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cd13 |@word look:7 world:6 today:4 see:14 clearly:1 two:1 especially:1 significant:1 factor:1 shape:1 future:1 civilization:1 science:3 religion:2 place:2 hand:3 ultimate:2 power:14 universe:9 atom:32 lack:1 decide:2 whether:3 use:2 build:1 brave:1 new:8 peace:1 abundance:1 mankind:1 misuse:1 leave:1 utterly:1 destroy:1 wisdom:1 meet:1 difficult:1 challenge:1 may:4 feel:1 pessimistic:1 outlook:1 yet:1 note:1 hope:1 give:2 also:6 atomic:8 vision:3 inside:5 material:2 something:2 beyond:3 word:2 matter:1 music:7 find:2 affirmation:1 invigoration:1 faith:1 energy:2 perspective:1 need:2 first:3 clear:2 idea:1 magnitude:2 know:5 could:9 hold:5 right:1 little:4 chunk:1 uranium:5 metal:1 heart:1 bomb:5 drop:2 hiroshima:2 size:7 baseball:1 pack:1 metallic:1 ball:3 explosive:1 force:4 ton:1 aj:1 enough:3 tnt:1 fill:5 tower:1 empire:1 state:5 building:3 availability:1 war:1 become:1 problem:1 restrict:1 control:1 source:1 hardly:1 start:2 adjust:1 thinking:1 weapon:1 face:1 hydrogen:11 plentiful:1 scarce:1 water:3 af:2 h:1 stand:1 wood:1 body:9 calculate:3 snap:1 finger:3 one:6 magic:3 gesture:1 release:1 would:15 explode:1 hundred:3 kind:1 fall:1 try:2 experiment:1 think:4 secret:3 let:5 go:7 quite:2 explosion:1 compare:1 delaware:2 bay:2 ocean:4 salt:1 still:4 show:3 destructive:1 course:3 optimistic:1 side:3 picture:3 change:1 directly:1 electricity:3 rent:1 electric:1 company:2 light:2 run:4 factory:1 entire:3 united:1 states:1 day:2 pool:1 wonderful:1 public:1 utility:1 make:8 year:5 supply:1 million:3 come:3 literally:1 rebuild:1 provide:1 adequate:1 housing:1 food:2 education:1 abundant:1 live:4 everyone:1 everywhere:1 octillion:3 grasp:1 view:3 appreciate:1 small:8 class:1 chemistry:1 night:2 dry:1 pea:17 lie:2 kitchen:1 table:1 like:8 group:1 ask:2 question:1 suppose:2 number:3 large:2 area:2 cover:7 average:1 human:2 figure:1 27:1 cipher:1 household:1 refrigerator:1 billion:1 house:3 cellar:1 attic:1 trillion:1 town:1 ten:1 thousand:1 people:1 quadrillion:1 city:1 philadelphia:1 soon:1 rate:2 take:1 another:1 measure:1 whole:5 pennsylvania:3 imagine:4 blizzard:2 instead:2 snow:3 get:4 four:3 foot:4 deep:3 turnpike:1 bank:1 car:2 thus:1 blanketed:1 contain:3 quintillion:1 long:2 way:4 next:2 rage:1 land:1 globe:1 north:1 america:2 south:1 europe:1 asia:1 africa:1 sextillion:1 freeze:1 earth:2 among:2 neighboring:3 star:1 collect:1 250:1 planet:5 septillion:1 finally:2 farth:1 reach:1 milky:1 blanket:1 last:2 correspond:1 complicated:1 speck:2 space:3 although:1 imagination:1 focus:1 calcium:4 tip:1 bone:2 swallow:1 alice:1 wonderland:1 grow:3 pill:1 rapidly:1 along:1 shoot:1 roof:1 sky:1 past:1 cloud:1 stratosphere:1 moon:1 fifty:1 mile:2 swell:1 great:4 balloon:2 yard:1 across:1 big:3 put:4 football:3 field:2 step:2 magnify:1 accord:1 physics:1 forty:1 ago:2 circulate:1 head:2 twenty:1 luminous:1 move:2 circle:1 ellipsis:1 electron:5 particle:3 negative:1 action:1 create:1 tie:2 oxygen:1 solid:1 structure:3 since:3 wonder:1 sun:2 center:1 tiny:1 whirling:1 point:2 pin:1 nucleus:3 even:1 pinhead:1 positive:1 charge:2 negatively:1 orbit:2 nearly:1 mass:1 else:1 answer:1 nothing:3 empty:2 much:2 imaginary:1 press:1 squeeze:3 hole:3 sponge:1 dust:1 piece:1 paper:1 someone:1 remark:1 certainly:1 reduce:1 immaterial:1 sphere:1 1920:2 discouraging:1 believe:1 obey:1 law:2 mechanic:2 electrodynamic:1 therefore:1 really:1 machine:2 sum:1 part:2 supermachine:1 mean:1 mechanistic:1 govern:1 cause:1 effect:1 bind:1 chain:1 determinism:1 completely:1 predetermine:1 room:1 soul:1 spirit:1 freedom:1 many:1 scientist:1 half:2 century:1 agnostic:1 atheist:1 scientific:1 revolution:1 late:1 suggestion:1 louis:1 de:1 broglie:1 physicist:1 france:1 wave:4 meaning:1 powerful:1 glass:1 back:2 around:1 ripple:3 surface:1 pond:1 stone:1 spread:1 symmetrical:1 pattern:1 rose:1 window:1 cathedral:1 flow:2 forth:1 merge:1 hearing:1 aid:1 hear:1 organ:1 vast:1 orchestra:1 play:1 symphony:1 harmony:1 melody:1 counterpoint:1 symphonic:1 ebb:1 antiphonal:1 chorus:1 outside:1 fact:1 examine:1 knowledge:1 conclude:1 good:2 describe:1 island:4 nantucket:2 massachusetts:1 thirty:1 southeast:1 mother:1 sand:1 suitable:1 folk:1 almost:1 entirely:1 summer:2 visitor:1 rest:2 obtain:1 harbor:1 scallop:1 three:3 month:1 boat:2 mainland:2 carry:1 passenger:1 trip:3 daytime:1 fine:1 martha:1 vineyard:1 open:1 sea:1 excellent:1 hour:1

If/cs we/ppss look/vb about/in the/at world/nn today/nr ,/, we/ppss can/md see/vb clearly/rb that/cs there/ex are/ber two/cd especially/ql significant/jj factors/nns shaping/vbg the/at future/nn of/in our/pp$ civilization/nn :/: science/nn and/cc religion/nn ./. Science/nn is/bez placing/vbg in/in our/pp$ hands/nns the/at ultimate/jj power/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, the/at power/nn of/in the/at atom/nn ./. Religion/nn ,/, or/cc the/at lack/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, will/md decide/vb whether/cs we/ppss use/vb this/dt power/nn to/to build/vb a/at brave/jj new/jj world/nn of/in peace/nn and/cc abundance/nn for/in all/abn mankind/nn ,/, or/cc whether/cs we/ppss misuse/vb this/dt power/nn to/to leave/vb a/at world/nn utterly/ql destroyed/vbn ./. How/wrb can/md we/ppss have/hv the/at wisdom/nn to/to meet/vb such/abl a/at new/jj and/cc difficult/jj challenge/nn ?/. ?/. We/ppss may/md feel/vb pessimistic/jj at/in the/at outlook/nn ./. And/cc yet/rb there/ex is/bez a/at note/nn of/in hope/nn ,/, because/cs this/dt same/ap science/nn that/wps is/bez giving/vbg us/ppo the/at power/nn of/in the/at atom/nn is/bez also/rb giving/vbg us/ppo atomic/jj vision/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber looking/vbg inside/in the/at atom/nn and/cc seeing/vbg there/rb a/at universe/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* material/nn but/cc something/pn beyond/in the/at material/nn ,/, a/at universe/nn that/wps in/in a/at word/nn is/bez not/* matter/nn but/cc music/nn ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez in/in this/dt new/jj vision/nn of/in the/at atom/nn that/cs we/ppss find/vb an/at affirmation/nn and/cc an/at invigoration/nn of/in our/pp$ faith/nn ./. Atomic/jj-hl energy/nn-hl To/to see/vb this/dt vision/nn in/in perspective/nn ,/, we/ppss need/vb first/od of/in all/abn a/at clear/jj idea/nn of/in the/at magnitude/nn of/in this/dt new/jj power/nn from/in the/at atom/nn ./. You/ppss know/vb that/cs I/ppss could/md hold/vb right/ql here/rb in/in my/pp$ hand/nn the/at little/jj chunk/nn of/in uranium/nn metal/nn that/wps was/bedz the/at heart/nn of/in the/at bomb/nn that/wps dropped/vbd on/in Hiroshima/np ./. It/pps was/bedz only/rb about/rb the/at size/nn of/in a/at baseball/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc packed/vbn in/in that/dt metallic/jj ball/nn there/ex was/bedz the/at explosive/jj force/nn of/in 20,000/cd tons/nns of/in Aj/nn ./. That/dt is/bez enough/ap TNT/nn to/to fill/vb the/at tower/nn of/in the/at Empire/nn-tl State/nn-tl Building/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc with/in the/at availability/nn of/in bombs/nns of/in that/dt size/nn ,/, war/nn became/vbd a/at new/jj problem/nn ./. Now/rb we/ppss might/md have/hv restricted/vbn the/at use/nn of/in uranium/nn bombs/nns by/in controlling/vbg the/at sources/nns of/in uranium/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez found/vbn in/in only/rb a/at few/ap places/nns in/in the/at world/nn ./. But/cc we/ppss had/hvd hardly/rb started/vbn to/to adjust/vb our/pp$ thinking/nn to/in this/dt new/jj uranium/nn weapon/nn when/wrb we/ppss were/bed faced/vbn with/in the/at hydrogen/nn bomb/nn ./. Hydrogen/nn is/bez just/rb as/ql plentiful/jj as/cs uranium/nn is/bez scarce/jj ./. We/ppss know/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv hydrogen/nn in/in water/nn ;/. ;/. water/nn is/bez Af/nn and/cc the/at H/nn stands/vbz for/in hydrogen/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez also/rb hydrogen/nn in/in wood/nn and/cc hydrogen/nn in/in our/pp$ bodies/nns ./. I/ppss have/hv calculated/vbn that/cs if/cs I/ppss could/md snap/vb my/pp$ fingers/nns in/in one/cd magic/jj gesture/nn to/to release/vb the/at power/nn of/in all/abn the/at hydrogen/nn in/in my/pp$ body/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md explode/vb with/in the/at force/nn of/in a/at hundred/cd bombs/nns of/in the/at kind/nn that/wps fell/vbd on/in Hiroshima/np ./. I/ppss won't/md* try/vb the/at experiment/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss think/vb you/ppo can/md see/vb that/cs if/cs we/ppss all/abn knew/vbd the/at secret/nn and/cc we/ppss could/md all/abn let/vb ourselves/ppls go/vb ,/, there/ex would/md be/be quite/abl an/at explosion/nn ./. And/cc then/rb think/vb how/wql little/ap hydrogen/nn we/ppss have/hv in/in us/ppo compared/vbn with/in the/at hydrogen/nn in/in Delaware/np-tl Bay/nn-tl or/cc in/in the/at ocean/nn beyond/rb ./. Salt/nn water/nn is/bez still/rb Af/nn ,/, the/at same/ap hydrogen/nn is/bez there/rb ./. And/cc the/at size/nn of/in the/at ocean/nn shows/vbz us/ppo the/at magnitude/nn of/in the/at destructive/jj power/nn we/ppss hold/vb in/in our/pp$ hands/nns today/nr ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez also/rb an/at optimistic/jj side/nn to/in the/at picture/nn ./. For/cs if/cs I/ppss knew/vbd the/at secret/nn of/in letting/vbg this/dt power/nn in/in my/pp$ body/nn change/vb directly/rb into/in electricity/nn ,/, I/ppss could/md rent/vb myself/ppl out/rp to/in the/at electric/jj companies/nns and/cc with/in just/rb the/at power/nn in/in my/pp$ body/nn I/ppss could/md light/vb all/abn the/at lights/nns and/cc run/vb all/abn the/at factories/nns in/in the/at entire/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in some/dti days/nns ./. And/cc think/vb ,/, if/cs we/ppss all/abn knew/vbd this/dt secret/nn and/cc we/ppss could/md pool/vb our/pp$ power/nn ,/, what/wdt a/at wonderful/jj public/jj utility/nn company/nn we/ppss would/md make/vb ./. With/in just/rb the/at hydrogen/nn of/in our/pp$ bodies/nns ,/, we/ppss could/md run/vb the/at world/nn for/in years/nns ./. Then/rb think/vb of/in Delaware/np-tl Bay/nn-tl and/cc the/at ocean/nn and/cc you/ppss see/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv a/at supply/nn of/in power/nn for/in millions/nns of/in years/nns to/to come/vb ./. It/pps is/bez power/nn with/in which/wdt we/ppss can/md literally/rb rebuild/vb the/at world/nn ,/, provide/vb adequate/jj housing/nn ,/, food/nn ,/, education/nn ,/, abundant/jj living/nn for/in everyone/pn everywhere/rb ./. An/at-hl octillion/cd-hl atoms/nns-hl Now/rb let/vb us/ppo see/vb where/wrb this/dt power/nn comes/vbz from/in ./. To/to grasp/vb our/pp$ new/jj view/nn of/in the/at atom/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv to/to appreciate/vb first/od of/in all/abn how/wql small/jj the/at atom/nn is/bez ./. I/ppss have/hv been/ben trying/vbg to/to make/vb this/dt clear/jj to/in my/pp$ own/jj class/nn in/in chemistry/nn ./. One/cd night/nn there/ex were/bed some/dti dried/vbn peas/nns lying/vbg on/in our/pp$ kitchen/nn table/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts peas/nns looked/vbd to/in me/ppo like/cs a/at little/ap group/nn of/in atoms/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc I/ppss asked/vbd myself/ppl a/at question/nn :/: Suppose/vb I/ppss had/hvd the/at same/ap number/nn of/in peas/nns as/cs there/ex are/ber atoms/nns in/in my/pp$ body/nn ,/, how/wrb large/jj an/at area/nn would/md they/ppss cover/vb ?/. ?/. I/ppss calculated/vbd first/rb that/cs there/ex are/ber about/rb an/at octillion/cd atoms/nns in/in the/at average/nn human/jj body/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez a/at figure/nn one/cd with/in 27/cd ciphers/nns ,/, quite/abl a/at large/jj number/nn ./. Then/rb I/ppss calculated/vbd that/cs a/at million/cd peas/nns would/md just/ql about/rb fill/vb a/at household/nn refrigerator/nn ;/. ;/. a/at billion/cd peas/nns would/md fill/vb a/at small/jj house/nn from/in cellar/nn to/in attic/nn ;/. ;/. a/at trillion/cd peas/nns would/md fill/vb all/abn the/at houses/nns in/in a/at town/nn of/in about/rb ten/cd thousand/cd people/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at quadrillion/cd peas/nns would/md fill/vb all/abn the/at buildings/nns in/in the/at city/nn of/in Philadelphia/np ./. I/ppss saw/vbd that/cs I/ppss would/md soon/rb run/vb out/rp of/in buildings/nns at/in this/dt rate/nn ,/, so/cs I/ppss decided/vbd to/to take/vb another/dt measure/nn --/-- the/at whole/jj state/nn of/in Pennsylvania/np ./. Imagine/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at blizzard/nn over/in Pennsylvania/np ,/, but/cc instead/rb of/in snowing/vbg snow/nn ,/, it/pps snows/vbz peas/nns ;/. ;/. so/cs we/ppss get/vb the/at whole/jj state/nn covered/vbn with/in peas/nns ,/, about/rb four/cd feet/nns deep/jj ./. You/ppss can/md imagine/vb what/wdt it/pps would/md look/vb like/cs going/vbg out/rp on/in the/at turnpike/nn with/in the/at peas/nns banked/vbn up/rp against/in the/at houses/nns and/cc covering/vbg the/at cars/nns ;/. ;/. Pennsylvania/np thus/rb blanketed/vbn would/md contain/vb about/rb a/at quintillion/cd peas/nns ./. But/cc we/ppss still/rb have/hv a/at long/jj way/nn to/to go/vb ./. Next/rb we/ppss imagine/vb our/pp$ blizzard/nn raging/vbg over/in all/abn the/at land/nn areas/nns of/in the/at entire/jj globe/nn --/-- North/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, South/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, Europe/np ,/, Asia/np ,/, and/cc Africa/np ,/, all/ql covered/vbn with/in peas/nns four/cd feet/nns deep/jj ;/. ;/. then/rb we/ppss have/hv sextillion/cd peas/nns ./. Next/rb we/ppss freeze/vb over/rp the/at oceans/nns and/cc cover/vb the/at whole/jj earth/nn with/in peas/nns ,/, then/rb we/ppss go/vb out/rp among/in the/at neighboring/vbg stars/nns ,/, collect/vb 250/cd planets/nns each/dt the/at size/nn of/in the/at earth/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb cover/vb each/dt of/in these/dts with/in peas/nns four/cd feet/nns deep/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc then/rb we/ppss have/hv septillion/cd ./. Finally/rb we/ppss go/vb into/in the/at farthest/jjt reaches/nns of/in the/at Milky/jj-tl Way/nn-tl ;/. ;/. we/ppss get/vb 250,000/cd planets/nns ;/. ;/. we/ppss cover/vb each/dt of/in these/dts with/in our/pp$ blanket/nn of/in peas/nns and/cc then/rb at/in last/rb we/ppss have/hv octillion/cd peas/nns corresponding/vbg in/in number/nn to/in the/at atoms/nns in/in the/at body/nn ./. So/rb you/ppss see/vb how/wql small/jj an/at atom/nn is/bez and/cc how/wql complicated/vbn you/ppss are/ber ./. A/at-hl speck/nn-hl --/---hl and/cc-hl space/nn-hl Now/rb although/cs an/at atom/nn is/bez small/jj ,/, we/ppss can/md still/rb in/in imagination/nn have/hv a/at look/nn at/in it/ppo ./. Let/vb us/ppo focus/vb on/in an/at atom/nn of/in calcium/nn from/in the/at tip/nn of/in the/at bone/nn of/in my/pp$ finger/nn and/cc let/vb us/ppo suppose/vb that/cs I/ppss swallow/vb a/at magic/jj Alice/np In/in-tl Wonderland/np growing/vbg pill/nn ./. I/ppss start/vb growing/vbg rapidly/rb and/cc this/dt calcium/nn atom/nn grows/vbz along/rb with/in me/ppo ./. I/ppss shoot/vb up/rp through/in the/at roof/nn ,/, into/in the/at sky/nn ,/, past/in the/at clouds/nns ,/, through/in the/at stratosphere/nn ,/, out/rp beyond/in the/at moon/nn ,/, out/rp among/in the/at planets/nns ,/, until/cs I/ppss am/bem over/rp a/at hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd million/cd miles/nns long/jj ./. Then/rb this/dt atom/nn of/in calcium/nn will/md swell/vb to/in something/pn like/cs a/at great/jj balloon/nn a/at hundred/cd yards/nns across/in ,/, a/at balloon/nn big/jj enough/qlp to/to put/vb a/at football/nn field/nn inside/in ./. And/cc if/cs you/ppss should/md step/vb inside/rb of/in such/abl a/at magnified/vbn atom/nn ,/, according/in to/in the/at physics/nn of/in forty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, you/ppss would/md see/vb circulating/vbg over/in your/pp$ head/nn ,/, down/rp at/in the/at sides/nns ,/, and/cc under/in your/pp$ feet/nns ,/, some/dti twenty/cd luminous/jj balls/nns about/rb the/at size/nn of/in footballs/nns ./. These/dts balls/nns are/ber moving/vbg in/in great/jj circles/nns and/cc ellipses/nns ,/, and/cc are/ber of/in course/nn ,/, the/at electrons/nns ,/, the/at particles/nns of/in negative/jj electricity/nn which/wdt by/in their/pp$ action/nn create/vb the/at forces/nns that/wps tie/vb this/dt atom/nn of/in calcium/nn to/in the/at neighboring/vbg atoms/nns of/in oxygen/nn and/cc make/vb up/rp the/at solid/nn structure/nn of/in my/pp$ finger/nn bone/nn ./. Since/cs these/dts electrons/nns are/ber moving/vbg like/cs planets/nns ,/, you/ppss may/md wonder/vb whether/cs there/ex is/bez an/at atomic/jj sun/nn at/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at atom/nn ./. So/cs you/ppss look/vb down/rp there/rb and/cc you/ppss see/vb a/at tiny/jj ,/, whirling/vbg point/nn about/rb the/at size/nn of/in the/at head/nn of/in a/at pin/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at atomic/jj sun/nn ,/, the/at atomic/jj nucleus/nn ./. Even/rb if/cs the/at atom/nn were/bed big/jj enough/qlp to/to hold/vb a/at football/nn field/nn ,/, this/dt nucleus/nn is/bez still/rb only/rb about/rb the/at size/nn of/in a/at pinhead/nn ./. It/pps is/bez this/dt atomic/jj nucleus/nn that/wps contains/vbz the/at positive/jj charge/nn of/in electricity/nn holding/vbg these/dts negatively/rb charged/vbn electrons/nns in/in their/pp$ orbits/nns ;/. ;/. it/pps also/rb contains/vbz nearly/rb all/abn the/at mass/nn ,/, and/cc the/at atomic/jj energy/nn ./. You/ppss may/md ask/vb what/wdt else/rb there/ex is/bez ,/, and/cc the/at answer/nn is/bez nothing/pn --/-- nothing/pn but/in empty/jj space/nn ./. And/cc since/cs you/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in atoms/nns ,/, you/ppss are/ber nothing/pn much/ap but/in empty/jj space/nn ,/, too/rb ./. If/cs I/ppss could/md put/vb your/pp$ body/nn in/in an/at imaginary/jj atomic/jj press/nn and/cc squeeze/vb you/ppo down/rp ,/, squeeze/vb these/dts holes/nns out/in of/in you/ppo in/in the/at way/nn we/ppss squeeze/vb the/at holes/nns out/in of/in a/at sponge/nn ,/, you/ppss would/md get/vb smaller/jjr and/cc smaller/jjr until/cs finally/rb when/wrb the/at last/ap hole/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, you/ppss would/md be/be smaller/jjr than/cs the/at smallest/jjt speck/nn of/in dust/nn that/wps you/ppss could/md see/vb on/in this/dt piece/nn of/in paper/nn ./. Someone/pn has/hvz remarked/vbn that/cs this/dt is/bez certainly/rb the/at ultimate/jj in/in reducing/vbg ./. At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, it/pps shows/vbz us/ppo how/wql immaterial/jj we/ppss are/ber ./. Music/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl spheres/nns-hl Now/rb this/dt 1920/cd view/nn of/in the/at atom/nn was/bedz on/in the/at whole/nn a/at discouraging/jj picture/nn ./. For/cs we/ppss believed/vbd that/cs the/at electrons/nns obeyed/vbd the/at law/nn of/in mechanics/nns and/cc electrodynamics/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc therefore/rb the/at atom/nn was/bedz really/rb just/rb a/at little/jj machine/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in mechanics/nns the/at whole/nn is/bez no/at more/ap than/cs the/at sum/nn of/in the/at parts/nns ./. So/cs if/cs you/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in atoms/nns ,/, you/ppss are/ber just/rb a/at big/jj machine/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc since/cs the/at universe/nn is/bez also/rb made/vbn of/in atoms/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez just/rb a/at supermachine/nn ./. And/cc this/dt would/md mean/vb that/cs we/ppss live/vb in/in a/at mechanistic/jj universe/nn ,/, governed/vbn by/in the/at laws/nns of/in cause/nn and/cc effect/nn ,/, bound/vbn in/in chains/nns of/in determinism/nn that/wps hold/vb the/at universe/nn on/in a/at completely/ql predetermined/vbn course/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez not/* room/nn for/in soul/nn or/cc spirit/nn or/cc human/jj freedom/nn ./. And/cc this/dt is/bez why/wrb so/ql many/ap scientists/nns a/at half/abn a/at century/nn ago/rb were/bed agnostics/nns or/cc atheists/nns ./. Then/rb came/vbd the/at scientific/jj revolution/nn in/in the/at late/jj 1920's/nns ./. A/at suggestion/nn from/in Louis/np De/np Broglie/np ,/, a/at physicist/nn in/in France/np ,/, showed/vbd us/ppo that/cs these/dts electrons/nns are/ber not/* point/nn particles/nns but/cc waves/nns ./. And/cc to/to see/vb the/at meaning/nn of/in this/dt new/jj picture/nn ,/, imagine/vb that/cs you/ppss can/md put/vb on/rp more/ql powerful/jj glasses/nns and/cc go/vb back/rb inside/in the/at atom/nn and/cc have/hv a/at look/nn at/in it/ppo in/in the/at way/nn we/ppss view/vb it/ppo today/nr ./. Now/rb as/cs you/ppss step/vb inside/in ,/, instead/rb of/in seeing/vbg particles/nns orbiting/vbg around/rb like/cs planets/nns ,/, you/ppss see/vb waves/nns and/cc ripples/nns very/ql much/ap like/cs the/at ripples/nns that/cs you/ppss get/vb on/in the/at surface/nn of/in a/at pond/nn when/wrb you/ppss drop/vb a/at stone/nn into/in it/ppo ./. These/dts ripples/nns spread/vb out/rp in/in symmetrical/jj patterns/nns like/cs the/at rose/nn windows/nns of/in a/at great/jj cathedral/nn ./. And/cc as/cs the/at waves/nns flow/vb back/rb and/cc forth/rb and/cc merge/vb with/in the/at waves/nns from/in the/at neighboring/vbg atoms/nns ,/, you/ppss can/md put/vb on/rp a/at magic/jj hearing/vbg aid/nn and/cc you/ppss hear/vb music/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at music/nn like/cs the/at music/nn from/in a/at great/jj organ/nn or/cc a/at vast/jj orchestra/nn playing/vbg a/at symphony/nn ./. Harmony/nn ,/, melody/nn ,/, counterpoint/nn symphonic/jj structure/nn are/ber there/rb ;/. ;/. and/cc as/cs this/dt music/nn ebbs/vbz and/cc flows/vbz ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at antiphonal/jj chorus/nn from/in all/abn the/at atoms/nns outside/rb ,/, in/in fact/nn from/in the/at atoms/nns of/in the/at entire/jj universe/nn ./. And/cc so/rb today/nr when/wrb we/ppss examine/vb the/at structure/nn of/in our/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in the/at atom/nn and/cc of/in the/at universe/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber forced/vbn to/to conclude/vb that/cs the/at best/jjt word/nn to/to describe/vb our/pp$ universe/nn is/bez music/nn ./. The/at Island/nn-tl of/in-tl Nantucket/np-tl ,/, part/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl ,/, lies/vbz about/rb thirty-one/cd miles/nns southeast/nr of/in its/pp$ mother/nn State/nn-tl ./. Some/dti of/in the/at Island/nn-tl is/bez sand/nn and/cc is/bez not/* suitable/jj for/in living/vbg ./. The/at Island/nn-tl folk/nn have/hv their/pp$ living/nn almost/ql entirely/rb from/in summer/nn visitors/nns ;/. ;/. the/at rest/nn is/bez obtained/vbn from/in harbor/nn scallops/nns ./. During/in about/rb three/cd and/cc a/at half/abn months/nns of/in the/at year/nn ,/, in/in the/at summer/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber three/cd boats/nns that/wps run/vb from/in the/at mainland/nn to/in the/at Island/nn-tl carrying/vbg passengers/nns ,/, food/nn ,/, and/cc cars/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at rest/nn of/in the/at year/nn only/rb one/cd boat/nn is/bez needed/vbn ,/, which/wdt ties/vbz up/rp at/in the/at mainland/nn nights/nns and/cc makes/vbz the/at trip/nn down/rp to/in Nantucket/np in/in the/at daytime/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at fine/jj trip/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, on/in a/at good/jj day/nn ./. With/in Martha's/np$-tl Vineyard/nn-tl on/in one/cd side/nn and/cc the/at open/jj sea/nn on/in the/at other/ap ,/, it/pps makes/vbz an/at excellent/jj trip/nn of/in about/rb three/cd hours/nns ./.

cd14

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To/in what/wdt extent/nn and/cc in/in what/wdt ways/nns did/dod Christianity/np affect/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ?/. ?/. How/wrb far/rb and/cc in/in what/wdt fashion/nn did/dod it/pps modify/vb the/at new/jj nation/nn which/wdt was/bedz emerging/vbg in/in the/at midst/nn of/in the/at forces/nns shaping/vbg the/at revolutionary/jj age/nn ?/. ?/. To/in what/wdt extent/nn did/dod it/pps mould/vb the/at morals/nns and/cc the/at social/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, and/cc political/jj life/nn and/cc institutions/nns of/in the/at country/nn ?/. ?/. A/at complete/jj picture/nn is/bez impossible/jj --/-- partly/rb because/cs of/in the/at limitations/nns of/in space/nn ,/, partly/rb because/cs for/in millions/nns of/in individuals/nns who/wps professed/vbd allegiance/nn to/in the/at Christian/jj faith/nn data/nns are/ber unobtainable/jj ./. Even/ql more/ap of/in an/at obstacle/nn is/bez the/at difficulty/nn of/in separating/vbg the/at influence/nn of/in Christianity/np from/in other/ap factors/nns ./. Although/cs a/at complete/jj picture/nn cannot/md* be/be given/vbn ,/, we/ppss can/md indicate/vb some/dti aspects/nns of/in life/nn into/in which/wdt the/at Christian/jj faith/nn entered/vbd as/cs at/in least/ap one/cd creative/jj factor/nn ./. At/in times/nns we/ppss can/md say/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at major/jj factor/nn ./. What/wdt in/in some/dti ways/nns was/bedz the/at most/ql important/jj aspect/nn was/bedz the/at impact/nn individually/rb on/in the/at millions/nns who/wps constituted/vbd the/at nation/nn ./. As/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, a/at growing/vbg proportion/nn ,/, although/cs in/in 1914/cd still/rb a/at minority/nn ,/, were/bed members/nns of/in churches/nns ./. Presumably/rb those/dts who/wps did/dod not/* have/hv a/at formal/jj church/nn connexion/nn had/hvd also/rb felt/vbn the/at influence/nn of/in Christianity/np to/in a/at greater/jjr or/cc lesser/jjr extent/nn ./. Many/ap of/in them/ppo had/hvd once/rb been/ben members/nns of/in a/at church/nn or/cc at/in least/ap had/hvd been/ben given/vbn instruction/nn in/in Christianity/np but/cc for/in one/cd or/cc another/dt reason/nn had/hvd allowed/vbn the/at connexion/nn to/to lapse/vb ./. The/at form/nn of/in Christianity/np to/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed exposed/vbn was/bedz for/in some/dti the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ,/, for/in others/nns the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ;/. ;/. for/in still/rb others/nns ,/, mostly/rb of/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz Roman/jj-tl Catholicism/nn-tl ,/, and/cc for/in a/at small/jj minority/nn it/pps was/bedz Eastern/jj-tl Orthodoxy/nn-tl ./. Upon/in all/abn of/in them/ppo played/vbd the/at intellectual/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, and/cc economic/jj attitudes/nns ,/, institutions/nns ,/, and/cc customs/nns of/in the/at nation/nn ./. Upon/in most/ap of/in these/dts Christianity/np had/hvd left/vbn an/at impress/nn and/cc through/in them/ppo had/hvd had/hvn a/at share/nn in/in making/vbg the/at individual/nn what/wdt he/pps was/bedz ./. Yet/cc to/to determine/vb precisely/rb to/in what/wdt extent/nn and/cc exactly/rb in/in what/wdt ways/nns any/dti individual/nn showed/vbd the/at effects/nns of/in Christianity/np would/md be/be impossible/jj ./. At/in best/jjt only/rb an/at approximation/nn could/md be/be arrived/vbn at/in ./. To/to generalize/vb for/in the/at entire/jj nation/nn would/md be/be absurd/jj ./. For/in instance/nn ,/, we/ppss cannot/md* know/vb whether/cs even/rb for/in church/nn members/nns the/at degree/nn of/in conformity/nn to/in Christian/jj standards/nns of/in morality/nn increased/vbd or/cc declined/vbd as/cs the/at proportion/nn of/in church/nn members/nns in/in the/at population/nn rose/vbd ./. The/at temptation/nn is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs ,/, as/cs the/at percentage/nn of/in church/nn members/nns mounted/vbd ,/, the/at degree/nn of/in discipline/nn exercised/vbn by/in the/at churches/nns lessened/vbd and/cc the/at trend/nn was/bedz towards/in conformity/nn to/in the/at general/jj level/nn ./. Yet/cc this/dt cannot/md* be/be proved/vbn ./. We/ppss know/vb that/cs in/in the/at early/jj part/nn of/in the/at century/nn many/ap Protestant/jj congregations/nns took/vbd positive/jj action/nn against/in members/nns who/wps transgressed/vbd the/at ethical/jj codes/nns to/in which/wdt the/at majority/nn subscribed/vbd ./. Thus/rb Baptist/np churches/nns on/in the/at frontier/nn took/vbd cognizance/nn of/in charges/nns against/in their/pp$ members/nns of/in drunkenness/nn ,/, fighting/vbg ,/, malicious/jj gossip/nn ,/, lying/vbg ,/, cheating/vbg ,/, sexual/jj irregularities/nns ,/, gambling/vbg ,/, horse/nn racing/nn ,/, and/cc failure/nn to/to pay/vb just/jj debts/nns ./. If/cs guilty/jj ,/, the/at offender/nn might/md be/be excluded/vbn from/in membership/nn ./. As/cs church/nn membership/nn burgeoned/vbd ,/, such/jj measures/nns faded/vbd into/in desuetude/nn ./. But/cc whether/cs this/dt was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in a/at general/jj lowering/nn of/in the/at moral/jj life/nn of/in the/at membership/nn we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb ./. What/wdt we/ppss can/md attempt/vb with/in some/dti hope/nn of/in dependable/jj conclusions/nns is/bez to/to point/vb out/rp the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt Christianity/np entered/vbd into/in particular/jj aspects/nns of/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv already/rb hinted/vbn at/in the/at fashion/nn in/in which/wdt Christianity/np contributed/vbd to/in education/nn and/cc so/rb to/in intellectual/jj life/nn ./. We/ppss will/md now/rb speak/vb of/in the/at ways/nns in/in which/wdt it/pps helped/vbd shape/nn the/at ideals/nns of/in the/at country/nn and/cc of/in the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps stimulated/vbd efforts/nns to/to attain/vb those/dts ideals/nns through/in reform/nn movements/nns ,/, through/in programmes/nns for/in bringing/vbg the/at collective/jj life/nn to/in the/at nation/nn to/in conformity/nn to/in Christian/jj standards/nns ,/, and/cc through/in leaders/nns in/in the/at government/nn ./. Throughout/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn Christianity/np exerted/vbd its/pp$ influence/nn on/in American/jj society/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn primarily/rb through/in the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ./. By/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at century/nn the/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj-tl Church/nn-tl was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to make/vb itself/ppl felt/vbn ,/, mainly/rb through/in such/jj institutions/nns as/cs hospitals/nns but/cc also/rb through/in its/pp$ attitude/nn towards/in organized/vbn labour/nn ./. In/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn its/pp$ influence/nn grew/vbd ,/, as/cs did/dod that/dt of/in the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ./. The/at-hl American/jj-hl dream/nn-hl The/at ideals/nns of/in the/at country/nn were/bed deeply/ql indebted/jj to/in the/at Protestantism/np of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ./. Thus/rb ``/`` America/np ''/'' ,/, the/at most/ql widely/rb sung/vbn of/in the/at patriotic/jj songs/nns ,/, was/bedz written/vbn by/in a/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl Baptist/np clergyman/nn ,/, Samuel/np Francis/np Smith/np (/( 1808-1895/cd )/) ,/, while/cs a/at student/nn in/in Andover/np-tl Theological/jj-tl Seminary/nn-tl ./. With/in its/pp$ zeal/nn for/in liberty/nn and/cc its/pp$ dependence/nn on/in God/np it/pps breathed/vbd the/at spirit/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben nourished/vbn on/in the/at Evangelical/jj revivals/nns ./. The/at great/jj seal/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz obviously/rb inspired/vbn by/in the/at Christian/jj faith/nn ./. Here/rb was/bedz what/wdt was/bedz called/vbn the/at American/jj dream/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, the/at effort/nn to/to build/vb a/at structure/nn which/wdt would/md be/be something/pn new/jj in/in history/nn and/cc to/to do/do so/rb in/in such/jj fashion/nn that/cs God/np could/md bless/vb it/ppo ./. Later/rbr in/in the/at century/nn the/at dream/nn again/rb found/vbd expression/nn in/in the/at lines/nns of/in Katherine/np Lee/np Bates/np (/( 1859-1929/cd )/) ,/, daughter/nn and/cc granddaughter/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl Congregational/jj-tl ministers/nns ,/, in/in her/pp$ widely/rb sung/vbn hymn/nn ,/, written/vbn in/in 1893/cd ,/, ``/`` America/np-tl The/at-tl Beautiful/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, with/in the/at words/nns ``/`` O/uh beautiful/jj for/in pilgrim/nn feet/nns whose/wp$ stern/jj impassioned/jj stress/nn a/at thoroughfare/nn for/in freedom/nn beat/vbd across/in the/at wilderness/nn ./. America/np ,/, America/np ,/, God/np mend/vb thy/pp$ every/at flaw/nn ,/, confirm/vb thy/pp$ soul/nn in/in self/nn control/nn ,/, the/at liberty/nn in/in law/nn ./. O/uh beautiful/jj for/in patriot/nn dream/nn that/wps sees/vbz beyond/in the/at years/nns thine/pp$ alabaster/nn cities/nns gleam/vb undimmed/jj by/in human/jj tears/nns ./. America/np ,/, America/np ,/, God/np shed/vbd His/pp$ grace/nn on/in thee/ppo ,/, and/cc crown/vb thy/pp$ good/nn with/in brotherhood/nn from/in sea/nn to/in shining/vbg sea/nn ''/'' ./. The/at American/jj dream/nn was/bedz compounded/vbn of/in many/ap strains/nns ./. Some/dti were/bed clearly/rb of/in Christian/jj origin/nn ,/, among/in them/ppo the/at Great/jj-tl Awakening/nn-tl and/cc other/ap revivals/nns which/wdt helped/vbd to/to make/vb Christian/jj liberty/nn ,/, Christian/jj equality/nn ,/, and/cc Christian/jj fraternity/nn the/at passion/nn of/in the/at land/nn ./. Some/dti have/hv seen/vbn revivalism/nn and/cc the/at search/nn for/in Christian/jj perfection/nn as/cs the/at fountain-head/nn of/in the/at American/jj hope/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, must/md be/be placed/vbn Unitarianism/np and/cc ,/, less/ql obviously/rb from/in Christian/jj inspiration/nn ,/, Emerson/np ,/, Transcendentalism/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at idealism/nn of/in Walt/np Whitman/np ./. We/ppss must/md also/rb remember/vb those/dts who/wps reacted/vbd against/in the/at dream/nn as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in myth/nn --/-- among/in them/ppo Melville/np ,/, Hawthorne/np ,/, and/cc Henry/np James/np the/at elder/jjr ,/, all/abn of/in them/ppo out/in of/in a/at Christian/jj background/nn ./. Reform/nn-hl movements/nns-hl With/in such/abl a/at dream/nn arising/vbg ,/, at/in least/ap in/in part/nn ,/, from/in the/at Protestant/jj heritage/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc built/vbd into/in the/at foundations/nns of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs many/ap efforts/nns were/bed made/vbn to/to give/vb it/ppo concrete/jj expression/nn ./. A/at number/nn were/bed in/in the/at nature/nn of/in movements/nns to/to relieve/vb or/cc remove/vb social/jj ills/nns ./. Significantly/rb ,/, the/at initiation/nn and/cc leadership/nn of/in a/at major/jj proportion/nn of/in the/at reform/nn movements/nns ,/, especially/rb those/dts in/in the/at first/od half/abn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, came/vbd from/in men/nns and/cc women/nns of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl birth/nn or/cc parentage/nn and/cc from/in either/cc Trinitarian/jj or/cc Unitarian/jj-tl Congregationalism/np-tl ./. Several/ap of/in the/at movements/nns were/bed given/vbn a/at marked/vbn impetus/nn by/in revivalism/nn ./. Quakers/nps ,/, some/dti from/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, had/hvd a/at larger/jjr share/nn than/cs their/pp$ proportionate/jj numerical/jj strength/nn would/md have/hv warranted/vbn ./. We/ppss do/do well/rb to/to remind/vb ourselves/ppls that/cs from/in men/nns and/cc women/nns of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ancestry/nn also/rb issued/vbd the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Jesus/np-tl Christ/np of/in-tl Latter/ap-tl Day/nn-tl Saints/nns-tl ,/, the/at Seventh/od-tl Day/nn-tl Adventists/nps ,/, Christian/jj-tl Science/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Commissioners/nns-tl for/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl Missions/nns-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Home/nn-tl Missionary/nn-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Bible/np-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, and/cc New/jj-tl England/np-tl theology/nn ./. The/at atmosphere/nn was/bedz one/cd of/in optimism/nn ,/, of/in confidence/nn in/in human/jj progress/nn ,/, and/cc of/in a/at determination/nn to/to rid/vb the/at world/nn of/in its/pp$ ills/nns ./. The/at Hopkinsian/jj universal/jj disinterested/jj benevolence/nn ,/, although/cs holding/vbg to/in original/jj sin/nn and/cc the/at doctrine/nn of/in election/nn ,/, inspired/vbd its/pp$ adherents/nns to/in heroic/jj endeavours/nns for/in others/nns ,/, looked/vbd for/in the/at early/jj coming/nn of/in the/at Millennium/nn-tl ,/, and/cc was/bedz paralleled/vbn by/in the/at confidence/nn in/in man's/nn$ ability/nn cherished/vbn by/in the/at Unitarians/nps ,/, Emerson/np ,/, and/cc the/at Transcendentalists/nns-tl ./. We/ppss should/md recall/vb the/at number/nn of/in movements/nns for/in the/at service/nn of/in mankind/nn which/wdt arose/vbd from/in the/at kindred/nn Evangelicalism/np of/in the/at British/jj-tl Isles/nns-tl and/cc the/at Pietism/np of/in the/at Continent/nn-tl of/in-tl Europe/np-tl --/-- among/in them/ppo prison/nn reform/nn ,/, anti-slavery/jj measures/nns ,/, legislation/nn for/in the/at alleviation/nn of/in conditions/nns of/in labour/nn ,/, the/at Inner/jj-tl Mission/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Red/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl ./. We/ppss cannot/md* take/vb the/at space/nn to/to record/vb all/abn the/at efforts/nns for/in the/at removal/nn or/cc alleviation/nn of/in collective/jj ills/nns ./. A/at few/ap of/in the/at more/ql prominent/jj must/md serve/vb as/cs examples/nns of/in what/wdt a/at complete/jj listing/nn and/cc description/nn would/md disclose/vb ./. Several/ap were/bed born/vbn in/in the/at early/jj decades/nns and/cc persisted/vbd throughout/in the/at century/nn ./. Others/nns were/bed ephemeral/jj ./. Some/dti disappeared/vbd with/in the/at attainment/nn of/in their/pp$ purpose/nn ./. Still/rb others/nns sprang/vbd up/rp late/jj in/in the/at century/nn to/to meet/vb conditions/nns which/wdt arose/vbd from/in fresh/jj stages/nns of/in the/at revolutionary/jj age/nn ./. The/at-hl anti-slavery/jj-hl movement/nn-hl The/at movement/nn to/to end/vb Negro/np slavery/nn began/vbd before/in 1815/cd and/cc mounted/vbd after/in that/dt year/nn until/cs ,/, as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, emancipation/nn was/bedz achieved/vbn ./. Long/rb before/in 1815/cd the/at Christian/jj conscience/nn was/bedz leading/vbg some/dti to/to declare/vb slavery/nn wrong/jj and/cc to/to act/vb accordingly/rb ./. For/in example/nn ,/, in/in 1693/cd the/at Philadelphia/np-tl Yearly/jj-tl Meeting/nn-tl of/in-tl Friends/nns-tl declared/vbd that/cs its/pp$ members/nns should/md emancipate/vb their/pp$ slaves/nns and/cc in/in 1776/cd it/pps determined/vbd to/to exclude/vb from/in membership/nn all/abn who/wps did/dod not/* comply/vb ./. In/in the/at latter/ap year/nn Samuel/np Hopkins/np ,/, from/in whom/wpo the/at Hopkinsian/jj strain/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl theology/nn took/vbd its/pp$ name/nn ,/, asked/vbd the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress/np-tl to/to abolish/vb slavery/nn ./. As/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, Methodism/np early/rb took/vbd a/at stand/nn against/in slavery/nn ./. Beginning/vbg at/in least/ap as/ql far/ql back/rb as/cs 1789/cd various/jj Baptist/np bodies/nns condemned/vbd slavery/nn ./. After/in 1815/cd anti-slavery/jj sentiment/nn mounted/vbd ,/, chiefly/rb among/in Protestants/nps and/cc those/dts of/in Protestant/jj background/nn of/in the/at older/jjr stock/nn ./. The/at nineteenth-century/nn immigration/nn ,/, whether/cs Protestant/jj or/cc Roman/jj Catholic/jj ,/, was/bedz not/* so/ql much/rb concerned/vbn ,/, for/cs very/ql few/ap if/cs any/dti among/in them/ppo held/vbn slaves/nns :/: they/ppss were/bed mostly/rb in/in the/at Northern/jj-tl states/nns where/wrb slavery/nn had/hvd disappeared/vbn or/cc was/bedz on/in the/at way/nn out/rp ,/, or/cc were/bed too/ql poverty-stricken/jj to/to own/vb slaves/nns ./. The/at anti-slavery/jj movement/nn took/vbd many/ap forms/nns ./. Benjamin/np Lundy/np (/( 1789-1839/cd )/) ,/, a/at Quaker/np ,/, was/bedz a/at pioneer/nn in/in preparing/vbg the/at way/nn for/in anti-slavery/jj societies/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz he/pps who/wps turned/vbd the/at attention/nn of/in William/np Lloyd/np Garrison/np (/( 1805-1879/cd )/) to/in the/at subject/nn ./. Garrison/np ,/, Massachusetts/np born/vbn of/in Nova/np-tl Scotian/jj-tl parentage/nn ,/, was/bedz by/in temperament/nn and/cc conviction/nn a/at reformer/nn ./. Chiefly/rb remembered/vbn because/rb of/in his/pp$ incessant/jj advocacy/nn of/in ``/`` immediate/jj and/cc unconditional/jj abolition/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps also/rb espoused/vbd a/at great/jj variety/nn of/in other/ap causes/nns --/-- among/in them/ppo women's/nns$ rights/nns ,/, prohibition/nn ,/, and/cc justice/nn to/in the/at Indians/nps ./. Incurably/ql optimistic/jj ,/, dogmatic/jj ,/, and/cc utterly/ql fearless/jj ,/, in/in his/pp$ youth/nn a/at devout/jj Baptist/np ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in his/pp$ friendship/nn for/in the/at Quaker/np poet/nn John/np Greenleaf/np Whittier/np (/( 1807-1892/cd )/) he/pps eventually/rb attacked/vbd the/at orthodox/jj churches/nns for/in what/wdt he/pps deemed/vbd their/pp$ cowardly/rb compromising/nn on/in the/at slavery/nn issue/nn and/cc in/in his/pp$ invariably/rb ardent/jj manner/nn was/bedz emphatically/ql unorthodox/jj and/cc denied/vbd the/at plenary/jj inspiration/nn of/in the/at Bible/np ./. A/at marked/vbn impulse/nn came/vbd to/in the/at anti-slavery/jj movement/nn through/in the/at Finney/np revivals/nns ./. Finney/np himself/ppl ,/, while/cs opposed/vbn to/in slavery/nn ,/, placed/vbd his/pp$ chief/jjs emphasis/nn on/in evangelism/nn ,/, but/cc from/in his/pp$ converts/nns issued/vbd much/ap of/in the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at anti-slavery/jj campaign/nn ./. Theodore/np Dwight/np Weld/np (/( 1803-1895/cd )/) was/bedz especially/ql active/jj ./. Weld/np was/bedz the/at son/nn and/cc grandson/nn of/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl Congregational/jj-tl ministers/nns ./. As/cs a/at youth/nn he/pps became/vbd one/cd of/in Finney's/np$ band/nn of/in evangelists/nns and/cc gave/vbd himself/ppl to/in winning/vbg young/jj men/nns ./. A/at strong/jj temperance/nn advocate/nn ,/, through/in the/at influence/nn of/in a/at favorite/jj teacher/nn ,/, Charles/np Stewart/np ,/, another/dt Finney/np convert/nn ,/, he/pps devoted/vbd himself/ppl to/in the/at anti-slavery/jj cause/nn ./. A/at group/nn of/in young/jj men/nns influenced/vbn by/in him/ppo enrolled/vbd in/in Lane/np-tl Theological/jj-tl Seminary/nn-tl and/cc had/hvd to/to leave/vb because/rb of/in their/pp$ open/jj anti-slavery/jj position/nn ./. The/at majority/nn then/rb went/vbd to/in the/at infant/nn Oberlin/np ./. They/ppss and/cc others/nns employed/vbd some/dti of/in Finney's/np$ techniques/nns as/cs they/ppss sought/vbd to/to win/vb adherents/nns to/in the/at cause/nn ./. Weld/np contributed/vbd to/in the/at anti-slavery/jj convictions/nns of/in such/jj men/nns as/cs Joshua/np R./np Giddings/np and/cc Edwin/np M./np Stanton/np ,/, enlisted/vbd John/np Quincy/np Adams/np ,/, and/cc helped/vbd provide/vb ideas/nns which/wdt underlay/vbd Harriet/np Beecher/np Stowe's/np$ Uncle/np-tl Tom's/np$-tl Cabin/nn-tl ./. He/pps shunned/vbd publicity/nn for/in himself/ppl and/cc sought/vbd to/to avoid/vb fame/nn ./. Wendell/np Phillips/np (/( 1811-1884/cd )/) ,/, from/in a/at prominent/jj Massachusetts/np family/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ teens/nns was/bedz converted/vbn under/in the/at preaching/nn of/in Lyman/np Beecher/np ./. Although/cs he/pps later/rbr broke/vbd with/in the/at churches/nns because/cs he/pps believed/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed insufficiently/ql outspoken/jj against/in social/jj evils/nns ,/, he/pps remained/vbd a/at devout/jj Christian/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz remembered/vbn chiefly/rb for/in his/pp$ fearless/jj advocacy/nn of/in abolition/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps also/rb stood/vbd for/in equal/jj rights/nns for/in women/nns ,/, for/in opportunity/nn for/in the/at freedmen/nns ,/, and/cc for/in prohibition/nn ./. The/at anti-slavery/jj movement/nn and/cc other/ap contemporary/jj reforms/nns and/cc philanthropies/nns were/bed given/vbn leadership/nn and/cc financial/jj undergirding/nn by/in Arthur/np Tappan/np (/( 1786-1865/cd )/) and/cc his/pp$ younger/jjr brother/nn ,/, Lewis/np Tappan/np (/( 1788-1873/cd )/) ./.

cd15

cd15 |@word individual:3 possess:6 unusual:2 gift:1 great:2 personal:4 power:23 transmute:1 death:1 awesome:1 spirit:13 almost:1 immediately:1 worship:2 new:2 even:3 terrible:1 ability:2 direct:3 descendant:1 inherit:1 worldly:3 fortune:2 also:3 mandate:1 newfound:1 half:1 universe:7 royal:3 lineage:1 could:9 base:2 extraordinary:1 achievement:1 translate:1 eternal:3 otherworldly:2 thus:3 emperor:4 draw:1 source:1 available:1 less:2 puissant:1 ancestor:2 eminence:1 without:3 weighty:1 responsibility:1 since:1 interdependent:2 live:5 dead:6 use:5 benefit:2 ritual:7 generate:2 world:11 provide:3 living:4 way:2 control:5 bring:2 directly:1 bear:2 everyday:1 affair:1 proper:4 observance:4 level:1 society:1 capable:1 naturally:1 already:1 supremely:1 powerful:2 divine:5 hold:1 responsible:1 regulate:2 insure:1 welfare:1 kingdom:2 familiar:1 system:3 cosmic:3 government:3 chinese:9 manifest:2 duality:1 light:2 darkness:1 yang:4 yin:1 lock:1 struggle:1 sway:1 balance:2 effect:4 alternation:1 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Individuals/nns possessing/vbg unusual/jj gifts/nns and/cc great/jj personal/jj power/nn were/bed transmuted/vbn at/in death/nn into/in awesome/jj spirits/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss were/bed almost/ql immediately/rb worshipped/vbn for/in these/dts newer/jjr ,/, even/ql more/ql terrible/jj abilities/nns ./. Their/pp$ direct/jj descendants/nns inherited/vbd not/* only/rb their/pp$ worldly/jj fortunes/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb the/at mandate/nn of/in their/pp$ newfound/jj power/nn as/cs spirits/nns in/in the/at other/ap half/abn of/in the/at universe/nn ./. Royal/jj lineages/nns could/md be/be based/vbn on/in extraordinary/jj worldly/jj achievements/nns translated/vbn into/in eternal/jj otherworldly/jj power/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at emperor/nn could/md draw/vb on/in sources/nns not/* available/jj to/in those/dts with/in less/ql puissant/jj ancestors/nns ./. But/cc this/dt eminence/nn was/bedz not/* without/in its/pp$ weighty/jj responsibilities/nns ./. Since/cs he/pps possessed/vbd more/ap power/nn in/in an/at interdependent/jj universe/nn of/in living/vbg beings/nns and/cc dead/jj spirits/nns ,/, the/at emperor/nn had/hvd to/to use/vb it/ppo for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at living/nn ./. The/at royal/jj ritual/nn generated/vbd power/nn into/in the/at other/ap world/nn :/: it/pps also/rb provided/vbd the/at living/nn with/in a/at way/nn to/to control/vb the/at spirits/nns ,/, and/cc bring/vb their/pp$ powers/nns directly/rb to/to bear/vb on/in the/at everyday/jj affairs/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./. Proper/jj ritual/nn observance/nn at/in any/dti level/nn of/in society/nn was/bedz capable/jj of/in generating/vbg power/nn for/in use/nn in/in the/at spirit/nn world/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc naturally/rb ,/, the/at royal/jj ritual/nn ,/, which/wdt provided/vbd unusual/jj control/nn over/in already/ql supremely/ql powerful/jj divine/nn spirits/nns ,/, was/bedz held/vbn responsible/jj for/in regulating/vbg the/at universe/nn and/cc insuring/vbg the/at welfare/nn of/in the/at kingdom/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at familiar/jj system/nn of/in ``/`` cosmic/jj government/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Chinese/jj emperor/nn ,/, by/in proper/jj observance/nn of/in ritual/nn ,/, manifested/vbd divine/jj powers/nns ./. He/pps regulated/vbd the/at dualities/nns of/in light/nn and/cc darkness/nn ,/, Yang/np and/cc Yin/np ,/, which/wdt are/ber locked/vbn in/in eternal/jj struggle/nn ./. By/in swaying/vbg the/at balance/nn between/in them/ppo ,/, he/pps effected/vbd the/at alternation/nn of/in the/at seasons/nns ./. His/pp$ power/nn was/bedz so/ql great/jj that/cs he/pps even/rb promoted/vbd and/cc demoted/vbd gods/nns according/in to/in whether/cs they/ppss had/hvd given/vbn ear/nn or/cc been/ben deaf/jj to/in petitions/nns ./. In/in this/dt system/nn ,/, no/at man/nn is/bez exempt/jj from/in obligations/nns ./. Failure/nn in/in daily/jj moral/jj and/cc ethical/jj duties/nns to/in one's/pn$ family/nn ,/, outrages/nns to/in community/nn propriety/nn ,/, any/dti departure/nn from/in rigid/jj standards/nns of/in moral/jj excellence/nn were/bed offenses/nns against/in the/at dead/jj ./. And/cc to/to offend/vb the/at dead/jj meant/vbd to/to incur/vb their/pp$ wrath/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb provoke/vb the/at unleashing/vbg of/in countrywide/jj disasters/nns ./. The/at family/nn home/nn was/bedz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, a/at temple/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at daily/jj duties/nns of/in individuals/nns were/bed basically/rb religious/jj in/in nature/nn ./. The/at dead/jj spirits/nns occupied/vbd a/at prominent/jj place/nn in/in every/at hope/nn and/cc in/in every/at fear/nn ./. The/at common/jj belief/nn was/bedz that/cs there/ex existed/vbd one/cd moral/jj order/nn ,/, which/wdt included/vbd everything/pn ./. The/at dead/jj controlled/vbn the/at material/nn prosperity/nn of/in the/at living/nn ,/, and/cc the/at living/nn adhered/vbd to/in strict/jj codes/nns of/in conduct/nn in/in order/nn not/* to/to weaken/vb that/dt control/nn ./. Men/nns believed/vbd they/ppss could/md control/vb nature/nn by/in obeying/vbg a/at moral/jj code/nn ./. If/cs the/at moral/jj code/nn were/bed flouted/vbn ,/, the/at proper/jj balance/nn of/in the/at universe/nn would/md be/be upset/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at disastrous/jj result/nn could/md be/be floods/nns ,/, plague/nn ,/, or/cc famine/nn ./. Modern/jj Westerners/nns-tl have/hv difficulty/nn comprehending/vbg this/dt fusion/nn of/in moral/nn and/cc material/nn ,/, largely/rb because/cs in/in the/at West/nr-tl the/at historical/jj trend/nn has/hvz been/ben to/to deny/vb the/at connection/nn ./. Living/vbg in/in urban/jj conditions/nns ,/, away/rb from/in the/at deadweight/nn of/in village/nn constraint/nn and/cc the/at constrictions/nns of/in a/at thatched-roof/nn world/nn view/nn ,/, the/at individual/nn may/md find/vb it/ppo possible/jj ,/, say/uh ,/, to/to commit/vb adultery/nn not/* only/rb without/in personal/jj misgivings/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb without/in suffering/vbg any/dti adverse/jj effects/nns in/in his/pp$ worldly/jj fortunes/nns ./. Basing/vbg action/nn on/in the/at empirical/jj determination/nn of/in cause/nn and/cc effect/nn provides/vbz a/at toughness/nn and/cc bravado/nn that/cs no/at powerful/jj otherworldly/jj ancestor/nn could/md ever/rb impart/vb --/-- plus/cc the/at added/vbn liberation/nn from/in the/at constraint/nn of/in silent/jj burial/nn urns/nns ./. In/in China/np ,/, the/at magical/jj system/nn par/fw-in excellence/fw-nn was/bedz Taoism/np ./. The/at Taoists/nps were/bed Quietist/jj mystics/nns ,/, who/wps saw/vbd an/at unchanging/jj unity/nn --/-- the/at Tao/np --/-- underlying/vbg all/abn phenomena/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz this/dt timeless/jj unity/nn that/wps was/bedz all-important/jj ,/, and/cc not/* its/pp$ temporary/jj manifestations/nns in/in the/at world/nn of/in reality/nn ./. The/at Taoists/nps believed/vbd the/at unity/nn could/md be/be influenced/vbn by/in proper/jj magical/jj manipulation/nn ;/. ;/. in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed actually/rb an/at organization/nn of/in magicians/nns ./. Mahayana/np Buddhism/np was/bedz no/at exception/nn to/in these/dts prevailing/vbg magical/jj concepts/nns ./. After/in this/dt form/nn of/in Indian/jj Buddhism/np had/hvd been/ben introduced/vbn into/in China/np ,/, it/pps underwent/vbd extensive/jj changes/nns ./. During/in its/pp$ flowering/nn in/in the/at sixth/od to/in the/at eighth/od centuries/nns ,/, Mahayana/np offered/vbd a/at supernatural/jj package/nn to/in the/at Chinese/nps which/wdt bears/vbz no/at resemblance/nn to/in the/at highly/ql digested/vbn philosophical/jj Zen/np morsels/nns offered/vbn to/in the/at modern/jj Western/jj-tl reader/nn ./. Mahayana/np had/hvd gods/nns ,/, and/cc magic/nn ,/, a/at pantheon/nn ,/, heavens/nns and/cc hells/nns ,/, and/cc gorgeously/ql appareled/vbn priests/nns ,/, monks/nns ,/, and/cc nuns/nns ,/, all/abn of/in whom/wpo wielded/vbd power/nn over/in souls/nns in/in the/at other/ap world/nn ./. The/at self-realized/jj Mahayana/np saint/nn possessed/vbd superhuman/jj powers/nns and/cc magic/nn ./. The/at Mahayana/np that/wps developed/vbd in/in the/at north/nr was/bedz a/at religion/nn of/in idolatry/nn and/cc coarse/jj magic/nn ,/, that/wps made/vbd the/at world/nn into/in a/at huge/jj magical/jj garden/nn ./. In/in its/pp$ monastic/jj form/nn ,/, Mahayana/np was/bedz merely/rb an/at organization/nn of/in magic-practicing/jj monks/nns (/( bonzes/nns )/) ,/, who/wps catered/vbd to/in the/at Chinese/jj faith/nn in/in the/at supernatural/jj ./. Nonmagical/jj Confucianism/np was/bedz a/at secular/jj ,/, rational/jj philosophy/nn ,/, but/cc even/rb with/in this/dt different/jj orientation/nn it/pps could/md not/* escape/vb from/in the/at ethos/nn of/in a/at cosmic/jj government/nn ./. Confucianism/np had/hvd its/pp$ own/jj magic/nn in/in the/at idea/nn that/cs virtue/nn had/hvd power/nn ./. If/cs a/at man/nn lived/vbd a/at classical/jj life/nn ,/, he/pps need/md not/* fear/vb the/at spirits/nns --/-- for/cs only/rb lack/nn of/in virtue/nn gave/vbd the/at spirits/nns power/vb over/in him/ppo ./. But/cc let/vb us/ppo not/* be/be mistaken/vbn about/in Confucian/jj-tl ``/`` virtue/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. this/dt was/bedz not/* virtue/nn as/cs we/ppss understand/vb the/at word/nn today/nr ,/, and/cc it/pps did/dod not/* mean/vb an/at abandonment/nn of/in the/at belief/nn in/in magic/jj manipulation/nn ./. To/in the/at Confucian/np ,/, ``/`` virtue/nn ''/'' simply/rb meant/vbd mastery/nn and/cc correct/jj observance/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd major/jj rules/nns of/in ritual/nn and/cc three/cd thousand/cd minor/jj ones/nns ./. Propriety/nn was/bedz synonymous/jj with/in ritual/jj observance/nn ,/, the/at mark/nn of/in a/at true/jj gentleman/nn ./. To/to live/vb correctly/rb in/in an/at interdependent/jj moral/jj and/cc material/jj universe/nn of/in living/vbg and/cc dead/jj was/bedz decisive/jj for/in man's/nn$ fate/nn ./. This/dt ,/, in/in brief/jj ,/, was/bedz the/at historical/jj background/nn out/in of/in which/wdt Zen/np emerged/vbd ./. Promoters/nns of/in Zen/np to/in the/at West/nr-tl record/vb its/pp$ ancestry/nn ,/, and/cc recognize/vb that/cs Zen/np grew/vbd out/in of/in a/at combination/nn of/in Taoism/np and/cc Indian/jj Mahayana/np Buddhism/np ./. But/cc the/at ``/`` marvelous/jj person/nn ''/'' that/wps is/bez supposed/vbn to/to result/vb from/in Zen/np exhibits/vbz more/ap Chinese/jj practicality/nn than/cs Indian/jj speculation/nn --/-- he/pps possesses/vbz magical/jj powers/nns ,/, and/cc can/md use/vb them/ppo to/to order/vb nature/nn and/cc to/to redeem/vb souls/nns ./. Proponents/nns of/in Zen/np to/in the/at West/nr-tl emphasize/vb disproportionately/rb the/at amount/nn of/in Mahayana/np Buddhism/np in/in Zen/np ,/, probably/rb in/in order/nn to/to dignify/vb the/at indisputably/ql magical/jj Taoist/jj ideas/nns with/in more/ql respectable/jj Buddhist/jj-tl metaphysic/nn ./. But/cc in/in the/at Chinese/jj mind/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz little/ap difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd --/-- the/at bonzes/nns were/bed no/ql more/ql metaphysical/jj than/cs a/at magician/nn has/hvz to/to be/be ./. Actually/rb ,/, Zen/np owes/vbz more/ap to/in Chinese/jj Quietism/np than/cs it/pps does/doz to/in Mahayana/np Buddhism/np ./. The/at Ch'an/np (/( Zen/np )/) sect/nn may/md have/hv derived/vbn its/pp$ metaphysic/nn from/in Mahayana/np ,/, but/cc its/pp$ psychology/nn was/bedz pure/jj early/jj Taoist/jj ./. This/dt is/bez well/rb evidenced/vbn by/in the/at Quietist/jj doctrines/nns carried/vbn over/rp in/in Zen/np :/: the/at idea/nn of/in the/at inward/jj turning/nn of/in thought/nn ,/, the/at enjoinder/nn to/to put/vb aside/rb desires/nns and/cc perturbations/nns so/cs that/cs a/at return/nn to/in purity/nn ,/, peace/nn ,/, and/cc stillness/nn --/-- a/at union/nn with/in the/at Infinite/nn-tl ,/, with/in the/at Tao/np --/-- could/md be/be effected/vbn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at antipathy/nn to/in outward/jj ceremonies/nns hailed/vbn by/in modern/jj exponents/nns as/cs so/ql uniquely/rb characteristic/jj of/in the/at ``/`` direct/jj thinking/vbg ''/'' Zennist/np was/bedz a/at feature/nn of/in Taoism/np ./. So/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, was/bedz the/at insistence/nn on/in the/at relativity/nn of/in the/at external/jj world/nn ,/, and/cc the/at ideas/nns that/cs language/nn and/cc things/nns perceived/vbn by/in consciousness/nn were/bed poor/jj substitutes/nns indeed/rb for/in immediate/jj perception/nn by/in pure/jj ,/, indwelling/vbg spirit/nn :/: the/at opposition/nn of/in pure/jj consciousness/nn to/in ratiocinating/vbg consciousness/nn ./. Zen/np maintains/vbz that/cs cognitive/jj things/nns are/ber only/rb the/at surface/nn of/in experience/nn ./. One/cd of/in its/pp$ features/nns attractive/jj to/in the/at West/nr-tl is/bez its/pp$ irreverence/nn for/in tradition/nn and/cc dogma/nn and/cc for/in sacred/jj texts/nns ./. One/cd patriarch/nn is/bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv relegated/vbn sacred/jj scriptures/nns for/in use/nn in/in an/at outhouse/nn ./. But/cc this/dt is/bez not/* the/at spirit/nn of/in self-reliant/jj freedom/nn of/in action/nn for/in which/wdt the/at Westerner/np mistakes/vbz it/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez simply/rb that/cs in/in Taoist/jj tradition/nn --/-- as/cs in/in all/abn good/jj mysticisms/nns --/-- books/nns ,/, words/nns ,/, or/cc any/dti other/ap manifestations/nns that/wps belong/vb to/in the/at normal/jj state/nn of/in consciousness/nn are/ber considered/vbn only/rb the/at surface/nn of/in experience/nn ./. The/at truth/nn --/-- the/at Eternal/jj-tl Truth/nn-tl --/-- is/bez not/* transmittable/jj by/in words/nns ./. Reality/nn is/bez considered/vbn not/* only/rb irrelevant/jj to/in the/at acquisition/nn of/in higher/jjr knowledge/nn ,/, but/cc a/at positive/jj handicap/nn ./. The/at technique/nn of/in reality/nn confusion/nn --/-- the/at use/nn of/in paradox/nn and/cc riddles/nns to/to shake/vb the/at mind's/nn$ grip/nn on/in reality/nn --/-- originated/vbd with/in fourth/od and/cc third/od century/nn B.C./np Chinese/jj Quietism/np :/: the/at koan/fw-nn is/bez not/* basically/rb a/at new/jj device/nn ./. It/pps is/bez important/jj for/in an/at understanding/nn of/in Zen/np to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at esoteric/jj preoccupations/nns of/in the/at select/jj few/ap cannot/md* be/be the/at doctrine/nn of/in the/at common/jj man/nn ./. In/in the/at supernatural/jj atmosphere/nn of/in cosmic/jj government/nn ,/, only/rb the/at ruling/vbg elite/nn was/bedz ever/rb concerned/vbn with/in a/at kingdom-wide/jj ordering/nn of/in nature/nn :/: popular/jj religion/nn aimed/vbd at/in more/ql personal/jj benefits/nns from/in magical/jj powers/nns ./. And/cc this/dt is/bez only/rb natural/jj --/-- witness/nn the/at haste/nn with/in which/wdt modern/jj man/nn gobbles/vbz the/at latest/jjt ``/`` wonder/nn drug/nn ''/'' ./. Early/jj Chinese/jj anchoritism/nn was/bedz theoretically/rb aimed/vbn at/in a/at mystic/jj pantheist/nn union/nn with/in the/at divine/jj ,/, personal/jj salvation/nn being/beg achieved/vbn when/wrb the/at mystical/jj recluse/nn united/vbd with/in divine/jj essence/nn ./. But/cc this/dt esoteric/jj doctrine/nn was/bedz lost/vbn in/in the/at shuffle/nn to/to acquire/vb special/jj powers/nns ./. The/at anchorite/jj strove/vbd ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, to/to magically/rb influence/vb the/at world/nn of/in spirits/nns in/in the/at same/ap way/nn that/cs the/at divine/jj emperor/nn manifested/vbd his/pp$ power/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at Mahayana/np metaphysic/nn of/in mystical/jj union/nn for/in salvation/nn was/bedz distilled/vbn down/rp to/in a/at bare/jj self-seeking/jj ,/, and/cc for/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, the/at mystic/nn in/in Asia/np did/dod not/* long/rb remain/vb in/in isolated/vbn contemplation/nn ./. As/cs the/at Zen/np literature/nn reveals/vbz ,/, as/ql soon/rb as/cs an/at early/jj Zen/np master/nn attained/vbd fame/nn in/in seclusion/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz called/vbn out/rp into/in the/at world/nn to/to exercise/vb his/pp$ powers/nns ./. The/at early/jj Anchorite/np masters/nns attracted/vbd disciples/nns because/rb of/in their/pp$ presumed/vbn ability/nn to/to perform/vb miracles/nns ./. Exponents/nns of/in Zen/np often/rb insist/vb that/cs very/ql early/rb Zen/np doctrine/nn opposed/vbd the/at rampant/jj supernaturalism/nn of/in China/np ,/, and/cc proposed/vbd instead/rb a/at more/ql mature/jj ,/, less/ql credulous/jj view/nn of/in the/at universe/nn ./. In/in support/nn of/in this/dt ,/, stories/nns from/in the/at early/jj literature/nn are/ber cited/vbn to/to show/vb that/cs Zen/np attacks/vbz the/at idea/nn of/in supernatural/jj power/nn ./. But/cc actually/rb these/dts accounts/nns reveal/vb the/at supernatural/jj powers/nns that/cs the/at masters/nns were/bed in/in fact/nn supposed/vbd to/to possess/vb ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at extreme/jj degree/nn of/in popular/jj credulity/nn :/: ``/`` Hwang/np Pah/np (/( O/np Baku/np )/) ,/, one/cd day/nn going/vbg up/in Mount/nn-tl Tien/np-tl Tai/np-tl which/wdt was/bedz believed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben inhabited/vbn by/in Arhats/nps with/in supernatural/jj powers/nns ,/, met/vbd with/in a/at monk/nn whose/wp$ eyes/nns emitted/vbd strange/jj light/nn ./. They/ppss went/vbd along/in the/at pass/nn talking/vbg with/in each/dt other/ap for/in a/at short/jj while/nn until/cs they/ppss came/vbd to/in a/at river/nn roaring/vbg with/in torrent/nn ./. There/ex being/beg no/at bridge/nn ,/, the/at master/nn had/hvd to/to stop/vb at/in the/at shore/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc his/pp$ companion/nn crossed/vbd the/at river/nn walking/vbg on/in the/at water/nn and/cc beckoned/vbd to/in Hwang/np Pah/np to/to follow/vb him/ppo ./. Thereupon/rb Hwang/np Pah/np said/vbd :/: ``/`` If/cs I/ppss knew/vbd thou/ppss art/ber an/at Arhat/np ,/, I/ppss would/md have/hv doubled/vbn you/ppo up/rp before/cs thou/ppss got/vbd over/in there/rb ''/'' !/. !/. The/at monk/nn then/rb understood/vbd the/at spiritual/jj attainment/nn of/in Hwang/np Pah/np ,/, and/cc praised/vbd him/ppo as/cs a/at true/jj Mahayanist/np ./. (/( 1/cd )/) ''/'' A/at second/od tale/nn shows/vbz still/ql more/ql clearly/rb the/at kind/nn of/in powers/nns a/at truly/ql spiritual/jj monk/nn could/md possess/vb :/: ``/`` On/in one/cd occasion/nn Yang/np Shan/np (/( Kyo-zan/np )/) saw/vbd a/at stranger/nn monk/nn flying/vbg through/in the/at air/nn ./. When/wrb that/dt monk/nn came/vbd down/rp and/cc approached/vbd him/ppo with/in a/at respectful/jj salutation/nn ,/, he/pps asked/vbd :/: ``/`` Where/wrb art/ber thou/ppss from/in ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Early/rb this/dt morning/nn ''/'' ,/, replied/vbd the/at other/ap ,/, ``/`` I/ppss set/vbd out/rp from/in India/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Why/wrb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at teacher/nn ,/, ``/`` art/ber thou/ppss so/ql late/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I/ppss stopped/vbd ''/'' ,/, responded/vbd the/at man/nn ,/, ``/`` several/ap times/nns to/to look/vb at/in beautiful/jj sceneries/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` Thou/ppss mayst/md have/hv supernatural/jj powers/nns ''/'' ,/, exclaimed/vbd Yang/np Shan/np ,/, ``/`` yet/cc thou/ppss must/md give/vb back/rb the/at Spirit/nn-tl of/in-tl Buddha/np-tl to/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. Then/rb the/at monk/nn praised/vbd Yang/np Shan/np saying/vbg :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv come/vbn over/rp to/in China/np in/in order/nn to/to worship/vb Manjucri/np ,/, and/cc met/vbd unexpectedly/rb with/in Minor/np Shakya/np ''/'' ,/, and/cc after/cs giving/vbg the/at master/nn some/dti palm/nn leaves/nns he/pps brought/vbd from/in India/np ,/, went/vbd back/rb through/in the/at air/nn ./. (/( 2/cd )/) ''/'' In/in the/at popular/jj Chinese/jj mind/nn ,/, Ch'an/np (/( Zen/np )/) was/bedz no/at exception/nn to/in the/at ideas/nns of/in coarse/jj magic/nn that/wps dominated/vbd ./. A/at closer/jjr look/nn at/in modern/jj Zen/np reveals/vbz many/ap magical/jj carryovers/nns that/wps are/ber still/rb part/nn of/in popular/jj Zen/np attitudes/nns ./. To/in the/at Zen/np monk/nn the/at universe/nn is/bez still/rb populated/vbn with/in ``/`` spiritual/jj beings/nns ''/'' who/wps have/hv to/to be/be appeased/vbn ./. Part/nn of/in the/at mealtime/nn ritual/nn in/in the/at Zendo/np consists/vbz in/in offerings/nns of/in rice/nn to/in the/at spiritual/jj beings/nns ''/'' ./. Modern/jj Zen/np presentation/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl insists/vbz on/in the/at anti-authoritarian/jj ,/, highly/ql pragmatic/jj nature/nn of/in the/at Zen/np belief/nn --/-- scriptures/nns are/ber burned/vbn to/to make/vb fire/nn ,/, action/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in direct/jj self-confidence/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./. This/dt picture/nn of/in extreme/jj self-reliant/jj individuation/nn is/bez difficult/jj to/to reconcile/vb with/in such/jj Zendo/np formulas/nns as/cs :/: ``/`` O/uh you/ppss ,/, demons/nns and/cc other/ap spiritual/jj beings/nns ,/, I/ppss now/rb offer/vb this/dt to/in you/ppo ,/, and/cc may/md this/dt food/nn fill/vb up/rp the/at ten/cd quarters/nns of/in the/at world/nn and/cc all/abn the/at demons/nns and/cc other/ap spiritual/jj beings/nns be/be fed/vbn therewith/rb ./. (/( 3/cd )/)

cd16

cd16 |@word pope:2 leo:1 13:3 13th:1 day:4 december:1 1898:1 grant:4 follow:4 indulgence:3 three:1 hundred:1 faithful:2 read:3 holy:14 gospel:3 least:1 quarter:1 hour:2 plenary:2 usual:1 condition:2 month:1 daily:1 reading:3 pius:1 sixth:1 rome:1 april:1 1778:1 write:3 excite:1 scripture:4 abundant:1 source:2 ought:1 leave:1 open:2 everyone:5 draw:1 purity:1 moral:1 doctrine:1 eradicate:1 error:1 widely:1 disseminate:1 corrupt:1 time:3 american:1 bishop:1 assemble:2 third:1 council:1 baltimore:1 urge:1 catholic:3 people:1 bible:3 hope:2 say:12 family:2 find:1 amongst:1 without:4 correct:1 version:1 recommend:1 also:5 fix:1 let:1 entire:1 night:1 prayer:2 short:1 since:1 church:4 express:1 desire:1 sacred:1 take:2 new:25 edition:1 prove:1 means:1 grace:4 great:2 spiritual:3 blessing:1 need:2 birth:16 wonder:2 thee:6 must:3 bear:30 st:26 john:20 3:11 7:4 necessary:4 god:48 one:5 call:4 behavior:1 shall:1 1:16 peter:4 15:2 16:1 holiness:1 man:17 see:5 hebrew:1 14:2 sin:14 none:2 understand:1 seek:2 go:3 astray:1 together:1 glory:5 romans:2 10:4 12:5 23:2 natural:1 spiritually:1 dead:2 blind:2 therefore:1 enter:3 world:7 death:5 thus:1 pass:4 unto:2 reason:1 offense:1 ephesians:5 2:7 veil:2 perish:1 case:1 satan:1 unbelieving:1 mind:1 light:1 christ:20 image:1 corinthians:2 4:5 workmanship:2 create:2 jesus:12 effect:1 word:6 reborn:1 corruptible:1 seed:1 incorruptible:1 beget:1 truth:1 james:1 18:3 amen:10 unless:5 water:2 symbol:1 26:1 spirit:9 kingdom:5 flesh:7 5:4 6:2 evidence:1 faith:6 saviour:3 believe:4 many:2 receive:4 practice:4 habit:1 whoever:1 commit:2 cf:1 9:1 know:6 nature:6 regeneration:1 divine:3 believer:1 live:7 power:2 righteousness:1 righteous:2 29:1 love:6 brother:2 life:10 abide:1 overcome:3 victory:2 grow:2 knowledge:1 lord:3 savior:2 persevere:1 end:1 convince:2 begin:1 good:3 work:4 bring:1 perfection:1 philippians:1 able:1 preserve:1 set:2 presence:1 blemish:1 gladness:1 belong:1 majesty:1 dominion:1 authority:1 forever:1 jude:1 24:2 require:1 answer:1 nicodemus:1 creation:3 neither:1 circumcision:1 uncircumcision:1 account:1 galatian:1 creature:1 literally:1 former:1 thing:2 away:1 behold:2 make:1 17:2 save:3 gift:2 outcome:1 l:1 anyone:1 may:12 boast:1 8:2 implantation:1 come:4 son:7 everlasting:2 36:1 impartation:1 precious:1 promise:1 become:2 partak:1 colossian:1 27:1 longer:1 give:4 galatians:1 20:2 dwell:1 heart:1 miraculous:1 mysterious:1 wind:1 blow:1 thou:1 hearest:1 sound:1 dost:1 immediate:1 instantaneous:1 hear:2 send:2 judgment:1 mean:1 name:2 blood:2 final:2 religious:1 member:1 upright:1 honest:1 sincere:1 person:1 baptize:1 confirm:1 reverent:1 worshipful:1 attend:1 mass:1 penance:1 zealously:1 keep:1 sacrament:1 ceremony:1 extreme:1 unction:1 lose:1 head:1 hell:2 eternal:2 punishment:1 heaven:3 blessed:1 sinless:1 could:1 lie:1 salvation:3 alone:1 accept:1 convict:1 lost:1 repent:1 effort:1 form:1 personal:1 free:1 please:1 permit:4 place:1 hand:8 perfect:2 curse:4 spit:2 allow:2 devil:2 withhold:1 wrath:1 finally:1 arrest:1 mock:1 trial:1 flog:1 nail:1 cross:1 hang:1 earth:1 likewise:1 though:1 bodily:1 present:1 ignore:2 book:1 laugh:2 buy:1 follower:1 knock:2 soul:1 door:4 prepare:1 refuse:1 upon:1 lip:1 oath:1 choose:1 favor:1 humble:1 beg:1 mercy:1 implore:1 forgiveness:1 forsake:1 abandon:1 whole:1 stand:1 voice:1 sup:1 revelation:1 choice:3 latch:1 side:1 revelling:1 banqueting:1 quiet:1 communion:1 ever:1 burn:1 lust:1 powerful:1 discipline:1 already:1 depend:1 fearful:1 fall:1 abuse:1

Pope/nn-tl Leo/np 13/cd-tl ,/, on/in the/at 13th/od day/nn of/in December/np 1898/cd ,/, granted/vbd the/at following/vbg indulgences/nns :/: ``/`` An/at indulgence/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd days/nns is/bez granted/vbn to/in all/abn the/at Faithful/nns-tl who/wps read/vb the/at Holy/jj-tl Gospels/nps at/in least/ap a/at quarter/nn of/in an/at hour/nn ./. A/at Plenary/jj-tl Indulgence/nn-tl under/in the/at usual/jj conditions/nns is/bez granted/vbn once/cs a/at month/nn for/in the/at daily/jj reading/nn ''/'' ./. Pope/nn-tl Pius/np the/at-tl Sixth/od-tl ,/, at/in Rome/np ,/, in/in April/np ,/, 1778/cd ,/, wrote/vbd the/at following/nn :/: ``/`` The/at faithful/jj should/md be/be excited/vbn to/in the/at reading/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl :/: For/cs these/dts are/ber the/at most/ql abundant/jj sources/nns which/wdt ought/md to/to be/be left/vbn open/jj to/in everyone/pn ,/, to/to draw/vb from/in them/ppo purity/nn of/in morals/nns and/cc of/in doctrine/nn ,/, to/to eradicate/vb errors/nns which/wdt are/ber so/ql widely/rb disseminated/vbn in/in these/dts corrupt/jj times/nns ''/'' ./. The/at American/jj Bishops/nns-tl assembled/vbd at/in the/at Third/od-tl Plenary/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Baltimore/np-tl urged/vbd the/at Catholic/jj people/nns to/to read/vb the/at Holy/jj-tl Bible/np-tl ./. ``/`` We/ppss hope/vb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss said/vbd ,/, ``/`` that/cs no/at family/nn can/md be/be found/vbn amongst/in us/ppo without/in a/at correct/jj version/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl ''/'' ./. They/ppss recommended/vbd ,/, also/rb ,/, that/cs ``/`` at/in a/at fixed/vbn hour/nn ,/, let/vb the/at entire/jj family/nn be/be assembled/vbn for/in night/nn prayers/nns ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at short/jj reading/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl ''/'' ./. Since/cs the/at Catholic/jj Church/nn-tl expresses/vbz such/jj desire/nn that/cs the/at Sacred/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl be/be read/vbn ,/, the/at following/vbg taken/vbn from/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Bible/np-tl (/( New/jj-tl Catholic/jj-tl Edition/nn-tl )/) will/md prove/vb a/at means/nn of/in grace/nn and/cc a/at source/nn of/in great/jj spiritual/jj blessing/nn ./. The/at-hl need/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl Do/do not/* wonder/vb that/cs I/ppss said/vbd to/in thee/ppo ,/, ``/`` You/ppss must/md be/be born/vbn again/rb ''/'' ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 7/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl god/nn-hl is/bez-hl holy/jj-hl ./.-hl But/cc as/cs the/at One/cd-tl who/wps called/vbd you/ppo is/bez holy/jj ,/, be/be you/ppss also/rb holy/jj in/in all/abn your/pp$ behavior/nn ;/. ;/. for/cs it/pps is/bez written/vbn ,/, You/ppss shall/md be/be holy/jj ,/, because/cs I/ppss am/bem holy/jj ./. 1/cd-tl ,/, St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 15/cd-tl ,/,-tl 16/cd-tl ./. Holiness/nn without/in which/wdt no/at man/nn will/md see/vb God/np ./. Hebrews/nps-tl 14/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl all/abn-hl have/hv-hl sinned/vbn-hl ./.-hl As/cs it/pps is/bez written/vbn ,/, There/ex is/bez not/* one/cd just/jj man/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez none/pn who/wps understands/vbz ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez none/pn who/wps seeks/vbz after/in God/np ./. All/abn have/hv gone/vbn astray/rb together/rb ;/. ;/. All/abn have/hv sinned/vbn and/cc have/hv need/nn of/in the/at glory/nn of/in God/np ./. Romans/nps 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 10-12/cd-tl ,/, 23/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl the/at-hl natural/jj-hl man/nn-hl is/bez-hl spiritually/rb-hl dead/jj-hl and/cc-hl blind/jj-hl ./.-hl Therefore/rb as/cs through/in one/cd man/nn sin/nn entered/vbd into/in the/at world/nn and/cc through/in sin/nn death/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb death/nn has/hvz passed/vbn unto/in all/abn men/nns because/cs all/abn have/hv sinned/vbn ./. Romans/nps 12/cd-tl ./. You/ppss also/rb ,/, when/wrb you/ppss were/bed dead/jj by/in reason/nn of/in your/pp$ offenses/nns and/cc sins/nns ./. Ephesians/nps-tl 2/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl ./. And/cc if/cs our/pp$ gospel/nn also/rb is/bez veiled/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez veiled/vbn only/rb to/in those/dts who/wps are/ber perishing/vbg ./. In/in their/pp$ case/nn ,/, the/at god/nn of/in this/dt world/nn (/( Satan/np )/) has/hvz blinded/vbn their/pp$ unbelieving/jj minds/nns ,/, that/cs they/ppss should/md not/* see/vb the/at light/nn of/in the/at gospel/nn of/in the/at glory/nn of/in Christ/np ,/, who/wps is/bez the/at image/nn of/in God/np ./. 2/cd-tl ,/, Corinthians/nps 4/cd-tl :/:-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, 4/cd-tl ./. For/cs his/pp$ workmanship/nn we/ppss are/ber ,/, created/vbn in/in Christ/np Jesus/np ./. Ephesians/nps-tl 10/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl effected/vbn-hl through/in-hl the/at-hl word/nn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl ./.-hl For/cs you/ppss have/hv been/ben reborn/vbn ,/, not/* from/in corruptible/jj seed/nn but/cc from/in incorruptible/jj ,/, through/in the/at word/nn of/in God/np ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 23/cd-tl ./. Of/in his/pp$ own/jj will/nn he/pps has/hvz begotten/vbn us/ppo by/in the/at word/nn of/in truth/nn ./. St./nn-tl James/np-tl 18/cd-tl ./. Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb of/in water/nn (/( symbol/nn of/in the/at Word/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, see/vb Ephesians/nps-tl 26/cd-tl )/) and/cc the/at Spirit/nn-tl ,/, he/pps cannot/md* enter/vb into/in the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ./. That/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at flesh/nn is/bez flesh/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc that/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl is/bez spirit/nn ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 5/cd-tl ,/, 6/cd-tl ./. Evidences/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl if/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl god/nn-hl we/ppss-hl have/hv-hl faith/nn-hl in/in-hl Christ/np-hl as/cs-hl the/at-hl only/ap-hl saviour/nn-hl ./.-hl Everyone/pn who/wps believes/vbz that/cs Jesus/np is/bez the/at Christ/np is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 5/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl ./. As/ql many/ap as/cs received/vbn him/ppo were/bed born/vbn of/in God/np ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 12/cd-tl ,/,-tl 13/cd-tl ./. If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl do/do-hl not/*-hl practice/vb-hl sin/nn-hl as/cs-hl a/at-hl habit/nn-hl ./.-hl Whoever/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np does/doz not/* commit/vb sin/nn (/( That/dt is/bez ,/, he/pps does/doz not/* practice/vb sin/nn ./. Cf./vb 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 2/cd-tl :/:-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 9/cd-tl ./. We/ppss know/vb that/cs no/at one/cd who/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np commits/vbz sin/nn ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 18/cd-tl ./. (/( The/at new/jj nature/nn ,/, received/vbn at/in the/at time/nn of/in regeneration/nn ,/, is/bez divine/jj and/cc holy/jj ,/, and/cc as/cs the/at believer/nn lives/vbz under/in the/at power/nn of/in this/dt new/jj nature/nn he/pps does/doz not/* practice/vb sin/nn ./. )/) if/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl god/nn-hl we/ppss-hl practice/vb-hl righteousness/nn-hl ./.-hl If/cs you/ppss know/vb that/cs he/pps (/( God/np )/) is/bez just/jj (/( righteous/jj )/) ,/, know/vb that/cs everyone/pn also/rb who/wps does/doz what/wdt is/bez just/jj (/( righteous/jj )/) has/hvz been/ben born/vbn of/in him/ppo ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 29/cd-tl ./. If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl love/vb-hl God/np-hl ./.-hl Everyone/pn who/wps loves/vbz is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np ,/, and/cc knows/vbz God/np ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 4/cd-tl :/:-tl 7/cd-tl ./. If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl love/vb-hl the/at-hl brethren/nns-hl ./.-hl We/ppss know/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv passed/vbn from/in death/nn to/in life/nn ,/, because/cs we/ppss love/vb the/at brethren/nns ./. He/pps who/wps does/doz not/* love/vb abides/vbz in/in death/nn ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 14/cd-tl ./. If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl overcome/vb-hl the/at-hl world/nn-hl ./.-hl All/abn that/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in God/np overcomes/vbz the/at world/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc this/dt is/bez the/at victory/nn that/wps overcomes/vbz the/at world/nn ,/, our/pp$ faith/nn ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 5/cd-tl :/:-tl 4/cd-tl ./. If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl grow/vb-hl in/in-hl (/(-hl not/*-hl into/in-hl ,/,-hl but/cc-hl in/in-hl )/)-hl grace/nn-hl ./.-hl But/cc grow/vb in/in grace/nn and/cc knowledge/nn of/in our/pp$ Lord/nn-tl and/cc Savior/nn-tl ,/, Jesus/np Christ/np ./. 2/cd-tl St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 18/cd-tl ./. If/cs-hl we/ppss-hl are/ber-hl born/vbn-hl of/in-hl God/np-hl we/ppss-hl persevere/vb-hl unto/in-hl the/at-hl end/nn-hl ./.-hl I/ppss am/bem convinced/vbn of/in this/dt ,/, that/cs he/pps who/wps has/hvz begun/vbn a/at good/jj work/nn in/in you/ppo will/md bring/vb it/ppo to/in perfection/nn until/in the/at day/nn of/in Christ/np Jesus/np ./. Philippians/nps-tl 1/cd-tl :/:-tl 6/cd-tl ./. Now/rb to/in him/ppo who/wps is/bez able/jj to/to preserve/vb you/ppo without/in sin/nn and/cc to/to set/vb you/ppo before/in the/at presence/nn of/in his/pp$ glory/nn ,/, without/in blemish/nn ,/, in/in gladness/nn ,/, to/in the/at only/ap God/np our/pp$ Savior/nn-tl ,/, through/in Jesus/np Christ/np our/pp$ Lord/nn-tl ,/, belong/vb glory/nn and/cc majesty/nn ,/, dominion/nn and/cc authority/nn ,/, before/in all/abn time/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb ,/, and/cc forever/rb ./. St./nn-tl Jude/np-tl 24/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl necessary/jj-hl because/cs-hl the/at-hl spiritual/jj-hl kingdom/nn-hl requires/vbz-hl a/at-hl spiritual/jj-hl nature/nn-hl ./.-hl Jesus/np answered/vbd and/cc said/vbd to/in him/ppo (/( Nicodemus/np )/) ``/`` Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb ,/, he/pps cannot/md* see/vb the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb of/in water/nn and/cc the/at Spirit/nn-tl ,/, he/pps cannot/md* enter/vb into/in the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ./. That/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at flesh/nn is/bez flesh/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc that/dt which/wdt is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl is/bez spirit/nn ./. Do/do not/* wonder/vb that/cs I/ppss said/vbd to/in thee/ppo ,/, '/' You/ppss must/md be/be born/vbn again/rb '/' ''/'' ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, 5-7/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl nature/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl a/at-hl new/jj-hl creation/nn-hl ./. For/cs in/in Christ/np Jesus/np neither/cc circumcision/nn nor/cc uncircumcision/nn but/cc a/at new/jj creation/nn is/bez of/in any/dti account/nn ./. Galatians/nps-tl 15/cd-tl ./. If/cs then/rb any/dti man/nn is/bez in/in Christ/np ,/, he/pps is/bez a/at new/jj creature/nn (/( literally/rb ,/, ``/`` He/pps is/bez a/at new/jj creation/nn )/) ,/, the/at former/ap things/nns have/hv passed/vbn away/rb ;/. ;/. behold/vb ,/, they/ppss are/ber made/vbn new/jj !/. !/. 2/cd-tl Corinthians/nps 17/cd-tl ./. For/cs by/in grace/nn you/ppss have/hv been/ben saved/vbn through/in faith/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc that/dt not/* from/in yourselves/ppls ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez the/at gift/nn of/in God/np ;/. ;/. not/* as/cs the/at outcome/nn of/in works/nns ,/, lest/cs anyone/pn may/md boast/vb ./. For/cs his/pp$ workmanship/nn we/ppss are/ber ,/, created/vbn in/in Christ/np Jesus/np ./. Ephesians/nps-tl 2/cd-tl :/:-tl 8-10/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl the/at-hl implantation/nn-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl new/jj-hl life/nn-hl ./.-hl I/ppss came/vbd that/cs they/ppss may/md have/hv life/nn ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 10/cd-tl ./. He/pps who/wps has/hvz the/at Son/nn-tl has/hvz the/at life/nn ./. He/pps who/wps has/hvz not/* the/at Son/nn-tl has/hvz not/* the/at life/nn ./. 1/cd-tl St./nn-tl John/np-tl 12/cd-tl ./. He/pps who/wps believes/vbz in/in the/at Son/nn-tl (/( Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, the/at Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl )/) ,/, has/hvz everlasting/jj life/nn ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 36/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl the/at-hl impartation/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl divine/jj-hl nature/nn-hl ./.-hl Through/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz granted/vbn us/ppo the/at very/ql great/jj and/cc precious/jj promises/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs through/in them/ppo you/ppss may/md become/vb partaker/nn of/in the/at divine/jj nature/nn ./. 2/cd-tl St./nn-tl Peter/np-tl 1/cd-tl :/:-tl 4/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl Christ/np-hl living/vbg-hl in/in-hl you/ppo-hl by/in-hl faith/nn-hl ./.-hl Christ/np in/in you/ppo ,/, your/pp$ hope/nn of/in glory/nn ./. Colossians/nps-tl 27/cd-tl ./. It/pps is/bez now/rb no/ql longer/rbr I/ppss that/wps live/vb ,/, but/cc Christ/np lives/vbz in/in me/ppo ./. And/cc the/at life/nn that/cs I/ppss now/rb live/vb in/in the/at flesh/nn ,/, I/ppss live/vb in/in the/at faith/nn of/in the/at Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, who/wps loved/vbd me/ppo and/cc gave/vbd himself/ppl up/rp for/in me/ppo ./. Galatians/nps-tl 20/cd-tl ./. To/to have/hv Christ/np dwelling/vbg through/in faith/nn in/in your/pp$ hearts/nns ./. Ephesians/nps-tl 17/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl miraculous/jj-hl and/cc-hl mysterious/jj-hl ./.-hl The/at wind/nn blows/vbz where/wrb it/pps will/md ,/, and/cc thou/ppss hearest/vbz its/pp$ sound/nn but/cc dost/do not/* know/vb where/wrb it/pps comes/vbz from/in or/cc where/wrb it/pps goes/vbz ./. So/rb is/bez everyone/pn who/wps is/bez born/vbn of/in the/at Spirit/nn-tl ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 8/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl immediate/jj-hl and/cc-hl instantaneous/jj-hl ./.-hl Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in you/ppo ,/, he/pps who/wps hears/vbz my/pp$ word/nn ,/, and/cc believes/vbz him/ppo who/wps sent/vbd me/ppo ,/, has/hvz life/nn everlasting/jj ,/, and/cc does/doz not/* come/vb to/in judgment/nn ,/, but/cc has/hvz passed/vbn from/in death/nn to/in life/nn ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 24/cd-tl ./. The/at-hl means/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl the/at-hl new/jj-hl birth/nn-hl is/bez-hl a/at-hl work/nn-hl of/in-hl god/nn-hl ./.-hl But/cc to/in as/ql many/ap as/cs received/vbn him/ppo he/pps gave/vbd the/at power/nn of/in becoming/vbg sons/nns of/in God/np ;/. ;/. to/in those/dts who/wps believe/vb in/in his/pp$ name/nn :/: Who/wps were/bed born/vbn not/* of/in blood/nn ,/, nor/cc of/in the/at will/nn of/in the/at flesh/nn ,/, nor/cc of/in the/at will/nn of/in man/nn ,/, but/cc of/in God/np ./. St./nn-tl John/np-tl 12/cd-tl ,/,-tl 13/cd-tl ./. A/at-hl final/jj-hl word/nn-hl You/ppss may/md be/be very/ql religious/jj ,/, a/at good/jj church/nn member/nn ,/, an/at upright/nn ,/, honest/jj and/cc sincere/jj person/nn ;/. ;/. you/ppss may/md be/be baptized/vbn ,/, confirmed/vbn ,/, reverent/jj and/cc worshipful/jj ;/. ;/. you/ppss may/md attend/vb mass/nn ,/, do/do penance/nn ,/, say/vb prayers/nns and/cc zealously/rb keep/vb all/abn the/at sacraments/nns and/cc ceremonies/nns of/in the/at church/nn ;/. ;/. you/ppss may/md have/hv the/at final/jj and/cc extreme/jj unction/nn but/cc if/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* born/vbn again/rb you/ppss are/ber lost/vbn and/cc headed/vbn for/in hell/nn and/cc eternal/jj punishment/nn ./. You/ppss cannot/md* be/be saved/vbn ;/. ;/. you/ppss cannot/md* go/vb to/in heaven/nn unless/cs you/ppss are/ber born/vbn again/rb ./. Our/pp$ blessed/vbn Lord/nn-tl Jesus/np Christ/np ,/, the/at sinless/jj Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, who/wps could/md not/* lie/vb ,/, said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Amen/uh ,/, amen/uh ,/, I/ppss say/vb to/in thee/ppo ,/, unless/cs a/at man/nn be/be born/vbn again/rb ,/, he/pps cannot/md* see/vb the/at kingdom/nn of/in God/np ''/'' (/( St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 3/cd-tl )/) ./. ``/`` You/ppss must/md be/be born/vbn again/rb ''/'' (/( St./nn-tl John/np-tl 3/cd-tl :/:-tl 7/cd-tl )/) ./. Being/beg convinced/vbn that/cs salvation/nn is/bez alone/rb by/in accepting/vbg Christ/np as/cs Saviour/nn-tl ,/, and/cc being/beg convicted/vbn by/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl of/in my/pp$ lost/vbn condition/nn ,/, I/ppss do/do repent/vb of/in all/abn effort/nn to/to be/be saved/vbn by/in any/dti form/nn of/in good/jj works/nns ,/, and/cc just/rb now/rb receive/vb Jesus/np as/cs my/pp$ personal/jj Saviour/nn-tl and/cc salvation/nn as/cs a/at free/jj gift/nn from/in Him/ppo ./. You/ppss may/md do/do as/cs you/ppss please/vb with/in God/np now/rb ./. It/pps is/bez permitted/vbn ./. God/np placed/vbd Himself/ppl in/in men's/nns$ hands/nns when/wrb He/pps sent/vbd Jesus/np Christ/np into/in the/at world/nn as/cs perfect/jj God/np and/cc perfect/jj Man/nn-tl in/in one/cd Being/nn-tl ./. He/pps was/bedz then/rb in/in man's/nn$ hands/nns ./. They/ppss cursed/vbd Him/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz permitted/vbn ./. Men/nns spit/vbd on/in Him/ppo ./. God/np allowed/vbd it/ppo ./. They/ppss called/vbd Him/ppo a/at devil/nn ./. God/np withheld/vbd His/pp$ wrath/nn ./. Finally/rb men/nns arrested/vbd Him/ppo ,/, gave/vbd Him/ppo a/at mock/jj trial/nn ,/, flogged/vbd Him/ppo ,/, nailed/vbd Him/ppo on/in a/at cross/nn and/cc hung/vbd Him/ppo between/in earth/nn and/cc heaven/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc God/np allowed/vbd it/ppo ./. You/ppss can/md do/do likewise/rb though/cs Christ/np is/bez not/* bodily/rb present/rb ./. You/ppss can/md ignore/vb Him/ppo ./. You/ppss can/md ignore/vb His/pp$ Book/nn-tl ,/, the/at Bible/np ,/, and/cc His/pp$ church/nn ./. You/ppss can/md laugh/vb at/in His/pp$ blood-bought/jj salvation/nn ,/, curse/vb His/pp$ followers/nns ,/, and/cc laugh/vb at/in hell/nn ./. It/pps is/bez permitted/vbn ./. The/at eternal/jj Christ/np may/md knock/vb at/in your/pp$ soul's/nn$ door/nn ,/, calling/vbg you/ppo to/to give/vb up/rp sin/nn and/cc prepare/vb for/in heaven/nn ./. You/ppss may/md refuse/vb Him/ppo ,/, spit/vb on/in Him/ppo ,/, call/vb Him/ppo a/at devil/nn ,/, curse/vb Him/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez permitted/vbn ./. You/ppss may/md take/vb His/pp$ name/nn upon/in your/pp$ lips/nns in/in oaths/nns and/cc curses/nns if/cs you/ppss so/rb choose/vb ./. He/pps is/bez in/in your/pp$ hands/nns --/-- now/rb ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md seek/vb His/pp$ favor/nn ,/, humble/vb yourself/ppl before/in Him/ppo and/cc beg/vb His/pp$ mercy/nn ,/, implore/vb His/pp$ forgiveness/nn ,/, forsake/vb your/pp$ sins/nns ,/, and/cc abandon/vb your/pp$ whole/jj life/nn to/in Him/ppo ./. He/pps has/hvz said/vbn ,/, ``/`` Behold/vb ,/, I/ppss stand/vb at/in the/at door/nn ,/, and/cc knock/vb :/: if/cs any/dti man/nn hear/vb my/pp$ voice/nn ,/, and/cc open/vb the/at door/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md come/vb in/rp to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc will/md sup/vb with/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps with/in me/ppo ''/'' (/( Revelation/nn-tl 3:20/cd-tl :/. :/. 20/cd )/) ./. The/at choice/nn is/bez up/in to/in you/ppo ./. The/at latch/nn is/bez on/in your/pp$ side/nn of/in the/at door/nn ./. The/at choice/nn is/bez yours/pp$$ :/: the/at revellings/nns and/cc banquetings/nns of/in this/dt world/nn or/cc quiet/jj communion/nn with/in God/np ;/. ;/. the/at ever/rb burning/vbg lusts/nns of/in the/at flesh/nn or/cc the/at powerful/jj victory/nn of/in Holy/jj-tl Spirit/nn-tl discipline/nn ./. The/at choice/nn is/bez yours/pp$$ :/: God/np is/bez in/in your/pp$ hands/nns ,/, now/rb ./. God/np has/hvz already/rb set/vbn the/at day/nn when/wrb you/ppss will/md be/be in/in His/pp$ hands/nns ./. What/wdt He/pps does/doz with/in you/ppo then/rb depends/vbz on/in what/wdt you/ppss do/do with/in Him/ppo now/rb ./. Then/rb it/pps will/md be/be a/at ``/`` fearful/jj thing/nn to/to fall/vb into/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at living/vbg God/np ''/'' if/cs you/ppss have/hv abused/vbn Him/ppo in/in your/pp$ hands/nns ./.

