj branch/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl to/to speed/vb up/rp the/at processes/nns by/in which/wdt we/ppss come/vb to/in decisions/nns on/in matters/nns on/in which/wdt we/ppss must/md act/vb promptly/rb ,/, that/dt in/in itself/ppl would/md be/be a/at major/jj contribution/nn to/in the/at conduct/nn of/in our/pp$ affairs/nns ./. Action/nn taken/vbn today/nr is/bez often/rb far/ql more/ql valuable/jj than/cs action/nn taken/vbn several/ap months/nns later/rbr in/in response/nn to/in a/at situation/nn then/rb out/rp of/in control/nn ./. There/ex will/md of/in course/nn be/be times/nns for/in delay/nn and/cc inaction/nn ./. What/wdt I/ppss am/bem suggesting/vbg is/bez that/cs when/wrb we/ppss delay/vb ,/, or/cc when/wrb we/ppss fail/vb to/to act/vb ,/, we/ppss do/do so/rb intentionally/rb and/cc not/* through/in inadvertence/nn or/cc through/in bureaucratic/jj or/cc procedural/jj difficulties/nns ./. I/ppss also/rb hope/vb that/cs we/ppss can/md do/do something/pn about/in reducing/vbg the/at infant/nn mortality/nn rate/nn of/in ideas/nns --/-- an/at affliction/nn of/in all/abn bureaucracies/nns ./. We/ppss want/vb to/to stimulate/vb ideas/nns from/in the/at bottom/nn to/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl ./. We/ppss want/vb to/to make/vb sure/jj that/cs our/pp$ junior/jj colleagues/nns realize/vb that/cs ideas/nns are/ber welcome/jj ,/, that/cs initiative/nn goes/vbz right/ql down/rp to/in the/at bottom/nn and/cc goes/vbz all/abn the/at way/nn to/in the/at top/nn ./. I/ppss hope/vb no/at one/pn expects/vbz that/cs only/ap Presidential/jj-tl appointees/nns are/ber looked/vbn upon/rb as/cs sources/nns of/in ideas/nns ./. The/at responsibility/nn for/in taking/vbg the/at initiative/nn in/in generating/vbg ideas/nns is/bez that/dt of/in every/at officer/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl who/wps has/hvz a/at policy/nn function/nn ,/, regardless/rb of/in rank/nn ./. Further/rbr ,/, I/ppss would/md hope/vb that/cs we/ppss could/md pay/vb attention/nn to/in little/jj things/nns ./. While/cs observing/vbg the/at operations/nns of/in our/pp$ Government/nn-tl in/in various/jj parts/nns of/in the/at world/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv felt/vbn that/cs in/in many/ap situations/nns where/wrb our/pp$ policies/nns were/bed good/jj we/ppss have/hv tended/vbn to/to ignore/vb minor/jj problems/nns which/wdt spoiled/vbd our/pp$ main/jjs effort/nn ./. To/to cite/vb only/rb a/at few/ap examples/nns :/: The/at wrong/jj man/nn in/in the/at wrong/jj position/nn ,/, perhaps/rb even/rb in/in a/at junior/jj position/nn abroad/rb ,/, can/md be/be a/at source/nn of/in great/jj harm/nn to/in our/pp$ policy/nn ;/. ;/. the/at attitudes/nns of/in a/at U.N./np delegate/nn who/wps experiences/vbz difficulty/nn in/in finding/vbg adequate/jj housing/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, or/cc of/in a/at foreign/jj diplomat/nn in/in similar/jj circumstances/nns in/in our/pp$ Capital/nn-tl ,/, can/md easily/rb be/be directed/vbn against/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc all/abn that/wpo it/pps stands/vbz for/in ./. Dozens/nns of/in seemingly/ql small/jj matters/nns go/vb wrong/jj all/ql over/in the/at world/nn ./. Sometimes/rb those/dts who/wps know/vb about/in them/ppo are/ber too/ql far/rb down/in the/at line/nn to/to be/be able/jj to/to do/do anything/pn about/in them/ppo ./. I/ppss would/md hope/vb that/cs we/ppss could/md create/vb the/at recognition/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl and/cc overseas/rb that/cs those/dts who/wps come/vb across/in little/jj things/nns going/vbg wrong/jj have/hv the/at responsibility/nn for/in bringing/vbg these/dts to/in the/at attention/nn of/in those/dts who/wps can/md do/do something/pn about/in them/ppo ./. If/cs the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl is/bez to/to take/vb primary/jj responsibility/nn for/in foreign/jj policy/nn in/in Washington/np ,/, it/pps follows/vbz that/cs the/at ambassador/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to take/vb charge/nn overseas/rb ./. This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb in/in a/at purely/ql bureaucratic/jj sense/nn but/cc in/in an/at active/jj ,/, operational/jj ,/, interested/vbn ,/, responsible/jj fashion/nn ./. He/pps is/bez expected/vbn to/to know/vb about/in what/wdt is/bez going/vbg on/rp among/in the/at representatives/nns of/in other/ap agencies/nns who/wps are/ber stationed/vbn in/in his/pp$ country/nn ./. He/pps is/bez expected/vbn to/to supervise/vb ,/, to/to encourage/vb ,/, to/to direct/vb ,/, to/to assist/vb in/in any/dti way/nn he/pps can/md ./. If/cs any/dti official/jj operation/nn abroad/rb begins/vbz to/to go/vb wrong/jj ,/, we/ppss shall/md look/vb to/in the/at ambassador/nn to/to find/vb out/rp why/wrb and/cc to/to get/vb suggestions/nns for/in remedial/jj action/nn ./. The/at-hl problems/nns-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl policy/nn-hl officer/nn-hl It/pps occurred/vbd to/in me/ppo that/cs you/ppss might/md be/be interested/vbn in/in some/dti thoughts/nns which/wdt I/ppss expressed/vbd privately/rb in/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, in/in the/at hope/nn of/in clearing/vbg up/rp a/at certain/jj confusion/nn in/in the/at public/jj mind/nn about/in what/wdt foreign/jj policy/nn is/bez all/ql about/in and/cc what/wdt it/pps means/vbz ,/, and/cc of/in developing/vbg a/at certain/jj compassion/nn for/in those/dts who/wps are/ber carrying/vbg such/jj responsibilities/nns inside/in Government/nn-tl ./. I/ppss tried/vbd to/to do/do so/rb by/in calling/vbg to/in their/pp$ attention/nn some/dti of/in the/at problems/nns that/wpo a/at senior/jj departmental/jj policy/nn officer/nn faces/vbz ./. This/dt means/vbz practically/rb everybody/pn in/in this/dt room/nn ./. Whether/cs it/pps will/md strike/vb home/nr for/in you/ppo or/cc not/* will/md be/be for/in you/ppo to/to determine/vb ./. The/at senior/jj policy/nn officer/nn may/md be/be moved/vbn to/to think/vb hard/rb about/in a/at problem/nn by/in any/dti of/in an/at infinite/jj variety/nn of/in stimuli/nns :/: an/at idea/nn in/in his/pp$ own/jj head/nn ,/, the/at suggestions/nns of/in a/at colleague/nn ,/, a/at question/nn from/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl or/cc the/at President/nn-tl ,/, a/at proposal/nn by/in another/dt department/nn ,/, a/at communication/nn from/in a/at foreign/jj government/nn or/cc an/at American/jj ambassador/nn abroad/rb ,/, the/at filing/vbg of/in an/at item/nn for/in the/at agenda/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc of/in any/dti other/ap of/in dozens/nns of/in international/jj bodies/nns ,/, a/at news/nn item/nn read/vbn at/in the/at breakfast/nn table/nn ,/, a/at question/nn to/in the/at President/nn-tl or/cc the/at Secretary/nn-tl at/in a/at news/nn conference/nn ,/, a/at speech/nn by/in a/at Senator/nn-tl or/cc Congressman/nn-tl ,/, an/at article/nn in/in a/at periodical/nn ,/, a/at resolution/nn from/in a/at national/jj organization/nn ,/, a/at request/nn for/in assistance/nn from/in some/dti private/jj American/jj interests/nns abroad/rb ,/, et/fw-cc cetera/fw-nns ,/, ad/fw-in infinitum/fw-nn ./. The/at policy/nn officer/nn lives/vbz with/in his/pp$ antennae/nns alerted/vbn for/in the/at questions/nns which/wdt fall/vb within/in his/pp$ range/nn of/in responsibility/nn ./. His/pp$ first/od thought/nn is/bez about/in the/at question/nn itself/ppl :/: Is/bez there/ex a/at question/nn here/rb for/in American/jj foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, if/cs so/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez it/pps ?/. ?/. For/cs he/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at first/od and/cc sometimes/rb most/ql difficult/jj job/nn is/bez to/to know/vb what/wdt the/at question/nn is/bez --/-- that/cs when/wrb it/pps is/bez accurately/rb identified/vbn it/pps sometimes/rb answers/vbz itself/ppl ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez posed/vbn frequently/rb shapes/vbz the/at answer/nn ./. Chewing/vbg it/ppo over/rp with/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns and/cc in/in his/pp$ own/jj mind/nn ,/, he/pps reaches/vbz a/at tentative/jj identification/nn of/in the/at question/nn --/-- tentative/jj because/cs it/pps may/md change/vb as/cs he/pps explores/vbz it/ppo further/rbr and/cc because/cs ,/, if/cs no/at tolerable/jj answer/nn can/md be/be found/vbn ,/, it/pps may/md have/hv to/to be/be changed/vbn into/in one/cd which/wdt can/md be/be answered/vbn ./. Meanwhile/rb he/pps has/hvz been/ben thinking/vbg about/in the/at facts/nns surrounding/vbg the/at problem/nn ,/, facts/nns which/wdt he/pps knows/vbz can/md never/rb be/be complete/jj ,/, and/cc the/at general/jj background/nn ,/, much/ap of/in which/wdt has/hvz already/rb been/ben lost/vbn to/in history/nn ./. He/pps is/bez appreciative/jj of/in the/at expert/jj help/nn available/jj to/in him/ppo and/cc draws/vbz these/dts resources/nns into/in play/nn ,/, taking/vbg care/nn to/to examine/vb at/in least/ap some/dti of/in the/at raw/jj material/nn which/wdt underlies/vbz their/pp$ frequently/rb policy-oriented/jj conclusions/nns ./. He/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps must/md give/vb the/at expert/nn his/pp$ place/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps must/md also/rb keep/vb him/ppo in/in it/ppo ./. He/pps is/bez already/rb beginning/vbg to/to box/vb the/at compass/nn of/in alternative/jj lines/nns of/in action/nn ,/, including/in doing/vbg nothing/pn ./. He/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps is/bez thinking/vbg about/in action/nn in/in relation/nn to/in a/at future/nn which/wdt can/md be/be perceived/vbn but/rb dimly/rb through/in a/at merciful/jj fog/nn ./. But/cc he/pps takes/vbz his/pp$ bearings/nns from/in the/at great/jj guidelines/nns of/in policy/nn ,/, well-established/jj precedents/nns ,/, the/at commitments/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl under/in international/jj charters/nns and/cc treaties/nns ,/, basic/jj statutes/nns ,/, and/cc well-understood/jj notions/nns of/in the/at American/jj people/nns about/in how/wrb we/ppss are/ber to/to conduct/vb ourselves/ppls ,/, in/in policy/nn literature/nn such/jj as/cs country/nn papers/nns and/cc National/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Council/nn-tl papers/nns accumulated/vbn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl ./. He/pps will/md not/* be/be surprised/vbn to/to find/vb that/cs general/jj principles/nns produce/vb conflicting/vbg results/nns in/in the/at factual/jj situation/nn with/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez confronted/vbn ./. He/pps must/md think/vb about/in which/wdt of/in these/dts principles/nns must/md take/vb precedence/nn ./. He/pps will/md know/vb that/cs general/jj policy/nn papers/nns written/vbn months/nns before/rb may/md not/* fit/vb his/pp$ problem/nn because/rb of/in crucial/jj changes/nns in/in circumstance/nn ./. He/pps is/bez aware/jj that/cs every/at moderately/ql important/jj problem/nn merges/vbz imperceptibly/rb into/in every/at other/ap problem/nn ./. He/pps must/md deal/vb with/in the/at question/nn of/in how/wrb to/to manage/vb a/at part/nn when/wrb it/pps cannot/md* be/be handled/vbn without/in relation/nn to/in the/at whole/nn --/-- when/wrb the/at whole/nn is/bez too/ql large/jj to/to grasp/vb ./. He/pps must/md think/vb of/in others/nns who/wps have/hv a/at stake/nn in/in the/at question/nn and/cc in/in its/pp$ answer/nn ./. Who/wps should/md be/be consulted/vbn among/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns in/in the/at Department/nn-tl or/cc other/ap departments/nns and/cc agencies/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl ?/. ?/. Which/wdt American/jj ambassadors/nns could/md provide/vb helpful/jj advice/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber private/jj interests/nns sufficiently/rb involved/vbn to/to be/be consulted/vbn ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez the/at probable/jj attitude/nn of/in other/ap governments/nns ,/, including/in those/dts less/ql directly/rb involved/vbn ?/. ?/. How/wrb and/cc at/in what/wdt stage/nn and/cc in/in what/wdt sequence/nn are/ber other/ap governments/nns to/to be/be consulted/vbn ?/. ?/. If/cs action/nn is/bez indicated/vbn ,/, what/wdt kind/nn of/in action/nn is/bez relevant/jj to/in the/at problem/nn ?/. ?/. The/at selection/nn of/in the/at wrong/jj tools/nns can/md mean/vb waste/nn ,/, at/in best/jjt ,/, and/cc at/in worst/jjt an/at unwanted/jj inflammation/nn of/in the/at problem/nn itself/ppl ./. Can/md the/at President/nn-tl or/cc the/at Secretary/nn-tl act/vb under/in existing/vbg authority/nn ,/, or/cc will/md new/jj legislation/nn and/cc new/jj money/nn be/be required/vbn ?/. ?/. Should/md the/at action/nn be/be unilateral/jj or/cc multilateral/jj ?/. ?/. Is/bez the/at matter/nn one/cd for/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc some/dti other/ap international/jj body/nn ?/. ?/. For/cs ,/, if/cs so/rb ,/, the/at path/nn leads/vbz through/in a/at complex/jj process/nn of/in parliamentary/jj diplomacy/nn which/wdt adds/vbz still/rb another/dt dimension/nn to/in the/at problem/nn ./. Respect/nn-hl for/in-hl the/at-hl opinions/nns-hl of/in-hl mankind/nn-hl What/wdt type/nn of/in action/nn can/md hope/vb to/to win/vb public/jj support/nn ,/, first/rb in/in this/dt country/nn and/cc then/rb abroad/rb ?/. ?/. For/cs the/at policy/nn officer/nn will/md know/vb that/cs action/nn can/md almost/ql never/rb be/be secret/jj and/cc that/cs in/in general/jj the/at effectiveness/nn of/in policy/nn will/md be/be conditioned/vbn by/in the/at readiness/nn of/in the/at country/nn to/to sustain/vb it/ppo ./. He/pps is/bez interested/vbn in/in public/jj opinion/nn for/in two/cd reasons/nns :/: first/od ,/, because/cs it/pps is/bez important/jj in/in itself/ppl ,/, and/cc ,/, second/od ,/, because/cs he/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at American/jj public/nn cares/vbz about/in a/at decent/jj respect/nn for/in the/at opinions/nns of/in mankind/nn ./. And/cc ,/, given/vbn probable/jj public/jj attitudes/nns --/-- about/in which/wdt reasonably/ql good/jj estimates/nns can/md be/be made/vbn --/-- what/wdt action/nn is/bez called/vbn for/in to/to insure/vb necessary/jj support/nn ?/. ?/. May/md I/ppss add/vb a/at caution/nn on/in this/dt particular/jj point/nn ?/. ?/. We/ppss do/do not/* want/vb policy/nn officers/nns below/in the/at level/nn of/in Presidential/jj-tl appointees/nns to/to concern/vb themselves/ppls too/ql much/rb with/in problems/nns of/in domestic/jj politics/nn in/in recommending/vbg foreign/jj policy/nn action/nn ./. In/in the/at first/od place/nn our/pp$ business/nn is/bez foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez the/at business/nn of/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl leadership/nn and/cc his/pp$ appointees/nns in/in the/at Department/nn-tl to/to consider/vb the/at domestic/jj political/jj aspects/nns of/in a/at problem/nn ./. Mr./np Truman/np emphasized/vbd this/dt point/nn by/in saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` You/ppss fellows/nns in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl don't/do* know/vb much/ap about/in domestic/jj politics/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt is/bez an/at important/jj consideration/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss sit/vb here/rb reading/vbg editorials/nns and/cc looking/vbg at/in public-opinion/nn polls/nns and/cc other/ap reports/nns that/wps cross/vb our/pp$ desks/nns ,/, we/ppss should/md realize/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez raw/jj ,/, undigested/jj opinion/nn expressed/vbn in/in the/at absence/nn of/in leadership/nn ./. What/wdt the/at American/jj people/nns will/md do/do turns/vbz in/in large/jj degree/nn on/in their/pp$ leadership/nn ./. We/ppss cannot/md* test/vb public/jj opinion/nn until/cs the/at President/nn-tl and/cc the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at country/nn have/hv gone/vbn to/in the/at public/nn to/to explain/vb what/wdt is/bez required/vbn and/cc have/hv asked/vbn them/ppo for/in support/nn for/in the/at necessary/jj action/nn ./. I/ppss doubt/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, that/cs ,/, 3/cd months/nns before/cs the/at leadership/nn began/vbd to/to talk/vb about/in what/wdt came/vbd to/to be/be the/at Marshall/np plan/nn ,/, any/dti public-opinion/nn expert/nn would/md have/hv said/vbn that/cs the/at country/nn would/md have/hv accepted/vbn such/jj proposals/nns ./. The/at problem/nn in/in the/at policy/nn officer's/nn$ mind/nn thus/rb begins/vbz to/to take/vb shape/nn as/cs a/at galaxy/nn of/in utterly/ql complicated/vbn factors/nns --/-- political/jj ,/, military/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, financial/jj ,/, legal/jj ,/, legislative/jj ,/, procedural/jj ,/, administrative/jj --/-- to/to be/be sorted/vbn out/rp and/cc handled/vbn within/in a/at political/jj system/nn which/wdt moves/vbz by/in consent/nn in/in relation/nn to/in an/at external/jj environment/nn which/wdt cannot/md* be/be under/in control/nn ./. And/cc the/at policy/nn officer/nn has/hvz the/at hounds/nns of/in time/nn snapping/vbg at/in his/pp$ heels/nns ./.

ch19

ch19 |@word general:1 age:1 limit:1 restriction:1 one:4 sex:1 particular:1 project:13 require:3 special:4 maturity:1 open:1 man:6 woman:5 peace:42 corps:38 pay:6 expense:4 wife:2 family:1 unless:1 also:5 accept:1 full:1 time:3 work:10 draft:1 exemption:1 service:8 case:3 probably:4 consider:3 ground:1 temporary:4 deferment:1 volunteer:9 obviously:1 may:5 earn:1 comparable:1 activity:1 united:7 states:5 would:4 possible:2 many:5 live:4 health:3 effectiveness:1 counterpart:2 abroad:6 guide:1 principle:2 indeed:1 anything:1 like:1 compensation:1 individual:1 rather:1 akin:1 allowance:2 give:5 enough:1 provide:3 minimum:1 decent:1 standard:1 living:1 modest:1 circumstance:1 avoid:1 conspicuous:1 consumption:1 wherever:1 host:7 country:13 requirement:1 meet:5 example:1 necessary:3 corp:5 authority:2 medical:3 perhaps:1 exist:6 public:4 state:6 department:4 armed:1 facility:2 utilize:1 readjustment:1 separation:1 end:1 overseas:6 base:2 length:1 serve:3 7:1 part:2 government:4 establish:4 idea:2 capture:1 imagination:1 great:6 people:8 support:2 cut:1 across:1 party:1 regional:1 ethnic:1 line:1 therefore:1 offer:4 opportunity:6 add:2 new:4 dimension:2 approach:1 world:15 american:7 think:1 anew:1 start:3 afresh:1 participation:2 development:8 administer:1 small:2 alive:1 agency:5 operate:1 component:1 whole:2 operation:4 pende:1 reorganization:1 foreign:5 aid:5 structure:1 program:11 reorganize:1 remain:1 semi:1 autonomous:1 functional:1 unit:1 meanwhile:1 could:4 physically:1 locate:2 ica:2 depend:2 administrative:1 need:10 assistance:4 way:2 launch:5 identity:1 spirit:2 yet:1 receive:5 responsible:2 policy:3 8:1 either:1 begin:2 low:1 gear:1 preparatory:1 undertake:1 congress:5 finally:1 appropriate:2 fund:4 earnest:1 executive:2 action:1 sufficient:1 make:3 available:3 mutual:4 security:4 appropriation:2 permit:1 number:2 substantial:2 summer:5 soon:2 recruit:3 qualified:2 year:7 graduate:1 class:1 lose:2 use:2 training:3 university:2 campus:1 careful:1 determined:1 within:3 next:3 week:1 several:3 hundred:2 person:1 placement:1 fall:2 two:2 thousand:2 grow:2 steadily:1 prove:1 demonstrate:3 9:1 first:4 considerable:1 emphasis:1 teaching:1 clearly:1 feel:1 capacity:4 train:7 short:1 period:1 however:2 variety:1 skill:3 agricultural:1 engineering:1 call:2 private:2 provision:1 technician:2 helper:2 spread:1 latin:1 america:3 africa:1 asia:1 10:1 although:1 outside:1 manpower:6 every:2 newly:2 develop:5 nation:8 readiness:1 vary:1 certain:1 skepticism:1 coming:1 americans:3 expect:1 quarter:1 unfriendly:1 political:1 group:1 doubt:2 everything:1 power:1 promote:2 active:1 hostility:1 indication:1 welcome:1 well:6 choose:1 value:1 friend:1 important:1 advance:1 arm:1 cold:1 war:1 contribution:2 community:1 present:2 nations:2 propose:2 formation:1 sponsor:1 form:2 international:6 coordinating:1 committee:1 hope:1 truly:1 citizen:2 find:1 alongside:1 land:1 personnel:2 diplomatic:1 propaganda:1 venture:1 genuine:1 experiment:1 partnership:1 aim:1 must:4 learn:1 much:1 teach:3 bring:1 home:3 problem:2 urgent:3 response:3 result:1 immeasurably:1 11:1 finance:2 already:1 discretion:1 president:1 secretary:1 act:4 immediately:1 source:2 pilot:2 decide:1 shift:1 military:1 order:2 carry:3 purpose:1 peaceful:1 hopeful:1 sign:2 ask:1 firm:1 legislative:1 foundation:1 fiscal:1 specifically:1 authorize:1 business:1 union:2 civic:1 organization:6 large:2 advisory:1 council:1 outstanding:1 figure:1 experience:2 affair:1 continue:1 guidance:1 afford:1 focal:1 point:1 understanding:2 step:1 take:1 link:1 food:2 currency:1 accumulate:1 sale:1 surplus:1 480:1 put:3 extent:1 participate:1 body:1 voluntary:1 universitie:1 institution:2 share:1 cost:2 fully:1 explore:1 12:1 worth:1 risk:1 matter:1 conceive:1 efficiently:1 run:1 failure:1 costly:1 serious:1 effect:1 popular:2 suggest:1 potentiality:1 contribute:2 critical:1 region:1 cooperation:1 good:1 toward:3 education:1 intelligent:1 young:3 go:1 area:1 million:1 become:1 directly:1 involve:1 ever:1 college:1 student:2 look:1 impact:1 educational:1 curriculum:1 seriousness:1 letter:1 talk:1 later:1 return:1 member:2 influence:1 life:1 spend:1 three:1 hard:1 combine:1 since:1 thus:1 long:1 wait:1 say:1 message:1 tower:2 unprecedented:2 recommend:1 establishment:2 permanent:2 pool:1 send:2 help:3 skilled:4 today:1 basis:1 information:1 formulate:1 effective:1 plan:2 addition:1 able:1 duty:1 objective:1 place:1 position:1 late:1 initial:1 currently:1 throughout:1 struggle:2 economic:3 social:1 progress:1 reflect:1 deep:1 desire:1 freedom:2 future:1 around:1 real:1 sense:1 ability:1 build:1 independent:1 dignity:1 liberate:1 bond:1 hunger:1 ignorance:1 poverty:1 obstacle:1 achievement:1 goal:1 lack:1 assist:1 cope:1 demand:1 swiftly:1 evolve:1 dedication:1 village:2 mountain:1 town:1 factory:1 dozen:1 vast:1 task:2 urgently:1 society:1 school:1 construct:1 modern:1 method:1 sanitation:1 perform:1 advanced:1 knowledge:1 differ:1 supplement:1 technical:2 adviser:1 specific:1 advice:1 level:1 personal:1 sacrifice:1 little:1 wish:1 far:1 absorb:1

While/cs there/ex should/md be/be no/at general/jj age/nn limit/nn or/cc restriction/nn to/in one/cd sex/nn ,/, there/ex will/md be/be particular/jj projects/nns requiring/vbg special/jj maturity/nn and/cc some/dti open/jj only/rb to/in men/nns or/cc to/in women/nns ./. The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md not/* pay/vb the/at expenses/nns of/in a/at wife/nn or/cc family/nn ,/, unless/cs the/at wife/nn is/bez also/rb accepted/vbn for/in full-time/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl work/nn on/in the/at same/ap project/nn ./. There/ex should/md be/be no/at draft/nn exemption/nn because/rb of/in Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl service/nn ./. In/in most/ap cases/nns service/nn in/in the/at Corps/nn-tl will/md probably/rb be/be considered/vbn a/at ground/nn for/in temporary/jj deferment/nn ./. Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl volunteers/nns obviously/rb should/md not/* be/be paid/vbn what/wdt they/ppss might/md earn/vb in/in comparable/jj activities/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Nor/cc would/md it/ppo be/be possible/jj in/in many/ap cases/nns for/cs them/ppo to/to live/vb in/in health/nn or/cc any/dti effectiveness/nn on/in what/wdt their/pp$ counterparts/nns abroad/rb are/ber paid/vbn ./. The/at guiding/vbg principle/nn indeed/rb should/md not/* be/be anything/pn like/cs compensation/nn for/in individual/jj services/nns ./. Rather/rb the/at principle/nn should/md be/be akin/jj to/in that/dt of/in the/at allowance/nn ./. Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl volunteers/nns should/md be/be given/vbn just/rb enough/ap to/to provide/vb a/at minimum/jj decent/jj standard/nn of/in living/vbg ./. They/ppss should/md live/vb in/in modest/jj circumstances/nns ,/, avoiding/vbg all/abn conspicuous/jj consumption/nn ./. Wherever/wrb possible/jj they/ppss should/md live/vb with/in their/pp$ host/nn country/nn counterparts/nns ./. Some/dti special/jj health/nn requirements/nns might/md have/hv to/to be/be met/vbn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, it/pps probably/rb will/md be/be necessary/jj for/cs the/at Corps/nn-tl to/to have/hv authority/nn to/to pay/vb medical/jj expenses/nns of/in volunteers/nns ./. Perhaps/rb existing/vbg Public/jj-tl Health/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ,/, State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl and/cc Armed/vbn-tl Services/nns-tl medical/jj facilities/nns can/md be/be utilized/vbn ./. For/in readjustment/nn to/in the/at U.S./np ,/, volunteers/nns should/md be/be given/vbn some/dti separation/nn allowance/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in their/pp$ overseas/jj service/vb ,/, based/vbn on/in the/at length/nn of/in time/nn served/vbn ./. 7/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in-hl what/wdt-hl part/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl government/nn-hl should/md-hl the/at-hl Peace/nn-tl-hl Corps/nn-tl-hl be/be-hl established/vbn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl The/at idea/nn of/in a/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl has/hvz captured/vbn the/at imagination/nn of/in a/at great/ql many/ap people/nns ./. Support/nn for/in it/ppo cuts/vbz across/in party/nn ,/, regional/jj ,/, ethnic/jj and/cc other/ap lines/nns ./. The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, therefore/rb ,/, offers/vbz an/at opportunity/nn to/to add/vb a/at new/jj dimension/nn to/in our/pp$ approach/nn to/in the/at world/nn --/-- an/at opportunity/nn for/cs the/at American/jj people/nns to/to think/vb anew/rb and/cc start/vb afresh/rb in/in their/pp$ participation/nn in/in world/nn development/nn ./. For/in this/dt ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md be/be administered/vbn by/in a/at small/jj ,/, new/jj ,/, alive/jj agency/nn operating/vbg as/cs one/cd component/nn in/in our/pp$ whole/jj overseas/jj operation/nn ./. Pending/in the/at reorganization/nn of/in our/pp$ foreign/jj aid/nn structure/nn and/cc program/nn ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md be/be established/vbn as/cs an/at agency/nn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./. When/wrb the/at aid/nn operations/nns are/ber reorganized/vbn the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md remain/vb a/at semi-autonomous/jj ,/, functional/jj unit/nn ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl could/md be/be physically/rb located/vbn in/in ICA's/nn facilities/nns and/cc depend/vb on/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl and/cc ICA/nn for/in administrative/jj support/nn and/cc ,/, when/wrb needed/vbn ,/, program/nn assistance/nn ./. In/in this/dt way/nn the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl can/md be/be launched/vbn with/in its/pp$ own/jj identity/nn and/cc spirit/nn and/cc yet/rb receive/vb the/at necessary/jj assistance/nn from/in those/dts now/rb responsible/jj for/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl foreign/jj policy/nn and/cc our/pp$ overseas/jj operations/nns ./. 8/cd-hl ./.-hl How/wrb-hl and/cc-hl when/wrb-hl should/md-hl the/at-hl Peace/nn-tl-hl Corps/nn-tl-hl be/be-hl launched/vbn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl can/md either/cc begin/vb in/in very/ql low/jj gear/nn ,/, with/in only/ap preparatory/jj work/nn undertaken/vbn between/in now/rb and/cc when/wrb Congress/np finally/rb appropriates/vbz special/jj funds/nns for/in it/ppo --/-- or/cc it/pps can/md be/be launched/vbn now/rb and/cc in/in earnest/jj by/in executive/jj action/nn ,/, with/in sufficient/jj funds/nns and/cc made/vbn available/jj from/in existing/vbg Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl appropriations/nns to/to permit/vb a/at number/nn of/in substantial/jj projects/nns to/to start/vb this/dt summer/nn ./. The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl should/md be/be launched/vbn soon/rb so/cs that/cs the/at opportunity/nn to/to recruit/vb the/at most/ql qualified/vbn people/nns from/in this/dt year's/nn$ graduating/vbg classes/nns will/md not/* be/be lost/vbn ./. Nor/cc should/md we/ppss lose/vb the/at opportunity/nn to/to use/vb this/dt summer/nn for/in training/vbg on/in university/nn campuses/nns ./. If/cs launched/vbn in/in a/at careful/jj but/cc determined/vbn way/nn within/in the/at next/ap few/ap weeks/nns ,/, the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl could/md have/hv several/ap hundred/cd persons/nns in/in training/vbg this/dt summer/nn for/in placement/nn next/ap fall/nn ./. Within/in a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd several/ap thousand/cd might/md be/be in/in service/nn ./. It/pps can/md then/rb grow/vb steadily/rb as/cs it/pps proves/vbz itself/ppl and/cc as/cs the/at need/nn for/in it/ppo is/bez demonstrated/vbn ./. 9/cd ./. What/wdt-hl would/md-hl the/at-hl first/od-hl projects/nns-hl be/be-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl In/in the/at first/od year/nn there/ex should/md probably/rb be/be considerable/jj emphasis/nn on/in teaching/vbg projects/nns ./. The/at need/nn here/rb is/bez most/ql clearly/rb felt/vbn and/cc our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to recruit/vb and/cc train/vb qualified/vbn volunteers/nns in/in a/at short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn is/bez greatest/jjt ./. There/ex would/md ,/, however/rb ,/, be/be a/at variety/nn of/in other/ap skills/nns --/-- medical/jj ,/, agricultural/jj ,/, engineering/vbg --/-- which/wdt would/md be/be called/vbn for/in in/in the/at first/od year/nn through/in the/at private/jj agency/nn programs/nns and/cc through/in the/at provision/nn of/in technician/nn helpers/nns to/in existing/vbg development/nn projects/nns ./. The/at first/od year's/nn$ projects/nns should/md also/rb be/be spread/vbn through/in several/ap countries/nns in/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, Africa/np and/cc Asia/np ./. 10/cd-hl ./.-hl How/wrb-hl will/md-hl the/at-hl Peace/nn-tl-hl Corps/nn-tl-hl be/be-hl received/vbn-hl abroad/rb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl Although/cs the/at need/nn for/in outside/rb trained/vbn manpower/nn exists/vbz in/in every/at newly/rb developing/vbg nation/nn ,/, the/at readiness/nn to/to receive/vb such/jj manpower/nn ,/, or/cc to/to receive/vb it/ppo from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl will/md vary/vb from/in country/nn to/in country/nn ./. A/at certain/jj skepticism/nn about/in the/at coming/nn of/in Americans/nps is/bez to/to be/be expected/vbn in/in many/ap quarters/nns ./. Unfriendly/jj political/jj groups/nns will/md no/at doubt/nn do/do everything/pn in/in their/pp$ power/nn to/to promote/vb active/jj hostility/nn ./. But/cc there/ex are/ber indications/nns that/cs many/ap developing/vbg nations/nns will/md welcome/vb Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl volunteers/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs if/cs the/at volunteers/nns are/ber well/rb chosen/vbn ,/, they/ppss will/md soon/rb demonstrate/vb their/pp$ value/nn and/cc make/vb many/ap friends/nns ./. It/pps is/bez important/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl be/be advanced/vbn not/* as/cs an/at arm/nn of/in the/at Cold/jj-tl War/nn-tl but/cc as/cs a/at contribution/nn to/in the/at world/nn community/nn ./. In/in presenting/vbg it/ppo to/in other/ap governments/nns and/cc to/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, we/ppss could/md propose/vb that/cs every/at nation/nn consider/vb the/at formation/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj peace/nn corps/nn and/cc that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl sponsor/vb the/at idea/nn and/cc form/vb an/at international/jj coordinating/vbg committee/nn ./. We/ppss should/md hope/vb that/cs peace/nn corps/nn projects/nns will/md be/be truly/rb international/jj and/cc that/cs our/pp$ citizens/nns will/md find/vb themselves/ppls working/vbg alongside/in citizens/nns of/in the/at host/nn country/nn and/cc also/rb volunteers/nns from/in other/ap lands/nns ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, our/pp$ Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl personnel/nns should/md be/be offered/vbn as/cs technician/nn helpers/nns in/in development/nn projects/nns of/in the/at U.N./np and/cc other/ap international/jj agencies/nns ./. The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl is/bez not/* a/at diplomatic/jj or/cc propaganda/nn venture/nn but/cc a/at genuine/jj experiment/nn in/in international/jj partnership/nn ./. Our/pp$ aim/nn must/md be/be to/to learn/vb as/ql much/rb as/cs we/ppss teach/vb ./. The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl offers/vbz an/at opportunity/nn to/to bring/vb home/nr to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl the/at problems/nns of/in the/at world/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs an/at opportunity/nn to/to meet/vb urgent/jj host/nn country/nn needs/nns for/in trained/vbn manpower/nn ./. If/cs presented/vbn in/in this/dt spirit/nn ,/, the/at response/nn and/cc the/at results/nns will/md be/be immeasurably/ql better/jjr ./. 11/cd-hl ./.-hl How/wrb-hl will/md-hl it/pps-hl be/be-hl financed/vbn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl The/at already/rb appropriated/vbn funds/nns within/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl and/cc Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl under/in the/at Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl are/ber the/at only/ap immediately/rb available/jj source/nn of/in financing/vbg this/dt summer's/nn$ pilot/nn programs/nns of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ./. If/cs it/pps is/bez decided/vbn to/to make/vb a/at small/jj shift/nn which/wdt may/md be/be required/vbn from/in military/jj aid/nn or/cc special/jj assistance/nn funds/nns ,/, in/in order/nn to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at purposes/nns of/in the/at Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl through/in this/dt new/jj peaceful/jj program/nn ,/, this/dt will/nn be/be a/at hopeful/jj sign/nn to/in the/at world/nn ./. Congress/np should/md then/rb be/be asked/vbn to/to give/vb the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl a/at firm/jj legislative/jj foundation/nn for/in the/at next/ap fiscal/jj year/nn ./. Specifically/rb ,/, Congress/np should/md consider/vb authorizing/vbg the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl to/to receive/vb contributions/nns from/in American/jj businesses/nns ,/, unions/nns ,/, civic/jj organizations/nns and/cc the/at public/nn at/in large/jj ./. For/cs this/dt must/md be/be the/at project/nn of/in the/at whole/jj American/jj people/nns ./. An/at Advisory/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in outstanding/jj public/jj figures/nns with/in experience/nn in/in world/nn affairs/nns should/md be/be formed/vbn to/to give/vb the/at program/nn continuing/vbg guidance/nn and/cc to/to afford/vb a/at focal/jj point/nn for/in public/jj understanding/nn ./. Steps/nns should/md also/rb be/be taken/vbn to/to link/vb the/at Food/nn-tl for/in-tl Peace/nn-tl Program/nn-tl with/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, so/cs that/cs foreign/jj currencies/nns accumulated/vbn by/in the/at sale/nn of/in U.S./np surplus/nn food/nn under/in P.L./np-tl 480/cd-tl can/md be/be put/vbn to/to use/vb to/to pay/vb some/dti of/in the/at host/nn country/nn expenses/nns of/in Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl personnel/nns ./. The/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt participating/vbg bodies/nns such/jj as/cs U./np S./np voluntary/jj agencies/nns ,/, universities/nns ,/, international/jj organizations/nns ,/, and/cc the/at host/nn country/nn or/cc institutions/nns in/in the/at host/nn country/nn can/md and/cc should/md share/vb the/at cost/nn of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl programs/nns must/md be/be fully/rb explored/vbn ./. 12/cd-hl ./.-hl Is/bez-hl it/pps-hl worth/jj-hl the/at-hl cost/nn-hl and/cc-hl the/at-hl risks/nns-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl No/at matter/nn how/wql well/rb conceived/vbn and/cc efficiently/rb run/vbn ,/, there/ex probably/rb will/md be/be failures/nns ./. These/dts could/md be/be costly/jj and/cc have/hv a/at serious/jj effect/nn both/abx at/in home/nr and/cc abroad/rb ./. But/cc as/cs the/at popular/jj response/nn suggests/vbz ,/, the/at potentiality/nn of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl is/bez very/ql great/jj ./. It/pps can/md contribute/vb to/in the/at development/nn of/in critical/jj countries/nns and/cc regions/nns ./. It/pps can/md promote/vb international/jj cooperation/nn and/cc good/jj will/nn toward/in this/dt country/nn ./. It/pps can/md also/rb contribute/vb to/in the/at education/nn of/in America/np and/cc to/in more/ql intelligent/jj American/jj participation/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. With/in thousands/nns of/in young/jj Americans/nps going/vbg to/to work/vb in/in developing/vbg areas/nns ,/, millions/nns of/in Americans/nps will/md become/vb more/ql directly/rb involved/vbn in/in the/at world/nn than/cs ever/rb before/rb ./. With/in colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns carrying/vbg a/at large/jj part/nn of/in the/at program/nn ,/, and/cc with/in students/nns looking/vbg toward/in Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl service/nn ,/, there/ex will/md be/be an/at impact/nn on/in educational/jj curriculum/nn and/cc student/nn seriousness/nn ./. The/at letters/nns home/nr ,/, the/at talks/nns later/rbr given/vbn by/in returning/vbg members/nns of/in the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, the/at influence/nn on/in the/at lives/nns of/in those/dts who/wps spend/vb two/cd or/cc three/cd years/nns in/in hard/jj work/nn abroad/rb --/-- all/abn this/dt may/md combine/vb to/to provide/vb a/at substantial/jj popular/jj base/nn for/in responsible/jj American/jj policies/nns toward/in the/at world/nn ./. And/cc this/dt is/bez meeting/vbg the/at world's/nn$ need/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, since/cs what/wdt the/at world/nn most/rbt needs/vbz from/in this/dt country/nn is/bez better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./. The/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl thus/rb can/md add/vb a/at new/jj dimension/nn to/in America's/np$ world/nn policy/nn --/-- one/cd for/in which/wdt people/nns here/rb and/cc abroad/rb have/hv long/rb been/ben waiting/vbg ./. As/cs you/ppss said/vbd in/in your/pp$ State/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Union/nn-tl message/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at problems/nns are/ber towering/vbg and/cc unprecedented/jj --/-- and/cc the/at response/nn must/md be/be towering/vbg and/cc unprecedented/jj as/ql well/rb ''/'' ./. To/in-hl the/at-hl Congress/np-tl-hl of/in-tl-hl the/at-tl-hl United/vbn-tl-hl States/nns-tl-hl :/:-hl I/ppss recommend/vb to/in the/at Congress/np the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at permanent/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl --/-- a/at pool/nn of/in trained/vbn American/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns sent/vbn overseas/rb by/in the/at U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl or/cc through/in private/jj organizations/nns and/cc institutions/nns to/to help/vb foreign/jj countries/nns meet/vb their/pp$ urgent/jj needs/nns for/in skilled/jj manpower/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv today/nr signed/vbn an/at Executive/jj-tl Order/nn-tl establishing/vbg a/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl on/in a/at temporary/jj pilot/nn basis/nn ./. The/at temporary/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl will/md be/be a/at source/nn of/in information/nn and/cc experience/nn to/to aid/vb us/ppo in/in formulating/vbg more/ql effective/jj plans/nns for/in a/at permanent/jj organization/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, by/in starting/vbg the/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl now/rb we/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to begin/vb training/vbg young/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns for/in overseas/jj duty/nn this/dt summer/nn with/in the/at objective/nn of/in placing/vbg them/ppo in/in overseas/jj positions/nns by/in late/jj fall/nn ./. This/dt temporary/jj Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl is/bez being/beg established/vbn under/in existing/vbg authority/nn in/in the/at Mutual/jj-tl Security/nn-tl Act/nn-tl and/cc will/md be/be located/vbn in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./. Its/pp$ initial/jj expenses/nns will/md be/be paid/vbn from/in appropriations/nns currently/rb available/jj for/in our/pp$ foreign/jj aid/nn program/nn ./. Throughout/in the/at world/nn the/at people/nns of/in the/at newly/rb developing/vbg nations/nns are/ber struggling/vbg for/in economic/jj and/cc social/jj progress/nn which/wdt reflects/vbz their/pp$ deepest/jjt desires/nns ./. Our/pp$ own/jj freedom/nn ,/, and/cc the/at future/nn of/in freedom/nn around/in the/at world/nn ,/, depend/vb ,/, in/in a/at very/ql real/jj sense/nn ,/, on/in their/pp$ ability/nn to/to build/vb growing/vbg and/cc independent/jj nations/nns where/wrb men/nns can/md live/vb in/in dignity/nn ,/, liberated/vbn from/in the/at bonds/nns of/in hunger/nn ,/, ignorance/nn and/cc poverty/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt obstacles/nns to/in the/at achievement/nn of/in this/dt goal/nn is/bez the/at lack/nn of/in trained/vbn men/nns and/cc women/nns with/in the/at skill/nn to/to teach/vb the/at young/jj and/cc assist/vb in/in the/at operation/nn of/in development/nn projects/nns --/-- men/nns and/cc women/nns with/in the/at capacity/nn to/to cope/vb with/in the/at demands/nns of/in swiftly/rb evolving/vbg economics/nn ,/, and/cc with/in the/at dedication/nn to/to put/vb that/dt capacity/nn to/to work/vb in/in the/at villages/nns ,/, the/at mountains/nns ,/, the/at towns/nns and/cc the/at factories/nns of/in dozens/nns of/in struggling/vbg nations/nns ./. The/at vast/jj task/nn of/in economic/jj development/nn urgently/rb requires/vbz skilled/jj people/nns to/to do/do the/at work/nn of/in the/at society/nn --/-- to/to help/vb teach/vb in/in the/at schools/nns ,/, construct/vb development/nn projects/nns ,/, demonstrate/vb modern/jj methods/nns of/in sanitation/nn in/in the/at villages/nns ,/, and/cc perform/vb a/at hundred/cd other/ap tasks/nns calling/vbg for/in training/vbg and/cc advanced/vbn knowledge/nn ./. To/to meet/vb this/dt urgent/jj need/nn for/in skilled/jj manpower/nn we/ppss are/ber proposing/vbg the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl --/-- an/at organization/nn which/wdt will/md recruit/vb and/cc train/vb American/jj volunteers/nns ,/, sending/vbg them/ppo abroad/rb to/to work/vb with/in the/at people/nns of/in other/ap nations/nns ./. This/dt organization/nn will/md differ/vb from/in existing/vbg assistance/nn programs/nns in/in that/cs its/pp$ members/nns will/md supplement/vb technical/jj advisers/nns by/in offering/vbg the/at specific/jj skills/nns needed/vbn by/in developing/vbg nations/nns if/cs they/ppss are/ber to/to put/vb technical/jj advice/nn to/to work/vb ./. They/ppss will/md help/vb provide/vb the/at skilled/jj manpower/nn necessary/jj to/to carry/vb out/rp the/at development/nn projects/nns planned/vbn by/in the/at host/nn governments/nns ,/, acting/vbg at/in a/at working/vbg level/nn and/cc serving/vbg at/in great/jj personal/jj sacrifice/nn ./. There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs the/at number/nn of/in those/dts who/wps wish/vb to/to serve/vb will/md be/be far/ql greater/jjr than/cs our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to absorb/vb them/ppo ./.

ch20

ch20 |@word wildlife:13 habitat:10 resource:13 1960:1 one:4 quarter:1 million:14 recreation:6 visit:3 national:29 forest:40 grassland:5 primary:1 purpose:4 hunting:3 fishing:5 hunter:1 fisherman:1 since:1 1949:1 increase:3 8:1 time:1 faster:1 nationwide:1 sale:2 license:1 use:21 expect:1 50:1 1972:2 long:6 range:6 objective:6 management:9 make:1 fully:2 productive:1 support:4 fish:1 game:4 population:1 contribute:2 need:10 public:6 enjoyment:1 proposal:2 period:11 1:4 revise:1 complete:2 improvement:4 plan:3 administrative:1 unit:3 assure:2 proper:1 coordination:3 2:4 inventory:1 evaluate:1 cooperation:1 federal:5 agency:5 state:4 locate:1 basis:2 orderly:1 development:11 program:8 include:4 big:1 gamebird:1 small:4 survey:3 investigation:2 186:1 acre:20 b:4 fishery:1 mile:17 stream:2 nearly:3 3:4 lake:2 impoundment:1 c:4 participation:1 planning:1 inspection:1 control:18 phase:2 land:18 water:3 project:2 conduct:1 private:2 group:1 benefit:2 harmony:1 value:7 improve:2 food:2 cover:4 key:2 area:8 4:2 develop:5 opening:1 patch:1 way:3 dense:1 vegetation:1 clear:1 burn:4 5:1 stabilize:1 bank:1 plant:1 streamside:1 construct:4 channel:1 protection:14 total:2 adverse:2 impact:1 disease:9 insect:9 fire:19 weather:2 destructive:5 animal:3 force:3 generally:1 recognize:2 kill:1 destroy:1 retard:1 prevent:3 reproduction:1 growth:4 impair:1 damage:7 disrupt:1 loss:5 sawtimber:3 united:1 states:1 1952:2 estimate:4 44:1 billion:3 board:3 foot:5 effect:2 would:5 twice:2 great:1 47:1 45:1 percent:8 attributable:1 20:1 17:2 18:1 various:2 cause:2 also:1 seriously:2 upon:2 watershed:5 life:1 waterflow:1 renewable:1 hold:2 level:9 interfere:1 intensive:4 system:19 principle:1 multiple:2 high:5 sustained:1 yield:2 product:2 service:7 accomplish:2 substantially:2 continue:2 trend:1 toward:2 well:3 facility:2 technique:2 cope:1 critical:2 application:1 prevention:3 detection:3 infestation:5 addition:2 direct:3 measure:1 timber:9 assist:1 reduction:2 propose:3 step:2 reduce:2 occurrence:3 large:4 end:1 initial:5 require:2 40:2 present:4 work:5 consist:2 intensification:1 activity:3 quicker:2 extensive:1 thorough:1 detect:1 incipient:1 outbreak:2 reliable:1 evaluation:1 potential:1 widespread:1 effective:1 action:1 stage:1 scale:2 epidemic:1 suppression:2 acreage:1 currently:1 treat:2 continuation:1 blister:1 rust:1 plus:2 extension:1 protect:1 manage:1 white:1 pine:1 production:4 achieve:1 sufficient:1 effectiveness:1 treatment:2 additional:2 maintenance:4 initiate:1 dwarf:1 mistletoe:1 several:1 hundred:1 thousand:1 select:1 stand:2 young:1 softwood:1 better:1 grow:2 site:1 pest:1 10:1 year:7 commercial:2 timberland:3 give:3 adequate:2 meet:5 situation:2 bad:1 serious:3 peak:1 load:1 125:1 compare:1 23:1 receive:1 15:1 less:2 degree:1 average:1 call:1 expansion:1 modernization:1 proficiency:1 strength:1 many:2 possible:2 suppress:1 spread:2 beyond:1 permit:2 standard:4 double:1 preventive:1 effort:1 skille:1 fight:1 crew:1 equipment:1 training:1 personnel:1 adoption:1 new:5 modern:1 stop:1 run:1 intensely:1 hazardous:2 fuel:2 condition:2 minimize:1 chance:1 fourth:1 highly:1 debris:1 concentration:1 felling:1 snag:1 lightning:1 prescribe:1 remove:1 roadside:1 clearing:1 maintain:4 firebreak:1 rodent:4 aim:1 harmful:1 porcupine:1 mouse:1 forage:3 comprise:2 half:1 approximately:2 rangeland:2 limit:1 economical:1 mean:2 know:1 road:22 trail:16 transportation:1 serve:3 complex:1 highway:8 access:5 ownership:7 jurisdiction:1 divide:1 administer:2 secretary:4 commerce:2 agriculture:2 essential:1 mostly:1 carry:2 traffic:2 go:1 destination:1 another:1 administration:1 responsibility:2 provide:3 county:1 fund:1 eventually:3 supplemental:1 horse:1 largely:2 usually:1 relate:1 construction:4 constitute:2 obtain:1 maximum:1 practicable:1 wood:1 ultimate:1 primarily:1 utilization:3 carefully:1 optimum:2 important:1 presence:1 lack:1 controlling:1 influence:1 balanced:1 volume:1 market:1 especially:1 dependent:1 community:1 business:1 enterprise:1 salvage:2 cut:2 dead:1 die:1 opportunity:1 promptly:1 result:3 windstorm:1 e:1 erosion:1 overgrazing:1 existence:1 intensity:1 otherwise:1 furthermore:1 investment:1 pay:2 substantial:1 locality:1 department:1 adequately:1 expected:1 2000:2 requirement:3 produce:1 least:1 200:1 635:1 visitor:1 annual:1 21:1 60:1 along:1 reconstruction:2 exist:2 replace:1 80:1 1963:1 follow:1 purchaser:1 government:1 adjustment:2 stumpage:1 price:1 full:1 purchase:3 within:2 pattern:2 quite:1 irregular:1 block:1 together:1 previous:1 patenting:1 law:1 available:1 scatter:1 exterior:1 boundary:1 non:1 consequence:1 occasional:1 conflict:1 owner:1 inholding:3 object:1 neighbor:2 compatible:1 privately:1 source:2 suitable:1 tree:1 unmanaged:1 expensive:1 rehabilitation:1 nothing:1 economy:1 reasonable:1 prospect:1 correct:1 change:1 last:1 category:1 situate:1 mountainous:1 portion:1 eastern:1 bring:1 consolidation:1 exchange:1 authority:1 moderate:1 tract:1

Wildlife/nn-hl habitat/nn-hl resources/nns-hl In/in 1960/cd one-quarter/nn of/in the/at 92.5/cd million/cd recreation/nn visits/nns to/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc-tl Grasslands/nns-tl were/bed for/in the/at primary/jj purpose/nn of/in hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg ./. Hunter/nn and/cc fisherman/nn visits/nns since/in 1949/cd have/hv increased/vbn 8/cd times/nns faster/rbr than/cs the/at nationwide/jj sale/nn of/in hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg licenses/nns ./. This/dt use/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to increase/vb to/in about/rb 50/cd million/cd visits/nns by/in 1972/cd ./. The/at long-range/nn objective/nn of/in habitat/nn management/nn is/bez to/to make/vb it/ppo fully/ql productive/jj so/cs as/cs to/to support/vb fish/nn and/cc game/nn populations/nns to/to contribute/vb to/in the/at need/nn for/in public/nn use/nn and/cc enjoyment/nn ./. The/at wildlife/nn habitat/nn management/nn proposals/nns for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn are/ber :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Revise/vb and/cc complete/vb wildlife/nn habitat/nn management/nn and/cc improvement/nn plans/nns for/in all/abn administrative/jj units/nns ,/, assuring/vbg proper/jj coordination/nn between/in wildlife/nn habitat/nn management/nn and/cc other/ap resources/nns ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Inventory/vb and/cc evaluate/vb wildlife/nn habitat/nn resources/nns in/in cooperation/nn with/in other/ap Federal/jj-tl agencies/nns and/cc with/in the/at States/nns-tl in/in which/wdt National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc-tl Grasslands/nns-tl are/ber located/vbn ,/, as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in orderly/jj development/nn of/in wildlife/nn habitat/nn improvement/nn and/cc coordination/nn programs/nns ,/, including/in (/( A/np )/) big-game/nn ,/, gamebird/nn ,/, and/cc small-game/nn habitat/nn surveys/nns and/cc investigations/nns on/in the/at 186/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc-tl Grasslands/nns-tl ,/, (/( B/np )/) fishery/nn habitat/nn surveys/nns and/cc investigations/nns on/in the/at 81,000/cd miles/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl fishing/vbg streams/nns and/cc nearly/rb 3/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in lakes/nns and/cc impoundments/nns ,/, and/cc (/( C/np )/) participation/nn in/in planning/vbg ,/, inspection/nn ,/, and/cc control/nn phases/nns of/in all/abn habitat/nn improvement/nn ,/, land/nn and/cc water/nn use/nn projects/nns conducted/vbn on/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl lands/nns by/in States/nns-tl ,/, other/ap Federal/jj-tl agencies/nns ,/, and/cc private/jj groups/nns to/to assure/vb that/cs projects/nns will/md benefit/vb wildlife/nn and/cc be/be in/in harmony/nn with/in other/ap resource/nn values/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Improve/vb food/nn and/cc cover/nn on/in 1.5/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in key/jjs wildlife/nn areas/nns ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Develop/vb wildlife/nn openings/nns ,/, food/nn patches/nns ,/, and/cc game/nn ways/nns in/in dense/jj vegetation/nn by/in clearing/vbg or/cc controlled/vbn burning/nn on/in 400,000/cd acres/nns ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Improve/vb 7,000/cd miles/nns of/in fishing/vbg streams/nns and/cc 56,000/cd acres/nns of/in lakes/nns by/in stabilizing/vbg banks/nns ,/, planting/vbg streamside/nn cover/nn ,/, and/cc constructing/vbg channel/nn improvements/nns ./. Protection/nn-hl The/at total/jj adverse/jj impact/nn of/in disease/nn ,/, insects/nns ,/, fire/nn ,/, weather/nn ,/, destructive/jj animals/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap forces/nns on/in the/at uses/nns and/cc values/nns of/in forest/nn resources/nns is/bez not/* generally/rb recognized/vbn ./. They/ppss kill/vb and/cc destroy/vb ,/, retard/vb or/cc prevent/vb reproduction/nn and/cc growth/nn ,/, impair/vb and/cc damage/vb values/nns ,/, and/cc disrupt/vb uses/nns ./. The/at loss/nn in/in growth/nn of/in sawtimber/nn because/rb of/in damage/nn by/in destructive/jj agencies/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in 1952/cd was/bedz estimated/vbn to/to be/be about/rb 44/cd billion/cd board/nn feet/nns ./. If/cs it/pps were/bed not/* for/in the/at effect/nn of/in destructive/jj agencies/nns ,/, sawtimber/nn growth/nn would/md have/hv been/ben nearly/rb twice/rb as/ql great/jj as/cs the/at 47/cd billion/cd board/nn feet/nns in/in 1952/cd ./. About/rb 45/cd percent/nn of/in the/at loss/nn in/in growth/nn was/bedz attributable/jj to/in disease/nn ,/, 20/cd percent/nn to/in insects/nns ,/, 17/cd percent/nn to/in fire/nn ,/, and/cc 18/cd percent/nn to/in weather/nn ,/, animals/nns ,/, and/cc various/ap other/ap causes/nns ./. These/dts destructive/jj forces/nns also/rb have/hv a/at seriously/ql adverse/jj effect/nn upon/in the/at watersheds/nns and/cc their/pp$ life-supporting/jj waterflows/nns ,/, and/cc upon/in the/at other/ap renewable/jj forest/nn resources/nns ./. The/at long-range/nn objective/nn is/bez to/to hold/vb the/at damage/nn from/in destructive/jj agencies/nns below/in the/at level/nn which/wdt would/md seriously/rb interfere/vb with/in intensive/jj management/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl under/in principles/nns of/in multiple/jj use/nn and/cc high-level/nn sustained/vbn yield/nn of/in products/nns and/cc services/nns ./. This/dt can/md be/be accomplished/vbn substantially/rb by/in a/at continued/vbn trend/nn toward/in better/jjr facilities/nns and/cc techniques/nns for/in fire/nn control/nn and/cc more/ap resources/nns to/to cope/vb with/in critical/jj fire/nn periods/nns ,/, and/cc a/at more/ql intensive/jj application/nn of/in a/at program/nn of/in prevention/nn ,/, detection/nn ,/, and/cc control/nn of/in insect/nn and/cc disease/nn infestations/nns ./. In/in addition/nn to/in direct/jj protection/nn measures/nns ,/, more/ql intensive/jj management/nn of/in timber/nn resources/nns will/md assist/vb in/in reduction/nn of/in losses/nns from/in insects/nns and/cc disease/nn ./. Protection/nn-hl from/in-hl insects/nns-hl and/cc-hl disease/nn-hl In/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez proposed/vbn that/cs insect/nn and/cc disease/nn control/nn on/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl be/be stepped/vbn up/rp to/in a/at level/nn of/in prevention/nn ,/, detection/nn ,/, and/cc control/nn of/in insect/nn and/cc disease/nn infestations/nns that/wps will/md substantially/rb reduce/vb the/at occurrence/nn of/in large/jj infestations/nns toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at initial/jj period/nn ./. This/dt will/md require/vb about/rb a/at 40/cd percent/nn increase/nn over/in the/at present/jj level/nn of/in protection/nn ./. The/at work/nn will/md consist/vb of/in :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Intensification/nn of/in present/jj activities/nns through/in (/( A/np )/) quicker/jjr ,/, more/ql extensive/jj ,/, and/cc more/ql thorough/jj surveys/nns to/to detect/vb incipient/jj outbreaks/nns ;/. ;/. (/( B/np )/) more/ql reliable/jj evaluation/nn of/in the/at potential/nn of/in initial/jj outbreaks/nns to/to cause/vb widespread/jj damage/nn ;/. ;/. (/( C/np )/) quicker/jjr and/cc more/ql effective/jj control/nn action/nn in/in the/at initial/jj stages/nns to/to prevent/vb a/at large-scale/nn epidemic/nn ./. The/at initial/jj suppression/nn activities/nns would/md cover/vb about/rb twice/rb the/at acreage/nn currently/rb being/beg treated/vbn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Continuation/nn of/in present/jj blister/nn rust/nn control/nn work/nn plus/in extension/nn of/in control/nn to/in 250,000/cd acres/nns not/* now/rb protected/vbn but/cc which/wdt should/md be/be managed/vbn for/in white/jj pine/nn production/nn ./. The/at objective/nn is/bez to/to achieve/vb sufficient/jj effectiveness/nn of/in control/nn on/in all/abn of/in the/at area/nn now/rb under/in treatment/nn plus/in the/at additional/jj acres/nns so/cs that/cs after/in the/at initial/jj period/nn only/ap maintenance/nn control/nn will/md be/be needed/vbn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Initiating/vbg a/at program/nn to/to control/vb dwarf/nn mistletoe/nn on/in several/ap hundred/cd thousand/cd acres/nns of/in selected/vbn better/jjr stands/nns of/in young/jj softwood/nn sawtimber/nn on/in better/jjr growing/vbg sites/nns ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Coordination/nn of/in pest/nn control/nn objectives/nns with/in timber/nn management/nn activities/nns to/to reduce/vb losses/nns ./. Protection/nn-hl from/in-hl fire/nn-hl It/pps is/bez proposed/vbn that/cs in/in 10/cd years/nns all/abn commercial/jj timberlands/nns ,/, all/abn critical/jj watersheds/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap lands/nns in/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl developed/vbn or/cc proposed/vbn for/in intensive/jj use/nn will/md be/be given/vbn protection/nn from/in fire/nn adequate/jj to/to meet/vb the/at fire/nn situation/nn in/in the/at worst/jjt years/nns and/cc under/in serious/jj peak/nn loads/nns ./. This/dt will/md include/vb 125/cd million/cd acres/nns compared/vbn with/in 23/cd million/cd acres/nns now/rb receiving/vbg such/jj protection/nn ./. An/at additional/jj 15/cd million/cd acres/nns will/md be/be given/vbn a/at lesser/jjr degree/nn of/in protection/nn but/cc adequate/jj to/to meet/vb the/at average/jj fire/nn situation/nn ./. Meeting/vbg these/dts levels/nns of/in protection/nn from/in fire/nn calls/vbz for/in :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Expansion/nn ,/, modernization/nn ,/, and/cc development/nn of/in fire/nn control/nn to/in a/at proficiency/nn and/cc strength/nn of/in force/nn which/wdt will/md prevent/vb as/ql many/ap fires/nns as/cs possible/jj and/cc suppress/vb fires/nns before/cs they/ppss spread/vb beyond/in permitted/vbn standards/nns ./. This/dt is/bez to/to be/be accomplished/vbn by/in nearly/rb doubling/vbg the/at present/jj level/nn of/in preventive/jj effort/nn ,/, detection/nn ,/, skilled/jj fire-fighting/jj crews/nns ,/, and/cc equipment/nn use/nn ./. This/dt will/md include/vb a/at stepped-up/jj program/nn of/in training/vbg and/cc development/nn of/in personnel/nns ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Adoption/nn and/cc use/nn of/in new/jj and/cc modern/jj techniques/nns being/beg developed/vbn for/in prevention/nn ,/, for/in suppression/nn of/in fires/nns while/cs small/jj ,/, and/cc for/in stopping/vbg large/jj fires/nns while/cs running/vbg and/cc burning/vbg intensely/rb ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Reduction/nn of/in hazardous/jj fuel/nn conditions/nns to/to minimize/vb the/at chances/nns of/in large/jj fires/nns developing/vbg and/cc spreading/vbg to/in high-value/nn areas/nns ./. This/dt work/nn will/md cover/vb the/at most/ql serious/jj one-fourth/nn of/in all/abn land/nn needing/vbg such/jj treatment/nn ,/, and/cc will/md consist/vb of/in burning/vbg 250,000/cd acres/nns of/in highly/ql hazardous/jj debris/nn concentration/nn ,/, felling/vbg snags/nns on/in 350,000/cd acres/nns of/in high/jj lightning-occurrence/nn areas/nns ,/, prescribed/vbn burning/vbg on/in 3.5/cd million/cd acres/nns ,/, removing/vbg roadside/nn fuel/nn on/in 39,000/cd acres/nns ,/, and/cc clearing/vbg and/cc maintaining/vbg 11,000/cd miles/nns of/in firebreaks/nns ./. Protection/nn-hl from/in-hl other/ap-hl damage/nn-hl Rodent/nn control/nn work/nn for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn will/md be/be aimed/vbn at/in control/nn of/in the/at most/ql serious/jj infestations/nns of/in harmful/jj rodents/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs porcupines/nns and/cc mice/nns ,/, on/in high-value/nn areas/nns of/in forage/nn and/cc commercial/jj timberlands/nns ./. These/dts areas/nns comprise/vb about/rb half/abn of/in the/at total/jj area/nn of/in rodent/nn infestation/nn on/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./. Approximately/rb 1.8/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in rangelands/nns and/cc 9.4/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in timberlands/nns would/md be/be treated/vbn in/in this/dt period/nn ./. Control/nn would/md be/be limited/vbn to/in those/dts rodents/nns for/in which/wdt economical/jj means/nns of/in control/nn are/ber known/vbn ./. Roads/nns-hl and/cc-hl trails/nns-hl The/at transportation/nn system/nn which/wdt serves/vbz the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl is/bez a/at complex/nn of/in highways/nns and/cc access/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns under/in various/jj ownerships/nns and/cc jurisdictions/nns ./. This/dt system/nn is/bez divided/vbn into/in a/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn ,/, administered/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at forest/nn development/nn road/nn and/cc trail/nn system/nn ,/, administered/vbn by/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ./. Both/abx of/in these/dts systems/nns are/ber essential/jj for/in the/at production/nn ,/, development/nn ,/, and/cc use/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./. In/in the/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber now/rb 24,400/cd miles/nns of/in public/jj roads/nns ./. These/dts are/ber mostly/rb through/in highways/nns that/wps carry/vb traffic/nn going/vbg from/in one/cd destination/nn to/in another/dt ./. Because/cs administration/nn of/in the/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn is/bez a/at responsibility/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl with/in maintenance/nn provided/vbn by/in the/at States/nns-tl and/cc counties/nns ,/, this/dt Development/nn-tl Program/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl does/doz not/* include/vb estimates/nns of/in the/at funds/nns needed/vbn to/to maintain/vb the/at forest/nn highway/nn system/nn nor/cc to/to construct/vb the/at additions/nns to/in it/ppo that/wps are/ber needed/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez estimated/vbn that/cs about/rb 70,000/cd miles/nns of/in forest/nn highways/nns will/md eventually/rb be/be needed/vbn to/to fully/rb serve/vb the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./. In/in the/at forest/nn development/nn road/nn and/cc trail/nn system/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber now/rb 162,400/cd miles/nns of/in roads/nns and/cc 106,500/cd miles/nns of/in supplemental/jj foot/nn and/cc horse/nn trails/nns ./. These/dts roads/nns are/ber largely/rb of/in less/ap than/cs highway/nn standards/nns ,/, and/cc usually/rb carry/vb traffic/nn which/wdt is/bez related/vbn to/in use/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl ./. Construction/nn and/cc maintenance/nn of/in this/dt system/nn is/bez a/at responsibility/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez estimated/vbn that/cs about/rb 542,250/cd miles/nns of/in forest/nn development/nn roads/nns ,/, and/cc 80,000/cd miles/nns of/in trails/nns ,/, constitute/vb the/at system/nn that/wps will/md eventually/rb be/be needed/vbn to/to obtain/vb the/at maximum/jj practicable/jj yield/nn and/cc use/nn of/in the/at wood/nn ,/, water/nn ,/, forage/nn ,/, and/cc wildlife/nn and/cc recreation/nn resources/nns of/in the/at National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl on/in a/at continuing/vbg basis/nn ./. The/at ultimate/jj trail/nn system/nn will/md be/be of/in value/nn primarily/rb for/in recreation/nn and/cc wildlife/nn utilization/nn and/cc fire/nn protection/nn ./. It/pps will/md be/be carefully/rb planned/vbn to/to maintain/vb optimum/jj service/nn to/in these/dts important/jj resources/nns and/cc watersheds/nns ./. The/at presence/nn or/cc lack/nn of/in access/nn by/in road/nn or/cc trail/nn has/hvz a/at direct/jj and/cc controlling/vbg influence/nn on/in all/abn phases/nns of/in forest/nn management/nn and/cc utilization/nn such/jj as/cs :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl the/at protection/nn of/in forage/nn ,/, timber/nn ,/, and/cc wildlife/nn resources/nns from/in fire/nn ,/, insects/nns ,/, and/cc disease/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl the/at balanced/vbn use/nn of/in recreation/nn ,/, hunting/vbg ,/, and/cc fishing/vbg areas/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl the/at volume/nn of/in timber/nn that/wps can/md be/be marketed/vbn ,/, especially/rb for/in small/jj sales/nns and/cc the/at support/nn of/in dependent/jj communities/nns and/cc small/jj business/nn enterprises/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl the/at level/nn of/in salvage/nn cutting/nn in/in dead/jj and/cc dying/vbg timber/nn stands/nns and/cc the/at opportunity/nn to/to promptly/rb salvage/vb losses/nns resulting/vbg from/in fire/nn ,/, windstorm/nn ,/, insects/nns ,/, and/cc disease/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl the/at protection/nn of/in watershed/nn lands/nns from/in erosion/nn and/cc overgrazing/vbg by/in animals/nns ./. The/at existence/nn of/in road/nn systems/nns permits/vbz an/at intensity/nn of/in management/nn and/cc use/nn for/in all/abn National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl purposes/nns that/wps is/bez not/* otherwise/rb possible/jj ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, roads/nns that/wps give/vb access/nn to/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl timber/nn are/ber investments/nns which/wdt pay/vb their/pp$ own/jj way/nn over/in a/at period/nn of/in years/nns ./. Use/nn of/in these/dts roads/nns by/in the/at public/nn results/vbz in/in substantial/jj benefits/nns to/in the/at localities/nns the/at roads/nns serve/vb ./. The/at long-range/nn objective/nn of/in this/dt Department/nn-tl is/bez to/to provide/vb and/cc maintain/vb a/at system/nn of/in forest/nn development/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns which/wdt will/md adequately/rb service/vb the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl at/in the/at levels/nns needed/vbn to/to meet/vb expected/vbn needs/nns and/cc optimum/jj production/nn of/in products/nns and/cc services/nns ./. For/in the/at year/nn 2000/cd this/dt means/vbz servicing/vbg (/( A/np )/) the/at protection/nn requirements/nns of/in a/at watershed/nn producing/vbg at/in least/ap 200/cd million/cd acre-feet/nns of/in water/nn each/dt year/nn ,/, (/( B/np )/) recreation/nn and/cc wildlife/nn resources/nns used/vbn each/dt year/nn by/in 635/cd million/cd visitors/nns ,/, (/( C/np )/) a/at timber/nn resource/nn supporting/vbg an/at annual/jj cut/nn of/in 21/cd billion/cd board/nn feet/nns ,/, and/cc (/( D/np )/) 60/cd million/cd acres/nns of/in rangelands/nns ./. Service/nn at/in these/dts levels/nns of/in production/nn and/cc utilization/nn will/md eventually/rb require/vb the/at construction/nn of/in about/rb 379,900/cd miles/nns of/in new/jj roads/nns and/cc 6,000/cd miles/nns of/in new/jj trails/nns ,/, along/rb with/in the/at reconstruction/nn to/in higher/jjr standards/nns of/in about/rb 105,000/cd miles/nns of/in roads/nns and/cc 10,500/cd miles/nns of/in trails/nns ./. About/rb 26,500/cd miles/nns of/in existing/vbg trails/nns will/md be/be replaced/vbn in/in service/nn by/in the/at construction/nn of/in new/jj roads/nns ./. About/rb 80/cd percent/nn of/in these/dts long-range/nn requirements/nns should/md be/be met/vbn by/in the/at year/nn 2000/cd ./. Program/nn proposals/nns for/in forest/nn development/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns for/in the/at 10-year/jj period/nn 1963-1972/cd are/ber as/cs follows/vbz :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Complete/vb the/at construction/nn and/cc reconstruction/nn of/in about/rb 79,400/cd miles/nns of/in multiple-purpose/nn roads/nns and/cc 8,000/cd miles/nns of/in trails/nns ./. This/dt constitutes/vbz about/rb 17/cd percent/nn of/in the/at long-range/nn requirements/nns for/in these/dts facilities/nns ./. Approximately/rb 40/cd percent/nn of/in the/at value/nn of/in the/at work/nn on/in roads/nns for/in access/nn to/in timber/nn which/wdt are/ber planned/vbn for/in this/dt period/nn will/md be/be constructed/vbn by/in purchasers/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl timber/nn ,/, but/cc paid/vbn for/in by/in the/at Government/nn-tl through/in adjustment/nn of/in stumpage/nn prices/nns ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Provide/vb maintenance/nn to/in full/jj standards/nns on/in the/at 268,900/cd miles/nns of/in existing/vbg access/nn roads/nns and/cc trails/nns and/cc on/in the/at new/jj roads/nns and/cc trails/nns constructed/vbn during/in the/at period/nn ./. Land/nn-hl adjustment/nn-hl ,/,-hl land/nn-hl purchase/nn-hl ,/,-hl land/nn-hl use/nn-hl Within/in the/at units/nns in/in the/at National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl System/nn-tl the/at pattern/nn of/in land/nn ownership/nn is/bez quite/ql irregular/jj ./. In/in some/dti units/nns ,/, National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl ownership/nn is/bez well/rb blocked/vbn together/rb ./. In/in many/ap others/nns ,/, the/at previous/jj patenting/nn of/in land/nn under/in the/at public/jj land/nn laws/nns ,/, or/cc the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt land/nn was/bedz available/jj for/in purchase/nn ,/, resulted/vbd in/in a/at scattered/vbn pattern/nn of/in ownership/nn ./. Within/in exterior/jj boundaries/nns of/in National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc National/jj-tl Grasslands/nns-tl ,/, there/ex are/ber about/rb 40,000,000/cd acres/nns in/in non-Federal/jj ownership/nn ./. One/cd consequence/nn is/bez the/at occurrence/nn of/in occasional/jj conflicts/nns because/cs private/jj owners/nns of/in some/dti inholdings/nns object/vb to/in public/jj programs/nns of/in use/nn on/in neighboring/vbg National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl or/cc other/ap Federal/jj-tl land/nn ,/, or/cc because/cs such/jj ownerships/nns are/ber developed/vbn for/in uses/nns that/wps are/ber not/* compatible/jj with/in use/nn for/in the/at public/nn of/in neighboring/vbg National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl land/nn ./. Some/dti privately/rb held/vbn inholdings/nns are/ber a/at source/nn of/in direct/jj damage/nn to/in these/dts Federal/jj-tl lands/nns ./. And/cc some/dti ,/, which/wdt are/ber suitable/jj for/in tree/nn growing/vbg and/cc for/in other/ap National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl purposes/nns ,/, are/ber unmanaged/jj or/cc in/in need/nn of/in expensive/jj rehabilitation/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber contributing/vbg nothing/pn to/in the/at economy/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex are/ber no/at reasonable/jj prospects/nns that/cs these/dts conditions/nns will/md be/be corrected/vbn or/cc changed/vbn ./. Lands/nns in/in this/dt last/ap category/nn are/ber situated/vbn largely/rb in/in the/at mountainous/jj portions/nns of/in the/at Eastern/jj-tl States/nns-tl ./. The/at long-range/nn objective/nn is/bez to/to bring/vb about/rp consolidation/nn of/in ownership/nn through/in use/nn of/in land/nn exchange/nn authority/nn and/cc through/in purchase/nn on/in a/at moderate/jj scale/nn of/in inholdings/nns which/wdt comprise/vb key/jjs tracts/nns for/in recognized/vbn National/jj-tl Forest/nn-tl programs/nns such/jj as/cs recreation/nn development/nn ,/, or/cc which/wdt are/ber a/at source/nn of/in damage/nn to/in lands/nns in/in National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc National/jj-tl Grasslands/nns-tl ./.

ch21

ch21 |@word strategy:1 tactic:1 military:14 force:20 undergo:1 one:5 great:3 transition:1 history:3 change:4 emphasis:1 conventional:1 type:3 missile:12 warfare:3 must:5 make:5 care:2 mindful:1 safely:1 neglect:1 favor:1 capable:2 contend:1 successfully:2 contingency:1 may:2 upon:1 limited:1 emergency:2 nuclear:3 general:3 war:3 personnel:9 strength:8 budget:5 provide:5 fiscal:3 year:14 1961:11 continued:1 support:4 approximately:2 present:3 level:3 end:2 man:6 woman:1 active:7 include:4 army:7 14:1 division:2 navy:1 817:1 ship:2 marine:1 corps:1 3:2 air:9 wing:3 91:1 combat:2 reserve:11 component:4 serve:1 effectively:1 time:7 basic:2 organization:1 objective:2 conform:1 character:1 mission:4 quality:1 readiness:1 take:1 precedence:1 mere:1 number:5 modern:3 condition:1 especially:1 true:1 ready:2 request:1 secretary:2 defense:10 reexamine:1 role:3 relation:1 light:1 requirement:1 last:4 congress:5 discontinue:1 previously:2 impose:1 minimum:1 limitation:1 similar:1 restriction:1 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system:16 program:12 well:2 speed:3 also:4 fleet:1 modernization:1 step:1 cause:1 arise:1 civilian:1 employee:1 health:1 enact:2 factor:2 operating:2 unit:2 fly:1 hour:2 11:1 two:3 steam:1 15:1 total:2 outweigh:1 saving:1 result:2 decline:1 economy:1 measure:1 reduce:3 installation:1 small:1 inventory:1 major:3 improvement:2 supply:2 distribution:1 message:2 1959:1 immediate:1 repeal:2 section:4 601:1 september:1 28:1 1951:1 65:1 stat:1 365:1 prevent:1 office:1 civil:1 mobilization:1 carry:1 certain:2 transaction:1 involve:2 real:1 property:1 unless:2 come:3 agreement:1 committee:1 service:1 senate:1 house:1 representatives:1 state:4 attorney:1 advise:1 violate:1 fundamental:1 constitutional:1 principle:1 accordingly:1 session:1 shall:1 alternative:1 thereafter:1 direct:1 disregard:1 court:1 competent:1 jurisdiction:1 determine:3 otherwise:1 long:4 line:1 alaska:2 federal:2 facility:2 aviation:1 agency:1 need:3 best:1 development:9 private:1 enterprise:1 already:1 authorize:1 sale:1 government:1 early:3 enactment:1 desirable:1 procurement:8 research:5 construction:5 45:1 aircraft:8 part:1 tank:1 vehicle:1 gun:1 electronic:1 device:1 shipbuilding:1 obligational:1 authority:2 exclude:2 amount:1 related:1 hand:1 581:1 contrast:1 trend:1 anticipate:1 composition:1 ahead:1 past:1 several:3 rider:2 limit:1 competitive:3 bidding:1 firm:1 country:1 item:1 repeatedly:1 provision:1 much:3 restrictive:1 law:1 popularly:1 know:1 buy:1 american:1 urge:1 reenact:1 task:1 reasonable:1 without:1 endanger:1 vital:1 aspect:1 greatly:2 complicate:1 swift:1 pace:1 scientific:1 progress:3 witness:1 perhaps:1 rapid:2 advance:1 technology:3 become:3 obsolescent:1 still:2 production:2 furthermore:1 unexpectedly:1 technological:2 break:1 often:1 diminish:3 relative:2 importance:4 necessitate:1 continuous:1 review:1 reevaluation:1 order:1 redirect:1 resource:1 important:3 eliminate:2 effort:1 overtake:1 event:1 thus:2 look:1 promising:2 commence:1 since:1 completely:1 example:3 regulus:1 2:1 aerodynamic:1 surface:3 design:2 launch:2 submarine:3 successful:1 acceleration:1 advanced:1 polaris:3 ballistic:5 submerge:1 another:1 recent:1 cancellation:1 range:8 interceptor:1 three:1 sound:1 use:3 manned:3 bomber:8 period:2 rapidly:1 shift:1 main:1 threat:1 4:1 would:2 operational:5 decide:2 stop:1 work:3 project:3 meanwhile:1 describe:1 later:1 scope:2 notable:1 category:1 jupiter:1 thor:1 intermediate:2 develop:2 produce:1 deploy:2 availability:1 atlas:3 intercontinental:2 impact:1 illustrate:1 energy:3 fuel:4 start:1 critical:1 extra:1 margin:1 performance:1 particularly:1 heavy:1 continue:3 technical:1 problem:1 couple:1 significant:1 mean:1 raise:1 serious:1 question:1 value:2 sharply:1 curtail:1 underscore:1 even:2 search:1 evaluation:1 penetrating:1 far:1 analysis:1 potentiality:1 future:1 enormous:1 exercise:1 select:1 satisfactory:1 proper:1 either:1 place:1 abandon:1 strategic:4 deterrent:1 power:1 retaliatory:1 capability:5 conduct:1 form:1 first:4 represent:2 combination:1 carrier:1 base:1 second:1 ground:1 naval:1 forward:1 area:1 together:2 effect:1 reinforcement:1 command:1 principal:1 element:1 difficult:1 decision:1 concern:1 supersonic:2 initial:1 1965:2 complementary:1 four:1 schedule:1 available:2 earlier:1 icbm:3 expect:2 calendar:1 titan:2 next:1 minuteman:1 solid:1 fueled:1 fully:1 test:1 reliability:1 doubtful:1 however:1 frame:1 engine:2 1963:1 prototype:1 flight:1 testing:1 position:1 acquisition:1 improved:1 version:1 turbofan:1 medium:2 refueling:1 tanker:1 case:1 replace:2 old:1 fund:1 equipping:1 hound:1 dog:1 quantity:1 procure:1

Strategy/nn and/cc tactics/nns of/in the/at U.S./np military/jj forces/nns are/ber now/rb undergoing/vbg one/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt transitions/nns in/in history/nn ./. The/at change/nn of/in emphasis/nn from/in conventional-type/jj to/in missile-type/jj warfare/nn must/md be/be made/vbn with/in care/nn ,/, mindful/jj that/cs the/at one/cd type/nn of/in warfare/nn cannot/md* be/be safely/rb neglected/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at other/ap ./. Our/pp$ military/jj forces/nns must/md be/be capable/jj of/in contending/vbg successfully/rb with/in any/dti contingency/nn which/wdt may/md be/be forced/vbn upon/in us/ppo ,/, from/in limited/vbn emergencies/nns to/in all-out/jj nuclear/jj general/jj war/nn ./. Forces/nns-hl and/cc-hl military/jj-hl personnel/nns-hl strength/nn-hl ./.-hl --/-- This/dt budget/nn will/md provide/vb in/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn 1961/cd for/in the/at continued/vbn support/nn of/in our/pp$ forces/nns at/in approximately/rb the/at present/jj level/nn --/-- a/at year-end/jj strength/nn of/in 2,489,000/cd men/nns and/cc women/nns in/in the/at active/jj forces/nns ./. The/at forces/nns to/to be/be supported/vbn include/vb an/at Army/nn-tl of/in 14/cd divisions/nns and/cc 870,000/cd men/nns ;/. ;/. a/at Navy/nn-tl of/in 817/cd active/jj ships/nns and/cc 619,000/cd men/nns ;/. ;/. a/at Marine/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl of/in 3/cd divisions/nns and/cc 3/cd air/nn wings/nns with/in 175,000/cd men/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc an/at Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl of/in 91/cd combat/nn wings/nns and/cc 825,000/cd men/nns ./. If/cs the/at reserve/nn components/nns are/ber to/to serve/vb effectively/rb in/in time/nn of/in war/nn ,/, their/pp$ basic/jj organization/nn and/cc objectives/nns must/md conform/vb to/in the/at changing/vbg character/nn and/cc missions/nns of/in the/at active/jj forces/nns ./. Quality/nn and/cc combat/nn readiness/nn must/md take/vb precedence/nn over/in mere/jj numbers/nns ./. Under/in modern/jj conditions/nns ,/, this/dt is/bez especially/rb true/jj of/in the/at ready/jj reserve/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv requested/vbn the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl to/to reexamine/vb the/at roles/nns and/cc missions/nns of/in the/at reserve/nn components/nns in/in relation/nn to/in those/dts of/in the/at active/jj forces/nns and/cc in/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at changing/vbg requirements/nns of/in modern/jj warfare/nn ./. Last/ap year/nn the/at Congress/np discontinued/vbd its/pp$ previously/rb imposed/vbn minimum/jj personnel/nns strength/nn limitations/nns on/in the/at Army/nn-tl Reserve/nn-tl ./. Similar/jj restrictions/nns on/in the/at strength/nn of/in the/at Army/nn-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl contained/vbn in/in the/at 1960/cd Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl Appropriation/nn-tl Act/nn-tl should/md likewise/rb be/be dropped/vbn ./. I/ppss strongly/rb recommend/vb to/in the/at Congress/np the/at avoidance/nn of/in mandatory/jj floors/nns on/in the/at size/nn of/in the/at reserve/nn components/nns so/cs that/cs we/ppss may/md have/hv the/at flexibility/nn to/to make/vb adjustments/nns in/in keeping/vbg with/in military/jj necessity/nn ./. I/ppss again/rb proposed/vbd a/at reduction/nn in/in the/at Army/nn-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl and/cc Army/nn-tl Reserve/nn-tl --/-- from/in their/pp$ present/jj strengths/nns of/in 400,000/cd and/cc 300,000/cd ,/, respectively/rb ,/, to/in 360,000/cd and/cc 270,000/cd by/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn 1961/cd ./. These/dts strengths/nns are/ber considered/vbn adequate/jj to/to meet/vb the/at essential/jj roles/nns and/cc missions/nns of/in the/at reserves/nns in/in support/nn of/in our/pp$ national/jj security/nn objectives/nns ./. Military/jj-hl personnel/nns-hl costs/nns-hl ./.-hl --/-- About/rb 30%/nn of/in the/at expenditures/nns for/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl in/in 1961/cd are/ber for/in military/jj personnel/nns costs/nns ,/, including/in pay/nn for/in active/jj ,/, reserve/nn ,/, and/cc retired/vbn military/jj personnel/nns ./. These/dts expenditures/nns are/ber estimated/vbn to/to be/be $12.1/nns billion/cd ,/, an/at increase/nn of/in $187/nns million/cd over/in 1960/cd ,/, reflecting/vbg additional/jj longevity/nn pay/nn of/in career/nn personnel/nns ,/, more/ap dependents/nns ,/, an/at increased/vbn number/nn of/in men/nns drawing/vbg proficiency/nn pay/nn ,/, and/cc social/jj security/nn tax/nn increases/nns (/( effective/jj for/in the/at full/jj year/nn in/in 1961/cd compared/vbn with/in only/rb 6/cd months/nns in/in 1960/cd )/) ./. Retired/vbn pay/nn costs/nns are/ber increased/vbn by/in $94/nns million/cd in/in 1961/cd over/in 1960/cd ,/, partly/rb because/rb of/in a/at substantial/jj increase/nn in/in the/at number/nn of/in retired/vbn personnel/nns ./. These/dts increased/vbn costs/nns are/ber partially/rb offset/vbn by/in a/at decrease/nn of/in $56/nns million/cd in/in expenditures/nns for/in the/at reserve/nn forces/nns ,/, largely/rb because/rb of/in the/at planned/vbn reduction/nn in/in strength/nn of/in the/at Army/nn-tl Reserve/nn-tl components/nns during/in 1961/cd ./. Traditionally/rb ,/, rates/nns of/in pay/nn for/in retired/vbn military/jj personnel/nns have/hv been/ben proportionate/jj to/in current/jj rates/nns of/in pay/nn for/in active/jj personnel/nns ./. The/at 1958/cd military/jj pay/nn act/nn departed/vbd from/in this/dt established/vbn formula/nn by/in providing/vbg for/in a/at 6%/nn increase/nn rather/rb than/in a/at proportionate/jj increase/nn for/in everyone/pn retired/vbn prior/rb to/in its/pp$ effective/jj date/nn of/in June/np 1/cd ,/, 1958/cd ./. I/ppss endorse/vb pending/jj legislation/nn that/wps will/md restore/vb the/at traditional/jj relationship/nn between/in retired/vbn and/cc active/jj duty/nn pay/nn rates/nns ./. Operation/nn-hl and/cc-hl maintenance/nn-hl ./.-hl --/-- Expenditures/nns for/in operating/vbg and/cc maintaining/vbg the/at stations/nns and/cc equipment/nn of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl are/ber estimated/vbn to/to be/be $10.3/nns billion/cd in/in 1961/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez $184/nns million/cd more/ap than/cs in/in 1960/cd ./. The/at increase/nn stems/vbz largely/rb from/in the/at growing/vbg complexity/nn of/in and/cc higher/jjr degree/nn of/in maintenance/nn required/vbn for/in newer/jjr weapons/nns and/cc equipment/nn ./. A/at substantial/jj increase/nn is/bez estimated/vbn in/in the/at cost/nn of/in operating/vbg additional/jj communications/nns systems/nns in/in the/at air/nn defense/nn program/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in all/abn programs/nns where/wrb speed/nn and/cc security/nn of/in communications/nns are/ber essential/jj ./. Also/rb ,/, the/at program/nn for/in fleet/nn modernization/nn will/md be/be stepped/vbn up/rp in/in 1961/cd causing/vbg an/at increase/nn in/in expenditures/nns ./. Further/ap increases/nns arise/vb from/in the/at civilian/nn employee/nn health/nn program/nn enacted/vbn by/in the/at Congress/np last/ap year/nn ./. Other/ap factors/nns increasing/vbg operating/vbg costs/nns include/vb the/at higher/jjr unit/nn cost/nn of/in each/dt flying/vbg hour/nn ,/, up/rp 11%/nn in/in two/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc of/in each/dt steaming/vbg hour/nn ,/, up/rp 15%/nn ./. In/in total/nn ,/, these/dts increases/nns in/in operating/vbg costs/nns outweigh/vb the/at savings/nns that/wps result/vb from/in declining/vbg programs/nns and/cc from/in economy/nn measures/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs reduced/vbn numbers/nns of/in units/nns and/cc installations/nns ,/, smaller/jjr inventories/nns of/in major/jj equipment/nn ,/, and/cc improvements/nns in/in the/at supply/nn and/cc distribution/nn systems/nns of/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ./. In/in the/at budget/nn message/nn for/in 1959/cd ,/, and/cc again/rb for/in 1960/cd ,/, I/ppss recommended/vbd immediate/jj repeal/nn of/in section/nn 601/cd of/in the/at Act/nn-tl of/in September/np 28/cd ,/, 1951/cd (/( 65/cd-tl Stat./nn-tl 365/cd-tl )/) ./. This/dt section/nn prevents/vbz the/at military/jj departments/nns and/cc the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Civil/jj-tl and/cc-tl Defense/nn-tl Mobilization/nn-tl from/in carrying/vbg out/rp certain/jj transactions/nns involving/vbg real/jj property/nn unless/cs they/ppss come/vb into/in agreement/nn with/in the/at Committees/nns-tl on/in-tl Armed/vbn-tl Services/nns-tl of/in the/at Senate/nn-tl and/cc the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Representatives/nns-tl ./. As/cs I/ppss have/hv stated/vbn previously/rb ,/, the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl has/hvz advised/vbn me/ppo that/cs this/dt section/nn violates/vbz fundamental/jj constitutional/jj principles/nns ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez not/* repealed/vbn by/in the/at Congress/np at/in its/pp$ present/jj session/nn ,/, I/ppss shall/md have/hv no/at alternative/nn thereafter/rb but/cc to/to direct/vb the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl to/to disregard/vb the/at section/nn unless/cs a/at court/nn of/in competent/jj jurisdiction/nn determines/vbz otherwise/rb ./. Basic/jj long-line/nn communications/nns in/in Alaska/np are/ber now/rb provided/vbn through/in Federal/jj-tl facilities/nns operated/vbn by/in the/at Army/nn-tl ,/, Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Federal/jj-tl Aviation/nn-tl Agency/nn-tl ./. The/at growing/vbg communications/nns needs/nns of/in this/dt new/jj State/nn-tl can/md best/rbt be/be met/vbn ,/, as/cs they/ppss have/hv in/in other/ap States/nns-tl ,/, through/in the/at operation/nn and/cc development/nn of/in such/jj facilities/nns by/in private/jj enterprise/nn ./. Legislation/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben proposed/vbn to/to authorize/vb the/at sale/nn of/in these/dts Government-owned/jj systems/nns in/in Alaska/np ,/, and/cc its/pp$ early/jj enactment/nn is/bez desirable/jj ./. Procurement/nn-hl ,/,-hl research/nn-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl construction/nn-hl ./.-hl --/-- Approximately/rb 45%/nn of/in the/at expenditures/nns for/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl are/ber for/in procurement/nn ,/, research/nn ,/, development/nn ,/, and/cc construction/nn programs/nns ./. In/in 1961/cd ,/, these/dts expenditures/nns are/ber estimated/vbn at/in $18.9/nns billion/cd ,/, compared/vbn to/in $19.3/nns billion/cd in/in 1960/cd ./. The/at decreases/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber largely/rb in/in construction/nn and/cc in/in aircraft/nn procurement/nn ,/, are/ber offset/vbn in/in part/nn by/in increases/nns for/in research/nn and/cc development/nn and/cc for/in procurement/nn of/in other/ap military/jj equipment/nn such/jj as/cs tanks/nns ,/, vehicles/nns ,/, guns/nns ,/, and/cc electronic/jj devices/nns ./. Expenditures/nns for/in shipbuilding/nn are/ber estimated/vbn at/in about/rb the/at same/ap level/nn as/cs in/in 1960/cd ./. New/jj obligational/jj authority/nn for/in 1961/cd recommended/vbn in/in this/dt budget/nn for/in aircraft/nn procurement/nn (/( excluding/in amounts/vbz for/in related/vbn research/nn and/cc construction/nn )/) totals/vbz $4,753/nns million/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez $1,390/nns million/cd below/in that/dt enacted/vbn for/in 1960/cd ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at new/jj authority/nn of/in $3,825/nns million/cd proposed/vbn for/in missile/nn procurement/nn (/( excluding/in research/nn and/cc construction/nn )/) in/in 1961/cd is/bez $581/nns million/cd higher/jjr than/cs for/in 1960/cd ./. These/dts contrasting/vbg trends/nns in/in procurement/nn reflect/vb the/at anticipated/vbn changes/nns in/in the/at composition/nn and/cc missions/nns of/in our/pp$ Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl in/in the/at years/nns ahead/rb ./. The/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl appropriation/nn acts/nns for/in the/at past/ap several/ap years/nns have/hv contained/vbn a/at rider/nn which/wdt limits/vbz competitive/jj bidding/nn by/in firms/nns in/in other/ap countries/nns on/in certain/ap military/jj supply/nn items/nns ./. As/cs I/ppss have/hv repeatedly/rb stated/vbn ,/, this/dt provision/nn is/bez much/ql more/ql restrictive/jj than/cs the/at general/jj law/nn ,/, popularly/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Buy/vb-tl American/jj-tl Act/nn-tl ./. I/ppss urge/vb once/rb again/rb that/cs the/at Congress/np not/* reenact/vb this/dt rider/nn ./. The/at task/nn of/in providing/vbg a/at reasonable/jj level/nn of/in military/jj strength/nn ,/, without/in endangering/vbg other/ap vital/jj aspects/nns of/in our/pp$ security/nn ,/, is/bez greatly/rb complicated/vbn by/in the/at swift/jj pace/nn of/in scientific/jj progress/nn ./. The/at last/ap few/ap years/nns have/hv witnessed/vbn what/wdt have/hv been/ben perhaps/rb the/at most/ql rapid/jj advances/nns in/in military/jj technology/nn in/in history/nn ./. Some/dti weapons/nns systems/nns have/hv become/vbn obsolescent/jj while/cs still/rb in/in production/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti while/cs still/rb under/in development/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, unexpectedly/rb rapid/jj progress/nn or/cc a/at technological/jj break-through/nn on/in any/dti one/cd weapon/nn system/nn ,/, in/in itself/ppl ,/, often/rb diminishes/vbz the/at relative/jj importance/nn of/in other/ap competitive/jj systems/nns ./. This/dt has/hvz necessitated/vbn a/at continuous/jj review/nn and/cc reevaluation/nn of/in the/at defense/nn program/nn in/in order/nn to/to redirect/vb resources/nns to/in the/at newer/jjr and/cc more/ql important/jj weapons/nns systems/nns and/cc to/to eliminate/vb or/cc reduce/vb effort/nn on/in weapons/nns systems/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben overtaken/vbn by/in events/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, in/in the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns ,/, a/at number/nn of/in programs/nns which/wdt looked/vbd very/ql promising/jj at/in the/at time/nn their/pp$ development/nn was/bedz commenced/vbn have/hv since/rb been/ben completely/rb eliminated/vbn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at importance/nn of/in the/at Regulus/np-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, a/at very/ql promising/jj aerodynamic/jj ship-to-surface/jj missile/nn designed/vbn to/to be/be launched/vbn by/in surfaced/vbn submarines/nns ,/, was/bedz greatly/rb diminished/vbn by/in the/at successful/jj acceleration/nn of/in the/at much/ql more/ql advanced/vbn Polaris/np ballistic/jj missile/nn launched/vbn by/in submerged/vbn submarines/nns ./. Another/dt example/nn is/bez the/at recent/jj cancellation/nn of/in the/at F-108/nn ,/, a/at long-range/nn interceptor/nn with/in a/at speed/nn three/cd times/nns as/ql great/jj as/cs the/at speed/nn of/in sound/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz designed/vbn for/in use/nn against/in manned/vbn bombers/nns in/in the/at period/nn of/in the/at mid-1960's/nns ./. The/at substantial/jj progress/nn being/beg made/vbn in/in ballistic/jj missile/nn technology/nn is/bez rapidly/rb shifting/vbg the/at main/jjs threat/nn from/in manned/vbn bombers/nns to/in missiles/nns ./. Considering/in the/at high/jj cost/nn of/in the/at F-108/nn system/nn --/-- over/in $4/nns billion/cd for/in the/at force/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben planned/vbn --/-- and/cc the/at time/nn period/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps would/md become/vb operational/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz decided/vbn to/to stop/vb further/ap work/nn on/in the/at project/nn ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, other/ap air/nn defense/nn forces/nns are/ber being/beg made/vbn effective/jj ,/, as/cs described/vbn later/rbr in/in this/dt message/nn ./. The/at size/nn and/cc scope/nn of/in other/ap important/jj programs/nns have/hv been/ben reduced/vbn from/in earlier/jjr plans/nns ./. Notable/jj in/in this/dt category/nn are/ber the/at Jupiter/np and/cc Thor/np intermediate/jj range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns ,/, which/wdt have/hv been/ben successfully/rb developed/vbn ,/, produced/vbn ,/, and/cc deployed/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at relative/jj importance/nn of/in which/wdt has/hvz diminished/vbn with/in the/at increasing/vbg availability/nn of/in the/at Atlas/np intercontinental/jj ballistic/jj missile/nn ./. The/at impact/nn of/in technological/jj factors/nns is/bez also/rb illustrated/vbn by/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at high-energy/nn fuel/nn program/nn ./. This/dt project/nn was/bedz started/vbn at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb there/ex was/bedz a/at critical/jj need/nn for/in a/at high-energy/nn fuel/nn to/to provide/vb an/at extra/jj margin/nn of/in range/nn for/in high/jj performance/nn aircraft/nn ,/, particularly/rb our/pp$ heavy/jj bombers/nns ./. Continuing/vbg technical/jj problems/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at use/nn of/in this/dt fuel/nn ,/, coupled/vbn with/in significant/jj improvements/nns in/in aircraft/nn range/nn through/in other/ap means/nns ,/, have/hv now/rb raised/vbn serious/jj questions/nns about/in the/at value/nn of/in the/at high-energy/nn fuel/nn program/nn ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, the/at scope/nn of/in this/dt project/nn has/hvz been/ben sharply/rb curtailed/vbn ./. These/dts examples/nns underscore/vb the/at importance/nn of/in even/ql more/ql searching/vbg evaluations/nns of/in new/jj major/jj development/nn programs/nns and/cc even/ql more/ql penetrating/jj and/cc far-ranging/jj analyses/nns of/in the/at potentialities/nns of/in future/jj technology/nn ./. The/at cost/nn of/in developing/vbg a/at major/jj weapon/nn system/nn is/bez now/rb so/ql enormous/jj that/cs the/at greatest/jjt care/nn must/md be/be exercised/vbn in/in selecting/vbg new/jj systems/nns for/in development/nn ,/, in/in determining/vbg the/at most/ql satisfactory/jj rate/nn of/in development/nn ,/, and/cc in/in deciding/vbg the/at proper/jj time/nn at/in which/wdt either/cc to/to place/vb a/at system/nn into/in production/nn or/cc to/to abandon/vb it/ppo ./. Strategic/jj-hl forces/nns-hl ./.-hl --/-- The/at deterrent/nn power/nn of/in our/pp$ Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl comes/vbz from/in both/abx their/pp$ nuclear/jj retaliatory/jj capability/nn and/cc their/pp$ capability/nn to/to conduct/vb other/ap essential/jj operations/nns in/in any/dti form/nn of/in war/nn ./. The/at first/od capability/nn is/bez represented/vbn by/in a/at combination/nn of/in manned/vbn bombers/nns ,/, carrier-based/jj aircraft/nn ,/, and/cc intercontinental/jj and/cc intermediate/jj range/nn missiles/nns ./. The/at second/od capability/nn is/bez represented/vbn by/in our/pp$ deployed/vbn ground/nn ,/, naval/jj ,/, and/cc air/nn forces/nns in/in essential/jj forward/jj areas/nns ,/, together/rb with/in ready/jj reserves/nns capable/jj of/in effecting/vbg early/jj emergency/nn reinforcement/nn ./. The/at Strategic/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Command/nn-tl is/bez the/at principal/jjs element/nn of/in our/pp$ long-range/nn nuclear/jj capability/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at important/jj and/cc difficult/jj decisions/nns which/wdt had/hvd to/to be/be made/vbn in/in this/dt budget/nn concerned/vbd the/at role/nn of/in the/at B-70/nn ,/, a/at long-range/nn supersonic/jj bomber/nn ./. This/dt aircraft/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz planned/vbn for/in initial/jj operational/jj use/nn about/rb 1965/cd ,/, would/md be/be complementary/jj to/in but/cc likewise/rb competitive/jj with/in the/at four/cd strategic/jj ballistic/jj missile/nn systems/nns ,/, all/abn of/in which/wdt are/ber scheduled/vbn to/to become/vb available/jj earlier/rbr ./. The/at first/od Atlas/np ICBM's/nn are/ber now/rb operational/jj ,/, the/at first/od two/cd Polaris/np submarines/nns are/ber expected/vbn to/to be/be operational/jj this/dt calendar/nn year/nn ,/, and/cc the/at first/od Titan/np ICBM's/nn next/ap year/nn ./. The/at Minuteman/np solid-fueled/jj ICBM/nn is/bez planned/vbn to/to be/be operational/jj about/rb mid-1963/cd ./. By/in 1965/cd ,/, several/ap or/cc all/abn of/in these/dts systems/nns will/md have/hv been/ben fully/rb tested/vbn and/cc their/pp$ reliability/nn established/vbn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at need/nn for/in the/at B-70/nn as/cs a/at strategic/jj weapon/nn system/nn is/bez doubtful/jj ./. However/rb ,/, I/ppss am/bem recommending/vbg that/cs development/nn work/nn on/in the/at B-70/nn air-frame/nn and/cc engines/nns be/be continued/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez expected/vbn that/cs in/in 1963/cd two/cd prototype/nn aircraft/nns will/md be/be available/jj for/in flight/nn testing/nn ./. By/in that/dt time/nn we/ppss should/md be/be in/in a/at much/ql better/jjr position/nn to/to determine/vb the/at value/nn of/in that/dt aircraft/nn as/cs a/at weapon/nn system/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem recommending/vbg additional/jj acquisitions/nns of/in the/at improved/vbn version/nn of/in the/at B-52/nn (/( the/at B-52H/nn with/in the/at new/jj turbofan/nn engine/nn )/) and/cc procurement/nn of/in the/at B-58/nn supersonic/jj medium/jj bomber/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at supporting/vbg refueling/vbg tankers/nns in/in each/dt case/nn ./. These/dts additional/jj modern/jj bombers/nns will/md replace/vb some/dti of/in the/at older/jjr B-47/nn medium/jj bombers/nns ;/. ;/. one/cd B-52/nn can/md do/do the/at work/nn of/in several/ap B-47's/nn which/wdt it/pps will/md replace/vb ./. Funds/nns are/ber also/rb included/vbn in/in this/dt budget/nn to/to continue/vb the/at equipping/nn of/in the/at B-52/nn wings/nns with/in the/at Hound/nn-tl Dog/nn-tl air-to-surface/jj missile/nn ./. In/in the/at coming/vbg fiscal/jj year/nn additional/jj quantities/nns of/in Atlas/np ,/, Titan/np ,/, and/cc Polaris/np missiles/nns also/rb will/md be/be procured/vbn ./.

ch22

ch22 |@word purchase:7 authorization:3 include:6 provision:4 relate:5 sale:6 delivery:1 commodity:15 class:1 type:1 variety:1 food:3 grain:2 time:9 circumstance:1 deposit:3 rupee:20 accrue:6 relevant:1 matter:3 3:4 united:42 states:42 recognize:1 desire:1 india:28 accumulate:1 quickly:1 possible:3 substantial:1 part:1 one:1 million:8 ton:1 reserve:2 stock:2 rice:5 provide:5 agreement:26 assist:1 stabilize:1 internal:1 market:6 first:2 annual:1 review:2 availability:2 make:8 august:1 1960:2 consideration:1 give:1 whether:2 light:1 supply:2 available:4 title:2 1:22 disposal:1 production:2 consumption:2 import:17 country:5 friendly:2 storage:2 capacity:1 related:1 factor:1 increase:3 would:3 portion:1 total:2 program:3 currently:1 plan:1 procurement:1 year:5 4:5 two:7 government:45 agree:14 issuance:1 wheat:1 june:2 30:2 1961:2 shall:12 dependent:1 upon:10 determination:1 surplus:3 act:16 right:2 terminate:1 financing:5 determine:2 action:1 necessitate:1 existence:1 international:2 emergency:1 article:14 2:16 use:17 america:19 consequence:2 pursuant:7 manner:1 order:1 priority:1 follow:4 purpose:12 amount:4 show:1 expenditure:2 subsection:4 b:11 e:8 f:1 h:1 r:1 section:11 104:12 equivalent:6 200:1 grant:6 538:2 finance:7 project:17 promote:3 balanced:2 economic:15 development:10 may:11 mutually:4 c:10 loan:19 g:3 term:1 condition:3 set:2 forth:1 separate:1 event:3 reach:1 within:5 six:2 date:4 local:2 currency:5 authorize:6 different:1 specify:2 paragraph:9 adjust:1 proportionately:1 account:1 payment:1 ocean:1 transportation:2 cost:3 except:2 excess:1 result:2 requirement:1 flag:1 vessel:1 rate:4 exchange:1 dollar:4 generally:1 applicable:1 transaction:2 exclude:1 preferential:1 effect:1 disbursement:2 bank:15 general:2 undertaking:1 take:2 measure:1 prevent:1 resale:2 transshipment:2 domestic:1 specifically:1 approve:4 agricultural:11 assure:3 like:2 export:16 reasonable:2 precaution:1 displace:1 usual:2 marketing:2 unduly:1 disrupt:1 world:1 price:1 normal:1 pattern:1 commercial:1 trade:3 carry:2 seek:1 extent:1 practicable:1 commerce:1 permit:1 private:1 trader:1 function:1 effectively:1 good:5 endeavor:1 develop:1 extend:1 continuous:1 demand:1 furnish:2 request:4 information:3 progress:2 particularly:1 respect:5 arrival:1 maintenance:1 5:2 consultation:1 either:1 consult:1 regard:3 application:4 operation:1 arrangement:1 6:1 entry:1 force:2 enter:1 signature:1 witness:1 whereof:1 respective:1 representative:4 duly:1 sign:2 present:1 washington:8 duplicate:1 fourth:1 day:3 dwight:1 eisenhower:1 patil:1 excellency:1 honor:1 refer:3 today:1 hereinafter:2 indicate:4 state:1 understanding:2 facility:4 conversion:1 maximum:1 per:1 subject:1 need:2 secure:1 fund:2 activity:2 utilize:1 pay:1 service:4 connection:1 percent:1 receive:2 assistance:2 amend:1 administrative:1 expense:1 incident:1 thereto:2 understand:2 business:3 firm:4 branch:1 subsidiary:1 affiliate:1 expansion:1 indian:1 establishment:1 aid:1 utilization:2 distribution:1 otherwise:1 product:1 aside:1 advance:2 propose:7 agreeable:2 department:10 affair:2 affairs:8 ministry:1 secretary:1 designate:2 president:1 receipt:2 prepared:3 consider:1 inform:1 identity:1 applicant:1 nature:1 proceed:1 expend:1 favorably:2 notify:2 interest:2 repayment:1 period:2 similar:1 prevail:1 comparable:1 maturity:1 consistent:2 sixty:2 notice:1 objection:2 unless:1 communication:2 decline:1 emphasis:1 sector:2 structure:1 agriculture:1 industry:1 fertilizer:1 irrigation:1 power:1 transport:1 credit:1 institution:1 public:1 health:1 education:1 rehabilitation:1 cooperation:1 coordinate:1 direct:1 source:1 channel:1 specific:1 clearly:1 identifiable:1 deliver:1 render:1 category:1 later:2 eligible:1 reimburse:1 presentation:1 documentation:1 maintain:3 cause:1 book:3 record:5 adequate:1 identify:1 disclose:1 thereof:2 duration:1 expiration:1 three:1 final:1 whichever:1 examine:1 document:1 correspondence:1 memoranda:1 involve:1 enable:1 observe:1 reasonably:1 concern:1 mention:1

Purchase/nn authorizations/nns will/md include/vb provisions/nns relating/vbg to/in the/at sale/nn and/cc delivery/nn of/in commodities/nns ,/, including/in the/at classes/nns ,/, types/nns and/or/cc varieties/nns of/in food/nn grain/nn ,/, the/at time/nn and/cc circumstances/nns of/in deposit/nn of/in the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg from/in such/jj sale/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap relevant/jj matters/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl recognizes/vbz the/at desire/nn of/in India/np to/to accumulate/vb ,/, as/ql quickly/rb as/cs possible/jj ,/, a/at substantial/jj part/nn of/in the/at one/cd million/cd ton/nn reserve/nn stock/nn of/in rice/nn provided/vbn for/in in/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl to/to assist/vb in/in stabilizing/vbg the/at internal/jj markets/nns for/in this/dt commodity/nn in/in India/np ./. Under/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl the/at first/od annual/jj review/nn of/in rice/nn availabilities/nns will/md be/be made/vbn in/in August/np 1960/cd ./. At/in that/dt time/nn consideration/nn will/md be/be given/vbn to/in whether/cs in/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl supplies/nns of/in rice/nn available/jj for/in Title/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, disposal/nn ,/, India's/np$ production/nn ,/, consumption/nn and/cc stocks/nns of/in food/nn grains/nns ,/, other/ap imports/nns from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc countries/nns friendly/jj to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, India's/np$ storage/nn capacity/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap related/vbn factors/nns ,/, any/dti increase/nn would/md be/be possible/jj in/in the/at portion/nn of/in the/at total/jj rice/nn programmed/vbn which/wdt is/bez currently/rb planned/vbn for/in procurement/nn during/in the/at first/od year/nn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs the/at issuance/nn of/in purchase/nn authorizations/nns for/in wheat/nn and/cc rice/nn providing/vbg for/in purchase/nn after/in June/np 30/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, shall/md be/be dependent/jj upon/in the/at determination/nn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Government/nn-tl that/cs these/dts commodities/nns are/ber in/in surplus/nn supply/nn and/cc available/jj under/in Title/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Act/nn-tl at/in that/dt time/nn ./. The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Government/nn-tl shall/md have/hv the/at right/nn to/to terminate/vb the/at financing/nn of/in further/ap sales/nns under/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl of/in any/dti commodity/nn if/cs it/pps determines/vbz at/in any/dti time/nn after/in June/np 30/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, that/cs such/jj action/nn is/bez necessitated/vbn by/in the/at existence/nn of/in an/at international/jj emergency/nn ./. Article/nn-hl 2/cd-hl ,/, uses/nns-hl of/in-hl rupees/nns-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl as/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in sales/nns made/vbn pursuant/jj to/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl will/md be/be used/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, in/in such/jj manner/nn and/cc order/nn of/in priority/nn as/cs the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl shall/md determine/vb ,/, for/in the/at following/vbg purposes/nns in/in the/at amounts/nns shown/vbn :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl For/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl expenditures/nns under/in subsections/nns (/( A/np )/) ,/, (/( B/np )/) ,/, (/( D/np )/) ,/, (/( E/np )/) ,/, (/( F/np )/) ,/, (/( H/np )/) through/in (/( R/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl or/cc under/in any/dti of/in such/jj subsections/nns ,/, the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in $200/nns million/cd ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl For/in grant/nn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl under/in subsection/nn (/( E/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in not/* more/ap than/in $538/nns million/cd for/in financing/vbg such/jj projects/nns to/to promote/vb balanced/vbn economic/jj development/nn as/cs may/md from/in time/nn to/in time/nn be/be mutually/rb agreed/vbn ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl For/in loan/nn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl under/in subsection/nn (/( G/np )/) of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in not/* more/ap than/in $538/nns million/cd for/in financing/vbg such/jj projects/nns to/to promote/vb balanced/vbn economic/jj development/nn as/cs may/md be/be mutually/rb agreed/vbn ./. The/at terms/nns and/cc conditions/nns of/in the/at loan/nn and/cc other/ap provisions/nns will/md be/be set/vbn forth/rb in/in a/at separate/jj agreement/nn by/in the/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl ./. In/in the/at event/nn that/cs agreement/nn is/bez not/* reached/vbn on/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at rupees/nns for/in grant/nn or/cc loan/nn purposes/nns within/in six/cd years/nns from/in the/at date/nn of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ,/, the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl may/md use/vb the/at local/jj currency/nn for/in any/dti purposes/nns authorized/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in the/at event/nn the/at total/nn of/in rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl as/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in sales/nns made/vbn pursuant/jj to/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl is/bez different/jj from/in the/at rupee/nn equivalent/jj of/in $1,276/nns million/cd ,/, the/at amounts/nns available/jj for/in the/at purposes/nns specified/vbn in/in paragraph/nn 1/cd ,/, Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, will/md be/be adjusted/vbn proportionately/rb ./. Article/nn-hl 3/cd-hl ,/, deposit/nn-hl of/in-hl rupees/nns-hl The/at deposit/nn of/in rupees/nns to/in the/at account/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in payment/nn for/in the/at commodities/nns and/cc for/in ocean/nn transportation/nn costs/nns financed/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl (/( except/in excess/jj costs/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at requirement/nn that/cs United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl flag/nn vessels/nns be/be used/vbn )/) shall/md be/be made/vbn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in exchange/nn for/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dollars/nns generally/rb applicable/jj to/in import/nn transactions/nns (/( excluding/in imports/nns granted/vbn a/at preferential/jj rate/nn )/) in/in effect/nn on/in the/at dates/nns of/in dollar/nn disbursement/nn by/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl banks/nns ,/, or/cc by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, as/cs provided/vbn in/in the/at purchase/nn authorizations/nns ./. Article/nn-hl 4/cd-hl ,/, general/jj-hl undertakings/nns-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl agrees/vbz that/cs it/pps will/md take/vb all/abn possible/jj measures/nns to/to prevent/vb the/at resale/nn or/cc transshipment/nn to/in other/ap countries/nns or/cc the/at use/nn for/in other/ap than/cs domestic/jj purposes/nns (/( except/in where/wrb such/jj resale/nn ,/, transshipment/nn or/cc use/nn is/bez specifically/rb approved/vbn by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl )/) ,/, of/in the/at surplus/jj agricultural/jj commodities/nns purchased/vbn pursuant/jj to/in the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ,/, and/cc to/to assure/vb that/cs the/at purchase/nn of/in such/jj commodities/nns does/doz not/* result/vb in/in increased/vbn availability/nn of/in these/dts or/cc like/jj commodities/nns for/in export/nn from/in India/np ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs they/ppss will/md take/vb reasonable/jj precautions/nns to/to assure/vb that/cs all/abn sales/nns or/cc purchases/nns of/in surplus/jj agricultural/jj commodities/nns ,/, pursuant/jj to/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl will/md not/* displace/vb usual/jj marketings/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl in/in these/dts commodities/nns ,/, or/cc unduly/rb disrupt/vb world/nn prices/nns of/in agricultural/jj commodities/nns or/cc normal/jj patterns/nns of/in commercial/jj trade/nn with/in friendly/jj countries/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in carrying/vbg out/rp this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ,/, the/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl will/md seek/vb to/to assure/vb ,/, to/in the/at extent/nn practicable/jj ,/, conditions/nns of/in commerce/nn permitting/vbg private/jj traders/nns to/to function/vb effectively/rb and/cc will/md use/vb their/pp$ best/jjt endeavors/nns to/to develop/vb and/cc extend/vb continuous/jj market/nn demand/nn for/in agricultural/jj commodities/nns ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl agrees/vbz to/to furnish/vb ,/, upon/in request/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, information/nn on/in the/at progress/nn of/in the/at program/nn ,/, particularly/rb with/in respect/nn to/in the/at arrival/nn and/cc condition/nn of/in commodities/nns and/cc the/at provisions/nns for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in usual/jj marketings/nns ,/, and/cc information/nn relating/vbg to/in exports/nns of/in the/at same/ap or/cc like/jj commodities/nns ./. Article/nn-hl 5/cd-hl ,/, consultation/nn-hl The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl will/md ,/, upon/in the/at request/nn of/in either/dtx of/in them/ppo ,/, consult/vb regarding/in any/dti matter/nn relating/vbg to/in the/at application/nn of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl or/cc to/in the/at operation/nn of/in arrangements/nns carried/vbn out/rp pursuant/jj to/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl ./. Article/nn-hl 6/cd-hl ,/, entry/nn-hl into/in-hl force/nn-hl The/at agreement/nn shall/md enter/vb into/in force/nn upon/in signature/nn ./. In/in witness/nn whereof/wrb ,/, the/at respective/jj representatives/nns ,/, duly/rb authorized/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn ,/, have/hv signed/vbn the/at present/jj Agreement/nn-tl ./. Done/vbn at/in Washington/np in/in duplicate/nn this/dt fourth/od day/nn of/in May/np 1960/cd ./. For/in the/at government/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl :/: Dwight/np D./np Eisenhower/np for/in the/at government/nn of/in India/np-tl :/: S./np K./np Patil/np Excellency/nn-tl :/: I/ppss have/hv the/at honor/nn to/to refer/vb to/in the/at Agricultural/jj-tl Commodities/nns-tl Agreement/nn-tl signed/vbd today/nr between/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl and/cc the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl (/( hereinafter/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at Agreement/nn-tl )/) and/cc ,/, with/in regard/nn to/in the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in uses/nns indicated/vbn under/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl ,/, to/to state/vb that/cs the/at understanding/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl is/bez as/cs follows/vbz :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl With/in respect/nn to/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, Paragraph/nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( A/np )/) of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at Government/nn-tl of/in India/np-tl will/md provide/vb facilities/nns for/in the/at conversions/nns of/in the/at rupee/nn equivalent/nn of/in $4/nns million/cd (/( up/rp to/in a/at maximum/nn of/in $1/nns million/cd per/in year/nn )/) accruing/vbg under/in the/at subject/nn agreement/nn for/in agricultural/jj market/nn development/nn purposes/nns into/in currencies/nns other/ap than/cs United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl dollars/nns on/in request/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ./. This/dt facility/nn is/bez needed/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in securing/vbg funds/nns to/to finance/vb agricultural/jj market/nn development/nn activities/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in other/ap countries/nns ./. The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl may/md utilize/vb rupees/nns in/in India/np to/to pay/vb for/in goods/nns and/cc services/nns ,/, including/in international/jj transportation/nn needed/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in market/nn development/nn and/cc other/ap agricultural/jj projects/nns and/cc activities/nns in/in India/np and/cc other/ap countries/nns ./. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at rupee/nn equivalent/nn of/in $63.8/nns million/cd ,/, but/cc not/* more/ap than/in 5/cd percent/nn of/in the/at currencies/nns received/vbn under/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl will/md be/be used/vbn for/in loans/nns to/to be/be made/vbn by/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl under/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) of/in the/at Agricultural/jj-tl Trade/nn-tl Development/nn-tl and/cc-tl Assistance/nn-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, as/cs amended/vbn (/( hereinafter/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at Act/nn-tl )/) ,/, and/cc for/in administrative/jj expenses/nns of/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in Washington/np in/in India/np incident/jj thereto/rb ./. It/pps is/bez understood/vbn that/cs :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl Such/jj loans/nns under/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) of/in the/at Act/nn-tl will/md be/be made/vbn to/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl business/nn firms/nns and/cc branches/nns ,/, subsidiaries/nns ,/, or/cc affiliates/nns of/in such/jj firms/nns in/in India/np for/in business/nn development/nn and/cc trade/nn expansion/nn in/in India/np and/cc to/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl firms/nns and/cc to/in Indian/jj firms/nns for/in the/at establishment/nn of/in facilities/nns for/in aiding/vbg in/in the/at utilization/nn ,/, distribution/nn ,/, or/cc otherwise/rb increasing/vbg the/at consumption/nn of/in and/cc markets/nns for/in United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl agricultural/jj products/nns ./. In/in the/at event/nn the/at rupees/nns set/vbn aside/rb for/in loans/nns under/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) of/in the/at Act/nn-tl are/ber not/* advanced/vbn within/in six/cd years/nns from/in the/at date/nn of/in this/dt Agreement/nn-tl because/cs the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl has/hvz not/* approved/vbn loans/nns or/cc because/cs proposed/vbn loans/nns have/hv not/* been/ben mutually/rb agreeable/jj to/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl and/cc the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ,/, the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl may/md use/vb the/at rupees/nns for/in any/dti purpose/nn authorized/vbn by/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl Loans/nns will/md be/be mutually/rb agreeable/jj to/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl and/cc the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl acting/vbg through/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Ministry/nn-tl of/in-tl Finance/nn-tl ./. The/at Secretary/nn-tl ,/, Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ,/, or/cc his/pp$ designate/nn ,/, will/md act/vb for/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl ,/, or/cc his/pp$ designate/nn ,/, will/md act/vb for/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl ./. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl Upon/in receipt/nn of/in an/at application/nn which/wdt the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl is/bez prepared/vbn to/to consider/vb ,/, the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl will/md inform/vb the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl of/in the/at identity/nn of/in the/at applicant/nn ,/, the/at nature/nn of/in the/at proposed/vbn business/nn ,/, the/at amount/nn of/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ,/, and/cc the/at general/jj purposes/nns for/in which/wdt the/at loan/nn proceeds/nns would/md be/be expended/vbn ./. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl When/wrb the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl is/bez prepared/vbn to/to act/vb favorably/rb upon/in an/at application/nn ,/, it/pps will/md so/rb notify/vb the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl and/cc will/md indicate/vb the/at interest/nn rate/nn and/cc the/at repayment/nn period/nn which/wdt would/md be/be used/vbn under/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ./. The/at interest/nn rate/nn will/md be/be similar/jj to/in those/dts prevailing/vbg in/in India/np on/in comparable/jj loans/nns and/cc the/at maturities/nns will/md be/be consistent/jj with/in the/at purposes/nns of/in the/at financing/nn ./. (/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl Within/in sixty/cd days/nns after/in the/at receipt/nn of/in notice/nn that/cs the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl is/bez prepared/vbn to/to act/vb favorably/rb upon/in an/at application/nn the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl will/md indicate/vb to/in the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl whether/cs or/cc not/* the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl has/hvz any/dti objection/nn to/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ./. Unless/cs within/in the/at sixty-day/jj period/nn the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl has/hvz received/vbn such/abl a/at communication/nn from/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl it/pps shall/md be/be understood/vbn that/cs the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl has/hvz no/at objection/nn to/in the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ./. When/wrb the/at Export-Import/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl approves/vbz or/cc declines/vbz the/at proposed/vbn loan/nn ,/, it/pps will/md notify/vb the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Economic/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl With/in respect/nn to/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) :/: Uses/nns of/in Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) and/cc Section/nn-tl 104/cd-tl (/( G/np )/) rupees/nns :/: The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl will/md use/vb the/at amount/nn of/in rupees/nns granted/vbn or/cc loaned/vbn to/in it/ppo by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl pursuant/jj to/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) for/in projects/nns to/to promote/vb economic/jj development/nn with/in emphasis/nn upon/in the/at agricultural/jj sector/nn including/in food/nn reserve/nn storage/nn structures/nns and/cc facilities/nns as/cs may/md from/in time/nn to/in time/nn be/be agreed/vbn upon/rb by/in the/at authorized/vbn representatives/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc the/at authorized/vbn representatives/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ,/, in/in the/at following/vbg sectors/nns :/: A/np-hl ./.-hl Agriculture/nn ;/. ;/. B/np-hl ./. Industry/nn ,/, including/in the/at production/nn of/in fertilizer/nn ,/, irrigation/nn and/cc power/nn ,/, transport/nn and/cc communications/nns ,/, and/cc credit/nn institutions/nns ;/. ;/. C/np-hl ./.-hl Public/jj health/nn ,/, education/nn ,/, and/cc rehabilitation/nn ;/. ;/. D/np-hl ./.-hl Other/ap economic/jj development/nn projects/nns consistent/jj with/in the/at purposes/nns of/in Sections/nns-tl 104/cd-tl (/( E/np )/) and/cc 104/cd-tl (/( G/np )/) of/in the/at Act/nn-tl ./. The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl further/rbr agrees/vbz in/in cooperation/nn with/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, to/to coordinate/vb the/at use/nn of/in grant/nn and/cc loan/nn funds/nns provided/vbn for/in in/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, with/in such/jj direct/jj dollar/nn assistance/nn as/cs may/md be/be made/vbn available/jj by/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, so/cs that/cs both/abx sources/nns of/in financing/vbg may/md be/be channeled/vbn to/in specific/jj and/cc clearly/ql identifiable/jj economic/jj development/nn programs/nns and/cc projects/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl It/pps is/bez agreed/vbn that/cs any/dti goods/nns delivered/vbn or/cc services/nns rendered/vbn after/in the/at date/nn of/in this/dt agreement/nn for/in projects/nns within/in categories/nns A/nn ,/, B/nn ,/, and/cc C/nn under/in paragraph/nn 2/cd above/in which/wdt may/md later/rbr be/be approved/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl will/md be/be eligible/jj for/in financing/vbg from/in currency/nn granted/vbn or/cc loaned/vbn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl With/in regard/nn to/in the/at rupees/nns accruing/vbg to/in uses/nns indicated/vbn under/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl ,/, the/at understanding/nn of/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, with/in respect/nn to/in both/abx paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, is/bez as/cs follows/vbz :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl Local/jj currency/nn will/md be/be advanced/vbn or/cc reimbursed/vbn to/in the/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl for/in financing/vbg agreed/vbn projects/nns under/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl upon/in the/at presentation/nn of/in such/jj documentation/nn as/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl may/md specify/vb ./. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl shall/md maintain/vb or/cc cause/vb to/to be/be maintained/vbn books/nns and/cc records/nns adequate/jj to/to identify/vb the/at goods/nns and/cc services/nns financed/vbn for/in agreed/vbn projects/nns pursuant/jj to/in paragraphs/nns 1/cd (/( B/np )/) and/cc 1/cd (/( C/np )/) of/in Article/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Agreement/nn-tl ,/, to/to disclose/vb the/at use/nn thereof/rb in/in the/at projects/nns and/cc to/to record/vb the/at progress/nn of/in the/at projects/nns (/( including/in the/at cost/nn thereof/rb )/) ./. The/at books/nns and/cc records/nns with/in respect/nn to/in each/dt project/nn shall/md be/be maintained/vbn for/in the/at duration/nn of/in the/at project/nn ,/, or/cc until/in the/at expiration/nn of/in three/cd years/nns after/cs final/jj disbursement/nn for/in the/at project/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, whichever/wdt is/bez later/rbr ./. The/at two/cd Governments/nns-tl shall/md have/hv the/at right/nn at/in all/abn reasonable/jj times/nns to/to examine/vb such/jj books/nns and/cc records/nns and/cc all/abn other/ap documents/nns ,/, correspondence/nn ,/, memoranda/nns and/cc other/ap records/nns involving/vbg transactions/nns relating/vbg to/in agreed/vbn projects/nns ./. The/at Government/nn-tl of/in-tl India/np-tl shall/md enable/vb the/at authorized/vbn representatives/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl to/to observe/vb and/cc review/vb agreed/vbn projects/nns and/cc the/at utilization/nn of/in goods/nns and/cc services/nns financed/vbn under/in the/at projects/nns ,/, and/cc shall/md furnish/vb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl all/abn such/jj information/nn as/cs it/pps shall/md reasonably/rb request/vb concerning/in the/at above-mentioned/jj matters/nns and/cc the/at expenditures/nns related/vbn thereto/rb ./.