cd17

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I/ppss am/bem a/at magazine/nn ;/. ;/. my/pp$ name/nn is/bez Guideposts/nns-tl ;/. ;/. this/dt issue/nn that/cs you/ppss are/ber reading/vbg marks/vbz my/pp$ 15th/od anniversary/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss came/vbd into/in being/beg ,/, 15/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, I/ppss had/hvd one/cd primary/jj purpose/nn :/: to/to help/vb men/nns and/cc women/nns everywhere/rb to/to know/vb God/np better/rbr ,/, and/cc through/in knowing/vbg Him/ppo better/rbr to/to become/vb happier/jjr and/cc more/ql effective/jj people/nns ./. That/dt purpose/nn has/hvz never/rb changed/vbn ./. When/wrb you/ppss read/vb me/ppo ,/, you/ppss are/ber holding/vbg in/in your/pp$ hands/nns the/at product/nn of/in many/ap minds/nns and/cc hearts/nns ./. Some/dti of/in the/at people/nns who/wps speak/vb through/in my/pp$ pages/nns are/ber famous/jj ;/. ;/. others/nns unknown/jj ./. Some/dti work/vb with/in their/pp$ hands/nns ./. Some/dti have/hv walked/vbn through/in pain/nn and/cc sorrow/nn to/to bring/vb you/ppo their/pp$ message/nn of/in hope/nn ./. Some/dti are/ber so/ql filled/vbn with/in gratitude/nn ,/, for/in the/at gift/nn of/in life/nn and/cc the/at love/nn of/in God/np ,/, that/cs their/pp$ joy/nn spills/vbz out/rp on/in the/at paper/nn and/cc brightens/vbz the/at lives/nns of/in thousands/nns whom/wpo they/ppss have/hv never/rb known/vbn ,/, and/cc will/md never/rb see/vb ./. Fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, there/ex were/bed no/at Guideposts/nns-tl at/in all/abn ./. This/dt month/nn a/at million/cd Guideposts/nns-tl will/md circulate/vb all/abn over/in the/at world/nn ./. Experts/nns in/in the/at publishing/vbg field/nn consider/vb this/dt astounding/jj ./. They/ppss do/do not/* understand/vb how/wrb a/at small/jj magazine/nn with/in no/at advertising/nn and/cc no/at newsstand/nn sale/nn could/md have/hv achieved/vbn such/abl a/at following/nn ./. To/in me/ppo ,/, the/at explanation/nn is/bez very/ql simple/jj ./. I/ppss am/bem not/* doing/vbg anything/pn ,/, of/in myself/ppl ./. I/ppss am/bem merely/rb a/at channel/nn for/in something/pn ./. What/wdt is/bez this/dt something/pn ?/. ?/. I/ppss cannot/md* define/vb it/ppo fully/rb ./. It/pps is/bez the/at force/nn in/in the/at universe/nn that/wps makes/vbz men/nns love/vb goodness/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb they/ppss turn/vb away/rb from/in it/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez the/at power/nn that/wps holds/vbz the/at stars/nns in/in their/pp$ orbits/nns ,/, but/cc allows/vbz the/at wind/nn to/to bend/vb a/at blade/nn of/in grass/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at whisper/nn in/in the/at heart/nn that/wps urges/vbz each/dt one/cd to/to be/be better/jjr than/cs he/pps is/bez ./. It/pps is/bez mankind's/nn$ wistful/jj yearning/nn for/in a/at world/nn of/in justice/nn and/cc peace/nn ./. All/abn things/nns are/ber possible/jj to/in God/np ,/, but/cc He/pps chooses/vbz --/-- usually/rb --/-- to/to work/vb through/in people/nns ./. Sometimes/rb such/jj people/nns sense/vb that/cs they/ppss are/ber being/beg used/vbn ;/. ;/. sometimes/rb not/* ./. Fifteen/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, troubled/vbn by/in the/at rising/vbg tide/nn of/in materialism/nn in/in the/at post-war/jj world/nn ,/, a/at businessman/nn and/cc a/at minister/nn asked/vbd themselves/ppls if/cs there/ex might/md not/* be/be a/at place/nn for/in a/at small/jj magazine/nn in/in which/wdt men/nns and/cc women/nns ,/, regardless/rb of/in creed/nn or/cc color/nn ,/, could/md set/vb forth/rb boldly/rb their/pp$ religious/jj convictions/nns and/cc bear/vb witness/nn to/in the/at power/nn of/in faith/nn to/to solve/vb the/at endless/jj problems/nns of/in living/vbg ./. The/at businessman/nn was/bedz Raymond/np Thornburg/np ./. The/at minister/nn was/bedz Norman/np Vincent/np Peale/np ./. Neither/dtx had/hvd any/dti publishing/vbg experience/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss had/hvd faith/nn in/in their/pp$ idea/nn ./. They/ppss borrowed/vbd a/at typewriter/nn ,/, raised/vbd about/rb $2,000/nns in/in contributions/nns ,/, hired/vbd a/at secretary/nn ,/, persuaded/vbd a/at couple/nn of/in young/jj men/nns to/to join/vb them/ppo for/in almost/rb no/at pay/nn and/cc began/vbd mailing/vbg out/rp a/at collection/nn of/in unstapled/jj leaflets/nns that/wpo they/ppss called/vbd Guideposts/nns-tl ./. Compared/vbn to/in the/at big/jj ,/, established/vbn magazines/nns ,/, my/pp$ first/od efforts/nns seemed/vbd feeble/jj indeed/qlp ./. But/cc from/in the/at start/nn they/ppss had/hvd two/cd important/jj ingredients/nns :/: sincerity/nn and/cc realism/nn ./. The/at people/nns who/wps told/vbd the/at stories/nns were/bed sincere/jj ./. And/cc the/at stories/nns they/ppss told/vbd were/bed true/jj ./. For/in example/nn ,/, early/rb in/in my/pp$ life/nn ,/, when/wrb one/cd of/in my/pp$ editorial/nn workers/nns wanted/vbd to/to find/vb out/rp how/wrb churches/nns and/cc philanthropic/jj organizations/nns met/vbd the/at needs/nns of/in New/jj-tl York's/np$-tl down-and-outers/nns ,/, he/pps didn't/dod* just/rb ask/vb questions/nns ./. Len/np LeSourd/np went/vbd and/cc lived/vbd in/in the/at slums/nns as/cs a/at sidewalk/nn derelict/nn for/in ten/cd days/nns ./. That/dt was/bedz nearly/rb 13/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. Len/np LeSourd/np is/bez my/pp$ executive/jj editor/nn today/nr ./. Many/ap of/in you/ppo are/ber familiar/jj ,/, I'm/ppss+bem sure/jj ,/, with/in the/at story/nn of/in my/pp$ early/jj struggles/nns :/: the/at fire/nn in/in January/np ,/, 1947/cd ,/, that/wps destroyed/vbd everything/pn --/-- even/rb our/pp$ precious/jj list/nn of/in subscribers/nns ./. The/at help/nn and/cc sympathy/nn that/wps were/bed forthcoming/jj from/in everywhere/rb ./. The/at crisis/nn later/rbr on/rp when/wrb debts/nns seemed/vbd about/rb to/to overwhelm/vb me/ppo ./. That/dt was/bedz when/wrb a/at remarkable/jj woman/nn ,/, Teresa/np Durlach/np ,/, came/vbd to/in my/pp$ aid/nn --/-- not/* so/ql much/rb with/in money/nn ,/, as/cs with/in wisdom/nn and/cc courage/nn ./. ``/`` You're/ppss+ber not/* living/vbg up/rp to/in your/pp$ own/jj principles/nns ''/'' ,/, she/pps told/vbd my/pp$ discouraged/vbn people/nns ./. ``/`` You're/ppss+ber so/ql preoccupied/vbn that/cs you've/ppss+hv let/vb your/pp$ faith/nn grow/vb dim/jj ./. What/wdt do/do you/ppss want/vb --/-- a/at hundred/cd thousand/cd subscribers/nns ?/. ?/. Visualize/vb them/ppo ,/, then/rb ,/, believe/vb you/ppss are/ber getting/vbg them/ppo ,/, and/cc you/ppss will/md have/hv them/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. And/cc the/at 100,000/cd subscribers/nns became/vbd a/at reality/nn ./. And/cc then/rb 500,000/cd ./. And/cc now/rb a/at million/cd January/np Guideposts/nns-tl are/ber in/in circulation/nn ./. With/in our/pp$ growth/nn came/vbd expansion/nn into/in new/jj fields/nns of/in service/nn ./. Today/nr more/ap than/in a/at thousand/cd industries/nns distribute/vb me/ppo to/in their/pp$ employees/nns ./. They/ppss say/vb all/abn personnel/nns have/hv spiritual/jj needs/nns which/wdt Guideposts/nns-tl helps/vbz to/to meet/vb ./. Hundreds/nns of/in civic/jj clubs/nns ,/, business/nn firms/nns and/cc individuals/nns make/vb me/ppo available/jj to/in school/nn teachers/nns throughout/in the/at land/nn ./. They/ppss say/vb it/ppo helps/vbz them/ppo bring/vb back/rb into/in schools/nns the/at spiritual/jj and/cc moral/jj values/nns on/in which/wdt this/dt country/nn was/bedz built/vbn ./. Thousands/nns of/in free/jj copies/nns are/ber sent/vbn each/dt month/nn to/in chaplains/nns in/in the/at Armed/vbn-tl Forces/nns-tl ,/, to/in prison/nn libraries/nns and/cc to/in hospitals/nns everywhere/rb ./. Bedridden/jj people/nns say/vb I/ppss am/bem easy/jj to/to hold/vb --/-- and/cc read/vb ./. Three/cd years/nns ago/rb it/pps became/vbd possible/jj to/to finance/vb a/at Braille/np edition/nn for/in blind/jj readers/nns ./. Throughout/in these/dts exciting/jj years/nns I/ppss have/hv been/ben fortunate/jj for/cs ,/, although/cs I/ppss have/hv never/rb offered/vbn great/jj financial/jj inducements/nns ,/, talent/nn has/hvz found/vbn its/pp$ way/nn to/in me/ppo :/: William/np Boal/np who/wps so/ql ably/rb organizes/vbz business/nn operations/nns ;/. ;/. John/np Beach/np who/wps guides/vbz circulation/nn ;/. ;/. Irving/np Granville/np and/cc Nelson/np Rector/np who/wps travel/vb widely/rb calling/vbg on/rp business/nn firms/nns ./. Searching/vbg for/in the/at best/jjt in/in spiritual/jj stories/nns ,/, my/pp$ roving/vbg editors/nns cover/vb not/* only/rb the/at country/nn ,/, but/cc the/at whole/jj world/nn ./. Glenn/np Kittler/np has/hvz been/ben twice/rb to/in Africa/np ,/, once/rb spending/vbg a/at week/nn with/in Dr./nn-tl Albert/np Schweitzer/np ./. Last/ap summer/nn John/np and/cc Elizabeth/np Sherrill/np were/bed in/in Alaska/np ./. Van/np Varner/np recently/rb returned/vbd from/in Russia/np ./. Twice/rb a/at month/nn the/at editorial/nn staff/nn meets/vbz in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl for/in an/at early/jj supper/nn ,/, then/rb a/at long/jj evening/nn of/in idea-exchange/nn ./. Around/in the/at table/nn sit/vb Protestant/np ,/, Catholic/np ,/, and/cc Jew/np ./. Each/dt contributes/vbz something/pn different/jj ,/, and/cc something/pn important/jj :/: Ruth/np Peale/np ,/, her/pp$ wide/jj experience/nn in/in church/nn work/nn ;/. ;/. Sidney/np Fields/np ,/, years/nns of/in experience/nn as/cs a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl columnist/nn ;/. ;/. Catherine/np Marshall/np LeSourd/np ,/, the/at insight/nn that/wps has/hvz made/vbn her/pp$ books/nns world-famous/jj and/cc Norm/np Mullendore/np ,/, the/at keen/jj perception/nn of/in an/at advertising/vbg executive/nn ./. There/ex are/ber people/nns who/wps travel/vb long/jj distances/nns to/to assure/vb my/pp$ continued/vbn existence/nn ./. Elaine/np St./np Johns/np may/md fly/vb in/rp from/in the/at West/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl for/in the/at editorial/nn staff/nn meetings/nns ./. Starr/np Jones/np gets/vbz up/rp every/at morning/nn at/in five/cd o'clock/rb ,/, milks/vbz his/pp$ family/nn cow/nn ,/, attends/vbz to/in farm/nn chores/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb takes/vbz a/at two-hour/jj train/nn trip/nn to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. Arthur/np Gordon/np comes/vbz once/rb a/at month/nn all/abn the/at way/nn from/in Georgia/np ./. We/ppss have/hv also/rb seen/vbn the/at power/nn of/in faith/nn at/in work/nn among/in us/ppo ./. Rose/np Weiss/np ,/, who/wps handles/vbz all/abn the/at prayer-requests/nns that/wpo we/ppss receive/vb ,/, answering/vbg each/dt letter/nn personally/rb ,/, has/hvz the/at serene/jj selflessness/nn that/wps comes/vbz from/in suffering/vbg :/: she/pps has/hvz had/hvn many/ap major/jj operations/nns ,/, and/cc now/rb gets/vbz about/rp in/in a/at limited/vbn way/nn on/in braces/nns and/cc crutches/nns ./. Recently/rb ,/, John/np Sherrill/np was/bedz stricken/vbn with/in one/cd of/in the/at deadliest/jjt forms/nns of/in cancer/nn ./. We/ppss prayed/vbd for/in John/np ,/, during/in surgery/nn ,/, we/ppss asked/vbd others/nns to/to pray/vb ;/. ;/. all/ql over/in the/at country/nn a/at massive/jj shield/nn of/in prayer/nn was/bedz thrown/vbn around/in him/ppo ./. Today/nr the/at cancer/nn is/bez gone/vbn ./. Perhaps/rb it/pps is/bez not/* fair/jj to/to mention/vb some/dti people/nns without/in mentioning/vbg all/abn ./. But/cc ,/, you/ppss see/vb ,/, those/dts who/wps are/ber not/* mentioned/vbn will/md not/* resent/vb it/ppo ./. That/dt is/bez the/at kind/nn of/in people/nns they/ppss are/ber ./. Perhaps/rb you/ppss think/vb the/at editorial/nn meetings/nns are/ber solemn/jj affairs/nns ,/, a/at little/ql sanctimonious/jj ?/. ?/. Not/* so/rb ./. Serious/jj ,/, yes/rb ,/, but/cc also/rb much/ap laughter/nn ./. Sharp/jj division/nn of/in opinion/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, and/cc strenuous/jj debate/nn ./. There/ex are/ber brain-wracking/jj searches/nns for/in the/at right/jj word/nn ,/, the/at best/jjt phrase/nn ,/, the/at most/ql helpful/jj idea/nn ./. And/cc there/ex is/bez also/rb something/pn intangible/jj that/wps hovers/vbz around/in the/at table/nn ./. A/at good/jj word/nn for/in it/pps is/bez fellowship/nn ./. A/at shorter/jjr word/nn is/bez ./. Each/dt meeting/nn starts/vbz with/in a/at prayer/nn ,/, offered/vbn spontaneously/rb by/in one/cd member/nn of/in the/at group/nn ./. It/pps takes/vbz many/ap forms/nns ,/, this/dt prayer/nn ,/, but/cc in/in essence/nn it/pps is/bez always/rb a/at request/nn for/in guidance/nn ,/, for/in open/jj minds/nns and/cc gentle/jj hearts/nns ,/, for/in honesty/nn and/cc sincerity/nn ,/, for/in the/at wisdom/nn and/cc the/at insights/nns that/wps will/md help/vb Guideposts'/nns$-tl readers/nns ./. For/cs you/ppss ,/, readers/nns ,/, are/ber an/at all-important/jj part/nn of/in the/at spiritual/jj experiment/nn that/wps is/bez Guideposts/nns-tl ./. I/ppss need/vb your/pp$ support/nn ,/, your/pp$ criticism/nn ,/, your/pp$ encouragement/nn ,/, your/pp$ prayers/nns ./. I/ppss am/bem a/at magazine/nn ;/. ;/. my/pp$ name/nn is/bez Guideposts/nns-tl ./. My/pp$ message/nn ,/, today/nr ,/, is/bez the/at same/ap as/cs it/pps was/bedz 15/cd years/nns ago/rb :/: that/cs there/ex is/bez goodness/nn in/in people/nns ,/, and/cc strength/nn and/cc love/nn in/in God/np ./. May/md He/pps bless/vb you/ppo all/abn ./. Havana/np was/bedz filled/vbn with/in an/at excitement/nn which/wdt you/ppss could/md see/vb in/in the/at brightness/nn of/in men's/nns$ eyes/nns and/cc hear/vb in/in the/at pitch/nn of/in their/pp$ voices/nns ./. The/at hated/vbn dictator/nn Batista/np had/hvd fled/vbn ./. Rumors/nns flew/vbd from/in lip/nn to/in lip/nn that/cs Fidel/np Castro/np was/bedz on/in his/pp$ way/nn to/in Havana/np ,/, coming/vbg from/in the/at mountains/nns where/wrb he/pps had/hvd fought/vbn Batista/np for/in five/cd years/nns ./. Already/rb the/at city/nn was/bedz filled/vbn with/in Barbudos/nps ,/, the/at bearded/vbn ,/, war-dirty/jj Revolutionaries/nns-tl ,/, carrying/vbg carbines/nns ,/, waving/vbg to/in the/at crowds/nns that/wps lined/vbd the/at Prado/np ./. And/cc then/rb Castro/np himself/ppl did/dod come/vbn ,/, bearded/vbn ,/, smiling/vbg ;/. ;/. yet/cc if/cs you/ppss looked/vbd closely/rb you'd/ppss+md see/vb that/cs his/pp$ eyes/nns did/dod not/* pick/vb up/rp the/at smile/nn on/in his/pp$ lips/nns ./. At/in first/rb I/ppss was/bedz happy/jj to/to throw/vb the/at support/nn of/in our/pp$ newspaper/nn behind/in this/dt man/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs Castro/np was/bedz happy/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, about/in that/dt support/nn ./. Diario/np De/np La/np Marina/np was/bedz the/at oldest/jjt and/cc most/ql influential/jj paper/nn in/in Cuba/np ,/, with/in a/at reputation/nn for/in speaking/vbg out/rp against/in tyranny/nn ./. My/pp$ grandfather/nn had/hvd been/ben stoned/vbn because/cs of/in his/pp$ editorials/nns ./. My/pp$ own/jj earliest/jjt memories/nns are/ber of/in exiles/nns :/: my/pp$ three/cd brothers/nns and/cc I/ppss were/bed taken/vbn often/rb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ``/`` to/to visit/vb relatives/nns ''/'' while/cs my/pp$ father/nn stayed/vbd on/rp to/to fight/vb the/at dictator/nn Machado/np ./. When/wrb it/pps was/bedz my/pp$ turn/nn ,/, I/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, printed/vbd the/at truth/nn as/cs I/ppss knew/vbd it/ppo about/in Batista/np ,/, and/cc rejoiced/vbd to/to see/vb his/pp$ regime/nn topple/vb ./. None/pn of/in us/ppo was/bedz aware/jj that/cs the/at biggest/jjt fight/nn was/bedz still/rb ahead/rb ./. I/ppss was/bedz full/jj of/in hope/nn as/cs Fidel/np Castro/np came/vbd into/in Havana/np ./. Within/in a/at week/nn ,/, however/wrb ,/, I/ppss began/vbd to/to suspect/vb that/cs something/pn was/bedz wrong/jj ./. For/cs Castro/np was/bedz bringing/vbg Cuba/np not/* freedom/nn ,/, but/cc hatred/nn ./. He/pps spent/vbd long/jj hours/nns before/in the/at TV/nn spitting/vbg out/rp promises/nns of/in revenge/nn ./. He/pps showed/vbd us/ppo how/wrb he/pps dealt/vbd with/in his/pp$ enemies/nns :/: he/pps executed/vbd them/ppo before/in TV/nn cameras/nns ./. On/in home/nr sets/nns children/nns were/bed watching/vbg the/at death/nn throes/nns of/in men/nns who/wps were/bed shot/vbn before/in the/at paredon/fw-nn ,/, the/at firing/vbg wall/nn ./. Castro's/np$ reforms/nns ?/. ?/. He/pps seemed/vbd bent/vbn on/in coupling/vbg them/ppo with/in vengeance/nn ./. New/jj schools/nns were/bed rising/vbg ,/, but/cc with/in this/dt went/vbd a/at harsh/jj proclamation/nn :/: any/dti academic/jj degree/nn earned/vbn during/in Batista's/np$ regime/nn was/bedz invalid/jj ./. Economic/jj aid/nn ?/. ?/. He/pps had/hvd promised/vbn cheaper/jjr housing/nn :/: arbitrarily/rb he/pps cut/vbd all/abn rents/nns in/in half/abn ,/, whether/cs the/at landlord/nn was/bedz a/at millionaire/nn speculator/nn or/cc a/at widow/nn whose/wp$ only/ap income/nn was/bedz the/at rental/nn of/in a/at spare/jj room/nn ./. Under/in another/dt law/nn ,/, hundreds/nns of/in farms/nns were/bed seized/vbn ./. Farm/nn workers/nns had/hvd their/pp$ wages/nns cut/vbn almost/ql in/in half/abn ./. Of/in this/dt ,/, only/rb 50/cd cents/nns a/at day/nn was/bedz paid/vbn in/in cash/nn ,/, the/at rest/nn in/in script/nn usable/jj only/rb in/in ``/`` People's/nns$-tl Stores/nns-tl ''/'' ./. A/at suspicion/nn was/bedz growing/vbg that/cs Fidel/np Castro/np was/bedz a/at Communist/nn-tl ./. In/in my/pp$ mind/nn ,/, I/ppss began/vbd to/to review/vb :/: his/pp$ use/nn of/in hate/nn to/to gain/vb support/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ People's/nns$-tl Courts/nns-tl ;/. ;/. his/pp$ division/nn of/in society/nn into/in two/cd classes/nns ,/, one/cd the/at hero/nn ,/, the/at other/ap the/at villain/nn ./. But/cc most/ql disturbing/jj of/in all/abn were/bed the/at advisers/nns he/pps called/vbd to/to sit/vb with/in him/ppo in/in the/at Palace/nn-tl ;/. ;/. many/ap came/vbd from/in Communist/nn-tl countries/nns ./. What/wdt should/md I/ppss do/do about/in it/ppo ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd myself/ppl ?/. ?/. I/ppss had/hvd watched/vbn Castro/np handling/vbg his/pp$ enemies/nns before/in the/at paredon/fw-nn ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at doubt/nn in/in my/pp$ mind/nn that/cs if/cs I/ppss crossed/vbd him/ppo ,/, mobs/nns would/md appear/vb outside/in our/pp$ windows/nns shouting/vbg ``/`` Paredon/fw-nn !/. !/. Paredon/fw-nn !/. !/. ''/'' What/wdt should/md I/ppss do/do ?/. ?/. I/ppss was/bedz proud/jj of/in the/at new/jj buildings/nns which/wdt housed/vbd Diario/np now/rb :/: the/at rotogravures/nns ,/, gleaming/vbg behind/in glass/nn doors/nns ;/. ;/. the/at thump/nn and/cc whir/nn of/in our/pp$ new/jj presses/nns ./. Here/rb was/bedz a/at powerful/jj ,/, ready-made/jj medium/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps could/md speak/vb only/rb if/cs I/ppss told/vbd it/ppo to/to ./. Then/rb one/cd day/nn ,/, early/rb in/in January/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, I/ppss sat/vbd down/rp at/in my/pp$ desk/nn ,/, and/cc suddenly/rb I/ppss was/bedz aware/jj of/in the/at crucifix/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at simple/jj ivory/nn crucifix/nn which/wdt my/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd given/vbn me/ppo ./. I/ppss had/hvd mounted/vbn it/ppo on/in velvet/nn and/cc hung/vbn it/ppo over/in my/pp$ desk/nn to/to remind/vb me/ppo always/rb to/to use/vb the/at power/nn of/in the/at paper/nn in/in a/at Christian/jj manner/nn ./. Now/rb it/pps seemed/vbd almost/rb as/cs if/cs Jesus/np were/bed looking/vbg down/rp at/in me/ppo with/in sadness/nn in/in His/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, saying/vbg :/: ``/`` You/ppss will/md lose/vb the/at paper/nn ./. You/ppss may/md lose/vb your/pp$ life/nn ./. But/cc do/do you/ppss have/hv any/dti choice/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss knew/vbd in/in that/dt moment/nn that/cs I/ppss did/dod not/* have/hv any/dti choice/nn ./. From/in that/dt day/nn on/rp I/ppss began/vbd to/to write/vb editorials/nns about/in the/at things/nns I/ppss did/dod not/* think/vb correct/jj in/in Fidel/np Castro's/np$ regime/nn ./.

ce01

ce01 |@word often:2 begin:3 bodybuilder:8 training:3 secretly:1 either:1 parent:3 want:1 sonny:1 boy:1 lift:1 old:1 barbell:5 thing:2 stunt:1 growth:3 childish:1 taunt:2 schoolmate:2 like:3 hey:1 lookit:1 mr:10 america:4 whaddya:1 go:2 muscle:18 none:1 time:9 guy:1 get:2 little:1 ego:1 therefore:1 genuine:1 pleasure:1 tell:2 entirely:1 happy:3 never:4 train:2 secret:1 hear:1 one:9 unkind:1 word:1 always:2 smile:1 lad:1 sunny:1 disposition:1 new:4 junior:1 canada:3 henri:14 de:3 courcy:3 far:1 discourage:1 urge:1 great:10 accomplishment:1 instead:1 admonish:1 let:1 weight:7 alone:3 personally:1 take:5 master:1 montreal:3 bodybuilding:1 authority:1 professor:7 roland:2 claude:7 could:2 entrust:1 well:6 hand:1 le:1 professeur:1 know:6 sterno:1 cleido:1 mastoideus:1 neck:4 right:3 tibialis:1 anticus:1 leg:18 still:2 exercise:27 work:11 best:2 weider:6 principle:1 combine:1 fast:3 good:2 teach:2 method:1 famous:4 health:1 studio:1 locate:1 1821:1 mt:1 royal:1 east:1 undoubtedly:1 read:3 case:1 history:1 prize:2 win:5 pupil:2 every:2 physique:2 title:1 kind:2 gaetan:1 jean:1 paul:1 senesac:1 whose:1 story:1 appear:1 two:2 issue:1 ago:1 jack:1 boissoneault:1 last:2 month:1 charles:1 harve:1 recently:1 muscular:4 man:1 subdivision:1 award:1 event:1 host:1 yesiree:1 12:1 4:2 10:1 tall:1 weigh:1 astounding:1 72:1 pound:2 desire:1 pack:2 builder:1 learn:1 way:4 gain:1 see:9 many:2 illustration:1 testimonial:1 value:1 quick:1 wate:1 super:13 protein:1 wonder:1 food:2 supplement:2 decide:1 try:1 sir:1 real:2 almost:3 less:2 bodyweight:1 increase:2 rapidly:1 course:1 crazy:1 water:2 skiing:2 swimming:2 vigorous:1 conjunction:2 add:1 solid:2 skinny:1 frame:1 shapely:1 really:3 much:2 totally:1 dissatisfied:1 upper:5 body:2 symmetrical:1 nothing:1 torso:4 say:2 seem:2 widen:2 longer:3 trouble:1 correct:1 gym:1 knock:1 equipment:1 since:1 vic:1 tanny:1 specialist:1 development:4 long:3 favor:1 push:12 pull:14 set:18 technique:1 pressing:1 movement:2 accent:1 sector:3 group:3 specific:1 follow:2 oppose:1 away:1 introduce:1 moon:3 bench:7 proceed:1 first:5 consisting:1 wide:4 grip:3 straight:2 arm:3 pullover:2 part:3 dramatically:3 ribcage:2 strongly:2 affect:1 back:6 chest:5 collar:2 press:4 specifically:1 build:3 reeve:1 type:1 gladiator:1 pecs:3 stimulate:1 lat:3 frontal:1 deltoid:3 entire:3 shoulder:4 area:2 vigorously:1 alternate:3 complete:6 remain:1 pump:2 four:7 sets:3 1:4 allow:2 five:1 minute:1 rest:2 period:1 start:2 2:5 make:6 similar:1 dumbbell:4 use:5 flat:1 elbow:1 downward:2 stretch:3 pectoral:3 possible:2 variation:5 need:3 width:1 mass:2 develop:1 classically:1 sculptured:1 outline:1 aj:2 bent:2 note:2 serratus:2 fine:3 pin:1 point:2 concentration:1 force:2 afford:1 third:1 widegrip:1 pushup:2 bar:5 lateral:1 raise:3 manner:2 stretcher:1 ever:2 invent:1 true:3 achieve:1 blade:1 touch:1 design:1 piece:1 apparatus:1 w:1 e:1 anything:1 also:2 painful:1 look:3 though:2 life:1 prescribe:1 program:3 single:1 individual:1 bit:3 pause:1 burst:1 front:7 shaping:1 six:2 incline:3 high:6 give:1 flare:1 cause:1 flow:1 upward:1 invariably:1 contest:3 steel:1 edge:1 carve:2 rock:1 champion:4 3:3 terrific:2 building:1 shape:1 define:1 workout:3 improve:2 upon:1 rarely:1 size:1 rarer:1 universe:2 herculean:1 aspect:1 physical:1 catch:1 judge:2 eye:1 rightfully:1 influence:2 decision:1 symmetry:1 hallmark:1 superior:1 definition:9 acquire:1 occasional:1 rep:3 light:3 dramatic:1 separation:1 must:1 sculptor:1 chisel:1 something:1 quite:3 different:1 come:2 certain:1 specialization:2 select:1 knowledge:1 exactly:1 spectacularly:1 minority:1 limited:1 appeal:1 soon:1 find:2 limbo:1 forget:2 discover:1 put:1 practice:3 reacquaint:1 effective:2 shall:1 discuss:1 series:1 article:1 particular:1 lunge:3 even:2 moment:1 perfectly:1 everyone:1 matter:1 whether:1 short:1 thigh:6 bone:1 length:1 drastically:1 hipline:1 mark:1 apart:1 criterion:1 drama:1 unforgettable:1 audience:1 alike:1 facet:1 uppermost:1 commonly:1 championship:1 olympic:1 lifter:4 easily:2 understandable:1 split:5 regular:2 purely:1 purpose:1 squat:3 curl:1 extensor:1 heavy:2 indeed:1 extensive:1 perform:3 several:1 twice:1 week:1 razor:1 sharp:1 wire:1 cable:1 writhe:1 twist:1 skin:1 reason:2 suggestion:1 show:1 contraction:1 extension:1 place:3 tension:1 finish:1 repetition:1 balance:2 control:1 help:1 correctly:1 flexibility:1 5:1 speed:1 power:4 advanced:1 hip:1 separately:1 thus:1 enable:1 massive:1 concentrated:1 effort:1 focus:1 stand:4 position:2 adjust:1 height:2 correspond:1 deep:2 clean:1 suitably:1 load:1 across:1 grasp:1 extend:1 foot:2 forward:1 backward:1 straighten:1 without:1 move:1 knee:1 lock:1 bend:1 feel:1 lightly:1 contact:1 side:1 breather:1 reverse:1 previous:1 rear:2 nutshell:1 couple:1 partner:1 experiment:3 safety:1 become:1 accustomed:1 wise:1 oh:1 wobble:1 weave:1 worry:1 end:1 big:1 improvement:1 lower:1 veteran:1 although:1 suggest:1 hold:2 style:1 would:1 benefit:1 enormously:1 provide:1 remember:1 left:1

Too/ql often/rb a/at beginning/vbg bodybuilder/nn has/hvz to/to do/do his/pp$ training/nn secretly/rb either/cc because/cs his/pp$ parents/nns don't/do* want/vb sonny-boy/nn to/to ``/`` lift/vb all/abn those/dts old/jj barbell/nn things/nns ''/'' because/cs ``/`` you'll/ppss+md stunt/vb your/pp$ growth/nn ''/'' or/cc because/cs childish/jj taunts/nns from/in his/pp$ schoolmates/nns ,/, like/cs ``/`` Hey/uh lookit/vb+in Mr./np America/np ;/. ;/. whaddya/wdt+ber+pp gonna/vbg+to do/do with/in all/abn those/dts muscles/nns (/( of/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz none/pn at/in the/at time/nn )/) ''/'' ?/. ?/. After/in all/abn ,/, a/at guy's/nn+hvz gotta/vbn+to have/hv a/at little/ap ego/nn !/. !/. Therefore/rb it's/pps+bez a/at genuine/jj pleasure/nn to/to tell/vb you/ppo about/in an/at entirely/ql happy/jj bodybuilder/nn who/wps has/hvz never/rb had/hvn to/to train/vb in/in secret/nn has/hvz never/rb heard/vbn one/cd unkind/jj word/nn from/in his/pp$ parents/nns and/cc never/rb has/hvz been/ben taunted/vbn by/in his/pp$ schoolmates/nns !/. !/. This/dt happy/jj ,/, always/rb smiling/vbg lad/nn with/in the/at sunny/jj disposition/nn is/bez our/pp$ new/jj Junior/np Mr./np Canada/np --/-- Henri/np De/np Courcy/np ./. Far/rb from/in discouraging/vbg Henri/np ,/, his/pp$ parents/nns urge/vb him/ppo on/rp to/in greater/jjr and/cc greater/jjr accomplishments/nns ./. Instead/rb of/in admonishing/vbg him/ppo to/to let/vb the/at weights/nns alone/rb they/ppss personally/rb took/vbd him/ppo to/in that/dt master/nn Montreal/np bodybuilding/nn authority/nn ,/, Professor/nn-tl Roland/np Claude/np ./. And/cc they/ppss couldn't/md* have/hv entrusted/vbn Henri/np to/in better/rbr hands/nns because/cs ``/`` le/fw-at professeur/fw-nn ''/'' knows/vbz his/pp$ muscles/nns from/in the/at sterno-cleido/nn mastoideus/nn of/in the/at neck/nn right/ql down/rp to/in the/at tibialis/fw-nn anticus/fw-jj of/in the/at leg/nn and/cc better/ql still/rb ,/, he/pps knows/vbz just/rb what/wdt exercises/nns work/vb best/rbt for/in them/ppo and/cc what/wdt Weider/np principles/nns to/to combine/vb them/ppo with/in for/in fast/jj ,/, fast/jj muscle/nn growth/nn ./. That's/dt+bez because/cs the/at good/jj professor/nn teaches/vbz only/rb Weider/np methods/nns at/in his/pp$ famous/jj Montreal/np-tl Health/nn-tl Studio/nn-tl which/wdt is/bez located/vbn at/in 1821/cd Mt./nn-tl Royal/jj-tl East/jj-tl in/in Montreal/np ./. Undoubtedly/rb you/ppss have/hv read/vbn the/at case/nn histories/nns of/in some/dti of/in his/pp$ prize-winning/jj pupils/nns (/( every/at pupil/nn has/hvz a/at physique/nn title/nn of/in some/dti kind/nn or/cc other/ap )/) ./. There's/ex+bez Gaetan/np D'Amours/np who/wps is/bez our/pp$ newest/jjt Mr./np Canada/np ;/. ;/. Jean-Paul/np Senesac/np ,/, whose/wp$ story/nn appeared/vbd here/rb two/cd issues/nns ago/rb ;/. ;/. Jack/np Boissoneault/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz with/in us/ppo last/ap month/nn ;/. ;/. Charles/np Harve/np ,/, who/wps recently/rb won/vbd the/at ``/`` Most/ql-tl Muscular/jj-tl Man/nn-tl ''/'' subdivision/nn award/nn in/in the/at Mr./np Canada/np event/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at host/nn of/in others/nns ./. Yesiree/uh ,/, the/at professor/nn knows/vbz his/pp$ muscles/nns !/. !/. Now/rb when/wrb Henri/np was/bedz just/rb 12/cd he/pps was/bedz only/rb 4'/nns 10''/nns ''/'' tall/jj and/cc weighed/vbd an/at astounding/jj 72/cd pounds/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ greatest/jjt desire/nn was/bedz to/to pack/vb on/rp some/dti weight/nn ./. About/rb that/dt time/nn he/pps began/vbd reading/vbg Mr./np America/np and/cc Muscle/nn-tl Builder/nn-tl and/cc he/pps learned/vbd of/in the/at famous/jj Weider/np way/nn to/in fast/jj weight/nn gaining/nn ./. Seeing/vbg so/ql many/ap illustrations/nns and/cc reading/vbg so/ql many/ap testimonials/nns to/in the/at value/nn of/in Quick-Wate/np and/cc Super-Protein/np ,/, those/dts two/cd wonder-working/jj Weider/np food/nn supplements/nns ,/, he/pps decided/vbd to/to try/vb them/ppo and/cc see/vb what/wdt they/ppss could/md do/do for/in him/ppo ./. Well/uh ,/, sir/uh they/ppss did/dod real/ql great/rb !/. !/. For/cs in/in almost/ql less/ap time/nn than/cs it/pps takes/vbz to/to tell/vb it/ppo ,/, Henri's/np$ bodyweight/nn was/bedz increasing/vbg rapidly/rb ./. Of/in course/nn he/pps did/dod some/dti exercising/nn ./. He's/pps+bez crazy/jj about/in water/nn skiing/nn and/cc swimming/vbg and/cc this/dt vigorous/jj exercise/nn in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at added/vbn food/nn supplements/nns packed/vbd pounds/nns of/in solid/jj muscle/nn on/in his/pp$ skinny/jj frame/nn ./. Henri/np has/hvz always/rb had/hvn shapely/jj legs/nns from/in swimming/vbg and/cc water/nn skiing/nn and/cc really/rb doesn't/doz* have/hv to/to work/vb them/ppo very/ql much/rb ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz totally/rb dissatisfied/vbn with/in his/pp$ upper/jj body/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz muscular/jj but/cc it/pps wasn't/bedz* symmetrical/jj ./. ``/`` A/at real/jj '/' nothing/pn '/' torso/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Henri/np ./. ``/`` It/pps never/rb seemed/vbd to/to widen/vb ./. It/pps just/rb got/vbd longer/jjr and/cc longer/jjr ''/'' ./. That's/dt+bez when/wrb he/pps went/vbd to/in Professor/nn-tl Claude/np ./. And/cc at/in once/rb Claude/np saw/vbd what/wdt the/at trouble/nn was/bedz and/cc he/pps knew/vbd just/rb how/wrb to/to correct/vb it/ppo ./. In/in his/pp$ gym/nn the/at professor/nn has/hvz some/dti of/in the/at most/ql ``/`` knocked/vbn out/rp ''/'' equipment/nn since/in Vic/np Tanny/np ./. Mr./np Claude/np is/bez a/at specialist/nn in/in torso/nn development/nn and/cc he/pps has/hvz long/rb favored/vbn the/at now-famous/jj Weider/np Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np technique/nn in/in which/wdt one/cd exercise/nn of/in the/at Super-Set/np is/bez a/at pressing/vbg or/cc ``/`` pushing/vbg ''/'' movement/nn which/wdt accents/nns one/cd sector/nn of/in a/at muscle/nn group/nn in/in a/at specific/jj way/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at ``/`` pulling/vbg ''/'' exercise/nn which/wdt works/vbz the/at opposing/vbg sector/nn of/in the/at same/ap muscle/nn group/nn ./. So/rb right/ql away/rb Claude/np introduced/vbd Henri/np to/in his/pp$ famous/jj ``/`` moon/nn ''/'' bench/nn and/cc proceeded/vbd to/to teach/vb him/ppo his/pp$ first/od Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np consisting/vbg of/in the/at wide-grip/nn Straight-Arm/jj-tl Pullover/nn-tl (/( the/at ``/`` pull/nn ''/'' part/nn of/in the/at Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np )/) which/wdt dramatically/rb widens/vbz the/at ribcage/nn and/cc strongly/rb affects/vbz the/at muscles/nns of/in the/at upper/jj back/nn and/cc chest/nn and/cc the/at collar-to-collar/jj Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl which/wdt specifically/rb works/vbz on/in the/at chest/nn to/to build/vb those/dts wide/jj ,/, Reeves-type/jj ``/`` gladiator/nn ''/'' pecs/nn ,/, while/cs stimulating/vbg the/at upper/jj lats/nn and/cc frontal/jj deltoids/nns ./. As/cs you/ppss can/md see/vb ,/, in/in this/dt Push-Pull/np Super/jj-tl Set/nn-tl the/at entire/jj chest-back-shoulder/jj area/nn is/bez vigorously/rb exercised/vbn in/in alternate/jj sectors/nns by/in alternate/jj exercises/nns so/cs the/at complete/jj torso/nn remains/vbz pumped-up/vbn all/abn the/at time/nn !/. !/. Now/rb when/wrb Henri/np has/hvz completed/vbn four/cd complete/jj Push-Pull/np Super-Sets/nps No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, the/at professor/nn allows/vbz him/ppo about/rb a/at five-minute/jj rest/nn period/nn before/cs starting/vbg him/ppo on/in four/cd complete/jj Push-Pull/np Super-Sets/nps No./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Super-Set/nn-tl No./nn-tl 2/cd-tl is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in similar/jj exercises/nns ,/, but/cc this/dt time/nn done/vbn with/in dumbbells/nns ,/, and/cc using/vbg both/abx ``/`` moon/nn ''/'' and/cc flat/jj benches/nns ./. The/at ``/`` push/nn ''/'' exercise/nn of/in this/dt Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np is/bez the/at Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl done/vbn with/in elbows/nns well/rb pulled/vbn back/rb and/cc with/in a/at greater/jjr downward/jj stretch/nn of/in the/at pectorals/nns not/* possible/jj with/in the/at barbell/nn variation/nn ./. You/ppss need/vb the/at barbell/nn variation/nn to/to build/vb width/nn and/cc mass/nn in/in the/at pecs/nn ./. The/at dumbbell/nn variation/nn develops/vbz a/at most/ql classically/rb sculptured/vbn outline/nn to/in the/at Aj/nn ./. The/at ``/`` pull/nn ''/'' exercise/nn in/in this/dt Super-Set/np is/bez the/at one-dumbbell/nn Bent-Arm/nn-tl Pullover/nn-tl ./. (/( Note/vb how/wql strongly/rb the/at upper/jj lats/nn and/cc serratus/nn are/ber worked/vbn in/in this/dt fine/nn exercise/nn because/rb of/in the/at pin-point/nn concentration/nn of/in force/nn which/wdt the/at dumbbell/nn variation/nn affords/vbz )/) ./. In/in the/at third/od Push-Pull/np Super-Set/np the/at ``/`` push/nn ''/'' exercise/nn is/bez the/at widegrip/nn Pushup/np Between/in-tl Bars/nns-tl ,/, while/cs the/at ``/`` pull/nn ''/'' exercise/nn is/bez the/at Moon/nn-tl Bench/nn-tl Lateral/jj-tl Raise/nn-tl with/in bent/vbn arms/nns ./. The/at Pushup/np done/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn is/bez the/at greatest/jjt pectoral-ribcage/nn stretcher/nn ever/rb invented/vbn !/. !/. This/dt is/bez true/jj only/rb if/cs a/at very/ql wide/jj grip/nn is/bez used/vbn and/cc only/rb when/wrb the/at greatest/jjt possible/jj stretch/nn is/bez achieved/vbn ./. You'll/ppss+md know/vb when/wrb you've/ppss+hv made/vbn the/at greatest/jjt stretch/nn because/cs your/pp$ shoulder/nn blades/nns will/md touch/vb !/. !/. As/cs you/ppss see/vb ,/, the/at professor/nn has/hvz designed/vbn a/at piece/nn of/in apparatus/nn that/wps forces/vbz the/at bodybuilder/nn to/to use/vb a/at w-i-d-e/jj grip/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz to/to ;/. ;/. he/pps just/rb can't/md* do/do anything/pn about/in it/ppo at/in all/abn !/. !/. But/cc as/cs you/ppss can/md also/rb see/vb ,/, it's/pps+bez not/* a/at painful/jj exercise/nn at/in all/abn ,/, because/cs Henri/np De/np Courcy/np --/-- the/at ``/`` happy/jj ''/'' bodybuilder/nn --/-- looks/vbz as/cs though/cs he/pps were/bed having/hvg the/at time/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn !/. !/. The/at last/ap exercise/nn of/in Roland/np Claude's/np$ prescribed/vbn program/nn for/in Henri/np is/bez a/at single/ap exercise/nn ,/, done/vbn in/in individual/jj sets/nns with/in a/at bit/nn longer/jjr pause/nn between/in sets/nns ./. By/in this/dt time/nn Henri's/np$ entire/jj chest-back-lat-shoulder/jj area/nn is/bez pumped-up/vbn to/in almost/rb bursting/vbg point/nn ,/, and/cc Claude/np takes/vbz time/nn to/to do/do a/at bit/nn more/ap pectoral-front/jj deltoid/nn shaping/nn work/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz Henri/np do/do from/in four/cd to/in six/cd sets/nns of/in the/at Incline/nn-tl Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl (/( note/vb the/at high/jj incline/nn )/) ./. This/dt gives/vbz a/at wide/jj flare/nn to/in the/at pecs/nn ,/, causing/vbg them/ppo to/to flow/vb dramatically/rb upward/rb into/in deltoids/nns and/cc dramatically/rb downward/rb into/in the/at serratus/nn and/cc Aj/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at kind/nn of/in chest/nn that/wps invariably/rb wins/vbz contests/nns ;/. ;/. that/dt steel-edged/jj ``/`` carved-out-of-solid/jj rock/nn ''/'' looks/nns of/in the/at great/jj champions/nns ./. So/rb with/in four/cd complete/jj Push-Pull/np Super-Sets/nps No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, four/cd of/in No./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, four/cd of/in No./nn-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc four/cd to/in six/cd sets/nns of/in the/at Incline/nn-tl Bench/nn-tl Press/nn-tl ,/, you/ppss can/md see/vb that/cs Henri/np De/np Courcy/np has/hvz had/hvn a/at terrific/jj mass-building/jj ,/, muscle-shaping/jj ,/, torso-defining/jj workout/nn that/wpo cannot/md* be/be improved/vbn upon/rb ./. Physique/nn contests/nns are/ber rarely/rb won/vbn on/in muscle/nn size/nn alone/rb ./. Rarer/jjr still/ql is/bez a/at Mr./np America/np or/cc Mr./np Universe/nn-tl of/in true/jj Herculean/jj build/nn ./. The/at aspects/nns of/in physical/jj development/nn that/wps catch/vb the/at judges'/nns$ eyes/nns and/cc which/wdt rightfully/rb influence/vb their/pp$ decisions/nns are/ber symmetry/nn and/cc that/dt hallmark/nn of/in the/at true/jj champion/nn --/-- superior/jj definition/nn of/in the/at muscles/nns ./. Now/rb good/jj definition/nn is/bez one/cd thing/nn that/wpo all/abn of/in us/ppo can/md acquire/vb with/in occasional/jj high-set/jj ,/, high-rep/jj ,/, light-weight/jj workouts/nns ./. But/cc contest/nn definition/nn --/-- that/dt dramatic/jj muscular/jj separation/nn of/in every/at muscle/nn group/nn that/wps seems/vbz as/cs though/cs it/pps must/md have/hv been/ben carved/vbn by/in a/at sculptor's/nn$ chisel/nn --/-- is/bez something/pn quite/ql different/jj ./. This/dt comes/vbz not/* alone/rb from/in high-set/jj ,/, high-rep/jj training/nn ,/, but/cc from/in certain/jj definition-specialization/nn exercises/nns which/wdt the/at champion/nn selects/vbz for/in himself/ppl with/in the/at knowledge/nn of/in exactly/rb what/wdt works/vbz best/rbt for/in him/ppo ./. Often/rb these/dts exercises/nns work/vb well/rb for/in some/dti bodybuilders/nns but/cc less/ql spectacularly/rb for/in others/nns ./. Because/cs they/ppss are/ber ``/`` minority/nn ''/'' exercises/nns and/cc have/hv but/in a/at limited/vbn appeal/nn they/ppss soon/rb find/vb themselves/ppls in/in the/at limbo/nn of/in the/at forgotten/vbn ./. Only/rb when/wrb the/at newest/jjt Mr./np America/np or/cc Mr./np Universe/nn-tl discovers/vbz them/ppo and/cc puts/vbz them/ppo into/in practice/nn are/ber we/ppss reacquainted/vbn with/in them/ppo and/cc once/rb again/rb see/vb how/wql effective/jj they/ppss really/rb are/ber ./. The/at exercise/nn I/ppss shall/md discuss/vb in/in this/dt --/-- the/at first/od of/in a/at new/jj series/nn of/in articles/nns on/in muscle/nn definition-specialization/nn of/in a/at particular/jj body/nn part/nn --/-- is/bez the/at One/cd-tl Leg/nn-tl Lunge/nn-tl ./. Why/wrb it/pps was/bedz ever/rb forgotten/vbn for/in even/rb a/at moment/nn I/ppss cannot/md* say/vb because/cs it/pps works/vbz perfectly/rb for/in everyone/pn ,/, no/at matter/nn whether/cs he/pps has/hvz short/jj or/cc long/jj thigh-bone/nn lengths/nns !/. !/. It/pps is/bez the/at one/cd exercise/nn that/wps drastically/rb influences/vbz the/at definition/nn of/in the/at thighs/nns at/in the/at hipline/nn --/-- that/dt mark/nn of/in the/at champion/nn that/wps sets/vbz him/ppo apart/rb from/in all/abn other/ap bodybuilders/nns ;/. ;/. a/at criterion/nn of/in muscle/nn ``/`` drama/nn ''/'' that/wps is/bez unforgettable/jj to/in judges/nns and/cc audiences/nns alike/rb ;/. ;/. the/at facet/nn of/in muscular/jj development/nn that/wps wins/vbz prizes/nns ./. Definition/nn of/in the/at thighs/nns at/in the/at uppermost/jjs part/nn is/bez quite/ql commonly/rb seen/vbn in/in most/ap championship/nn Olympic/jj lifters/nns which/wdt is/bez easily/ql understandable/jj ./. The/at One/cd-tl Leg/nn-tl Lunge/nn-tl is/bez a/at split/nn and/cc all/abn lifters/nns practice/vb this/dt in/in their/pp$ regular/jj workouts/nns ./. But/cc for/in purely/rb definition/nn purposes/nns --/-- used/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in your/pp$ regular/jj Squatting/vbg-tl ,/, Leg/nn-tl Curling/vbg-tl ,/, Leg/nn-tl Extensor/nn-tl programs/nns --/-- a/at heavy/jj weight/nn is/bez not/* needed/vbn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, a/at lighter/jjr weight/nn works/vbz much/ql better/rbr because/cs a/at greater/jjr ,/, more/ql extensive/jj split/nn can/md be/be performed/vbn ./. Used/vbn in/in several/ap sets/nns of/in high/jj reps/nns once/rb or/cc twice/rb each/dt week/nn it/pps will/md not/* be/be long/rb before/cs your/pp$ entire/jj upper/jj leg/nn takes/vbz on/rp a/at razor-sharp/jj definition/nn in/in which/wdt the/at muscles/nns look/vb like/cs wire/nn cables/nns writhing/vbg and/cc twisting/vbg under/in the/at skin/nn !/. !/. Really/rb there/ex is/bez no/at reason/nn why/wrb this/dt fine/jj exercise/nn should/md not/* find/vb its/pp$ way/nn into/in your/pp$ leg/nn program/nn at/in all/abn times/nns ,/, for/cs the/at following/vbg suggestions/nns show/vb why/wrb it/pps is/bez so/ql effective/jj :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl It's/pps+bez a/at complete/jj thigh/nn contraction-extension/nn exercise/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl It/pps places/vbz terrific/jj tension/nn on/in the/at leg/nn muscles/nns from/in start/nn to/in finish/nn of/in each/dt repetition/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl It/pps improves/vbz over-all/jj balance/nn and/cc control/nn for/in the/at bodybuilder/nn ,/, and/cc helps/vbz to/to make/vb Squats/nns-tl more/ql easily/rb and/cc more/ql correctly/rb performed/vbn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl It/pps increases/vbz flexibility/nn of/in the/at legs/nns ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl It/pps speeds/vbz muscle/nn growth/nn and/cc power/nn development/nn even/rb for/in the/at advanced/vbn bodybuilder/nn because/cs each/dt hip/nn and/cc leg/nn is/bez exercised/vbn separately/rb ,/, thus/rb enabling/vbg a/at massive/jj ,/, concentrated/vbn effort/nn to/to be/be focused/vbn on/in each/dt ./. You'll/ppss+md need/vb your/pp$ Weider/np-tl Power/nn-tl Stands/nns-tl for/in this/dt fine/jj exercise/nn and/cc here's/rb+bez the/at way/nn it's/pps+bez done/vbn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Place/vb your/pp$ Power/nn-tl Stands/nns-tl in/in position/nn and/cc adjust/vb their/pp$ height/nn so/cs that/cs this/dt will/nn correspond/vb to/in the/at height/nn of/in your/pp$ shoulders/nns when/wrb you/ppss are/ber in/in a/at deep/jj leg/nn split/nn as/cs for/in a/at heavy/jj Clean/nn-tl ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Place/vb a/at suitably-loaded/jj barbell/nn across/in them/ppo ;/. ;/. grasp/vb the/at bar/nn (/( which/wdt will/md rest/vb against/in the/at back/nn of/in your/pp$ neck/nn )/) ;/. ;/. extend/vb your/pp$ feet/nns forward/rb and/cc backward/rb until/cs you/ppss are/ber in/in a/at deep/jj leg/nn split/nn ./. Now/rb raise/vb the/at weight/nn by/in straightening/vbg your/pp$ front/jj leg/nn ,/, without/in moving/vbg your/pp$ feet/nns ./. When/wrb the/at front/jj knee/nn is/bez straight/jj and/cc locked/vbn ,/, allow/vb it/ppo to/to bend/vb again/rb until/cs you/ppss feel/vb the/at bar/nn come/vbn lightly/rb into/in contact/nn with/in the/at sides/nns of/in the/at Power/nn-tl Stands/nns-tl ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl After/cs you/ppss have/hv taken/vbn a/at breather/nn ,/, reverse/vb the/at position/nn of/in your/pp$ legs/nns so/cs that/cs the/at front/jj thigh/nn of/in the/at previous/jj exercise/nn is/bez now/rb to/in the/at rear/nn ,/, and/cc the/at rear/jj thigh/nn now/rb to/in the/at front/nn ,/, and/cc perform/vb the/at same/ap movement/nn in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn ./. That's/dt+bez the/at One-Leg/jj-tl Lunge/nn-tl in/in a/at nutshell/nn ./. You/ppss should/md have/hv a/at couple/nn of/in training/vbg partners/nns to/to stand/vb by/rb when/wrb you/ppss make/vb your/pp$ first/od experiments/nns just/rb for/in safety/nn ./. You/ppss should/md also/rb begin/vb this/dt exercise/nn with/in a/at very/ql light/jj barbell/nn until/cs you/ppss become/vb accustomed/vbn to/in it/ppo balance-wise/rb ./. Oh/uh ,/, you'll/ppss+md wobble/vb and/cc weave/vb quite/abl a/at bit/nn at/in first/rb ./. But/cc don't/do* worry/vb ./. Before/cs your/pp$ first/od training/vbg experiment/nn has/hvz ended/vbn there/ex will/md be/be a/at big/jj improvement/nn and/cc almost/rb before/cs you/ppss know/vb it/ppo you'll/ppss+md be/be raising/vbg and/cc lowering/vbg yourself/ppl just/rb like/cs a/at veteran/nn !/. !/. Although/cs I/ppss suggested/vbd that/cs you/ppss hold/vb the/at bar/nn at/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at neck/nn there's/ex+bez no/at reason/nn why/wrb you/ppss shouldn't/md* make/vb some/dti experiments/nns with/in the/at bar/nn held/vbn in/in front/nn of/in the/at neck/nn ./. Squat-style/jj lifters/nns and/cc leg-split/nn lifters/nns would/md both/abx benefit/vb enormously/rb by/in practicing/vbg those/dts variations/nns providing/cs that/cs they/ppss remember/vb to/to make/vb alternate/jj sets/nns with/in the/at left/jj and/cc right/jj leg/nn to/in the/at front/nn ./.

ce02

ce02 |@word beautiful:2 bed:3 pansy:19 see:1 south:1 dakota:1 yard:1 sizzling:1 day:8 suppose:1 like:13 cool:6 great:3 velvety:2 flower:9 healthy:2 perky:1 glare:1 sun:1 seek:1 gardener:2 ask:2 produce:2 beauty:2 weather:1 seem:1 puzzle:1 question:1 love:2 say:1 talk:1 convinced:1 become:6 secret:1 riotous:1 blooming:2 course:1 express:1 intelligent:1 care:2 plant:20 seed:11 buy:2 specialist:3 learn:1 deal:1 work:3 improve:2 size:3 health:2 result:1 vigorous:1 half:6 unimproved:1 strain:1 take:7 occasionally:1 unusual:1 want:1 tell:2 soon:3 run:2 good:7 fresh:1 dealer:1 soil:7 nothing:3 special:2 prairie:1 land:1 harrow:1 compost:3 loose:1 spongy:1 brown:1 black:1 finger:2 feeling:1 adequacy:1 come:4 right:4 texture:1 tilth:1 body:1 easy:3 describe:1 every:5 know:2 touch:1 grow:7 germinate:2 quickly:1 tiny:1 appear:3 week:3 along:1 lustily:1 really:3 matter:1 month:2 year:6 sow:2 best:1 wide:1 variation:1 temperature:5 warm:1 follow:1 24:1 hour:1 make:7 seedbed:2 open:1 though:1 many:3 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The/at most/ql beautiful/jj bed/nn of/in pansies/nns I've/ppss+hv seen/vbn was/bedz in/in a/at South/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl yard/nn on/in a/at sizzling/vbg day/nn ./. Pansies/nns are/ber supposed/vbn to/to like/vb it/ppo cool/jj ,/, but/cc those/dts great/jj velvety/jj flowers/nns were/bed healthy/jj and/cc perky/jj in/in the/at glaring/vbg sun/nn ./. I/ppss sought/vbd out/rp the/at gardener/nn and/cc asked/vbd him/ppo what/wdt he/pps did/dod to/to produce/vb such/jj beauties/nns in/in that/dt weather/nn ./. He/pps seemed/vbd puzzled/vbn by/in my/pp$ question/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss just/rb love/vb them/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. The/at more/rbr I/ppss talked/vbd with/in him/ppo ,/, the/at more/rbr convinced/vbn I/ppss became/vbd that/cs that/dt was/bedz the/at secret/nn of/in their/pp$ riotous/jj blooming/nn ./. Of/in course/nn his/pp$ love/nn was/bedz expressed/vbn in/in intelligent/jj care/nn ./. He/pps planted/vbd the/at pansy/nn seeds/nns himself/ppl ,/, buying/vbg them/ppo from/in a/at pansy/nn specialist/nn ./. These/dts specialists/nns ,/, I/ppss learned/vbd ,/, have/hv done/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in work/nn to/to improve/vb the/at size/nn and/cc health/nn of/in the/at plants/nns and/cc the/at resulting/vbg flowers/nns ./. Their/pp$ seeds/nns produce/vb vigorous/jj blooming/vbg plants/nns half/abn again/rb the/at size/nn of/in the/at unimproved/jj strains/nns ./. I/ppss asked/vbd him/ppo if/cs he/pps took/vbd seeds/nns from/in his/pp$ own/jj plants/nns ./. Occasionally/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps had/hvd an/at unusual/jj flower/nn that/wpo he/pps wanted/vbd more/ap of/in he/pps did/dod ;/. ;/. but/cc pansy/nn seeds/nns ,/, he/pps told/vbd me/ppo ,/, soon/rb ``/`` run/vb down/rp ''/'' ./. It's/pps+bez best/jjt to/to buy/vb them/ppo fresh/jj from/in a/at dealer/nn who/wps is/bez working/vbg to/to improve/vb them/ppo ./. His/pp$ soil/nn was/bedz ``/`` nothing/pn special/jj ''/'' ,/, just/rb prairie/nn land/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd harrowed/vbn in/in compost/nn until/cs it/pps was/bedz loose/jj ,/, spongy/jj and/cc brown-black/jj ./. I/ppss fingered/vbd it/ppo and/cc had/hvd the/at feeling/nn of/in adequacy/nn that/wps comes/vbz with/in the/at right/jj texture/nn ,/, tilth/nn and/cc body/nn ./. It/pps isn't/bez* easy/jj to/to describe/vb it/ppo ,/, but/cc every/at gardener/nn knows/vbz it/ppo when/wrb his/pp$ fingers/nns touch/vb such/jj soil/nn ./. Nothing/pn is/bez easier/jjr to/to grow/vb from/in seed/nn than/cs pansies/nns ./. They/ppss germinate/vb quickly/rb ,/, the/at tiny/jj plants/nns appearing/vbg in/in a/at week/nn ,/, and/cc grow/vb along/rb lustily/rb ./. It/pps doesn't/doz* really/rb matter/vb which/wdt month/nn of/in the/at year/nn you/ppss sow/vb them/ppo ,/, but/cc they/ppss germinate/vb best/rbt when/wrb they/ppss have/hv a/at wide/jj variation/nn of/in temperature/nn ,/, very/ql warm/jj followed/vbd by/in cool/jj in/in the/at same/ap 24/cd hours/nns ./. I/ppss like/vb to/to make/vb a/at seedbed/nn right/ql in/in the/at open/jj ,/, though/cs many/ap people/nns start/vb them/ppo successfully/rb in/in cold/jj frames/nns ./. Pansies/nns don't/do* have/hv to/to be/be coddled/vbn ;/. ;/. they'd/ppss+md rather/rb have/hv things/nns rugged/jj ,/, with/in only/rb moderate/jj protection/nn on/in the/at coldest/jjt days/nns ./. If/cs you/ppss do/do use/vb a/at cold/jj frame/nn be/be sure/jj that/cs its/pp$ ventilation/nn is/bez adequate/jj ./. For/in my/pp$ seedbed/nn I/ppss use/vb good/jj garden/nn soil/nn with/in a/at little/ap sand/nn added/vbn to/to encourage/vb rooting/vbg ./. I/ppss dig/vb it/ppo ,/, rake/vb it/ppo smooth/jj ,/, sow/vb the/at seeds/nns and/cc wet/vb them/ppo down/rp with/in a/at fog/nn spray/nn ./. Then/rb I/ppss cover/vb the/at sowing/nn with/in a/at board/nn ./. This/dt keeps/vbz it/ppo cool/jj and/cc moist/jj and/cc protects/vbz it/ppo from/in birds/nns ./. Ants/nns carry/vb away/rb the/at seeds/nns so/cs better/jjr be/be sure/jj that/cs there/ex are/ber no/at ant/nn hills/nns nearby/rb ./. When/wrb the/at first/od sprinkling/nn of/in green/nn appears/vbz I/ppss remove/vb the/at board/nn ./. A/at light/jj ,/, porous/jj mulch/nn applied/vbn now/rb keeps/vbz the/at roots/nns cool/vb and/cc the/at soil/nn soft/jj during/in these/dts early/jj days/nns of/in growth/nn ./. I/ppss like/vb sawdust/nn for/in this/dt ,/, or/cc hay/nn ./. When/wrb they/ppss have/hv 4/cd to/in 6/cd leaves/nns and/cc are/ber thrifty/jj little/jj plants/nns ,/, it's/pps+bez time/nn to/to set/vb them/ppo out/rp where/wrb they/ppss are/ber to/to remain/vb ./. Every/at time/nn you/ppss transplant/vb a/at pansy/nn you/ppss cause/vb its/pp$ flowers/nns to/to become/vb smaller/jjr ./. The/at moral/nn is/bez :/: don't/do* transplant/vb it/ppo any/dti oftener/rbr than/cs you/ppss must/md ./. As/ql soon/rb as/cs they/ppss are/ber large/jj enough/qlp to/to move/vb ,/, I/ppss put/vb mine/pp$$ 9/cd inches/nns apart/rb where/wrb they/ppss are/ber to/to bloom/vb ./. I/ppss put/vb a/at little/jj scoop/nn of/in pulverized/vbn phosphate/nn rock/nn or/cc steamed/vbn bone/nn meal/nn into/in each/dt hole/nn with/in the/at plant/nn ./. That/dt encourages/vbz rooting/vbg ,/, and/cc the/at better/rbr developed/vbn the/at roots/nns ,/, the/at larger/jjr and/cc more/ql plentiful/jj the/at flowers/nns ./. Pansies/nns are/ber gluttons/nns ./. I/ppss doubt/vb if/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to overfeed/vb them/ppo ./. I/ppss spade/vb lots/nns of/in compost/nn into/in their/pp$ bed/nn ;/. ;/. lacking/vbg that/dt ,/, decayed/vbn manure/nn spread/vbn over/in the/at bed/nn is/bez fine/jj ./. One/cd year/nn I/ppss simply/rb set/vbd the/at plants/nns in/in the/at remains/nns of/in a/at compost/nn pile/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt a/at little/ap sand/nn had/hvd been/ben added/vbn ,/, and/cc I/ppss had/hvd the/at most/ql beautiful/jj pansies/nns in/in my/pp$ ,/, or/cc any/dti of/in my/pp$ neighbors'/nns$ experience/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at rich/jj soil/nn they/ppss benefit/vb by/in feedings/nns of/in manure/nn water/nn every/at other/ap week/nn ,/, diluted/vbn to/in the/at color/nn of/in weak/jj tea/nn ./. As/cs a/at substitute/nn for/in this/dt ,/, organic/jj fertilizer/nn dissolved/vbn in/in water/nn to/in half/abn the/at strength/nn in/in the/at directions/nns ,/, may/md be/be used/vbn ./. They/ppss need/vb mulch/nn ./. We/ppss put/vbd a/at light/jj mulch/nn over/in the/at seedlings/nns ;/. ;/. now/rb we/ppss must/md use/vb a/at heavy/jj one/cd ./. Three/cd inches/nns of/in porous/jj material/nn will/md do/do a/at good/jj job/nn of/in keeping/vbg weeds/nns down/rp and/cc the/at soil/nn moist/jj and/cc cool/jj ./. When/wrb winter/nn comes/vbz be/be ready/jj with/in additional/jj mulch/nn ./. I/ppss like/vb hay/nn for/in this/dt and/cc apply/vb it/ppo so/cs that/cs only/rb the/at tops/nns of/in the/at plants/nns show/vb right/ql after/in a/at good/jj frost/nn ./. That/wps keeps/vbz in/rp the/at cold/jj ,/, retains/vbz moisture/nn and/cc prevents/vbz the/at heaving/nn of/in alternate/jj freezing/vbg and/cc thawing/vbg ./. Don't/do* miss/vb the/at pansies/nns that/wps appear/vb from/in time/nn to/in time/nn through/in the/at winter/nn ./. Whenever/wrb there/ex is/bez a/at thaw/nn or/cc a/at few/ap sunny/jj days/nns ,/, you'll/ppss+md be/be likely/jj to/to find/vb a/at brave/jj little/jj blossom/nn or/cc two/cd ./. If/cs those/dts aren't/ber* enough/ap for/in you/ppo ,/, why/wrb not/* grow/vb some/dti just/jj for/in winter/nn blooming/nn ?/. ?/. The/at pansies/nns I/ppss cherished/vbd most/rbt bloomed/vbd for/in me/ppo in/in February/np during/in a/at particularly/ql cold/jj winter/nn ./. I/ppss started/vbd the/at seed/nn in/in a/at flat/nn in/in June/np and/cc set/vbd out/rp the/at little/jj pansies/nns in/in a/at cold/jj frame/nn ./. (/( An/at unheated/jj greenhouse/nn would/md have/hv been/ben better/jjr ,/, if/cs I/ppss had/hvd had/hvn one/cd ./. )/) The/at plants/nns took/vbd zero/cd nights/nns in/in their/pp$ stride/nn ,/, with/in nothing/pn but/in a/at mat/nn of/in straw/nn over/in the/at glass/nn to/to protect/vb them/ppo ./. In/in response/nn to/in the/at lengthening/vbg days/nns of/in February/np they/ppss budded/vbd ,/, then/rb bloomed/vbd their/pp$ 4-inch/jj velvety/jj flowers/nns ./. That/dt cold/jj frame/nn was/bedz my/pp$ morale/nn builder/nn ;/. ;/. its/pp$ mass/nn of/in bright/jj bloom/nn set/vbn in/in a/at border/nn of/in snow/nn made/vbd my/pp$ spirits/nns rise/vb every/at time/nn I/ppss looked/vbd at/in it/ppo ./. Like/cs strawberries/nns in/in December/np ,/, pansies/nns are/ber far/ql more/ql exciting/jj in/in February/np than/cs in/in May/np ./. Try/vb that/dt late/jj winter/nn pickup/nn when/wrb you/ppss are/ber so/ql tired/vbn of/in cold/jj and/cc snow/nn that/cs you/ppss feel/vb you/ppss just/rb can't/md* take/vb another/dt day/nn of/in it/ppo ./. The/at day/nn will/md come/vb ,/, in/in midsummer/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss find/vb your/pp$ plants/nns becoming/vbg ``/`` leggy/jj ''/'' ,/, running/vbg to/in tall-growing/jj foliage/nn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in blossoms/nns ./. Try/vb pegging/vbg down/rp each/dt separate/jj branch/nn to/in the/at earth/nn ,/, using/vbg a/at bobby/nn pin/nn to/to hold/vb it/ppo there/rb ./. Pick/vb the/at flowers/nns ,/, keep/vb the/at soil/nn dampened/vbn ,/, and/cc each/dt of/in the/at pegged-down/jj branches/nns will/md take/vb root/nn and/cc become/vb a/at little/jj plant/nn and/cc go/vb on/rp blooming/vbg for/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at season/nn ./. As/ql soon/rb as/cs an/at experimental/jj tug/nn assures/vbz you/ppo that/cs roots/nns have/hv taken/vbn over/rp ,/, cut/vb it/ppo off/rp from/in the/at mother/nn plant/nn ./. A/at second/od and/cc also/rb good/jj practice/nn is/bez to/to shear/vb off/rp the/at tops/nns ,/, leaving/vbg an/at inch/nn high/jj stub/nn with/in just/rb a/at leaf/nn or/cc two/cd on/in each/dt branch/nn ./. These/dts cut-down/jj plants/nns will/md bud/vb and/cc blossom/vb in/in record/nn time/nn and/cc will/md behave/vb just/rb as/cs they/ppss did/dod in/in early/jj spring/nn ./. I/ppss like/vb to/to shear/vb half/abn my/pp$ plants/nns at/in a/at time/nn ,/, leaving/vbg one/cd half/abn of/in them/ppo to/to blossom/vb while/cs the/at second/od half/abn is/bez getting/vbg started/vbn on/in its/pp$ new/jj round/nn of/in blooming/vbg ./. Probably/rb no/at one/pn needs/vbz to/to tell/vb you/ppo that/cs the/at way/nn to/to stop/vb all/abn bloom/nn is/bez to/to let/vb the/at blossoms/nns go/vb to/in seed/nn ./. Nature's/nn$ aim/nn ,/, different/jj from/in ours/pp$$ ,/, is/bez to/to provide/vb for/in the/at coming/vbg generation/nn ./. That/dt done/vbn ,/, her/pp$ work/nn is/bez accomplished/vbn and/cc she/pps ignores/vbz the/at plant/nn ./. Here/rb is/bez a/at word/nn of/in advice/nn when/wrb you/ppss go/vb shopping/vbg for/in your/pp$ pansy/nn seeds/nns ./. Go/vb to/in a/at reputable/jj grower/nn ,/, preferably/rb a/at pansy/nn specialist/nn ./. It/pps is/bez no/at harder/jjr to/to raise/vb big/jj ,/, healthy/jj ,/, blooming/vbg plants/nns than/cs weak/jj ,/, sickly/jj little/jj things/nns ;/. ;/. in/in fact/nn it/pps is/bez easier/jjr ./. But/cc you/ppss will/md never/rb get/vb better/jjr flowers/nns than/cs the/at seed/nn you/ppss grow/vb ./. Many/ap people/nns think/vb that/cs pansies/nns last/vb only/rb a/at few/ap weeks/nns ,/, then/rb their/pp$ period/nn of/in growth/nn and/cc bloom/nn is/bez over/rp ./. That/dt is/bez not/* true/jj ./. If/cs the/at plants/nns are/ber cared/vbn for/in and/cc protected/vbn over/in the/at winter/nn ,/, the/at second/od year/nn is/bez more/ql prolific/jj than/cs the/at first/od ./. Would/md you/ppss like/vb to/to grow/vb exhibition/nn pansies/nns ?/. ?/. Remove/vb about/rb half/abn the/at branches/nns from/in each/dt plant/nn ,/, leaving/vbg only/rb the/at strongest/jjt with/in the/at largest/jjt buds/nns ./. The/at flowers/nns will/md be/be huge/jj ./. Pansies/nns have/hv character/nn ./. They/ppss stick/vb to/in their/pp$ principles/nns ,/, insist/vb upon/in their/pp$ due/nn ,/, but/cc grow/vb and/cc bloom/vb with/in dependable/jj regularity/nn if/cs given/vbn it/ppo ./. Treat/vb them/ppo right/rb and/cc they'll/ppss+md make/vb a/at showing/nn every/at month/nn in/in the/at year/nn except/in the/at frigid/jj ones/nns ./. Give/vb them/ppo food/nn ,/, some/dti shade/nn ,/, mulch/nn ,/, water/nn and/cc more/ap food/nn ,/, and/cc they'll/ppss+md repay/vb your/pp$ solicitude/nn with/in beauty/nn ./. A/at salad/nn with/in greens/nns and/cc tomato/nn is/bez a/at popular/jj and/cc wonderfully/ql healthful/jj addition/nn to/in a/at meal/nn ,/, but/cc add/vb an/at avocado/nn and/cc you/ppss have/hv something/pn really/ql special/jj ./. This/dt delightful/jj tropical/jj fruit/nn has/hvz become/vbn well-known/jj in/in the/at past/ap thirty/cd years/nns because/cs modern/jj transportation/nn methods/nns have/hv made/vbn it/ppo possible/jj to/to ship/vb avocados/nns anywhere/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. It/pps has/hvz a/at great/ql many/ap assets/nns to/to recommend/vb it/ppo and/cc if/cs you/ppss haven't/hv* made/vbn avocado/nn a/at part/nn of/in your/pp$ diet/nn yet/rb ,/, you/ppss really/rb should/md ./. You/ppss will/md find/vb that/dt avocado/nn is/bez unlike/in any/dti other/ap fruit/nn you/ppss have/hv ever/rb tasted/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez roughly/rb shaped/vbn like/cs a/at large/jj pear/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb properly/rb ripened/vbn ,/, its/pp$ dark/jj green/jj skin/nn covers/vbz a/at meaty/jj ,/, melon-like/jj pulp/nn that/wps has/hvz about/rb the/at consistency/nn of/in a/at ripe/jj Bartlett/np pear/nn ,/, but/cc oily/jj ./. The/at avocado/nn should/md have/hv a/at ``/`` give/nn ''/'' to/in it/ppo ,/, as/cs you/ppss hold/vb it/ppo ,/, when/wrb it/pps is/bez ripe/jj ./. The/at flavor/nn is/bez neither/cc sweet/jj ,/, like/cs a/at pear/nn ,/, nor/cc tart/jj like/cs an/at orange/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez subtle/jj and/cc rather/ql bland/jj ,/, nut-like/jj ./. It/pps is/bez a/at flavor/nn that/wps might/md take/vb a/at little/ql getting/nn used/vbn to/in --/-- not/* because/cs it/pps is/bez unpleasant/jj ,/, but/cc because/cs the/at flavor/nn is/bez hard/jj to/to define/vb in/in the/at light/nn of/in our/pp$ experience/nn with/in other/ap fruits/nns ./. Sometimes/rb it/pps takes/vbz several/ap ``/`` eatings/nns ''/'' of/in avocado/nn to/to catch/vb that/dt delightful/jj quality/nn in/in taste/nn that/wps has/hvz made/vbn it/ppo such/abl a/at favorite/jj throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. Once/cs you/ppss become/vb an/at avocado/nn fan/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md look/vb forward/rb to/in the/at season/nn each/dt year/nn with/in eager/jj anticipation/nn ./. Naturally/ql-hl dormant/jj-hl and/cc-hl no/at-hl spray/nn-hl danger/nn-hl Today/nr ,/, refrigerated/vbn carriers/nns have/hv made/vbn the/at shipping/nn of/in avocados/nns possible/jj to/in any/dti place/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. The/at fruit/nn is/bez allowed/vbn to/to mature/vb on/in the/at tree/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez still/rb firm/jj at/in this/dt point/nn ./. It/pps is/bez brought/vbn to/in packing/vbg houses/nns ,/, cleaned/vbn and/cc graded/vbn as/in to/in size/nn and/cc quality/nn ,/, and/cc packed/vbn in/in protective/jj excelsior/nn ./. The/at fruit/nn is/bez then/rb cooled/vbn to/in 42-degrees-F./nns ,/, a/at temperature/nn at/in which/wdt it/pps lapses/vbz into/in a/at sort/nn of/in dormant/jj state/nn ./. This/dt cooling/nn does/doz not/* change/vb the/at avocado/nn in/in any/dti way/nn ,/, it/pps just/rb delays/vbz the/at natural/jj softening/nn of/in the/at fruit/nn until/cs a/at grovelike/jj temperature/nn (/( room/nn temperature/nn )/) is/bez restored/vbn ./. This/dt happens/vbz on/in the/at grocer's/nn$ shelf/nn or/cc in/in your/pp$ kitchen/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql attractive/jj things/nns about/in avocados/nns is/bez that/cs they/ppss do/do not/* require/vb processing/vbg of/in any/dti kind/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at dyeing/vbg or/cc waxing/vbg or/cc gassing/vbg needed/vbn ./. If/cs the/at temperature/nn is/bez controlled/vbn properly/rb ,/, the/at avocado/nn will/md delay/vb its/pp$ ripening/nn until/cs needed/vbn ./. And/cc unlike/in other/ap fruits/nns ,/, one/pn cannot/md* eat/vb the/at skin/nn of/in the/at avocado/nn ./. It/pps is/bez thick/jj ,/, much/rb like/cs an/at egg/nn plant's/nn$ skin/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs poison/nn sprays/nns ,/, if/cs they/ppss are/ber used/vbn ,/, present/vb no/at hazard/nn to/in the/at consumer/nn ./. Nutritious/jj-hl and/cc-hl a/at-hl cholesterol/nn-hl reducer/nn-hl Good/jj taste/nn and/cc versatility/nn ,/, plus/cc safety/nn from/in spray/nn poisons/nns would/md be/be enough/ap to/to recommend/vb the/at frequent/jj use/nn of/in such/abl a/at fruit/nn ,/, even/rb if/cs its/pp$ nutritional/jj values/nns were/bed limited/vbn ./. Avocados/nns ,/, however/wrb ,/, are/ber very/ql rich/jj in/in nutrients/nns ./. Their/pp$ main/jjs asset/nn is/bez an/at abundance/nn of/in unsaturated/jj fatty/jj acids/nns ,/, so/ql necessary/jj for/in maintaining/vbg the/at good/jj health/nn of/in the/at circulatory/jj system/nn ./. Aside/rb from/in this/dt ,/, the/at average/nn portion/nn contains/vbz some/dti protein/nn ,/, an/at appreciable/jj amount/nn of/in vitamins/nns A/nn and/cc C/nn --/-- about/rb one-tenth/nn of/in the/at minimum/jj daily/jj requirement/nn ,/, and/cc about/rb a/at third/od of/in the/at official/jj vitamin/nn E/nn requirement/nn ./. The/at B/nn vitamins/nns are/ber well/rb represented/vbn ,/, especially/rb thiamin/nn and/cc riboflavin/nn ./. Calcium/nn ,/, phosphorus/nn and/cc iron/nn are/ber present/rb in/in worthwhile/jj amounts/nns ,/, and/cc eleven/cd other/ap minerals/nns also/rb have/hv been/ben found/vbn in/in varying/vbg trace/nn amounts/nns ./. None/pn of/in these/dts values/nns is/bez destroyed/vbn ,/, not/* significantly/rb altered/vbn by/in refrigeration/nn storage/nn ./. Dr./nn-tl Wilson/np C./np Grant/np ,/, of/in the/at Veterans'/nns$-tl Administration/nn-tl Hospital/nn-tl ,/, Coral/nn-tl Gables/nns-tl ,/, Florida/np ,/, and/cc the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Miami/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Medicine/nn-tl ,/, set/vbd out/rp to/to discover/vb if/cs avocados/nns ,/, because/rb of/in their/pp$ high/jj content/nn of/in unsaturated/jj fatty/jj acids/nns ,/, would/md reduce/vb the/at cholesterol/nn of/in the/at blood/nn in/in selected/vbn patients/nns ./. The/at study/nn comprised/vbd 16/cd male/jj patients/nns ,/, ranging/vbg in/in age/nn from/in 27/cd to/in 72/cd ./. They/ppss were/bed put/vbn on/in control/nn diets/nns to/to determine/vb as/ql accurately/rb as/ql possible/jj ,/, the/at normal/jj cholesterol/nn level/nn of/in their/pp$ blood/nn ./. Then/rb they/ppss were/bed given/vbn 1/2/cd to/in 1-1/2/cd avocados/nns per/in day/nn as/cs a/at substitute/nn for/in part/nn of/in their/pp$ dietary/jj fat/nn consumption/nn ./.

ce03

ce03 |@word five:1 four:2 three:1 two:2 one:13 fire:3 tremendous:2 energy:2 release:1 giant:1 rocket:5 engine:8 perhaps:4 feel:1 much:5 well:2 hear:2 pulsate:1 vibration:1 clutch:1 pit:1 stomach:1 never:1 introduction:1 weapon:15 cause:1 apprehension:1 fear:1 nuclear:21 fearsome:1 long:10 range:7 ballistic:8 missile:30 give:7 stealth:1 merciless:1 swiftness:1 terrifying:1 great:2 many:4 writer:1 bewitch:1 apparently:1 overwhelming:1 advantage:3 attacker:4 would:19 strike:2 complete:2 surprise:3 use:12 relatively:1 easy:1 go:6 step:1 reason:3 possession:1 absolute:1 power:3 simultaneously:1 destroy:22 opponent:3 city:6 people:10 nation:3 defenseless:1 spare:1 victim:1 wanton:1 destruction:5 logical:1 act:2 subjugation:1 utterly:1 devastate:1 crucial:2 time:5 peril:1 break:1 world:1 mean:7 self:2 hour:1 day:3 minute:4 point:2 painfully:1 obvious:2 soft:2 within:3 ideally:1 suit:1 however:2 vulnerability:4 mutual:1 neither:1 side:2 least:3 effect:1 reprisal:1 appallingly:1 apparent:1 trading:1 profitable:1 military:10 tactic:1 icbms:2 capability:4 could:18 different:1 way:7 attack:10 inevitably:1 loss:1 discrimination:1 enemy:6 force:18 national:3 interest:1 lie:1 able:2 fight:1 win:3 war:8 rather:2 commit:1 suicide:1 must:10 take:5 penetrating:1 look:2 determine:1 whether:2 make:3 certain:1 aircraft:35 finish:1 entire:2 job:3 valuable:2 also:2 little:2 know:3 limitation:1 trajectory:1 location:3 fix:2 target:20 quite:1 accurately:1 place:2 submarine:2 barge:1 railroad:1 highway:1 surface:1 vessel:1 air:4 provide:2 passive:1 protection:2 grave:1 weakness:1 today:10 extreme:3 difficulty:1 mobile:11 move:3 first:2 detect:1 fleeting:2 decide:2 worthy:1 select:1 compute:1 flight:3 prepare:1 even:4 operation:3 perform:5 instantaneously:1 icbm:2 still:2 30:3 therefore:1 significantly:2 change:2 something:1 less:1 probability:3 drastically:2 lower:1 appear:2 inevitable:1 increase:1 percentage:1 strategic:8 seek:2 mobility:2 defense:2 perfect:1 exceedingly:1 high:4 kill:2 order:1 moving:1 imprecisely:2 locate:2 hunter:4 killer:4 addition:1 spacecraft:3 man:3 available:1 seem:2 reasonable:1 general:1 cataclysmic:1 burn:1 citizen:1 cinder:1 endurance:2 capable:2 china:1 russia:4 find:5 continue:1 threaten:1 let:1 suppose:1 russians:1 build:4 rail:1 entirely:1 feasible:1 employ:2 soviet:1 railway:1 base:1 stop:1 think:1 term:1 multimegaton:1 consider:1 small:7 may:1 appropriate:1 important:2 carry:2 load:1 conceivably:1 mission:3 suppress:1 train:1 operate:2 specified:1 geographic:1 area:2 degrade:1 bomber:6 get:1 fixed:1 hardened:1 plan:2 large:5 role:1 manned:2 survivability:1 polaris:1 harden:2 minuteman:1 atlas:1 titan:1 airborne:1 skybolt:1 week:1 circumstance:1 massive:1 exchange:1 devastation:1 survive:3 depth:1 considerable:1 duration:1 conflict:1 initial:1 susceptible:1 wholesale:1 year:2 future:1 true:1 effective:1 answer:2 problem:2 tie:1 airfields:1 airfield:6 ease:1 vital:2 totally:1 incapable:1 completely:1 dependent:1 doom:1 shot:1 mighty:1 expensive:1 write:1 favor:1 remember:1 vulnerable:2 eliminate:3 ground:3 essentially:1 reduce:2 put:4 bomb:1 proof:1 hangar:1 runway:3 country:1 disperse:1 factor:1 10:1 propulsion:4 keep:1 majority:1 useful:1 life:1 thrust:3 weight:3 ratio:2 develop:8 vertical:2 takeoff:2 land:2 vtol:2 technology:1 shelter:2 withstand:1 200:2 aj:2 portion:1 require:1 powerful:2 enthusiasm:1 spend:2 money:2 erroneous:1 belief:1 obsolete:2 preoccupation:1 expense:1 result:1 half:1 hearted:1 effort:2 seldom:1 analogy:1 already:1 economy:1 sense:1 urgency:1 turn:1 jet:1 12:1 15:1 powerplant:1 combat:1 example:1 supersonic:2 fighter:1 weigh:1 pound:1 rise:1 vertically:1 ahead:1 full:1 speed:1 cost:1 billion:1 dollar:1 sort:1 longer:2 helpless:1 sac:1 infinite:1 dispersion:1 unquestionably:1 assure:1 dominance:1 bring:1 enormous:1 pressure:2 bear:1 selective:1 extremely:1 discriminate:1 need:2 lack:2 precision:2 reconnaissance:6 selectively:1 disarm:1 necessity:1 outset:1 post:4 samos:2 semiautomatic:1 observation:1 system:1 case:1 limit:1 successfully:1 knock:1 tell:1 successful:1 unsuccessful:1 remain:2 hit:1 question:1 hard:2 see:2 cloud:3 dark:1 possible:1 overseas:1 position:1 pre:1 allow:1 terminate:1 favorably:1 priceless:1 gather:1 infrared:1 photography:1 night:1 immediately:1 discover:1 wait:1 come:2 united:1 states:1 chance:1 50:1 100:3 realize:1 kiloton:2 explosive:1 create:1 psi:1 overpressure:1 foot:2 another:1 site:1 warhead:1 size:1 hiroshima:1 nagasaki:1 accuracy:2 yield:1 radar:2 resolution:1 picture:1 clearly:1 show:1 individual:1 building:1 taxi:1 separate:1 span:1 bridge:1 etc:1 keen:1 eye:1 deliver:1 directly:1 minimum:1 damage:1 urban:1 fail:1 hunt:1 care:1 spite:1 ardent:1 desire:1 peace:1 choice:1 alternative:1 truly:1 frightening:1

Five/cd ,/, four/cd ,/, three/cd ,/, two/cd ,/, one/cd ,/, fire/vb !/. !/. The/at tremendous/jj energy/nn released/vbn by/in giant/jj rocket/nn engines/nns perhaps/rb can/md be/be felt/vbn much/ql better/rbr than/cs it/pps can/md be/be heard/vbn ./. The/at pulsating/vbg vibration/nn of/in energy/nn clutches/vbz at/in the/at pit/nn of/in your/pp$ stomach/nn ./. Never/ql before/rb has/hvz the/at introduction/nn of/in a/at weapon/nn caused/vbd so/ql much/ap apprehension/nn and/cc fear/nn ./. Nuclear/jj weapons/nns are/ber fearsome/jj ,/, but/cc the/at long-range/nn ballistic/jj missile/nn gives/vbz them/ppo a/at stealth/nn and/cc merciless/jj swiftness/nn which/wdt is/bez much/ql more/ap terrifying/jj ./. A/at great/jj many/ap writers/nns are/ber bewitched/vbn by/in the/at apparently/rb overwhelming/jj advantage/nn an/at attacker/nn would/md have/hv if/cs he/pps were/bed to/to strike/vb with/in complete/jj surprise/nn using/vbg nuclear/jj rockets/nns ./. It/pps is/bez relatively/ql easy/jj to/to go/vb a/at step/nn further/rbr and/cc reason/vb that/cs an/at attacker/nn ,/, in/in possession/nn of/in such/jj absolute/jj power/nn ,/, would/md simultaneously/rb destroy/vb his/pp$ opponent's/nn$ cities/nns and/cc people/nns ./. With/in a/at nation/nn defenseless/jj before/in it/ppo ,/, why/wrb would/md the/at attacker/nn spare/vb the/at victim's/nn$ people/nns ?/. ?/. Wouldn't/md* the/at wanton/jj destruction/nn of/in cities/nns and/cc people/nns be/be the/at logical/jj act/nn of/in complete/jj subjugation/nn ?/. ?/. The/at nation/nn would/md be/be utterly/rb devastated/vbn ./. The/at will/nn of/in its/pp$ people/nns ,/, so/ql crucial/jj in/in time/nn of/in peril/nn ,/, would/md be/be broken/vbn ./. Nuclear/jj weapons/nns have/hv given/vbn the/at world/nn the/at means/nn for/in self-destruction/nn in/in hours/nns or/cc days/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc now/rb rockets/nns have/hv given/vbn it/ppo the/at means/nn to/to destroy/vb itself/ppl in/in minutes/nns ./. At/in this/dt point/nn it/pps should/md be/be painfully/ql obvious/jj that/cs cities/nns ,/, being/beg ``/`` soft/jj ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at people/nns within/in them/ppo are/ber ideally/rb suited/vbn to/in destruction/nn by/in nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./. However/rb ,/, because/cs this/dt vulnerability/nn is/bez mutual/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez to/in the/at advantage/nn of/in neither/dtx side/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at opponent's/nn$ cities/nns ,/, at/in least/ap so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at opponent/nn has/hvz nuclear/jj weapons/nns with/in which/wdt to/to effect/vb reprisal/nn ./. It/pps should/md be/be appallingly/ql apparent/jj that/cs city-trading/nn is/bez not/* a/at profitable/jj military/jj tactic/nn ./. ICBMs/nps have/hv given/vbn us/ppo a/at capability/nn which/wdt could/md be/be used/vbn in/in two/cd different/jj ways/nns ./. They/ppss could/md be/be used/vbn to/to attack/vb a/at nation's/nn$ people/nns (/( which/wdt would/md inevitably/rb mean/vb the/at loss/nn of/in the/at attacker's/nn$ own/jj people/nns )/) ,/, or/cc they/ppss could/md be/be used/vbn with/in discrimination/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ military/jj force/nn ./. If/cs our/pp$ national/jj interest/nn lies/vbz in/in being/beg able/jj to/to fight/vb and/cc win/vb a/at war/nn rather/in than/in committing/vbg national/jj suicide/nn ,/, then/rb we/ppss must/md take/vb a/at much/ql more/ql penetrating/jj look/nn at/in ballistic/jj missiles/nns ./. We/ppss must/md determine/vb whether/cs missiles/nns can/md win/vb a/at war/nn all/abn by/in themselves/ppls ./. We/ppss must/md make/vb certain/jj that/cs the/at aircraft/nn is/bez finished/vbn before/cs we/ppss give/vb the/at entire/jj job/nn to/in the/at missile/nn ./. Missiles/nns are/ber very/ql valuable/jj weapons/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss also/rb have/hv their/pp$ too/ql little/ql known/vbn limitations/nns ./. Because/rb of/in a/at missile's/nn$ ballistic/jj trajectory/nn ,/, the/at location/nn of/in a/at fixed/vbn target/nn must/md be/be known/vbn quite/ql accurately/rb ./. Placing/vbg missiles/nns in/in submarines/nns ,/, on/in barges/nns ,/, railroads/nns ,/, highways/nns ,/, surface/nn vessels/nns and/cc in/in the/at air/nn provides/vbz them/ppo with/in passive/jj protection/nn by/in taking/vbg advantage/nn of/in the/at gravest/jjt weakness/nn of/in long-range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns today/nr --/-- the/at extreme/jj difficulty/nn of/in destroying/vbg a/at mobile/jj or/cc moving/vbg target/nn with/in such/jj weapons/nns ./. One/pn must/md first/rb detect/vb a/at fleeting/vbg mobile/jj or/cc moving/vbg target/nn ,/, decide/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez worthy/jj of/in destruction/nn ,/, select/vb the/at missile/nn to/to be/be fired/vbn against/in the/at target/nn ,/, compute/vb ballistics/nns for/in the/at flight/nn ,/, and/cc prepare/vb the/at missile/nn for/in firing/vbg ./. Even/rb if/cs all/abn these/dts operations/nns could/md be/be performed/vbn instantaneously/rb ,/, the/at ICBM/nn still/rb has/hvz a/at time/nn of/in flight/nn to/in the/at target/nn of/in about/rb 30/cd minutes/nns ./. Therefore/rb ,/, if/cs the/at target/nn can/md significantly/rb change/vb its/pp$ location/nn in/in something/pn less/ap than/in 30/cd minutes/nns ,/, the/at probability/nn of/in having/hvg destroyed/vbn it/ppo is/bez drastically/ql lowered/vbn ./. Because/rb of/in this/dt ,/, it/pps would/md appear/vb inevitable/jj that/cs an/at increasing/vbg percentage/nn of/in strategic/jj missiles/nns will/md seek/vb self-protection/nn in/in mobility/nn --/-- at/in least/ap until/cs missile/nn defenses/nns are/ber perfected/vbn which/wdt have/hv an/at exceedingly/ql high/jj kill/nn probability/nn ./. In/in order/nn to/to destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ mobile/jj ,/, moving/vbg ,/, or/cc imprecisely/ql located/vbn strategic/jj forces/nns ,/, we/ppss must/md have/hv a/at hunter-killer/nn capability/nn in/in addition/nn to/in our/pp$ missiles/nns ./. Until/cs this/dt hunter-killer/nn operation/nn can/md be/be performed/vbn by/in spacecraft/nn ,/, manned/vbn aircraft/nn appear/vb to/to be/be the/at only/ap means/nn available/jj to/in us/ppo ./. It/pps seems/vbz reasonable/jj that/cs if/cs general/jj nuclear/jj war/nn is/bez not/* to/to be/be one/cd cataclysmic/jj act/nn of/in burning/vbg each/dt other's/ap$ citizens/nns to/in cinders/nns ,/, we/ppss must/md have/hv a/at manned/vbn strategic/jj force/nn of/in long-endurance/nn aircraft/nn capable/jj of/in going/vbg into/in China/np or/cc Russia/np to/to find/vb and/cc destroy/vb their/pp$ strategic/jj forces/nns which/wdt continued/vbd to/to threaten/vb us/ppo ./. Let/vb us/ppo suppose/vb the/at Russians/nps decide/vb to/to build/vb a/at rail-mobile/jj ICBM/nn force/nn ./. It/pps is/bez entirely/ql feasible/jj to/to employ/vb aircraft/nn such/jj as/cs the/at B-52/nn or/cc B-70/nn in/in hunter-killer/nn operations/nns against/in Soviet/nn-tl railway-based/jj missiles/nns ./. If/cs we/ppss stop/vb thinking/vbg in/in terms/nns of/in tremendous/jj multimegaton/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns and/cc consider/vb employing/vbg much/ql smaller/jjr nuclear/jj weapons/nns which/wdt may/md be/be more/ql appropriate/jj for/in most/ql important/jj military/jj targets/nns ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs the/at B-52/nn or/cc B-70/nn could/md carry/vb a/at great/ql many/ap small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./. An/at aircraft/nn with/in a/at load/nn of/in small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns could/md very/ql conceivably/rb be/be given/vbn a/at mission/nn to/to suppress/vb all/abn trains/nns operating/vbg within/in a/at specified/vbn geographic/jj area/nn of/in Russia/np --/-- provided/vbn that/cs we/ppss had/hvd used/vbn some/dti of/in our/pp$ ICBMs/nn to/to degrade/vb Russia's/np$ air/nn defenses/nns before/cs our/pp$ bombers/nns got/vbd there/rb ./. The/at aircraft/nn could/md be/be used/vbn to/to destroy/vb other/ap mobile/jj ,/, fleeting/vbg ,/, and/cc imprecisely/ql located/vbn targets/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at known/vbn ,/, fixed/vbn and/cc hardened/vbn targets/nns which/wdt can/md also/rb be/be destroyed/vbn by/in missile/nn ./. Why/wrb ,/, then/rb ,/, aren't/ber* we/ppss planning/vbg a/at larger/jjr ,/, more/ql important/jj role/nn for/in manned/vbn military/jj aircraft/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez there/ex any/dti other/ap way/nn to/to do/do the/at job/nn ?/. ?/. Survivability/nn of/in our/pp$ strategic/jj forces/nns (/( Polaris/np ,/, mobile/jj and/cc hardened/vbn Minuteman/np ,/, hardened/vbn Atlas/np and/cc Titan/np ,/, and/cc airborne/jj Skybolt/np )/) means/vbz that/cs it/pps will/md take/vb some/dti time/nn ,/, perhaps/rb weeks/nns ,/, to/to destroy/vb a/at strategic/jj force/nn ./. War/nn ,/, under/in these/dts circumstances/nns ,/, cannot/md* be/be one/cd massive/jj exchange/nn of/in nuclear/jj devastation/nn ./. Forces/nns will/md survive/vb a/at surprise/nn attack/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts forces/nns will/md give/vb depth/nn ,/, or/cc considerable/jj duration/nn ,/, to/in the/at conflict/nn ./. The/at forces/nns which/wdt survive/vb the/at initial/jj attack/nn must/md be/be found/vbn and/cc destroyed/vbn ./. Even/rb mobile/jj forces/nns must/md be/be found/vbn and/cc destroyed/vbn ./. But/cc ,/, how/wrb does/doz one/pn go/vb about/rb the/at job/nn of/in finding/vbg and/cc destroying/vbg mobile/jj forces/nns ?/. ?/. They/ppss are/ber not/* susceptible/jj to/in wholesale/jj destruction/nn by/in ballistic/jj missile/nn ./. Some/dti day/nn ,/, many/ap years/nns in/in the/at future/nn ,/, true/jj spacecraft/nn will/md be/be able/jj to/to find/vb and/cc destroy/vb mobile/jj targets/nns ./. But/cc until/cs we/ppss have/hv an/at effective/jj spacecraft/nn ,/, the/at answer/nn to/in the/at hunter-killer/nn problem/nn is/bez manned/vbn aircraft/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at aircraft/nns which/wdt we/ppss have/hv today/nr are/ber tied/vbn to/in large/jj ,/, ``/`` soft/jj ''/'' airfields/nns ./. Nuclear/jj rockets/nns can/md destroy/vb airfields/nns with/in ease/nn ./. Here/rb then/rb is/bez our/pp$ problem/nn :/: aircraft/nn are/ber vital/jj to/in winning/vbg a/at war/nn today/nr because/cs they/ppss can/md perform/vb those/dts missions/nns which/wdt a/at missile/nn is/bez totally/ql incapable/jj of/in performing/vbg ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at airfield/nn ,/, on/in which/wdt the/at aircraft/nn is/bez completely/ql dependent/jj ,/, is/bez doomed/vbn by/in the/at missile/nn ./. This/dt makes/vbz today's/nr$ aircraft/nn a/at one-shot/jj ,/, or/cc one/cd mission/nn ,/, weapon/nn ./. Aircraft/nn are/ber mighty/ql expensive/jj if/cs you/ppss can/md use/vb them/ppo only/ql once/rb ./. This/dt is/bez the/at point/nn on/in which/wdt so/ql many/ap people/nns have/hv written/vbn off/rp the/at aircraft/nn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at missile/nn ./. But/cc remember/vb this/dt --/-- it/pps isn't/bez* the/at aircraft/nn which/wdt is/bez vulnerable/jj to/in nuclear/jj rockets/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at airfield/nn ./. Eliminate/vb the/at vulnerability/nn of/in aircraft/nn on/in the/at ground/nn and/cc you/ppss have/hv essentially/rb eliminated/vbn its/pp$ vulnerability/nn to/in long-range/nn ballistic/jj missiles/nns ./. There/ex are/ber four/cd rather/ql obvious/jj ways/nns to/in reduce/vb or/cc eliminate/vb the/at vulnerability/nn of/in aircraft/nn on/in the/at ground/nn :/: Put/vb aircraft/nn in/in ``/`` bomb-proof/jj ''/'' hangars/nns when/wrb they/ppss are/ber on/in the/at ground/nn ./. Build/vb long-range/nn aircraft/nn which/wdt can/md take/vb off/rp from/in small/jj (/( 3,000-foot/nn )/) airfields/nns with/in runways/nns ./. If/cs we/ppss could/md use/vb all/abn the/at small/jj airfields/nns we/ppss have/hv in/in this/dt country/nn ,/, we/ppss could/md disperse/vb our/pp$ strategic/jj aircraft/nn by/in a/at factor/nn of/in 10/cd or/cc more/ap ./. Use/vb nuclear/jj propulsions/nns to/to keep/vb our/pp$ long-range/nn military/jj aircraft/nn in/in the/at air/nn for/in the/at majority/nn of/in their/pp$ useful/jj life/nn ./. Using/vbg very/ql high/jj thrust-to-weight/jj ratio/nn engines/nns ,/, develop/vb a/at vertical-takeoff-and-landing/nn (/( VTOL/np )/) long-range/nn military/jj aircraft/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv the/at technology/nn today/nr with/in which/wdt to/to build/vb aircraft/nn shelters/nns which/wdt could/md withstand/vb at/in least/ap 200/cd Aj/nn ./. We/ppss could/md put/vb a/at portion/nn of/in our/pp$ strategic/jj bombers/nns in/in such/jj shelters/nns ./. Large/jj ,/, long-range/nn bombers/nns can/md be/be developed/vbn which/wdt would/md have/hv the/at capability/nn to/to take/vb off/rp from/in 3,000-foot/jj runways/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss would/md require/vb more/ql powerful/jj engines/nns than/cs we/ppss have/hv today/nr ./. There/ex is/bez little/ap enthusiasm/nn for/in spending/vbg money/nn to/to develop/vb more/ql powerful/jj engines/nns because/cs of/in the/at erroneous/jj belief/nn that/cs the/at aircraft/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn obsolete/jj by/in the/at missile/nn ./. This/dt same/ap preoccupation/nn with/in missiles/nns at/in the/at expense/nn of/in aircraft/nn has/hvz resulted/vbn in/in our/pp$ half-hearted/jj effort/nn to/to develop/vb nuclear/jj propulsion/nn for/in aircraft/nn ./. One/pn seldom/rb hears/vbz the/at analogy/nn ``/`` nuclear/jj propulsion/nn will/md do/do for/in the/at aircraft/nn what/wdt it/pps has/hvz already/rb done/vbn for/in the/at submarine/nn ''/'' ./. If/cs ,/, for/in some/dti reason/nn such/jj as/cs economy/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber not/* going/vbg to/to develop/vb aircraft/nn nuclear/jj propulsion/nn with/in a/at sense/nn of/in national/jj urgency/nn ,/, then/rb we/ppss should/md turn/vb our/pp$ effort/nn to/in developing/vbg jet/nn engines/nns with/in a/at thrust-to-weight/jj ratio/nn of/in 12/cd or/cc 15/cd to/in one/cd ./. With/in powerplants/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts ,/, vertical/jj takeoff/nn and/cc landing/vbg combat/nn aircraft/nn could/md be/be built/vbn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, a/at 12-to-one/cd engine/nn would/md power/vb a/at supersonic/jj VTOL/nn fighter/nn ./. With/in a/at 15-to-one/jj engine/nn ,/, a/at supersonic/jj aircraft/nn weighing/vbg 300,000/cd pounds/nns could/md rise/vb vertically/rb ./. The/at reason/nn that/cs we/ppss are/ber not/* going/vbg ahead/rb full/jj speed/nn to/to develop/vb high/jj thrust-to-weight/jj engines/nns is/bez that/cs it/pps would/md cost/vb perhaps/rb a/at billion/cd dollars/nns --/-- and/cc you/ppss don't/do* spend/vb that/dt sort/nn of/in money/nn if/cs aircraft/nns are/ber obsolete/jj ./. When/wrb aircraft/nns are/ber no/ql longer/rbr helpless/jj on/in airfields/nns ,/, they/ppss are/ber no/ql longer/rbr vulnerable/jj to/in Aj/nn ./. If/cs our/pp$ SAC/nn bombers/nns were/bed ,/, today/nr ,/, capable/jj of/in surviving/vbg a/at surprise/nn missile/nn attack/nn and/cc because/cs of/in infinite/jj dispersion/nn or/cc long/jj endurance/nn had/hvd the/at capability/nn to/to strike/vb at/in Russia/np again/rb ,/, and/cc again/rb ,/, and/cc again/rb ,/, those/dts bombers/nns would/md unquestionably/rb assure/vb our/pp$ military/jj dominance/nn ./. We/ppss would/md have/hv the/at means/nns to/to seek/vb out/rp and/cc destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ force/nn --/-- whether/cs it/pps were/bed fixed/vbn or/cc mobile/jj ./. With/in such/abl a/at force/nn of/in manned/vbn bombers/nns we/ppss could/md bring/vb enormous/jj pressure/nn to/to bear/vb on/in an/at enemy/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt pressure/nn would/md be/be selective/jj and/cc extremely/ql discriminating/jj ./. No/at need/nn to/to kill/vb an/at entire/jj city/nn and/cc all/abn its/pp$ people/nns because/cs we/ppss lacked/vbd the/at precision/nn and/cc reconnaissance/nn to/in selectively/rb disarm/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ military/jj force/nn ./. Our/pp$ first/od necessity/nn ,/, at/in the/at very/ap outset/nn of/in war/nn ,/, is/bez post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn ./. In/in a/at few/ap years/nns we/ppss will/md have/hv SAMOS/nn (/( semiautomatic/jj missile/nn observation/nn system/nn )/) ./. But/cc in/in the/at case/nn of/in moving/vbg targets/nns ,/, and/cc targets/nns which/wdt have/hv limited/vbn mobility/nn ,/, what/wdt will/md their/pp$ location/nn be/be when/wrb it/pps is/bez time/nn to/to destroy/vb them/ppo ?/. ?/. What/wdt targets/nns have/hv we/ppss successfully/rb knocked/vbd out/rp ?/. ?/. A/at ballistic/jj missile/nn cannot/md* ,/, today/nr ,/, tell/vb you/ppo if/cs it/pps was/bedz successful/jj or/cc unsuccessful/jj ./. What/wdt targets/nns still/rb remain/vb to/to be/be hit/vbn ?/. ?/. These/dts crucial/jj questions/nns must/md be/be answered/vbn by/in post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn ./. SAMOS/np will/md be/be hard/rb put/vbn to/to see/vb through/in clouds/nns --/-- and/cc to/to see/vb in/in the/at dark/nn ./. Even/rb if/cs this/dt is/bez some/dti day/nn possible/jj ,/, there/ex remains/vbz the/at 30-minute/jj time/nn of/in flight/nn of/in a/at missile/nn to/in its/pp$ overseas/jj target/nn ./. If/cs the/at target/nn can/md change/vb its/pp$ position/nn significantly/rb during/in the/at 30/cd minutes/nns the/at missile/nn is/bez in/in the/at air/nn on/in its/pp$ way/nn ,/, the/at probability/nn of/in the/at missile/nn destroying/vbg the/at target/nn is/bez drastically/ql reduced/vbn ./. Pre-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn is/bez vital/jj but/cc only/rb post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn will/md allow/vb us/ppo to/to terminate/vb the/at war/nn favorably/rb ./. It/pps would/md be/be priceless/jj to/to have/hv an/at aircraft/nn to/to gather/vb that/dt post-attack/jj reconnaissance/nn ./. It/pps could/md operate/vb under/in the/at clouds/nns and/cc perform/vb infrared/jj photography/nn through/in clouds/nns and/cc at/in night/nn ./. It/pps would/md be/be even/ql more/ql valuable/jj because/cs that/dt same/ap aircraft/nn could/md immediately/rb destroy/vb any/dti targets/nns it/pps discovered/vbd --/-- no/at need/nn to/to wait/vb for/in a/at missile/nn to/to come/vb all/abn the/at way/nn from/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in the/at chance/nn that/cs the/at target/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps were/bed mobile/jj ,/, would/md be/be gone/vbn ./. A/at large/jj aircraft/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at B-52/nn or/cc B-70/nn ,/, could/md carry/vb perhaps/rb 50/cd or/cc 100/cd small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./. Few/ap people/nns realize/vb that/cs one/cd kiloton/nn of/in nuclear/jj explosive/jj power/nn will/md create/vb 1,000/cd psi/nn overpressure/nn at/in 100/cd feet/nns ./. Or/cc put/vbn another/dt way/nn ,/, the/at hardest/jjt missile/nn site/nn planned/vbn today/nr could/md be/be destroyed/vbn by/in placing/vbg a/at one-kiloton/nn warhead/nn (/( 1/20th/od the/at size/nn of/in those/dts used/vbn in/in Hiroshima/np and/cc Nagasaki/np )/) within/in 100/cd to/in 200/cd feet/nns of/in the/at target/nn !/. !/. It/pps is/bez our/pp$ lack/nn of/in extreme/jj accuracy/nn which/wdt forces/vbz the/at use/nn of/in very/ql large/jj yield/nn nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./. Today/nr we/ppss have/hv side-looking/jj radar/nn which/wdt has/hvz such/jj high/jj resolution/nn that/cs the/at radar/nn picture/nn clearly/rb shows/vbz individual/jj buildings/nns ,/, runways/nns ,/, taxi-ways/nns ,/, separate/jj spans/nns of/in bridges/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. With/in these/dts keen/jj ``/`` eyes/nns ''/'' and/cc small/jj nuclear/jj weapons/nns delivered/vbn with/in accuracy/nn ,/, military/jj forces/nns can/md be/be directly/rb attacked/vbn with/in minimum/jj damage/nn to/in urban/jj areas/nns ./. If/cs we/ppss fail/vb to/to develop/vb the/at means/nn to/to hunt/vb down/rp and/cc destroy/vb the/at enemy's/nn$ military/jj force/nn with/in extreme/jj care/nn and/cc precision/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs war/nn comes/vbz in/in spite/nn of/in our/pp$ most/ql ardent/jj desires/nns for/cs peace/nn ,/, our/pp$ choice/nn of/in alternatives/nns will/md be/be truly/ql frightening/vbg ./.

ce04

ce04 |@word lyric:2 beauty:1 schubert:4 trout:3 quintet:2 elemental:1 rhythm:2 infectious:1 melody:2 make:6 source:1 pure:1 pleasure:1 almost:1 music:11 listener:4 student:2 musical:8 form:1 would:5 classifier:1 work:4 present:2 problem:1 since:3 require:1 five:4 player:2 seem:3 fall:1 category:1 chamber:1 yet:5 call:1 double:3 bass:4 instrument:4 generally:2 regard:1 symphonic:5 moreover:2 piece:1 write:1 movement:3 rather:7 conventional:2 four:3 give:5 opus:1 serenade:1 divertimento:1 flavor:1 many:5 frequent:1 performance:12 serve:1 emphasize:1 dual:1 nature:1 writing:1 rendition:2 dimension:1 contrabass:1 free:1 rein:1 interpretation:3 essentially:1 intimate:1 creation:2 reading:3 either:2 keep:1 discreetly:1 background:1 dress:2 clown:1 attire:1 equivalent:1 bull:1 china:1 shop:1 recently:1 strike:3 anew:2 divergent:1 approach:2 course:2 one:11 afternoon:1 evening:1 listen:4 ten:2 different:3 occasion:1 marathon:1 angel:3 long:1 await:1 reissue:2 great:6 recording:6 century:2 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spaciousness:1 aurally:1 tolerable:1 process:1 defect:1 sd:1