ch23

ch23 |@word broad:1 delegation:1 leave:1 within:3 discretion:1 subject:2 always:2 present:5 criterion:1 public:1 interest:1 determination:2 degree:4 interference:28 shall:2 consider:2 excessive:2 method:1 avoid:1 3:5 proceeding:4 concerned:1 standard:7 broadcast:4 band:2 540:1 kc:2 1600:1 whenever:1 two:3 station:56 operate:16 simultaneously:1 closely:2 adjacent:2 frequency:15 interfere:1 extent:7 reception:1 may:4 slight:1 undetectable:1 point:6 either:3 render:7 usable:1 signal:13 great:6 virtually:1 destroy:1 service:29 area:6 depend:1 many:9 factor:3 among:1 principal:1 one:6 distance:4 respective:1 radiate:2 power:6 particular:4 significance:3 time:12 day:3 play:1 part:1 involve:3 year:4 position:1 sunspot:1 cycle:1 ground:1 conductivity:1 along:1 transmission:5 path:1 atmospheric:1 manmade:1 noise:1 existence:1 variable:2 obviously:1 never:1 possible:5 commission:4 make:6 assignment:9 case:4 basis:4 insure:1 circumstance:1 rather:1 must:5 certain:1 overall:2 rule:6 represent:5 statistical:1 approach:1 problem:2 take:5 account:3 situation:2 separation:1 average:2 order:2 achieve:2 balance:2 strike:1 protection:3 destructive:3 number:9 large:7 enough:1 afford:2 optimum:3 radio:3 nation:2 example:1 apply:4 ratio:2 establish:1 cochannel:5 regard:1 objectionable:3 determined:1 exist:1 b:5 intensity:2 twentieth:1 strength:3 4:3 embody:1 fundamental:2 limiting:1 principle:2 allocation:10 potential:1 source:1 much:2 provide:6 useful:1 second:1 particularly:1 difference:2 nighttime:13 daytime:15 propagation:5 condition:9 respect:4 phenomenon:2 familiar:1 listener:5 result:1 reflection:1 skywave:32 night:7 ionized:1 layer:1 upper:1 atmosphere:1 know:1 ionosphere:3 groundwave:6 hour:15 middle:1 radiation:2 reflect:4 substantial:2 quantity:1 portion:1 general:1 negligible:1 thereby:1 create:2 possibility:2 rendering:1 via:1 vastly:1 complicate:1 still:1 cause:3 necessary:3 evolve:1 different:3 structure:1 broadcasting:1 5:1 recognize:3 ago:1 transition:1 vice:1 versa:1 instantaneous:1 process:2 place:1 period:3 roughly:2 2:15 sunset:9 sunrise:7 around:2 build:1 full:2 prevail:2 decline:1 reach:2 become:1 little:1 practical:1 however:1 elsewhere:1 arrive:1 single:1 averaging:1 thus:1 fix:1 would:1 divide:1 determine:2 respectively:2 use:7 purpose:1 accordingly:2 1938:3 39:2 adopt:1 limitation:1 upon:2 operation:6 class:26 clear:7 channel:14 require:5 cease:1 restriction:3 begin:1 local:5 location:1 dominant:5 1:15 locate:1 west:1 limited:2 regional:3 protect:6 curve:2 fig:1 sec:1 give:1 value:1 derive:1 analysis:1 extensive:2 measurement:1 datum:3 nature:1 variability:1 wide:2 fluctuation:1 reason:1 uncertain:1 denominate:1 secondary:2 compare:1 steady:1 reliable:1 primary:2 express:1 term:1 percentage:1 level:1 exceed:1 50:1 percent:2 10:2 policy:2 6:1 mention:2 provision:5 opportunity:1 adequate:3 course:2 base:1 objective:8 desire:1 maximum:1 state:1 choice:1 origin:1 since:4 inconsistent:1 fully:1 realize:2 corresponding:1 reduction:1 achievement:1 pattern:3 necessarily:1 good:1 assign:7 45:1 primarily:1 design:1 deal:1 list:1 first:1 predominant:1 subordinate:2 contours:2 permit:4 united:1 states:1 specify:1 free:3 whereever:1 receive:2 freedom:1 capable:1 entail:1 unless:1 step:1 minimize:1 7:1 designate:1 generally:1 low:2 work:1 long:1 range:1 multiple:1 facility:1 community:2 8:1 follow:1 widespread:1 intense:1 satisfactorily:1 rely:1 therefore:1 longstanding:1 wherever:1 remainder:1 describe:1 relatively:2 small:1 directionally:1 reduce:1 hand:1 inefficient:1 substantially:1 additional:5 without:1 outlet:1 appropriate:1 similarly:1 directional:1 antenna:1 9:1 essentially:1 question:1 decision:3 whether:2 1939:1 sound:1 light:1 later:1 development:2 new:2 understanding:2 immediately:1 history:1 accumulation:2 amount:1 thorough:1 study:1 thereof:1 notable:1 increase:1 also:1 technique:1 lead:1 well:1 1947:1 affidavit:1 file:1 various:1 allege:1 daylight:1 whose:1 intereference:1

This/dt broad/jj delegation/nn leaves/vbz within/in our/pp$ discretion/nn (/( subject/jj to/in the/at always-present/jj criterion/nn of/in the/at public/jj interest/nn )/) both/abx the/at determination/nn of/in what/wdt degree/nn of/in interference/nn shall/md be/be considered/vbn excessive/jj ,/, and/cc the/at methods/nns by/in which/wdt such/jj excessive/jj interference/nn shall/md be/be avoided/vbn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at present/jj proceeding/nn is/bez concerned/vbn with/in the/at standard/jj broadcast/nn (/( AM/np )/) band/nn ,/, from/in 540/cd kc./nns to/in 1600/cd kc./nns ./. Whenever/wrb two/cd or/cc more/ap standard/jj broadcast/nn stations/nns operate/vb simultaneously/rb on/in the/at same/ap or/cc closely/rb adjacent/jj frequencies/nns ,/, each/dt interferes/vbz to/in some/dti extent/nn with/in reception/nn of/in the/at other/ap ./. The/at extent/nn of/in such/jj interference/nn --/-- which/wdt may/md be/be so/ql slight/jj as/cs to/to be/be undetectable/jj at/in any/dti point/nn where/wrb either/dtx of/in the/at stations/nns renders/vbz a/at usable/jj signal/nn ,/, or/cc may/md be/be so/ql great/jj as/cs to/to virtually/rb destroy/vb the/at service/nn areas/nns of/in both/abx stations/nns --/-- depends/vbz on/in many/ap factors/nns ,/, among/in the/at principal/jjs ones/nns being/beg the/at distance/nn between/in the/at stations/nns ,/, their/pp$ respective/jj radiated/vbn power/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, of/in particular/jj significance/nn here/rb ,/, the/at time/nn of/in day/nn ./. Other/ap factors/nns playing/vbg a/at part/nn in/in the/at extent/nn of/in AM/nn service/nn and/cc interference/nn are/ber the/at frequency/nn involved/vbn ,/, the/at time/nn of/in year/nn ,/, the/at position/nn of/in the/at year/nn in/in the/at sunspot/nn cycle/nn ,/, ground/nn conductivity/nn along/in the/at transmission/nn path/nn ,/, atmospheric/jj and/cc manmade/jj noise/nn ,/, and/cc others/nns ./. With/in the/at existence/nn of/in these/dts many/ap factors/nns ,/, some/dti of/in them/ppo variable/jj ,/, it/pps obviously/rb has/hvz never/rb been/ben and/cc is/bez not/* now/rb possible/jj for/in the/at Commission/nn-tl to/to make/vb assignments/nns of/in AM/nn stations/nns on/in a/at case-to-case/jj basis/nn which/wdt will/md insure/vb against/in any/dti interference/nn in/in any/dti circumstances/nns ./. Rather/rb ,/, such/jj assignments/nns are/ber made/vbn ,/, as/cs they/ppss must/md be/be ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in certain/jj overall/jj rules/nns and/cc standards/nns ,/, representing/vbg to/in some/dti extent/nn a/at statistical/jj approach/nn to/in the/at problem/nn ,/, taking/vbg into/in account/nn for/in each/dt situation/nn some/dti of/in the/at variables/nns (/( e.g./rb ,/, power/nn and/cc station/nn separations/nns )/) and/cc averaging/vbg out/rp others/nns in/in order/nn to/to achieve/vb the/at balance/nn which/wdt must/md be/be struck/vbn between/in protection/nn against/in destructive/jj interference/nn and/cc the/at assignment/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in stations/nns large/jj enough/qlp to/to afford/vb optimum/jj radio/nn service/nn to/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./. An/at example/nn of/in the/at overall/jj standards/nns applied/vbn is/bez the/at 20-to-1/cd ratio/nn established/vbn for/in the/at determination/nn of/in that/dt degree/nn of/in cochannel/nn interference/nn which/wdt is/bez regarded/vbn as/cs objectionable/jj ./. By/in this/dt standard/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez determined/vbn that/cs where/wrb two/cd stations/nns operating/vbg on/in the/at same/ap frequency/nn are/ber involved/vbn ,/, objectionable/jj interference/nn from/in station/nn A/nn exists/vbz at/in any/dti point/nn within/in the/at service/nn area/nn of/in station/nn B/nn where/wrb station/nn A's/nn$ signal/nn is/bez of/in an/at intensity/nn one-twentieth/nn or/cc more/ap of/in the/at strength/nn of/in station/nn B's/nn signal/nn at/in that/dt point/nn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at 20-to-1/cd ratio/nn for/in cochannel/nn interference/nn embodies/vbz one/cd of/in the/at fundamental/jj limiting/vbg principles/nns which/wdt we/ppss must/md always/rb take/vb into/in account/nn in/in AM/nn assignments/nns and/cc allocations/nns --/-- that/cs signals/nns from/in a/at particular/jj station/nn are/ber potential/jj sources/nns of/in objectionable/jj interference/nn over/in an/at area/nn much/ql greater/jjr than/cs that/dt within/in which/wdt they/ppss provide/vb useful/jj service/nn ./. A/at second/od fundamental/jj principle/nn is/bez that/dt involved/vbn particularly/rb in/in the/at present/jj proceeding/nn --/-- the/at difference/nn between/in nighttime/jj and/cc daytime/jj propagation/nn conditions/nns with/in respect/nn to/in the/at standard/jj broadcast/nn frequencies/nns ./. This/dt is/bez a/at phenomenon/nn familiar/jj to/in all/abn radio/nn listeners/nns ,/, resulting/vbg from/in reflection/nn of/in skywave/nn signals/nns at/in night/nn from/in the/at ionized/vbn layer/nn in/in the/at upper/jj atmosphere/nn known/vbn as/cs the/at ionosphere/nn ./. All/abn AM/nn stations/nns radiate/vb both/abx skywave/nn and/cc groundwave/nn signals/nns ,/, at/in all/abn hours/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc during/in the/at middle/jj daytime/jj hours/nns these/dts skywave/nn radiations/nns are/ber not/* reflected/vbn in/in any/dti substantial/jj quantity/nn ,/, and/cc during/in this/dt portion/nn of/in the/at day/nn both/abx skywave/nn service/nn and/cc skywave/nn interference/nn are/ber ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, negligible/jj ./. But/cc during/in nighttime/jj hours/nns the/at skywave/nn radiations/nns are/ber reflected/vbn from/in the/at ionosphere/nn ,/, thereby/rb creating/vbg the/at possibility/nn of/in one/cd station's/nn$ rendering/vbg service/nn ,/, via/in skywave/nn ,/, at/in a/at much/ql greater/jjr distance/nn than/cs it/pps can/md through/in its/pp$ groundwave/nn signal/nn ,/, and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn vastly/rb complicating/vbg the/at interference/nn problem/nn because/rb of/in the/at still/rb greater/jjr distance/nn over/in which/wdt these/dts skywave/nn signals/nns may/md cause/vb interference/nn to/in the/at signals/nns of/in stations/nns on/in the/at same/ap and/cc closely/rb adjacent/jj frequencies/nns ./. Because/rb of/in the/at difference/nn between/in daytime/jj and/cc nighttime/jj propagation/nn conditions/nns ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben necessary/jj to/to evolve/vb different/jj allocation/nn structures/nns for/in daytime/jj and/cc nighttime/jj broadcasting/nn in/in the/at AM/nn band/nn ,/, with/in many/ql more/ap stations/nns operating/vbg during/in the/at day/nn than/cs at/in night/nn ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl It/pps was/bedz recognized/vbn years/nns ago/rb that/cs the/at transition/nn from/in daytime/jj to/in nighttime/jj propagation/nn conditions/nns ,/, and/cc vice/rb versa/rb ,/, is/bez not/* an/at instantaneous/jj process/nn ,/, but/cc takes/vbz place/nn over/in periods/nns of/in time/nn from/in roughly/rb 2/cd hours/nns before/in sunset/nn until/in about/rb 2/cd hours/nns after/in sunset/nn ,/, and/cc again/rb from/in roughly/rb 2/cd hours/nns before/in sunrise/nn until/in some/rb 2/cd hours/nns after/in sunrise/nn ./. During/in the/at period/nn of/in about/rb 4/cd hours/nns around/in sunset/nn ,/, skywave/nn transmission/nn conditions/nns are/ber building/vbg up/rp until/cs full/jj nighttime/jj conditions/nns prevail/vb ;/. ;/. during/in the/at same/ap period/nn around/in sunrise/nn ,/, skywave/nn transmission/nn is/bez declining/vbg ,/, until/cs at/in about/rb 2/cd hours/nns after/in sunrise/nn it/pps reaches/vbz a/at point/nn where/wrb it/pps becomes/vbz of/in little/ap practical/jj significance/nn ./. However/rb ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn as/cs elsewhere/rb it/pps was/bedz necessary/jj to/to arrive/vb at/in a/at single/ap standard/nn to/to be/be applied/vbn to/in all/abn situations/nns ,/, representing/vbg an/at averaging/nn of/in conditions/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb to/to fix/vb particular/jj points/nns in/in time/nn which/wdt would/md be/be considered/vbn the/at dividing/vbg points/nns between/in daytime/jj and/cc nighttime/jj conditions/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz determined/vbn that/cs the/at hours/nns of/in sunrise/nn and/cc sunset/nn ,/, respectively/rb ,/, should/md be/be used/vbn for/in this/dt purpose/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, the/at 1938-39/cd rules/nns adopted/vbd these/dts hours/nns as/cs limitations/nns upon/in the/at operation/nn of/in daytime/jj stations/nns ./. Class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns operating/vbg on/in clear/jj channels/nns are/ber required/vbn to/to cease/vb operation/nn or/cc operate/vb under/in nighttime/jj restrictions/nns beginning/vbg either/cc at/in local/jj sunset/nn (/( for/in daytime/jj class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns )/) or/cc sunset/nn at/in the/at location/nn of/in the/at dominant/jj class/nn 1/cd ,/, station/nn where/wrb located/vbn west/nr of/in the/at class/nn 2/cd ,/, station/nn (/( for/in limited-time/nn class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns )/) ./. The/at same/ap restrictions/nns apply/vb after/in local/jj sunset/nn in/in the/at case/nn of/in class/nn 3/cd ,/, stations/nns operating/vbg on/in regional/jj channels/nns ,/, which/wdt after/in that/dt time/nn are/ber required/vbn to/to operate/vb under/in nighttime/jj restrictions/nns in/in order/nn to/to protect/vb each/dt other/ap ./. With/in respect/nn to/to nighttime/jj assignments/nns ,/, the/at degree/nn of/in skywave/nn service/nn and/cc interference/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in skywave/nn curves/nns (/( figs./nns 1/cd and/cc 2/cd of/in sec./nn 3.190/cd of/in the/at rules/nns )/) giving/vbg average/jj skywave/nn values/nns ./. These/dts curves/nns were/bed derived/vbn by/in an/at analysis/nn of/in extensive/jj skywave/nn measurement/nn data/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz recognized/vbn that/cs skywave/nn signals/nns ,/, because/rb of/in their/pp$ reflected/vbn nature/nn ,/, are/ber of/in great/jj variability/nn and/cc subject/jj to/in wide/jj fluctuations/nns in/in strength/nn ./. For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, the/at more/ql uncertain/jj skywave/nn service/nn was/bedz denominated/vbn ``/`` secondary/jj ''/'' in/in our/pp$ rules/nns ,/, as/cs compared/vbn to/in the/at steadier/jjr ,/, more/ql reliable/jj groundwave/nn ``/`` primary/jj service/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc ,/, for/in both/abx skywave/nn service/nn and/cc skywave/nn interference/nn ,/, signal/nn strength/nn is/bez expressed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in percentage/nn of/in time/nn a/at particular/jj signal-intensity/nn level/nn is/bez exceeded/vbn --/-- 50/cd percent/nn of/in the/at time/nn for/in skywave/nn service/nn ,/, 10/cd percent/nn of/in the/at time/nn for/in skywave/nn interference/nn ./. Allocation/nn-hl policies/nns-hl 6/cd-hl ./.-hl As/cs mentioned/vbn ,/, the/at allocation/nn of/in AM/nn stations/nns represents/vbz a/at balance/nn between/in protection/nn against/in interference/nn and/cc the/at provision/nn of/in opportunity/nn for/in an/at adequate/jj number/nn of/in stations/nns ./. The/at rules/nns and/cc policies/nns to/to be/be applied/vbn in/in this/dt process/nn of/in course/nn must/md be/be based/vbn on/in objectives/nns which/wdt represent/vb what/wdt is/bez to/to be/be desired/vbn if/cs radio/nn service/nn is/bez to/to be/be of/in maximum/jj use/nn to/in the/at Nation/nn-tl ./. Our/pp$ objectives/nns ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv stated/vbn many/ap times/nns ,/, are/ber --/-- (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl To/to provide/vb some/dti service/nn to/in all/abn listeners/nns ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl To/to provide/vb as/ql many/ap choices/nns of/in service/nn to/in as/ql many/ap listeners/nns as/cs possible/jj ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl To/to provide/vb service/nn of/in local/jj origin/nn to/in as/ql many/ap listeners/nns as/cs possible/jj ./. Since/cs broadcast/nn frequencies/nns are/ber very/ql limited/vbn in/in number/nn ,/, these/dts objectives/nns are/ber to/in some/dti extent/nn inconsistent/jj in/in that/cs not/* all/abn of/in them/ppo can/md be/be fully/rb realized/vbn ,/, and/cc to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs each/dt is/bez realized/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at corresponding/jj reduction/nn of/in the/at possibilities/nns for/in fullest/jjt achievement/nn of/in the/at others/nns ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl has/hvz recognized/vbn that/cs an/at optimum/jj allocation/nn pattern/nn for/in one/cd frequency/nn does/doz not/* necessarily/rb represent/vb the/at best/jjt pattern/nn for/in other/ap frequencies/nns ,/, and/cc has/hvz assigned/vbn different/jj frequencies/nns for/in use/nn by/in different/jj classes/nns of/in stations/nns ./. Some/rb 45/cd frequencies/nns are/ber assigned/vbn for/in use/nn primarily/rb by/in dominant/jj Class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn or/cc Class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- B/nn clear-channel/jj stations/nns ,/, designed/vbn to/to operate/vb with/in adequate/jj power/nn and/cc to/to provide/vb service/nn --/-- both/abx groundwave/nn and/cc (/( at/in night/nn )/) skywave/nn --/-- over/in large/jj areas/nns and/cc at/in great/jj distances/nns ,/, being/beg protected/vbn against/in interference/nn to/in the/at degree/nn necessary/jj to/to achieve/vb this/dt objective/nn ./. In/in dealing/vbg with/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, the/at objective/nn listed/vbn first/rb above/rb --/-- provision/nn of/in service/nn to/in all/abn listeners/nns --/-- was/bedz predominant/jj ;/. ;/. the/at other/ap objectives/nns were/bed subordinated/vbn to/in it/ppo ./. The/at class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns on/in these/dts clear/jj channels/nns are/ber protected/vbn to/in their/pp$ 0.1-mv./m./nn groundwave/nn contours/nns against/in daytime/jj cochannel/nn interference/nn ./. With/in respect/nn to/in skywave/nn service/nn rendered/vbn at/in night/nn ,/, class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn stations/nns are/ber the/at only/ap stations/nns permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl on/in clear/jj channels/nns specified/vbn for/in class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn operation/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb render/vb skywave/nn service/nn free/jj from/in cochannel/nn interference/nn whereever/wrb they/ppss may/md be/be received/vbn ;/. ;/. class/nn 1/cd ,/, --/-- B/nn stations/nns are/ber protected/vbn at/in night/nn to/in their/pp$ 0.5-mv./m./nn 50-percent/nn time/nn skywave/nn contours/nns against/in cochannel/nn interference/nn ./. Since/cs the/at provision/nn of/in skywave/nn service/nn requires/vbz adequate/jj freedom/nn from/in interference/nn ,/, only/ap class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns are/ber capable/jj of/in rendering/vbg skywave/nn service/nn ./. But/cc nighttime/jj operation/nn by/in stations/nns of/in other/ap classes/nns of/in course/nn entails/vbz skywave/nn interference/nn to/in groundwave/nn service/nn ,/, interference/nn which/wdt is/bez substantial/jj unless/cs steps/nns are/ber taken/vbn to/to minimize/vb it/ppo ./. 7/cd-hl ./.-hl With/in respect/nn to/in other/ap frequencies/nns ,/, these/dts are/ber designated/vbn as/cs regional/jj or/cc local/jj ,/, and/cc assigned/vbn for/in use/nn by/in class/nn 3/cd ,/, and/cc class/nn 4/cd ,/, stations/nns ,/, respectively/rb ,/, stations/nns operating/vbg generally/rb with/in lower/jjr power/nn ./. In/in the/at allocation/nn pattern/nn worked/vbn out/rp for/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, the/at provision/nn of/in long-range/nn service/nn has/hvz to/in some/dti extent/nn been/ben subordinated/vbn to/in the/at other/ap two/cd objectives/nns --/-- assignment/nn of/in multiple/jj facilities/nns ,/, and/cc assignment/nn of/in stations/nns in/in as/ql many/ap communities/nns as/cs possible/jj ./. 8/cd-hl ./.-hl As/cs mentioned/vbn ,/, the/at primary/jj allocation/nn objective/nn to/to be/be followed/vbn in/in the/at allocation/nn of/in stations/nns on/in clear/jj channels/nns is/bez the/at provision/nn of/in widespread/jj service/nn ,/, free/jj from/in destructive/jj interference/nn ./. During/in nighttime/jj hours/nns ,/, because/rb of/in the/at intense/jj skywave/nn propagation/nn then/rb prevailing/vbg ,/, no/at large/jj number/nn of/in stations/nns can/md be/be permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb on/in one/cd of/in these/dts channels/nns ,/, if/cs the/at wide/jj area/nn service/nn for/in which/wdt these/dts frequencies/nns are/ber assigned/vbn is/bez to/to be/be rendered/vbn satisfactorily/rb by/in the/at dominant/jj stations/nns which/wdt must/md be/be relied/vbn upon/rb to/to render/vb it/ppo ./. Therefore/rb ,/, under/in our/pp$ longstanding/jj allocation/nn rules/nns ,/, on/in some/dti of/in these/dts channels/nns no/at station/nn other/ap than/cs the/at dominant/jj (/( class/nn 1/cd )/) --/-- A/nn )/) station/nn is/bez permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb at/in night/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at 1/cd ,/, --/-- A/nn station/nn can/md render/vb service/nn ,/, interference/nn free/jj ,/, wherever/wrb it/pps can/md be/be received/vbn ./. On/in the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at clear/jj channels/nns ,/, the/at dominant/jj (/( class/nn 1/cd )/) --/-- B/nn stations/nns are/ber protected/vbn as/cs described/vbn above/rb ,/, and/cc the/at relatively/ql small/jj number/nn of/in secondary/jj (/( class/nn 2/cd )/) )/) stations/nns permitted/vbn to/to operate/vb on/in these/dts channels/nns at/in night/nn are/ber required/vbn to/to operate/vb directionally/rb and/or/cc with/in reduced/vbn power/nn so/cs as/cs to/to protect/vb the/at class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns ./. In/in the/at daytime/nn ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, since/cs skywave/nn transmission/nn is/bez relatively/ql inefficient/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to assign/vb a/at substantially/rb larger/jjr number/nn of/in stations/nns on/in these/dts channels/nns ./. Additional/jj class/nn 2/cd ,/, assignments/nns for/in daytime/jj operation/nn can/md be/be made/vbn without/in causing/vbg destructive/jj interference/nn to/in the/at class/nn 1/cd ,/, stations/nns or/cc to/in each/dt other/ap ,/, and/cc by/in their/pp$ operation/nn provide/vb additional/jj service/nn on/in these/dts channels/nns and/cc additional/jj local/jj outlets/nns for/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in communities/nns ./. Such/jj additional/jj daytime/jj class/nn 2/cd ,/, assignments/nns are/ber appropriate/jj if/cs optimum/jj use/nn is/bez to/to be/be made/vbn of/in these/dts frequencies/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Commission/nn-tl has/hvz over/in the/at years/nns made/vbn a/at large/jj number/nn of/in them/ppo ./. Similarly/rb ,/, on/in the/at regional/jj channels/nns many/ap class/nn 3/cd ,/, stations/nns have/hv been/ben assigned/vbn either/cc to/to operate/vb daytime/rb only/rb or/cc to/to operate/vb nighttime/rb with/in directional/jj antennas/nns and/or/cc lower/jjr power/nn ./. 9/cd-hl ./.-hl Essentially/rb ,/, the/at question/nn presented/vbn for/in decision/nn in/in the/at present/jj Daytime/nn-tl Skywave/nn-tl proceeding/nn is/bez whether/cs our/pp$ decision/nn (/( in/in 1938-1939/cd )/) to/to assign/vb stations/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in daytime/jj conditions/nns from/in sunrise/nn to/in sunset/nn ,/, is/bez sound/jj as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in AM/nn allocations/nns ,/, or/cc whether/cs ,/, in/in the/at light/nn of/in later/jjr developments/nns and/cc new/jj understanding/nn ,/, skywave/nn transmission/nn is/bez of/in such/jj significance/nn during/in the/at hours/nns immediately/rb before/in sunset/nn and/cc after/in sunrise/nn that/cs this/dt condition/nn should/md be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti stations/nns required/vbn to/to afford/vb protection/nn to/in other/ap stations/nns during/in these/dts hours/nns ./. The/at history/nn of/in the/at proceeding/nn 10/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at decision/nn reached/vbn in/in 1938-39/cd was/bedz made/vbn after/in the/at accumulation/nn of/in a/at large/jj amount/nn of/in data/nn and/cc thorough/jj study/nn thereof/rb ./. Since/in then/rb ,/, there/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at notable/jj increase/nn in/in the/at number/nn of/in stations/nns and/cc also/rb the/at accumulation/nn of/in additional/jj data/nn and/cc the/at development/nn of/in new/jj techniques/nns for/in using/vbg it/ppo ,/, leading/vbg to/in a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in propagation/nn phenomena/nns ./. In/in 1947/cd ,/, affidavits/nns were/bed filed/vbn with/in the/at Commission/nn-tl by/in various/jj clear-channel/jj stations/nns alleging/vbg that/cs extensive/jj interference/nn was/bedz being/beg caused/vbn to/in the/at service/nn areas/nns of/in these/dts stations/nns during/in daylight/nn hours/nns ,/, from/in class/nn 2/cd ,/, stations/nns whose/wp$ signals/nns were/bed being/beg reflected/vbn from/in the/at ionosphere/nn so/cs as/cs to/to create/vb skywave/nn intereference/nn ./.

ch24

ch24 |@word elect:2 use:7 standard:3 deduction:13 tax:36 table:3 later:2 find:1 itemize:3 may:29 file:32 amend:3 return:37 within:2 time:10 prescribe:1 claim:8 refund:12 see:14 page:3 135:1 true:1 decide:1 word:1 plainly:1 write:1 across:1 top:1 april:8 15:12 usually:1 final:2 date:8 income:27 people:1 calendar:8 year:25 end:2 december:2 31:3 fiscal:6 last:3 day:11 month:9 due:18 15th:6 4th:3 close:7 saturday:3 sunday:4 holiday:3 perform:2 act:2 purpose:2 make:7 payment:8 etc:1 fall:1 legal:6 next:1 succeed:2 since:3 1962:11 1961:8 timely:3 monday:1 16:4 mail:3 must:10 place:6 ample:1 reach:1 district:10 director:7 declaration:3 estimate:7 require:4 necessary:3 pay:14 fourth:1 installment:1 otherwise:3 january:5 form:16 1040:8 full:3 filing:5 original:1 also:13 waive:1 farmer:2 february:1 taxpayer:6 first:1 follow:3 2d:1 chapter:12 38:1 nonresident:3 alien:3 live:1 canada:1 mexico:1 earn:6 wage:6 united:10 states:10 subject:5 withholding:4 citizen:2 however:1 june:5 6th:2 puerto:6 rico:6 resident:2 die:2 executor:1 administrator:1 representative:1 decedent:2 deceased:1 normal:1 suppose:1 john:1 jones:1 1960:1 basis:2 20:3 period:1 1:6 serve:1 overpayment:4 case:2 1310:1 complete:1 attach:3 obtain:2 local:2 office:2 estate:3 trust:4 extension:15 unusual:1 circumstance:1 individual:1 grant:3 apply:2 2688:1 application:4 internal:7 revenue:7 letter:1 include:5 information:1 reason:3 request:6 2:5 whether:4 3:2 precede:2 failure:1 fully:1 explain:1 matter:1 course:1 substantial:1 unable:2 sign:3 illness:1 good:2 cause:1 another:1 person:1 stand:1 personal:2 business:6 relationship:1 behalf:1 state:1 early:1 refuse:1 still:1 interest:4 unpaid:2 taxis:4 abroad:1 allow:8 beyond:1 regular:1 available:1 alaska:5 hawaii:3 reside:2 travel:3 automatic:3 military:1 naval:1 personnel:1 duty:1 outside:4 statement:2 take:1 advantage:1 show:2 rate:1 6:2 even:6 though:6 computation:1 1040a:4 owe:2 additional:2 remit:1 unless:3 less:3 forgive:1 cash:1 ask:1 receipt:1 compute:4 send:2 bill:2 30:2 check:6 money:5 order:2 certify:1 uncertifie:1 deadline:1 elapse:1 addition:1 incur:3 furthermore:1 bad:1 maker:1 certain:3 penalty:1 payable:1 service:6 social:1 security:1 entitle:4 indicate:3 provide:1 amount:4 want:2 credit:1 separate:1 residence:3 principal:4 neither:1 baltimore:1 md:1 abode:1 virgin:1 island:1 international:1 operation:1 washington:1 25:1 adjust:10 gross:15 determine:5 put:1 comparable:1 enter:1 line:1 9:2 subtract:3 arrive:2 taxable:1 total:1 item:2 deduct:13 businessman:1 ordinary:2 expense:7 attributable:3 trade:1 rent:2 royalty:2 hold:2 property:4 production:1 salesman:1 salary:1 commission:1 compensation:1 10:2 employee:3 meal:1 lodge:1 away:2 home:2 connection:2 performance:2 transportation:1 12:1 employer:1 reimburse:1 qualify:2 sick:2 life:1 tenant:1 allowable:3 depreciation:2 depletion:2 beneficiary:1 heir:1 legatee:1 devisee:1 deductible:2 loss:2 sale:1 exchange:1 50:2 capital:3 gain:2 excess:1 net:2 long:1 term:2 short:1 24:1 37:1 minor:5 600:6 earning:1 parent:3 law:1 right:1 actually:1 receive:1 child:4 exemption:5 regardless:1 much:1 19:1 student:1 dependent:1 5:1 example:1 old:1 son:1 720:1 spend:1 800:1 support:2 contribute:1 half:1 get:1 withhold:1 generally:1 accompany:1 work:1 reasonable:1 render:1 purchase:1 clothing:1 necessity:1 normally:1 obligate:1 furnish:1

If/cs you/ppss elect/vb to/to use/vb the/at Standard/jj-tl Deduction/nn-tl or/cc the/at Tax/nn-tl Table/nn-tl ,/, and/cc later/rbr find/vb you/ppss should/md have/hv itemized/vbn your/pp$ deductions/nns ,/, you/ppss may/md do/do so/rb by/in filing/vbg an/at amended/vbn return/nn within/in the/at time/nn prescribed/vbn for/in filing/vbg a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn ./. See/vb You/ppss-tl May/md-tl Claim/vb-tl A/at-tl Refund/nn-tl ,/, Page/nn-tl 135/cd-tl ./. The/at same/ap is/bez true/jj if/cs you/ppss have/hv itemized/vbn your/pp$ deductions/nns and/cc later/rbr decide/vb you/ppss should/md have/hv used/vbn the/at Standard/jj-tl Deduction/nn-tl or/cc Tax/nn-tl Table/nn-tl ./. The/at words/nns amended/vbn return/nn-nc should/md be/be plainly/rb written/vbn across/in the/at top/nn of/in such/jj return/nn ./. When/wrb-hl and/cc-hl where/wrb-hl to/to-hl file/vb-hl April/np 15/cd is/bez usually/rb the/at final/jj date/nn for/in filing/vbg income/nn tax/nn returns/nns for/in most/ap people/nns because/cs they/ppss use/vb the/at calendar/nn year/nn ending/vbg on/in December/np 31/cd ./. If/cs you/ppss use/vb a/at fiscal/jj year/nn ,/, a/at year/nn ending/vbg on/in the/at last/ap day/nn of/in any/dti month/nn other/ap than/cs December/np ,/, your/pp$ return/nn is/bez due/jj on/in or/cc before/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 4th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in your/pp$ tax/nn year/nn ./. Saturday/nr-hl ,/,-hl Sunday/nr-hl ,/,-hl or/cc-hl holiday/nn-hl ./.-hl If/cs the/at last/ap day/nn (/( due/jj date/nn )/) for/in performing/vbg any/dti act/nn for/in tax/nn purposes/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs filing/vbg a/at return/nn or/cc making/vbg a/at tax/nn payment/nn ,/, etc./rb ,/, falls/vbz on/in Saturday/nr ,/, Sunday/nr ,/, or/cc a/at legal/jj holiday/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md perform/vb that/dt act/nn on/in the/at next/ap succeeding/vbg day/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* a/at Saturday/nr ,/, Sunday/nr ,/, or/cc legal/jj holiday/nn ./. Since/cs April/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, is/bez on/in Sunday/nr your/pp$ return/nn for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd will/md be/be timely/rb filed/vbn if/cs it/pps is/bez filed/vbn on/in or/cc before/in Monday/nr ,/, April/np 16/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./. If/cs you/ppss mail/vb A/at return/nn or/cc tax/nn payment/nn ,/, you/ppss must/md place/vb it/ppo in/in the/at mails/nns in/in ample/jj time/nn to/to reach/vb the/at district/nn director/nn on/in or/cc before/in the/at due/jj date/nn ./. Declaration/nn-hl of/in-hl estimated/vbn-hl tax/nn-hl ./.-hl If/cs you/ppss were/bed required/vbn to/to file/vb a/at declaration/nn of/in estimated/vbn tax/nn for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* necessary/jj to/to pay/vb the/at fourth/od installment/nn otherwise/rb due/jj on/in January/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, if/cs you/ppss file/vb your/pp$ income/nn tax/nn return/nn Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ,/, and/cc pay/vb your/pp$ tax/nn in/in full/jj for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd by/in January/np 31/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./. The/at filing/vbg of/in an/at original/jj or/cc amended/vbn declaration/nn ,/, otherwise/rb due/jj on/in January/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, is/bez also/rb waived/vbn ,/, if/cs you/ppss file/vb your/pp$ Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl for/in 1961/cd and/cc pay/vb the/at full/jj tax/nn by/in January/np 31/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./. Farmers/nns ,/, for/in these/dts purposes/nns ,/, have/hv until/in February/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, to/to file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl and/cc pay/vb the/at tax/nn in/in full/jj for/in the/at calendar/nn year/nn 1961/cd ./. Fiscal/jj year/nn taxpayers/nns have/hv until/in the/at last/ap day/nn of/in the/at first/od month/nn following/vbg the/at close/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn (/( farmers/nns until/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 2d/od month/nn )/) ./. See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 38/cd-tl ./. Nonresident/jj aliens/nns living/vbg in/in Canada/np or/cc Mexico/np who/wps earn/vb wages/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl may/md be/be subject/jj to/in withholding/vbg of/in tax/nn on/in their/pp$ wages/nns ,/, the/at same/ap as/cs if/cs they/ppss were/bed citizens/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Their/pp$ United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl tax/nn returns/nns are/ber due/jj April/np 16/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./. However/rb ,/, if/cs their/pp$ United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl income/nn is/bez not/* subject/jj to/in the/at withholding/nn of/in tax/nn on/in wages/nns ,/, their/pp$ returns/nns are/ber due/jj June/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, if/cs they/ppss use/vb a/at calendar/nn year/nn ,/, or/cc the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 6th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn ./. Nonresident/jj-hl aliens/nns-hl in/in-hl Puerto/np-hl Rico/np-hl ./.-hl If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at nonresident/jj alien/nn and/cc a/at resident/nn of/in Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, your/pp$ return/nn is/bez also/rb due/jj June/np 15/cd ,/, 1962/cd ,/, or/cc the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 6th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in your/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn ./. If/cs A/at taxpayer/nn dies/vbz ,/, the/at executor/nn ,/, administrator/nn ,/, or/cc legal/jj representative/nn must/md file/vb the/at final/jj return/nn for/in the/at decedent/nn on/in or/cc before/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 4th/od month/nn following/vbg the/at close/nn of/in the/at deceased/jj taxpayer's/nn$ normal/jj tax/nn year/nn ./. Suppose/vb John/np Jones/np ,/, who/wps ,/, for/in 1960/cd ,/, filed/vbd on/in the/at basis/nn of/in a/at calendar/nn year/nn ,/, died/vbd June/np 20/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./. His/pp$ return/nn for/in the/at period/nn January/np 1/cd to/in June/np 20/cd ,/, 1961/cd ,/, is/bez due/jj April/np 16/cd ,/, 1962/cd ./. The/at return/nn for/in a/at decedent/nn may/md also/rb serve/vb as/cs a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn of/in an/at overpayment/nn of/in tax/nn ./. In/in such/abl a/at case/nn ,/, Form/nn-tl 1310/cd-tl should/md be/be completed/vbn and/cc attached/vbn to/in the/at return/nn ./. This/dt form/nn may/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at local/jj office/nn of/in your/pp$ district/nn director/nn ./. Returns/nns of/in estates/nns or/cc trusts/nns are/ber due/jj on/in or/cc before/in the/at 15th/od day/nn of/in the/at 4th/od month/nn after/in the/at close/nn of/in the/at tax/nn year/nn ./. Extensions/nns-hl of/in-hl time/nn-hl for/in-hl filing/vbg-hl ./.-hl Under/in unusual/jj circumstances/nns a/at resident/jj individual/nn may/md be/be granted/vbn an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn to/to file/vb a/at return/nn ./. You/ppss may/md apply/vb for/in such/abl an/at extension/nn by/in filing/vbg Form/nn-tl 2688/cd-tl ,/, Application/nn-tl For/in-tl Extension/nn-tl Of/in-tl Time/nn-tl To/to-tl File/vb-tl ,/, with/in the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl for/in your/pp$ district/nn ,/, or/cc you/ppss may/md make/vb your/pp$ application/nn in/in a/at letter/nn ./. Your/pp$ application/nn must/md include/vb the/at following/vbg information/nn :/: (/( 1/cd )/) your/pp$ reasons/nns for/in requesting/vbg an/at extension/nn ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) whether/cs you/ppss filed/vbd timely/jj income/nn tax/nn returns/nns for/in the/at 3/cd preceding/vbg years/nns ,/, and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) whether/cs you/ppss were/bed required/vbn to/to file/vb an/at estimated/vbn return/nn for/in the/at year/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs so/rb whether/cs you/ppss did/dod file/vb and/cc have/hv paid/vbn the/at estimated/vbn tax/nn payments/nns on/in or/cc before/in the/at due/jj dates/nns ./. Any/dti failure/nn to/to file/vb timely/jj returns/nns or/cc make/vb estimated/vbn tax/nn payments/nns when/wrb due/jj must/md be/be fully/rb explained/vbn ./. Extensions/nns are/ber not/* granted/vbn as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in course/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reasons/nns for/in your/pp$ request/nn must/md be/be substantial/jj ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber unable/jj to/to sign/vb the/at request/nn ,/, because/rb of/in illness/nn or/cc other/ap good/jj cause/nn ,/, another/dt person/nn who/wps stands/vbz in/in close/jj personal/jj or/cc business/nn relationship/nn to/in you/ppo may/md sign/vb the/at request/nn on/in your/pp$ behalf/nn ,/, stating/vbg the/at reason/nn why/wrb you/ppss are/ber unable/jj to/to sign/vb ./. You/ppss should/md make/vb any/dti request/nn for/in an/at extension/nn early/rb so/cs that/cs if/cs it/pps is/bez refused/vbn ,/, your/pp$ return/nn may/md still/rb be/be on/in time/nn ./. See/vb also/rb Interest/nn-tl On/in-tl Unpaid/jj-tl Taxes/nns-tl ,/, below/rb ./. Extensions/nns-hl while/cs-hl abroad/rb-hl ./.-hl Citizens/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl who/wps ,/, on/in April/np 15/cd ,/, are/ber not/* in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, are/ber allowed/vbn an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn until/in June/np 15/cd for/in filing/vbg the/at return/nn for/in the/at preceding/vbg calendar/nn year/nn ./. An/at extension/nn of/in 2/cd months/nns beyond/in the/at regular/jj due/jj date/nn for/in filing/vbg is/bez also/rb available/jj to/in taxpayers/nns making/vbg returns/nns for/in a/at fiscal/jj year/nn ./. Alaska/np-hl and/cc-hl Hawaii/np-hl ./.-hl Taxpayers/nns residing/vbg or/cc traveling/vbg in/in Alaska/np are/ber also/rb allowed/vbn this/dt extension/nn of/in time/nn for/in filing/vbg ,/, but/cc those/dts residing/vbg or/cc traveling/vbg in/in Hawaii/np are/ber not/* allowed/vbn this/dt automatic/jj extension/nn ./. Military/jj-tl or/cc Naval/jj-tl Personnel/nns-tl on/in duty/nn in/in Alaska/np or/cc outside/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Puerto/np Rico/np are/ber also/rb allowed/vbn this/dt automatic/jj extension/nn of/in time/nn for/in filing/vbg their/pp$ returns/nns ./. You/ppss must/md attach/vb a/at statement/nn to/in your/pp$ return/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss take/vb advantage/nn of/in this/dt automatic/jj extension/nn ,/, showing/vbg that/cs you/ppss were/bed in/in Alaska/np or/cc were/bed outside/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc Puerto/np Rico/np on/in April/np 15/cd or/cc other/ap due/jj date/nn ./. Interest/nn-hl on/in-hl unpaid/jj-hl taxes/nns-hl ./.-hl Interest/nn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in 6%/nn a/at year/nn must/md be/be paid/vbn on/in taxes/nns that/wps are/ber not/* paid/vbn on/in or/cc before/in their/pp$ due/jj date/nn ./. Such/jj interest/nn must/md be/be paid/vbn even/rb though/cs an/at extension/nn of/in time/nn for/in filing/vbg is/bez granted/vbn ./. When/wrb-hl payment/nn-hl is/bez-hl due/jj-hl ./.-hl If/cs your/pp$ computation/nn on/in Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl or/cc Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl shows/vbz you/ppss owe/vb additional/jj tax/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be remitted/vbn with/in your/pp$ return/nn unless/cs you/ppss owe/vb less/ap than/in $1/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt case/nn it/pps is/bez forgiven/vbn ./. If/cs payment/nn is/bez by/in cash/nn ,/, you/ppss should/md ask/vb for/in a/at receipt/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl computes/vbz your/pp$ tax/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md be/be sent/vbn a/at bill/nn if/cs additional/jj tax/nn is/bez due/jj ./. This/dt bill/nn should/md be/be paid/vbn within/in 30/cd days/nns ./. Payment/nn-hl by/in-hl check/nn-hl or/cc-hl money/nn-hl order/nn-hl ./.-hl Whether/cs the/at check/nn is/bez certified/vbn or/cc uncertified/jj ,/, the/at tax/nn is/bez not/* paid/vbn until/cs the/at check/nn is/bez paid/vbn ./. If/cs the/at check/nn is/bez not/* good/jj and/cc the/at April/np 15/cd or/cc other/ap due/jj date/nn deadline/nn elapses/vbz ,/, additions/nns to/in the/at tax/nn may/md be/be incurred/vbn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, a/at bad/jj check/nn may/md subject/vb the/at maker/nn to/in certain/jj penalties/nns ./. All/abn checks/nns and/cc money/nn orders/nns should/md be/be made/vbn payable/jj to/in Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./. Refunds/nns-hl ./.-hl An/at overpayment/nn of/in income/nn and/cc social/jj security/nn taxes/nns entitles/vbz you/ppo to/in a/at refund/nn unless/cs you/ppss indicate/vb on/in the/at return/nn that/cs the/at overpayment/nn should/md be/be applied/vbn to/in your/pp$ succeeding/jj year's/nn$ estimated/vbn tax/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl and/cc the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl computes/vbz your/pp$ tax/nn ,/, any/dti refund/nn to/in which/wdt you/ppss are/ber entitled/vbn will/md be/be mailed/vbn to/in you/ppo ./. If/cs you/ppss file/vb a/at Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ,/, you/ppss should/md indicate/vb in/in the/at place/nn provided/vbn that/cs there/ex is/bez an/at overpayment/nn of/in tax/nn and/cc the/at amount/nn you/ppss want/vb refunded/vbn and/cc the/at amount/nn you/ppss want/vb credited/vbn against/in your/pp$ estimated/vbn tax/nn ./. Refunds/nns of/in less/ap than/in $1/nns will/md not/* be/be made/vbn unless/cs you/ppss attach/vb a/at separate/jj application/nn to/in your/pp$ return/nn requesting/vbg such/abl a/at refund/nn ./. Where/wrb-hl to/to-hl file/vb-hl ./.-hl Send/vb your/pp$ return/nn to/in the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl for/in the/at district/nn in/in which/wdt you/ppss have/hv your/pp$ legal/jj residence/nn or/cc principal/jjs place/nn of/in business/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss have/hv neither/cc a/at legal/jj residence/nn nor/cc a/at principal/jjs place/nn of/in business/nn in/in any/dti Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl district/nn ,/, your/pp$ return/nn should/md be/be filed/vbn with/in the/at District/nn-tl Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl ,/, Baltimore/np 2/cd ,/, Md./np ./. If/cs your/pp$ principal/jjs place/nn of/in abode/nn for/in the/at tax/nn year/nn is/bez outside/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl (/( including/in Alaska/np and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ,/, Puerto/np Rico/np ,/, or/cc the/at Virgin/nn-tl Islands/nns-tl and/cc you/ppss have/hv no/at legal/jj residence/nn or/cc principal/jjs place/nn of/in business/nn in/in any/dti Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl district/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, you/ppss should/md file/vb your/pp$ return/nn with/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl International/jj-tl Operations/nns-tl ,/, Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd-tl ,/, D.C./np ./. Adjusted/vbn-hl gross/jj-hl income/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at deductions/nns allowed/vbn in/in determining/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl put/vb all/abn taxpayers/nns on/in a/at comparable/jj basis/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at amount/nn you/ppss enter/vb on/in line/nn 9/cd ,/, page/nn 1/cd of/in Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ./. Some/dti deductions/nns are/ber subtracted/vbn from/in Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl to/to determine/vb Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./. Other/ap deductions/nns are/ber subtracted/vbn only/rb from/in Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl in/in arriving/vbg at/in Taxable/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./. To/to compute/vb your/pp$ adjusted/vbn gross/jj income/nn you/ppss total/vb all/abn items/nns of/in income/nn ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 6/cd-tl ./. )/) From/in this/dt amount/nn deduct/vb the/at items/nns indicated/vbn below/rb ./. Businessmen/nns deduct/vb all/abn ordinary/jj and/cc necessary/jj expenses/nns attributable/jj to/in a/at trade/nn or/cc business/nn ./. Rents/nns-hl or/cc-hl royalties/nns-hl ./.-hl If/cs you/ppss hold/vb property/nn for/in the/at production/nn of/in rents/nns or/cc royalties/nns you/ppss subtract/vb ,/, in/in computing/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ,/, ordinary/jj and/cc necessary/jj expenses/nns and/cc certain/ap other/ap deductions/nns attributable/jj to/in the/at property/nn ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 15/cd-tl ./. )/) Outside/jj salesmen/nns deduct/vb all/abn expenses/nns attributable/jj to/in earning/vbg a/at salary/nn ,/, commission/nn ,/, or/cc other/ap compensation/nn ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 10/cd-tl ./. )/) Employees/nns deduct/vb expenses/nns of/in travel/nn ,/, meals/nns and/cc lodging/vbg while/cs away/rb from/in home/nn in/in connection/nn with/in the/at performance/nn of/in their/pp$ services/nns as/cs employees/nns ./. They/ppss also/rb deduct/vb transportation/nn expenses/nns incurred/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in the/at performance/nn of/in services/nns as/cs employees/nns even/rb though/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* away/rb from/in home/nn ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 12/cd-tl ./. )/) If/cs your/pp$ employer/nn reimburses/vbz you/ppo for/in expenses/nns incurred/vbn ,/, you/ppss deduct/vb such/jj expenses/nns if/cs they/ppss otherwise/rb qualify/vb ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 10/cd-tl ./. )/) Sick/jj pay/nn ,/, if/cs included/vbn in/in your/pp$ Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ,/, is/bez deducted/vbn in/in arriving/vbg at/in Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./. If/cs your/pp$ sick/jj pay/nn is/bez not/* included/vbn in/in your/pp$ Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ,/, you/ppss may/md not/* deduct/vb it/ppo ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 9/cd-tl ./. )/) income/nn-hl from/in-hl estates/nns-hl and/cc-hl trusts/nns-hl ./.-hl If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at life/nn tenant/nn ,/, you/ppss deduct/vb allowable/jj depreciation/nn and/cc depletion/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber an/at income/nn beneficiary/nn of/in property/nn held/vbn in/in trust/nn or/cc an/at heir/nn ,/, legatee/nn ,/, or/cc devisee/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md deduct/vb allowable/jj depreciation/nn and/cc depletion/nn ,/, if/cs not/* deductible/jj by/in the/at estate/nn or/cc trust/nn ./. Deductible/jj losses/nns on/in sales/nns or/cc exchanges/nns of/in property/nn are/ber allowable/jj in/in determining/vbg your/pp$ Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 20/cd-tl ./. )/) 50%/nn-hl of/in-hl capital/nn-hl gains/nns-hl ./.-hl You/ppss also/rb deduct/vb 50%/nn of/in the/at excess/nn of/in net/jj long-term/nn capital/nn gains/nns over/in net/jj short-term/nn capital/nn losses/nns in/in determining/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./. (/( See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 24/cd-tl ./. )/) other/ap-hl deductions/nns-hl ./.-hl Certain/ap other/ap deductions/nns are/ber not/* allowed/vbn in/in determining/vbg Adjusted/vbn-tl Gross/jj-tl Income/nn-tl ./. They/ppss may/md be/be claimed/vbn only/rb by/in itemizing/vbg them/ppo on/in page/nn 2/cd of/in Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ./. These/dts deductions/nns may/md not/* be/be claimed/vbn if/cs you/ppss elect/vb to/to use/vb the/at Standard/jj-tl Deduction/nn-tl or/cc Tax/nn-tl Table/nn-tl ./. (/( See/vb Chapters/nns-tl 30/cd through/in 37/cd ./. )/) 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Minors/nns-hl minors/nns-hl must/md-hl also/rb-hl file/vb-hl returns/nns-hl if/cs-hl they/ppss-hl earn/vb-hl $600/nns-hl or/cc-hl more/ap-hl during/in-hl the/at-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl A/at minor/nn is/bez subject/jj to/in tax/nn on/in his/pp$ own/jj earnings/nns even/rb though/cs his/pp$ parent/nn may/md ,/, under/in local/jj law/nn ,/, have/hv the/at right/nn to/in them/ppo and/cc might/md actually/rb have/hv received/vbn the/at money/nn ./. His/pp$ income/nn is/bez not/* required/vbn to/to be/be included/vbn in/in the/at return/nn of/in his/pp$ parent/nn ./. A/at minor/nn child/nn is/bez allowed/vbn A/at personal/jj exemption/nn of/in $600/nns on/in his/pp$ own/jj return/nn regardless/rb of/in how/wql much/ap money/nn he/pps may/md earn/vb ./. Exemption/nn-hl also/rb-hl allowed/vbn-hl parent/nn-hl ./.-hl If/cs your/pp$ child/nn is/bez under/in 19/cd or/cc is/bez a/at student/nn you/ppss may/md also/rb claim/vb an/at exemption/nn for/in him/ppo if/cs he/pps qualifies/vbz as/cs your/pp$ dependent/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs he/pps earns/vbz $600/nns or/cc more/ap ./. See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 5/cd-tl ./. Example/nn-hl ./.-hl Your/pp$ 16/cd year/nn old/jj son/nn earned/vbd $720/nns in/in 1961/cd ./. You/ppss spent/vbd $800/nns for/in his/pp$ support/nn ./. Since/cs he/pps had/hvd gross/jj income/nn of/in $600/nns or/cc more/ap ,/, he/pps must/md file/vb a/at return/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps may/md claim/vb an/at exemption/nn deduction/nn of/in $600/nns ./. Since/cs you/ppss contributed/vbd more/ap than/cs half/nn of/in his/pp$ support/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md also/rb claim/vb an/at exemption/nn for/in him/ppo on/in your/pp$ return/nn ./. He/pps-hl may/md-hl get/vb-hl a/at-hl tax/nn-hl refund/nn-hl ./.-hl A/at minor/nn who/wps has/hvz gross/jj income/nn of/in less/ap than/in $600/nns is/bez entitled/vbn to/in a/at refund/nn if/cs income/nn tax/nn was/bedz withheld/vbn from/in his/pp$ wages/nns ./. Generally/rb ,/, the/at refund/nn may/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in filing/vbg Form/nn-tl 1040A/cd-tl accompanied/vbn by/in the/at withholding/nn statement/nn (/( Form/nn-tl W-2/nn )/) ./. If/cs he/pps had/hvd income/nn other/ap than/cs wages/nns subject/jj to/in withholding/vbg ,/, he/pps may/md be/be required/vbn to/to file/vb Form/nn-tl 1040/cd-tl ./. See/vb Chapter/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. If/cs your/pp$ child/nn works/vbz for/in you/ppo ,/, you/ppss may/md deduct/vb reasonable/jj wages/nns you/ppss paid/vbd to/in him/ppo for/in services/nns he/pps rendered/vbd in/in your/pp$ business/nn ./. You/ppss may/md deduct/vb these/dts payments/nns even/rb though/cs your/pp$ child/nn uses/vbz the/at money/nn to/to purchase/vb his/pp$ own/jj clothing/nn or/cc other/ap necessities/nns which/wdt you/ppss are/ber normally/rb obligated/vbn to/to furnish/vb him/ppo ,/, and/cc even/rb though/cs you/ppss may/md be/be entitled/vbn to/in his/pp$ services/nns ./.

ch25

ch25 |@word two:3 season:1 hunt:1 many:3 recently:1 may:3 harm:1 good:7 program:2 raise:1 hope:1 assistance:1 toward:3 achieve:1 excellence:4 scholarship:4 art:5 dash:2 discontinue:1 less:2 lack:1 skill:1 make:10 selection:12 man:17 woman:2 development:2 high:2 reach:1 mind:3 spirit:1 making:1 basis:2 require:1 foundation:22 shall:1 available:2 judgment:4 corps:1 advisor:2 whose:1 know:3 record:2 select:1 subsequent:1 considerable:1 period:2 time:2 central:1 group:1 one:8 member:9 advisory:10 board:18 consist:1 thirty:2 six:1 choose:2 trustee:7 first:3 rate:3 accomplishment:2 different:1 field:5 location:2 part:3 united:2 states:2 several:2 kind:3 educational:1 research:2 institution:2 principal:2 home:1 intellectual:1 artistic:3 strength:1 also:3 factor:1 concept:3 ancillary:1 indebted:2 late:2 president:3 harvard:1 university:2 lawrence:1 lowell:3 master:1 subject:2 structure:1 cultural:1 administration:2 wit:1 wisdom:1 adopt:1 mr:5 base:2 process:2 reason:2 say:6 truly:1 pretty:1 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insure:1 future:3 continuance:1 class:1 affairs:1 dr:5 james:2 brown:1 fisk:1 physicist:1 bell:1 telephone:1 laboratory:1 elect:2 national:1 academy:1 sciences:1 philosophical:1 society:3 country:1 scientific:1 statesman:1 international:1 commissions:1 gordon:1 ray:3 provost:1 vice:1 professor:1 illinois:1 appoint:4 associate:2 secretary:7 general:4 position:1 stated:1 expectation:1 would:8 succeed:1 present:5 upon:1 latter:1 eventual:1 retirement:1 thrice:1 assist:2 study:2 william:1 makepeace:1 thackeray:1 wells:1 appointment:2 executive:1 staff:2 scholarly:2 accolade:1 refer:1 officer:2 mathias:1 eleven:1 year:7 discerning:1 colleague:1 promote:1 historian:2 great:10 merit:1 long:1 assistant:1 kellum:1 smith:2 jr:1 like:1 virtue:1 train:1 read:1 fine:1 print:1 carefully:1 professional:1 arrive:2 solution:3 difficult:1 problem:4 indispensable:1 even:4 office:1 administrative:1 continuously:1 since:1 establishment:1 five:1 ago:2 last:1 indefinitely:1 note:2 arrangement:1 quite:1 simply:1 assure:1 qualitative:1 continuity:1 policy:1 practice:1 effective:1 recognition:1 nurture:1 learn:2 lamentation:1 neither:1 personally:1 contrary:2 apocalyptic:1 era:2 commonly:1 see:2 opportunity:3 grant:3 solve:1 demand:2 tend:1 create:1 resource:1 heart:2 easy:1 answer:2 bring:1 forth:1 legion:1 pericle:1 funeral:1 oration:1 ancient:1 greece:1 extremity:1 thermopylae:1 testament:1 freedom:7 jefferson:1 write:2 declaration:1 independence:1 amid:1 catastrophe:3 revolution:2 christ:1 preach:1 sermon:1 mount:1 close:1 ultimate:1 sacrifice:1 shakespeare:1 indescribable:1 gusto:1 elizabethan:1 voice:1 keat:1 spanish:1 armada:1 threat:1 isaac:1 newton:1 age:2 twenty:2 three:1 industriously:1 calculate:1 logarithm:1 fifty:1 plague:1 england:1 1665:1 winston:1 churchill:1 olympian:1 optimistic:1 resolute:1 saying:1 britain:1 stand:1 alone:1 armed:1 force:2 tyranny:1 exploration:1 outer:1 space:1 old:1 question:1 science:2 philosophy:1 face:1 possible:1 war:1 extinction:1 forsan:1 et:1 haec:1 olim:1 meminisse:1 iuvabit:1 roman:1 virgil:1 declare:1 historical:1 writer:1 today:2 cause:1 rejoice:1 remember:2 produce:1 confidence:1 grow:1 often:1 appear:1 turn:2 local:1 mankind:2 social:3 evil:3 industrial:1 come:1 novel:1 charles:1 dickens:1 genius:2 move:1 reader:1 seek:1 western:2 industrialize:2 west:1 substantially:1 exist:1 theoretician:1 karl:1 marx:4 stripe:1 educate:1 justice:1 holmes:1 fond:1 form:1 induction:1 burden:1 responsibility:1 put:2 realistically:1 run:3 profit:3 vote:1 nevertheless:1 naught:1 prophecy:1 capitalism:1 never:1 pay:1 worker:1 use:1 subsistence:1 wage:1 consequence:1 increase:2 productivity:1 must:3 inevitably:1 find:1 way:3 capitalist:1 pocket:1 result:1 gap:1 rich:2 poor:4 irrevocably:1 widen:1 misery:1 understand:1 eye:1 nothing:1 happen:3 gulf:1 narrow:1 world:1 hardly:1 applicable:1 could:1 clear:1 concern:2 welfare:1 let:2 restrict:1 permit:1 prove:1 anything:2 wrong:1 sir:1 henry:1 sumner:1 maine:1 communism:2 reckon:1 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The/at one-/cd or/cc two-season/jj hunt/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt there/ex have/hv been/ben too/ql many/ap recently/rb ,/, may/md do/do more/ap harm/nn than/cs good/nn ;/. ;/. for/cs such/jj programs/nns raise/vb hopes/nns of/in assistance/nn toward/in achieving/vbg excellence/nn in/in scholarship/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns which/wdt are/ber dashed/vbn when/wrb the/at programs/nns are/ber discontinued/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc they/ppss are/ber dashed/vbn ,/, no/at less/ap ,/, by/in lack/nn of/in skill/nn in/in making/vbg selections/nns of/in men/nns and/cc women/nns for/in development/nn toward/in the/at highest/jjt reaches/nns of/in the/at mind/nn and/cc spirit/nn ./. For/cs the/at making/nn of/in selections/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in excellence/nn requires/vbz that/cs any/dti foundation/nn making/vbg the/at selections/nns shall/md have/hv available/jj the/at judgments/nns of/in a/at corps/nn of/in advisors/nns whose/wp$ judgments/nns are/ber known/vbn to/to be/be good/jj :/: such/jj judgments/nns can/md be/be known/vbn to/to be/be good/jj only/rb by/in the/at records/nns of/in those/dts selected/vbn ,/, by/in records/nns made/vbn subsequent/rb to/in their/pp$ selection/nn over/in considerable/jj periods/nns of/in time/nn ./. The/at central/jj group/nn of/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl advisors/nns are/ber ,/, at/in any/dti one/cd period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, the/at members/nns of/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, consisting/vbg ,/, now/rb ,/, of/in thirty-six/cd men/nns and/cc women/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber chosen/vbn by/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl on/in the/at bases/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj first-rate/jj accomplishments/nns in/in their/pp$ different/jj fields/nns of/in scholarship/nn and/cc the/at arts/nns ./. Their/pp$ locations/nns in/in all/abn parts/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc their/pp$ locations/nns in/in the/at several/ap kinds/nns of/in educational/jj and/cc research/nn institutions/nns that/wps are/ber the/at principal/jjs homes/nns of/in our/pp$ intellectual/jj and/cc artistic/jj strengths/nns also/rb are/ber factors/nns in/in the/at Trustees'/nns$-tl minds/nns ./. For/in this/dt concept/nn of/in an/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, ancillary/jj to/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl ,/, we/ppss are/ber indebted/jj to/in the/at late/jj President/nn-tl of/in-tl Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, A./np Lawrence/np Lowell/np ,/, a/at master/nn of/in the/at subject/nn of/in the/at structure/nn of/in cultural/jj institutions/nns and/cc their/pp$ administration/nn ./. That/cs we/ppss had/hvd the/at wit/nn and/cc wisdom/nn to/to adopt/vb Mr./np Lowell's/np$ concept/nn and/cc make/vb it/ppo the/at base/nn for/in our/pp$ processes/nns of/in selection/nn is/bez one/cd reason/nn why/wrb our/pp$ selections/nns have/hv been/ben ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn truly/rb ,/, pretty/ql uniformly/rb good/jj ./. For/cs ,/, in/in accordance/nn with/in Mr./np Lowell's/np$ concept/nn of/in an/at advisory/jj board/nn ,/, our/pp$ selections/nns are/ber made/vbn by/in experienced/vbn selectors/nns who/wps give/vb both/abx constancy/nn and/cc consistency/nn to/in our/pp$ processes/nns and/cc our/pp$ choices/nns ./. And/cc lest/cs we/ppss should/md become/vb too/ql consistent/jj ,/, in/in the/at sense/nn of/in becoming/vbg heedless/jj of/in new/jj fields/nns of/in scholarship/nn and/cc new/jj points/nns of/in view/nn in/in the/at arts/nns ,/, the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl maintains/vbz a/at trickle/nn --/-- not/* a/at flow/nn !/. !/. --/-- of/in new/jj members/nns through/in the/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ./. Two/cd committees/nns of/in members/nns of/in the/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl constitute/vb the/at committees/nns of/in selection/nn --/-- one/cd for/in the/at selection/nn of/in Fellows/nns-tl from/in Canada/np ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at English-speaking/jj Caribbean/np area/nn and/cc one/cd for/in the/at selection/nn of/in Fellows/nns-tl from/in the/at Latin/jj American/jj republics/nns and/cc the/at Republic/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Philippines/nps ./. To/in the/at members/nns of/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, and/cc most/ql specially/rb to/in its/pp$ members/nns who/wps constitute/vb our/pp$ committees/nns of/in selection/nn ,/, the/at Foundation/nn-tl is/bez indebted/jj for/in its/pp$ successes/nns of/in choice/nn of/in Fellows/nns-tl ./. We/ppss are/ber ,/, as/cs we/ppss know/vb ,/, utterly/ql dependent/jj on/in the/at quality/nn of/in advice/nn we/ppss get/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc quality/nn of/in advice/nn ,/, added/vbn to/in devotion/nn to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl purposes/nns and/cc ideals/nns ,/, we/ppss do/do get/vb from/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl in/in measures/nns so/ql full/jj that/cs they/ppss can/md be/be appreciated/vbn only/rb by/in those/dts of/in us/ppo who/wps work/vb here/rb every/at day/nn ./. But/cc the/at facts/nns about/in our/pp$ Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl and/cc its/pp$ members'/nns$ duties/nns are/ber only/rb one/cd of/in several/ap sets/nns of/in facts/nns about/in the/at quest/nn for/in advice/nn ,/, both/abx reliable/jj and/cc imaginative/jj ,/, on/in which/wdt to/to base/vb our/pp$ selections/nns of/in Fellows/nns-tl ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at interest/nn of/in past/ap members/nns of/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl remains/vbz such/jj that/cs they/ppss place/vb their/pp$ knowledge/nn and/cc judgments/nns at/in our/pp$ disposal/nn much/rb as/cs they/ppss had/hvd done/vbn when/wrb they/ppss were/bed ,/, formally/rb ,/, members/nns of/in that/dt Board/nn-tl ./. And/cc ,/, besides/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at large/jj number/nn of/in scholars/nns ,/, artists/nns ,/, composers/nns of/in music/nn ,/, novelists/nns ,/, poets/nns ,/, essayists/nns ,/, choreographers/nns ,/, lawyers/nns ,/, servants/nns of/in government/nn ,/, and/cc men/nns of/in affairs/nns --/-- hundreds/nns ,/, indeed/rb --/-- who/wps serve/vb the/at Foundation/nn-tl well/rb with/in the/at advice/nn they/ppss give/vb us/ppo freely/rb and/cc gratis/rb out/rp of/in their/pp$ experience/nn ./. To/in all/abn ,/, the/at Foundation/nn-tl gives/vbz the/at kind/nn of/in thanks/nns which/wdt are/ber more/ap than/cs thanks/nns :/: to/in them/ppo we/ppss are/ber grateful/jj beyond/in the/at possibility/nn of/in conveying/vbg in/in words/nns how/wql grateful/jj we/ppss are/ber ./. It/pps is/bez a/at truism/nn of/in business/nn that/cs no/at business/nn can/md be/be better/jjr than/cs its/pp$ board/nn of/in directors/nns and/cc its/pp$ top/jjs management/nn ./. The/at same/ap is/bez true/jj of/in every/at foundation/nn ./. During/in the/at biennium/nn reviewed/vbn in/in this/dt Report/nn-tl ,/, our/pp$ Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl named/vbd able/jj men/nns ,/, younger/jjr than/cs the/at rest/nn of/in us/ppo ,/, to/in the/at Board/nn-tl and/cc to/in top/jjs management/nn to/to insure/vb future/jj continuance/nn of/in the/at first-class/jj administration/nn of/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl affairs/nns :/: Dr./nn-tl James/np Brown/np Fisk/np ,/, physicist/nn ,/, President/nn-tl of/in the/at Bell/np-tl Telephone/nn-tl Laboratories/nns-tl ,/, was/bedz elected/vbn to/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trustees/nns-tl ./. He/pps is/bez a/at member/nn both/abx of/in the/at National/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl of/in-tl Sciences/nns-tl and/cc of/in the/at American/jj-tl Philosophical/jj-tl Society/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc he/pps has/hvz served/vbn our/pp$ country/nn well/rb as/cs a/at scientific/jj statesman/nn on/in international/jj commissions/nns ./. Dr./nn-tl Gordon/np N./np Ray/np ,/, Provost/nn-tl ,/, Vice-President/nn-tl and/cc Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl English/np in/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Illinois/np-tl ,/, was/bedz appointed/vbn Associate/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ./. The/at Trustees/nns-tl of/in the/at Foundation/nn-tl appointed/vbd Dr./nn-tl Ray/np to/in that/dt position/nn with/in the/at stated/vbn expectation/nn that/cs he/pps would/md succeed/vb the/at present/jj Secretary/nn-tl General/nn-tl upon/in the/at latter's/nn$ eventual/jj retirement/nn ./. Dr./nn-tl Ray/np is/bez a/at Fellow/nn-tl of/in the/at Foundation/nn-tl --/-- appointed/vbn thrice/rb to/to assist/vb his/pp$ studies/nns of/in William/np Makepeace/np Thackeray/np and/cc of/in H./np G./np Wells/np --/-- and/cc ,/, before/in his/pp$ appointment/nn to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl executive/nn staff/nn ,/, had/hvd been/ben given/vbn our/pp$ highest/jjt scholarly/jj accolade/nn ,/, appointment/nn to/in the/at Advisory/jj-tl Board/nn-tl ./. Referring/vbg further/rbr to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl officers/nns ,/, Dr./nn-tl James/np F./np Mathias/np ,/, for/in eleven/cd years/nns our/pp$ discerning/vbg colleague/nn as/cs Associate/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz promoted/vbn to/to be/be Secretary/nn-tl ./. He/pps is/bez a/at historian/nn ,/, with/in the/at great/jj merit/nn of/in a/at historian's/nn$ long/jj view/nn ./. Also/rb appointed/vbn to/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl staff/nn ,/, as/cs Assistant/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl ,/, is/bez Mr./np J./np Kellum/np Smith/np ,/, Jr./np ./. Mr./np Smith/np ,/, like/cs the/at present/jj Secretary/nn-tl General/jj-tl ,/, is/bez a/at lawyer/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc lawyers/nns --/-- with/in the/at great/jj virtues/nns that/cs they/ppss are/ber trained/vbn to/to read/vb ``/`` the/at fine/jj print/nn ''/'' carefully/rb and/cc are/ber able/jj out/rp of/in professional/jj experience/nn to/to arrive/vb at/in imaginative/jj solutions/nns to/in difficult/jj problems/nns in/in many/ap fields/nns --/-- are/ber indispensable/jj even/rb in/in a/at foundation/nn office/nn ./. The/at present/jj Secretary/nn-tl General/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl principal/jjs administrative/jj officer/nn continuously/rb since/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl establishment/nn thirty-five/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. But/cc even/rb he/pps will/md not/* last/vb indefinitely/rb and/cc the/at above-noted/jj new/jj arrangements/nns are/ber ,/, quite/ql simply/rb ,/, made/vbn to/to assure/vb qualitative/jj continuity/nn in/in the/at Foundation's/nn$-tl policies/nns and/cc practices/nns ./. The/at effective/jj recognition/nn of/in excellence/nn and/cc its/pp$ nurture/nn has/hvz to/to be/be learned/vbn and/cc is/bez not/* learned/vbn in/in a/at day/nn ,/, nor/cc even/rb in/in a/at year/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber not/* given/vbn to/in lamentations/nns ,/, neither/cc personally/rb nor/cc in/in these/dts Reports/nns-tl ./. On/in the/at contrary/nn ,/, if/cs this/dt be/be an/at apocalyptic/jj era/nn as/cs is/bez commonly/rb said/vbn ,/, we/ppss see/vb it/ppo as/cs an/at era/nn of/in opportunity/nn ./. For/cs ,/, granting/vbg that/cs there/ex are/ber great/jj present-day/jj problems/nns to/to be/be solved/vbn ,/, these/dts problems/nns make/vb great/jj demands/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc by/in their/pp$ demanding/nn tend/vb to/to create/vb resources/nns of/in men's/nns$ minds/nns and/cc hearts/nns which/wdt problems/nns with/in easy/jj answers/nns do/do not/* bring/vb forth/rb ./. Of/in this/dt ,/, examples/nns are/ber legion/nn :/: Pericles/np speaking/vbg his/pp$ funeral/nn oration/nn in/in Ancient/jj-tl Greece's/np$ extremity/nn after/in Thermopylae/np and/cc making/vbg it/ppo a/at testament/nn of/in freedom/nn ;/. ;/. Jefferson/np writing/vbg the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl amid/in the/at catastrophes/nns of/in revolution/nn ;/. ;/. Christ/np preaching/vbg the/at Sermon/nn-tl on/in-tl the/at-tl Mount/nn-tl ,/, close/rb to/in his/pp$ ultimate/jj sacrifice/nn ;/. ;/. Shakespeare/np speaking/vbg with/in ``/`` the/at indescribable/jj gusto/nn of/in the/at Elizabethan/jj voice/nn ''/'' --/-- ;/. ;/. Keats's/np$ words/nns --/-- in/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at Spanish/jj-tl Armada's/nn$-tl threats/nns ;/. ;/. Isaac/np Newton/np ,/, at/in the/at age/nn of/in twenty-three/cd ,/, industriously/rb calculating/vbg logarithms/nns ``/`` to/in two/cd and/cc fifty/cd places/nns ''/'' during/in the/at great/jj plague/nn year/nn in/in England/np ,/, 1665/cd ;/. ;/. Winston/np Churchill's/np$ Olympian/jj ,/, optimistic/jj and/cc resolute/jj sayings/nns when/wrb Britain/np stood/vbd alone/rb against/in the/at armed/vbn forces/nns of/in tyranny/nn less/ap than/in twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb ;/. ;/. the/at present-day/jj explorations/nns of/in outer/jj space/nn ,/, answering/vbg age-old/jj questions/nns of/in science/nn and/cc philosophy/nn ,/, in/in the/at face/nn of/in possible/jj wars/nns of/in extinction/nn ./. Forsan/fw-rb et/fw-cc haec/fw-dts olim/fw-rb meminisse/fw-vb iuvabit/fw-vb ,/, as/cs the/at Roman/jj poet/nn ,/, Virgil/np ,/, declared/vbd with/in much/ql more/ap historical/jj sense/nn than/cs most/ap writers/nns of/in today/nr ./. It/pps gives/vbz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, cause/nn for/in rejoicing/vbg to/to remember/vb what/wdt many/ap catastrophes/nns of/in the/at past/nn produced/vbd ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps is/bez to/to be/be noted/vbn also/rb that/cs confidence/nn should/md grow/vb from/in remembering/vbg that/cs great/jj men/nns often/rb appeared/vbd in/in the/at past/nn to/to turn/vb local/jj catastrophe/nn into/in future/jj good/nn for/in all/abn mankind/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, out/rp of/in the/at social/jj evils/nns of/in the/at English/jj industrial/jj revolution/nn came/vbd the/at novels/nns of/in Charles/np Dickens/np ;/. ;/. and/cc his/pp$ genius/nn moved/vbd his/pp$ readers/nns to/to seek/vb solutions/nns of/in those/dts evils/nns for/in all/abn Western/jj-tl men/nns --/-- until/cs today/nr --/-- ,/, in/in the/at industrialized/vbn West/nr-tl ,/, these/dts social/jj evils/nns substantially/rb do/do not/* exist/vb ./. The/at solutions/nns were/bed not/* arrived/vbn at/in by/in any/dti theoreticians/nns of/in the/at Karl/np Marx/np stripe/nn but/cc by/in men/nns of/in government/nn --/-- lawyers/nns ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo --/-- and/cc men/nns of/in business/nn ./. These/dts were/bed educated/vbn men/nns ,/, who/wps ,/, as/cs Mr./np Justice/np Holmes/np was/bedz fond/jj of/in saying/vbg ,/, formed/vbd their/pp$ inductions/nns out/rp of/in experience/nn under/in the/at burden/nn of/in responsibility/nn ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, to/to put/vb it/ppo realistically/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd to/to run/vb their/pp$ businesses/nns at/in a/at profit/nn ,/, or/cc they/ppss had/hvd to/to get/vb the/at votes/nns to/to get/vb elected/vbn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, they/ppss made/vbd naught/pn of/in Marx's/np$ prophecy/nn that/cs capitalism/nn would/md never/rb pay/vb the/at ``/`` workers/nns ''/'' --/-- to/to use/vb Marx's/np$ word/nn --/-- more/ap than/cs a/at subsistence/nn wage/nn ,/, with/in the/at consequence/nn that/cs increased/vbn productivity/nn must/md inevitably/rb find/vb its/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at capitalists'/nns$ pockets/nns with/in the/at result/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, that/cs the/at gap/nn between/in the/at rich/jj and/cc the/at poor/jj would/md irrevocably/rb widen/vb and/cc the/at misery/nn of/in the/at poor/jj increase/vb ./. But/cc as/cs all/abn understand/vb who/wps have/hv eyes/nns to/to see/vb ,/, nothing/pn of/in the/at kind/nn has/hvz happened/vbn ;/. ;/. indeed/rb ,/, the/at contrary/nn has/hvz happened/vbn ./. The/at gulf/nn between/in the/at ``/`` rich/jj ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` poor/jj ''/'' has/hvz narrowed/vbn ,/, in/in the/at industrialized/vbn Western/jj-tl world/nn ,/, to/in the/at point/nn that/cs the/at word/nn ``/`` poor/jj-nc ''/'' is/bez hardly/rb applicable/jj ./. And/cc the/at reason/nn this/dt could/md happen/vb is/bez clear/jj :/: men/nns of/in government/nn ,/, business/nn men/nns ,/, lawyers/nns and/cc all/abn who/wps concerned/vbd themselves/ppls with/in the/at welfare/nn of/in their/pp$ fellow/jj men/nns did/dod not/* let/vb their/pp$ concern/nn to/to run/vb their/pp$ businesses/nns at/in a/at profit/nn restrict/vb the/at development/nn of/in freedom/nn and/cc opportunity/nn ./. Some/dti would/md say/vb that/cs they/ppss were/bed not/* permitted/vbn to/to run/vb their/pp$ businesses/nns only/rb for/in profit/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc even/rb putting/vbg it/ppo that/dt way/nn would/md not/* prove/vb that/cs Marx/np was/bedz anything/pn but/in wrong/jj ./. Sir/np Henry/np Sumner/np Maine/np ,/, a/at hundred/cd years/nns before/cs Communism/nn-tl was/bedz a/at force/nn to/to be/be reckoned/vbn with/in ,/, wrote/vbd his/pp$ brilliant/jj legal/jj generalization/nn ,/, that/cs ``/`` the/at progress/nn of/in society/nn is/bez from/in status/nn to/in contract/nn ''/'' ./. The/at essence/nn of/in contract/nn is/bez that/cs one/pn is/bez free/jj to/to make/vb a/at choice/nn of/in what/wdt one/pn will/md or/cc will/md not/* do/do ./. Hence/rb ,/, the/at condition/nn of/in freedom/nn is/bez a/at necessary/jj condition/nn for/in choice/nn ./. The/at greater/jjr the/at range/nn of/in freedom/nn for/in individual/jj men/nns ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at range/nn of/in choice/nn ;/. ;/. the/at greater/jjr the/at range/nn of/in choice/nn ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at rate/nn of/in change/nn ./. For/cs change/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in the/at possibilities/nns that/cs individual/jj men/nns glimpse/vb for/in the/at future/nn ./. But/cc when/wrb there/ex is/bez not/* freedom/nn and/cc opportunity/nn to/to choose/vb ,/, men/nns --/-- individual/jj men/nns --/-- must/md remain/vb in/in status/nn and/cc society/nn does/doz not/* ,/, cannot/md* ,/, progress/vb ./. The/at eternal/jj truth/nn is/bez that/cs progress/nn --/-- due/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps always/rb is/bez ,/, to/in individual/jj creative/jj genius/nn --/-- is/bez just/ql as/ql dependent/jj on/in freedom/nn as/cs human/jj life/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in the/at beating/nn of/in the/at heart/nn ./. And/cc lest/cs anybody/pn think/vb that/cs considerations/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts are/ber not/* germane/jj in/in a/at foundation/nn report/nn ,/, let/vb me/ppo enlighten/vb them/ppo with/in the/at truths/nns that/cs ,/, under/in Communism/nn-tl there/ex would/md have/hv been/ben no/at capital/nn with/in which/wdt to/to endow/vb the/at Foundation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc that/cs there/ex would/md not/* be/be that/dt individual/jj freedom/nn within/in which/wdt the/at Fellows/nns-tl might/md proceed/vb ,/, untrammeled/jj in/in every/at way/nn ,/, toward/in their/pp$ discoveries/nns ,/, their/pp$ creative/jj efforts/nns for/in the/at good/nn of/in mankind/nn ./. During/in the/at year/nn 1959/cd ,/, we/ppss granted/vbd 354/cd Fellowships/nns-tl ;/. ;/. in/in 1960/cd ,/, we/ppss granted/vbd 334/cd ./. As/cs heretofore/rb ,/, our/pp$ Fellowships/nns-tl are/ber available/jj to/to assist/vb research/nn in/in all/abn fields/nns of/in knowledge/nn and/cc creative/jj effort/nn in/in all/abn the/at arts/nns ./. We/ppss do/do not/* favor/vb one/cd field/nn over/in another/dt :/: we/ppss think/vb that/cs all/abn inquiry/nn ,/, all/abn scholarly/jj and/cc artistic/jj creation/nn ,/, is/bez good/jj --/-- provided/vbn only/rb that/cs it/pps contributes/vbz to/in a/at sense/nn and/cc understanding/nn of/in the/at true/jj ends/nns of/in life/nn ,/, as/cs all/abn first-rate/jj scholarship/nn and/cc artistic/jj creation/nn does/doz ./. Indeed/rb ,/, if/cs pressed/vbn ,/, we/ppss would/md say/vb what/wdt the/at late/jj Robert/np Henri/np ,/, American/jj painter/nn ,/, said/vbd to/in a/at pupil/nn ,/, ``/`` Anything/pn will/md do/do for/in a/at subject/nn :/: it's/pps+bez what/wdt you/ppss do/do with/in it/ppo that/wps counts/vbz ''/'' ./. Thus/rb ,/, we/ppss have/hv no/at part/nn ,/, and/cc want/vb none/pn ,/, in/in current/jj discussions/nns of/in the/at relative/jj importance/nn of/in science/nn ,/, the/at social/jj studies/nns ,/, the/at humanities/nns ,/, the/at creative/jj arts/nns ./. We/ppss want/vb no/at part/nn in/in such/jj discussions/nns ,/, because/cs we/ppss think/vb them/ppo largely/ql futile/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc we/ppss think/vb them/ppo largely/rb futile/jj because/cs ,/, for/in true/jj excellence/nn of/in accomplishment/nn ,/, every/at scholar/nn and/cc every/at artist/nn must/md cross/vb boundaries/nns of/in knowledge/nn and/cc boundaries/nns of/in points/nns of/in view/nn ./.

ch26

ch26 |@word brown:52 sharpe:31 manufacture:11 company:17 reach:1 125th:1 year:12 go:4 industrial:5 concern:1 1958:1 become:6 almost:1 unique:2 institution:1 mechanical:6 world:10 history:1 stand:1 astride:1 beginning:2 revolution:1 singular:1 monument:1 foresight:1 founder:1 joseph:5 renowned:1 synonym:1 precision:14 progress:1 metalworke:1 technology:1 grow:3 bustle:1 enterprise:2 new:6 england:1 1810:1 1830:1 early:4 expose:1 youth:1 often:1 help:2 father:4 david:2 master:1 clock:4 watchmaker:1 ply:1 trade:2 age:1 17:1 apprentice:4 machinist:2 shop:4 walcott:1 harris:1 valley:1 falls:1 rhode:1 island:1 follow:5 two:2 three:1 job:2 quick:1 succession:1 graduation:2 business:8 1831:1 make:12 lathe:1 small:3 tool:12 lead:2 son:2 combination:1 1833:1 name:3 eventually:2 modern:1 corporation:1 call:3 partnership:7 number:2 1838:1 devastating:1 fire:2 gutte:1 soon:2 thereafter:1 move:1 west:1 illinois:1 settle:1 land:1 grant:1 decline:1 continue:2 quickly:1 rebuild:1 establishment:1 lose:2 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reversible:1 tap:1 die:1 holder:1 1861:1 attention:1 twist:1 drill:3 civil:2 war:2 union:1 musket:1 providence:3 rattail:1 process:2 neither:1 satisfy:1 urgent:1 schedule:1 possibility:1 situation:1 child:1 serial:2 1:1 universal:7 milling:8 archtype:1 descend:1 knee:3 type:5 original:1 bear:2 exhibition:2 center:1 tooth:5 cutter:5 ultimately:1 revolutionize:1 manufacturing:4 industry:1 change:1 economic:1 possible:1 good:1 sharpening:2 sharpen:1 precise:1 economical:1 questionable:1 way:1 could:1 permit:1 repeat:1 without:1 loss:1 achieve:1 byproduct:1 cornerstone:1 position:1 leadership:3 last:1 1920:1 supercede:1 method:1 micrometer:2 workshop:1 owe:1 although:1 inventor:1 french:2 idea:1 typical:1 intuition:1 conceive:1 importance:2 mass:1 produce:2 general:1 paris:1 1868:2 sample:1 united:1 states:1 start:1 retain:1 final:1 achievement:2 long:1 interesting:1 run:1 close:1 second:1 creation:1 grind:4 appearance:1 1876:2 philadelphia:1 centennial:1 exposition:1 like:1 counterpart:1 antecedent:1 family:1 metalworking:1 major:3 profoundly:1 influential:1 death:2 forward:1 organization:1 contribute:1 greatly:1 samuel:1 darle:3 head:1 darling:3 swartz:1 challenge:1 keen:1 competition:1 1850:1 60:1 however:1 truce:1 buying:1 1892:1 large:3 portion:1 old:1 trademark:1 perhaps:1 outstanding:1 bearer:1 tradition:1 oscar:1 beale:1 whose:2 closely:2 parallel:1 particular:1 forte:1 exceedingly:1 accurate:1 measure:1 machinery:2 therefore:1 product:5 exceed:1 anything:1 available:1 elsewhere:1 scene:1 century:2 richmond:1 viall:2 superintendent:1 1910:1 possess:1 remarkable:1 talent:2 ardent:1 champion:1 program:1 personal:1 counselor:1 countless:1 able:1 sense:1 say:1 subsequently:1 place:1 eminence:1 nation:1 even:1 abroad:1 commence:1 1899:1 henry:2 50:1 interwoven:1 destiny:1 presidency:1 physical:1 plant:1 enormously:1 expand:2 length:1 breadth:1 great:1 unchallenged:1 facility:1 exclusively:1 anywhere:1 tenet:1 lay:1 simple:1 cut:2 hobbing:1 contract:1 rudimentary:1 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When/wrb the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl Manufacturing/vbg-tl Company/nn-tl reached/vbd its/pp$ 125th/od year/nn as/cs a/at going/vbg industrial/jj concern/nn during/in 1958/cd ,/, it/pps became/vbd an/at almost/ql unique/jj institution/nn in/in the/at mechanical/jj world/nn ./. With/in its/pp$ history/nn standing/vbg astride/in all/abn but/in the/at very/ap beginnings/nns of/in the/at industrial/jj revolution/nn ,/, Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl has/hvz become/vbn over/in the/at years/nns a/at singular/jj monument/nn to/in the/at mechanical/jj foresight/nn of/in its/pp$ founder/nn ,/, Joseph/np R./np Brown/np ,/, and/cc a/at world-renowned/jj synonym/nn for/in precision/nn and/cc progress/nn in/in metalworking/nn technology/nn ./. Joseph/np R./np Brown/np grew/vbd up/rp in/in the/at bustle/nn and/cc enterprise/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl between/in 1810/cd and/cc 1830/cd ./. He/pps was/bedz early/rb exposed/vbn to/in the/at mechanical/jj world/nn ,/, and/cc in/in his/pp$ youth/nn often/rb helped/vbd his/pp$ father/nn ,/, David/np Brown/np ,/, master/jj clock/nn and/cc watchmaker/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps plied/vbd his/pp$ trade/nn ./. At/in the/at age/nn of/in 17/cd he/pps became/vbd an/at apprentice/nn machinist/nn at/in the/at shop/nn of/in Walcott/np-tl &/cc-tl Harris/np-tl in/in Valley/nn-tl Falls/nns-tl ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc following/vbg two/cd or/cc three/cd other/ap jobs/nns in/in quick/jj succession/nn after/in graduation/nn ,/, he/pps went/vbd into/in business/nn for/in himself/ppl in/in 1831/cd ,/, making/vbg lathes/nns and/cc small/jj tools/nns ./. This/dt enterprise/nn led/vbd to/in a/at father-and-son/jj combination/nn beginning/vbg in/in 1833/cd ,/, under/in the/at name/nn D./np-tl Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Son/nn-tl ,/, a/at business/nn which/wdt eventually/rb grew/vbd into/in the/at modern/jj corporation/nn we/ppss now/rb call/vb Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl ./. The/at years/nns of/in Joseph's/np$ partnership/nn with/in his/pp$ father/nn were/bed numbered/vbn ./. In/in 1838/cd ,/, a/at devastating/vbg fire/nn gutted/vbd their/pp$ small/jj shop/nn and/cc soon/rb thereafter/rb David/np Brown/np moved/vbd west/nr to/in Illinois/np ,/, settling/vbg on/in a/at land/nn grant/nn in/in his/pp$ declining/vbg years/nns ./. Joseph/np Brown/np continued/vbd in/in business/nn by/in himself/ppl ,/, quickly/rb rebuilding/vbg the/at establishment/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben lost/vbn in/in the/at fire/nn and/cc beginning/vbg those/dts first/od steps/nns which/wdt were/bed to/to establish/vb him/ppo as/cs a/at pioneer/nn in/in raising/vbg the/at standards/nns of/in accuracy/nn of/in machine/nn shop/nn practice/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. Much/ap of/in his/pp$ genius/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, sprang/vbd from/in his/pp$ familiarity/nn with/in clock/nn movements/nns ./. During/in these/dts early/jj years/nns the/at repair/nn of/in watches/nns and/cc clocks/nns and/cc the/at building/nn of/in special/jj clocks/nns for/in church/nn steeples/nns formed/vbd an/at important/jj part/nn of/in the/at young/jj man's/nn$ occupation/nn ./. He/pps became/vbd particularly/ql interested/vbn in/in graduating/vbg and/cc precision/nn measurement/nn during/in the/at 1840's/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ thinking/nn along/in these/dts lines/nns developed/vbd considerably/rb during/in this/dt period/nn ./. But/cc his/pp$ business/nn also/rb grew/vbd ,/, and/cc we/ppss are/ber told/vbn that/cs Mr./np Brown/np found/vbd it/ppo increasingly/ql difficult/jj to/to devote/vb as/ql much/ap time/nn to/in his/pp$ creative/jj thinking/nn as/cs his/pp$ inclinations/nns led/vbd him/ppo to/to desire/vb ./. It/pps must/md have/hv been/ben with/in some/dti pleasure/nn and/cc relief/nn that/cs on/in September/np 12/cd ,/, 1848/cd ,/, Joseph/np Brown/np made/vbd the/at momentous/jj entry/nn in/in his/pp$ job/nn book/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ characteristically/rb cryptic/jj style/nn ,/, ``/`` Lucian/np Sharpe/np came/vbd to/to work/vb for/in me/ppo this/dt day/nn as/cs an/at apprentice/nn ''/'' ./. The/at young/jj apprentice/nn apparently/rb did/dod well/rb by/in Mr./np Brown/np ,/, for/cs in/in the/at third/od year/nn of/in his/pp$ apprenticeship/nn Lucian/np was/bedz offered/vbn a/at full/jj partnership/nn in/in the/at firm/nn ;/. ;/. the/at company/nn became/vbd ``/`` J./np-tl R./np-tl Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc entered/vbd into/in a/at new/jj and/cc important/jj period/nn of/in its/pp$ development/nn ./. Mr./np Sharpe's/np$ arrival/nn in/in the/at business/nn did/dod indeed/rb provide/vb what/wdt Mr./np Brown/np had/hvd most/rbt coveted/vbn --/-- time/nn for/in ``/`` tinkering/vbg ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at opportunity/nn of/in carrying/vbg out/rp in/in the/at back/jj room/nn those/dts developments/nns in/in precision/nn graduation/nn which/wdt most/rbt interested/vbd him/ppo at/in that/dt time/nn ./. By/in 1853/cd ,/, the/at new/jj partnership/nn announced/vbd the/at precision/nn vernier/nn caliper/nn as/cs the/at first/od fruit/nn of/in their/pp$ joint/jj efforts/nns ./. The/at basic/jj significance/nn of/in this/dt invention/nn helped/vbd them/ppo to/to follow/vb it/ppo rapidly/rb in/in 1855/cd by/in the/at development/nn of/in a/at unique/jj precision/nn gear/nn cutting/nn and/cc dividing/vbg engine/nn ./. That/dt development/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, formed/vbd the/at foundation/nn of/in still/ql more/ql significant/jj expansions/nns in/in later/jjr years/nns --/-- in/in gear/nn cutting/nn ,/, in/in circular/jj graduating/nn ,/, in/in index/nn drilling/nn ,/, and/cc in/in many/ap other/ap fields/nns where/wrb accuracy/nn was/bedz a/at paramount/jjs requirement/nn ./. Throughout/in their/pp$ careers/nns ,/, both/abx Mr./np Brown/np and/cc Mr./np Sharpe/np were/bed interested/vbn in/in the/at problem/nn of/in setting/vbg up/rp standards/nns of/in measurement/nn for/in the/at mechanical/jj trades/nns ./. Several/ap efforts/nns were/bed made/vbn in/in this/dt direction/nn ,/, and/cc though/cs not/* all/abn of/in them/ppo survive/vb to/in this/dt day/nn ,/, the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl wire/nn gage/nn system/nn was/bedz eventually/rb adopted/vbn as/cs the/at American/jj standard/nn and/cc is/bez still/rb in/in common/jj use/nn today/nr ./. As/cs one/cd development/nn followed/vbd another/dt ,/, the/at company's/nn$ reputation/nn for/in precision/nn in/in the/at graduating/vbg field/nn brought/vbd it/ppo broader/jjr and/cc broader/jjr opportunities/nns for/in expansion/nn in/in precision/nn manufacture/nn ./. In/in 1858/cd ,/, the/at partnership/nn began/vbd manufacturing/vbg the/at Willcox/np-tl &/cc-tl Gibbs/np-tl sewing/vbg machine/nn ./. As/cs the/at story/nn goes/vbz ,/, Mr./np Gibbs/np ,/, who/wps originally/rb came/vbd from/in the/at back/jj counties/nns of/in the/at Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Virginia/np-tl ,/, saw/vbd an/at illustration/nn in/in a/at magazine/nn of/in the/at famous/jj Howe/np sewing/vbg machine/nn ./. Curious/jj as/in to/in what/wdt made/vbd it/ppo work/vb ,/, he/pps built/vbd a/at crude/jj model/nn of/in it/ppo in/in wood/nn ,/, and/cc filed/vbd a/at piece/nn of/in steel/nn until/cs he/pps succeeded/vbd in/in making/vbg a/at metal/nn pickup/nn for/in the/at thread/nn ,/, enabling/vbg the/at crude/jj machine/nn to/to take/vb stitches/nns ./. When/wrb he/pps showed/vbd this/dt model/nn as/cs his/pp$ ``/`` solution/nn ''/'' as/in to/in how/wrb the/at Howe/np sewing/vbg machine/nn operated/vbd ,/, he/pps was/bedz told/vbn he/pps was/bedz ``/`` wrong/jj ''/'' ,/, and/cc discovered/vbd to/in his/pp$ amazement/nn that/cs the/at Howe/np-tl Machine/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz unknown/jj to/in him/ppo in/in detail/nn ,/, used/vbd two/cd threads/nns while/cs the/at one/cd that/wpo he/pps had/hvd perfected/vbn used/vbd only/rb one/cd ./. Thus/rb was/bedz invented/vbn the/at single/ap thread/nn sewing/vbg machine/nn ,/, which/wdt Mr./np Gibbs/np in/in partnership/nn with/in Mr./np Willcox/np decided/vbd to/to bring/vb to/in Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl with/in the/at proposal/nn that/cs the/at small/jj company/nn undertake/vb its/pp$ manufacture/nn ./. The/at new/jj work/nn was/bedz a/at boon/nn to/in the/at partnership/nn ,/, not/* only/rb for/in its/pp$ own/jj value/nn but/cc particularly/rb for/in the/at stimulation/nn it/pps provided/vbd to/in the/at imagination/nn of/in J./np R./np Brown/np toward/in yet/rb further/ap developments/nns for/in production/nn equipment/nn ./. The/at turret/nn screw/nn machine/nn ,/, now/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl hand/nn screw/nn machine/nn ,/, takes/vbz its/pp$ ancestry/nn directly/rb from/in Mr./np Brown's/np$ efforts/nns to/to introduce/vb equipment/nn to/to simplify/vb the/at manufacture/nn of/in the/at sewing/vbg machine/nn ./. Mr./np Brown/np made/vbd important/jj additions/nns to/in the/at arts/nns in/in screw/nn machine/nn design/nn by/in drastically/rb improving/vbg the/at means/nns for/in revolving/vbg the/at turret/nn ,/, by/in introducing/vbg automatic/jj feeding/vbg devices/nns for/in the/at stock/nn ,/, and/cc reversible/jj tap/nn and/cc die/nn holders/nns ./. In/in 1861/cd ,/, Mr./np Brown's/np$ attention/nn was/bedz called/vbn to/in yet/rb another/dt basic/jj production/nn problem/nn --/-- the/at manufacture/nn of/in twist/nn drills/nns ./. At/in that/dt time/nn ,/, during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, Union/nn-tl muskets/nns were/bed being/beg manufactured/vbn in/in Providence/np and/cc the/at drills/nns to/to drill/vb them/ppo were/bed being/beg hand-filed/vbn with/in rattail/nn files/nns ./. This/dt process/nn neither/cc satisfied/vbd the/at urgent/jj production/nn schedules/nns nor/cc Mr./np Brown's/np$ imagination/nn of/in the/at possibilities/nns in/in the/at situation/nn ./. The/at child/nn of/in this/dt problem/nn was/bedz Mr./np Brown's/np$ famous/jj Serial/nn-tl No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl Universal/jj-tl Milling/vbg-tl Machine/nn-tl ,/, the/at archtype/nn from/in which/wdt is/bez descended/vbn today's/nr$ universal/jj knee-type/jj milling/vbg machine/nn used/vbn throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. The/at original/jj machine/nn ,/, bearing/vbg its/pp$ famous/jj serial/nn number/nn ,/, is/bez still/rb on/in exhibition/nn at/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl Precision/nn-tl Center/nn-tl in/in Providence/np ./. During/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl period/nn Mr./np Brown/np also/rb invented/vbd the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl formed/vbn tooth/nn gear/nn cutter/nn ,/, a/at basic/jj invention/nn which/wdt ultimately/rb revolutionized/vbd the/at world's/nn$ gear/nn manufacturing/vbg industry/nn by/in changing/vbg its/pp$ basic/jj economics/nn ./. Up/rp until/in that/dt time/nn it/pps had/hvd been/ben possible/jj to/to make/vb cutters/nns for/in making/vbg gear/nn teeth/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed good/jj for/in only/rb one/cd sharpening/nn ./. As/ql soon/rb as/cs the/at time/nn came/vbd for/in re-sharpening/nn ,/, the/at precise/jj form/nn of/in the/at gear/nn tooth/nn was/bedz lost/vbn and/cc a/at new/jj cutter/nn had/hvd to/to be/be made/vbn ./. This/dt process/nn made/vbd the/at economical/jj manufacture/nn of/in gears/nns questionable/jj until/cs some/dti way/nn could/md be/be found/vbn to/to permit/vb the/at repeated/vbn re-sharpening/nn of/in gear/nn tooth/nn cutters/nns without/in the/at loss/nn of/in the/at precision/nn form/nn ./. Mr./np Brown's/np$ invention/nn achieved/vbd this/dt and/cc ,/, as/cs a/at byproduct/nn ,/, formed/vbd the/at cornerstone/nn of/in Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe's/np$-tl position/nn of/in leadership/nn in/in the/at gear/nn making/nn equipment/nn field/nn which/wdt lasted/vbd until/in the/at 1920's/nns when/wrb superceded/vbn by/in other/ap methods/nns ./. The/at micrometer/nn caliper/nn ,/, as/cs a/at common/jj workshop/nn tool/nn ,/, also/rb owes/vbz much/ap to/in J./np R./np Brown/np ./. Although/cs Mr./np Brown/np was/bedz not/* himself/ppl its/pp$ inventor/nn (/( it/pps was/bedz a/at French/jj idea/nn )/) ,/, it/pps is/bez typical/jj that/cs his/pp$ intuition/nn first/rb conceived/vbd the/at importance/nn of/in mass/nn producing/nn this/dt basic/jj tool/nn for/in general/jj use/nn ./. So/rb it/pps was/bedz that/cs when/wrb Mr./np Brown/np and/cc Mr./np Sharpe/np first/rb saw/vbd the/at French/jj tool/nn on/in exhibition/nn in/in Paris/np in/in 1868/cd ,/, they/ppss brought/vbd a/at sample/nn with/in them/ppo to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc started/vbd Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl in/in yet/rb another/dt field/nn where/wrb it/pps retains/vbz its/pp$ leadership/nn to/in this/dt day/nn ./. The/at final/jj achievement/nn of/in Mr./np Brown's/np$ long/jj and/cc interesting/jj mechanical/jj career/nn runs/vbz a/at close/jj second/od in/in importance/nn to/in his/pp$ development/nn of/in the/at universal/jj milling/vbg machine/nn ./. That/dt achievement/nn was/bedz his/pp$ creation/nn of/in the/at universal/jj grinding/vbg machine/nn ,/, which/wdt made/vbd its/pp$ appearance/nn in/in 1876/cd at/in the/at Philadelphia/np-tl Centennial/nn-tl Exposition/nn-tl ./. This/dt machine/nn ,/, like/cs its/pp$ milling/vbg counterpart/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at antecedent/nn of/in a/at machine-family/nn used/vbn to/in this/dt very/ap day/nn in/in precision/nn metalworking/nn shops/nns throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. Along/rb with/in J./np R./np Brown's/np$ other/ap major/jj developments/nns ,/, the/at universal/jj grinding/vbg machine/nn was/bedz profoundly/ql influential/jj in/in setting/vbg the/at course/nn of/in Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl for/in many/ap years/nns to/to come/vb ./. Following/vbg Mr./np Brown's/np$ death/nn ,/, there/ex came/vbd forward/rb in/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl organization/nn many/ap other/ap men/nns who/wps contributed/vbd greatly/rb to/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at company/nn ./. One/cd such/jj man/nn was/bedz Samuel/np Darling/np ./. As/cs head/nn of/in the/at firm/nn Darling/np-tl &/cc-tl Swartz/np-tl ,/, Mr./np Darling/np began/vbd by/in challenging/vbg Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl to/in its/pp$ keenest/jjt competition/nn during/in the/at 1850's/nns and/cc early/jj 60's/nns ./. In/in 1868/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at truce/nn was/bedz called/vbn between/in the/at companies/nns ,/, and/cc the/at partnership/nn of/in Darling/np ,/, Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl was/bedz formed/vbn ./. Between/in that/dt year/nn and/cc the/at buying/nn out/rp of/in Mr./np Darling's/np$ interest/nn in/in 1892/cd ,/, a/at large/jj portion/nn of/in the/at company's/nn$ precision/nn tool/nn business/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp under/in the/at name/nn of/in Darling/np ,/, Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl ,/, and/cc to/in this/dt day/nn many/ap old/jj precision/nn tools/nns are/ber in/in use/nn still/rb bearing/vbg that/dt famous/jj trademark/nn ./. Perhaps/rb the/at outstanding/jj standard/nn bearer/nn of/in Mr./np Brown's/np$ tradition/nn for/in accuracy/nn was/bedz Mr./np Oscar/np J./np Beale/np ,/, whose/wp$ mechanical/jj genius/nn closely/rb paralleled/vbd that/dt of/in Mr./np Brown/np ,/, and/cc whose/wp$ particular/jj forte/nn was/bedz the/at development/nn of/in the/at exceedingly/ql accurate/jj measuring/vbg machinery/nn that/wps enabled/vbd Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl to/to manufacture/vb gages/nns ,/, and/cc therefore/rb its/pp$ products/nns ,/, with/in an/at accuracy/nn exceeding/vbg anything/pn then/rb available/jj elsewhere/rb in/in the/at world/nn ./. Also/rb important/jj on/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl scene/nn ,/, at/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, was/bedz Mr./np Richmond/np Viall/np ,/, Works/nns-tl Superintendent/nn-tl of/in the/at company/nn from/in 1876/cd to/in 1910/cd ./. Mr./np Viall/np possessed/vbd remarkable/jj talents/nns for/in the/at leadership/nn and/cc development/nn of/in men/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz an/at ardent/jj champion/nn of/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl Apprentice/nn-tl Program/nn-tl and/cc personal/jj counselor/nn to/in countless/jj able/jj men/nns who/wps first/rb developed/vbd their/pp$ industrial/jj talents/nns with/in the/at company/nn ./. In/in one/cd sense/nn it/pps can/md be/be said/vbn that/cs one/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl products/nns over/in the/at years/nns has/hvz been/ben the/at men/nns who/wps began/vbd work/nn with/in the/at company/nn and/cc subsequently/rb came/vbd to/in places/nns of/in industrial/jj eminence/nn throughout/in the/at nation/nn and/cc even/rb abroad/rb ./. Commencing/vbg with/in the/at death/nn of/in Lucian/np Sharpe/np in/in 1899/cd ,/, the/at name/nn of/in Henry/np D./np Sharpe/np was/bedz for/in more/ap than/in 50/cd years/nns closely/rb interwoven/vbn with/in the/at destiny/nn of/in the/at company/nn ./. During/in his/pp$ presidency/nn ,/, the/at company's/nn$ physical/jj plant/nn was/bedz enormously/rb expanded/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at length/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl machine/nn tool/nn line/nn became/vbd the/at greatest/jjt in/in the/at world/nn ./. During/in the/at early/jj part/nn of/in this/dt century/nn ,/, the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl works/nns in/in Providence/np were/bed unchallenged/jj as/cs the/at largest/jjt single/ap manufacturing/vbg facility/nn devoted/vbn exclusively/rb to/in precision/nn machinery/nn and/cc tool/nn manufacture/nn anywhere/rb in/in the/at world/nn ./. During/in these/dts years/nns the/at company's/nn$ product/nn line/nn followed/vbd the/at basic/jj tenets/nns laid/vbn down/rp by/in Mr./np Brown/np ./. It/pps expanded/vbd from/in hand/nn screw/nn machines/nns to/in automatic/jj screw/nn machines/nns ,/, from/in simple/jj formed-tooth/nn gear/nn cutting/nn machines/nns to/in gear/nn hobbing/nn machines/nns and/cc a/at large/jj contract/nn gear/nn manufacturing/vbg business/nn ,/, from/in rudimentary/jj belt-driven/jj universal/jj milling/vbg machines/nns to/in a/at broad/jj line/nn of/in elaborately/rb controlled/vbn knee-type/jj and/cc manufacturing/vbg type/nn milling/vbg machines/nns ./. In/in the/at grinding/vbg machine/nn field/nn ,/, expansion/nn went/vbd far/rb from/in universal/jj grinders/nns alone/rb and/cc took/vbd in/rp cylindrical/jj grinders/nns ,/, surface/nn grinders/nns ,/, and/cc a/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in special/jj and/cc semi-special/jj models/nns ./. In/in 1951/cd ,/, Henry/np D./np Sharpe/np ,/, Jr./np succeeded/vbd his/pp$ father/nn and/cc continued/vbd the/at company's/nn$ development/nn as/cs a/at major/jj factor/nn in/in the/at metal-working/jj equipment/nn business/nn ./. The/at company/nn is/bez still/rb broadening/vbg its/pp$ line/nn and/cc is/bez now/rb active/jj on/in four/cd major/jj fronts/nns ./. The/at Machine/nn-tl Tool/nn-tl Division/nn-tl is/bez currently/rb producing/vbg Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl single/ap spindle/nn automatic/jj screw/nn machines/nns ,/, grinding/vbg machines/nns of/in many/ap types/nns ,/, and/cc knee/nn and/cc bed-type/jj milling/vbg machines/nns ./. Recently/rb added/vbn is/bez the/at Brown/np-tl &/cc-tl Sharpe/np-tl turret/nn drilling/vbg machine/nn which/wdt introduces/vbz the/at company/nn to/in an/at entirely/ql new/jj field/nn of/in tool/nn development/nn ./. In/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, the/at company/nn manufactures/vbz and/cc markets/vbz a/at wide/jj line/nn of/in precision/nn gaging/vbg and/cc inspection/nn equipment/nn ,/, machinists'/nns$ tools/nns --/-- including/in micrometers/nns ,/, Vernier/nn-tl calipers/nns ,/, and/cc accessories/nns ./. In/in the/at Cutting/vbg-tl Tool/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, the/at principal/jjs products/nns include/vb a/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in high/jj speed/nn steel/nn milling/vbg cutters/nns ,/, end/nn mills/nns and/cc saws/nns ./.

ch27

ch27 |@word sale:4 net:3 income:6 year:18 end:3 december:4 31:2 1960:7 show:2 improvement:2 1959:5 per:4 share:4 common:1 currently:3 outstanding:2 compare:1 adjust:2 number:2 operating:2 increase:15 sufficient:1 overcome:1 effect:3 high:9 cost:11 manufacture:2 expenditure:2 research:11 development:10 spite:1 fact:3 large:8 market:5 textile:14 industry:11 affect:1 substantially:3 current:5 decline:2 business:2 activity:2 able:1 produce:5 deliver:1 machine:20 throughout:2 rate:2 materially:1 outlook:1 incoming:1 order:3 contract:4 unless:1 trend:1 reverse:1 production:13 1961:4 low:2 however:2 healthy:1 inventory:2 position:5 lend:1 support:1 broadly:1 express:1 belief:1 expect:2 second:2 half:1 need:1 sound:1 tax:2 policy:5 connection:1 continue:5 new:21 efficient:5 mill:9 machinery:7 sounder:1 depreciation:2 equipment:9 enable:1 charge:1 realistic:1 basis:3 could:1 adopt:1 favorable:2 leesona:9 next:1 would:2 also:1 believe:6 prove:1 important:6 factor:2 strengthen:2 competitive:1 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Sales/nns and/cc net/jj income/nn for/in the/at year/nn ended/vbn December/np 31/cd ,/, 1960/cd showed/vbd an/at improvement/nn over/in 1959/cd ./. Net/jj income/nn was/bedz $2,557,111/nns ,/, or/cc $3.11/nns per/in share/nn on/in 821,220/cd common/jj shares/nns currently/rb outstanding/jj ,/, as/cs compared/vbn to/in $2,323,867/nns or/cc $2.82/nns per/in share/nn in/in 1959/cd ,/, adjusted/vbn to/in the/at same/ap number/nn of/in shares/nns ./. Sales/nns and/cc other/ap operating/vbg income/nn increased/vbd 25.1%/nn from/in $24,926,615/nns in/in 1959/cd to/in $31,179,816/nns in/in 1960/cd ./. This/dt increase/nn was/bedz sufficient/jj to/to overcome/vb the/at effect/nn on/in net/jj income/nn of/in higher/jjr costs/nns of/in manufacture/nn and/cc increased/vbn expenditures/nns on/in research/nn and/cc development/nn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs our/pp$ largest/jjt market/nn ,/, the/at textile/nn industry/nn ,/, was/bedz affected/vbn substantially/rb by/in the/at current/jj decline/nn in/in business/nn activity/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to produce/vb and/cc deliver/vb our/pp$ machines/nns throughout/in the/at year/nn 1960/cd at/in a/at rate/nn materially/ql higher/jjr than/cs during/in 1959/cd ./. Outlook/nn-hl for/in-hl current/jj-hl year/nn-hl Our/pp$ current/jj rate/nn of/in incoming/jj orders/nns has/hvz now/rb contracted/vbn and/cc unless/cs this/dt trend/nn can/md be/be reversed/vbn ,/, our/pp$ production/nn for/in 1961/cd will/md be/be lower/jjr than/cs for/in 1960/cd ./. However/rb ,/, the/at healthy/jj inventory/nn position/nn of/in the/at textile/nn industry/nn lends/vbz support/nn to/in the/at broadly/rb expressed/vbn belief/nn that/cs improvement/nn in/in that/dt industry/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn by/in the/at second/od half/abn of/in 1961/cd ./. Need/nn-hl for/in-hl sound/jj-hl tax/nn-hl policy/nn-hl In/in connection/nn with/in our/pp$ continuing/vbg development/nn of/in new/jj and/cc more/ql efficient/jj mill/nn machinery/nn ,/, a/at sounder/jjr U./np S./np income/nn tax/nn policy/nn on/in depreciation/nn of/in production/nn equipment/nn ,/, enabling/vbg the/at mills/nns to/to charge/vb off/rp the/at cost/nn of/in new/jj machines/nns on/in a/at more/ql realistic/jj basis/nn ,/, could/md ,/, if/cs adopted/vbn ,/, have/hv favorable/jj effects/nns on/in Leesona's/np$ business/nn in/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns ./. Such/abl a/at depreciation/nn policy/nn would/md also/rb ,/, we/ppss believe/vb ,/, prove/vb a/at very/ql important/jj factor/nn in/in strengthening/vbg the/at competitive/jj position/nn of/in the/at U./np S./np textile/nn and/cc other/ap industries/nns ,/, thus/rb helping/vbg to/to strengthen/vb the/at position/nn of/in the/at dollar/nn in/in foreign/jj exchange/nn ./. Research/nn-hl and/cc-hl development/nn-hl Our/pp$ research/nn and/cc development/nn program/nn ,/, serving/vbg as/cs it/pps does/doz an/at industry/nn which/wdt must/md compete/vb against/in low-cost/nn production/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn ,/, continues/vbz to/to have/hv primary/jj emphasis/nn at/in Leesona/np ./. This/dt program/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at policy/nn of/in designing/vbg and/cc building/vbg efficient/jj machines/nns which/wdt will/md help/vb produce/vb better/jjr textile/nn values/nns --/-- fabrics/nns whose/wp$ cost/nn in/in relation/nn to/in quality/nn ,/, fashion/nn and/cc utility/nn provide/vb the/at consumer/nn with/in better/jjr textile/nn products/nns for/in the/at money/nn ./. Such/jj policy/nn involves/vbz continuing/vbg effort/nn to/to improve/vb on/in existing/vbg mill/nn equipment/nn ,/, in/in terms/nns of/in efficiency/nn and/cc versatility/nn ./. But/cc more/ql important/jj ,/, we/ppss believe/vb ,/, it/pps must/md concentrate/vb on/in the/at development/nn of/in entirely/ql new/jj concepts/nns in/in textile/nn processing/nn as/cs do/do the/at Unifil/np loom/nn winder/nn and/cc our/pp$ more/ql recent/jj Uniconer/np automatic/jj coning/vbg machine/nn ./. Budget/nn-hl increased/vbn-hl On/in this/dt basis/nn ,/, our/pp$ already/rb substantial/jj budget/nn for/in research/nn and/cc development/nn has/hvz been/ben further/rbr increased/vbn in/in recent/jj years/nns in/in order/nn to/to finance/vb the/at continuing/vbg engineering/vbg and/cc design/nn work/nn essential/jj to/in Leesona's/np$ future/jj growth/nn in/in sales/nns and/cc earnings/nns ./. Much/ap of/in this/dt necessary/jj increase/nn in/in research/nn and/cc development/nn ,/, though/cs properly/rb chargeable/jj to/in current/jj expenses/nns ,/, is/bez not/* reflected/vbn in/in earnings/nns until/cs projects/nns are/ber completed/vbn and/cc the/at new/jj machines/nns sold/vbn in/in quantity/nn ,/, usually/rb over/in a/at period/nn of/in several/ap years/nns ./. Stretch/nn-hl yarn/nn-hl machines/nns-hl In/in December/np we/ppss began/vbd to/to ship/vb our/pp$ ultra-high-speed/jj stretch/nn yarn/nn machines/nns ./. These/dts machines/nns produce/vb the/at higher/jjr quality/nn stretch/nn yarns/nns required/vbn in/in weaving/vbg stretch/nn and/cc textured/jj fabrics/nns ./. During/in the/at past/ap year/nn ,/, great/jj progress/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn by/in the/at weaving/vbg mills/nns in/in creating/vbg new/jj stretch/nn and/cc textured/jj fabrics/nns ./. Fashion/nn centers/nns are/ber now/rb predicting/vbg broad/jj acceptance/nn of/in sports/nns apparel/nn and/cc improved/vbn ``/`` wash/nn and/cc wear/nn ''/'' dresses/nns and/cc blouses/nns made/vbn from/in these/dts fabrics/nns ./. This/dt machine/nn ,/, operating/vbg at/in speeds/nns up/rp to/in 350,000/cd revolutions/nns per/in minute/nn ,/, is/bez believed/vbn to/to provide/vb one/cd of/in the/at fastest/jjt mechanical/jj operations/nns in/in industry/nn today/nr ./. It/pps transfers/vbz yarn/nn directly/rb from/in the/at producers'/nns$ largest/jjt package/nn into/in ideal/jj supply/nn packages/nns for/in use/nn on/in Unifil/np loom/nn winders/nns in/in weaving/vbg stretch/nn yarn/nn fabrics/nns ./. Large-package/nn-hl twister/nn-hl Our/pp$ new/jj large-package/nn ring/nn twister/nn for/in glass/nn fiber/nn yarns/nns is/bez performing/vbg well/rb in/in our/pp$ customers'/nns$ mills/nns ./. Later/rbr in/in the/at year/nn ,/, additional/jj types/nns of/in this/dt Leesona/np twister/nn will/md be/be made/vbn available/jj to/in mills/nns for/in other/ap man-made/jj fibers/nns and/cc natural/jj yarns/nns ./. These/dts machines/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to provide/vb higher/jjr operating/vbg speeds/nns ,/, larger/jjr yarn/nn packages/nns ,/, and/cc greater/jjr flexibility/nn of/in application/nn to/in different/jj types/nns of/in yarn/nn ./. This/dt we/ppss believe/vb will/md substantially/rb broaden/vb the/at potential/jj market/nn for/in the/at equipment/nn ./. Uniconer/np-hl Major/jj activity/nn at/in Providence/np in/in 1961/cd will/md involve/vb the/at scheduled/vbn completion/nn of/in tooling/vbg for/in production/nn of/in the/at Uniconer/np automatic/jj coning/vbg machine/nn ./. This/dt work/nn is/bez progressing/vbg on/in schedule/nn and/cc we/ppss expect/vb to/to make/vb initial/jj shipments/nns in/in the/at fourth/od quarter/nn of/in this/dt year/nn ./. This/dt machine/nn was/bedz demonstrated/vbn in/in two/cd textile/nn machinery/nn exhibitions/nns last/ap year/nn and/cc was/bedz well/rb received/vbn by/in the/at industry/nn ./. The/at potential/jj market/nn for/in the/at machine/nn should/md be/be comparable/jj to/in that/dt of/in the/at Unifil/np loom/nn winder/nn ./. The/at Uniconer/np has/hvz several/ap outstanding/jj features/nns --/-- it/pps operates/vbz with/in much/ql greater/jjr efficiency/nn than/cs existing/vbg equipment/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps incorporates/vbz an/at automatic/jj knot-tying/jj device/nn on/in each/dt spindle/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps will/md knot/vb a/at break/nn in/in the/at yarn/nn in/in 10/cd seconds/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs tie/vb in/rp new/jj bobbins/nns as/cs the/at running/vbg end/nn is/bez exhausted/vbn ./. Because/cs the/at bobbin-to-cone/jj winding/vbg process/nn is/bez a/at relatively/ql high-cost/nn operation/nn for/in the/at mill/nn ,/, the/at almost/ql complete/jj automation/nn provided/vbn by/in the/at Uniconer/np can/md mean/vb important/jj economies/nns in/in textile/nn production/nn ,/, at/in the/at same/ap time/nn upgrading/vbg quality/nn ./. Many/ap mills/nns have/hv already/rb placed/vbn firm/jj orders/nns for/in this/dt machine/nn ./. New/jj-hl Unifil/np-hl application/nn-hl A/at new/jj application/nn for/in the/at Unifil/np loom/nn winder/nn ,/, running/vbg single/ap filling/nn for/in box/nn looms/nns ,/, will/md broaden/vb mill/nn use/nn of/in this/dt equipment/nn ./. Take-up/jj-hl machines/nns-hl A/at new/jj spinning/vbg take-up/jj machine/nn has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn to/to facilitate/vb the/at use/nn of/in our/pp$ take-up/jj machine/nn in/in the/at production/nn of/in thermoplastic/nn yarns/nns ./. It/pps is/bez equipped/vbn with/in electronic/jj controls/nns that/wps can/md be/be set/vbn to/to hold/vb precise/jj tension/nn and/cc speed/nn ./. This/dt new/jj machine/nn takes/vbz up/rp filament/nn yarn/nn from/in spinneret/nn or/cc extruder/nn and/cc winds/vbz large/jj packages/nns at/in speeds/nns up/rp to/in 6,000/cd feet/nns per/in minute/nn ./. It/pps is/bez equipped/vbn with/in an/at automatic/jj threading/vbg device/nn to/to reduce/vb waste/nn and/cc handling/vbg time/nn ./. Our/pp$ take-up/jj machines/nns and/cc our/pp$ twister-coners/nns are/ber undergoing/vbg important/jj pilot/nn plant/nn testing/nn for/in application/nn with/in new/jj high/jj polymer/nn yarns/nns ,/, in/in several/ap fiber/nn producing/vbg plants/nns ./. We/ppss look/vb forward/rb to/in a/at stronger/jjr position/nn in/in this/dt expanding/vbg field/nn ./. Diversification/nn-hl plans/nns-hl We/ppss are/ber interested/vbn in/in further/ap diversification/nn into/in other/ap fields/nns of/in capital/nn goods/nns ,/, or/cc components/nns for/in industrial/jj products/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv recently/rb intensified/vbn our/pp$ efforts/nns in/in that/dt direction/nn ./. Patterson/np-hl Moos/np-hl research/nn-hl Our/pp$ Patterson/np-tl Moos/np-tl Research/nn-tl Division/nn-tl has/hvz made/vbn further/ap very/ql encouraging/jj progress/nn in/in development/nn of/in fuel/nn cells/nns ./. The/at cooperation/nn of/in our/pp$ exclusive/jj American/jj licensee/nn ,/, Pratt/np-tl &/cc-tl Whitney/np-tl Aircraft/nn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in United/vbn-tl Aircraft/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, has/hvz been/ben important/jj in/in this/dt work/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in its/pp$ major/jj effort/nn on/in fuel/nn cells/nns ,/, Patterson/np-tl Moos/np-tl Research/nn-tl Division/nn-tl is/bez continuing/vbg to/to carry/vb on/rp research/nn in/in other/ap fields/nns ,/, both/abx under/in contract/nn for/in the/at Defense/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, other/ap government/nn agencies/nns and/cc for/in our/pp$ own/jj account/nn ./. PMR/np is/bez currently/rb supplying/vbg components/nns vital/jj to/in the/at Titan/np and/cc Minuteman/np programs/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv recently/rb entered/vbn into/in an/at agreement/nn with/in Compagnie/fw-nn-tl Generale/fw-jj-tl De/fw-in Telegraphie/fw-nn-tl Sans/fw-in-tl Fil/fw-nn-tl (/( CSF/np )/) of/in France/np for/in the/at exclusive/jj exchange/nn of/in technical/jj information/nn on/in thermoelectric/jj materials/nns ./. The/at agreement/nn gives/vbz us/ppo rights/nns for/in manufacturing/vbg and/cc marketing/nn of/in such/jj materials/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Initially/rb we/ppss will/md import/vb the/at thermoelectric/jj materials/nns and/cc modules/nns from/in France/np but/cc later/rbr we/ppss will/md manufacture/vb in/in this/dt country/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at rapidly/rb growing/vbg demand/nn for/in this/dt material/nn ,/, primarily/rb from/in the/at military/nn ./. Further/ap research/nn ,/, we/ppss believe/vb ,/, will/md develop/vb important/jj commercial/jj applications/nns ./. A/at project/nn for/in the/at Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben completed/vbn in/in which/wdt the/at NAIR/nn infrared/jj detecting/vbg device/nn was/bedz developed/vbn for/in area/nn monitoring/nn of/in noxious/jj or/cc dangerous/jj gases/nns ./. We/ppss are/ber initiating/vbg research/nn on/in the/at use/nn of/in solid/jj state/nn materials/nns for/in infrared/jj detection/nn using/vbg a/at method/nn which/wdt will/md not/* require/vb cooling/vbg of/in materials/nns to/to attain/vb high/jj sensitivity/nn ./. The/at rapid/jj advance/nn in/in science/nn today/nr suggests/vbz many/ap other/ap avenues/nns of/in investigation/nn ./. Our/pp$ plan/nn is/bez to/to keep/vb abreast/rb of/in these/dts advances/nns ,/, and/cc select/vb for/in development/nn those/dts fields/nns which/wdt seem/vb most/ql promising/jj for/in our/pp$ special/jj capabilities/nns ./. New/jj-hl plant/nn-hl facilities/nns-hl Early/rb in/in August/np we/ppss broke/vbd ground/nn for/in a/at new/jj $3,500,000/nns plant/nn in/in Warwick/np ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt will/md house/vb our/pp$ textile/nn and/cc coil/nn winding/vbg machinery/nn operations/nns ./. Construction/nn is/bez well/rb along/rb ,/, and/cc the/at plant/nn is/bez scheduled/vbn for/in completion/nn in/in November/np of/in this/dt year/nn ./. All/abn operations/nns now/rb carried/vbn on/rp at/in our/pp$ plant/nn at/in Cranston/np will/md be/be transferred/vbn to/in Warwick/np ./. Operations/nns in/in the/at new/jj plant/nn should/md be/be producing/vbg efficiently/rb early/rb in/in 1962/cd ./. An/at architect's/nn$ sketch/nn of/in the/at new/jj plant/nn is/bez shown/vbn on/in the/at front/jj cover/nn ./. The/at building/nn will/md contain/vb 430,000/cd square/jj feet/nns ,/, approximately/rb the/at same/ap as/cs our/pp$ present/jj plant/nn ./. However/rb ,/, its/pp$ modern/jj one-story/jj layout/nn is/bez designed/vbn to/to increase/vb our/pp$ production/nn capacity/nn ,/, permit/vb more/ql efficient/jj manufacturing/nn ,/, and/cc substantially/rb reduce/vb current/jj repair/nn and/cc maintenance/nn costs/nns ./. A/at major/jj consideration/nn in/in the/at choice/nn of/in the/at Warwick/np site/nn ,/, four/cd miles/nns from/in Cranston/np ,/, was/bedz the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps permits/vbz retention/nn of/in our/pp$ present/jj trained/vbn and/cc highly/ql skilled/jj work/nn force/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv entered/vbn into/in an/at agreement/nn for/in the/at sale/nn of/in the/at present/jj Cranston/np properties/nns ,/, effective/jj as/ql soon/rb as/cs we/ppss have/hv completed/vbn removal/nn to/in our/pp$ new/jj plant/nn ./. British/jj-hl subsidiary/nn-hl During/in the/at year/nn our/pp$ British/jj subsidiary/nn ,/, Leesona-Holt/np-tl ,/, Limited/vbn-tl ,/, expanded/vbd its/pp$ plant/nn in/in Darwen/np ,/, England/np ,/, and/cc added/vbd machine/nn tool/nn capacity/nn ./. The/at operations/nns of/in its/pp$ other/ap plant/nn in/in Rochdale/np and/cc Leesona's/np$ former/ap operations/nns in/in Manchester/np were/bed transferred/vbn to/in a/at recently/rb acquired/vbn plant/nn in/in the/at adjoining/vbg town/nn of/in Heywood/np ./. Layout/nn and/cc equipment/nn were/bed modernized/vbn and/cc improved/vbn to/to obtain/vb increased/vbn production/nn on/in an/at efficient/jj basis/nn ./. The/at area/nn available/jj at/in Heywood/np is/bez approximately/rb three/cd times/nns the/at size/nn of/in the/at former/ap Rochdale/np and/cc Manchester/np locations/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, land/nn has/hvz been/ben purchased/vbn to/to permit/vb doubling/vbg the/at size/nn of/in the/at plant/nn in/in the/at future/nn ./. Financial/jj-hl developments/nns-hl The/at new/jj Warwick/np plant/nn is/bez being/beg built/vbn at/in our/pp$ expense/nn and/cc under/in our/pp$ direction/nn ./. It/pps will/md be/be transfered/vbn on/in completion/nn to/in The/at-tl Industrial/jj-tl Foundation/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, a/at non-profit/jj organization/nn ,/, which/wdt will/md reimburse/vb us/ppo for/in the/at cost/nn of/in construction/nn ./. We/ppss will/md then/rb occupy/vb the/at new/jj plant/nn under/in lease/nn ,/, with/in an/at option/nn to/to purchase/vb ./. These/dts arrangements/nns are/ber ,/, in/in our/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, very/ql favorable/jj to/in Leesona/np ./. Interim/jj financing/nn of/in construction/nn costs/nns is/bez provided/vbn by/in a/at short/jj term/nn loan/nn from/in The/at-tl Chase/np-tl Manhattan/np-tl Bank/nn-tl ./. In/in addition/nn to/in expenditures/nns on/in the/at Warwick/np plant/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv invested/vbn approximately/rb $1,961,000/nns for/in machinery/nn and/cc equipment/nn at/in Cranston/np ,/, and/cc for/in new/jj machinery/nn ,/, plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn at/in Leesona-Holt/np-tl ,/, Limited/vbn-tl ./. We/ppss believe/vb that/cs these/dts improved/vbn facilities/nns will/md contribute/vb income/nn and/cc effect/vb savings/nns which/wdt will/md fully/rb justify/vb the/at investment/nn ./. Long/jj term/nn loans/nns have/hv been/ben reduced/vbn by/in $395,000/nns to/in $2,461,000/nns ./. Inventories/nns increased/vbd $625,561/nns to/in $8,313,514/nns during/in the/at year/nn and/cc should/md decline/vb in/in coming/vbg months/nns ./. Thus/rb we/ppss enter/vb 1961/cd in/in a/at strong/jj financial/jj position/nn ./. Employee/nn-hl contracts/nns-hl In/in accordance/nn with/in the/at two-year/jj contract/nn signed/vbn in/in May/np ,/, 1959/cd ,/, with/in the/at International/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Machinists/nns-tl ,/, AFL-CIO/nn ,/, wages/nns of/in hourly/jj employees/nns were/bed increased/vbn by/in 4%/nn in/in May/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, and/cc pay/nn levels/nns for/in non-exempt/jj salaried/jj employees/nns were/bed increased/vbn proportionately/rb ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, Blue/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl coverage/nn for/in all/abn employees/nns and/cc their/pp$ dependents/nns was/bedz extended/vbn to/to provide/vb the/at full/jj cost/nn of/in semi-private/jj hospital/nn accommodations/nns ./. Personnel/nns-hl benefits/nns-hl In/in addition/nn to/in direct/jj salaries/nns and/cc wages/nns ,/, the/at Company/nn-tl paid/vbd or/cc accrued/vbd during/in the/at year/nn the/at following/vbg amounts/nns for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in employees/nns :/: During/in the/at pension/nn year/nn ended/vbn December/np 31/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, 23/cd employees/nns retired/vbd ,/, making/vbg a/at total/nn of/in 171/cd currently/rb retired/vbn under/in the/at Company's/nn$-tl pension/nn plan/nn ./. At/in December/np 13/cd ,/, 1960/cd the/at fund/nn held/vbn by/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl National/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Providence/np-tl ,/, as/cs trustee/nn for/in payment/nn of/in past/ap and/cc future/jj service/nn pensions/nns to/in qualified/vbn members/nns of/in the/at plan/nn ,/, totaled/vbd $2,412,616/nns ./. The/at basic/jj market/nn for/in textiles/nns is/bez growing/vbg with/in the/at expansion/nn of/in the/at population/nn that/wps began/vbd 20/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. Another/dt growth/nn factor/nn is/bez increased/vbn consumer/nn demand/nn for/in better/jjr quality/nn and/cc larger/jjr quantities/nns of/in fabrics/nns that/wps go/vb with/in a/at rising/vbg standard/nn of/in living/vbg ./. As/cs in/in many/ap other/ap industries/nns ,/, rising/vbg costs/nns and/cc intense/jj competition/nn ,/, both/abx domestic/jj and/cc foreign/jj ,/, have/hv exerted/vbn increasing/vbg pressure/nn on/in earnings/nns of/in the/at textile/nn industry/nn in/in recent/jj years/nns ./. Increased/vbn-hl efficiency/nn-hl In/in textiles/nns ,/, as/cs elsewhere/rb ,/, a/at major/jj part/nn of/in the/at solution/nn lies/vbz in/in greater/jjr efficiency/nn and/cc higher/jjr productivity/nn ./. As/cs a/at designer/nn and/cc manufacturer/nn of/in textile/nn production/nn machinery/nn ,/, Leesona/np and/cc other/ap companies/nns in/in its/pp$ industry/nn have/hv sought/vbn to/to meet/vb this/dt challenge/nn with/in new/jj or/cc improved/vbn equipment/nn and/cc methods/nns that/wps would/md increase/vb production/nn ,/, yet/cc maintain/vb both/abx quality/nn and/cc flexibility/nn ./. Problems/nns-hl of/in-hl shifting/vbg-hl styles/nns-hl The/at problem/nn of/in efficient/jj production/nn in/in textiles/nns is/bez complicated/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at industry/nn serves/vbz large/jj markets/nns which/wdt shift/vb quickly/rb with/in changes/nns of/in fashion/nn in/in apparel/nn or/cc home/nn decoration/nn ./. Production/nn must/md be/be adjusted/vbn accordingly/rb ,/, at/in minimum/jj cost/nn and/cc quickly/rb ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, production/nn machinery/nn must/md in/in many/ap cases/nns be/be designed/vbn to/to handle/vb with/in equal/jj efficiency/nn both/abx natural/jj fibers/nns and/cc the/at increasing/vbg number/nn of/in synthetics/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs blends/nns ./.