The/at lyric/jj beauties/nns of/in Schubert's/np$ Trout/nn-tl Quintet/nn-tl --/-- its/pp$ elemental/jj rhythms/nns and/cc infectious/jj melodies/nns --/-- make/vb it/ppo a/at source/nn of/in pure/jj pleasure/nn for/in almost/ql all/abn music/nn listeners/nns ./. But/cc for/in students/nns of/in musical/jj forms/nns and/cc would-be/jj classifiers/nns ,/, the/at work/nn presents/vbz its/pp$ problems/nns ./. Since/cs it/pps requires/vbz only/rb five/cd players/nns ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb to/to fall/vb into/in the/at category/nn of/in chamber/nn music/nn --/-- yet/cc it/pps calls/vbz for/in a/at double/jj bass/nn ,/, an/at instrument/nn generally/rb regarded/vbn as/cs symphonic/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at piece/nn is/bez written/vbn in/in five/cd movements/nns ,/, rather/in than/in the/at conventional/jj four/cd of/in most/ap quintets/nns ,/, and/cc this/dt gives/vbz the/at opus/nn a/at serenade/nn or/cc divertimento/nn flavor/nn ./. The/at many/ap and/cc frequent/jj performances/nns of/in the/at Trout/nn-tl serve/vb to/to emphasize/vb the/at dual/jj nature/nn of/in its/pp$ writing/nn ./. Some/dti renditions/nns are/ber of/in symphonic/jj dimensions/nns ,/, with/in the/at contrabass/nn given/vbn free/jj rein/nn ./. Other/ap interpretations/nns present/vb the/at music/nn as/cs an/at essentially/rb intimate/jj creation/nn ./. In/in these/dts readings/nns ,/, the/at double/jj bass/nn is/bez either/cc kept/vbn discreetly/rb in/in the/at background/nn ,/, or/cc it/pps is/bez dressed/vbn in/in clown's/nn$ attire/nn --/-- the/at musical/jj equivalent/jj of/in a/at bull/nn in/in a/at china/nn shop/nn ./. Recently/rb I/ppss was/bedz struck/vbn anew/rb by/in the/at divergent/jj approaches/nns ,/, when/wrb in/in the/at course/nn of/in one/cd afternoon/nn and/cc evening/nn I/ppss listened/vbd to/in no/at fewer/ap than/cs ten/cd different/jj performances/nns ./. The/at occasion/nn for/in this/dt marathon/nn :/: Angel's/nn$-tl long-awaited/jj reissue/nn in/in its/pp$ ``/`` Great/jj-tl Recordings/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Century/nn-tl ''/'' series/nn of/in the/at Schnabel-Pro/np Arte/fw-nn-tl version/nn ./. Let/vb me/ppo say/vb at/in the/at outset/nn that/cs the/at music/nn sounded/vbd as/ql sparkling/jj on/in the/at last/ap playing/nn as/cs it/pps did/dod on/in the/at first/od ./. Whether/cs considered/vbn alone/rb or/cc in/in relation/nn to/in other/ap editions/nns ,/, COLH/nn 40/cd is/bez a/at document/nn of/in prime/jj importance/nn ./. Artur/np Schnabel/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt Schubert-Beethoven-Mozart/np players/nns of/in all/abn time/nn ,/, and/cc any/dti commentary/nn of/in his/pp$$ on/in this/dt repertory/nn is/bez valuable/jj ./. But/cc Schnabel/np was/bedz a/at great/jj teacher/nn in/in addition/nn to/in being/beg a/at great/jj performer/nn ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs four/cd of/in the/at ten/cd versions/nns I/ppss listened/vbd to/in are/ber by/in Schnabel/np pupils/nns (/( Clifford/np Curzon/np ,/, Frank/np Glazer/np ,/, Adrian/np Aeschbacher/np ,/, and/cc Victor/np Babin/np )/) also/rb sheds/vbz light/nn on/in the/at master's/nn$ pedagogical/jj skills/nns ./. Certain/jj pianistic/jj traits/nns are/ber common/jj to/in all/ql five/cd Schnabelian/jj renditions/nns ,/, most/ql notably/rb the/at ``/`` Schnabel/np trill/nn ''/'' (/( which/wdt differs/vbz from/in the/at conventional/jj trill/nn in/in that/cs the/at two/cd notes/nns are/ber struck/vbn simultaneously/rb )/) ./. But/cc the/at most/ql impressive/jj testimony/nn to/in Schnabel's/np$ distinction/nn as/cs a/at teacher/nn is/bez reflected/vbn by/in the/at individuality/nn which/wdt marks/vbz each/dt student's/nn$ approach/nn as/ql distinctly/rb his/pp$ own/jj ./. Schnabel's/np$ emphasis/nn on/in structural/jj clarity/nn ,/, his/pp$ innate/jj rhythmic/jj vibrancy/nn ,/, and/cc impetuous/jj intensity/nn all/abn tend/vb to/to stamp/vb his/pp$ reading/nn as/cs a/at symphonic/jj one/cd ./. Yet/cc no/at detail/nn was/bedz too/ql small/jj to/to receive/vb attention/nn from/in this/dt master/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs a/at result/nn the/at playing/nn here/rb has/hvz humor/nn ,/, delicacy/nn ,/, and/cc radiant/jj humanity/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at serious-minded/jj interpretation/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez never/rb strait-laced/jj ./. And/cc although/cs Schnabel's/np$ pianism/nn bristles/vbz with/in excitement/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez meticulously/ql faithful/jj to/in Schubert's/np$ dynamic/jj markings/nns and/cc phrase/nn indications/nns ./. The/at piano/nn performance/nn on/in this/dt Trout/nn-tl is/bez one/cd that/wps really/rb demands/vbz a/at search/nn for/in superlatives/nns ./. About/in the/at Pro/fw-in-tl Arte's/fw-nn$-tl contribution/nn I/ppss am/bem less/ql happy/jj ./. I/ppss ,/, for/in one/cd ,/, rather/rb regret/vb that/cs Schnabel/np didn't/dod* collaborate/vb with/in the/at Budapest/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl ,/, whose/wp$ rugged/jj ,/, athletic/jj playing/nn was/bedz a/at good/jj deal/nn closer/rbr to/in this/dt pianist's/nn$ interpretative/jj outlook/nn than/cs the/at style/nn of/in the/at Belgian/jj group/nn ./. From/in a/at technical/jj standpoint/nn ,/, the/at string/nn playing/nn is/bez good/jj ,/, but/cc the/at Pro/fw-in-tl Arte/fw-nn-tl people/nns fail/vb to/to enter/vb into/in the/at spirit/nn of/in things/nns here/rb ./. The/at violinist/nn ,/, in/in particular/jj ,/, is/bez very/ql indulgent/jj with/in swoops/nns and/cc slides/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ tone/nn is/bez pinched/vbn and/cc edgy/jj ./. The/at twenty-five-year-old/jj recording/nn offers/vbz rather/ql faded/vbn string/nn tone/nn ,/, but/cc the/at balance/nn between/in the/at instruments/nns is/bez good/jj and/cc the/at transfer/nn is/bez very/ql quiet/jj ./. There/ex is/bez a/at break/nn in/in continuity/nn just/ql before/in the/at fourth/od variation/nn in/in the/at ``/`` Forellen/fw-nn-tl ''/'' movement/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez due/jj to/in imperfect/jj splicing/nn between/in sides/nns of/in the/at original/jj Aj/nn ./. Turning/vbg to/in the/at more/ql modern/jj versions/nns ,/, Curzon's/np$ (/( London/np )/) offers/vbz the/at most/ql sophisticated/jj keyboard/nn work/nn ./. Every/at detail/nn in/in his/pp$ interpretation/nn has/hvz been/ben beautifully/rb thought/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc of/in these/dts I/ppss would/md especially/rb cite/vb the/at delicious/jj laendler/fw-nn touch/nn the/at pianist/nn brings/vbz to/in the/at fifth/od variation/nn (/( an/at obvious/jj indication/nn that/cs he/pps is/bez playing/vbg with/in Viennese/jj musicians/nns )/) ,/, and/cc the/at gossamer/nn shading/nn throughout/in ./. Some/dti of/in Curzon's/np$ playing/nn strikes/vbz me/ppo as/cs finicky/jj ,/, however/rb ./. Why/wrb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, does/doz he/pps favor/vb two/cd tempos/nns ,/, rather/in than/in one/cd ,/, for/in the/at third/od movement/nn ?/. ?/. The/at assisting/vbg musicians/nns from/in the/at Vienna/np-tl Octet/nn-tl are/ber somewhat/ql lacking/vbg in/in expertise/nn ,/, but/cc their/pp$ contribution/nn is/bez rustic/jj and/cc appealing/jj ./. (/( Special/jj compliments/nns to/in the/at double/jj bass/nn playing/nn of/in Johann/np Krumpp/np :/: his/pp$ scrawny/jj ,/, tottering/vbg sound/nn adds/vbz a/at delightful/jj hilarity/nn to/in the/at performance/nn ./. )/) The/at Glazer-Fine/np Arts/nns-tl edition/nn (/( Concert-Disc/np )/) is/bez a/at model/nn of/in lucidity/nn and/cc organization/nn ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, moreover/rb ,/, a/at perfectly/ql integrated/vbn ensemble/nn effort/nn ./. But/cc having/hvg lived/vbn with/in the/at disc/nn for/in some/dti time/nn now/rb ,/, I/ppss find/vb the/at performance/nn less/ql exciting/jj than/cs either/cc Schnabel's/np$ or/cc Fleisher's/np$ (/( whose/wp$ superb/jj performance/nn with/in the/at Budapest/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl has/hvz still/rb to/to be/be recorded/vbn )/) and/cc a/at good/jj deal/nn less/ql filled/vbn with/in humor/nn than/cs Curzon's/np$ ./. Aeschbacher's/np$ work/nn is/bez very/ql much/ql akin/jj to/in Schnabel's/np$ ,/, but/cc the/at sound/nn on/in his/pp$ Decca/np disc/nn is/bez dated/vbn ,/, and/cc you/ppss will/md have/hv a/at hard/jj time/nn locating/vbg a/at copy/nn of/in it/ppo ./. The/at Hephzibah/np-tl Menuhin-Amadeus/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl (/( Angel/nn-tl )/) and/cc Victor/np Babin-Festival/np Quartet/nn-tl (/( RCA/np Victor/nn-tl )/) editions/nns give/vb us/ppo superlative/jj string/nn playing/nn (/( both/abx in/in symphonic/jj style/nn )/) crippled/vbn by/in unimaginative/jj piano/nn playing/nn ./. (/( Babin/np has/hvz acquired/vbn some/dti of/in Schnabel's/np$ keyboard/nn manner/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ playing/nn is/bez of/in limited/vbn insight/nn ./. )/) Badura-Skoda-Vienna/np Konzerthaus/fw-nn-tl (/( Westminster/np )/) and/cc Demus-Schubert/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl (/( Deutsche/fw-jj-tl Grammophon/fw-nn-tl )/) are/ber both/abx warm-toned/jj ,/, pleasantly/ql lyrical/jj ,/, but/cc rather/ql slack/jj and/cc tensionless/jj ./. Helmut/np Roloff/np ,/, playing/vbg with/in a/at group/nn of/in musicians/nns from/in the/at Bayreuth/np-tl Ensemble/nn-tl ,/, gives/vbz a/at sturdy/jj reading/nn ,/, in/in much/ql the/at same/ap vein/nn as/cs that/dt of/in the/at last-mentioned/jj pianists/nns ./. Telefunken/np has/hvz accorded/vbn him/ppo beautiful/jj sound/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt bargain-priced/jj disc/nn (/( it/pps sells/vbz for/in $2.98/nns )/) is/bez worthy/jj of/in consideration/nn ./. Returning/vbg once/rb again/rb to/in the/at Schnabel/np reissue/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem beguiled/vbn anew/rb by/in the/at magnificence/nn of/in this/dt pianist's/nn$ musical/jj penetration/nn ./. Here/rb is/bez truly/rb a/at ``/`` Great/jj-tl Recording/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Century/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc its/pp$ greatness/nn is/bez by/in no/at means/nn diminished/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* quite/ql perfect/jj ./. This/dt recording/nn surely/rb belongs/vbz in/in everyone's/pn$ collection/nn ./. Must/md records/nns always/rb sound/vb like/cs records/nns ?/. ?/. From/in the/at beginning/nn of/in commercial/jj recording/nn ,/, new/jj discs/nns purported/vbd to/to be/be indistinguishable/jj from/in The/at-tl Real/jj-tl Thing/nn-tl have/hv regularly/rb been/ben put/vbn in/in circulation/nn ./. Seen/vbn in/in perspective/nn ,/, many/ap of/in these/dts releases/nns have/hv a/at genuine/jj claim/nn to/to be/be milestones/nns ./. Although/cs lacking/vbg absolute/jj verisimilitude/nn ,/, they/ppss supply/vb the/at ear/nn and/cc the/at imagination/nn with/in all/ql necessary/jj materials/nns for/in re-creation/nn of/in the/at original/nn ./. On/in the/at basis/nn of/in what/wdt they/ppss give/vb us/ppo we/ppss can/md know/vb how/wrb the/at young/jj Caruso/np sang/vbd ,/, appreciate/vb the/at distinctive/jj qualities/nns of/in Parsifal/np-tl under/in Karl/np Muck's/np$ baton/nn ,/, or/cc sense/vb the/at type/nn of/in ensemble/nn Toscanini/np created/vbd in/in his/pp$ years/nns with/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl ./. Since/cs the/at concept/nn of/in high/jj fidelity/nn became/vbd important/jj some/dti dozen/nn years/nns ago/rb ,/, the/at claims/nns of/in technical/jj improvements/nns have/hv multiplied/vbn tenfold/rb ./. In/in many/ap cases/nns the/at revolutionary/jj production/nn has/hvz offered/vbn no/at more/ap than/cs sensational/jj effects/nns :/: the/at first/od hearing/nn was/bedz fascinating/jj and/cc the/at second/od disillusioning/vbg as/cs the/at gap/nn between/in sound/nn and/cc substance/nn became/vbd clearer/jjr ./. Other/ap innovations/nns with/in better/jjr claims/nns to/in musical/jj interest/nn survived/vbd rehearing/vbg to/to acquire/vb in/in time/nn the/at status/nn of/in classics/nns ./. If/cs we/ppss return/vb to/in them/ppo today/nr ,/, we/ppss have/hv no/at difficulty/nn spotting/vbg their/pp$ weaknesses/nns but/cc we/ppss find/vb them/ppo still/rb pleasing/jj ./. Records/nns sound/vb like/cs records/nns because/cs they/ppss provide/vb a/at different/jj sort/nn of/in experience/nn than/cs live/jj music/nn ./. This/dt difference/nn is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in many/ap factors/nns ./. Some/dti of/in them/ppo are/ber obvious/jj ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs we/ppss associate/vb recorded/vbn and/cc live/jj music/nn with/in our/pp$ responses/nns and/cc behavior/nn in/in different/jj types/nns of/in environments/nns and/cc social/jj settings/nns ./. (/( Music/nn often/rb sounds/vbz best/jjt to/in me/ppo when/wrb I/ppss can/md dress/vb informally/rb and/cc sit/vb in/in something/pn more/ql comfortable/jj than/cs a/at theatre/nn seat/nn ./. )/) From/in the/at technical/jj standpoint/nn ,/, records/nns differ/vb from/in live/jj music/nn to/in the/at degree/nn that/cs they/ppss fail/vb to/to convey/vb the/at true/jj color/nn ,/, texture/nn ,/, complexity/nn ,/, range/nn ,/, intensity/nn ,/, pulse/nn ,/, and/cc pitch/nn of/in the/at original/jj ./. Any/dti alteration/nn of/in one/cd of/in these/dts factors/nns is/bez distortion/nn ,/, although/cs we/ppss generally/rb use/vb that/dt word/nn only/rb for/in effects/nns so/ql pronounced/vbn that/cs they/ppss can/md be/be stated/vbn quantitatively/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in standard/jj tests/nns ./. Yet/cc it/pps is/bez the/at accumulation/nn of/in distortion/nn ,/, the/at fitting/nn together/rb of/in fractional/jj bits/nns until/cs the/at total/nn reaches/vbz the/at threshold/nn of/in our/pp$ awareness/nn ,/, that/dt makes/vbz records/nns sound/vb like/cs records/nns ./. The/at sound/nn may/md be/be good/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc if/cs you/ppss know/vb The/at-tl Real/jj-tl Thing/nn-tl ,/, you/ppss know/vb that/cs what/wdt you/ppss are/ber hearing/vbg is/bez only/rb a/at clever/jj imitation/nn ./. Command's/np$ new/jj Brahms/np Second/nn-tl is/bez a/at major/jj effort/nn to/to make/vb a/at record/nn that/wps sounds/vbz like/cs a/at real/jj orchestra/nn rather/in than/in a/at copy/nn of/in one/cd ./. Like/cs the/at recent/jj Scheherazade/np-tl from/in London/np (/( High/jj-tl Fidelity/nn-tl ,/, Sept./np 1961/cd )/) ,/, it/pps is/bez successful/jj because/cs emphasis/nn has/hvz been/ben placed/vbn on/in good/jj musical/jj and/cc engineering/vbg practices/nns rather/in than/in on/in creating/vbg sensational/jj effects/nns ./. Because/rb of/in this/dt ,/, only/rb those/dts with/in truly/ql fine/jj equipment/nn will/md be/be able/jj to/to appreciate/vb the/at exact/jj degree/nn of/in the/at engineers'/nns$ triumph/nn ./. The/at easiest/jjt way/nn to/to describe/vb this/dt release/nn is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs it/pps reproduces/vbz an/at interesting/jj and/cc effective/jj Steinberg/np performance/nn with/in minimal/jj alteration/nn of/in its/pp$ musical/jj values/nns ./. The/at engineering/nn as/cs such/jj never/rb obtrudes/vbz upon/in your/pp$ consciousness/nn ./. The/at effect/nn of/in the/at recording/nn is/bez very/ql open/jj and/cc natural/jj ,/, with/in the/at frequency/nn emphasis/nn exactly/rb what/wdt you/ppss would/md expect/vb from/in a/at live/jj performance/nn ./. This/dt absence/nn of/in peaky/jj highs/nns and/cc beefed-up/jj bass/nn not/* only/rb produces/vbz greater/jjr fidelity/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps eliminates/vbz listener/nn fatigue/nn ./. A/at contributing/vbg factor/nn is/bez the/at perspective/nn ,/, the/at uniform/nn aesthetic/jj distance/nn which/wdt is/bez maintained/vbn ./. The/at orchestra/nn is/bez far/rb enough/qlp away/rb from/in you/ppo that/cs you/ppss miss/vb the/at bow/nn scrapes/vbz ,/, valve/nn clicks/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap noises/nns incidental/jj to/in playing/vbg ./. Yet/cc you/ppss feel/vb the/at orchestra/nn is/bez near/rb at/in hand/nn ,/, and/cc the/at individual/jj instruments/nns have/hv the/at same/ap firm/jj presence/nn associated/vbn with/in listening/vbg from/in a/at good/jj seat/nn in/in an/at acoustically/rb perfect/jj hall/nn ./. Command/nn-tl has/hvz achieved/vbn the/at ideal/jj amount/nn of/in reverberation/nn ./. The/at music/nn is/bez always/rb allowed/vbn the/at living/vbg space/nn needed/vbn to/to attain/vb its/pp$ full/jj sonority/nn ;/. ;/. yet/cc the/at hall/nn never/rb intrudes/vbz as/cs a/at quasi-performer/nn ./. The/at timbre/nn remains/vbz that/dt of/in the/at instruments/nns unclouded/jj by/in resonance/nn ./. All/abn of/in this/dt would/md be/be wasted/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs the/at performance/nn lacked/vbd authority/nn and/cc musical/jj distinction/nn ./. For/in me/ppo it/pps has/hvz more/ap of/in both/abx elements/nns than/cs the/at majority/nn of/in its/pp$ competitors/nns ./. Steinberg/np seems/vbz to/to have/hv gone/vbn directly/ql back/rb to/in the/at score/nn ,/, discounting/vbg tradition/nn ,/, and/cc has/hvz built/vbn his/pp$ performance/nn on/in the/at intention/nn to/to reproduce/vb as/ql faithfully/rb as/cs possible/jj exactly/rb what/wdt Brahms/np set/vbd down/rp on/in paper/nn ./. Those/dts accustomed/vbn to/in broader/jjr ,/, more/ql romantic/jj statements/nns of/in the/at symphony/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/in react/vb strongly/rb when/wrb they/ppss hear/vb this/dt one/cd ./. Without/in losing/vbg the/at distinctive/jj undertow/nn of/in Brahmsian/jj rhythm/nn ,/, the/at pacing/nn is/bez firm/jj and/cc the/at over-all/jj performance/nn has/hvz a/at tightly/ql knit/vbn quality/nn that/wps makes/vbz for/in maximum/jj cumulative/jj effect/nn ./. The/at Presto/fw-jj-tl Ma/fw-cc-tl non/fw-*-tl assai/fw-rb-tl of/in the/at first/od trio/nn of/in the/at scherzo/nn is/bez taken/vbn literally/rb and/cc may/md shock/vb you/ppo ,/, as/cs the/at real/jj Allegro/fw-jj-tl con/fw-in-tl Spirito/fw-nn-tl of/in the/at finale/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to bring/vb you/ppo to/in your/pp$ feet/nns ./. In/in the/at end/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at thing/nn about/in this/dt performance/nn that/wps is/bez most/ql striking/jj is/bez the/at way/nn it/pps sings/vbz ./. Steinberg/np obviously/rb has/hvz concluded/vbn that/cs it/pps is/bez the/at lyric/jj element/nn which/wdt must/md dominate/vb in/in this/dt score/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps manages/vbz at/in times/nns to/to create/vb the/at effect/nn of/in the/at whole/jj orchestra/nn bursting/vbg into/in song/nn ./. The/at engineering/nn provides/vbz exactly/rb the/at support/nn needed/vbn for/in such/abl a/at result/nn ./. Too/ql many/ap records/nns seem/vb to/to reduce/vb a/at work/nn of/in symphonic/jj complexity/nn to/in a/at melody/nn and/cc its/pp$ accompaniment/nn ./. The/at Command/nn-tl technique/nn invites/vbz you/ppo to/to listen/vb to/in the/at depth/nn of/in the/at orchestration/nn ./. Your/pp$ ear/nn takes/vbz you/ppo into/in the/at ensemble/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss may/md well/rb become/vb aware/jj of/in instrumental/jj details/nns which/wdt previously/rb were/bed apparent/jj only/rb in/in the/at score/nn ./. It/pps is/bez this/dt sort/nn of/in experience/nn that/wps makes/vbz the/at concept/nn of/in high/jj fidelity/nn of/in real/jj musical/jj significance/nn for/in the/at home/nr music/nn listener/nn ./. The/at first/od substantially/ql complete/jj stereo/nn Giselle/np-tl (/( and/cc the/at only/ap one/cd of/in its/pp$ scope/nn since/in Feyer's/np$ four-sided/jj LP/nn edition/nn of/in 1958/cd for/in Angel/nn-tl )/) ,/, this/dt set/nn is/bez ,/, I'm/ppss+bem afraid/jj ,/, likely/jj to/to provide/vb more/ql horrid/jj fascination/nn than/cs enjoyment/nn ./. The/at already/rb faded/vbn pastel/nn charms/nns of/in the/at naive/jj music/nn itself/ppl vanish/vb entirely/rb in/in Fistoulari's/np$ melodramatic/jj contrasts/nns between/in ultravehement/jj brute/nn power/nn and/cc chilly/jj ,/, if/cs suave/jj ,/, sentimentality/nn ./. And/cc in/in its/pp$ engineers'/nns$ frantic/jj attempts/nns to/to achieve/vb maximum/jj dynamic/jj impact/nn and/cc earsplitting/jj brilliance/nn ,/, the/at recording/vbg sounds/vbz as/cs though/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben ``/`` doctored/vbn for/in super-high/jj fidelity/nn ''/'' ./. The/at home/nr listener/nn is/bez overpowered/vbn ,/, all/ql right/rb ,/, but/cc the/at experience/nn is/bez a/at far/rb from/in pleasant/jj one/cd ./. As/cs with/in the/at penultimate/jj Giselle/np-tl release/nn (/( Wolff's/np$ abridgment/nn for/in RCA/np Victor/nn-tl )/) I/ppss find/vb the/at cleaner/jjr ,/, less/ql razor-edged/jj monophonic/jj version/nn ,/, for/in all/abn its/pp$ lack/nn of/in big-stage/nn spaciousness/nn ,/, the/at more/ql aurally/rb tolerable/jj --/-- but/cc this/dt may/md be/be the/at result/nn of/in processing/vbg defects/nns in/in my/pp$ SD/nn copies/nns ./.

ce05

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At/in the/at Westminster/np-tl KC/nn-tl Dog/nn-tl Show/nn-tl in/in Madison/np-tl Square/nn-tl Garden/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl on/in the/at second/od day/nn ,/, the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl brought/vbd out/rp the/at most/ql competitive/jj competition/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in this/dt Class/nn-tl ./. The/at Class/nn-tl had/hvd entries/nns from/in as/ql far/rb west/nr as/cs Wisconsin/np and/cc as/ql far/rb south/nr as/cs Kentucky/np ./. This/dt year/nn several/ap entries/nns from/in Canada/np were/bed entered/vbn which/wdt made/vbd the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl International/jj-tl ./. Forty-six/cd of/in the/at 53/cd Juniors/nns-tl who/wps mailed/vbd in/rp entries/nns were/bed present/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz interesting/jj to/to note/vb that/cs many/ap of/in these/dts Juniors/nns-tl were/bed showing/vbg dogs/nns in/in various/jj other/ap classes/nns at/in the/at show/nn prior/rb to/in the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl ./. As/cs has/hvz been/ben the/at custom/nn for/in the/at past/ap several/ap years/nns ,/, John/np Cross/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, Bench/nn-tl Show/nn-tl Chmn./nn-tl of/in Westminster/np ,/, arranged/vbd for/in the/at Juniors'/nns$-tl meeting/nn before/in the/at Class/nn-tl ,/, and/cc invited/vbd two/cd speakers/nns from/in the/at dog/nn world/nn to/to address/vb them/ppo ./. Over/rp 60/cd Juniors/nns-tl ,/, parents/nns and/cc guests/nns attended/vbd ./. Mrs./np-hl William/np-hl H./np-hl Long/np-hl ,/,-hl Jr./np-hl speaks/vbz-hl After/cs the/at Juniors/nns-tl were/bed welcomed/vbn and/cc congratulated/vbn for/in qualifying/vbg for/in the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl ,/, Mrs./np William/np H./np Long/np ,/, Jr./np was/bedz introduced/vbn as/cs the/at first/od speaker/nn ./. In/in her/pp$ opening/vbg remarks/nns Mrs./np Long/np also/rb welcomed/vbd the/at Juniors/nns-tl and/cc stated/vbd ,/, ``/`` There/ex isn't/bez* any/dti other/ap show/nn quite/ql like/cs Westminster/np ./. I/ppss know/vb because/cs this/dt is/bez my/pp$ 37th/od year/nn with/in hardly/rb a/at break/nn ./. Mrs./np Long/np still/rb feels/vbz the/at same/ap unique/jj spirit/nn of/in Westminster/np which/wdt she/pps stated/vbd the/at present/jj Juniors/nns-tl will/md experience/vb today/nr but/cc probably/rb will/md not/* appreciate/vb in/in full/jj for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns ./. Twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb her/pp$ daughter/nn Betsey/np Long/np ,/, then/rb 13/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ,/, won/vbd the/at Grand/jj-tl Challenge/nn-tl Trophy/nn-tl ,/, Children's/nns$-tl Handling/vbg-tl Class/nn-tl (/( as/cs they/ppss were/bed called/vbn then/rb )/) at/in Westminster/np ./. No/at sooner/rbr had/hvd Betsey/np come/vb out/in of/in the/at ring/nn than/cs Mrs./np Long/np walked/vbd into/in the/at Working/vbg-tl Competition/nn-tl with/in Ch./nn-tl Cadet/nn-tl or/cc Noranda/np ,/, another/dt home-bred/jj product/nn ,/, and/cc won/vbd !/. !/. Speaking/vbg from/in long/jj years/nns of/in experience/nn ,/, Mrs./np Long/np advised/vbd the/at Juniors/nns-tl :/: ``/`` When/wrb showing/vbg dogs/nns ceases/vbz to/to be/be fun/nn and/cc excitement/nn ,/, stop/vb !/. !/. Dogs/nns have/hv a/at way/nn of/in sensing/vbg our/pp$ feelings/nns !/. !/. When/wrb you/ppss and/cc your/pp$ dog/nn step/vb into/in the/at Junior/jj-tl ring/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be just/rb what/wdt the/at dog/nn wants/vbz to/to do/do as/ql much/rb as/cs what/wdt you/ppss want/vb him/ppo to/to do/do ./. If/cs you/ppss walk/vb into/in the/at ring/nn because/cs it/pps is/bez fun/nn to/to show/vb your/pp$ dog/nn ,/, he/pps will/md feel/vb it/ppo and/cc give/vb you/ppo a/at good/jj performance/nn !/. !/. He/pps knows/vbz your/pp$ signals/nns ,/, what/wdt is/bez expected/vbn of/in him/ppo and/cc the/at way/nn the/at Class/nn-tl is/bez conducted/vbn ,/, right/ql up/rp through/in the/at flash-bulbs/nns of/in the/at photographers/nns ''/'' ./. Right/jj-hl attitude/nn-hl essential/jj-hl !/.-hl !/.-hl ``/`` Take/vb away/rb your/pp$ attitude/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mrs./np Long/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc what/wdt have/hv you/ppss left/vbn ?/. ?/. Either/cc a/at nervous/jj dog/nn because/cs you/ppss are/ber livid/jj with/in rage/nn --/-- a/at sure/jj sign/nn that/cs you/ppss are/ber taking/vbg things/nns too/ql seriously/rb and/cc had/hvd better/rbr stop/vb !/. !/. Or/cc a/at bored/vbn dog/nn because/cs you/ppss are/ber more/ql interested/vbn in/in something/pn else/rb --/-- maybe/rb the/at way/nn you/ppss look/vb ,/, or/cc the/at date/nn you/ppss have/hv after/in the/at Class/nn-tl ,/, or/cc you/ppss are/ber just/rb doing/vbg this/dt to/to please/vb the/at parents/nns ./. ``/`` The/at reason/nn you/ppss are/ber in/in the/at ring/nn today/nr is/bez to/to show/vb your/pp$ ability/nn to/to present/vb to/in any/dti judge/nn the/at most/ql attractive/jj picture/nn of/in your/pp$ dog/nn that/cs the/at skillful/jj use/nn of/in your/pp$ aids/nns can/md produce/vb ./. Aids/nns sounds/vbz more/rbr like/cs a/at Pony/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, or/cc horsemanship/nn classes/nns --/-- riding/vbg a/at horse/nn and/cc showing/vbg a/at dog/nn are/ber very/ql similar/jj !/. !/. ``/`` Your/pp$ aids/nns are/ber your/pp$ attitude/nn ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz through/in your/pp$ voice/nn ,/, your/pp$ hands/nns and/cc legs/nns --/-- voice/nn to/to encourage/vb ,/, discourage/vb or/cc whatever/wdt the/at need/nn may/md be/be ;/. ;/. hands/nns to/to guide/vb or/cc restrain/vb ;/. ;/. legs/nns to/to produce/vb motion/nn and/cc rate/nn of/in speed/nn ./. Without/in right/jj attitude/nn the/at other/ap aids/nns just/rb do/do not/* work/vb right/rb ''/'' ./. Mrs./np Long/np wished/vbd all/abn the/at Juniors/nns-tl luck/nn in/in the/at Class/nn-tl and/cc stated/vbd ,/, ``/`` Have/hv fun/nn !/. !/. And/cc may/md you/ppss all/abn continue/vb to/to show/vb at/in Westminster/np in/in-hl the/at-hl years/nns-hl to/to-hl come/vb-hl ''/'' !/.-hl !/.-hl Harvey/np-hl Barcus/np-hl ,/,-hl second/od-hl speaker/nn-hl The/at second/od speaker/nn was/bedz Harvey/np Barcus/np ,/, President/nn-tl of/in the/at Dog/nn-tl Writers/nns-tl Ass'n/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ./. Mr./np Barcus/np spoke/vbd on/in the/at subject/nn of/in scholarships/nns for/in Juniors/nns-tl --/-- with/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez very/ql familiar/jj ./. Last/ap year/nn a/at boy/nn he/pps knows/vbz and/cc helped/vbd in/in Journalism/nn-tl won/vbd the/at Thoroughbred/np-tl Racing/nn-tl Ass'n/nn-tl Scholarship/nn-tl which/wdt is/bez worth/jj $10,000/nns ./. He/pps gave/vbd a/at resume/nn of/in the/at steps/nns taken/vbn in/in order/nn for/cs the/at boy/nn he/pps sponsored/vbd to/to win/vb the/at scholarship/nn ./. ``/`` Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl is/bez an/at extremely/ql worthy/jj project/nn and/cc should/md be/be earnestly/rb encouraged/vbn ''/'' !/. !/. Is/bez one/cd of/in Mr./np Barcus'/np$ strong/jj beliefs/nns ./. He/pps feels/vbz very/ql forcibly/rb that/cs the/at American/jj-tl Kennel/nn-tl Club/nn-tl should/md take/vb a/at more/ql active/jj part/nn in/in encouraging/vbg the/at Junior/jj-tl Division/nn-tl !/. !/. In/in closing/vbg ,/, Mr./np Barcus/np also/rb wished/vbd all/abn the/at Juniors/nns-tl luck/nn in/in their/pp$ Class/nn-tl ./. Westminster/np-hl Show/nn-tl-hl Notes/nns-tl-hl Instead/rb of/in 3/cd a.m./rb in/in the/at past/ap ,/, the/at Juniors/nns-tl Class/nn-tl at/in Westminster/np was/bedz held/vbn at/in 4:45/cd p.m./rb ./. This/dt gave/vbd the/at Juniors/nns-tl the/at use/nn of/in the/at entire/jj ring/nn at/in the/at show/nn --/-- a/at great/jj advantage/nn to/in them/ppo !/. !/. Before/cs the/at Juniors/nns-tl entered/vbd the/at ring/nn the/at Steward/nn-tl announced/vbd that/cs after/cs all/abn Juniors/nns-tl had/hvd moved/vbn their/pp$ dogs/nns around/in the/at ring/nn and/cc set/vbn them/ppo up/rp ,/, they/ppss could/md relax/vb with/in their/pp$ dogs/nns ./. From/in there/rb on/rp ,/, each/dt Junior/nn-tl was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be judged/vbn individually/rb ./. This/dt thoughtful/jj gesture/nn was/bedz well/rb received/vbn by/in the/at Juniors/nns-tl as/cs the/at Class/nn-tl had/hvd an/at entry/nn of/in 46/cd Juniors/nns-tl and/cc it/pps took/vbd approximately/rb one/cd hour/nn ,/, 45/cd minutes/nns to/to judge/vb the/at Class/nn-tl ./. Anne/np-hl Hone/np-hl Rogers/np-hl judges/vbz-hl 28th/od-hl finals/nns-hl This/dt year/nn Anne/np Hone/np Rogers/np ,/, outstanding/jj Handler/nn-tl ,/, judged/vbd the/at Class/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez the/at third/od time/nn in/in 28/cd years/nns of/in Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl at/in Westminster/np that/cs a/at lady/nn Handler/nn-tl has/hvz judged/vbn the/at Class/nn-tl ./. As/cs the/at Juniors/nns-tl entered/vbd the/at ring/nn ,/, Mr./np Spring/np ,/, the/at announcer/nn ,/, stated/vbd over/in the/at public-address/nn system/nn that/cs this/dt was/bedz the/at 28th/od year/nn that/cs Westminster/np has/hvz held/vbn the/at Finals/nns-tl of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Competition/nn-tl ./. Juniors/nns-tl competed/vbd last/ap year/nn at/in American/jj-tl Kennel/nn-tl Club/nn-tl and/cc Canadian/jj-tl Kennel/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, recognized/vbn shows/nns to/to be/be eligible/jj to/to compete/vb in/in this/dt Class/nn-tl --/-- the/at Finals/nns-tl for/in the/at year/nn ./. A/at Junior/nn-tl who/wps won/vbd two/cd or/cc more/ap wins/nns in/in the/at Open/jj-tl Class/nn-tl was/bedz eligible/jj ./. (/( The/at purpose/nn of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl is/bez to/to teach/vb and/cc encourage/vb Juniors/nns-tl to/to become/vb good/jj sportsmen/nns ./. Many/ap adults/nns showing/vbg at/in Westminster/np today/nr are/ber products/nns of/in this/dt Class/nn-tl ./. )/) It/pps seemed/vbd an/at almost/ql impossible/jj job/nn for/in Miss/np Rogers/np to/to select/vb 4/cd winners/nns from/in the/at 46/cd Juniors/nns-tl entered/vbn ./. A/at large/jj number/nn of/in these/dts Juniors/nns-tl have/hv 7/cd and/cc 8/cd wins/nns to/in their/pp$ credit/nn and/cc are/ber seasoned/vbn campaigners/nns ./. After/cs the/at judge/nn moved/vbd all/abn the/at dogs/nns individually/rb ,/, she/pps selected/vbd several/ap from/in the/at group/nn and/cc placed/vbd them/ppo in/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at ring/nn ./. She/pps then/rb went/vbd over/in them/ppo thoroughly/rb giving/vbg each/dt a/at strenuous/jj test/nn in/in showmanship/nn ./. International/jj-tl-hl Champion/nn-tl-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl year/nn-hl Betty/np Lou/np Ham/np ,/, age/nn 16/cd ,/, Holyoke/np ,/, Mass./np ,/, showing/vbg an/at Irish/jj-tl Setter/np-tl ,/, was/bedz chosen/vbn as/cs International/jj-tl Champion/nn-tl of/in the/at year/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz awarded/vbn the/at Professional/jj-tl Handlers'/nns$-tl Ass'ns'/nns$-tl Leonard/np-tl Brumby/np-tl ,/, Sr./np-tl Memorial/jj-tl Trophy/nn-tl (/( named/vbn for/in the/at founder-originator/nn of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl ./. )/) Betty/np is/bez 16/cd years/nns of/in age/nn and/cc had/hvd several/ap wins/nns to/in her/pp$ credit/nn last/ap year/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in showing/vbg an/at Irish/jj-tl Setter/np-tl throughout/in the/at year/nn ,/, she/pps also/rb scored/vbd with/in an/at Afghan/np ./. Other/ap-hl winners/nns-hl Sydney/np Le/np Blanc/np ,/, age/nn 15/cd ,/, Staten/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, N.Y./np ,/, showing/vbg a/at Doberman/np Pinscher/np ,/, was/bedz 2nd/od ./. Susan/np Hackmann/np ,/, age/nn 14/cd ,/, from/in Baltimore/np ,/, Md./np ,/, showing/vbg a/at Dachshund/fw-nn ,/, was/bedz 3rd/od ./. Last/ap year/nn Susan/np also/rb placed/vbd 3rd/od in/in the/at Finals/nns-tl at/in Westminster/np ./. From/in the/at records/nns we/ppss keep/vb --/-- Susan/np is/bez the/at only/ap Junior/nn-tl who/wps has/hvz placed/vbn in/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl in/in both/abx United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Canada/np ./. Karen/np Marcmann/np ,/, age/nn 16/cd ,/, Trapp/np ,/, Penna./np ,/, showing/vbg a/at Keeshond/np was/bedz 4th/od ./. Most/ap Juniors/nns-tl who/wps were/bed entered/vbn in/in the/at Finals/nns-tl are/ber seasoned/vbn campaigners/nns and/cc not/* only/rb show/vb and/cc win/vb in/in Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl but/cc score/vb in/in the/at Breed/nn-tl Classes/nns-tl as/ql well/rb ./. Entries/nns-hl increasing/vbg-hl --/---hl requirements/nns-hl raised/vbn-hl In/in 1960/cd ,/, there/ex were/bed 7287/cd entries/nns in/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl ./. Each/dt year/nn these/dts shows/nns have/hv increased/vbn in/in entries/nns ./. Next/ap year/nn 1962/cd ,/, at/in Westminster/np ,/, the/at Bench/nn-tl Show/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl has/hvz raised/vbn the/at requirements/nns so/cs that/cs a/at junior/nn must/md win/vb 3/cd or/cc more/ap Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl in/in the/at open/jj division/nn only/rb to/to qualify/vb for/in Westminster/np ./. Percy/np Roberts/np ,/, a/at leading/vbg judge/nn will/md not/* be/be at/in the/at International/jj-tl Show/nn-tl this/dt year/nn for/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Judging/nn-tl Contest/nn-tl as/cs he/pps has/hvz been/ben invited/vbn to/to judge/vb in/in Australia/np in/in March/np ./. Judging/vbg-hl class/nn-hl for/in-hl intermediates/nns-hl proposed/vbn-hl It/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn many/ap times/nns that/cs a/at Class/nn-tl be/be set/vbn up/rp for/in the/at Juniors/nns-tl who/wps are/ber overage/jj and/cc cannot/md* enter/vb the/at Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl ./. For/in some/dti time/nn this/dt writer/nn has/hvz been/ben suggesting/vbg a/at Junior/jj-tl Judging/nn-tl Class/nn-tl for/in Intermediates/nns-tl over/rp 16/cd and/cc under/rb 20/cd years/nns of/in age/nn who/wps are/ber ineligible/jj to/to compete/vb in/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Class/nn-tl ./. Such/abl a/at Class/nn-tl was/bedz tried/vbn out/rp successfully/rb at/in the/at Westchester/np-tl KC/nn-tl Show/nn-tl recently/rb ./. Not/* only/rb were/bed the/at contestants/nns pleased/vbn with/in the/at Class/nn-tl ,/, but/cc it/pps aroused/vbd the/at interest/nn of/in all/abn in/in attendance/nn that/dt day/nn ./. The/at Intermediates/nns-tl in/in the/at Class/nn-tl with/in the/at Judge/nn-tl were/bed asked/vbn to/to pick/vb 4/cd winners/nns and/cc give/vb their/pp$ reasons/nns but/cc their/pp$ decisions/nns did/dod not/* affect/vb the/at choice/nn of/in the/at Judge/nn-tl ./. We/ppss suggested/vbd this/dt Class/nn-tl in/in the/at horse/nn world/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz accepted/vbn immediately/rb and/cc included/vbd in/in the/at programs/nns of/in horse/nn shows/nns ./. At/in the/at recent/jj horse/nn show/nn convention/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl it/pps was/bedz stated/vbn that/cs this/dt Intermediate/jj-tl Judging/nn-tl Class/nn-tl is/bez meeting/vbg with/in great/jj success/nn and/cc will/md be/be a/at great/jj help/nn to/to future/jj judges/nns in/in the/at horse/nn world/nn ./. This/dt Class/nn-tl can/md be/be just/rb as/ql successful/jj in/in the/at dog/nn world/nn if/cs it/pps is/bez given/vbn a/at chance/nn ./. Last/ap year/nn Robert/np Harris/np ,/, a/at leading/vbg Junior/jj-tl Handler/nn-tl entered/vbd the/at Dog/nn-tl Judging/nn-tl Contest/nn-tl (/( Junior/np )/) at/in the/at International/jj-tl KC/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np show/nn and/cc had/hvd the/at highest/jjt score/nn in/in judging/vbg of/in any/dti Junior/nn-tl since/in the/at Class'/nn$-tl inception/nn ./. Juniors/nns who/wps attend/vb this/dt Chicago/np show/nn should/md make/vb a/at point/nn to/to enter/vb this/dt Class/nn-tl as/cs it/pps would/md be/be of/in great/jj help/nn to/in them/ppo ./. More/ap-hl volunteer/nn-hl handlers/nns-hl needed/vbn-hl to/to-hl judge/vb-hl Superintendents/nns at/in dog/nn shows/nns state/vb it/pps is/bez becoming/vbg more/ql difficult/jj to/to obtain/vb a/at licensed/vbn Handler/nn-tl to/in Judge/vb Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl ./. The/at founder/nn of/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl the/at late/jj Leonard/np Brumby/np ,/, Sr./np (/( for/in whom/wpo the/at trophy/nn is/bez named/vbn after/in at/in Westminster/np )/) was/bedz an/at outstanding/jj Handler/nn-tl and/cc believed/vbd a/at Junior/nn-tl should/md have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to exhibit/vb in/in a/at dog/nn show/nn starting/vbg with/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ./. Some/dti years/nns ago/rb this/dt Class/nn-tl was/bedz judged/vbn by/in celebrities/nns who/wps knew/vbd nothing/pn of/in what/wdt was/bedz required/vbn of/in a/at Junior's/nn$-tl ability/nn to/to show/vb a/at dog/nn ./. To/to overcome/vb this/dt unfair/jj judging/nn ,/, the/at A.K.C./np requires/vbz that/cs a/at licensed/vbn Handler/nn-tl be/be present/rb to/to judge/vb the/at Class/nn-tl ./. If/cs the/at superintendents/nns do/do not/* receive/vb more/ap cooperation/nn from/in Handlers/nns-tl ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn that/cs licensed/vbn Judges/nns-tl also/rb be/be qualified/vbn to/to judge/vb this/dt Class/nn-tl ./. By/in recognizing/vbg and/cc helping/vbg Juniors/nns-tl get/vb interested/vbn in/in the/at dog/nn world/nn ,/, all/abn will/md be/be helping/vbg to/to create/vb future/jj dog/nn owners/nns ./. Other/ap-hl awards/nns-hl for/in-hl Juniors/nns-tl-hl The/at Airedale/np-tl Terrier/nn-tl Club/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl and/cc the/at Kerry/np-tl Blue/jj-tl Terrier/nn-tl Club/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl have/hv under/in consideration/nn donating/vbg trophies/nns to/in the/at boys/nns or/cc girls/nns who/wps win/vb with/in their/pp$ breeds/nns in/in Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Competition/nn-tl at/in any/dti Show/nn-tl ./. The/at Kansas/np City/nn-tl and/cc the/at Topeka/np KCs/np-tl are/ber arranging/vbg that/cs Juniors/nns-tl who/wps win/vb at/in their/pp$ shows/nns will/md be/be qualified/vbn to/to win/vb points/nns for/in Westminster/np ./. The/at Rio/np Grande/np KC/np-tl is/bez also/rb considering/vbg having/hvg their/pp$ Junior/jj-tl Classes/nns-tl set/vbn up/rp so/cs that/cs Juniors/nns-tl can/md qualify/vb with/in points/nns for/in Westminster/np ./. The/at American/jj-tl Pointer/nn-tl Club/nn-tl is/bez still/rb continuing/vbg to/to donate/vb trophies/nns to/in Juniors/nns-tl who/wps win/vb at/in Junior/jj-tl Showmanship/nn-tl Classes/nns-tl with/in Pointers/nns-tl ./. Traveling/vbg through/in the/at South/nr-tl --/-- over/rp 16,000/cd miles/nns --/-- with/in two/cd Great/jj-tl Danes/nps ,/, an/at Afghan/np ,/, and/cc a/at Persian/jj kitten/nn ,/, we've/ppss+hv worked/vbn up/rp a/at regular/jj routine/nn for/in acceptance/nn at/in motels/nns ./. My/pp$ husband/nn enters/vbz the/at motel/nn office/nn ,/, signs/vbz up/rp for/in a/at room/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb solemnly/rb asks/vbz the/at proprieter/nn if/cs he/pps accepts/vbz pets/nns ./. ``/`` Puppies/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. Comes/vbz the/at suspicious/jj question/nn ./. ``/`` No/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps replies/vbz ,/, ``/`` full/rb grown/vbn ,/, adult/nn show/nn dogs/nns ,/, housebroken/vbn ,/, and/cc obedience-trained/jj ''/'' ./. We've/ppss+hv never/rb been/ben refused/vbn !/. !/. Once/rb settled/vbn ,/, we're/ppss+ber careful/jj to/to walk/vb the/at dogs/nns in/in an/at out/in of/in the/at way/nn spot/nn ,/, keep/vb them/ppo under/in control/nn in/in the/at room/nn ,/, and/cc feed/vb and/cc bench/vb them/ppo where/wrb they/ppss can't/md* do/do any/dti harm/nn to/in the/at furnishings/nns or/cc the/at furniture/nn ./. In/in the/at morning/nn we/ppss leave/vb the/at room/nn looking/vbg as/ql neat/jj as/cs a/at pin/nn !/. !/. Many/abn a/at motel/nn owner/nn --/-- when/wrb we've/ppss+hv stopped/vbn there/rb again/rb --/-- has/hvz remembered/vbn us/ppo and/cc has/hvz said/vbn he/pps preferred/vbd our/pp$ dogs/nns to/in most/ap children/nns ./. So/ql many/ap times/nns I/ppss have/hv wondered/vbn why/wrb veterinarians/nns do/do not/* wipe/vb the/at table/nn clean/jj before/cs each/dt new/jj canine/nn patient/nn is/bez placed/vbn on/in it/ppo for/in examination/nn ./. Is/bez it/pps that/cs they/ppss don't/do* care/vb ?/. ?/. Are/ber they/ppss indifferent/jj to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at dog/nn can/md easily/rb pick/vb up/rp germs/nns from/in the/at preceding/vbg patient/nn ?/. ?/.

ce06

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dark:1 age:2 improve:1 instance:1 truly:1 marvel:1 phenomenal:1 80:1 horsepower:3 cycle:1 quantity:1 production:1 remove:1 relative:2 ease:1 wherein:1 lie:1 great:3 advantage:1 beyond:1 hope:1 pocketbook:1 150:1 depend:2 size:1 thought:1 give:2 life:1 grow:1 population:1 owning:1 want:1 purchase:1 necessary:1 able:1 sizeable:1 amount:1 cash:1 touch:1 tiller:1 finance:2 bank:3 much:4 way:3 automobile:4 loan:1 extend:1 marine:3 dealer:3 even:2 sell:1 direct:2 non:1 cooperate:1 enable:1 later:1 term:2 rate:3 payment:1 course:1 individual:3 financing:1 arrangement:1 good:1 deal:1 earn:1 credit:1 rating:1 policy:1 insurance:2 repair:2 also:2 generally:2 follow:1 appliance:1 embryonic:1 stage:1 road:2 exist:1 pretty:1 open:1 tacit:1 understanding:1 horse:1 unduly:1 terrified:1 rule:2 govern:1 fast:1 go:2 air:1 travel:1 infancy:1 sky:1 big:1 high:1 worry:1 manage:1 get:1 stay:1 burden:1 aloft:1 first:1 ungoverned:1 airplane:1 since:2 relegate:1 past:1 carefree:1 attitude:1 toward:1 must:2 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At/in one/cd time/nn ,/, to/in most/ap Americans/nps ,/, unless/cs they/ppss were/bed fortunate/jj enough/qlp to/to live/vb near/in a/at body/nn of/in navigable/jj water/nn ,/, boats/nns were/bed considered/vbn the/at sole/jj concern/nn of/in fishermen/nns ,/, rich/jj people/nns ,/, and/cc the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Navy/nn-tl ./. Today/nr the/at recreational/jj boating/nn scene/nn is/bez awash/jj with/in heartening/jj statistics/nns which/wdt prove/vb the/at enormous/jj growth/nn of/in that/dt sport/nn ./. There/ex are/ber more/ap than/in 8,000,000/cd recreational/jj boats/nns in/in use/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl with/in almost/rb 10,000,000/cd the/at prediction/nn for/in within/in the/at next/ap decade/nn ./. About/rb 40,000,000/cd people/nns participated/vbd in/in boating/vbg in/in 1960/cd ./. Boating/vbg has/hvz become/vbn a/at giant/nn whose/wp$ strides/nns cover/vb the/at entire/jj nation/nn from/in sea/nn to/in shining/vbg sea/nn ./. Boats/nns are/ber operated/vbn in/in every/at state/nn in/in the/at Union/nn-tl ,/, with/in the/at heaviest/jjt concentrations/nns along/in both/abx coasts/nns and/cc in/in the/at Middle/jj-tl West/nr-tl ./. The/at spectacular/jj upsurge/nn in/in pleasure/nn boating/nn is/bez markedly/ql evident/jj ,/, expectedly/rb ,/, in/in the/at areas/nns where/wrb boats/nns have/hv always/rb been/ben found/vbn :/: the/at natural/jj lakes/nns ,/, rivers/nns ,/, and/cc along/in the/at nation's/nn$ coastline/nn ./. But/cc during/in the/at last/ap several/ap years/nns boats/nns were/bed launched/vbn in/in areas/nns where/wrb ,/, a/at short/jj time/nn ago/rb ,/, the/at only/ap water/nn to/to be/be found/vbn was/bedz in/in wells/nns and/cc watering/vbg troughs/nns for/in livestock/nn ./. Developed/vbn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at multi-purpose/jj resources/nns control/nn program/nn of/in the/at government/nn ,/, vast/jj ,/, man-made/jj bodies/nns of/in water/nn represent/vb a/at kind/nn of/in glorious/jj fringe/nn benefit/nn ,/, providing/vbg boating/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg havens/nns all/ql over/in the/at country/nn ./. No/at matter/nn how/wql determined/vbn or/cc wealthy/jj boating/vbg lovers/nns of/in the/at Southwest/nr-tl had/hvd been/ben ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, they/ppss could/md never/rb have/hv created/vbn anything/pn approaching/vbg the/at fifty/cd square-mile/nn Lake/nn-tl Texoma/np-tl ,/, located/vbn between/in Texas/np and/cc Oklahoma/np ,/, which/wdt resulted/vbd when/wrb the/at Corp/nn-tl of/in-tl Army/nn-tl Engineers/nns-tl dammed/vbd the/at Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ./. In/in 1959/cd ,/, according/in to/in the/at Engineers/nns-tl ,/, Lake/nn-tl Texoma/np-tl was/bedz only/rb one/cd of/in thirty-two/cd artificial/jj lakes/nns and/cc reservoirs/nns which/wdt were/bed used/vbn for/in recreation/nn by/in over/rp 1,000,000/cd persons/nns ./. Where/wrb an/at opportunity/nn to/to enjoy/vb boating/vbg has/hvz not/* been/ben created/vbn by/in bringing/vbg bodies/nns of/in water/nn to/in the/at people/nns ,/, means/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to take/vb the/at people/nns and/cc their/pp$ boats/nns to/in the/at water/nn ./. Providing/vbg these/dts means/nns are/ber about/rb ninety/cd companies/nns which/wdt manufactured/vbd the/at estimated/vbn 1,800,000/cd boat/nn trailers/nns now/rb in/in use/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at simple/jj task/nn to/to haul/vb a/at boat/nn fifty/cd or/cc one/cd hundred/cd miles/nns to/in a/at lake/nn or/cc reservoir/nn on/in the/at new/jj ,/, light/jj ,/, strong/jj ,/, easy-to-operate/jj trailers/nns which/wdt are/ber built/vbn to/to accommodate/vb almost/ql any/dti kind/nn of/in small/jj boat/nn and/cc retail/vb from/in $100/nns to/in $2,000/nns ./. The/at sight/nn of/in sleek/jj inboards/nns ,/, outboards/nns ,/, and/cc sailboats/nns being/beg wheeled/vbn smartly/rb along/in highways/nns many/ap miles/nns from/in any/dti water/nn is/bez commonplace/jj ./. Boatmen/nns lucky/jj enough/qlp to/to have/hv facilities/nns for/in year-'round/jj anchorage/nn for/in their/pp$ craft/nn ,/, will/md recall/vb the/at tedious/jj procedure/nn of/in loading/vbg their/pp$ gear/nn into/in the/at car/nn ,/, driving/vbg to/in the/at water/nn ,/, and/cc making/vbg trip/nn after/in trip/nn to/to transfer/vb the/at gear/nn to/in the/at boat/nn ./. Today/nr ,/, the/at boat/nn ,/, on/in its/pp$ trailer/nn ,/, is/bez brought/vbn to/in the/at gear/nn and/cc loaded/vbn at/in the/at door/nn ./. Arriving/vbg at/in the/at waterside/nn ,/, the/at boat/nn is/bez launched/vbn ,/, the/at family/nn taken/vbn aboard/rb and/cc ,/, that/ql easily/rb ,/, another/dt day/nn afloat/rb is/bez begun/vbn ./. And/cc trailers/nns for/in boats/nns are/ber not/* what/wdt they/ppss started/vbd out/rp to/to be/be ten/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. This/dt year/nn ,/, Americans/nps will/md discover/vb previously/rb unheard/jj of/in refinements/nns in/in trailers/nns that/wps will/md be/be exhibited/vbn in/in about/rb one/cd hundred/cd of/in our/pp$ nation's/nn$ national/jj ,/, regional/jj and/cc local/jj boat/nn shows/nns ./. The/at boats/nns of/in America's/np$ trailer/nn sailors/nns in/in 1961/cd will/md be/be coddled/vbn on/in clouds/nns as/cs they/ppss are/ber hauled/vbn to/in new/jj horizons/nns ./. The/at variety/nn of/in craft/nn on/in the/at country's/nn$ waters/nns today/nr is/bez overwhelming/jj ./. They/ppss range/vb from/in an/at eight-foot/jj pram/nn ,/, which/wdt you/ppss can/md build/vb yourself/ppl for/in less/ap than/in $50/nns ,/, to/in auxiliary/jj sailboats/nns which/wdt can/md cost/vb over/rp $100,000/nns ./. Boat/nn prices/nns vary/vb according/in to/in the/at buyer's/nn$ desires/nns or/cc needs/nns ./. In/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, boats/nns can/md be/be compared/vbn with/in houses/nns ./. There/ex is/bez no/at limit/nn to/in what/wdt you/ppss can/md spend/vb ,/, yet/cc it/pps is/bez easily/ql possible/jj to/to keep/vb within/in a/at set/vbn budget/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at question/nn as/in to/in just/rb what/wdt is/bez available/jj ./. You/ppss name/vb it/ppo ,/, our/pp$ industry/nn is/bez producing/vbg it/ppo ,/, and/cc it/pps probably/rb is/bez made/vbn in/in different/jj models/nns ./. There/ex are/ber canoes/nns ideal/jj for/in fishing/vbg in/in protected/vbn waters/nns or/cc for/in camping/vbg trips/nns ./. There/ex are/ber houseboats/nns which/wdt are/ber literally/rb homes/nns afloat/rb ,/, accommodating/vbg whole/jj families/nns in/in comfort/nn and/cc convenience/nn ./. You/ppss can/md cross/vb an/at ocean/nn in/in a/at fully/ql equipped/vbn craft/nn ,/, sail/nn ,/, power/nn ,/, or/cc both/abx ,/, or/cc laze/vb away/rb a/at fine/jj day/nn in/in a/at small/jj dinghy/nn on/in a/at local/jj pond/nn ./. You/ppss may/md have/hv your/pp$ boat/nn of/in wood/nn ,/, canvas/nn ,/, plywood/nn ,/, plastic/nn ,/, or/cc metal/nn ./. You/ppss may/md order/vb utility/nn models/nns ,/, inboard/rb or/cc outboard/rb ,/, with/in or/cc without/in toilets/nns ,/, galleys/nns ,/, and/cc bunks/nns ./. You/ppss may/md dress/vb it/ppo up/rp with/in any/dti number/nn of/in accessories/nns or/cc keep/vb it/ppo as/ql simple/jj as/cs you/ppss choose/vb ./. Designers/nns and/cc manufacturers/nns have/hv produced/vbn models/nns for/in purchasers/nns who/wps run/vb the/at gamut/nn from/in a/at nautical/jj version/nn of/in the/at elderly/jj Pasadena/np lady/nn who/wps never/rb drove/vbd more/ap than/in five/cd miles/nns an/at hour/nn on/in her/pp$ once-a-month/jj ride/nn around/in the/at block/nn ,/, to/in the/at sportiest/jjt boatman/nn who/wps insists/vbz on/in all/abn the/at dash/nn ,/, color/nn ,/, flair/nn and/cc speed/nn possible/jj to/to encompass/vb in/in a/at single/ap boat/nn ./. You/ppss pay/vb your/pp$ money/nn and/cc you/ppss take/vb your/pp$ choice/nn ./. American/jj technology/nn in/in engine/nn and/cc hull/nn design/nn is/bez largely/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at plentiful/jj interest/nn in/in American/jj boating/nn ./. I/ppss wonder/vb if/cs anyone/pn ever/rb bothered/vbd to/to make/vb the/at point/nn that/cs when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in boats/nns and/cc their/pp$ motors/nns ,/, Americans/nps excel/vb over/in any/dti country/nn in/in the/at world/nn in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ./. Russia/np ,/, whose/wp$ technology/nn is/bez not/* quite/ql primitive/jj ,/, is/bez still/rb in/in the/at dark/jj ages/nns when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in improving/vbg the/at outboard/jj motor/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ./. Now/rb here/rb is/bez truly/rb a/at marvel/nn ./. The/at outboard/jj engine/nn of/in today/nr has/hvz a/at phenomenal/jj range/nn of/in one/cd to/in 80/cd horsepower/nn ,/, unheard/jj of/in a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb for/in a/at two/cd cycle/nn engine/nn in/in quantity/nn production/nn ./. These/dts engines/nns can/md be/be removed/vbn from/in a/at boat/nn with/in relative/jj ease/nn ,/, wherein/wrb lies/vbz their/pp$ greatest/jjt advantage/nn ./. Their/pp$ cost/nn is/bez not/* beyond/in the/at hopes/nns of/in the/at American/jj pocketbook/nn ,/, the/at range/nn being/beg about/rb $150/nns to/in $1,000/nns ,/, depending/in on/in size/nn ./. Great/jj thought/nn has/hvz been/ben given/vbn to/in making/vbg life/nn easier/jjr for/in the/at growing/vbg boating/vbg population/nn of/in the/at country/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc to/in making/vbg the/at owning/nn of/in a/at boat/nn simpler/jjr ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at time/nn when/wrb ,/, if/cs a/at man/nn wanted/vbd to/to purchase/vb a/at boat/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz necessary/jj for/in him/ppo to/to be/be able/jj to/to produce/vb a/at sizeable/jj amount/nn of/in cash/nn before/cs he/pps could/md touch/vb the/at tiller/nn or/cc wheel/nn ./. Having/hvg a/at boat/nn financed/vbn through/in a/at local/jj bank/nn is/bez done/vbn much/rb the/at same/ap way/nn as/cs an/at automobile/nn loan/nn is/bez extended/vbn ./. Marine/jj dealers/nns and/cc even/rb some/dti manufacturers/nns who/wps sell/vb direct/rb in/in non-dealer/nn areas/nns cooperate/vb in/in enabling/vbg you/ppo to/to launch/vb now/rb and/cc pay/vb later/rbr ./. Terms/nns range/vb from/in one/cd to/in five/cd years/nns and/cc the/at interest/nn rates/nns and/cc down/jj payments/nns run/vb about/rb the/at same/ap as/cs for/in automobiles/nns ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, individual/jj financing/vbg arrangements/nns depend/vb a/at good/jj deal/nn on/in the/at purchaser's/nn$ earning/vbg power/nn ,/, credit/nn rating/nn and/cc local/jj bank/nn policy/nn ./. Outboard/jj motors/nns ,/, insurance/nn ,/, and/cc boat/nn repairs/nns may/md also/rb be/be financed/vbn in/in the/at same/ap way/nn as/cs boats/nns ./. Terms/nns and/cc rates/nns of/in interest/nn for/in motors/nns generally/rb follow/vb those/dts for/in home/nr appliances/nns ./. When/wrb the/at automobile/nn was/bedz in/in its/pp$ embryonic/jj stage/nn ,/, such/jj roads/nns as/cs existed/vbn were/bed pretty/ql much/rb open/jj roads/nns with/in the/at tacit/jj understanding/nn that/cs horses/nns should/md not/* be/be unduly/ql terrified/vbn being/beg about/rb the/at only/ap rule/nn governing/vbg where/wrb ,/, when/wrb and/cc how/wql fast/jj a/at car/nn could/md go/vb ./. When/wrb air/nn travel/nn was/bedz in/in its/pp$ infancy/nn ,/, the/at sky/nn was/bedz considered/vbn big/jj enough/qlp and/cc high/jj enough/qlp for/in all/abn ./. Man/nn had/hvd enough/ap to/to worry/vb about/in managing/vbg to/to get/vb up/rp there/rb and/cc stay/vb without/in being/beg burdened/vbn with/in rules/nns once/rb aloft/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz much/rb the/at same/ap with/in pleasure/nn boating/nn at/in first/rb ./. Come/vb one/cd ,/, come/vb all/abn ,/, the/at water's/nn+bez fine/jj !/. !/. As/cs the/at ungoverned/jj days/nns of/in the/at automobile/nn and/cc the/at airplane/nn are/ber long/rb since/rb relegated/vbn to/in the/at past/ap ,/, so/rb is/bez the/at carefree/jj attitude/nn toward/in what/wdt a/at boatman/nn may/md and/cc may/md not/* do/do ;/. ;/. must/md and/cc should/md do/do ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at minimum/nn of/in legislative/jj restriction/nn on/in boating/vbg ./. Laws/nns on/in boating/vbg vary/vb according/in to/in the/at state/nn in/in which/wdt the/at craft/nn is/bez to/to be/be used/vbn and/cc according/in to/in its/pp$ horsepower/nn ./. What/wdt may/md be/be acceptable/jj in/in one/cd state/nn may/md be/be strictly/rb prohibited/vbn across/in the/at boundary/nn line/nn ./. The/at main/jjs requirement/nn is/bez to/to be/be sure/jj the/at boat/nn is/bez numbered/vbn according/in to/in the/at regulations/nns of/in the/at state/nn in/in which/wdt the/at boat/nn will/md be/be principally/rb used/vbn ./. If/cs your/pp$ state/nn has/hvz no/at provisions/nns for/in the/at numbering/nn of/in pleasure/nn boats/nns ,/, you/ppss must/md apply/vb for/in a/at number/nn from/in the/at U.S./np-tl Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl for/in any/dti kind/nn of/in boat/nn with/in mechanical/jj propulsion/nn rated/vbn at/in more/ap than/in 10/cd horsepower/nn before/cs it/pps can/md be/be used/vbn on/in Federal/jj-tl waterways/nns ./. State/nn numbering/vbg laws/nns differ/vb from/in each/dt other/ap in/in many/ap ways/nns ./. Fees/nns are/ber not/* the/at same/ap and/cc some/dti states/nns do/do not/* require/vb certain/jj craft/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs sailboats/nns with/in no/at power/nn ,/, to/to be/be registered/vbn at/in all/abn ./. Many/ap states/nns have/hv laws/nns regulating/vbg the/at use/nn of/in boat/nn trailers/nns and/cc some/dti have/hv restrictions/nns regarding/in the/at age/nn of/in motor/nn boat/nn operators/nns ./. Generally/rb ,/, states/nns reserve/vb for/in communities/nns the/at right/nn to/to have/hv local/jj ordinances/nns regulating/vbg speed/nn and/cc other/ap activities/nns ./. It/pps is/bez always/rb wise/jj to/to consult/vb your/pp$ marine/nn dealer/nn ,/, local/jj yacht/nn or/cc boat/nn club/nn secretary/nn ,/, or/cc local/jj law/nn enforcement/nn officers/nns if/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* positive/jj what/wdt the/at regulations/nns are/ber ./. Ignorance/nn of/in the/at law/nn is/bez no/at better/jjr excuse/nn on/in the/at water/nn than/cs it/pps is/bez on/in land/nn ;/. ;/. lack/nn of/in ability/nn and/cc common/jj sense/nn can/md lead/vb to/in just/ql as/ql much/ap tragedy/nn ./. Hand/nn in/in hand/nn with/in the/at legislative/jj program/nn is/bez the/at industry's/nn$ self/nn originated/vbn and/cc directed/vbn safety/nn program/nn ./. Foreseeing/vbg the/at possible/jj threats/nns to/in safety/nn with/in the/at rapid/jj growth/nn of/in the/at sport/nn ,/, the/at industry/nn has/hvz been/ben supporting/vbg an/at intense/jj ,/, coordinated/vbn educational/jj program/nn with/in great/jj success/nn since/in 1947/cd ./. A/at primary/jj factor/nn in/in the/at success/nn of/in the/at safety/nn program/nn has/hvz been/ben the/at enthusiastic/jj cooperation/nn of/in the/at individual/jj manufacturers/nns ./. The/at industry/nn has/hvz been/ben its/pp$ own/jj watch/nn dog/nn ./. With/in U.S./np-tl Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl cooperation/nn ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Boat/nn-tl and/cc-tl Yacht/nn-tl Council/nn-tl was/bedz formed/vbn to/to develop/vb recommended/vbn practices/nns and/cc standards/nns for/in boats/nns and/cc their/pp$ equipment/nn with/in reference/nn to/in safety/nn ./. Industry/nn interest/nn in/in safety/nn goes/vbz even/ql farther/rbr ./. In/in 1959/cd ,/, the/at Yacht/nn-tl Safety/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl was/bedz reorganized/vbn by/in the/at National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Engine/nn-tl and/cc-tl Boat/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl and/cc a/at group/nn of/in insurance/nn underwriters/nns to/to provide/vb a/at testing/vbg laboratory/nn and/cc labeling/vbg service/nn for/in boats/nns and/cc their/pp$ equipment/nn ./. A/at new/jj waterfront/nn site/nn for/in the/at bureau/nn is/bez now/rb being/beg built/vbn at/in Atlantic/jj-tl City/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, to/to provide/vb the/at most/ql modern/jj marine/nn testing/nn facilities/nns as/cs a/at further/jjr tool/jj to/to keep/vb the/at sport/nn safe/jj ./. In/in addition/nn to/in these/dts activities/nns ,/, the/at NAEBM/nn ,/, with/in headquarters/nn at/in 420/cd-tl Lexington/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap associations/nns and/cc individual/jj manufacturers/nns ,/, provide/vb and/cc distribute/vb films/nns ,/, booklets/nns ,/, and/cc public/jj services/nns in/in regard/nn to/in proper/jj boat/nn handling/nn and/cc safety/nn afloat/rb ./. It/pps is/bez important/jj to/to note/vb the/at work/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Power/nn-tl Squadrons/nns-tl and/cc the/at U.S./np-tl Coast/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl Auxiliary/nn-tl ./. Each/dt of/in these/dts fine/jj groups/nns gives/vbz free/jj boating/vbg classes/nns in/in seamanship/nn piloting/nn and/cc small/jj boat/nn handling/nn ./. These/dts are/ber not/* governmentally/rb subsidized/vbn organizations/nns ./. This/dt year/nn ,/, over/rp 100,000/cd persons/nns will/md receive/vb this/dt free/jj instruction/nn ./. As/cs America/np on/in wheels/nns was/bedz responsible/jj for/in an/at industry/nn of/in motor/nn courts/nns ,/, motels/nns ,/, and/cc drive-in/jj establishments/nns where/wrb you/ppss can/md dine/vb ,/, see/vb a/at movie/nn ,/, shop/nn ,/, or/cc make/vb a/at bank/nn deposit/nn ,/, the/at ever-increasing/jj number/nn of/in boating/vbg enthusiasts/nns have/hv sparked/vbn industries/nns designed/vbn especially/rb to/to accommodate/vb them/ppo ./. Instead/rb of/in motels/nns ,/, for/in the/at boatman/nn there/ex are/ber marinas/nns ./. The/at word/nn marina/nn was/bedz coined/vbn by/in NAEBM/nn originally/rb to/to describe/vb a/at waterfront/nn facility/nn where/wrb recreational/jj boats/nns could/md find/vb protection/nn and/cc basic/jj needs/nns to/to lay/vb over/rp in/in relative/jj comfort/nn ./. Currently/rb ,/, marina/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to indicate/vb a/at municipal/jj or/cc commercially/rb operated/vbn facility/nn where/wrb a/at pleasure/nn boat/nn may/md dock/vb and/cc find/vb some/dti or/cc all/abn of/in the/at following/vbg available/jj :/: gasoline/nn ,/, fresh/jj water/nn ,/, electricity/nn ,/, telephone/nn service/nn ,/, ice/nn ,/, repair/nn facilities/nns ,/, restaurants/nns ,/, sleeping/vbg accommodations/nns ,/, a/at general/jj store/nn ,/, and/cc a/at grocery/nn store/nn ./. Yachtel/nn ,/, a/at relatively/ql new/jj word/nn ,/, indicates/vbz a/at waterfront/nn type/nn of/in hotel/nn where/wrb a/at yachtsman/nn may/md dock/vb and/cc find/vb overnight/jj accommodations/nns on/in the/at premises/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap services/nns ./. Boatel/nn has/hvz a/at similar/jj meaning/nn to/in yachtel/nn ./. It/pps indicates/vbz the/at same/ap thing/nn but/cc it/pps is/bez meant/vbn to/to pertain/vb more/ql specifically/rb to/in establishments/nns designed/vbn to/to cater/vb to/in smaller/jjr type/nn boats/nns such/jj as/cs outboards/nns ./. Regardless/rb of/in nomenclature/nn ,/, yachtels/nns and/cc boatels/nns are/ber marinas/nns ./. Boatyards/nns which/wdt also/rb provide/vb some/dti of/in the/at above/jj facilities/nns may/md rightfully/rb be/be called/vbn marinas/nns ./. A/at recent/jj survey/nn disclosed/vbd there/ex are/ber about/rb 4,000/cd commercially/rb and/cc municipally/rb operated/vbn marinas/nns and/cc boatyards/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, the/at majority/nn of/in which/wdt are/ber equipped/vbn to/to handle/vb outboard/jj boats/nns ./.

ce07

ce07 |@word design:1 mechanical:3 interlocking:2 frame:21 much:3 like:1 puzzle:2 understand:1 principle:1 apply:1 track:4 signal:18 arrangement:2 two:10 set:2 bar:43 interact:1 prevent:2 operator:2 make:5 dangerous:1 move:10 main:1 tappet:28 one:12 connect:3 lever:12 pull:6 clear:6 switch:4 short:3 distance:3 lengthwise:1 time:2 close:1 behind:1 plane:1 lock:33 also:3 right:4 angle:4 number:3 require:3 depend:1 many:3 false:1 must:4 side:5 notch:9 slope:1 connection:1 consist:1 cam:1 call:3 dog:10 mount:2 slide:3 unlock:1 scheme:3 work:7 suppose:1 particular:4 force:2 seat:1 thus:2 end:12 safe:1 position:10 first:5 restore:1 normal:1 normally:1 stop:4 red:1 necessarily:1 green:2 however:2 situation:2 yellow:2 indication:1 give:4 train:2 let:2 plant:3 basic:2 rule:1 turnout:4 may:3 actually:2 point:8 related:1 properly:1 throw:4 nearly:1 always:1 use:8 face:4 oncome:1 traffic:1 insure:2 way:3 chance:1 wheel:2 flange:1 snag:2 partly:1 turn:2 generally:1 fig:15 1:7 6:4 show:9 typical:1 diagram:2 accompany:1 chart:1 list:2 line:4 wedge:1 shape:7 represent:1 study:1 note:3 several:2 detail:1 derail:1 device:2 guide:1 rail:1 pass:2 instance:2 home:2 blade:3 black:1 indicate:1 fix:2 aspect:2 engineer:1 approach:1 see:4 advance:1 distant:3 locate:7 beyond:2 limit:1 interlock:3 low:2 speed:1 caution:1 automatic:1 block:1 prototype:1 build:3 model:1 railroader:1 workshop:1 instal:1 paul:1 larson:1 railroad:1 follow:1 begin:1 7:11 page:1 65:1 photo:1 size:2 piece:27 need:1 within:1 brass:4 width:1 change:1 dimension:4 suit:1 wish:1 instruction:1 assume:1 junction:1 cut:12 dress:2 smooth:7 square:5 file:15 sand:1 disk:4 start:2 hand:4 b:7 af:13 solder:8 material:2 12:9 long:10 exactly:3 extend:1 check:2 90:1 degree:2 lie:2 5:2 separate:1 sq:4 spacing:2 left:2 compress:1 assembly:3 mark:2 location:1 second:1 10:2 parallel:2 member:3 cap:3 space:2 place:5 tack:2 drill:18 tap:7 later:2 five:3 spacer:7 run:1 horizontally:1 six:1 intermediate:1 temporary:1 upper:2 edge:8 directly:2 remove:5 loose:2 center:4 punch:2 hole:15 screw:12 hold:2 together:2 placement:1 critical:1 50:4 counter:1 except:3 43:3 2:10 56:8 unsolder:1 disassemble:1 3:7 either:3 component:2 aside:1 proper:3 order:2 code:1 letter:1 replace:3 surface:3 clean:1 drilling:1 burr:1 20:1 47:2 48:1 electrical:2 contact:3 8:6 reassemble:1 roundhead:3 steel:2 nut:3 put:3 help:1 align:1 tighten:1 sure:1 pinch:1 twist:1 anchor:1 spring:1 insert:5 lower:1 corner:2 secure:1 slot:2 stock:1 support:1 locking:1 match:1 correspond:1 excess:2 length:3 flush:3 four:2 19:1 28:1 draw:2 fit:7 respective:1 break:1 slight:3 45:1 chamfer:2 thread:1 underside:1 find:1 head:3 tight:1 scribe:3 across:2 plus:1 half:1 diameter:1 away:1 total:1 tend:1 slightly:1 undersize:1 get:2 movement:1 crosswise:1 repeat:1 operation:1 tapered:1 serve:1 lift:1 pad:1 rather:1 tedious:1 job:1 since:3 progress:2 part:4 become:1 sort:1 chinese:1 accessible:1 little:1 extra:1 pay:1 snug:2 machine:1 finish:3 complete:1 remain:1 fitting:1 important:1 row:1 back:1 method:1 throughout:1 describe:1 construction:1 pertinent:1 bottom:2 c:1 pin:2 31:2 chuck:2 dia:4 rod:2 press:2 similar:1 rotate:1 taper:1 drive:1 top:1 engage:1 drawing:1 v:1 rough:1 hack:1 saw:1 power:1 tool:3 latter:1 equip:1 carborundum:1 thick:1 mandrel:1 handy:2 small:1 barrette:1 swiss:2 pattern:2 triangular:1 cutting:1 allow:1 without:1 mar:1 adjoin:1 endeavor:1 alike:1 possible:1 easily:1 assemble:1 test:1 action:1 mating:1 matching:1 frequently:1 mate:1 basis:1 electric:1 fashion:1 sharp:1 scribing:1 lathe:1

The/at design/nn of/in a/at mechanical/jj interlocking/vbg frame/nn is/bez much/ql like/cs a/at mechanical/jj puzzle/nn ,/, but/cc once/cs understood/vbn ,/, the/at principles/nns can/md be/be applied/vbn to/in any/dti track/nn and/cc signal/nn arrangement/nn ./. In/in the/at frame/nn are/ber two/cd sets/nns of/in bars/nns which/wdt interact/vb with/in each/dt other/ap to/to prevent/vb the/at operator/nn from/in making/vbg dangerous/jj moves/nns ./. The/at main/jjs set/nn of/in bars/nns are/ber the/at ``/`` tappets/nns ''/'' and/cc one/cd tappet/nn is/bez connected/vbn to/in each/dt lever/nn ./. If/cs the/at lever/nn is/bez pulled/vbn to/to clear/vb a/at signal/nn or/cc move/vb a/at switch/nn ,/, the/at tappet/nn moves/vbz a/at short/jj distance/nn lengthwise/rb at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./. Close/ql behind/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at tappets/nns are/ber the/at locking/vbg bars/nns ./. These/dts can/md also/rb move/vb a/at short/jj distance/nn but/cc at/in right/jj angles/nns to/in the/at tappets/nns ./. The/at number/nn of/in locking/vbg bars/nns required/vbn depends/vbz on/in how/wrb many/ap false/jj moves/nns must/md be/be prevented/vbn ./. In/in the/at sides/nns of/in the/at tappets/nns are/ber notches/nns with/in sloping/vbg sides/nns ,/, and/cc connection/nn between/in the/at tappets/nns and/cc locking/vbg bars/nns consist/vb of/in cams/nns called/vbn ``/`` dogs/nns ''/'' ./. Two/cd or/cc more/ap dogs/nns are/ber mounted/vbn on/in each/dt locking/vbg bar/nn ./. These/dts slide/vb into/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at notches/nns in/in the/at tappets/nns as/cs the/at tappets/nns are/ber moved/vbn ,/, locking/vbg and/cc unlocking/vbg them/ppo ./. Here's/rb+bez how/wrb the/at scheme/nn works/vbz :/: Suppose/vb the/at operator/nn pulls/vbz the/at lever/nn to/to clear/vb a/at particular/jj signal/nn ./. This/dt also/rb pulls/vbz the/at tappet/nn connected/vbn to/in the/at particular/jj lever/nn and/cc forces/vbz any/dti dogs/nns seated/vbn in/in the/at notches/nns to/in the/at side/nn ,/, thus/rb moving/vbg one/cd or/cc more/ap locking/vbg bars/nns ./. The/at dogs/nns on/in the/at other/ap ends/nns of/in these/dts locking/vbg bars/nns are/ber thus/rb forced/vbn into/in notches/nns in/in other/ap tappets/nns ./. By/in this/dt scheme/nn ,/, pulling/vbg one/cd signal/nn to/to clear/vb locks/nns all/abn the/at other/ap switch/nn and/cc signal/nn levers/nns in/in safe/jj positions/nns until/cs the/at first/od signal/nn is/bez again/rb restored/vbn to/in normal/jj ./. Interlocking/vbg signals/nns are/ber normally/rb at/in stop/nn or/cc ``/`` red/jj ''/'' position/nn ,/, and/cc a/at lever/nn must/md be/be pulled/vbn to/to ``/`` clear/vb ''/'' the/at signal/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* necessarily/rb to/in green/nn ,/, however/wrb ,/, for/in in/in some/dti situations/nns only/rb a/at yellow/jj indication/nn is/bez given/vbn to/in a/at train/nn to/to let/vb it/ppo into/in the/at ``/`` plant/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex are/ber other/ap basic/jj rules/nns ./. A/at turnout/nn may/md have/hv two/cd levers/nns ,/, one/cd to/to actually/rb move/vb the/at switch/nn points/nns ,/, the/at other/ap to/in lock/nn the/at points/nns ./. A/at signal/nn cannot/md* be/be cleared/vbn until/cs all/abn the/at related/vbn turnouts/nns are/ber properly/rb thrown/vbn and/cc locked/vbn ./. Such/jj locks/nns are/ber nearly/ql always/rb used/vbn where/wrb the/at switch/nn points/nns ``/`` face/vb ''/'' oncoming/jj traffic/nn ./. The/at lock/nn insures/vbz that/cs the/at points/nns are/ber thrown/vbn all/abn the/at way/nn with/in no/at chance/nn that/cs a/at wheel/nn flange/nn will/md snag/vb on/in a/at partly/ql thrown/vbn point/nn ./. If/cs the/at points/nns aren't/ber* thrown/vbn all/abn the/at way/nn ,/, the/at Turnout/nn-tl cannot/md* be/be locked/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in turn/nn ,/, the/at signal/nn cannot/md* be/be cleared/vbn ./. Generally/rb ,/, these/dts locks/nns on/in turnouts/nns are/ber called/vbn ``/`` facing/vbg point/nn locks/nns ''/'' ./. Figs./nns 1-6/cd show/vb typical/jj arrangements/nns of/in track/nn and/cc signals/nns ./. Each/dt diagram/nn is/bez accompanied/vbn by/in a/at ``/`` dog/nn chart/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at list/nn of/in the/at levers/nns that/wps show/vb which/wdt other/ap levers/nns any/dti particular/jj lever/nn will/md lock/vb if/cs pulled/vbn ./. The/at lines/nns connecting/vbg the/at wedge-shaped/jj dogs/nns represent/vb the/at locking/vbg bars/nns at/in right/jj angles/nns to/in the/at tappet/nn bars/nns ./. By/in studying/vbg the/at track-signal/nn diagrams/nns you'll/ppss+md note/vb several/ap other/ap details/nns ./. Derails/nns --/-- mechanical/jj track/nn devices/nns that/wps actually/rb guide/vb the/at wheels/nns off/in the/at rails/nns if/cs a/at train/nn passes/vbz a/at ``/`` stop/nn ''/'' signal/nn --/-- are/ber used/vbn in/in many/ap instances/nns ./. ``/`` Home/nr ''/'' signals/nns have/hv two/cd blades/nns ./. The/at blacked-in/jj blades/nns indicate/vb a/at fixed/vbn aspect/nn --/-- the/at blade/nn does/doz not/* move/vb ./. As/cs an/at engineer/nn approaches/vbz the/at plant/nn the/at position/nn of/in the/at home/nr signal/nn is/bez seen/vbn in/in advance/nn when/wrb he/pps passes/vbz the/at ``/`` distant/jj ''/'' signal/nn located/vbn beyond/in the/at limits/nns of/in the/at interlocking/vbg plant/nn ./. In/in some/dti low-speed/nn situations/nns ,/, the/at distant/jj signal/nn is/bez fixed/vbn at/in caution/nn ./. In/in other/ap instances/nns where/wrb there/ex is/bez no/at automatic/jj block/nn signaling/nn ,/, the/at distant/jj has/hvz only/rb green/jj and/cc yellow/jj aspects/nns ./. So/ql much/ap for/in the/at prototype/nn ./. The/at interlocking/vbg frame/nn we/ppss built/vbd at/in the/at model/nn railroader/nn workshop/nn and/cc then/rb installed/vbd on/in Paul/np Larson's/np$ railroad/nn follows/vbz the/at Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl scheme/nn and/cc is/bez shown/vbn beginning/vbg in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, page/nn 65/cd ,/, and/cc in/in the/at photos/nns ./. Here's/rb+bez how/wrb it/pps can/md be/be built/vbn ./. Frame/nn-hl The/at sizes/nns of/in pieces/nns needed/vbn for/in the/at interlocking/vbg frame/nn are/ber shown/vbn in/in the/at notes/nns within/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, most/ap of/in the/at bars/nns being/beg 1/8''/nn ''/'' brass/nn in/in 1/4''/nn ''/'' and/cc 1/2''/nn ''/'' widths/nns ./. You/ppss may/md change/vb the/at dimensions/nns to/to suit/vb a/at frame/nn for/in more/ap or/cc fewer/ap levers/nns and/cc locks/nns as/cs you/ppss wish/vb ./. Our/pp$ instructions/nns assume/vb you/ppss are/ber building/vbg this/dt particular/jj frame/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez for/in a/at junction/nn ./. When/wrb cutting/vbg the/at pieces/nns ,/, dress/vb the/at ends/nns smooth/jj ,/, and/cc square/vb with/in a/at smooth/jj file/nn or/cc sanding/vbg disk/nn ./. Start/vb with/in the/at right-hand/nn piece/nn ``/`` B/nn ''/'' ,/, Af/nn ,/, soldering/vbg it/ppo to/in the/at lower/jjr piece/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' of/in the/at same/ap material/nn but/cc 12''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./. Let/vb exactly/rb 1''/nn ''/'' of/in ``/`` A/nn ''/'' extend/vb beyond/in ``/`` B/nn ''/'' and/cc use/vb a/at square/nn to/to check/vb your/pp$ angle/nn to/in exactly/rb 90/cd degrees/nns ./. Now/rb lay/vb 12/cd pieces/nns of/in Af/nn cut/vbn 5-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj side/nn by/in side/nn but/cc separated/vbn by/in 12/cd pieces/nns of/in the/at same/ap material/nn 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj ./. This/dt gives/vbz you/ppo the/at spacing/nn for/in locating/vbg the/at left-hand/nn piece/nn ``/`` B/nn ''/'' ./. Compress/vb the/at assembly/nn when/wrb you/ppss make/vb the/at mark/nn to/to show/vb the/at location/nn for/in ``/`` B/nn ''/'' ./. Solder/vb this/dt second/od ``/`` B/nn ''/'' to/in ``/`` A/nn ''/'' at/in right/jj angles/nns ./. There/ex should/md be/be 10''/nns ''/'' between/in the/at two/cd parallel/jj members/nns and/cc each/dt should/md be/be 1''/nn ''/'' from/in an/at end/nn of/in the/at long/jj piece/nn ./. Cap/vb this/dt assembly/nn (/( with/in spacing/vbg bars/nns in/in place/nn )/) with/in a/at Af/nn bar/nn ./. Tack-solder/vb all/abn the/at 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj pieces/nns to/in the/at 10''/nn ''/'' and/cc 12''/nn ''/'' members/nns ./. These/dts will/md be/be drilled/vbn and/cc tapped/vbn later/rbr on/rp ./. Now/rb cut/vb five/cd Af/nn locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns (/( which/wdt run/vb horizontally/rb )/) ./. Position/vb these/dts using/vbg six/cd intermediate/jj temporary/jj Af/nn spacers/nns and/cc locate/vb the/at upper/jj 12''/nn ''/'' bar/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' ./. Solder/vb it/ppo and/cc the/at five/cd locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns to/in the/at frame/nn ./. Now/rb place/vb 12/cd pieces/nns 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj on/in this/dt edge/nn as/cs we/ppss did/dod before/rb and/cc space/vb them/ppo with/in the/at 5-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj ``/`` tappets/nns ''/'' ,/, as/cs they/ppss are/ber called/vbn ./. Cap/vb with/in a/at Af/nn bar/nn and/cc tack-solder/vb in/in place/nn ./. Cap/vb the/at locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns with/in two/cd Af/nn directly/rb under/in the/at first/od two/cd ``/`` B/nn ''/'' pieces/nns ./. Remove/vb all/abn the/at loose/jj spacing/vbg bars/nns ./. Mark/vb and/cc center-punch/vb all/abn the/at holes/nns required/vbn for/in screws/nns to/to hold/vb this/dt assembly/nn together/rb ./. See/vb Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./. Placement/nn of/in these/dts holes/nns is/bez not/* critical/jj ,/, but/cc they/ppss should/md be/be located/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at centers/nns are/ber about/rb 1/8''/nn ''/'' from/in any/dti edge/nn ./. Drill/vb all/abn No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl and/cc counter-drill/vb all/abn except/in the/at ``/`` A/nn ''/'' pieces/nns size/nn 43/cd ./. Tap/vb the/at ``/`` A/nn ''/'' pieces/nns 2-56/cd ./. Now/rb unsolder/vb and/cc disassemble/vb the/at frame/nn except/in for/in the/at two/cd 12''/nn ''/'' and/cc the/at first/od two/cd 3-3/4''/nns ''/'' bars/nns (/( ``/`` A/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` B/nn ''/'' pieces/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt are/ber soldered/vbn together/rb ./. Either/cc lay/vb the/at components/nns aside/rb in/in proper/jj order/nn or/cc code/vb them/ppo with/in numbers/nns and/cc letters/nns so/cs they/ppss may/md be/be replaced/vbn in/in their/pp$ proper/jj positions/nns ./. Dress/vb all/abn surfaces/nns with/in a/at file/nn ,/, cleaning/vbg off/rp all/abn solder/nn and/cc drilling/vbg burrs/nns ./. Drill/vb 20/cd No./nn-tl 47/cd-tl holes/nns in/in the/at upper/jj piece/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' as/cs shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./. Tap/vb these/dts 3-48/cd for/in mounting/vbg the/at electrical/jj contact/nn later/rbr on/rp ./. Note/vb ,/, 6/cd and/cc 8/cd lock/nn levers/nns don't/do* require/vb holes/nns for/in contacts/nns ./. Now/rb reassemble/vb the/at frame/nn ,/, using/vbg Af/nn roundhead/nn steel/nn screws/nns and/cc nuts/nns ./. Put/vb the/at 12/cd tappets/nns and/cc some/dti Af/nn locking/vbg bar/nn spacers/nns in/in the/at frame/nn to/to help/vb align/vb all/abn the/at components/nns before/cs you/ppss tighten/vb the/at screws/nns ./. Be/be sure/jj the/at tappets/nns are/ber not/* pinched/vbn by/in a/at twisted/vbn 1/2''/nn ''/'' sq./jj spacer/nn ./. As/cs an/at anchor/nn for/in the/at spring/nn lock/nn ,/, insert/vb a/at Af/nn bar/nn in/in the/at lower/jjr left/jj corner/nn of/in the/at frame/nn as/cs shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./. Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 43/cd-tl hole/nn through/in the/at pieces/nns and/cc secure/vb with/in a/at 2-56/cd nut/nn and/cc screw/nn ./. Drill/vb two/cd No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl holes/nns ,/, one/cd in/in the/at insert/nn and/cc one/cd in/in the/at locking/vbg bar/nn spacer/nn directly/rb above/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc tap/vb 2-56/cd ./. Number/vb all/abn the/at tappet/nn bars/nns before/cs removing/vbg them/ppo so/cs they/ppss can/md be/be replaced/vbn in/in the/at same/ap slots/nns ./. Remove/vb all/abn other/ap loose/jj pieces/nns and/cc file/vb the/at edges/nns of/in the/at basic/jj frame/nn smooth/jj ./. Cut/vb five/cd pieces/nns of/in Af/nn brass/nn bar/nn stock/nn 3-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./. These/dts are/ber supporting/vbg members/nns for/in the/at short/jj locking/vbg bars/nns ./. Locate/vb their/pp$ positions/nns in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc drill/vb No./nn-tl 43/cd-tl to/to match/vb the/at corresponding/jj holes/nns in/in the/at frame/nn ./. Cut/vb off/rp excess/jj screw/nn lengths/nns and/cc file/vb flush/jj with/in either/cc frame/nn or/cc nut/nn ./. Drill/vb four/cd No./nn-tl 19/cd-tl and/cc four/cd No./nn-tl 28/cd-tl holes/nns in/in the/at 12''/nns ''/'' long/jj ``/`` A/nn ''/'' pieces/nns ./. Locate/vb the/at position/nn from/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./. Tappets/nns-hl and/cc-hl locking/vbg-hl bars/nns-hl Draw-file/vb No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl tappet/nn to/in a/at smooth/jj fit/nn in/in its/pp$ respective/jj slot/nn and/cc square/vb the/at ends/nns ./. Break/vb the/at end/nn corners/nns with/in a/at slight/jj 45/cd degree/nn chamfer/nn ./. Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl hole/nn 1-1/4''/nn ''/'' from/in one/cd end/nn and/cc tap/vb 2-56/cd ./. (/( See/vb Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./. )/) Put/vb a/at 2-56/cd roundhead/nn screw/nn into/in the/at hole/nn ,/, cut/vb off/rp the/at excess/jj threads/nns and/cc file/vb flush/jj with/in the/at underside/nn of/in the/at bar/nn ./. To/to find/vb the/at other/ap stop/nn screw/nn position/nn ,/, insert/vb the/at tappet/nn into/in the/at frame/nn and/cc hold/vb the/at screw/nn head/nn tight/rb against/in the/at frame/nn edge/nn ./. Scribe/vb a/at line/nn across/in the/at bar/nn on/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at tappet/nn ,/, 1/4''/nn ''/'' plus/cc half/abn the/at diameter/nn of/in the/at 2-56/cd screw/nn head/nn (/( about/rb 5/64''/nn ''/'' )/) away/rb from/in the/at frame/nn edge/nn ./. Total/nn distance/nn is/bez about/rb 21/64''/nns ''/'' ./. Tend/vb to/to make/vb this/dt dimension/nn slightly/ql undersize/jj so/cs you/ppss can/md file/vb the/at screw/nn head/nn to/to get/vb exactly/rb 1/4''/nn ''/'' tappet/nn movement/nn ./. Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 50/cd-tl hole/nn ,/, tap/vb 2-56/cd and/cc insert/vb a/at roundhead/nn 2-56/cd screw/nn as/cs you/ppss did/dod on/in the/at first/od end/nn ./. Drill/vb a/at No./nn-tl 47/cd-tl hole/nn crosswise/rb through/in the/at tappet/nn at/in the/at position/nn shown/vbn in/in Figs./nns-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc 8/cd-tl ./. Repeat/vb these/dts drill/vb and/cc tap/vb operations/nns for/in each/dt of/in the/at tappet/nn bars/nns ./. To/in each/dt tappet/nn except/in 6/cd and/cc 8/cd ,/, solder/vb a/at Af/nn piece/nn of/in brass/nn and/cc file/vb to/in the/at tapered/vbn shape/nn shown/vbn in/in Figs./nns-tl 6/cd-tl and/cc 8/cd-tl ./. These/dts will/md serve/vb as/cs lifting/vbg pads/nns for/in the/at electrical/jj contacts/nns ./. Fitting/vbg the/at locking/vbg bars/nns and/cc making/vbg the/at locking/vbg pieces/nns is/bez a/at rather/ql tedious/jj job/nn since/cs stop/nn screws/nns ,/, tappets/nns and/cc locking/vbg bars/nns must/md be/be removed/vbn and/cc replaced/vbn many/ap times/nns ./. As/cs the/at work/nn progresses/vbz the/at frame/nn and/cc moving/vbg parts/nns become/vb a/at sort/nn of/in Chinese/jj puzzle/nn where/wrb several/ap pieces/nns must/md be/be removed/vbn before/cs the/at part/nn you/ppss are/ber working/vbg on/in is/bez accessible/jj ./. A/at little/ap extra/jj work/nn here/rb will/md pay/vb off/rp with/in a/at smooth/jj ,/, snug-fitting/jj machine/nn when/wrb you/ppss are/ber finished/vbn ./. Each/dt completed/vbn locking/vbg bar/nn should/md remain/vb in/in place/nn as/cs the/at work/nn progresses/vbz to/to insure/vb snug/jj fitting/nn ./. The/at order/nn of/in fitting/vbg is/bez not/* too/ql important/jj ./. However/rb ,/, we/ppss started/vbd with/in the/at first/od row/nn of/in bars/nns and/cc worked/vbd our/pp$ way/nn back/rb ./. Since/cs the/at same/ap method/nn of/in shaping/vbg and/cc fitting/vbg the/at dogs/nns and/cc notches/nns is/bez used/vbn throughout/rb ,/, we/ppss will/md only/rb describe/vb the/at construction/nn of/in one/cd locking/vbg bar/nn ./. Figs./nns-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc 8/cd-tl give/vb all/abn pertinent/jj dimensions/nns ./. All/abn the/at bars/nns are/ber cut/vbn from/in Af/nn brass/nn ./. The/at lengths/nns of/in each/dt piece/nn are/ber listed/vbn at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ./. Bar/nn ``/`` C/nn ''/'' is/bez 2-3/4''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./. Draw-file/vb the/at edges/nns ,/, square/vb up/rp the/at ends/nns and/cc put/vb a/at slight/jj chamfer/nn on/in the/at edges/nns so/cs they/ppss will/md not/* snag/vb in/in the/at frame/nn ./. Fig./nn-tl 8/cd-tl gives/vbz the/at dimensions/nns for/in locating/vbg the/at dog-pin/nn holes/nns ./. Center-punch/vb and/cc drill/vb the/at No./nn-tl 31/cd-tl hole/nn 7/16''/nn ''/'' from/in one/cd end/nn of/in the/at bar/nn ./. Chuck/vb a/at length/nn of/in 1/8''/nn ''/'' dia./nn drill/nn rod/nn into/in a/at drill/nn press/nn or/cc some/dti similar/jj turning/vbg device/nn and/cc while/cs it/pps is/bez rotating/vbg file/vb the/at end/nn square/jj and/cc then/rb file/vb a/at slight/jj taper/nn 1/8''/nn ''/'' long/jj ./. Cut/vb the/at piece/nn about/rb 9/32''/nn ''/'' or/cc 5/16''/nn ''/'' long/jj and/cc drive/vb it/ppo into/in the/at No./nn-tl 31/cd-tl hole/nn drilled/vbn in/in the/at locking/vbg bar/nn ./. File/vb the/at bottom/nn edge/nn flush/jj with/in the/at bar/nn and/cc the/at top/nn 1/8''/nn ''/'' above/in the/at bar/nn ./. This/dt dog/nn will/md engage/vb a/at notch/nn to/to be/be cut/vbn in/in tappet/nn 3/cd ./. Place/vb the/at locking/vbg bar/nn in/in proper/jj position/nn and/cc insert/vb tappet/nn 3/cd ./. Scribe/vb a/at line/nn through/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at pin/nn and/cc across/in the/at face/nn of/in tappet/nn 3/cd ,/, parallel/jj to/in piece/nn ``/`` A/nn ''/'' ./. See/vb the/at drawings/nns for/in the/at shape/nn of/in the/at notch/nn ./. Scribe/vb V-shaped/nn lines/nns on/in the/at bar/nn and/cc rough/vb out/rp with/in either/cc a/at hack/nn saw/nn or/cc a/at cutting/vbg disk/nn in/in a/at hand/nn power/nn tool/nn ./. We/ppss used/vbd the/at latter/ap equipped/vbn with/in a/at carborundum/nn disk/nn about/rb ''/'' thick/jj and/cc 1''/nn ''/'' dia./nn fitted/vbn on/in a/at 1/8''/nn ''/'' dia./nn mandrel/nn ./. Such/jj disks/nns are/ber very/ql handy/jj for/in cutting/vbg and/cc shaping/vbg small/jj parts/nns ./. File/vb to/in a/at smooth/jj finish/nn ./. A/at Barrette/np Swiss/jj pattern/nn file/nn is/bez handy/jj since/cs its/pp$ triangular/jj shape/nn with/in only/ap one/cd cutting/vbg face/nn will/md allow/vb you/ppo to/to work/vb a/at surface/nn without/in marring/vbg an/at adjoining/vbg one/cd ./. Endeavor/vb to/to get/vb the/at notches/nns as/ql much/ql alike/jj as/cs possible/jj ./. The/at notch/nn should/md have/hv a/at smooth/jj finish/nn so/cs that/cs the/at steel/nn dog/nn will/md slide/vb easily/rb over/in it/ppo ./. Assemble/vb the/at parts/nns in/in the/at frame/nn and/cc test/vb the/at sliding/vbg action/nn of/in the/at mating/vbg pieces/nns ./. All/abn matching/vbg surfaces/nns should/md be/be checked/vbn frequently/rb and/cc mated/vbn on/in a/at cut/vb and/cc fit/vb basis/nn ./. Chuck/vb a/at 2''/nn ''/'' or/cc 3''/nn ''/'' piece/nn of/in 1/8''/nn ''/'' dia./nn drill/nn rod/nn in/in a/at drill/nn press/nn or/cc electric/jj hand/nn tool/nn ./. Fashion/vb a/at sharp/jj scribing/vbg point/nn about/rb 3/64''/nn ''/'' long/jj on/in one/cd end/nn ,/, using/vbg Swiss/jj pattern/nn files/nns ./. This/dt tool/nn can/md also/rb be/be made/vbn with/in a/at lathe/nn ./.

ce08

ce08 |@word scientist:1 say:1 world:2 everything:1 base:2 mathematic:4 without:3 math:2 man:1 continually:1 seek:1 cause:1 reason:1 many:3 thing:3 make:6 go:1 round:1 would:4 mean:3 analyze:1 standardizing:1 communicate:1 discover:1 learn:1 formula:31 allow:1 apply:5 different:3 problem:6 therefore:1 essential:2 scientific:1 endeavor:1 hot:4 rodding:1 science:4 involve:8 determine:11 earth:1 rotate:1 axis:1 build:1 rocket:1 put:1 satellite:1 orbit:1 nevertheless:1 rodder:3 must:9 necessarily:1 mathematician:1 guy:1 active:1 successful:2 year:1 become:5 even:1 remotely:1 involved:1 mathematical:7 however:4 clear:1 understanding:1 chance:1 understand:2 rodde:3 nothing:2 pattern:1 solve:4 specific:1 place:4 various:3 factor:10 correct:4 order:6 relation:1 influence:1 compute:12 first:3 step:6 use:18 insert:1 numerical:2 value:2 position:3 change:2 equation:15 process:3 complicated:1 simple:2 teach:1 grammar:1 school:1 arithmetic:1 class:2 symbol:11 properly:1 indicate:2 division:6 multiplication:4 subtraction:6 addition:5 straight:1 line:1 separate:6 two:6 number:17 one:8 low:1 always:2 divide:2 upper:1 af:19 b:1 row:1 example:8 multiply:8 together:2 may:2 result:8 regardless:3 standard:3 minus:1 sign:1 dash:1 right:4 subtract:2 left:4 figure:4 carry:2 10:2 25:1 equal:4 15:2 6:2 9:1 well:1 reduce:2 part:3 accomplish:1 appear:1 start:2 end:1 work:2 toward:1 complete:2 also:1 include:2 require:2 8:1 time:1 product:1 12:1 4:1 fraction:5 convert:5 decimal:4 equivalent:3 easy:2 way:4 conversion:1 chart:2 purpose:1 available:1 source:1 type:3 handbook:1 stamp:1 precision:2 measure:9 instrument:1 simplify:3 three:5 shorten:1 manner:3 detrimental:1 effect:1 accuracy:2 final:6 contain:1 constant:6 remain:1 resultant:1 correctly:1 phase:1 sport:1 answer:2 give:6 often:2 pave:1 performance:1 increase:1 quite:1 necessary:3 entry:2 blank:2 event:2 need:1 important:1 another:3 take:2 general:1 popularity:1 engine:17 displacement:13 able:2 sometimes:2 refer:1 sweep:1 volume:24 competitive:1 information:1 restriction:1 good:1 boring:1 stroking:1 bore:1 diameter:2 cylinder:22 length:4 piston:9 stroke:3 quarter:1 know:1 pi:2 concern:1 dimension:3 circle:1 actually:1 add:3 represent:1 cross:1 sectional:1 area:6 determined:1 individual:1 total:4 inch:18 cubic:12 centimeter:8 cc:2 let:2 consider:1 283:1 chevy:1 aj:1 3:2 arrive:2 group:1 look:2 like:2 compression:5 ratio:11 compare:1 combustion:9 chamber:17 mathematically:1 liquid:5 exactly:1 head:9 install:1 valve:1 spark:1 plug:1 support:1 gasket:5 surface:5 level:1 pour:2 water:2 light:1 oil:1 graduated:1 beaker:3 fill:1 overfill:1 possible:2 high:1 tension:1 rise:1 considerable:1 height:1 around:1 flow:1 amount:1 quantity:2 still:1 full:1 original:1 graduate:1 whether:1 precaution:1 quote:1 term:1 opening:3 square:2 thickness:1 thousandth:1 roughly:1 calculate:1 calculation:1 usually:1 sufficient:1 affect:1 computation:1 consideration:1 top:5 block:3 dead:2 center:3 distance:2 accurately:2 depth:2 micrometer:1 device:1 open:1 describe:1 follow:1 dream:1 5:1 45:1 get:1 1:2 method:1 either:1 dome:1 irregularly:1 shape:1 irregularity:1 impossible:1 normal:2 displace:1 readily:1 bolt:1 gear:6 speed:9 relationship:2 four:1 version:2 car:4 rear:5 axle:4 tire:9 size:5 appropriate:1 combination:4 representative:1 substitute:1 mph:1 crankshaft:1 several:1 accurate:1 effective:1 radius:2 wheel:1 assembly:1 rest:1 shaft:1 inflate:1 operating:2 pressure:1 load:1 weight:1 measurement:3 168:1 5000:1 rpm:1 13:1 previous:2