ch28

ch28 |@word follow:6 term:1 service:11 japan:1 emissary:1 return:1 brief:2 visit:2 campus:9 interpret:1 experience:3 college:37 community:2 carleton:29 fund:2 provide:10 financial:1 support:1 program:11 musical:4 activity:10 one:1 first:3 recognize:2 importance:2 music:6 definite:1 part:2 curriculum:2 vital:1 adjunct:1 life:2 extensive:1 facility:3 group:8 performance:3 maintain:2 skilled:1 direction:1 choir:3 orchestra:2 band:2 glee:2 club:14 small:2 ensemble:1 wind:1 string:1 player:4 student:54 invite:1 participate:7 organization:13 qualify:1 audition:2 week:5 precede:1 day:3 class:2 open:5 faculty:6 necessary:1 membership:4 addition:3 many:3 appearance:1 throughout:4 year:12 concert:1 department:4 member:8 artist:1 knight:2 overtones:1 man:6 vocal:1 keynote:1 woman:7 singing:1 direct:1 include:7 eight:1 ten:2 perform:1 social:3 event:3 religious:8 founding:1 responsible:2 management:1 plan:2 favorable:1 condition:1 personal:1 development:3 offer:4 opportunity:4 otherwise:1 understand:1 meaning:1 religion:2 course:1 ethic:1 philosophy:1 history:2 christian:3 think:1 bible:1 aim:3 entire:3 teaching:1 represent:2 point:1 view:1 spirit:1 contribute:2 moral:1 worship:5 hold:5 sunday:3 morning:1 eleven:1 chapel:3 sermon:1 give:2 chaplain:2 guest:2 preacher:1 furnish:2 weekly:2 attendance:4 voluntary:2 lead:1 president:2 select:1 visitor:1 variety:1 form:3 practice:4 evening:3 theological:1 lecture:1 drama:2 film:1 relate:1 issue:7 judeo:1 tradition:1 require:1 regularly:2 organize:5 public:1 semester:3 every:2 must:2 attend:2 meeting:3 describe:1 connect:1 corresponding:1 national:1 carry:2 general:1 purpose:5 occasional:1 whole:2 usually:1 speaker:2 discussion:1 meet:3 frequently:1 association:12 sponsor:6 traditional:1 new:2 friendship:1 broaden:2 interest:3 engage:1 worthwhile:1 project:1 several:2 denominational:1 baptist:3 movement:1 canterbury:1 episcopal:2 science:1 friend:1 hillel:1 jewish:1 liberal:1 fellowship:4 lutheran:2 newman:1 roman:2 catholic:2 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assist:1 advise:1 athletic:12 consider:1 integral:1 operate:2 budgetary:1 procedure:1 control:2 academic:2 physical:3 education:2 value:1 participation:2 competitive:2 sport:6 individual:1 enter:1 competition:2 either:2 intercollegiate:3 intramural:2 standard:1 admission:2 eligibility:3 receive:2 scholarship:1 grant:1 aid:1 scholastic:2 apply:1 exercise:1 concern:1 1:2 policy:2 govern:2 2:2 preservation:1 desirable:1 balance:1 3:1 approval:1 schedule:3 4:1 maintenance:1 midwest:2 conference:2 standards:1 collegiate:1 abide:1 rule:2 add:1 contest:1 school:2 shall:1 permanently:1 ineligible:1 also:3 face:1 permanent:1 suspension:1 institution:1 end:2 complete:1 last:1 examination:2 eligible:1 captaincy:1 team:2 record:2 least:1 c:1 compose:1 win:1 official:1 letter:1 athletics:1 promote:3 well:1 among:1 body:2 male:1 cheerleaders:1 soccer:3 undergraduate:1 consist:1 beginner:1 experienced:1 game:1 prepare:1 coach:1 officer:1 recreation:3 1920:1 affiliate:1 federation:1 recreational:1 means:1 efficiency:1 sportsmanship:1 sake:1 board:7 make:2 representative:1 four:1 active:1 saddle:2 orchesis:2 golf:3 tennis:6 dolphin:2 proficient:1 horsemanship:1 present:2 annual:5 spring:3 ride:2 exhibition:1 movie:1 breakfast:2 trip:2 knowledge:1 modern:2 dance:2 may:4 fete:2 earlier:1 demonstration:1 dual:1 tournament:2 university:1 minnesota:1 fall:3 state:1 invitational:1 night:1 water:1 show:1 auspex:1 interclass:1 badminton:1 basketball:1 field:2 hockey:1 swim:1 winter:1 carnival:1 st:1 olaf:1 nearby:1 operation:2 arrange:1 mix:1 picnic:1 hike:1 canoe:1 banquet:1 indoor:1 party:1 publication:7 miscellaneous:1 pamphlet:1 print:1 matter:1 regular:1 bulletin:3 report:3 august:1 alumnus:5 september:1 catalog:2 march:1 reunion:1 april:1 special:1 june:1 publish:5 treasurer:1 monthly:1 newsletter:1 entitle:1 comment:1 alumni:2 magazine:5 voice:1 edit:3 mail:1 seven:1 time:1 publications:5 office:3 interval:1 directory:1 secure:1 january:1 miscellany:1 quarterly:2 literary:3 english:1 contribution:1 author:1 beyond:1 carletonian:1 newspaper:1 see:1 page:1 100:1 place:1 editorial:1 business:5 staff:3 editor:5 manager:4 choose:1 december:1 assume:1 responsibility:1 paper:2 beginning:1 second:1 afford:1 excellent:1 journalism:1 algol:3 serve:2 application:1 position:1 appointment:1 previous:1 nominate:1 appoint:2 manuscript:2 outlet:2 creative:1 write:1 broadcasting:2 station:2 low:1 power:1 carrier:1 current:1 karl:2 hear:1 dormitory:1 talent:1 information:1 entertainment:1 listener:1 hundred:1 planning:1 daily:1 wish:1 pursue:1 career:1 radio:1 government:2 intend:1 betterment:1 administration:1 formulation:1 execution:1 pertain:1 operative:1 stand:1 op:1

Following/in the/at term/nn of/in service/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, each/dt emissary/nn returns/vbz for/in a/at brief/jj visit/nn to/in the/at campus/nn to/to interpret/vb his/pp$ experience/nn to/in the/at college/nn community/nn ./. The/at Carleton/np-tl Service/nn-tl Fund/nn-tl provides/vbz the/at financial/jj support/nn for/in this/dt program/nn ./. Musical/jj-hl activities/nns-hl the/at college/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at first/od to/to recognize/vb the/at importance/nn of/in music/nn not/* only/rb as/cs a/at definite/jj part/nn of/in the/at curriculum/nn but/cc as/cs a/at vital/jj adjunct/nn to/in campus/nn life/nn ./. Extensive/jj facilities/nns for/in group/nn performance/nn are/ber provided/vbn by/in maintaining/vbg ,/, under/in skilled/jj direction/nn ,/, the/at Choir/nn-tl ,/, the/at Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, the/at Band/nn-tl ,/, the/at Glee/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, and/cc smaller/jjr ensembles/nns of/in wind/nn and/cc string/nn players/nns ./. All/abn students/nns are/ber invited/vbn to/to participate/vb in/in any/dti of/in the/at musical/jj organizations/nns for/in which/wdt they/ppss qualify/vb ./. Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, Band/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Choir/nn-tl have/hv auditions/nns during/in the/at week/nn preceding/vbg the/at first/od day/nn of/in classes/nns ./. The/at Glee/nn-tl Club/nn-tl is/bez open/jj to/in all/abn students/nns and/cc faculty/nn with/in no/at auditions/nns necessary/jj for/in membership/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at many/ap appearances/nns of/in these/dts organizations/nns throughout/in the/at college/nn year/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber concerts/nns by/in students/nns of/in the/at music/nn department/nn ,/, by/in members/nns of/in the/at music/nn faculty/nn ,/, and/cc by/in visiting/vbg artists/nns ./. Student/nn musical/jj organizations/nns are/ber the/at Knights/nns-tl of/in-tl Carleton/np-tl and/cc the/at Overtones/nns-tl (/( men's/nns$ vocal/jj groups/nns )/) ,/, and/cc the/at Keynotes/nns-tl (/( a/at women's/nns$ singing/vbg group/nn )/) ./. These/dts student-directed/jj organizations/nns include/vb eight/cd to/in ten/cd members/nns each/dt ;/. ;/. they/ppss perform/vb at/in many/ap campus/nn social/jj events/nns ./. Religious/jj-hl activities/nns-hl from/in the/at founding/nn of/in the/at College/nn-tl those/dts responsible/jj for/in its/pp$ management/nn have/hv planned/vbn to/to provide/vb its/pp$ students/nns favorable/jj conditions/nns for/in personal/jj religious/jj development/nn and/cc to/to offer/vb opportunities/nns through/in the/at curriculum/nn and/cc otherwise/rb for/in understanding/vbg the/at meaning/nn and/cc importance/nn of/in religion/nn ./. Courses/nns are/ber offered/vbn in/in ethics/nn ,/, the/at philosophy/nn and/cc history/nn of/in religion/nn ,/, Christian/jj thought/nn and/cc history/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Bible/np ./. Carleton/np aims/vbz throughout/in its/pp$ entire/jj teaching/vbg program/nn to/to represent/vb a/at point/nn of/in view/nn and/cc a/at spirit/nn which/wdt will/md contribute/vb to/in the/at moral/jj and/cc religious/jj development/nn of/in its/pp$ students/nns ./. A/at college/nn service/nn of/in worship/nn is/bez held/vbn each/dt Sunday/nr morning/nn at/in eleven/cd o'clock/rb in/in the/at Chapel/nn-tl ./. The/at sermons/nns are/ber given/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl Chaplain/nn-tl ,/, by/in members/nns of/in the/at faculty/nn ,/, or/cc by/in guest/nn preachers/nns ./. Music/nn is/bez furnished/vbn by/in the/at Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl Choir/nn-tl ./. Chapel/nn services/nns are/ber held/vbn weekly/rb ./. These/dts services/nns at/in which/wdt attendance/nn is/bez voluntary/jj are/ber led/vbn by/in the/at Chaplain/nn-tl ,/, by/in the/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at College/nn-tl ,/, by/in selected/vbn faculty/nn members/nns ,/, students/nns ,/, and/cc visitors/nns ./. The/at service/nn is/bez brief/jj and/cc variety/nn in/in forms/nns of/in worship/nn is/bez practiced/vbn ./. A/at Sunday/nr evening/nn program/nn provides/vbz theological/jj lectures/nns ,/, music/nn ,/, drama/nn ,/, and/cc films/nns related/vbn to/in the/at issues/nns of/in the/at Judeo-Christian/jj tradition/nn ./. Attendance/nn is/bez required/vbn at/in the/at College/nn-tl Service/nn-tl of/in-tl Worship/nn-tl or/cc at/in the/at Sunday/nr-tl Evening/nn-tl Program/nn-tl or/cc at/in any/dti regularly/rb organized/vbn service/nn of/in public/jj worship/nn ./. Each/dt semester/nn every/at student/nn must/md attend/vb ten/cd of/in the/at services/nns or/cc religious/jj meetings/nns ./. Attendance/nn at/in the/at Chapel/nn-tl Service/nn-tl is/bez voluntary/jj ./. Religious/jj organizations/nns include/vb the/at groups/nns described/vbn below/rb ./. The/at Y.M.C.A./np and/cc Y.W.C.A./np at/in Carleton/np are/ber connected/vbn with/in the/at corresponding/jj national/jj organizations/nns and/cc carry/vb out/rp their/pp$ general/jj purposes/nns ./. Occasional/jj meetings/nns are/ber held/vbn for/in the/at whole/jj membership/nn ,/, usually/rb with/in a/at guest/nn speaker/nn ,/, while/cs smaller/jjr discussion/nn groups/nns meet/vb more/ql frequently/rb ./. The/at Associations/nns-tl sponsor/vb many/ap traditional/jj campus/nn events/nns and/cc provide/vb students/nns with/in opportunities/nns to/to form/vb new/jj friendships/nns ,/, to/to broaden/vb their/pp$ interests/nns ,/, and/cc to/to engage/vb in/in worthwhile/jj service/nn projects/nns ./. There/ex are/ber other/ap organizations/nns representing/vbg several/ap of/in the/at denominational/jj groups/nns ./. Included/vbn are/ber the/at following/nn :/: Baptist/np-tl Student/nn-tl Movement/nn-tl ,/, Canterbury/np-tl Club/nn-tl (/( Episcopal/jj-tl )/) ,/, Christian/jj-tl Science/nn-tl Organization/nn-tl ,/, Friends'/nns$-tl Meeting/nn-tl for/in-tl Worship/nn-tl ,/, Hillel/np (/( Jewish/jj )/) ,/, Liberal/jj-tl Religious/jj-tl Fellowship/nn-tl ,/, Lutheran/jj-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, Newman/np-tl Club/nn-tl (/( Roman/jj-tl Catholic/jj-tl )/) ,/, Presbyterian/np-tl Student/nn-tl Fellowship/nn-tl ,/, United/vbn-tl Student/nn-tl Fellowship/nn-tl (/( Congregational-Baptist/jj )/) ,/, and/cc Wesley/np-tl Fellowship/nn-tl (/( Methodist/jj )/) ./. Student/nn religious/jj organizations/nns are/ber co-ordinated/vbn under/in the/at Religious/jj-tl Activities/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl ,/, a/at standing/vbg committee/nn of/in the/at Carleton/np-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ./. The/at Northfield/np churches/nns include/vb the/at following/nn :/: Alliance/nn-tl ,/, Congregational-Baptist/jj ,/, Episcopal/jj ,/, Lutheran/jj (/( Norwegian/jj ,/, Danish/jj ,/, Missouri/np-tl Synod/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Bethel/np )/) ,/, Methodist/jj-tl ,/, Moravian/jj ,/, Pentecostal/jj ,/, and/cc Roman/jj Catholic/jj ./. Theater/nn-hl the/at purpose/nn of/in producing/vbg plays/nns at/in the/at College/nn-tl is/bez three-fold/jj :/: to/to provide/vb the/at Carleton/np students/nns with/in the/at best/jjt possible/jj opportunity/nn for/in theater-going/nn within/in the/at limits/nns set/vbn by/in the/at maturity/nn and/cc experience/nn of/in the/at performers/nns and/cc the/at theatrical/jj facilities/nns available/jj ;/. ;/. to/to encourage/vb the/at practice/nn of/in attending/vbg the/at theater/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc to/to develop/vb a/at discriminating/vbg audience/nn for/in good/jj drama/nn and/cc sensitive/jj performance/nn ./. Dramatic/jj activity/nn at/in the/at College/nn-tl is/bez organized/vbn and/cc carried/vbn on/rp by/in The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Players/nns-tl ,/, which/wdt is/bez to/to say/vb by/in all/abn students/nns who/wps are/ber so/rb inclined/vbn to/to advance/vb these/dts aims/nns ./. For/in the/at 1960-1961/cd season/nn ,/, The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Players/nns-tl have/hv announced/vbn Blood/nn-tl Wedding/nn-tl by/in Federico/np Garcia/np Lorca/np ,/, The/at-tl Knight/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Burning/vbg Pestle/nn-tl by/in Beaumont/np and/cc Fletcher/np and/cc A/at-tl Moon/nn-tl For/in-tl The/at-tl Misbegotten/nns-tl by/in Eugene/np O'Neill/np ,/, with/in a/at pre-season/jj production/nn of/in The/at-tl Glass/nn-tl Menagerie/nn-tl by/in Tennessee/np Williams/np ./. Student/nn-hl workshop/nn-hl this/dt workshop/nn ,/, located/vbn in/in Boliou/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, provides/vbz facilities/nns for/in students/nns to/to work/vb in/in ceramics/nn ,/, weaving/vbg ,/, enameling/vbg ,/, welding/vbg ,/, woodworking/vbg ,/, textile/nn printing/nn ,/, printmaking/nn ,/, and/cc lapidary/nn ./. These/dts extra-curricular/jj activities/nns are/ber conducted/vbn under/in supervision/nn of/in the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Student/nn-tl Workshop/nn-tl ./. The/at workshop/nn is/bez open/jj five/cd afternoons/nns and/cc two/cd evenings/nns each/dt week/nn ./. A/at student/nn organization/nn ,/, Bottega/np ,/, is/bez open/jj to/in any/dti student/nn interested/vbn in/in increasing/vbg his/pp$ understanding/nn and/cc appreciation/nn of/in the/at graphic/jj and/cc ceramic/jj arts/nns in/in their/pp$ historical/jj ,/, technical/jj ,/, and/cc productive/jj contexts/nns ./. The/at group/nn meets/vbz once/rb a/at week/nn in/in the/at Boliou/np-tl Student/nn-tl Workshop/nn-tl ./. They/ppss are/ber assisted/vbn and/cc advised/vbn by/in members/nns of/in the/at Art/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ./. Athletics/nn-hl the/at Athletic/jj-tl program/nn at/in Carleton/np is/bez considered/vbn an/at integral/jj part/nn of/in the/at activities/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl and/cc operates/vbz under/in the/at same/ap budgetary/jj procedure/nn and/cc controls/nns as/cs the/at academic/jj work/nn ./. The/at physical/jj education/nn program/nn for/in men/nns recognizes/vbz the/at value/nn of/in participation/nn in/in competitive/jj sports/nns in/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at individual/jj student/nn and/cc aims/vbz to/to give/vb every/at man/nn an/at opportunity/nn to/to enter/vb some/dti form/nn of/in athletic/jj competition/nn ,/, either/cc intercollegiate/jj or/cc intramural/jj ./. The/at same/ap standards/nns for/in admission/nn ,/, for/in eligibility/nn to/to receive/vb scholarships/nns or/cc grants-in-aid/nns ,/, and/cc for/in scholastic/jj performance/nn at/in college/nn apply/vb to/in all/abn students/nns ./. A/at faculty/nn committee/nn on/in athletics/nns ,/, responsible/jj to/in the/at faculty/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ,/, exercises/vbz control/nn over/in the/at athletic/jj program/nn of/in the/at College/nn-tl ./. It/pps concerns/vbz itself/ppl with/in :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at policies/nns which/wdt govern/vb the/at program/nn 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at preservation/nn of/in desirable/jj balance/nn between/in the/at athletic/jj and/cc academic/jj programs/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at approval/nn of/in athletic/jj schedules/nns 4/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at maintenance/nn of/in Midwest/np-tl Conference/nn-tl eligibility/nn standards/nns Carleton/np is/bez a/at member/nn of/in the/at Midwest/np-tl Collegiate/jj-tl Athletic/jj-tl Conference/nn-tl and/cc abides/vbz by/in its/pp$ eligibility/nn rules/nns ./. In/in addition/nn to/in these/dts rules/nns ,/, Carleton/np has/hvz added/vbn the/at following/nn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl A/at student/nn who/wps while/cs in/in attendance/nn at/in Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl participates/vbz in/in an/at athletic/jj contest/nn during/in the/at school/nn year/nn ,/, other/ap than/cs that/dt sponsored/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl ,/, shall/md be/be permanently/rb ineligible/jj to/to participate/vb in/in intercollegiate/jj athletics/nn at/in Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl and/cc will/md also/rb face/vb permanent/jj suspension/nn from/in the/at institution/nn ./. The/at school/nn year/nn does/doz not/* end/vb for/in any/dti student/nn until/cs he/pps has/hvz completed/vbn his/pp$ last/ap examination/nn of/in the/at semester/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl A/at student/nn to/to be/be eligible/jj for/in the/at captaincy/nn of/in any/dti Carleton/np team/nn must/md have/hv a/at scholastic/jj record/nn of/in at/in least/ap 1.00/cd ./. The/at ``/`` C/nn ''/'' club/nn is/bez composed/vbn of/in the/at men/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl who/wps have/hv won/vbn an/at official/jj letter/nn in/in Carleton/np athletics/nn ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at Club/nn-tl is/bez to/to promote/vb better/jjr athletic/jj teams/nns at/in Carleton/np and/cc to/to increase/vb interest/nn in/in them/ppo among/in the/at student/nn body/nn ./. This/dt is/bez done/vbn by/in encouraging/vbg the/at entire/jj male/nn student/nn body/nn to/to participate/vb in/in either/cc the/at intercollegiate/jj or/cc intramural/jj sports/nns program/nn and/cc by/in sponsoring/vbg the/at Carleton/np cheerleaders/nns ./. Soccer/nn-tl-hl Club/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl The/at Soccer/nn-tl Club/nn-tl was/bedz organized/vbn by/in undergraduate/jj men/nns interested/vbn in/in playing/vbg soccer/nn and/cc promoting/vbg the/at sport/nn ./. Membership/nn consists/vbz of/in both/abx beginners/nns and/cc experienced/vbn players/nns ./. Practices/nns are/ber held/vbn regularly/rb and/cc the/at schedule/nn of/in games/nns is/bez prepared/vbn by/in the/at student/nn coach/nn and/cc the/at officers/nns of/in the/at club/nn ./. Women's/nns$-tl-hl Recreation/nn-tl-hl Association/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl This/dt Association/nn-tl ,/, organized/vbn in/in 1920/cd ,/, is/bez affiliated/vbn with/in the/at Athletic/jj-tl Federation/nn-tl of/in-tl College/nn-tl Women/nns-tl ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at organization/nn is/bez to/to further/vb the/at interest/nn of/in women/nns students/nns in/in recreational/jj activities/nns as/cs a/at means/nn of/in promoting/vbg physical/jj efficiency/nn ,/, sportsmanship/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` play/nn for/in play's/nn$ sake/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Association/nn-tl is/bez governed/vbn by/in a/at board/nn made/vbn up/rp of/in representatives/nns from/in each/dt of/in the/at four/cd classes/nns ./. Membership/nn is/bez open/jj to/in any/dti woman/nn student/nn in/in the/at College/nn-tl ./. Active/jj groups/nns sponsored/vbn by/in the/at organization/nn include/vb the/at Saddle/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Orchesis/np ,/, Golf/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Tennis/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Dolphins/nns-tl ./. The/at Saddle/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, open/jj to/in students/nns proficient/jj in/in horsemanship/nn ,/, presents/vbz the/at Annual/jj-tl Spring/nn-tl Riding/nn-tl Exhibition/nn-tl ,/, and/cc during/in the/at year/nn it/pps offers/vbz speakers/nns ,/, movies/nns ,/, breakfast/nn rides/nns ,/, and/cc trips/nns to/to broaden/vb their/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in the/at sport/nn ./. Orchesis/np ,/, for/in students/nns interested/vbn in/in the/at modern/jj dance/nn ,/, contributes/vbz to/in the/at May/np-tl Fete/nn-tl and/cc offers/vbz earlier/rbr in/in the/at year/nn a/at modern/jj dance/nn demonstration/nn ./. Tennis/nn-tl Club/nn-tl participates/vbz in/in a/at dual/jj tennis/nn tournament/nn with/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Minnesota/np-tl each/dt fall/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb sponsors/vbz a/at two-day/jj state/nn invitational/jj tennis/nn meet/nn at/in Carleton/np in/in May/np ./. The/at Dolphins/nns-tl present/vb a/at three-night/jj water/nn show/nn the/at week/nn of/in the/at May/np-tl Fete/nn-tl ./. Under/in the/at auspices/nns of/in the/at Women's/nns$-tl Recreation/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, interclass/jj competition/nn is/bez organized/vbn in/in badminton/nn ,/, basketball/nn ,/, field/nn hockey/nn ,/, golf/nn ,/, tennis/nn ,/, and/cc swimming/vbg ./. The/at Association/nn-tl participates/vbz in/in the/at winter/nn sports/nns carnival/nn and/cc sponsors/vbz several/ap Play/nn-tl Days/nns-tl with/in St./nn-tl Olaf/np-tl and/cc other/ap nearby/jj colleges/nns ./. With/in the/at co-operation/nn of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Physical/jj-tl Education/nn-tl for/in-tl Men/nns-tl ,/, the/at Women's/nns$-tl Recreation/nn-tl Association/nn-tl arranges/vbz mixed/vbn tournaments/nns in/in tennis/nn and/cc golf/nn in/in the/at fall/nn and/cc spring/nn ./. Throughout/in the/at year/nn there/ex are/ber social/jj events/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs picnics/nns ,/, breakfast/nn hikes/nns ,/, canoe/nn trips/nns ,/, banquets/nns ,/, and/cc indoor/jj parties/nns ./. College/nn-hl publications/nns-hl in/in addition/nn to/in the/at miscellaneous/jj pamphlets/nns and/cc other/ap printed/vbn matter/nn which/wdt it/pps issues/vbz ,/, the/at College/nn-tl maintains/vbz regular/jj publications/nns ,/, as/cs follows/vbz :/: The/at-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ,/, in/in five/cd issues/nns :/: The/at Report/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl President/nn-tl in/in August/np ;/. ;/. The/at-tl Alumni/nns-tl Fund/nn-tl Report/nn-tl in/in September/np ;/. ;/. the/at Annual/jj-tl Catalog/nn-tl in/in March/np ;/. ;/. an/at Alumni/nns-tl Reunion/nn-tl Bulletin/nn-tl in/in April/np ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at special/jj Bulletin/nn in/in June/np ./. The/at College/nn-tl also/rb publishes/vbz each/dt year/nn The/at-tl Report/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Treasurer/nn-tl and/cc a/at monthly/jj newsletter/nn entitled/vbn Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl Comments/nns-tl ./. In/in co-operation/nn with/in the/at Alumni/nns-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, an/at alumni/nns magazine/nn ,/, The/at-tl Voice/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Alumni/nns-tl ,/, is/bez edited/vbn and/cc mailed/vbn seven/cd times/nns a/at year/nn by/in the/at College's/nn$-tl Publications/nns-tl Office/nn-tl and/cc the/at Alumni/nns-tl Office/nn-tl ./. At/in intervals/nns an/at alumni/nns directory/nn is/bez issued/vbn ./. These/dts publications/nns may/md be/be secured/vbn as/cs follows/vbz :/: The/at Annual/jj-tl Catalog/nn-tl from/in the/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Admissions/nns-tl and/cc other/ap issues/nns from/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Office/nn-tl ./. In/in January/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, the/at first/od issue/nn of/in The/at-tl Carleton/np-tl Miscellany/nn-tl ,/, a/at quarterly/jj literary/jj magazine/nn ,/, was/bedz published/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl ./. The/at magazine/nn ,/, edited/vbn by/in members/nns of/in the/at Carleton/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl English/np-tl ,/, includes/vbz contributions/nns by/in authors/nns from/in both/abx within/in and/cc beyond/in the/at Carleton/np community/nn ./. Student/nn-hl publications/nns-hl The/at Carletonian/np ,/, the/at college/nn newspaper/nn ,/, is/bez edited/vbn by/in students/nns and/cc published/vbn by/in the/at College/nn-tl under/in the/at supervision/nn of/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl ./. (/( See/vb page/nn 100/cd ./. )/) It/pps is/bez issued/vbn weekly/rb throughout/in the/at college/nn year/nn ./. The/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl holds/vbz annual/jj competitive/jj examinations/nns for/in places/nns on/in the/at editorial/jj and/cc business/nn staffs/nns ./. The/at editor/nn ,/, sports/nns editor/nn ,/, and/cc student/nn business/nn manager/nn are/ber chosen/vbn in/in December/np ,/, the/at new/jj staff/nn assuming/vbg responsibility/nn for/in the/at paper/nn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at second/od semester/nn ./. The/at paper/nn affords/vbz excellent/jj practice/nn for/in students/nns interested/vbn in/in the/at field/nn of/in journalism/nn ./. The/at-tl Algol/np-tl ,/, the/at college/nn annual/nn ,/, is/bez published/vbn in/in the/at fall/nn of/in each/dt year/nn ./. The/at-tl Algol/np-tl serves/vbz as/cs a/at record/nn of/in campus/nn organizations/nns and/cc student/nn activities/nns during/in the/at year/nn ./. The/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl receives/vbz applications/nns for/in the/at positions/nns of/in editor/nn and/cc business/nn manager/nn and/cc makes/vbz the/at appointments/nns in/in the/at spring/nn previous/rb to/in the/at year/nn of/in publication/nn ./. Members/nns of/in The/at-tl Algol/np-tl staff/nn are/ber nominated/vbn by/in the/at editor/nn and/cc business/nn manager/nn and/cc appointed/vbn by/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl ./. Manuscript/nn-tl ,/, a/at quarterly/jj literary/jj magazine/nn ,/, is/bez published/vbn by/in the/at students/nns of/in the/at College/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez the/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt magazine/nn to/to serve/vb as/cs an/at outlet/nn for/in student/nn creative/jj writing/nn ./. The/at editor/nn and/cc business/nn manager/nn of/in Manuscript/nn-tl are/ber appointed/vbn by/in the/at Publications/nns-tl Board/nn-tl ./. Campus/nn-hl broadcasting/vbg-hl station/nn-hl A/at low-power/nn ,/, ``/`` carrier-current/jj ''/'' broadcasting/nn station/nn ,/, KARL/nn ,/, heard/vbn only/rb in/in the/at campus/nn dormitories/nns ,/, is/bez owned/vbn and/cc operated/vbn by/in the/at students/nns to/to provide/vb an/at outlet/nn for/in student/nn dramatic/jj ,/, musical/jj ,/, literary/jj ,/, technical/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap talents/nns ,/, and/cc to/to furnish/vb information/nn ,/, music/nn ,/, and/cc entertainment/nn for/in campus/nn listeners/nns ./. Over/rp a/at hundred/cd students/nns participate/vb in/in the/at planning/nn and/cc production/nn of/in the/at daily/jj program/nn schedule/nn ./. KARL/np provides/vbz experience/nn for/in students/nns who/wps wish/vb to/to pursue/vb careers/nns in/in radio/nn ./. Student/nn-hl government/nn-hl the/at Carleton/np-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl includes/vbz all/abn students/nns in/in college/nn and/cc is/bez intended/vbn ``/`` to/to work/vb for/in the/at betterment/nn of/in Carleton/np-tl College/nn-tl by/in providing/vbg student/nn government/nn and/cc student/nn participation/nn with/in the/at college/nn administration/nn in/in the/at formulation/nn and/cc execution/nn of/in policies/nns which/wdt pertain/vb to/in student/nn life/nn and/cc activities/nns ''/'' ./. The/at Carleton/np-tl Social/jj-tl Co-operative/nn-tl is/bez a/at standing/vbg committee/nn of/in the/at Carleton/np-tl Student/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ./. Week-end/nn activities/nns for/in the/at entire/jj campus/nn are/ber planned/vbn by/in the/at Co-op/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ./.

ch29

ch29 |@word recent:6 month:6 much:1 attention:2 give:3 probable:1 extent:1 current:3 downtrend:1 business:9 economist:1 somewhat:3 divide:1 outlook:3 near:3 future:3 yet:1 despite:3 disappointment:1 performance:1 first:5 year:20 new:5 decade:2 1960:14 good:8 many:4 way:3 overall:1 measure:2 reach:4 peak:1 whole:2 shift:2 sentiment:1 excessive:1 optimism:1 early:6 present:5 mood:1 caution:2 probably:3 thing:1 prevent:1 accumulation:1 burdensome:1 inventory:3 characterize:3 previous:1 swing:1 cycle:1 particularly:1 noticeable:1 tendency:3 retailer:1 distributor:1 burden:1 back:3 supplier:1 fact:1 stock:3 retail:7 low:3 line:3 escape:1 presence:1 high:6 manufacturing:2 level:5 electronics:2 industry:10 well:5 illustrate:1 tv:6 set:13 factory:2 three:2 1959:15 total:9 value:3 shipment:4 price:2 increase:12 billion:16 approximately:4 result:1 major:2 segment:3 home:8 entertainment:6 military:9 industrial:6 replacement:3 believe:3 gain:4 prospect:3 1961:10 sale:13 reflect:3 large:3 percentage:1 end:3 console:1 combination:1 since:1 1953:3 dollar:1 electronic:24 compare:6 run:2 ahead:4 like:1 july:1 production:9 exclude:2 destine:1 export:2 market:11 also:4 curtail:1 usual:1 vacation:1 shutdown:1 face:1 grow:5 evidence:1 plan:2 overly:1 optimistic:1 come:5 million:20 however:3 contrast:1 turnout:1 radio:8 auto:2 excellent:1 demand:3 every:1 eleven:1 equal:2 unit:3 separate:1 phonograph:1 popularity:1 stereo:1 sound:1 part:6 consumer:4 upgrade:1 certainly:1 far:1 clear:1 survey:1 show:3 desire:1 step:2 buying:1 durable:2 would:2 expect:5 half:3 may:7 10:1 15:2 second:1 favorable:1 comparison:1 possibility:1 quite:2 strong:3 late:3 condition:2 recover:1 forecast:1 suggest:3 look:6 decline:1 rate:3 nearly:1 therefore:1 realistic:1 assume:1 modest:1 drop:1 slightly:2 witness:1 another:3 substantial:3 interesting:1 note:1 procurement:6 great:4 1950:2 television:1 enjoy:1 initial:1 period:1 rapid:2 acceptance:1 correctly:1 point:1 inform:2 people:1 unrealistic:1 continuation:1 yearly:1 growth:4 enter:1 upon:1 phase:1 multiple:1 weapon:1 system:5 concentration:1 still:2 undeveloped:1 area:2 defense:5 capability:1 true:1 general:3 important:1 keep:1 mind:1 development:5 next:1 one:1 strongly:1 economy:2 expand:4 rapidly:1 direction:1 among:1 item:1 schedule:1 acceleration:1 polaris:1 b70:1 program:2 strengthen:1 airborne:1 alert:1 strategic:1 air:1 command:1 improve:1 battlefield:1 surveillance:1 research:4 expenditure:3 connect:1 reconnaissance:1 satellite:1 samos:1 ballistic:1 missile:3 nike:1 zeus:1 substantially:1 test:1 evaluation:1 fund:1 devote:2 3:1 4:1 time:3 aircraft:2 actual:1 exceed:3 1963:1 later:3 realm:1 space:2 technology:2 estimate:2 spending:3 national:1 aeronautics:1 administration:1 rise:2 less:1 500:1 fiscal:2 2:3 1967:1 share:1 close:2 50:1 20:1 call:1 budget:1 already:1 begin:2 make:3 feel:2 upturn:2 order:3 equipment:9 component:7 go:1 additional:1 request:1 1962:1 although:2 impact:1 gradual:1 balance:1 coming:1 least:1 6:1 pace:1 continue:5 datum:1 processing:1 commercial:3 computer:1 data:1 handling:1 30:1 annually:1 450:1 quadruple:1 stimulus:1 application:2 field:6 banking:1 process:1 control:7 information:1 storage:1 retrieval:1 testing:1 bright:1 term:1 must:1 realize:1 sensitive:1 reason:1 small:1 addition:2 original:1 steady:1 change:1 pattern:1 various:2 purchase:1 cut:1 fall:2 manufacturer:4 reduce:1 operating:1 incoming:1 turn:1 remain:1 rather:1 slow:1 transistor:1 300:1 222:1 reduction:1 virtually:1 type:1 123:1 82:1 188:1 worth:1 380:1 passive:1 capacitor:1 resistor:1 fast:1 semi:1 conductor:1 sum:1 7:1 uncertainty:1 generally:1 indicate:1 base:1 feeling:1 belief:1 weakness:1 sufficiently:1 recovery:1 bring:1 full:1 figure:1 continued:1 complex:1 problem:2 trade:1 competitive:1 appointment:2 gilbert:1 devey:6 manager:5 vectrol:4 engineering:7 inc:1 stamford:1 connecticut:2 lead:1 thyratron:1 silicon:1 rectifier:1 electrical:6 announce:2 david:1 peck:1 vice:2 president:4 special:3 products:1 mr:8 responsible:1 expansion:2 power:1 furnish:1 work:1 closely:1 walter:1 brown:4 director:2 recently:1 acquire:1 sprague:4 subsidiary:1 undertake:1 custom:1 design:1 user:1 greatly:1 staff:1 responsibility:1 post:3 marketing:1 product:4 group:1 manufacture:1 wide:1 digital:1 package:1 assembly:1 temperature:1 magnet:1 wire:1 specialist:1 department:2 office:1 naval:2 washington:1 scientist:1 engage:1 undersea:1 warfare:1 study:1 world:1 war:1 lieutenant:1 commander:1 united:2 states:2 navy:1 graduate:2 massachusetts:1 institute:4 attend:1 academy:1 school:1 specialize:1 name:1 division:2 found:2 1958:1 promote:1 member:3 engineer:7 chairman:1 industries:2 association:1 committee:1 printed:1 modular:1 know:1 english:1 bear:1 inventor:1 prior:1 section:1 leader:1 metropolitan:1 vickers:1 ltd:3 chief:1 electric:1 musical:1 britain:3 philco:1 charge:1 assistant:2 brush:1 cleveland:1 ohio:2 bachelor:1 science:1 university:1 manchester:1 england:1 presently:1 130:1 patent:1 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In/in recent/jj months/nns ,/, much/ap attention/nn has/hvz been/ben given/vbn to/in the/at probable/jj extent/nn of/in the/at current/jj downtrend/nn in/in business/nn and/cc economists/nns are/ber somewhat/ql divided/vbn as/in to/in the/at outlook/nn for/in the/at near/jj future/nn ./. And/cc yet/rb ,/, despite/in some/dti disappointment/nn with/in the/at performance/nn of/in this/dt first/od year/nn of/in the/at new/jj decade/nn ,/, 1960/cd has/hvz been/ben a/at good/jj year/nn in/in many/ap ways/nns ,/, with/in many/ap overall/jj measures/nns of/in business/nn having/hvg reached/vbn new/jj peaks/nns for/in the/at year/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. The/at shift/nn in/in sentiment/nn from/in excessive/jj optimism/nn early/rb in/in the/at year/nn to/in the/at present/jj mood/nn of/in caution/nn has/hvz probably/rb been/ben a/at good/jj thing/nn ,/, in/in that/cs it/pps has/hvz prevented/vbn the/at accumulation/nn of/in the/at burdensome/jj inventories/nns that/wps have/hv characterized/vbn many/ap previous/jj swings/nns in/in the/at business/nn cycle/nn ./. This/dt caution/nn has/hvz been/ben particularly/ql noticeable/jj in/in a/at tendency/nn of/in retailers/nns and/cc distributors/nns to/to shift/vb the/at inventory/nn burden/nn back/rb on/in the/at supplier/nn ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn stocks/nns at/in retail/nn are/ber low/jj in/in many/ap lines/nns has/hvz escaped/vbn attention/nn because/rb of/in the/at presence/nn of/in higher/jjr stocks/nns at/in the/at manufacturing/vbg level/nn ./. In/in the/at electronics/nn industry/nn ,/, this/dt tendency/nn is/bez well/rb illustrated/vbn by/in inventories/nns of/in TV/nn sets/nns ./. Factory/nn stocks/nns in/in recent/jj months/nns have/hv been/ben the/at highest/jjt they/ppss have/hv been/ben in/in three/cd years/nns ,/, while/cs those/dts at/in retail/nn are/ber below/in 1959/cd ./. The/at total/jj value/nn of/in our/pp$ industry's/nn$ shipments/nns ,/, at/in factory/nn prices/nns ,/, increased/vbd from/in $9.2/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd to/in approximately/rb $10.1/nns billion/cd as/cs a/at result/nn of/in increases/nns in/in all/abn of/in the/at major/jj segments/nns of/in our/pp$ business/nn --/-- home/nr entertainment/nn ,/, military/jj ,/, industrial/jj ,/, and/cc replacement/nn ./. I/ppss believe/vb a/at further/ap gain/nn is/bez in/in prospect/nn for/in 1961/cd ./. Home/nr-hl entertainment/nn-hl sales/nns-hl up/rp-hl Reflecting/vbg the/at largest/jjt percentage/nn of/in high-end/nn sets/nns such/jj as/cs consoles/nns and/cc combinations/nns since/in 1953/cd ,/, dollar/nn value/nn of/in home/nr entertainment/nn electronics/nn in/in 1960/cd was/bedz about/rb $1.9/nns billion/cd ,/, compared/vbn to/in $1.7/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ./. Sales/nns of/in TV/nn sets/nns at/in retail/nn ran/vbd ahead/rb of/in the/at like/jj months/nns of/in 1959/cd through/in July/np ;/. ;/. set/nn production/nn (/( excluding/in those/dts destined/vbn for/in the/at export/nn market/nn )/) also/rb ran/vbd ahead/rb in/in the/at early/jj months/nns ,/, but/cc was/bedz curtailed/vbn after/in the/at usual/jj vacation/nn shutdowns/nns in/in the/at face/nn of/in growing/vbg evidence/nn that/cs some/dti of/in the/at early/jj production/nn plans/nns had/hvd been/ben overly/ql optimistic/jj ./. For/in the/at year/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ,/, retail/jj sales/nns of/in TV/nn sets/nns probably/rb came/vbd to/in 5.8/cd million/cd against/in 5.7/cd million/cd in/in 1959/cd ;/. ;/. however/rb ,/, production/nn came/vbd to/in only/rb 5.6/cd million/cd compared/vbn to/in 6.2/cd million/cd ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in the/at lower/jjr turnout/nn of/in TV/nn ,/, total/jj radio/nn production/nn increased/vbd from/in 15.4/cd million/cd sets/nns to/in 16.7/cd million/cd (/( excluding/in export/nn )/) ./. Both/abx home/nr and/cc auto/nn radios/nns were/bed in/in excellent/jj demand/nn ,/, with/in retail/jj sales/nns of/in home/nr sets/nns ahead/rb of/in 1959/cd in/in every/at month/nn of/in the/at first/od eleven/cd ;/. ;/. sales/nns and/cc production/nn of/in home/nr sets/nns were/bed about/rp equal/jj at/in 10.4/cd million/cd units/nns ./. Auto/nn set/nn production/nn came/vbd to/in about/rb 6.3/cd million/cd compared/vbn to/in 5.6/cd million/cd in/in 1959/cd ./. Separate/jj phonographs/nns also/rb had/hvd a/at good/jj year/nn ,/, reflecting/vbg the/at growing/vbg popularity/nn of/in stereo/jj sound/nn and/cc the/at same/ap tendency/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at consumer/nn to/to upgrade/vb that/wps characterized/vbd the/at radio-TV/nn market/nn ./. The/at outlook/nn for/in entertainment/nn electronics/nn in/in 1961/cd is/bez certainly/rb far/rb from/in clear/jj at/in present/nn ,/, but/cc recent/jj surveys/nns have/hv shown/vbn a/at desire/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in consumers/nns to/to step/vb up/rp their/pp$ buying/vbg plans/nns for/in durable/jj goods/nns ./. I/ppss would/md expect/vb that/cs sales/nns at/in retail/nn in/in the/at first/od half/abn of/in 1961/cd might/md be/be below/in 1960/cd by/in some/dti 10/cd -/in 15%/nn but/cc that/cs second-half/nn levels/nns should/md show/vb a/at favorable/jj comparison/nn ,/, with/in a/at possibility/nn of/in quite/ql strong/jj demand/nn late/rb in/in the/at year/nn if/cs business/nn conditions/nns recover/vb as/cs some/dti recent/jj forecasts/nns suggest/vb they/ppss will/md ./. I/ppss look/vb for/in TV/nn sales/nns and/cc production/nn to/to be/be approximately/ql equal/jj at/in 5.7/cd million/cd sets/nns for/in the/at year/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss look/vb for/in some/dti decline/nn in/in radios/nns from/in the/at high/jj rate/nn in/in 1961/cd to/in more/ql nearly/rb the/at 1959/cd level/nn of/in 15.0/cd -/in 15.5/cd million/cd sets/nns ./. I/ppss therefore/rb believe/vb it/pps is/bez realistic/jj to/to assume/vb a/at modest/jj drop/nn in/in the/at total/jj value/nn of/in home/nr entertainment/nn electronics/nn to/in about/rb $1.8/nns million/cd ,/, slightly/rb below/in 1960/cd ,/, but/cc above/in 1959/cd ./. Military/jj-hl electronics/nn-hl to/to-hl grow/vb-hl 1960/cd witnessed/vbd another/dt substantial/jj increase/nn in/in our/pp$ industry's/nn$ shipments/nns of/in military/jj electronics/nn ,/, which/wdt totalled/vbd about/rb $5.4/nns billion/cd compared/vbn to/in $4.9/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ./. It/pps is/bez interesting/jj to/to note/vb that/cs the/at present/jj level/nn of/in military/jj electronics/nn procurement/nn is/bez greater/jjr than/cs the/at industry's/nn$ total/jj sales/nns to/in all/abn markets/nns in/in 1950-1953/cd ,/, which/wdt were/bed good/jj years/nns for/in our/pp$ industry/nn with/in television/nn enjoying/vbg its/pp$ initial/jj period/nn of/in rapid/jj consumer/nn acceptance/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben correctly/rb pointed/vbn out/rp by/in well-informed/jj people/nns in/in the/at industry/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez probably/rb unrealistic/jj to/to expect/vb a/at continuation/nn of/in the/at yearly/jj growth/nn of/in 15%/nn or/cc better/jjr that/wps characterized/vbd the/at decade/nn of/in the/at 1950's/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs our/pp$ military/jj markets/nns may/md be/be entering/vbg upon/in a/at new/jj phase/nn in/in which/wdt procurement/nn of/in multiple/jj weapons/nns systems/nns will/md give/vb way/nn to/in concentration/nn of/in still/rb undeveloped/jj areas/nns of/in our/pp$ defense/nn capability/nn ./. While/cs this/dt may/md well/rb be/be true/jj in/in general/jj ,/, I/ppss believe/vb it/pps is/bez also/rb important/jj to/to keep/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs some/dti recent/jj developments/nns suggest/vb that/cs over/in the/at next/ap year/nn or/cc so/rb military/jj electronics/nn may/md be/be one/cd of/in the/at most/ql strongly/rb growing/vbg areas/nns in/in an/at economy/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* expanding/vbg rapidly/rb in/in other/ap directions/nns ./. Among/in the/at items/nns scheduled/vbn for/in acceleration/nn in/in the/at near/jj future/nn are/ber the/at Polaris/np and/cc B70/nn programs/nns ,/, strengthening/nn of/in the/at airborne/jj alert/nn system/nn of/in the/at Strategic/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Command/nn-tl ,/, and/cc improved/vbn battlefield/nn surveillance/nn systems/nns ./. Research/nn and/cc development/nn expenditures/nns connected/vbn with/in the/at reconnaissance/nn satellite/nn SAMOS/np and/cc the/at future/jj development/nn of/in ballistic/jj missile/nn defense/nn systems/nns such/jj as/cs Nike-Zeus/np are/ber expected/vbn to/to increase/vb substantially/rb ./. Research/nn ,/, development/nn test/nn and/cc evaluation/nn funds/nns ,/, devoted/vbn to/in missiles/nns in/in 1960/cd were/bed 3/cd to/in 4/cd times/nns as/ql large/jj as/cs those/dts devoted/vbn to/in aircraft/nn ,/, and/cc actual/jj missile/nn procurement/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to exceed/vb aircraft/nn procurement/nn by/in 1963/cd ./. Still/rb later/rbr ,/, the/at realm/nn of/in space/nn technology/nn will/md show/vb substantial/jj gains/nns ;/. ;/. it/pps has/hvz been/ben estimated/vbn that/cs spending/vbg by/in the/at National/jj-tl Aeronautics/nn-tl and/cc-tl Space/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl will/md rise/vb from/in less/ap than/in $500/nns million/cd in/in fiscal/jj 1960/cd to/in more/ap than/in $2/nns billion/cd by/in 1967/cd ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at electronic/jj industry's/nn$ share/nn of/in these/dts expenditures/nns will/md be/be closer/rbr to/in 50%/nn than/cs the/at current/jj 20%/nn ./. The/at stepped-up/jj defense/nn procurement/nn called/vbn for/in in/in the/at 1961/cd Budget/nn-tl has/hvz already/rb begun/vbn to/to make/vb itself/ppl felt/vbn in/in an/at upturn/nn in/in orders/nns for/in military/jj electronic/jj equipment/nn and/cc the/at components/nns that/wps go/vb into/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc it/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn that/cs an/at additional/jj $2/nns billion/cd increase/nn in/in total/jj defense/nn spending/nn may/md be/be requested/vbn for/in fiscal/jj 1962/cd ./. Although/cs the/at impact/nn of/in these/dts increases/nns on/in our/pp$ industry's/nn$ shipments/nns will/md be/be gradual/jj ,/, on/in balance/nn I/ppss look/vb for/in another/dt good/jj increase/nn in/in shipments/nns in/in the/at coming/vbg year/nn ,/, to/in at/in least/ap $6/nns billion/cd ./. Industrial/jj-hl electronic/jj-hl equipment/nn-hl Paced/vbn by/in the/at continuing/vbg rapid/jj growth/nn of/in electronic/jj data/nn processing/nn ,/, sales/nns of/in industrial/jj and/cc commercial/jj electronic/jj equipment/nn totalled/vbd $1.8/nns billion/cd compared/vbn to/in $1.6/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ./. The/at market/nn for/in computers/nns and/cc other/ap data-handling/nn continues/vbz to/to expand/vb at/in the/at rate/nn of/in about/rb 30%/nn annually/rb ,/, reaching/vbg some/rb $450/nns million/cd in/in 1960/cd ./. Informed/vbn estimates/nns look/vb for/in this/dt market/nn to/to approximately/rb quadruple/vb by/in the/at late/jj 1960's/nns ,/, under/in the/at stimulus/nn of/in new/jj applications/nns in/in the/at fields/nns of/in banking/vbg and/cc retailing/vbg ,/, industrial/jj process/nn control/nn ,/, and/cc information/nn storage/nn and/cc retrieval/nn ./. In/in the/at industrial/jj field/nn ,/, prospects/nns for/in higher/jjr expenditures/nns on/in electronic/jj testing/nn and/cc measuring/vbg equipment/nn are/ber also/rb quite/ql bright/jj ./. For/in the/at near/jj term/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, it/pps must/md be/be realized/vbn that/cs the/at industrial/jj and/cc commercial/jj market/nn is/bez somewhat/ql more/ql sensitive/jj to/in general/jj business/nn conditions/nns than/cs is/bez the/at military/jj market/nn ,/, and/cc for/in this/dt reason/nn I/ppss would/md expect/vb that/cs any/dti gain/nn in/in 1961/cd may/md be/be somewhat/ql smaller/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in recent/jj years/nns ;/. ;/. sales/nns should/md slightly/rb exceed/vb 1960/cd ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc reach/vb $1.9/nns billion/cd ./. Replacement/nn-hl parts/nns-hl In/in addition/nn to/in the/at three/cd major/jj original/jj equipment/nn segments/nns of/in the/at electronics/nn business/nn ,/, the/at steady/jj growth/nn in/in the/at market/nn for/in replacement/nn parts/nns continues/vbz year/nn by/in year/nn ./. This/dt is/bez now/rb a/at $1.0/nns billion/cd business/nn ,/, up/rp from/in $0.9/nns billion/cd in/in 1959/cd ,/, and/cc should/md reach/vb $1.1/nns billion/cd in/in 1961/cd ./. The/at markets/nns for/in electronic/jj parts/nns in/in 1960/cd have/hv reflected/vbn the/at changing/vbg patterns/nns of/in the/at various/jj end/nn equipment/nn segments/nns of/in the/at industry/nn ./. Demand/nn for/in parts/nns for/in home/nr entertainment/nn was/bedz strong/jj in/in the/at first/od half/nn ,/, but/cc purchases/nns were/bed cut/vbn back/rb to/in lower/jjr levels/nns during/in the/at fall/nn as/cs set/nn manufacturers/nns reduced/vbd their/pp$ own/jj operating/vbg rates/nns ./. In/in the/at military/jj field/nn ,/, incoming/jj orders/nns turned/vbd down/rp early/rb in/in the/at year/nn ,/, and/cc remained/vbd rather/ql slow/jj until/in late/jj fall/nn when/wrb the/at upturn/nn in/in procurement/nn of/in equipment/nn began/vbd to/to make/vb itself/ppl felt/vbn in/in rising/vbg orders/nns for/in components/nns ./. Sales/nns of/in transistors/nns in/in 1960/cd exceeded/vbd $300/nns million/cd ,/, compared/vbn to/in $222/nns million/cd in/in 1959/cd despite/in substantial/jj price/nn reductions/nns in/in virtually/rb all/abn types/nns ./. Production/nn totalled/vbd about/rb 123/cd million/cd units/nns against/in 82/cd million/cd in/in 1959/cd ,/, and/cc I/ppss look/vb for/in a/at further/ap gain/nn to/in 188/cd million/cd units/nns worth/jj approximately/rb $380/nns million/cd in/in 1961/cd ./. Sales/nns of/in passive/jj components/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs capacitors/nns and/cc resistors/nns ,/, although/cs not/* growing/vbg as/ql fast/rb as/cs those/dts of/in semi-conductors/nns were/bed ahead/rb of/in 1959/cd this/dt year/nn ,/, and/cc should/md increase/vb again/rb in/in 1961/cd ./. In/in sum/nn ,/, I/ppss look/vb for/in another/dt good/jj year/nn for/in the/at electronics/nn industry/nn in/in 1961/cd ,/, with/in total/jj sales/nns increasing/vbg about/rb 7%/nn to/in $10.8/nns billion/cd ,/, despite/in the/at uncertainties/nns in/in the/at business/nn outlook/nn generally/rb ./. As/cs I/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn above/rb ,/, I/ppss base/vb this/dt feeling/nn on/in a/at belief/nn that/cs current/jj weakness/nn in/in the/at market/nn for/in consumer/nn durable/jj goods/nns may/md continue/vb through/in the/at early/jj months/nns of/in the/at year/nn ,/, but/cc will/md give/vb way/nn to/in a/at sufficiently/ql strong/jj recovery/nn later/rbr on/rp to/to bring/vb the/at full-year/jj figures/nns close/rb to/in those/dts of/in 1960/cd ;/. ;/. on/in prospects/nns for/in continued/vbn increases/nns in/in defense/nn spending/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc on/in continued/vbn growth/nn in/in the/at applications/nns of/in electronics/nn to/in the/at complex/jj problems/nns of/in manufacturing/vbg and/cc trade/vb in/in the/at expanding/vbg but/cc competitive/jj economy/nn of/in the/at 1960's/nns ./. The/at appointment/nn of/in Gilbert/np B./np Devey/np as/cs General/nn-tl Manager/nn-tl of/in-tl VecTrol/np Engineering/nn-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, of/in Stamford/np ,/, Connecticut/np ,/, a/at leading/vbg manufacturer/nn of/in thyratron/nn and/cc silicon/nn controlled/vbn rectifier/nn electrical/jj controls/nns ,/, has/hvz been/ben announced/vbn by/in David/np B./np Peck/np ,/, Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl ,/, Special/jj-tl Products/nns-tl ./. Mr./np Devey/np will/md be/be responsible/jj for/in the/at commercial/jj expansion/nn of/in VecTrol's/np$ line/nn of/in electronic/jj and/cc electrical/jj power/nn control/nn components/nns as/cs furnished/vbn to/in end/nn equipment/nn manufacturers/nns ,/, working/vbg closely/rb with/in Walter/np J./np Brown/np ,/, President/nn-tl and/cc Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Engineering/nn-tl of/in the/at recently/rb acquired/vbn Sprague/np subsidiary/nn ./. Mr./np Brown/np will/md at/in the/at same/ap time/nn undertake/vb expansion/nn of/in VecTrol's/np$ custom/jj design/nn program/nn for/in electronic/jj control/nn users/nns with/in a/at greatly/rb increased/vbn engineering/vbg staff/nn ./. Mr./np Devey's/np$ new/jj responsibilities/nns are/ber in/in addition/nn to/in those/dts of/in his/pp$ present/jj post/nn as/cs marketing/vbg manager/nn of/in Sprague's/np$ Special/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Group/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt manufactures/vbz a/at wide/jj line/nn of/in digital/jj electronic/jj components/nns ,/, packaged/vbn component/nn assemblies/nns ,/, and/cc high/jj temperature/nn magnet/nn wires/nns ./. Mr./np Devey/np first/rb came/vbd to/in Sprague/np in/in 1953/cd as/cs a/at Product/nn-tl Specialist/nn-tl in/in the/at Field/nn-tl Engineering/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, coming/vbg from/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Naval/jj-tl Research/nn-tl in/in Washington/np ,/, D./np C./np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz an/at electronic/jj scientist/nn engaged/vbn in/in undersea/jj warfare/nn studies/nns ./. During/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at lieutenant/nn commander/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Navy/nn-tl ./. Mr./np Devey/np is/bez a/at graduate/nn of/in the/at Massachusetts/np-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Technology/nn-tl ,/, and/cc attended/vbd the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Naval/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl Post-Graduate/jj-tl School/nn-tl specializing/vbg in/in electronic/jj engineering/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz named/vbn Product/nn-tl Manager/nn-tl of/in the/at Special/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Division/nn-tl of/in Sprague/np when/wrb it/pps was/bedz founded/vbn in/in 1958/cd ,/, and/cc was/bedz later/rbr promoted/vbn to/in his/pp$ present/jj post/nn ./. Mr./np Devey/np is/bez a/at member/nn of/in the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Radio/nn-tl Engineers/nns-tl ,/, and/cc is/bez chairman/nn of/in the/at Electronic/jj-tl Industries/nns-tl Association/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl on/in-tl Printed/vbn-tl and/cc-tl Modular/jj-tl Components/nns-tl ./. Mr./np Brown/np ,/, well-known/jj ,/, English-born/jj inventor/nn ,/, prior/rb to/in founding/vbg VecTrol/np was/bedz at/in various/jj times/nns section/nn leader/nn in/in radio/nn research/nn at/in Metropolitan/jj-tl Vickers/np-tl Electrical/jj-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Ltd./vbn-tl ;/. ;/. chief/jjs engineer/nn of/in the/at radio/nn set/nn division/nn of/in Electric/jj-tl and/cc-tl Musical/jj-tl Industries/nns-tl ,/, Ltd./vbn-tl ,/, the/at largest/jjt electronic/jj equipment/nn manufacturer/nn in/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ;/. ;/. director/nn of/in engineering/vbg at/in Philco/np-tl of/in-tl Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ,/, Ltd./vbn-tl ,/, and/cc vice/nn president/nn in/in charge/nn of/in production/nn and/cc assistant/nn to/in the/at president/nn at/in The/at-tl Brush/np-tl Development/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Cleveland/np ,/, Ohio/np ./. He/pps has/hvz a/at Bachelor/nn-tl of/in-tl Science/nn-tl from/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Manchester/np-tl ,/, England/np ./. Mr./np Brown/np presently/rb has/hvz over/rp 130/cd patents/nns to/in his/pp$ credit/nn dating/vbg back/rb to/in 1923/cd ./. He/pps is/bez a/at fellow/nn of/in the/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineers/nns-tl ,/, and/cc a/at senior/jj member/nn of/in the/at Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Radio/nn-tl Engineers/nns-tl ./. He/pps is/bez a/at member/nn of/in the/at Institution/nn-tl of/in-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineers/nns-tl ,/, London/np ,/, a/at registered/vbn professional/jj engineer/nn in/in Connecticut/np and/cc Ohio/np ,/, and/cc a/at chartered/vbn electrical/jj engineer/nn in/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ./. The/at promotion/nn of/in Robert/np E./np Swift/np to/in the/at position/nn of/in Assistant/jj-tl Manager/nn-tl of/in the/at Interference/nn-tl Control/nn-tl Field/nn-tl Service/nn-tl Department/nn-tl was/bedz announced/vbn early/rb in/in December/np by/in Frederick/np S./np Scarborough/np ,/, Manager/nn-tl of/in-tl Interference/nn-tl Control/nn-tl Field/nn-tl Service/nn-tl ./. The/at appointment/nn was/bedz made/vbn in/in a/at move/nn to/to expand/vb the/at engineering/vbg services/nns offered/vbn to/in the/at designers/nns of/in electronic/jj systems/nns through/in assistance/nn in/in electro-magnetic/jj compatability/nn problems/nns ./.

ch30

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attraction:1 community:1 offset:1 difference:1 entire:1 objective:1 non:2 better:2 understand:1 relationship:1 able:2 explain:2 mutual:1 frequently:1 besiege:1 civic:1 governmental:1 capacity:1 speech:2 lay:1 numerous:1 ceremonial:1 appearance:1 neither:1 reject:1 energy:1 available:1 prime:1 obligation:2 declination:1 substitution:1 receive:1 preclude:1 acceptance:1 cadre:1 create:1 perception:1 something:1 lengthen:1 shadow:1

Between/in meetings/nns he/pps helps/vbz the/at president/nn keep/vb track/nn of/in delegated/vbn matters/nns ./. Since/cs these/dts duties/nns fit/vb neatly/rb with/in those/dts of/in the/at proposed/vbn presidential/jj aide/nn ,/, one/cd person/nn ,/, with/in adequate/jj staff/nn assistance/nn ,/, could/md fill/vb both/abx jobs/nns ./. Since/cs faculty/nns see/vb themselves/ppls as/cs self-employed/jj professionals/nns rather/rb than/in as/cs employees/nns ,/, enthusiasm/nn in/in a/at common/jj enterprise/nn is/bez proportionate/jj to/in the/at sense/nn of/in ownership/nn they/ppss have/hv in/in it/ppo by/in virtue/nn of/in sharing/vbg in/in the/at decisions/nns that/wps govern/vb its/pp$ course/nn ./. The/at faculty/nn believes/vbz that/cs broad/jj autonomy/nn is/bez necessary/jj to/to preserve/vb its/pp$ freedom/nn in/in teaching/vbg and/cc scholarship/nn ./. The/at president/nn expects/vbz faculty/nn members/nns to/to remember/vb ,/, in/in exercising/vbg their/pp$ autonomy/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss share/vb no/at collective/jj responsibility/nn for/in the/at university's/nn$ income/nn nor/cc are/ber they/ppss personally/rb accountable/jj for/in top-level/nn decisions/nns ./. He/pps may/md welcome/vb their/pp$ appropriate/jj participation/nn in/in the/at determination/nn of/in high/jj policy/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz a/at right/nn to/to expect/vb ,/, in/in return/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss will/md leave/vb administrative/jj matters/nns to/in the/at administration/nn ./. How/wql well/rb do/do faculty/nn members/nns govern/vb themselves/ppls ?/. ?/. There/ex is/bez little/ap evidence/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber giving/vbg any/dti systematic/jj thought/nn to/in a/at general/jj theory/nn of/in the/at optimum/jj scope/nn and/cc nature/nn of/in their/pp$ part/nn in/in government/nn ./. They/ppss sometimes/rb pay/vb more/ap attention/nn to/in their/pp$ rights/nns than/cs to/in their/pp$ own/jj internal/jj problems/nns of/in government/nn ./. They/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, need/vb to/to learn/vb to/to delegate/vb ./. Letting/vbg the/at administration/nn take/vb details/nns off/in their/pp$ hands/nns would/md give/vb them/ppo more/ap time/nn to/to inform/vb themselves/ppls about/in education/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ,/, an/at area/nn that/wps would/md benefit/vb by/in more/ap faculty/nn attention/nn ./. Although/cs faculties/nns insist/vb on/in governing/vbg themselves/ppls ,/, they/ppss grant/vb little/ap prestige/nn to/in a/at member/nn who/wps actively/rb participates/vbz in/in college/nn or/cc university/nn government/nn ./. There/ex are/ber ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, several/ap things/nns that/cs the/at president/nn can/md do/do to/to stimulate/vb participation/nn and/cc to/to enhance/vb the/at prestige/nn of/in those/dts who/wps are/ber willing/jj to/to exercise/vb their/pp$ privilege/nn ./. He/pps can/md ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, present/vb significant/jj university-wide/jj issues/nns to/in the/at senate/nn ./. He/pps can/md encourage/vb quality/nn in/in faculty/nn committee/nn work/nn in/in various/jj ways/nns :/: by/in seeing/vbg to/in it/ppo that/cs the/at membership/nn of/in each/dt committee/nn represents/vbz the/at thoughtful/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at action-oriented/jj faculty/nn ;/. ;/. by/in making/vbg certain/jj that/cs no/at faculty/nn member/nn has/hvz too/ql many/ap committee/nn assignments/nns ;/. ;/. by/in assuring/vbg good/jj liaison/nn between/in the/at committees/nns and/cc the/at administration/nn ;/. ;/. by/in minimizing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in committees/nns ./. Despite/in the/at many/ap avenues/nns for/in the/at exchange/nn of/in ideas/nns between/in faculty/nn and/cc administration/nn ,/, complaints/nns of/in a/at lack/nn of/in communication/nn persist/vb ./. The/at cause/nn is/bez as/ql often/rb neglect/nn as/cs hesitance/nn to/to disclose/vb ./. A/at busy/jj president/nn ,/, conversant/jj with/in a/at problem/nn and/cc its/pp$ ramifications/nns and/cc beset/vbn by/in pressures/nns to/to meet/vb deadlines/nns ,/, tends/vbz naturally/rb to/to assume/vb that/cs others/nns must/md be/be as/ql familiar/jj with/in a/at problem/nn as/cs he/pps is/bez ./. The/at need/nn for/in interchange/nn and/cc understanding/vbg makes/vbz vital/jj the/at full/jj use/nn of/in all/abn methods/nns of/in consultation/nn ./. To/to increase/vb faculty/nn influence/nn and/cc decrease/vb tension/nn ,/, many/ap presidents/nns have/hv established/vbn a/at standing/vbg advisory/jj committee/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss can/md discuss/vb problems/nns frankly/rb ./. The/at president/nn has/hvz little/ap influence/nn in/in day-by-day/jj curricular/jj changes/nns ,/, but/cc if/cs he/pps looks/vbz ahead/rb two/cd ,/, three/cd ,/, or/cc five/cd years/nns to/to anticipate/vb issues/nns and/cc throw/vb out/rp challenging/jj ideas/nns ,/, he/pps can/md open/vb the/at way/nn for/in innovation/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps can/md also/rb have/hv a/at great/jj deal/nn to/to say/vb as/in to/in what/wdt path/nn it/pps will/md take/vb ./. Success/nn will/md require/vb tact/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn to/in faculty/nn prerogatives/nns ,/, patience/nn ,/, and/cc persistence/nn ./. The/at critical/jj task/nn for/in every/at president/nn and/cc his/pp$ academic/jj administrative/jj staff/nn is/bez to/to assure/vb that/cs the/at college/nn or/cc university/nn continually/rb rebuilds/vbz and/cc regenerates/vbz itself/ppl so/cs that/cs its/pp$ performance/nn will/md match/vb changing/vbg social/jj demands/nns ./. Great/jj professors/nns do/do not/* automatically/rb reproduce/vb themselves/ppls ./. Deans/nns can/md form/vb an/at important/jj bridge/nn between/in the/at president/nn and/cc the/at faculty/nn ./. They/ppss serve/vb not/* only/rb as/cs spokesmen/nns for/in their/pp$ areas/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss also/rb contribute/vb to/in top-level/nn decision/nn making/nn ./. The/at president/nn who/wps appoints/vbz strong/jj men/nns who/wps have/hv an/at all-college/jj or/cc university/nn point/nn of/in view/nn and/cc a/at talent/nn and/cc respect/nn for/in administration/nn can/md count/vb on/in useful/jj assistance/nn ./. Faculty/nn members/nns depend/vb on/in their/pp$ department/nn chairmen/nns to/to promote/vb their/pp$ interests/nns with/in the/at administration/nn ./. The/at administration/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, looks/vbz to/in the/at chairmen/nns for/in strategic/jj aid/nn in/in building/vbg stronger/jjr departments/nns ./. One/cd way/nn that/cs this/dt can/md be/be done/vbn ,/, other/ap than/cs by/in hiring/vbg new/jj high-priced/jj professors/nns ,/, is/bez by/in constantly/rb encouraging/vbg the/at department/nn members/nns to/to raise/vb their/pp$ standards/nns of/in performance/nn ./. The/at quality/nn of/in a/at president's/nn$ leadership/nn is/bez measured/vbn first/rb by/in his/pp$ success/nn in/in building/vbg up/rp the/at faculty/nn ./. By/in supporting/vbg the/at efforts/nns of/in the/at many/ap faculty/nn members/nns who/wps are/ber working/vbg to/to attain/vb ever/rb higher/jjr standards/nns ,/, the/at president/nn can/md encourage/vb faculty/nn leadership/nn ./. Indirectly/rb he/pps can/md best/rbt help/vb them/ppo by/in insuring/vbg that/cs rigorous/jj criteria/nns for/in appointment/nn and/cc promotion/nn are/ber clearly/rb set/vbn forth/rb and/cc adhered/vbn to/in ./. The/at academic/jj dean/nn should/md take/vb a/at direct/jj ,/, long-term/nn interest/nn in/in faculty/nn development/nn ./. An/at alert/jj dean/nn will/md confer/vb all/rb through/in the/at year/nn on/in personnel/nns needs/nns ,/, plans/nns for/in the/at future/nn ,/, qualifications/nns of/in those/dts on/in the/at job/nn ,/, and/cc bright/jj prospects/nns elsewhere/rb ./. For/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in a/at long-term/nn program/nn ,/, the/at departments/nns ,/, and/cc particularly/rb their/pp$ chairmen/nns ,/, are/ber strategic/jj ./. They/ppss evaluate/vb and/cc nominate/vb candidates/nns for/in appointment/nn and/cc promotion/nn ./. To/to provide/vb an/at independent/jj judgment/nn for/in the/at president/nn ,/, the/at academic/jj dean/nn also/rb investigates/vbz candidates/nns thoroughly/rb ./. At/in some/dti colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns ,/, a/at faculty/nn committee/nn reviews/vbz and/cc reports/vbz to/in the/at administration/nn on/in the/at qualifications/nns of/in candidates/nns ./. Some/dti faculty/nn members/nns and/cc many/ap administrators/nns oppose/vb faculty/nn review/nn groups/nns because/cs they/ppss either/cc repeat/vb department's/nn$ actions/nns or/cc act/vb pro/in forma/nn ./. They/ppss can/md be/be effective/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, if/cs their/pp$ members/nns set/vb high/jj standards/nns for/in candidates/nns and/cc devote/vb substantial/jj time/nn to/in the/at work/nn ./. At/in one/cd university/nn ,/, the/at president/nn cites/vbz the/at faculty/nn review/nn committee/nn as/cs ``/`` a/at valued/vbn partner/nn of/in the/at administration/nn in/in guarding/vbg and/cc promoting/vbg the/at quality/nn of/in the/at faculty/nn ''/'' ./. Before/cs the/at president/nn recommends/vbz a/at candidate/nn to/in the/at trustees/nns ,/, the/at administration/nn collects/vbz the/at views/nns of/in colleagues/nns in/in the/at same/ap field/nn of/in knowledge/nn on/in campus/nn and/cc elsewhere/rb ./. The/at president/nn or/cc dean/nn reads/vbz some/dti of/in his/pp$ publications/nns to/to form/vb the/at truest/jjt possible/jj evaluation/nn of/in the/at quality/nn of/in his/pp$ mind/nn ./. No/at good/jj way/nn to/to evaluate/vb teaching/vbg ability/nn has/hvz yet/rb been/ben discovered/vbn ,/, although/cs some/dti institutions/nns use/vb inventory/nn sheets/nns for/in a/at list/nn of/in criteria/nns ./. To/to avoid/vb passing/vbg over/in quiet/jj ,/, unaggressive/jj teachers/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/to decide/vb whether/cs others/nns merit/vb promotion/nn ,/, review/nn of/in the/at right/nn of/in faculty/nn members/nns to/in promotion/nn or/cc salary/nn increases/nns should/md be/be made/vbn periodically/rb whether/cs or/cc not/* they/ppss have/hv been/ben recommended/vbn for/in advancement/nn by/in their/pp$ departments/nns ./. There/ex are/ber certain/ap aspects/nns of/in personnel/nns development/nn in/in which/wdt a/at president/nn must/md involve/vb himself/ppl directly/rb ./. He/pps should/md personally/rb consider/vb the/at potential/nn of/in a/at faculty/nn member/nn proposed/vbn for/in tenure/nn ,/, to/to guard/vb against/in the/at mistake/nn of/in making/vbg this/dt profoundly/ql serious/jj commitment/nn turn/vb solely/rb upon/in the/at man's/nn$ former/ap achievements/nns ./. No/at one/pn can/md be/be as/ql effective/jj as/cs the/at president/nn in/in inspiring/jj older/jjr men/nns to/to welcome/vb imaginative/jj new/jj teachers/nns whose/wp$ philosophy/nn or/cc approach/nn to/in their/pp$ specialties/nns is/bez quite/ql different/jj ./. In/in particular/jj ,/, the/at president/nn may/md have/hv to/to summon/vb all/abn his/pp$ oratorical/jj powers/nns to/to persuade/vb department/nn members/nns to/to accept/vb an/at outstanding/jj man/nn above/in the/at normal/jj salary/nn scale/nn ./. On/in those/dts rare/jj occasions/nns when/wrb a/at faculty/nn member/nn on/in tenure/nn is/bez not/* meeting/vbg the/at standards/nns of/in the/at institution/nn ,/, the/at president/nn must/md also/rb bear/vb the/at ultimate/jj burden/nn of/in decision/nn and/cc action/nn ./. A/at true/jj university/nn ,/, like/cs most/ap successful/jj marriages/nns ,/, is/bez a/at unity/nn of/in diversities/nns Without/in forcing/vbg all/abn components/nns into/in a/at single/ap pattern/nn ,/, the/at preparation/nn of/in a/at master/nn plan/nn is/bez an/at opportunity/nn to/to consider/vb interrelation/nn of/in knowledge/nn at/in its/pp$ highest/jjt level/nn ,/, which/wdt a/at university/nn --/-- in/in contrast/nn to/in a/at multiversity/nn --/-- should/md stand/vb for/in ./. Recently/rb colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns have/hv begun/vbn to/to translate/vb their/pp$ educational/jj philosophy/nn into/in institution-wide/jj goals/nns ./. Each/dt year/nn a/at few/ap more/ap institutions/nns are/ber deciding/vbg such/jj questions/nns as/cs :/: Shall/md we/ppss require/vb a/at liberal/jj education/nn built/vbn around/in a/at humanities/nns core/vb for/in all/abn undergraduates/nns ?/. ?/. Or/cc shall/md we/ppss permit/vb early/jj specialization/nn in/in scientific/jj and/cc technological/jj subjects/nns ?/. ?/. In/in the/at first/od instance/nn ,/, adequate/jj appropriate/jj reading/vbg materials/nns and/cc library/nn accommodations/nns must/md be/be planned/vbn ./. In/in the/at second/od ,/, more/ap shops/nns ,/, laboratories/nns ,/, and/cc staff/nn will/md be/be required/vbn ./. For/in the/at president/nn ,/, a/at master/nn plan/nn looking/vbg ahead/rb five/cd years/nns (/( the/at maximum/jj reach/nn for/in sound/jj forecasting/nn )/) ,/, offers/vbz several/ap practical/jj advantages/nns ./. Trustees/nns ,/, faculty/nn ,/, and/cc administration/nn can/md consider/vb the/at consequences/nns of/in decisions/nns before/cs they/ppss are/ber made/vbn ,/, instead/rb of/in afterwards/rb ./. Physical/jj plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn can/md be/be efficiently/rb developed/vbn ./. Proposed/vbn new/jj programs/nns can/md be/be examined/vbn for/in appropriateness/nn to/in goals/nns and/cc for/cs present/jj and/cc future/jj financial/jj fitness/nn ./. More/ap than/in one/cd president/nn has/hvz found/vbn that/cs a/at long-range/nn plan/nn helps/vbz him/ppo to/to attract/vb major/jj gifts/nns ./. It/pps inspires/vbz confidence/nn in/in his/pp$ institution's/nn$ determination/nn to/to establish/vb goals/nns and/cc to/to achieve/vb them/ppo ./. Before/cs deciding/vbg where/wrb it/pps is/bez going/vbg ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at college/nn or/cc university/nn must/md know/vb where/wrb it/pps is/bez ./. The/at first/od step/nn is/bez a/at comprehensive/jj self/nn study/nn made/vbn by/in faculty/nn ,/, by/in outside/jj consultants/nns ,/, or/cc by/in a/at combination/nn of/in the/at two/cd ./. It/pps should/md sternly/rb appraise/vb curricula/nns ,/, faculty/nn ,/, organization/nn ,/, buildings/nns ,/, faculty/nn work/nn loads/nns ,/, and/cc potential/nn for/in growth/nn in/in stature/nn and/cc size/nn ./. Implementation/nn of/in the/at master/nn plan/nn will/md inevitably/rb be/be uneven/jj ./. Some/dti departments/nns will/md attack/vb their/pp$ new/jj goals/nns enthusiastically/rb ;/. ;/. others/nns may/md drag/vb their/pp$ feet/nns ./. Funds/nns may/md be/be readily/rb donated/vbn for/in some/dti purposes/nns but/cc not/* others/nns ./. A/at plan/nn must/md therefore/rb be/be brought/vbn up/rp to/in date/nn periodically/rb ,/, possibly/rb with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in a/at permanent/jj planning/vbg officer/nn ./. To/to provide/vb the/at continuous/jj flow/nn of/in information/nn basic/jj to/in administrative/jj decisions/nns ,/, a/at number/nn of/in institutions/nns have/hv established/vbn offices/nns of/in institutional/jj research/nn ./. Some/dti offices/nns have/hv very/ql broad/jj responsibilities/nns ,/, touching/vbg on/in almost/ql all/abn aspects/nns of/in a/at university's/nn$ instructional/jj program/nn ./. Their/pp$ duties/nns include/vb evaluation/nn of/in the/at information/nn collected/vbn and/cc preparation/nn of/in recommendations/nns ./. More/ql often/rb ,/, these/dts offices/nns are/ber restricted/vbn to/in the/at gathering/nn of/in empirical/jj data/nn ./. The/at president's/nn$ opportunity/nn for/in influencing/vbg education/nn reaches/vbz its/pp$ highest/jjt point/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps decides/vbz which/wdt projects/nns he/pps will/md cut/vb back/rb ,/, which/wdt he/pps will/md advance/vb by/in increased/vbn allowances/nns or/cc new/jj fund-raising/nn efforts/nns ./. No/at matter/nn how/wql high/jj the/at hopes/nns and/cc dreams/nns of/in educators/nns ,/, budget/nn making/nn adjusts/vbz them/ppo to/in the/at cold/jj realities/nns of/in dollars/nns and/cc cents/nns ./. When/wrb the/at budget/nn goes/vbz to/in trustees/nns for/in approval/nn it/pps is/bez the/at president's/nn$ budget/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt his/pp$ faith/nn and/cc credit/nn are/ber committed/vbn ;/. ;/. its/pp$ principal/jjs features/nns should/md be/be a/at product/nn of/in his/pp$ most/ql considered/vbn judgment/nn ./. He/pps cannot/md* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, examine/vb each/dt proposal/nn from/in scratch/nn ./. He/pps reviews/vbz and/cc shapes/vbz the/at work/nn of/in others/nns to/to mold/vb a/at single/ap joint/jj product/nn that/wps will/md best/rbt promote/vb the/at aims/nns of/in the/at institution/nn ./. Budgeting/vbg must/md be/be flexible/jj to/to allow/vb adaptation/nn to/in the/at rapid/jj changes/nns in/in scientific/jj and/cc technological/jj scholarship/nn ./. Because/cs scientific/jj instruction/nn and/cc research/nn involve/vb increasingly/ql large/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn ,/, an/at institution/nn should/md choose/vb its/pp$ fields/nns of/in prominence/nn ./. Otherwise/rb it/pps will/md be/be headed/vbn for/in bankruptcy/nn ,/, at/in worst/jjt ,/, and/cc at/in best/jjt towards/in starvation/nn of/in other/ap less/ql dramatic/jj but/cc socially/rb and/cc culturally/rb indispensable/jj branches/nns of/in learning/vbg ./. In/in the/at national/jj interest/nn even/rb the/at affluent/jj universities/nns must/md consider/vb some/dti division/nn of/in labor/nn among/in them/ppo to/to replace/vb their/pp$ present/jj ambitions/nns to/to keep/vb up/rp with/in the/at Joneses/nps in/in all/abn branches/nns ./. Supporting/vbg activities/nns --/-- business/nn management/nn ,/, public/nn relations/nns ,/, fund-raising/nn --/-- offer/vb presidents/nns one/cd of/in their/pp$ best/jjt chances/nns to/to buy/vb freedom/nn for/in attention/nn to/in education/nn ./. Here/rb the/at reasonable/jj mastery/nn of/in the/at elements/nns of/in administration/nn can/md do/do much/ap to/to free/vb a/at president/nn for/in his/pp$ primary/jj role/nn ./. In/in the/at areas/nns that/wps do/do not/* relate/vb directly/rb to/in the/at educational/jj program/nn ,/, expert/jj subordinates/nns will/md serve/vb the/at college/nn or/cc university/nn better/rbr than/cs close/jj presidential/jj attention/nn ./. The/at president/nn should/md find/vb strong/jj subordinates/nns and/cc delegate/vb the/at widest/jjt discretion/nn to/in them/ppo ./. Higher/jjr education/nn cannot/md* compete/vb with/in the/at salary/nn scales/nns of/in the/at business/nn world/nn ,/, but/cc an/at educational/jj institution/nn can/md offer/vb many/ap potent/jj intangible/jj attractions/nns to/in members/nns of/in the/at business/nn community/nn that/wps will/md offset/vb the/at differences/nns in/in income/nn ./. Just/rb as/cs the/at entire/jj faculty/nn should/md know/vb the/at president's/nn$ educational/jj philosophy/nn and/cc objectives/nns ,/, so/rb should/md non-academic/jj officers/nns ./. They/ppss will/md better/rbr understand/vb the/at relationship/nn of/in their/pp$ activities/nns to/in the/at academic/jj program/nn and/cc they/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to explain/vb their/pp$ actions/nns to/in faculty/nn in/in terms/nns of/in mutual/jj goals/nns ./. A/at president/nn is/bez frequently/rb besieged/vbn to/to serve/vb in/in non-academic/jj civic/jj and/cc governmental/jj capacities/nns ,/, to/to make/vb speeches/nns to/in lay/jj groups/nns ,/, and/cc to/to make/vb numerous/jj ceremonial/jj appearances/nns on/in and/cc off/in campus/nn ./. Since/cs he/pps can/md neither/cc accept/vb nor/cc reject/vb them/ppo all/abn ,/, he/pps must/md be/be governed/vbn by/in the/at time/nn and/cc energy/nn available/jj for/in his/pp$ prime/jj professional/jj obligations/nns ./. Declinations/nns and/cc substitutions/nns are/ber better/rbr received/vbn when/wrb he/pps explains/vbz why/wrb his/pp$ obligations/nns to/in his/pp$ institution/nn preclude/vb his/pp$ acceptance/nn ./. By/in sharing/vbg the/at load/nn of/in important/jj speeches/nns with/in his/pp$ colleagues/nns ,/, the/at president/nn can/md develop/vb a/at cadre/nn of/in able/jj spokesmen/nns who/wps will/md help/vb to/to create/vb a/at public/jj perception/nn of/in the/at university/nn as/cs an/at institution/nn ,/, something/pn more/ap than/cs the/at lengthened/vbn shadow/nn of/in one/cd man/nn ./.

cj01

cj01 |@word 1:4 introduction:1 recently:2 become:2 practical:1 use:8 radio:30 emission:27 moon:25 planet:15 new:2 source:4 information:4 body:10 atmosphere:4 result:6 present:1 observation:18 thermal:14 consistent:2 low:5 conductivity:1 surface:11 layer:1 derive:1 variation:8 infrared:4 eclipse:1 garstung:1 1958:6 sufficiently:1 accurate:1 complete:1 measurement:9 available:4 possible:4 set:1 limit:4 electrical:1 characteristic:3 subsurface:1 material:5 extensive:1 probe:1 great:1 extent:1 short:2 wave:19 length:16 case:2 give:1 otherwise:1 unobtainable:1 solid:4 venus:5 jupiter:7 already:1 supply:1 unexpected:1 experimental:1 datum:2 physical:2 condition:1 observed:5 intensity:12 much:6 high:4 expect:5 although:3 spectrum:4 indicate:2 near:1 3:3 cm:10 10:1 like:3 black:9 suggest:2 temperature:21 possibility:1 radiation:28 may:4 combination:2 non:2 component:4 merely:1 coincidence:1 definitely:1 radiator:1 seem:3 likely:2 reach:3 earth:4 remain:4 mars:4 saturn:3 observe:9 twice:1 reasonable:1 agreement:1 predict:1 basis:1 know:2 measured:3 origin:4 attempt:1 measure:6 report:1 distance:1 small:3 diameter:8 spite:1 large:5 reflector:7 improve:1 amplifying:1 technique:2 make:9 year:1 study:1 begin:1 detection:1 dicke:1 beringer:1 1946:1 follow:2 comprehensive:1 series:1 three:2 lunar:8 cycle:1 piddington:3 minnett:3 1949:2 deduce:1 whole:1 disk:11 vary:2 lunation:2 roughly:1 sinusoidal:1 fashion:1 amplitude:3 considerably:1 less:3 pettit:2 nicholson:1 1930:1 1935:1 maximum:3 come:1 day:3 full:2 contrast:1 explain:1 point:2 rocklike:2 would:5 partially:2 transparent:1 opaque:1 infrare:1 could:1 assume:4 originate:3 depth:2 beneath:2 due:1 solar:4 reduce:3 shift:1 phase:3 since:2 absorption:1 sample:1 different:2 possibly:2 detect:2 change:3 structure:1 composition:1 first:2 1955:3 burke:2 franklin:1 identify:1 interference:1 noise:2 record:1 15:1 meter:3 sporadic:1 type:1 planetary:6 discuss:1 chap:3 13:1 gallet:1 14:1 steady:1 presumably:1 1956:3 mayer:3 mccullough:3 sloanaker:5 b:1 c:1 1957:1 drake:1 ewen:1 relatively:1 time:3 early:1 additional:1 range:4 68:1 aj:1 observable:1 polarization:3 direction:1 arrival:1 angular:1 minute:1 arc:1 resolution:3 even:1 construction:1 consequently:1 region:4 resolve:1 however:1 put:1 useful:1 interferometer:2 presently:1 apparatus:1 sensitivity:2 difficult:1 specifically:1 determination:1 nrl:1 altitude:1 azimuth:1 mount:1 show:2 systematic:1 local:1 hour:1 angle:5 substantial:1 part:2 linearly:1 polarize:2 recent:1 radhakrishnan:1 robert:1 1960:2 visible:2 significant:1 restrict:1 concept:2 apparent:3 describe:2 receive:2 compare:2 hypothetical:1 subtend:2 must:2 order:3 equal:1 specify:1 really:1 radiate:1 correspond:1 emitting:1 sun:1 reflect:2 negligible:2 centimeter:2 except:1 exceptional:1 outburst:2 quiescent:1 level:1 increase:2 average:4 brightness:10 nearer:1 therefore:1 neglect:1 extreme:1 cause:1 sizable:1 error:3 decimeter:1 2:3 mm:5 75:1 summarize:1 table:1 also:4 optical:1 sinton:1 see:1 11:2 observer:1 procedure:1 assumption:1 distribution:3 together:1 difference:2 method:1 calibrate:1 antennae:1 receiver:1 account:1 disagreement:1 coat:1 1959:2 antenna:10 beam:9 enough:1 allow:1 feature:2 contour:3 diagram:3 maria:1 heat:1 rapidly:2 cool:2 mountainous:1 mare:1 imbrium:1 exception:1 surround:1 rather:1 rapid:1 falloff:1 latitude:1 22:1 resultant:1 width:1 amenitskii:1 noskova:1 salomonovich:1 constant:2 smooth:1 coate:1 apparently:1 8:1 nearly:2 sensitive:1 need:1 several:1 properly:1 interpret:1 previously:1 publish:1 briefly:1 obtain:1 spread:1 interval:1 june:1 19:1 naval:2 research:2 laboratory:2 washington:1 half:2 9:1 include:2 entire:1 main:2 side:1 lob:1 pattern:1 power:2 gain:1 peak:1 absolute:2 ratio:1 drift:1 scan:1 across:1 sky:1 find:1 graphical:1 integration:1 directivity:1 good:1 approximation:1 center:1 narrow:1 central:1 portion:1 uniform:1 af:1 q:1 degree:1 probable:1 well:1 relative:1 plot:1 along:1 gibson:1 figure:1 explanation:1 discussion:1 refer:1 superimposed:1 periodic:1 call:1 variable:1 20:1 maryland:1 observatory:1 age:1 lobe:1 gaussian:1 shape:1 uniformly:1 bright:1

1/cd-hl ./.-hl Introduction/nn-hl It/pps has/hvz recently/rb become/vbn practical/jj to/to use/vb the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in the/at moon/nn and/cc planets/nns as/cs a/at new/jj source/nn of/in information/nn about/in these/dts bodies/nns and/cc their/pp$ atmospheres/nns ./. The/at results/nns of/in present/jj observations/nns of/in the/at thermal/jj radio/nn emission/nn of/in the/at moon/nn are/ber consistent/jj with/in the/at very/ql low/jj thermal/jj conductivity/nn of/in the/at surface/nn layer/nn which/wdt was/bedz derived/vbn from/in the/at variation/nn in/in the/at infrared/jj emission/nn during/in eclipses/nns (/( e.g./rb ,/, Garstung/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) ./. When/wrb sufficiently/ql accurate/jj and/cc complete/jj measurements/nns are/ber available/jj ,/, it/pps will/md be/be possible/jj to/to set/vb limits/nns on/in the/at thermal/jj and/cc electrical/jj characteristics/nns of/in the/at surface/jj and/cc subsurface/jj materials/nns of/in the/at moon/nn ./. Observations/nns of/in the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in a/at planet/nn which/wdt has/hvz an/at extensive/jj atmosphere/nn will/md probe/vb the/at atmosphere/nn to/in a/at greater/jjr extent/nn than/cs those/dts using/vbg shorter/jjr wave/nn lengths/nns and/cc should/md in/in some/dti cases/nns give/vb otherwise/rb unobtainable/jj information/nn about/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in the/at solid/jj surface/nn ./. Radio/nn observations/nns of/in Venus/np and/cc Jupiter/np have/hv already/rb supplied/vbn unexpected/jj experimental/jj data/nn on/in the/at physical/jj conditions/nns of/in these/dts planets/nns ./. The/at observed/vbn intensity/nn of/in the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in Venus/np is/bez much/ql higher/jjr than/cs the/at expected/vbn thermal/jj intensity/nn ,/, although/cs the/at spectrum/nn indicated/vbn by/in measurements/nns at/in wave/nn lengths/nns near/in 3/cd cm/nn and/cc 10/cd cm/nn is/bez like/cs that/dt of/in a/at black/jj body/nn at/in about/rb 600-degrees/nns ./. This/dt result/nn suggests/vbz a/at very/ql high/jj temperature/nn at/in the/at solid/jj surface/nn of/in the/at planet/nn ,/, although/cs there/ex is/bez the/at possibility/nn that/cs the/at observed/vbn radiation/nn may/md be/be a/at combination/nn of/in both/abx thermal/jj and/cc non-thermal/jj components/nns and/cc that/cs the/at observed/vbn spectrum/nn is/bez that/dt of/in a/at black/jj body/nn merely/rb by/in coincidence/nn ./. For/in the/at case/nn of/in Jupiter/np ,/, the/at radio/nn emission/nn spectrum/nn is/bez definitely/rb not/* like/cs the/at spectrum/nn of/in a/at black-body/nn radiator/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps seems/vbz very/ql likely/jj that/cs the/at radiation/nn reaching/vbg the/at earth/nn is/bez a/at combination/nn of/in thermal/jj radiation/nn from/in the/at atmosphere/nn and/cc non-thermal/jj components/nns ./. Of/in the/at remaining/vbg planets/nns ,/, only/ap Mars/np and/cc Saturn/np have/hv been/ben observed/vbn as/cs radio/nn sources/nns ,/, and/cc not/* very/ql much/ap information/nn is/bez available/jj ./. Mars/np has/hvz been/ben observed/vbn twice/rb at/in about/rb 3-cm/nn wave/nn length/nn ,/, and/cc the/at intensity/nn of/in the/at observed/vbn radiation/nn is/bez in/in reasonable/jj agreement/nn with/in the/at thermal/jj radiation/nn which/wdt might/md be/be predicted/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at known/vbn temperature/nn of/in Mars/np ./. The/at low/jj intensity/nn of/in the/at radiation/nn from/in Saturn/np has/hvz limited/vbn observations/nns ,/, but/cc again/rb the/at measured/vbn radiation/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be consistent/jj with/in a/at thermal/jj origin/nn ./. No/at attempts/nns to/to measure/vb the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in the/at remaining/vbg planets/nns have/hv been/ben reported/vbn ,/, and/cc ,/, because/rb of/in their/pp$ distances/nns ,/, small/jj diameters/nns ,/, or/cc low/jj temperatures/nns ,/, the/at thermal/jj radiation/nn at/in radio/nn wave/nn lengths/nns reaching/vbg the/at earth/nn from/in these/dts sources/nns is/bez expected/vbn to/to be/be of/in very/ql low/jj intensity/nn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in this/dt ,/, the/at very/ql large/jj radio/nn reflectors/nns and/cc improved/vbn amplifying/vbg techniques/nns which/wdt are/ber now/rb becoming/vbg available/jj should/md make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to observe/vb the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in most/ap of/in the/at planets/nns in/in a/at few/ap years/nns ./. The/at study/nn of/in the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in the/at moon/nn and/cc planets/nns began/vbd with/in the/at detection/nn of/in the/at thermal/jj radiation/nn of/in the/at moon/nn at/in 1.25-cm/nn wave/nn length/nn by/in Dicke/np and/cc Beringer/np (/( 1946/cd )/) ./. This/dt was/bedz followed/vbn by/in a/at comprehensive/jj series/nn of/in observations/nns of/in the/at 1.25-cm/nn emission/nn of/in the/at moon/nn over/in three/cd lunar/jj cycles/nns by/in Piddington/np and/cc Minnett/np (/( 1949/cd )/) ./. They/ppss deduced/vbd from/in their/pp$ measurements/nns that/cs the/at radio/nn emission/nn from/in the/at whole/jj disk/nn of/in the/at moon/nn varied/vbd during/in a/at lunation/nn in/in a/at roughly/ql sinusoidal/jj fashion/nn ;/. ;/. that/cs the/at amplitude/nn of/in the/at variation/nn was/bedz considerably/ql less/ap than/cs the/at amplitude/nn of/in the/at variation/nn in/in the/at infrared/jj emission/nn as/cs measured/vbn by/in Pettit/np and/cc Nicholson/np (/( 1930/cd )/) and/cc Pettit/np (/( 1935/cd )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc that/cs the/at maximum/nn of/in the/at radio/nn emission/nn came/vbd about/rb 3-1/2/cd days/nns after/in Full/jj-tl Moon/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt is/bez again/rb in/in contrast/nn to/in the/at infrared/jj emission/nn ,/, which/wdt reaches/vbz its/pp$ maximum/nn at/in Full/jj-tl Moon/nn-tl ./. Piddington/np and/cc Minnett/np explained/vbd their/pp$ observations/nns by/in pointing/vbg out/rp that/cs rocklike/jj materials/nns which/wdt are/ber likely/jj to/to make/vb up/rp the/at surface/nn of/in the/at moon/nn would/md be/be partially/ql transparent/jj to/in radio/nn waves/nns ,/, although/cs opaque/jj to/in infrared/jj radiation/nn ./. The/at infrared/jj emission/nn could/md then/rb be/be assumed/vbn to/to originate/vb at/in the/at surface/nn of/in the/at moon/nn ,/, while/cs the/at radio/nn emission/nn originates/vbz at/in some/dti depth/nn beneath/in the/at surface/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at temperature/nn variation/nn due/jj to/in solar/jj radiation/nn is/bez reduced/vbn in/in amplitude/nn and/cc shifted/vbn in/in phase/nn ./. Since/cs the/at absorption/nn of/in radio/nn waves/nns in/in rocklike/jj material/nn varies/vbz with/in wave/nn length/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be possible/jj to/to sample/vb the/at temperature/nn variation/nn at/in different/jj depths/nns beneath/in the/at surface/nn and/cc possibly/rb detect/vb changes/nns in/in the/at structure/nn or/cc composition/nn of/in the/at lunar/jj surface/nn material/nn ./. The/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in a/at planet/nn was/bedz first/rb detected/vbn in/in 1955/cd ,/, when/wrb Burke/np and/cc Franklin/np (/( 1955/cd )/) identified/vbn the/at origin/nn of/in interference-like/jj radio/nn noise/nn on/in their/pp$ records/nns at/in about/rb 15/cd meters/nns wave/nn length/nn as/cs emission/nn from/in Jupiter/np ./. This/dt sporadic/jj type/nn of/in planetary/jj radiation/nn is/bez discussed/vbn by/in Burke/np (/( chap./nn 13/cd )/) and/cc Gallet/np (/( chap./nn 14/cd )/) ./. Steady/jj radiation/nn which/wdt was/bedz presumably/rb of/in thermal/jj origin/nn was/bedz observed/vbn from/in Venus/np at/in 3.15/cd and/cc 9.4/cd cm/nn ,/, and/cc from/in Mars/np and/cc Jupiter/np at/in 3.15/cd cm/nn in/in 1956/cd (/( Mayer/np ,/, McCullough/np ,/, and/cc Sloanaker/np ,/, 1958/cd ,/, A/np ,/, B/np ,/, C/np )/) ,/, and/cc from/in Saturn/np at/in 3.75/cd cm/nn in/in 1957/cd (/( Drake/np and/cc Ewen/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) ./. In/in the/at relatively/ql short/jj time/nn since/in these/dts early/jj observations/nns ,/, Venus/np has/hvz been/ben observed/vbn at/in additional/jj wave/nn lengths/nns in/in the/at range/nn from/in 0.8/cd to/in 10.2/cd cm/nn ,/, and/cc Jupiter/np has/hvz been/ben observed/vbn over/in the/at wave-length/nn range/nn from/in 3.03/cd to/in 68/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at observable/jj characteristics/nns of/in planetary/jj radio/nn radiation/nn are/ber the/at intensity/nn ,/, the/at polarization/nn ,/, and/cc the/at direction/nn of/in arrival/nn of/in the/at waves/nns ./. The/at maximum/jj angular/jj diameter/nn of/in any/dti planetary/jj disk/nn as/cs observed/vbn from/in the/at earth/nn is/bez about/rb 1/cd minute/nn of/in arc/nn ./. This/dt is/bez much/ql smaller/jjr than/cs the/at highest/jjt resolution/nn of/in even/rb the/at very/ql large/jj reflectors/nns now/rb under/in construction/nn ,/, and/cc consequently/rb the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in different/jj regions/nns of/in the/at disk/nn cannot/md* be/be resolved/vbn ./. It/pps should/md be/be possible/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to put/vb useful/jj limits/nns on/in the/at diameters/nns of/in the/at radio/nn sources/nns by/in observing/vbg with/in large/jj reflectors/nns or/cc with/in interferometers/nns ./. Measurements/nns of/in polarization/nn are/ber presently/rb limited/vbn by/in apparatus/nn sensitivity/nn and/cc will/md remain/vb difficult/jj because/rb of/in the/at low/jj intensity/nn of/in the/at planetary/jj radiation/nn at/in the/at earth/nn ./. There/ex have/hv been/ben few/ap measurements/nns specifically/rb for/in the/at determination/nn of/in the/at polarization/nn of/in planetary/jj radiation/nn ./. The/at measurements/nns made/vbn with/in the/at NRL/nn 50-foot/jj reflector/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez altitude-azimuth-mounted/jj ,/, would/md have/hv shown/vbn a/at systematic/jj change/nn with/in local/jj hour/nn angle/nn in/in the/at measured/vbn intensities/nns of/in Venus/np and/cc Jupiter/np if/cs a/at substantial/jj part/nn of/in the/at radiation/nn had/hvd been/ben linearly/rb polarized/vbn ./. Recent/jj interferometer/nn measurements/nns (/( Radhakrishnan/np and/cc Roberts/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) have/hv shown/vbn the/at 960-mc/nn emission/nn of/in Jupiter/np to/to be/be partially/rb polarized/vbn and/cc to/to originate/vb in/in a/at region/nn of/in larger/jjr diameter/nn than/cs the/at visible/jj disk/nn ./. Other/ap than/cs this/dt very/ql significant/jj result/nn ,/, most/ap of/in the/at information/nn now/rb available/jj about/in the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in the/at planets/nns is/bez restricted/vbn to/in the/at intensity/nn of/in the/at radiation/nn ./. The/at concept/nn of/in apparent/jj black-body/nn temperature/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to describe/vb the/at radiation/nn received/vbn from/in the/at moon/nn and/cc the/at planets/nns ./. The/at received/vbn radiation/nn is/bez compared/vbn with/in the/at radiation/nn from/in a/at hypothetical/jj black/jj body/nn which/wdt subtends/vbz the/at same/ap solid/jj angle/nn as/cs the/at visible/jj disk/nn of/in the/at planet/nn ./. The/at apparent/jj black-body/nn disk/nn temperature/nn is/bez the/at temperature/nn which/wdt must/md be/be assumed/vbn for/in the/at black/jj body/nn in/in order/nn that/cs the/at intensity/nn of/in its/pp$ radiation/nn should/md equal/vb that/dt of/in the/at observed/vbn radiation/nn ./. The/at use/nn of/in this/dt concept/nn does/doz not/* specify/vb the/at origin/nn of/in the/at radiation/nn ,/, and/cc only/rb if/cs the/at planet/nn really/rb radiates/vbz as/cs a/at black/jj body/nn ,/, will/md the/at apparent/jj black-body/nn temperature/nn correspond/vb to/in the/at physical/jj temperature/nn of/in the/at emitting/vbg material/nn ./. The/at radio/nn radiation/nn of/in the/at sun/nn which/wdt is/bez reflected/vbn from/in the/at moon/nn and/cc planets/nns should/md be/be negligible/jj compared/vbn with/in their/pp$ thermal/jj emission/nn at/in centimeter/nn wave/nn lengths/nns ,/, except/in possibly/rb at/in times/nns of/in exceptional/jj outbursts/nns of/in solar/jj radio/nn noise/nn ./. The/at quiescent/jj level/nn of/in centimeter/nn wave-length/nn solar/jj radiation/nn would/md increase/vb the/at average/jj disk/nn brightness/nn temperature/nn by/in less/ap than/in 1-degree/nn ./. At/in meter/nn wave/nn lengths/nns an/at increase/nn of/in the/at order/nn of/in 10-degrees/nns in/in the/at average/jj disk/nn temperatures/nns of/in the/at nearer/jjr planets/nns would/md be/be expected/vbn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, neglecting/vbg the/at extreme/jj outbursts/nns ,/, reflected/vbn solar/jj radiation/nn is/bez not/* expected/vbn to/to cause/vb sizable/jj errors/nns in/in the/at measurements/nns of/in planetary/jj radiation/nn in/in the/at centimeter-/nn and/cc decimeter-wave-length/nn range/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl moon/nn-hl 2.1/cd-hl observations/nns-hl Radio/nn observations/nns of/in the/at moon/nn have/hv been/ben made/vbn over/in the/at range/nn of/in wave/nn lengths/nns from/in 4.3/cd mm/nn to/in 75/cd cm/nn ,/, and/cc the/at results/nns are/ber summarized/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. Observations/nns have/hv also/rb been/ben made/vbn at/in 1.5/cd mm/nn using/vbg optical/jj techniques/nns (/( Sinton/np ,/, 1955/cd ,/, 1956/cd ,/, ;/. ;/. see/vb also/rb chap./nn 11/cd )/) ./. Not/* all/abn the/at observers/nns have/hv used/vbn the/at same/ap procedures/nns or/cc made/vbn the/at same/ap assumptions/nns about/in the/at lunar/jj brightness/nn distribution/nn when/wrb reducing/vbg the/at data/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt ,/, together/rb with/in differences/nns in/in the/at methods/nns of/in calibrating/vbg the/at antennae/nns and/cc receivers/nns ,/, must/md account/vb for/in much/ap of/in the/at disagreement/nn in/in the/at measured/vbn radio/nn brightness/nn temperatures/nns ./. In/in the/at observations/nns at/in 4.3/cd mm/nn (/( Coates/np ,/, 1959/cd )/) ,/, the/at diameter/nn of/in the/at antenna/nn beam/nn ,/, 6'.7/nn ,/, was/bedz small/jj enough/qlp to/to allow/vb resolution/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at larger/jjr features/nns of/in the/at lunar/jj surface/nn ,/, and/cc contour/nn diagrams/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn of/in the/at lunar/jj brightness/nn distribution/nn at/in three/cd lunar/jj phases/nns ./. These/dts observations/nns indicate/vb that/cs the/at lunar/jj maria/fw-nns heat/vb up/rp more/ql rapidly/rb and/cc also/rb cool/vb off/rp more/ql rapidly/rb than/cs do/do the/at mountainous/jj regions/nns ./. Mare/fw-nn-tl Imbrium/np-tl seems/vbz to/to be/be an/at exception/nn and/cc remains/vbz cooler/jjr than/cs the/at regions/nns which/wdt surround/vb it/ppo ./. These/dts contour/nn diagrams/nns also/rb suggest/vb a/at rather/ql rapid/jj falloff/nn in/in the/at radio/nn brightness/nn with/in latitude/nn ./. Very/ql recently/rb ,/, observations/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn at/in 8-mm/nn wave/nn length/nn with/in a/at reflector/nn 22/cd meters/nns in/in diameter/nn with/in a/at resultant/jj beam/nn width/nn of/in only/rb about/rb 2'/nns (/( Amenitskii/np ,/, Noskova/np ,/, and/cc Salomonovich/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. The/at constant-temperature/nn contours/nns are/ber much/ql smoother/jjr than/cs those/dts observed/vbn at/in 4.3/cd mm/nn by/in Coates/np (/( 1959/cd )/) and/cc apparently/rb the/at emission/nn at/in 8/cd mm/nn is/bez not/* nearly/rb so/ql sensitive/jj to/in differences/nns in/in surface/jj features/nns ./. Such/jj high-resolution/nn observations/nns as/cs these/dts are/ber needed/vbn at/in several/ap wave/nn lengths/nns in/in order/nn that/cs the/at radio/nn emission/nn of/in the/at moon/nn can/md be/be properly/rb interpreted/vbn ./. The/at observations/nns of/in Mayer/np ,/, McCullough/np ,/, and/cc Sloanaker/np at/in 3.15/cd cm/nn and/cc of/in Sloanaker/np at/in 10.3/cd cm/nn have/hv not/* previously/rb been/ben published/vbn and/cc will/md be/be briefly/rb described/vbn ./. Measurements/nns at/in 3.15/cd cm/nn were/bed obtained/vbn on/in 11/cd days/nns spread/vbn over/in the/at interval/nn May/np 3/cd to/in June/np 19/cd ,/, 1956/cd ,/, using/vbg the/at 50-foot/jj reflector/nn at/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Research/nn-tl Laboratory/nn-tl in/in Washington/np ./. The/at half-intensity/nn diameter/nn of/in the/at antenna/nn beam/nn was/bedz about/rb 9'/nns ,/, and/cc the/at angle/nn subtended/vbn by/in the/at moon/nn included/vbd the/at entire/jj main/jjs beam/nn and/cc part/nn of/in the/at first/od side/jj lobes/nns ./. The/at antenna/nn patterns/nns and/cc the/at power/nn gain/nn at/in the/at peak/nn of/in the/at beam/nn were/bed both/abx measured/vbn (/( Mayer/np ,/, McCullough/np ,/, and/cc Sloanaker/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at absolute/jj power/nn sensitivity/nn of/in the/at antenna/nn beam/nn over/in the/at solid/jj angle/nn of/in the/at moon/nn was/bedz known/vbn ./. The/at ratio/nn of/in the/at measured/vbn antenna/nn temperature/nn change/nn during/in a/at drift/nn scan/nn across/in the/at moon/nn to/in the/at average/jj brightness/nn temperature/nn of/in the/at moon/nn over/in the/at antenna/nn beam/nn (/( assuming/vbg that/cs the/at brightness/nn temperature/nn of/in the/at sky/nn is/bez negligible/jj )/) was/bedz found/vbn ,/, by/in graphical/jj integration/nn of/in the/at antenna/nn directivity/nn diagram/nn ,/, to/to be/be 0.85/cd ./. The/at measured/vbn brightness/nn temperature/nn is/bez a/at good/jj approximation/nn to/in the/at brightness/nn temperature/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at lunar/jj disk/nn because/rb of/in the/at narrow/jj antenna/nn beam/nn and/cc because/cs the/at temperature/nn distribution/nn over/in the/at central/jj portion/nn of/in the/at moon's/nn$ disk/nn is/bez nearly/ql uniform/jj ./. The/at result/nn of/in the/at observations/nns is/bez Af/nn where/wrb the/at phase/nn angle/nn ,/, Q/np ,/, is/bez measured/vbn in/in degrees/nns from/in new/jj moon/nn and/cc the/at probable/jj errors/nns include/vb absolute/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs relative/jj errors/nns ./. This/dt result/nn is/bez plotted/vbn along/rb with/in the/at 8.6-mm/nn observations/nns of/in Gibson/np (/( 1958/cd )/) in/in figure/nn 1/cd ,/, A/np ./. The/at variation/nn in/in the/at 3-cm/nn emission/nn of/in the/at moon/nn during/in a/at lunation/nn is/bez very/ql much/ql less/ap than/cs the/at variation/nn in/in the/at 8.6-mm/nn emission/nn ,/, as/cs would/md be/be expected/vbn from/in the/at explanation/nn of/in Piddington/np and/cc Minnett/np (/( 1949/cd )/) ./. In/in the/at discussion/nn which/wdt follows/vbz ,/, the/at time/nn average/nn of/in the/at radio/nn emission/nn will/md be/be referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at constant/jj component/nn ,/, and/cc the/at superimposed/vbn periodic/jj variation/nn will/md be/be called/vbn the/at variable/jj component/nn ./. The/at 10.3-cm/nn observation/nn of/in Sloanaker/np was/bedz made/vbn on/in May/np 20/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, using/vbg the/at 84-foot/nn reflector/nn at/in the/at Maryland/np-tl Point/nn-tl Observatory/nn-tl of/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Research/nn-tl Laboratory/nn-tl ./. The/at age/nn of/in the/at moon/nn was/bedz about/rb 2/cd days/nns ./. The/at half-intensity/nn diameter/nn of/in the/at main/jjs lobe/nn of/in the/at antenna/nn was/bedz about/rb 18'.5/nns ,/, and/cc the/at brightness/nn temperature/nn was/bedz reduced/vbn by/in assuming/vbg a/at Gaussian/jj shape/nn for/in the/at antenna/nn beam/nn and/cc a/at uniformly/rb bright/jj disk/nn for/in the/at moon/nn ./.

cj02

cj02 |@word abstract:1 experiment:3 make:5 electric:4 arc:32 apply:3 porous:9 graphite:5 anode:68 cool:10 transpire:1 gas:15 argon:7 thus:3 energy:11 transfer:12 partly:1 feed:2 back:3 show:10 proper:2 design:4 net:1 loss:6 could:3 reduce:7 approximately:2 15:1 total:5 detailed:2 balance:3 establish:3 ablation:2 negligible:2 amount:1 dependence:2 voltage:7 upon:1 mass:6 flow:16 velocity:6 transpirate:1 investigate:2 various:2 length:2 current:6 100:3 amp:2 200:1 aj:2 qualitative:1 observation:1 high:10 speed:1 motion:2 picture:2 take:6 study:5 phenomenon:4 introduction:1 heat:18 flux:5 exist:2 electrode:3 surface:21 arcs:1 necessitate:1 extensive:1 cooling:1 prevent:3 requirement:2 particularly:1 severe:1 free:7 burn:2 instance:1 90:1 power:4 give:3 rise:4 local:2 excess:1 af:23 measure:13 author:1 exact:1 value:3 depend:2 atmosphere:2 plasma:4 generator:4 currently:1 commercially:1 available:1 industrial:1 use:6 temperature:30 research:1 tool:1 often:1 50:3 input:1 medium:1 rate:7 compare:3 cathode:8 explain:1 physical:1 occur:2 burning:5 superimposed:1 force:2 convection:2 may:1 modify:3 somewhat:2 due:2 follow:3 effect:3 1:8 condensation:1 work:1 function:1 plus:1 kinetic:1 electron:2 impinge:1 column:2 material:2 condition:5 sheath:1 2:11 molecular:1 conduction:2 well:2 radiation:5 enhance:1 hot:7 jet:4 towards:3 experimentally:1 detail:2 maecker:1 ref:4 pressure:2 gradient:2 produce:1 nature:1 magnetic:2 field:1 rapid:1 decrease:2 density:1 hence:1 resemble:1 near:1 stagnation:1 point:1 apparent:1 experimental:4 evidence:1 large:2 however:2 still:1 part:3 receive:2 attempt:2 improve:1 life:1 efficiency:1 must:1 therefore:1 aim:1 reduction:1 possibility:1 achieve:1 low:3 output:1 continuous:1 contact:1 area:2 3:4 feedback:1 transpiration:4 third:1 method:1 knowledge:1 successfully:1 first:1 time:1 sheer:1 co:1 worker:1 purpose:2 present:2 thermal:2 blow:5 injection:1 mention:1 process:1 also:4 latter:1 paper:1 exclude:1 dissociation:1 chemical:1 reaction:1 sinter:1 metal:4 usable:1 principle:1 technical:1 difficulty:2 arise:1 melt:1 spot:3 arrangement:2 describe:1 base:2 geometry:2 direct:2 comparison:1 draw:1 past:1 year:1 decade:1 numerous:1 investigator:1 apparatus:1 figure:13 photographic:1 schematic:1 view:1 test:1 stand:1 two:5 different:2 model:2 holder:22 consist:2 diameter:3 thoriate:1 tungsten:1 rod:1 attach:3 water:3 copper:1 tube:4 adjust:1 axial:1 direction:1 drive:1 require:3 space:1 mount:1 mean:5 steel:1 plug:15 disk:4 transpiring:3 eject:1 form:1 axially:1 inflow:1 air:3 surround:3 coaxial:1 additional:1 precaution:1 contamination:1 inch:4 long:1 national:1 carbon:6 nc:1 60:1 porosity:1 average:1 pore:2 size:4 30:1 small:6 ensure:1 uniformity:1 leave:1 insert:1 shield:4 thermocouple:6 upstream:2 expose:2 hole:1 cylindrical:3 wall:1 divide:1 chamber:1 heated:1 reach:1 natural:1 pyrometer:4 instrument:1 95:1 serve:1 simultaneous:1 measurement:4 distribution:3 along:2 three:1 place:1 location:2 aluminum:3 determine:4 another:1 coolant:2 outside:1 regime:1 provide:1 gap:1 plate:1 addition:1 inner:1 cover:2 foil:1 account:1 originate:2 commercial:2 bottle:1 regulate:2 regulator:1 rator:1 source:1 rectifier:2 360:1 cycle:1 ripple:1 less:1 v:1 peak:2 resistive:1 load:1 variable:2 resistor:2 mv:1 shunt:1 millivoltmeter:1 voltmeter:1 whose:1 terminal:1 connect:1 fall:1 characteristic:3 ballast:1 stability:1 operation:1 frequency:1 starter:1 start:2 procedure:1 error:1 analysis:1 goal:1 mind:1 far:2 possible:1 accurate:1 order:1 number:1 parameter:1 constant:1 varied:1 systematically:1 limit:2 fact:1 strike:2 instead:1 become:1 highly:1 unstable:1 upper:1 see:1 since:1 region:6 rest:2 change:1 continuously:1 scan:1 turn:1 denote:2 estimate:1 eye:1 outer:1 approximate:1 halfway:1 edge:1 rim:1 compute:2 accord:3 relation:2 x:1 fraction:1 assume:3 equilibrium:2 enthalpy:2 calculate:3 whereby:1 specific:2 calculation:1 result:1 equally:1 distribute:1 cross:1 section:1 whereas:1 reality:1 expect:1 list:1 table:1 together:1 simultaneously:1 reading:1 indicate:2 plot:1 4:3 marked:1 within:2 accuracy:2 dot:1 line:1 typical:1 environmental:1 concern:1 sufficiently:1 radiate:1 environment:1 toward:1 reflection:1 reflect:1 peculiar:1 include:1 conduct:1 piece:1 adjacent:1 thereby:1 dependent:1 ye:1 7:1 fourth:1 analogously:1 equation:1