Scientists/nns say/vb that/cs the/at world/nn and/cc everything/pn in/in it/ppo are/ber based/vbn on/in mathematics/nn ./. Without/in math/nn the/at men/nns who/wps are/ber continually/rb seeking/vbg the/at causes/nns of/in and/cc the/at reasons/nns for/in the/at many/ap things/nns that/wps make/vb the/at world/nn go/vb 'round/rb would/md not/* have/hv any/dti means/nn of/in analyzing/vbg ,/, standardizing/vbg ,/, and/cc communicating/vbg the/at things/nns they/ppss discover/vb and/cc learn/vb ./. Math/nn and/cc the/at formulas/nns that/wps allow/vb it/ppo to/to be/be applied/vbn to/in different/jj problems/nns are/ber ,/, therefore/rb ,/, essential/jj to/in any/dti scientific/jj endeavor/nn ./. Hot/jj rodding/nn is/bez a/at science/nn ./. It's/pps+bez not/* a/at science/nn as/ql involved/vbn as/cs determining/vbg what/wdt makes/vbz the/at earth/nn rotate/vb on/in its/pp$ axis/nn or/cc building/vbg a/at rocket/nn or/cc putting/vbg a/at satellite/nn into/in orbit/nn but/cc it/pps is/bez ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, a/at science/nn ./. But/cc because/cs science/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in mathematics/nn doesn't/doz* mean/vb that/cs a/at hot/jj rodder/nn must/md necessarily/rb be/be a/at mathematician/nn ./. A/at guy/nn can/md be/be an/at active/jj and/cc successful/jj hot/jj rodder/nn for/in years/nns without/in becoming/vbg even/ql remotely/rb involved/vbn with/in mathematical/jj problems/nns ;/. ;/. however/wrb ,/, he/pps will/md have/hv a/at clearer/jjr understanding/nn of/in what/wdt he/pps is/bez doing/vbg and/cc the/at chances/nns are/ber he/pps will/md be/be more/ql successful/jj if/cs he/pps understands/vbz the/at few/ap formulas/nns that/wps apply/vb to/in rodding/vbg ./. A/at mathematical/jj formula/nn is/bez nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at pattern/nn for/in solving/vbg a/at specific/jj problem/nn ./. It/pps places/vbz the/at various/jj factors/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at problem/nn in/in their/pp$ correct/jj order/nn in/in relation/nn to/in each/dt other/ap so/cs that/cs the/at influence/nn of/in factors/nns on/in each/dt other/ap can/md be/be computed/vbn ./. The/at first/od step/nn in/in using/vbg a/at formula/nn is/bez to/to insert/vb the/at numerical/jj values/nns of/in the/at factors/nns involved/vbn in/in their/pp$ correct/jj positions/nns in/in the/at formula/nn ./. This/dt changes/vbz the/at formula/nn to/in an/at ``/`` equation/nn ''/'' ./. The/at equation/nn is/bez used/vbn for/in the/at mathematical/jj process/nn of/in solving/vbg the/at problem/nn ./. Equations/nns for/in rodding/vbg formulas/nns are/ber not/* complicated/vbn ./. They/ppss involve/vb only/rb simple/jj mathematics/nns that/wps are/ber taught/vbn in/in grammar/nn school/nn arithmetic/nn classes/nns ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez essential/jj that/cs the/at various/jj mathematical/jj symbols/nns used/vbn in/in the/at equations/nns be/be understood/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at mathematical/jj processes/nns can/md be/be done/vbn properly/rb and/cc in/in their/pp$ correct/jj order/nn ./. They/ppss indicate/vb simple/jj division/nn ,/, multiplication/nn ,/, subtraction/nn ,/, and/cc addition/nn ./. The/at symbol/nn for/in division/nn is/bez a/at straight/jj line/nn that/wps separates/vbz two/cd numbers/nns placed/vbn one/cd above/in the/at other/ap ./. The/at lower/jjr number/nn is/bez always/rb divided/vbn into/in the/at upper/jj number/nn :/: Af/nn ./. The/at symbol/nn for/in multiplication/nn is/bez ``/`` **b/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez used/vbn to/to separate/vb two/cd or/cc more/ap numbers/nns in/in a/at row/nn ./. For/in example/nn :/: Af/nn ./. Numbers/nns to/to be/be multiplied/vbn together/rb may/md be/be multiplied/vbn in/in any/dti order/nn ./. The/at result/nn will/md be/be the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in the/at order/nn used/vbn ./. The/at symbol/nn for/in subtraction/nn is/bez the/at standard/jj minus/nn sign/nn ./. This/dt is/bez nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at dash/nn ./. It/pps separates/vbz two/cd or/cc more/ap numbers/nns ./. The/at number/nn on/in the/at right/nr of/in the/at symbol/nn is/bez always/rb subtracted/vbn from/in the/at number/nn on/in the/at left/nr of/in the/at symbol/nn ./. For/in example/nn :/: Af/nn ./. When/wrb more/ap than/in two/cd figures/nns are/ber separated/vbn by/in subtraction/nn symbols/nns the/at subtraction/nn must/md be/be carried/vbn out/rp from/in the/at left/nr to/in right/nr if/cs the/at result/nn is/bez to/to be/be correct/jj ./. For/in example/nn ,/, for/in the/at problem/nn Af/nn ,/, 10/cd from/in 25/cd equals/vbz 15/cd ,/, then/rb 6/cd from/in 15/cd equals/vbz 9/cd ./. Addition/nn is/bez indicated/vbn by/in the/at +/nn symbol/nn ./. The/at symbol/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to separate/vb two/cd or/cc more/ap numbers/nns ./. For/in example/nn :/: Af/nn ./. Numbers/nns separated/vbd by/in addition/nn symbols/nns may/md be/be placed/vbn in/in any/dti order/nn ./. When/wrb solving/vbg an/at equation/nn that/wps involves/vbz division/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs other/ap steps/nns ,/, do/do all/abn the/at division/nn steps/nns first/rb to/to reduce/vb those/dts parts/nns of/in the/at equation/nn to/in their/pp$ numerical/jj value/nn ./. Multiplication/nn ,/, subtraction/nn ,/, and/cc addition/nn can/md then/rb be/be accomplished/vbn as/cs they/ppss appear/vb in/in the/at equation/nn by/in starting/vbg at/in the/at left/jj end/nn of/in the/at equation/nn and/cc working/vbg toward/in the/at right/nr ./. Completing/vbg the/at division/nn first/rb also/rb includes/vbz those/dts division/nn parts/nns that/wps require/vb multiplication/nn ,/, subtraction/nn ,/, or/cc addition/nn steps/nns :/: Af/nn ./. This/dt would/md be/be reduced/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg 8/cd times/in 6/cd and/cc then/rb dividing/vbg the/at product/nn by/in 12/cd ./. This/dt part/nn of/in the/at equation/nn would/md then/rb become/vb 4/cd ./. For/in use/nn in/in formulas/nns ,/, fractions/nns should/md be/be converted/vbn to/in their/pp$ decimal/nn equivalents/nns ./. The/at easiest/jjt way/nn to/to do/do this/dt is/bez with/in a/at conversion/nn chart/nn ./. Charts/nns for/in this/dt purpose/nn are/ber available/jj from/in many/ap sources/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber included/vbn in/in all/abn types/nns of/in mathematical/jj handbooks/nns and/cc they/ppss are/ber stamped/vbn on/in some/dti types/nns of/in precision/nn measuring/vbg instruments/nns ./. The/at various/jj mathematical/jj processes/nns can/md be/be simplified/vbn by/in carrying/vbg the/at results/nns to/in only/rb two/cd or/cc three/cd decimal/nn places/nns ./. Shortening/vbg the/at results/nns in/in this/dt manner/nn will/md not/* have/hv any/dti detrimental/jj effect/nn on/in the/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at final/jj result/nn ./. Some/dti formulas/nns contain/vb ``/`` constants/nns ''/'' ./. A/at constant/nn is/bez a/at number/nn that/wps remains/vbz the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in the/at other/ap numbers/nns used/vbn in/in the/at formula/nn and/cc the/at resultant/jj equation/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at number/nn without/in which/wdt the/at equation/nn cannot/md* be/be solved/vbn correctly/rb ./. Rodding/vbg formulas/nns apply/vb to/in many/ap phases/nns of/in the/at sport/nn ./. The/at answers/nns they/ppss give/vb can/md often/rb pave/vb the/at way/nn to/in performance/nn increases/nns and/cc ,/, quite/ql often/rb ,/, are/ber necessary/jj for/in completing/vbg entry/nn blanks/nns for/in different/jj events/nns ./. When/wrb it/pps is/bez needed/vbn ,/, one/cd formula/nn is/bez as/ql important/jj as/cs another/dt ./. However/rb ,/, some/dti formulas/nns are/ber used/vbn more/rbr than/cs others/nns ./. We'll/ppss+md take/vb them/ppo in/in the/at general/jj order/nn of/in their/pp$ popularity/nn ./. Engine/nn-hl displacement/nn-hl A/at rodder/nn should/md be/be able/jj to/to compute/vb the/at displacement/nn of/in his/pp$ engine/nn ./. Displacement/nn is/bez sometimes/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs ``/`` swept/vbn volume/nn ''/'' ./. Most/ap entry/nn blanks/nns for/in competitive/jj events/nns require/vb engine/nn displacement/nn information/nn because/rb of/in class/nn restrictions/nns ./. It/pps is/bez good/jj to/to be/be able/jj to/to compute/vb displacement/nn so/cs that/cs changes/nns in/in it/ppo resulting/vbg from/in boring/vbg and/cc stroking/nn can/md be/be computed/vbn ./. Factors/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at displacement/nn formula/nn are/ber the/at bore/nn diameter/nn of/in the/at engine's/nn$ cylinders/nns ,/, the/at length/nn of/in the/at piston/nn stroke/nn ,/, the/at number/nn of/in cylinders/nns in/in the/at engine/nn ,/, and/cc a/at constant/nn ./. The/at constant/nn is/bez ,/, which/wdt is/bez one-quarter/nn of/in 3.1416/cd ,/, another/dt constant/nn known/vbn as/cs ``/`` pi/nn ''/'' ./. Pi/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in formulas/nns concerned/vbn with/in the/at dimensions/nns of/in circles/nns ./. Actually/rb ,/, the/at engine/nn displacement/nn formula/nn is/bez the/at standard/jj formula/nn for/in computing/vbg the/at volume/nn of/in a/at cylinder/nn of/in any/dti type/nn with/in an/at added/vbn factor/nn that/wps represents/vbz the/at number/nn of/in cylinders/nns in/in the/at engine/nn ./. The/at cross-sectional/jj area/nn of/in the/at cylinders/nns is/bez determined/vbn and/cc then/rb the/at volume/nn of/in the/at individual/jj cylinders/nns is/bez computed/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg the/at area/nn by/in the/at stroke/nn length/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at equivalent/jj of/in the/at length/nn of/in the/at cylinders/nns ./. Multiplying/vbg the/at result/nn by/in the/at number/nn of/in cylinders/nns in/in the/at engine/nn gives/vbz the/at engine's/nn$ total/nn displacement/nn ./. The/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./. Dimensions/nns in/in inches/nns ,/, and/cc fractions/nns of/in inches/nns will/md give/vb the/at displacement/nn in/in cubic/jj inches/nns ./. Dimensions/nns in/in centimeters/nns and/cc fractions/nns of/in centimeters/nns will/md give/vb the/at displacement/nn in/in cubic/jj centimeters/nns (/( cc./nns )/) ./. One/cd inch/nn equals/vbz 2.54/cd centimeters/nns :/: one/cd cubic/jj inch/nn equals/vbz 16.38/cd cubic/jj centimeters/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, let's/vb+ppo consider/vb a/at standard/jj 283/cd cubic/jj inch/nn Chevy/np Aj/nn ./. These/dts engines/nns have/hv a/at cylinder/nn diameter/nn of/in 3-7/8/cd inches/nns and/cc a/at stroke/nn length/nn of/in 3/cd inches/nns ./. The/at formula/nn ,/, with/in the/at fractions/nns converted/vbn to/in decimals/nns ,/, becomes/vbz Af/nn ./. To/to arrive/vb at/in the/at answer/nn ,/, multiply/vb the/at numbers/nns together/rb by/in starting/vbg at/in the/at left/nr of/in the/at group/nn and/cc working/vbg to/in the/at right/nr ./. The/at different/jj steps/nns will/md look/vb like/cs this/dt :/: Af/nn ./. Compression/nn-hl ratio/nn-hl A/at cylinder's/nn$ compression/nn ratio/nn is/bez computed/vbn by/in comparing/vbg the/at cylinder's/nn$ volume/nn ,/, or/cc its/pp$ displacement/nn ,/, with/in the/at total/nn volume/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn and/cc its/pp$ combustion/nn chamber/nn ./. Cylinder/nn volume/nn can/md be/be determined/vbn mathematically/rb but/cc combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn must/md be/be measured/vbn with/in a/at liquid/nn ./. Cylinder/nn volume/nn is/bez determined/vbn in/in exactly/rb the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs for/in the/at displacement/nn formula/nn :/: Af/nn ./. To/to measure/vb the/at volume/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at combustion/nn chambers/nns in/in the/at cylinder/nn head/nn ,/, install/vb the/at valves/nns and/cc spark/nn plug/nn in/in the/at chamber/nn and/cc support/vb the/at head/nn so/cs that/cs its/pp$ gasket/nn surface/nn is/bez level/jj ./. Then/rb pour/vb water/nn or/cc light/jj oil/nn from/in a/at graduated/vbn beaker/nn into/in the/at chamber/nn to/to fill/vb the/at chamber/nn to/in its/pp$ gasket/nn surface/nn ./. Do/do not/* overfill/vb the/at chamber/nn ./. This/dt is/bez possible/jj with/in water/nn and/cc other/ap liquids/nns that/wps have/hv a/at high/jj surface/nn tension/nn ./. Such/jj liquids/nns will/md rise/vb to/in a/at considerable/jj height/nn above/in the/at surface/nn around/in the/at chamber/nn before/cs they/ppss will/md flow/vb out/in of/in the/at chamber/nn ./. The/at amount/vb of/in liquid/nn poured/vbn into/in the/at chamber/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in subtracting/vbg the/at quantity/nn still/rb in/in the/at beaker/nn when/wrb the/at chamber/nn is/bez full/jj from/in the/at original/jj quantity/nn ./. Most/ap beakers/nns are/ber graduated/vbn in/in cubic/jj centimeters/nns (/( cc./nns )/) ,/, making/vbg it/ppo necessary/jj to/to convert/vb the/at result/nn to/in cubic/jj inches/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at displacement/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn can/md be/be converted/vbn to/in cubic/jj centimeters/nns ./. The/at compression/nn ratio/nn arrived/vbn at/in with/in the/at formula/nn will/md be/be the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in whether/cs cubic/jj inches/nns or/cc cubic/jj centimeters/nns are/ber used/vbn ./. The/at only/ap precaution/nn is/bez that/cs all/abn volumes/nns used/vbn in/in the/at formula/nn be/be quoted/vbn in/in the/at same/ap terms/nns ./. The/at volume/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn opening/nn in/in the/at head/nn gasket/nn must/md be/be computed/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg its/pp$ area/nn in/in square/jj inches/nns by/in the/at gasket's/nn$ thickness/nn in/in thousandths/nns of/in an/at inch/nn ./. Sometimes/rb it/pps is/bez necessary/jj to/to roughly/rb calculate/vb the/at square/jj inch/nn area/nn of/in the/at opening/nn but/cc the/at calculation/nn can/md usually/rb be/be made/vbn with/in sufficient/jj accuracy/nn that/cs it/pps won't/md* affect/vb the/at final/jj computation/nn ./. The/at volume/nn of/in the/at opening/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in the/at combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn ./. Another/dt thing/nn that/wps must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in consideration/nn is/bez the/at volume/nn of/in the/at area/nn between/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at piston/nn and/cc the/at top/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn block/nn when/wrb the/at piston/nn is/bez in/in top/nn dead/jj center/nn position/nn ./. Compute/vb this/dt volume/nn by/in measuring/vbg the/at distance/nn from/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at block/nn to/in the/at piston/nn head/nn as/ql accurately/rb as/cs possible/jj with/in a/at depth/nn micrometer/nn or/cc some/dti other/ap precision/nn measuring/vbg device/nn and/cc then/rb multiply/vb the/at area/nn of/in the/at cylinder/nn by/in the/at depth/nn ./. The/at formula/nn for/in this/dt step/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./. This/dt volume/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in the/at total/nn volume/nn of/in the/at combustion/nn chamber/nn and/cc head/nn gasket/nn opening/nn ./. The/at total/nn of/in these/dts three/cd volumes/nns is/bez the/at ``/`` final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn ''/'' ./. After/cs the/at factors/nns just/rb described/vbn have/hv been/ben computed/vbn ,/, they/ppss are/ber applied/vbn to/in the/at following/vbg formula/nn :/: Af/nn ./. For/in an/at example/nn let's/vb+ppo dream/vb up/rp an/at engine/nn that/wps has/hvz a/at final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn of/in 5/cd cubic/jj inches/nns and/cc a/at cylinder/nn volume/nn of/in 45/cd cubic/jj inches/nns ./. Applying/vbg these/dts figures/nns to/in the/at formula/nn we/ppss get/vb the/at equation/nn :/: Af/nn ./. The/at compression/nn ratio/nn is/bez 10/cd to/in 1/cd ./. This/dt method/nn of/in computing/vbg compression/nn ratio/nn cannot/md* be/be used/vbn accurately/rb for/in engines/nns that/wps have/hv pistons/nns with/in either/cc domed/vbn or/cc irregularly/rb shaped/vbn heads/nns ./. Any/dti irregularity/nn on/in the/at piston/nn heads/nns will/md make/vb it/ppo impossible/jj ,/, with/in normal/jj means/nns ,/, to/to determine/vb the/at final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn because/cs the/at volume/nn displaced/vbn by/in the/at piston/nn heads/nns cannot/md* be/be readily/rb computed/vbn ./. The/at only/ap way/nn to/to determine/vb the/at final/jj combustion/nn chamber/nn volume/nn when/wrb such/jj pistons/nns are/ber used/vbn is/bez by/in measuring/vbg it/ppo with/in liquid/nn while/cs the/at cylinder/nn head/nn is/bez bolted/vbn to/in the/at cylinder/nn block/nn and/cc the/at piston/nn is/bez in/in top/nn dead/jj center/nn position/nn ./. Gear/nn-hl ratio/nn-hl --/---hl speed/nn-hl relationships/nns-hl There/ex are/ber four/cd versions/nns of/in the/at formula/nn that/wps involves/vbz the/at relationships/nns of/in car/nn speed/nn ,/, engine/nn speed/nn ,/, rear/jj axle/nn gear/nn ratio/nn ,/, and/cc rear/jj tire/nn size/nn ./. By/in using/vbg the/at appropriate/jj version/nn any/dti one/cd of/in these/dts factors/nns can/md be/be determined/vbn for/in any/dti combination/nn of/in the/at other/ap three/cd ./. To/to simplify/vb the/at formulas/nns a/at representative/jj symbol/nn is/bez substituted/vbn for/in each/dt of/in the/at factors/nns ./. These/dts are/ber MPH/nn for/in Car/nn speed/nn ,/, for/nn Engine/nn crankshaft/nn speed/nn ,/, for/nn Rear/jj axle/nn gear/nn ratio/nn ,/, for/nn Tire/nn size/nn ./. Tire/nn size/nn can/md be/be determined/vbn in/in several/ap ways/nns but/cc the/at one/cd that/dt is/bez the/at easiest/jjt and/cc as/ql accurate/jj as/cs any/dti is/bez by/in measuring/vbg the/at effective/jj radius/nn of/in a/at wheel/nn and/cc tire/nn assembly/nn ./. This/dt is/bez done/vbn by/in measuring/vbg the/at distance/nn from/in the/at surface/nn on/in which/wdt the/at tire/nn is/bez resting/vbg to/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at rear/jj axle/nn shaft/nn ./. A/at tire/nn must/md be/be inflated/vbn to/in its/pp$ normal/jj hot/jj operating/vbg pressure/nn and/cc the/at car/nn must/md be/be loaded/vbn to/in its/pp$ operating/vbg weight/nn when/wrb this/dt measurement/nn is/bez made/vbn ./. The/at measurement/nn must/md be/be in/in inches/nns ./. Any/dti fraction/nn of/in an/at inch/nn involved/vbn in/in the/at measurement/nn must/md be/be converted/vbn to/in a/at decimal/nn equivalent/nn to/to simplify/vb the/at mathematics/nn ./. When/wrb tire/nn size/nn is/bez measured/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn a/at constant/nn of/in 168/cd is/bez used/vbn in/in the/at formula/nn ./. To/to determine/vb car/nn speed/nn for/in a/at given/vbn combination/nn of/in engine/nn speed/nn ,/, gear/nn ratio/nn ,/, and/cc tire/nn size/nn ,/, the/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./. For/in an/at engine/nn speed/nn of/in 5000/cd rpm/nn ,/, a/at gear/nn ratio/nn of/in 4.00/cd to/in 1/cd ,/, and/cc a/at tire/nn radius/nn of/in 13/cd inches/nns ,/, the/at equation/nn would/md look/vb like/cs this/dt :/: Af/nn ./. To/to determine/vb engine/nn speed/nn for/in a/at given/vbn combination/nn of/in the/at other/ap three/cd factors/nns the/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./. Using/vbg the/at same/ap figures/nns as/cs for/in the/at previous/jj example/nn ,/, the/at equation/nn becomes/vbz :/: Af/nn ./. To/to determine/vb the/at rear/jj axle/nn gear/nn ratio/nn for/in a/at combination/nn of/in the/at other/ap three/cd factors/nns ,/, the/at formula/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./. Using/vbg the/at figures/nns from/in the/at previous/jj examples/nns ,/, the/at equation/nn becomes/vbz :/: Af/nn ./.

ce09

ce09 |@word orlando:1 fla:1 feb:2 2:2 good:31 old:7 pacing:1 mile:16 date:10 ben:1 white:1 raceway:2 mary:2 liner:1 mainliner:1 highland:1 ellen:1 member:1 dick:1 williams:1 stable:6 clock:1 ralph:1 kroening:1 milwaukee:1 wis:1 accord:1 railbird:1 feel:1 justly:1 proud:1 debonnie:3 dale:1 frost:1 debby:1 hanover:63 prompt:3 time:21 adio:10 kimberly:3 gal:2 galophone:2 laguerre:3 tar:10 heel:10 lotus:2 monel:3 miracle:2 byrd:3 outstanding:1 type:4 conformation:2 body:2 plenty:1 heart:1 girth:1 stand:3 straight:1 leg:2 excellent:2 foot:4 smooth:1 gait:4 colt:16 behind:3 simpson:3 show:7 much:5 pace:10 improvement:2 work:13 look:16 making:2 brood:1 mare:2 win:1 share:1 race:3 stardel:2 star:4 pride:3 starlette:2 quite:1 promising:2 fury:5 hoot:6 mon:6 fay:2 caper:5 columbia:2 isaac:2 goddess:2 together:3 equal:1 week:8 ago:2 ease:4 two:2 different:1 upstande:1 rangy:1 side:2 compact:2 never:1 see:3 seem:3 know:4 nothing:4 trot:11 keep:1 try:1 little:6 harder:1 ask:3 make:4 mistake:1 like:12 wonderful:3 prospect:2 impressive:1 stride:2 certainly:2 cover:1 ground:3 trackdown:1 torrid:5 mighty:2 lady:2 take:1 several:3 strike:2 emasculation:1 couple:1 thrive:1 go:12 horse:4 thor:1 trustful:1 looking:2 another:4 individual:2 solid:1 rugged:2 flat:1 bone:1 arrive:1 early:2 last:4 november:3 immediately:1 put:2 harness:3 line:1 drive:2 day:4 cart:2 break:3 nicely:1 appear:1 hopple:5 14:1 treat:1 worm:1 18th:1 latter:2 first:4 real:2 december:2 5:2 55:1 twice:2 around:5 third:1 position:1 way:4 everything:2 gamecock:1 terka:1 one:6 best:3 temper:1 ever:1 center:1 gentle:1 crupper:1 tail:1 stuff:1 fourth:1 walk:1 gentleman:1 blister:2 curb:2 delay:1 somewhat:1 big:1 hustler:1 knight:8 dream:9 torkin:1 playful:1 bay:3 rascal:1 gaite:2 surely:1 right:2 sometimes:1 lead:1 freight:4 breeze:1 hal:1 strong:1 strongheart:1 direct:3 fair:2 sorrel:1 molly:1 masculine:1 pacer:4 lay:2 three:2 come:3 along:1 fine:5 flyer:2 frisco:1 castle:1 light:2 splendid:1 candidate:1 illinois:1 stake:1 anything:1 filly:9 especially:1 justine:1 sampson:2 justitia:1 improve:1 mrs:1 miss:6 reed:1 promise:3 form:1 hoopla:1 holiday:1 want:2 knock:1 october:1 31:1 1:1 fight:1 train:3 29:1 hitch:1 half:4 track:3 submit:1 january:1 11:1 jan:2 18:1 21:1 well:3 either:1 full:2 sister:1 valentine:1 cerise:1 scale:1 underpinning:1 brother:1 taraday:1 large:2 grand:1 pete:1 dailey:1 four:1 marquis:1 pick:3 gene:4 abbe:4 grattan:2 present:1 set:1 nice:1 majestic:1 next:3 equine:2 staley:1 sweetmite:1 small:1 training:1 many:2 future:2 battle:1 class:2 step:1 aside:1 rhythm:1 wily:1 widow:1 billy:1 haughton:1 bonnie:1 wick:1 scotch:4 hickory:5 ash:2 titan:3 misty:1 notice:1 family:1 resemblance:1 say:1 must:1 beautiful:1 hill:1 venus:1 spark:1 harlan:2 tiny:1 buxton:1 beryl:1 faber:7 kathy:1 ceyway:1 honor:2 rodney:6 bright:1 name:2 unfortunate:1 due:1 injury:1 sound:1 brief:1 candle:1 marcia:1 lena:2 chalidale:2 martha:2 checkit:1 supermarket:1 charm:1 charmer:1 sail:1 farvel:1 topsy:1 herre:1 custom:1 maid:3 jacky:1 dare:2 meadow:2 princess:2 lorraine:1 fly:1 olivette:1 bordner:1 betty:1 mahone:1 choice:1 sally:1 joe:1 whippet:1 invercalt:1 florican:2 inverness:1 duffy:1 mite:1 harold:1 worthy:3 boy:3 scotland:1 knightfall:1 grape:1 trader:2 jet:2 precious:2 rich:1 marquita:1 girl:1 mynah:1 iosola:1 kid:1 isoletta:1 favorite:1 able:1 tell:1 string:1 near:1 quarter:2 away:1 get:2 length:1 stall:1 start:3 fussy:1 leave:2 finish:1 almost:1 force:1 otherwise:1 equip:1 shoe:1 bare:1 front:1 would:1 storm:1 master:1 delvin:1 place:1 completely:1 baffle:1 hesitate:1 hop:1 roll:1 rock:1 skip:1 jump:1 steady:1 classy:1 thing:1 rain:1 friday:1 prevent:1 workout:2 note:1 thursday:1 responsible:1 include:1 lorena:1 gallon:2 bill:1 loren:1 prudent:1 dean:2 premium:1 pebble:1 lucky:1 lusty:1 helen:1 sam:2 caton:1 butterwyn:1 victor:2 butler:1 wyn:1 riverboat:1 dalzell:1 cousin:1 rachel:1 trouble:1 layton:1 lucy:1 hope:1 straighten:1 long:1 jimmy:2 jordon:1 high:1 scarlet:1 rena:1 sure:1 also:1 hampton:1 bertie:1 cathy:1 kaola:1 formerly:1 call:1 karet:1 rather:1 problem:1 child:1 better:1 armbro:1 comet:1 nibble:1 mauri:1 flick:1 nipe:1 neil:1 engle:1 phone:1 prissy:1 disposition:1 del:2 mar:2 calif:1 3:11 52:1 rainless:1 moisture:1 finally:1 result:1 less:1 total:1 average:1 rainfall:1 season:1 still:1 gain:1 attention:1 green:2 bit:1 cruise:1 really:1 follow:1 plain:1 demon:5 law:1 coffee:1 royal:2 p:18 blackstone:1 beauty:1 25:1 eddie:1 duke:2 lullwater:1 marilyn:1 barry:1 king:1 ransom:1 tiger:1 sherwood:1 lass:1 4:3 victory:2 song:2 dauntless:1 greentree:1 aged:1 mr:1 budlong:1 lottie:1 thomas:1 signal:1 clever:2 braden:1 glow:1 expect:1 carter:1 creed:1 great:2 lullwat:1 hi:1 jay:1 tanker:1 wear:1 stormy:1 dundeen:1 claudia:1 fire:1 maria:1 key:1 mock:1 racing:1 approach:1 meadows:1 dewey:1 urban:1 trotter:1 dr:1 orin:1 yankee:1 late:1 sun:4 chester:1 dark:1 tan:1

Orlando/np-hl ,/,-hl Fla./np-hl ,/,-hl Feb./np-hl 2/cd-hl --/-- The/at best/jjt 2-year-old/jj pacing/vbg mile/nn up/rp to/in date/nn at/in Ben/np-tl White/np-tl Raceway/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben that/dt of/in Mary/np Liner/np (/( Mainliner-Highland/np Ellen/np )/) ,/, a/at member/nn of/in the/at Dick/np Williams/np stable/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz clocked/vbn 2:25/cd ./. She/pps is/bez owned/vbn by/in Ralph/np H./np Kroening/np ,/, Milwaukee/np ,/, Wis./np ,/, who/wps ,/, according/in to/in the/at railbirds/nns ,/, can/md feel/vb justly/ql proud/jj of/in her/ppo ./. Other/ap good/jj miles/nns have/hv been/ben by/in Debonnie/np (/( Dale/np Frost-Debby/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Prompt/jj-tl Time/nn-tl (/( Adios-On/np Time/nn-tl )/) in/in 2:28-:36/cd ;/. ;/. Kimberly/np Gal/nn-tl (/( Galophone-Kimberly/np Hanover/np )/) 2:26.2/cd ;/. ;/. Laguerre/np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Lotus/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Monel/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Miracle/np Byrd/np )/) in/in 2:34/cd ./. Laguerre/np Hanover/np is/bez outstanding/jj in/in type/nn and/cc conformation/nn --/-- good/jj body/nn ,/, plenty/nn of/in heart/nn girth/nn ,/, stands/vbz straight/rb on/in his/pp$ legs/nns on/in excellent/jj feet/nns --/-- and/cc has/hvz the/at smoothest/jjt gait/nn ./. This/dt colt/nn is/bez behind/in most/ap of/in the/at other/ap 2-year-olds/nns in/in the/at Simpson/np stable/nn but/cc can/md show/vb about/rb as/ql much/ap pace/nn as/cs any/dti of/in them/ppo ./. Monel/np shows/vbz improvement/nn with/in each/dt work-out/nn and/cc looks/vbz the/at makings/nns of/in a/at good/jj brood/nn mare/nn after/cs winning/vbg her/pp$ share/nn of/in races/nns ./. Stardel/np (/( Star's/nn$-tl Pride-Starlette/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:34/cd ,/, looks/vbz quite/ql promising/jj ./. Fury/nn-tl Hanover/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Fay/np )/) ,/, Caper/nn-tl (/( Hoot/np Mon-Columbia/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Isaac/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Goddess/np Hanover/np )/) has/hvz been/ben working/vbg together/rb but/cc have/hv not/* equalled/vbn their/pp$ best/jjt work/nn done/vbn some/dti weeks/nns ago/rb ./. Fury/nn-tl and/cc Caper/nn-tl worked/vbd in/in 2:35/cd and/cc did/dod it/ppo with/in ease/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber two/cd good/jj colts/nns of/in different/jj type/nn ./. Fury/nn-tl is/bez upstanding/jj and/cc on/in the/at rangy/jj side/nn ,/, and/cc Caper/nn-tl is/bez more/ap the/at compact/jj type/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv never/rb seen/vbn Caper/nn-tl off/in his/pp$ feet/nns --/-- he/pps seems/vbz to/to know/vb nothing/pn but/in '/' trot/nn '/' and/cc keeps/vbz trying/vbg a/at little/ql harder/rbr if/cs asked/vbn to/to do/do so/rb ./. Fury/nn-tl has/hvz made/vbn a/at few/ap mistakes/nns but/cc looks/vbz like/cs a/at wonderful/jj prospect/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ impressive/jj gait/nn and/cc stride/nn which/wdt certainly/rb make/vb him/ppo cover/vb the/at ground/nn ./. Trackdown/np (/( Torrid-Mighty/np Lady/nn-tl )/) has/hvz worked/vbn a/at mile/nn in/in 2:33.3/cd ./. It/pps took/vbd this/dt colt/nn several/ap weeks/nns to/to strike/vb a/at pace/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, after/in emasculation/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz eased/vbn up/rp for/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ./. He/pps has/hvz thrived/vbn on/in all/abn he/pps has/hvz gone/vbn through/in and/cc looks/vbz the/at makings/nns of/in a/at good/jj little/jj race/nn horse/nn ./. Thor/np Hanover/np (/( Adios-Trustful/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez a/at wonderful/jj looking/jj prospect/nn and/cc another/dt good/jj individual/nn ,/, with/in solid/jj ,/, rugged/jj conformation/nn ,/, good/jj ,/, flat/jj bone/nn and/cc excellent/jj feet/nns ./. This/dt colt/nn arrived/vbd at/in the/at Raceway/nn-tl early/rb last/ap November/np ,/, and/cc immediately/rb was/bedz put/vbn into/in harness/nn and/cc line-driven/vbn for/in a/at few/ap days/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb put/vbn to/in cart/nn and/cc broken/vbn in/rp very/ql nicely/rb ,/, knowing/vbg nothing/pn but/in trot/nn ./. He/pps appeared/vbd in/in the/at hopples/nns about/rb November/np 14/cd ,/, was/bedz treated/vbn for/in worms/nns on/in the/at 18th/od ,/, the/at latter/ap date/nn being/beg the/at first/od time/nn he/pps struck/vbd a/at real/jj pace/nn ./. On/in December/np 5/cd he/pps paced/vbd a/at mile/nn in/in 55/cd on/in the/at twice-around/nn ,/, out/rp in/in third/od position/nn all/abn the/at way/nn ./. This/dt colt/nn has/hvz done/vbn everything/pn asked/vbn of/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc done/vbn it/ppo with/in ease/nn ./. His/pp$ best/jjt mile/nn to/in date/nn is/bez 2:32.2/cd ./. Gamecock/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Terka/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez another/dt promising/jj colt/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez 2:32.2/cd ./. This/dt is/bez one/cd of/in the/at best-tempered/jjt Tar/nn-tl Heels/nns-tl ever/rb at/in the/at center/nn ./. The/at first/od time/nn he/pps was/bedz harnessed/vbn he/pps stood/vbd like/cs a/at gentle/jj old/jj mare/nn ;/. ;/. the/at crupper/nn under/in his/pp$ tail/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be old/jj stuff/nn ./. The/at fourth/od time/nn in/in harness/nn he/pps walked/vbd off/rp like/cs a/at gentleman/nn ./. Being/beg blistered/vbn for/in curbs/nns has/hvz delayed/vbn his/pp$ work/nn somewhat/rb ./. But/cc up/rp to/in date/nn he/pps has/hvz shown/vbn as/ql much/ap as/cs any/dti in/in the/at big/jj Simpson/np stable/nn ./. Hustler/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Torkin/np )/) is/bez a/at playful/jj bay/nn rascal/nn of/in a/at colt/nn ,/, not/* the/at best/jjt gaited/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps surely/rb can/md pace/vb and/cc is/bez right/ql there/rb with/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb leading/vbg them/ppo ,/, in/in the/at best/jjt miles/nns ./. Torrid/nn-tl Freight/nn-tl (/( Torrid-Breeze/np On/in-tl Hal/np )/) is/bez a/at very/ql rugged/jj ,/, strong-made/jj colt/nn with/in a/at wonderful/jj stride/nn who/wps has/hvz done/vbn with/in ease/nn everything/pn asked/vbn of/in him/ppo ./. His/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez around/rb 2:33/cd ./. Strongheart/np (/( Adios-Direct/np Gal/nn-tl )/) ,/, a/at fair-looking/jj sorrel/nn colt/nn ,/, knows/vbz nothing/pn but/in pace/nn and/cc has/hvz been/ben right/ql there/rb in/in the/at best/jjt miles/nns ./. Torrid/jj-tl Adios/np (/( Torrid-Adios/np Molly/np )/) is/bez not/* so/ql masculine/jj as/cs most/ap of/in the/at colts/nns ,/, but/cc I/ppss like/vb his/pp$ type/nn and/cc he/pps certainly/rb is/bez one/cd of/in the/at best-gaited/jjt pacers/nns on/in the/at grounds/nns ./. Blistered/vbn for/in curbs/nns and/cc laid/vbn off/rp three/cd weeks/nns ,/, he/pps is/bez coming/vbg along/rb fine/rb and/cc looks/vbz like/cs a/at pacer/nn to/in me/ppo ./. First/od-tl Flyer/nn-tl (/( Frisco/np Flyer-Castle/np Light/nn-tl )/) looks/vbz like/cs a/at splendid/jj candidate/nn for/in the/at Illinois/np-tl Stakes/nns-tl ./. His/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez 2:33.2/cd ./. The/at colts/nns in/in Simpson's/np$ stable/nn have/hv little/ap if/cs anything/pn on/in the/at fillies/nns ,/, especially/rb the/at pacers/nns ./. Justine/np Hanover/np (/( Sampson/np Hanover-Justitia/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez improving/vbg with/in each/dt work-out/nn and/cc paced/vbd 2:32.4/cd weeks/nns ago/rb ./. Mrs./np Freight/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Miss/np Reed/np )/) shows/vbz promise/nn and/cc does/doz it/ppo in/in good/jj form/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ best/jjt time/nn is/bez about/rb 2:35/cd ./. Hoopla/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Holiday/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, a/at filly/nn that/wps wanted/vbd to/to trot/vb ,/, knocked/vbd herself/ppl October/np 31/cd and/cc November/np 1/cd fighting/vbg the/at hopples/nns ./. She/pps was/bedz then/rb trained/vbn on/in the/at trot/nn until/in December/np 29/cd ,/, hitched/vbn to/in a/at breaking/vbg cart/nn once/rb around/in the/at half-mile/nn track/nn and/cc hoppled/vbn again/rb ./. This/dt time/nn she/pps submitted/vbd and/cc in/in a/at few/ap days/nns was/bedz going/vbg good/rb ./. On/in January/np 11/cd she/pps paced/vbd a/at mile/nn in/in 2:43.1--:38/cd ;/. ;/. on/in Jan./np 18/cd 2:37.3--:36.1/cd ;/. ;/. on/in Jan./np 21/cd ,/, ,/, 2:36/cd ./. This/dt filly/nn is/bez a/at much/ql better/jjr individual/nn than/cs either/dtx of/in her/pp$ full-sisters/nns ,/, Valentine/np-tl Day/nn-tl and/cc Cerise/np --/-- more/ap scale/nn and/cc much/ql better/jjr underpinning/nn ./. She/pps is/bez more/rbr like/cs her/pp$ full/jj brother/nn ,/, Taraday/np Hanover/np ,/, but/cc larger/jjr ./. Up/rp to/in date/nn she/pps is/bez a/at grand-looking/jj filly/nn ./. Pete/np Dailey/np has/hvz four/cd promising/jj 2-year-old/jj pacers/nns ./. Marquis/np Pick/np (/( Gene/np Abbe-Direct/np Grattan/np )/) seems/vbz to/to be/be the/at pick/nn of/in the/at stable/nn at/in the/at present/jj time/nn ./. He/pps is/bez a/at fine-looking/jj colt/nn with/in a/at good/jj body/nn ,/, good/jj set/nn of/in legs/nns and/cc nice/jj way/nn of/in going/vbg ./. His/pp$ best/jjt mile/nn to/in date/nn is/bez 2:28-:33/cd ./. Majestic/jj-tl Pick/np comes/vbz next/rb ,/, with/in a/at mile/nn in/in 2:30-:33.2/cd ./. This/dt colt/nn is/bez another/dt fine-looking/jj equine/nn ./. Staley/np Hanover/np (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Sweetmite/np Hanover/np )/) is/bez a/at little/ap on/in the/at small/jj side/nn but/cc a/at very/ql compact/jj colt/nn and/cc looks/vbz like/cs one/cd to/to stand/vb training/vbg and/cc many/ap future/jj battles/nns with/in colts/nns in/in his/pp$ class/nn ./. Best/jjt time/nn to/in date/nn is/bez 2:34-:34/cd ./. Step/vb-tl Aside/rb-tl (/( Direct/jj-tl Rhythm-Wily/np Widow/nn-tl )/) has/hvz worked/vbn in/in 2:32/cd on/in the/at half-mile/nn track/nn and/cc shows/vbz promise/nn ./. Most/ap of/in Billy/np Haughton's/np$ 2-year-olds/nns have/hv worked/vbn from/in 2:40/cd to/in 2:35/cd ./. Bonnie/np Wick/np (/( Gene/np Abbe-Scotch/np Mary/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Hickory/nn-tl Ash/nn-tl (/( Titan/np Hanover-Misty/np Hanover/np )/) in/in 2:35/cd ./. The/at first/od time/nn I/ppss saw/vbd the/at latter/ap filly/nn she/pps trotted/vbd by/in me/ppo and/cc I/ppss noticed/vbd such/abl a/at family/nn resemblance/nn that/cs I/ppss said/vbd to/in myself/ppl ,/, ``/`` that/dt must/md be/be Hickory/nn-tl Ash/nn-tl ''/'' ./. She/pps is/bez a/at beautiful/jj filly/nn and/cc likes/vbz to/to trot/vb ./. Hickory/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl (/( Star's/nn$-tl Pride-Venus/np Hanover/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:33/cd ;/. ;/. Hickory/nn-tl Spark/np (/( Harlan-Hickory/np Tiny/jj-tl )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/. Buxton/np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Beryl/np Hanover/np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/. Faber's/np$ Kathy/np (/( Faber/np Hanover-Ceyway/np )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/. Honor/np Rodney/np (/( Rodney-Honor/np Bright/jj-tl )/) around/rb 2:40/cd ./. The/at last-named/jj is/bez a/at fine-looking/jj ,/, large/jj colt/nn ,/, who/wps has/hvz been/ben unfortunate/jj to/to be/be laid/vbn off/rp for/in some/dti time/nn due/rb to/in injuries/nns ./. He/pps is/bez going/vbg sound/jj again/rb now/rb ,/, and/cc looks/vbz good/jj ./. Brief/jj-tl Candle/nn-tl (/( Harlan-Marcia/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:37/cd ;/. ;/. Lena/np Faber/np (/( Faber/np Hanover-Chalidale/np Lena/np )/) 2:33/cd ;/. ;/. Martha/np Rodney/np (/( Rodney-Miss/np Martha/np D./np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/. Checkit/np (/( Faber/np Hanover-Supermarket/np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/. Charm/np Rodney/np (/( Rodney-The/np Charmer/nn-tl )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/. Fair/jj-tl Sail/nn-tl (/( Farvel-Topsy/np Herring/nn-tl )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Custom/jj-tl Maid/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Way/np Dream/nn-tl )/) 2:34.2/cd ;/. ;/. Jacky/np Dares/np (/( (/( Meadow/jj-tl Gene-Princess/np Lorraine/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Good/jj-tl Flying/nn-tl (/( Good/jj-tl Time-Olivette/np Hanover/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Bordner/np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Betty/np Mahone/np )/) 2:34/cd ;/. ;/. Faber's/np$ Choice/nn-tl (/( Faber/np Hanover-Sally/np Joe/np Whippet/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Invercalt/np (/( Florican-Inverness/np )/) 2:35/cd ;/. ;/. Duffy/np Dares/np (/( Meadow/nn-tl Gene-Princess/np Mite/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Harold/np J./np (/( Worthy/np Boy-Lady/np Scotland/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Knightfall/np (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Miss/np Worthy/jj-tl Grapes/nns-tl )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Next/ap-tl Knight/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Next/np Time/nn-tl )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Trader/nn-tl Jet/nn-tl (/( Florican-My/np Precious/jj-tl )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/. Trader/nn-tl Rich/np (/( Worthy/np Boy-Marquita/np Hanover/np )/) 2:37/cd ;/. ;/. Good/jj-tl Little/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl (/( Good/jj-tl Time-Mynah/np Hanover/np )/) 2:36/cd ;/. ;/. Iosola/np Hanover/np (/( Kimberly/np Kid-Isoletta/np Hanover/np )/) 2:36/cd ./. The/at last-named/jj is/bez one/cd of/in the/at favorites/nns in/in the/at stable/nn ,/, and/cc the/at boys/nns like/vb her/ppo very/ql much/rb ./. I/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to tell/vb you/ppo more/ap about/in this/dt string/nn of/in equines/nns in/in the/at near/jj future/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv just/rb seen/vbn Debonnie/np and/cc Prompt/jj-tl Time/nn-tl work/vb a/at mile/nn in/in 2:34/cd ,/, last/ap quarter/nn in/in :35.3/cd ./. In/in going/vbg away/rb Debonnie/np got/vbd behind/rb several/ap lengths/nns ,/, stalling/vbg at/in the/at start/nn --/-- she/pps is/bez a/at little/ql fussy/jj ./. They/ppss left/vbd the/at three-quarters/nns together/rb and/cc finished/vbd almost/rb together/rb ./. Prompt/jj-tl Time/nn-tl shows/vbz class/nn ./. This/dt filly/nn is/bez another/dt Adios/np that/wps wants/vbz to/to trot/vb ,/, and/cc trot/vb she/pps did/dod until/cs forced/vbn to/to do/do otherwise/rb ./. After/cs well/rb broken/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn with/in 12-oz./jj shoes/nns on/rp behind/rb ,/, bare-footed/jj in/in front/nn ,/, she/pps would/md trot/vb a/at real/jj storm/nn with/in the/at master/nn ,/, Delvin/np ,/, driving/vbg ./. Being/beg placed/vbn in/in the/at hopples/nns she/pps was/bedz completely/ql baffled/vbn ./. She/pps hesitated/vbd ,/, she/pps hopped/vbd ,/, she/pps rolled/vbd and/cc rocked/vbd ,/, skipped/vbd and/cc jumped/vbd ,/, but/cc in/in some/dti two/cd weeks/nns she/pps started/vbd to/to pace/vb ,/, From/in that/dt time/nn to/in this/dt she/pps has/hvz shown/vbn steady/jj improvement/nn and/cc now/rb looks/vbz like/cs one/cd of/in the/at classiest/jjt things/nns on/in the/at grounds/nns ./. Rain/nn on/in Friday/nr prevented/vbd many/ap workouts/nns ,/, but/cc there/ex were/bed a/at few/ap miles/nns of/in note/nn on/in Thursday/nr ./. Those/dts responsible/jj included/vbd Stardel/np Hanover/np (/( Star's/nn$-tl Pride-Starlette/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30-:34.3/cd ;/. ;/. Lorena/np Gallon/np (/( Bill/np Gallon-Loren/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30-:34.3/cd ;/. ;/. Prudent/jj-tl Hanover/np (/( Dean/np Hanover-Precious/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:35.3/cd ;/. ;/. Premium/nn-tl Freight/nn-tl (/( Titan/np Hanover-Pebble/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-35.3/cd ;/. ;/. Laguerre/np Hanover/np (/( (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Lotus/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36.1/cd ;/. ;/. Monel/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Miracle/np Byrd/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36.1/cd ;/. ;/. Fury/nn-tl Hanover/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Fay/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36/cd ;/. ;/. Isaac/np (/( Hoot/np Mon-Goddess/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36/cd ;/. ;/. Caper/nn-tl (/( Hoot/np Mon-Columbia/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, 2:30.3-:36/cd ;/. ;/. Lucky/jj-tl Freight/nn-tl (/( Knight/nn-tl Dream-Lusty/np Helen/np )/) ,/, 2:31.3-:35.3/cd ./. Sam/np Caton's/np$ Butterwyn/np (/( Scotch/jj-tl Victor-Butler/np Wyn/np )/) ,/, a/at light/jj bay/nn filly/nn ,/, knows/vbz nothing/pn but/in trot/nn and/cc has/hvz worked/vbn on/in the/at half-mile/nn in/in 2:30-:36/cd ./. Riverboat/np (/( Dalzell-Cousin/np Rachel/np )/) has/hvz gone/vbn in/in 2:38/cd ./. Sam/np is/bez having/hvg his/pp$ troubles/nns with/in Layton/np Hanover/np (/( Dean/np Hanover-Lucy/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, but/cc hopes/vbz to/to have/hv him/ppo straightened/vbn out/rp and/cc going/vbg before/in long/rb ./. Jimmy/np Jordon/np is/bez high/jj on/in Adios/np Scarlet/jj-tl (/( Adios-Rena/np Grattan/np )/) and/cc she/pps sure/rb looks/vbz good/jj as/cs she/pps goes/vbz by/rb ./. Her/pp$ best/jjt time/nn to/in date/nn is/bez about/rb 2:30/cd ./. He/pps also/rb likes/vbz Hampton/np Hanover/np (/( Titan/np Hanover-Bertie/np Hanover/np )/) 2:37/cd ./. Cathy/np J./np Hanover/np (/( Tar/nn-tl Heel-Kaola/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, formerly/rb called/vbn Karet/np Hanover/np ,/, has/hvz been/ben rather/abl a/at problem/nn child/nn ,/, but/cc is/bez getting/vbg better/jjr all/abn the/at while/nn and/cc can/md pace/vb a/at twice/rb around/rb in/in about/rb 2:31/cd ./. Armbro/np-tl Comet/nn-tl (/( Nibble/np Hanover-Mauri/np Hanover/np )/) has/hvz been/ben in/in 2:38/cd ./. Flick/np Nipe's/np$ and/cc Neil/np Engle's/np$ Miss/np Phone/np (/( Galophone-Prissy/np Miss/nn-tl )/) is/bez a/at fine-looking/jj filly/nn with/in good/jj disposition/nn and/cc good/jj gait/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps has/hvz worked/vbn up/rp to/in date/nn in/in 2:46/cd ./. Del/np-hl Mar/np-hl ,/,-hl Calif./np-hl ,/,-hl Feb./np-hl 3/cd-hl --/-- After/in 52/cd rainless/jj days/nns ,/, moisture/nn finally/rb came/vbd to/in Del/np Mar/np ,/, resulting/vbg in/in but/rb one/cd workout/nn during/in the/at week/nn for/in most/ap of/in the/at horses/nns ,/, and/cc leaving/vbg us/ppo with/in less/ap than/in half/abn our/pp$ total/nn average/nn rainfall/nn during/in the/at season/nn ./. While/cs 2-year-olds/nns are/ber still/rb gaining/vbg most/ap of/in the/at attention/nn at/in the/at track/nn ,/, green/jj horses/nns are/ber starting/vbg to/to go/vb a/at bit/nn ,/, and/cc Jimmy/np Cruise/np has/hvz several/ap that/wps can/md really/rb make/vb it/ppo ./. Work-outs/nns for/in the/at week/nn are/ber as/ql follows/vbz :/: Plain/jj-tl Scotch/np-tl ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Scotch/jj-tl Victor/nn-tl )/) ,/, Demon/nn-tl Law/nn-tl ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Demon/nn-tl Hanover/np )/) ,/, Coffee/nn-tl Royal/jj-tl ,/, p/nn (/( by/in Royal/jj-tl Blackstone/np )/) and/cc Beauty/nn-tl Way/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Demon/nn-tl Hanover/np )/) in/in 25/cd ;/. ;/. Eddie/np Duke/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Duke/nn-tl Of/in-tl Lullwater/np-tl )/) ,/, Marilyn/np C./np ,/, p/nn (/( by/in Sampson/np Hanover/np )/) and/cc Chalidale/np Barry/np ,/, 5/cd (/( by/in King's/nn$-tl Ransom/nn-tl )/) in/in 2:20/cd ;/. ;/. Tiger/nn-tl Hanover/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Adios/np )/) in/in 2:26/cd ;/. ;/. Sherwood/np Lass/nn-tl ,/, 4/cd (/( by/in Victory/nn-tl Song/nn-tl )/) in/in 2:22/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc Dauntless/jj-tl ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Greentree/np Adios/np )/) in/in 2:32/cd ./. For/in the/at aged/vbn horses/nns :/: Mr./np Budlong/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:00.2/cd ,/, Lottie/np Thomas/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:04.2/cd ,/, Mighty/jj-tl Signal/nn-tl 2:03/cd ,/, Clever/jj-tl Braden/np-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:01.1/cd ,/, and/cc Glow/nn-tl Star/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:02.3/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:35/cd ;/. ;/. Miss/np Demon/nn-tl Abbe/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 1:59.3/cd has/hvz trotted/vbn in/in 2:26/cd ,/, and/cc is/bez expected/vbn to/to race/vb at/in this/dt gait/nn ;/. ;/. Carter/np Creed/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 3/cd ,/, 2:01.1/cd ,/, Great/jj-tl Lullwater/np 2:00.3/cd ,/, and/cc Hi/uh-tl Jay/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:05.1/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:30/cd ;/. ;/. Tanker/np T./np ,/, 3/cd ,/, 2:05.3/cd is/bez now/rb wearing/vbg hopples/nns and/cc has/hvz trained/vbn in/in 2:19/cd ;/. ;/. Stormy/jj-tl Dream/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:01.3/cd ,/, Demon/nn-tl Abbe/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:02/cd ,/, Dundeen/np B./np ,/, 4/cd ,/, 2:04.2/cd ,/, Claudia's/np$ Song/nn-tl ,/, 3/cd ,/, 2:06.3/cd ,/, and/cc (/( Jet/nn-tl Fire/nn-tl ,/, 4/cd ,/, 2:02.2/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:25/cd ;/. ;/. Maria/np Key/np ,/, 2/cd ,/, 2:06/cd looked/vbd great/jj in/in 2:22/cd ;/. ;/. Mocking/vbg-tl Byrd/np ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:01.1/cd has/hvz been/ben in/in 2:12/cd ,/, with/in a/at racing/vbg date/nn approaching/vbg at/in Bay/nn-tl Meadows/nns-tl ./. Dewey/np Urban/jj-tl has/hvz a/at clever/jj green/jj trotter/nn in/in Dr./nn-tl Orin/np I./np ,/, 3/cd (/( by/in Yankee/np Hanover/np )/) ,/, his/pp$ latest/jjt mile/nn in/in 2:20/cd ;/. ;/. Victory/nn-tl Sun/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:04/cd has/hvz trained/vbn in/in 2:24/cd ;/. ;/. Early/jj-tl Sun/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:02.3/cd ,/, Chester/np Maid/nn-tl 2:05/cd ,/, Dark/jj-tl Sun/nn-tl ,/, p/nn ,/, 2:06.1/cd ,/, and/cc Sun/nn-tl Tan/nn-tl Maid/nn-tl 2:05.2/cd have/hv been/ben in/in 2:21/cd ./.

ce10

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24:1 complete:1 couple:1 significant:1 innovation:1

The/at average/nn reader/nn of/in this/dt magazine/nn owns/vbz more/ap than/in one/cd gun/nn (/( we/ppss ran/vbd a/at survey/nn to/to find/vb out/rp )/) but/cc he's/pps+bez always/rb on/in the/at lookout/nn for/in new/jj and/cc better/jjr arms/nns ./. He's/pps+bez more/ap than/cs a/at reader/nn of/in outdoor/jj articles/nns ;/. ;/. he's/pps+bez a/at real/jj hunter/nn and/cc shooter/nn ,/, eager/jj to/to improve/vb his/pp$ sport/nn ./. Well/uh ,/, if/cs you're/ppss+ber that/dt kind/nn of/in sportsman/nn we're/ppss+ber here/rb to/to help/vb you/ppo ./. You've/ppss+hv probably/rb given/vbn a/at lot/nn of/in Christmas-season/jj thought/nn to/in the/at guns/nns in/in your/pp$ rack/nn ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez not/* easy/jj to/to decide/vb on/in a/at new/jj one/cd ./. You/ppss still/rb have/hv time/nn to/to drop/vb a/at few/ap hints/nns about/in the/at gifts/nns you'd/ppss+md appreciate/vb most/rbt ;/. ;/. the/at time/nn to/to decide/vb on/in them/ppo is/bez now/rb ./. As/cs a/at Christmas/np service/nn ,/, I've/ppss+hv taken/vbn a/at close/jj look/nn at/in this/dt year's/nn$ crop/nn of/in new/jj models/nns ./. Here/rb they/ppss are/ber ,/, with/in my/pp$ comments/nns and/cc judgments/nns ./. Read/vb on/rp ,/, take/vb your/pp$ pick/nn --/-- and/cc start/vb dropping/vbg those/dts hints/nns ./. First/od on/in my/pp$ own/jj list/nn would/md be/be two/cd arms/nns --/-- a/at rifle/nn and/cc a/at handgun/nn --/-- that/wps qualify/vb as/cs new/jj in/in the/at strictest/jjt sense/nn ./. For/in me/ppo ,/, a/at changed/vbn barrel/nn length/nn or/cc an/at improved/vbn stock/nn doesn't/doz* constitute/vb a/at truly/ql new/jj design/nn ./. Such/jj modifications/nns are/ber all/abn for/in the/at best/jjt but/cc it/pps takes/vbz something/pn as/ql different/jj as/cs a/at Deerstalker/np or/cc a/at Jet/nn-tl to/to change/vb arms-making/nn concepts/nns ./. Bill/np Ruger's/np$ long-awaited/jj Deerstalker/np (/( under/rb $110/nns )/) is/bez a/at new/jj rifle/nn action/nn in/in a/at caliber/nn that/wps upsets/vbz all/abn the/at modern/jj theory/nn of/in high-velocity/nn fans/nns ;/. ;/. it's/pps+bez a/at short/jj ,/, light/jj ,/, quick-handling/jj ,/, fast-firing/jj little/jj timber/nn gun/nn designed/vbn to/to push/vb a/at heavy/jj slug/nn at/in modest/jj velocity/nn but/cc with/in lots/nns of/in killing/vbg power/nn and/cc ample/jj range/nn for/in our/pp$ most/ql popular/jj big/jj game/nn --/-- whitetail/nns ./. Ruger/np reports/vbz that/cs on/in his/pp$ recent/jj African/jj safari/nn the/at little/ap Magnum/np cartridge/nn was/bedz a/at real/jj work/nn horse/nn ./. Small/jj antelope/nn were/bed generally/rb grassed/vbn with/in one/cd shot/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Magnum/np carbine/nn also/rb bagged/vbd reedbuck/nns ,/, kob/nns and/cc wart/nn hog/nns with/in deadly/jj efficiency/nn ;/. ;/. these/dts are/ber fairly/ql large/jj ,/, tough/jj animals/nns ./. The/at deadliness/nn of/in the/at Magnum/np in/in a/at rifle/nn comes/vbz as/cs no/at surprise/nn to/in me/ppo ./. At/in least/ap five/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, Tom/np Robinson/np of/in Marlin/np made/vbd up/rp an/at over/under/jj double/jj rifle/nn for/in me/ppo in/in this/dt caliber/nn ,/, using/vbg the/at now/rb defunct/jj Model/nn-tl 90/cd-tl action/nn in/in 20-gauge/nn size/nn ./. After/cs figuring/vbg out/rp how/wrb to/to regulate/vb the/at barrels/nns so/cs that/cs they/ppss shot/vbd to/in the/at same/ap point/nn of/in impact/nn ,/, we/ppss fired/vbd this/dt little/jj 20-inch-barrel/nn job/nn on/in my/pp$ home/nr range/nn and/cc in/in Marlin's/np$ underground/jj test/nn gallery/nn ./. We/ppss quickly/rb ran/vbd into/in the/at same/ap trouble/nn that/wps plagued/vbd Bill/np Ruger/np in/in his/pp$ first/od experiments/nns :/: Three/cd or/cc four/cd bullets/nns would/md be/be placed/vbn well/rb in/in a/at six-inch/jj bull/nn at/in 100/cd yards/nns and/cc then/rb ,/, unaccountably/rb ,/, one/cd could/md stray/vb far/ql out/rp of/in the/at group/nn ./. Ruger/np learned/vbd that/cs this/dt was/bedz because/cs the/at higher/jjr velocity/nn achieved/vbn in/in a/at long/jj barrel/nn was/bedz upsetting/vbg the/at shape/nn of/in the/at unjacketed/jj revolver/nn bullet/nn ./. The/at new/jj ,/, jacketed/vbn slug/nn in/in Magnum/np corrected/vbd this/dt ./. But/cc even/vb without/in jacketed/vbn bullets/nns ,/, I/ppss had/hvd enough/ap faith/nn in/in my/pp$ double/jj to/to take/vb it/ppo on/in an/at opening-day/nn deer/nns hunt/nn that/dt first/od year/nn ./. Within/in half/abn an/at hour/nn I/ppss jumped/vbd a/at six-point/jj buck/nn that/wps hop-skipped/vbd through/in a/at rhododendron/nn thicket/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss caught/vbd him/ppo just/ql behind/in the/at left/jj foreleg/nn at/in 60/cd yards/nns ./. He/pps moved/vbd only/rb about/rb 30/cd feet/nns after/in the/at 240-grain/jj slug/nn hit/vbd him/ppo --/-- and/cc this/dt was/bedz after/cs the/at bullet/nn had/hvd passed/vbn through/in a/at sapling/nn ./. Three/cd more/ap deer/nns have/hv fallen/vbn to/in this/dt same/ap gun/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn were/bed one-shot/jj kills/nns ./. My/pp$ double/nn was/bedz made/vbn with/in standard-weight/nn revolver/nn barrels/nns (/( before/rb cutting/vbg to/in revolver/nn length/nn )/) ,/, and/cc although/cs it/pps compares/vbz well/rb in/in other/ap respects/nns ,/, it's/pps+bez considerably/ql heavier/jjr than/cs the/at Deerstalker/np ,/, which/wdt only/rb scales/vbz about/rb 6-1/2/cd pounds/nns ./. If/cs ever/rb a/at rifle/nn met/vbd the/at needs/nns of/in the/at whitetail/nn hunter/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez it/pps ./. The/at Deerstalker/np points/vbz with/in the/at ease/nn ,/, speed/nn and/cc precision/nn of/in a/at fine/jj imported/vbn double/jj shotgun/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ trigger/nn pull/nn is/bez light/jj and/cc sharp/jj ./. The/at 240-grain/jj bullet/nn leaves/vbz the/at muzzle/nn at/in 1,850/cd fps/nn ,/, which/wdt gives/vbz it/ppo all/abn the/at smash/nn needed/vbn at/in woods/nns ranges/nns ./. With/in five/cd shots/nns at/in the/at immediate/jj command/nn of/in the/at hunter's/nn$ trigger/nn finger/nn ,/, the/at gun/nn and/cc load/nn are/ber a/at deadly/jj combination/nn ./. The/at second/od really/ql new/jj development/nn this/dt year/nn was/bedz a/at revolver/nn handling/vbg a/at different/jj sort/nn of/in varmint/nn load/nn --/-- the/at Remington/np Jet/nn-tl Magnum/np-tl Center/nn-tl Fire/vb-tl ./. At/in present/nn it's/pps+bez available/jj in/in one/cd model/nn ,/, the/at fine/jj and/cc familiar/jj Smith/np-tl &/cc-tl Wesson/np-tl Magnum/np-tl revolver/nn (/( about/rb $110/nns )/) ,/, long/rb a/at top-quality/nn handgun/nn among/in target/nn arms/nns ./. The/at velocity/nn of/in this/dt ,/, 40-grain/jj bullet/nn is/bez rated/vbn at/in a/at very/ql hot/jj 2,460/cd fps/nn ,/, and/cc it's/pps+bez the/at flattest/jjt shooting/nn of/in any/dti revolver/nn cartridge/nn ,/, with/in a/at mid-range/nn rise/nn of/in about/rb an/at inch/nn over/in a/at 100-yard/jj range/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at varmint/nn load/nn ,/, pure/jj and/cc simple/jj ;/. ;/. it's/pps+bez much/ql too/ql explosive/jj for/in small/jj edible/jj game/nn ./. It/pps can/md cut/vb a/at red/jj squirrel/nn neatly/rb in/in two/cd or/cc burst/vb a/at crow/nn into/in a/at flurry/nn of/in feathers/nns ./. The/at most/ql intriguing/jj aspect/nn of/in the/at S/np &/cc-tl W/np Magnum/np chambered/vbn for/in the/at new/jj Jet/nn-tl is/bez that/cs it/pps can/md also/rb fire/vb standard/jj rim-fires/nns by/in means/nn of/in adapter/nn sleeves/nns in/in the/at chambers/nns ./. You/ppss may/md therefore/rb convert/vb the/at gun/nn into/in a/at small-game/nn and/cc plinking/vbg arm/nn ,/, although/cs the/at difference/nn in/in the/at point/nn of/in impact/nn (/( Jet/nn-tl vs./in rim-fire/nn )/) can/md be/be somewhat/ql disconcerting/jj ./. The/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at Jet/nn-tl cartridge/nn is/bez fine/jj ;/. ;/. I/ppss tested/vbd it/ppo in/in my/pp$ scoped/jj S/np &/cc-tl W/np and/cc it/pps was/bedz good/jj enough/qlp to/to allow/vb me/ppo to/to hit/vb a/at chuck/nn with/in every/at shot/nn at/in 100/cd yards/nns if/cs I/ppss did/dod my/pp$ part/nn by/in holding/vbg the/at handgun/nn steadily/rb ./. Hunting/vbg-hl rifles/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl The/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Deerstalker/np and/cc the/at Jet/nn-tl were/bed the/at only/ap completely/ql new/jj designs/nns this/dt year/nn doesn't/doz* mean/vb that/cs 1961/cd didn't/dod* see/vb changes/nns in/in models/nns ,/, actions/nns and/cc calibers/nns ./. Aside/rb from/in the/at Ruger/np carbine/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in hunting/vbg rifles/nns have/hv been/ben introduced/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn ./. Here/rb are/ber the/at brands/nns (/( in/in alphabetical/jj order/nn )/) and/cc the/at new/jj models/nns ./. Newcomers/nns to/in the/at American/jj hunter/nn are/ber the/at Browning/np group/nn of/in bolt-action/nn ,/, high-power/nn rifles/nns ./. They/ppss have/hv fine/jj FN/nn actions/nns and/cc a/at better-than-average/jj finish/nn on/in both/abx the/at metal/nn and/cc the/at stock/nn wood/nn ./. Barrel/nn weights/nns vary/vb sensibly/rb with/in the/at various/jj calibers/nns available/jj ,/, and/cc these/dts include/vb the/at standard/jj bores/nns (/( about/rb $165/nns )/) plus/cc the/at Magnums/nps (/( around/rb $170/nns )/) ;/. ;/. the/at latter/ap include/vb the/at ,/, S/np &/cc-tl H/np ,/, ,/, and/cc ./. Shotgun-type/jj rubber/nn recoil/nn pads/nns are/ber standard/jj on/in all/abn of/in the/at Magnums/nps except/in the/at ./. Stock/nn designs/nns are/ber excellent/jj for/in use/nn with/in scopes/nns ./. Colt's/np$ center-fire/nn 1961/cd rifles/nns are/ber all/abn made/vbn with/in Sako/np actions/nns ,/, regardless/rb of/in caliber/nn ./. The/at have/hv the/at short/jj action/nn ;/. ;/. the/at and/cc ,/, the/at medium/jj action/nn ,/, and/cc the/at ,/, Af/nn and/cc the/at Magnums/nps ,/, the/at long/jj action/nn (/( about/rb $135/nns for/in the/at Standard/jj-tl Coltsman/np-tl and/cc $200/nns for/in the/at Custom/jj-tl version/nn )/) ./. Previously/rb ,/, FN/nn actions/nns were/bed used/vbn for/in the/at larger/jjr cartridges/nns ./. High/jj-tl Standard/nn-tl has/hvz introduced/vbn a/at auto/nn ,/, the/at Sport-King/np ,/, in/in two/cd grades/nns --/-- field/nn and/cc special/jj (/( less/ap than/in $45/nns and/cc just/ql over/in $45/nns ,/, respectively/rb )/) ./. It's/pps+bez a/at streamlined/vbn rifle/nn ,/, fast/jj and/cc well-made/jj ./. Among/in Magnum/np-tl Rim-Fire/jj-tl rifles/nns ,/, 1961's/cd$ lone/jj newcomer/nn was/bedz the/at Kodiak/np-tl Model/nn-tl 260/cd-tl autoloader/nn (/( around/rb $60/nns )/) ./. Previously/rb known/vbn as/cs Jefferson/np-tl Arms/nns-tl ,/, Kodiak/np has/hvz given/vbn this/dt 11-shot/jj hammerless/jj job/nn an/at exceptionally/ql fine/jj stock/nn design/nn ,/, and/cc the/at 260/cd is/bez the/at first/od autoloader/nn to/to handle/vb Magnum/np rim-fires/nns ./. Marlin/np has/hvz made/vbn two/cd contributions/nns to/in the/at harvest/nn of/in new/jj offerings/nns ./. The/at Model/nn-tl 99/cd-tl (/( under/rb $45/nns )/) is/bez a/at light-weight/jj ,/, streamlined/vbn rim-fire/nn auto/nn with/in a/at tubular/jj magazine/nn that/wps holds/vbz 18/cd Long/jj-tl Rifles/nns-tl ./. It's/pps+bez extremely/ql accurate/jj for/in an/at auto/nn ,/, and/cc the/at test/nn rifle/nn I/ppss tried/vbd was/bedz completely/ql trouble-free/jj in/in functioning/vbg ./. The/at 989/cd (/( about/rb $40/nns )/) is/bez an/at even/ql newer/jjr auto/nn ,/, this/dt one/cd with/in a/at seven-/cd or/cc 12-shot/jj clip/nn ./. Once/rb again/rb the/at Mossberg/np Targo/np outfit/nn has/hvz appeared/vbn ,/, but/cc this/dt time/nn as/cs a/at bolt-action/nn rifle-shotgun/nn combination/nn ./. The/at bore/nn is/bez unrifled/jj but/cc is/bez provided/vbn with/in an/at insert/nn tube/nn which/wdt is/bez rifled/vbn and/cc which/wdt ,/, surprisingly/rb ,/, gives/vbz pretty/ql fair/jj accuracy/nn even/rb though/cs it's/pps+bez only/rb 3-1/2/cd inches/nns long/jj ./. You/ppss can/md unscrew/vb this/dt tube/nn and/cc replace/vb it/ppo with/in a/at smoothbore/nn insert/nn for/in use/nn with/in shotshells/nns --/-- to/to break/vb the/at little/jj Targo/np clay/nn targets/nns ./. A/at trap/nn for/in throwing/vbg these/dts miniature/jj clays/nns fastens/vbz to/in the/at barrel/nn so/cs that/cs the/at shooter/nn can/md throw/vb his/pp$ own/jj targets/nns ./. A/at spring/nn trap/nn for/in solid/jj mounting/nn and/cc a/at regular/jj hand/nn trap/nn are/ber also/rb available/jj ./. You/ppss can/md have/hv your/pp$ choice/nn of/in a/at seven-shot/jj repeater/nn ,/, the/at 340TR/nn (/( about/rb $40/nns )/) or/cc a/at single-shot/nn ,/, the/at 320TR/nn (/( $10/nns less/ap )/) ./. The/at Targo/np is/bez a/at good/jj outfit/nn for/in fun/nn shooting/vbg or/cc for/in economic/jj wing-shooting/nn practice/nn ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez tougher/jjr than/cs it/pps looks/vbz to/to run/vb up/rp a/at score/nn on/in the/at clay/nn birds/nns ./. They'll/ppss+md travel/vb 50/cd feet/nns or/cc more/ap when/wrb thrown/vbn from/in the/at spring/nn trap/nn but/cc it's/pps+bez almost/ql impossible/jj to/to break/vb one/cd after/cs it/pps passes/vbz the/at 35-foot/jj mark/nn ./. The/at combination/nn of/in thin/jj pattern/nn and/cc very/ql tiny/jj pellets/nns makes/vbz it/ppo necessary/jj to/to get/vb on/in the/at birds/nns ,/, right/ql now/rb !/. !/. Big/jj Magnum/np calibers/nns appeared/vbd in/in the/at Remington/np line/nn for/in 1961/cd ,/, with/in the/at addition/nn of/in the/at and/cc to/in the/at list/nn of/in Model/nn-tl 725's/nps-tl ./. These/dts are/ber made/vbn on/in special/jj order/nn only/rb ,/, in/in Kodiak/np grade/nn (/( about/rb $310/nns )/) ,/, with/in integral/jj muzzle/nn brakes/nns and/cc heavy/jj rubber/nn recoil/nn pads/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss weigh/vb around/rb nine/cd pounds/nns ./. A/at shortened/vbn version/nn of/in the/at highly/ql regarded/vbn Remington/np 742/np autoloader/nn also/rb appeared/vbd in/in 1961/cd ./. This/dt carbine/nn (/( under/rb $140/nns ,/, about/rb $15/nns more/ap for/in a/at deluxe/jj grade/nn )/) has/hvz an/at 18-1/2-inch/jj barrel/nn and/cc was/bedz obviously/rb inspired/vbn by/in the/at popularity/nn of/in last/ap year's/nn$ Model/nn-tl 760/cd-tl pump/nn with/in a/at short-barrel/nn ./. This/dt design/nn is/bez hard/jj to/to beat/vb for/in timber/nn hunting/nn or/cc for/in packing/vbg in/in a/at saddle/nn scabbard/nn ./. Presently/rb ,/, the/at 742C/nn is/bez available/jj in/in Af/nn ./. The/at latest/jjt versions/nns of/in the/at famous/jj Savage/np-tl Model/nn-tl 99/cd-tl are/ber the/at 99/cd-tl Featherweight/nn-tl (/( about/rb $125/nns )/) and/cc the/at 99/cd-tl Deluxe/jj-tl (/( under/rb $135/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt have/hv a/at top-tang/nn safety/nn and/cc improved/vbn trigger/nn design/nn ./. The/at replacement/nn of/in the/at slide-lock/nn side/nn safety/nn catch/nn will/md make/vb this/dt lever-action/nn favorite/jj more/ql appealing/jj than/cs ever/rb since/cs the/at new/jj safety/nn is/bez easier/jjr and/cc faster/jjr to/to operate/vb ./. Beginners'/nns$-hl guns/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl A/at fresh/jj crop/nn of/in beginners'/nns$ guns/nns showed/vbd up/rp in/in 1961/cd ,/, and/cc they're/ppss+ber good/jj bets/nns for/in your/pp$ Christmas/np gift/nn list/nn if/cs you're/ppss+ber wondering/vbg what/wdt to/to get/vb for/in a/at youngster/nn ./. The/at most/ql unusual/jj of/in them/ppo is/bez the/at Ithaca/np 49/cd-tl (/( about/rb $20/nns ,/, $5/nns for/in a/at saddle/nn scabbard/nn )/) --/-- a/at lever-action/nn single-shot/nn patterned/vbn after/in the/at famous/jj Winchester/np lever-action/nn and/cc featuring/vbg the/at Western/jj-tl look/nn ./. Because/rb of/in its/pp$ traditional/jj lines/nns ,/, it/pps probably/rb has/hvz more/ap kid/nn appeal/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap model/nn ./. The/at action/nn is/bez a/at drop-block/nn ,/, handling/vbg all/abn the/at standard/jj rim-fires/nns ./. Marlin's/np$ latest/jjt is/bez also/rb designed/vbn for/in the/at beginning/vbg shooter/nn ,/, although/cs it's/pps+bez a/at full-sized/jj rifle/nn with/in plenty/nn of/in barrel/nn weight/nn and/cc ample/jj stock/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at Model/nn-tl 122/cd-tl (/( about/rb $20/nns )/) ;/. ;/. it's/pps+bez a/at single-shot/nn bolt-action/nn with/in an/at automatic/jj safety/nn --/-- i.e./rb ,/, the/at safety/nn goes/vbz on/rp every/at time/nn the/at bolt/nn is/bez lifted/vbn and/cc the/at gun/nn cocked/vbn for/in the/at next/ap shot/nn ./. Stock/nn design/nn is/bez excellent/jj ,/, and/cc this/dt model/nn is/bez a/at good/jj first/od gun/nn ./. Another/dt boy's/nn$ model/nn is/bez the/at single-shot/nn Remington/np 514C/np-tl (/( around/rb $20/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz with/in a/at 21-inch/jj barrel/nn and/cc a/at short/jj --/-- 12-1/2-inch/jj --/-- stock/nn ;/. ;/. it's/pps+bez just/ql right/jj for/in a/at boy/nn of/in 12-1/2/cd ./. A/at beginner's/nn$ shotgun/nn has/hvz also/rb been/ben introduced/vbn this/dt year/nn ./. The/at single-barrel/nn Stevens/np 940Y/np-tl (/( under/rb $35/nns )/) is/bez made/vbn with/in a/at side/nn lever/nn rather/in than/in a/at top-tang/nn lever/nn because/cs many/ap youngsters/nns aren't/ber* strong/jj enough/qlp to/to operate/vb a/at top/jjs tang/nn to/to open/vb a/at gun/nn --/-- and/cc the/at side/nn lever/nn does/doz indeed/rb open/vb very/ql easily/rb ./. This/dt gun/nn has/hvz a/at 12-1/2-inch/jj stock/nn and/cc is/bez available/jj in/in either/cc 20/cd or/cc gauge/nn ./. There's/ex+bez another/dt addition/nn to/in the/at Stevens/np line/nn ,/, the/at pump-action/nn Model/nn-tl 77/cd-tl in/in (/( under/rb $75/nns )/) ,/, which/wdt you/ppss may/md or/cc may/md not/* consider/vb a/at kid's/nn$ gun/nn ;/. ;/. many/ap experienced/vbn hunters/nns like/vb this/dt gauge/nn and/cc type/nn of/in scattergun/nn too/rb ./. Shotguns/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl Although/cs there/ex were/bed no/at startling/jj developments/nns in/in shotgun/nn design/nn this/dt year/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in new/jj models/nns and/cc variations/nns of/in existing/vbg models/nns did/dod hit/vb the/at market/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, a/at Browning/np trap/nn version/nn of/in the/at Superposed/vbn-tl over/under/jj ,/, the/at Broadway/np (/( from/in $350/nns up/rp ,/, depending/in on/in grade/nn )/) ,/, differs/vbz from/in standard/jj models/nns in/in that/cs it/pps is/bez equipped/vbn with/in a/at full/jj beavertail/nn fore/jj end/nn ,/, a/at cushion/nn recoil/nn pad/nn and/cc a/at barrel-wide/jj ventilated/vbn rib/nn for/in fast/jj sighting/nn ./. The/at Colt/np line/nn now/rb includes/vbz a/at new/jj scattergun/nn ,/, the/at Standard/jj-tl or/cc Custom/jj-tl Pump/nn-tl Model/nn-tl (/( about/rb $90/nns and/cc $150/nns ,/, respectively/rb )/) in/in 12/cd ,/, 16/cd and/cc 20/cd ./. Firearms/nns-tl International/jj-tl has/hvz introduced/vbn another/dt import/nn ,/, this/dt one/cd from/in Finland/np ./. It's/pps+bez the/at Valmet/np (/( about/rb $170/nns )/) ,/, a/at 12-gauge/nn over/under/jj very/ql much/rb like/cs the/at old/jj Remington/np 32/cd-tl --/-- which/wdt was/bedz so/ql fine/jj a/at gun/nn that/cs today/nr a/at used/vbn one/cd still/rb brings/vbz high/jj prices/nns ./. High/jj-tl Standard/nn-tl has/hvz also/rb added/vbn two/cd models/nns to/in its/pp$ line/nn ./. The/at Supermatic/np-tl Trophy/nn-tl (/( prices/nns begin/vb at/in less/ap than/in $135/nns and/cc depend/vb on/in grade/nn and/cc optional/jj features/nns )/) is/bez a/at 12-gauge/nn auto/nn ./. The/at Flite-King/np-tl Trophy/nn-tl (/( beginning/vbg at/in just/ql over/rp $85/nns )/) is/bez a/at pump/nn gun/nn in/in 12/cd or/cc 16/cd ./. Either/cc model/nn is/bez a/at very/ql good/jj dollar/nn value/nn ./. Mossberg's/np$ latest/jjt contribution/nn to/in the/at field/nn is/bez the/at Model/nn-tl 500/cd-tl (/( from/in $73.50/nns )/) ;/. ;/. this/dt is/bez an/at improved/vbn version/nn of/in the/at old/jj Model/nn-tl 200/cd-tl ,/, a/at pump-action/nn 12-gauge/nn shotgun/nn ./. See/vb page/nn 24/cd for/in a/at complete/jj report/nn on/in it/ppo ./. Handguns/nns-hl ,/,-hl '61/cd-hl Aside/rb from/in the/at Jet/nn-tl --/-- which/wdt I/ppss coupled/vbd with/in the/at Deerstalker/np carbine/nn as/cs one/cd of/in the/at year's/nn$ two/cd biggest/jjt developments/nns --/-- few/ap significant/jj innovations/nns appeared/vbd among/in 1961's/cd$ handguns/nns ./.

ce11

ce11 |@word livery:1 stable:3 vernon:16 prop:1 coaching:2 decline:1 considerably:1 1905:2 sign:1 still:2 near:1 old:3 wells:1 fargo:1 building:1 san:3 francisco:2 creak:1 fog:1 thirty:1 year:2 john:2 patronage:3 care:1 prosper:1 could:5 retire:1 horsedom:1 blood:1 two:8 interest:1 life:1 pleasure:1 table:3 drive:2 twice:2 week:1 tallyho:7 santa:10 cruz:8 road:6 upland:2 redwood:4 forest:2 orchard:2 one:9 hand:2 glimpse:1 pacific:1 journey:1 back:1 make:10 along:1 coast:1 travel:1 hell:1 leather:1 every:3 lantern:1 ablaze:1 southward:1 route:1 classic:1 run:5 california:2 fashionable:1 stretch:1 largely:1 franciscan:2 regular:3 trencherman:1 like:4 complain:3 inhuman:1 hour:2 start:2 seven:3 morning:3 tariff:1 reasonable:1 since:3 cover:3 everything:2 tobacco:2 breakfast:4 palace:9 hotel:3 luncheon:1 somewhere:1 mountain:4 dinner:1 either:2 boulder:1 creek:2 gaze:1 long:2 scenery:1 tire:1 halt:1 contrive:1 meal:2 chinese:1 hostler:2 ride:1 box:1 would:5 break:1 open:1 hamper:1 produce:1 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famous:2 civil:1 war:1 half:4 shell:1 bed:1 coarse:1 serve:6 standby:1 early:1 patron:1 coachman:2 fortify:1 delicacy:1 1890:1 dish:5 name:3 manager:1 kirkpatrick:2 much:3 resemble:2 rockefeller:1 antoine:3 new:2 orleans:1 though:3 chef:2 announce:1 variant:1 gastronome:1 argue:1 come:3 first:1 hold:5 mandatory:1 splash:2 absinthe:1 pernod:1 parsley:1 spinach:1 use:2 underbedding:1 version:1 liqueur:1 optional:1 however:1 plain:1 plenty:1 unadorne:1 herb:1 seasoning:1 fancy:1 lemon:2 guest:1 go:4 inspect:1 rig:1 merely:1 ritual:1 please:1 concern:1 cost:1 replica:1 coach:2 england:1 belmont:1 club:3 east:1 matchless:1 west:1 rockie:1 despair:1 whip:2 shave:1 reflection:1 french:1 polished:1 panel:1 axle:1 grease:1 roulette:1 wheel:1 horse:4 groom:1 high:2 gloss:1 depart:1 step:1 solemnly:1 knee:1 lift:1 jaw:1 train:2 drag:1 important:1 funeral:1 fall:2 client:1 board:1 promptly:2 feed:3 hunting:2 call:1 kedgeree:4 identify:1 fox:1 bill:1 many:2 way:1 right:1 original:3 recipe:2 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Livery/nn stable/nn --/-- J./np Vernon/np ,/, prop./nn ''/'' ./. Coaching/vbg had/hvd declined/vbn considerably/rb by/in 1905/cd ,/, but/cc the/at sign/nn was/bedz still/rb there/rb ,/, near/in the/at old/jj Wells/np Fargo/np building/nn in/in San/np Francisco/np ,/, creaking/vbg in/in the/at fog/nn as/cs it/pps had/hvd for/in thirty/cd years/nns ./. John/np Vernon/np had/hvd had/hvn all/abn the/at patronage/nn he/pps cared/vbd for/in --/-- he/pps had/hvd prospered/vbn ,/, but/cc he/pps could/md not/* retire/vb from/in horsedom/nn ./. Coaching/vbg was/bedz in/in his/pp$ blood/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd two/cd interests/nns in/in life/nn :/: the/at pleasures/nns of/in the/at table/nn and/cc driving/vbg ./. Twice/rb a/at week/nn he/pps drove/vbd his/pp$ tallyho/nn over/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np road/nn ,/, upland/rb and/cc through/in the/at redwood/nn forest/nn ,/, with/in orchards/nns below/in him/ppo at/in one/cd hand/nn ,/, and/cc glimpses/nns of/in the/at Pacific/np at/in the/at other/ap ./. The/at journey/nn back/rb he/pps made/vbd along/in the/at coast/nn road/nn ,/, traveling/vbg hell-for-leather/rb ,/, every/at lantern/nn of/in the/at tallyho/nn ablaze/rb ./. The/at southward/jj route/nn was/bedz the/at classic/jj run/nn in/in California/np ,/, and/cc the/at most/ql fashionable/jj ./. His/pp$ patronage/nn on/in this/dt stretch/nn was/bedz made/vbn up/rp largely/rb of/in San/np Franciscans/nps-tl --/-- regulars/nns ,/, most/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc trenchermen/nns like/cs himself/ppl ./. They/ppss did/dod not/* complain/vb at/in the/at inhuman/jj hour/nn of/in starting/vbg (/( seven/cd in/in the/at morning/nn )/) ,/, nor/cc of/in the/at tariff/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz reasonable/jj since/cs it/pps covered/vbd everything/pn but/in the/at tobacco/nn ./. Breakfast/nn was/bedz at/in the/at Palace/nn-tl Hotel/nn-tl ,/, luncheon/nn was/bedz somewhere/rb in/in the/at mountain/nn forest/nn ,/, and/cc dinner/nn was/bedz either/cc at/in Boulder/nn-tl Creek/nn-tl or/cc at/in Santa/np Cruz/np ./. Gazing/vbg too/ql long/rb at/in the/at scenery/nn could/md be/be tiring/vbg ,/, so/cs halts/nns were/bed contrived/vbn between/in meals/nns ./. Then/rb the/at Chinese/jj hostler/nn ,/, who/wps rode/vbd with/in Vernon/np on/in the/at box/nn ,/, would/md break/vb open/jj a/at hamper/nn and/cc produce/vb filets/nns of/in smoked/vbn bass/nn or/cc sturgeon/nn ,/, sandwiches/nns ,/, pickled/vbn eggs/nns ,/, and/cc a/at rum/nn sangaree/nn to/to be/be heated/vbn over/in a/at spirit/nn lamp/nn ./. In/in spring/nn and/cc in/in autumn/nn the/at run/nn was/bedz made/vbn for/in a/at group/nn of/in botanists/nns which/wdt included/vbd an/at old/jj friend/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ./. They/ppss gathered/vbd roots/nns ,/, bulbs/nns ,/, odd/jj ferns/nns ,/, leaves/nns ,/, and/cc bits/nns of/in resin/nn from/in the/at rare/jj Santa/np Lucia/np fir/nn ,/, which/wdt exists/vbz only/rb on/in a/at forty-five/cd mile/nn strip/nn on/in the/at westerly/jj side/nn of/in these/dts mountains/nns ./. In/in the/at Spanish/jj days/nns Franciscan/jj monks/nns roamed/vbd here/rb to/to collect/vb the/at resin/nn for/in incense/nn ./. It/pps yields/vbz a/at fragrance/nn as/ql Orphic/jj as/cs that/dt of/in the/at pastilles/nns of/in Malabar/np ./. Vernon/np was/bedz serviceable/jj on/in the/at botanical/jj field/nn trips/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps could/md arrange/vb no/at schedule/nn with/in the/at cooks/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz glad/jj when/wrb the/at trips/nns dropped/vbd off/rp ,/, and/cc the/at botanists/nns began/vbd to/to motor/vb out/rp by/in themselves/ppls ./. My/pp$ friend/nn often/rb breakfasted/vbd with/in Vernon/np on/in the/at morning/nn of/in the/at regular/jj tallyho/nn run/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz an/at honor/nn ,/, like/cs dining/vbg with/in a/at captain/nn at/in his/pp$ private/jj table/nn ./. Vernon's/np$ office/nn adjoined/vbd the/at stable/nn ,/, and/cc the/at walls/nns were/bed adorned/vbn with/in brightly/ql colored/vbn lithographs/nns ,/, the/at folk/nn art/nn of/in the/at period/nn ./. They/ppss advertised/vbd harness/nn polish/nn ,/, liniments/nns ,/, Ball's/np$ Rubber/nn-tl Boots/nns-tl ,/, Green/jj-tl River/nn-tl Whiskey/nn-tl ,/, Hood's/np$ Sarsaparilla/nn-tl ,/, patent/nn medicines/nns ,/, shoe/nn blacking/nn ,/, and/cc chewing/vbg tobacco/nn ./. The/at hostler/nn would/md have/hv the/at table/nn ready/jj and/cc a/at pot/nn of/in coffee/nn hissing/vbg on/in the/at stove/nn ;/. ;/. then/rb a/at porter/nn from/in Manning's/np$ Fish/nn-tl House/nn-tl would/md trot/vb in/rp with/in a/at tray/nn on/in his/pp$ head/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz draped/vbn with/in snowy/jj napkins/nns that/wps kept/vbd hot/jj a/at platter/nn of/in oyster/nn salt/nn roast/nn and/cc a/at mound/nn of/in corn/nn fritters/nns ./. Vernon/np was/bedz consummately/rb fond/jj of/in oysters/nns ,/, and/cc Manning's/np$ had/hvd been/ben famous/jj for/in them/ppo since/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./. Oyster/nn salt/nn roast/nn --/-- oysters/nns on/in the/at half/abn shell/nn ,/, cooked/vbn on/in a/at bed/nn of/in coarse/jj salt/nn that/wps kept/vbd them/ppo hot/jj when/wrb served/vbn --/-- was/bedz a/at standby/nn at/in Manning's/np$ ./. Its/pp$ early/jj morning/nn patrons/nns were/bed coachmen/nns ,/, who/wps fortified/vbd themselves/ppls for/in the/at day/nn with/in that/dt delicacy/nn ./. In/in the/at 1890's/nns the/at Palace/nn-tl Hotel/nn-tl began/vbd serving/vbg an/at oyster/nn dish/nn named/vbn after/in its/pp$ manager/nn ,/, John/np C./np Kirkpatrick/np ./. This/dt dish/nn much/rb resembles/vbz the/at oysters/nns Rockefeller/np made/vbn famous/jj by/in Antoine's/np$ in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, though/cs the/at Palace/nn-tl chef/nn announced/vbd it/ppo as/cs a/at variant/nn of/in Manning's/np$ roast/nn oysters/nns ./. (/( Gastronomes/nns have/hv long/rb argued/vbn about/in which/wdt came/vbd first/rb ,/, the/at Palace's/nn$-tl or/cc Antoine's/np$ ./. Antoine's/np$ held/vbd as/cs mandatory/jj a/at splash/nn of/in absinthe/nn or/cc Pernod/np on/in the/at parsley/nn or/cc spinach/nn which/wdt was/bedz used/vbn for/in the/at underbedding/nn ./. The/at Kirkpatrick/np version/nn holds/vbz liqueur/nn as/cs optional/jj ./. )/) Vernon/np ,/, however/rb ,/, held/vbd out/rp for/in plain/jj oyster/nn roast/nn ,/, and/cc plenty/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, unadorned/jj by/in herbs/nns or/cc any/dti seasoning/nn but/in salt/nn ,/, though/cs he/pps did/dod fancy/vb a/at bit/nn of/in lemon/nn ./. After/in the/at meal/nn ,/, he/pps and/cc his/pp$ guests/nns went/vbd out/rp to/to inspect/vb the/at rig/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt was/bedz merely/rb a/at ritual/nn ,/, to/to please/vb all/abn hands/nns concerned/vbn ./. The/at tallyho/nn had/hvd cost/vbn Vernon/np $2,300/nns ./. A/at replica/nn of/in two/cd coaches/nns made/vbn in/in England/np for/in the/at Belmont/np-tl Club/nn-tl in/in the/at East/jj-tl ,/, and/cc matchless/jj west/nr of/in the/at Rockies/nps ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at despair/nn of/in whips/nns on/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np run/nn ./. One/pn could/md shave/vb in/in the/at reflection/nn of/in its/pp$ French-polished/jj panels/nns ,/, and/cc its/pp$ axles/nns were/bed greased/vbn like/cs those/dts of/in roulette/nn wheels/nns ./. The/at horses/nns were/bed groomed/vbn to/in a/at high/jj gloss/nn ;/. ;/. departing/vbg ,/, they/ppss stepped/vbd solemnly/rb with/in knees/nns lifted/vbn to/in the/at jaw/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben trained/vbn to/to drag/vb at/in important/jj funerals/nns ./. But/in for/in the/at start/nn of/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np run/nn ,/, the/at whip/nn fell/vbd ./. The/at clients/nns boarded/vbd the/at tallyho/nn at/in the/at Palace/nn-tl promptly/rb at/in seven/cd ./. They/ppss had/hvd been/ben fed/vbn a/at hunting/vbg breakfast/nn ,/, so/rb called/vbn because/cs a/at kedgeree/nn ,/, the/at dish/nn identified/vbn with/in fox/nn hunting/nn ,/, was/bedz on/in the/at bill/nn ./. There/ex are/ber many/ap ways/nns of/in making/vbg a/at kedgeree/nn ,/, every/at one/cd of/in which/wdt is/bez right/jj ./. Here/rb is/bez an/at original/jj kedgeree/nn recipe/nn from/in the/at Family/nn-tl Club's/nn$-tl kitchen/nn :/: Club/nn-tl-hl Kedgeree/nn-hl Flake/vb (/( for/in three/cd )/) a/at cupful/nn of/in cold/jj boiled/vbn haddock/nn ,/, mix/vb with/in a/at cupful/nn of/in cooked/vbn rice/nn ,/, two/cd minced/vbn hard-boiled/jj eggs/nns ,/, some/dti buttery/jj white/jj sauce/nn done/vbn with/in cream/nn ,/, cayenne/nn ,/, pepper/nn ,/, salt/nn ,/, a/at pinch/nn of/in curry/nn ,/, a/at tablespoonful/nn of/in minced/vbn onion/nn fried/vbn ,/, and/cc a/at bit/nn of/in anchovy/nn ./. Heat/vb and/cc serve/vb hot/jj on/in toast/nn ./. The/at omelet/nn named/vbn for/in Ernest/np Arbogast/np ,/, the/at Palace's/nn$-tl chef/nn ,/, was/bedz even/ql more/rbr in/in demand/nn ./. For/in decades/nns it/pps was/bedz the/at most/ql popular/jj dish/nn served/vbn in/in the/at Ladies'/nns$-tl Grill/nn-tl at/in breakfast/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at few/ap old/jj Palace/nn-tl dishes/nns that/wps still/rb survive/vb ./. Native/jj California/np oysters/nns ,/, salty/jj and/cc piquant/jj ,/, as/ql coppery/jj as/cs Delawares/nps and/cc not/* much/ql larger/jjr than/cs a/at five-cent/jj piece/nn ,/, went/vbd into/in it/ppo ./. The/at original/jj formula/nn goes/vbz thus/rb :/: omelet/nn-hl Arbogast/np-hl Fry/vb in/in butter/nn a/at small/jj minced/vbn onion/nn ,/, rub/vb with/in a/at tablespoonful/nn of/in flour/nn ,/, add/vb half/abn a/at cup/nn of/in cream/nn ,/, six/cd beaten/vbn eggs/nns ,/, pepper/nn ,/, celery/nn salt/nn ,/, a/at teaspoonful/nn of/in minced/vbn chives/nns ,/, a/at dash/nn of/in cayenne/nn ,/, and/cc a/at pinch/nn of/in nutmeg/nn ./. A/at jigger/nn of/in dry/jj Sherry/nn-tl follows/vbz ,/, and/cc as/cs the/at mixture/nn stiffens/vbz ,/, in/in go/vb a/at hundred/cd of/in the/at little/jj oysters/nns ./. Louis/np Sherry/np once/rb stayed/vbd a/at fortnight/nn at/in the/at Palace/nn-tl ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz so/ql pleased/vbn with/in omelet/nn Arbogast/np that/cs he/pps introduced/vbd it/ppo at/in his/pp$ restaurant/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl J./np Pierpont/np Morgan/np had/hvd come/vbn in/in his/pp$ private/jj train/nn to/in San/np Francisco/np ,/, to/to attend/vb an/at Episcopal/jj-tl convention/nn ,/, and/cc brought/vbd the/at restaurateur/nn with/in him/ppo ./. As/cs things/nns happened/vbd ,/, Morgan/np was/bedz installed/vbn in/in the/at Nob/np-tl Hill/nn-tl residence/nn of/in a/at magnate/nn friend/nn ,/, whose/wp$ kitchen/nn swarmed/vbd with/in cooks/nns of/in approved/vbn talent/nn ./. Sherry/np remained/vbd in/in his/pp$ hotel/nn suite/nn ,/, where/wrb he/pps amused/vbd himself/ppl as/ql best/rbt he/pps could/md ./. Twice/rb he/pps left/vbd everything/pn to/in his/pp$ entourage/nn ,/, and/cc fled/vbd to/to make/vb the/at Santa/np Cruz/np tour/nn under/in Vernon's/np$ guidance/nn ./. In/in the/at grand/jj court/nn of/in the/at Palace/nn-tl ,/, notable/jj for/in its/pp$ tiers/nns of/in Moorish/jj galleries/nns that/wps looked/vbd down/rp on/in the/at maelstrom/nn of/in vehicles/nns below/rb ,/, Vernon's/np$ station/nn was/bedz at/in the/at entrance/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at post/nn of/in honor/nn ,/, held/vbn inviolate/jj for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. he/pps had/hvd the/at primacy/nn among/in the/at coachmen/nns ./. Of/in majestic/jj build/vb ,/, rubicund/jj and/cc slash-mouthed/jj ,/, he/pps resembled/vbd the/at late/jj General/nn-tl Winfield/np Scott/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be the/at most/ql imposing/vbg general/jj of/in his/pp$ century/nn ,/, if/cs not/* of/in all/abn centuries/nns ./. Vernon/np wore/vbd a/at gray/jj tall/jj hat/nn ,/, a/at gardenia/nn ,/, and/cc maroon/jj Wellington/np boots/nns that/wps glistened/vbd like/cs currant/nn jelly/nn ./. Promptly/rb at/in seven/cd he/pps would/md clatter/vb out/in of/in the/at court/nn with/in twelve/cd in/in the/at tallyho/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd style/nn :/: he/pps held/vbd his/pp$ reins/nns in/in a/at loose/jj bunch/nn at/in the/at third/od button/nn of/in his/pp$ checked/vbn Epsom/np surtout/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at horses/nns leaned/vbd at/in a/at curve/nn ,/, as/cs if/cs bent/vbn by/in the/at force/nn of/in a/at gale/nn ,/, he/pps leaned/vbd with/in them/ppo ./. They/ppss cantered/vbd down/in the/at peninsula/nn ,/, not/* slackening/vbg until/cs the/at coach/nn reached/vbd Woodside/np where/wrb the/at Santa/np Cruz/np uplands/nns begin/vb ./. The/at road/nn maps/nns of/in the/at region/nn have/hv changed/vbn since/in 1905/cd ;/. ;/. inns/nns have/hv burned/vbn down/rp ,/, moved/vbn elsewhere/rb ,/, or/cc taken/vbn other/ap names/nns ./. Once/rb on/in the/at road/nn (/( and/cc especially/rb if/cs the/at passengers/nns were/bed all/abn regulars/nns and/cc masculine/jj )/) ,/, the/at schedule/nn meant/vbd nothing/pn ./. An/at agreeable/jj ease/nn suffused/vbd Vernon/np and/cc the/at passengers/nns of/in the/at tallyho/nn ,/, from/in which/wdt there/ex issued/vbd clouds/nns of/in smoke/nn ./. Vernon/np would/md tilt/vb his/pp$ hat/nn over/in one/cd ear/nn as/cs he/pps lounged/vbd with/in his/pp$ feet/nns on/in the/at dashboard/nn ,/, indulging/vbg in/in a/at huge/jj cigar/nn ./. The/at horses/nns moved/vbd at/in a/at clump/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss were/bed no/ql more/rbr on/in parade/nn than/cs was/bedz their/pp$ driver/nn ;/. ;/. one/cd fork/nn of/in the/at road/nn was/bedz as/ql good/jj as/cs another/dt ./. The/at Santa/np Cruz/np mountains/nns sprawl/vb over/in three/cd counties/nns ,/, and/cc the/at roads/nns twist/vb through/in sky-tapping/jj redwoods/nns down/in whose/wp$ furrowed/vbn columns/nns ripple/vb streams/nns of/in rain/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb heat/nn bakes/vbz the/at Santa/np Clara/np valley/nn below/rb at/in the/at left/nr ./. The/at water/nn splashes/vbz into/in shoulder-high/jj tracts/nns of/in fernery/nn ./. You/ppss arrive/vb there/rb in/in seersucker/nn ,/, and/cc feel/vb you/ppss were/bed half-witted/jj not/* to/to bring/vb a/at mackintosh/nn ./. Vernon/np kept/vbd an/at account/nn book/nn with/in a/at list/nn of/in all/abn the/at establishments/nns that/wpo he/pps thought/vbd worthy/jj of/in patronage/nn ./. A/at number/nn of/in them/ppo must/md have/hv fallen/vbn into/in disfavor/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss were/bed struck/vbn out/rp with/in remarks/nns in/in red/jj ink/nn ,/, denouncing/vbg both/abx the/at cooks/nns and/cc the/at management/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz copious/jj in/in his/pp$ praise/nn of/in those/dts that/wps served/vbd food/nn that/wps was/bedz good/jj to/to eat/vb ./. The/at horses/nns seemed/vbd to/to know/vb these/dts by/in instinct/nn ,/, he/pps used/vbd to/to say/vb :/: such/jj places/nns invariably/rb had/hvd stables/nns with/in superior/jj feed/nn bins/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz Wright's/np$ ,/, for/in one/cd ,/, lost/vbn amongst/in trees/nns ,/, its/pp$ wide/jj verandas/nns strewn/vbn with/in rockers/nns ./. Many/ap of/in its/pp$ sojourners/nns were/bed devoted/vbn to/in seclusion/nn and/cc quiet/nn ,/, and/cc lived/vbd there/rb to/in the/at end/nn of/in their/pp$ days/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at haunt/nn of/in writer/nn Ambrose/np Bierce/np ,/, who/wps admired/vbd its/pp$ redwoods/nns ./. Acorns/nns from/in the/at great/jj oaks/nns fed/vbd the/at small/jj black/jj pigs/nns (/( akin/jj to/in Berkshires/nps )/) ,/, whose/wp$ ``/`` carcass/nn sweepstakes/nns ''/'' were/bed renowned/jj ./. Their/pp$ ham/nn butts/nns ,/, cured/vbn in/in oak-log/nn smoke/nn ,/, were/bed also/rb esteemed/vbn when/wrb roasted/vbn or/cc boiled/vbn ,/, and/cc served/vbn with/in this/dt original/jj sauce/nn :/: Wright's/np$-hl devil/nn-hl sauce/nn-hl ;/.-hl ;/.-hl put/vb into/in a/at saucepan/nn a/at cupful/nn of/in the/at baked/vbn ham/nn gravy/nn ,/, or/cc of/in the/at boiled/vbn ham/nn liquor/nn ,/, with/in a/at half/abn stick/nn of/in butter/nn ,/, three/cd teaspoonfuls/nns of/in made/vbn mustard/nn ,/, and/cc two/cd mashed/vbn garlic/nn cloves/nns ./. Contribute/vb also/rb an/at onion/nn ,/, a/at peeled/vbn tomato/nn and/cc two/cd pickled/vbn gherkins/nns ,/, and/cc a/at mashed/vbn lime/nn ./. After/cs this/dt has/hvz simmered/vbn an/at hour/nn ,/, add/vb two/cd tablespoons/nns each/dt of/in Worcestershire/np ,/, catsup/nn ,/, and/cc chutney/nn ,/, two/cd pickled/vbn walnuts/nns ,/, and/cc a/at pint/nn of/in Sherry/nn-tl ./. Then/rb simmer/vb fifteen/cd minutes/nns longer/rbr ./. Every/at winter/nn a/at kegful/nn of/in this/dt sauce/nn was/bedz made/vbn and/cc placed/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at row/nn of/in four/cd other/ap kegs/nns in/in the/at cellar/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs when/wrb its/pp$ turn/nn came/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz properly/rb mellowed/vbn ./. Vineyards/nns and/cc orchards/nns also/rb grew/vbd around/in Wright's/np$ ,/, and/cc deer/nns were/bed rather/abl a/at nuisance/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss leaped/vbd six-foot/jj fences/nns with/in the/at agility/nn of/in panthers/nns ./. But/cc no/at one/pn complained/vbd when/wrb they/ppss wound/vb up/rp ,/, regardless/rb of/in season/nn ,/, in/in venison/nn pies/nns ./. No/at one/pn complained/vbd of/in the/at white/jj wine/nn either/rb :/: at/in this/dt altitude/nn of/in two/cd thousand/cd feet/nns ,/, grapes/nns acquire/vb a/at dryness/nn and/cc the/at tang/nn of/in gunflint/nn ./. (/( The/at Almaden/np vineyards/nns have/hv now/rb climbed/vbn to/in this/dt height/nn ./. )/) Apple/nn trees/nns grew/vbd there/rb also/rb ./. Though/cs creeks/nns in/in the/at Santa/np Cruz/np mountains/nns flow/vb brimful/jj the/at year/nn round/rb and/cc it/pps is/bez forever/rb spring/nn ,/, the/at apples/nns that/wps grow/vb there/rb have/hv a/at wintry/jj crackle/nn ./. Dwellers/nns thereabouts/rb preferred/vbd to/to get/vb their/pp$ apple/nn pies/nns at/in the/at local/jj bakery/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd a/at brick/nn oven/nn fired/vbn with/in redwood/nn billets/nns ./. The/at merit/nn of/in the/at pie/nn ,/, Vernon/np believed/vbd ,/, was/bedz due/jj more/rbr to/in its/pp$ making/nn than/cs to/in the/at waning/vbg heat/nn of/in the/at oven/nn ./. The/at recipe/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps got/vbd from/in the/at baker/nn ,/, and/cc wrote/vbd down/rp in/in his/pp$ ledger/nn ,/, is/bez basically/rb this/dt :/: Wright's/np$-hl apple/nn-hl pie/nn-hl ;/.-hl ;/.-hl peel/vb ,/, core/vb ,/, and/cc slice/vb across/rp enough/ap apples/nns to/to make/vb a/at dome/nn in/in the/at pie/nn tin/nn ,/, and/cc set/vb aside/rb ./. In/in a/at saucepan/nn put/vbd sufficient/jj water/nn to/to cover/vb them/ppo ,/, an/at equal/jj amount/nn of/in sugar/nn ,/, a/at sliced/vbn lemon/nn ,/, a/at tablespoonful/nn of/in apricot/nn preserve/nn or/cc jam/nn ,/, a/at pinch/nn each/dt of/in clove/nn and/cc nutmeg/nn ,/, and/cc a/at large/jj bay/nn leaf/nn ./. Let/vb this/dt boil/nn gently/rb for/in twenty/cd minutes/nns ,/, then/rb strain/vb ./. Poach/vb the/at apples/nns in/in this/dt syrup/nn for/in twelve/cd minutes/nns ,/, drain/vb them/ppo ,/, and/cc cool/vb ./. Set/vb the/at apples/nns in/in the/at pastry-lined/jj tin/nn ,/, spread/vb over/in them/ppo three/cd tablespoonfuls/nns of/in softened/vbn butter/nn ,/, with/in as/ql much/ap brown/jj sugar/nn ,/, a/at sprinkling/nn of/in nutmeg/nn ,/, and/cc a/at fresh/jj bay/nn leaf/nn ,/, then/rb lay/vb on/rp a/at cover/nn of/in pastry/nn ,/, and/cc gild/vb it/ppo with/in beaten/vbn yolk/nn of/in egg/nn ./.

ce12

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Those/dts who/wps have/hv never/rb traveled/vbn the/at width/nn and/cc length/nn of/in this/dt land/nn cannot/md* conceive/vb ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in textbook/nn description/nn alone/rb ,/, the/at overwhelming/jj space/nn and/cc variety/nn of/in this/dt country/nn held/vbn together/rb under/in one/cd government/nn ./. The/at miracle/nn of/in democratic/jj America/np comes/vbz home/nr to/in one/pn most/ql strongly/rb only/rb when/wrb one/pn has/hvz seen/vbn the/at endless/jj Great/jj-tl Plains/nns-tl of/in the/at Midwest/np ;/. ;/. the/at sky-reaching/jj peaks/nns of/in the/at Northwest/jj-tl mountains/nns ;/. ;/. the/at smoke-filled/jj ,/, art-filled/jj ,/, drama-filled/jj life/nn of/in the/at great/jj cities/nns of/in the/at East/nr-tl ;/. ;/. the/at lush/jj and/cc historic/jj charm/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. Now/rb ,/, to/to add/vb to/in the/at already/ql unbelievable/jj extremes/nns found/vbn in/in one/cd nation/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv the/at two/cd new/jj states/nns of/in Hawaii/np and/cc Alaska/np ./. To/to hope/vb to/to cover/vb just/rb one/cd region/nn of/in this/dt land/nn and/cc to/to enjoy/vb all/abn of/in its/pp$ sights/nns and/cc events/nns and/cc ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to bring/vb back/rb pictures/nns of/in your/pp$ experiences/nns ,/, requires/vbz advance/nn planning/nn ./. For/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, U.S./np-tl Camera/nn-tl has/hvz prepared/vbd this/dt special/jj U.S.A./np vacation/nn feature/nn ./. We/ppss divided/vbd the/at country/nn into/in five/cd regions/nns plus/cc Hawaii/np and/cc Alaska/np and/cc in/in each/dt is/bez included/vbn a/at general/jj description/nn of/in the/at area/nn plus/cc specific/jj recommendations/nns of/in places/nns and/cc events/nns to/to cover/vb ./. Any/dti special/jj photographic/jj requirements/nns are/ber also/rb given/vbn ./. Use/vb this/dt section/nn to/to plan/vb now/rb to/to make/vb the/at most/ap of/in your/pp$ vacation/nn in/in photogenic/jj America/np ./. The/at-hl Northeast/nr-tl-hl birthplace/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, the/at Northeast/nr-tl offers/vbz historic/jj battlefields/nns ;/. ;/. lovely/jj old/jj villages/nns and/cc a/at rugged/jj seashore/nn among/in its/pp$ many/ap worthwhile/jj sights/nns ./. The/at rolling/vbg farms/nns of/in Maryland/np ,/, the/at peerless/jj metropolis/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, the/at verdant/jj mountains/nns of/in Vermont/np can/md all/abn be/be included/vbn in/in your/pp$ Northeast/nr-tl vacation/nn ./. By/in automobile/nn from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, you/ppss can/md take/vb a/at one/cd or/cc two-day/jj tour/nn to/in Annapolis/np ,/, Maryland/np to/to see/vb the/at colonial/jj homes/nns and/cc the/at U.S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl (/( where/wrb you/ppss can/md shoot/vb the/at dress/nn parade/nn on/in Wednesdays/nrs )/) ;/. ;/. to/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, for/in an/at eye-filling/jj tour/nn of/in the/at city/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc to/in Lancaster/np ,/, Pa./np ,/, the/at center/nn of/in the/at Pennsylvania/np-tl Dutch/jj-tl country/nn ;/. ;/. Philadelphia/np with/in its/pp$ historic/jj buildings/nns and/cc nearby/jj Valley/nn-tl Forge/nn-tl ;/. ;/. to/in West/jj-tl Point/nn-tl ,/, N.Y./np ,/, the/at famous/jj military/jj academy/nn in/in a/at beautiful/jj setting/nn on/in the/at Hudson/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. New/jj-tl England/np-tl deserves/vbz as/ql much/ap of/in your/pp$ vacation/nn time/nn as/cs you/ppss can/md afford/vb with/in such/jj areas/nns as/cs Cape/nn-tl Cod/nn-tl providing/vbg wonderful/jj beaches/nns ,/, artists'/nns$ colonies/nns and/cc quaint/jj townships/nns ./. From/in here/rb you/ppss can/md easily/rb include/vb a/at side/nn trip/nn to/in the/at old/jj whaling/vbg port/nn of/in Nantucket/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, which/wdt looks/vbz just/rb as/cs it/pps must/md have/hv two/cd centuries/nns ago/rb ./. At/in Sturbridge/np-tl Village/nn-tl ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, you'll/ppss+md find/vb a/at completely-restored/jj New/jj-tl England/np-tl town/nn ./. North/nr to/in Acadia/np-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl ,/, Maine/np ,/, with/in views/nns of/in a/at rockbound/jj coast/nn and/cc dark/jj ,/, magnificent/jj forests/nns ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql exciting/jj ways/nns to/to end/vb a/at Northeast/nr-tl vacation/nn would/md be/be with/in a/at week/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./. Return/vb through/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, stopping/vbg for/in a/at visit/nn to/in Lake/nn-tl Champlain/np-tl where/wrb you/ppss can/md take/vb a/at boat/nn ride/nn and/cc go/vb to/in Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl Park/nn-tl ./. There/rb you'll/ppss+md witness/vb a/at view/nn which/wdt includes/vbz the/at Adirondack/np-tl Mts./nns-tl and/cc the/at Winooski/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. Now/rb you're/ppss+ber ready/jj for/in a/at whirlwind/nn sightseeing/vbg tour/nn of/in America's/np$ most/ql exciting/jj city/nn ./. The/at skyline/nn ,/, the/at bridges/nns ,/, Broadway/np ,/, and/cc the/at Staten/np-tl Island/nn-tl ferry/nn are/ber only/rb a/at few/ap of/in the/at spots/nns to/to put/vb on/in your/pp$ ``/`` must/nn ''/'' list/nn for/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./. Photographing/vbg-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl Northeast/nr-tl-hl Some/dti tips/nns for/in shooting/vbg in/in Northeastern/jj locales/nns :/: In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl don't/do* miss/vb coverage/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ./. These/dts striking/jj ,/, modernistic/jj buildings/nns on/in the/at East/jj-tl River/nn-tl are/ber open/jj to/in the/at public/nn and/cc every/at weekday/nn guided/vbn tours/nns are/ber available/jj ./. Pictures/nns can/md be/be taken/vbn in/in the/at public/jj areas/nns and/cc when/wrb on/in tours/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at use/nn of/in tripods/nns is/bez not/* allowed/vbn ./. Photos/nns of/in Conference/nn-tl Rooms/nns-tl and/cc the/at General/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl can/md be/be made/vbn when/wrb these/dts rooms/nns are/ber not/* being/beg used/vbn for/in meetings/nns ./. Flash/nn is/bez allowed/vbn ,/, subject/jj to/in above/jj restrictions/nns ./. Around/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, you'll/ppss+md no/at doubt/nn want/vb a/at color/nn shot/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at picturesque/jj lighthouses/nns ./. Be/be careful/jj here/rb not/* to/to overexpose/vb this/dt subject/nn since/cs they/ppss are/ber extremely/ql bright/jj and/cc light-reflecting/jj ./. In/in color/nn ,/, 1/50th/od of/in a/at second/nn between/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn will/md do/do for/in bright/jj ,/, frontal/jj sunlight/nn ./. The/at-hl South/nr-tl-hl the/at southern/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, extending/vbg from/in Florida/np in/in the/at east/nr to/in Texas/np in/in the/at west/nr ,/, still/rb maintains/vbz its/pp$ unique/jj flavor/nn of/in gracious/jj living/nn and/cc historical/jj elegance/nn ./. It/pps encompasses/vbz in/in its/pp$ expanse/nn areas/nns where/wrb the/at natural/jj beauty/nn encourages/vbz a/at vacation/nn of/in quiet/jj contemplation/nn ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, to/in places/nns where/wrb entertainment/nn and/cc spectacles/nns of/in all/abn sorts/nns have/hv been/ben provided/vbn for/in the/at tourist/nn with/in camera/nn ./. Of/in special/jj interest/nn this/dt anniversary/nn year/nn of/in the/at war/nn between/in the/at states/nns are/ber the/at many/ap Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl battlefields/nns where/wrb ,/, likely/jj as/cs not/* ,/, you'll/ppss+md catch/vb some/dti memorial/jj re-enactments/nns ./. Among/in the/at locales/nns to/in visit/nn are/ber Shiloh/np ,/, Tennessee/np ;/. ;/. Lookout/nn-tl Mountain/nn-tl ,/, Tennessee/np ;/. ;/. Vicksburg/np ,/, Mississippi/np ;/. ;/. Richmond/np ,/, Virginia/np ;/. ;/. Petersburg/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, and/cc Fredericksburg/np ,/, Virginia/np ./. Florida/np provides/vbz tropical/jj scenes/nns unequalled/jj in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. At/in Cypress/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl special/jj bleachers/nns are/ber set/vbn up/rp for/in photographers/nns at/in water-ski/nn shows/nns and/cc lovely/jj models/nns pose/vb for/in pictures/nns in/in garden/nn settings/nns ./. Silver/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl features/vbz glass-bottom/nn boat/nn rides/nns and/cc in/in Everglades/nns-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl there/ex are/ber opportunities/nns to/to photograph/vb rare/jj wildlife/nn ./. Miami/np-tl Beach/nn-tl and/cc surroundings/nns feature/vb fabulous/jj ``/`` hotel/nn row/nn ''/'' ,/, palm-studded/jj beaches/nns plus/cc the/at Miami/np Seaquarium/np and/cc Parrot/nn-tl Jungle/nn-tl ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql delightful/jj spots/nns in/in a/at southern/jj tour/nn is/bez the/at city/nn of/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ./. The/at famous/jj old/jj French/jj and/cc Spanish/jj buildings/nns with/in their/pp$ elaborate/jj wrought/vbn iron/nn balconies/nns and/cc the/at narrow/jj streets/nns of/in the/at Latin/jj-tl Quarter/nn-tl present/vb an/at Old/jj-tl World/nn-tl scene/nn ./. For/in restoration/nn of/in early/jj American/jj life/nn the/at places/nns to/in visit/nn are/ber Williamsburg/np ,/, Jamestown/np and/cc Yorktown/np ,/, Virginia/np ./. Another/dt Virginia/np sight/nn and/cc a/at photographic/jj adventure/nn are/ber the/at Luray/np-tl Caverns/nns-tl ,/, lit/vbn by/in photofloodlights/nns ./. The/at great/jj state/nn of/in Texas/np offers/vbz metropolitan/jj attractions/nns such/jj as/cs the/at Dallas/np-tl Fair/nn-tl Park/nn-tl with/in its/pp$ art/nn and/cc natural/jj history/nn museums/nns ./. In/in contrast/nn are/ber the/at vast/jj open/jj stretches/nns of/in ranch/nn country/nn and/cc oil/nn wells/nns ./. In/in San/np Antonio/np visit/vb the/at famous/jj Alamo/np and/cc photograph/vb 18th/od Century/nn-tl Spanish/jj buildings/nns and/cc churches/nns ./. The/at Great/jj-tl Smoky/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl is/bez another/dt area/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl well/ql worth/jj a/at visit/nn ./. Along/in the/at 127-mile/jj route/nn through/in Great/jj-tl Smoky/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl you/ppss can/md photograph/vb the/at breath-taking/jj peaks/nns ,/, gorges/nns and/cc valleys/nns which/wdt come/vb into/in view/nn at/in every/at turn/nn ./. Gatlinburg/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, is/bez the/at center/nn of/in this/dt area/nn ./. Another/dt scenic/jj spot/nn in/in Tennessee/np is/bez Chattanooga/np where/wrb the/at Rock/nn-tl City/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl are/ber not/* to/to be/be missed/vbn ./. Beautiful/jj homes/nns and/cc gardens/nns are/ber trademarks/nns of/in the/at South/nr-tl and/cc cities/nns particularly/rb noted/vbn for/in them/ppo are/ber Charleston/np ,/, S.C./np ,/, Natchez/np ,/, Miss./np ,/, and/cc Savannah/np ,/, Ga./np ./. At/in Charlottesville/np ,/, Va./np ,/, shoot/vb Monticello/np and/cc the/at beautiful/jj buildings/nns of/in the/at University/nn-tl ./. Picturing/vbg-hl the/at-hl south/nr-hl Foliage/nn is/bez the/at outstanding/jj photo/nn subject/nn in/in many/ap of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl locales/nns mentioned/vbn above/rb and/cc some/dti specific/jj tips/nns on/in how/wrb and/cc where/wrb to/to shoot/vb it/ppo are/ber in/in order/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl of/in Gatlinburg/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, sponsors/vbz special/jj camera/nn tours/nns into/in the/at Great/jj-tl Smoky/jj-tl Mountains/nns-tl to/to get/vb pictures/nns of/in the/at profusion/nn of/in wild/jj flowers/nns flourishing/vbg in/in these/dts wooded/jj regions/nns ./. Exposure/nn problems/nns may/md occur/vb in/in these/dts forest/nn areas/nns where/wrb uneven/jj lighting/nn results/vbz from/in shafts/nns of/in sunlight/nn filtering/vbg through/in the/at overhead/jj branches/nns ./. Best/jjt solution/nn is/bez to/to find/vb an/at area/nn that/wps is/bez predominantly/rb sunlight/nn or/cc shade/nn ./. In/in any/dti instance/nn ,/, you/ppss should/md determine/vb the/at exposure/nn according/in to/in the/at type/nn of/in light/nn which/wdt falls/vbz on/in most/ap of/in the/at subject/nn area/nn ./. Try/vb some/dti closeups/nns on/in Southern/jj-tl blossoms/nns to/to provide/vb a/at welcome/jj contrast/nn with/in the/at many/ap long-view/nn scenics/nns you'll/ppss+md be/be making/vbg ./. For/in shooting/vbg the/at interiors/nns of/in the/at famous/jj ante-bellum/jj Southern/jj-tl mansions/nns make/vb sure/jj your/pp$ equipment/nn includes/vbz a/at tripod/nn ./. Enough/ap daylight/nn is/bez usually/rb available/jj from/in the/at windows/nns ,/, but/cc if/cs you/ppss have/hv synchronized/vbn flash/nn --/-- use/vb it/ppo ./. For/in some/dti unusual/jj photographic/jj subjects/nns ,/, if/cs your/pp$ vacation/nn takes/vbz you/ppo nearby/rb ,/, try/vb these/dts events/nns :/: the/at 600-mile/jj auto/nn race/nn in/in Charlotte/np ,/, N.C./np ,/, ,/, on/in May/np 27/cd ;/. ;/. the/at Florida/np-tl Folk/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl ,/, White/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, May/np 5-7/cd ;/. ;/. Singing/vbg-tl On/in-tl The/at-tl Mountain/nn-tl in/in Linville/np ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, on/in June/np 25/cd ./. Peak/nn action/nn photography/nn is/bez your/pp$ goal/nn at/in Miami's/np$ Seaquarium/np and/cc the/at Cypress/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl waterskiing/vbg events/nns ./. The/at-hl Midwest/np-hl A/at pleasant/jj start/nn to/in your/pp$ midwestern/jj vacation/nn is/bez a/at few/ap days/nns spent/vbn in/in cosmopolitan/jj Chicago/np ./. Lake/nn-tl Michigan/np-tl offers/vbz swimming/vbg and/cc pictures/nns which/wdt combine/vb cityscapes/nns with/in beaches/nns ./. A/at visit/nn to/in Chicago's/np$ museums/nns and/cc a/at stroll/nn around/in broad/jj Michigan/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl will/md unfold/vb many/ap photogenic/jj subjects/nns to/in the/at alert/jj photographer/nn ./. Wisconsin/np-tl Dells/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb fantastically/ql scenic/jj rocks/nns carved/vbn by/in the/at Wisconsin/np-tl River/nn-tl are/ber overgrown/vbn with/in fern/nn and/cc other/ap foliage/nn ,/, rates/vbz a/at stopover/nn when/wrb traveling/vbg from/in Chicago/np ./. The/at farmlands/nns forming/vbg the/at heart/nn of/in America/np stretch/vb out/rp across/in the/at Midwest/np from/in Chicago/np ./. In/in North/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl the/at strangely/ql beautiful/jj Badlands/nps will/md challenge/vb you/ppo to/to translate/vb its/pp$ wonder/nn on/rp to/in film/nn ./. While/cs here/rb ,/, visit/vb Theodore/np-tl Roosevelt/np-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl for/in its/pp$ spectacular/jj scenery/nn ./. Another/dt spot/nn with/in an/at image-provoking/jj name/nn is/bez the/at Black/jj-tl Hills/nns-tl where/wrb you/ppss can/md visit/vb the/at old/jj frontier/nn mining/vbg town/nn of/in Deadwood/np ./. The/at Black/jj-tl Hills/nns-tl Passion/nn-tl Play/nn-tl is/bez produced/vbn every/at summer/nn and/cc is/bez a/at pageant/nn worth/jj seeing/vbg and/cc shooting/vbg ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, while/cs in/in this/dt vicinity/nn you/ppss won't/md* want/vb to/to miss/vb a/at visit/nn to/in Mount/nn-tl Rushmore/np-tl National/jj-tl Memorial/nn-tl where/wrb on/in the/at side/nn of/in a/at mountain/nn are/ber the/at famous/jj sculptures/nns of/in Presidents/nns-tl Washington/np ,/, Lincoln/np ,/, Jefferson/np and/cc Theodore/np Roosevelt/np ./. In/in Missouri/np (/( which/wdt we/ppss are/ber including/in in/in our/pp$ general/jj Midwest/np region/nn )/) you/ppss can/md glance/vb into/in Mark/np Twain's/np$ birthplace/nn at/in Hannibal/np ,/, see/vb the/at landmarks/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn and/cc writings/nns and/cc visualize/vb where/wrb Huck/np Finn/np hatched/vbd his/pp$ boyish/jj mischief/nn ./. Similarly/rb in/in Illinois/np there/ex is/bez Lincoln/np country/nn to/to be/be seen/vbn --/-- his/pp$ tomb/nn and/cc other/ap landmarks/nns ./. Minnesota/np ,/, fabled/jj land/nn of/in waters/nns ,/, is/bez in/in itself/ppl ,/, ideal/jj vacationland/nn ,/, having/hvg within/in its/pp$ borders/nns 10,000/cd lakes/nns !/. !/. Itasca/np-tl State/nn-tl Park/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at Mississippi/np-tl River/nn-tl begins/vbz ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at outstanding/jj tourist/nn spots/nns in/rp Minnesota/np ./. Mementoes/nns of/in the/at Old/jj-tl West/nr-tl recall/vb the/at days/nns of/in Wyatt/np Earp/np in/in Dodge/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Nebraska/np ,/, where/wrb present-day/jj cowboys/nns add/vb a/at colorful/jj human/jj interest/nn note/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn shooting/nn ./. Of/in current/jj interest/nn is/bez Abilene/np ,/, Kansas/np ,/, the/at birthplace/nn of/in ex-President/nn Eisenhower/np ./. There's/ex+bez a/at museum/nn here/rb and/cc also/rb Old/jj-tl Abilene/np-tl Town/nn-tl ,/, a/at reconstruction/nn of/in the/at cattle/nns boomtown/nn of/in the/at 70's/nns and/cc 80's/nns ./. For/in a/at resort/nn area/nn ,/, Mackinack/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, Michigan/np ,/, is/bez the/at place/nn to/to visit/vb ./. It/pps truly/rb relives/vbz another/dt age/nn for/cs the/at inhabitants/nns use/vb carriages/nns rather/in than/in autos/nns and/cc old/jj British/jj and/cc French/jj forts/nns are/ber left/vbn intact/jj for/cs tourists/nns to/to visit/vb and/cc record/vb ./. Pictures/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl Midwest/np-hl Night/nn scenes/nns will/md add/vb an/at exciting/jj touch/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn travelogue/nn and/cc what/wdt better/jjr place/nn to/to take/vb them/ppo then/rb along/in Chicago's/np$ Lake/nn-tl Shore/nn-tl Drive/nn-tl ?/. ?/. Just/ql after/in sunset/nn is/bez a/at good/jj time/nn to/to record/vb the/at city/nn lights/nns in/in color/nn since/cs you/ppss get/vb a/at ``/`` fill-in/nn ''/'' light/nn from/in the/at sky/nn ./. Another/dt memo/nn for/in sightseers/nns :/: bring/vb your/pp$ camera/nn along/rb to/in museums/nns ./. Photos/nns of/in historic/jj dioramas/nns of/in the/at area/nn you/ppss visit/vb will/md add/vb depth/nn and/cc background/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn photo/nn story/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, be/be sure/jj your/pp$ tripod/nn is/bez handy/jj for/in those/dts sometimes-necessary/jj time/nn exposures/nns ./. Special/jj events/nns and/cc their/pp$ dates/nns which/wdt will/md make/vb interesting/jj shooting/nn in/in the/at Midwest/np area/nn ,/, include/vb the/at following/nn :/: A/at re-enactment/nn of/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl Lexington/np-tl ,/, May/np 18th/od at/in Lexington/np ,/, Missouri/np ;/. ;/. the/at world-renowned/jj 500-mile/jj auto/nn race/nn at/in Indianapolis/np ,/, Indiana/np ,/, plus/cc a/at festival/nn from/in May/np 27-30/cd ;/. ;/. ``/`` Song/nn-tl Of/in-tl Hiawatha/np-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in Elgin/np ,/, Illinois/np ,/, from/in June/np 20/cd to/in 24th/od ./. Michigan/np offers/vbz the/at lovely/jj Tulip/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl in/in Holland/np ,/, Michigan/np ,/, May/np 12-14/cd ;/. ;/. the/at USGA/nn Open/nn-tl in/in Birmingham/np from/in June/np 15-17/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at International/jj-tl Freedom/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl in/in Detroit/np ,/, June/np 29/cd thru/in July/np 4/cd ./. For/in early/jj vacationers/nns there's/ex+bez the/at fun-filled/jj Fishing/nn-tl Derby/nn-tl in/in Hot/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, Arkansas/np ,/, April/np 19-23/cd ,/, and/cc the/at Arkansas/np-tl Band/nn-tl Festival/nn-tl in/in Hot/jj-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, April/np 20-22/cd ./. The/at-hl West/nr-tl-hl A/at western/jj vacation/nn is/bez practically/ql synonymous/jj with/in a/at visit/nn to/in at/in least/ap one/cd of/in the/at magnificent/jj national/nn parks/nns in/in this/dt area/nn ./. A/at tour/nn of/in several/ap of/in them/ppo is/bez possible/jj in/in a/at two-week/jj vacation/nn while/cs a/at stay/nn at/in just/rb one/cd of/in these/dts natural/jj beauty/nn spots/nns can/md be/be of/in equal/jj reward/nn ./. In/in California/np is/bez located/vbn one/cd of/in the/at most/ql popular/jj of/in the/at national/jj parks/nns --/-- Yosemite/np ./. Among/in its/pp$ most/ql spectacular/jj features/nns are/ber its/pp$ falls/nns ,/, the/at highest/jjt being/beg Upper/jj-tl Yosemite/np-tl which/wdt drops/vbz 2,425/cd feet/nns ./. The/at Sequoia/np-tl Grove/nn-tl presents/vbz another/dt unique/jj aspect/nn of/in Yosemite/np ,/, for/in these/dts ancient/jj giant/jj trees/nns are/ber a/at sight/nn never/rb to/to be/be forgotten/vbn ./. In/in the/at Utah/np area/nn are/ber Zion/np-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl and/cc Bryce/np-tl Canyon/nn-tl National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl ./. Fantastic/jj colors/nns are/ber to/to be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at fanciful/jj formations/nns of/in eroded/vbn rock/nn which/wdt loom/vb out/in of/in the/at semiarid/jj country/nn in/in both/abx parks/nns ./. Colorado's/np$ Grand/jj-tl Canyon/nn-tl ,/, probably/rb the/at most/ql famous/jj landmark/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, can/md be/be the/at highpoint/nn of/in your/pp$ Western/jj-tl vacation/nn ./.

ce13

ce13 |@word build:7 upon:3 seven:1 hill:4 istanbul:5 like:3 rome:4 one:11 ancient:3 city:7 world:6 fill:1 splendor:1 contrast:3 exotic:1 place:2 different:1 ordinary:1 casual:1 tourist:2 likely:1 see:7 first:6 ugliness:1 narrow:1 street:7 line:1 haphazard:1 house:4 moment:3 many:2 pull:1 whole:1 block:2 disappear:1 schedule:1 vanish:1 make:2 room:4 wide:1 boulevard:1 show:2 treasure:1 well:2 advantage:1 great:4 dome:9 graceful:2 spire:2 mosque:11 panorama:1 bosphorus:5 golden:5 horn:4 even:1 finish:1 however:1 remain:3 two:2 continent:1 almost:2 year:7 europe:1 asia:1 rub:1 shoulder:1 found:1 ninth:1 century:5 call:3 byzantium:1 200:1 later:3 byzas:1 ruler:1 megarian:1 expand:1 settlement:1 name:4 thousand:1 roman:2 empire:4 divide:1 become:5 capital:2 eastern:2 section:3 may:1 change:2 time:2 constantinople:1 emperor:7 constantine:6 1453:2 last:1 vestige:1 power:1 fall:2 turks:2 officially:1 shift:1 religion:2 although:1 patriarch:1 pope:1 orthodox:1 church:4 continue:2 live:2 still:2 ottoman:2 break:1 war:2 rich:1 christian:1 moslem:3 art:1 today:1 fascinating:1 museum:2 east:2 west:1 recently:1 seaside:1 resort:1 development:1 new:4 beach:1 sea:2 marmara:3 short:1 distance:2 center:4 town:1 easy:1 get:3 popular:1 every:1 fourteen:1 hour:2 york:2 pan:2 american:2 airways:1 jet:1 four:1 start:3 tour:2 sight:1 lie:1 old:1 across:6 modern:1 hotel:3 turkish:2 government:1 office:2 next:2 left:12 enter:7 driveway:1 lead:1 hilton:1 turn:4 leave:2 along:3 cumhuriyet:1 cadesi:1 past:5 park:3 republic:3 garden:3 come:9 taksim:1 square:6 hub:1 monument:3 erect:3 1928:1 directly:6 gardens:1 find:5 bus:3 stop:2 sign:3 4:1 ride:3 sport:1 reach:3 water:4 entrance:7 dolmabahce:1 palace:4 immediately:2 right:14 ocean:1 liner:1 anchor:1 galata:1 bridge:3 brown:3 sweep:1 empty:1 st:9 sophia:7 sturdy:1 minaret:4 slenderer:1 blue:6 side:3 eminonu:1 yeni:1 cami:1 date:1 seventeenth:2 pass:2 climb:1 covered:1 spice:1 bazaar:1 pandelli:1 famous:1 excellent:1 restaurant:2 top:2 building:12 give:1 way:2 cross:4 walk:8 ahead:5 site:1 pagan:1 temple:6 three:3 previous:1 sophias:1 begin:1 fourth:1 justinian:3 532:1 complete:3 twenty:1 trip:1 finished:1 structure:1 boast:1 grander:1 solomon:1 jerusalem:1 nevertheless:1 splendid:1 byzantine:2 crown:2 conquer:1 convert:1 add:1 stubby:1 second:2 half:2 sixteenth:1 sinan:1 architect:1 michelangelo:1 design:2 massive:1 buttress:1 help:1 support:3 birth:1 mosaic:1 plaster:1 whose:1 forbid:1 picture:1 holy:1 restore:1 inside:2 door:3 offer:2 virgin:1 mary:1 column:7 around:4 immense:1 round:2 plaque:1 arabic:2 write:1 eight:1 green:2 learn:1 artemis:1 ephesus:1 red:3 sun:1 heliopolis:2 beneath:1 spot:1 bit:1 floor:5 protect:1 wooden:1 fence:1 behind:2 minber:1 pulpit:1 near:2 raise:1 platform:2 grillwork:1 sultan:4 sit:3 opposite:3 outside:3 flower:1 front:2 hippodrome:5 lay:1 196:1 chariot:1 race:1 public:1 game:2 statue:2 stand:3 steal:1 mostly:1 wave:1 crusader:1 beginning:1 kaiser:3 fountain:5 ugly:1 octagonal:1 glass:1 1895:1 german:1 tomb:1 ahmet:3 construct:2 properly:1 know:2 obelisk:3 theodosius:1 originally:1 egypt:1 thutmose:1 also:2 london:1 lateran:1 set:1 390:1 pedestal:1 face:1 carve:1 family:1 watch:1 realistically:1 include:1 beyond:4 note:1 small:6 twelve:1 foot:1 present:1 ground:3 level:1 serpentine:1 entwine:1 serpent:1 apollo:1 delphi:1 greece:1 end:3 truncate:1 rival:1 colossus:1 rhodes:1 magnificent:1 retrace:1 step:1 six:1 courtyard:1 gallery:3 pointed:1 arch:1 run:1 middle:2 beautiful:1 early:1 huge:4 central:1 seem:1 cascade:1 full:1 tall:1 rise:1 rectangular:1 basis:1 muezzin:1 chant:1 prayer:1 wall:5 cover:4 white:1 tile:3 cream:1 carpet:2 back:3 streetcar:2 car:2 burn:1 forum:1 bring:1 stay:1 minute:1 bayezit:2 gate:7 university:2 good:3 hard:1 part:1 gazinosu:1 third:1 point:1 terrace:1 overlook:1 lunch:1 arcade:1 pastry:1 shop:1 sell:1 baklava:1 sweet:1 flaky:1 cake:1 favorite:1 student:1 join:1 dessert:1 take:2 corner:1 story:2 roof:2 sunken:1 actually:1 underground:1 cistern:1 row:2 pillar:1 sixth:1 supply:1 fairly:1 depress:1 emerge:1 toward:4 grey:1 stone:1 look:1 somewhat:1 oriental:1 pagoda:1 lettering:1 gold:3 colored:1 decoration:1 go:4 imperial:1 topkapi:1 home:1 sultans:2 nerve:1 vast:1 road:1 another:2 irene:1 330:1 spring:2 tap:1 executioner:1 wash:1 hand:1 sword:2 behead:1 victim:1 tower:1 either:1 use:1 prison:1 surround:1 general:1 plan:1 explanation:1 english:1 people:1 follow:1 arrowe:1 veer:1 former:1 kitchen:1 chimney:1 collection:1 chinese:1 porcelain:1 fabulous:1 array:1 silver:1 dinner:1 service:1 copper:1 cooking:1 utensil:1 figure:1 chief:1 cook:1 elaborate:1 length:1 robe:1 court:2 reception:1 long:1 deep:1 portico:1 throne:3 contain:1 illuminate:1 manuscript:1 treasury:1 thing:1 coffee:1 cup:1 diamond:2 jewel:2 rifle:1 glitter:1 divan:2 large:1 bed:1 legged:1 emerald:1 pearl:1 path:1 portrait:1 furnish:1 low:1 ceiling:1 paint:1 floral:1

Built/vbn upon/in seven/cd hills/nns ,/, Istanbul/np ,/, like/cs Rome/np ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql ancient/jj cities/nns in/in the/at world/nn ,/, filled/vbn with/in splendor/nn and/cc contrast/nn ./. It/pps is/bez an/at exotic/jj place/nn ,/, so/ql different/jj from/in the/at ordinary/jj that/cs the/at casual/jj tourist/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to see/vb at/in first/rb only/rb the/at contrast/nn and/cc the/at ugliness/nn of/in narrow/jj streets/nns lined/vbn with/in haphazard/jj houses/nns ./. At/in the/at moment/nn ,/, many/ap of/in these/dts are/ber being/beg pulled/vbn down/rp ./. Whole/jj blocks/nns are/ber disappearing/vbg and/cc more/ap are/ber scheduled/vbn to/to vanish/vb to/to make/vb room/nn for/in wide/jj boulevards/nns that/wps will/md show/vb off/rp its/pp$ treasures/nns to/in better/jjr advantage/nn --/-- the/at great/jj domes/nns and/cc graceful/jj spires/nns of/in its/pp$ mosques/nns ,/, the/at panorama/nn of/in the/at Bosphorus/np and/cc the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ./. Even/rb when/wrb they/ppss are/ber finished/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at contrast/nn will/md remain/vb ,/, for/cs Istanbul/np is/bez the/at only/ap city/nn in/in the/at world/nn that/wps is/bez built/vbn upon/in two/cd continents/nns ./. For/in almost/rb 3,000/cd years/nns Europe/np and/cc Asia/np have/hv rubbed/vbn shoulders/nns in/in its/pp$ streets/nns ./. Founded/vbn in/in the/at Ninth/od-tl Century/nn-tl B.C./np it/pps was/bedz called/vbn Byzantium/np 200/cd years/nns later/rbr when/wrb Byzas/np ,/, ruler/nn of/in the/at Megarians/nps ,/, expanded/vbd the/at settlement/nn and/cc named/vbd it/ppo after/in himself/ppl ./. About/rb a/at thousand/cd years/nns after/in that/dt ,/, when/wrb the/at Roman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl was/bedz divided/vbn ,/, it/pps became/vbd capital/nn of/in the/at Eastern/jj-tl section/nn ./. On/in May/np 11,330/cd ,/, A.D./rb ,/, ,/, its/pp$ name/nn was/bedz changed/vbn again/rb ,/, this/dt time/nn to/in Constantinople/np after/in its/pp$ emperor/nn ,/, Constantine/np ./. In/in 1453/cd when/wrb the/at last/ap vestige/nn of/in ancient/jj Roman/jj power/nn fell/vbd to/in the/at Turks/nps ,/, the/at city/nn officially/rb shifted/vbd religions/nns --/-- although/cs the/at Patriarch/nn-tl ,/, or/cc Pope/nn-tl ,/, of/in the/at Orthodox/jj-tl Church/nn-tl continued/vbd to/to live/vb there/rb ,/, and/cc still/rb does/doz --/-- and/cc became/vbd the/at capital/nn of/in the/at Ottoman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl ./. When/wrb that/dt was/bedz broken/vbn up/rp after/in the/at First/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ,/, its/pp$ name/nn was/bedz changed/vbn once/rb more/rbr ./. Rich/jj in/in Christian/jj and/cc Moslem/jj art/nn ,/, Istanbul/np is/bez today/nr a/at fascinating/jj museum/nn of/in East/nr-tl and/cc West/nr-tl that/wps recently/rb became/vbd a/at seaside/nn resort/nn as/ql well/rb with/in the/at development/nn of/in new/jj beaches/nns on/in the/at Bosphorus/np and/cc the/at Sea/nn-tl of/in-tl Marmara/np-tl only/rb a/at short/jj distance/nn from/in the/at center/nn of/in town/nn ./. Easy/jj to/to get/vb to/in ,/, and/cc becoming/vbg more/ql popular/jj every/at year/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez only/rb fourteen/cd hours/nns from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl by/in Pan/jj-tl American/jj-tl World/nn-tl Airways/nns-tl jet/nn ,/, four/cd hours/nns from/in Rome/np ./. Start/nn-hl of/in-hl tour/nn-hl Most/ap of/in the/at sights/nns lie/vb in/in the/at old/jj section/nn across/in the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl from/in the/at modern/jj hotels/nns ./. I/ppss started/vbd my/pp$ tour/nn of/in them/ppo at/in the/at Turkish/jj-tl Government/nn-tl Tourist/nn-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, next/in to/in Pan/jj-tl American's/np$ office/nn on/in the/at left/nr as/cs you/ppss enter/vb the/at driveway/nn that/wps leads/vbz to/in the/at Hilton/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl ./. From/in there/rb I/ppss turned/vbd left/nr along/in Cumhuriyet/np Cadesi/np past/in more/ap hotels/nns and/cc a/at park/nn on/in the/at left/nr ,/, Republic/nn-tl Gardens/nns-tl ,/, and/cc came/vbd in/in a/at few/ap moments/nns to/in Taksim/np-tl Square/nn-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at hubs/nns of/in the/at city/nn ,/, with/in the/at Monument/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Republic/nn-tl ,/, erected/vbn in/in 1928/cd ,/, in/in its/pp$ center/nn ./. Directly/rb across/rp from/in the/at Gardens/nns-tl I/ppss found/vbd a/at bus/nn stop/nn sign/nn for/in T/nn 4/cd and/cc rode/vbd it/ppo down/rp to/in the/at Bosphorus/np ,/, with/in the/at sports/nns center/nn on/in my/pp$ left/nr just/rb before/cs I/ppss reached/vbd the/at water/nn and/cc the/at entrance/nn to/in Dolmabahce/np-tl Palace/nn-tl immediately/ql after/in that/dt ./. There/rb the/at bus/nn turned/vbd right/nr along/in the/at Bosphorus/np ,/, past/in ocean/nn liners/nns at/in anchor/nn ,/, to/in Galata/np-tl Bridge/nn-tl over/in the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ,/, a/at brown/jj sweep/nn of/in water/nn that/wps empties/vbz into/in the/at Bosphorus/np ./. Across/in the/at bridge/nn on/in the/at left/nr I/ppss saw/vbd St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl with/in its/pp$ sturdy/jj brown/jj minarets/nns and/cc to/in the/at right/nr of/in them/ppo the/at slenderer/jjr spires/nns of/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ./. On/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at Golden/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl I/ppss rode/vbd through/in Eminonu/np-tl Square/nn-tl ,/, with/in Yeni/np Cami/np ,/, or/cc the/at New/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt dates/vbz from/in the/at Seventeenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, just/rb across/rp from/in the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at bridge/nn ./. Passing/vbg it/ppo ,/, the/at bus/nn climbed/vbd a/at hill/nn ,/, with/in the/at covered/vbn spice/nn bazaar/nn on/in the/at right/nr and/cc Pandelli's/np$ ,/, a/at famous/jj and/cc excellent/jj restaurant/nn ,/, above/in it/ppo ./. At/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at hill/nn the/at buildings/nns on/in the/at left/nr gave/vbd way/nn to/in a/at park/nn ./. I/ppss got/vbd off/rp there/rb ,/, crossed/vbd the/at street/nn ,/, walked/vbd ahead/rb with/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl on/in my/pp$ left/nr ,/, the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl on/in my/pp$ right/nr ,/, and/cc in/in a/at moment/nn came/vbd to/in the/at entrance/nn of/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl ./. Erected/vbn on/in the/at site/nn of/in pagan/nn temples/nns and/cc three/cd previous/jj St./nn-tl Sophias/nps-tl ,/, the/at first/od of/in which/wdt was/bedz begun/vbn by/in Constantine/np ,/, this/dt fourth/od church/nn was/bedz started/vbn by/in Justinian/np in/in 532/cd and/cc completed/vbn twenty/cd years/nns later/rbr ./. On/in his/pp$ first/od trip/nn to/in the/at finished/vbn structure/nn he/pps boasted/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd built/vbn a/at temple/nn grander/jjr than/cs Solomon's/np$ in/in Jerusalem/np ./. A/at few/ap years/nns later/rbr the/at dome/nn fell/vbd in/rp ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, it/pps remained/vbd one/cd of/in the/at most/ql splendid/jj churches/nns of/in the/at Eastern/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at Byzantine/jj Emperors/nns-tl were/bed crowned/vbn ./. After/cs the/at Turks/nps conquered/vbd the/at city/nn in/in 1453/cd they/ppss converted/vbd it/ppo to/in a/at mosque/nn ,/, adding/vbg the/at stubby/jj minarets/nns ./. In/in the/at second/od half/abn of/in the/at Sixteenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, Sinan/np ,/, the/at great/jj architect/nn who/wps is/bez the/at Michelangelo/np of/in the/at East/nr-tl ,/, designed/vbd the/at massive/jj buttresses/nns that/wps now/rb help/vb support/vb the/at dome/nn ./. With/in the/at birth/nn of/in the/at Turkish/jj-tl Republic/nn-tl after/in the/at First/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ,/, St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl became/vbd a/at museum/nn ,/, and/cc the/at ancient/jj mosaics/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed plastered/vbn over/rp by/in the/at Moslems/nps ,/, whose/wp$ religion/nn forbids/vbz pictures/nns in/in holy/jj places/nns ,/, have/hv been/ben restored/vbn ./. Inside/rb over/in the/at first/od door/nn I/ppss saw/vbd one/cd of/in these/dts ,/, which/wdt shows/vbz Constantine/np offering/vbg the/at city/nn to/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl Mary/np and/cc Justinian/np offering/vbg the/at temple/nn ./. On/in the/at columns/nns around/in the/at immense/jj dome/nn are/ber round/jj plaques/nns with/in Arabic/jj writing/nn ./. The/at eight/cd green/jj columns/nns ,/, I/ppss learned/vbd ,/, came/vbd from/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Artemis/np-tl at/in Ephesus/np ,/, the/at others/nns ,/, red/jj ,/, from/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Sun/nn-tl at/in Heliopolis/np ./. Beneath/in the/at dome/nn I/ppss saw/vbd the/at spot/nn where/wrb the/at Byzantine/jj Emperors/nns-tl were/bed crowned/vbn ,/, a/at bit/nn of/in floor/nn protected/vbn now/rb by/in a/at wooden/jj fence/nn ./. Behind/in this/dt is/bez a/at minber/fw-nn or/cc Moslem/jj pulpit/nn and/cc near/in it/ppo a/at raised/vbn platform/nn with/in golden/jj grillwork/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at emperors/nns and/cc ,/, after/in them/ppo ,/, the/at sultans/nns ,/, sat/vbd ./. Directly/ql opposite/in is/bez the/at emperor's/nn$ door/nn ,/, through/in which/wdt they/ppss entered/vbd the/at building/nn ./. Outside/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl I/ppss walked/vbd through/in the/at flower/nn garden/nn in/in front/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, with/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ahead/rb on/in my/pp$ left/nr ./. Across/in the/at street/nn on/in my/pp$ right/nr I/ppss saw/vbd the/at Hippodrome/np ,/, now/rb a/at park/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz laid/vbn out/rp in/in 196/cd for/in chariot/nn races/nns and/cc other/ap public/jj games/nns ./. Statues/nns and/cc other/ap monuments/nns that/wps stood/vbd there/rb were/bed stolen/vbn ,/, mostly/rb by/in the/at waves/nns of/in Crusaders/nns-tl ./. At/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at Hippodrome/np I/ppss saw/vbd the/at Kaiser's/np$-tl Fountain/nn-tl ,/, an/at ugly/jj octagonal/jj building/nn with/in a/at glass/nn dome/nn ,/, built/vbn in/in 1895/cd by/in the/at German/np-tl Emperor/nn-tl ,/, and/cc on/in my/pp$ left/nr ,/, directly/ql across/in from/in it/ppo ,/, the/at tomb/nn of/in Sultan/nn-tl Ahmet/np ,/, who/wps constructed/vbd the/at Blue/jj-tl Mosque/nn-tl ,/, more/ql properly/rb known/vbn by/in his/pp$ name/nn ./. Just/rb before/cs coming/vbg to/in the/at mosque/nn entrance/nn I/ppss crossed/vbd the/at street/nn ,/, entered/vbd the/at Hippodrome/np ,/, and/cc walked/vbd ahead/rb to/in the/at Obelisk/nn-tl of/in-tl Theodosius/np-tl ,/, originally/rb erected/vbn in/in Heliopolis/np in/in Egypt/np about/rb 1,600/cd B.C./np by/in Thutmose/np ,/, who/wps also/rb built/vbd those/dts now/rb in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, London/np and/cc Rome/np at/in the/at Lateran/np ./. This/dt one/cd was/bedz set/vbn up/rp here/rb in/in 390/cd A.D./rb on/in a/at pedestal/nn ,/, the/at faces/nns of/in which/wdt are/ber carved/vbn with/in statues/nns of/in the/at emperor/nn and/cc his/pp$ family/nn watching/vbg games/nns in/in the/at Hippodrome/np ,/, done/vbn so/ql realistically/rb that/cs the/at obelisk/nn itself/ppl is/bez included/vbn in/in them/ppo ./. Beyond/in it/ppo I/ppss noted/vbd a/at small/jj green/jj column/nn ,/, about/rb twelve/cd feet/nns below/in the/at present/jj ground/nn level/nn --/-- the/at Serpentine/jj-tl Column/nn-tl ,/, three/cd entwined/vbn serpents/nns ,/, which/wdt once/rb stood/vbd at/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Apollo/np-tl at/in Delphi/np ,/, Greece/np ./. Near/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at Hippodrome/np I/ppss came/vbd upon/in the/at Built/vbn-tl Column/nn-tl ,/, a/at truncated/vbn obelisk/nn of/in blocks/nns ,/, all/abn that/wps remains/vbz of/in a/at monument/nn that/wps once/rb rivalled/vbd the/at Colossus/nn-tl of/in-tl Rhodes/np-tl ./. Magnificent/jj-hl Mosque/nn-tl-hl Retracing/vbg my/pp$ steps/nns to/in the/at Mosque/nn-tl of/in-tl Sultan/nn-tl Ahmet/np-tl ,/, only/rb one/cd with/in six/cd minarets/nns ,/, I/ppss entered/vbd the/at courtyard/nn ,/, with/in a/at gallery/nn supported/vbn by/in pointed/jj arches/nns running/vbg around/in it/ppo and/cc a/at fountain/nn in/in the/at middle/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql beautiful/jj buildings/nns in/in Istanbul/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz constructed/vbn in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at Seventeenth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, with/in a/at huge/jj central/jj dome/nn ,/, two/cd half/abn domes/nns that/wps seem/vb to/to cascade/vb down/rp from/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc smaller/jjr full/jj domes/nns around/in the/at gallery/nn ./. The/at round/jj minarets/nns ,/, tall/jj and/cc graceful/jj ,/, rise/vb from/in rectangular/jj bases/nns and/cc have/hv three/cd platforms/nns from/in which/wdt the/at muezzin/nn can/md chant/vb his/pp$ call/nn to/in prayer/nn ./. Inside/rb ,/, the/at walls/nns are/ber covered/vbn with/in blue/jj and/cc white/jj tile/nn ,/, the/at floor/nn with/in red/jj and/cc cream/jj carpets/nns ./. Back/rb at/in the/at Kaiser's/np$-tl Fountain/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss walked/vbd left/nr to/in the/at streetcar/nn stop/nn and/cc rode/vbd up/in the/at hill/nn --/-- any/dti car/nn will/md do/do --/-- past/in the/at Column/nn-tl of/in-tl Constantine/np-tl ,/, also/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Burnt/vbn-tl Column/nn-tl ,/, at/in the/at top/nn on/in my/pp$ right/nr ./. It/pps stands/vbz in/in the/at middle/nn of/in what/wdt was/bedz once/cs the/at Forum/nn-tl of/in-tl Constantine/np-tl ,/, who/wps brought/vbd it/ppo from/in Rome/np ./. I/ppss stayed/vbd on/in the/at car/nn for/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns until/cs ,/, turning/vbg right/nr ,/, it/pps entered/vbd a/at huge/jj square/nn ,/, Bayezit/np ,/, with/in the/at Bayezit/np-tl Mosque/nn-tl on/in the/at right/nr and/cc the/at gate/nn to/in the/at university/nn just/ql beyond/in it/ppo ./. There/rb I/ppss got/vbd off/rp ,/, crossed/vbd the/at square/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at side/nn directly/ql opposite/in the/at gate/nn found/vbd a/at good/jj restaurant/nn ,/, hard/jj to/to come/vb by/rb in/in this/dt part/nn of/in the/at city/nn ./. Called/vbn the/at Marmara/np-tl Gazinosu/np ,/, it/pps is/bez on/in the/at third/od floor/nn ,/, with/in signs/nns pointing/vbg the/at way/nn there/rb ,/, and/cc has/hvz a/at terrace/nn overlooking/vbg the/at Sea/nn-tl of/in-tl Marmara/np-tl ./. After/in lunch/nn ,/, in/in the/at arcade/nn on/in my/pp$ left/nr just/rb before/cs reaching/vbg the/at street/nn I/ppss found/vbd a/at pastry/nn shop/nn that/wps sells/vbz some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt baklava/fw-nn --/-- a/at sweet/jj ,/, flaky/jj cake/nn --/-- in/in Istanbul/np ./. It's/pps+bez a/at great/jj favorite/nn of/in the/at university/nn students/nns ,/, and/cc I/ppss joined/vbd them/ppo there/rb for/in dessert/nn ./. Taking/vbg the/at streetcar/nn back/rb to/in Kaiser's/np$-tl Fountain/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss walked/vbd ahead/rb ,/, then/rb left/nr down/in the/at street/nn opposite/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl and/cc just/ql beyond/in the/at corner/nn came/vbd to/in a/at small/jj ,/, one-story/jj building/nn with/in a/at red-tile/nn roof/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at Sunken/jj-tl Palace/nn-tl ./. Actually/rb an/at underground/jj cistern/nn ,/, its/pp$ roof/nn supported/vbn by/in rows/nns and/cc rows/nns of/in pillars/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz built/vbn by/in Justinian/np in/in the/at Sixth/od-tl Century/nn-tl to/to supply/vb the/at palace/nn with/in water/nn ./. There/ex is/bez still/rb water/nn in/in it/ppo ./. I/ppss found/vbd it/ppo fairly/ql depressing/jj and/cc emerged/vbd almost/ql immediately/rb ./. Outside/rb I/ppss walked/vbd past/in the/at entrance/nn to/in St./nn-tl Sophia/np-tl ,/, turned/vbd left/nr at/in the/at end/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc continued/vbd toward/in a/at gate/nn in/in the/at wall/nn ahead/rb ./. Just/rb before/cs reaching/vbg it/ppo I/ppss came/vbd to/in a/at grey/jj and/cc brown/jj stone/nn building/nn that/wps looks/vbz somewhat/rb like/cs an/at Oriental/jj-tl pagoda/nn ,/, with/in Arabic/jj lettering/nn in/in gold/nn and/cc colored/vbn tile/nn decorations/nns --/-- the/at Fountain/nn-tl of/in-tl Sultan/nn-tl Ahmet/np-tl ./. Going/vbg through/in the/at Imperial/jj-tl Gate/nn-tl in/in the/at wall/nn ,/, I/ppss entered/vbd the/at grounds/nns of/in Topkapi/np-tl Palace/nn-tl ,/, home/nn of/in the/at Sultans/nns-tl and/cc nerve/nn center/nn of/in the/at vast/jj Ottoman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl ,/, and/cc walked/vbd along/in a/at road/nn toward/in another/dt gate/nn in/in the/at distance/nn ,/, past/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl St./nn-tl Irene/np-tl ,/, completed/vbn by/in Constantine/np in/in 330/cd A.D./rb on/in my/pp$ left/nr ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, just/ql outside/in the/at second/od gate/nn ,/, I/ppss saw/vbd a/at spring/nn with/in a/at tap/nn in/in the/at wall/nn on/in my/pp$ right/nr --/-- the/at Executioner's/nn$-tl Spring/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps washed/vbd his/pp$ hands/nns and/cc his/pp$ sword/nn after/cs beheading/vbg his/pp$ victims/nns ./. Passing/vbg through/in the/at gate/nn ,/, with/in towers/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn once/rb used/vbn as/cs prisons/nns ,/, I/ppss entered/vbd a/at huge/jj square/nn surrounded/vbn by/in buildings/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at wall/nn to/in my/pp$ right/nr found/vbd a/at general/jj plan/nn of/in the/at grounds/nns ,/, with/in explanations/nns in/in English/np for/in each/dt building/nn ./. There/ex are/ber a/at good/jj many/ap of/in them/ppo ./. At/in one/cd time/nn about/rb 10,000/cd people/nns lived/vbd there/rb ./. Following/vbg arrowed/jj signs/nns ,/, I/ppss veered/vbd right/ql toward/in the/at former/ap kitchens/nns ,/, complete/jj with/in chimneys/nns ,/, which/wdt now/rb house/vb one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ greatest/jjt collections/nns of/in Chinese/jj porcelain/nn and/cc a/at fabulous/jj array/nn of/in silver/nn dinner/nn services/nns ./. Next/in to/in it/ppo is/bez a/at copper/nn section/nn ,/, with/in cooking/vbg utensils/nns and/cc a/at figure/nn of/in the/at chief/jjs cook/nn in/in an/at elaborate/jj ,/, floor-length/nn robe/nn ./. In/in the/at court/nn once/rb more/rbr ,/, I/ppss went/vbd right/ql toward/in the/at Reception/nn-tl House/nn-tl ,/, a/at long/jj one-story/jj building/nn with/in a/at deep/jj portico/nn ./. Going/vbg through/in a/at door/nn into/in another/dt small/jj court/nn ,/, I/ppss had/hvd the/at Throne/nn-tl Room/nn-tl directly/ql in/in front/nn ./. I/ppss walked/vbd to/in the/at right/nr around/in it/ppo to/in buildings/nns containing/vbg illuminated/vbn manuscripts/nns and/cc came/vbd to/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt houses/vbz such/jj things/nns as/cs coffee/nn cups/nns covered/vbn with/in diamonds/nns ,/, jewelled/jj swords/nns ,/, rifles/nns glittering/vbg with/in diamonds/nns and/cc huge/jj divan-like/jj thrones/nns as/ql large/jj as/cs small/jj beds/nns ,/, on/in which/wdt the/at sultans/nns sat/vbd cross-legged/jj ./. They/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in gold/nn and/cc covered/vbn with/in emeralds/nns ,/, pearls/nns and/cc other/ap jewels/nns ./. Taking/vbg the/at path/nn behind/in the/at Throne/nn-tl Room/nn-tl to/in the/at building/nn directly/ql beyond/in it/ppo ,/, the/at Portrait/nn-tl Gallery/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss went/vbd right/ql at/in the/at end/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, through/in a/at garden/nn to/in a/at small/jj building/nn at/in the/at back/nn --/-- a/at sitting/vbg room/nn furnished/vbn with/in low/jj blue/jj divans/nns ,/, its/pp$ floor/nn covered/vbn with/in carpets/nns ,/, its/pp$ ceiling/nn painted/vbn with/in gold/jj squares/nns and/cc floral/jj designs/nns ./.

ce14

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(/( Do/do start/vb fires/nns one/cd or/cc two/cd hours/nns ahead/rb of/in time/nn to/to obtain/vb a/at lasting/vbg bed/nn of/in glowing/vbg coals/nns ./. Keep/vb ashes/nns from/in one/cd barbecue/nn to/in the/at next/ap to/to sprinkle/vb over/in coals/nns if/cs they/ppss are/ber too/ql hot/jj ,/, and/cc to/to stop/vb flames/nns that/wps arise/vb from/in melting/vbg grease/nn ./. Do/do line/vb barbecue/nn fire/nn bowl/nn with/in heavy/jj foil/nn to/to reflect/vb heat/nn ./. Don't/do* forget/vb to/to buy/vb a/at plastic/nn pastry/nn brush/nn for/in basting/vbg with/in sauces/nns ./. Clean/vb it/ppo meticulously/rb in/in boiling/vbg water/nn and/cc detergent/nn ,/, rinse/vb thoroughly/rb ./. Do/do build/vb a/at wall/nn of/in glowing/vbg coals/nns six/cd to/in eight/cd inches/nns in/in front/nn of/in meat/nn that/wps is/bez barbecued/vbn on/in an/at electric/jj spit/nn ./. Make/vb use/nn of/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at barbecue/nn or/cc of/in the/at hood/nn for/in heating/vbg vegetables/nns ,/, sauces/nns and/cc such/jj ./. Don't/do* fail/vb to/to shorten/vb cooking/vbg time/nn by/in the/at use/nn of/in aluminum/nn foil/nn cut/vbn slightly/ql larger/jjr than/cs the/at surface/nn of/in steaks/nns and/cc chops/nns ./. Sear/vb on/in both/abx sides/nns then/rb cover/vb meat/nn loosely/rb with/in heat/nn reflecting/vbg foil/nn for/in juiciest/jjt results/nns ./. Do/do avoid/vb puncturing/vbg or/cc cutting/vbg into/in meats/nns to/to test/vb them/ppo ./. If/cs doubtful/jj about/in a/at steak/nn ,/, boldly/rb cut/vb it/ppo in/in half/abn ./. If/cs necessary/jj to/to replace/vb both/abx halves/nns on/in grill/nn ,/, sear/vb cuts/nns and/cc allot/vb extra/jj time/nn ./. For/in roasts/nns ,/, insert/vb meat/nn thermometer/nn diagonally/rb so/cs it/pps does/doz not/* rest/vb on/in bone/nn ./. Also/rb make/vb sure/jj thermometer/nn does/doz not/* touch/vb the/at revolving/vbg spit/nn or/cc hit/vb the/at coals/nns ./. Don't/do* practice/vb a/at new/jj recipe/nn on/in guests/nns ./. Have/hv a/at test-run/nn on/in the/at family/nn first/rb ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj timing/vbg and/cc seasoning/nn are/ber right/jj ./. Do/do buy/vb meat/nn the/at day/nn or/cc the/at day/nn before/cs you/ppss intend/vb to/to cook/vb it/ppo ./. Keep/vb it/ppo no/at longer/jjr than/in 36/cd hours/nns before/cs cooking/vbg ,/, and/cc keep/vb it/ppo in/in the/at coldest/jjt (/( but/cc non-freezing/jj )/) compartment/nn of/in the/at refrigerator/nn ./. Don't/do* plan/vb meals/nns that/wps are/ber too/ql complicated/vbn ./. Limit/vb yourself/ppl to/in good/jj meat/nn and/cc drink/nn ,/, with/in bread/nn ,/, salad/nn ,/, corn/nn or/cc potatoes/nns as/cs accessories/nns ./. Keep/vb the/at desserts/nns simple/jj ;/. ;/. fruit/nn does/doz nicely/rb ./. Do/do whatever/wdt kitchen/nn work/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs fixing/vbg a/at salad/nn ,/, preparing/vbg garlic/nn bread/nn ,/, or/cc making/vbg a/at marinade/nn sauce/nn ,/, ahead/rb of/in time/nn ./. When/wrb you/ppss start/vb the/at outdoor/jj performance/nn ,/, you/ppss can/md stay/vb outdoors/rb without/in a/at dozen/nn running/vbg trips/nns into/in the/at kitchen/nn ./. (/( This/dt goes/vbz for/in getting/vbg a/at drink/nn tray/nn ready/jj ,/, and/cc for/in having/hvg a/at big/jj cooler/nn full/jj of/in ice/nn on/in hand/nn long/rb before/cs the/at party/nn begins/vbz ./. )/) Don't/do* think/vb you/ppss have/hv to/to start/vb with/in the/at most/ql expensive/jj equipment/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. The/at simplest/jjt grill/nn (/( pan/nn type/nn )/) or/cc inexpensive/jj hibachi/nn can/md make/vb you/ppo a/at chef/nn ./. You/ppss need/vb tongs/nns to/to handle/vb meat/nn ;/. ;/. long/jj forks/nns for/in turning/vbg potatoes/nns and/cc corn/nn ;/. ;/. heavy/jj foil/nn on/in hand/nn at/in all/abn times/nns ./. And/cc lots/nns of/in hot/jj pads/nns !/. !/. Do/do keep/vb the/at grill/nn high/jj enough/qlp above/in the/at fire/nn so/cs that/cs when/wrb fat/nn from/in meat/nn drips/vbz down/rp and/cc flares/vbz up/rp ,/, flames/nns cannot/md* reach/vb the/at meat/nn ./. Don't/do* forget/vb to/to have/hv a/at supply/nn of/in Melamine/np plates/nns ,/, bowls/nns ,/, cups/nns ,/, saucers/nns ,/, and/cc platters/nns for/in outdoor/jj use/nn ./. Made/vbn of/in the/at world's/nn$ toughest/jjt unbreakable/jj plastic/nn ,/, Melamine/np dinnerware/nn comes/vbz in/in almost/rb 400/cd different/jj patterns/nns and/cc dozens/nns of/in colors/nns ./. There/ex is/bez even/rb one/cd set/nn that/wps has/hvz ``/`` barbecue/nn ''/'' written/vbn on/in it/ppo ./. Do/do without/in fancy/jj tablecloths/nns ./. It's/pps+bez cheaper/jjr to/to buy/vb Wall-Tex/np and/cc cover/vb your/pp$ outdoor/jj table/nn ./. Or/cc buy/vb half/abn a/at dozen/nn lengths/nns of/in oilcloth/nn and/cc change/vb patterns/nns for/in different/jj kinds/nns of/in barbecues/nns ./. Oilcloth/nn only/rb costs/vbz about/rb 79-cents/nns a/at yard/nn for/in the/at very/ql best/jjt ./. Tougher/jjr than/cs plastic/nn ,/, it/pps wears/vbz well/rb ./. Don't/do* forget/vb --/-- when/wrb you/ppss take/vb to/in the/at hills/nns or/cc the/at beach/nn --/-- that/cs your/pp$ cooler/nn ,/, which/wdt you/ppss might/md have/hv used/vbn for/in wine-/nn or/cc beer-cooling/nn on/in your/pp$ terrace/nn or/cc back/jj yard/nn ,/, is/bez indispensable/jj for/in carrying/vbg liquid/nn refreshments/nns ./. There/ex are/ber many/ap varieties/nns of/in coolers/nns and/cc they/ppss serve/vb many/ap purposes/nns ./. With/in them/ppo ,/, you/ppss can/md carry/vb steaks/nns and/cc hamburgers/nns at/in refrigerator/nn temperatures/nns ,/, and/cc also/rb get/vb your/pp$ frozen/vbn food/nn for/in stews/nns and/cc chowders/nns ,/, to/in the/at marina/nn or/cc picnic/nn ,/, in/in A-1/jj-tl condition/nn ./. Do/do use/vb paper/nn napkins/nns ;/. ;/. lots/nns of/in them/ppo ./. Except/in when/wrb you/ppss prepare/vb ``/`` do/do it/ppo yourself/ppl ''/'' shish/nn kebob/nn or/cc a/at lobster/nn roast/nn ./. Then/rb you'll/ppss+md want/vb terry/nn cloth/nn towels/nns for/in mopping/vbg up/rp ./. Don't/do* think/vb barbecue/nn cooking/nn is/bez just/rb sometimes/rb ,/, or/cc seasonal/jj ./. It's/pps+bez year-round/jj ,/, and/cc everywhere/rb ./. In/in the/at winter/nn ,/, hibachi/vb in/in the/at kitchen/nn or/cc grill/vb over/in the/at logs/nns of/in the/at fireplace/nn ./. Even/rb use/vb your/pp$ portable/jj electric/jj or/cc gas/nn grill/nn in/in the/at winter/nn ,/, inside/rb ./. Summertime/nn supper/nn ,/, outside/rb ,/, is/bez a/at natural/jj ./. You'll/ppss+md find/vb ,/, once/cs your/pp$ technique/nn is/bez perfected/vbn ,/, that/cs you/ppss can/md cook/vb on/in a/at boat/nn with/in a/at simple/jj Bernz-O-Matic/np ./. Do/do buy/vb all-purpose/jj mugs/nns or/cc cups/nns ./. Get/vb copper/nn or/cc earthenware/nn mugs/nns that/wps keep/vb beer/nn chilled/vbn or/cc soup/nn hot/jj ./. Be/be sure/jj to/to get/vb a/at few/ap more/ap than/cs you/ppss need/vb ./. You/ppss will/md discover/vb you/ppss keep/vb the/at sauce/nn for/in basting/vbg meat/nn in/in one/cd ,/, use/vb six/cd for/in drinks/nns ,/, serve/vb soup/nn or/cc coffee/nn in/in another/dt half-dozen/nn --/-- and/cc need/vb one/cd more/ap to/to mix/vb the/at salad/nn dressing/nn ./. Don't/do* forget/vb the/at joys/nns of/in a/at meal/nn on/in the/at road/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss travel/vb over/in the/at vast/jj U.S.A./np you/ppss will/md ,/, no/at doubt/nn ,/, discover/vb that/cs feeding/vbg is/bez an/at expensive/jj business/nn ./. Decide/vb in/in the/at beginning/nn to/to put/vb your/pp$ barbecue/nn equipment/nn to/in work/nn ./. You/ppss can/md take/vb it/ppo with/in you/ppo ./. A/at picnic/nn bag/nn ,/, a/at grill/nn ,/, a/at cooler/nn for/in soft/jj drinks/nns and/cc beer/nn ,/, and/cc for/in frozen/vbn convenience/nn foods/nns ./. Eat/vb in/in a/at restaurant/nn or/cc motel/nn mornings/nns and/cc evenings/nns ;/. ;/. or/cc just/rb evenings/nns ./. Turn/vb off/rp at/in any/dti one/cd of/in the/at marked/vbn picnic/nn areas/nns (/( gasoline/nn companies/nns have/hv touring/vbg service/nn bureaus/nns that/wps issue/vb booklets/nns on/in national/jj parks/nns to/to tell/vb you/ppo where/wrb you/ppss have/hv barbecue/nn facilities/nns )/) and/cc --/-- with/in soft/jj drinks/nns cooled/vbn from/in morning/nn loading/nn up/rp ,/, hamburger/nn ,/, buns/nns ,/, an/at array/nn of/in relishes/nns ,/, and/cc fresh/jj fruit/nn --/-- your/pp$ lunch/nn is/bez 75%/nn cheaper/jjr than/cs at/in a/at restaurant/nn ,/, and/cc 100%/nn more/ap fun/nn ./. You/ppss need/vb a/at little/jj stove/nn ,/, a/at coffee/nn pot/nn and/cc a/at stew/nn pot/nn ;/. ;/. maybe/rb a/at skillet/nn ,/, a/at basket/nn of/in essentials/nns like/cs salt/nn ,/, pepper/nn ,/, plates/nns ,/, forks/nns ,/, knives/nns and/cc a/at can/nn opener/nn ./. As/cs you/ppss pull/vb out/rp of/in your/pp$ motel/nn or/cc national/jj park/nn home-for-the-night/nn ,/, visit/vb a/at market/nn and/cc buy/vb just/rb what/wdt you/ppss need/vb for/in the/at next/ap meal/nn ./. For/in 25-cents/nns load/vb up/rp the/at cooler/nn with/in ice/nn and/cc keep/vb cool/jj pop/nn in/in the/at car/nn ./. Simple/jj-hl meat/nn-hl dishes/nns-hl spice/nn is/bez a/at fact/nn of/in life/nn in/in the/at U.S.A./np ./. You/ppss only/rb have/hv to/to think/vb of/in franks/nns and/cc sausages/nns to/to know/vb what/wdt I/ppss mean/vb ./. Go/vb a/at step/nn further/rbr and/cc list/vb all/abn the/at wonderful/jj barbecue/nn basics/nns --/-- cervelat/nn ,/, salami/nn ,/, Vienna/np sausages/nns ,/, mettwurst/fw-nn ,/, bratwurst/fw-nn ,/, bockwurst/fw-nn ,/, knackwurst/nn ,/, Bologna/nn ,/, pepperoni/nn ,/, blutwurst/fw-nn --/-- and/cc you/ppss have/hv a/at long/jj list/nn of/in easy/jj specialties/nns ./. Threaded/vbn on/in a/at skewer/nn with/in new/jj boiled/vbn potatoes/nns ,/, a/at bit/nn of/in green/jj pepper/nn ,/, a/at fresh/jj white/jj mushroom/nn --/-- any/dti one/cd of/in these/dts spiced/vbn meats/nns makes/vbz a/at man/nn a/at cook/nn ,/, and/cc a/at meal/nn a/at feast/nn ./. Sure/rb ,/, for/in the/at most/ap of/in us/ppo ,/, a/at frankfurter/nn is/bez the/at favorite/jj ./. A/at story/nn goes/vbz that/cs a/at certain/jj Herr/np Feuchtwanger/np of/in St./np Louis/np ,/, around/rb 1883/cd served/vbd his/pp$ sausages/nns (/( grilled/vbn )/) and/cc mustard/nn to/in his/pp$ fancy/jj customers/nns ./. So/cs that/cs his/pp$ customers/nns should/md not/* soil/vb their/pp$ hands/nns ,/, Feuchtwanger/np issued/vbd white/jj gloves/nns ./. Discovery/nn that/cs the/at gloves/nns frequently/rb left/vbd with/in the/at customers/nns made/vbd the/at wise/jj peddler/nn of/in spiced/vbn sausage-meat/nn come/vb upon/in a/at compromise/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at bakery/nn make/vb buns/nns sized/vbn to/to fit/vb his/pp$ franks/nns ./. Years/nns later/rbr ,/, franks-in-buns/nns were/bed accepted/vbn as/cs the/at ``/`` first/od to/to go/vb ''/'' at/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Polo/nn-tl Grounds/nns-tl ./. The/at nation's/nn$ number/nn one/cd picnic/nn treat/nn is/bez the/at skinless/jj frankfurter/nn --/-- toasted/vbn over/in a/at bonfire/nn on/in the/at beach/nn or/cc ,/, more/ql sedately/rb ,/, charcoal/nn broiled/vbn on/in a/at portable/jj grill/nn ./. Either/dtx way/nn it's/pps+bez hard/jj to/to beat/vb in/in flavor/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs ease/nn of/in preparation/nn ./. To/to make/vb the/at picnic/nn frank/nn come/vb close/rb to/in perfection/nn ,/, remember/vb these/dts tips/nns :/: --/-- Score/vb each/dt frankfurter/nn in/in four/cd or/cc five/cd places/nns about/rb a/at third/od of/in the/at way/nn through/rp ./. This/dt permits/vbz the/at juices/nns to/to permeate/vb the/at meat/nn during/in cooking/vbg ./. --/-- Relishes/nns are/ber as/ql vital/jj to/in the/at success/nn of/in the/at frank/nn as/cs are/ber buns/nns ./. Bring/vb along/rb the/at conventional/jj ones/nns --/-- catsup/nn ,/, pickle/nn relish/nn ,/, mustard/nn ,/, mayonnaise/nn --/-- plus/cc a/at few/ap extras/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs tangy/jj barbecue/nn sauce/nn ,/, chive/nn cream/nn cheese/nn ,/, or/cc horse-radish/nn for/in the/at brave/jj ones/nns in/in the/at crowd/nn ./. --/-- Using/vbg a/at portable/jj grill/nn permits/vbz you/ppo to/to toast/vb the/at buns/nns ,/, too/rb ./. Watch/vb closely/rb while/cs browning/vbg them/ppo ,/, as/cs it/pps doesn't/doz* take/vb long/rb ./. --/-- An/at unusual/jj flavor/nn can/md be/be achieved/vbn by/in marinating/vbg the/at franks/nns in/in French/jj dressing/nn or/cc a/at mixture/nn of/in honey/nn ,/, lemon/nn juice/nn and/cc brown/jj sugar/nn prior/rb to/in the/at picnic/nn ./. Broil/vb or/cc toast/vb as/cs usual/rb ./. Contrary/jj to/in popular/jj opinion/nn ,/, ``/`` a/fw-in la/fw-at mode/fw-nn ''/'' doesn't/doz* mean/vb ``/`` with/in ice/nn cream/nn ''/'' --/-- it/pps just/rb means/vbz ,/, in/in the/at latest/jjt style/nn ./. Here/rb are/ber a/at couple/nn of/in the/at latest/jjt ,/, highly/ql styled/vbn ways/nns to/to fix/vb skinless/jj franks/nns in/in your/pp$ own/jj back/jj yard/nn !/. !/. You'll/ppss+md have/hv the/at neighbor's/nn$ eyes/nns popping/vbg as/ql well/rb as/cs their/pp$ mouths/nns watering/vbg !/. !/. Jiffy/jj-hl barbecues/nns-hl 1/cd cup/nn chili/nn sauce/vb 1/3/cd cup/nn water/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn barbecue/nn sauce/nn 2/cd teaspoons/nns prepared/vbn mustard/nn 1/2/cd pound/nn chipped/vbn ,/, spiced/vbn ham/nn 6/cd sandwich/nn buns/nns ,/, heated/vbn ./. Combine/vb first/od 4/cd ingredients/nns in/in saucepan/nn ;/. ;/. heat/vb thoroughly/rb ./. Add/vb ham/nn ;/. ;/. heat/vb ./. Serve/vb on/in buns/nns ./. Makes/vbz 6/cd barbecues/nns ./. Hot/jj-hl hibachi/nn-hl franks/nns-hl You'll/ppss+md never/rb hear/vb ``/`` sayonara/fw-uh-nc ''/'' ,/, the/at Japanese/jj word/nn for/in goodbye/nn ,/, from/in your/pp$ guests/nns when/wrb you/ppss give/vb a/at hibachi/nn party/nn ./. The/at fun/nn of/in toasting/vbg their/pp$ own/jj sausages/nns over/in the/at small/jj Oriental/jj-tl charcoal/nn burners/nns and/cc dipping/vbg them/ppo in/in tasty/jj sauces/nns will/md keep/vb your/pp$ group/nn busy/jj --/-- try/vb it/ppo and/cc see/vb !/. !/. Canned/vbn-hl cocktail/nn-hl frankfurters/nns-hl sweet-sour/jj-hl sauce/nn-hl 1/cd large/jj onion/nn ,/, chopped/vbn fine/jj 2/cd tablespoons/nns salad/nn oil/nn 1/cd 8-oz./nn can/nn crushed/vbn pineapple/nn and/cc 1/2/cd cup/nn of/in the/at juice/nn 1/4/cd cup/nn brown/jj sugar/nn 2/cd tablespoons/nns vinegar/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn prepared/vbn mustard/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn Worcestershire/np sauce/nn pineapple/nn-hl chunks/nns-hl ./.-hl Mustard/nn-hl cream/nn-hl 2/cd tablespoons/nns dry/jj mustard/nn Water/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn heavy/jj cream/nn ,/, whipped/vbn Salt/nn Paprika/nn ./. Spear/vb canned/vbn cocktail/nn franks/nns with/in picks/nns ./. Also/rb spear/vb pineapple/nn chunks/nns and/cc place/vb in/in separate/jj bowl/nn ./. Make/vb sauces/nns ahead/rb ./. Sweet-sour/jj sauce/nn can/md be/be kept/vbn warm/jj over/in a/at second/od hibachi/nn or/cc chafing/vbg dish/nn while/cs charcoal/nn in/in broiler/nn is/bez reaching/vbg glowing/vbg coal/nn stage/nn ./. Mustard/nn cream/nn ,/, used/vbn as/cs alternate/jj dip/nn for/in franks/nns and/cc pineapple/nn tidbits/nns ,/, tastes/vbz best/jjt when/wrb served/vbn at/in room/nn temperature/nn ./. For/in sweet-sour/jj sauce/nn ,/, cook/vb onion/nn in/in oil/nn until/cs soft/jj ./. Add/vb remaining/vbg ingredients/nns and/cc bring/vb to/in a/at boil/nn ./. Simmer/vb about/rb 10/cd minutes/nns ,/, and/cc keep/vb warm/jj for/in serving/vbg ./. To/to prepare/vb mustard/nn cream/nn ,/, blend/vb mustard/nn with/in enough/ap water/nn to/to make/vb a/at thin/jj paste/nn ./. Fold/vb into/in whipped/vbn cream/nn and/cc add/vb a/at dash/nn of/in salt/nn and/cc sprinkling/nn of/in paprika/nn ./. Trim-your-own-franks/nns-hl A/at back-yard/nn picnic/nn with/in grilled/vbn frankfurters/nns and/cc a/at selection/nn of/in frankfurter/nn trimmings/nns is/bez a/at fine/jj way/nn to/to entertain/vb guests/nns this/dt summer/nn ./. Be/be sure/jj to/to have/hv plenty/nn of/in frankfurters/nns and/cc buns/nns on/in hand/nn ./. Some/dti tasty/jj frank/nn toppings/nns are/ber chili/fw-nn con/fw-in carne/fw-nn ,/, Coney/np-tl Island/nn-tl sauce/nn and/cc savory/jj sauerkraut/nn ./. Serve/vb the/at chili/nn and/cc kraut/nn hot/jj with/in the/at franks/nns ./. Here/rb are/ber suggestions/nns for/in the/at frankfurter/nn trimmings/nns :/: 1/cd ./. Chili/fw-nn con/fw-in carne/fw-nn :/: use/vb canned/vbn chili/fw-nn con/fw-in carne/fw-nn ./. 2/cd ./. Coney/np-tl Island/nn-tl sauce/nn :/: finely/rb chop/vb several/ap onions/nns and/cc add/vb enough/ap catsup/nn to/to moisten/vb well/rb ;/. ;/. add/vb prepared/vbn mustard/nn to/to suit/vb taste/nn ./. 3/cd ./. Savory/jj sauerkraut/nn :/: add/vb several/ap tablespoons/nns of/in brown/jj sugar/nn to/in a/at can/nn of/in sauerkraut/nn ./. Add/vb a/at few/ap caraway/nn seeds/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, if/cs you'd/ppss+md like/vb ./. Barbecued/vbn-hl frankfurters/nns-hl 1/2/cd cup/nn minced/vbn celery/nn 1/4/cd cup/nn minced/vbn onion/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn tomato/nn ketchup/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn water/nn 1/4/cd cup/nn vinegar/nn 2/cd tablespoons/nns brown/jj sugar/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn Worcestershire/np sauce/nn 1/cd tablespoon/nn prepared/vbn mustard/nn 1/2/cd teaspoon/nn salt/nn 8/cd frankfurters/nns ./. Combine/vb first/od 9/cd ingredients/nns in/in skillet/nn ./. Simmer/vb 15/cd minutes/nns ./. Prick/vb frankfurters/nns with/in fork/nn ;/. ;/. place/vb in/in sauce/nn ./. Cover/vb ;/. ;/. simmer/vb 15/cd minutes/nns ,/, stirring/vbg occasionally/rb ,/, until/cs sauce/nn is/bez of/in desired/vbn consistency/nn ./. Serve/vb in/in frankfurter/nn buns/nns or/cc as/cs a/at meat/nn dish/nn ./. Makes/vbz 8/cd sandwiches/nns or/cc 4/cd servings/nns ./. Pretend/jj-hl ham/nn-hl Make/vb criss-cross/jj gashes/nns on/in one/cd side/nn of/in skinless/jj frankfurters/nns ./. Stick/vb 4/cd or/cc 5/cd cloves/nns in/in each/dt frank/nn ,/, ham/nn fashion/nn ./. Make/vb a/at paste/nn of/in brown/jj sugar/nn and/cc mustard/nn and/cc spread/vb lightly/rb over/in scored/vbn surface/nn ./. If/cs desired/vbn ,/, sprinkle/vb with/in 1/cd teaspoon/nn drained/vbn crushed/vbn pineapple/nn ./. Place/vb on/in rectangle/nn of/in foil/nn and/cc pinch/vb edges/nns together/rb tightly/rb ./. Roast/vb on/in grill/nn over/in coals/nns 15-20/cd minutes/nns ./. Frankfurter/nn-hl twists/nns-hl Blend/vb 2/cd cups/nns biscuit/nn mix/nn with/in 2/3/cd cup/nn milk/nn to/to make/vb a/at soft/jj dough/nn ./. Knead/vb on/in lightly/rb floured/vbn board/nn and/cc roll/vb out/rp to/to form/vb a/at Af-inch/nn rectangle/nn ./. Spread/vb dough/nn with/in a/at mixture/nn of/in 3/cd tablespoons/nns chili/nn sauce/nn ,/, 1/cd teaspoon/nn horse-radish/nn and/cc 2/cd teaspoons/nns mustard/nn ./. Cut/vb dough/nn carefully/rb into/in 12/cd strips/nns ,/, about/rb 3/4/cd inch/nn by/in a/at foot/nn long/jj ./. Twist/vb one/cd strip/nn diagonally/rb around/in each/dt skinless/jj frankfurter/nn ,/, pinching/vbg dough/nn at/in ends/nns to/to seal/vb it/ppo ./. Brush/vb frankfurter/nn twists/nns with/in about/rb 1/2/cd cup/nn melted/vbn butter/nn and/cc toast/vb slowly/rb over/in glowing/vbg coals/nns until/cs dough/nn is/bez golden/jj brown/nn ./. Serves/vbz 12/cd ./. Hamburger/nn-hl patties/nns-hl with/in-hl nuts/nns-hl 1/cd pound/nn ground/vbn beef/nn 2/cd teaspoons/nns grated/vbn onion/nn Dash/nn of/in pepper/nn 1/2/cd teaspoon/nn salt/nn 1/2/cd cup/nn chopped/vbn walnuts/nns 1/4/cd cup/nn ice/nn cold/jj bourbon/nn ./. Combine/vb ingredients/nns ;/. ;/. form/vb into/in patties/nns and/cc barbecue/vb 5/cd minutes/nns on/in each/dt side/nn ./.

ce15

ce15 |@word note:1 direction:5 write:1 previous:1 experience:1 make:13 pottery:2 instruction:3 prepare:1 clay:65 drying:3 glazing:1 firing:6 give:2 equipment:2 basic:1 studio:1 wooden:11 butter:4 mold:40 cookie:1 press:17 material:1 ceramic:4 modeling:1 red:2 white:5 buff:2 stoneware:3 tile:3 glaze:15 one:12 stroke:2 color:7 stain:3 cone:8 indicate:2 individual:3 general:2 use:20 well:1 wedge:1 free:2 air:3 bubble:2 pliable:1 enough:4 bend:3 without:2 crack:2 clean:2 thoroughly:2 must:1 oil:1 wax:2 dust:1 pressing:1 design:14 size:1 determine:1 amount:1 need:1 roll:8 thickness:8 whenever:1 possible:1 pattern:17 cut:17 cavity:8 paper:6 place:20 hold:4 knife:3 vertical:3 position:4 piece:25 require:2 project:5 allowance:1 defect:3 experiment:1 decoration:1 technique:1 loosely:1 carve:1 side:26 obtain:2 clear:2 impression:3 gently:5 firmly:4 start:1 center:4 work:6 outer:2 edge:17 trim:5 excess:4 away:2 check:2 build:1 thin:1 area:2 moisten:1 surface:5 little:2 water:2 add:6 small:4 sure:1 additional:1 lock:1 allow:5 stand:1 five:1 minute:1 good:1 antique:4 leave:5 long:5 dampness:1 may:4 cause:5 release:3 hand:1 cupped:1 around:6 lift:2 far:1 continue:1 completely:1 slight:2 tapping:1 underside:1 help:2 much:1 agitation:1 become:2 soft:1 interfere:1 removal:1 plaster:8 wall:3 board:8 bat:2 reverse:1 action:1 prevent:3 twist:1 warping:3 fire:8 table:1 carefully:1 study:1 desire:2 correction:1 slightly:4 shape:1 square:1 straight:3 guide:2 stick:1 ruler:1 opposite:6 smooth:5 round:2 damp:1 finger:2 background:1 wish:1 create:2 wood:3 grain:1 effect:2 time:3 dull:1 tool:1 handle:7 fine:1 paintbrush:1 groove:1 rather:1 texture:1 could:1 pocket:1 pinhole:1 crater:1 dry:7 slowly:3 cover:1 lightly:1 loose:2 plastic:1 cloth:1 rectangular:2 page:6 right:4 top:12 back:3 score:13 roughen:1 proper:3 gripping:1 bisque:6 two:6 coat:5 creek:5 turn:6 bottom:8 decorate:1 unfired:2 raise:1 detail:1 shade:1 yellow:1 green:4 blue:1 brown:4 pink:2 05:5 plaque:1 jacquelyn:1 polish:1 follow:1 manufacturer:1 opaque:1 cantaloupe:1 transparent:2 paperweight:2 thick:2 angle:2 form:4 undercut:1 base:10 still:2 three:7 equally:1 spaced:1 hole:4 deep:4 pencil:2 eraser:2 personalize:1 leather:3 hard:3 unglazed:1 jar:10 lid:18 left:1 remove:4 head:6 bowl:7 fill:2 section:1 see:4 fig:2 1:1 measurement:2 measure:6 inside:7 circumference:1 depth:1 circular:1 b:4 diameter:2 aj:4 c:4 fit:5 inner:2 e:2 assemble:6 put:3 disk:6 line:1 bevel:2 end:9 overlap:3 even:2 slip:7 join:10 together:7 reinforce:5 coil:4 lip:1 set:4 aside:3 instruct:1 plain:1 quite:1 point:1 vent:1 big:1 allowing:1 room:2 08:2 jars:1 brush:3 toner:3 ware:1 sponge:3 matt:2 large:2 turquoise:1 touch:1 blossom:1 06:2 folk:1 modern:1 af:2 salt:3 pepper:3 four:3 short:1 rim:1 beveled:3 miter:1 corner:1 construct:2 shaker:3 box:1 scored:1 seam:12 first:2 last:1 upside:1 recess:1 stopper:2 cork:1 forming:1 p:1 sugar:4 creamer:4 strip:4 wide:2 splice:1 joint:1 cylinder:4 3:1 dowel:2 outside:2 container:2 spout:1 dampen:1 push:1 outward:1 omit:1 notch:1 spoon:1 vase:2 candle:1 melted:1 wick:1 napkin:1 holder:3 firm:1 state:1 cardboard:1 2:1 71:1 shrink:1 would:1 breakage:1 let:1 several:2 day:1 greenware:1 bottle:1 finish:2 change:3 yarn:5 another:3 whether:1 wrong:2 pick:2 new:1 strand:4 underneath:1 drop:1 photograph:1 show:1 light:1 dark:1 purl:1 spread:1 article:1 flat:2 width:1 length:1 armhole:3 mark:3 row:5 stitch:4 bind:1 draw:2 contrast:2 colored:1 thread:4 marked:1 illustration:2 insert:1 marker:4 read:1 sl:1 needle:5 safety:1 pin:2 clip:1 commercial:1 ring:1 always:1 tie:1 backstitch:5 sew:3 especially:1 curve:1 slanted:1 keep:1 match:1 matching:2 tapestry:2 run:1 along:1 secure:1 close:1 tight:1 sleeve:3 underarm:1 cap:1 shoulder:1 ease:1 extra:1 fullness:1 evenly:1 weaving:1 weave:2 sock:1 invisibly:1

Note/vb-hl :/:-hl Directions/nns are/ber written/vbn for/in those/dts who/wps have/hv had/hvn previous/jj experience/nn in/in making/vbg pottery/nn ./. Instructions/nns for/in preparing/vbg clay/nn ,/, drying/vbg ,/, glazing/vbg and/cc firing/vbg are/ber not/* given/vbn ./. Equipment/nn-hl :/:-hl Basic/jj pottery/nn studio/nn equipment/nn ./. Wooden/jj butter/nn molds/nns and/cc cookie/nn presses/nns ./. Materials/nns-hl :/:-hl Ceramic/jj modeling/vbg clay/nn :/: red/jj ,/, white/jj or/cc buff/jj ./. Stoneware/nn clay/nn for/in tiles/nns ./. Glazes/nns ,/, one-stroke/nn ceramic/jj colors/nns ,/, stains/nns ,/, cones/nns as/cs indicated/vbn in/in the/at individual/jj instructions/nns ./. General/jj-hl directions/nns-hl :/:-hl Use/vb well-wedged/jj clay/nn ,/, free/jj of/in air/nn bubbles/nns and/cc pliable/jj enough/qlp to/to bend/vb without/in cracking/vbg ./. Clean/jj wooden/jj molds/nns and/cc presses/vbz thoroughly/rb ;/. ;/. they/ppss must/md be/be free/jj of/in oil/nn ,/, wax/nn and/cc dust/nn ./. Pressing/vbg-hl designs/nns-hl :/:-hl The/at size/nn of/in wooden/jj mold/nn will/md determine/vb the/at amount/nn of/in clay/nn needed/vbn ./. Roll/vb clay/nn to/in thickness/nn indicated/vbn in/in individual/jj instructions/nns ./. Whenever/wrb possible/jj ,/, use/vb the/at wooden/jj mold/nn as/cs a/at pattern/nn for/in cutting/vbg clay/nn ./. When/wrb mold/nn has/hvz more/ap than/in one/cd design/nn cavity/nn ,/, make/vb individual/jj paper/nn patterns/nns ./. Place/vb mold/nn or/cc paper/nn pattern/nn on/in rolled/vbn clay/nn and/cc cut/vb clay/nn by/in holding/vbg knife/nn in/in vertical/jj position/nn (/( cut/vb more/ap pieces/nns than/cs required/vbn for/in project/nn to/to make/vb allowance/nn for/in defects/nns ;/. ;/. experiment/vb with/in defects/nns for/in decoration/nn techniques/nns of/in glazes/nns and/cc colors/nns )/) ./. Place/vb the/at cut/vbn clay/nn piece/nn loosely/rb over/in the/at carved/vbn cavity/nn design/nn side/nn of/in wooden/jj mold/nn ./. To/to obtain/vb clear/jj impression/nn of/in mold/nn ,/, press/vb clay/nn gently/rb but/cc firmly/rb into/in mold/nn cavity/nn ,/, starting/vbg at/in center/nn and/cc working/vbg to/in outer/jj edges/nns ./. Trim/vb excess/jj clay/nn away/rb from/in outer/jj edges/nns ./. Check/vb thickness/nn of/in clay/nn and/cc build/vb up/rp thin/jj areas/nns by/in moistening/vbg surface/nn with/in a/at little/ap water/nn and/cc adding/vbg small/jj pieces/nns of/in clay/nn ./. Be/be sure/jj to/to press/vb the/at additional/jj clay/nn firmly/rb into/in place/nn without/in locking/vbg in/rp air/nn bubbles/nns ./. Allow/vb project/nn to/to stand/vb for/in about/rb five/cd minutes/nns (/( if/cs wooden/jj press/nn mold/nn is/bez a/at good/jj antique/nn ,/, do/do not/* leave/vb clay/nn in/in too/ql long/rb as/cs the/at dampness/nn may/md cause/vb mold/nn to/to crack/vb )/) ./. To/to release/vb clay/nn from/in mold/nn ,/, place/vb hands/nns in/in a/at cupped/vbn position/nn around/in project/nn ;/. ;/. gently/rb lift/vb the/at edge/nn on/in far/jj side/nn ,/, then/rb continue/vb to/to release/vb edge/nn completely/rb around/in mold/nn ./. Slight/jj tapping/nn on/in the/at underside/nn of/in mold/nn will/md help/vb release/vb the/at clay/nn ,/, but/cc too/ql much/ap agitation/nn will/md cause/vb the/at clay/nn to/to become/vb soft/jj and/cc will/md interfere/vb with/in removal/nn of/in clay/nn from/in mold/nn ./. Place/vb a/at piece/nn of/in plaster/nn wall/nn board/nn or/cc plaster/nn bat/nn on/in clay/nn and/cc reverse/vb bat/nn ,/, clay/nn and/cc mold/nn in/in one/cd action/nn ./. This/dt will/md prevent/vb the/at clay/nn from/in twisting/vbg or/cc bending/vbg ,/, causing/vbg warping/vbg when/wrb fired/vbn ./. Place/vb project/nn on/in table/nn and/cc carefully/rb lift/vb the/at mold/nn off/rp ./. Study/vb surface/nn of/in clay/nn for/in defects/nns or/cc desired/vbn corrections/nns ./. If/cs clay/nn is/bez slightly/ql out/in of/in shape/nn ,/, square/vb straight/jj sides/nns with/in guide/nn sticks/nns or/cc rulers/nns pressed/vbn against/in opposite/jj sides/nns ,/, or/cc smooth/vb round/jj pieces/nns with/in damp/jj fingers/nns ./. If/cs the/at background/nn of/in design/nn is/bez too/ql smooth/jj ,/, or/cc you/ppss wish/vb to/to create/vb a/at wood-grained/jj effect/nn ,/, it/pps may/md be/be added/vbn at/in this/dt time/nn with/in a/at dull/jj tool/nn such/jj as/cs the/at handle/nn of/in a/at fine/jj paintbrush/nn ./. Make/vb slight/jj ,/, smooth/jj grooves/nns rather/in than/in cuts/nns for/in the/at texture/nn (/( cuts/nns could/md cause/vb air/nn pockets/nns under/in the/at glaze/nn creating/vbg pinholes/nns or/cc craters/nns in/in the/at glaze/nn during/in firing/vbg )/) ./. Leave/vb the/at clay/nn on/in plaster/nn board/nn to/to dry/vb slowly/rb ,/, covered/vbn lightly/rb with/in a/at loose/jj piece/nn of/in plastic/nn or/cc cloth/nn to/to prevent/vb warping/vbg ./. Rectangular/jj-hl tiles/nns-hl (/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, right/jj top/nn )/) :/: Stoneware/nn clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn ./. Clay/nn was/bedz rolled/vbn to/in 1/4''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./. Back/nn of/in clay/nn scored/vbn or/cc roughened/vbn for/in proper/jj gripping/vbg surface/nn ./. No/at bisque/nn firing/vbg ./. Glazed/vbn with/in two/cd coats/nns of/in Creek-Turn/np white/jj stoneware/nn glaze/nn (/( no/at glaze/nn on/in sides/nns or/cc bottom/nn )/) ./. Decorated/vbn on/in unfired/jj glaze/nn with/in one/cd coat/nn of/in one-stroke/nn ceramic/jj colors/nns ;/. ;/. raised/vbn details/nns of/in designs/nns were/bed colored/vbn in/in shades/nns of/in yellow-green/jj ,/, blue-green/jj ,/, brown/jj and/cc pink/jj ./. Tiles/nns were/bed fired/vbn once/rb to/in cone/nn 05/cd ./. Round/jj-hl plaque/nn-hl (/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, bottom/nn )/) :/: White/jj clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn ,/, rolled/vbn to/in 1/4''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./. Bisque/nn fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 05/cd ./. Stained/vbn with/in Jacquelyn's/np$ ceramic/jj unfired/jj stain/nn ,/, polished/vbn ,/, following/vbg manufacturer's/nn$ directions/nns ./. Opaque/jj cantaloupe/nn and/cc transparent/jj wood/nn brown/nn were/bed used/vbn ./. No/at further/ap firing/vbg ./. Paperweight/nn-hl (/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, top/nn left/nr )/) :/: Red/jj clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn ,/, rolled/vbn 1/2''/nn ''/'' thick/nn ./. Mold/nn was/bedz used/vbn as/cs pattern/nn and/cc clay/nn cut/vbn by/in holding/vbg knife/nn at/in about/rb 45-degree/jj angle/nn ,/, to/to form/vb an/at undercut/nn ,/, making/vbg base/nn smaller/jjr than/cs the/at pattern/nn top/nn ./. While/cs clay/nn is/bez still/rb pressed/vbn in/in mold/nn ,/, press/vb three/cd equally/rb spaced/vbn holes/nns 1/4''/nn ''/'' deep/jj ,/, using/vbg pencil/nn eraser/nn ,/, in/in bottom/nn of/in clay/nn to/to allow/vb for/in proper/jj drying/nn and/cc firing/vbg ./. Paperweight/nn may/md be/be personalized/vbn on/in back/nn while/cs clay/nn is/bez leather/nn hard/jj ./. Bisque/nn fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 05/cd ./. Unglazed/jj ./. Jars/nns-hl with/in-hl lids/nns-hl (/( opposite/in page/nn ,/, top/nn left/nr )/) :/: Remove/vb wooden/jj design/nn head/nn from/in bowl/nn of/in butter/nn mold/nn ./. Fill/vb small/jj hole/nn in/in bowl/nn with/in clay/nn ./. Make/vb paper/nn patterns/nns for/in sections/nns of/in jar/nn and/cc lid/nn (/( see/vb Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, opposite/in page/nn )/) ./. Measurements/nns for/in rectangular/jj pattern/nn piece/nn A/nn are/ber obtained/vbn by/in measuring/vbg inside/jj circumference/nn and/cc depth/nn of/in butter/nn mold/nn bowl/nn ./. Pattern/nn for/in circular/jj base/nn piece/nn B/nn is/bez diameter/nn of/in Aj/nn ./. Use/vb wooden/jj design/nn head/nn of/in mold/nn for/in pattern/nn C/nn ;/. ;/. pattern/nn D/nn for/in lid/nn fits/vbz over/in top/nn diameter/nn of/in Aj/nn ./. Pattern/nn for/in inner/jj lid/nn piece/nn E/nn fits/vbz inside/in Aj/nn ./. Jars/nns are/ber assembled/vbn in/in bowl/nn of/in butter/nn mold/nn ./. Use/vb white/jj or/cc buff/jj clay/nn ,/, rolled/vbn to/in 3/16''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./. Place/vb patterns/nns on/in rolled/vbn clay/nn and/cc cut/vb around/in them/ppo with/in knife/nn in/in vertical/jj position/nn ./. Place/vb clay/nn pieces/nns on/in wall/nn board/nn ./. To/to assemble/vb jar/nn ,/, put/vb paper/nn pattern/nn B/nn for/in base/nn in/in bottom/nn of/in mold/nn and/cc clay/nn disk/nn B/nn on/in top/nn ./. Line/vb sides/nns of/in mold/nn with/in paper/nn pattern/nn Aj/nn ./. Bevel/vb and/cc score/vb ends/nns of/in clay/nn piece/nn A/nn so/cs that/cs they/ppss overlap/vb about/rb 1/2''/nn ''/'' and/cc make/vb even/jj thickness/nn ./. Place/vb clay/nn piece/nn A/nn inside/rb ;/. ;/. use/vb slip/nn to/to join/vb overlapped/vbn ends/nns together/rb ./. Join/vb B/nn to/in bottom/nn of/in A/nn ,/, scoring/vbg and/cc reinforcing/vbg with/in clay/nn coil/nn ./. Trim/vb excess/jj clay/nn from/in around/in lip/nn of/in mold/nn and/cc set/vb aside/rb while/cs assembling/vbg lid/nn ./. To/to assemble/vb lid/nn ,/, press/vb clay/nn piece/nn C/nn in/in cavity/nn of/in wooden/jj design/nn head/nn ./. Press/vb clay/nn into/in mold/nn as/cs instructed/vbn in/in General/nn-tl Directions/nns-tl ./. Score/vb plain/jj side/nn of/in C/nn and/cc leave/vb in/in mold/nn ./. Score/vb one/cd side/nn of/in disk/nn D/nn ,/, join/vb to/in C/nn ;/. ;/. score/vb other/ap side/nn of/in D/nn and/cc one/cd side/nn of/in disk/nn E/nn and/cc join/vb as/cs before/rb ./. While/cs assembled/vbn lid/nn is/bez still/rb on/in design/nn head/nn ,/, gently/rb but/cc firmly/rb press/vb it/ppo on/in plaster/nn board/nn ./. If/cs design/nn head/nn has/hvz a/at deep/jj cavity/nn ,/, clay/nn lid/nn will/md be/be quite/ql thick/jj at/in this/dt point/nn ;/. ;/. press/vb eraser/nn of/in pencil/nn gently/rb 1/4''/nn ''/'' deep/jj into/in deep/jj clay/nn to/to allow/vb vent/nn for/in proper/jj drying/nn and/cc firing/vbg ./. Check/vb fit/nn of/in lid/nn on/in jar/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs inner/jj lid/nn is/bez too/ql big/jj ,/, trim/vb to/to fit/vb ,/, allowing/vbg room/nn for/in thickness/nn of/in glaze/nn ./. Remove/vb lid/nn from/in head/nn of/in mold/nn ./. Remove/vb jar/nn from/in mold/nn ./. Place/vb jar/nn on/in plaster/nn board/nn with/in lid/nn in/in place/nn to/to dry/vb slowly/rb ./. Bisque/nn fire/nn to/in cone/nn 08/cd with/in lid/nn on/in jar/nn ./. For/in an/at antique/nn effect/nn on/in jars/nns ,/, brush/vb Creek-Turn/np brown/jj toner/nn on/in bisque/nn ware/nn and/cc sponge/vb it/ppo off/rp ./. Glaze/vb with/in two/cd coats/nns of/in clear/jj or/cc transparent/jj matt/nn glaze/nn ./. The/at large/jj jar/nn was/bedz brushed/vbn with/in Creek-Turn/np green/jj toner/nn and/cc sponged/vbn off/rp ./. Glaze/vb with/in two/cd coats/nns of/in matt/nn glazes/nns in/in turquoise/jj with/in touches/nns of/in blossom/nn pink/jj on/in lid/nn ./. When/wrb dry/jj they/ppss were/bed fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 06-05/cd ./. Little/jj-hl folks/nns-hl set/nn-hl :/:-hl (/( Made/vbn from/in modern/jj wooden/jj molds/nns Af/nn ./. )/) Roll/vb white/jj clay/nn to/in 3/16''/nn ''/'' thickness/nn ./. Salt/nn-hl and/cc-hl pepper/nn-hl :/:-hl Use/vb mold/nn to/to cut/vb four/cd side/nn pieces/nns ./. For/in top/nn and/cc bottom/nn pieces/nns ,/, use/vb short/jj end/nn of/in mold/nn as/cs measurement/nn guide/nn ./. Press/vb the/at side/nn pieces/nns of/in clay/nn into/in cavity/nn of/in mold/nn ./. Trim/vb excess/jj clay/nn from/in rim/nn of/in mold/nn ./. Cut/vb beveled/vbn edge/nn on/in the/at long/jj sides/nns of/in clay/nn at/in a/at 45-degree/jj angle/nn to/to miter/vb corners/nns ./. Score/vb beveled/vbn edges/nns and/cc remove/vb pieces/nns from/in mold/nn ;/. ;/. place/vb design-side/nn up/rp on/in plaster/nn board/nn ./. Make/vb all/abn four/cd sides/nns ./. Cut/vb clay/nn top/nn and/cc base/nn pieces/nns ;/. ;/. place/vb on/in plaster/nn board/nn ./. Allow/vb all/abn pieces/nns to/to become/vb leather/nn hard/jj before/cs constructing/vbg shaker/nn ./. To/to-hl assemble/vb-hl :/:-hl Construct/vb sides/nns ,/, bottom/nn and/cc top/nn as/cs for/in box/nn ,/, using/vbg slip/nn on/in scored/vbn edges/nns and/cc coils/nns of/in clay/nn to/to reinforce/vb seams/nns ./. Join/vb the/at four/cd sides/nns together/rb first/rb ,/, then/rb add/vb the/at base/nn ;/. ;/. add/vb top/nn last/rb ./. Use/vb water/nn on/in finger/nn to/to smooth/vb seams/nns and/cc edges/nns ./. Turn/vb shaker/nn upside/rb down/rp ./. Recess/vb base/nn slightly/rb to/to allow/vb room/nn for/in stopper/nn ./. Cut/vb hole/nn in/in base/nn for/in cork/nn stopper/nn ./. Add/vb holes/nns in/in top/nn ,/, forming/vbg ``/`` S/nn ''/'' for/in salt/nn and/cc ``/`` P/nn ''/'' for/in pepper/nn ./. Set/vb aside/rb to/to dry/vb thoroughly/rb ./. Sugar/nn-hl and/cc-hl creamer/nn-hl :/:-hl Cut/vb a/at strip/nn of/in clay/nn for/in sides/nns long/jj enough/qlp and/cc wide/jj enough/qlp for/in three/cd impressions/nns of/in mold/nn design/nn ./. Press/vb clay/nn into/in cavity/nn of/in one/cd mold/nn three/cd times/nns ;/. ;/. bevel/vb overlapping/vbg ends/nns for/in splice/nn joint/nn ,/, score/vb beveled/vbn edges/nns ./. Form/vb clay/nn strip/nn into/in a/at cylinder/nn ;/. ;/. use/vb slip/nn to/to join/vb scored/vbn ends/nns ./. Place/vb cylinder/nn on/in a/at disk/nn of/in clay/nn slightly/ql larger/jjr than/cs cylinder/nn ./. Score/vb bottom/nn edge/nn of/in cylinder/nn and/cc join/vb to/in disk/nn with/in slip/nn ./. Trim/vb away/rb excess/jj clay/nn ;/. ;/. reinforce/vb seam/nn with/in a/at coil/nn of/in clay/nn ./. This/dt will/md form/vb the/at sugar/nn bowl/nn ./. Make/vb creamer/nn the/at same/ap ./. Handle/nn for/in creamer/nn is/bez a/at strip/nn of/in clay/nn 1/2''/nn ''/'' wide/jj and/cc 3-1/2''/nns ''/'' long/jj ./. To/to add/vb handle/nn ,/, place/vb a/at wooden/jj dowel/nn against/in the/at inside/jj wall/nn of/in creamer/nn ./. Score/vb outside/nn of/in container/nn where/wrb handle/nn ends/nns will/md be/be joined/vbn ./. Bend/vb handle/nn ;/. ;/. press/vb scored/vbn handle/nn ends/nns firmly/rb in/in place/nn using/vbg dowel/nn to/to reinforce/vb container/nn while/cs pressing/vbg ;/. ;/. use/vb slip/nn to/to join/vb ./. To/to form/vb spout/nn ,/, between/in two/cd designs/nns ,/, dampen/vb area/nn slightly/rb and/cc gently/rb push/vb clay/nn outward/rb ./. Make/vb lid/nn for/in sugar/nn bowl/nn the/at same/ap as/cs jar/nn lids/nns ,/, omitting/vbg design/nn disk/nn ./. Cut/vb a/at notch/nn in/in lid/nn for/in spoon/nn handle/nn if/cs desired/vbn ./. Set/vb aside/rb to/to dry/vb with/in lid/nn on/in sugar/nn bowl/nn ./. Vases/nns-hl :/:-hl Make/vb same/ap as/cs salt/nn and/cc pepper/nn shakers/nns ,/, leaving/vbg off/rp top/nn pieces/nns ./. Vases/nns may/md be/be made/vbn into/in candles/nns by/in filling/vbg with/in melted/vbn wax/nn and/cc a/at wick/nn ./. Napkin/nn-hl holder/nn-hl :/:-hl Cut/vb a/at piece/nn of/in clay/nn for/in base/nn and/cc two/cd for/in sides/nns each/dt about/rb Af/nn (/( long/jj enough/qlp for/in three/cd impressions/nns of/in mold/nn )/) ./. Press/vb the/at two/cd sides/nns into/in cavity/nn of/in one/cd mold/nn three/cd times/nns ./. Put/vb cut/vbn pieces/nns on/in plaster/nn board/nn to/to dry/vb to/in firm/jj leather-hard/jj state/nn ./. Score/vb side/nn edges/nns of/in base/nn ;/. ;/. join/vb sides/nns and/cc base/nn with/in slip/nn and/cc reinforce/vb with/in coil/nn ./. A/at cardboard/nn pattern/nn cut/vbn to/to fit/vb inside/in holder/nn will/md help/vb to/to prevent/vb warping/vbg ./. Place/vb pattern/nn inside/in holder/nn ;/. ;/. use/vb three/cd strips/nns of/in clay/nn to/to hold/vb in/in place/nn (/( see/vb Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, page/nn 71/cd )/) ./. Do/do not/* use/vb wood/nn as/cs it/pps will/md not/* shrink/vb with/in the/at clay/nn and/cc would/md cause/vb breakage/nn ./. Let/vb all/abn projects/nns dry/vb slowly/rb for/in several/ap days/nns ./. Clean/vb greenware/nn ./. Bisque/nn fire/nn to/in cone/nn 08/cd ./. Inside/nn of/in pieces/nns was/bedz glazed/vbn with/in three/cd coats/nns of/in Creek-Turn/np bottle/nn green/jj antique/nn glaze/nn ./. Outside/nn was/bedz finished/vbn with/in Creek-Turn/np brown/jj toner/nn brushed/vbn on/rp and/cc sponged/vbn off/rp to/to give/vb antique/nn finish/nn ./. Fired/vbn to/in cone/nn 06-05/cd ./. Changing/vbg-hl colors/nns-hl to/to-hl change/vb-hl from/in-hl one/cd-hl color/nn-hl yarn/nn-hl to/in-hl another/dt-hl :/:-hl When/wrb changing/vbg from/in one/cd color/nn to/in another/dt ,/, whether/cs working/vbg on/in right/jj or/cc wrong/jj side/nn ,/, pick/vb up/rp the/at new/jj strand/nn from/in underneath/in dropped/vbn strand/nn ./. Photograph/nn shows/vbz the/at wrong/jj side/nn of/in work/nn with/in light/jj strand/nn being/beg picked/vbn up/rp under/in dark/jj strand/nn in/in position/nn to/to be/be purled/vbn ./. To/to-hl measure/vb-hl work/nn-hl :/:-hl Spread/vb article/nn on/in flat/jj surface/nn to/in required/vbn width/nn before/cs measuring/vbg length/nn at/in center/nn ./. Measuring/vbg-hl armhole/nn-hl to/to-hl measure/vb-hl armhole/nn-hl :/:-hl Mark/vb row/nn on/in which/wdt first/od stitches/nns have/hv been/ben bound/vbn off/rp for/in armhole/nn by/in drawing/vbg a/at contrasting/vbg colored/vbn thread/nn through/in it/ppo ./. Place/vb work/nn on/in a/at flat/jj surface/nn and/cc smooth/vb out/rp ./. Measure/vb straight/rb up/rp from/in marked/vbn row/nn ./. See/vb illustration/nn ./. To/to-hl insert/vb-hl markers/nns-hl :/:-hl When/wrb directions/nns read/vb ``/`` sl/nn a/at marker/nn on/in needle/nn ''/'' ,/, put/vb a/at small/jj safety/nn pin/nn ,/, paper/nn clip/nn ,/, or/cc commercial/jj ring/nn marker/nn on/in needle/nn ./. In/in working/vbg ,/, always/rb slip/vb marker/nn from/in one/cd needle/nn to/in another/dt ./. To/to mark/vb a/at row/nn or/cc stitch/nn ,/, tie/vb contrasting/vbg thread/nn around/in end/nn of/in row/nn or/cc stitch/nn to/to be/be marked/vbn ./. Backstitching/vbg-hl seam/nn-hl to/to-hl sew/vb-hl seams/nns-hl with/in-hl backstitch/nn-hl :/:-hl Most/ap seams/nns are/ber sewn/vbn with/in backstitch/nn ,/, especially/rb on/in curved/vbn ,/, slanted/vbn or/cc loose/jj edges/nns ./. Pin/vb right/jj sides/nns of/in pieces/nns together/rb ,/, keeping/vbg edges/nns even/jj and/cc matching/vbg rows/nns or/cc patterns/nns ./. Thread/vb matching/vbg yarn/nn in/in tapestry/nn needle/nn ./. Run/vb end/nn of/in yarn/nn through/in several/ap stitches/nns along/in edge/nn to/to secure/vb ;/. ;/. backstitch/vb pieces/nns together/rb close/rb to/in edge/nn ./. Do/do not/* draw/vb yarn/nn too/ql tight/jj ./. See/vb illustration/nn ./. To/to-hl sew/vb-hl in/rp-hl sleeves/nns-hl :/: Place/vb sleeve/nn seam/nn at/in center/nn underarm/nn and/cc center/nn of/in sleeve/nn cap/nn at/in shoulder/nn seam/nn ./. Ease/vb in/rp any/dti extra/jj fullness/nn evenly/rb around/rb ./. Backstitch/vb seam/nn ./. Weaving/vbg-hl seam/nn-hl to/to-hl weave/vb-hl seams/nns-hl together/rb-hl :/:-hl Straight/jj vertical/jj edges/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs those/dts at/in the/at back/nn seam/nn of/in a/at sock/nn ,/, can/md be/be woven/vbn together/rb invisibly/rb ./. Thread/vb matching/vbg yarn/nn in/in tapestry/nn needle/nn ./. Hold/vb edges/nns together/rb ,/, right/jj side/nn up/rp ./.

ce16

ce16 |@word hotei:5 23:1 foot:6 long:4 8:1 beam:1 every:2 inch:20 family:1 boat:7 menfolk:1 ride:2 forward:4 cockpit:4 helmsman:1 clear:1 view:1 youngster:1 sleep:1 amuse:1 safely:1 large:2 cabin:5 headroom:1 bunk:7 three:8 galley:1 marine:4 toilet:1 gal:1 sun:1 roomy:1 aft:2 well:8 distribute:1 crowd:1 together:2 near:2 stern:1 passenger:2 weight:2 shift:1 level:4 speed:2 power:1 merc:2 800:3 motor:3 drive:1 25:1 mph:2 six:7 aboard:2 two:13 better:1 27:1 give:3 comfortable:1 even:2 chop:1 also:8 bank:1 turn:3 like:4 fine:1 runabout:1 dig:1 outside:2 throw:1 many:2 small:4 cruiser:1 wet:1 five:3 wave:1 stay:1 dry:2 lot:1 thought:1 go:2 storage:5 space:1 construction:3 compartment:1 chart:1 item:2 several:1 shelf:1 water:3 skiis:1 life:1 jacket:1 etc:2 af:2 bin:2 double:1 seat:4 side:14 battery:1 bumper:1 line:6 spare:1 prop:1 gallon:2 gas:2 tank:3 design:1 take:2 500:1 wish:2 room:1 cruise:1 needless:1 say:1 build:1 couple:1 week:1 building:2 time:4 slightly:1 400:1 hour:1 total:1 cost:4 hull:3 fiberglas:4 bottom:13 sink:3 head:3 hardware:1 comparable:1 manufacture:1 would:4 close:1 consider:1 earn:1 able:2 spend:1 worth:2 gator:2 trailer:2 model:1 565:1 use:18 transport:1 waterway:1 piece:18 equipment:1 little:2 600:1 save:1 mooring:1 haul:1 fee:1 year:1 frame:20 one:17 mahogany:4 dressed:1 state:1 buy:3 thickness:3 specify:1 drawing:2 therefore:1 lumber:1 plank:4 rip:2 size:2 battens:2 table:1 see:2 besides:1 flathead:1 bronze:2 screw:14 silicon:1 stronghold:3 nail:9 make:7 independent:1 pack:1 bridgewater:1 mass:1 extensively:1 assembly:1 weldwood:2 resorcinol:1 glue:18 joint:6 follow:2 thorough:1 study:1 start:1 lay:3 transom:13 floor:5 draw:1 outline:1 different:1 color:1 chalk:1 top:4 way:2 detect:1 obvious:1 mistake:1 first:7 lap:3 fasten:9 12:3 notch:3 keelson:10 chines:1 batten:15 half:4 plywood:7 secure:1 type:2 butt:5 gusset:1 chine:4 require:2 work:2 weaken:1 limber:1 hole:1 bore:1 bilge:2 could:1 flow:1 nowhere:1 come:2 contact:4 jig:8 erect:1 complete:1 important:2 step:2 misalignment:2 cause:1 progressively:1 bad:1 advance:1 sure:3 member:5 parallel:1 vertical:1 set:5 temporarily:2 brace:4 wide:5 width:5 since:2 throughout:1 reinforce:1 block:3 resin:7 saturate:3 cloth:9 laminated:1 stem:7 splice:1 next:3 instal:6 second:2 note:2 however:1 short:1 end:1 10:2 case:1 cut:5 proper:2 shape:1 laminate:1 four:4 center:1 spread:3 generous:1 amount:1 bend:2 place:8 inner:3 outer:1 number:1 c:1 clamp:3 hold:2 narrow:1 carefully:1 necessary:1 fairing:1 1:1 placement:1 rear:2 front:2 jump:1 rest:1 exception:2 run:2 careful:2 beveling:1 except:1 wood:3 strength:2 easy:1 fair:2 always:1 tedious:1 job:2 considerably:1 skill:1 planer:3 simple:1 aluminum:2 base:1 pair:1 grip:1 flush:1 act:1 stick:1 enable:1 plane:2 bevel:1 easily:2 want:1 rent:1 planking:6 ply:1 thick:1 royal:1 obtain:1 24:1 leave:2 waste:1 another:4 person:1 inside:5 help:3 fastening:2 good:2 procedure:1 friend:2 mark:3 trim:3 excess:2 homemaster:1 routo:1 porter:1 cable:1 bit:1 blade:1 high:1 rpm:1 chatter:1 saber:1 final:1 trimming:1 frames:1 may:1 pre:1 drill:1 remove:2 point:2 replace:1 apply:3 manner:1 get:1 layer:2 spray:3 rail:3 round:1 rough:2 sand:1 preparation:1 cover:1 sanded:1 area:1 keel:4 lie:2 whole:2 coat:5 harden:4 mix:2 batch:1 pigment:2 add:3 bright:1 red:1 thoroughly:1 hardener:1 cheap:1 brush:1 smooth:1 paint:4 roller:1 allow:1 disk:1 sander:1 feather:1 edge:2 strip:2 along:2 centerline:1 protect:1 beach:1 material:1 available:2 glass:4 plastic:1 supply:2 1605:1 elizabeth:1 ave:1 linden:1 literature:1 application:1 seven:1 position:1 bow:1 eye:1 working:1 height:1 scrap:1 flare:1 part:1 really:1 keep:1 sheer:1 form:1 real:1 strong:1 decking:2 quarter:1 flooring:2 exterior:1 fir:1 butts:1 deck:1 clean:1 firzite:1 floorboard:1 bulkhead:2 illustrate:1 windshield:1 shatterproof:1 plexiglas:1 indicate:1 handy:1 thing:1 removable:1 section:1 port:1 hinge:1 panel:1 drain:1 mount:1 pad:1 ensolite:1 aj:1 lightweight:1 non:1 absorbent:1 fire:1 resistant:1 dimensionally:1 stable:1 bond:1 cement:1 sheet:1 dollar:1 square:1