Abstract/jj-hl Experiments/nns were/bed made/vbn on/in an/at electric/jj arc/nn applying/vbg a/at porous/jj graphite/nn anode/nn cooled/vbn by/in a/at transpiring/vbg gas/nn (/( Argon/nn )/) ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at energy/nn transferred/vbn from/in the/at arc/nn to/in the/at anode/nn was/bedz partly/rb fed/vbn back/rb into/in the/at arc/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz shown/vbn that/cs by/in proper/jj anode/nn design/nn the/at net/jj energy/nn loss/nn of/in the/at arc/nn to/in the/at anode/nn could/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in approximately/rb 15%/nn of/in the/at total/jj arc/nn energy/nn ./. A/at detailed/vbn energy/nn balance/nn of/in the/at anode/nn was/bedz established/vbn ./. The/at anode/nn ablation/nn could/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in a/at negligible/jj amount/nn ./. The/at dependence/nn of/in the/at arc/nn voltage/nn upon/in the/at mass/nn flow/nn velocity/nn of/in the/at transpirating/vbg gas/nn was/bedz investigated/vbn for/in various/jj arc/nn lengths/nns and/cc currents/nns between/in 100/cd Amp/nn and/cc 200/cd Aj/nn ./. Qualitative/jj observations/nns were/bed made/vbn and/cc high-speed/nn motion/nn pictures/nns were/bed taken/vbn to/to study/vb flow/nn phenomena/nns in/in the/at arc/nn at/in various/jj mass/nn flow/nn velocities/nns ./. Introduction/nn-hl The/at high/jj heat/nn fluxes/nns existing/vbg at/in the/at electrode/nn surfaces/nns of/in electric/jj arcs/nns necessitate/vb extensive/jj cooling/nn to/to prevent/vb electrode/nn ablation/nn ./. The/at cooling/vbg requirements/nns are/ber particularly/ql severe/jj at/in the/at anode/nn ./. In/in free-burning/jj electric/jj arcs/nns ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, approximately/rb 90%/nn of/in the/at total/jj arc/nn power/nn is/bez transferred/vbn to/in the/at anode/nn giving/vbg rise/nn to/in local/jj heat/nn fluxes/nns in/in excess/nn of/in Af/nn as/cs measured/vbn by/in the/at authors/nns --/-- the/at exact/jj value/nn depending/vbg on/in the/at arc/nn atmosphere/nn ./. In/in plasma/nn generators/nns as/cs currently/rb commercially/rb available/jj for/in industrial/jj use/nn or/cc as/cs high/jj temperature/nn research/nn tools/nns often/rb more/ap than/in 50%/nn of/in the/at total/jj energy/nn input/nn is/bez being/beg transferred/vbn to/in the/at cooling/vbg medium/nn of/in the/at anode/nn ./. The/at higher/jjr heat/nn transfer/nn rates/nns at/in the/at anode/nn compared/vbn with/in those/dts at/in the/at cathode/nn can/md be/be explained/vbn by/in the/at physical/jj phenomena/nns occurring/vbg in/in free/rb burning/vbg arcs/nns ./. In/in plasma/nn generators/nns the/at superimposed/vbn forced/vbn convection/nn may/md modify/vb the/at picture/nn somewhat/rb ./. The/at heat/nn transfer/nn to/in the/at anode/nn is/bez due/jj to/in the/at following/vbg effects/nns :/: 1/cd ./. Heat/nn of/in condensation/nn (/( work/nn function/nn )/) plus/cc kinetic/jj energy/nn of/in the/at electrons/nns impinging/vbg on/in the/at anode/nn ./. This/dt energy/nn transfer/nn depends/vbz on/in the/at current/nn ,/, the/at temperature/nn in/in the/at arc/nn column/nn ,/, the/at anode/nn material/nn ,/, and/cc the/at conditions/nns in/in the/at anode/nn sheath/nn ./. 2/cd ./. Heat/nn transfer/nn by/in molecular/jj conduction/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs by/in radiation/nn from/in the/at arc/nn column/nn ./. The/at heat/nn transfer/nn to/in the/at anode/nn in/in free/rb burning/vbg arcs/nns is/bez enhanced/vbn by/in a/at hot/jj gas/nn jet/nn flowing/vbg from/in the/at cathode/nn towards/in the/at anode/nn with/in velocities/nns up/rp Af/nn ./. This/dt phenomenon/nn has/hvz been/ben experimentally/rb investigated/vbn in/in detail/nn by/in Maecker/np (/( Ref./np 1/cd-tl )/) ./. The/at pressure/nn gradient/nn producing/vbg the/at jet/nn is/bez due/jj to/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at magnetic/jj field/nn in/in the/at arc/nn (/( rapid/jj decrease/nn of/in current/nn density/nn from/in cathode/nn to/in the/at anode/nn )/) ./. Hence/rb ,/, the/at flow/nn conditions/nns at/in the/at anode/nn of/in free/rb burning/vbg arcs/nns resemble/vb those/dts near/in a/at stagnation/nn point/nn ./. It/pps is/bez apparent/jj from/in the/at above/jj and/cc from/in experimental/jj evidence/nn that/cs the/at cooling/vbg requirements/nns for/in the/at anode/nn of/in free/rb burning/vbg arcs/nns are/ber large/jj compared/vbn with/in those/dts for/in the/at cathode/nn ./. The/at gas/nn flow/nn through/in a/at plasma/nn generator/nn will/md modify/vb these/dts conditions/nns ;/. ;/. however/rb ,/, the/at anode/nn is/bez still/rb the/at part/nn receiving/vbg the/at largest/jjt heat/nn flux/nn ./. An/at attempt/nn to/to improve/vb the/at life/nn of/in the/at anodes/nns or/cc the/at efficiency/nn of/in the/at plasma/nn generators/nns must/md ,/, therefore/rb ,/, aim/vb at/in a/at reduction/nn of/in the/at anode/nn loss/nn ./. The/at following/vbg possibilities/nns exist/vb for/in achieving/vbg this/dt :/: 1/cd ./. The/at use/nn of/in high/jj voltages/nns and/cc low/jj currents/nns by/in proper/jj design/nn to/to reduce/vb electron/nn heat/nn transfer/nn to/in the/at anode/nn for/in a/at given/vbn power/nn output/nn ./. 2/cd ./. Continuous/jj motion/nn of/in the/at arc/nn contact/nn area/nn at/in the/at anode/nn by/in flow/nn or/cc magnetic/jj forces/nns ./. 3/cd ./. Feedback/nn of/in the/at energy/nn transferred/vbn to/in the/at anode/nn by/in applying/vbg gas/nn transpiration/nn through/in the/at anode/nn ./. The/at third/od method/nn was/bedz ,/, to/in our/pp$ knowledge/nn ,/, successfully/rb applied/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn by/in C./np Sheer/np and/cc co-workers/nns (/( Ref./nn-tl 2/cd )/) ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at present/jj study/nn is/bez to/to study/vb the/at thermal/jj conditions/nns and/cc to/to establish/vb an/at energy/nn balance/nn for/in a/at transpiration/nn cooled/vbn anode/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at effect/nn of/in blowing/vbg on/in the/at arc/nn voltage/nn ./. Gas/nn injection/nn through/in a/at porous/jj anode/nn (/( transpiration/nn cooling/nn )/) not/* only/rb feeds/vbz back/rb the/at energy/nn transferred/vbn to/in the/at anode/nn by/in the/at above/rb mentioned/vbn processes/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb modifies/vbz the/at conditions/nns in/in the/at arc/nn itself/ppl ./. A/at detailed/vbn study/nn of/in this/dt latter/ap phenomenon/nn was/bedz not/* attempted/vbn in/in this/dt paper/nn ./. Argon/nn was/bedz used/vbn as/cs a/at blowing/vbg gas/nn to/to exclude/vb any/dti effects/nns of/in dissociation/nn or/cc chemical/nn reaction/nn ./. The/at anode/nn material/nn was/bedz porous/jj graphite/nn ./. Sintered/vbn porous/jj metals/nns should/md be/be usable/jj in/in principle/nn ./. However/rb ,/, technical/jj difficulties/nns arise/vb by/in melting/vbg at/in local/jj hot/jj spots/nns ./. The/at experimental/jj arrangement/nn as/cs described/vbn below/rb is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at geometry/nn of/in free/rb burning/vbg arcs/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, direct/jj comparisons/nns can/md be/be drawn/vbn with/in free/rb burning/vbg arcs/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben studied/vbn in/in detail/nn during/in the/at past/ap years/nns and/cc decades/nns by/in numerous/jj investigators/nns (/( Ref./nn-tl 3/cd )/) ./. Experimental/jj-hl apparatus/nn-hl Figures/nns 1/cd to/in 3/cd show/vb photographic/jj and/cc schematic/jj views/nns of/in the/at test/nn stand/nn and/cc of/in two/cd different/jj models/nns of/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn ./. The/at cathode/nn consisted/vbd of/in a/at 1/4''/nn ''/'' diameter/nn thoriated/vbn tungsten/nn rod/nn attached/vbn to/in a/at water/nn cooled/vbn copper/nn tube/nn ./. This/dt tube/nn could/md be/be adjusted/vbn in/in its/pp$ axial/jj direction/nn by/in an/at electric/jj drive/nn to/to establish/vb the/at required/vbn electrode/nn spacing/nn ./. The/at anode/nn in/in figure/nn 2/cd was/bedz mounted/vbn by/in means/nn of/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn which/wdt was/bedz attached/vbn to/in a/at steel/nn plug/nn and/cc disk/nn ./. The/at transpiring/vbg gas/nn ejected/vbn from/in the/at anode/nn formed/vbd a/at jet/nn directed/vbn axially/rb towards/in the/at cathode/nn below/rb ./. Inflow/nn of/in air/nn from/in the/at surrounding/vbg atmosphere/nn was/bedz prevented/vbn by/in the/at two/cd disks/nns shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 2/cd ./. Argon/nn was/bedz also/rb blown/vbn at/in low/jj velocities/nns (/( mass/nn flow/nn rate/nn Af/nn )/) through/in a/at tube/nn coaxial/jj with/in the/at cathode/nn as/cs an/at additional/jj precaution/nn against/in contamination/nn of/in the/at arc/nn by/in air/nn ./. The/at anode/nn consisted/vbd of/in a/at 1/2/cd inch/nn diameter/nn porous/jj graphite/nn plug/nn ,/, 1/4/cd inch/nn long/jj ./. The/at graphite/nn was/bedz National/jj-tl Carbon/nn-tl NC/nn 60/cd ,/, which/wdt has/hvz a/at porosity/nn of/in 50%/nn and/cc an/at average/jj pore/nn size/nn of/in 30/cd ./. This/dt small/jj pore/nn size/nn was/bedz required/vbn to/to ensure/vb uniformity/nn of/in the/at flow/nn leaving/vbg the/at anode/nn ./. The/at anode/nn plug/nn (/( Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) was/bedz inserted/vbn into/in a/at carbon/nn anode/nn holder/nn ./. A/at shielded/vbn thermocouple/nn was/bedz used/vbn to/to measure/vb the/at upstream/jj temperature/nn of/in the/at transpiring/vbg gas/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz exposed/vbn to/in a/at high/jj velocity/nn gas/nn jet/nn ./. A/at plug/nn and/cc a/at tube/nn with/in holes/nns in/in its/pp$ cylindrical/jj walls/nns divided/vbd the/at chamber/nn above/in the/at porous/jj plug/nn into/in two/cd parts/nns ./. This/dt arrangement/nn had/hvd the/at purpose/nn to/to prevent/vb heated/vbn gas/nn to/to reach/vb the/at thermocouple/nn by/in natural/jj convection/nn ./. Two/cd pyrometers/nns shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 1/cd and/cc 2/cd (/( Pyrometer/nn-tl Instrument/nn-tl Co./nn-tl Model/nn-tl 95/cd-tl )/) served/vbd for/in simultaneous/jj measurement/nn of/in the/at anode/nn surface/nn temperature/nn and/cc the/at temperature/nn distribution/nn along/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn ./. Three/cd thermocouples/nns were/bed placed/vbn at/in different/jj locations/nns in/in the/at aluminum/nn disk/nn surrounding/vbg the/at anode/nn holder/nn to/to determine/vb its/pp$ temperature/nn ./. Another/dt anode/nn holder/nn used/vbn in/in the/at experiments/nns is/bez shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 3/cd ./. In/in this/dt design/nn the/at anode/nn holder/nn is/bez water/nn cooled/vbn and/cc the/at heat/nn losses/nns by/in conduction/nn from/in the/at anode/nn were/bed determined/vbn by/in measuring/vbg the/at temperature/nn rise/nn of/in the/at coolant/nn ./. To/to reduce/vb heat/nn transfer/nn from/in the/at hot/jj gas/nn to/in this/dt anode/nn holder/nn outside/in the/at regime/nn of/in the/at arc/nn ,/, a/at carbon/nn shield/nn was/bedz attached/vbn to/in the/at surface/nn providing/vbg an/at air/nn gap/nn of/in 1/16/cd inch/nn between/in the/at plate/nn and/cc the/at surface/nn of/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at inner/jj surface/nn of/in the/at carbon/nn shield/nn was/bedz covered/vbn with/in aluminum/nn foil/nn to/to reduce/vb radiation/nn ./. Temperatures/nns of/in the/at shield/nn and/cc of/in the/at surface/nn of/in the/at water-cooled/jj anode/nn holder/nn were/bed measured/vbn by/in thermocouples/nns to/to account/vb for/in heat/nn received/vbn by/in the/at coolant/nn but/cc not/* originating/vbg from/in the/at anode/nn plug/nn ./. The/at argon/nn flow/nn from/in commercial/jj bottles/nns was/bedz regulated/vbn by/in a/at pressure/nn regulator/nn and/cc measured/vbn with/in a/at gas/nn flow/nn rator/nn ./. The/at power/nn source/nn was/bedz a/at commercial/jj D./np C./np rectifier/nn ./. At/in 100/cd Amp/nn the/at 360/cd cycle/nn ripple/nn was/bedz less/ap than/in 0.5/cd V/nn (/( peak/nn to/in peak/nn )/) with/in a/at resistive/jj load/nn ./. The/at current/nn was/bedz regulated/vbn by/in means/nn of/in a/at variable/jj resistor/nn and/cc measured/vbn with/in a/at 50/cd mV/nn shunt/nn and/cc millivoltmeter/nn ./. The/at arc/nn voltage/nn was/bedz measured/vbn with/in a/at voltmeter/nn whose/wp$ terminals/nns were/bed connected/vbn to/in the/at anode/nn and/cc cathode/nn holders/nns ./. Because/rb of/in the/at falling/vbg characteristic/nn of/in the/at rectifier/nn ,/, no/at ballast/nn resistor/nn was/bedz required/vbn for/in stability/nn of/in operation/nn ./. A/at high/jj frequency/nn starter/nn was/bedz used/vbn to/to start/vb the/at arc/nn ./. Experimental/jj-hl procedure/nn-hl and/cc-hl error/nn-hl analysis/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Transpiration/nn-hl cooled/vbn-hl anode/nn-hl with/in-hl carbon/nn-hl anode/nn-hl holder/nn-hl The/at anode/nn holder/nn shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 2/cd was/bedz designed/vbn with/in two/cd goals/nns in/in mind/nn ./. The/at heat/nn losses/nns of/in the/at holder/nn were/bed to/to be/be reduced/vbn as/ql far/rb as/cs possible/jj and/cc they/ppss should/md be/be such/jj that/cs an/at accurate/jj heat/nn balance/nn can/md be/be made/vbn ./. In/in order/nn to/to reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in variable/jj parameters/nns ,/, all/abn experiments/nns were/bed made/vbn with/in a/at constant/jj arc/nn length/nn of/in 0.5''/nns ''/'' and/cc a/at current/nn of/in 100/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at argon/nn flow/nn through/in the/at porous/jj anode/nn was/bedz varied/vbn systematically/rb between/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. The/at lower/jjr limit/nn was/bedz determined/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs for/in smaller/jjr flow/nn rates/nns the/at arc/nn started/vbd to/to strike/vb to/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn instead/rb of/in to/in the/at porous/jj graphite/nn plug/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps became/vbd highly/ql unstable/jj ./. The/at upper/jj limit/nn was/bedz determined/vbn by/in the/at difficulty/nn of/in measuring/vbg the/at characteristic/jj anode/nn surface/nn temperature/nn (/( see/vb below/rb )/) since/cs only/rb a/at small/jj region/nn of/in the/at anode/nn was/bedz struck/vbn by/in the/at arc/nn ./. This/dt region/nn which/wdt had/hvd a/at higher/jjr temperature/nn than/cs the/at rest/nn of/in the/at anode/nn surface/nn changed/vbd size/nn and/cc location/nn continuously/rb ./. For/in each/dt mass/nn flow/nn rate/nn the/at arc/nn voltage/nn was/bedz measured/vbn ./. To/to measure/vb the/at surface/nn temperature/nn of/in the/at anode/nn plug/nn ,/, the/at surface/nn was/bedz scanned/vbn with/in a/at pyrometer/nn ./. As/cs it/pps turned/vbd out/rp ,/, a/at very/ql hot/jj region/nn occurred/vbd on/in the/at plug/nn ./. Its/pp$ temperature/nn was/bedz denoted/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. The/at size/nn of/in this/dt hot/jj region/nn was/bedz estimated/vbn by/in eye/nn ./. The/at rest/nn of/in the/at surface/nn had/hvd a/at temperature/nn which/wdt decreased/vbd towards/in the/at outer/jj diameter/nn of/in the/at plug/nn ./. The/at mean/jj temperature/nn of/in this/dt region/nn was/bedz approximated/vbn by/in the/at temperature/nn measured/vbn halfways/rb between/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at hot/jj spot/nn and/cc the/at rim/nn of/in the/at plug/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz denoted/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. The/at mean/jj temperature/nn of/in the/at surface/nn was/bedz then/rb computed/vbn according/in to/in the/at following/vbg relation/nn :/: Af/nn where/wrb x/nn is/bez the/at fraction/nn of/in the/at plug/nn area/nn covered/vbn by/in the/at hot/jj spot/nn ./. Assuming/vbg thermal/jj equilibrium/nn between/in the/at anode/nn surface/nn and/cc the/at transpiring/vbg argon/nn ,/, the/at gas/nn enthalpy/nn rise/nn through/in the/at anode/nn was/bedz calculated/vbn according/in to/in the/at relation/nn Af/nn whereby/wrb the/at specific/jj heat/nn of/in argon/nn was/bedz taken/vbn as/cs Af/nn ./. This/dt calculation/nn results/vbz in/in an/at enthalpy/nn rise/nn which/wdt is/bez somewhat/ql high/jj because/cs it/pps assumes/vbz a/at mass/nn flow/nn equally/rb distributed/vbn over/in the/at plug/nn cross/nn section/nn whereas/cs in/in reality/nn the/at mass/nn velocity/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to be/be smaller/jjr in/in the/at regions/nns of/in higher/jjr temperatures/nns ./. The/at upstream/jj gas/nn temperature/nn measured/vbn with/in the/at thermocouple/nn shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 2/cd was/bedz Af/nn ./. The/at Af/nn values/nns are/ber listed/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl together/rb with/in the/at measured/vbn surface/nn temperatures/nns and/cc arc/nn voltages/nns ./. Simultaneously/rb with/in the/at anode/nn surface/nn temperature/nn and/cc voltage/nn measurements/nns pyrometer/nn readings/nns were/bed taken/vbn along/in the/at cylindrical/jj surface/nn of/in the/at carbon/nn anode/nn holder/nn as/cs indicated/vbn on/in figure/nn 2/cd ./. Some/dti of/in these/dts temperatures/nns are/ber plotted/vbn in/in figure/nn 4/cd ./. They/ppss showed/vbd no/at marked/vbn dependence/nn on/in the/at flow/nn rate/nn within/in the/at accuracy/nn of/in these/dts measurements/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at dotted/vbn line/nn shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 4/cd was/bedz taken/vbn as/cs typical/jj for/in the/at temperature/nn distribution/nn for/in all/abn blowing/vbg rates/nns ./. The/at thermocouples/nns in/in the/at aluminum/nn disk/nn shown/vbn in/in figure/nn 2/cd indicated/vbd an/at equilibrium/nn temperature/nn of/in the/at surface/nn of/in Af/nn ./. This/dt temperature/nn was/bedz taken/vbn as/cs environmental/jj temperature/nn to/in which/wdt the/at anode/nn holder/nn was/bedz exposed/vbn as/ql far/rb as/cs radiation/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez sufficiently/ql small/jj compared/vbn with/in the/at surface/nn temperature/nn of/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn ,/, to/to make/vb the/at energy/nn flux/nn radiated/vbn from/in the/at environment/nn toward/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn negligible/jj within/in the/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at present/jj measurements/nns ./. The/at reflection/nn of/in radiation/nn originating/vbg from/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn and/cc reflected/vbn back/rb to/in it/ppo by/in the/at surrounding/vbg metal/nn surfaces/nns should/md also/rb be/be small/jj because/rb of/in the/at peculiar/jj characteristic/nn of/in the/at metal/nn surfaces/nns and/cc of/in the/at specific/jj geometry/nn ./. The/at total/jj heat/nn loss/nn through/in the/at anode/nn holder/nn included/vbd also/rb the/at heat/nn conducted/vbn through/in the/at base/nn of/in the/at cylindrical/jj piece/nn into/in the/at adjacent/jj metal/nn parts/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz calculated/vbn from/in the/at temperature/nn gradient/nn Af/nn at/in Af/nn inch/nn as/cs Af/nn ./. The/at total/jj heat/nn flux/nn from/in the/at porous/jj plug/nn into/in the/at plug/nn holder/nn is/bez thereby/rb Af/nn ./. The/at temperature/nn distribution/nn of/in figure/nn 4/cd gives/vbz Af/nn for/in all/abn blowing/vbg rates/nns ,/, assuming/vbg Af/nn ./. The/at temperature/nn dependent/jj value/nn of/in **ye/nn was/bedz taken/vbn from/in Ref./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./. The/at radiation/nn loss/nn from/in the/at anode/nn surface/nn was/bedz computed/vbn according/in to/in Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn is/bez the/at mean/nn of/in the/at fourth/od powers/nns of/in the/at temperatures/nns Af/nn and/cc Af/nn calculated/vbn analogously/rb to/in equation/nn (/( 1/cd )/) ./.

cj03

cj03 |@word band:1 viscometer:1 show:7 figure:2 2:1 consist:1 two:8 block:9 flat:2 surface:6 hold:1 apart:1 shim:1 small:3 well:3 top:2 fluid:21 paste:3 test:5 place:1 tape:10 cellulose:1 acetate:1 pull:5 parallel:1 face:4 normal:12 use:5 weight:5 hang:1 end:2 allow:1 material:7 reach:4 terminal:1 velocity:2 time:3 travel:1 know:3 distance:1 record:1 various:3 datum:4 force:7 rate:11 shear:22 graph:1 obtain:5 instrument:4 work:5 slight:1 modification:1 previously:1 describe:1 af:28 motor:1 pulley:3 clearance:1 side:1 give:10 however:3 consider:3 approximate:1 diameter:2 increase:3 build:2 occasionally:1 remove:1 run:2 one:4 contain:2 hole:1 lead:1 manometer:6 measurement:5 pressure:32 although:3 four:1 apparent:2 distinct:1 type:2 high:4 positive:3 undergo:2 negative:4 negligible:3 comparison:1 amount:1 generate:1 3:1 silicone:1 label:1 cps:1 1:1 hr:1 steady:3 state:8 conclude:1 reason:1 back:3 feed:1 available:1 slow:1 system:4 depend:2 upon:1 feeding:1 make:1 reasonable:3 introduce:1 rise:1 fall:1 indicate:2 great:1 method:4 determine:2 exert:6 sample:1 polybutene:2 molecular:3 report:1 770:1 half:1 atmosphere:1 actual:2 beyond:1 upper:1 limit:1 apparatus:2 hand:2 520:1 300:1 would:4 expect:3 less:1 viscoelastic:2 newtonian:1 low:9 maximum:3 suction:1 measure:2 apparently:1 presume:1 head:3 associate:1 geometric:1 factor:1 assembly:2 since:3 different:1 reading:2 difference:5 disassembly:1 explain:2 sufficient:1 several:1 magnitude:1 experiment:1 exploratory:1 demonstrate:1 presence:2 large:1 field:9 forecast:1 theory:1 first:1 part:1 paper:4 also:4 information:2 aid:1 design:1 satisfactory:1 useful:2 characterization:1 many:2 commercial:2 theoretical:1 study:4 elasticity:3 parameter:2 subject:2 simple:1 present:3 probably:1 vary:1 unknown:1 manner:1 especially:1 could:2 heavy:1 print:1 ink:1 paint:1 adhesive:1 molten:1 plastic:1 bread:1 dough:1 relate:1 property:2 term:2 length:1 shortness:1 spinnability:1 etc:1 usually:1 judge:1 subjective:1 change:3 cause:3 calculate:6 multiply:1 differential:1 volume:7 gravitational:2 osmotic:3 molal:2 basis:1 customary:1 terminology:1 chemist:1 calculation:1 obvious:1 analogy:2 interesting:3 confirm:2 generalize:1 include:2 related:1 effect:2 height:5 h:7 cross:2 sectional:2 area:2 oppose:1 refer:2 base:1 per:1 unit:1 gibbs:3 function:4 constant:2 p:1 yr:1 density:1 total:4 potential:4 energy:11 reference:3 necessary:1 fill:1 column:1 eliminate:1 equation:1 minimum:4 find:1 take:1 derivative:1 respect:1 equate:1 zero:1 combine:1 thermodynamic:4 concept:2 gibb:1 equilibrium:3 mechanical:1 extend:1 concentration:1 relation:1 may:1 develop:1 analogous:2 way:1 development:1 apply:3 thermostatic:1 justify:1 thermodynamically:1 case:2 separate:1 prepare:1 assumption:2 philippoff:2 deformational:1 mechanic:3 elastic:2 solid:1 flow:2 solution:1 exception:1 statement:2 point:1 relax:1 modify:1 similar:4 infer:1 strain:1 shearing:2 compatible:1 optical:1 birefringence:3 essentially:1 tension:8 direction:9 move:1 asymptotically:1 toward:1 accord:1 recoverable:1 yc:1 angle:2 extinction:1 deformation:3 possible:1 equal:4 another:1 mean:2 relative:2 value:2 stress:1 mention:1 literature:2 shape:5 suspend:4 drop:8 viscosity:8 droplet:2 distort:1 balloon:1 press:1 appear:2 ellipsoid:5 mathematically:1 convenient:1 assume:3 conclusion:1 approximation:1 course:3 major:5 axis:8 mason:3 taylor:1 approach:1 suspension:1 break:1 near:1 become:1 asymptotic:1 without:1 breakup:1 behavior:1 radii:2 curvature:3 uniform:1 b:3 internal:2 c:2 kinetic:1 conform:1 appreciably:1 affect:1 distribution:1 spherical:1 cylindrical:1 curved:1 yg:1 interfacial:2 formula:3 rumscheidt:1 radius:1 ab:1 plane:1 along:2 publish:1 photograph:2 cyclohexanol:1 phthalate:1 155:1 poise:2 corn:1 syrup:1 71:1 bartok:1 lodge:1 cosec:1 inclination:1 appreciable:1 appropriate:1 call:1 attention:1 certain:1 ideal:5 gas:7 rubber:1 like:1 temperature:2 independent:1 word:1 compress:3 keep:1 completely:1 convert:1 heat:2 transfer:1 surround:1 sink:1 q:1 turn:1 relationship:1 probability:2 entropy:4 zq:1 chance:1 alone:1 conformational:2 usual:1 involve:1 note:1 though:1 additional:1 increased:1 isothermal:1 perfect:1 must:1 come:1 thermal:1 surrounding:1

A/at band/nn viscometer/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. It/pps consists/vbz of/in two/cd blocks/nns with/in flat/jj surfaces/nns held/vbn apart/rb by/in shims/nns ./. There/ex is/bez a/at small/jj well/nn in/in the/at top/nn in/in which/wdt the/at fluid/nn or/cc paste/nn to/to be/be tested/vbn is/bez placed/vbn ./. A/at tape/nn of/in cellulose/nn acetate/nn is/bez pulled/vbn between/in the/at blocks/nns and/cc the/at tape/nn pulls/vbz the/at fluid/nn or/cc paste/nn with/in it/ppo between/in the/at parallel/jj faces/nns of/in the/at blocks/nns ./. In/in normal/jj use/nn weights/nns are/ber hung/vbn on/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at tape/nn and/cc allowed/vbn to/to pull/vb the/at tape/nn and/cc the/at material/nn to/to be/be tested/vbn between/in the/at blocks/nns ./. After/cs it/pps has/hvz reached/vbn terminal/jj velocity/nn ,/, the/at time/nn for/in the/at tape/nn to/to travel/vb a/at known/vbn distance/nn is/bez recorded/vbn ./. By/in the/at use/nn of/in various/jj weights/nns ,/, data/nn for/in a/at force-rate/nn of/in shear/nn graph/nn can/md be/be obtained/vbn ./. The/at instrument/nn used/vbn for/in this/dt work/nn was/bedz a/at slight/jj modification/nn of/in that/dt previously/rb described/vbn ./. In/in this/dt test/nn a/at Af/nn tape/nn was/bedz pulled/vbn between/in the/at blocks/nns with/in a/at motor/nn and/cc pulley/nn at/in a/at rate/nn of/in Af/nn with/in a/at clearance/nn of/in 0.002''/nn ''/'' on/in each/dt side/nn of/in the/at tape/nn ./. This/dt gives/vbz a/at rate/nn of/in shear/nn of/in Af/nn ./. This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, can/md only/rb be/be considered/vbn approximate/jj ,/, as/cs the/at diameter/nn of/in the/at pulley/nn was/bedz increased/vbn by/in the/at build-up/nn of/in tape/nn and/cc the/at tape/nn was/bedz occasionally/rb removed/vbn from/in the/at pulley/nn during/in the/at runs/nns ./. The/at face/nn of/in one/cd block/nn contained/vbd a/at hole/nn 1/16''/nn ''/'' in/in diameter/nn which/wdt led/vbd to/in a/at manometer/nn for/in the/at measurement/nn of/in the/at normal/jj pressure/nn ./. Although/cs there/ex were/bed only/ap four/cd fluids/nns tested/vbn ,/, it/pps was/bedz apparent/jj that/cs there/ex were/bed two/cd distinct/jj types/nns ./. Two/cd of/in the/at fluids/nns showed/vbd a/at high-positive/jj normal/jj pressure/nn when/wrb undergoing/vbg shear/nn ,/, and/cc two/cd showed/vbd small/jj negative/jj pressures/nns which/wdt were/bed negligible/jj in/in comparison/nn with/in the/at amount/nn of/in the/at positive/jj pressures/nns generated/vbn by/in the/at other/ap two/cd ./. Figure/nn 3/cd shows/vbz the/at data/nn on/in a/at silicone/nn fluid/nn ,/, labeled/vbn 12,500/cd cps/nn which/wdt gave/vbd a/at high/jj positive/jj normal/jj pressure/nn ./. Although/cs the/at tape/nn was/bedz run/vbn for/in over/rp 1/cd hr./nn ,/, a/at steady/jj state/nn was/bedz not/* reached/vbn ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz concluded/vbn that/cs the/at reason/nn for/in this/dt was/bedz that/cs the/at back/jj pressure/nn of/in the/at manometer/nn was/bedz built/vbn up/rp from/in the/at material/nn fed/vbn from/in between/in the/at blocks/nns and/cc this/dt was/bedz available/jj at/in a/at very/ql slow/jj rate/nn ./. A/at system/nn had/hvd to/to be/be used/vbn which/wdt did/dod not/* depend/vb upon/in the/at feeding/nn of/in the/at fluid/nn into/in the/at manometer/nn if/cs measurements/nns of/in the/at normal/jj pressure/nn were/bed to/to be/be made/vbn in/in a/at reasonable/jj time/nn ./. A/at back/jj pressure/nn was/bedz then/rb introduced/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at rise/nn or/cc fall/nn of/in the/at material/nn in/in the/at manometer/nn indicated/vbd which/wdt was/bedz greater/jjr ,/, the/at normal/jj pressure/nn in/in the/at block/nn or/cc the/at back/jj pressure/nn ./. By/in this/dt method/nn it/pps was/bedz determined/vbn that/cs the/at normal/jj pressure/nn exerted/vbn by/in a/at sample/nn of/in polybutene/nn (/( molecular/jj weight/nn reported/vbn to/to be/be 770/cd )/) was/bedz over/rp half/abn an/at atmosphere/nn ./. The/at actual/jj pressure/nn was/bedz not/* determined/vbn because/cs the/at pressure/nn was/bedz beyond/in the/at upper/jj limit/nn of/in the/at apparatus/nn on/in hand/nn ./. The/at two/cd fluids/nns which/wdt gave/vbd the/at small/jj negative/jj pressures/nns were/bed polybutenes/nns with/in molecular/jj weights/nns which/wdt were/bed stated/vbn to/to be/be 520/cd and/cc 300/cd ./. These/dts are/ber fluids/nns which/wdt one/pn would/md expect/vb to/to be/be less/ql viscoelastic/jj or/cc more/ql Newtonian/jj because/rb of/in their/pp$ lower/jjr molecular/jj weight/nn ./. The/at maximum/jj suction/nn was/bedz 3.25''/nns ''/'' of/in test/nn fluid/nn measured/vbn from/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at block/nn ,/, and/cc steady/jj states/nns were/bed apparently/rb reached/vbn with/in these/dts fluids/nns ./. It/pps is/bez presumed/vbn that/cs this/dt negative/jj head/nn was/bedz associated/vbn with/in some/dti geometric/jj factor/nn of/in the/at assembly/nn ,/, since/cs different/jj readings/nns were/bed obtained/vbn with/in the/at same/ap fluid/nn and/cc the/at only/ap apparent/jj difference/nn was/bedz the/at assembly/nn and/cc disassembly/nn of/in the/at apparatus/nn ./. This/dt negative/jj pressure/nn is/bez not/* explained/vbn by/in the/at velocity/nn head/nn Af/nn since/cs this/dt is/bez not/* sufficient/jj to/to explain/vb the/at readings/nns by/in several/ap magnitudes/nns ./. These/dts experiments/nns can/md be/be considered/vbn exploratory/jj only/rb ./. However/rb ,/, they/ppss do/do demonstrate/vb the/at presence/nn of/in large/jj normal/jj pressures/nns in/in the/at presence/nn of/in flat/jj shear/nn fields/nns which/wdt were/bed forecast/vbn by/in the/at theory/nn in/in the/at first/od part/nn of/in the/at paper/nn ./. They/ppss also/rb give/vb information/nn which/wdt will/md aid/vb in/in the/at design/nn of/in a/at more/ql satisfactory/jj instrument/nn for/in the/at measurement/nn of/in the/at normal/jj pressures/nns ./. Such/abl an/at instrument/nn would/md be/be useful/jj for/in the/at characterization/nn of/in many/ap commercial/jj materials/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs theoretical/jj studies/nns ./. The/at elasticity/nn is/bez a/at parameter/nn of/in fluids/nns which/wdt is/bez not/* subject/jj to/in simple/jj measurement/nn at/in present/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez a/at parameter/nn which/wdt is/bez probably/rb varying/vbg in/in an/at unknown/jj manner/nn with/in many/ap commercial/jj materials/nns ./. Such/abl an/at instrument/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to be/be especially/ql useful/jj if/cs it/pps could/md be/be used/vbn to/to measure/vb the/at elasticity/nn of/in heavy/jj pastes/nns such/jj as/cs printing/vbg inks/nns ,/, paints/nns ,/, adhesives/nns ,/, molten/jj plastics/nns ,/, and/cc bread/nn dough/nn ,/, for/cs the/at elasticity/nn is/bez related/vbn to/in those/dts various/jj properties/nns termed/vbn ``/`` length/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` shortness/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` spinnability/nn ''/'' ,/, etc./rb ,/, which/wdt are/ber usually/rb judged/vbn by/in subjective/jj methods/nns at/in present/nn ./. The/at actual/jj change/nn Af/nn caused/vbn by/in a/at shear/nn field/nn is/bez calculated/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg the/at pressure/nn differential/nn times/in the/at volume/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs it/pps is/bez for/in any/dti gravitational/jj or/cc osmotic/jj pressure/nn head/nn ./. If/cs the/at volume/nn is/bez the/at molal/jj volume/nn ,/, then/rb Af/nn is/bez obtained/vbn on/in a/at molal/jj basis/nn which/wdt is/bez the/at customary/jj terminology/nn of/in the/at chemists/nns ./. Although/cs the/at Af/nn calculation/nn is/bez obvious/jj by/in analogy/nn with/in that/dt for/in gravitational/jj field/nn and/cc osmotic/jj pressure/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez interesting/jj to/to confirm/vb it/ppo by/in a/at method/nn which/wdt can/md be/be generalized/vbn to/to include/vb related/vbn effects/nns ./. Consider/vb a/at shear/nn field/nn with/in a/at height/nn of/in H/nn and/cc a/at cross-sectional/jj area/nn of/in A/nn opposed/vbn by/in a/at manometer/nn with/in a/at height/nn of/in H/np (/( referred/vbn to/in the/at same/ap base/nn as/cs H/nn )/) and/cc a/at cross-sectional/jj area/nn of/in A/np ./. If/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at change/nn per/in unit/nn volume/nn in/in Gibbs/np function/nn caused/vbn by/in the/at shear/nn field/nn at/in constant/jj P/nn and/cc T/nn ,/, and/cc **yr/nn is/bez the/at density/nn of/in the/at fluid/nn ,/, then/rb the/at total/jj potential/jj energy/nn of/in the/at system/nn above/in the/at reference/nn height/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. Af/nn is/bez the/at work/nn necessary/jj to/to fill/vb the/at manometer/nn column/nn from/in the/at reference/nn height/nn to/in H/np ./. The/at total/jj volume/nn of/in the/at system/nn above/in the/at reference/nn height/nn is/bez Af/nn ,/, and/cc H/np can/md be/be eliminated/vbn to/to obtain/vb an/at equation/nn for/in the/at total/jj potential/jj energy/nn of/in the/at system/nn in/in terms/nns of/in H/nn ./. The/at minimum/jj total/jj potential/jj energy/nn is/bez found/vbn by/in taking/vbg the/at derivative/nn with/in respect/nn to/in H/nn and/cc equating/vbg to/in zero/nn ./. This/dt gives/vbz Af/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at pressure/nn ./. This/dt is/bez interesting/jj for/cs it/pps combines/vbz both/abx the/at thermodynamic/jj concept/nn of/in a/at minimum/jj Gibbs/np function/nn for/in equilibrium/nn and/cc minimum/jj mechanical/jj potential/jj energy/nn for/in equilibrium/nn ./. This/dt method/nn can/md be/be extended/vbn to/to include/vb the/at concentration/nn differences/nns caused/vbn by/in shear/nn fields/nns ./. The/at relation/nn between/in osmotic/jj pressure/nn and/cc the/at Gibbs/np function/nn may/md also/rb be/be developed/vbn in/in an/at analogous/jj way/nn ./. In/in the/at above/jj development/nn we/ppss have/hv applied/vbn the/at thermodynamics/nn of/in equilibrium/nn (/( referred/vbn to/in by/in some/dti as/cs thermostatics/nn )/) to/in the/at steady/jj state/nn ./. This/dt can/md be/be justified/vbn thermodynamically/rb in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt will/md be/be done/vbn in/in a/at separate/jj paper/nn which/wdt is/bez being/beg prepared/vbn ./. This/dt has/hvz an/at interesting/jj analogy/nn with/in the/at assumption/nn stated/vbn by/in Philippoff/np that/cs ``/`` the/at deformational/jj mechanics/nn of/in elastic/jj solids/nns can/md be/be applied/vbn to/in flowing/vbg solutions/nns ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez one/cd exception/nn to/in the/at above/jj statement/nn as/cs has/hvz been/ben pointed/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc that/dt is/bez that/cs fluids/nns can/md relax/vb by/in flowing/vbg into/in fields/nns of/in lower/jjr rates/nns of/in shear/nn ,/, so/rb the/at statement/nn should/md be/be modified/vbn by/in stating/vbg that/cs the/at mechanics/nns are/ber similar/jj ./. If/cs the/at mechanics/nns are/ber similar/jj ,/, we/ppss can/md also/rb infer/vb that/cs the/at thermodynamics/nn will/md also/rb be/be similar/jj ./. The/at concept/nn of/in the/at strain/nn energy/nn as/cs a/at Gibbs/np function/nn difference/nn Af/nn and/cc exerting/vbg a/at force/nn normal/rb to/in the/at shearing/vbg face/nn is/bez compatible/jj with/in the/at information/nn obtained/vbn from/in optical/jj birefringence/nn studies/nns of/in fluids/nns undergoing/vbg shear/nn ./. Essentially/rb these/dts birefringence/nn studies/nns show/vb that/cs at/in low/jj rates/nns of/in shear/nn a/at tension/nn is/bez present/jj at/in 45-degrees/nns to/in the/at direction/nn of/in shear/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs the/at rate/nn of/in shear/nn increases/vbz ,/, the/at direction/nn of/in the/at maximum/jj tension/nn moves/vbz asymptotically/rb toward/in the/at direction/nn of/in shear/nn ./. According/in to/in Philippoff/np ,/, the/at recoverable/jj shear/nn S/np is/bez given/vbn by/in Af/nn where/wrb **yc/nn is/bez the/at angle/nn of/in extinction/nn ./. From/in this/dt and/cc the/at force/nn of/in deformation/nn it/pps should/md be/be possible/jj to/to calculate/vb the/at elastic/jj energy/nn of/in deformation/nn which/wdt should/md be/be equal/jj to/in the/at Af/nn calculated/vbn from/in the/at pressure/nn normal/rb to/in the/at shearing/vbg face/nn ./. There/ex is/bez another/dt means/nn which/wdt should/md show/vb the/at direction/nn and/cc relative/jj value/nn of/in the/at stresses/nns in/in viscoelastic/jj fluids/nns that/wps is/bez not/* mentioned/vbn as/cs such/jj in/in the/at literature/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt is/bez the/at shape/nn of/in the/at suspended/vbn drops/nns of/in low/jj viscosity/nn fluids/nns in/in shear/nn fields/nns ./. These/dts droplets/nns are/ber distorted/vbn by/in the/at normal/jj forces/nns just/rb as/cs a/at balloon/nn would/md be/be pulled/vbn or/cc pressed/vbn out/rp of/in shape/nn in/in one's/pn$ hands/nns ./. These/dts droplets/nns appear/vb to/to be/be ellipsoids/nns ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez mathematically/rb convenient/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs they/ppss are/ber ./. If/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* ellipsoids/nns ,/, the/at conclusions/nns will/md be/be a/at reasonable/jj approximation/nn ./. The/at direction/nn of/in the/at tension/nn of/in minimum/nn pressure/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, given/vbn by/in the/at direction/nn of/in the/at major/jj axis/nn of/in the/at ellipsoids/nns ./. Mason/np and/cc Taylor/np both/abx show/vb that/cs the/at major/jj axis/nn of/in the/at ellipsoids/nns is/bez at/in 45-degrees/nns at/in low/jj rates/nns of/in shear/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps approaches/vbz the/at direction/nn of/in shear/nn with/in increased/vbn rates/nns of/in shear/nn ./. (/( Some/dti suspensions/nns break/vb up/rp before/cs they/ppss are/ber near/in to/in the/at direction/nn of/in shear/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti become/vb asymptotic/jj to/in it/ppo without/in breakup/nn ./. )/) This/dt is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, a/at similar/jj type/nn of/in behavior/nn to/in that/dt indicated/vbn by/in birefringence/nn studies/nns ./. The/at relative/jj forces/nns can/md be/be calculated/vbn from/in the/at various/jj radii/nns of/in curvature/nn if/cs we/ppss assume/vb :/: (/( A/np )/) The/at surface/jj tension/nn is/bez uniform/jj on/in the/at surface/nn of/in the/at drop/nn ./. (/( B/np )/) That/cs because/rb of/in the/at low/jj viscosity/nn of/in the/at fluid/nn ,/, the/at internal/jj pressure/nn is/bez the/at same/ap in/in all/abn directions/nns ./. (/( C/np )/) The/at kinetic/jj effects/nns are/ber negligible/jj ./. (/( D/np )/) Since/cs the/at shape/nn of/in the/at drop/nn conforms/vbz to/in the/at force/nn field/nn ,/, it/pps does/doz not/* appreciably/rb affect/vb the/at distribution/nn of/in forces/nns in/in the/at fluid/nn ./. These/dts are/ber reasonable/jj assumptions/nns with/in low/jj viscosity/nn fluids/nns suspended/vbn in/in high/jj viscosity/nn fluids/nns which/wdt are/ber subjected/vbn to/in low/jj rates/nns of/in shear/nn ./. Just/rb as/cs the/at pressure/nn exerted/vbn by/in surface/jj tension/nn in/in a/at spherical/jj drop/nn is/bez Af/nn and/cc the/at pressure/nn exerted/vbn by/in surface/jj tension/nn on/in a/at cylindrical/jj shape/nn is/bez Af/nn ,/, the/at pressure/nn exerted/vbn by/in any/dti curved/vbn surface/nn is/bez Af/nn ,/, where/wrb **yg/nn is/bez the/at interfacial/jj tension/nn and/cc Af/nn and/cc Af/nn are/ber the/at two/cd radii/nns of/in curvature/nn ./. This/dt formula/nn is/bez given/vbn by/in Rumscheidt/np and/cc Mason/np ./. If/cs A/np is/bez the/at major/jj axis/nn of/in an/at ellipsoid/nn and/cc B/np and/cc C/np are/ber the/at other/ap two/cd axes/nns ,/, the/at radius/nn of/in curvature/nn in/in the/at ab/nn plane/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at axis/nn Af/nn ,/, and/cc the/at difference/nn in/in pressure/nn along/in the/at A/np and/cc B/np axes/nns is/bez Af/nn ./. There/ex are/ber no/at data/nn published/vbn in/in the/at literature/nn on/in the/at shape/nn of/in low/jj viscosity/nn drops/nns to/to confirm/vb the/at above/jj formulas/nns ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber photographs/nns of/in suspended/vbn drops/nns of/in cyclohexanol/nn phthalate/nn (/( viscosity/nn 155/cd poises/nns )/) suspended/vbn in/in corn/nn syrup/nn of/in 71/cd poises/nns in/in a/at paper/nn by/in Mason/np and/cc Bartok/np ./. This/dt viscosity/nn of/in the/at material/nn in/in the/at drops/nns is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, not/* negligible/jj ./. Measurements/nns on/in the/at photograph/nn in/in this/dt paper/nn give/vb Af/nn at/in the/at maximum/jj rate/nn of/in shear/nn of/in Af/nn ./. If/cs it/pps is/bez assumed/vbn that/cs the/at formula/nn given/vbn by/in Lodge/np of/in cosec/nn Af/nil applies/vbz ,/, the/at pressure/nn difference/nn along/in the/at major/jj axes/nns can/md be/be calculated/vbn from/in the/at angle/nn of/in inclination/nn of/in the/at major/jj axis/nn ,/, and/cc from/in this/dt the/at interfacial/jj tension/nn can/md be/be calculated/vbn ./. Its/pp$ value/nn was/bedz Af/nn from/in the/at above/jj data/nn ./. This/dt appears/vbz to/to be/be high/jj ,/, as/cs would/md be/be expected/vbn from/in the/at appreciable/jj viscosity/nn of/in the/at material/nn in/in the/at drops/nns ./. It/pps is/bez appropriate/jj to/to call/vb attention/nn to/in certain/jj thermodynamic/jj properties/nns of/in an/at ideal/jj gas/nn that/wps are/ber analogous/jj to/in rubber-like/jj deformation/nn ./. The/at internal/jj energy/nn of/in an/at ideal/jj gas/nn depends/vbz on/in temperature/nn only/rb and/cc is/bez independent/jj of/in pressure/nn or/cc volume/nn ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, if/cs an/at ideal/jj gas/nn is/bez compressed/vbn and/cc kept/vbn at/in constant/jj temperature/nn ,/, the/at work/nn done/vbn in/in compressing/vbg it/ppo is/bez completely/rb converted/vbn into/in heat/nn and/cc transferred/vbn to/in the/at surrounding/vbg heat/nn sink/nn ./. This/dt means/vbz that/cs work/nn equals/vbz Q/np which/wdt in/in turn/nn equals/vbz Af/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at well-known/jj relationship/nn between/in probability/nn and/cc entropy/nn which/wdt states/vbz that/cs Af/nn ,/, where/wrb **zq/nn is/bez the/at probability/nn that/dt state/nn (/( i.e./rb ,/, volume/nn for/in an/at ideal/jj gas/nn )/) could/md be/be reached/vbn by/in chance/nn alone/rb ./. This/dt is/bez known/vbn as/cs conformational/jj entropy/nn ./. This/dt conformational/nn entropy/nn is/bez ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, equal/jj to/in the/at usual/jj entropy/nn ,/, for/cs there/ex are/ber no/at other/ap changes/nns or/cc other/ap energies/nns involved/vbn ./. Note/vb that/cs though/cs the/at ideal/jj gas/nn itself/ppl contains/vbz no/at additional/jj energy/nn ,/, the/at compressed/vbn gas/nn does/doz exert/vb an/at increased/vbn pressure/nn ./. The/at energy/nn for/in any/dti isothermal/jj work/nn done/vbn by/in the/at perfect/jj gas/nn must/md come/vb as/cs thermal/jj energy/nn from/in its/pp$ surroundings/nns ./.

cj04

cj04 |@word proton:1 magnetic:7 resonance:10 study:4 polycrystalline:2 af:92 function:1 field:6 temperature:8 present:1 paramagnetic:11 electron:10 dipole:5 well:3 nuclear:7 effect:12 lead:4 line:7 broaden:3 asymmetric:2 range:3 gauss:2 asymmetry:1 increase:2 decrease:1 isotropic:3 shift:4 lower:1 applied:1 indicate:5 weak:2 hyperfine:1 contact:1 interaction:3 general:4 theory:6 use:6 derive:3 expression:1 second:3 moment:5 sample:16 specialize:1 predict:1 linear:3 dependence:1 j:1 experimentally:2 determined:1 curie:1 weiss:1 constant:1 experimental:3 conform:1 relation:1 agreement:3 hence:3 slope:1 separate:3 intercept:1 provide:4 information:3 particle:4 shape:4 motion:1 hydrogen:15 nucleus:3 symmetry:5 bond:19 remain:2 doubt:1 introduction:1 unpaired:4 associate:2 nearby:1 may:2 tremendous:1 influence:2 property:1 important:1 consider:1 verify:1 since:6 quantitative:1 become:4 increasingly:1 investigation:1 structure:8 appear:6 suited:1 matter:1 normal:3 paramagnet:1 three:6 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height:1 ratio:1 4:1 top:2 flat:1 bottom:1 hemispherical:1 spherical:1 container:2 blow:1 bubble:2 end:1 capillary:2 glass:1 tube:1 fill:1 precaution:1 dilute:1 original:1 anhydrous:1 alundum:1 cylindrical:1 describe:1

A/at proton/nn magnetic/jj resonance/nn study/nn of/in polycrystalline/jj Af/nn as/cs a/at function/nn of/in magnetic/jj field/nn and/cc temperature/nn is/bez presented/vbn ./. Af/nn is/bez paramagnetic/jj ,/, and/cc electron/nn paramagnetic/jj dipole/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs nuclear/jj dipole/jj effects/nns lead/vb to/in line/nn broadening/nn ./. The/at lines/nns are/ber asymmetric/jj and/cc over/in the/at range/nn of/in field/nn Af/nn gauss/nn and/cc temperature/nn Af/nn the/at asymmetry/nn increases/vbz with/in increasing/vbg Af/nn and/cc decreasing/vbg T/np ./. An/at isotropic/jj resonance/nn shift/nn of/in Af/nn to/to lower/jjr applied/vbn fields/vbz indicates/vbz a/at weak/jj isotropic/jj hyperfine/jj contact/nn interaction/nn ./. The/at general/jj theory/nn of/in resonance/nn shifts/nns is/bez used/vbn to/to derive/vb a/at general/jj expression/nn for/in the/at second/od moment/nn Af/nn of/in a/at polycrystalline/jj paramagnetic/jj sample/nn and/cc is/bez specialized/vbn to/in Af/nn ./. The/at theory/nn predicts/vbz a/at linear/jj dependence/nn of/in Af/nn on/in Af/nn ,/, where/wrb J/np is/bez the/at experimentally/rb determined/vbn Curie-Weiss/np constant/nn ./. The/at experimental/jj second/od moment/nn Af/nn conforms/vbz to/in the/at relation/nn Af/nn in/in agreement/nn with/in theory/nn ./. Hence/rb ,/, the/at electron/nn paramagnetic/jj effects/nns (/( slope/nn )/) can/md be/be separated/vbn from/in the/at nuclear/jj effects/nns (/( intercept/nn )/) ./. The/at paramagnetic/jj dipole/jj effects/nns provide/vb some/dti information/nn on/in the/at particle/nn shapes/nns ./. The/at nuclear/jj dipole/jj effects/nns provide/vb some/dti information/nn on/in the/at motions/nns of/in the/at hydrogen/nn nuclei/nns ,/, but/cc the/at symmetry/nn of/in the/at Af/nn bond/nn in/in Af/nn remains/vbz in/in doubt/nn ./. Introduction/nn-hl the/at magnetic/jj moment/nn of/in an/at unpaired/jj electron/nn associated/vbn nearby/rb may/md have/hv a/at tremendous/jj influence/nn on/in the/at magnetic/jj resonance/nn properties/nns of/in nuclei/nns ./. It/pps is/bez important/jj to/to consider/vb and/cc experimentally/rb verify/vb this/dt influence/nn since/cs quantitative/jj nuclear/jj resonance/nn is/bez becoming/vbg increasingly/rb used/vbn in/in investigations/nns of/in structure/nn ./. Af/nn appeared/vbd to/to be/be well/rb suited/vbn for/in the/at study/nn of/in these/dts matters/nns ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez a/at normal/jj paramagnet/nn ,/, with/in three/cd unpaired/jj electrons/nns on/in the/at chromium/nn ,/, its/pp$ crystal/nn structure/nn is/bez very/ql simple/jj ,/, and/cc the/at unknown/jj position/nn of/in the/at hydrogen/nn in/in the/at strong/jj Af/nn bond/nn provides/vbz structural/jj interest/nn ./. We/ppss first/rb discuss/vb the/at Af/nn bond/nn in/in Af/nn ./. We/ppss then/rb outline/vb the/at theory/nn of/in the/at interaction/nn of/in paramagnetic/jj dipoles/nns with/in nuclei/nns and/cc show/vb that/cs the/at theory/nn is/bez in/in excellent/jj agreement/nn with/in experiment/nn ./. Indeed/rb it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to separate/vb electron/nn paramagnetic/jj from/in nuclear/jj effects/nns ./. The/at information/nn provided/vbn by/in the/at electron/nn paramagnetic/jj effects/nns is/bez then/rb discussed/vbn ,/, and/cc finally/rb the/at nuclear/jj effects/nns are/ber interpreted/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in various/jj motional-modified/jj models/nns of/in the/at Af/nn-hl bond/nn-hl in/in-hl Af/nn-hl ./. Af/nn bond/nn in/in Af/nn Theoretical/jj studies/nns of/in the/at hydrogen/nn bond/nn generally/rb agree/vb that/cs the/at Af/nn bond/nn will/md be/be linear/jj in/in the/at absence/nn of/in peculiarities/nns of/in packing/vbg in/in the/at solid/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, it/pps will/md be/be asymmetric/jj until/cs a/at certain/jj critical/jj Af/nn distance/nn is/bez reached/vbn ,/, below/in which/wdt it/pps will/md become/vb symmetric/jj ./. There/ex is/bez ample/jj evidence/nn from/in many/ap sources/nns that/cs the/at Af/nn bond/nn in/in Af/nn is/bez symmetric/jj ./. The/at Af/nn distance/nn in/in Af/nn is/bez 2.26/cd Aj/nn ./. There/ex is/bez evidence/nn ,/, though/cs less/ql convincing/jj than/cs for/in Af/nn ,/, that/cs the/at Af/nn bond/nn in/in nickel/nn dimethylglyoxime/nn is/bez symmetric/jj ./. Here/rb the/at Af/nn distance/nn is/bez 2.44/cd Aj/nn ./. A/at number/nn of/in semiempirical/jj estimates/nns by/in various/jj workers/nns lead/vb to/in the/at conclusion/nn that/cs the/at Af/nn bond/nn becomes/vbz symmetric/jj when/wrb the/at Af/nn bond/nn length/nn is/bez about/rb 2.4/cd to/in 2.5/cd A/nn ,/, but/cc aside/rb from/in the/at possible/jj example/nn of/in nickel/nn dimethylglyoxime/nn there/ex have/hv been/ben no/at convincing/jj reports/nns of/in symmetric/jj Af/nn bonds/nns ./. Douglass/np has/hvz studied/vbn the/at crystal/nn structure/nn of/in Af/nn by/in x-ray/nn diffraction/nn ./. He/pps finds/vbz the/at structure/nn contains/vbz an/at Af/nn bond/nn with/in the/at Af/nn distance/nn of/in Af/nn ./. There/ex is/bez ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at possibility/nn that/cs this/dt Af/nn bond/nn is/bez symmetric/jj ,/, although/cs Douglass/np was/bedz unable/jj to/to determine/vb its/pp$ symmetry/nn from/in his/pp$ x-ray/nn data/nn ./. Douglass/np found/vbd Af/nn to/to be/be trigonal/jj ,/, Laue/np symmetry/nn Af/nn ,/, with/in Af/nn ,/, Af/nn ./. X-ray/nn and/cc experimental/jj density/nn showed/vbd one/cd formula/nn unit/nn in/in the/at unit/nn cell/nn ,/, corresponding/vbg to/in a/at paramagnetic/jj ion/nn density/nn of/in Af/nn ./. The/at x-ray/nn data/nn did/dod not/* permit/vb Douglass/np to/to determine/vb uniquely/rb the/at space/nn group/nn ,/, but/cc a/at negative/jj test/nn for/in piezoelectricity/nn led/vbd him/ppo to/to assume/vb a/at center/nn of/in symmetry/nn ./. Under/in this/dt assumption/nn the/at space/nn group/nn must/md be/be Af/nn and/cc the/at following/vbg are/ber the/at positions/nns of/in the/at atoms/nns in/in the/at unit/nn cell/nn ./. Af/nn ./. This/dt space/nn group/nn requires/vbz the/at hydrogen/nn bond/nn to/to be/be symmetric/jj ./. Douglass/np found/vbd powder/nn intensity/nn calculations/nns and/cc measurements/nns to/to agree/vb best/rbt for/in Af/nn ./. These/dts data/nns lead/vb to/in a/at structure/nn in/in which/wdt sheets/nns of/in Cr/nn atoms/nns lie/vb between/in two/cd sheets/nns of/in O/nn atoms/nns ./. The/at O/nn atoms/nns in/in each/dt sheet/nn are/ber close/rb packed/vbn and/cc each/dt Cr/nn atom/nn is/bez surrounded/vbn by/in a/at distorted/vbn octahedron/nn of/in O/nn atoms/nns ./. The/at Af/nn layers/nns are/ber stacked/vbn normal/rb to/in the/at (/( 111/cd )/) axis/nn with/in the/at lower/jjr oxygens/nns of/in one/cd layer/nn directly/rb above/in the/at upper/jjr oxygens/nns of/in the/at neighboring/vbg lower/jjr layer/nn ,/, in/in such/abl a/at manner/nn that/cs the/at repeat/nn is/bez every/at three/cd layers/nns ./. The/at separate/jj layers/nns are/ber joined/vbn together/rb by/in hydrogen/nn bonds/nns ./. A/at drawing/nn of/in the/at structure/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in reference/nn 6/cd ./. The/at gross/jj details/nns of/in the/at structure/nn appear/vb reasonable/jj ./. The/at structure/nn appears/vbz to/to be/be unique/jj among/in OOH/nn compounds/nns ,/, but/cc is/bez the/at same/ap as/cs that/dt assumed/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. The/at bond/nn angles/nns and/cc distances/nns are/ber all/abn within/in the/at expected/vbn limits/nns and/cc the/at volume/nn per/in oxygen/nn is/bez about/rp normal/jj ./. However/rb ,/, the/at possible/jj absence/nn of/in a/at center/nn of/in symmetry/nn not/* only/rb moves/vbz the/at hydrogen/nn atom/nn off/in Af/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb allows/vbz the/at oxygen/nn atoms/nns to/to become/vb nonequivalent/jj ,/, with/in Af/nn at/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn at/in Af/nn (/( space/nn group/nn Af/nn )/) ,/, where/wrb Af/nn represents/vbz the/at oxygens/nns on/in one/cd side/nn of/in the/at Af/nn layers/nns and/cc Af/nn those/dts on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./. However/rb ,/, any/dti oxygen/nn nonequivalence/nn would/md shorten/vb either/cc the/at already/rb extremely/ql short/jj Af/nn interlayer/jj distance/nn of/in 2.55/cd A/nn or/cc the/at non-hydrogen-bonded/jj Af/nn interlayer/jj interactions/nns which/wdt are/ber already/rb quite/ql short/jj at/in 2.58/cd Aj/nn ./. Hence/rb it/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to conceive/vb of/in a/at packing/nn of/in the/at atoms/nns in/in this/dt material/nn in/in which/wdt the/at oxygen/nn atoms/nns are/ber far/rb from/in geometrical/jj equivalence/nn ./. The/at only/ap effect/nn of/in lack/nn of/in a/at center/nn would/md then/rb be/be to/to release/vb the/at hydrogen/nn atoms/nns to/to occupy/vb general/jj ,/, rather/rb than/in special/jj ,/, positions/nns along/in the/at (/( 111/cd )/) axis/nn ./. If/cs the/at Af/nn bond/nn is/bez linear/jj then/rb there/ex are/ber three/cd reasonable/jj positions/nns for/in the/at hydrogen/nn atoms/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) The/at hydrogen/nn atoms/nns are/ber centered/vbn and/cc hence/rb all/abn lie/vb on/in a/at sheet/nn midway/rb between/in the/at oxygen/nn sheets/nns ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) all/abn hydrogen/nn atoms/nns lie/vb on/in a/at sheet/nn ,/, but/cc the/at sheet/nn is/bez closer/rbr to/in one/cd oxygen/nn sheet/nn than/cs to/in the/at other/ap ;/. ;/. (/( 3/cd )/) hydrogen/nn atoms/nns are/ber asymmetrically/rb placed/vbn ,/, either/cc randomly/rb or/cc in/in an/at ordered/vbn way/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs some/dti hydrogen/nn atoms/nns are/ber closer/rbr to/in the/at upper/jjr oxygen/nn atoms/nns while/cs others/nns are/ber closer/rbr to/in the/at lower/jjr oxygen/nn atoms/nns ./. Position/nn (/( 2/cd )/) appears/vbz to/in us/ppo to/to be/be unlikely/jj in/in view/nn of/in the/at absence/nn of/in a/at piezoelectric/jj effect/nn and/cc on/in general/jj chemical/jj structural/jj grounds/nns ./. A/at randomization/nn of/in ``/`` ups/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` downs/nns ''/'' is/bez more/ql likely/jj than/cs ordered/vbn ``/`` ups/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` downs/nns ''/'' in/in position/nn (/( 3/cd )/) since/cs the/at hydrogen/nn atoms/nns are/ber well/rb separated/vbn and/cc so/cs the/at position/nn of/in one/cd could/md hardly/rb affect/vb the/at position/nn of/in another/dt ,/, and/cc also/rb since/cs ordered/vbn ``/`` up/rp ''/'' and/cc ``/`` down/rp ''/'' implies/vbz a/at larger/jjr unit/nn cell/nn ,/, for/in which/wdt no/at evidence/nn exists/vbz ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at only/ap unknown/jj structural/jj feature/nn would/md appear/vb to/to be/be whether/cs the/at hydrogen/nn atoms/nns are/ber located/vbn symmetrically/rb (/( 1/cd )/) or/cc asymmetrically/rb (/( 3/cd )/) ./. Experimental/jj-hl procedures/nns-hl samples/nns-hl Douglass/np prepared/vbd his/pp$ sample/nn of/in Af/nn by/in thermal/jj decomposition/nn of/in aqueous/jj chromic/jj acid/nn at/in 300/cd -/in 325-degrees-C/nns ./. Dr./nn-tl Douglass/np was/bedz kind/jj enough/qlp to/to lend/vb us/ppo about/rb 5/cd grams/nns of/in his/pp$ material/nn ./. This/dt material/nn proved/vbd to/to be/be unsatisfactory/jj ,/, since/cs we/ppss could/md not/* obtain/vb reproducible/jj results/nns on/in various/jj portions/nns of/in the/at sample/nn ./. Subsequently/rb ,/, we/ppss learned/vbd from/in Douglass/np that/cs his/pp$ sample/nn contained/vbd a/at few/ap percent/nn Af/nn impurity/nn ./. Since/cs Af/nn is/bez ferromagnetic/jj ,/, we/ppss felt/vbd that/cs any/dti results/nns obtained/vbn from/in the/at magnetically/rb contaminated/vbn Af/nn would/md be/be suspect/jj ./. Plane/np suggested/vbd another/dt preparation/nn of/in Af/nn which/wdt we/ppss used/vbd here/rb ./. 500/cd ml/nn of/in 1M/jj aqueous/jj Af/nn with/in 1/cd Af/nn added/vbn are/ber heated/vbn in/in a/at bomb/nn at/in 170-degrees-C/nns for/in 48/cd hours/nns ./. A/at very/ql fine/jj ,/, gray/jj solid/nn (/( about/rb 15/cd g/nn )/) is/bez formed/vbn ,/, water-washed/nn by/in centrifugation/nn ,/, and/cc dried/vbn at/in 110-degrees-C/nns )/) ./. Differential/jj thermal/jj analysis/nn showed/vbd a/at very/ql small/jj endothermic/jj reaction/nn at/in 340-degrees-C/nns and/cc a/at large/jj endothermic/jj reaction/nn at/in 470-degrees-C/nns ./. This/dt latter/ap reaction/nn is/bez in/in accord/nn with/in the/at reported/vbn decomposition/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Thermogravimetric/jj analysis/nn showed/vbd a/at weight/nn loss/nn of/in 1.8%/nn centered/vbn at/in 337-degrees-C/nns and/cc another/dt weight/nn loss/nn of/in 10.8%/nn at/in 463-degrees-C/nns ./. The/at expected/vbn weight/nn loss/nn for/in Af/nn going/vbg to/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn is/bez 10.6%/nn ./. Mass/nn spectrometric/jj analysis/nn of/in gases/nns evolved/vbn upon/in heating/vbg to/in 410-degrees-C/nns indicated/vbd nitrogen/nn oxides/nns and/cc water/nn vapor/nn ./. The/at small/jj reaction/nn occurring/vbg at/in 337-degrees-C/nns is/bez probably/rb caused/vbn by/in decomposition/nn of/in occluded/vbn nitrates/nns ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb by/in a/at small/jj amount/nn of/in some/dti hydrous/jj material/nn other/ap than/cs Af/nn ./. All/abn subsequent/jj measurements/nns were/bed made/vbn on/in material/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben heated/vbn to/in 375-degrees-C/nns for/in one/cd hour/nn ./. Emission/nn spectra/nns indicated/vbd Af/nn calcium/nn and/cc all/abn other/ap impurities/nns much/ql lower/jjr ./. Chromium/nn analysis/nn gave/vbd 58.8%/nn Cr/nn as/cs compared/vbn with/in 61.2%/nn theory/nn ./. However/rb ,/, Af/nn adsorbs/vbz water/nn from/in the/at atmosphere/nn and/cc this/dt may/md account/vb for/in the/at low/jj chromium/nn analysis/nn and/cc high/jj total/jj weight/nn loss/nn ./. The/at x-ray/nn diffraction/nn pattern/nn of/in the/at material/nn ,/, taken/vbn with/in CuK**ya/nn radiation/nn ,/, indicated/vbd the/at presence/nn of/in no/at extra/jj lines/nns and/cc was/bedz in/in good/jj agreement/nn with/in the/at pattern/nn of/in Douglass/np ./. Magnetic/jj analyses/nns by/in R./np G./np Meisenheimer/np of/in this/dt laboratory/nn indicated/vbd no/at ferromagnetic/jj impurities/nns ./. Af/nn was/bedz found/vbn to/to be/be paramagnetic/jj with/in three/cd unpaired/jj electrons/nns per/in chromium/nn atom/nn and/cc a/at molecular/jj susceptibility/nn of/in Af/nn ,/, where/wrb Af/nn ./. For/in exactly/rb three/cd unpaired/jj electrons/nns the/at coefficient/nn would/md be/be 3.10/cd ./. An/at infrared/jj spectrum/nn ,/, obtained/vbn by/in H./np A./np Benesi/np and/cc R./np G./np Snyder/np of/in this/dt laboratory/nn ,/, showed/vbd bands/nns in/in the/at positions/nns found/vbn by/in Jones/np ./. Electron/nn microscopic/jj examination/nn of/in the/at Af/nn sample/nn showed/vbd it/ppo to/to be/be composed/vbn of/in nearly/ql isotropic/jj particles/nns about/rb 0.3M/nns in/in diameter/nn ./. The/at particles/nns appeared/vbd rough/jj and/cc undoubtedly/rb the/at single-crystal/nn domains/nns are/ber smaller/jjr than/cs this/dt ./. The/at x-ray/nn data/nns are/ber consistent/jj with/in particle/nn sizes/nns of/in 1000/cd A/nn or/cc greater/jjr ./. We/ppss found/vbd no/at obvious/jj effects/nns due/jj to/in preferred/vbn orientation/nn of/in the/at crystallites/nns in/in this/dt sample/nn nor/cc would/md we/ppss expect/vb to/to on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at shape/nn found/vbn from/in electron/nn microscopic/jj examination/nn ./. Nuclear/jj-hl magnetic/jj-hl resonance/nn-hl (/(-hl NMR/np-hl )/)-hl measurements/nns-hl The/at magnetic/jj resonance/nn absorption/nn was/bedz detected/vbn by/in employing/vbg a/at Varian/jj model/nn Af/nn broad/jj line/nn spectrometer/nn and/cc the/at associated/vbn 12-inch/jj electromagnet/nn system/nn ./. One/cd measurement/nn at/in 40/cd Mc/sec/nn was/bedz obtained/vbn with/in the/at Varian/jj model/nn Af/nn unit/nn ./. A/at bridged-T/jj type/nn of/in bridge/nn was/bedz used/vbn in/in the/at 10/cd -/in 16/cd Mc/sec/nn range/nn ./. The/at rf/nn power/nn level/nn was/bedz maintained/vbn small/jj enough/qlp at/in all/abn times/nns to/to prevent/vb obvious/jj line/nn shape/nn distortions/nns by/in saturation/nn effects/nns ./. A/at modulation/nn frequency/nn of/in 40/cd cps/nn with/in an/at amplitude/nn as/ql small/jj as/cs possible/jj ,/, commensurate/jj with/in reasonably/ql good/jj signal-to-noise/jj quality/nn ,/, was/bedz used/vbn ./. Background/nn spectra/nns were/bed obtained/vbn in/in all/abn cases/nns ./. The/at spectrometer/nn was/bedz adjusted/vbn to/to minimize/vb the/at amount/nn of/in dispersion/nn mode/nn mixed/vbn in/rp with/in the/at absorption/nn signal/nn ./. A/at single/ap value/nn of/in the/at thermal/jj relaxation/nn time/nn Af/nn at/in room/nn temperature/nn was/bedz measured/vbn by/in the/at progressive/jj saturation/nn method/nn ./. The/at value/nn of/in Af/nn estimated/vbn at/in 470/cd gauss/nn was/bedz Af/nn microseconds/nns ./. A/at single/ap measurement/nn of/in the/at spin/nn -/in spin/nn relaxation/nn time/nn Af/nn was/bedz obtained/vbn at/in 10/cd Mc/sec/nn by/in pulse/nn methods/nns ./. This/dt measurement/nn was/bedz obtained/vbn by/in W./np Blumberg/np of/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl ,/, Berkeley/np-tl ,/, by/in observing/vbg the/at breadth/nn of/in the/at free/jj induction/nn decay/nn signal/nn ./. The/at value/nn derived/vbn was/bedz 16/cd microseconds/nns ./. Field/nn shifts/nns were/bed derived/vbn from/in the/at mean/jj value/nn of/in the/at resonance/nn line/nn ,/, defined/vbn as/cs the/at field/nn about/in which/wdt the/at first/od moment/nn is/bez zero/cd ./. Second/od moments/nns of/in the/at spectra/nns were/bed computed/vbn by/in numerical/jj integration/nn ./. Corrections/nns were/bed applied/vbn for/in modulation/nn broadening/nn ,/, apparatus/nn background/nn ,/, and/cc field/nn shift/nn ./. Spectra/nns were/bed obtained/vbn over/in the/at temperature/nn range/nn of/in 77/cd -/in 294-degrees-K/nns ./. For/in the/at low-temperature/nn measurements/nns the/at sample/nn was/bedz cooled/vbn by/in a/at cold/jj nitrogen/nn gas/nn flow/nn method/nn similar/jj to/in that/dt of/in Andrew/np and/cc Eades/np ./. The/at temperature/nn was/bedz maintained/vbn to/in within/in about/rb Af/nn for/in the/at period/nn of/in time/nn required/vbn to/to make/vb the/at measurement/nn (/( usually/rb about/rb one/cd hour/nn )/) ./. One/cd sample/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd been/ben exposed/vbn to/in the/at atmosphere/nn after/in evacuation/nn at/in 375-degrees-C/nns ,/, showed/vbd the/at presence/nn of/in adsorbed/vbn water/nn (/( about/rb 0.3/cd wt/nn )/) )/) as/cs evidenced/vbn by/in a/at weak/jj resonance/nn line/nn which/wdt was/bedz very/ql narrow/jj at/in room/nn temperature/nn and/cc which/wdt disappeared/vbd ,/, due/rb to/in broadening/vbg ,/, at/in low/jj temperature/nn ./. The/at data/nns reported/vbn here/rb are/ber either/cc from/in spectra/nns from/in which/wdt the/at adsorbed/vbn water/nn resonance/nn could/md easily/rb be/be eliminated/vbn or/cc from/in spectra/nns of/in samples/nns evacuated/vbn and/cc sealed/vbn off/rp at/in 375-degrees-C/nns which/wdt contain/vb no/at adsorbed/vbn water/nn ./. The/at measured/vbn powder/nn density/nn of/in the/at Af/nn used/vbn here/rb was/bedz about/rb Af/nn ,/, approximately/rb one-third/nn that/dt of/in the/at crystal/nn density/nn (/( Af/nn )/) ./. Such/abl a/at density/nn corresponds/vbz to/in a/at paramagnetic/jj ion/nn density/nn of/in about/rb Af/nn ./. Spectra/nns were/bed obtained/vbn from/in a/at powdered/vbn sample/nn having/hvg the/at shape/nn of/in a/at right/jj circular/jj cylinder/nn with/in a/at height-to-diameter/jj ratio/nn of/in 4/cd :/. :/. 1/cd ./. The/at top/nn of/in the/at sample/nn was/bedz nearly/ql flat/jj and/cc the/at bottom/nn hemispherical/jj ./. Spectra/nns were/bed also/rb obtained/vbn from/in a/at sample/nn in/in a/at spherical/jj container/nn which/wdt was/bedz made/vbn by/in blowing/vbg a/at bubble/nn on/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at capillary/nn glass/nn tube/nn ./. The/at bubble/nn was/bedz filled/vbn to/in the/at top/nn and/cc special/jj precautions/nns were/bed taken/vbn to/to prevent/vb any/dti sample/nn from/in remaining/vbg in/in the/at capillary/nn ./. Spectra/nns were/bed also/rb obtained/vbn from/in a/at third/od sample/nn of/in Af/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben diluted/vbn to/in three/cd times/nns its/pp$ original/jj volume/nn with/in powdered/vbn ,/, anhydrous/jj alundum/nn (/( Af/nn )/) ./. This/dt sample/nn was/bedz contained/vbn in/in a/at cylindrical/jj container/nn similar/jj to/in that/dt described/vbn above/rb ./.