Hotei/np is/bez 23/cd feet/nns long/jj with/in an/at 8-1/2-foot/jj beam/nn and/cc every/at inch/nn a/at family/nn boat/nn ./. Menfolk/nns can/md ride/vb in/in the/at forward/jj cockpit/nn where/wrb the/at helmsman/nn has/hvz a/at clear/jj view/nn ./. Youngsters/nns can/md sleep/vb or/cc amuse/vb themselves/ppls safely/rb in/in the/at large/jj cabin/nn which/wdt has/hvz 5-foot/jj 11-inch/jj headroom/nn ,/, bunks/nns for/in three/cd ,/, galley/nn and/cc marine/jj toilet/nn ./. The/at gals/nns can/md sun/vb themselves/ppls in/in the/at roomy/jj aft/jj cockpit/nn ./. All/abn are/ber well/rb distributed/vbn ,/, not/* crowded/vbn together/rb near/in the/at stern/nn ./. And/cc with/in passenger/nn weight/nn shifted/vbn forward/rb ,/, Hotei/np levels/vbz off/rp for/in speed/nn under/in power/nn of/in a/at Merc/np-tl 800/cd-tl ./. The/at 80-hp/jj motor/nn drives/vbz her/ppo at/in 25/cd mph/nn with/in six/cd aboard/rb !/. !/. With/in only/rb two/cd aboard/rb ,/, Hotei/np does/doz better/jjr than/cs 27/cd mph/nn --/-- and/cc she/pps gives/vbz a/at comfortable/jj ride/nn at/in this/dt speed/nn even/rb in/in a/at three-foot/jj chop/nn ./. She/pps also/rb banks/vbz into/in a/at turn/nn like/cs a/at fine/jj runabout/nn --/-- not/* digging/vbg in/rp on/in the/at outside/nn to/to throw/vb passengers/nns all/ql over/in the/at boat/nn like/cs many/abn a/at small/jj cabin/nn cruiser/nn ./. Nor/cc is/bez she/pps a/at wet/jj boat/nn ./. We've/ppss+hv been/ben out/rp in/in five-foot/jj waves/nns and/cc stayed/vbn dry/jj ./. A/at lot/nn of/in thought/nn went/vbd into/in storage/nn space/nn construction/nn ./. There's/ex+bez a/at large/jj compartment/nn in/in the/at forward/jj cockpit/nn for/in charts/nns and/cc other/ap items/nns ./. The/at cabin/nn has/hvz several/ap shelves/nns for/in small/jj items/nns and/cc storage/nn under/in the/at bunks/nns for/in water/nn skiis/nns ,/, life/nn jackets/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. The/at aft/jj cockpit/nn has/hvz a/at Af/nn storage/nn bin/nn over/rp six/cd feet/nns long/jj that/wps doubles/vbz as/cs a/at seat/nn ./. On/in each/dt side/nn of/in the/at motor/nn well/nn there's/ex+bez storage/nn for/in battery/nn ,/, bumpers/nns ,/, line/nn and/cc spare/jj props/nns with/in six-gallon/jj gas/nn tanks/nns below/rb ./. The/at well/nn itself/ppl is/bez designed/vbn to/to take/vb two/cd Merc/np 800's/nps or/cc 500's/nps if/cs you/ppss wish/vb and/cc there's/ex+bez room/nn for/in a/at 25-gallon/jj long-cruise/nn gas/nn tank/nn below/in it/ppo ./. Needless/jj to/to say/vb ,/, you/ppss can't/md* build/vb Hotei/np in/in a/at couple/nn of/in weeks/nns ./. Our/pp$ building/vbg time/nn was/bedz slightly/ql over/in 400/cd hours/nns --/-- but/cc the/at total/nn cost/nn for/in the/at hull/nn with/in Fiberglas/nn-tl bottom/nn ,/, sink/nn ,/, head/nn and/cc hardware/nn was/bedz under/rb $800/nns ./. A/at comparable/jj manufactured/vbn boat/nn would/md cost/vb close/rb to/in $3,000/nns ./. Consider/vb what/wdt you/ppss have/hv to/to earn/vb to/to be/be able/jj to/to spend/vb the/at $3,000/nns and/cc your/pp$ building/vbg time/nn is/bez well/ql worth/jj it/ppo ./. A/at Gator/np trailer/nn ,/, Model/nn-tl 565/cd-tl ,/, is/bez used/vbn to/to transport/vb the/at boat/nn to/in the/at waterways/nns ./. This/dt piece/nn of/in equipment/nn costs/vbz a/at little/jj over/rp $600/nns but/cc it/pps will/md save/vb you/ppo that/dt in/in mooring/vbg and/cc hauling/vbg fees/nns in/in a/at few/ap years/nns ./. All/abn framing/nn in/in Hotei/np is/bez one-inch/jj mahogany/nn which/wdt ,/, in/in the/at dressed/vbn state/nn you/ppss buy/vb it/ppo ,/, is/bez about/rb the/at 13/16-inch/jj thickness/nn specified/vbn in/in the/at drawings/nns ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at lumber/nn is/bez bought/vbn in/in planks/nns and/cc ripped/vbn to/in size/nn for/in battens/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, on/in a/at table/nn saw/nn ./. Besides/rb flathead/nn bronze/nn screws/nns ,/, silicon/nn bronze/nn Stronghold/nn-tl nails/nns (/( made/vbn by/in Independent/jj-tl Nail/nn-tl &/cc-tl Packing/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Bridgewater/np ,/, Mass./np )/) are/ber used/vbn extensively/rb in/in assembly/nn and/cc Weldwood/np resorcinol/nn glue/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in all/abn the/at joints/nns ./. Construction/nn follows/vbz a/at thorough/jj study/nn of/in the/at drawings/nns ./. Start/vb by/in laying/vbg out/rp the/at six/cd frames/nns and/cc the/at transom/nn on/in a/at level/jj floor/nn ./. Draw/vb each/dt outline/nn in/in a/at different-color/jj chalk/nn ,/, one/cd on/in top/nn of/in the/at other/ap ./. In/in this/dt way/nn you/ppss will/md be/be able/jj to/to detect/vb any/dti obvious/jj mistakes/nns ./. The/at transom/nn frame/nn is/bez made/vbn first/rb with/in the/at joints/nns lapped/vbn ,/, glued/vbn and/cc fastened/vbn with/in one-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 12/cd-tl Stronghold/nn-tl nails/nns ./. After/cs notching/vbg it/ppo for/in the/at keelson/nn ,/, chines/nns and/cc battens/nns ,/, the/at half-inch/nn plywood/nn transom/nn is/bez secured/vbn to/in it/ppo with/in glue/nn and/cc the/at same/ap type/nn nails/nns ./. All/abn frames/nns are/ber butted/vbn at/in the/at joints/nns and/cc 3/8-inch/nn plywood/nn gussets/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc nailed/vbn on/in each/dt side/nn of/in each/dt joint/nn ,/, again/rb using/vbg the/at one-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 12/cd-tl nails/nns ./. The/at frames/nns are/ber notched/vbn only/rb for/in the/at keelson/nn and/cc the/at chines/nns ./. If/cs notched/vbn for/in the/at battens/nns ,/, they/ppss would/md require/vb more/ap work/nn ,/, be/be weakened/vbn and/cc limber/nn holes/nns would/md have/hv to/to be/be bored/vbn so/cs that/cs bilge/nn water/nn could/md flow/vb through/rp ./. Nowhere/rb in/in the/at boat/nn do/do the/at frames/nns come/vb in/in contact/nn with/in the/at plywood/nn planking/nn ./. The/at jig/nn is/bez erected/vbn after/cs the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn are/ber complete/jj ./. This/dt is/bez an/at important/jj step/nn because/cs any/dti misalignment/nn would/md cause/vb progressively/ql worse/jjr misalignment/nn in/in the/at hull/nn as/cs you/ppss advance/vb in/in construction/nn ./. Be/be sure/jj all/abn members/nns are/ber parallel/jj ,/, vertical/jj and/cc level/jj as/cs required/vbn ./. After/cs the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn are/ber set/vbn up/rp on/in the/at jig/nn and/cc temporarily/rb braced/vbn ,/, a/at piece/nn of/in three-inch-wide/jj mahogany/nn (/( only/rb widths/nns will/md be/be given/vbn since/cs the/at 13/16-inch/jj thickness/nn is/bez used/vbn throughout/rb )/) is/bez butted/vbn between/in frames/nns one/cd and/cc two/cd below/in the/at line/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn ./. The/at frames/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in this/dt piece/nn ./. The/at joints/nns are/ber also/rb reinforced/vbn on/in each/dt side/nn with/in small/jj blocks/nns set/vbn in/in resin-saturated/jj Fiberglas/nn-tl cloth/nn and/cc nailed/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez over/in this/dt piece/nn that/cs the/at laminated/vbn stem/nn and/cc keelson/nn are/ber spliced/vbn ./. The/at keelson/nn ,/, made/vbn of/in two/cd three-inch/jj widths/nns ,/, is/bez next/rb installed/vbn ./. The/at first/od piece/nn is/bez glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn and/cc the/at piece/nn butted/vbn between/in frames/nns one/cd and/cc two/cd ./. The/at second/od piece/nn is/bez in/in turn/nn glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at first/od ./. Note/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs it/pps is/bez six/cd inches/nns shorter/jjr at/in the/at forward/jj end/nn ./. One-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 10/cd-tl screws/nns are/ber used/vbn in/in both/abx cases/nns ./. A/at stem/nn jig/nn is/bez next/rb cut/vbn to/in the/at proper/jj shape/nn and/cc temporarily/rb fastened/vbn to/in frame/nn one/cd ./. The/at stem/nn is/bez laminated/vbn from/in four/cd pieces/nns ./. Take/vb two/cd three-inch-wide/jj pieces/nns and/cc rip/vb them/ppo down/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at thickness/nn to/to make/vb the/at four/cd ./. Then/rb spread/vb a/at generous/jj amount/nn of/in glue/nn on/in the/at four/cd pieces/nns and/cc bend/vb them/ppo into/in place/nn on/in the/at jig/nn ./. The/at first/od two/cd pieces/nns butt/vb against/in the/at inner/jj member/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn and/cc are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at brace/nn between/in the/at first/od two/cd frames/nns ./. The/at second/od two/cd pieces/nns lap/vb over/in the/at inner/jj member/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn and/cc butt/vb against/in the/at outer/jj member/nn ./. They're/ppss+ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at inner/jj member/nn of/in the/at keelson/nn ./. A/at number/nn of/in C/nn clamps/nns hold/vb the/at pieces/nns together/rb on/in the/at jig/nn until/cs the/at glue/nn sets/vbz ./. All/abn bottom/nn battens/nns are/ber two/cd inches/nns wide/jj ./. The/at side/jj ones/nns are/ber a/at half-inch/nn narrower/jjr ./. The/at battens/nns are/ber carefully/rb fastened/vbn in/in place/nn after/in some/dti necessary/jj fairing/nn on/in all/abn frames/nns ./. Glue/vb and/cc 1-1/2-inch/nn ,/, No./nn-tl 10/cd-tl screws/nns are/ber used/vbn ./. Placement/nn is/bez important/jj because/cs the/at rear/jj seat/nn ,/, bunks/nns and/cc front/jj jump/nn seats/nns rest/vb on/in or/cc are/ber fastened/vbn to/in many/ap of/in the/at side/jj battens/nns ./. With/in the/at exception/nn of/in two/cd battens/nns ,/, all/abn run/vb to/in the/at stem/nn where/wrb they/ppss are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn after/in careful/jj beveling/nn ./. The/at chines/nns go/vb in/rp the/at same/ap way/nn except/in that/cs they/ppss are/ber made/vbn of/in two/cd pieces/nns of/in two-inch/jj wood/nn for/in strength/nn and/cc easier/jjr bending/nn ./. Fairing/vbg is/bez always/rb a/at tedious/jj job/nn but/cc the/at work/nn can/md be/be cut/vbn down/rp considerably/rb with/in a/at Skill/nn-tl planer/nn and/cc a/at simple/jj jig/nn ./. I/ppss clamped/vbd a/at 30-inch/jj piece/nn of/in aluminum/nn to/in the/at base/nn of/in the/at planer/nn with/in a/at pair/nn of/in Sure/jj-tl Grips/nns-tl ./. The/at aluminum/nn ,/, flush/jj against/in the/at battens/nns ,/, acted/vbn as/cs a/at fairing/vbg stick/nn and/cc enabled/vbd me/ppo to/to plane/vb the/at chines/nns and/cc keelson/nn to/in the/at proper/jj bevels/nns easily/rb ./. If/cs you/ppss don't/do* own/vb a/at planer/nn and/cc don't/do* want/vb to/to buy/vb one/cd ,/, it's/pps+bez well/ql worth/jj renting/vbg ./. The/at planking/nn is/bez five-ply/jj ,/, 3/8-inch-thick/jj Weldwood/np-tl Royal/jj-tl Marine/nn-tl plywood/nn ./. This/dt can/md be/be obtained/vbn in/in 42-inch/jj widths/nns 24/cd feet/nns long/jj ./. The/at 42-inch/jj width/nn leaves/vbz very/ql little/ap waste/nn ./. Four/cd pieces/nns are/ber used/vbn ./. Plank/vb the/at sides/nns first/rb ,/, using/vbg glue/nn and/cc one-inch/jj ,/, No./nn-tl 12/cd-tl Stronghold/nn-tl nails/nns at/in all/abn battens/nns ,/, the/at stem/nn and/cc the/at transom/nn ./. Another/dt person/nn inside/rb with/in a/at weight/nn against/in each/dt batten/nn will/md help/vb in/in the/at fastening/nn ./. The/at best/jjt procedure/nn is/bez to/to have/hv a/at few/ap friends/nns hold/vb the/at planking/nn in/in place/nn while/cs you/ppss mark/vb it/ppo off/rp ./. Then/rb trim/vb the/at excess/nn ./. I/ppss used/vbd a/at Homemaster/np Routo-Jig/np made/vbn by/in Porter/np-tl Cable/nn-tl for/in this/dt job/nn ./. It's/pps+bez good/jj for/in cutting/vbg all/abn the/at planking/nn because/cs it/pps cuts/vbz with/in a/at bit-like/jj blade/nn at/in high/jj rpm/nn and/cc does/doz not/* chatter/vb the/at plywood/nn like/cs a/at saber/nn saw/nn ./. When/wrb cut/vbn ,/, the/at planking/nn is/bez clamped/vbn in/in place/nn for/in a/at final/jj and/cc careful/jj trimming/nn ./. Then/rb it/pps is/bez marked/vbn on/in the/at inside/nn where/wrb it/pps comes/vbz in/in contact/nn with/in the/at transom/nn ,/, frames/nns ,/, keelson/nn and/cc all/abn the/at battens/nns ./. It/pps may/md then/rb be/be pre-drilled/vbn for/in the/at fastenings/nns ./. The/at next/ap step/nn is/bez to/to remove/vb it/ppo and/cc spread/vb glue/nn where/wrb it/pps has/hvz been/ben marked/vbn at/in the/at contact/nn points/nns ./. Then/rb it/pps is/bez replaced/vbn and/cc fastened/vbn ./. The/at bottom/nn planking/nn is/bez applied/vbn in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn ./. After/in planking/nn ,/, the/at bottom/nn gets/vbz a/at layer/nn of/in Fiberglas/nn-tl ./. The/at spray/nn rails/nns are/ber first/rb glued/vbn on/in the/at outside/nn and/cc fastened/vbn from/in the/at inside/nn with/in screws/nns ./. Then/rb the/at chines/nns are/ber rounded/vbn off/rp and/cc the/at bottom/nn is/bez rough-sanded/vbn in/in preparation/nn ./. Since/cs the/at sides/nns are/ber also/rb covered/vbn up/in to/in the/at spray/nn rails/nns ,/, they/ppss are/ber also/rb rough-sanded/vbn in/in that/dt area/nn ./. The/at cloth/nn is/bez laid/vbn on/in one/cd half/abn of/in the/at bottom/nn at/in a/at time/nn ./. A/at 50-inch/jj width/nn is/bez used/vbn on/in each/dt side/nn and/cc it/pps laps/vbz the/at keel/nn line/nn by/in about/rb three/cd inches/nns ./. Lay/vb the/at cloth/nn in/in place/nn and/cc trim/vb it/ppo to/in size/nn ./. Then/rb remove/vb it/ppo and/cc give/vb the/at whole/jj bottom/nn a/at coat/nn of/in resin/nn ./. When/wrb the/at resin/nn has/hvz hardened/vbn ,/, mix/vb up/rp another/dt batch/nn with/in a/at pigment/nn added/vbn if/cs you/ppss wish/vb ./. I/ppss used/vbd bright/jj red/nn ,/, mixing/vbg the/at pigment/nn in/rp thoroughly/rb before/cs adding/vbg the/at hardener/nn ./. Using/vbg a/at cheap/jj brush/nn ,/, coat/vb one/cd side/nn of/in the/at bottom/nn with/in the/at resin/nn and/cc then/rb apply/vb the/at cloth/nn ./. When/wrb the/at cloth/nn is/bez smooth/jj ,/, apply/vb another/dt coat/nn of/in resin/nn ,/, spreading/vbg it/ppo with/in a/at paint/nn roller/nn ./. Be/be sure/jj it/pps is/bez well/ql saturated/vbn and/cc then/rb allow/vb it/ppo to/to harden/vb ./. When/wrb the/at whole/jj bottom/nn has/hvz hardened/vbn ,/, use/vb a/at disk/nn sander/nn to/to feather/vb the/at edges/nns of/in the/at cloth/nn at/in the/at keel/nn line/nn and/cc near/in the/at spray/nn rail/nn ./. Then/rb lay/vb a/at three-inch-wide/jj strip/nn of/in cloth/nn along/in the/at keel/nn line/nn from/in the/at transom/nn to/in the/at point/nn of/in the/at stem/nn ./. Before/cs the/at resin/nn has/hvz hardened/vbn ,/, screw/vb a/at one-inch/jj mahogany/nn keel/nn strip/nn along/in the/at centerline/nn ./. This/dt protects/vbz the/at bottom/nn in/in beaching/vbg ./. Fiberglas/nn-tl materials/nns are/ber available/jj from/in Glass/nn-tl Plastic/nn-tl Supply/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, 1605/cd-tl W./jj-tl Elizabeth/np-tl Ave./nn-tl ,/, Linden/np ,/, N./np J./np ./. They/ppss will/md also/rb supply/vb literature/nn on/in application/nn ./. The/at hull/nn is/bez now/rb turned/vbn over/rp (/( with/in the/at help/nn of/in about/rb seven/cd friends/nns )/) and/cc placed/vbn in/in a/at level/jj ,/, well-braced/jj position/nn ./. I/ppss set/vb it/ppo on/in the/at Gator/np trailer/nn ./. I/ppss laid/vbd three/cd layers/nns of/in glass/nn cloth/nn on/in the/at inside/nn of/in the/at stem/nn ,/, also/rb installing/vbg a/at bow/nn eye/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ./. For/in added/vbn strength/nn ,/, I/ppss also/rb fastened/vbd a/at small/jj block/nn on/in each/dt side/nn of/in every/at frame/nn and/cc batten/nn joint/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, these/dts blocks/nns were/bed set/vbn in/in resin-saturated/jj glass/nn cloth/nn and/cc nailed/vbn ./. After/cs trimming/vbg off/rp the/at excess/nn on/in the/at frames/nns and/cc transom/nn which/wdt was/bedz used/vbn to/to fasten/vb them/ppo to/in the/at jig/nn at/in a/at working/vbg height/nn ,/, the/at top/nn of/in the/at side/nn planking/nn is/bez installed/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in scraps/nns left/vbn over/rp from/in the/at sides/nns and/cc bottom/nn ./. These/dts flaring/vbg parts/nns really/rb help/vb to/to keep/vb the/at boat/nn dry/jj ./. When/wrb they're/ppss+ber on/rp ,/, the/at top/jjs edges/nns are/ber planed/vbn even/rb with/in the/at sheer/jj batten/nn ./. The/at sides/nns of/in the/at motor/nn well/nn run/vb from/in the/at bottom/nn battens/nns to/in the/at top/nn and/cc from/in frame/nn six/cd to/in the/at transom/nn ,/, forming/vbg a/at real/ql strong/jj transom/nn brace/nn ./. Note/vb another/dt piece/nn of/in wood/nn six/cd inches/nns wide/jj is/bez fastened/vbn to/in the/at transom/nn between/in these/dts pieces/nns ./. The/at decking/nn is/bez quarter-inch/nn mahogany/nn marine/jj plywood/nn ./. All/abn the/at flooring/nn and/cc the/at storage/nn bin/nn is/bez half-inch/nn exterior/jj fir/nn plywood/nn ./. Most/ap floor/nn battens/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at flooring/nn ./. The/at exception/nn is/bez where/wrb the/at flooring/nn butts/vbz ./. These/dts battens/nns are/ber glued/vbn and/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at frames/nns ./. With/in all/abn deck/nn battens/nns in/in place/nn ,/, the/at bilge/nn is/bez cleaned/vbn and/cc painted/vbn up/in to/in the/at floor/nn line/nn ./. Use/vb one/cd coat/nn of/in Firzite/np and/cc one/cd coat/nn of/in marine/jj paint/nn ./. Bottoms/nns of/in the/at floorboards/nns are/ber also/rb painted/vbn and/cc the/at flooring/nn is/bez then/rb screwed/vbn in/in place/nn ./. After/cs the/at decking/nn is/bez on/rp ,/, the/at cabin/nn sides/nns are/ber installed/vbn ./. They're/ppss+ber followed/vbn by/in the/at front/jj and/cc rear/jj bulkheads/nns as/cs illustrated/vbn ./. The/at windshield/nn glass/nn is/bez shatterproof/jj and/cc Plexiglas/np is/bez used/vbn in/in the/at cabin/nn ./. Inside/rb ,/, bunks/nns are/ber framed/vbn up/rp and/cc installed/vbn as/cs indicated/vbn ./. A/at head/nn is/bez a/at handy/jj thing/nn to/to have/hv and/cc I/ppss installed/vbd one/cd under/in a/at removable/jj section/nn of/in the/at port/nn bunk/nn ./. The/at sink/nn in/in the/at hinged/vbn panel/nn above/in the/at bunk/nn drains/vbz into/in the/at head/nn and/cc a/at five-gallon/jj water/nn tank/nn is/bez mounted/vbn on/in the/at bulkhead/nn above/in the/at sink/nn ./. For/in padding/vbg the/at seats/nns and/cc bunks/nns ,/, I/ppss used/vbd Ensolite/np ,/, Type/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./. Lightweight/jj ,/, non-absorbent/jj ,/, fire/nn resistant/jj and/cc dimensionally/rb stable/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez easily/rb bonded/vbn to/in the/at wood/nn with/in contact/nn cement/nn ./. Available/jj in/in Af/nn sheets/nns ,/, it/pps costs/vbz about/rb a/at dollar/nn a/at square/nn foot/nn ./.

ce17

ce17 |@word build:4 vacation:3 cottage:3 full:2 scale:2 small:4 efficient:1 house:4 become:2 year:1 round:1 retreat:1 complete:2 every:2 detail:3 unique:1 design:4 architect:1 egils:1 hermanovski:1 home:3 workshop:3 spare:1 time:2 panelize:1 utilize:2 standard:9 material:9 require:4 use:9 simple:3 tool:15 follow:2 page:2 issue:3 take:4 step:3 way:6 choose:1 proper:1 site:4 apply:3 final:1 trim:2 recognition:1 grow:1 trend:1 second:1 one:6 specifically:1 family:1 handyman:2 mind:2 big:1 project:1 lightly:1 break:1 easy:1 stage:1 well:4 within:1 capability:1 theory:1 idea:1 behind:1 modular:1 unit:2 panelization:1 everything:1 possible:3 size:6 measurement:1 wall:5 panel:18 structural:2 timber:2 window:3 door:4 make:3 minimum:1 cutting:4 develop:1 ingenious:1 method:2 interlock:1 major:3 part:1 accord:1 plan:3 thus:1 prepare:1 foundation:2 lay:1 floor:5 truck:1 erect:3 crew:1 friend:1 weekend:1 roof:2 precut:1 completely:1 enclose:1 matter:1 three:1 four:1 day:1 finish:3 touch:1 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You/ppss can/md build/vb this/dt vacation/nn cottage/nn yourself/ppl ./. It/pps is/bez a/at full/jj scale/nn ,/, small/jj ,/, but/cc efficient/jj house/nn that/wps can/md become/vb a/at year/nn 'round/rb retreat/nn complete/jj in/in every/at detail/nn ./. Because/rb of/in the/at unique/jj design/nn by/in the/at architect/nn Egils/np Hermanovski/np ,/, you/ppss can/md build/vb most/ap of/in it/ppo in/in your/pp$ own/jj home/nr workshop/nn in/in your/pp$ spare/jj time/nn ./. Most/ap of/in it/ppo is/bez panelized/vbn and/cc utilizes/vbz standard/jj materials/nns ,/, and/cc requires/vbz the/at use/nn of/in only/rb simple/jj tools/nns ./. On/in the/at following/vbg pages/nns and/cc in/in the/at following/vbg issues/nns we/ppss take/vb you/ppo every/at step/nn of/in the/at way/nn to/in your/pp$ vacation/nn cottage/nn ,/, from/in choosing/vbg the/at proper/jj site/nn to/in applying/vbg the/at final/jj trim/nn ./. In/in recognition/nn of/in the/at growing/vbg trend/nn for/in second/od homes/nns ,/, or/cc vacation/nn cottages/nns ,/, we/ppss have/hv designed/vbn this/dt one/cd specifically/rb with/in the/at family/nn handyman/nn in/in mind/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at big/jj project/nn ,/, not/* to/to be/be taken/vbn lightly/rb ./. But/cc each/dt step/nn has/hvz been/ben broken/vbn down/rp into/in easy/jj stages/nns ,/, utilizing/vbg standard/jj materials/nns and/cc simple/jj tools/nns ,/, well/rb within/in the/at capabilities/nns of/in the/at handyman/nn ./. The/at-hl theory/nn-hl The/at idea/nn behind/in our/pp$ design/nn is/bez modular/jj units/nns ,/, or/cc panelization/nn ./. Everything/pn possible/jj has/hvz been/ben scaled/vbn to/in standard/jj sizes/nns and/cc measurements/nns of/in materials/nns ./. Wall/nn panels/nns and/cc structural/jj timbers/nns are/ber standard/jj as/cs are/ber windows/nns and/cc doors/nns ,/, making/vbg for/in a/at minimum/nn of/in cutting/vbg ./. We/ppss have/hv developed/vbn an/at ingenious/jj method/nn of/in interlocking/vbg these/dts so/cs that/cs you/ppss can/md make/vb the/at major/jj part/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn in/in your/pp$ own/jj workshop/nn ,/, panel/nn by/in panel/nn ,/, according/in to/in plan/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, when/wrb you/ppss have/hv prepared/vbn your/pp$ foundation/nn and/cc laid/vbn the/at floor/nn ,/, these/dts can/md be/be trucked/vbn to/in the/at site/nn and/cc erected/vbn with/in a/at small/jj crew/nn of/in friends/nns in/in a/at weekend/nn ./. The/at roof/nn timbers/nns are/ber precut/vbn and/cc the/at panels/nns standard/jj so/cs that/cs the/at house/nn can/md be/be completely/rb enclosed/vbn in/in a/at matter/nn of/in three/cd or/cc four/cd days/nns ./. Then/rb you/ppss can/md do/do the/at finishing/vbg touches/nns at/in your/pp$ leisure/nn ./. A/at-hl warning/nn-hl Due/rb to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs building/vbg codes/nns and/cc regulations/nns vary/vb so/ql much/rb throughout/in the/at country/nn ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn to/to do/do is/bez to/to find/vb out/rp what/wdt ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, they/ppss are/ber ./. Close/rb to/in a/at large/jj city/nn they/ppss might/md even/rb specify/vb the/at size/nn of/in the/at nails/nns used/vbn ;/. ;/. in/in a/at remote/jj section/nn there/ex might/md be/be no/at restrictions/nns at/in all/abn ./. This/dt can/md usually/rb be/be found/vbn out/rp at/in the/at nearest/jjt town/nn hall/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn check/vb the/at electrical/jj ,/, plumbing/nn ,/, and/cc sanitary/jj requirements/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs possible/jj zoning/vbg regulations/nns ./. Whether/cs electricity/nn and/cc public/jj water/nn and/cc sewers/nns are/ber available/jj or/cc not/* ,/, check/vb the/at local/jj customs/nns in/in the/at use/nn of/in bottled/vbn or/cc L-P/nn gas/nn (/( we/ppss give/vb you/ppo alternatives/nns later/rbr on/rp )/) ./. Be/be sure/jj that/cs this/dt information/nn is/bez reasonably/ql official/jj and/cc not/* just/rb an/at unfounded/jj opinion/nn ./. If/cs there/ex are/ber any/dti major/jj restrictions/nns ,/, they/ppss usually/rb can/md be/be obtained/vbn in/in printed/vbn form/nn ./. Where/wrb a/at building/vbg permit/nn is/bez required/vbn ,/, find/vb out/rp what/wdt you/ppss must/md present/vb when/wrb applying/vbg for/in one/cd ./. In/in many/ap cases/nns ,/, you/ppss must/md file/vb a/at complete/jj set/nn of/in plans/nns with/in the/at local/jj building/vbg inspector/nn ./. These/dts will/md be/be available/jj at/in cost/nn from/in our/pp$ Plans/nns-tl Department/nn-tl ./. The/at-hl site/nn-hl Some/dti general/jj things/nns to/to look/vb for/in in/in a/at site/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss haven't/hv* already/rb bought/vbn one/cd ,/, are/ber accessibility/nn ,/, water/nn drainage/nn ,/, and/cc orientation/nn ./. How/wrb are/ber the/at roads/nns ,/, and/cc how/wrb will/md they/ppss stand/vb up/rp ?/. ?/. Is/bez there/ex evidence/nn of/in wash-outs/nns on/in the/at property/nn ;/. ;/. swampy/jj areas/nns or/cc intermittent/jj springs/nns ?/. ?/. A/at visit/nn in/in the/at early/jj spring/nn after/in a/at thaw/nn will/md be/be very/ql informative/jj ./. Note/vb where/wrb the/at sun/nn rises/vbz and/cc sets/vbz ,/, and/cc ask/vb which/wdt direction/nn the/at prevailing/vbg winds/nns and/cc storms/nns come/vb from/in ./. Will/md the/at view/nn be/be something/pn you/ppss can/md live/vb with/in ?/. ?/. Don't/do* worry/vb too/ql much/rb about/in rocky/jj or/cc sloping/vbg terrain/nn ;/. ;/. we/ppss will/md take/vb up/rp alternative/jj foundations/nns later/rbr on/rp ./. The/at-hl materials/nns-hl With/in this/dt first/od issue/nn we/ppss give/vb you/ppo a/at list/nn of/in the/at materials/nns needed/vbn to/to build/vb the/at basic/jj (/( AjA/nn version/nn )/) and/cc the/at expandable/jj (/( AjB/nn version/nn )/) ./. This/dt will/nn be/be for/in the/at shell/nn of/in the/at house/nn only/rb (/( roof/nn ,/, walls/nns ,/, and/cc floor/nn )/) ,/, and/cc does/doz not/* include/vb the/at carport/nn or/cc balcony/nn ./. This/dt will/md permit/vb you/ppo to/to get/vb a/at rough/jj estimate/nn of/in how/wrb much/ap the/at materials/nns for/in the/at shell/nn will/md cost/vb ./. Bear/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs this/dt does/doz not/* include/vb interior/jj panels/nns for/in partitions/nns ,/, fancy/jj flooring/nn ,/, appliances/nns and/cc fixtures/nns ,/, electrical/jj wiring/nn ,/, and/cc plumbing/nn ,/, all/abn of/in which/wdt will/md be/be taken/vbn up/rp in/in detail/nn in/in later/jjr issues/nns ./. The/at wall/nn panels/nns are/ber constructed/vbn of/in a/at framework/nn of/in standard/jj Af/nn and/cc Af/nn of/in a/at good/jj grade/nn ,/, free/jj from/in structural/jj faults/nns ./. They/ppss should/md be/be as/ql straight/jj as/cs possible/jj ,/, as/cs this/dt will/md effect/vb their/pp$ ability/nn to/to mesh/vb properly/rb when/wrb the/at walls/nns are/ber erected/vbn ./. The/at outside/jj surface/nn of/in the/at solid/jj units/nns shall/md be/be of/in an/at exterior/jj grade/nn of/in panel/nn board/nn such/jj as/cs plywood/nn ,/, plastic/jj coated/vbn panel/nn board/nn ,/, high/jj density/nn particle/nn board/nn ,/, asbestos-cement/nn board/nn ,/, or/cc any/dti other/ap product/nn locally/rb obtainable/jj upon/in recommendation/nn of/in your/pp$ building/vbg supply/nn dealer/nn ./. The/at inner/jj panels/nns do/do not/* have/hv to/to be/be weatherproof/jj ,/, and/cc the/at choice/nn will/md depend/vb on/in the/at quality/nn of/in finish/nn desired/vbn ./. All/abn panel/nn board/nn comes/vbz in/in standard/jj Af/nn foot/nn size/nn ./. It/pps is/bez recommended/vbn that/cs panels/nns be/be both/abx glued/vbn as/ql well/rb as/cs nailed/vbn to/in the/at frame/nn ./. The/at fixed/vbn window/nn panels/nns with/in louvers/nns should/md have/hv a/at good/jj grade/nn of/in 1/8-inch/nn double-strength/jj glass/nn set/vbn in/in a/at mastic/nn glazing/vbg compound/nn ./. The/at louvers/nns are/ber constructed/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in the/at detail/nn ,/, with/in a/at drop/jj door/nn for/in ventilation/nn ./. There/ex are/ber standard/jj sliding/vbg glass/nn windows/nns in/in wood/nn or/cc aluminum/nn frames/nns for/in those/dts panels/nns requiring/vbg them/ppo ./. The/at door/nn panels/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to accommodate/vb standard/jj doors/nns which/wdt should/md be/be of/in exterior/jj grade/nn ./. The/at filler/nn panels/nns for/in the/at gable/nn ends/nns are/ber cut/vbn from/in full/jj Af/nn sheets/nns as/cs shown/vbn ,/, leaving/vbg no/at wastage/nn ./. The/at battens/nns covering/vbg the/at joints/nns are/ber of/in Af/nn stock/nn and/cc are/ber applied/vbn after/cs the/at walls/nns are/ber erected/vbn ./. All/abn nails/nns should/md be/be rustproof/jj ,/, and/cc aluminum/nn is/bez highly/ql recommended/vbn ./. Note/vb :/: If/cs 1/2-inch/nn panel/nn board/nn is/bez used/vbn inside/rb and/cc out/rp ,/, or/cc 5/8-inch/nn one/cd side/nn and/cc 3/8-inch/nn the/at other/ap ,/, and/cc 1/8-inch/nn glass/nn is/bez used/vbn ,/, stock/nn lumber/nn in/in Af/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, and/cc Af/nn can/md be/be used/vbn in/in making/vbg the/at glass/nn panels/nns ./. Other/ap thicknesses/nns may/md necessitate/vb ripping/vbg a/at special/jj size/nn lumber/nn for/in the/at glass/nn trim/nn ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at special/jj milling/nn or/cc rabbeting/nn required/vbn for/in the/at panels/nns ./. With/in modern/jj techniques/nns of/in woodworking/vbg and/cc the/at multitude/nn of/in cutting/vbg tools/nns ,/, fixtures/nns ,/, and/cc attachments/nns available/jj ,/, the/at drill/nn press/nn has/hvz become/vbn a/at basic/jj home/nr workshop/nn tool/nn ./. The/at drill/nn press/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at vertical/jj shaft/nn (/( spindle/nn )/) which/wdt is/bez tapered/vbn or/cc threaded/vbn on/in one/cd end/nn to/to hold/vb a/at drill/nn chuck/nn ,/, a/at tubular/jj housing/nn (/( quill/nn )/) in/in which/wdt the/at spindle/nn is/bez mounted/vbn ,/, a/at head/nn in/in which/wdt the/at quill/nn is/bez mounted/vbn ,/, a/at feed/nn lever/nn which/wdt moves/vbz the/at quill/nn up/rp or/cc down/rp ,/, a/at power/nn source/nn ,/, and/cc a/at movable/jj table/nn upon/in which/wdt the/at work/nn is/bez placed/vbn ./. There/ex is/bez often/rb a/at means/nn of/in locking/vbg the/at quill/nn and/cc ,/, on/in larger/jjr presses/nns ,/, the/at table/nn can/md be/be tilted/vbn ./. The/at size/nn of/in the/at press/nn is/bez usually/rb expressed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in chuck/nn capacity/nn (/( the/at maximum/jj diameter/nn tool/nn shank/nn it/pps will/md hold/vb )/) or/cc distance/nn between/in the/at spindle/nn center/nn and/cc the/at column/nn ./. A/at press/nn with/in an/at 11/cd inch/nn capacity/nn lets/vbz you/ppo drill/vb to/in the/at center/nn of/in a/at 22/cd inch/nn board/nn or/cc circle/nn ./. A/at new/jj radial/jj drill/nn press/nn with/in a/at 16/cd inch/nn capacity/nn has/hvz a/at tilting/vbg head/nn that/wps allows/vbz drilling/vbg to/to be/be done/vbn at/in any/dti angle/nn ./. The/at head/nn is/bez mounted/vbn on/in a/at horizontal/jj arm/nn that/wps swivels/vbz on/in the/at supporting/vbg column/nn to/to position/vb the/at drill/nn bit/nn instead/rb of/in the/at work/nn ./. Set-up/nn-hl and/cc-hl maintenance/nn-hl The/at drill/nn press/nn should/md be/be leveled/vbn and/cc ,/, depending/in on/in whether/cs it/pps is/bez a/at bench/nn or/cc floor/nn model/nn ,/, bolted/vbn securely/rb to/in a/at sturdy/jj bench/nn or/cc stand/nn or/cc screwed/vbn to/in the/at floor/nn with/in lag/nn or/cc expansion/nn screws/nns ./. This/dt will/nn reduce/vb vibration/nn and/cc increase/vb accuracy/nn ./. A/at coat/nn of/in paste/nn wax/nn or/cc a/at rubdown/nn with/in a/at piece/nn of/in wax/nn paper/nn will/md protect/vb the/at polished/vbn surface/nn of/in the/at table/nn ;/. ;/. wiping/vbg with/in a/at slightly/rb oiled/vbn cloth/nn will/md discourage/vb rusting/nn of/in the/at column/nn and/cc quill/nn ./. Presses/nns not/* fitted/vbn with/in sealed/vbn spindle/nn bearings/nns will/md need/vb a/at drop/nn of/in oil/nn now/rb and/cc then/rb in/in the/at lubrication/nn holes/nns in/in the/at quill/nn ./. The/at rest/nn of/in the/at press/nn should/md be/be kept/vbn clean/jj by/in dusting/vbg with/in a/at clean/jj rag/nn or/cc brush/nn ./. Be/be careful/jj to/to keep/vb the/at drive/nn belt/nn free/jj of/in oil/nn and/cc grease/nn ./. Belt/nn tension/nn is/bez adjusted/vbn by/in manipulation/nn of/in two/cd locking/vbg bolts/nns and/cc a/at movable/jj motor/nn mount/nn ./. Keep/vb the/at belt/nn just/rb tight/jj enough/qlp so/cs the/at pulleys/nns won't/md* slip/vb when/wrb pulled/vbn by/in hand/nn ;/. ;/. excess/jj tension/nn will/md only/rb cause/vb undue/jj wear/nn on/in the/at motor/nn and/cc spindle/nn bearings/nns ./. Most/ap drill/nn presses/nns have/hv a/at quill/nn return/nn spring/nn that/wps raises/vbz the/at spindle/nn automatically/rb when/wrb the/at feed/nn lever/nn is/bez released/vbn and/cc holds/vbz the/at quill/nn in/in the/at raised/vbn position/nn ./. The/at return/nn spring/nn tension/nn may/md be/be adjusted/vbn to/to suit/vb individual/jj requirements/nns by/in gripping/vbg the/at spring/nn housing/nn with/in a/at pair/nn of/in pliers/nns (/( to/to prevent/vb the/at spring/nn from/in unwinding/vbg when/wrb it/pps is/bez released/vbn )/) ,/, loosening/vbg the/at lock/nn nut/nn or/cc screw/nn ,/, and/cc rotating/vbg the/at housing/nn until/cs the/at desired/vbn tension/nn is/bez achieved/vbn ./. Turning/vbg the/at housing/nn clockwise/rb will/md reduce/vb tension/nn ,/, counter-clockwise/rb will/md increase/vb it/ppo ./. Don't/do*-hl lose/vb-hl the/at-hl chuck/nn-hl key/nn-hl ./.-hl Some/dti manufacturers/nns have/hv had/hvn the/at foresight/nn to/to provide/vb a/at socket/nn for/in the/at chuck/nn key/nn ;/. ;/. otherwise/rb ,/, you'll/ppss+md have/hv to/to spend/vb a/at few/ap minutes/nns to/to either/cc attach/vb a/at suitable/jj spring/nn clip/nn somewhere/rb on/in the/at press/nn head/nn or/cc fit/vb the/at key/nn to/in a/at length/nn of/in light/jj chain/nn and/cc fasten/vb to/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at motor/nn mount/nn so/cs that/cs the/at key/nn is/bez out/in of/in the/at way/nn when/wrb not/* in/in use/nn ./. Feeds/nns-hl and/cc-hl speeds/nns-hl Drill/nn speeds/nns are/ber important/jj if/cs you/ppss want/vb a/at good/jj job/nn ./. Each/dt cutting/vbg tool/nn will/md operate/vb best/rbt at/in a/at given/vbn speed/nn ,/, depending/in on/in the/at material/nn worked/vbn ./. On/in most/ap drill/nn presses/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez impossible/jj to/to get/vb the/at exact/jj speed/nn ,/, but/cc you/ppss can/md come/vb close/rb by/in adjusting/vbg the/at drive/nn belt/nn on/in the/at step-cone/nn pulleys/nns ./. You/ppss will/md find/vb a/at chart/nn giving/vbg the/at various/jj speed/nn ratios/nns available/jj with/in your/pp$ particular/jj drill/nn press/nn somewhere/rb in/in the/at instruction/nn booklet/nn that/wps came/vbd with/in the/at tool/nn ./. See/vb the/at table/nn on/in page/nn 34/cd for/in exact/jj recommended/vbn speeds/nns ./. Generally/rb ,/, the/at larger/jjr the/at tool/nn and/cc the/at harder/jjr the/at material/nn ,/, the/at slower/jjr the/at speed/nn ./. Feed/nn pressure/nn is/bez also/rb of/in major/jj importance/nn ./. Too/ql much/ap pressure/nn will/md force/vb the/at tool/nn beyond/in its/pp$ cutting/vbg capacity/nn and/cc result/vb in/in rough/jj cuts/nns and/cc jammed/vbn or/cc broken/vbn tools/nns ./. Too/ql light/jj a/at feed/nn ,/, particularly/rb with/in metal/nn or/cc other/ap hard/jj material/nn ,/, causes/vbz overheating/nn of/in the/at tool/nn and/cc burning/nn of/in the/at cutting/vbg edge/nn ./. The/at best/jjt results/nns will/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in matching/vbg the/at correct/jj speed/nn with/in a/at steady/jj feed/nn pressure/nn that/wps lets/vbz the/at tool/nn cut/vb easily/rb at/in an/at even/jj rate/nn ./. Common/jj-hl drilling/vbg-hl tools/nns-hl There/ex are/ber numerous/jj types/nns and/cc styles/nns of/in tools/nns to/to drill/vb holes/nns ./. The/at most/ql common/jj are/ber the/at twist/nn drill/nn ,/, the/at solid/jj center/nn shaft/nn with/in interchangeable/jj cutting/vbg blades/nns ,/, the/at double/jj spur/nn bit/nn ,/, and/cc the/at power/nn wood/nn bit/nn ./. All/abn will/md do/do a/at good/jj job/nn if/cs sharp/jj ,/, but/cc the/at twist/nn drills/nns don't/do* cut/vb quite/ql as/ql smoothly/rb as/cs the/at others/nns ,/, since/cs they/ppss do/do not/* have/hv the/at outlining/vbg spurs/nns that/wps sever/vb the/at fibers/nns before/cs actual/jj boring/nn starts/vbz ./. The/at adjustable/jj fly/nn cutter/nn is/bez very/ql useful/jj for/in cutting/vbg large/jj diameter/nn holes/nns and/cc can/md be/be used/vbn to/to cut/vb exact-size/jj discs/nns by/in reversing/vbg the/at cutter/nn blade/nn ./. Since/cs fly/nn cutters/nns are/ber one/cd sided/vbn and/cc not/* balanced/vbn ,/, they/ppss should/md be/be used/vbn at/in the/at slowest/jjt speed/nn available/jj ,/, and/cc fed/vbn very/ql slowly/rb to/to avoid/vb binding/vbg ./. Fly/nn cutters/nns can/md fool/vb you/ppo into/in putting/vbg your/pp$ hand/nn too/ql close/rb to/in the/at tool/nn ,/, so/cs if/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to avoid/vb nicked/vbn fingers/nns ,/, keep/vb your/pp$ hands/nns well/ql out/in of/in the/at way/nn ./. Simple/jj-hl hole/nn-hl drilling/vbg-hl operations/nns-hl When/wrb drilling/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn through/in a/at workpiece/nn ,/, always/rb place/vb a/at piece/nn of/in scrap/nn wood/nn underneath/in ./. This/dt will/nn not/* only/rb protect/vb the/at work/nn table/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb assure/vb a/at clean/jj breakthrough/nn ./. Another/dt method/nn of/in assuring/vbg a/at clean/jj hole/nn is/bez to/to first/rb drill/vb a/at small/jj pilot/nn hole/nn all/abn the/at way/nn through/in ,/, then/rb drill/vb half/abn way/nn with/in the/at dimensional/jj bit/nn ,/, turn/vb the/at piece/nn over/rp ,/, and/cc finish/vb from/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./. In/in soft/jj woods/nns with/in pronounced/vbn grain/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez sometimes/rb a/at tendency/nn for/in the/at hole/nn to/to wander/vb ,/, due/rb to/in the/at varying/vbg hardness/nn of/in the/at wood/nn ./. In/in this/dt case/nn ,/, drilling/vbg a/at small/jj pilot/nn hole/nn or/cc clamping/vbg the/at work/nn will/md do/do much/ap to/to improve/vb accuracy/nn ./. When/wrb a/at hole/nn is/bez to/to be/be bored/vbn to/in a/at predetermined/vbn depth/nn ,/, mark/vb the/at depth/nn on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at stock/nn ,/, then/rb run/vb the/at bit/nn down/rp so/cs that/cs it/pps is/bez even/jj with/in the/at mark/nn ./. The/at depth/nn gauge/nn rod/nn can/md now/rb be/be set/vbn ,/, and/cc any/dti number/nn of/in holes/nns bored/vbn to/in exact/jj and/cc identical/jj depth/nn ./.

ce18

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appropriately:1 centennial:1 engagement:1

The/at old-time/jj bridges/nns over/in the/at Merrimac/np-tl River/nn-tl in/in Massachusetts/np are/ber of/in unusual/jj interest/nn in/in many/ap respects/nns ./. For/in their/pp$ length/nn ,/, their/pp$ types/nns of/in construction/nn ,/, their/pp$ picturesque/jj settings/nns ,/, and/cc their/pp$ literary/jj associations/nns ,/, they/ppss should/md be/be known/vbn and/cc remembered/vbn ./. In/in this/dt sequence/nn I/ppss shall/md write/vb about/in them/ppo in/in the/at order/nn of/in their/pp$ erection/nn ./. The/at first/od bridge/nn known/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben covered/vbn wholly/rb or/cc in/in part/nn ,/, --/-- and/cc perhaps/rb the/at most/ql interesting/jj one/cd ,/, connected/vbd Newbury/np (/( now/rb Newburyport/np )/) with/in Salisbury/np-tl Point/nn-tl ./. Its/pp$ building/nn was/bedz first/rb proposed/vbn in/in 1791/cd ,/, when/wrb a/at group/nn of/in citizens/nns ,/, mostly/rb Newburyport/np men/nns ,/, petitioned/vbd the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl for/in an/at act/nn of/in incorporation/nn ./. This/dt document/nn began/vbd :/: ``/`` No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl-hl Newbury/np-hl Port/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl may/md-hl 30th/od-hl ,/,-hl 1791/cd-hl ``/`` Whereas/cs ,/, a/at Bridge/nn over/in Merrimack/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, from/in the/at Land/nn of/in Hon'ble/jj-tl Jonathan/np Greenleaf/np ,/, Esquire/np ,/, in/in Newbery/np ,/, to/in Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc from/in said/vbn Island/nn to/in Salisbury/np ,/, would/md be/be of/in very/ql extensive/jj utility/nn ,/, by/in affording/vbg a/at safe/jj Conveyance/nn to/in Carriages/nns ,/, Teams/nns and/cc Travellers/nns at/in all/abn seasons/nns of/in the/at year/nn ,/, and/cc at/in all/abn Times/nns of/in Tide/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss ,/, the/at Subscribers/nns ,/, do/do agree/vb ,/, that/cs as/ql soon/rb as/cs a/at convenient/jj Number/nn of/in Persons/nns have/hv subscribed/vbn to/in this/dt ,/, or/cc a/at similar/jj Writing/nn-tl ,/, We/ppss-tl will/md present/vb a/at petition/nn to/in the/at Hon'ble/jj-tl General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Commonwealth/nn-tl of/in-tl Massachusetts/np-tl ,/, praying/vbg for/in an/at Act/nn incorporating/vbg into/in a/at Body/nn politic/jj the/at subscribers/nns to/in such/jj Writing/nn with/in Liberty/nn to/to build/vb such/abl a/at Bridge/nn ,/, and/cc a/at Right/nn to/to demand/vb a/at Toll/nn equal/jj to/in that/dt received/vbn at/in Malden/np-tl Bridge/nn-tl ,/, and/cc on/in like/jj Terms/nns ,/, and/cc if/cs such/abl an/at Act/nn shall/md be/be obtained/vbn ,/, then/rb we/ppss severally/rb agree/vb each/dt with/in the/at others/nns ,/, that/cs we/ppss will/md hold/vb in/in the/at said/vbn Bridge/nn the/at several/ap shares/nns set/vbn against/in our/pp$ respective/jj Names/nns ,/, the/at whole/nn into/in two/cd hundred/cd shares/nns being/beg divided/vbn ,/, and/cc that/cs we/ppss will/md pay/vb such/jj sums/nns of/in Money/nn at/in such/jj Times/nns and/cc in/in such/jj Manners/nns ,/, as/cs by/in the/at said/vbn proposed/vbn Corporation/nn ,/, shall/md be/be directed/vbn and/cc required/vbn ''/'' ./. This/dt paper/nn was/bedz signed/vbn by/in forty-five/cd persons/nns ,/, subscribing/vbg a/at total/nn of/in two/cd hundred/cd shares/nns ./. A/at month/nn later/rbr the/at General/nn-tl Court/nn-tl served/vbd notice/nn to/in the/at town/nn of/in Newbury/np that/cs the/at bridge/nn was/bedz to/to be/be built/vbn ./. The/at matter/nn was/bedz considered/vbn and/cc reconsidered/vbn ,/, and/cc finally/rb opposed/vbn ,/, but/cc in/in spite/nn of/in many/ap objections/nns ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl granted/vbd a/at charter/nn on/in January/np 9/cd ,/, 1792/cd ./. On/in November/np 26/cd of/in that/dt year/nn the/at bridge/nn was/bedz completed/vbn and/cc opened/vbn ./. Timothy/np Palmer/np ,/, who/wps invented/vbd and/cc later/rbr patented/vbd the/at arch/nn type/nn of/in construction/nn for/in wooden/jj bridges/nns ,/, was/bedz the/at genius/nn who/wps planned/vbd and/cc supervised/vbd the/at building/nn of/in the/at Essex/np ,/, or/cc ``/`` Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl ''/'' bridge/nn although/cs the/at actual/jj work/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp under/in the/at direction/nn of/in William/np Coombs/np ,/, who/wps received/vbd $300/nns as/cs recompense/nn ./. This/dt two-part/jj bridge/nn is/bez best/rbt described/vbn by/in Rev./np Timothy/np Dwight/np ,/, president/nn of/in Yale/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, in/in his/pp$ ``/`` Travels/nns-tl In/in-tl New-England/np-tl And/cc-tl New-York/np-tl ''/'' ,/, published/vbn in/in New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl in/in 1821/cd ./. He/pps says/vbz of/in it/ppo :/: ``/`` It/pps consists/vbz of/in two/cd divisions/nns ,/, separated/vbn by/in an/at island/nn at/in a/at small/jj distance/nn from/in the/at southern/jj shore/nn ./. The/at division/nn between/in the/at island/nn and/cc this/dt shore/nn ,/, consists/vbz principally/rb of/in an/at arch/nn ;/. ;/. whose/wp$ chord/nn is/bez one/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty/cd feet/nns ,/, and/cc whose/wp$ vortex/nn is/bez forty/cd feet/nns (/( it/pps was/bedz actually/rb 37/cd feet/nns )/) above/in the/at high-water/nn mark/nn ./. In/in appearance/nn and/cc construction/nn it/pps resembles/vbz the/at Pascataqua/np bridge/nn ./. The/at whole/jj length/nn of/in Essex/np bridge/nn is/bez one/cd thousand/cd and/cc thirty/cd feet/nns and/cc its/pp$ breadth/nn thirty-four/cd ./. I/ppss have/hv already/rb mentioned/vbn that/cs Mr./np Timothy/np Palmer/np of/in Newburyport/np was/bedz the/at inventor/nn of/in the/at arched/vbn bridges/nns in/in this/dt country/nn ./. As/cs Mr./np Palmer/np was/bedz educated/vbn to/in house-building/nn only/rb ,/, and/cc had/hvd never/rb seen/vbn a/at structure/nn of/in this/dt nature/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps certainly/rb deserves/vbz not/* a/at little/ap credit/nn for/in the/at invention/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez hardly/rb necessary/jj to/to remind/vb students/nns of/in covered/vbn bridges/nns that/cs Timothy/np Palmer/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in 1751/cd in/in nearby/jj Rowley/np ;/. ;/. that/cs he/pps moved/vbd with/in his/pp$ parents/nns to/in West/jj-tl Boxford/np-tl when/wrb he/pps was/bedz sixteen/cd years/nns old/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc was/bedz there/rb apprenticed/vbn to/in a/at builder/nn and/cc architect/nn ,/, Moody/np Spofford/np ./. It/pps was/bedz indeed/rb a/at remarkable/jj feat/nn that/cs a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd had/hvn no/at experience/nn of/in bridge/nn building/vbg should/md have/hv applied/vbn the/at principle/nn of/in the/at arch/nn ,/, which/wdt appears/vbz in/in his/pp$ famous/jj bridges/nns at/in Portsmouth/np ,/, Haverhill/np ,/, and/cc Philadelphia/np ./. The/at Essex/np-tl Merrimack/np-tl Bridge/nn-tl when/wrb first/rb built/vbn was/bedz not/* covered/vbn ./. As/ql far/rb as/cs we/ppss know/vb ,/, no/at American/jj bridge/nn had/hvd been/ben thus/rb protected/vbn in/in 1792/cd ./. Richard/np S./np Allen/np is/bez the/at authority/nn for/in the/at statement/nn that/cs the/at northern/jj section/nn was/bedz probably/rb roofed/vbn by/in 1810/cd ./. Its/pp$ original/jj appearance/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in an/at engraving/nn published/vbn in/in the/at ``/`` Massachusetts/np-tl Magazine/nn-tl ''/'' in/in May/np 1793/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez reproduced/vbn herewith/rb (/( Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./. A/at brief/jj description/nn accompanying/vbg the/at picture/nn says/vbz that/cs the/at bridge/nn contained/vbd more/ap than/in 6000/cd tons/nns of/in timber/nn ./. Between/in the/at abutments/nns on/in the/at Newbury/np shore/nn and/cc the/at south/nr bank/nn of/in Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl there/ex was/bedz one/cd span/nn or/cc arch/nn measuring/vbg 160/cd feet/nns ;/. ;/. between/in the/at north/nr shore/nn of/in Deer/nn-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc the/at Salisbury/np side/nn there/ex was/bedz an/at arch/nn of/in 113/cd feet/nns and/cc a/at series/nn of/in piers/nns with/in a/at draw/nn forty/cd feet/nns long/jj ./. A/at dinner/nn and/cc celebration/nn in/in honor/nn of/in this/dt piece/nn of/in engineering/vbg took/vbd place/nn July/np 4/cd ,/, 1793/cd ,/, in/in a/at tavern/nn erected/vbn by/in the/at corporation/nn on/in the/at island/nn ./. It/pps is/bez said/vbn that/cs the/at eccentric/jj Timothy/np Dexter/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at first/od share-holders/nns ,/, stood/vbd on/in the/at table/nn and/cc made/vbd a/at speech/nn worthy/jj of/in the/at occasion/nn ./. The/at ``/`` Essex/np-tl Journal/nn-tl ''/'' says/vbz that/cs he/pps ``/`` delivered/vbd an/at oration/nn on/in the/at bridge/nn ,/, which/wdt for/in elegance/nn of/in style/nn ,/, propriety/nn of/in speech/nn or/cc force/nn of/in argument/nn ,/, was/bedz truly/rb Ciceronian/jj ''/'' ./. The/at reporter/nn must/md have/hv written/vbn this/dt with/in tongue/nn in/in cheek/nn ,/, because/cs Dexter's/np$ oration/nn could/md hardly/rb be/be understood/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, although/cs he/pps later/rbr explained/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz talking/vbg French/np ,/, it/pps seems/vbz rather/ql more/ql likely/jj that/cs he/pps had/hvd succumbed/vbn to/in the/at joys/nns of/in the/at evening/nn ./. The/at north/nr portion/nn of/in the/at Essex/np bridge/nn was/bedz well/ql worth/jj the/at cost/nn of/in construction/nn ,/, although/cs it/pps proved/vbd to/to be/be twice/rb what/wdt was/bedz estimated/vbn in/in the/at beginning/nn ./. It/pps stood/vbd in/in its/pp$ original/jj form/nn until/in 1882/cd ./. The/at southern/jj half/abn ,/, however/rb ,/, on/in account/nn of/in its/pp$ underbracing/nn ,/, was/bedz considered/vbn by/in boat/nn owners/nns a/at menace/nn to/in navigation/nn ./. In/in 1810/cd it/pps was/bedz torn/vbn down/rp and/cc replaced/vbn by/in a/at chain/nn suspension/nn bridge/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz built/vbn by/in John/np Templeman/np from/in plans/nns submitted/vbn by/in James/np Finley/np of/in Fayette/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, Pennsylvania/np ./. Timothy/np Palmer/np had/hvd general/jj supervision/nn of/in the/at work/nn ./. An/at advertisement/nn in/in the/at ``/`` Newburyport/np Herald/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, December/np 21/cd ,/, 1810/cd ,/, shows/vbz Palmer/np in/in a/at new/jj light/nn as/cs an/at expert/nn on/in chain/nn-hl bridges/nns-hl ./. It/pps reads/vbz :/: ``/`` chain/nn bridges/nns ``/`` ./. Information/nn is/bez hereby/rb given/vbn that/cs Mr./np Timothy/np Palmer/np of/in Newburyport/np ,/, Mass./np has/hvz agreed/vbn to/to take/vb charge/nn of/in the/at concerns/nns of/in the/at Patentees/nns-tl of/in the/at Chain/nn-tl Bridge/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at states/nns of/in Massachusetts/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, Vermont/np ,/, Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Connecticut/np ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs relates/vbz to/in the/at sale/nn of/in Patent/nn-tl rights/nns and/cc the/at construction/nn of/in Chain/nn-tl Bridges/nns-tl ./. ``/`` Mr./np Palmer/np will/md attend/vb to/in any/dti applications/nns relating/vbg to/in bridges/nns and/cc if/cs desired/vbn will/md view/vb the/at proposed/vbn site/nn ,/, and/cc lay/vb out/rp and/cc superintend/vb the/at work/nn ,/, or/cc recommend/vb a/at suitable/jj person/nn to/to execute/vb it/ppo ./. John/np Templeman/np ``/`` Approved/vbd ,/, Timothy/np Palmer/np ''/'' ./. This/dt chain/nn bridge/nn proved/vbd less/ql durable/jj than/cs the/at wooden/jj arch/nn on/in the/at Salisbury/np end/nn ./. It/pps fell/vbd ,/, February/np 6/cd ,/, 1827/cd ,/, carrying/vbg with/in it/ppo a/at horse/nn and/cc wagon/nn ,/, two/cd men/nns and/cc four/cd oxen/nns ./. The/at horse/nn and/cc men/nns were/bed saved/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at oxen/nns drowned/vbd ./. In/in spite/nn of/in this/dt catastrophe/nn ,/, the/at bridge/nn was/bedz rebuilt/vbn on/in the/at same/ap plan/nn and/cc opened/vbn again/rb on/in July/np 17/cd ,/, 1827/cd ./. This/dt second/od chain/nn bridge/nn was/bedz 570/cd feet/nns long/jj ,/, had/hvd two/cd thirty-foot/jj towers/nns and/cc a/at draw/nn ,/, and/cc a/at double/jj roadway/nn ./. The/at Essex/np bridge/nn was/bedz a/at toll/nn crossing/nn until/in 1868/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at County/nn-tl Commissioners/nns-tl laid/vbd out/rp all/abn the/at Merrimack/np bridges/nns as/cs highways/nns ./. Sturdy/jj and/cc strong/jj after/in more/ap than/in a/at century/nn of/in continuous/jj use/nn ,/, the/at old/jj covered/vbn ,/, wooden/jj bridge/nn that/wps spans/vbz the/at Tygartis/np-tl Valley/nn-tl River/nn-tl at/in Philippi/np will/md have/hv a/at distinctive/jj part/nn in/in the/at week-long/jj observance/nn of/in the/at first/od land/nn battle/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl at/in its/pp$ home/nr site/nn ,/, May/np 28th/od to/in June/np 3rd/od ./. Colonel/nn-tl Frederick/np W./np Lander/np ,/, impersonated/vbn ,/, will/md again/rb make/vb his/pp$ break-neck/jj ride/nn down/in the/at steep/nn declivity/nn of/in Talbott's/np$ (/( now/rb College/nn-tl )/) Hill/nn-tl and/cc thunder/vb across/in the/at bridge/nn to/to join/vb Colonel/nn-tl Benjamin/np F./np Kelley's/np$ (/( West/jj-tl )/) Virginia/np-tl Infantry/nn-tl ,/, then/rb swarming/vbg through/in the/at streets/nns in/in pursuit/nn of/in the/at retreating/vbg Confederates/nns-tl ./. He/pps was/bedz closely/rb followed/vbn by/in the/at Ohio/np and/cc Indiana/np troops/nns --/-- thus/rb the/at old/jj bridge/nn has/hvz another/dt distinction/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt of/in being/beg the/at first/od such/jj structure/nn secured/vbn by/in force/nn of/in arms/nns in/in the/at war/nn of/in the/at '60s/nns ./. The/at bridge/nn has/hvz survived/vbn the/at natural/jj hazards/nns of/in the/at elements/nns ,/, war/nn ,/, fire/nn ,/, and/cc floods/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs injuries/nns incident/jj to/in heavy/jj traffic/nn ,/, for/in more/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd years/nns ./. Twice/rb during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl it/pps was/bedz saved/vbn from/in destruction/nn by/in the/at opposing/vbg armies/nns by/in the/at pleas/nns and/cc prayers/nns of/in a/at local/jj minister/nn ./. It/pps still/rb stands/vbz as/cs a/at monument/nn to/in the/at engineering/vbg skills/nns of/in the/at last/ap century/nn and/cc still/rb serves/vbz in/in the/at gasoline/nn age/nn to/to carry/vb heavy/jj traffic/nn on/in U.S./np-tl Route/nn-tl 250/cd-tl --/-- the/at old/jj Beverly/np-tl and/cc-tl Fairmont/np-tl Turnpike/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at very/ql few/ap ,/, if/cs not/* the/at only/ap surviving/vbg bridge/nn of/in its/pp$ type/nn to/to serve/vb a/at main/jjs artery/nn of/in the/at U.S./np highway/nn system/nn ,/, thus/rb it/pps is/bez far/ql more/ap than/in a/at relic/nn of/in the/at horse/nn and/cc buggy/nn days/nns ./. This/dt covered/vbn ,/, wooden/jj bridge/nn is/bez so/ql closely/rb identified/vbn with/in the/at first/od action/nn in/in the/at early/jj morning/nn of/in June/np 3/cd ,/, 1861/cd ,/, and/cc with/in subsequent/jj troop/nn movements/nns of/in both/abx armies/nns in/in the/at Philippi/np area/nn that/cs it/pps has/hvz become/vbn a/at part/nn and/cc parcel/nn of/in the/at war/nn story/nn ./. So/ql frequently/rb have/hv pictures/nns of/in the/at bridge/nn appeared/vbn in/in books/nns and/cc in/in national/jj publications/nns that/cs it/pps vies/vbz with/in the/at old/jj John/np-tl Brown/np-tl Fort/nn-tl at/in Harpers/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl as/cs the/at two/cd nationally/rb best/rbt known/vbn structures/nns in/in West/jj-tl Virginia/np-tl ./. Completed/vbn and/cc opened/vbn for/in traffic/nn in/in 1852/cd ,/, the/at bridge/nn was/bedz designed/vbn and/cc built/vbn by/in Lemuel/np Chenoweth/np and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn ,/, Eli/np ,/, of/in Beverly/np ./. The/at Chenoweth/np brothers/nns were/bed experienced/jj bridge/nn builders/nns ,/, and/cc against/in the/at competition/nn of/in other/ap ,/, and/cc better/rbr known/vbn ,/, bridge/nn designers/nns and/cc builders/nns they/ppss had/hvd constructed/vbn nine/cd of/in the/at covered/vbn ,/, wooden/jj bridges/nns on/in the/at Parkersburg/np-tl and/cc-tl Staunton/np-tl Turnpike/nn-tl a/at dozen/nn years/nns before/rb ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs many/ap other/ap bridges/nns for/in several/ap counties/nns ./. The/at Philippi/np-tl bridge/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz the/at Chenoweth/np master/nn piece/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ 139-foot/jj ,/, dual/jj lane/nn ,/, span/nn --/-- and/cc it/pps stands/vbz today/nr as/cs a/at monument/nn to/in its/pp$ builders/nns ./. Never/rb rebuilt/vbn ,/, the/at bridge/nn was/bedz strengtened/vbn in/in 1938/cd by/in two/cd extra/jj piers/nns ,/, a/at concrete/nn floor/nn ,/, and/cc a/at walk-way/nn along/in the/at upper/jj side/nn in/in order/nn to/to care/vb for/in modern/jj traffic/nn ./. During/in the/at war/nn it/pps was/bedz in/in constant/jj use/nn by/in the/at wagon/nn trains/nns transporting/vbg supplies/nns from/in the/at railhead/nn at/in Grafton/np to/in the/at troops/nns operating/vbg in/in the/at interior/nn ./. Union/nn-tl soldiers/nns at/in times/nns used/vbd it/ppo for/in sleeping/vbg quarters/nns to/to escape/vb from/in the/at rain/nn or/cc other/ap inclement/jj weather/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo left/vbd momentoes/nns of/in their/pp$ stay/nn by/in carving/vbg their/pp$ names/nns and/cc small/jj tokens/nns on/in its/pp$ walls/nns and/cc beams/nns ./. But/cc what/wdt the/at elements/nns could/md not/* do/do was/bedz seriously/rb threatened/vbn when/wrb Brigadier/nn-tl General/nn-tl William/np E./np (/( Grumble/np )/) Jones/np reached/vbd Philippi/np while/cs on/in the/at famous/jj Jones-Imboden/np raid/nn in/in May/np ,/, 1863/cd ./. General/nn-tl Jones/np was/bedz fresh/jj from/in a/at long/jj series/nn of/in bridge/nn burnings/nns ,/, including/in the/at long/jj bridge/nn at/in Fairmont/np ,/, and/cc ,/, after/cs seeing/vbg a/at great/jj drove/nn of/in horses/nns and/cc cattle/nns he/pps had/hvd collected/vbn safely/rb across/in the/at bridge/nn ,/, he/pps sent/vbd his/pp$ men/nns to/to work/vb piling/vbg combustibles/nns in/in and/cc around/in it/ppo ./. Reverend/np Joshual/np Corder/np ,/, a/at Baptist/jj-tl minister/nn ,/, gathered/vbd a/at few/ap citizens/nns of/in Southern/jj-tl sympathies/nns ,/, to/to call/vb on/in Jones/np and/cc plead/vb with/in him/ppo to/to spare/vb the/at structure/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps reasoned/vbd and/cc argued/vbd ,/, pointing/vbg out/rp that/cs Jones/np or/cc other/ap Confederate/jj-tl commanders/nns would/md need/vb it/ppo should/md troops/nns pass/vb that/dt way/nn in/in retreat/nn ./. Jones/np relented/vbd ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* order/vb his/pp$ men/nns to/to apply/vb the/at torch/nn --/-- the/at drove/nn of/in livestock/nn was/bedz driven/vbn up/in the/at valley/nn ,/, via/in Beverly/np ,/, and/cc across/in the/at mountains/nns to/to feed/vb and/cc serve/vb the/at Confederate/jj-tl army/nn ,/, while/cs Jones/np and/cc his/pp$ raiders/nns turned/vbd toward/in Buckhannon/np to/to join/vb forces/nns with/in Imboden/np ./. Again/rb Reverend/np Corder/np saved/vbd the/at bridge/nn when/wrb Union/nn-tl soldiers/nns planned/vbd to/to destroy/vb it/ppo ,/, after/cs filling/vbg its/pp$ two/cd lanes/nns with/in hay/nn and/cc straw/nn --/-- but/cc for/in what/wdt reason/nn is/bez not/* recorded/vbn nor/cc remembered/vbn ,/, certainly/rb not/* because/cs of/in pressure/nn from/in an/at opposing/vbg Confederate/jj-tl force/nn ./. On/in the/at second/od occasion/nn it/pps took/vbd prayers/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs reason/nn to/to dissuade/vb the/at soldiers/nns from/in their/pp$ purpose/nn ./. Centering/vbg around/in this/dt historic/jj old/jj structure/nn ,/, a/at group/nn of/in public-spirited/jj Barbour/np-tl County/nn-tl citizens/nns have/hv organized/vbn and/cc planned/vbn a/at week-long/jj series/nn of/in events/nns ,/, beginning/vbg on/in May/np 28th/od and/cc continuing/vbg through/in June/np 3rd/od ,/, to/to observe/vb most/ql appropriately/rb the/at centennial/nn of/in the/at first/od land/nn engagement/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl at/in Philippi/np ./.

ce19

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possible:2 excuse:1 dripping:1 parade:1 idea:2 extension:1 direct:1 outdoor:1 route:1 parking:1 provide:3 limited:1 number:1 extra:2 suit:1 mainly:1 stock:1 inexpensive:1 bathing:1 convenience:1 preserver:1 buckle:1 kapok:1 kind:1 hold:1 readiness:1 preserving:1 limb:1 course:4 important:1 together:1 locality:1 law:1 require:2 fence:1 usually:1 minimum:1 height:1 5:1 fenced:1 unfenced:1 horseplay:1 underwater:1 endurance:1 contest:2 inexpert:1 version:1 water:7 polo:1 diving:1 board:1 non:1 skid:1 surface:1 coco:1 mat:1 awful:1 chlorine:2 rot:1 quickly:1 grit:1 impregnate:1 paint:1 excellent:1 diver:1 enjoin:1 leap:1 top:1 someone:1 else:1 onto:1 edge:1 wide:1 shallow:2 benefit:1 little:3 thus:1 introduce:1 ladder:1 afford:1 safe:1 distance:1 drinking:1 glass:1 ban:1 favor:1 metal:1 cup:1 earnestly:1 mental:1 health:1 chat:1 agent:1 prepared:1 pitfall:1 empty:2 manner:1 lawsuit:1 soignee:1 ala:1 happen:2 careful:1 element:1 unless:2 widow:1 spend:1 leisure:1 nurse:2 pristine:1 purity:1 care:3 feeding:1 ph:1 content:1 filter:2 vacuuming:1 best:1 leave:3 weekly:1 bi:1 monthly:1 professional:2 service:1 always:2 add:2 housekeeping:1 chore:1 price:1 emergency:1 thing:1 brief:1 hydraulic:1 builder:1 appreciate:1 future:1 crisis:1 preserve:1 sudden:1 rise:1 temperature:1 poison:1 green:1 overnight:1 need:3 wall:2 slippery:1 algaecide:1 help:1 able:1 job:2 full:1 trap:2 dirt:2 catcher:1 front:1 clean:2 shut:1 insist:1 bobby:1 pin:2 hair:1 wear:1 shed:1 rust:1 mark:1 spring:2 fair:1 lend:1 scrub:1 furbish:1 cleaning:1 drain:2 grate:2 season:1 fall:1 stand:1 brush:2 bottom:2 wet:1 much:2 stain:1 dynamite:1 dry:1 pipe:2 wash:1 debris:2 torrent:1 release:1 cause:1 comment:1 pass:1 property:1 forget:1 possibility:1 locate:1 sloping:1 natural:1 drainage:1 desirable:1 face:1 annual:1 expense:2 labor:1 scooping:1 lighting:1 dramatize:1 scene:1 light:2 attract:1 insect:1 mile:1 visitor:1 seldom:1 filtering:1 vacuum:1 slap:1 often:1 floodlight:1 teach:1 pay:1 buy:1 equipment:1 follow:1 instruction:1 letter:1 sure:1 person:1 regularly:1 responsible:1 aspect:1 claim:1 never:1 let:1 valve:1 boy:1 play:1 ship:1 find:1 hit:1 literally:1

It/pps is/bez a/at good/jj eight/cd years/nns now/rb since/cs each/dt of/in us/ppo acquired/vbd a/at swimming/vbg pool/nn --/-- eight/cd enlightening/jj ,/, vigorous/jj ,/, rigorous/jj ,/, not/* wholly/ql unrewarding/jj years/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv learned/vbn a/at lot/nn --/-- a/at dash/nn of/in hydrochemistry/nn here/rb ,/, a/at bit/nn about/in plumbing/nn and/cc pump-priming/nn there/rb ./. We/ppss have/hv had/hvn sound/jj grounding/nn in/in the/at principles/nns of/in the/at mailed-fist-in-velvet-glove/jj school/nn of/in diplomacy/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv become/vbn amateur/jj insurance/nn experts/nns and/cc fine-feathered/jj yard/nn birds/nns ./. True/rb ,/, our/pp$ problems/nns have/hv lessened/vbn a/at bit/nn as/cs more/ap and/cc more/ap of/in our/pp$ neighbors/nns have/hv built/vbn their/pp$ own/jj pools/nns ,/, thereby/rb diluting/vbg our/pp$ spectacular/jj attractions/nns ./. But/cc problems/nns cling/vb to/in pools/nns ,/, as/cs any/dti pool/nn owner/nn knows/vbz ./. So/rb our/pp$ innate/jj generosity/nn of/in spirit/nn prompts/vbz us/ppo to/to share/vb our/pp$ trials/nns ,/, errors/nns and/cc solutions/nns with/in any/dti who/wps are/ber taking/vbg the/at pool/nn plunge/nn for/in the/at first/od time/nn --/-- in/in the/at pious/jj hope/nn that/cs some/dti may/md profit/vb from/in our/pp$ experience/nn ./. Where/wrb-hl to/to-hl put/vb-hl it/ppo-hl Position/nn may/md not/* be/be everything/pn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at case/nn of/in a/at pool/nn it/pps can/md certainly/rb contribute/vb difficulties/nns ,/, social/jj and/or/cc physical/jj ./. We/ppss speak/vb from/in varying/vbg viewpoints/nns ./. One/cd of/in us/ppo has/hvz a/at pool/nn set/vbn in/in a/at wooded/jj area/nn very/ql near/in the/at house/nn ./. The/at other/ap has/hvz his/pp$ pool/nn far/ql away/rb from/in the/at house/nn in/in a/at field/nn high/rb on/in a/at hill/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber dreaming/vbg of/in a/at blue/jj ,/, shimmering/vbg pool/nn right/ql outside/in your/pp$ living/vbg room/nn windows/nns ,/, close/vb your/pp$ eyes/nns firmly/rb and/cc fill/vb in/in the/at picture/nn with/in lots/nns and/cc lots/nns of/in children/nns ,/, damp/jj towels/nns ,/, squashed/vbn tubes/nns of/in suntan/nn oil/nn and/cc semi-inflated/jj plastic/nn toys/nns ./. You/ppss are/ber likely/jj to/to be/be nearer/rbr the/at truth/nn ./. You/ppss can/md also/rb see/vb that/cs the/at greater/jjr the/at proximity/nn of/in the/at pool/nn to/in your/pp$ main/jjs living/vbg quarters/nns ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at chance/nn for/in violation/nn of/in family/nn privacy/nn ,/, annoying/jj noise/nn and/cc the/at let's-make-your-house-our-club/jj attitude/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, out-of-sight/nn does/doz not/* lead/vb to/in out-of-mind/nn when/wrb children/nns cannot/md* be/be easily/rb observed/vbn and/cc you/ppss have/hv to/to make/vb a/at long/jj trek/nn to/to reach/vb the/at pool/nn ./. Another/dt dilemma/nn :/: As/ql picturesque/jj as/cs a/at sylvan/jj pond/nn in/in the/at forest/nn may/md be/be ,/, trees/nns offer/vb a/at leaf/nn and/cc root/nn hazard/nn to/in the/at well-being/nn of/in a/at pool/nn ./. Yet/cc a/at grassy/jj approach/nn can/md turn/vb a/at pool/nn into/in a/at floating/vbg lawn/nn every/at time/nn the/at grass/nn is/bez mowed/vbn ./. As/cs in/in choosing/vbg a/at wife/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez only/rb sensible/jj to/to consider/vb also/rb how/wql appealing/jj a/at pool/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be in/in bad/jj weather/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in good/jj ./. In/in the/at colder/jjr climes/nns ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to live/vb through/in the/at many/ap unglamorous/jj winter/nn months/nns when/wrb your/pp$ pool/nn will/md hardly/rb look/vb its/pp$ best/jjt ./. It/pps may/md be/be a/at big/jj hole/nn in/in the/at ground/nn filled/vbn with/in salt/nn hay/nn ,/, or/cc an/at ice/nn floe/nn studded/vbn with/in logs/nns ./. Even/rb a/at neat/jj ,/, plastic-covered/jj plunge/nn is/bez not/* exactly/rb a/at joy/nn to/to behold/vb ./. (/( We/ppss do/do ,/, however/rb ,/, recommend/vb those/dts patented/vbn covers/nns to/to prevent/vb both/abx people/nns and/cc junk/nn --/-- flora/nns and/cc fauna/nns generally/rb --/-- from/in accidentally/rb wintering/vbg in/in the/at pool/nn ./. )/) Probably/rb no/at location/nn for/in a/at pool/nn is/bez perfect/jj on/in all/abn counts/nns ./. Naturally/rb it/pps will/md be/be dictated/vbn to/in a/at large/jj extent/nn by/in the/at shape/nn and/cc size/nn of/in your/pp$ land/nn ./. But/cc if/cs space/nn and/cc money/nn are/ber no/at problem/nn and/cc small/jj children/nns are/ber not/* on/in hand/nn every/at day/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez certainly/rb more/ql restful/jj to/to have/hv your/pp$ pool/nn and/cc entertainment/nn area/nn removed/vbn from/in the/at immediate/jj environs/nns of/in the/at house/nn ./. And/cc a/at good/jj several/ap feet/nns around/in the/at pool/nn should/md be/be neither/cc greensward/nn nor/cc woods/nns ,/, but/cc good/jj hard/jj pavement/nn ./. The/at placement/nn of/in your/pp$ pool/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, will/md not/* of/in itself/ppl solve/vb the/at two/cd major/jj problems/nns of/in pool/nn owning/nn --/-- those/dts that/wps involve/vb your/pp$ social/jj life/nn and/cc those/dts pertaining/vbg to/in safety/nn ./. Coping/vbg with/in them/ppo demands/vbz stern/jj discipline/nn --/-- of/in yourself/ppl as/ql well/rb as/cs of/in your/pp$ family/nn ,/, neighbors/nns ,/, friends/nns and/cc anyone/pn you/ppss ever/rb talked/vbd to/in on/in a/at transoceanic/jj jet/nn ./. Eight/cd years/nns ago/rb while/cs we/ppss were/bed going/vbg through/in the/at mud-sweat-and-tears/jj construction/nn period/nn ,/, we/ppss were/bed each/dt solaced/vbn by/in the/at vision/nn of/in early/jj morning/nn dips/nns and/cc evening/nn home-comings/nns to/in a/at cool/jj family/nn collected/vbn around/in the/at pool/nn with/in a/at buffet/nn table/nn laid/vbn out/rp nearby/rb for/in the/at lord/nn and/cc master's/nn$ delectation/nn ./. But/cc not/* even/rb our/pp$ first/od pool-side/nn gatherings/nns came/vbd anywhere/rb near/in those/dts rosy/jj fantasies/nns ./. We/ppss seemed/vbd to/to be/be witnessing/vbg the/at population/nn explosion/nn right/ql in/in our/pp$ own/jj backyards/nns ./. Our/pp$ respective/jj families/nns looked/vbd as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd quadrupled/vbn ./. Had/hvd we/ppss taken/vbn a/at lien/nn on/in a/at state/nn park/nn ?/. ?/. Not/* at/in all/abn ./. We/ppss had/hvd merely/rb been/ben discovered/vbn by/in the/at pool/nn sharks/nns ./. We/ppss were/bed in/in business/nn !/. !/. From/in proud/jj pool-owners/nns to/in perpetual/jj hosts/nns and/cc handymen/nns was/bedz a/at short/jj step/nn --/-- no/at more/ap than/cs the/at change/nn from/in city/nn clothes/nns to/in trunks/nns ./. Naive/jj of/in us/ppo ,/, maybe/rb ,/, but/cc the/at results/nns of/in our/pp$ impulsive/jj invitations/nns to/to ``/`` come/vb over/rp next/ap summer/nn and/cc swim/vb in/in our/pp$ new/jj pool/nn ''/'' were/bed both/abx unexpected/jj and/cc unsettling/vbg ./. Our/pp$-hl book/nn-hl of/in-hl etiquette/nn-hl After/in the/at first/od few/ap weeks/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz obvious/jj that/cs rules/nns had/hvd to/to be/be made/vbn ,/, laid/vbn down/rp and/cc obeyed/vbn --/-- even/rb if/cs our/pp$ popularity/nn ratings/nns became/vbd subnormal/jj as/cs a/at result/nn ./. So/rb rules/nns we/ppss made/vbd ,/, in/in unabashed/jj collusion/nn ./. Since/cs our/pp$ viewpoints/nns in/in this/dt respect/nn coincided/vbd precisely/rb ,/, we/ppss present/vb the/at fruits/nns of/in our/pp$ efforts/nns herewith/rb as/cs a/at single/jj social/jj code/nn for/in pool/nn owners/nns ./. First/od and/cc foremost/rb :/: No/at one/pn --/-- no/rb ,/, not/* anyone/pn --/-- in/in the/at family/nn is/bez allowed/vbn to/to issue/vb blanket/nn invitations/nns to/in his/pp$ or/cc her/pp$ own/jj circle/nn ./. Just/ql short/jj of/in forty/cd lashes/nns we/ppss finally/rb managed/vbd to/to coerce/vb our/pp$ children/nns to/in this/dt view/nn ./. Their/pp$ friends/nns and/cc ours/pp$$ are/ber welcome/jj to/to share/vb the/at pool/nn ,/, but/cc on/in our/pp$ terms/nns and/cc at/in our/pp$ times/nns ./. No/at friends/nns are/ber to/to arrive/vb without/in an/at invitation/nn or/cc without/in at/in least/ap telephoning/vbg beforehand/rb ./. No/at ringers/nns ,/, either/rb --/-- even/rb if/cs they/ppss are/ber trailing/vbg legitimate/jj invitees/nns ./. We/ppss want/vb to/to know/vb when/wrb the/at Potlatches/nps telephone/vb exactly/rb how/wql many/ap they/ppss are/ber planning/vbg to/to bring/vb ,/, so/cs that/cs we/ppss won't/md* end/vb up/rp with/in a/at splashing/vbg mob/nn that/wps looks/vbz like/cs Coney/np-tl Island/nn-tl in/in August/np ./. No/at young/jj children/nns may/md come/vb without/in adults/nns except/in for/in a/at specific/jj ,/, organized/vbn ,/, chaperoned/vbn party/nn ./. And/cc accompanying/vbg adults/nns are/ber urged/vbn to/to keep/vb an/at alert/jj and/cc sensible/jj eye/nn on/in their/pp$ responsibilities/nns ./. A/at gaggle/nn of/in gabbling/vbg mothers/nns ,/, backs/nns to/in the/at pool/nn ,/, is/bez no/at safeguard/nn ./. No/at bottle/nn pool/nn is/bez tolerated/vbn --/-- bottle/nn pool/nn being/beg our/pp$ lingo/nn for/in those/dts who/wps come/vb to/to swim/vb and/cc sink/vb into/in our/pp$ bar/nn while/cs protesting/vbg that/cs they/ppss can/md only/rb dunk/vb and/cc run/vb ./. (/( Sanity/nn ,/, solvency/nn and/cc relations/nns with/in our/pp$ wine/nn merchant/nn took/vbd a/at beating/nn that/dt first/od summer/nn as/cs we/ppss inadvertently/rb became/vbd the/at neighborhood/nn free-drink/nn stop/nn ./. )/) We/ppss designated/vbd one/cd day/nn a/at week/nn as/cs the/at time/nn when/wrb neighborhood/nn teen-agers/nns might/md swim/vb at/in definite/jj hours/nns ./. This/dt has/hvz saved/vbn us/ppo from/in constant/jj requests/nns seven/cd days/nns a/at week/nn and/cc made/vbn us/ppo feel/vb less/ql brutal/jj to/in the/at young/jj ``/`` less/ql fortunate/jj ''/'' than/cs ours/pp$$ ./. We/ppss also/rb worked/vbd out/rp logistics/nn for/in Sunday/nr afternoon/nn swimmers/nns who/wps arrive/vb two/cd hours/nns early/rb with/in their/pp$ weekend/nn guests/nns while/cs we/ppss are/ber still/rb enjoying/vbg an/at alfresco/nn lunch/nn en/fw-in famille/fw-nn ./. We/ppss gently/rb usher/vb them/ppo to/in an/at island/nn of/in tables/nns and/cc chairs/nns strategically/rb placed/vbn on/in the/at far/jj side/nn of/in the/at pool/nn where/wrb they/ppss can/md amuse/vb each/dt other/ap until/cs we/ppss get/vb ready/jj to/to merge/vb sides/nns ./. All/abn dressing/vbg (/( undressing/vbg to/to be/be more/ql exact/jj )/) must/md be/be done/vbn in/in our/pp$ small/jj bath/nn house/nn or/cc at/in the/at swimmers'/nns$ homes/nns ./. (/( To/to avoid/vb any/dti possible/jj excuse/nn for/in a/at dripping/vbg parade/nn through/in your/pp$ house/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at good/jj idea/nn to/to have/hv a/at telephone/nn extension/nn near/in the/at pool/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at direct/jj outdoor/jj route/nn between/in the/at pool/nn ,/, and/cc the/at parking/vbg area/nn ./. )/) We/ppss do/do ,/, however/rb ,/, provide/vb a/at limited/vbn number/nn of/in extra/jj suits/nns ,/, mainly/rb for/in children/nns ,/, and/cc we/ppss stock/vb extra/jj towels/nns and/cc a/at few/ap inexpensive/jj bathing/vbg conveniences/nns ./. Life-preservers/nns ,/, the/at buckle-on/jj kapok-filled/jj kind/nn ,/, are/ber held/vbn in/in readiness/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, for/in the/at very/ql young/jj ./. Preserving/vbg-hl life/nn-hl and/cc-hl limb/nn-hl Safety/nn rules/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, are/ber more/ql important/jj than/cs all/abn the/at others/nns put/vbn together/rb ./. In/in many/ap localities/nns ,/, now/rb ,/, the/at law/nn requires/vbz all/abn pools/nns to/to be/be fenced/vbn ,/, usually/rb to/in a/at minimum/jj height/nn of/in 5/cd feet/nns ./. But/cc fenced/vbn or/cc unfenced/jj ,/, no/at pool-side/nn is/bez the/at place/nn for/in running/vbg or/cc horseplay/nn ./. We/ppss allow/vb no/at underwater/jj endurance/nn contests/nns ,/, either/rb ,/, or/cc inexpert/jj versions/nns of/in water/nn polo/nn ./. Diving/vbg boards/nns must/md have/hv non-skid/nn surfaces/nns (/( coco/nn matting/nn takes/vbz an/at awful/jj beating/nn from/in chlorine/nn and/cc rots/vbz quickly/rb ,/, but/cc grit-impregnated/jj paints/nns are/ber excellent/jj )/) ./. And/cc divers/nns must/md be/be enjoined/vbn to/to look/vb before/cs they/ppss leap/vb ,/, either/cc on/in top/nn of/in someone/pn else/rb or/cc onto/in a/at pool/nn edge/nn ./. Our/pp$ pools/nns also/rb have/hv wide/jj ,/, shallow/jj steps/nns --/-- for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at littlest/jjt swimmers/nns who/wps can/md thus/rb be/be introduced/vbn to/in the/at water/nn with/in far/ql greater/jjr safety/nn than/cs a/at ladder/nn affords/vbz ./. All/abn bottles/nns must/md be/be kept/vbn a/at safe/jj distance/nn away/rb from/in the/at pool/nn and/cc drinking/vbg glasses/nns are/ber banned/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in plastic/nn or/cc metal/nn cups/nns ./. When/wrb you/ppss first/rb acquire/vb a/at pool/nn ,/, we/ppss earnestly/rb recommend/vb --/-- for/in your/pp$ own/jj mental/jj health/nn --/-- a/at good/jj long/jj chat/nn with/in your/pp$ insurance/nn agent/nn ./. You/ppss should/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to cope/vb with/in any/dti pitfall/nn such/jj as/cs plunges/nns into/in empty/jj pools/nns or/cc shallow/jj ends/nns and/cc all/abn manner/nn of/in winter/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs summer/nn lawsuits/nns ./. Soignee/jj pools/nns ,/, alas/uh ,/, do/do not/* just/rb happen/vb ./. They/ppss are/ber the/at result/nn of/in a/at constant/jj and/cc careful/jj contest/nn with/in the/at elements/nns ./. Unless/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to make/vb your/pp$ wife/nn a/at pool/nn widow/nn and/cc to/to spend/vb a/at great/ql many/ap of/in your/pp$ leisure/nn hours/nns nursing/vbg your/pp$ pool's/nn$ pristine/jj purity/nn ,/, its/pp$ care/nn and/cc feeding/vbg --/-- from/in pH/nn content/nn to/in filtering/vbg and/cc vacuuming/vbg --/-- is/bez best/rbt left/vbn to/in a/at weekly/jj or/cc bi-monthly/jj professional/jj service/nn ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs your/pp$ pool/nn is/bez close/rb to/in the/at house/nn ,/, your/pp$ wife/nn can/md always/rb add/vb it/ppo to/in her/pp$ housekeeping/nn chores/nns (/( you/ppss hope/vb )/) ./. Or/cc you/ppss can/md make/vb pool/nn care/nn the/at price/nn of/in swimming/vbg for/in teen-agers/nns ./. Even/ql so/rb ,/, every/at pool/nn owner/nn ,/, in/in case/nn of/in emergency/nn ,/, should/md have/hv some/dti idea/nn of/in what/wdt makes/vbz things/nns work/vb ./. A/at brief/jj course/nn in/in hydraulics/nn from/in the/at pool/nn builders/nns may/md well/rb be/be appreciated/vbn in/in a/at future/jj crisis/nn ./. Preserving/vbg-hl the/at-hl pool/nn-hl A/at sudden/jj high/jj rise/nn in/in temperature/nn will/md turn/vb your/pp$ pool/nn poison/nn green/jj overnight/rb ./. You/ppss need/vb more/ap chlorine/nn ./. The/at walls/nns feel/vb slippery/jj ./. You/ppss need/vb algaecide/nn ./. With/in or/cc without/in professional/jj help/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to be/be able/jj to/to do/do some/dti of/in these/dts jobs/nns yourself/ppl unless/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at full-time/jj pool/nn nurse/nn ./. You/ppss should/md see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs the/at trap/nn ,/, the/at dirt-catcher/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at filter/nn ,/, is/bez always/rb clean/jj ./. A/at pool/nn is/bez no/at place/nn for/in a/at shut/vbn trap/nn ./. You/ppss should/md firmly/rb insist/vb that/cs no/at bobby/nn pins/nns or/cc hair/nn pins/nns be/be worn/vbn in/in the/at water/nn ./. When/wrb shed/vbn ,/, they/ppss leave/vb rust/nn marks/nns ./. You/ppss can/md hope/vb against/in hope/nn that/cs come/vbn spring/nn cleaning/nn ,/, your/pp$ fair-weather/nn friends/nns will/md lend/vb a/at hand/nn at/in scrubbing/vbg and/cc furbishing/vbg ./. It/pps has/hvz happened/vbn ./. Many/ap hours/nns of/in spring/nn cleaning/nn will/md be/be saved/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, if/cs you/ppss remove/vb the/at main/jjs drain/nn grate/nn when/wrb you/ppss close/vb the/at pool/nn season/nn in/in the/at fall/nn ./. As/cs the/at pool/nn is/bez emptied/vbn ,/, stand/vb by/rb to/to brush/vb down/rp the/at walls/nns and/cc bottom/nn while/cs they/ppss are/ber still/rb wet/jj ./. Much/ap of/in the/at dirt/nn and/cc leaf/nn stain/nn is/bez easily/rb removed/vbn when/wrb damp/jj ,/, but/cc requires/vbz dynamite/nn if/cs allowed/vbn to/to dry/vb ./. If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at 6-/cd to/in 8-inch/jj drain/nn pipe/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md easily/rb wash/vb out/rp all/abn the/at debris/nn when/wrb the/at grate/nn is/bez out/rp ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, when/wrb your/pp$ 6-inch/jj torrent/nn of/in water/nn is/bez released/vbn ,/, it/pps may/md cause/vb a/at lot/nn of/in comment/nn as/cs it/pps passes/vbz through/in or/cc by/in neighboring/vbg properties/nns ./. Do/do not/* forget/vb this/dt possibility/nn ./. If/cs your/pp$ pool/nn is/bez located/vbn on/in or/cc near/in sloping/vbg ground/nn ,/, it/pps may/md have/hv natural/jj drainage/nn which/wdt is/bez certainly/rb more/ql desirable/jj than/cs to/to be/be faced/vbn with/in the/at annual/jj expense/nn and/cc labor/nn of/in first/rb pumping/vbg out/rp the/at water/nn and/cc then/rb scooping/vbg out/rp all/abn the/at debris/nn ./. It/pps may/md be/be true/jj that/cs pool/nn lighting/nn dramatizes/vbz an/at evening/nn scene/nn ,/, but/cc lights/nns also/rb attract/vb all/abn the/at insect/nn life/nn for/in miles/nns around/rb ./. Once/cs on/in the/at water/nn ,/, these/dts little/jj visitors/nns seldom/rb leave/vb ,/, and/cc this/dt adds/vbz to/in your/pp$ filtering/vbg and/cc vacuuming/vbg problems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs providing/vbg a/at slapping/vbg good/jj time/nn for/in all/abn those/dts present/rb ./. Often/rb one/cd floodlight/nn high/rb in/in a/at tree/nn will/md provide/vb all/abn the/at light/nn you/ppss need/vb at/in much/ql less/ap expense/nn ./. Our/pp$ experience/nn has/hvz taught/vbn us/ppo that/cs it/pps pays/vbz to/to buy/vb the/at best/jjt equipment/nn possible/jj ,/, from/in pipes/nns to/in brushes/nns ./. Follow/vb pool-care/nn instructions/nns to/in the/at letter/nn ,/, and/cc be/be sure/jj that/cs one/cd person/nn (/( in/in the/at family/nn or/cc not/* )/) is/bez regularly/rb responsible/jj for/in each/dt aspect/nn of/in the/at job/nn ,/, with/in no/at chance/nn for/in claiming/vbg ,/, ``/`` It/pps wasn't/bedz* my/pp$ turn/nn ''/'' ./. Never/rb let/vb anyone/pn not/* in/in the/at know/nn take/vb a/at turn/nn at/in the/at valves/nns --/-- even/rb if/cs the/at little/jj boys/nns do/do want/vb to/to play/vb space/nn ship/nn ./. You/ppss may/md find/vb yourself/ppl hitting/vbg bottom/nn ,/, literally/rb ,/, as/cs you/ppss discover/vb that/dt water/nn is/bez running/vbg out/rp even/rb while/cs you/ppss are/ber putting/vbg it/ppo in/rp ./.

ce20

ce20 |@word draw:1 line:3 across:1 country:1 latitude:1 low:4 pennsylvania:1 house:25 build:5 without:1 air:16 conditioning:7 obsolete:1 10:1 year:5 fortunately:1 fha:3 arrive:1 conclusion:1 mean:4 cool:35 equipment:5 kind:2 may:7 include:2 mortgage:1 thus:1 acquire:2 minimum:3 financial:1 stress:2 even:3 live:4 back:1 decide:1 inclusion:1 new:4 home:3 good:5 thing:4 encourage:1 simplify:1 package:1 unit:13 recently:2 devise:1 prefabricated:1 glass:6 fiber:2 duct:4 improve:3 add:7 technique:1 make:6 possible:2 system:14 foot:3 little:4 600:1 900:1 two:5 man:1 often:2 installation:4 day:2 install:1 central:3 every:3 part:2 upkeep:1 less:6 authority:1 concur:1 saving:3 offset:1 operating:2 cost:8 worth:2 come:1 long:4 way:6 early:1 overcoole:1 theater:1 thermal:1 shock:1 inflict:1 know:3 differential:1 temperature:7 maximum:2 usually:2 desirable:1 accurate:1 control:3 assure:1 comfort:1 want:4 health:1 never:1 harm:1 summer:4 contrary:1 cold:1 small:3 doctor:1 bill:1 filter:2 benefit:1 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award:1 basis:1 avoid:1 placement:1 bedroom:1

Draw/vb a/at line/nn across/in the/at country/nn at/in the/at latitude/nn of/in lower/jjr Pennsylvania/np ./. Any/dti house/nn built/vbn now/rb below/in that/dt line/nn without/in air/nn conditioning/nn will/md be/be obsolete/jj in/in 10/cd years/nns ./. Fortunately/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at FHA/nn which/wdt has/hvz arrived/vbn at/in this/dt conclusion/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps means/vbz that/cs cooling/vbg equipment/nn of/in all/abn kinds/nns may/md now/rb be/be included/vbn in/in a/at mortgage/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb acquired/vbn with/in a/at minimum/nn of/in financial/jj stress/nn ./. Even/rb if/cs you/ppss live/vb above/in that/dt line/nn ,/, the/at FHA/nn will/md back/vb you/ppo ,/, for/cs they/ppss have/hv decided/vbn that/cs the/at inclusion/nn of/in air/nn conditioning/nn in/in all/abn new/jj homes/nns is/bez a/at good/jj thing/nn and/cc should/md be/be encouraged/vbn ./. New/jj simplified/vbn packaged/vbn units/nns ,/, recently/rb devised/vbn prefabricated/vbn glass-fiber/nn ducts/nns ,/, and/cc improved/vbn add-on/jj techniques/nns make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to acquire/vb a/at system/nn for/in an/at 1800-square-foot/jj house/nn for/in as/ql little/ap as/in $600/nns to/in $900/nns ./. Two/cd men/nns can/md often/rb do/do the/at installation/nn in/in a/at day/nn ./. You/ppss can/md install/vb it/ppo yourself/ppl --/-- this/dt is/bez a/at central/jj system/nn that/wps will/md cool/vb every/at part/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn ./. Its/pp$ upkeep/nn ?/. ?/. No/at less/ap an/at authority/nn than/cs the/at FHA/nn concurs/vbz that/cs the/at savings/nns air/nn conditioning/nn makes/vbz possible/jj more/rbr than/cs offset/vb its/pp$ operating/vbg costs/nns ./. Is/bez-hl it/pps-hl worth-while/jj-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl Home/nn air/nn conditioning/nn has/hvz come/vbn a/at long/jj way/nn from/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in overcooled/vbn theaters/nns and/cc the/at thermal/jj shock/nn they/ppss inflicted/vbd ./. We/ppss know/vb now/rb that/cs a/at 15-degree/jj differential/nn in/in temperature/nn is/bez the/at maximum/jj usually/rb desirable/jj ,/, and/cc accurate/jj controls/nns assure/vb the/at comfort/nn we/ppss want/vb ./. We/ppss know/vb ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs health/nn is/bez never/rb harmed/vbn by/in summer/nn cooling/nn ./. On/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, there/ex are/ber fewer/ap colds/nns and/cc smaller/jjr doctor/nn bills/nns ./. The/at filtered/vbn air/nn benefits/vbz allergies/nns ,/, asthma/nn ,/, sinus/nn ,/, hay/nn fever/nn ./. Control/nn of/in temperature/nn and/cc humidity/nn is/bez a/at godsend/nn to/in the/at aged/vbn and/cc the/at invalid/nn ./. Heart/nn conditions/nns and/cc high/jj blood/nn pressure/nn escape/vb the/at stresses/nns brought/vbn on/rp by/in oppressive/jj heat/nn ./. Housekeeping/nn is/bez easier/jjr ./. The/at cleaner/jjr air/nn means/vbz less/ap time/nn spent/vbn pushing/vbg a/at vacuum/nn ,/, fewer/ap trips/nns to/in the/at dry/jj cleaners/nns ,/, lighter/jjr loads/nns for/in the/at washing/vbg machine/nn ./. The/at need/nn for/in reupholstering/vbg ,/, redecorating/vbg ,/, repainting/vbg becomes/vbz more/ql infrequent/jj ./. Clothes/nns hold/vb their/pp$ shape/nn better/rbr ,/, and/cc mildew/nn and/cc rust/nn become/vb almost/rb forgotten/vbn words/nns ./. It/pps will/md improve/vb your/pp$ disposition/nn ./. When/wrb you're/ppss+ber less/ql fatigued/vbn ,/, things/nns just/rb naturally/rb look/vb brighter/jjr ./. The/at children/nns can/md have/hv their/pp$ daytime/jj naps/nns and/cc hot/jj meals/nns ,/, and/cc be/be put/vbn to/in bed/nn on/in schedule/nn in/in shade-darkened/jj rooms/nns ./. You'll/ppss+md sleep/vb longer/rbr and/cc better/rbr ,/, too/rb ,/, awake/vb refreshed/vbn and/cc free/jj of/in hot/jj weather/nn nerves/nns ./. You/ppss can/md forget/vb about/in screens/nns ,/, and/cc leave/vb the/at storm/nn windows/nns up/rp all/abn year/nn around/rb ./. Best/jjt of/in all/abn ,/, central/jj air/nn conditioning/nn is/bez something/pn you/ppss can/md afford/vb ./. Like/cs its/pp$ long-lived/jj cousin/nn ,/, the/at refrigerator/nn ,/, a/at conditioner/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to last/vb 20/cd to/in 25/cd years/nns or/cc more/ap ./. That/dt brings/vbz its/pp$ per-year/jj cost/nn down/rp mighty/ql low/rb ./. For/in-hl any/dti-hl house/nn-hl ./.-hl No/at matter/nn what/wdt style/nn your/pp$ home/nn is/bez ,/, ranch/nn ,/, two-story/jj ,/, Colonial/jj-tl or/cc contemporary/jj ,/, central/jj air/nn conditioning/nn is/bez easily/rb installed/vbn ./. The/at equipment/nn won't/md* take/vb up/rp valuable/jj space/nn either/rb ./. It/pps can/md go/vb in/in out-of-the-way/jj waste/nn space/nn ./. But/cc there's/ex+bez no/at denying/nn that/cs the/at easiest/jjt and/cc most/ql economical/jj way/nn to/to get/vb year-'round/jj whole-house/nn air/nn conditioning/nn is/bez when/wrb you/ppss build/vb ./. If/cs that's/dt+bez done/vbn ,/, the/at house/nn can/md be/be designed/vbn and/cc oriented/vbn for/in best/jjt operation/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt can/md mean/vb savings/nns both/abx in/in the/at size/nn of/in equipment/nn and/cc in/in the/at cost/nn of/in the/at house/nn itself/ppl ./. If/cs you/ppss can't/md* see/vb your/pp$ way/nn clear/jj to/to have/hv summer/nn cooling/nn included/vbn when/wrb building/vbg ,/, by/in all/abn means/nns make/vb provision/nn for/in its/pp$ easy/jj adding/nn later/rbr ./. Manufacturers/nns have/hv designed/vbn equipment/nn for/in just/ql such/jj circumstances/nns ,/, and/cc your/pp$ savings/nns over/in starting/vbg from/in scratch/nn will/md be/be substantial/jj ./. If/cs your/pp$ house/nn is/bez to/to have/hv a/at forced/vbn warm/jj air/nn system/nn ,/, cooling/vbg can/md be/be a/at part/nn of/in it/ppo ./. This/dt costs/vbz less/ap than/cs having/hvg a/at completely/ql separate/jj cooling/vbg system/nn ,/, for/in your/pp$ regular/jj heating/nn ductwork/nn ,/, filters/nns and/cc furnace/nn blower/nn do/do double/jj duty/nn for/in cooling/vbg ./. You/ppss can/md get/vb year-'round/jj air/nn conditioners/nns in/in the/at same/ap variety/nn of/in styles/nns in/in which/wdt you/ppss buy/vb a/at furnace/nn alone/rb --/-- high/jj or/cc low/jj boy/nn ,/, horizontal/jj or/cc counterflow/jj ./. The/at units/nns can/md be/be installed/vbn in/in basement/nn ,/, attic/nn ,/, crawlspace/nn ,/, or/cc in/in a/at closet/nn located/vbn in/in the/at living/vbg area/nn ./. The/at cooling/vbg coil/nn is/bez located/vbn in/in the/at furnace's/nn$ outlet/nn ./. From/in the/at coil/nn small/jj copper/nn pipes/nns connect/vb to/in a/at weatherproof/jj refrigeration/nn section/nn set/vbn in/in the/at yard/nn ,/, garage/nn ,/, carport/nn ,/, or/cc basement/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss plan/vb to/to add/vb cooling/vbg later/rbr to/in your/pp$ heating/vbg system/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber things/nns to/to watch/vb for/in ./. Be/be sure/jj ducts/nns that/wps require/vb insulation/nn get/vb it/ppo when/wrb they/ppss are/ber installed/vbn ./. They/ppss may/md be/be inaccessible/jj later/rbr ./. Be/be sure/jj your/pp$ ducts/nns and/cc blower/nn are/ber big/jj enough/qlp to/to handle/vb cooling/vbg ./. This/dt is/bez especially/ql important/jj if/cs you/ppss live/vb in/in a/at mild-winter/nn zone/nn ./. Be/be sure/jj you/ppss get/vb a/at perimeter/nn heating/vbg system/nn ,/, and/cc diffusers/nns that/wps will/md work/vb as/ql well/rb for/in cooling/vbg as/cs they/ppss do/do for/in heating/vbg ./. You/ppss can/md get/vb a/at hot/jj water/nn system/nn that/wps will/md also/rb work/vb for/in cooling/vbg your/pp$ house/nn ./. For/in cooling/vbg ,/, chilled/vbn water/nn is/bez circulated/vbn instead/rb of/in hot/jj water/nn ./. Instead/rb of/in radiators/nns you'll/ppss+md have/hv cooling-heating/jj units/nns ,/, each/dt with/in its/pp$ own/jj thermostat/nn ./. These/dts systems/nns are/ber more/ql expensive/jj than/cs year-'round/jj forced/vbn air/nn systems/nns ./. The/at minimum/jj cost/nn for/in an/at average/jj one-story/jj ,/, 7-room/jj house/nn with/in basement/nn ,/, is/bez likely/jj to/to run/vb $1500/nns above/in the/at cost/nn of/in the/at heating/vbg alone/rb ./. Separate/jj-hl systems/nns-hl ./.-hl If/cs the/at problems/nns of/in combining/vbg cooling/vbg with/in your/pp$ heating/nn are/ber knotty/jj ,/, it/pps may/md be/be cheaper/jjr to/to plan/vb on/in a/at completely/ql separate/jj cooling/vbg system/nn ./. The/at simplest/jjt kind/nn of/in separate/jj system/nn uses/vbz a/at single/ap ,/, self-contained/jj unit/nn ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, an/at oversize/jj room/nn conditioner/nn equipped/vbn with/in prefab/jj glass-fiber/nn ducts/nns to/to distribute/vb the/at cooled/vbn ,/, cleaned/vbn ,/, dehumidified/vbn air/nn where/wrb it/pps is/bez wanted/vbn ./. In/in a/at long/jj ,/, rambling/vbg ranch/nn ,/, two/cd such/jj units/nns can/md be/be installed/vbn ,/, one/cd serving/vbg the/at living/vbg area/nn ,/, the/at other/ap the/at sleeping/vbg zone/nn ./. In/in a/at two-story/jj house/nn ,/, one/cd unit/nn may/md be/be installed/vbn in/in the/at basement/nn to/to serve/vb the/at first/od floor/nn ,/, another/dt in/in the/at attic/nn to/to cool/vb the/at second/od ./. In/in each/dt case/nn ,/, having/hvg separate/jj systems/nns for/in living/vbg and/cc sleeping/vbg areas/nns has/hvz the/at advantage/nn of/in permitting/vbg individual/jj zone/nn control/nn ./. The/at-hl heat/nn-hl pump/nn-hl ./.-hl One/cd of/in the/at more/ql remarkable/jj of/in the/at new/jj cooling/vbg systems/nns is/bez one/cd that/wps can/md be/be switched/vbn to/in heating/vbg ./. As/cs you/ppss know/vb ,/, a/at conditioner/nn makes/vbz indoor/jj air/nn cool/jj by/in pumping/vbg the/at heat/nn out/in of/in it/ppo and/cc then/rb releasing/vbg this/dt heat/nn outdoors/rb ./. A/at relatively/ql simple/jj switching/vbg arrangement/nn reverses/vbz the/at cycle/nn so/cs that/cs the/at machine/nn literally/rb runs/vbz backward/rb ,/, and/cc the/at heat/nn is/bez extracted/vbn from/in outdoor/jj air/nn and/cc turned/vbn indoors/rb ./. Up/rp until/in recently/rb ,/, this/dt heat/nn pump/nn method/nn of/in warming/vbg air/nn was/bedz efficient/jj only/rb in/in areas/nns of/in mild/jj winters/nns and/cc when/wrb outside/jj temperatures/nns were/bed above/in 40/cd degrees/nns ./. Now/rb ,/, the/at machine/nn has/hvz been/ben improved/vbn to/in a/at point/nn where/wrb it/pps is/bez generally/rb more/ql economical/jj than/cs oil/nn heat/nn at/in temperatures/nns down/rp to/in 15/cd degrees/nns ./. You/ppss can/md get/vb this/dt added/vbn heating/vbg feature/nn for/in as/ql little/ap as/cs $200/nns more/ap than/in the/at price/nn of/in cooling/vbg alone/rb ./. Consider/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at standby/jj setup/nn ,/, at/in negligible/jj cost/nn ,/, for/in those/dts emergencies/nns when/wrb the/at furnace/nn quits/vbz ,/, a/at blizzard/nn holds/vbz up/rp fuel/nn delivery/nn ,/, or/cc for/in cool/jj summer/nn mornings/nns or/cc evenings/nns when/wrb you/ppss don't/do* want/vb to/to start/vb up/rp your/pp$ whole/jj heating/vbg plant/nn ./. What/wdt-hl size/nn-hl conditioner/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl How/wql large/jj a/at cooling/vbg unit/nn you/ppss need/vb ,/, and/cc the/at method/nn of/in its/pp$ installation/nn ,/, depends/vbz on/in a/at variety/nn of/in factors/nns ./. Among/in other/ap things/nns ,/, besides/in the/at nature/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn and/cc how/wql much/ap heat/nn finds/vbz its/pp$ way/nn into/in its/pp$ various/jj rooms/nns from/in the/at outside/nn ,/, it/pps will/md depend/vb upon/in your/pp$ personal/jj habits/nns and/cc the/at makeup/nn of/in your/pp$ family/nn ./. Families/nns with/in children/nns usually/rb don't/do* want/vb the/at house/nn quite/ql so/ql cool/jj ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at party/nn thrower/nn ,/, you/ppss may/md need/vb added/vbn capacity/nn ./. The/at body/nn is/bez a/at heat/nn machine/nn ,/, and/cc 20/cd to/in 25/cd guests/nns can/md easily/rb double/vb your/pp$ cooling/vbg load/nn ./. Cooling/vbg requirements/nns are/ber best/rbt expressed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in Aj/nn ./. A/at BTU/nn is/bez a/at unit/nn of/in heat/nn ,/, and/cc the/at BTU/nn rating/nn of/in a/at conditioner/nn refers/vbz to/to how/wql much/ap heat/nn your/pp$ machine/nn can/md pump/vb out/in of/in your/pp$ house/nn in/in an/at hour/nn ./. A/at very/ql rough/jj rule/nn of/in thumb/nn is/bez that/cs ,/, under/in favorable/jj conditions/nns ,/, you'll/ppss+md need/vb 15/cd BTU's/nn of/in cooling/vbg for/in every/at square/jj foot/nn of/in your/pp$ house/nn ./. This/dt is/bez if/cs outdoor/jj temperatures/nns have/hv a/at high/jj average/nn of/in 95/cd degrees/nns ./. You'll/ppss+md need/vb more/ap if/cs the/at high/jj average/nn is/bez above/in that/dt ,/, less/ap if/cs it's/pps+bez below/rb ./. Coolers/nns are/ber also/rb rated/vbn by/in tons/nns ./. A/at ton/nn of/in cooling/vbg compares/vbz to/in the/at cooling/nn you/ppss get/vb by/in melting/vbg a/at ton/nn of/in ice/nn ./. By/in accepted/vbn definition/nn ,/, a/at 1-ton/nn conditioner/nn will/md provide/vb 12,000/cd BTU/nn of/in cooling/vbg in/in one/cd hour/nn ./. You/ppss may/md find/vb a/at conditioner/nn rated/vbn by/in horsepower/nn ./. It/pps is/bez generally/rb an/at inaccurate/jj method/nn of/in rating/vbg ,/, for/in the/at horsepower/nn is/bez that/dt of/in the/at compressor/nn motor/nn ,/, and/cc many/ap other/ap components/nns beside/in it/ppo determine/vb how/wql much/ap cooling/nn you'll/ppss+md get/vb ./. A/at 1-hp/nn conditioner/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, may/md vary/vb in/in effectiveness/nn from/in under/in 8,000/cd BTU/nn to/in well/ql over/in 10,000/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at safest/jjt procedure/nn is/bez to/to let/vb your/pp$ builder/nn estimate/vb the/at size/nn of/in the/at unit/nn you/ppss need/vb ,/, rather/in than/in trying/vbg to/to do/do this/dt yourself/ppl ./. Don't/do* urge/vb your/pp$ builder/nn to/to give/vb you/ppo a/at little/ql extra/jj cooling/vbg capacity/nn just/rb to/to be/be sure/jj you/ppss have/hv enough/ap ./. Better/rbr to/to have/hv your/pp$ equipment/nn slightly/ql undersized/jj than/cs too/ql big/jj ./. Here's/rb+bez why/wrb :/: Reducing/vbg humidity/nn is/bez often/rb as/ql important/jj as/cs cooling/vbg ./. An/at oversize/jj unit/nn will/md cool/vb off/rp your/pp$ house/nn quickly/rb ,/, then/rb shut/vb down/rp for/in a/at long/jj period/nn ./. Before/cs it/pps cycles/vbz on/rp again/rb ,/, humidity/nn can/md build/vb up/rp and/cc make/vb you/ppo uncomfortable/jj even/rb though/cs the/at temperature/nn is/bez still/rb low/jj ./. With/in a/at unit/nn of/in the/at right/jj size/nn ,/, a/at compressor/nn will/md run/vb continuously/rb during/in hot/jj weather/nn ,/, reducing/vbg humidity/nn as/ql evenly/rb as/cs it/pps does/doz temperature/nn ./. Money-saving/jj-hl tips/nns-hl ./.-hl Attention/nn to/in details/nns can/md cut/vb in/in half/abn the/at size/nn unit/nn you/ppss need/vb and/cc pare/vb operating/vbg expense/nn proportionately/rb ./. A/at well-designed/jj ,/, 1200-square-foot/jj house/nn can/md be/be comfortably/rb cooled/vbn and/cc heated/vbn for/in as/ql little/ap as/in $128/nns a/at year/nn ,/, or/cc $11/nns a/at month/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at house/nn which/wdt heat/nn doesn't/doz* penetrate/vb easily/rb ,/, your/pp$ unit/nn will/md have/hv less/ap heat/nn to/to remove/vb ./. Keep/vb the/at direct/jj sun/nn from/in reaching/vbg the/at house/nn and/cc you've/ppss+hv won/vbn the/at first/od battle/nn ./. In/in a/at new/jj house/nn ,/, generous/jj roof/nn overhangs/nns are/ber a/at logical/jj and/cc effective/jj solution/nn ./. If/cs the/at house/nn you/ppss plan/vb to/to buy/vb or/cc build/vb won't/md* have/hv big/jj overhangs/nns ,/, you/ppss can/md still/rb do/do a/at fair/jj job/nn of/in keeping/vbg the/at sun/nn off/in walls/nns and/cc windows/nns with/in properly/rb designed/vbn trellises/nns ,/, fences/nns and/cc awnings/nns ./. Shade/nn trees/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, are/ber a/at big/jj help/nn ,/, so/rb keep/vb them/ppo if/cs you/ppss can/md ./. Drawn/vbn blinds/nns and/cc draperies/nns do/do some/dti good/nn ,/, but/cc not/* nearly/ql as/ql much/ap as/cs shading/vbg devices/nns on/in the/at outside/nn of/in the/at house/nn ./. The/at more/ql directly/rb the/at sun/nn strikes/vbz walls/nns and/cc roof/nn ,/, the/at greater/jjr its/pp$ heat/nn impact/nn ./. The/at way/nn a/at house/nn is/bez set/vbn on/in its/pp$ lot/nn can/md therefore/rb influence/vb how/wql much/ap cooling/nn you're/ppss+ber going/vbg to/to need/vb ./. A/at shift/nn in/in the/at walls/nns ,/, or/cc a/at change/nn in/in the/at roof/nn slope/nn ,/, so/cs the/at sun/nn hits/vbz them/ppo more/ql obliquely/rb ,/, can/md save/vb you/ppo money/nn ./. You/ppss can/md use/vb heat-absorbing/jj glass/nn to/to stop/vb the/at sun/nn ,/, double/jj glass/nn and/cc insulated/vbn glass/nn to/to combat/vb condensation/nn ./. Restrict/vb large/jj glass/nn areas/nns to/in the/at north/nr and/cc south/nr sides/nns of/in the/at house/nn ./. They're/ppss+ber easier/jjr to/to shade/vb there/rb ./. An/at attic/nn space/nn above/in insulation/nn makes/vbz a/at house/nn easier/jjr to/to cool/vb ./. You'll/ppss+md even/rb gain/vb by/in putting/vbg your/pp$ water/nn heater/nn outside/in the/at conditioned/vbn space/nn ,/, and/cc using/vbg an/at electric/jj range/nn instead/rb of/in a/at gas/nn one/cd ./. Gas/nn adds/vbz to/in the/at moisture/nn load/nn ./. Insulate/vb ,/, weatherstrip/vb ,/, double-glaze/vb to/in the/at maximum/jj ./. In/in insulation/nn ,/, the/at numbers/nns to/to remember/vb are/ber 6-4-2/cd ./. They/ppss stand/vb for/in 6/cd inches/nns of/in mineral/nn wool/nn insulation/nn in/in the/at ceiling/nn ,/, 4/cd inches/nns in/in the/at side/nn walls/nns ,/, 2/cd inches/nns in/in the/at floors/nns ./. Such/jj extra-thick/jj insulation/nn not/* only/rb permits/vbz a/at much/ql smaller/jjr cooling/vbg installation/nn ,/, but/cc will/md continue/vb to/to reduce/vb operating/vbg expenses/nns both/abx in/in heating/vbg and/cc cooling/vbg ./. A/at light-colored/jj roof/nn will/md reduce/vb sun/nn heat/nn by/in 50/cd per/in cent/nn ./. It/pps costs/vbz two/cd to/in three/cd times/nns as/ql much/ap to/to remove/vb a/at BTU/nn in/in summer/nn as/cs it/pps does/doz to/to add/vb one/cd in/in winter/nn ,/, so/rb every/at solitary/jj BTU/nn is/bez worth/jj attention/nn ./. You'll/ppss+md foil/vb them/ppo in/in droves/nns ,/, along/rb with/in their/pp$ pal/nn humidity/nn ,/, by/in having/hvg and/cc using/vbg a/at kitchen/nn range/nn exhaust/nn fan/nn ,/, a/at bathroom/nn ventilator/nn for/in when/wrb you/ppss shower/vb ,/, and/cc an/at outside/jj vent/nn for/in the/at clothes/nns drier/nn ./. Keeping/vbg-hl conditioners/nns-hl quiet/jj-hl ./.-hl It's/pps+bez no/at use/nn pretending/vbg that/cs all/abn conditioners/nns are/ber quiet/jj ,/, but/cc the/at noise/nn they/ppss produce/vb can/md be/be kept/vbn to/in a/at minimum/nn ./. Good/jj workmanship/nn is/bez important/jj in/in the/at installation/nn ,/, so/rb if/cs you're/ppss+ber doing/vbg your/pp$ own/jj contracting/nn ,/, don't/do* award/vb the/at job/nn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in price/nn alone/rb ./. Avoid/vb attic/nn placement/nn directly/rb above/in a/at bedroom/nn ./.

ce21

ce21 |@word recreation:18 work:3 call:4 good:14 deal:1 pre:1 plan:3 particularly:1 true:3 site:41 selection:3 must:2 know:1 start:1 need:12 objective:1 organization:1 list:1 requirement:2 many:3 type:2 program:2 make:7 constructive:1 available:11 begin:1 examination:1 map:4 aerial:2 photo:2 possible:1 become:2 county:7 government:2 agency:1 new:2 edition:1 topographic:1 federal:1 excellent:2 orient:1 natural:3 feature:15 inexpensive:1 geological:2 society:1 washington:1 25:1 recent:1 year:2 forest:4 service:1 take:3 show:4 detail:1 use:16 also:6 engineer:2 road:3 assessor:2 office:2 ownership:2 land:7 inspect:1 field:2 time:2 area:44 heavily:1 give:1 well:6 opportunity:4 get:2 feel:1 climate:1 condition:1 exposure:3 sun:3 wind:5 water:22 interest:20 etcetera:8 vary:1 greatly:1 season:4 usually:4 helpful:2 sketch:1 size:5 location:2 photograph:1 great:3 aid:1 back:1 planning:3 qualified:1 experienced:1 park:10 planner:2 carry:1 study:4 however:2 much:5 gain:1 ability:1 local:1 people:3 interested:1 judge:1 commissioner:1 live:1 long:2 may:34 valuable:2 knowledge:1 regard:1 opinion:2 offer:2 varied:1 professional:1 experience:2 visit:1 group:2 several:3 person:2 bring:1 idea:1 verify:1 require:3 course:1 depend:1 character:2 previous:1 investigator:1 number:1 factor:6 arrive:1 decision:2 easy:1 inexperienced:1 quick:1 judgment:1 value:9 base:1 alone:2 first:2 impression:1 rundown:1 slum:1 desolate:1 piece:1 desert:2 appearance:2 today:1 potential:1 future:2 little:1 development:6 look:5 exist:4 actually:1 poor:1 develop:3 general:1 public:5 meet:2 information:1 compare:1 answer:1 four:1 important:4 question:1 useful:3 check:5 quantity:5 quality:6 already:2 naturally:2 scenic:4 view:5 lake:3 tree:8 sand:2 dune:2 attract:2 nearby:3 vitally:1 frontage:7 body:2 clear:3 clean:2 vastly:1 different:1 amount:3 polluted:1 overall:1 one:7 desirable:5 beautiful:1 scenery:1 distant:1 valley:1 mountain:2 small:4 colorful:1 rock:3 formation:3 unusual:2 overlook:1 harbor:1 river:1 activity:2 boat:1 traffic:1 coast:1 relax:1 surf:1 roll:1 beach:3 attractive:2 beauty:1 shrub:2 note:3 extent:2 enjoy:1 find:4 basic:1 follow:1 since:1 ocean:1 stream:4 provide:9 popular:1 bathe:1 fishing:2 boating:1 sport:1 center:1 picnic:2 camping:2 cool:1 air:1 summer:2 nourish:1 wild:1 life:4 afford:1 restricted:1 crowd:1 flow:1 critical:1 pond:1 springtime:1 stagnant:1 dry:1 late:1 reservoir:1 level:2 various:1 affect:6 watershed:1 within:2 national:4 conservation:1 practice:2 less:2 likely:1 pollution:1 passing:1 unrestricted:1 logging:1 past:2 industrial:2 temperature:3 depth:1 fish:3 support:1 wave:1 action:1 flooding:1 high:2 canyon:1 seacoast:1 dun:1 waterfall:1 springs:1 bless:1 state:2 place:4 emphasis:1 significance:1 seek:1 distinctive:1 although:1 contain:2 often:3 include:3 additional:2 route:1 lead:1 display:1 native:1 plant:4 outstanding:1 particular:1 animal:2 bird:3 another:1 specie:1 stock:1 commission:1 present:1 hunting:2 major:1 flyway:1 migratory:1 resident:1 clam:1 crab:1 marine:1 add:2 coastal:1 historical:3 visitor:1 always:1 eager:1 learn:1 sign:1 tell:2 story:2 nothing:1 across:1 original:1 item:1 still:1 period:1 cover:1 notice:1 deposit:1 shape:4 earth:3 crust:1 region:1 old:2 shipwreck:1 dam:1 covered:1 bridge:1 agate:1 semi:1 precious:1 stone:1 pan:1 gold:1 archeological:1 ancient:1 indian:1 village:1 cave:1 artifact:1 physical:1 determine:3 correct:1 fault:1 cost:5 comparison:1 thing:1 project:1 large:4 enough:1 attraction:2 ample:1 space:1 facility:1 room:1 around:1 edge:1 protect:1 encroachment:1 private:1 acreage:1 excess:1 minimum:1 never:1 economical:1 operate:1 relate:1 efficient:1 square:1 rectangle:1 hundred:2 foot:2 width:1 preference:1 narrow:2 wide:1 saving:2 utility:4 line:2 fact:1 building:2 radius:1 equal:1 direction:3 strip:2 practical:1 fisherman:1 trail:1 unit:1 adjoin:2 adjoining:1 instance:1 publicly:1 whereas:1 next:1 extend:1 electricity:1 topography:4 elevation:1 ground:1 degree:1 slope:1 drainage:1 outcrop:1 topsoil:1 subsoil:1 nearly:1 parking:1 camp:1 ballfield:1 limit:1 move:1 grade:1 addition:1 drink:1 sanitation:1 irrigation:2 source:1 big:1 spring:1 near:1 municipal:1 figure:1 growth:1 thorough:1 checking:1 shade:3 healthy:1 problem:1 maintenance:2 fire:1 hazard:1 throw:1 partially:1 log:1 removal:1 stump:1 landscaping:1 brush:1 open:1 rain:1 shelter:1 strong:1 highly:1 velocity:1 operation:1 lack:1 rainfall:1 extreme:1 useable:1 sometimes:1 choice:1 afternoon:1 morning:1 whatever:1 intend:1 improvement:1 improve:1 raise:1

Most/ap recreation/nn work/nn calls/vbz for/in a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in pre-planning/nn ./. This/dt is/bez particularly/ql true/jj in/in site/nn selection/nn ./. You/ppss must/md know/vb before/cs you/ppss start/vb what/wdt the/at needs/nns and/cc objectives/nns of/in your/pp$ organization/nn are/ber ;/. ;/. you/ppss must/md have/hv a/at list/nn of/in requirements/nns on/in where/wrb ,/, how/wql many/ap ,/, and/cc what/wdt type/nn sites/nns are/ber needed/vbn ./. With/in such/abl a/at program/nn you/ppss can/md make/vb constructive/jj selections/nns of/in the/at best/jjt sites/nns available/jj ./. Begin/vb the/at examination/nn of/in a/at site/nn with/in a/at good/jj map/nn and/cc aerial/jj photos/nns if/cs possible/jj ./. These/dts are/ber becoming/vbg more/ql and/cc more/ql available/jj through/in the/at work/nn of/in counties/nns and/cc other/ap government/nn agencies/nns ./. The/at new/jj editions/nns of/in topographic/jj maps/nns being/beg made/vbn by/in the/at federal/jj government/nn are/ber excellent/jj for/in orienting/vbg yourself/ppl to/in the/at natural/jj features/nns of/in the/at site/nn ./. These/dts are/ber inexpensive/jj and/cc available/jj from/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Geological/jj-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np 25/cd-tl ,/, D./np C./np ./. In/in recent/jj years/nns many/ap counties/nns and/cc the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Forest/nn-tl Service/nn-tl have/hv taken/vbn aerial/jj photos/nns which/wdt show/vb features/nns in/in detail/nn and/cc are/ber very/ql good/jj for/in planning/vbg use/nn ./. Most/ap counties/nns also/rb have/hv maps/nns available/jj from/in the/at county/nn engineer/nn showing/vbg roads/nns and/cc other/ap features/nns and/cc from/in the/at assessor's/nn$ office/nn showing/vbg ownerships/nns of/in land/nn ./. Inspect/vb the/at site/nn in/in the/at field/nn during/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at year/nn when/wrb the/at area/nn will/md be/be most/ql heavily/rb used/vbn for/in recreation/nn ./. This/dt gives/vbz you/ppo a/at better/jjr opportunity/nn to/to get/vb the/at feel/nn of/in the/at climate/nn conditions/nns ,/, the/at exposure/nn to/in the/at sun/nn and/cc wind/nn ,/, the/at water/nn interests/nns ,/, etcetera/rb ,/, which/wdt vary/vb greatly/rb with/in the/at seasons/nns ./. It/pps is/bez usually/rb helpful/jj to/to make/vb a/at sketch/nn map/nn in/in the/at field/nn ,/, showing/vbg the/at size/nn and/cc location/nn of/in the/at features/nns of/in interest/nn and/cc to/to take/vb photographs/nns at/in the/at site/nn ./. These/dts are/ber a/at great/jj aid/nn for/in planning/vbg use/nn back/rb at/in the/at office/nn ./. For/in site/nn planning/vbg work/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez best/jjt to/to have/hv a/at qualified/vbn and/cc experienced/vbn park/nn planner/nn to/to carry/vb through/rp the/at study/nn ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez also/rb much/ap to/to be/be gained/vbn by/in making/vbg use/nn of/in the/at abilities/nns of/in the/at local/jj people/nns who/wps are/ber available/jj and/cc interested/vbn in/in recreation/nn ./. County/nn judges/nns ,/, commissioners/nns ,/, engineers/nns ,/, assessors/nns ,/, and/cc others/nns who/wps have/hv lived/vbn in/in the/at area/nn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn may/md have/hv valuable/jj knowledge/nn regarding/in the/at site/nn or/cc opinions/nns to/to offer/vb from/in their/pp$ varied/vbn professional/jj experiences/nns ./. A/at visit/nn to/in the/at site/nn by/in a/at group/nn of/in several/ap persons/nns can/md usually/rb bring/vb out/rp new/jj ideas/nns or/cc verify/vb opinions/nns most/ql helpful/jj to/in the/at planning/vbg study/nn of/in any/dti recreation/nn area/nn ./. How/wql much/ap study/nn is/bez required/vbn ?/. ?/. This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, depends/vbz on/in the/at character/nn of/in the/at site/nn itself/ppl ,/, the/at previous/jj experience/nn of/in the/at investigator/nn ,/, and/cc the/at number/nn of/in factors/nns needed/vbn to/to arrive/vb at/in a/at good/jj decision/nn ./. It/pps is/bez too/ql easy/jj for/in the/at inexperienced/jj person/nn to/to make/vb a/at quick/jj judgment/nn of/in a/at few/ap values/nns of/in the/at area/nn and/cc base/vb a/at decision/nn on/in these/dts alone/rb ./. Usually/rb there/ex are/ber more/ap factors/nns to/in good/jj site/nn planning/nn than/cs first/od impressions/nns ./. A/at site/nn may/md be/be a/at rundown/jj slum/nn or/cc a/at desolate/jj piece/nn of/in desert/nn in/in appearance/nn today/nr but/cc have/hv excellent/jj potentials/nns for/in the/at future/nn with/in a/at little/ap development/nn or/cc water/nn ./. The/at same/ap is/bez true/jj of/in areas/nns which/wdt at/in first/rb look/vb good/jj because/rb of/in a/at few/ap existing/vbg recreation/nn features/nns but/cc may/md actually/rb be/be poor/jj areas/nns to/to develop/vb for/in general/jj public/jj use/nn ./. In/in looking/vbg for/in the/at best/jjt sites/nns available/jj that/wps meet/vb the/at requirements/nns ,/, you/ppss need/md information/nn to/to compare/vb the/at site/nn with/in others/nns ./. You/ppss need/md answers/nns to/in four/cd important/jj questions/nns ./. What/wdt are/ber the/at existing/vbg recreation/nn features/nns ?/. ?/. How/wql well/rb can/md the/at site/nn be/be developed/vbn ?/. ?/. How/ql useful/jj will/md it/pps be/be to/in the/at public/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez this/dt site/nn available/jj ?/. ?/. Check/vb the/at quantity/nn and/cc quality/nn of/in all/abn of/in the/at recreation/nn interests/nns already/rb existing/vbg at/in the/at site/nn ./. Naturally/rb ,/, a/at park/nn site/nn with/in scenic/jj views/nns ,/, a/at good/jj lake/nn ,/, trees/nns ,/, and/cc sand/nn dunes/nns ,/, will/md attract/vb more/ap people/nns than/cs a/at nearby/jj area/nn with/in only/rb trees/nns and/cc dunes/nns ./. Quality/nn is/bez vitally/ql important/jj ./. Frontage/nn on/in a/at body/nn of/in clear/jj ,/, clean/jj water/nn will/md be/be vastly/ql different/jj from/in the/at same/ap amount/vb of/in frontage/nn on/in polluted/vbn water/nn ./. Some/dti recreation/nn features/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs scenic/jj values/nns and/cc water/nn interest/nn ,/, also/rb have/hv greater/jjr overall/jj value/nn than/cs other/ap interests/nns ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql desirable/jj features/nns for/in a/at park/nn are/ber beautiful/jj views/nns or/cc scenery/nn ./. It/pps may/md be/be distant/jj views/nns of/in a/at valley/nn or/cc the/at mountains/nns or/cc natural/jj features/nns such/jj as/cs a/at small/jj lake/nn ,/, colorful/jj rock/nn formations/nns ,/, or/cc unusual/jj trees/nns ./. A/at site/nn which/wdt overlooks/vbz a/at harbor/nn or/cc river/nn may/md offer/vb interest/nn in/in the/at activities/nns of/in boating/vbg traffic/nn ./. An/at area/nn on/in the/at coast/nn may/md have/hv relaxing/vbg views/nns of/in the/at surf/nn rolling/vbg in/rp on/in a/at beach/nn ./. A/at site/nn may/md also/rb be/be attractive/jj just/rb through/in the/at beauty/nn of/in its/pp$ trees/nns and/cc shrubs/nns ./. Note/vb extent/nn of/in these/dts interests/nns and/cc how/wrb available/jj they/ppss will/md be/be for/in the/at public/nn to/to enjoy/vb ./. Water/nn interest/nn is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql valuable/jj factors/nns you/ppss can/md find/vb for/in a/at recreation/nn site/nn ./. Most/ap park/nn planners/nns look/vb to/in water/nn frontage/nn for/in basic/jj park/nn areas/nns ./. This/dt follows/vbz naturally/rb since/cs frontage/nn on/in an/at ocean/nn ,/, stream/nn ,/, or/cc lake/nn provides/vbz scenic/jj values/nns and/cc opportunities/nns for/in the/at very/ql popular/jj recreation/nn activities/nns of/in bathing/vbg ,/, fishing/vbg ,/, boating/vbg ,/, and/cc other/ap water/nn sports/nns ./. A/at body/nn of/in water/nn is/bez usually/rb the/at center/nn of/in interest/nn at/in parks/nns which/wdt attract/vb the/at greatest/jjt picnic/nn and/cc camping/vbg use/nn ./. It/pps also/rb cools/vbz the/at air/nn in/in summer/nn and/cc nourishes/vbz the/at trees/nns and/cc wild/jj life/nn ./. The/at amount/nn of/in water/nn frontage/nn ,/, the/at quantity/nn and/cc quality/nn of/in the/at water/nn ,/, and/cc the/at recreation/nn afforded/vbn by/in it/ppo are/ber important/jj ./. A/at restricted/vbn frontage/nn may/md be/be too/ql crowded/vbn an/at area/nn for/in public/jj use/nn ./. The/at quantity/nn of/in water/nn flow/nn may/md be/be critical/jj ;/. ;/. a/at stream/nn or/cc pond/nn which/wdt is/bez attractive/jj in/in the/at springtime/nn may/md become/vb stagnant/jj or/cc dry/jj in/in late/jj summer/nn ./. If/cs the/at site/nn is/bez on/in a/at reservoir/nn ,/, the/at level/nn of/in the/at water/nn at/in various/jj seasons/nns as/cs it/pps affects/vbz recreation/nn should/md be/be studied/vbn ./. Check/vb the/at quality/nn of/in the/at water/nn ./. A/at stream/nn which/wdt has/hvz all/abn of/in its/pp$ watershed/nn within/in a/at national/jj forest/nn or/cc other/ap lands/nns under/in good/jj conservation/nn practices/nns is/bez less/ql likely/jj to/to be/be affected/vbn by/in pollution/nn than/cs one/cd passing/vbg through/in unrestricted/jj logging/nn or/cc past/in an/at industrial/jj area/nn ./. Other/ap factors/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs water/nn temperature/nn ,/, depth/nn of/in water/nn ,/, the/at fish/nn life/nn it/pps supports/vbz ,/, wave/nn action/nn ,/, flooding/vbg ,/, etcetera/rb ,/, will/md affect/vb its/pp$ recreation/nn value/nn ./. Other/ap natural/jj features/nns which/wdt can/md be/be of/in high/jj interest/nn are/ber the/at forests/nns ,/, canyons/nns ,/, mountains/nns ,/, deserts/nns ,/, seacoast/nn ,/, beaches/nns ,/, sand/nn dunes/nns ,/, waterfalls/nns ,/, springs/nns ,/, etcetera/rb with/in which/wdt the/at area/nn is/bez blessed/vbn ./. Just/rb as/cs the/at national/jj and/cc state/nn parks/nns place/vb emphasis/nn on/in features/nns which/wdt are/ber of/in national/jj or/cc state/nn significance/nn ,/, counties/nns should/md seek/vb out/rp these/dts features/nns which/wdt are/ber distinctive/jj of/in their/pp$ area/nn ./. Although/cs the/at site/nn may/md not/* contain/vb the/at features/nns themselves/ppls ,/, there/ex are/ber often/rb opportunities/nns to/to include/vb them/ppo as/cs additional/jj interest/nn to/in the/at site/nn ./. The/at route/nn to/in the/at park/nn may/md lead/vb people/nns past/in them/ppo or/cc display/vb views/nns of/in them/ppo ./. A/at group/nn of/in native/jj trees/nns or/cc plants/nns which/wdt are/ber outstanding/jj in/in a/at particular/jj county/nn can/md be/be featured/vbn at/in the/at site/nn ./. The/at fish/nn ,/, animals/nns ,/, and/cc birds/nns which/wdt may/md be/be found/vbn at/in the/at site/nn are/ber another/dt interest/nn ./. Fishing/vbg interest/nn calls/vbz for/in a/at check/nn of/in the/at species/nn found/vbn ,/, quantity/nn and/cc size/nn ,/, the/at season/nn they/ppss are/ber available/jj ,/, and/cc the/at stocking/vbg program/nn of/in the/at fish/nn commission/nn ./. Animals/nns may/md be/be present/rb at/in the/at site/nn or/cc provide/vb hunting/vbg in/in nearby/jj areas/nns ./. The/at site/nn may/md be/be on/in one/cd of/in the/at major/jj flyways/nns of/in migratory/jj birds/nns or/cc have/hv its/pp$ own/jj resident/nn bird/nn life/nn ./. Clams/nns ,/, crabs/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap marine/jj life/nn may/md add/vb interest/nn at/in coastal/jj areas/nns ./. Each/dt area/nn has/hvz its/pp$ own/jj historical/jj interests/nns with/in which/wdt much/ap can/md be/be done/vbn ./. Park/nn visitors/nns are/ber always/rb eager/jj to/to learn/vb more/ap about/in the/at area/nn they/ppss are/ber in/in ./. The/at historical/jj sign/nn tells/vbz its/pp$ story/nn ,/, but/cc nothing/pn gets/vbz interest/nn across/rp as/ql well/rb as/cs some/dti of/in the/at original/jj historical/jj items/nns or/cc places/nns themselves/ppls which/wdt still/rb have/hv the/at character/nn of/in the/at period/nn covered/vbn ./. Notice/nn should/md be/be taken/vbn of/in unusual/jj rock/nn formations/nns ,/, deposits/nns ,/, or/cc shapes/nns of/in the/at earth's/nn$ crust/nn in/in your/pp$ region/nn ./. Those/dts which/wdt tell/vb a/at story/nn of/in the/at earth's/nn$ formation/nn in/in each/dt area/nn can/md add/vb geological/jj interest/nn to/in the/at recreation/nn sites/nns ./. An/at old/jj shipwreck/nn ,/, a/at high/jj dam/nn ,/, an/at old/jj covered/vbn bridge/nn ,/, a/at place/nn to/to find/vb agates/nns or/cc other/ap semi-precious/jj stones/nns or/cc a/at place/nn to/to pan/vb gold/nn ,/, etcetera/rb may/md be/be of/in interest/nn ./. Some/dti areas/nns may/md provide/vb archeological/jj values/nns such/jj as/cs ancient/jj Indian/jj village/nn sites/nns or/cc hunting/vbg areas/nns ,/, caves/nns ,/, artifacts/nns ,/, etcetera/rb ./. How/wql well/rb can/md the/at site/nn be/be developed/vbn ?/. ?/. Look/vb at/in the/at physical/jj features/nns of/in the/at land/nn to/to determine/vb how/wql desirable/jj it/pps is/bez for/in use/nn ,/, what/wdt can/md be/be done/vbn to/to correct/vb the/at faults/nns ,/, and/cc what/wdt it/pps will/md cost/vb to/to make/vb the/at area/nn meet/nn your/pp$ needs/nns in/in comparison/nn to/in other/ap sites/nns ./. Many/ap things/nns need/vb to/to be/be checked/vbn :/: size/nn-hl and/cc-hl shape/nn-hl --/-- The/at size/nn of/in the/at area/nn alone/rb can/md be/be a/at determining/vbg factor/nn ./. An/at area/nn may/md be/be too/ql small/jj for/in the/at needs/nns of/in the/at project/nn ./. Areas/nns should/md be/be large/jj enough/qlp to/to include/vb the/at attractions/nns ,/, have/hv ample/jj space/nn for/in the/at use/nn of/in facilities/nns needed/vbn ,/, and/cc have/hv room/nn around/in the/at edges/nns to/to protect/vb the/at values/nns of/in the/at area/nn from/in encroachment/nn by/in private/jj developments/nns ./. Acreage/nn in/in excess/nn of/in the/at minimum/nn is/bez good/jj practice/nn as/cs recreation/nn areas/nns are/ber never/rb too/ql large/jj for/in the/at future/nn and/cc it/pps is/bez often/rb more/ql economical/jj to/to operate/vb one/cd large/jj area/nn than/cs several/ap small/jj ones/nns ./. Shape/nn of/in the/at area/nn is/bez also/rb related/vbd to/in the/at use/nn attractions/nns and/cc needs/nns of/in the/at development/nn ./. A/at large/jj picnic/nn area/nn or/cc camping/vbg development/nn is/bez most/ql efficient/jj in/in shape/nn as/cs a/at square/nn or/cc rectangle/nn several/ap hundred/cd feet/nns in/in width/nn in/in preference/nn to/in a/at long/jj narrow/jj area/nn less/ap than/in one/cd hundred/cd feet/nns wide/jj ./. This/dt is/bez true/jj because/rb of/in savings/nns in/in utility/nn lines/nns and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs your/pp$ buildings/nns have/hv a/at useful/jj radius/nn equal/jj in/in all/abn directions/nns ./. However/rb ,/, a/at narrow/jj strip/nn may/md be/be very/ql practical/jj for/in small/jj developments/nns ,/, or/cc to/to provide/vb additional/jj stream/nn frontage/nn for/in a/at fisherman's/nn$ trail/nn ,/, or/cc include/vb scenic/jj strips/nns within/in the/at park/nn unit/nn ./. Adjoining/vbg-hl areas/nns-hl --/-- The/at values/nns of/in the/at site/nn may/md be/be affected/vbn by/in the/at appearance/nn of/in the/at adjoining/vbg lands/nns ,/, ownership/nn and/cc use/nn of/in the/at land/nn ,/, and/cc the/at utilities/nns available/jj there/rb ./. For/in instance/nn ,/, a/at site/nn adjoining/vbg other/ap publicly/rb owned/vbn lands/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs a/at national/jj forest/nn or/cc a/at public/jj road/nn ,/, may/md be/be desirable/jj ,/, whereas/cs a/at site/nn next/in to/in an/at industrial/jj plant/nn might/md not/* ./. The/at utilities/nns available/jj nearby/rb may/md provide/vb a/at savings/nn in/in the/at cost/nn of/in extending/vbg electricity/nn or/cc water/nn to/in the/at site/nn ./. Topography/nn-hl --/-- Topography/nn is/bez very/ql important/jj ./. Check/vb the/at elevation/nn of/in the/at ground/nn ,/, degree/nn and/cc direction/nn of/in slopes/nns ,/, drainage/nn ,/, rock/nn outcrops/nns ,/, topsoil/nn types/nns and/cc quality/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs subsoil/nn ./. Nearly/ql level/jj areas/nns are/ber required/vbn for/in parking/vbg areas/nns ,/, beaches/nns ,/, camp/nn areas/nns ,/, ballfields/nns ,/, etcetera/rb ./. Determine/vb how/wql much/ap topography/nn limits/vbz useful/jj area/nn or/cc what/wdt the/at costs/nns of/in earth/nn moving/nn or/cc grading/vbg might/md be/be ./. Water/nn-hl --/-- In/in addition/nn to/in its/pp$ recreation/nn interests/nns ,/, water/nn is/bez needed/vbn for/in drinking/vbg ,/, sanitation/nn ,/, and/cc irrigation/nn ./. The/at quantity/nn and/cc quality/nn of/in water/nn sources/nns is/bez often/rb a/at big/jj factor/nn in/in site/nn selection/nn ./. The/at area/nn may/md provide/vb good/jj springs/nns or/cc opportunities/nns for/in a/at well/nn or/cc be/be near/rb to/in municipal/jj water/nn lines/nns ./. Figure/vb the/at cost/nn of/in providing/vbg water/nn to/in the/at use/nn areas/nns ./. Plants/nns-hl --/-- The/at existing/vbg plant/nn growth/nn calls/vbz for/in thorough/jj checking/nn ./. Look/vb at/in the/at trees/nns as/in to/in size/nn and/cc interest/nn ,/, the/at amount/nn of/in shade/nn they/ppss provide/vb ,/, how/wql healthy/jj they/ppss are/ber ,/, the/at problems/nns of/in maintenance/nn ,/, fire/nn hazards/nns ,/, wind/nn throw/nn ,/, etcetera/rb ./. An/at area/nn may/md have/hv been/ben partially/rb logged/vbn and/cc requires/vbz removal/nn of/in stumps/nns or/cc clean-up/nn ./. Some/dti shrubs/nns may/md be/be of/in good/jj landscaping/vbg value/nn ,/, other/ap areas/nns of/in brush/nn may/md need/vb to/to be/be cleared/vbn ./. The/at extent/nn and/cc location/nn of/in open/jj areas/nns is/bez noted/vbn ./. Exposure/nn-hl --/-- How/wql much/ap will/md wind/nn ,/, rain/nn ,/, sun/nn ,/, and/cc temperature/nn affect/vb the/at use/nn ?/. ?/. An/at area/nn sheltered/vbn from/in strong/jj winds/nns may/md be/be highly/ql desirable/jj for/in recreation/nn use/nn ./. The/at direction/nn ,/, velocity/nn ,/, and/cc season/nn of/in these/dts winds/nns should/md be/be noted/vbn as/in to/in just/ql how/wrb they/ppss will/md affect/vb the/at recreation/nn use/nn and/cc your/pp$ maintenance/nn and/cc operation/nn of/in the/at area/nn ./. Lack/nn of/in rainfall/nn and/cc extreme/jj temperatures/nns may/md call/vb for/in the/at development/nn of/in shade/nn and/cc irrigation/nn of/in a/at site/nn to/to make/vb it/ppo useable/jj ./. Sometimes/rb ,/, you/ppss have/hv a/at choice/nn of/in exposure/nn for/in sites/nns where/wrb the/at topography/nn or/cc trees/nns of/in the/at area/nn will/md provide/vb afternoon/nn shade/nn ,/, morning/nn sun/nn ,/, or/cc whatever/wdt may/md be/be most/ql desirable/jj for/in the/at use/nn intended/vbn ./. Improvements/nns-hl --/-- Some/dti areas/nns may/md already/rb have/hv been/ben improved/vbn and/cc contain/vb buildings/nns ,/, roads/nns ,/, utilities/nns ,/, cleared/vbn land/nn ,/, etcetera/rb which/wdt may/md raise/vb the/at cost/nn of/in the/at site/nn ./.

ce22

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depression:1 relief:1 stock:1 market:1 crash:1 observe:1 30th:1

Your/pp$ invitation/nn to/to write/vb about/in Serge/np Prokofieff/np to/to honor/vb his/pp$ 70th/od Anniversary/nn for/in the/at April/np issue/nn of/in Sovietskaya/fw-jj-tl Muzyka/fw-nn-tl is/bez accepted/vbd with/in pleasure/nn ,/, because/cs I/ppss admire/vb the/at music/nn of/in Prokofieff/np ;/. ;/. and/cc with/in sober/jj purpose/nn ,/, because/cs the/at development/nn of/in Prokofieff/np personifies/vbz ,/, in/in many/ap ways/nns ,/, the/at course/nn of/in music/nn in/in the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl Soviet/np-tl Socialist/jj-tl Republics/nns-tl ./. The/at Serge/np Prokofieff/np whom/wpo we/ppss knew/vbd in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np was/bedz gay/jj ,/, witty/jj ,/, mercurial/jj ,/, full/jj of/in pranks/nns and/cc bonheur/fw-nn --/-- and/cc very/ql capable/jj as/cs a/at professional/jj musician/nn ./. These/dts qualities/nns endeared/vbd him/ppo to/in both/abx the/at musicians/nns and/cc the/at social-economic/jj haute/fw-jj monde/fw-nn which/wdt supported/vbd the/at concert/nn world/nn of/in the/at post-World/jj War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, era/nn ./. Prokofieff's/np$ outlook/nn as/cs a/at composer-pianist-conductor/nn in/in America/np was/bedz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, brilliant/jj ./. Prokofieff's/np$ Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl was/bedz hailed/vbn as/cs an/at ingenious/jj work/nn from/in a/at naturally/rb gifted/jj and/cc well-trained/jj musician/nn still/rb in/in his/pp$ twenties/nns ./. To/in the/at Traditionalists/nns-tl ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at brilliant/jj satire/nn on/in modernism/nn ;/. ;/. to/in the/at Neo-Classicists/nns-tl ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at challenge/nn to/in the/at pre-war/jj world/nn ./. What/wdt was/bedz it/pps to/in Prokofieff/np ?/. ?/. A/at tongue-in-cheek/jj stylization/nn of/in 18th-Century/np ideas/nns ;/. ;/. a/at trial/nn balloon/nn to/to test/vb the/at aesthetic/jj climate/nn of/in the/at times/nns ;/. ;/. a/at brilliant/jj piece/fw-nn de/fw-in resistance/fw-nn ?/. ?/. Certainly/rb its/pp$ composer/nn was/bedz an/at ascending/vbg star/nn on/in a/at new/jj world/nn horizon/nn ./. I/ppss heard/vbd the/at Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl for/in the/at first/od time/nn when/wrb Koussevitzky/np conducted/vbd it/ppo in/in Paris/np in/in 1927/cd ./. All/abn musical/jj Paris/np was/bedz there/rb ./. Some/dti musicians/nns were/bed enthusiastic/jj ,/, some/dti skeptical/jj ./. I/ppss myself/ppl was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at skeptics/nns (/( 35/cd years/nns ago/rb )/) ./. I/ppss remember/vb Ernest/np Bloch/np in/in the/at foyer/nn ,/, shouting/vbg in/in his/pp$ high-pitched/jj voice/nn :/: ``/`` it/pps may/md be/be a/at tour/fw-nn de/fw-in force/fw-nn ,/, mais/fw-cc mon/fw-pp$ Dieu/fw-np ,/, can/md anyone/pn take/vb this/dt music/nn seriously/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at answer/nn is/bez ,/, ``/`` Yes/rb ''/'' !/. !/. Certainly/rb ,/, America/np took/vbd Prokofieff/np and/cc his/pp$ Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl seriously/rb ,/, and/cc with/in a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in pleasure/nn ./. His/pp$ life-long/jj friend/nn ,/, Serge/np Koussevitzky/np ,/, gave/vbd unreservedly/rb of/in his/pp$ praise/nn and/cc brilliant/jj performances/nns in/in Boston/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, ,/, to/in which/wdt he/pps added/vbd broadcastings/nns and/cc recordings/nns for/in the/at whole/jj nation/nn ./. Chicago/np was/bedz also/rb a/at welcome/jj host/nn :/: there/rb ,/, in/in 1921/cd ,/, Prokofieff/np conducted/vbd the/at world/nn premiere/nn of/in the/at Love/nn-tl For/in-tl Three/cd-tl Oranges/nns-tl ,/, and/cc played/vbd the/at first/od performance/nn of/in his/pp$ Third/od-tl Piano/nn-tl Concerto/nn-tl ./. ``/`` Uncle/np Sam/np ''/'' was/bedz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, a/at rich/jj uncle/nn to/in Prokofieff/np ,/, in/in those/dts opulent/jj ,/, post-war/jj victory/nn years/nns of/in peace/nn and/cc prosperity/nn ,/, bold/jj speculations/nns and/cc extravaganzas/nns ,/, enjoyment/nn and/cc pleasure/nn :/: ``/`` The/at-tl Golden/jj-tl Twenties/nns-tl ''/'' ./. We/ppss attended/vbd the/at premieres/nns of/in his/pp$ concertos/nns ,/, symphonies/nns ,/, and/cc suites/nns ;/. ;/. we/ppss studied/vbd ,/, taught/vbd ,/, and/cc performed/vbd his/pp$ piano/nn sonatas/nns ,/, chamber/nn music/nn ,/, gavottes/nns ,/, and/cc marches/nns ;/. ;/. we/ppss bought/vbd his/pp$ records/nns and/cc played/vbd them/ppo in/in our/pp$ schools/nns and/cc universities/nns ./. We/ppss unanimously/rb agreed/vbd that/cs Prokofieff/np had/hvd won/vbn his/pp$ rights/nns as/cs a/at world/nn citizen/nn to/in the/at first/od ranks/nns of/in Twentieth-Century/jj Composers/nns-tl ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, Prokofieff/np was/bedz much/ql influenced/vbn by/in Paris/np during/in the/at Twenties/nns-tl :/: the/at Paris/np which/wdt was/bedz the/at artistic/jj center/nn of/in the/at Western/jj-tl World/nn-tl --/-- the/at social/jj Paris/np to/in which/wdt Russian/jj aristocracy/nn migrated/vbd --/-- the/at chic/jj Paris/np which/wdt attracted/vbd the/at tourist/nn dollars/nns of/in rich/jj America/np --/-- the/at avant-garde/jj Paris/np of/in Diaghileff/np ,/, Stravinsky/np ,/, Koussevitzky/np ,/, Cocteau/np ,/, Picasso/np --/-- the/at laissez-faire/jj Paris/np of/in Dadaism/np and/cc ultramodern/jj art/nn --/-- the/at Paris/np sympathique/fw-jj which/wdt took/vbd young/jj composers/nns to/in her/pp$ bosom/nn with/in such/jj quick/jj and/cc easy/jj enthusiasms/nns ./. So/rb young/jj Prokofieff/np was/bedz the/at darling/nn of/in success/nn :/: in/in his/pp$ motherland/nn ;/. ;/. in/in the/at spacious/jj hunting/vbg grounds/nns of/in ``/`` Uncle/np Sam/np ''/'' ;/. ;/. in/in the/at exciting/jj salons/nns of/in his/pp$ lovely/jj ,/, brilliant/jj Paris/np --/-- mistress/nn of/in gaiety/nn --/-- excess/nn and/cc abandon/nn --/-- world/nn theatre/nn of/in new-found/jj freedoms/nns in/in tone/nn ,/, color/nn ,/, dance/nn ,/, design/nn ,/, and/cc thought/nn ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, three/cd great/jj terrible/jj forces/nns were/bed coagulating/vbg and/cc crystallizing/vbg ./. In/in this/dt world-wide/jj conscription/nn of/in men/nns ,/, minds/nns ,/, and/cc machines/nns ,/, Prokofieff/np was/bedz recalled/vbn to/in his/pp$ native/jj land/nn ./. The/at world/nn exploded/vbd when/wrb Fascism/np challenged/vbd all/abn concepts/nns of/in peace/nn and/cc liberty/nn ,/, and/cc the/at outraged/vbn ,/, freedom-loving/jj peoples/nns of/in the/at Capitalist/jj and/cc Socialist/jj-tl worlds/nns combined/vbd forces/nns to/to stamp/vb Fascist/jj tyranny/nn into/in cringing/vbg submission/nn ./. After/in this/dt holocaust/nn ,/, a/at changing/vbg world/nn occupied/vbd the/at minds/nns of/in men/nns ;/. ;/. a/at world/nn beset/vbn with/in new/jj boundaries/nns ,/, new/jj treaties/nns and/cc governments/nns ,/, new/jj goals/nns and/cc methods/nns ,/, and/cc the/at age-old/jj fears/nns of/in aggression/nn and/cc subjugation/nn --/-- hunger/nn and/cc exposure/nn ./. In/in this/dt changed/vbn world/nn ,/, Prokofieff/np settled/vbd to/to find/vb himself/ppl ,/, and/cc to/to create/vb for/in large/jj national/jj purpose/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, this/dt happy/jj ,/, roving/vbg son/nn of/in good/jj fortune/nn proved/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md accept/vb the/at disciplines/nns of/in a/at new/jj social-economic/jj order/nn fighting/vbg for/in its/pp$ very/ap existence/nn and/cc ideals/nns in/in a/at truculent/jj world/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, Prokofieff/np became/vbd a/at workman/nn in/in the/at vineyards/nns of/in Socialism/nn-tl --/-- producing/vbg music/nn for/in the/at masses/nns ./. It/pps is/bez at/in this/dt point/nn in/in his/pp$ life/nn that/cs the/at mature/jj Prokofieff/np emerges/vbz ./. One/pn might/md have/hv expected/vbn that/cs such/abl a/at violent/jj epoch/nn of/in transition/nn would/md have/hv destroyed/vbn the/at creative/jj flair/nn of/in a/at composer/nn ,/, especially/rb one/cd whose/wp$ works/nns were/bed so/ql fluent/jj and/cc spontaneous/jj ./. But/cc no/rb :/: Prokofieff/np grew/vbd ./. He/pps accepted/vbd the/at environment/nn of/in his/pp$ destiny/nn --/-- took/vbd root/nn and/cc grew/vbd to/to fulfill/vb the/at stature/nn of/in his/pp$ early/jj promise/nn ./. By/in 1937/cd he/pps had/hvd clarified/vbn his/pp$ intentions/nns to/to serve/vb his/pp$ people/nns :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv striven/vbn for/in clarity/nn and/cc melodious/jj idiom/nn ,/, but/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn I/ppss have/hv by/in no/at means/nns attempted/vbn to/to restrict/vb myself/ppl to/in the/at accepted/vbn methods/nns of/in harmony/nn and/cc melody/nn ./. This/dt is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt makes/vbz lucid/jj ,/, straightforward/jj music/nn so/ql difficult/jj to/to compose/vb --/-- the/at clarity/nn must/md be/be new/jj ,/, not/* old/jj ''/'' ./. How/wql right/jj he/pps was/bedz ;/. ;/. how/wql clearly/rb he/pps saw/vbd the/at cultural/jj defection/nn of/in experimentation/nn as/cs an/at escape/nn for/in those/dts who/wps dare/md not/* or/cc prefer/vb not/* to/to face/vb the/at discipline/nn of/in modern/jj traditionalism/nn ./. And/cc with/in what/wdt resource/nn did/dod Prokofieff/np back/vb up/rp his/pp$ Credo/nn-tl of/in words/nns --/-- with/in torrents/nns of/in powerful/jj music/nn ./. Compare/vb the/at vast/jj difference/nn in/in scope/nn and/cc beauty/nn between/in his/pp$ neat/jj and/cc witty/jj little/jj Classical/jj-tl Symphony/nn-tl and/cc his/pp$ big/jj ,/, muscular/jj ,/, passionate/jj ,/, and/cc eloquent/jj Fifth/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl ;/. ;/. or/cc the/at Love/nn-tl For/in-tl Three/cd-tl Oranges/nns-tl (/( gay/jj as/cs it/pps is/bez )/) with/in the/at wonderful/jj ,/, imaginative/jj ,/, colorful/jj ,/, and/cc subtle/jj tenderness/nn of/in the/at magnificent/jj ballet/nn ,/, The/at Stone/nn-tl Flower/nn-tl ./. This/dt masterpiece/nn has/hvz gaiety/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez the/at gaiety/nn of/in dancing/vbg people/nns :/: earthy/jj ,/, salty/jj and/cc humorous/jj ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, these/dts works/nns are/ber not/* comparable/jj ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at same/ap brain/nn conceived/vbd them/ppo ./. The/at early/jj works/nns were/bed conceived/vbn for/in a/at sophisticated/jj ,/, international/jj audience/nn ;/. ;/. the/at later/jjr works/nns were/bed conceived/vbn to/to affirm/vb a/at way/nn of/in life/nn for/in fellow/nn citizens/nns ./. However/rb ,/, in/in all/abn of/in Prokofieff's/np$ music/nn ,/, young/jj or/cc mature/jj ,/, we/ppss find/vb his/pp$ profile/nn --/-- his/pp$ ``/`` signature/nn ''/'' --/-- his/pp$ craftsman's/nn$ attitude/nn ./. Prokofieff/np never/rb forsakes/vbz his/pp$ medium/nn for/in the/at cause/nn of/in experimentation/nn per/in se/fw-ppl ./. In/in orchestration/nn ,/, he/pps stretches/vbz the/at limits/nns of/in instrumentation/nn with/in good/jj judgment/nn and/cc a/at fine/jj imagination/nn for/in color/nn ./. His/pp$ sense/nn for/in rhythmic/jj variety/nn and/cc timing/vbg is/bez impeccable/jj ./. His/pp$ creative/jj development/nn of/in melodic/jj designs/nns of/in Slavic/jj dance/nn tunes/nns and/cc love/nn songs/nns is/bez captivating/jj :/: witty/jj ,/, clever/jj ,/, adroit/jj ,/, and/cc subtle/jj ./. His/pp$ counterpoint/nn is/bez pertinent/jj ,/, skillful/jj ,/, and/cc rarely/rb thick/jj ./. Also/rb ,/, it/pps should/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs the/at polytonal/jj freedom/nn of/in his/pp$ melodies/nns and/cc harmonic/jj modulations/nns ,/, the/at brilliant/jj orchestrations/nns ,/, the/at adroitness/nn for/in evading/vbg the/at heaviness/nn of/in figured/vbn bass/nn ,/, the/at skill/nn in/in florid/jj counterpoint/nn were/bed not/* lost/vbn in/in his/pp$ mature/jj output/nn ,/, even/rb in/in the/at spectacular/jj historical/jj dramas/nns of/in the/at stage/nn and/cc cinema/nn ,/, where/wrb a/at large/jj ,/, dramatic/jj canvas/nn of/in sound/nn was/bedz required/vbn ./. That/cs Prokofieff's/np$ harmonies/nns and/cc forms/nns sometimes/rb seem/vb professionally/rb routine/nn to/in our/pp$ ears/nns ,/, may/md or/cc may/md not/* indicate/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz less/ap of/in an/at ``/`` original/jj ''/'' than/cs we/ppss prefer/vb to/to believe/vb ./. Need/nn for/in novelty/nn may/md be/be a/at symptom/nn of/in cultural/jj fatigue/nn and/cc instability/nn ./. Prokofieff/np might/md well/rb emerge/vb as/cs a/at cultural/jj hero/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, by/in the/at force/nn of/in his/pp$ creative/jj life/nn ,/, helped/vbd preserve/vb the/at main/jjs stream/nn of/in tradition/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt the/at surviving/vbg idioms/nns of/in current/jj experimentalism/nn may/md be/be eventually/rb added/vbn and/cc integrated/vbn ./. At/in this/dt date/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz probable/jj that/cs the/at name/nn of/in Serge/np Prokofieff/np will/md appear/vb in/in the/at archives/nns of/in History/nn-tl ,/, as/cs an/at effective/jj Traditionalist/nn-tl ,/, who/wps was/bedz fully/ql aware/jj of/in the/at lure/nn and/cc danger/nn of/in experimentation/nn ,/, and/cc used/vbd it/ppo as/cs it/pps served/vbd his/pp$ purpose/nn ;/. ;/. yet/cc was/bedz never/rb caught/vbn up/rp in/in it/ppo --/-- never/rb a/at slave/nn to/in its/pp$ academic/jj dialectics/nns ./. Certainly/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at traditional/jj clarity/nn of/in his/pp$ music/nn which/wdt has/hvz endeared/vbn him/ppo to/in the/at Western/jj-tl World/nn-tl --/-- not/* his/pp$ experimentations/nns ./. So/rb Prokofieff/np was/bedz able/jj to/to cultivate/vb his/pp$ musical/jj talents/nns and/cc harvest/vb a/at rich/jj reward/nn from/in them/ppo ./. Nor/cc can/md anyone/pn be/be certain/jj that/cs Prokofieff/np would/md have/hv done/vbn better/rbr ,/, or/cc even/rb as/ql well/rb ,/, under/in different/jj circumstances/nns ./. His/pp$ fellow-countryman/nn ,/, Igor/np Stravinsky/np ,/, certainly/rb did/dod not/* ./. Why/wrb did/dod Prokofieff/np expand/vb in/in stature/nn and/cc fecundity/nn ,/, while/cs Stravinsky/np (/( who/wps leaped/vbd into/in fame/nn like/cs a/at young/jj giant/nn )/) dwindled/vbd in/in stature/nn and/cc fruitfulness/nn ?/. ?/. I/ppss think/vb the/at answer/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in Prokofieff's/np$ own/jj words/nns :/: ``/`` the/at clarity/nn must/md be/be new/jj ,/, not/* old/jj ''/'' ./. When/wrb Prokofieff/np forged/vbd his/pp$ new/jj clarity/nn of/in ``/`` lucid/jj ,/, straightforward/jj music/nn ,/, so/ql difficult/jj to/to compose/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps shaped/vbd his/pp$ talents/nns to/in his/pp$ purpose/nn ./. When/wrb Stravinsky/np shaped/vbd his/pp$ purpose/nn to/in the/at shifting/vbg scenes/nns of/in many/ap cultures/nns ,/, many/ap salons/nns ,/, many/ap dialectics/nns ,/, many/ap personalities/nns ,/, he/pps tried/vbd to/to refashion/vb himself/ppl into/in a/at stylist/nn of/in many/ap styles/nns ,/, determined/vbn by/in many/ap disparate/jj cultures/nns ./. Prokofieff/np was/bedz guided/vbn in/in a/at consistent/jj direction/nn by/in the/at life/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj people/nns --/-- by/in the/at compass/nn of/in their/pp$ national/jj ideas/nns ./. But/cc Stravinsky/np was/bedz swayed/vbn by/in the/at attitudes/nns of/in whatever/wdt culture/nn he/pps was/bedz reflecting/vbg ./. In/in all/abn his/pp$ miscalculations/nns ,/, Stravinsky/np made/vbd the/at fatal/jj historical/jj blunder/nn of/in presuming/vbg that/cs he/pps could/md transform/vb other/ap composers'/nns$ inspirations/nns --/-- representing/vbg many/ap peoples/nns ,/, time/nn periods/nns and/cc styles/nns --/-- into/in his/pp$ own/jj music/nn by/in warping/vbg the/at harmony/nn ,/, melody/nn ,/, or/cc form/nn ,/, to/to verify/vb his/pp$ own/jj experiments/nns ./. Because/rb of/in the/at authentic/jj homogeneity/nn of/in his/pp$ early/jj Nationalistic/jj-tl materials/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ flair/nn for/in orchestrations/nns --/-- his/pp$ brilliant/jj Petruchka/np ,/, his/pp$ savage/jj Sacre/fw-nn-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Printemps/fw-nn-tl ,/, his/pp$ incisive/jj Les/fw-at-tl Noces/fw-nns-tl --/-- the/at world/nn kept/vbd hoping/vbg that/cs he/pps could/md recapture/vb the/at historical/jj direction/nn for/in which/wdt his/pp$ native/jj talents/nns were/bed predisposed/vbn ./. But/cc time/nn is/bez running/vbg out/rp ,/, and/cc many/ap of/in Stravinsky's/np$ admirers/nns begin/vb to/to fear/vb that/cs he/pps will/md never/rb find/vb terra/fw-nn firma/fw-jj ./. His/pp$ various/jj aesthetic/jj postulates/nns remain/vb as/cs landmarks/nns of/in a/at house/nn divided/vbn against/in itself/ppl :/: Supra-Expressionism/np ,/, Neo-Paganism/np ,/, Neo-Classicism/nn-tl ,/, Neo-Romanticism/np ,/, Neo-Jazz/np ,/, Neo-Ecclesiasticism/np ,/, Neo-Popularism/np ,/, and/cc most/ql recently/rb ,/, Post-Serialism/np --/-- all/abn competing/vbg with/in each/dt other/ap within/in one/cd composer/nn !/. !/. What/wdt a/at patchwork/nn of/in proclamations/nns and/cc renunciations/nns !/. !/. Meager/jj and/cc shabby/jj by-products/nns linger/vb to/to haunt/vb our/pp$ memories/nns of/in a/at once/rb mighty/jj protagonist/nn ;/. ;/. a/at maladroit/jj reharmonization/nn of/in our/pp$ National/jj-tl Anthem/nn-tl (/( The/at-tl Star-Spangled/jj-tl Banner/nn-tl )/) ;/. ;/. a/at poor/jj attempt/nn to/to write/vb an/at idiomatic/jj jazz/nn concerto/nn ;/. ;/. a/at circus/nn polka/nn for/in elephants/nns ;/. ;/. his/pp$ hopes/nns that/cs the/at tunes/nns from/in his/pp$ old/jj music/nn might/md be/be used/vbn for/in popular/jj American/jj commercial/jj songs/nns !/. !/. Stravinsky/np ,/, nearing/vbg the/at age/nn of/in eighty/cd ,/, is/bez like/cs a/at lost/vbn and/cc frantic/jj bird/nn ,/, flitting/vbg from/in one/cd abandoned/vbn nest/nn to/in another/dt ,/, searching/vbg for/in a/at home/nn ./. How/wql differently/rb Prokofieff's/np$ life/nn unfolded/vbd ./. Prokofieff/np was/bedz able/jj to/to adjust/vb his/pp$ creative/jj personality/nn to/in a/at swiftly/rb changing/vbg world/nn without/in losing/vbg his/pp$ particular/jj force/nn and/cc direction/nn ./. In/in the/at process/nn ,/, his/pp$ native/jj endowments/nns were/bed stretched/vbn ,/, strengthened/vbn and/cc disciplined/vbn to/to serve/vb their/pp$ human/jj purpose/nn ./. With/in a/at large/jj and/cc circumspect/jj 20th-Century/nn technique/nn ,/, he/pps wove/vbd the/at materials/nns of/in national/jj heroes/nns and/cc events/nns ,/, national/jj folklore/nn and/cc children's/nns$ fairy/nn tales/nns --/-- Slavic/jj dances/nns and/cc love/nn songs/nns --/-- into/in a/at solid/jj musical/jj literature/nn which/wdt served/vbd his/pp$ people/nns well/rb ,/, and/cc is/bez providing/vbg much/ap enjoyment/nn to/in the/at World/nn at/in large/jj ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, it/pps must/md not/* be/be forgotten/vbn that/cs in/in achieving/vbg this/dt historical/jj feat/nn ,/, Prokofieff/np had/hvd the/at vast/jj resources/nns of/in his/pp$ people/nns behind/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. time/nn and/cc economic/jj security/nn ;/. ;/. symphony/nn orchestras/nns ,/, opera/nn and/cc ballet/nn companies/nns ;/. ;/. choruses/nns ,/, chamber/nn music/nn ensembles/nns ;/. ;/. soloists/nns ;/. ;/. recordings/nns ;/. ;/. broadcastings/nns ;/. ;/. television/nn ;/. ;/. large/jj and/cc eager/jj audiences/nns ./. It/pps must/md be/be conceded/vbn that/cs his/pp$ native/jj land/nn provided/vbd Prokofieff/np with/in many/ap of/in the/at necessary/jj conditions/nns for/in great/jj creative/jj incentive/nn :/: economic/jj security/nn and/cc cultural/jj opportunities/nns ,/, incisive/jj idioms/nns ,/, social/jj fermentations/nns for/in a/at new/jj national/jj ideology/nn --/-- a/at sympathetic/jj public/jj and/cc a/at large/jj body/nn of/in performers/nns especially/rb trained/vbn to/to fulfill/vb his/pp$ purpose/nn ./. Thus/rb in/in Prokofieff/np the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl Soviet/np-tl Socialist/jj-tl Republics/nns-tl produced/vbd one/cd of/in the/at great/jj composers/nns of/in the/at Twentieth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ./. That/cs his/pp$ moods/nns ,/, even/rb in/in his/pp$ early/jj years/nns ,/, are/ber those/dts of/in his/pp$ people/nns ,/, does/doz him/ppo honor/nn ,/, as/cs his/pp$ music/nn honors/vbz those/dts who/wps inspired/vbd it/ppo ./. That/cs he/pps mastered/vbd every/at aspect/nn of/in his/pp$ medium/nn according/in to/in his/pp$ own/jj great/jj talents/nns and/cc contemporary/jj judgments/nns ,/, is/bez a/at good/jj and/cc solid/jj symbol/nn of/in his/pp$ people/nns under/in the/at tremendous/jj pressures/nns of/in proclaiming/vbg and/cc practising/vbg the/at rigors/nns of/in a/at new/jj culture/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc perhaps/rb of/in even/ql greater/jjr significance/nn --/-- his/pp$ music/nn is/bez strong/jj 20th-Century/nn evidence/nn of/in the/at effectiveness/nn of/in Evolution/nn-tl ,/, based/vbn on/in a/at broad/jj Traditionalism/nn-tl for/in the/at creative/jj art/nn of/in music/nn ./. April/np 10/cd marked/vbd a/at memorable/jj date/nn in/in New/jj-tl York's/np$-tl musical/jj history/nn --/-- indeed/rb in/in the/at musical/jj history/nn of/in the/at entire/jj eastern/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. On/in that/dt date/nn the/at Musicians/nns-tl Emergency/nn-tl Fund/nn-tl ,/, organized/vbn to/to furnish/vb employment/nn for/in musicians/nns unable/jj to/to obtain/vb engagements/nns during/in the/at depression/nn and/cc to/to provide/vb relief/nn for/in older/jjr musicians/nns who/wps lost/vbd their/pp$ fortunes/nns in/in the/at stock/nn market/nn crash/nn ,/, observed/vbd its/pp$ 30th/od anniversary/nn ./.

ce23

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artists:1 baltimore:1

Roy/np Mason/np is/bez essentially/rb a/at landscape/nn painter/nn whose/wp$ style/nn and/cc direction/nn has/hvz a/at kinship/nn with/in the/at English/jj watercolorists/nns of/in the/at early/jj nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, especially/rb the/at beautifully/ql patterned/vbn art/nn of/in John/np Sell/np Cotman/np ./. And/cc like/cs this/dt English/jj master/nn ,/, Mason/np realizes/vbz his/pp$ subjects/nns in/in large/jj ,/, simplified/vbn masses/nns which/wdt ,/, though/cs they/ppss seem/vb effortless/jj ,/, are/ber in/in reality/nn the/at result/nn of/in skilled/jj design/nn born/vbn of/in hard/jj work/nn and/cc a/at thorough/jj distillation/nn of/in the/at natural/jj form/nn that/wps inspired/vbd them/ppo ./. As/cs a/at boy/nn Roy/np Mason/np began/vbd the/at long/jj process/nn of/in extracting/vbg the/at goodness/nn of/in the/at out-of-doors/nn ,/, its/pp$ tang/nn of/in weather/nn ,/, its/pp$ change/nn of/in seasons/nns ,/, its/pp$ variable/jj moods/nns ./. His/pp$ father/nn ,/, a/at professional/jj engraver/nn and/cc an/at amateur/jj landscape/nn painter/nn ,/, took/vbd his/pp$ sons/nns on/in numerous/jj hunting/vbg expeditions/nns ,/, and/cc imparted/vbd to/in them/ppo his/pp$ knowledge/nn and/cc love/nn of/in nature/nn ./. Out/in of/in this/dt background/nn of/in hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg ,/, it/pps was/bedz only/rb natural/jj that/cs Roy/np first/rb painted/vbd subjects/nns he/pps knew/vbd best/rbt :/: hunters/nns in/in the/at field/nn ,/, fishermen/nns in/in the/at stream/nn ,/, ducks/nns and/cc geese/nns on/in the/at wing/nn --/-- almost/ql always/rb against/in a/at vast/jj backdrop/nn of/in weather/nn landscape/nn ./. It/pps is/bez this/dt subject/nn matter/nn that/wps has/hvz brought/vbn Mason/np a/at large/jj and/cc enthusiastic/jj following/nn among/in sportsmen/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez his/pp$ exceptional/jj performance/nn with/in this/dt motif/nn that/wps commends/vbz him/ppo to/in artists/nns and/cc discerning/vbg collectors/nns ./. Mason/np had/hvd to/to earn/vb the/at privilege/nn of/in devoting/vbg himself/ppl exclusively/rb to/in painting/vbg ./. Like/cs many/ap others/nns ,/, he/pps had/hvd to/to work/vb hard/rb ,/, long/jj hours/nns in/in a/at struggling/vbg family/nn business/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs it/pps was/bedz allied/vbn to/in art/nn of/in a/at kind/nn --/-- the/at design/nn and/cc production/nn of/in engraved/vbn seals/nns --/-- bore/vbd no/at relation/nn to/in the/at painting/nn of/in pictures/nns ./. But/cc it/pps did/dod teach/vb Roy/np the/at basic/jj techniques/nns of/in commercial/jj art/nn ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, for/in twelve/cd years/nns ,/, he/pps and/cc his/pp$ sister/nn Nina/np conducted/vbd an/at advertising/vbg art/nn studio/nn in/in Philadelphia/np ./. On/in the/at death/nn of/in their/pp$ father/nn ,/, they/ppss returned/vbd to/in their/pp$ home/nr in/in Batavia/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. After/in more/ap years/nns of/in concentrated/vbn effort/nn ,/, Roy/np and/cc his/pp$ brother/nn Max/np finally/rb established/vbd a/at thriving/vbg family/nn business/nn at/in the/at old/jj stand/nn ./. During/in all/abn this/dt time/nn Roy/np continued/vbd to/to paint/vb ,/, first/rb only/rb on/in weekends/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, as/cs the/at family/nn business/nn permitted/vbd ,/, for/in longer/jjr periods/nns ./. Gradually/rb he/pps withdrew/vbd from/in the/at shop/nn altogether/rb ,/, and/cc for/in the/at past/ap thirty/cd years/nns ,/, he/pps has/hvz worked/vbn independently/rb as/cs a/at painter/nn ,/, except/in for/in his/pp$ continued/vbn hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg expeditions/nns ./. But/cc even/rb on/in these/dts ,/, the/at palette/nn often/rb takes/vbz over/rp while/cs the/at shotgun/nn cools/vbz off/rp !/. !/. Except/in for/in a/at rich/jj friendship/nn with/in the/at painter/nn ,/, Chauncey/np Ryder/np who/wps gave/vbd him/ppo the/at only/ap professional/jj instruction/nn he/pps ever/rb had/hvd --/-- and/cc this/dt was/bedz limited/vbn to/in a/at few/ap lessons/nns ,/, though/cs the/at two/cd artists/nns often/rb went/vbd on/in painting/vbg trips/nns together/rb --/-- Roy/np developed/vbd his/pp$ art/nn by/in himself/ppl ./. In/in the/at best/jjt tradition/nn ,/, he/pps first/rb taught/vbd himself/ppl to/to see/vb ,/, then/rb to/to draw/vb with/in accuracy/nn and/cc assurance/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb to/to paint/vb ./. He/pps worked/vbd in/in oil/nn for/in years/nns before/cs beginning/vbg his/pp$ work/nn in/in watercolor/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ first/od public/jj recognition/nn and/cc early/jj honors/nns ,/, including/in his/pp$ election/nn to/in the/at Academy/nn-tl ,/, were/bed for/in his/pp$ essays/nns in/in the/at heavier/jjr medium/nn ./. Gradually/rb watercolor/nn claimed/vbd his/pp$ greater/jjr affection/nn until/cs today/nr it/pps has/hvz become/vbn his/pp$ major/jj ,/, if/cs not/* exclusive/jj ,/, technique/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben my/pp$ privilege/nn to/to paint/vb with/in Roy/np Mason/np on/in numerous/jj occasions/nns ,/, mostly/rb in/in the/at vicinity/nn of/in Batavia/np ./. More/ql often/rb than/cs not/* I/ppss have/hv found/vbn easy/jj excuse/nn to/to leave/vb my/pp$ own/jj work/nn and/cc stand/vb at/in a/at respectable/jj distance/nn where/wrb I/ppss could/md watch/vb this/dt man/nn transform/vb raw/jj nature/nn into/in a/at composed/vbn ,/, not/* imitative/jj ,/, painting/nn ./. What/wdt I/ppss have/hv observed/vbn time/nn and/cc time/nn again/rb is/bez a/at process/nn of/in integration/nn ,/, integration/nn that/wps begins/vbz as/cs abstract/jj design/nn and/cc gradually/rb takes/vbz on/rp recognizable/jj form/nn ;/. ;/. color/nn patterns/nns that/wps are/ber made/vbn to/to weave/vb throughout/in the/at whole/jj composition/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc that/dt over-all/jj ,/, amazing/jj control/nn of/in large/jj washes/nns which/wdt is/bez the/at Mason/np stylemark/nn ./. Finally/rb come/vb those/dts little/jj flicks/nns of/in a/at rigger/nn brush/nn and/cc the/at job/nn is/bez done/vbn ./. Inspiring/vbg --/-- yes/rb ;/. ;/. instructive/jj --/-- maybe/rb ;/. ;/. duplicable/jj --/-- no/rb !/. !/. But/cc for/in the/at technical/jj fact/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv the/at artist's/nn$ own/jj testimony/nn :/: ``/`` Of/in late/jj years/nns ,/, I/ppss find/vb that/cs I/ppss like/vb best/rbt to/to work/vb out-of-doors/rb ./. First/rb I/ppss make/vb preliminary/jj watercolor/nn sketches/nns in/in quarter/nn scale/nn (/( approximately/rb Af/nn inches/nns )/) in/in which/wdt I/ppss pay/vb particular/jj attention/nn to/in the/at design/nn principles/nns of/in three/cd simple/jj values/nns --/-- the/at lightest/jjt light/jj ,/, the/at middle/jj tone/nn ,/, and/cc the/at darkest/jjt dark/jj --/-- by/in reducing/vbg the/at forms/nns of/in my/pp$ subject/nn to/in these/dts large/jj patterns/nns ./. If/cs a/at human/jj figure/nn or/cc wild/jj life/nn are/ber to/to be/be part/nn of/in the/at projected/vbn final/jj picture/nn ,/, I/ppss try/vb to/to place/vb them/ppo in/in the/at initial/jj sketch/nn ./. For/in me/ppo ,/, these/dts will/md belong/vb more/ql completely/rb to/in their/pp$ surroundings/nns if/cs they/ppss are/ber conceived/vbn in/in this/dt early/jj stage/nn ,/, though/cs I/ppss freely/rb admit/vb that/cs I/ppss do/do not/* hesitate/vb to/to add/vb or/cc eliminate/vb figures/nns on/in the/at full/jj sheet/nn when/wrb it/pps serves/vbz my/pp$ final/jj purpose/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem thoroughly/rb convinced/vbn that/cs most/ap watercolors/nns suffer/vb because/cs the/at artist/nn expects/vbz nature/nn will/md do/do his/pp$ composing/nn for/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. as/cs a/at result/nn ,/, such/jj pictures/nns are/ber only/rb a/at literal/jj translation/nn of/in what/wdt the/at artist/nn finds/vbz in/in the/at scene/nn before/in him/ppo ./. Just/rb because/cs a/at tree/nn or/cc other/ap object/nn appears/vbz in/in a/at certain/jj spot/nn is/bez absolutely/rb no/at reason/nn to/to place/vb it/ppo in/in the/at same/ap position/nn in/in the/at painting/nn ,/, unless/cs the/at position/nn serves/vbz the/at design/nn of/in the/at whole/jj composition/nn ./. If/cs the/at artist/nn would/md study/vb his/pp$ work/nn more/ql thoroughly/rb and/cc move/vb certain/jj units/nns in/in his/pp$ design/nn ,/, often/rb only/ql slightly/rb ,/, finer/jjr pictures/nns would/md result/vb ./. Out/in of/in long/jj experience/nn I/ppss have/hv found/vbn that/cs incidental/jj figures/nns and/cc other/ap objects/nns like/cs trees/nns ,/, logs/nns ,/, and/cc bushes/nns can/md be/be traced/vbn from/in the/at original/jj sketch/nn and/cc moved/vbn about/rb in/in the/at major/jj areas/nns on/in the/at final/jj sheet/nn until/cs they/ppss occupy/vb the/at right/jj position/nn ,/, which/wdt I/ppss call/vb clicking/nn ./. ``/`` Speed/nn in/in painting/vbg a/at picture/nn is/bez valid/jj only/rb when/wrb it/pps imparts/vbz spontaneity/nn and/cc crispness/nn ,/, but/cc unless/cs the/at artist/nn has/hvz lots/nns of/in experience/nn so/cs that/cs he/pps can/md control/vb rapid/jj execution/nn ,/, he/pps would/md do/do well/rb to/to take/vb these/dts first/od sketches/nns and/cc soberly/rb reorder/vb their/pp$ design/nn to/to achieve/vb a/at unified/vbn composition/nn ./. ``/`` If/cs I/ppss have/hv seemed/vbn to/to emphasize/vb the/at structure/nn of/in the/at composition/nn ,/, I/ppss mean/vb to/to project/vb equal/jj concern/nn for/in color/nn ./. Often/rb ,/, in/in working/vbg out-of-doors/rb under/in all/abn conditions/nns of/in light/nn and/cc atmosphere/nn ,/, a/at particular/jj passage/nn that/wps looked/vbd favorable/jj in/in relation/nn to/in the/at subject/nn will/md be/be too/ql bright/jj ,/, too/ql dull/jj ,/, or/cc too/ql light/jj ,/, or/cc too/ql dark/jj when/wrb viewed/vbn indoors/rb in/in a/at mat/nn ./. When/wrb this/dt occurs/vbz ,/, I/ppss make/vb the/at change/nn on/in the/at sketch/nn or/cc on/in the/at final/jj watercolor/nn --/-- if/cs I/ppss have/hv been/ben working/vbg on/in a/at full/jj sheet/nn in/in the/at field/nn ./. ``/`` When/wrb working/vbg from/in one/cd of/in my/pp$ sketches/nns I/ppss square/vb it/ppo up/rp and/cc project/vb its/pp$ linear/jj form/nn freehand/rb to/in the/at watercolor/nn sheet/nn with/in charcoal/nn ./. When/wrb this/dt linear/jj draft/nn is/bez completed/vbn ,/, I/ppss dust/vb it/ppo down/rp to/in a/at faint/jj image/nn ./. From/in this/dt point/nn ,/, I/ppss paint/vb in/in as/ql direct/jj a/at manner/nn as/cs possible/jj ,/, by/in flowing/vbg on/rp the/at washes/nns with/in as/ql pure/jj a/at color/nn mixture/nn as/cs I/ppss can/md manage/vb ./. However/rb ,/, first/rb I/ppss thoughtfully/rb study/vb my/pp$ sketch/nn for/in improvement/nn of/in color/nn and/cc design/nn along/in the/at lines/nns I/ppss have/hv described/vbn ./. Then/rb I/ppss plan/vb my/pp$ attack/nn :/: the/at parts/nns I/ppss will/md finish/vb first/rb ,/, the/at range/nn of/in values/nns ,/, the/at accenting/nn of/in minor/jj details/nns --/-- all/abn in/in all/abn ,/, mechanics/nns of/in producing/vbg the/at finished/vbn job/nn with/in a/at maximum/jj of/in crispness/nn ./. The/at longer/rbr I/ppss work/vb ,/, the/at more/rbr I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs for/in me/ppo ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, a/at workmanlike/jj method/nn is/bez important/jj ./. Trial/nn and/cc error/nn are/ber better/rbr placed/vbn in/in the/at preliminary/jj sketch/nn than/cs in/in hoping/vbg for/in miracles/nns in/in the/at final/jj painting/nn ./. ``/`` As/in for/in materials/nns ,/, I/ppss use/vb the/at best/jjt available/jj ./. I/ppss work/vb on/in a/at watercolor/nn easel/nn in/in the/at field/nn ,/, and/cc frequently/rb resort/vb to/in a/at large/jj garden/nn umbrella/nn to/to protect/vb my/pp$ eyes/nns from/in undue/jj strain/nn ./. In/in my/pp$ studio/nn I/ppss work/vb at/in a/at tilt-top/nn table/nn ,/, but/cc leave/vb the/at paper/nn unfixed/jj so/cs that/cs I/ppss can/md move/vb it/ppo freely/rb to/to control/vb the/at washes/nns ./. I/ppss have/hv used/vbn a/at variety/nn of/in heavy-weight/nn hand-made/jj papers/nns ,/, but/cc prefer/vb an/at English/jj make/nn ,/, rough/jj surface/nn ,/, in/in 400-pound/jj weight/nn ./. After/cs selecting/vbg a/at sheet/nn and/cc inspecting/vbg it/ppo for/in flaws/nns (/( even/rb the/at best/jjt sometimes/rb has/hvz foreign/jj '/' nubbins/nns '/' on/in its/pp$ surface/nn )/) ,/, I/ppss sponge/vb it/ppo thoroughly/rb on/in both/abx sides/nns with/in clean/jj ,/, cold/jj water/nn ./. Then/rb I/ppss dry/vb the/at sheet/nn under/in mild/jj pressure/nn so/cs that/cs it/pps will/md lie/vb flat/rb as/cs a/at board/nn ./. ``/`` In/in addition/nn to/in the/at usual/jj tools/nns ,/, I/ppss make/vb constant/jj use/nn of/in cleansing/vbg tissue/nn ,/, not/* only/rb to/to wipe/vb my/pp$ brushes/nns ,/, but/cc to/to mop/vb up/rp certain/jj areas/nns ,/, to/to soften/vb edges/nns ,/, and/cc to/to open/vb up/rp lights/nns in/in dark/jj washes/nns ./. The/at great/jj absorbency/nn of/in this/dt tissue/nn and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez easier/jjr to/to control/vb than/cs a/at sponge/nn makes/vbz it/ppo an/at ideal/jj tool/nn for/in the/at watercolorist/nn ./. I/ppss also/rb use/vb a/at small/jj electric/jj hand-blower/nn to/to dry/vb large/jj washes/nns in/in the/at studio/nn ./. ``/`` My/pp$ brushes/nns are/ber different/jj from/in those/dts used/vbn by/in most/ap watercolorists/nns ,/, for/cs I/ppss combine/vb the/at sable/nn and/cc the/at bristle/nn ./. The/at red/jj sables/nns are/ber 8/cd ;/. ;/. two/cd riggers/nns ,/, 6/cd and/cc 10/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at very/ql large/jj ,/, flat/jj wash/nn brush/nn ./. The/at bristles/nns are/ber a/at Fitch/np 2/cd and/cc a/at one-half/nn inch/nn brush/nn shaved/vbn to/in a/at sharp/jj chisel/nn edge/nn ./. ``/`` My/pp$ usual/jj palette/nn consists/vbz of/in top-quality/nn colors/nns :/: alizarin/nn crimson/nn ,/, orange/nn ,/, raw/jj sienna/nn ,/, raw/jj umber/nn ,/, burnt/vbn sienna/nn ,/, sepia/nn ,/, cerulean/jj blue/nn ,/, cobalt/nn blue/nn ,/, French/jj ultramarine/jj blue/nn ,/, Winsor/np green/nn ,/, Hooker's/np$ green/nn 2/cd ,/, cadmium/nn yellow/nn pale/jj ,/, yellow/jj ochre/nn ,/, Payne's/np$ gray/nn ,/, charcoal/nn gray/nn ,/, Davy's/np$ gray/nn ,/, and/cc ivory/jj black/nn ''/'' ./. In/in analyzing/vbg the/at watercolors/nns of/in Roy/np Mason/np ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn that/wps comes/vbz to/in mind/nn is/bez their/pp$ essential/jj decorativeness/nn ,/, yet/cc this/dt word/nn has/hvz such/abl a/at varied/vbn connotation/nn that/cs it/pps needs/vbz some/dti elaboration/nn here/rb ./. True/rb ,/, a/at Mason/np watercolor/nn is/bez unmistakably/rb a/at synthesis/nn of/in nature/nn rather/in than/in a/at detailed/vbn inventory/nn ./. Unlike/in many/ap decorative/jj patterns/nns that/wps present/vb a/at static/jj flat/jj convention/nn ,/, this/dt artist's/nn$ pictures/nns are/ber full/jj of/in atmosphere/nn and/cc climate/nn ./. Long/jj observation/nn has/hvz taught/vbn Mason/np that/cs most/ap landscape/nn can/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in three/cd essential/jj planes/nns :/: a/at foreground/nn in/in sharp/jj focus/nn --/-- either/cc a/at light/jj area/nn with/in dark/jj accents/nns or/cc a/at dark/jj one/cd with/in lights/nns ;/. ;/. a/at middle/jj distance/nn often/rb containing/vbg the/at major/jj motif/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at background/nn ,/, usually/rb a/at silhouetted/vbn form/nn foiled/vbn against/in the/at sky/nn ./. In/in following/vbg this/dt general/nn principle/nn ,/, Mason/np provides/vbz the/at observer/nn with/in a/at natural/jj eye/nn progression/nn from/in foreground/nn to/in background/nn ,/, and/cc the/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn is/bez instantly/rb created/vbn ./. When/wrb painting/vbg ,/, Mason's/np$ physical/jj eyes/nns are/ber half-closed/jj ,/, while/cs his/pp$ mind's/nn$ eye/nn is/bez wide/ql open/jj ,/, and/cc this/dt circumstance/nn accounts/vbz in/in part/nn for/in the/at impression/nn he/pps wishes/vbz to/to convey/vb ./. He/pps does/doz not/* insist/vb on/in telling/vbg all/abn he/pps knows/vbz about/in any/dti given/vbn subject/nn ;/. ;/. rather/rb his/pp$ pictures/nns invite/vb the/at observer/nn to/to draw/vb on/in his/pp$ memory/nn ,/, his/pp$ imagination/nn ,/, his/pp$ nostalgia/nn ./. It/pps is/bez for/in this/dt reason/nn that/cs Roy/np avoids/vbz selecting/vbg subjects/nns that/wps require/vb specific/jj recognition/nn of/in place/nn for/in their/pp$ enjoyment/nn ./. His/pp$ pictures/nns generalize/vb ,/, though/cs they/ppss are/ber inspired/vbn by/in a/at particular/jj locale/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss universalize/vb in/in terms/nns of/in weather/nn ,/, skies/nns ,/, earth/nn ,/, and/cc people/nns ./. By/in dealing/vbg with/in common/jj landscape/nn in/in an/at uncommon/jj way/nn ,/, Roy/np Mason/np has/hvz found/vbn a/at particular/jj niche/nn in/in American/jj landscape/nn art/nn ./. Living/vbg with/in his/pp$ watercolors/nns is/bez a/at vicarious/jj experience/nn of/in seeing/vbg nature/nn distilled/vbn through/in the/at eyes/nns of/in a/at sensitive/jj interpretor/nn ,/, a/at breath/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in the/at outdoor/jj world/nn to/to help/vb man/nn honor/vb the/at Creator/nn-tl of/in it/ppo all/abn ./. The/at artist/nn was/bedz born/vbn in/in Gilbert/np Mills/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, in/in 1886/cd ,/, and/cc until/in two/cd years/nns ago/rb when/wrb he/pps and/cc his/pp$ wife/nn moved/vbd to/in California/np ,/, he/pps lived/vbd in/in western/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, in/in Batavia/np ./. When/wrb I/ppss looked/vbd up/rp the/at actual/jj date/nn of/in his/pp$ birth/nn and/cc found/vbd it/ppo to/to be/be March/np 15th/od ,/, I/ppss realized/vbd that/cs Roy/np was/bedz born/vbn under/in the/at right/jj zodiacal/jj sign/nn for/in a/at watercolorist/nn :/: the/at water/nn sign/nn of/in Pisces/np (/( February/np 18/cd thru/in March/np 20/cd )/) ./. And/cc how/wql very/ql often/rb a/at water/nn plane/nn is/bez featured/vbn in/in his/pp$ landscapes/nns ,/, and/cc how/wql appropriate/jj that/cs he/pps should/md appear/vb in/in American/jj-tl Artist/nn-tl again/rb ,/, in/in his/pp$ natal/jj month/nn of/in March/np !/. !/. Over/in the/at years/nns ,/, beginning/vbg in/in 1929/cd ,/, Mason/np has/hvz been/ben awarded/vbn seventeen/cd major/jj prizes/nns including/in two/cd gold/nn medals/nns ;/. ;/. two/cd Ranger/np-tl Fund/nn-tl purchase/nn awards/nns ;/. ;/. the/at Joseph/np-tl Pennell/np-tl Memorial/jj-tl Medal/nn-tl ;/. ;/. two/cd American/jj-tl Watercolor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl prizes/nns ;/. ;/. the/at Blair/np-tl Purchase/nn-tl Prize/nn-tl for/in watercolor/nn ,/, Art/nn-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Chicago/np-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc others/nns in/in Buffalo/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Chautauqua/np ,/, New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl ,/, Rochester/np ,/, Rockport/np ,/, and/cc most/ql recently/rb ,/, the/at $300/nns prize/nn for/in a/at watercolor/nn at/in the/at Laguna/np-tl Beach/nn-tl Art/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, He/pps was/bedz elected/vbn to/in the/at National/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl of/in-tl Design/nn-tl as/cs an/at Associate/nn-tl in/in the/at oil/nn class/nn in/in 1931/cd (/( after/cs receiving/vbg his/pp$ first/od Ranger/np-tl Fund/nn-tl Purchase/nn-tl Prize/nn-tl at/in the/at Academy/nn-tl in/in 1930/cd )/) ,/, and/cc elevated/vbn to/in Academicianship/nn-tl in/in 1940/cd ./. Other/ap memberships/nns include/vb the/at American/jj-tl Watercolor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl ,/, Philadelphia/np-tl Water/nn-tl Color/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Allied/vbn-tl Artists/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, Audubon/np-tl Artists/nns-tl ,/, Baltimore/np-tl Watercolor/nn-tl Society/nn-tl ./.

ce24

ce24 |@word russian:3 gymnast:5 beat:1 tar:1 american:6 1960:1 olympics:1 one:11 reason:2 well:10 better:4 train:4 look:2 build:1 discipline:2 something:1 else:1 dancer:4 athlete:3 begin:3 learn:7 must:4 study:4 dance:11 russians:2 start:17 gymnastic:15 sport:5 really:3 important:4 pretty:1 area:3 olympic:3 competition:1 improve:4 lack:1 training:9 problem:3 thing:2 take:6 first:7 let:4 understand:2 call:1 make:5 tumble:1 may:1 say:1 somersault:3 run:3 stunt:2 headstand:2 handstand:4 cartwheel:1 backbend:3 culminate:1 nearly:1 impossible:1 combination:1 aerial:1 flip:1 twist:1 apparatus:3 work:7 use:5 common:1 sight:2 gym:2 1930:1 drop:3 favor:1 game:1 parallel:1 bar:4 horse:3 buck:1 springboard:1 horizontal:1 ring:1 mat:3 formerly:1 school:7 replace:1 baseball:2 volleyball:1 basketball:1 football:1 step:1 provide:5 every:4 basic:2 quality:2 except:1 endurance:3 develop:5 strength:13 flexibility:6 coordination:1 timing:1 rhythm:4 courage:1 persistence:1 desire:1 perfection:1 short:1 part:2 body:6 require:3 great:4 deal:2 character:1 addition:1 later:2 mature:1 enough:3 benefit:1 without:2 danger:1 injury:3 final:1 top:4 soldier:1 citizen:1 another:2 valuable:2 early:4 life:2 enterprising:1 teacher:9 parent:3 could:3 healthy:1 child:20 age:1 seven:1 day:3 europeans:1 exercise:3 newborn:1 infant:1 century:1 walk:1 angel:1 side:5 young:4 competitor:1 16:1 least:3 thirteen:1 year:1 behind:1 lucky:1 three:2 nation:3 wish:1 get:1 head:7 physical:2 fitness:1 would:4 kindergarten:1 student:1 program:2 enter:1 thus:1 eliminate:1 large:2 number:1 plague:1 attack:1 fatigue:1 emotional:1 tension:1 since:2 action:1 relieve:1 oddly:1 prove:1 less:3 read:1 difficulty:1 certainly:1 anxiety:1 accident:1 clumsy:1 sustain:1 bad:1 high:7 scholastic:1 average:1 alert:1 russia:2 know:3 compete:1 place:7 candidate:1 team:2 eighty:2 thousand:1 win:1 honor:1 chance:1 try:2 scarcely:1 find:2 land:3 180:1 million:1 people:1 rigorous:1 stretch:1 posture:1 coordinated:1 movement:1 wed:1 present:1 audience:2 rome:1 beautiful:1 ever:1 see:5 contest:1 particular:1 two:2 lesson:1 completely:2 masculine:1 obviously:1 virile:1 man:1 perform:3 incredible:1 grace:1 strip:1 old:2 wive:1 tale:1 slender:1 lovely:1 girl:2 feat:1 tremendous:1 bulge:1 muscle:2 president:2 kennedy:2 ask:2 become:2 physically:1 fit:2 wait:1 junior:1 never:1 manage:1 today:3 person:1 reach:1 america:2 business:1 prepare:3 charge:1 come:2 responsible:1 much:1 ahead:1 unprepared:1 job:1 need:4 demonstrator:1 youngster:1 also:4 help:3 simple:1 fortunate:1 demand:1 teach:2 respond:1 request:1 regular:1 kind:1 little:4 living:1 nothing:1 often:1 fail:1 however:2 real:1 abdominal:1 back:12 chest:5 shoulder:5 arm:5 group:1 ballerinas:1 ten:2 push:10 chin:9 result:2 consider:2 amount:1 disappointing:1 even:4 boy:3 outstanding:1 surprising:1 29:1 percent:1 english:1 outdo:1 almost:1 test:1 dash:1 hold:2 throw:1 recommend:1 instal:1 door:1 full:1 view:1 everyone:1 chair:2 tell:1 time:4 pass:1 weak:2 climb:1 slowly:4 second:2 accomplish:1 descent:1 inform:1 system:1 encourage:1 whole:1 family:1 home:1 kick:8 upper:2 low:1 aid:1 hand:12 foot:9 keep:4 position:5 quick:1 easy:2 slow:2 follow:3 cross:1 corner:1 room:1 four:1 possible:2 essential:3 knee:4 circle:5 fall:5 forward:6 onto:1 rest:1 floor:4 repeat:1 six:1 class:5 period:1 standing:2 leg:5 wide:2 apart:2 bend:2 point:4 close:3 farther:2 stand:3 stretched:1 intermediate:1 spread:1 five:2 letting:1 daily:1 week:1 minimum:1 course:1 weight:2 right:3 left:3 extend:1 way:1 determine:1 ready:1 alone:1 return:1 care:1 landing:2 bring:3 prevent:1 flat:2 toe:5 bare:1 form:2 slipper:1 eventually:1 able:1 catch:1 lead:1 together:1 overhead:1 tighten:1 seat:4 sure:2 extreme:2 importance:1 free:1 acrobatic:1 sooner:1 lie:2 supine:1 bent:1 palm:1 either:2 inch:1 away:1 ear:1 finger:1 toward:2 arch:3 upwards:2 bridge:2 backward:1 rather:1 ceiling:1 move:1 closer:1 rise:1 higher:1 combine:1 walkover:1 increase:1 prone:1 front:1 straight:1 straighten:1 peak:1 tip:1 effort:1 touch:1 improvement:1 measure:1 lessening:1 distance:1 last:1 beginner:1 roll:3 bag:1 trick:1 actually:1 incapable:1 confused:1 sit:1 upright:1 small:1 simply:1 matter:2 copy:1 thin:1 inexpensive:1 quite:1 sufficient:2 anything:1 air:2 guide:1 practice:1 solo:1 overweight:1 afraid:1 raise:1 pelvi:1 happen:1 performance:1 control:1 lift:1 neck:1 round:1 beginning:1 correctly:1 satisfy:1 exciting:1 strong:1 flexible:1 talk:1 eccentric:1 ultimate:1 goal:1 good:1 tumbler:1 human:1 margin:1 safety:1 activity:1 imperative:1 helpful:1 artistic:1 psychological:1 development:1 contribute:2

The/at Russian/jj gymnasts/nns beat/vbd the/at tar/nn out/in of/in the/at American/jj gymnasts/nns in/in the/at 1960/cd Olympics/nps for/in one/cd reason/nn --/-- they/ppss were/bed better/jjr ./. They/ppss were/bed better/rbr trained/vbn ,/, better/rbr looking/vbg ,/, better/rbr built/vbn ,/, better/rbr disciplined/vbn and/cc something/pn else/rb --/-- they/ppss were/bed better/jjr dancers/nns ./. Our/pp$ athletes/nns are/ber only/ql just/rb beginning/vbg to/to learn/vb that/cs they/ppss must/md study/vb dance/nn ./. The/at Russians/nps are/ber all/abn trained/vbn as/cs dancers/nns before/cs they/ppss start/vb to/to study/vb gymnastics/nn ./. But/cc why/wrb gymnastics/nn at/in all/abn ?/. ?/. And/cc is/bez the/at sport/nn really/ql important/jj ?/. ?/. After/in all/abn ,/, we/ppss did/dod pretty/ql well/rb in/in some/dti other/ap areas/nns of/in the/at Olympics/nps competition/nn ./. But/cc if/cs it/pps is/bez important/jj ,/, what/wdt can/md we/ppss do/do to/to improve/vb ourselves/ppls ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs just/rb lack/nn of/in dance/nn training/nn that/wps is/bez our/pp$ problem/nn ,/, for/in just/rb as/cs gymnastics/nns can/md learn/vb from/in dance/nn ,/, dance/nn has/hvz some/dti very/ql important/jj things/nns to/to learn/vb from/in gymnastics/nn ./. Taking/vbg first/od things/nns first/rb ,/, let's/vb+ppo understand/vb the/at sport/nn called/vbn gymnastics/nn ./. It/pps is/bez made/vbn up/rp of/in tumbling/vbg ,/, which/wdt might/md be/be said/vbn to/to start/vb with/in a/at somersault/nn ,/, run/vb through/in such/jj stunts/nns as/cs headstands/nns ,/, handstands/nns ,/, cartwheels/nns ,/, backbends/nns ,/, and/cc culminate/vb in/in nearly/ql impossible/jj combinations/nns of/in aerial/jj flips/nns and/cc twists/nns and/cc apparatus/nn work/nn ./. The/at apparatus/nn used/vbn by/in gymnasts/nns was/bedz once/rb a/at common/jj sight/nn in/in American/jj gyms/nns ,/, but/cc about/rb 1930/cd it/pps was/bedz dropped/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in games/nns ./. The/at parallel/jj bars/nns ,/, horse/nn ,/, buck/nn ,/, springboard/nn ,/, horizontal/jj bar/nn ,/, rings/nns ,/, and/cc mats/nns formerly/rb in/in the/at school/nn gyms/nns were/bed replaced/vbn by/in baseball/nn ,/, volleyball/nn ,/, basketball/nn and/cc football/nn ./. But/cc the/at Russians/nps use/vb gymnastics/nns as/cs the/at first/od step/nn in/in training/vbg for/in all/abn other/ap sports/nns because/cs it/pps provides/vbz training/nn in/in every/at basic/jj quality/nn except/in one/cd ,/, endurance/nn ./. The/at gymnast/nn must/md develop/vb strength/nn ,/, flexibility/nn ,/, coordination/nn ,/, timing/vbg ,/, rhythm/nn ,/, courage/nn ,/, discipline/nn ,/, persistence/nn and/cc the/at desire/nn for/in perfection/nn ./. In/in short/jj ,/, gymnastics/nn uses/vbz every/at part/nn of/in the/at body/nn and/cc requires/vbz a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in character/nn as/ql well/rb ./. The/at addition/nn of/in endurance/nn training/nn later/rbr ,/, when/wrb the/at body/nn is/bez mature/jj enough/qlp to/to benefit/vb from/in it/ppo without/in danger/nn of/in injury/nn ,/, provides/vbz that/dt final/jj quality/nn that/wps makes/vbz the/at top/jjs athlete/nn ,/, soldier/nn or/cc citizen/nn ./. Another/dt reason/nn gymnastic/jj study/nn is/bez valuable/jj is/bez that/cs it/pps can/md be/be started/vbn very/ql early/rb in/in life/nn ./. (/( An/at enterprising/jj teacher/nn or/cc parent/nn could/md start/vb training/vbg a/at healthy/jj child/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in seven/cd days/nns ./. Most/ap Europeans/nps have/hv been/ben exercising/vbg newborn/jj infants/nns for/in centuries/nns ./. )/) In/in most/ap sports/nns ,/, as/cs in/in most/ap walks/nns of/in life/nn ,/, the/at angels/nns are/ber on/in the/at side/nn of/in those/dts who/wps begin/vb young/jj ,/, and/cc the/at Russian/jj competitor/nn of/in 16/cd has/hvz at/in least/ap thirteen/cd years/nns of/in training/vbg behind/in him/ppo ./. The/at American/np is/bez very/ql lucky/jj if/cs he/pps has/hvz three/cd ./. If/cs a/at nation/nn wished/vbd to/to get/vb a/at head/nn start/nn in/in physical/jj fitness/nn over/in all/abn other/ap nations/nns ,/, it/pps would/md start/vb its/pp$ kindergarten/nn students/nns on/in a/at program/nn of/in gymnastics/nn the/at day/nn they/ppss entered/vbd and/cc thus/rb eliminate/vb a/at large/jj number/nn of/in the/at problems/nns that/wps plague/vb American/jj schools/nns ./. First/od of/in the/at problems/nns attacked/vbn would/md be/be fatigue/nn and/cc emotional/jj tension/nn ,/, since/cs action/nn relieves/vbz both/abx ./. Oddly/rb enough/qlp ,/, it/pps is/bez proven/vbn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be less/ap reading/vbg difficulty/nn ./. Certainly/rb there/ex would/md be/be less/ap anxiety/nn ,/, fewer/ap accidents/nns (/( it/pps is/bez the/at clumsy/jj child/nn who/wps sustains/vbz the/at worst/jjt injuries/nns )/) ,/, and/cc higher/jjr scholastic/jj averages/nns ,/, since/cs alert/jj children/nns work/vb better/rbr ./. Russia/np knows/vbz this/dt ,/, and/cc that/dt is/bez why/wrb there/ex were/bed over/rp 800,000/cd competing/vbg for/in places/nns as/cs candidates/nns for/in the/at Olympic/jj gymnastic/jj team/nn ./. Eighty/cd thousand/cd won/vbd top/jjs honors/nns and/cc a/at chance/nn to/to try/vb for/in the/at team/nn itself/ppl ./. We/ppss could/md scarcely/rb find/vb eighty/cd in/in our/pp$ great/jj land/nn of/in over/rp 180/cd million/cd people/nns ./. And/cc what/wdt has/hvz dancing/vbg to/to do/do with/in all/abn this/dt ?/. ?/. A/at great/jj deal/nn ./. Russia's/np$ young/jj gymnasts/nns have/hv studied/vbn dance/nn before/cs having/hvg the/at rigorous/jj training/nn on/in apparatus/nn ./. Well-stretched/jj ,/, trained/vbn in/in posture/nn and/cc coordinated/vbn movement/nn ,/, and/cc wedded/vbn to/in rhythm/nn ,/, they/ppss presented/vbd the/at audiences/nns in/in Rome/np with/in one/cd of/in the/at most/ql beautiful/jj sights/nns ever/rb seen/vbn at/in any/dti Olympic/jj contest/nn ./. American/jj audiences/nns in/in particular/jj learned/vbd two/cd valuable/jj lessons/nns ./. They/ppss saw/vbd completely/ql masculine/jj and/cc obviously/rb virile/jj men/nns performing/vbg with/in incredible/jj grace/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed further/rbr stripped/vbn of/in old/jj wive's/nns$ tales/nns by/in seeing/vbg the/at slender/jj ,/, lovely/jj Russian/jj girls/nns performing/vbg feats/nns requiring/vbg tremendous/jj strength/nn and/cc with/in not/* one/cd bulging/vbg muscle/nn ./. President/nn-tl Kennedy/np has/hvz asked/vbn that/cs we/ppss become/vb a/at physically/rb fit/jj nation/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss wait/vb until/cs children/nns are/ber in/in junior/jj high/nn or/cc high/jj school/nn ,/, we/ppss will/md never/rb manage/vb it/ppo ./. To/to be/be fit/jj ,/, one/cd has/hvz to/to start/vb early/rb with/in young/jj children/nns ,/, and/cc today/nr the/at only/ap person/nn who/wps really/rb reaches/vbz such/jj children/nns is/bez the/at teacher/nn of/in dance/nn ./. If/cs the/at dance/nn teachers/nns of/in America/np make/vb it/ppo their/pp$ business/nn to/to prepare/vb their/pp$ young/jj charges/nns for/in the/at gymnastics/nn that/wps must/md come/vb some/dti day/nn if/cs our/pp$ schools/nns are/ber really/rb responsible/jj ,/, we/ppss will/md be/be that/ql much/ql ahead/rb ./. School/nn teachers/nns ,/, all/abn too/ql unprepared/jj for/in the/at job/nn they/ppss must/md do/do ,/, will/md need/vb demonstrators/nns ./. There/ex should/md be/be youngsters/nns who/wps know/vb how/wrb to/to do/do a/at headstand/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb how/wrb to/to help/vb other/ap children/nns learn/vb it/ppo ./. They/ppss should/md know/vb simple/jj exercises/nns that/wps could/md prepare/vb less/ql fortunate/jj children/nns for/in the/at sports/nns we/ppss will/md demand/nn be/be taught/vbn ./. Dance/nn teachers/nns can/md respond/vb to/in President/nn-tl Kennedy's/np$ request/nn not/* only/rb through/in their/pp$ regular/jj dance/nn work/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb through/in the/at kind/nn of/in basic/jj gymnastic/jj work/nn that/wps makes/vbz for/in strength/nn and/cc flexibility/nn ./. Very/ql little/ap in/in today's/nr$ living/nn provides/vbz the/at strength/nn we/ppss need/vb and/cc nothing/pn provides/vbz the/at flexibility/nn ./. Dancers/nns do/do have/hv flexibility/nn ./. They/ppss often/rb fail/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to develop/vb real/jj abdominal/jj ,/, back/nn ,/, chest/nn ,/, shoulder/nn and/cc arm/nn strength/nn ./. Ask/vb any/dti group/nn of/in ballerinas/nns to/to do/do ten/cd push-ups/nns or/cc three/cd chin-ups/nns and/cc the/at results/nns ,/, considering/in the/at amount/nn of/in physical/jj training/nn they/ppss have/hv had/hvn ,/, will/md be/be very/ql disappointing/jj ./. Even/rb the/at boys/nns will/md not/* be/be outstanding/jj in/in these/dts areas/nns ./. This/dt isn't/bez* surprising/jj when/wrb we/ppss consider/vb that/cs over/rp 29/cd percent/nn of/in the/at 11-year-old/jj boys/nns in/in America/np cannot/md* chin/vb themselves/ppls once/rb ,/, and/cc that/cs English/jj school/nn girls/nns outdo/vb them/ppo in/in almost/rb every/at test/nn (/( even/rb dashes/nns and/cc endurance/nn )/) ./. The/at only/ap area/nn in/in which/wdt American/jj boys/nns hold/vb their/pp$ own/jj is/bez the/at baseball/nn throw/nn ./. The/at-hl chinning/vbg-hl bar/nn-hl For/in arm/nn and/cc shoulder/nn strength/nn a/at chinning/vbg bar/nn is/bez recommended/vbn ./. It/pps should/md be/be installed/vbn over/in a/at door/nn that/wps is/bez in/in full/jj view/nn of/in everyone/pn ,/, and/cc a/at chair/nn should/md be/be placed/vbn under/in it/ppo ,/, a/at little/ap to/in one/cd side/nn ./. Those/dts children/nns who/wps can/md chin/vb themselves/ppls should/md be/be told/vbn to/to do/do one/cd chin-up/nn each/dt time/nn they/ppss pass/vb under/in it/ppo ./. Those/dts who/wps are/ber too/ql weak/jj ,/, should/md climb/vb on/in the/at chair/nn and/cc ,/, starting/vbg at/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at chin/nn ,/, let/vb themselves/ppls slowly/rb down/rp ./. When/wrb they/ppss can/md take/vb ten/cd seconds/nns to/to accomplish/vb the/at descent/nn ,/, they/ppss will/md have/hv the/at strength/nn to/to chin-up/vb ./. Parents/nns should/md be/be informed/vbn about/in this/dt system/nn and/cc encouraged/vbn to/to do/do the/at same/ap with/in the/at whole/jj family/nn at/in home/nr ./. The/at-hl horse/nn-hl kick/nn-hl Arm/nn ,/, shoulder/nn ,/, chest/nn ,/, upper/jj and/cc lower/jjr back/nn strength/nn will/md be/be aided/vbn with/in the/at Horse/nn kick/nn ./. Start/vb on/in hands/nns and/cc feet/nns ./. Keeping/vbg the/at hands/nns in/in the/at starting/vbg position/nn ,/, run/vb in/in place/nn to/in a/at quick/jj rhythm/nn ./. After/in this/dt has/hvz become/vbn easy/jj ,/, use/vb slower/jjr and/cc slower/jjr rhythms/nns ,/, kicking/vbg higher/rbr and/cc higher/rbr ./. Follow/vb this/dt by/in crossing/vbg from/in one/cd corner/nn of/in the/at room/nn to/in the/at other/ap on/in all/abn fours/nns ,/, kicking/vbg as/ql high/rb as/cs possible/jj ./. Push-ups/nns-hl Push-ups/nns are/ber essential/jj ,/, but/cc few/ap have/hv the/at strength/nn for/in them/ppo at/in first/rb ./. Start/vb on/in the/at knees/nns in/in a/at large/jj circle/nn ./. Fall/vb slowly/rb forward/rb onto/in the/at hands/nns and/cc let/vb the/at body/nn down/rp to/in rest/nn on/in the/at floor/nn ./. Push/vb back/nn up/rp and/cc repeat/vb ./. Do/do this/dt exercise/vb six/cd times/nns each/dt class/nn period/nn ./. As/cs strength/nn improves/vbz start/vb in/in a/at standing/vbg position/nn with/in legs/nns wide/ql apart/rb and/cc upper/jj body/nn bent/vbn forward/rb ./. Start/vb by/in falling/vbg forward/rb to/in a/at point/nn close/jj to/in the/at feet/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs strength/nn improves/vbz ,/, fall/vb farther/ql and/cc farther/ql out/rp ./. Try/vb to/to push/vb back/rb to/in the/at stand/nn position/nn from/in the/at stretched/vbn position/nn without/in any/dti intermediate/jj pushes/nns from/in the/at hands/nns ./. The/at push-up/nn itself/ppl can/md be/be taught/vbn by/in starting/vbg at/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at push-up/nn with/in legs/nns spread/vbn wide/rb ./. Let/vb the/at body/nn down/rp slowly/rb ,/, taking/vbg at/in least/ap five/cd seconds/nns for/in the/at letting/nn down/rp ./. Five/cd of/in these/dts done/vbn daily/rb for/in about/rb a/at week/nn will/md develop/vb the/at strength/nn for/in one/cd push-up/nn ./. Handstands/nns-hl Handstands/nns come/vb after/in arms/nns ,/, chest/nn and/cc shoulders/nns have/hv developed/vbn at/in least/ap a/at minimum/nn of/in strength/nn ./. Of/in course/nn those/dts who/wps have/hv developed/vbn more/rbr will/md find/vb them/ppo easier/rbr ./. Start/vb with/in the/at class/nn standing/vbg in/in a/at circle/nn ,/, with/in weight/nn on/in the/at right/jj foot/nn and/cc the/at left/jj extended/vbn a/at little/jj way/nn into/in the/at circle/nn ./. At/in first/rb each/dt child/nn should/md do/do a/at kick-up/nn by/in himself/ppl so/cs that/cs the/at teacher/nn can/md determine/vb those/dts ready/jj to/to work/vb alone/rb ,/, and/cc those/dts who/wps need/vb help/nn ./. Drop/vb both/abx hands/nns to/in the/at floor/nn and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn kick/vb the/at right/jj foot/nn up/rp in/in back/nn ./. The/at left/jj will/md follow/vb at/in once/rb ./. The/at right/jj will/md land/vb first/rb ,/, followed/vbn by/in the/at left/jj ./. Return/vb to/in the/at standing/vbg position/nn ./. Care/nn should/md be/be taken/vbn to/to see/vb that/cs the/at hands/nns are/ber placed/vbn on/in the/at floor/nn before/cs the/at kick/nn starts/vbz and/cc also/rb that/cs the/at landing/vbg foot/nn is/bez brought/vbn as/ql close/rb to/in the/at hands/nns as/cs possible/jj ./. This/dt will/md prevent/vb flat/jj falls/nns and/cc toe/nn injuries/nns ./. Bare/jj feet/nns are/ber better/jjr for/in such/jj work/nn than/cs any/dti form/nn of/in slipper/nn ./. Eventually/rb the/at class/nn will/md be/be able/jj to/to kick/vb up/rp high/rb enough/qlp so/cs that/cs the/at teacher/nn can/md catch/vb the/at leading/vbg leg/nn ./. The/at child/nn should/md then/rb bring/vb both/abx legs/nns together/rb overhead/rb ,/, point/vb the/at toes/nns and/cc tighten/vb the/at seat/nn muscles/nns ./. Be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at landing/vbg foot/nn is/bez brought/vbn close/rb to/in the/at hands/nns and/cc that/cs only/rb one/cd foot/nn lands/vbz at/in a/at time/nn ./. Backbends/nns-hl The/at backbend/nn is/bez of/in extreme/jj importance/nn to/in any/dti form/nn of/in free/jj gymnastics/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs with/in all/abn acrobatics/nn ,/, the/at sooner/rbr begun/vbn the/at better/jjr the/at results/nns ./. Have/hv the/at class/nn lie/vb supine/jj with/in knees/nns apart/rb and/cc bent/vbn ./. Place/vb flat/jj palms/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at head/nn a/at few/ap inches/nns away/rb from/in the/at ears/nns ,/, fingers/nns pointing/vbg toward/in the/at shoulders/nns ./. Arch/vb the/at back/nn upwards/rb to/to make/vb a/at bridge/nn ./. Be/be sure/jj the/at head/nn drops/vbz backward/rb so/cs that/cs the/at child/nn looks/vbz at/in the/at floor/nn rather/in than/in toward/in the/at ceiling/nn ./. As/cs flexibility/nn improves/vbz ,/, the/at feet/nns will/md move/vb closer/rbr to/in the/at hands/nns and/cc the/at bridge/nn rise/vb higher/rbr ./. Later/rbr this/dt can/md be/be combined/vbn with/in the/at handstand/nn to/to provide/vb a/at walkover/nn ./. Back/nn-hl circle/nn-hl To/to further/rbr increase/vb back/nn flexibility/nn ,/, work/vb on/in the/at back/nn circle/nn ./. Have/hv the/at class/nn lie/vb prone/rb ./. Place/vb the/at hands/nns in/in front/nn of/in the/at chest/nn ./. Keep/vb the/at legs/nns straight/jj and/cc the/at toes/nns pointed/vbn ./. Straighten/vb the/at arms/nns slowly/rb ,/, this/dt arches/vbz the/at back/nn ./. At/in the/at peak/nn of/in the/at arch/nn ,/, tip/vb the/at head/nn back/rb and/cc bend/vb the/at knees/nns in/in an/at effort/nn to/to touch/vb toes/nns to/in head/nn ./. Improvement/nn can/md be/be measured/vbn by/in the/at lessening/vbg distance/nn between/in toes/nns and/cc head/nn ./. Somersaults/nns-hl The/at last/ap essential/nn to/in the/at beginner's/nn$ gymnastic/jj program/nn is/bez the/at somersault/nn ,/, or/cc forward/jj roll/nn ./. This/dt used/vbd to/to be/be part/nn of/in every/at child's/nn$ bag/nn of/in tricks/nns ,/, but/cc few/ap children/nns can/md do/do it/ppo today/nr ;/. ;/. some/dti are/ber actually/rb incapable/jj of/in rolling/vbg forward/rb and/cc are/ber completely/ql confused/vbn when/wrb not/* sitting/vbg or/cc standing/vbg upright/rb ./. For/in most/ap small/jj children/nns ,/, learning/vbg a/at forward/jj roll/nn is/bez simply/rb a/at matter/nn of/in copying/vbg another/dt child/nn who/wps can/md ./. After/cs it/pps has/hvz been/ben seen/vbn ,/, have/hv the/at child/nn start/nn on/in a/at mat/nn on/in hands/nns and/cc knees/nns (/( a/at thin/jj ,/, inexpensive/jj mat/nn is/bez quite/ql sufficient/jj for/in anything/pn that/wps does/doz not/* require/vb falling/vbg )/) ./. He/pps places/vbz the/at hands/nns on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at head/nn ,/, keeping/vbg the/at chin/nn down/rp on/in the/at chest/nn ./. He/pps then/rb pushes/vbz his/pp$ seat/nn into/in the/at air/nn and/cc the/at teacher/nn guides/vbz it/ppo over/rp ./. One/cd or/cc two/cd practice/nn runs/nns should/md be/be sufficient/jj for/in solo/nn ./. If/cs ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at child/nn is/bez weak/jj ,/, overweight/jj ,/, or/cc afraid/jj ,/, more/ap help/nn will/md be/be needed/vbn ./. When/wrb the/at child/nn raises/vbz his/pp$ seat/nn into/in the/at air/nn ,/, the/at teacher/nn takes/vbz hold/nn under/in both/abx sides/nns of/in the/at pelvis/nn ;/. ;/. then/rb no/at matter/nn what/wdt happens/vbz ,/, the/at child's/nn$ performance/nn will/md be/be controlled/vbn ./. By/in lifting/vbg the/at seat/nn upwards/rb a/at little/jj ,/, the/at weight/nn is/bez taken/vbn off/in the/at neck/nn and/cc the/at back/nn is/bez kept/vbn rounded/vbn ./. These/dts are/ber beginnings/nns ,/, but/cc correctly/rb learned/vbn they/ppss prepare/vb for/in satisfying/vbg and/cc exciting/jj stunts/nns that/wps can/md be/be performed/vbn by/in a/at strong/jj ,/, flexible/jj body/nn (/( we/ppss are/ber not/* talking/vbg of/in eccentric/jj extremes/nns )/) ./. Even/rb if/cs gymnastics/nns are/ber not/* the/at ultimate/jj goal/nn ,/, the/at good/jj tumbler/nn will/md be/be a/at better/jjr dancer/nn ,/, a/at better/jjr athlete/nn ,/, and/cc a/at human/jj being/nn with/in a/at greater/jjr margin/nn of/in safety/nn in/in any/dti activity/nn ./. It/pps is/bez very/ql important/jj for/cs parents/nns to/to understand/vb that/cs early/jj training/nn is/bez imperative/jj ./. And/cc dancing/vbg school/nn ,/, so/ql helpful/jj in/in artistic/jj and/cc psychological/jj development/nn ,/, also/rb contributes/vbz to/in this/dt essential/jj early/jj training/nn --/-- and/cc can/md contribute/vb even/ql more/rbr ./.