cj05

cj05 |@word polyphosphate:6 give:8 renew:1 life:1 soap:5 product:5 time:1 surfactant:3 threat:1 though:1 expensive:2 spell:1 decline:1 usage:1 synergism:1 synthetic:3 detergent:24 active:23 recognize:1 exploit:1 market:2 today:2 builder:12 quite:1 diverse:1 best:2 know:2 field:1 application:3 heavy:1 duty:2 spray:1 dry:3 formulation:11 household:3 use:14 widely:2 advertised:1 primarily:3 washing:13 clothe:3 base:2 high:5 suds:2 organic:9 sodium:3 alkylbenzenesulfonate:1 contain:4 50:1 weight:2 tripolyphosphate:2 mixture:1 tetrasodium:1 pyrophosphate:1 also:7 low:3 nonionic:1 amount:3 phosphate:4 light:1 much:2 less:2 dwindle:1 build:5 powder:2 well:5 flake:1 granule:1 none:2 nationally:1 advertise:1 publicize:1 entrant:1 achieve:1 success:1 recently:1 liquid:5 major:4 problem:2 incorporation:1 small:3 volume:2 sufficiently:1 ratio:1 hard:11 surface:39 cleaning:9 represent:2 two:3 class:3 alkaline:1 1:3 make:4 expressly:1 machine:1 dishwasher:1 2:4 general:2 purpose:2 cleaner:4 wall:2 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category:1 dirt:7 define:1 particulate:1 usually:2 often:2 finely:1 divide:1 colloidal:2 property:3 greasy:7 typify:1 hydrocarbon:3 fat:1 ester:1 glycerol:1 long:1 chain:3 acid:1 3:2 stain:3 include:4 variety:2 nonparticulate:1 color:1 concentration:4 object:2 4:1 miscellaneous:2 sticky:3 substance:7 colorless:1 evaporate:1 leave:2 residue:1 mechanically:1 hold:3 irregularity:1 extent:2 however:1 factor:1 bind:1 attraction:2 go:2 name:1 van:1 der:1 waal:1 force:1 theoretically:1 complicate:1 dipole:1 interaction:1 cause:1 uncharged:4 particle:11 agglomerate:2 stick:2 bear:2 charge:12 opposite:2 sign:1 intensify:1 tendency:1 greatly:2 reinforce:1 likewise:1 tend:3 vice:1 versa:1 strongly:5 attract:1 onto:3 tension:2 grease:3 sorb:7 take:1 capillary:1 essentially:1 static:1 system:1 oil:5 replace:1 water:8 unless:1 interfacial:1 phase:8 reduce:1 whereby:1 consist:2 basically:1 apply:1 mechanical:3 loosen:1 presence:1 help:1 float:1 debris:1 dissolving:1 solvate:1 hardly:1 plain:1 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Polyphosphates/nns gave/vbd renewed/vbn life/nn to/in soap/nn products/nns at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb surfactants/nns were/bed a/at threat/nn though/cs expensive/jj ,/, and/cc these/dts same/ap polyphosphates/nns spelled/vbd the/at decline/nn of/in soap/nn usage/nn when/wrb the/at synergism/nn between/in polyphosphates/nns and/cc synthetic/jj detergent/nn actives/nns was/bedz recognized/vbn and/cc exploited/vbn ./. The/at market/nn today/nr for/in detergent/nn builders/nns is/bez quite/ql diverse/jj ./. The/at best/rbt known/vbn field/nn of/in application/nn for/in builders/nns is/bez in/in heavy-duty/nn ,/, spray-dried/jj detergent/nn formulations/nns for/in household/nn use/nn ./. These/dts widely/rb advertised/vbn products/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber used/vbn primarily/rb for/in washing/vbg clothes/nns ,/, are/ber based/vbn on/in high-sudsing/jj ,/, synthetic/jj organic/jj actives/nns (/( sodium/nn alkylbenzenesulfonates/nns )/) and/cc contain/vb up/rp to/in 50%/nn by/in weight/nn of/in sodium/nn tripolyphosphate/nn or/cc a/at mixture/nn of/in sodium/nn tripolyphosphate/nn and/cc tetrasodium/nn pyrophosphate/nn ./. In/in the/at household/nn market/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber also/rb low-sudsing/jj detergent/nn formulations/nns based/vbn on/in nonionic/jj actives/nns with/in about/rb the/at same/ap amount/vb of/in phosphate/nn builder/nn ;/. ;/. light-duty/nn synthetic/jj detergents/nns with/in much/ql less/ap builder/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at dwindling/vbg built-soap/nn powders/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs soap/nn flakes/nns and/cc granules/nns ,/, none/pn of/in which/wdt are/ber now/rb nationally/rb advertised/vbn ./. A/at well-publicized/jj entrant/nn which/wdt has/hvz achieved/vbn success/nn only/rb recently/rb is/bez the/at built/vbn liquid/jj detergent/nn ,/, with/in which/wdt the/at major/jj problem/nn today/nr is/bez incorporation/nn of/in builder/nn and/cc active/nn into/in a/at small/jj volume/nn using/vbg a/at sufficiently/ql high/jj builder/active/jj ratio/nn ./. Hard-surface/jj cleaning/nn in/in household/nn application/nn is/bez represented/vbn by/in two/cd classes/nns of/in alkaline/jj products/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) the/at formulations/nns made/vbn expressly/rb for/in machine/nn dishwashers/nns ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) the/at general-purpose/jj cleaners/nns used/vbn for/in walls/nns and/cc woodwork/nn ./. The/at better/jjr quality/nn products/nns in/in both/abx of/in these/dts lines/nns contain/vb phosphate/nn builders/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, many/ap of/in the/at hard-surface/jj cleaners/nns used/vbn for/in walls/nns and/cc woodwork/nn had/hvd their/pp$ genesis/nn in/in trisodium/nn orthophosphate/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez still/rb the/at major/jj ingredient/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in such/jj products/nns ./. Many/ap scouring/vbg powders/nns now/rb also/rb contain/vb phosphates/nns ./. These/dts hard-surface/jj cleaners/nns are/ber discussed/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 28/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl cleaning/vbg-hl process/nn-hl Cleaning/vbg or/cc detergent/nn action/nn is/bez entirely/rb a/at matter/nn of/in surfaces/nns ./. Wet/jj cleaning/nn involves/vbz an/at aqueous/jj medium/nn ,/, a/at solid/jj substrate/nn ,/, soil/nn to/to be/be removed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at detergent/nn or/cc surface-active/jj material/nn ./. An/at oversimplified/vbn differentiation/nn between/in soft-/jj and/cc hard-surface/jj cleaning/nn lies/vbz in/in the/at magnitude/nn and/cc kind/nn of/in surface/nn involved/vbn ./. One/cd gram/nn of/in cotton/nn has/hvz been/ben found/vbn to/to have/hv a/at specific/jj surface/nn area/nn of/in Af/nn ./. In/in contrast/nn ,/, a/at metal/nn coupon/nn Af/nn in/in size/nn would/md have/hv a/at magnitude/nn from/in 100,000/cd to/in a/at million/cd less/ap ./. Even/rb here/rb there/ex is/bez room/nn for/in some/dti variation/nn ,/, for/cs metal/nn surfaces/nns vary/vb in/in smoothness/nn ,/, absorptive/jj capacity/nn ,/, and/cc chemical/jj reactivity/nn ./. Spring/np used/vbd a/at Brush/np surface-analyzer/nn in/in a/at metal-cleaning/jj study/nn and/cc showed/vbd considerable/jj differences/nns in/in soil/nn removal/nn ,/, depending/in upon/in surface/nn roughness/nn ./. There/ex are/ber considerable/jj differences/nns between/in the/at requirements/nns for/in textile/jj and/cc hard-surface/jj cleaning/nn ./. Exclusive/jj of/in esthetic/jj values/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs high-/jj or/cc low-foam/nn level/nn ,/, perfume/nn content/nn ,/, etc./rb ,/, the/at requirements/nns for/in the/at organic/jj active/jj used/vbn in/in washing/vbg textiles/nns are/ber high/jj ./. No/at matter/nn how/wrb they/ppss are/ber formulated/vbn ,/, a/at large/jj number/nn of/in organic/jj actives/nns are/ber simply/rb not/* suitable/jj for/in this/dt application/nn ,/, since/cs they/ppss do/do not/* give/vb adequate/jj soil/nn removal/nn ./. This/dt is/bez best/rbt demonstrated/vbn by/in practical/jj washing/vbg tests/nns in/in which/wdt cloth/nn articles/nns are/ber repeatedly/rb washed/vbn with/in the/at same/ap detergent/nn formulation/nn ./. A/at good/jj formulation/nn will/md keep/vb the/at clothes/nns clean/vb and/cc white/jj after/in many/ap washings/nns ;/. ;/. whereas/cs ,/, with/in a/at poor/jj formulation/nn ,/, the/at clothes/nns exhibit/vb a/at build-up/nn of/in ``/`` tattle-tale/nn grey/nn ''/'' and/cc dirty/jj spots/nns --/-- sometimes/rb with/in bad/jj results/nns even/rb after/in the/at first/od wash/nn ./. Since/cs practical/jj washing/vbg procedures/nns are/ber both/abx lengthy/jj and/cc expensive/jj ,/, a/at number/nn of/in laboratory/nn tests/nns have/hv been/ben developed/vbn for/in the/at numerical/jj evaluation/nn of/in detergents/nns ./. Harris/np has/hvz indicated/vbn that/cs two/cd devices/nns ,/, the/at Launder-Ometer/np and/cc Terg-O-Tometer/np are/ber most/rbt widely/rb used/vbn for/in rapid/jj detergent/nn testing/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps has/hvz listed/vbn the/at commercially/rb available/jj standard/jj soiled/vbn fabrics/nns ./. Also/rb given/vbn are/ber several/ap laboratory/nn wash/nn procedures/nns in/in general/jj use/nn ./. The/at soiled/vbn fabrics/nns used/vbn for/in rapid/jj testing/nn of/in detergent/nn formulations/nns are/ber made/vbn in/in such/abl a/at way/nn that/cs only/ap part/nn of/in the/at soil/nn is/bez removed/vbn by/in even/rb the/at best/jjt detergent/nn formulation/nn in/in a/at single/ap wash/nn ./. In/in this/dt way/nn ,/, numerical/jj values/nns for/in the/at relative/jj efficacy/nn of/in various/jj detergent/nn formulations/nns can/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in measuring/vbg the/at reflectance/nn (/( whiteness/nn )/) of/in the/at cloth/nn swatches/nns before/in and/cc after/in washing/vbg ./. Soil/nn redeposition/nn is/bez evaluated/vbn by/in washing/vbg clean/jj swatches/nns with/in the/at dirty/jj ones/nns ./. As/cs is/bez the/at case/nn with/in the/at surface-active/jj agent/nn ,/, the/at requirements/nns for/in builders/nns to/to be/be used/vbn in/in detergent/nn compositions/nns for/in washing/vbg textiles/nns are/ber also/rb high/jj ./. Large/jj numbers/nns of/in potential/jj builders/nns have/hv been/ben investigated/vbn ,/, but/cc none/pn have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to be/be as/ql effective/jj as/cs the/at polyphosphates/nns over/in the/at relatively/ql wide/jj range/nn of/in conditions/nns met/vbn in/in practice/nn ./. The/at problems/nns of/in hard-surface/jj cleaning/vbg are/ber not/* nearly/rb as/cs complex/jj ./. In/in hard-surface/jj cleaning/nn ,/, the/at inorganic/jj salts/nns are/ber more/ql important/jj than/cs the/at organic/jj active/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, when/wrb the/at proper/jj inorganic/jj constituents/nns are/ber employed/vbn ,/, practically/rb any/dti wetting/vbg or/cc surface-active/jj agent/nn will/md do/do a/at reasonably/ql good/jj job/nn when/wrb present/rb in/in sufficient/jj amount/nn in/in a/at hard-surface/jj cleaning/nn formulation/nn ./. Hydroxides/nns ,/, orthophosphates/nns ,/, borates/nns ,/, carbonates/nns ,/, and/cc silicates/nns are/ber important/jj inorganic/jj ingredients/nns of/in hard-surface/jj cleaners/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at polyphosphates/nns are/ber also/rb used/vbn ,/, probably/rb acting/vbg more/rbr as/cs peptizing/vbg agents/nns than/cs anything/pn else/rb ./. The/at importance/nn of/in the/at inorganic/jj constituents/nns in/in hard-surface/jj cleaning/nn has/hvz been/ben emphasized/vbn in/in a/at number/nn of/in papers/nns ./. Physical/jj-hl chemistry/nn-hl of/in-hl washing/vbg-hl Although/cs there/ex is/bez no/at question/nn but/in that/cs the/at process/nn of/in washing/vbg fabrics/nns involves/vbz a/at number/nn of/in phenomena/nns which/wdt are/ber related/vbn together/rb in/in an/at extremely/ql complicated/vbn way/nn and/cc that/cs these/dts phenomena/nns and/cc their/pp$ interrelations/nns are/ber not/* well/rb understood/vbn at/in the/at present/nn ,/, this/dt section/nn attempts/vbz to/to present/vb briefly/rb an/at up-to-date/jj picture/nn of/in the/at physical/jj chemistry/nn of/in washing/vbg either/cc fabrics/nns or/cc hard/jj surfaces/nns ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in washing/vbg is/bez ,/, obviously/rb ,/, to/to remove/vb soils/nns which/wdt are/ber arbitrarily/rb classed/vbn in/in the/at four/cd major/jj categories/nns given/vbn below/rb :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Dirt/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez here/rb defined/vbn as/cs particulate/jj material/nn which/wdt is/bez usually/rb inorganic/jj and/cc is/bez very/ql often/rb extremely/ql finely/rb divided/vbn so/cs as/cs to/to exhibit/vb colloidal/jj properties/nns ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Greasy/jj soils/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber typified/vbn by/in hydrocarbons/nns and/cc fats/nns (/( esters/nns of/in glycerol/nn with/in long-chain/nn organic/jj acids/nns )/) ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Stains/nns ,/, which/wdt include/vb the/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in nonparticulate/jj materials/nns which/wdt give/vb color/nn even/rb when/wrb present/rb in/in very/ql low/jj concentration/nn on/in the/at soiled/vbn object/nn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Miscellaneous/jj soils/nns ,/, which/wdt primarily/rb include/vb sticky/jj substances/nns and/cc colorless/jj liquids/nns which/wdt evaporate/vb to/to leave/vb a/at residue/nn ./. The/at dirt/nn on/in the/at soiled/vbn objects/nns is/bez mechanically/rb held/vbn by/in surface/nn irregularities/nns to/in some/dti extent/nn ./. However/rb ,/, a/at major/jj factor/nn in/in binding/vbg dirt/nn is/bez the/at attraction/nn between/in surfaces/nns that/wps goes/vbz under/in the/at name/nn of/in Van/np der/np Waal's/np$ forces/nns ./. This/dt is/bez a/at theoretically/rb complicated/vbn dipole/jj interaction/nn which/wdt causes/vbz any/dti extremely/ql small/jj uncharged/jj particle/nn to/to agglomerate/vb with/in other/ap small/jj uncharged/jj particles/nns ,/, or/cc to/to stick/vb to/in an/at uncharged/jj surface/nn ./. Obviously/rb ,/, if/cs colloidal/jj particles/nns bear/vb charges/nns of/in opposite/jj sign/nn or/cc ,/, if/cs one/cd kind/nn is/bez charged/vbn and/cc the/at other/ap kind/nn is/bez not/* ,/, the/at attraction/nn will/md be/be intensified/vbn and/cc the/at tendency/nn to/to agglomerate/vb will/md be/be greatly/rb reinforced/vbn ./. Likewise/rb ,/, a/at charged/vbn particle/nn will/md tend/vb to/to stick/vb to/in an/at uncharged/jj surface/nn and/cc vice/rb versa/rb ,/, and/cc a/at charged/vbn particle/nn will/md be/be very/ql strongly/rb attracted/vbn to/in a/at surface/nn exhibiting/vbg an/at opposite/jj charge/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, dirt/nn particles/nns can/md be/be held/vbn onto/in a/at soiled/vbn surface/nn by/in sticky/jj substances/nns or/cc by/in the/at surface/nn tension/nn of/in liquids/nns ,/, including/in liquid/nn greases/nns ./. Greases/nns ,/, stains/nns ,/, and/cc miscellaneous/jj soils/nns are/ber usually/rb sorbed/vbn onto/in the/at soiled/vbn surface/nn ./. In/in most/ap cases/nns ,/, these/dts soils/nns are/ber taken/vbn up/rp as/cs liquids/nns through/in capillary/nn action/nn ./. In/in an/at essentially/rb static/jj system/nn ,/, an/at oil/nn cannot/md* be/be replaced/vbn by/in water/nn on/in a/at surface/nn unless/cs the/at interfacial/jj tensions/nns of/in the/at water/nn phase/nn are/ber reduced/vbn by/in a/at surface-active/jj agent/nn ./. The/at washing/vbg process/nn whereby/wrb soils/nns are/ber removed/vbn consists/vbz basically/rb of/in applying/vbg mechanical/jj action/nn to/to loosen/vb the/at dirt/nn particles/nns and/cc dried/vbn matter/nn in/in the/at presence/nn of/in water/nn which/wdt helps/vbz to/to float/vb off/rp the/at debris/nn and/cc acts/vbz ,/, to/in some/dti extent/nn ,/, as/cs a/at dissolving/vbg and/cc solvating/vbg agent/nn ./. Greasy/jj soils/nns are/ber hardly/rb removed/vbn by/in washing/vbg in/in plain/jj water/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc natural/jj waters/nns ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, often/rb contain/vb impurities/nns such/jj as/cs calcium/nn salts/nns which/wdt can/md react/vb with/in soils/nns to/to make/vb them/ppo more/ql difficult/jj to/to remove/vb ./. Therefore/rb ,/, detergents/nns are/ber used/vbn ./. The/at detergent/nn active/nn is/bez that/dt substance/nn which/wdt primarily/rb acts/vbz to/to remove/vb greasy/jj soils/nns ./. The/at other/ap constituents/nns in/in a/at built/vbn detergent/nn assist/vb in/in this/dt and/cc in/in the/at removal/nn of/in dirty/jj stains/nns and/cc the/at hydrophilic/jj sticky/jj or/cc dried/vbn soils/nns ./. As/cs is/bez well/rb known/vbn ,/, detergent/nn actives/nns belong/vb to/in the/at chemical/nn class/nn consisting/vbg of/in moderately/ql high/jj molecular/jj weight/nn and/cc highly/ql polar/jj molecules/nns which/wdt exhibit/vb the/at property/nn of/in forming/vbg micelles/nns in/in solution/nn ./. Physicochemical/jj investigations/nns of/in anionic/jj surfactants/nns ,/, including/in the/at soaps/nns ,/, have/hv shown/vbn that/cs there/ex is/bez little/ap polymerization/nn or/cc agglomeration/nn of/in the/at chain/nn anions/nns below/in a/at certain/jj region/nn of/in concentration/nn called/vbn the/at critical/jj micelle/nn concentration/nn ./. (/( 1/cd )/) Below/in the/at critical/jj micelle/nn concentration/nn ,/, monomers/nns and/cc some/dti dimers/nns are/ber present/jj ./. (/( 2/cd )/) In/in the/at critical/jj micelle/nn region/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at rapid/jj agglomeration/nn or/cc polymerization/nn to/to give/vb the/at micelles/nns ,/, which/wdt have/hv a/at degree/nn of/in polymerization/nn averaging/vbg around/rb 60/cd -/in 80/cd ./. (/( 3/cd )/) For/in anionics/nns ,/, these/dts micelles/nns appear/vb to/to be/be roughly/rb spherical/jj assemblages/nns in/in which/wdt the/at hydrocarbon/nn tails/nns come/vb together/rb so/cs that/cs the/at polar/jj groups/nns (/( the/at ionized/vbn ends/nns )/) face/vb outward/rb towards/in the/at aqueous/jj continuous/jj phase/nn ./. Obviously/rb hydrophobic/jj (/( oleophilic/jj )/) substances/nns such/jj as/cs greases/nns ,/, oils/nns ,/, or/cc particles/nns having/hvg a/at greasy/jj or/cc oily/jj surface/nn are/ber more/rbr at/in home/nn in/in the/at center/nn of/in a/at micelle/nn than/cs in/in the/at aqueous/jj phase/nn ./. Micelles/nns can/md imbibe/vb and/cc hold/vb a/at considerable/jj amount/nn of/in oleophilic/jj substances/nns so/cs that/cs the/at micelle/nn volume/nn may/md be/be increased/vbn as/ql much/ap as/cs approximately/rb two-fold/rb ./. Although/cs the/at matter/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben unequivocally/rb demonstrated/vbn ,/, the/at available/jj data/nns show/vb that/cs micelles/nns in/in themselves/ppls do/do not/* contribute/vb significantly/rb to/in the/at detergency/nn process/nn ./. Related/vbn to/in micelle/nn formation/nn is/bez the/at technologically/rb important/jj ability/nn of/in detergent/nn actives/nns to/to congregate/vb at/in oil/nn -/in water/nn interfaces/nns in/in such/abl a/at manner/nn that/cs the/at polar/jj (/( or/cc ionized/vbn )/) end/nn of/in the/at molecule/nn is/bez directed/vbn towards/in the/at aqueous/jj phase/nn and/cc the/at hydrocarbon/nn chain/nn towards/in the/at oily/jj phase/nn ./. In/in the/at cleaning/vbg process/nn ,/, sorbed/vbn greasy/jj soils/nns become/vb coated/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn with/in an/at oriented/vbn film/nn of/in surfactant/nn ./. Then/rb during/in washing/vbg ,/, the/at greasy/jj soil/nn rolls/vbz back/rb at/in the/at edges/nns so/cs that/cs emulsified/vbn droplets/nns can/md disengage/vb themselves/ppls from/in the/at sorbed/vbn oil/nn mass/nn ,/, with/in the/at aid/nn of/in mechanical/jj action/nn ,/, and/cc enter/vb the/at aqueous/jj phase/nn ./. Obviously/rb ,/, a/at substance/nn which/wdt is/bez permanently/rb or/cc temporarily/rb sorbed/vbn on/in the/at surface/nn in/in place/nn of/in the/at soil/nn will/md tend/vb to/to accelerate/vb this/dt process/nn and/cc effectively/rb push/vb off/rp the/at greasy/jj soil/nn ./. Substances/nns other/ap than/cs detergent/nn actives/nns also/rb tend/vb to/to be/be strongly/rb sorbed/vbn from/in aqueous/jj media/nns onto/in surfaces/nns of/in other/ap contiguous/jj condensed/vbn phases/nns ./. This/dt is/bez particularly/ql true/jj of/in highly/ql charged/vbn ions/nns ,/, especially/rb those/dts ions/nns which/wdt fall/vb into/in the/at class/nn of/in polyelectrolytes/nns ./. Whereas/cs the/at usual/jj organic/jj surface-active/jj agent/nn is/bez strongly/rb sorbed/vbn at/in oil/nn -/in water/nn interfaces/nns ,/, the/at highly/ql charged/vbn ions/nns are/ber most/ql strongly/rb sorbed/vbn at/in interfaces/nns between/in water/nn and/cc insoluble/jj materials/nns exhibiting/vbg an/at ionic/jj structure/nn (/( see/vb Table/nn-tl 26-2/cd-tl on/in p./nn 1678/cd )/) ./. Thus/rb ,/, for/in aqueous/jj media/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md think/vb of/in the/at idealized/vbn organic/jj active/nn as/cs an/at oleophilic/jj or/cc hydrophobic/jj surface-active/jj agent/nn ,/, and/cc of/in an/at idealized/vbn builder/nn as/cs a/at oleophobic/jj or/cc hydrophilic/jj surface-active/jj agent/nn ./. From/in the/at equilibrium/nn sorption/nn data/nns which/wdt are/ber available/jj ,/, it/pps seems/vbz logical/jj to/to expect/vb that/cs polyphosphate/nn ions/nns would/md be/be strongly/rb sorbed/vbn on/in the/at surface/nn of/in the/at dirt/nn (/( especially/rb clay/nn soils/nns )/) so/cs as/cs to/to give/vb it/ppo a/at greatly/rb increased/vbn negative/jj charge/nn ./. The/at charged/vbn particles/nns then/rb repel/vb each/dt other/ap and/cc are/ber also/rb repelled/vbn from/in the/at charged/vbn surface/nn ,/, which/wdt almost/ql invariably/rb bears/vbz a/at negative/jj charge/nn under/in washing/vbg conditions/nns ./. The/at negatively/rb charged/vbn dirt/nn particles/nns then/rb leave/vb the/at surface/nn and/cc go/vb into/in the/at aqueous/jj phase/nn ./. This/dt hypothesis/nn is/bez evolved/vbn in/in analogy/nn to/in the/at demonstrated/vbn action/nn of/in organic/jj actives/nns in/in detergency/nn ./. It/pps does/doz not/* consider/vb the/at kinetic/jj effects/nns of/in the/at phosphate/nn builders/nns on/in sorption-desorption/nn phenomena/nns which/wdt will/md be/be discussed/vbn later/rbr (/( see/vb pp./nns 1746/cd -/in 1748/cd )/) ./. The/at crude/jj picture/nn of/in the/at detergency/nn process/nn thus/ql far/rb developed/vbn can/md be/be represented/vbn as/cs :/: Af/nn ./. The/at influence/nn of/in mechanical/jj action/nn on/in the/at particles/nns of/in free/jj soil/nn may/md be/be compared/vbn to/in that/dt of/in kinetic/jj energy/nn on/in a/at molecular/jj scale/nn ./. Freed/vbn soil/nn must/md be/be dispersed/vbn and/cc protected/vbn against/in flocculation/nn ./. Cleaned/vbn cloth/nn must/md be/be protected/vbn against/in the/at redeposition/nn of/in dispersed/vbn soil/nn ./. It/pps is/bez evident/jj that/cs the/at requirements/nns imposed/vbn by/in these/dts effects/nns upon/in any/dti one/cd detergent/nn constituent/nn acting/vbg alone/rb are/ber severe/jj ./. Upon/in consideration/nn of/in the/at variety/nn of/in soils/nns and/cc fabrics/nns normally/rb encountered/vbn in/in the/at washing/vbg process/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez little/ap wonder/nn that/cs the/at use/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in detergent/nn constituents/nns having/hvg ``/`` synergistic/jj ''/'' properties/nns has/hvz gained/vbn widespread/jj acceptance/nn ./. In/in the/at over-all/jj process/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to assign/vb a/at ``/`` pure/jj ''/'' role/nn to/in each/dt constituent/nn of/in a/at built-detergent/nn formulation/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, indeed/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at more/ap reason/nn to/to separate/vb the/at interrelated/vbn roles/nns of/in the/at active/nn ,/, builder/nn ,/, antiredeposition/nn agent/nn ,/, etc./rb than/cs there/ex is/bez to/to assign/vb individual/jj actions/nns to/in each/dt of/in the/at numerous/jj isomers/nns making/vbg up/rp a/at given/vbn commercial/jj organic/jj active/nn ./.

cj06

cj06 |@word thermal:6 exchange:21 chlorine:32 af:32 liquid:15 readily:2 measurable:2 temperature:5 range:6 photochemical:7 occur:1 quantum:4 yield:4 order:3 unity:2 phase:15 use:5 light:17 absorb:3 gas:7 observe:7 despite:1 extensive:2 attempt:1 obtain:9 highly:1 pure:3 reagent:4 serious:1 difficulty:2 experience:1 reproducible:3 rate:10 reaction:40 appear:4 possible:5 set:3 low:2 limit:1 activation:6 energy:6 abstraction:3 atom:5 carbon:21 tetrachloride:19 molecule:1 form:1 radical:5 proportional:3 first:3 power:2 intensity:12 indicate:3 intermediate:2 remove:1 wall:3 impurity:4 rather:3 bimolecular:1 combination:1 introduction:1 simplicity:1 molecules:1 isotopic:1 elemental:1 halogen:2 corresponding:1 tetrahalide:1 would:9 offer:1 particularly:2 fruitful:1 possibility:1 unambiguous:1 basic:1 kinetic:1 datum:3 determine:5 unique:1 mechanism:1 value:2 free:2 well:1 information:4 heat:1 dissociation:1 bond:1 seem:3 suit:1 study:4 prepare:9 oxidation:1 inorganic:1 chloride:4 vacuum:8 system:4 follow:7 multiple:1 distillation:2 interfering:1 substance:1 usual:1 purification:1 method:5 prechlorination:1 prior:1 addition:2 radioactive:2 furthermore:1 expect:3 sensitive:1 trace:2 amount:4 apt:1 chain:1 since:1 high:3 also:3 compete:1 effectively:1 scavenger:1 contrary:1 expectation:1 find:5 impossible:1 degree:1 reproducibility:1 one:4 wish:1 even:1 effort:1 especially:1 report:1 investigation:1 briefly:1 relevancy:1 problem:2 apparently:1 simple:1 result:4 furnish:1 experimental:1 matheson:1 purity:1 tank:1 pass:2 tube:17 resublime:1 evacuate:1 pyrex:5 condense:2 air:3 distil:5 least:1 three:1 time:2 trap:2 small:1 middle:1 fraction:3 retain:2 purify:3 product:2 store:2 equip:2 break:3 seal:8 several:2 employ:1 tag:2 radiochlorine:3 inactive:3 aluminum:2 room:2 satisfactory:1 latter:2 silver:2 precipitate:1 solution:5 contain:3 oak:1 ridge:1 national:1 laboratory:1 fuse:1 presence:2 chip:1 resultant:1 sublime:1 flask:3 line:4 previously:1 subsequently:1 admit:1 allow:3 take:1 place:1 liter:1 quantity:1 mallinckrodt:1 sulfur:1 grade:1 saturate:1 illuminate:5 50:1 hour:6 1000:1 watt:2 tungsten:1 lamp:4 distance:5 inch:1 mixture:4 extract:1 alkali:1 water:1 vigreux:1 column:3 25:1 center:1 cut:1 degas:1 add:5 describe:2 freeze:4 equipped:1 day:1 reseal:1 onto:1 excess:1 require:1 series:5 cell:20 manifold:11 desire:1 likewise:1 whole:1 content:1 experiment:5 mix:1 shake:1 redistribute:1 reactant:3 side:1 arm:1 attach:1 slowly:1 pre:1 cooled:1 general:1 solve:1 fairly:1 equal:1 concentration:4 six:1 condition:2 analysis:1 sample:2 capillary:1 mm:4 15:1 cm:4 long:2 make:4 standard:1 6:1 tubing:3 1:3 thickness:1 type:3 withstand:1 pressure:2 approximately:1 20:2 atmosphere:3 exert:1 consist:1 10:1 diffraction:1 effect:7 minimize:1 fact:2 glass:3 interface:2 square:2 tendency:1 shatter:1 thaw:1 frozen:1 round:1 reproducibly:1 position:1 beam:1 enter:2 thermostat:2 mineral:1 oil:1 bath:1 window:2 two:1 source:3 thousand:1 projection:1 ah6:1 mercury:1 arc:1 filter:1 soft:1 thus:1 ensure:1 could:2 relative:3 incident:4 measure:1 thermopile:1 potentiometer:1 change:1 achieve:1 wire:1 screen:2 vary:2 scratch:1 file:1 open:3 aqueous:3 sodium:2 iodide:2 carrier:1 organic:2 separate:1 gaseous:1 immerse:1 titration:1 liberate:1 aliquot:1 count:4 geiger:1 run:1 weigh:2 fragment:1 empty:1 ratio:2 minute:2 calculate:2 equilibrium:1 distribution:2 activity:1 empirically:1 determined:1 correction:1 difference:3 efficiency:1 70:1 12:1 different:3 filling:4 analyze:1 180:1 200:1 210:1 observation:1 supposedly:1 identical:2 expose:1 often:1 differ:1 hundred:1 per:4 cent:1 systematic:1 undertake:1 see:1 whether:1 ascribe:1 oxygen:3 moisture:2 surface:1 volume:1 section:1 electrolysis:1 eutectic:1 molten:1 calcium:1 hydride:1 substitute:1 dry:1 agent:1 correlation:1 variable:1 irreproducibility:2 case:4 another:1 give:2 detectable:1 stand:1 5:1 although:2 still:2 erratic:1 improvement:1 noticeable:1 great:1 consistency:1 among:1 group:1 large:1 80:1 13:1 40:1 endeavor:1 cause:1 little:1 illumination:1 compare:2 dependency:1 correspond:1 11:1 18:1 dependence:1 estimate:2 extent:1 reduction:1 uranyl:2 oxalate:2 actinometer:1 know:1 typical:2 appropriate:1 conversion:1 base:1 absorption:1 spectra:1 consider:1 spectral:1 magnitude:1 phosgene:1 produce:1 present:1 variation:2 must:1 attribute:1 either:1 sufficiently:1 meaningful:1 purpose:1 comparison:1 together:1 table:1 varied:1 last:2 show:1 4:1 assumption:1 inversely:1 directly:1 direct:1 proportionality:1 assume:1 fourth:1 2:1 reduce:1

The/at thermal/jj exchange/nn of/in chlorine/nn between/in Af/nn and/cc liquid/jj Af/nn is/bez readily/rb measurable/jj at/in temperatures/nns in/in the/at range/nn of/in 180-degrees/nns and/cc above/rb ./. The/at photochemical/jj exchange/nn occurs/vbz with/in a/at quantum/nn yield/nn of/in the/at order/nn of/in unity/nn in/in the/at liquid/jj phase/nn at/in 65-degrees/nns using/vbg light/nn absorbed/vbn only/rb by/in the/at Af/nn ./. In/in the/at gas/nn phase/nn ,/, with/in Af/nn of/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn of/in Af/nn ,/, quantum/nn yields/nns of/in the/at order/nn of/in Af/nn have/hv been/ben observed/vbn at/in 85-degrees/nns ./. Despite/in extensive/jj attempts/nns to/to obtain/vb highly/ql pure/jj reagents/nns ,/, serious/jj difficulty/nn was/bedz experienced/vbn in/in obtaining/vbg reproducible/jj rates/nns of/in reaction/nn ./. It/pps appears/vbz possible/jj to/to set/vb a/at lower/jjr limit/nn of/in about/rb Af/nn for/in the/at activation/nn energy/nn of/in the/at abstraction/nn of/in a/at chlorine/nn atom/nn from/in a/at carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn molecule/nn by/in a/at chlorine/nn atom/nn to/to form/vb Af/nn radical/nn ./. The/at rate/nn of/in the/at gas/nn phase/nn exchange/nn reaction/nn appears/vbz to/to be/be proportional/jj to/in the/at first/od power/nn of/in the/at absorbed/vbn light/nn intensity/nn indicating/vbg that/cs the/at radical/nn intermediates/nns are/ber removed/vbn at/in the/at walls/nns or/cc by/in reaction/nn with/in an/at impurity/nn rather/rb than/in by/in bimolecular/jj radical/nn combination/nn reactions/nns ./. Introduction/nn-hl Because/rb of/in the/at simplicity/nn of/in the/at molecules/nns ,/, isotopic/jj exchange/nn reactions/nns between/in elemental/jj halogens/nns and/cc the/at corresponding/jj carbon/nn tetrahalides/nns would/md appear/vb to/to offer/vb particularly/ql fruitful/jj possibilities/nns for/in obtaining/vbg unambiguous/jj basic/jj kinetic/jj data/nn ./. It/pps would/md appear/vb that/cs it/pps should/md be/be possible/jj to/to determine/vb unique/jj mechanisms/nns for/in the/at thermal/jj and/cc photochemical/jj reactions/nns in/in both/abx the/at liquid/jj and/cc gas/nn phases/nns and/cc to/to determine/vb values/nns for/in activation/nn energies/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at intermediate/jj reactions/nns of/in atoms/nns and/cc free/jj radicals/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs information/nn on/in the/at heat/nn of/in dissociation/nn of/in the/at carbon-halogen/nn bond/nn ./. The/at reaction/nn of/in chlorine/nn with/in carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn seemed/vbd particularly/ql suited/vbn for/in such/jj studies/nns ./. It/pps should/md be/be possible/jj to/to prepare/vb very/ql pure/jj chlorine/nn by/in oxidation/nn of/in inorganic/jj chlorides/nns on/in a/at vacuum/nn system/nn followed/vbn by/in multiple/jj distillation/nn of/in the/at liquid/nn ./. It/pps should/md be/be possible/jj to/to free/vb carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn of/in any/dti interfering/vbg substances/nns by/in the/at usual/jj purification/nn methods/nns followed/vbn by/in prechlorination/nn prior/rb to/in addition/nn of/in radioactive/jj chlorine/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at exchange/nn would/md not/* be/be expected/vbn to/to be/be sensitive/jj to/in trace/jj amounts/vbz of/in impurities/nns because/cs it/pps would/md not/* be/be apt/jj to/to be/be a/at chain/nn reaction/nn since/cs the/at activation/nn energy/nn for/in abstraction/nn of/in chlorine/nn by/in a/at chlorine/nn atom/nn would/md be/be expected/vbn to/to be/be too/ql high/jj ;/. ;/. also/rb it/pps would/md be/be expected/vbn that/dt Af/nn would/md compete/vb very/ql effectively/rb with/in any/dti impurities/nns as/cs a/at scavenger/nn for/in Af/nn radicals/nns ./. Contrary/jj to/in these/dts expectations/nns we/ppss have/hv found/vbn it/ppo impossible/jj to/to obtain/vb the/at degree/nn of/in reproducibility/nn one/pn would/md wish/vb ,/, even/rb with/in extensive/jj efforts/nns to/to prepare/vb especially/ql pure/jj reagents/nns ./. We/ppss are/ber reporting/vbg these/dts investigations/nns here/rb briefly/rb because/rb of/in their/pp$ relevancy/nn to/in problems/nns of/in the/at study/nn of/in apparently/rb simple/jj exchange/nn reactions/nns of/in chlorine/nn and/cc because/cs the/at results/nns furnish/vb some/dti information/nn on/in the/at activation/nn energy/nn for/in abstraction/nn of/in chlorine/nn atoms/nns from/in carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn ./. Experimental/jj-hl reagents/nns ./. --/-- Matheson/np highest/jjt purity/nn tank/nn chlorine/nn was/bedz passed/vbn through/in a/at tube/nn of/in resublimed/vbn Af/nn into/in an/at evacuated/vbn Pyrex/np system/nn where/wrb it/pps was/bedz condensed/vbn with/in liquid/jj air/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz then/rb distilled/vbn at/in least/ap three/cd times/nns from/in a/at trap/nn at/in -78-degrees/nns to/in a/at liquid/jj air/nn trap/nn with/in only/rb a/at small/jj middle/nn fraction/nn being/beg retained/vbn in/in each/dt distillation/nn ./. The/at purified/vbn product/nn was/bedz stored/vbn at/in -78-degrees/nns in/in a/at tube/nn equipped/vbn with/in a/at break/nn seal/nn ./. Of/in several/ap methods/nns employed/vbn for/in tagging/vbg chlorine/nn with/in radiochlorine/nn ,/, the/at exchange/nn of/in inactive/jj chlorine/nn with/in tagged/vbn aluminum/nn chloride/nn at/in room/nn temperature/nn was/bedz found/vbn to/to be/be the/at most/ql satisfactory/jj ./. To/to prepare/vb the/at latter/ap ,/, silver/nn chloride/nn was/bedz precipitated/vbn from/in a/at solution/nn containing/vbg Af/nn obtained/vbn from/in the/at Oak/nn-tl Ridge/nn-tl National/jj-tl Laboratory/nn-tl ./. The/at silver/nn chloride/nn was/bedz fused/vbn under/in vacuum/nn in/in the/at presence/nn of/in aluminum/nn chips/nns with/in the/at resultant/jj product/nn of/in Af/nn which/wdt was/bedz sublimed/vbn into/in a/at flask/nn on/in the/at vacuum/nn line/nn ./. Previously/rb purified/vbn chlorine/nn was/bedz subsequently/rb admitted/vbn and/cc the/at exchange/nn was/bedz allowed/vbn to/to take/vb place/nn ./. The/at radiochlorine/nn was/bedz stored/vbn at/in -78-degrees/nns in/in a/at tube/nn equipped/vbn with/in a/at break/nn seal/nn ./. Liter/nn quantities/nns of/in Mallinckrodt/np ,/, low/jj sulfur/nn ,/, reagent/nn grade/nn carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn were/bed saturated/vbn with/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn and/cc illuminated/vbn for/in about/rb 50/cd hours/nns with/in a/at 1000/cd watt/nn tungsten/nn lamp/nn at/in a/at distance/nn of/in a/at few/ap inches/nns ./. The/at mixture/nn was/bedz then/rb extracted/vbn with/in alkali/nn and/cc with/in water/nn following/vbg which/wdt the/at carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn was/bedz distilled/vbn on/in a/at Vigreux/np column/nn ,/, a/at 25%/nn center/nn cut/nn being/beg retained/vbn which/wdt was/bedz then/rb degassed/vbn under/in vacuum/nn in/in the/at presence/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Purified/vbn inactive/jj chlorine/nn was/bedz then/rb added/vbn from/in one/cd of/in the/at tubes/nns described/vbn above/rb and/cc the/at mixture/nn frozen/vbn out/rp and/cc sealed/vbn off/rp in/in a/at flask/nn equipped/vbn with/in a/at break/nn seal/nn ./. This/dt chlorine-carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn solution/nn was/bedz illuminated/vbn for/in a/at day/nn following/vbg which/wdt the/at flask/nn was/bedz resealed/vbn onto/in a/at vacuum/nn system/nn and/cc the/at excess/nn chlorine/nn distilled/vbn off/rp ./. The/at required/vbn amount/nn of/in carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn was/bedz distilled/vbn into/in a/at series/nn of/in reaction/nn cells/nns on/in a/at manifold/nn on/in a/at vacuum/nn line/nn ./. The/at desired/vbn amounts/nns of/in inactive/jj chlorine/nn and/cc radioactive/jj chlorine/nn were/bed likewise/rb condensed/vbn in/in these/dts cells/nns on/in the/at vacuum/nn line/nn following/vbg which/wdt they/ppss were/bed frozen/vbn down/rp and/cc the/at manifold/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn was/bedz sealed/vbn off/rp ./. The/at contents/nns of/in the/at manifold/nn for/in liquid/jj phase/nn experiments/nns were/bed then/rb mixed/vbn by/in shaking/vbg ,/, redistributed/vbn to/in the/at reaction/nn tubes/nns ,/, frozen/vbn down/rp ,/, and/cc each/dt tube/nn was/bedz then/rb sealed/vbn off/rp ./. The/at reactants/nns for/in the/at gas/nn phase/nn experiments/nns were/bed first/rb frozen/vbn out/rp in/in a/at side-arm/nn attached/vbn to/in the/at manifold/nn and/cc then/rb allowed/vbn to/to distil/vb slowly/rb into/in the/at manifold/nn of/in pre-cooled/jj reaction/nn cells/nns before/cs sealing/vbg off/rp ./. This/dt method/nn in/in general/jj solved/vbd the/at problem/nn of/in obtaining/vbg fairly/ql equal/jj concentrations/nns of/in reactants/nns in/in each/dt of/in the/at six/cd cells/nns from/in a/at set/nn ./. Reaction/nn-hl conditions/nns-hl and/cc-hl analysis/nn-hl ./.-hl --/-- The/at samples/nns for/in liquid/jj phase/nn thermal/jj reaction/nn studies/nns were/bed prepared/vbn in/in Pyrex/np capillary/nn tubing/nn 2.5/cd mm./nns i.d./nn and/cc about/rb 15/cd cm./nns long/jj ./. In/in a/at few/ap experiments/nns the/at tubes/nns were/bed made/vbn from/in standard/jj 6/cd mm./nn i.d./nn Pyrex/np tubing/nn of/in 1/cd mm./nn wall/nn thickness/nn ./. Both/abx types/nns of/in tube/nn withstood/vbd the/at pressure/nn of/in approximately/rb 20/cd atmospheres/nns exerted/vbn by/in the/at carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn at/in 220-degrees/nns ./. The/at photochemical/jj reaction/nn cells/nns consisted/vbd of/in 10/cd mm./nn i.d./nn Pyrex/np tubing/nn ,/, 5.5/cd cm./nn long/jj ,/, diffraction/nn effects/nns being/beg minimized/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at light/nn passed/vbd through/in only/ap liquid-glass/nn interfaces/nns and/cc not/* gas-glass/nn interfaces/nns ./. These/dts cells/nns were/bed used/vbn rather/rb than/in square/jj Pyrex/np tubing/nn because/rb of/in the/at tendency/nn of/in the/at latter/ap to/to shatter/vb when/wrb thawing/vbg frozen/vbn carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn ./. The/at round/jj cells/nns were/bed reproducibly/rb positioned/vbn in/in the/at light/nn beam/nn which/wdt entered/vbd the/at thermostated/jj mineral/nn oil-bath/nn through/in a/at window/nn ./. Two/cd types/nns of/in light/nn source/nn were/bed used/vbn ,/, a/at thousand/cd watt/nn projection/nn lamp/nn and/cc an/at AH6/nn high/jj pressure/nn mercury/nn arc/nn ./. The/at light/nn was/bedz filtered/vbn by/in the/at soft/jj glass/nn window/nn of/in the/at thermostat/nn thus/rb ensuring/vbg that/cs only/ap light/nn absorbed/vbn by/in the/at chlorine/nn and/cc not/* by/in the/at carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn could/md enter/vb the/at reaction/nn cell/nn ./. Relative/jj incident/jj light/nn intensities/nns were/bed measured/vbn with/in a/at thermopile/nn potentiometer/nn system/nn ./. Changes/nns of/in intensity/nn on/in the/at cell/nn were/bed achieved/vbn by/in use/nn of/in a/at wire/nn screen/nn and/cc by/in varying/vbg the/at distance/nn of/in the/at light/nn source/nn from/in the/at cell/nn ./. Following/vbg reaction/nn the/at cells/nns were/bed scratched/vbn with/in a/at file/nn and/cc opened/vbn under/in a/at 20%/nn aqueous/jj sodium/nn iodide/nn solution/nn ./. Carrier/nn Af/nn was/bedz added/vbn and/cc the/at aqueous/jj and/cc organic/jj phases/nns were/bed separated/vbn (/( cells/nns containing/vbg gaseous/jj reactants/nns were/bed immersed/vbn in/in liquid/jj air/nn before/cs opening/vbg under/in sodium/nn iodide/nn )/) ./. After/in titration/nn of/in the/at liberated/vbn Af/nn with/in Af/nn ,/, aliquots/nns of/in the/at aqueous/jj and/cc of/in the/at organic/jj phase/nn were/bed counted/vbn in/in a/at solution-type/jj Geiger/np tube/nn ./. In/in the/at liquid/jj phase/nn runs/nns the/at amount/nn of/in carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn in/in each/dt reaction/nn tube/nn was/bedz determined/vbn by/in weighing/vbg the/at tube/nn before/cs opening/vbg and/cc weighing/vbg the/at fragments/nns after/cs emptying/vbg ./. The/at fraction/nn of/in exchange/nn was/bedz determined/vbn as/cs the/at ratio/nn of/in the/at counts/nns //in minute/nn observed/vbn in/in the/at carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn to/in the/at counts/nns //in minute/nn calculated/vbn for/in the/at carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn fractions/nns for/in equilibrium/nn distribution/nn of/in the/at activity/nn between/in the/at chlorine/nn and/cc carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn ,/, empirically/rb determined/vbn correction/nn being/beg made/vbn for/in the/at difference/nn in/in counting/vbg efficiency/nn of/in Af/nn in/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. Results/nns-hl the/at-hl thermal/jj-hl reaction/nn-hl ./.-hl --/-- In/in studying/vbg the/at liquid/jj phase/nn thermal/jj reaction/nn ,/, some/rb 70/cd tubes/nns from/in 12/cd different/jj manifold/nn fillings/nns were/bed prepared/vbn and/cc analyzed/vbn ./. Experiments/nns were/bed done/vbn at/in 180/cd ,/, 200/cd ,/, 210/cd ,/, and/cc 220-degrees/nns ./. Following/vbg observation/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at reaction/nn rates/nns of/in supposedly/rb identical/jj reaction/nn mixtures/nns prepared/vbn on/in the/at same/ap filling/vbg manifold/nn and/cc exposed/vbn under/in identical/jj conditions/nns often/rb differed/vbd by/in several/ap hundred/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, a/at systematic/jj series/nn of/in experiments/nns was/bedz undertaken/vbn to/to see/vb whether/cs the/at difficulty/nn could/md be/be ascribed/vbn to/in the/at method/nn of/in preparing/vbg the/at chlorine/nn ,/, to/in the/at effects/nns of/in oxygen/nn or/cc moisture/nn or/cc to/in the/at effect/nn of/in surface/nn to/in volume/nn ratio/nn in/in the/at reaction/nn tubes/nns ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at method/nn described/vbn in/in the/at section/nn above/rb ,/, chlorine/nn and/cc radiochlorine/nn were/bed prepared/vbn by/in the/at electrolysis/nn of/in a/at Af/nn eutectic/nn on/in the/at vacuum/nn line/nn ,/, and/cc by/in exchange/nn of/in Af/nn with/in molten/jj Af/nn ./. Calcium/nn hydride/nn was/bedz substituted/vbn for/in Af/nn as/cs a/at drying/vbg agent/nn for/in carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn ./. No/at correlation/nn between/in these/dts variables/nns and/cc the/at irreproducibility/nn of/in the/at results/nns was/bedz found/vbn ./. The/at reaction/nn rates/nns observed/vbn at/in 200-degrees/nns ranged/vbd from/in Af/nn of/in the/at chlorine/nn exchanged/vbn per/in hour/nn to/in 0.7/cd exchanged/vbn per/in hour/nn ./. In/in most/ap cases/nns the/at chlorine/nn concentration/nn was/bedz about/rb Af/nn ./. Sets/nns of/in reaction/nn tubes/nns containing/vbg 0.2/cd of/in an/at atmosphere/nn of/in added/vbn oxygen/nn in/in one/cd case/nn and/cc added/vbn moisture/nn in/in another/dt ,/, both/abx gave/vbd reaction/nn rates/nns in/in the/at range/nn of/in 0.1/cd to/in 0.4/cd of/in the/at chlorine/nn exchanged/vbn per/in hour/nn ./. No/at detectable/jj reaction/nn was/bedz found/vbn at/in room/nn temperature/nn for/in reaction/nn mixtures/nns allowed/vbn to/to stand/vb up/rp to/in 5/cd hours/nns ./. The/at-hl liquid/jj-hl phase/nn-hl photochemical/jj-hl reaction/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at liquid/jj phase/nn photochemical/jj exchange/nn between/in chlorine/nn and/cc carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn was/bedz more/ql reproducible/jj than/cs the/at thermal/jj exchange/nn ,/, although/cs still/rb erratic/jj ./. The/at improvement/nn was/bedz most/ql noticeable/jj in/in the/at greater/jjr consistency/nn among/in reaction/nn cells/nns prepared/vbn as/cs a/at group/nn on/in the/at same/ap manifold/nn ./. Rather/ql large/jj differences/nns were/bed still/rb found/vbn between/in reaction/nn cells/nns from/in different/jj manifold/nn fillings/nns ./. Some/rb 80/cd reaction/nn tubes/nns from/in 13/cd manifold/nn fillings/nns were/bed illuminated/vbn in/in the/at temperature/nn range/nn from/in 40/cd to/in 85-degrees/nns in/in a/at further/jjr endeavor/nn to/to determine/vb the/at cause/nn of/in the/at irreproducibility/nn and/cc to/to obtain/vb information/nn on/in the/at activation/nn energy/nn and/cc the/at effect/nn of/in light/nn intensity/nn ./. In/in all/abn cases/nns there/ex was/bedz readily/rb measurable/jj exchange/nn after/in as/ql little/ap as/cs one/cd hour/nn of/in illumination/nn ./. By/in comparing/vbg reaction/nn cells/nns sealed/vbn from/in the/at same/ap manifold/nn temperature/nn dependency/nn corresponding/vbg to/in activation/nn energies/nns ranging/vbg from/in 11/cd to/in 18/cd Af/nn was/bedz observed/vbn while/cs dependence/nn on/in the/at first/od power/nn of/in the/at light/nn intensity/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be indicated/vbn in/in most/ap cases/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz possible/jj to/to make/vb estimates/nns of/in the/at quantum/nn yield/nn by/in observing/vbg the/at extent/nn of/in reduction/nn of/in a/at uranyl/nn oxalate/nn actinometer/nn solution/nn illuminated/vbn for/in a/at known/vbn time/nn in/in a/at typical/jj reaction/nn cell/nn and/cc making/vbg appropriate/jj conversions/nns based/vbn on/in the/at differences/nns in/in the/at absorption/nn spectra/nns of/in uranyl/nn oxalate/nn and/cc of/in chlorine/nn ,/, and/cc considering/in the/at spectral/jj distribution/nn of/in the/at light/nn source/nn ./. These/dts estimates/nns indicated/vbd that/cs the/at quantum/nn yield/nn for/in the/at exchange/nn of/in chlorine/nn with/in liquid/jj carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn at/in 65-degrees/nns is/bez of/in the/at order/nn of/in magnitude/nn of/in unity/nn ./. When/wrb typical/jj reaction/nn cells/nns to/in which/wdt 0.3/cd of/in an/at atmosphere/nn of/in oxygen/nn had/hvd been/ben added/vbn were/bed illuminated/vbn ,/, chlorine/nn and/cc phosgene/nn were/bed produced/vbn ./. Exchange/nn was/bedz also/rb observed/vbn in/in these/dts cells/nns ,/, which/wdt had/hvd chlorine/nn present/rb at/in Af/nn ./. The/at-hl photochemical/jj-hl exchange/nn-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl gas/nn-hl phase/nn-hl ./.-hl --/-- Although/cs there/ex was/bedz some/dti variation/nn in/in results/nns which/wdt must/md be/be attributed/vbn either/cc to/in trace/jj impurities/nns or/cc to/in variation/nn in/in wall/nn effects/nns ,/, the/at photochemical/jj exchange/nn in/in the/at gas/nn phase/nn was/bedz sufficiently/ql reproducible/jj so/cs that/cs it/pps seemed/vbd meaningful/jj to/to compare/vb the/at reaction/nn rates/nns in/in different/jj series/nns of/in reaction/nn tubes/nns for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in obtaining/vbg information/nn on/in the/at effect/nn of/in chlorine/nn concentration/nn and/cc of/in carbon/nn tetrachloride/nn concentration/nn on/in the/at reaction/nn rate/nn ./. Data/nns on/in such/jj comparisons/nns together/rb with/in data/nns on/in the/at effect/nn of/in light/nn intensity/nn are/ber given/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. ,/, In/in series/nn 1/cd ,/, the/at relative/jj light/nn intensity/nn was/bedz varied/vbn by/in varying/vbg the/at distance/nn of/in the/at lamp/nn from/in the/at reaction/nn cell/nn over/in the/at range/nn from/in 14.7/cd to/in 29.2/cd cm./nns ./. The/at last/ap column/nn shows/vbz the/at rate/nn of/in exchange/nn that/wps would/md have/hv been/ben observed/vbn at/in a/at relative/jj intensity/nn of/in 4/cd (/( 14.7/cd cm./nns distance/nn )/) calculated/vbn on/in the/at assumptions/nns that/cs the/at incident/jj light/nn intensity/nn is/bez inversely/rb proportional/jj to/in the/at square/nn of/in the/at distance/nn of/in the/at lamp/nn from/in the/at cell/nn and/cc that/cs the/at rate/nn is/bez directly/rb proportional/jj to/in the/at incident/jj light/nn intensity/nn ./. Direct/jj proportionality/nn of/in the/at rate/nn to/in the/at incident/jj intensity/nn has/hvz also/rb been/ben assumed/vbn in/in obtaining/vbg the/at value/nn in/in the/at last/ap column/nn for/in the/at fourth/od sample/nn of/in series/nn 2/cd ,/, where/wrb the/at light/nn intensity/nn was/bedz reduced/vbn by/in use/nn of/in a/at screen/nn ./.