ce25

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Every/at taxpayer/nn is/bez well/ql aware/jj of/in the/at vast/jj size/nn of/in our/pp$ annual/jj defense/nn budget/nn and/cc most/ap of/in our/pp$ readers/nns also/rb realize/vb that/cs a/at large/jj portion/nn of/in these/dts expenditures/nns go/vb for/in military/jj electronics/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv noted/vbn how/wrb some/dti electronic/jj techniques/nns ,/, developed/vbn for/in the/at defense/nn effort/nn ,/, have/hv evenutally/rb been/ben used/vbn in/in commerce/nn and/cc industry/nn ./. The/at host/nn of/in novel/jj applications/nns of/in electronics/nn to/in medical/jj problems/nns is/bez far/ql more/ql thrilling/jj because/rb of/in their/pp$ implication/nn in/in matters/nns concerning/in our/pp$ health/nn and/cc vitality/nn ./. When/wrb we/ppss consider/vb the/at electronic/jj industry/nn potential/nn for/in human/jj betterment/nn ,/, the/at prospect/nn is/bez staggering/jj ./. The/at author/nn has/hvz recently/rb studied/vbn the/at field/nn of/in medical/jj electronics/nn and/cc has/hvz been/ben convinced/vbn that/cs ,/, in/in this/dt area/nn alone/rb ,/, the/at application/nn of/in electronic/jj equipment/nn has/hvz enormous/jj possibilities/nns ./. The/at benefits/nns electronics/nn can/md bring/vb to/in bio-medicine/nn may/md be/be greater/jjr by/in far/rb than/cs any/dti previous/jj medical/jj discovery/nn ./. We/ppss use/vb the/at term/nn ``/`` bio-medicine/nn ''/'' because/rb of/in the/at close/jj interrelation/nn between/in biology/nn and/cc medical/jj research/nn ./. Electronics/nn has/hvz been/ben applied/vbn to/in medicine/nn for/in many/ap years/nns in/in the/at form/nn of/in such/jj familiar/jj equipment/nn as/cs the/at x-ray/nn machine/nn ,/, the/at electrocardiograph/nn ,/, and/cc the/at diathermy/nn machine/nn ./. Recently/rb many/ap doctors/nns have/hv installed/vbn ultrasonic/jj vibration/nn machines/nns for/in deep/jj massage/nn of/in bruises/nns ,/, contusions/nns ,/, and/cc simple/jj bursitis/nn ./. Commonly/rb used/vbn electronic/jj devices/nns which/wdt are/ber found/vbn in/in practically/rb every/at hospital/nn are/ber closed-circuit/jj TV/nn and/cc audio/nn systems/nns for/in internal/jj paging/nn and/cc instruction/nn ,/, along/rb with/in radiation/nn counters/nns ,/, timers/nns ,/, and/cc similar/jj devices/nns ./. In/in this/dt article/nn we/ppss will/md concentrate/vb on/in the/at advances/nns in/in the/at application/nn of/in electronics/nn in/in bio-medical/jj research/nn laboratories/nns because/cs this/dt is/bez where/wrb tomorrow's/nr$ commonplace/jj equipment/nn originates/vbz ./. From/in the/at wealth/nn of/in material/nn and/cc the/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in different/jj electronic/jj techniques/nns perfected/vbn in/in the/at past/ap few/ap years/nns we/ppss have/hv selected/vbn a/at few/ap examples/nns which/wdt appear/vb to/to be/be headed/vbn for/in use/nn in/in the/at immediate/jj future/nn and/cc which/wdt offer/vb completely/ql new/jj tools/nns in/in medical/jj research/nn ./. Ultraviolet/jj-hl microscopy/nn-hl Many/ap cells/nns ,/, bacteria/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap microorganisms/nns are/ber transparent/jj to/in visible/jj light/nn and/cc must/md be/be stained/vbn for/in microscopic/jj investigation/nn ./. This/dt stain/nn often/rb disrupts/vbz the/at normal/jj cell/nn activity/nn or/cc else/rb colors/vbz only/rb the/at outside/nn ./. A/at completely/ql new/jj insight/nn into/in living/vbg cells/nns and/cc their/pp$ structure/nn will/md be/be possible/jj by/in use/nn of/in a/at new/jj technique/nn which/wdt replaces/vbz visible/jj light/nn with/in ultraviolet/jj radiation/nn and/cc combines/vbz a/at microscope/nn with/in a/at color-TV/nn system/nn to/to view/vb the/at results/nns ./. Fig./nn 1/cd is/bez a/at simplified/vbn block/nn diagram/nn of/in the/at ultraviolet/jj microscopy/nn system/nn developed/vbn at/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Electronics/nn-tl Center/nn-tl of/in Rockefeller/np Institute/nn-tl ./. By/in combining/vbg the/at talents/nns of/in a/at medical/jj man/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Aterman/np ,/, a/at biophysicist/nn ,/, Mr./np Berkely/np ,/, and/cc an/at electronics/nn expert/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Zworykin/np ,/, this/dt novel/jj technique/nn has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn which/wdt promises/vbz to/to open/vb broad/jj avenues/nns to/in understanding/vbg life/nn processes/nns ./. Three/cd different/jj wavelengths/nns of/in ultraviolet/jj radiation/nn are/ber selected/vbn by/in the/at variable/jj filters/nns placed/vbn in/in front/nn of/in the/at three/cd mercury/nn xenon/nn lights/nns which/wdt serve/vb as/cs the/at ultraviolet/jj sources/nns ./. These/dts wavelengths/nns are/ber reflected/vbn in/in sequence/nn through/in the/at specimen/nn by/in the/at rotating/vbg mirror/nn ;/. ;/. the/at specimen/nn is/bez magnified/vbn by/in the/at microscope/nn ./. Instead/rb of/in the/at observer's/nn$ eye/nn the/at image/nn orthicon/nn in/in the/at TV/nn camera/nn does/doz the/at ``/`` looking/nn ''/'' ./. The/at microscope/nn and/cc orthicon/nn are/ber both/abx selected/vbn to/to operate/vb well/ql into/in the/at ultraviolet/jj spectrum/nn ,/, which/wdt means/vbz that/cs all/abn lenses/nns must/md be/be quartz/nn ./. The/at video/nn signal/nn is/bez amplified/vbn and/cc then/rb switched/vbn ,/, in/in synchronism/nn with/in the/at three/cd ultraviolet/jj light/nn sources/nns which/wdt are/ber sequenced/vbn by/in the/at rotating/vbg mirror/nn so/cs that/cs during/in one-twentieth/nn of/in a/at second/nn only/rb one/cd wavelength/nn ,/, corresponding/vbg to/in red/nn ,/, green/nn ,/, or/cc blue/nn ,/, is/bez seen/vbn ./. (/( Note/vb :/: Because/rb of/in light/nn leakage/nn from/in one/cd ultraviolet/jj source/nn to/in another/dt ,/, the/at lights/nns are/ber switched/vbn by/in a/at commutator-like/jj assembly/nn rotated/vbn by/in a/at synchronous/jj motor/nn ./. This/dt assembly/nn also/rb supplies/vbz a/at 20-cps/nn switching/vbg gate/nn for/in the/at electronics/nn circuitry/nn ./. )/) This/dt is/bez the/at same/ap system/nn as/cs was/bedz used/vbn in/in the/at field-sequential/jj color-TV/nn system/nn which/wdt preceded/vbd the/at present/jj simultaneous/jj system/nn ./. Three/cd separate/jj amplifiers/nns then/rb drive/vb a/at 21-inch/jj tricolor/nn tube/nn ./. The/at result/nn is/bez a/at color/nn picture/nn of/in the/at specimen/nn where/wrb the/at primary/jj colors/nns correspond/vb to/in the/at three/cd different/jj ultraviolet/jj wavelengths/nns ./. Many/ap of/in the/at cells/nns and/cc microorganisms/nns which/wdt are/ber transparent/jj to/in visible/jj light/nn ,/, absorb/vb or/cc reflect/vb the/at much/ql shorter/jjr wavelengths/nns of/in the/at ultraviolet/jj spectrum/nn ./. Different/jj parts/nns of/in these/dts cells/nns sometimes/rb absorb/vb or/cc reflect/vb different/jj wavelengths/nns so/cs that/cs it/pps is/bez often/rb possible/jj to/to see/vb internal/jj portions/nns of/in cells/nns in/in a/at different/jj color/nn ./. Where/wrb the/at microscope/nn under/in visible/jj light/nn may/md show/vb only/rb vague/jj shadows/nns or/cc nothing/pn at/in all/abn ,/, ultraviolet/jj illumination/nn and/cc subsequent/jj translation/nn into/in a/at color/nn TV/nn picture/nn reveal/vb a/at wealth/nn of/in detail/nn ./. At/in the/at present/jj time/nn the/at research/nn team/nn which/wdt pioneered/vbd this/dt new/jj technique/nn is/bez primarily/rb interested/vbn in/in advancing/vbg and/cc perfecting/vbg it/ppo ./. Breathing/vbg-hl --/---hl electronically/rb-hl analyzed/vbn-hl The/at medical/jj title/nn of/in ``/`` Lobar/jj-tl Ventilation/nn-tl In/in-tl Man/nn-tl ''/'' by/in Drs./nns-tl C./np J./np Martin/np and/cc A./np C./np Young/np ,/, covers/vbz a/at brief/jj paper/nn which/wdt is/bez one/cd part/nn of/in a/at much/ql larger/jjr effort/nn to/to apply/vb electronics/nn to/in the/at study/nn of/in the/at respiratory/jj process/nn ./. At/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl Medical/jj-tl School/nn-tl ,/, the/at electronics/nn group/vb has/hvz developed/vbn the/at ``/`` Respiratory/jj-tl Gas/nn-tl Analyzer/nn-tl ''/'' shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./. This/dt unit/nn ,/, affectionately/rb dubbed/vbn ``/`` The/at-tl Monster/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, can/md be/be wheeled/vbn to/in any/dti convenient/jj location/nn and/cc provides/vbz a/at wealth/nn of/in information/nn about/in the/at patient's/nn$ breathing/nn ./. In/in the/at lower/jjr center/jj rack/nn an/at 8-channel/jj recorder/nn indicates/vbz the/at percentage/nn of/in carbon/nn dioxide/nn and/cc nitrogen/nn from/in the/at upper/jj and/cc lower/jjr lobes/nns of/in one/cd lung/nn ,/, the/at total/nn volume/nn of/in inhalation/nn per/in breath/nn ,/, the/at flow/nn of/in air/nn from/in both/abx lobes/nns ,/, and/cc the/at pressure/nn of/in the/at two/cd lobes/nns with/in respect/nn to/in each/dt other/ap ./. Usually/rb the/at patient/nn breathes/vbz into/in a/at mouthpiece/nn while/cs walking/vbg a/at treadmill/nn ,/, standing/vbg still/rb ,/, or/cc in/in some/dti other/ap medically/rb significant/jj position/nn ./. From/in the/at resulting/vbg data/nn the/at doctor/nn can/md determine/vb lung/nn defects/nns with/in hitherto/rb unknown/jj accuracy/nn and/cc detail/nn ./. Heart-measuring/jj-hl techniques/nns-hl The/at original/jj electrocardiograph/nn primarily/rb indicates/vbz irregularities/nns in/in the/at heartbeat/nn ,/, but/cc today's/nr$ techniques/nns allow/vb exact/jj measurements/nns of/in the/at flow/nn of/in blood/nn through/in the/at aorta/nn ,/, dimensioning/nn of/in the/at heart/nn and/cc its/pp$ chambers/nns ,/, and/cc a/at much/ql more/ql detailed/vbn study/nn of/in each/dt heartbeat/nn ./. For/in many/ap of/in these/dts measurements/nns the/at chest/nn must/md be/be opened/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at blood/nn vessels/nns and/cc the/at heart/nn itself/ppl remain/vb undisturbed/jj ./. A/at group/nn of/in researchers/nns at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl have/hv given/vbn a/at paper/nn which/wdt briefly/rb outlines/vbz some/dti of/in these/dts techniques/nns ./. One/cd simple/jj method/nn of/in measuring/vbg the/at expansion/nn of/in the/at heart/nn is/bez to/to tie/vb a/at thin/jj rubber/nn tube/nn ,/, filled/vbn with/in mercury/nn ,/, around/in the/at heart/nn and/cc record/vb the/at change/nn in/in resistance/nn as/cs the/at tube/nn is/bez stretched/vbn ./. A/at balanced/vbn resistance/nn bridge/nn and/cc a/at pen/nn recorder/nn are/ber all/abn the/at electronic/jj instrumentation/nn needed/vbn ./. Sonar/nn can/md be/be used/vbn to/to measure/vb the/at thickness/nn of/in the/at heart/nn by/in placing/vbg small/jj crystal/nn transducers/nns at/in opposite/jj sides/nns of/in the/at heart/nn or/cc blood/nn vessel/nn and/cc exciting/vbg one/cd with/in some/dti pulsed/vbn ultrasonic/jj energy/nn ./. The/at travel/nn time/nn of/in sound/nn in/in tissue/nn is/bez about/rb 1500/cd meters/nns per/in second/nn ;/. ;/. thus/rb it/pps takes/vbz about/rb 16/cd Msec./nns to/to traverse/vb 25/cd mm./nns of/in tissue/nn ./. A/at sonar/nn or/cc radar-type/nn of/in pulse/nn generator/nn and/cc time-delay/nn measuring/vbg system/nn is/bez required/vbn for/in body-tissue/nn evaluation/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at heart/nn and/cc aorta/nn ,/, successful/jj measurements/nns of/in liver/nn and/cc spleen/nn have/hv also/rb been/ben made/vbn by/in this/dt technique/nn ./. The/at Doppler/np effect/nn ,/, using/vbg ultrasonic/jj signals/nns ,/, can/md be/be employed/vbn to/to measure/vb the/at flow/nn of/in blood/nn without/in cutting/vbg into/in the/at blood/nn vessel/nn ./. A/at still/ql more/ql sophisticated/jj system/nn has/hvz been/ben devised/vbn for/in determining/vbg the/at effective/jj power/nn of/in the/at heart/nn itself/ppl ./. It/pps uses/vbz both/abx an/at ultrasonic/jj dimensioning/vbg arrangement/nn of/in the/at heart/nn and/cc a/at catheter/nn carrying/vbg a/at thermistor/nn inserted/vbn into/in the/at bloodstream/nn ./. The/at latter/ap measures/nns the/at heat/nn carried/vbn away/rb by/in the/at bloodstream/nn as/cs an/at indication/nn of/in the/at velocity/nn of/in the/at blood/nn flow/nn ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb possible/jj to/to utilize/vb a/at pressure/nn transducer/nn ,/, mounted/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at catheter/nn which/wdt is/bez inserted/vbn into/in the/at heart's/nn$ left/jj ventricle/nn ,/, to/to indicate/vb the/at blood/nn pressure/nn in/in the/at heart/nn itself/ppl ./. This/dt pressure/nn measurement/nn may/md be/be made/vbn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs the/at ultrasonic/jj dimensioning/vbg measurement/nn is/bez made/vbn ./. A/at simplified/vbn version/nn of/in the/at instrumentation/nn for/in this/dt procedure/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Outputs/nns of/in the/at two/cd systems/nns are/ber measured/vbn by/in a/at pulse-timing/jj circuit/nn and/cc a/at resistance/nn bridge/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at simple/jj analogue/nn computer/nn which/wdt feeds/vbz a/at multichannel/jj recorder/nn ./. From/in this/dt doctors/nns can/md read/vb heart/nn rate/nn ,/, change/nn in/in diameter/nn ,/, pressure/nn ,/, and/cc effective/jj heart/nn power/nn ./. Radio-transmitter/nn-hl pills/nns-hl Several/ap years/nns ago/rb headlines/nns were/bed made/vbn by/in a/at small/jj radio/nn transmitter/nn capsule/nn which/wdt could/md be/be swallowed/vbn by/in the/at patient/nn and/cc which/wdt would/md then/rb radio/vb internal/jj pressure/nn data/nn to/in external/jj receivers/nns ./. This/dt original/jj capsule/nn contained/vbd a/at battery/nn and/cc a/at transistor/nn oscillator/nn and/cc was/bedz about/rb 1/cd cm./nn in/in diameter/nn ./. Battery/nn life/nn limited/vbd the/at use/nn of/in this/dt ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' to/in about/rb 8/cd to/in 30/cd hours/nns maximum/nn ./. A/at refinement/nn of/in this/dt technique/nn has/hvz been/ben described/vbn by/in Drs./nns-tl Zworykin/np and/cc Farrar/np and/cc Mr./np Berkely/np of/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Electronics/nn-tl Center/nn-tl of/in the/at Rockefeller/np-tl Institute/nn-tl ./. In/in this/dt novel/jj arrangement/nn the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' is/bez much/ql smaller/jjr and/cc contains/vbz only/rb a/at resonant/jj circuit/nn in/in which/wdt the/at capacitor/nn is/bez formed/vbn by/in a/at pressure-sensing/jj transducer/nn ./. As/ql shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 4/cd-tl ,/, an/at external/jj antenna/nn is/bez placed/vbn over/in or/cc around/in the/at patient/nn and/cc excited/vbn 3000/cd times/nns a/at second/nn with/in short/jj 400-kc./nn bursts/nns ./. The/at energy/nn received/vbn by/in the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' causes/vbz the/at resonant/jj circuit/nn to/to ``/`` ring/vb ''/'' on/rp after/in the/at burst/nn and/cc this/dt ``/`` ringing/nn ''/'' takes/vbz place/nn at/in the/at resonant/jj frequency/nn of/in the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' ./. These/dts frequencies/nns are/ber amplified/vbn and/cc detected/vbn by/in the/at FM/nn receiver/nn after/in each/dt burst/nn of/in transmitted/vbn energy/nn and/cc ,/, after/cs the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' has/hvz been/ben calibrated/vbn ,/, precise/jj internal/jj pressure/nn indications/nns can/md be/be obtained/vbn ./. One/cd of/in the/at advantages/nns of/in this/dt method/nn is/bez that/cs the/at ``/`` pill/nn ''/'' can/md remain/vb in/in the/at patient/nn for/in several/ap days/nns ,/, permitting/vbg observation/nn under/in natural/jj conditions/nns ./. Applications/nns to/in organs/nns other/ap than/in the/at gastrointestinal/jj tract/nn are/ber planned/vbn for/in future/jj experiments/nns ./. Sonar/nn-hl in/in-hl medical/jj-hl research/nn-hl One/cd of/in the/at most/ql gratifying/jj applications/nns of/in an/at important/jj technique/nn of/in submarine/nn detection/nn is/bez in/in the/at exploration/nn of/in the/at human/jj body/nn ./. Our/pp$ readers/nns are/ber familiar/jj with/in the/at principles/nns of/in sonar/nn where/wrb sound/nn waves/nns are/ber sent/vbn out/rp in/in water/nn and/cc the/at echoes/nns then/rb indicate/vb submerged/vbn objects/nns ./. Various/jj methods/nns of/in pulsing/vbg ,/, scanning/vbg ,/, and/cc displaying/vbg these/dts sound/nn waves/nns are/ber used/vbn to/to detect/vb submarines/nns ,/, map/vb ocean/nn floors/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb communicate/vb under/in water/nn ./. In/in medicine/nn the/at frequencies/nns are/ber much/ql higher/jjr ,/, transducers/nns and/cc the/at sonar/nn beams/nns themselves/ppls are/ber much/ql smaller/jjr ,/, and/cc different/jj scanning/vbg techniques/nns may/md be/be used/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at principles/nns involved/vbn are/ber the/at same/ap as/cs in/in sonar/nn ./. Because/cs the/at body/nn contains/vbz so/ql much/ap liquid/nn ,/, transmission/nn of/in ultrasonic/jj signals/nns proceeds/vbz fairly/ql well/rb in/in muscles/nns and/cc blood/nn vessels/nns ./. Bones/nns and/cc cartilage/nn transmit/vb poorly/rb and/cc tend/vb to/to reflect/vb the/at ultrasonic/jj signals/nns ./. Based/vbn on/in this/dt phenomenon/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in investigators/nns have/hv used/vbn this/dt method/nn to/to ``/`` look/vb through/in ''/'' human/jj organs/nns ./. A/at good/jj example/nn of/in the/at results/nns obtainable/jj with/in ultrasonic/jj radiation/nn is/bez contained/vbn in/in papers/nns presented/vbn by/in Dr./nn-tl G./np Baum/np who/wps has/hvz explored/vbn the/at human/jj eye/nn ./. He/pps can/md diagnose/vb detachment/nn of/in the/at retina/nn where/wrb conventional/jj methods/nns indicate/vb blindness/nn due/jj to/in glaucoma/nn ./. The/at method/nn used/vbn to/to scan/vb the/at eye/nn ultrasonically/rb is/bez illustrated/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 6/cd-tl ./. The/at transducer/nn is/bez coupled/vbn to/in the/at body/nn through/in a/at water/nn bath/nn ,/, not/* shown/vbn ./. For/in display/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Baum/np uses/vbz a/at portion/nn of/in an/at Af/nn ,/, an/at airborne/jj radar/nn indicator/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb photographs/vbz the/at screen/nn to/to obtain/vb a/at permanent/jj record/nn ./. A/at typical/jj ``/`` sonogram/nn ''/'' of/in a/at human/jj eye/nn ,/, together/rb with/in a/at description/nn of/in the/at anatomical/jj parts/nns ,/, is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 5/cd-tl ./. The/at frequency/nn used/vbn for/in these/dts experiments/nns is/bez 15/cd mc./nns and/cc the/at transducer/nn is/bez a/at specially/rb cut/vbn crystal/nn with/in an/at epoxy/nn lens/nn capable/jj of/in providing/vbg beam/nn diameters/nns smaller/jjr than/cs one/cd millimeter/nn ./. The/at transducer/nn itself/ppl moves/vbz the/at beam/nn in/in a/at sector/nn scan/nn ,/, just/rb like/cs a/at radar/nn antenna/nn ,/, while/cs the/at entire/jj transducer/nn structure/nn is/bez moved/vbn over/in a/at 90-degree/jj arc/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at eye/nn to/to ``/`` look/vb into/in ''/'' all/abn corners/nns ./. The/at total/nn picture/nn is/bez only/rb seen/vbn by/in the/at camera/nn which/wdt integrates/vbz the/at many/ap sector/nn scans/nns over/in the/at entire/jj 90-degree/jj rotation/nn period/nn ./. Drs./nns-tl Howry/np and/cc Holmes/np at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Colorado/np-tl Medical/jj-tl School/nn-tl have/hv applied/vbn the/at same/ap sonar/nn technique/nn to/in other/ap areas/nns of/in soft/jj tissue/nn and/cc have/hv obtained/vbn extremely/ql good/jj results/nns ./. By/in submerging/vbg the/at patient/nn in/in a/at tub/nn and/cc rotating/vbg the/at transducer/nn while/cs the/at scanning/nn goes/vbz on/rp ,/, they/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to get/vb cross-section/nn views/nns of/in the/at neck/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs many/ap other/ap hitherto/rb impossible/jj insights/nns ./. As/cs mentioned/vbn before/rb ,/, bone/nn reflects/vbz the/at sound/nn energy/nn and/cc in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl the/at portion/nn of/in the/at spine/nn shows/vbz as/cs the/at black/jj area/nn in/in the/at center/nn ./. Arteries/nns and/cc veins/nns are/ber apparent/jj by/in their/pp$ black/jj ,/, blood-filled/jj centers/nns and/cc the/at surrounding/vbg white/jj walls/nns ./. A/at cross-section/nn of/in a/at normal/jj lower/jjr human/jj leg/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 8/cd-tl with/in the/at various/jj parts/nns labeled/vbn ./.

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Oersted's/np$ boyhood/nn represented/vbd a/at minimal/jj chance/nn of/in either/cc attaining/vbg greatness/nn or/cc serving/vbg his/pp$ people/nns so/ql well/rb and/cc over/in so/ql long/jj a/at span/nn of/in life/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz born/vbn in/in the/at small/jj Danish/jj town/nn of/in Rudkoebing/np on/in the/at island/nn of/in Langeland/np in/in the/at south-central/jj part/nn of/in Denmark/np on/in August/np 14/cd ,/, 1777/cd ./. His/pp$ father/nn Soeren/np was/bedz the/at village/nn apothecary/nn whose/wp$ slender/jj income/nn made/vbd it/ppo difficult/jj to/to feed/vb his/pp$ family/nn ,/, let/vb alone/rb educate/vb them/ppo in/in a/at town/nn without/in even/rb a/at school/nn ./. The/at two/cd older/jjr boys/nns ,/, Hans/np and/cc Anders/np ,/, his/pp$ junior/jj by/in a/at year/nn ,/, therefore/rb went/vbd daily/rb to/in the/at home/nn of/in a/at warm/jj and/cc friendly/jj wigmaker/nn nearby/rb for/in instruction/nn in/in German/np ;/. ;/. his/pp$ wife/nn taught/vbd the/at two/cd boys/nns to/to read/vb and/cc write/vb Danish/jj ./. Other/ap brothers/nns later/rbr joined/vbd them/ppo for/in instruction/nn with/in Oldenburg/np ,/, the/at wigmaker/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb arithmetic/nn was/bedz added/vbn to/in Bible/np reading/nn ,/, German/jj ,/, and/cc Danish/jj in/in the/at informal/jj curriculum/nn ./. Oldenburg's/np$ contributions/nns were/bed soon/rb exhausted/vbn and/cc the/at boys/nns had/hvd to/to turn/vb to/in a/at wider/jjr circle/nn of/in the/at town's/nn$ learned/vbn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at pastor/nn ,/, to/to supplement/vb the/at simple/jj teaching/nn ./. From/in the/at town/nn surveyor/nn ,/, Hans/np learned/vbd drawing/vbg and/cc mathematics/nn and/cc ,/, from/in a/at university/nn student/nn ,/, some/dti academic/jj subjects/nns ./. The/at mayor/nn of/in the/at town/nn taught/vbd them/ppo English/np and/cc French/np ./. Whatever/wdt Hans/np or/cc Anders/np learned/vbd separately/rb they/ppss passed/vbd on/rp to/in each/dt other/ap ;/. ;/. they/ppss read/vbd every/at book/nn that/cs they/ppss could/md borrow/vb in/in the/at village/nn ./. At/in 12/cd ,/, Hans/np was/bedz sufficiently/ql mature/jj to/to help/vb his/pp$ father/nn in/in the/at apothecary/nn shop/nn ,/, which/wdt helped/vbd stimulate/vb his/pp$ interest/nn in/in medicine/nn and/cc science/nn ./. His/pp$ earlier/jjr love/nn for/in literature/nn and/cc history/nn remained/vbd with/in him/ppo for/in his/pp$ entire/jj life/nn ./. In/in 1793/cd the/at brothers/nns decided/vbd to/to enter/vb the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Copenhagen/np-tl (/( founded/vbn in/in 1479/cd )/) and/cc the/at following/vbg spring/nn found/vbd them/ppo at/in the/at university/nn preparing/vbg to/to matriculate/vb for/in the/at autumn/nn session/nn ./. While/cs Hans/np devoted/vbd himself/ppl to/in the/at sciences/nns of/in medicine/nn ,/, physics/nn ,/, and/cc astronomy/nn ,/, his/pp$ brother/nn studied/vbd law/nn ./. The/at brothers/nns continued/vbd to/to help/vb each/dt other/ap during/in their/pp$ studies/nns ,/, sharing/vbg a/at joint/jj purse/nn ,/, lodging/vbg together/rb in/in the/at dormitory/nn and/cc dining/vbg together/rb at/in the/at home/nn of/in their/pp$ aunt/nn ./. They/ppss supplemented/vbd their/pp$ income/nn by/in small/jj government/nn assistance/nn ,/, by/in tutoring/vbg and/cc economizing/vbg wherever/wrb they/ppss could/md ./. So/ql impressive/jj were/bed those/dts serious/jj years/nns of/in study/nn at/in the/at university/nn that/cs Hans/np later/rbr wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to be/be perfectly/ql free/jj ,/, the/at young/jj man/nn must/md revel/vb in/in the/at great/jj kingdom/nn of/in thought/nn and/cc imagination/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez a/at struggle/nn there/rb ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, if/cs he/pps falls/vbz ,/, it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/in him/ppo to/to rise/vb again/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez freedom/nn of/in utterance/nn there/rb ,/, which/wdt draws/vbz after/in it/ppo no/at irreparable/jj consequences/nns on/in society/nn ./. I/ppss lived/vbd in/in this/dt onward-driving/jj contest/nn where/wrb each/dt day/nn overcame/vbd a/at new/jj difficulty/nn ,/, gained/vbd a/at new/jj truth/nn ,/, or/cc banished/vbd a/at previous/jj error/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps openly/rb proclaimed/vbd his/pp$ pleasure/nn in/in lecturing/vbg and/cc writing/vbg about/in science/nn ./. In/in this/dt third/od year/nn at/in the/at university/nn ,/, Hans/np ,/, in/in 1797/cd ,/, was/bedz awarded/vbn the/at first/od important/jj token/nn of/in recognition/nn ,/, a/at gold/nn medal/nn for/in his/pp$ essay/nn on/in ``/`` Limits/nns-tl Of/in-tl Poetry/nn-tl And/cc-tl Prose/nn-tl ''/'' ./. He/pps completed/vbd his/pp$ training/nn in/in pharmacy/nn also/rb ,/, taking/vbg his/pp$ degree/nn with/in high/jj honors/nns in/in 1797/cd ,/, and/cc in/in 1799/cd was/bedz awarded/vbn the/at degree/nn of/in Doctor/nn-tl of/in-tl Philosophy/nn-tl along/rb with/in a/at prize/nn for/in an/at essay/nn in/in medicine/nn ./. He/pps proposed/vbd a/at fresh/jj theory/nn of/in alkalis/nns which/wdt later/rbr was/bedz accepted/vbn in/in chemical/nn practices/nns ./. Ferment/nn-hl of/in-hl scientific/jj-hl activity/nn-hl Hans'/np$ student/nn days/nns were/bed at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb Europe/np was/bedz in/in a/at new/jj intellectual/jj ferment/nn following/vbg the/at revolutions/nns in/in America/np and/cc in/in France/np ,/, Germany/np and/cc Italy/np were/bed rising/vbg from/in divisive/jj nationalisms/nns and/cc a/at strong/jj wave/nn of/in intellectual/jj awareness/nn was/bedz sweeping/vbg the/at Continent/nn-tl ./. The/at new/jj century/nn opened/vbd with/in Oersted/np beginning/vbg his/pp$ professional/jj career/nn in/in charge/nn of/in an/at apothecary/nn shop/nn in/in Copenhagen/np and/cc as/cs lecturer/nn at/in the/at university/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz stirred/vbn by/in the/at announcement/nn of/in Volta's/np$ discovery/nn of/in chemical/nn electricity/nn and/cc he/pps immediately/rb applied/vbd the/at voltaic/jj pile/nn to/in experiments/nns with/in acids/nns and/cc alkalis/nns ./. The/at following/vbg year/nn he/pps devoted/vbd to/in the/at customary/jj ``/`` Wanderjahr/fw-nn ''/'' ,/, traveling/vbg in/in Germany/np ,/, France/np ,/, and/cc the/at Netherlands/np ,/, meeting/vbg the/at philosophers/nns Schelling/np ,/, Fichte/np ,/, and/cc Tieck/np ./. He/pps also/rb met/vbd Count/nn-tl Rumford/np (/( born/vbn Benjamin/np Thompson/np in/in Woburn/np ,/, Mass./np )/) who/wps was/bedz then/rb serving/vbg the/at Elector/nn-tl of/in-tl Bavaria/np-tl ,/, and/cc the/at physicist/nn Ritter/np ;/. ;/. these/dts were/bed Oersted's/np$ main/jjs contacts/nns in/in science/nn ./. From/in Gottingen/np (/( 1801/cd )/) where/wrb he/pps stayed/vbd for/in 10/cd days/nns ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` The/at first/od question/nn asked/vbn everywhere/rb is/bez about/in galvanism/nn ./. As/cs everybody/pn is/bez curious/jj to/to see/vb the/at battery/nn of/in glass/nn tubes/nns I/ppss have/hv invented/vbn ,/, I/ppss have/hv had/hvn quite/abl a/at small/jj one/cd made/vbn here/rb of/in four/cd glass/nn tubes/nns (/( in/in Copenhagen/np I/ppss used/vbd 30/cd )/) and/cc intend/vb to/to carry/vb it/ppo with/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. Oersted/np joined/vbd Ritter/np at/in Jena/np and/cc stayed/vbd with/in him/ppo for/in 3/cd weeks/nns ,/, continuing/vbg their/pp$ correspondence/nn after/cs he/pps left/vbd ./. With/in Ritter/np he/pps was/bedz exposed/vbn to/in the/at fantastic/jj profusion/nn of/in ideas/nns that/wps stormed/vbd through/in his/pp$ host's/nn$ fertile/jj but/cc disorganized/vbn mind/nn ./. Oersted/np remodeled/vbd Ritter's/np$ notes/nns into/in an/at essay/nn in/in French/np which/wdt was/bedz submitted/vbn to/in the/at Institut/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in-tl France/np-tl for/in its/pp$ annual/jj prize/nn of/in 3,000/cd francs/nns ./. The/at sound/jj discoveries/nns of/in this/dt quixotic/jj genius/nn were/bed so/ql diluted/vbn by/in those/dts of/in fantasy/nn that/cs the/at prize/nn was/bedz never/rb awarded/vbn to/in him/ppo ./. In/in May/np ,/, 1803/cd ,/, Ritter/np ,/, in/in another/dt flight/nn of/in fancy/nn ,/, wrote/vbd to/in Oersted/np a/at letter/nn that/wps contained/vbd a/at remarkable/jj prophecy/nn ./. He/pps related/vbd events/nns on/in earth/nn to/in periodic/jj celestial/jj phenomena/nns and/cc indicated/vbd that/cs the/at years/nns of/in maximum/jj inclination/nn of/in the/at ecliptic/nn coincided/vbd with/in the/at years/nns of/in important/jj electrical/jj discoveries/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, 1745/cd corresponded/vbd to/in the/at invention/nn of/in the/at ``/`` Leiden/np ''/'' jar/nn by/in Kleist/np ,/, 1764/cd that/dt of/in the/at electrophorus/nn by/in Wilcke/np ,/, 1782/cd produced/vbd the/at condenser/nn of/in Volta/np ,/, and/cc 1801/cd the/at voltaic/jj pile/nn ./. Ritter/np proceeded/vbd ,/, ``/`` You/ppss now/rb emerge/vb into/in a/at new/jj epoch/nn in/in which/wdt late/rb in/in the/at year/nn 1819/cd or/cc 1820/cd ,/, you/ppss will/md have/hv to/to reckon/vb ./. This/dt we/ppss might/md well/rb witness/vb ''/'' ./. Ritter/np died/vbd in/in 1810/cd and/cc Oersted/np not/* only/rb lived/vbd to/to see/vb the/at event/nn occur/vb but/cc was/bedz the/at author/nn of/in it/ppo ./. In/in 1803/cd Oersted/np returned/vbd to/in Copenhagen/np and/cc applied/vbd for/in the/at university's/nn$ chair/nn in/in physics/nn but/cc was/bedz rejected/vbn because/cs he/pps was/bedz probably/rb considered/vbn more/ap a/at philosopher/nn than/cs a/at physicist/nn ./. However/rb ,/, he/pps continued/vbd experimenting/vbg and/cc lecturing/vbg ,/, publishing/vbg the/at results/nns of/in his/pp$ experiments/nns in/in German/jj and/cc Danish/jj periodicals/nns ./. In/in 1806/cd his/pp$ ambition/nn was/bedz realized/vbn and/cc he/pps became/vbd professor/nn of/in physics/nn at/in the/at Copenhagen/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, though/cs not/* realizing/vbg full/jj professorship/nn (/( ordinarius/fw-nn )/) until/in 1817/cd ./. During/in Oersted's/np$ attendance/nn at/in the/at university/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz poorly/ql equipped/vbn with/in physical/jj apparatus/nn for/in experimenting/vbg in/in the/at sciences/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz ,/, however/rb ,/, fortunate/jj in/in his/pp$ contact/nn with/in Prof./nn-tl J./np G./np L./np Manthey/np (/( 1769-1842/cd )/) ,/, teacher/nn of/in chemistry/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in his/pp$ academic/jj chair/nn ,/, was/bedz also/rb proprietor/nn of/in the/at ``/`` Lion/nn-tl Pharmacy/nn-tl ''/'' in/in Copenhagen/np where/wrb Oersted/np assisted/vbd him/ppo ./. Manthey/np maintained/vbd a/at valuable/jj collection/nn of/in physical/jj and/cc chemical/nn apparatus/nn which/wdt was/bedz at/in Oersted's/np$ disposal/nn during/in and/cc after/in his/pp$ graduation/nn ./. In/in 1800/cd ,/, Manthey/np went/vbd abroad/rb and/cc Oersted/np was/bedz appointed/vbn manager/nn of/in the/at Lion/nn-tl Pharmacy/nn-tl ./. In/in February/np 1801/cd ,/, Oersted/np did/dod manage/vb to/to experiment/vb with/in physical/jj apparatus/nn and/cc reported/vbd experiments/nns made/vbn with/in a/at voltaic/jj battery/nn of/in 600/cd plates/nns of/in zinc/nn and/cc silver/nn and/cc of/in later/jjr experiments/nns with/in a/at battery/nn of/in 60/cd plates/nns of/in zinc/nn and/cc lead/nn ./. In/in the/at following/vbg year/nn ,/, 1803/cd ,/, Oersted/np ,/, simultaneously/rb with/in Davy/np ,/, discovered/vbd that/cs acids/nns increased/vbd the/at strength/nn of/in a/at voltaic/jj battery/nn more/rbr than/cs did/dod salts/nns ./. Eager/jj as/cs he/pps was/bedz to/to pursue/vb this/dt promising/jj line/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz so/ql loaded/vbn down/rp with/in the/at management/nn of/in the/at pharmacy/nn and/cc lectures/nns in/in the/at medical/jj and/cc pharmaceutical/jj faculties/nns at/in the/at university/nn that/cs he/pps could/md devote/vb only/rb Sunday/nr afternoons/nns to/in ``/`` galvanizing/vbg ''/'' ./. He/pps assumed/vbd his/pp$ academic/jj career/nn with/in the/at same/ap intensity/nn and/cc thoroughness/nn that/wps had/hvd marked/vbn every/at step/nn in/in his/pp$ rise/nn from/in boyhood/nn ./. The/at university/nn was/bedz the/at only/ap one/cd in/in Denmark/np and/cc the/at status/nn of/in professor/nn represented/vbd the/at upper/jj social/jj level/nn ./. His/pp$ broad/jj interest/nn in/in literary/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, and/cc philosophical/jj movements/nns opened/vbd many/ap doors/nns to/in him/ppo ./. His/pp$ friends/nns were/bed numerous/jj and/cc their/pp$ ties/nns to/in him/ppo were/bed strong/jj ./. The/at years/nns 1812/cd and/cc 1813/cd saw/vbd him/ppo in/in Germany/np and/cc France/np again/rb ,/, but/cc on/in this/dt visit/nn to/in Berlin/np he/pps did/dod not/* seek/vb out/rp the/at philosophers/nns as/cs he/pps had/hvd on/in his/pp$ first/od journey/nn ./. In/in Berlin/np he/pps published/vbd his/pp$ views/nns of/in the/at chemical/nn laws/nns of/in nature/nn in/in German/np and/cc this/dt was/bedz issued/vbn in/in French/jj translation/nn (/( Paris/np ,/, 1813/cd )/) under/in the/at title/nn Recherches/fw-nns-tl Sur/fw-in-tl l'identite/fw-at+nn-tl Des/fw-in+at-tl Forces/fw-nns-tl chimiques/fw-jj-tl et/fw-cc-tl electriques/fw-jj-tl ,/, a/at work/nn held/vbn in/in very/ql high/jj esteem/nn by/in the/at new/jj generation/nn of/in research/nn chemists/nns ./. His/pp$ interest/nn in/in finding/vbg a/at relationship/nn between/in voltaic/jj electricity/nn and/cc magnetism/nn is/bez here/rb first/rb indicated/vbn ./. Chapter/nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, is/bez entitled/vbn ``/`` On/in-tl Magnetism/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc in/in it/ppo are/ber included/vbn such/jj remarks/nns as/cs ,/, ``/`` One/pn has/hvz always/rb been/ben tempted/vbn to/to compare/vb the/at magnetic/jj forces/nns with/in the/at electrical/jj forces/nns ./. The/at great/jj resemblance/nn between/in electrical/jj and/cc magnetic/jj attractions/nns and/cc repulsions/nns and/cc the/at similarity/nn of/in their/pp$ laws/nns necessarily/rb would/md bring/vb about/rp this/dt comparison/nn ./. It/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, that/cs nothing/pn has/hvz been/ben found/vbn comparable/jj with/in electricity/nn by/in communication/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at phenomena/nns observed/vbn had/hvd such/abl a/at degree/nn of/in analogy/nn to/in those/dts depending/vbg on/in electrical/jj distribution/nn that/cs one/pn could/md not/* find/vb the/at slightest/jjt difference/nn ./. The/at form/nn of/in galvanic/jj activity/nn is/bez halfway/rb between/in the/at magnetic/jj form/nn and/cc the/at electrical/jj form/nn ./. There/rb ,/, forces/nns are/ber more/ql latent/jj than/cs in/in electricity/nn ,/, and/cc less/ql than/cs in/in magnetism/nn ./. But/cc in/in such/abl an/at important/jj question/nn ,/, we/ppss would/md be/be satisfied/vbn if/cs the/at judgment/nn were/bed that/cs the/at principal/jjs objection/nn to/in the/at identity/nn of/in forces/nns which/wdt produce/vb electricity/nn and/cc magnetism/nn were/bed only/rb a/at difficulty/nn ,/, and/cc not/* a/at thing/nn which/wdt is/bez contrary/jj to/in it/ppo ./. One/pn could/md also/rb add/vb to/in these/dts analogies/nns that/cs steel/nn loses/vbz its/pp$ magnetism/nn by/in heat/nn ,/, which/wdt proves/vbz that/cs steel/nn becomes/vbz a/at better/jjr conductor/nn through/in a/at rise/nn in/in temperature/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs electrical/jj bodies/nns do/do ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb found/vbn that/dt magnetism/nn exists/vbz in/in all/abn bodies/nns of/in nature/nn ,/, as/cs proven/vbn by/in Bruckmann/np and/cc Coulomb/np ./. By/in that/dt ,/, one/pn feels/vbz that/cs magnetic/jj forces/nns are/ber as/ql general/jj as/cs electrical/jj forces/nns ./. An/at attempt/nn should/md be/be made/vbn to/to see/vb if/cs electricity/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ most/ql latent/jj stage/nn ,/, has/hvz any/dti action/nn on/in the/at magnet/nn as/cs such/jj ''/'' ./. His/pp$ plan/nn and/cc intent/nn were/bed clearly/rb charted/vbn ./. Oersted/np returned/vbd in/in 1814/cd and/cc resumed/vbd an/at active/jj part/nn in/in university/nn and/cc political/jj discussions/nns ./. In/in one/cd debate/nn he/pps supported/vbd the/at freedom/nn of/in judgment/nn as/cs opposed/vbn to/in dogma/nn ,/, in/in another/dt he/pps held/vbd that/cs the/at practice/nn of/in science/nn was/bedz in/in fact/nn an/at act/nn of/in religious/jj worship/nn ./. He/pps continued/vbd as/cs a/at popular/jj lecturer/nn ./. He/pps devised/vbd a/at detonating/vbg fuse/nn in/in which/wdt a/at short/jj wire/nn was/bedz caused/vbn to/to glow/vb by/in an/at electric/jj current/nn ./. In/in 1819/cd under/in royal/jj command/nn he/pps undertook/vbd a/at very/ql successful/jj geological/jj expedition/nn to/in Bornholm/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at Danish/jj islands/nns ,/, being/beg one/cd of/in three/cd scientists/nns in/in the/at expedition/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at members/nns of/in this/dt expedition/nn ,/, Lauritz/np Esmarch/np ,/, that/cs Oersted/np succeeded/vbd in/in producing/vbg light/nn by/in creating/vbg an/at electric/jj discharge/nn in/in mercury/nn vapor/nn through/in which/wdt an/at electric/jj current/nn was/bedz made/vbn to/to flow/vb ./. Together/rb they/ppss also/rb developed/vbd a/at new/jj form/nn of/in voltaic/jj cell/nn in/in which/wdt the/at wooden/jj trough/nn was/bedz replaced/vbn by/in one/cd of/in copper/nn ,/, thereby/rb producing/vbg stronger/jjr currents/nns ./. Esmarch/np was/bedz among/in those/dts who/wps witnessed/vbd Oersted's/np$ first/od demonstration/nn of/in his/pp$ discovery/nn ./. Discovery/nn-hl of/in-hl electromagnetism/nn-hl the/at association/nn between/in electric/jj (/( both/abx electrostatic/jj and/cc voltaic/jj )/) forces/nns and/cc magnetic/jj forces/nns had/hvd been/ben recognized/vbn by/in investigators/nns for/in many/ap decades/nns ./. Electrical/jj literature/nn contained/vbd numerous/jj references/nns to/in lightning/nn that/wps had/hvd magnetized/vbn iron/nn and/cc had/hvd altered/vbn the/at polarity/nn of/in compass/nn needles/nns ./. In/in the/at late/jj 1700's/nns Beccaria/np and/cc Van/np Marum/np ,/, among/in others/nns ,/, had/hvd magnetized/vbn iron/nn by/in sending/vbg an/at electrostatic/jj charge/nn through/in it/ppo ./. Beccaria/np had/hvd almost/rb stumbled/vbn on/in a/at lead/nn to/in the/at relationship/nn between/in electricity/nn and/cc magnetism/nn when/wrb a/at discharge/nn from/in a/at Leyden/np jar/nn was/bedz sent/vbn transversally/rb through/in a/at piece/nn of/in watch-spring/nn steel/nn making/vbg its/pp$ ends/nns magnetic/jj ./. The/at resulting/vbg magnetic/jj effect/nn proved/vbd stronger/jjr than/cs when/wrb the/at discharge/nn was/bedz made/vbn lengthwise/rb ./. The/at experiments/nns of/in Romagnosi/np and/cc others/nns have/hv already/rb been/ben noted/vbn but/cc no/at one/pn had/hvd determined/vbn the/at cause-and-effect/jj relationship/nn between/in these/dts two/cd primary/jj forces/nns ./. Oersted's/np$ own/jj earlier/jjr experiments/nns were/bed unimpressive/jj ,/, possibly/rb because/cs he/pps had/hvd ,/, like/cs other/ap experimenters/nns ,/, laid/vbn the/at conducting/vbg wire/nn across/in the/at compass/nn needle/nn instead/rb of/in parallel/rb with/in it/ppo ./. The/at sequence/nn of/in events/nns leading/vbg to/in his/pp$ important/jj discovery/nn still/rb remains/vbz ambiguous/jj but/cc it/pps seems/vbz that/cs one/cd of/in the/at advanced/vbn students/nns at/in the/at university/nn related/vbd that/cs the/at first/od direct/jj event/nn that/wps led/vbd to/in the/at publication/nn of/in Oersted's/np$ discovery/nn occurred/vbd during/in a/at private/jj lecture/nn made/vbn before/in a/at group/nn of/in other/ap advanced/vbn students/nns in/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1820/cd ./. At/in this/dt lecture/nn Oersted/np happened/vbd to/to place/vb the/at conducting/vbg wire/nn over/in and/cc parallel/rb to/in a/at magnetic/jj needle/nn ./.

ce27

ce27 |@word know:1 specifically:1 many:1 feed:95 additive:6 make:1 highly:1 competitive:1 business:1 profitable:1 beef:13 dairy:12 sheep:10 man:1 target:1 chart:1 quickly:1 briefly:1 tell:1 list:3 sanction:1 use:6 food:1 drug:27 administration:2 federal:1 government:1 comment:1 concern:1 effectiveness:1 carefully:2 review:1 veterinary:1 medical:1 officer:1 aj:1 article:1 assume:2 ration:7 cattle:17 adequately:1 balance:1 protein:2 vitamin:1 mineral:4 chemical:18 name:22 since:1 state:2 require:1 processor:1 instead:1 trade:3 tag:3 instance:1 show:1 parenthesis:1 follow:5 indicate:1 market:1 one:4 regulatory:1 organization:1 approve:1 guide:1 ruminant:1 oxytetracycline:3 hydrochloride:4 terramycin:1 increase:10 rate:10 gain:7 improve:9 efficiency:7 aid:11 prevention:14 treatment:12 depend:3 level:14 early:4 stage:2 ship:4 fever:6 prevent:7 treat:6 bacterial:12 diarrhea:7 aids:6 reduce:12 incidence:4 bloat:8 liver:3 abscesse:1 milk:4 production:3 may:5 anti:2 infective:2 property:2 finish:1 75:4 milligram:25 per:53 head:20 daily:24 supplement:4 calf:5 10:6 25:2 gram:22 ton:7 complete:7 scour:5 50:6 100:3 200:2 5:5 pound:19 body:8 weight:9 severity:2 provide:5 animal:9 abscess:2 supply:2 activity:2 furnish:1 complex:3 feeding:3 2:10 day:20 good:2 result:1 3:4 precede:1 shipment:1 arrival:1 lot:5 onset:1 disease:4 symptom:3 disappear:2 20:3 chlortetracycline:1 aureomycin:5 loss:5 infection:3 section:1 less:7 70:3 pneumonia:1 shipping:5 reduction:3 due:4 respiratory:2 infectious:2 rhinotracheitis:2 350:2 30:2 period:2 stress:2 excessive:2 handle:1 vaccination:1 extreme:1 weather:2 condition:2 foot:3 rot:3 anaplasmosis:1 cow:8 intake:2 enterotoxemia:1 overeating:1 contain:2 vibrionic:1 abortion:1 breed:2 80:1 dynafac:4 get:2 full:3 conversion:3 growth:4 founder:1 control:5 1:6 premix:3 promote:2 bloom:1 feeder:2 equivalent:1 consume:2 receive:2 minimize:1 occurrence:1 high:2 consumption:1 concentrate:1 lamb:7 diethylstilbestrol:4 incorporate:4 also:3 des:1 recommend:3 maintain:2 creep:1 fatten:2 include:2 caution:5 discontinue:1 medication:1 48:1 hour:2 slaughter:3 hydroxazine:1 iodinate:1 casein:1 elevate:1 metabolic:1 butterfat:1 percentage:1 officially:1 test:1 registry:1 testing:1 program:2 fungal:1 enzyme:3 preparation:2 appear:1 today:1 fermentation:1 extract:1 bacillus:1 subtilis:1 apergillus:1 orzae:1 niger:1 flavu:1 utilization:1 low:2 moisture:2 corn:2 14:2 great:1 benefit:1 associate:1 several:2 firm:1 merchandise:1 manufacturer:2 ronnel:1 effectively:1 grub:1 damage:1 hide:1 add:2 either:1 7:1 recommendation:1 within:2 60:1 methyl:1 polysiloxane:1 foamy:2 salt:2 phenothiazine:4 stomach:1 hookworm:1 nodular:1 worm:2 interfere:1 reproduction:1 female:1 number:1 egg:2 lay:2 essentially:1 render:1 sterile:1 horn:1 fly:1 hatch:1 dropping:1 maximum:1 parasite:1 continuously:1 12:1 weigh:1 adult:1 24:1 continuous:2 part:3 9:1 lactate:3 single:1 dose:2 discard:1 4:1 procaine:1 penicillin:1 legume:1 pasture:1 unit:1 sodium:2 propionate:1 acetonemia:3 ketosis:6 begin:1 calve:3 continue:1 6:3 week:3 sulfaquinoxaline:1 help:1 dysentery:1 coccidiosis:1 dry:1 ruman:2 bacteria:1 stimulate:1 commercially:1 prepare:1 proper:1 calcium:1 commence:1 time:2 preventive:1 promazine:1 tranquilizer:1 prior:1 subject:1 vaccinate:1 wean:1 handling:1 72:1 three:1 principal:1 bunk:11 type:1 fence:7 line:4 eat:3 side:4 put:2 opposite:1 self:2 unloading:1 wagon:3 mechanized:1 sit:1 fill:3 mechanical:3 conveyor:1 surface:1 special:1 discuss:1 permit:1 elevator:1 material:5 combination:1 construct:1 satisfactory:1 selection:1 skill:1 available:2 labor:1 installation:1 cost:3 locally:1 preference:1 situation:1 select:1 economic:1 comparison:1 usually:1 individual:1 problem:2 must:3 twice:1 long:1 serve:1 additional:1 attribute:1 location:1 edge:1 way:1 manure:1 removal:1 unload:1 silos:1 spread:1 operation:1 road:1 next:1 floor:1 access:1 possible:1 year:1 area:1 heavy:1 snowfall:1

Knowing/vbg specifically/rb what/wdt the/at many/ap feed/nn additives/nns can/md do/do and/cc how/wrb and/cc when/wrb to/to feed/vb them/ppo can/md make/vb a/at highly/ql competitive/jj business/nn more/ql profitable/jj for/in beef/nn ,/, dairy/nn ,/, and/cc sheep/nn men/nns ./. The/at target/nn chart/nn quickly/rb and/cc briefly/rb tells/vbz you/ppo which/wdt additives/nns do/do what/wdt ./. All/abn the/at additives/nns listed/vbn here/rb are/ber sanctioned/vbn for/in use/nn by/in the/at Food/nn-tl and/cc-tl Drug/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl of/in the/at federal/jj government/nn ./. All/abn comments/nns concerning/in effectiveness/nn and/cc use/nn of/in drugs/nns have/hv been/ben carefully/rb reviewed/vbn by/in a/at veterinary/jj medical/jj officer/nn with/in Aj/nn ./. This/dt article/nn assumes/vbz that/cs the/at rations/nns you/ppss are/ber feeding/vbg your/pp$ beef/nn ,/, dairy/nn cattle/nns ,/, and/cc sheep/nn are/ber adequately/ql balanced/vbn with/in protein/nn ,/, vitamins/nns ,/, and/cc minerals/nns ./. The/at drug's/nn$ chemical/nn name/nn is/bez listed/vbn ,/, since/cs most/ap states/nns require/vb feed/nn processors/nns to/to use/vb this/dt name/nn instead/rb of/in the/at trade/nn name/nn on/in the/at feed/nn tag/nn ./. In/in some/dti instances/nns ,/, the/at trade/nn name/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in parentheses/nns following/vbg the/at chemical/nn name/nn ./. This/dt indicates/vbz that/cs this/dt drug/nn is/bez being/beg marketed/vbn under/in one/cd trade/nn name/nn only/rb or/cc state/nn regulatory/jj organizations/nns have/hv approved/vbn its/pp$ use/nn on/in the/at feed/nn tag/nn ./. Here's/rb+bez-hl your/pp$-hl feed/nn-hl additive/nn-hl guide/nn-hl for/in-hl ruminants/nns-hl :/:-hl drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Oxytetracycline/nn hydrochloride/nn (/( Terramycin/np )/) what/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Increases/nns rate/vb of/in gain/nn and/cc improves/vbz feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, aids/vbz in/in the/at prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn (/( depending/in on/in level/nn fed/vbn )/) of/in the/at early/jj stages/nns of/in shipping/vbg fever/nn ,/, prevents/vbz or/cc treats/vbz bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn ,/, and/cc aids/vbz in/in reducing/vbg incidence/nn of/in bloat/nn and/cc liver/nn abscesses/nns ./. Milk/nn production/nn may/md be/be increased/vbn by/in the/at anti-infective/jj properties/nns of/in this/dt drug/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl cattle/nns-hl (/(-hl finishing/vbg-hl ration/nn-hl )/)-hl --/-- To/to increase/vb rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improve/vb feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, feed/vb 75/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn in/in daily/jj supplement/nn ./. Calves/nns-hl --/-- To/to increase/vb rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improve/vb feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, feed/vb 10/cd to/in 25/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn of/in complete/jj feed/nn ./. As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn (/( scours/nn )/) ,/, feed/vb 50/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn of/in complete/jj feed/nn ./. For/in the/at treatment/nn of/in bacterial/jj scours/nn ,/, feed/vb 100-200/cd grams/nns ./. For/in prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in bacterial/jj scours/nn ,/, feed/vb 0.1/cd to/in 5/cd milligrams/nns per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./. Beef/nn-hl and/cc-hl dairy/nn-hl --/-- As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reducing/vbg incidence/nn and/cc severity/nn of/in bloat/nn ,/, provide/vb 75/cd milligrams/nns of/in oxytetracycline/nn hydrochloride/nn per/in animal/nn daily/rb ./. To/to reduce/vb incidence/nn of/in liver/nn abscesses/nns ,/, supply/vb 75/cd milligrams/nns of/in oxytetracycline/nn activity/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb ./. To/to prevent/vb or/cc treat/vb bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn ,/, furnish/vb 0.1/cd to/in 5/cd milligrams/nns per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./. For/in the/at prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in the/at early/jj stages/nns of/in shipping/vbg fever/nn complex/nn ,/, increase/vb feeding/vbg level/nn to/in 0.5/cd to/in 2/cd grams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./. For/in the/at best/jjt results/nns ,/, feed/vb this/dt level/nn to/in cattle/nns 3/cd to/in 5/cd days/nns preceding/vbg shipment/nn and/or/cc 3/cd to/in 5/cd days/nns following/vbg their/pp$ arrival/nn in/in your/pp$ feed/nn lot/nn ./. For/in treatment/nn of/in shipping/vbg fever/nn ,/, this/dt level/nn should/md be/be fed/vbn at/in the/at onset/nn of/in the/at disease/nn symptoms/nns until/cs symptoms/nns disappear/vb ./. Sheep/nn-hl --/-- To/to increase/vb rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improve/vb feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, feed/vb 10/cd to/in 20/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn ./. As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn (/( scours/nn )/) ,/, feed/vb 50/cd grams/nns per/in ton/nn ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Chlortetracycline/nn (/( Aureomycin/np )/) what/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Increases/vbz gains/nns ,/, improves/vbz feed/nn efficiency/nn ,/, and/cc reduces/vbz losses/nns from/in bacterial/jj infections/nns listed/vbn under/in ``/`` How/wql-tl To/to-tl Feed/vb-tl ''/'' section/nn ./. Milk/nn production/nn may/md be/be increased/vbn by/in the/at anti-infective/jj properties/nns of/in this/dt drug/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl --/-- Not/* less/ap than/in 70/cd milligrams/nns of/in Aureomycin/np per/in head/nn daily/rb to/to aid/vb in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in liver/nn abscesses/nns in/in feed-lot/nn beef/nn cattle/nns ./. Prevention/nn of/in bacterial/jj pneumonia/nn ,/, shipping/vbg fever/nn ,/, as/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reduction/nn of/in losses/nns due/jj to/in respiratory/jj infections/nns (/( infectious/jj rhinotracheitis/nn --/-- shipping/vbg fever/nn complex/nn )/) ./. Feed/vb at/in level/nn of/in 70/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./. Treatment/nn of/in the/at above/jj diseases/nns :/: 350/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn for/in 30/cd days/nns only/rb ./. For/in prevention/nn of/in these/dts diseases/nns during/in periods/nns of/in stress/nn such/jj as/cs shipping/vbg ,/, excessive/jj handling/nn ,/, vaccination/nn ,/, extreme/jj weather/nn conditions/nns :/: 350/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn for/in 30/cd days/nns only/rb ./. As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reducing/vbg bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn and/cc preventing/vbg foot/nn rot/nn ,/, feed/vb not/* less/ap than/in 0.1/cd milligram/nn per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./. To/to aid/vb in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in anaplasmosis/nn ,/, feed/vb not/* less/ap than/in 0.5/cd milligram/nn per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb ./. Dairy/nn-hl --/-- For/in calves/nns ,/, feed/vb not/* less/ap than/in 50/cd grams/nns of/in Aureomycin/np per/in ton/nn complete/jj feed/nn as/cs an/at aid/nn in/in preventing/vbg bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn and/cc foot/nn rot/nn ./. For/in cows/nns ,/, feed/nn providing/vbg an/at intake/nn of/in 0.1/cd milligram/nn of/in Aureomycin/np per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn daily/rb aids/vbz in/in the/at reduction/nn of/in bacterial/jj diarrhea/nn ,/, in/in the/at prevention/nn of/in foot/nn rot/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at reduction/nn of/in losses/nns due/jj to/in respiratory/jj infection/nn (/( infectious/jj rhinotracheitis/nn --/-- shipping/vbg fever/nn complex/nn )/) ./. Sheep/nns-hl --/-- As/cs an/at aid/nn in/in reducing/vbg losses/nns due/jj to/in enterotoxemia/nn (/( overeating/vbg disease/nn )/) ,/, feed/vb a/at complete/jj ration/nn containing/vbg not/* less/ap than/in 20/cd and/cc not/* more/ap than/in 50/cd grams/nns of/in Aureomycin/np per/in ton/nn ./. To/to reduce/vb vibrionic/jj abortion/nn in/in breeding/vbg sheep/nn ,/, feed/vb 80/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn daily/rb ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Dynafac/np ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl An/at aid/nn in/in getting/vbg cattle/nns and/cc sheep/nns on/in full/jj feed/nn ,/, in/in improving/vbg feed/nn conversion/nn and/cc growth/nn ,/, in/in reducing/vbg bloat/nn and/cc founder/nn ,/, and/cc in/in controlling/vbg scours/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl and/cc-hl dairy/nn-hl calves/nns-hl --/-- 0.2/cd gram/nn Dynafac/np per/in head/nn daily/rb (/( 1/cd gram/nn of/in premix/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb )/) for/in promoting/vbg growth/nn ,/, feed/nn conversion/nn ,/, bloom/nn ,/, and/cc full/jj feed/nn earlier/rbr ./. Feeder/nn-hl cattle/nns-hl --/-- Dynafac/np in/in a/at complete/jj ration/nn or/cc 0.3/cd to/in 0.4/cd gram/nn per/in head/nn per/in day/nn (/( 200/cd grams/nns of/in premix/nn per/in ton/nn complete/jj ration/nn or/cc equivalent/jj ./. Animals/nns consuming/vbg 20/cd pounds/nns feed/nn daily/rb receive/vb 2/cd grams/nns Dynafac/np )/) ./. Aids/vbz in/in minimizing/vbg the/at occurrence/nn of/in feed-lot/nn bloat/nn due/jj to/in high/jj consumption/nn of/in concentrates/nns ./. Sheep/nns-hl and/cc-hl lambs/nns-hl --/-- 1.0/cd gram/nn premix/nn per/in head/nn per/in day/nn for/in promoting/vbg growth/nn ,/, feed/nn conversion/nn ,/, and/cc getting/vbg lambs/nns on/in full/jj feed/nn earlier/rbr ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Diethylstilbestrol/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Increases/vbz rate/nn of/in gain/nn and/cc improves/vbz feed/nn efficiency/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl beef/nn-hl cattle/nns-hl --/-- 10/cd milligrams/nns of/in diethylstilbestrol/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb ./. This/dt may/md be/be incorporated/vbn in/in complete/jj feeds/nns at/in the/at level/nn of/in 0.4/cd milligram/nn of/in diethylstilbestrol/nn per/in pound/nn of/in ration/nn --/-- assuming/vbg animal/nn consumes/vbz about/rb 25/cd pounds/nns daily/rb ./. The/at drug/nn is/bez also/rb incorporated/vbn in/in supplements/nns ./. These/dts are/ber to/to be/be fed/vbn at/in a/at rate/nn to/to provide/vb 10/cd milligrams/nns DES/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb ./. The/at recommended/vbn 10-milligram/jj daily/jj intake/nn level/nn should/md be/be maintained/vbn ./. It/pps may/md be/be incorporated/vbn into/in cattle/nns creep/nn feeds/nns in/in levels/nns from/in 1.0/cd to/in 1.5/cd milligrams/nns of/in diethylstilbestrol/nn per/in pound/nn of/in feed/nn ./. Sheep/nns-hl fattening/vbg-hl rations/nns-hl --/-- The/at recommended/vbn level/nn for/in sheep/nns is/bez 2/cd milligrams/nns daily/rb ,/, and/cc this/dt level/nn should/md be/be maintained/vbn ./. Include/vb supplement/nn containing/vbg 0.4/cd to/in 2/cd milligrams/nns per/in pound/nn to/to provide/vb 2/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./. Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl Discontinue/vb medication/nn 48/cd hours/nns before/in slaughter/nn ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Hydroxazine/nn hydrochloride/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Improves/vbz growth/nn rate/nn and/cc feed/nn efficiency/nn of/in fattening/vbg beef/nn animals/nns ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl At/in the/at rate/nn of/in 2-1/2/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Iodinated/vbn casein/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Drug/nn elevates/vbz the/at metabolic/jj rate/nn of/in the/at cow/nn ./. Fed/vbn to/in dairy/nn cattle/nns to/to increase/vb milk/nn production/nn and/cc butterfat/nn percentage/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl 1/cd to/in 1-1/2/cd grams/nns per/in 100/cd pounds/nns of/in body/nn weight/nn ./. Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl Cows/nns receiving/vbg drug/nn may/md not/* be/be officially/rb tested/vbn under/in breed/nn registry/nn testing/nn programs/nns ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Bacterial/jj and/cc fungal/jj enzymes/nns ./. (/( These/dts enzyme/nn preparations/nns appear/vb on/in today's/nr$ feed/nn tags/nns as/cs fermentation/nn extracts/nns of/in Bacillus/np subtilis/np ,/, Apergillus/np orzae/np ,/, Niger/np ,/, and/cc Flavus/np ./. )/) what/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Improves/vbz utilization/nn of/in low-moisture/nn corn/nn (/( less/ap than/in 14%/nn )/) ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl Greatest/jjt benefits/nns have/hv been/ben associated/vbn with/in feeding/vbg low-moisture/nn corn/nn in/in beef-feeding/jj programs/nns ./. Several/ap firms/nns are/ber merchandising/vbg enzyme/nn preparation/nn through/in feed/nn manufacturers/nns ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Ronnel/nn ./. What/wdt it/pps does/doz :/: Effectively/rb controls/vbz cattle/nns grubs/nns which/wdt damage/vb hides/nns and/cc can/md reduce/vb gains/nns ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl Drug/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in either/cc a/at protein/nn or/cc mineral/nn supplement/nn for/in a/at period/nn of/in 7/cd or/cc 14/cd days/nns ./. Follow/vb manufacturer's/nn$ recommendation/nn carefully/rb ./. Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl Do/do not/* feed/vb to/in dairy/nn cows/nns and/cc do/do not/* feed/vb within/in 60/cd days/nns of/in slaughter/nn ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Methyl/nn polysiloxanes/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Aids/nns in/in preventing/vbg foamy/jj bloat/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl For/in prevention/nn of/in foamy/jj bloat/nn ,/, feed/vb at/in a/at rate/nn of/in 0.5/cd to/in 2/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn per/in day/nn in/in mineral/nn or/cc salt/nn or/cc feed/nn ./. For/in treatment/nn of/in bloat/nn ,/, drug/nn is/bez fed/vbn at/in a/at higher/jjr level/nn ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Phenothiazine/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Reduces/vbz losses/nns from/in stomach/nn ,/, hookworm/nn ,/, and/cc nodular/jj worms/nns by/in interfering/vbg with/in reproduction/nn of/in the/at female/nn worm/nn by/in reducing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in eggs/nns laid/vbn and/cc essentially/rb rendering/vbg all/abn laid/vbn eggs/nns sterile/jj ./. Also/rb ,/, aids/vbz in/in the/at control/nn of/in horn/nn flies/nns by/in preventing/vbg them/ppo from/in hatching/vbg in/in the/at droppings/nns ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl Treat/vb cattle/nns with/in 10/cd grams/nns per/in 100/cd pounds/nns body/nn weight/nn with/in a/at maximum/nn of/in 70/cd grams/nns per/in animal/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, for/in the/at above/jj parasites/nns ,/, feed/vb continuously/rb at/in these/dts levels/nns :/: Feeder/nn cattle/nns --/-- 2-5/cd grams/nns of/in phenothiazine/nn daily/rb ;/. ;/. beef/nn calves/nns --/-- to/in 1.5/cd grams/nns daily/rb depending/in on/in weight/nn of/in animal/nn ./. Treat/vb lambs/nns with/in 12/cd grams/nns per/in head/nn for/in lambs/nns weighing/vbg up/rp to/in 50/cd pounds/nns ;/. ;/. treat/vb lambs/nns over/rp 50/cd pounds/nns and/cc adults/nns with/in 24/cd grams/nns per/in animal/nn ./. For/in continuous/jj control/nn ,/, feed/vb 1/cd part/nn phenothiazine/nn to/in 9/cd parts/nns minerals/nns or/cc salts/nns ./. To/to include/vb in/in feed/nn ,/, add/vb phenothiazine/nn to/to supply/vb 0.5/cd to/in 1/cd gram/nn per/in sheep/nn daily/rb ./. Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl Continuous/jj administration/nn is/bez not/* recommended/vbn for/in lactating/vbg cows/nns ./. Following/vbg single-dose/nn treatment/nn ,/, milk/nn should/md be/be discarded/vbn for/in 4/cd days/nns following/vbg treatment/nn ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Procaine/nn penicillin/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Aids/vbz in/in reducing/vbg the/at incidence/nn and/cc severity/nn of/in bloat/nn in/in beef/nn or/cc dairy/nn cattle/nns on/in legume/nn pasture/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl Feed/vb 75,000/cd units/nns or/cc 75/cd milligrams/nns per/in head/nn daily/rb ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Sodium/nn propionate/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl For/in the/at prevention/nn or/cc treatment/nn of/in acetonemia/nn (/( ketosis/nn )/) in/in dairy/nn cows/nns ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl For/in the/at prevention/nn of/in acetonemia/nn (/( ketosis/nn )/) feed/vb 1/4/cd pound/nn per/in day/nn beginning/vbg at/in calving/vbg and/cc continuing/vbg for/in 6/cd weeks/nns ./. For/in the/at treatment/nn of/in ketosis/nn feed/vb 1/4/cd to/in 1/2/cd pound/nn per/in day/nn for/in 10/cd days/nns ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Sulfaquinoxaline/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Helps/vbz control/vb shipping/vbg dysentery/nn and/cc coccidiosis/nn in/in lambs/nns ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl lambs/nns-hl --/-- feed/vb at/in level/nn for/in 2/cd or/cc 3/cd days/nns ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Dried/vbn rumen/nn bacteria/nns ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Stimulates/vbz rumen/nn activity/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl Incorporated/vbn in/in commercially/rb prepared/vbn feed/nn at/in proper/jj levels/nns ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Calcium/nn and/cc sodium/nn lactate/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl Prevents/vbz and/cc treats/vbz acetonemia/nn (/( ketosis/nn )/) in/in dairy/nn cows/nns ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl For/in prevention/nn of/in ketosis/nn ,/, feed/vb 1/4/cd pound/nn per/in head/nn daily/rb for/in 6/cd weeks/nns commencing/vbg at/in calving/vbg time/nn ./. For/in treatment/nn of/in ketosis/nn ,/, feed/vb 1/2/cd pound/nn daily/rb until/cs symptoms/nns disappear/vb ./. Then/rb ,/, feed/vb preventive/jj dose/nn until/in 6/cd weeks/nns after/in calving/vbg ./. Drug's/nn$-hl chemical/nn-hl name/nn-hl :/:-hl Promazine/nn hydrochloride/nn ./. What/wdt-hl it/pps-hl does/doz-hl :/:-hl A/at tranquilizer/nn fed/vbn to/in cattle/nns (/( other/ap than/in lactating/vbg dairy/nn cows/nns )/) prior/rb to/in their/pp$ being/beg subjected/vbn to/in stress/nn conditions/nns such/jj as/cs vaccinating/vbg ,/, shipping/vbg ,/, weaning/vbg calves/nns ,/, and/cc excessive/jj handling/nn ./. How/wrb-hl to/to-hl feed/vb-hl :/:-hl Not/* less/ap than/in milligram/nn but/cc not/* more/ap than/in 1.25/cd milligrams/nns of/in additive/nn per/in pound/nn of/in body/nn weight/nn ./. Caution/nn-hl :/:-hl Additive/nn should/md not/* be/be fed/vbn 72/cd hours/nns before/cs animals/nns are/ber slaughtered/vbn ./. There/ex are/ber three/cd principal/jjs feed/nn bunk/nn types/nns for/in dairy/nn and/cc beef/nn cattle/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) Fence-line/nn bunks/nns --/-- cattle/nns eat/vb from/in one/cd side/nn while/cs feed/nn is/bez put/vbn in/rp from/in the/at opposite/jj side/nn of/in the/at fence/nn by/in self-unloading/jj wagons/nns ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) Mechanized/vbn bunks/nns --/-- they/ppss sit/vb within/in the/at feed/nn lot/nn ,/, are/ber filled/vbn by/in a/at mechanical/jj conveyor/nn above/in feeding/vbg surface/nn ;/. ;/. (/( 3/cd )/) Special/jj bunks/nns --/-- as/cs discussed/vbn here/rb ,/, they/ppss permit/vb cattle/nns to/to eat/vb from/in all/abn sides/nns ./. Feed/nn is/bez put/vbn in/rp with/in an/at elevator/nn ./. Several/ap materials/nns or/cc combinations/nns of/in materials/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to construct/vb a/at satisfactory/jj feed/nn bunk/nn ./. The/at selection/nn of/in materials/nns depends/vbz on/in skills/nns of/in available/jj labor/nn for/in installation/nn ,/, cost/nn of/in materials/nns available/jj locally/rb ,/, and/cc your/pp$ own/jj preference/nn ./. No/at one/cd material/nn is/bez best/jjt for/in all/abn situations/nns ./. Selecting/vbg bunks/nns by/in economic/jj comparison/nn is/bez usually/rb an/at individual/jj problem/nn ./. Fence-line/nn-hl feeding/vbg-hl ./.-hl Animals/nns eat/vb only/rb from/in one/cd side/nn ,/, so/rb the/at fence-line/nn bunk/nn must/md be/be twice/rb as/ql long/jj as/cs the/at mechanical/jj bunk/nn ./. These/dts bunks/nns also/rb serve/vb as/cs a/at fence/nn ,/, so/rb part/nn of/in the/at additional/jj cost/nn must/md be/be attributed/vbn to/in the/at fence/nn ./. Because/rb of/in their/pp$ location/nn ,/, on/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at feed/nn lot/nn ,/, fence-line/nn bunks/nns are/ber not/* in/in the/at way/nn of/in mechanical/jj manure/nn removal/nn ./. Filling/vbg these/dts bunks/nns by/in the/at same/ap self-unloading/jj wagons/nns used/vbn to/to fill/vb silos/nns spreads/vbz cost/nn of/in the/at wagons/nns over/in more/ap time/nn and/cc operations/nns ./. All-weather/jj roads/nns must/md be/be provided/vbn next/in to/in the/at feeding/vbg floor/nn so/cs access/nn will/md be/be possible/jj all/abn year/nn ./. This/dt will/nn be/be a/at problem/nn in/in areas/nns of/in heavy/jj snowfall/nn ./.

ce28

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Marketing/vbg in/in the/at new/jj decade/nn will/md be/be no/at picnic/nn --/-- for/cs the/at sixties/nns will/md present/vb possibly/rb the/at most/ql intense/jj competitive/jj activity/nn that/cs you/ppss have/hv experienced/vbn in/in the/at last/ap 20-25/cd yrs./nns ./. Why/wrb ?/. ?/. Companies/nns of/in all/abn types/nns have/hv made/vbn great/jj advances/nns in/in production/nn capabilities/nns and/cc efficiencies/nns --/-- in/in modern/jj equipment/nn and/cc new/jj processes/nns ,/, enlarged/vbn R/np &/cc-tl D/np facilities/nns ,/, faster/jjr new/jj product/nn development/nn ./. Many/ap companies/nns have/hv upgraded/vbn their/pp$ sales/nns manpower/nn and/cc tested/vbn new/jj selling/vbg ,/, distribution/nn ,/, and/cc promotion/nn techniques/nns to/to gain/vb a/at bigger/jjr competitive/jj edge/nn ./. Given/vbn this/dt kind/nn of/in business/nn climate/nn ,/, what/wdt competitive/jj marketing/vbg problems/nns will/md your/pp$ company/nn face/vb in/in the/at next/ap 10/cd yrs./nns ?/. ?/. Based/vbn on/in our/pp$ experience/nn with/in clients/nns ,/, ,/, we/ppss see/vb 14/cd major/jj problems/nns which/wdt fall/vb into/in three/cd broad/jj groups/nns --/-- the/at market/nn place/nn itself/ppl ,/, marketing/vbg methods/nns ,/, and/cc marketing/vbg management/nn ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Problems/nns-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl market/nn-hl greater/jjr-hl price-consciousness/nn-hl ./. There/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at intensification/nn of/in price-consciousness/nn in/in recent/jj years/nns ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez every/at indication/nn it/pps will/md continue/vb ./. Frequently/rb ,/, wittingly/rb or/cc unwittingly/rb ,/, price-consciousness/nn has/hvz been/ben fostered/vbn by/in manufacturers/nns ,/, distributors/nns ,/, and/cc dealers/nns ./. Despite/in generally/rb good/jj levels/nns of/in income/nn ,/, we/ppss see/vb greater/jjr price/nn pressures/nns than/cs ever/rb before/rb --/-- traveling/vbg back/rb along/in the/at chain/nn from/in consumer/nn to/in distributor/nn to/in manufacturer/nn ./. Here/rb are/ber some/dti key/jjs areas/nns to/to examine/vb to/to make/vb sure/jj your/pp$ pricing/vbg strategy/nn will/md be/be on/in target/nn :/: Has/hvz the/at probable/jj price/nn situation/nn in/in your/pp$ field/nn been/ben forecast/vbn as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in future/jj planning/nn ?/. ?/. Have/hv cost/nn studies/nns been/ben made/vbn of/in every/at phase/nn of/in your/pp$ operation/nn to/to determine/vb what/wdt might/md be/be done/vbn if/cs things/nns get/vb worse/jjr ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss actually/rb checked/vbn out/rp (/( not/* just/rb mentally/rb tested/vbn )/) different/jj selling/vbg approaches/nns designed/vbn to/to counter/vb the/at price/nn competition/nn problem/nn ?/. ?/. Increased/vbn-hl customer/nn-hl sophistication/nn-hl ./.-hl Average/nn consumer/nn is/bez becoming/vbg more/ql sophisticated/jj regarding/in product/nn and/cc advertising/vbg claims/nns ,/, partly/rb because/rb of/in widespread/jj criticism/nn of/in such/jj assertions/nns ./. This/dt problem/nn can/md force/vb a/at change/nn in/in marketing/vbg approach/nn in/in many/ap kinds/nns of/in businesses/nns ./. Have/hv you/ppss examined/vbd this/dt problem/nn of/in increasing/vbg consumer/nn sophistication/nn from/in the/at standpoint/nn of/in your/pp$ own/jj company/nn ?/. ?/. Greater/jjr-hl demand/nn-hl for/in-hl services/nns-hl ./.-hl Need/nn for/in service/nn is/bez here/rb to/to stay/vb --/-- and/cc the/at problem/nn is/bez going/vbg to/to be/be tougher/jjr to/to solve/vb in/in the/at sixties/nns ./. There/ex are/ber two/cd reasons/nns for/in this/dt ./. First/od ,/, most/ap products/nns tend/vb to/to become/vb more/ql complex/jj ./. Second/od ,/, in/in a/at competitive/jj market/nn ,/, the/at customer/nn feels/vbz his/pp$ weight/nn and/cc throws/vbz it/ppo around/rb ./. Providing/vbg good/jj customer/nn service/nn requires/vbz as/ql thorough/jj a/at marketing/vbg and/cc general/jj management/nn planning/vbg job/nn as/cs the/at original/jj selling/vbg of/in the/at product/nn ./. Too/ql often/rb it/pps is/bez thought/vbn of/in at/in the/at last/ap moment/nn of/in new/jj product/nn introduction/nn ./. Good/jj service/nn starts/vbz with/in product/nn design/nn and/cc planning/nn :/: Many/ap products/nns seem/vb to/to be/be designed/vbn for/in a/at production/nn economy/nn ,/, not/* for/in a/at service/nn one/cd ./. Proper/jj follow-through/nn requires/vbz training/vbg your/pp$ own/jj sales/nns organization/nn ,/, and/cc your/pp$ distributor/nn organizations/nns ,/, not/* only/rb in/in the/at techniques/nns but/cc also/rb in/in good/jj customer/nn relations/nns ./. Have/hv you/ppss assessed/vbn the/at importance/nn of/in service/nn and/cc given/vbn it/ppo proper/jj attention/nn ?/. ?/. Wider/jjr-hl discretionary/jj-hl choices/nns-hl for/in-hl customers/nns-hl ./.-hl In/in spending/vbg his/pp$ money/nn today/nr ,/, the/at consumer/nn is/bez pulled/vbn in/in many/ap directions/nns ./. To/in the/at manufacturer/nn of/in the/at more/ql convenient-type/jj product/nn --/-- the/at purchase/nn of/in which/wdt can/md be/be switched/vbn ,/, delayed/vbn ,/, or/cc put/vbn off/rp entirely/rb --/-- the/at implications/nns are/ber important/jj ./. Your/pp$ competition/nn is/bez now/rb proportionately/rb greater/jjr --/-- you/ppss are/ber competing/vbg not/* only/rb against/in manufacturers/nns in/in the/at same/ap field/nn but/cc also/rb against/in a/at vast/jj array/nn of/in manufacturers/nns of/in other/ap appealing/jj consumer/nn products/nns ./. Many/ap industry/nn trade/nn associations/nns are/ber developing/vbg campaigns/nns to/to protect/vb or/cc enhance/vb the/at share/nn of/in the/at consumer's/nn$ dollar/nn being/beg spent/vbn on/in their/pp$ particular/jj products/nns ./. Has/hvz your/pp$ company/nn thought/vbn through/rp its/pp$ strategy/nn in/in this/dt whole/jj ``/`` discretionary/jj buying/vbg ''/'' area/nn ?/. ?/. Geographic/jj-hl shift/nn-hl of/in-hl customers/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at trends/nns have/hv been/ben in/in evidence/nn for/in many/ap years/nns --/-- population/nn shifts/nns to/in the/at Southwest/nr-tl and/cc Far/jj-tl West/nr-tl ,/, and/cc from/in city/nn to/in suburbs/nns ./. These/dts shifts/nns will/md continue/vb in/in the/at next/ap 10/cd yrs./nns ./. Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn the/at implications/nns of/in continuing/vbg geographic/jj shifts/nns in/in terms/nns of/in sales/nns force/nn allocation/nn ,/, strength/nn of/in distributor/nn organizations/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb plant/nn location/nn ?/. ?/. Market/nn-hl concentration/nn-hl and/cc-hl distribution/nn-hl in/in-hl fewer/ap-hl accounts/nns-hl ./.-hl We/ppss have/hv already/rb witnessed/vbn great/jj changes/nns through/in mergers/nns and/cc acquisitions/nns in/in the/at food/nn industry/nn --/-- at/in both/abx the/at manufacturing/vbg and/cc retail/jj ends/nns ./. Instead/rb of/in relatively/ql small/jj sales/nns to/in many/ap accounts/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber now/rb larger/jjr sales/nns to/in or/cc through/in fewer/ap accounts/nns ./. The/at change/nn may/md require/vb different/jj products/nns ,/, pricing/vbg ,/, packaging/vbg ,/, warehousing/vbg ,/, salesmanship/nn ,/, advertising/vbg and/cc executive/nn attention/nn --/-- practically/rb every/at link/nn in/in the/at marketing/vbg network/nn may/md have/hv to/to be/be adjusted/vbn ./. Have/hv you/ppss examined/vbn these/dts trends/nns ,/, forecast/vbn the/at effects/nns ,/, and/cc planned/vbn your/pp$ marketing/vbg strategy/nn to/to compete/vb effectively/rb under/in changing/vbg circumstances/nns ?/. ?/. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Problems/nns-hl in/in-hl marketing/vbg-hl methods/nns-hl more/ap-hl private/jj-hl label/nn-hl competition/nn-hl ./.-hl In/in the/at area/nn of/in private/jj label/nn competition/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez logical/jj to/to expect/vb a/at continuation/nn of/in trends/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben under/in way/nn during/in the/at first/od decade/nn ./. As/cs mass/nn dealer/nn and/cc distributor/nn organizations/nns grow/vb in/in size/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez every/at reason/nn to/to expect/vb them/ppo to/to try/vb to/to share/vb in/in the/at manufacturer's/nn$ as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at distributor's/nn$ profits/nns --/-- which/wdt is/bez ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, what/wdt the/at sale/nn of/in private/jj brands/nns tends/vbz to/to do/do ./. Average/nn manufacturer/nn frequently/rb has/hvz helped/vbn build/vb private/jj brand/nn business/nn ,/, delivering/vbg largely/rb the/at same/ap qualities/nns and/cc styles/nns in/in private/jj brand/nn merchandise/nn as/cs in/in branded/vbn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at larger/jjr and/cc more/ql aggressive/jj mass/nn distribution/nn outlets/nns and/cc chain/nn stores/nns have/hv insisted/vbn on/in high/jj quality/nn --/-- and/cc the/at customer/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv caught/vbn on/rp ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber up/rp against/in private/jj brand/nn competition/nn ,/, have/hv you/ppss formulated/vbn a/at long-term/nn program/nn for/in researching/vbg and/cc strengthening/vbg your/pp$ market/nn position/nn ?/. ?/. If/cs private/jj brand/nn competition/nn hasn't/hvz* been/ben felt/vbn in/in your/pp$ product/nn field/nn as/ql yet/rb ,/, have/hv you/ppss thought/vbn how/wrb you/ppss will/md cope/vb with/in it/ppo if/cs and/cc when/wrb it/pps does/doz appear/vb ?/. ?/. Less/ap-hl personal/jj-hl salesmanship/nn-hl ./.-hl Display/nn merchandising/vbg ,/, backed/vbn by/in pre-selling/vbg through/in advertising/vbg and/cc promotion/nn ,/, will/md continue/vb to/to make/vb strides/nns in/in the/at sixties/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz multiple/jj implications/nns and/cc possible/jj headaches/nns for/in your/pp$ marketing/vbg program/nn ./. How/wrb can/md you/ppss cash/vb in/rp on/in this/dt fast-growing/jj type/nn of/in outlet/nn and/cc still/rb maintain/vb relationships/nns with/in older/jjr existing/vbg outlets/nns which/wdt are/ber still/rb important/jj ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at higher-quality/nn product/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md you/ppss make/vb it/ppo stand/vb out/rp --/-- justify/vb its/pp$ premium/nn price/nn --/-- without/in the/at spoken/vbn word/nn ?/. ?/. Salesmanship/nn is/bez still/rb necessary/jj ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez a/at different/jj brand/nn of/in salesmanship/nn ./. Have/hv you/ppss carefully/rb examined/vbn the/at selling/vbg techniques/nns which/wdt best/rbt suit/vb your/pp$ products/nns ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss studied/vbn the/at caliber/nn and/cc sales/nns approaches/nns of/in your/pp$ sales/nns force/nn in/in relation/nn to/in requirements/nns for/in effective/jj marketing/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss experimenting/vbg with/in different/jj selling/vbg slants/nns in/in developing/vbg new/jj customers/nns ?/. ?/. Higher/jjr-hl costs/nns-hl of/in-hl distribution/nn-hl generally/rb-hl ./.-hl Some/dti distribution/nn costs/nns are/ber kept/vbn up/rp by/in competitive/jj pressure/nn ,/, some/dti by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at customers/nns have/hv come/vbn to/to expect/vb certain/jj niceties/nns and/cc flourishes/nns ./. No/at manufacturer/nn has/hvz taken/vbn the/at initiative/nn in/in pointing/vbg out/rp the/at costs/nns involved/vbn ./. The/at use/nn of/in bulk/nn handling/nn is/bez continuously/rb growing/vbg ./. Computers/nns are/ber being/beg used/vbn to/to keep/vb branch/nn inventories/nns at/in more/ql workable/jj levels/nns ./. ``/`` Selective/jj selling/nn ''/'' --/-- concentrating/vbg sales/nns on/in the/at larger/jjr accounts/nns --/-- has/hvz been/ben used/vbn effectively/rb by/in some/dti manufacturers/nns ./. There/ex may/md be/be possible/jj economies/nns at/in any/dti one/cd of/in a/at number/nn of/in links/nns in/in your/pp$ marketing/vbg and/cc distribution/nn chain/nn ./. Do/do you/ppo have/hv a/at program/nn for/in scrutinizing/vbg all/abn these/dts links/nns regularly/rb and/cc carefully/rb --/-- and/cc with/in some/dti imagination/nn ?/. ?/. In/in your/pp$ sales/nns force/vb ,/, will/md a/at smaller/jjr number/nn of/in higher-priced/jjr ,/, high-quality/nn salesmen/nns serve/vb you/ppo best/rbt ,/, or/cc can/md you/ppss make/vb out/rp better/rbr with/in a/at larger/jjr number/nn of/in lower-paid/jjr salesmen/nns ?/. ?/. Will/md your/pp$ trade/nn customers/nns settle/vb for/in less/ap attention/nn and/cc fewer/ap frills/nns in/in return/nn for/in some/dti benefit/nn they/ppss can/md share/vb ?/. ?/. In/in one/cd company/nn covering/vbg the/at country/nn with/in a/at high-quality/nn sales/nns force/nn of/in 10/cd men/nns ,/, the/at president/nn personally/rb phones/vbz each/dt major/jj account/nn every/at 6/cd mos./nns ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, distribution/nn costs/nns were/bed cut/vbn ,/, customer/nn relations/nns improved/vbn ./. Distribution/nn costs/nns are/ber almost/rb bound/vbn to/to increase/vb in/in the/at sixties/nns --/-- and/cc you/ppss will/md never/rb know/vb what/wdt you/ppss can/md do/do to/to control/vb them/ppo unless/cs you/ppss study/vb each/dt element/nn and/cc experiment/vb with/in alternative/jj ways/nns of/in doing/vbg the/at job/nn ./. Higher/jjr-hl costs/nns-hl of/in-hl advertising/vbg-hl and/cc-hl promotion/nn-hl ./.-hl From/in the/at manufacturer's/nn$ point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, the/at increasing/vbg cost/nn of/in advertising/vbg and/cc promotion/nn is/bez a/at very/ql real/jj problem/nn to/to be/be faced/vbn in/in the/at sixties/nns ./. It/pps is/bez accentuated/vbn by/in the/at need/md for/in pre-selling/nn goods/nns ,/, and/cc private/jj label/nn competition/nn ./. How/wql much/ap fundamental/jj thinking/nn and/cc research/nn has/hvz your/pp$ company/nn done/vbn on/in its/pp$ advertising/vbg program/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss following/vbg competition/nn willy-nilly/rb --/-- trying/vbg to/to match/vb dollar/nn for/in dollar/nn --/-- or/cc are/ber you/ppss experimenting/vbg with/in new/jj means/nns for/in reaching/vbg and/cc influencing/vbg consumers/nns ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss evaluated/vbn the/at proper/jj place/nn of/in advertising/vbg and/cc all/abn phases/nns of/in promotion/nn in/in your/pp$ total/nn marketing/vbg program/nn --/-- from/in the/at standpoint/nn of/in effort/nn ,/, money/nn ,/, and/cc effectiveness/nn ?/. ?/. Increasing/vbg-hl tempo/nn-hl of/in-hl new/jj-hl product/nn-hl development/nn-hl ./.-hl Practically/ql all/abn forecasts/nns mention/vb new/jj and/cc exciting/jj products/nns on/in the/at horizon/nn ./. Will/md you/ppss be/be out/rp in/in the/at market/nn place/nn with/in some/dti of/in these/dts sales-building/jj new/jj products/nns ?/. ?/. If/cs competition/nn beats/vbz you/ppo to/in it/ppo ,/, this/dt exciting/jj new/jj product/nn era/nn can/md have/hv real/jj headaches/nns in/in store/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in obsoleting/vbg an/at old/jj product/nn and/cc introducing/vbg the/at new/jj one/cd is/bez usually/rb mighty/ql expensive/jj ./. As/cs markets/nns become/vb larger/jjr and/cc marketing/vbg more/ql complex/jj ,/, the/at costs/nns of/in an/at error/nn become/vb progressively/rb larger/jjr ./. Is/bez your/pp$ R/np &/cc-tl D/np or/cc product/nn development/nn program/nn tuned/vbn in/rp to/in the/at commercial/jj realities/nns of/in the/at market/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber there/ex regular/jj communications/nns from/in the/at field/nn ,/, or/cc meetings/nns of/in sales/nns and/cc marketing/vbg personnel/nns with/in R/np &/cc-tl D/np people/nns ?/. ?/. Technical/jj knowledge/nn is/bez a/at wonderful/jj thing/nn ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez useless/jj unless/cs it/pps eventually/rb feeds/vbz the/at cash/nn register/nn ./. Are/ber there/ex individuals/nns in/in your/pp$ organization/nn who/wps can/md shepherd/vb a/at new/jj product/nn through/rp to/in commercialization/nn ;/. ;/. who/wps can/md develop/vb reliable/jj estimates/nns of/in sales/nns volume/nn ,/, production/nn ,/, and/cc distribution/nn costs/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc translate/vb the/at whole/jj into/in profit/nn and/cc loss/nn and/cc balance/vb sheet/nn figures/nns which/wdt management/nn can/md act/vb on/in with/in some/dti assurance/nn ?/. ?/. We/ppss have/hv seen/vbn good/jj new/jj products/nns shelved/vbn because/cs no/at one/pn had/hvd the/at assignment/nn to/to develop/vb such/jj facts/nns and/cc plans/nns --/-- and/cc management/nn couldn't/md* make/vb up/rp its/pp$ mind/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Problems/nns-hl in/in-hl marketing/vbg-hl management/nn-hl shortage/nn-hl of/in-hl skilled/jj-hl salesmen/nns-hl ./.-hl There/ex is/bez a/at shortage/nn of/in salesmen/nns today/nr ./. In/in the/at future/nn ,/, quantitative/jj demand/nn will/md be/be greater/jjr because/rb of/in the/at expansion/nn of/in the/at economy/nn ,/, and/cc the/at qualitative/jj need/nn will/md be/be greater/jjr still/qlp ./. While/cs many/ap companies/nns have/hv done/vbn fine/jj work/nn in/in developing/vbg sales/nns personnel/nns ,/, much/ap of/in it/ppo has/hvz been/ben product/nn rather/in than/in sales/nns training/nn ./. Nor/cc has/hvz the/at training/nn been/ben enough/ap in/in relation/nn to/in the/at need/nn ./. Most/ap marketing/vbg people/nns agree/vb it/pps is/bez going/vbg to/to take/vb redoubled/vbn efforts/nns to/to satisfy/vb future/jj requirements/nns ./. Have/hv you/ppss estimated/vbn your/pp$ sales/nns manpower/nn needs/nns for/in the/at future/nn (/( both/abx quantitatively/rb and/cc qualitatively/rb )/) ?/. ?/. Has/hvz your/pp$ company/nn developed/vbn selection/nn and/cc training/vbg processes/nns that/wps are/ber geared/vbn to/in providing/vbg the/at caliber/nn of/in salesmen/nns you/ppss will/md need/vb in/in the/at next/ap 10/cd yrs./nns ?/. ?/. Shortage/nn-hl of/in-hl sales/nns-hl management/nn-hl talent/nn-hl ./.-hl With/in the/at growing/vbg complexity/nn of/in markets/nns and/cc intensity/nn of/in competition/nn ,/, sales/nns management/nn ,/, whether/cs at/in the/at district/nn ,/, region/nn or/cc headquarters/nn level/nn ,/, is/bez a/at tough/jj job/nn today/nr --/-- and/cc it/pps will/md be/be tougher/jjr in/in the/at future/nn ./. Men/nns qualified/vbn for/in the/at broader/jjr task/nn of/in marketing/vbg manager/nn are/ber even/ql more/ql scarce/jj due/rb to/in the/at demanding/vbg combination/nn of/in qualifications/nns called/vbn for/in by/in this/dt type/nn of/in management/nn work/nn ./. The/at growth/nn of/in business/nn has/hvz outdistanced/vbn the/at available/jj supply/nn ,/, and/cc the/at demand/nn will/md continue/vb to/to exceed/vb the/at supply/nn in/in the/at sixties/nns ./. Does/doz your/pp$ company/nn have/hv a/at program/nn for/in selecting/vbg and/cc developing/vbg sales/nns and/cc marketing/vbg management/nn personnel/nns for/in the/at longer/jjr term/nn ?/. ?/. Does/doz your/pp$ management/nn climate/nn and/cc your/pp$ management/nn compensation/nn plan/nn attract/vb and/cc keep/vb top-notch/nn marketing/vbg people/nns ?/. ?/. Complexity/nn-hl of/in-hl complete/jj-hl marketing/vbg-hl planning/vbg-hl ./.-hl Every/at single/ap problem/nn touched/vbn on/rp thus/ql far/rb is/bez related/vbn to/in good/jj marketing/vbg planning/nn ./. ``/`` Hip-pocket/nn ''/'' tactics/nns are/ber going/vbg to/to be/be harder/jjr to/to apply/vb ./. Many/ap food/nn and/cc beverage/nn companies/nns are/ber already/rb on/in a/at highly/ql planned/vbn basis/nn ./. They/ppss have/hv to/to be/be ./. With/in greater/jjr investments/nns in/in plant/nn facilities/nns ,/, with/in automation/nn growing/vbg ,/, you/ppss can't/md* switch/vb around/rb ,/, either/cc in/in volume/nn or/cc in/in product/nn design/nn ,/, as/ql much/rb as/cs was/bedz formerly/rb possible/jj --/-- or/cc at/in least/ap not/* as/ql economically/rb ./. Are/ber planning/vbg and/cc strategy/nn development/nn emphasized/vbn sufficiently/rb in/in your/pp$ company/nn ?/. ?/. We/ppss find/vb too/ql many/ap sales/nns and/cc marketing/vbg executives/nns so/ql burdened/vbn with/in detail/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber short-changing/vbg planning/vbg ./. Are/ber annual/jj marketing/vbg plans/nns reviewed/vbn throughout/in your/pp$ management/nn group/nn to/to get/vb the/at perspective/nn of/in all/abn individuals/nns and/cc get/vb everyone/pn on/in the/at marketing/vbg team/nn ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppo have/hv a/at long-term/nn (/( 5-/cd or/cc 10-yr./jj )/) marketing/vbg program/nn ?/. ?/. The/at key/nn to/in effective/jj marketing/nn is/bez wrapped/vbn up/rp in/in defining/vbg your/pp$ company's/nn$ marketing/vbg problems/nns realistically/rb ./. Solutions/nns frequently/rb suggest/vb themselves/ppls when/wrb you/ppss accurately/rb pinpoint/vb your/pp$ problems/nns ,/, whether/cs they/ppss be/be in/in the/at market/nn ,/, in/in marketing/vbg methods/nns or/cc in/in marketing/vbg management/nn ./. If/cs companies/nns will/md take/vb the/at time/nn to/to give/vb objective/jj consideration/nn to/in their/pp$ major/jj problems/nns and/cc to/in the/at questions/nns they/ppss provoke/vb ,/, then/rb a/at long/jj constructive/jj step/nn will/md have/hv been/ben taken/vbn toward/in more/ql effective/jj marketing/nn in/in next/ap decade/nn ./.

ce29

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The/at controversy/nn of/in the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns over/in whether/cs architects/nns or/cc interior/jj designers/nns should/md plan/vb the/at interiors/nns of/in modern/jj buildings/nns has/hvz brought/vbn clearly/rb into/in focus/nn one/cd important/jj difference/nn of/in opinion/nn ./. The/at architects/nns do/do not/* believe/vb that/cs the/at education/nn of/in the/at interior/jj designer/nn is/bez sufficiently/ql good/jj or/cc sufficiently/ql extended/vbn to/to compare/vb with/in that/dt of/in the/at architect/nn and/cc that/cs ,/, therefore/rb ,/, the/at interior/jj designer/nn is/bez incapable/jj of/in understanding/vbg the/at architectural/jj principles/nns involved/vbn in/in planning/vbg the/at interior/nn of/in a/at building/nn ./. Ordinary/jj politeness/nn may/md have/hv militated/vbn against/in this/dt opinion/nn being/beg stated/vbn so/ql badly/rb but/cc anyone/pn with/in a/at wide/jj acquaintance/nn in/in both/abx groups/nns and/cc who/wps has/hvz sat/vbn through/in the/at many/ap round/jj tables/nns ,/, workshops/nns or/cc panel/nn discussions/nns --/-- whatever/wdt they/ppss are/ber called/vbn --/-- on/in this/dt subject/nn will/md recognize/vb that/cs the/at final/jj ,/, boiled/vbn down/rp crux/nn of/in the/at matter/nn is/bez education/nn ./. It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs most/ap architectural/jj schools/nns have/hv five/cd year/nn courses/nns ,/, some/dti even/rb have/hv six/cd or/cc more/ap ./. The/at element/nn of/in public/jj danger/nn which/wdt enters/vbz so/ql largely/rb into/in architectural/jj certification/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, would/md demand/vb a/at prolonged/vbn study/nn of/in structure/nn ./. This/dt would/md ,/, naturally/rb ,/, lengthen/vb their/pp$ courses/nns far/ql beyond/in the/at largely/ql esthetic/jj demands/nns of/in interior/jj designer's/nn$ training/nn ./. We/ppss may/md then/rb dismiss/vb the/at time/nn difference/nn between/in these/dts courses/nns and/cc the/at usual/jj four/cd year/nn course/nn of/in the/at interior/jj design/nn student/nn as/cs not/* having/hvg serious/jj bearing/nn on/in the/at subject/nn ./. The/at real/jj question/nn that/wps follows/vbz is/bez --/-- how/wrb are/ber those/dts four/cd years/nns used/vbn and/cc what/wdt is/bez their/pp$ value/nn as/cs training/nn ?/. ?/. The/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl has/hvz published/vbn a/at recommended/vbn course/nn for/in designers/nns and/cc a/at percentage/nn layout/nn of/in such/abl a/at course/nn ./. An/at examination/nn of/in some/dti forty/cd catalogs/nns of/in schools/nns offering/vbg courses/nns in/in interior/jj design/nn ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn schools/nns accredited/vbn by/in membership/nn in/in the/at National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Schools/nns-tl of/in-tl Art/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at further/jjr ``/`` on/in the/at spot/nn ''/'' inspection/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in schools/nns ,/, show/vb their/pp$ courses/nns adhere/vb pretty/ql closely/rb to/in the/at recommendations/nns ./. One/cd or/cc two/cd of/in the/at schools/nns have/hv a/at five/cd year/nn curriculum/nn ,/, but/cc the/at usual/jj pattern/nn of/in American/jj education/nn has/hvz limited/vbn most/ap of/in them/ppo to/in the/at four-year/jj plan/nn which/wdt seems/vbz to/to be/be the/at minimum/nn in/in acceptable/jj institutions/nns ./. The/at suggested/vbn course/nn of/in the/at A.I.D./np was/bedz based/vbn on/in the/at usual/jj course/nn offered/vbn and/cc on/in the/at opinion/nn of/in many/ap educators/nns as/in to/in curricular/jj necessities/nns ./. Obviously/rb ,/, the/at four/cd year/nn provision/nn limits/vbz this/dt to/in fundamentals/nns and/cc much/ap desirable/jj material/nn must/md be/be eliminated/vbn ./. Without/in comparing/vbg the/at relative/jj merits/nns of/in the/at two/cd courses/nns --/-- architecture/nn versus/in interior/jj design/nn --/-- let/vb us/ppo examine/vb the/at educational/jj needs/nns of/in the/at interior/jj designer/nn ./. To/to begin/vb with/in ,/, what/wdt is/bez an/at interior/jj designer/nn ?/. ?/. ``/`` The/at Dictionary/nn-tl Of/in-tl Occupational/jj-tl Titles/nns-tl ''/'' published/vbn by/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl describes/vbz him/ppo as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` Designs/vbz ,/, plans/vbz and/cc furnishes/vbz interiors/nns of/in houses/nns ,/, commercial/jj and/cc institutional/jj structures/nns ,/, hotels/nns ,/, clubs/nns ,/, ships/nns ,/, theaters/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs set/nn decorations/nns for/in motion/nn picture/nn arts/nns and/cc television/nn ./. Makes/vbz drawings/nns and/cc plans/nns of/in rooms/nns showing/vbg placement/nn of/in furniture/nn ,/, floor/nn coverings/nns ,/, wall/nn decorations/nns ,/, and/cc determines/vbz color/nn schemes/nns ./. Furnishes/vbz complete/jj cost/nn estimates/nns for/in clients/nns approval/nn ./. Makes/nns necessary/jj purchases/nns ,/, places/vbz contracts/nns ,/, supervises/vbz construction/nn ,/, installation/nn ,/, finishing/vbg and/cc placement/nn of/in furniture/nn ,/, fixtures/nns and/cc other/ap correlated/vbn furnishings/nns ,/, and/cc follows/vbz through/rp to/in completion/nn of/in project/nn ''/'' ./. In/in addition/nn to/in this/dt the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Civil/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb examining/vbg applicants/nns for/in government/nn positions/nns as/cs interior/jj designers/nns ,/, expects/vbz that/cs ``/`` when/wrb various/jj needed/vbn objects/nns are/ber not/* obtainable/jj on/in the/at market/nn he/pps will/md design/vb them/ppo ./. He/pps must/md be/be capable/jj of/in designing/vbg for/in and/cc supervising/vbg the/at manufacture/nn of/in any/dti craft/nn materials/nns needed/vbn in/in the/at furnishings/nns ''/'' ./. This/dt seems/vbz like/cs a/at large/jj order/nn ./. The/at interior/jj designer/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, must/md first/rb be/be an/at artist/nn but/cc also/rb understand/vb carpentry/nn and/cc painting/vbg and/cc lighting/vbg and/cc plumbing/nn and/cc finance/nn ./. Yet/cc nobody/pn will/md question/vb the/at necessity/nn of/in all/abn this/dt and/cc any/dti reputable/jj interior/jj designer/nn does/doz know/vb all/abn this/dt and/cc does/doz practice/vb it/ppo ./. And/cc further/rbr he/pps must/md understand/vb his/pp$ obligation/nn to/in the/at client/nn to/to not/* only/rb meet/vb his/pp$ physical/jj necessities/nns but/cc also/rb to/to enhance/vb and/cc improve/vb his/pp$ life/nn and/cc to/to enlarge/vb the/at cultural/jj horizon/nn of/in our/pp$ society/nn ./. Few/ap will/md quarrel/vb with/in the/at aim/nn of/in the/at schools/nns or/cc with/in the/at wording/nn of/in their/pp$ curriculum/nn ./. It/pps is/bez in/in the/at quality/nn of/in the/at teaching/nn of/in all/abn this/dt that/cs a/at question/nn may/md arise/vb ./. The/at old/jj established/vbn independent/jj art/nn schools/nns try/vb their/pp$ best/jjt to/to fulfill/vb their/pp$ obligations/nns ./. Yet/cc even/ql here/rb many/abn a/at problem/nn is/bez presented/vbn ;/. ;/. as/cs in/in a/at recent/jj design/nn competition/nn with/in a/at floor/nn plan/nn and/cc the/at simple/jj command/nn --/-- ``/`` design/vb a/at luxury/nn apartment/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. no/at description/nn of/in the/at client/nn or/cc his/pp$ cultural/jj level/nn ,/, no/at assertion/nn of/in geographical/jj area/nn or/cc local/jj social/jj necessities/nns --/-- simply/rb ``/`` a/at luxury/nn apartment/nn ''/'' ./. Working/vbg in/in a/at vacuum/nn of/in minimal/jj information/nn can/md result/vb only/rb in/in show/nn pieces/nns that/wps look/vb good/jj in/in exhibitions/nns and/cc catalogs/nns and/cc may/md please/vb the/at public/jj relations/nns department/nn but/cc have/hv little/ap to/to do/do with/in the/at essence/nn of/in interior/jj design/nn ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to work/vb on/in extant/jj or/cc projected/vbn buildings/nns where/wrb either/cc architect/nn or/cc owner/nn will/md explain/vb their/pp$ necessities/nns so/cs that/cs the/at student/nn may/md get/vb ``/`` the/at feel/nn ''/'' of/in real/jj interior/jj design/nn demands/nns ./. Unfortunately/rb ,/, the/at purely/ql synthetic/jj problem/nn is/bez the/at rule/nn ./. It/pps is/bez like/cs medical/jj schools/nns in/in India/np where/wrb ,/, in/in that/dt fairy-land/nn of/in religious/jj inhibition/nn ,/, the/at dissection/nn of/in dead/jj bodies/nns is/bez frowned/vbn upon/rb ./. Instead/rb they/ppss learn/vb their/pp$ dissection/nn on/in the/at bulbs/nns of/in plants/nns ./. Thus/rb technical/jj efficiency/nn is/bez achieved/vbn at/in the/at expense/nn of/in actual/jj experience/nn ./. In/in the/at earlier/jjr years/nns of/in training/vbg certain/jj phases/nns of/in the/at work/nn must/md be/be covered/vbn and/cc the/at synthetic/jj problem/nn has/hvz its/pp$ use/nn ./. But/cc to/to continue/vb to/to divorce/vb advanced/vbn students/nns from/in reality/nn is/bez inexcusable/jj ./. Consultation/nn with/in architects/nns ,/, clients/nns ,/, real/jj estate/nn men/nns ,/, fabric/nn houses/nns and/cc furniture/nn companies/nns is/bez essential/jj to/in the/at proper/jj development/nn of/in class/nn problems/nns just/rb as/cs in/in actual/jj work/nn ./. Fortunately/rb ,/, although/cs only/rb a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb they/ppss held/vbd the/at student/nn at/in arms/nns length/nn ,/, today/nr the/at business/nn houses/nns welcome/vb the/at opportunity/nn to/to aid/vb the/at student/nn ,/, not/* only/rb from/in an/at increased/vbn sense/nn of/in community/nn responsibility/nn but/cc also/rb from/in the/at realization/nn that/cs the/at student/nn of/in today/nr is/bez the/at interior/jj designer/nn of/in tomorrow/nr --/-- that/cs the/at student/nn already/rb is/bez ``/`` in/in the/at trade/nn ''/'' ./. Even/rb the/at ``/`` history/nn of/in furniture/nn ''/'' can/md hardly/rb be/be taught/vbn exclusively/rb from/in photographs/nns and/cc lantern/nn slides/nns ./. Here/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at reality/nn of/in actual/jj furniture/nn must/md be/be experienced/vbn ./. The/at professional/jj organizations/nns such/jj as/cs American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl ,/, National/jj-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl ,/, Home/nn-tl Fashions/nns-tl League/nn-tl and/cc various/jj trade/nn associations/nns ,/, can/md and/cc do/do aid/vb greatly/rb in/in this/dt work/nn ./. Certainly/rb every/at educator/nn involved/vbn in/in interior/jj design/nn should/md be/be a/at member/nn and/cc active/jj in/in the/at work/nn of/in one/cd of/in these/dts organizations/nns ./. Not/* only/rb should/md every/at educator/nn above/in the/at rank/nn of/in instructor/nn be/be expected/vbn to/to be/be a/at member/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at professional/jj organizations/nns ,/, but/cc his/pp$ first/od qualification/nn for/in membership/nn as/cs an/at educator/nn should/md be/be so/ql sharply/rb scrutinized/vbn that/dt membership/nn would/md be/be equivalent/jj to/in certification/nn to/to teach/vb the/at subject/nn ./. Participation/nn for/in the/at educator/nn in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, would/md have/hv to/to be/be raised/vbn to/in full/jj and/cc complete/jj membership/nn ./. The/at largest/jjt of/in these/dts organizations/nns at/in present/nn denies/vbz to/in the/at full/jj time/nn educator/nn any/dti vote/nn on/in the/at conduct/nn and/cc standards/nns of/in the/at group/nn and/cc ,/, indeed/rb ,/, refuses/vbz him/ppo even/rb the/at right/nn to/to attach/vb the/at customary/jj initials/nns after/in his/pp$ name/nn in/in the/at college/nn catalog/nn ./. This/dt anomalous/jj status/nn of/in the/at educator/nn cannot/md* fail/vb to/to lower/vb his/pp$ standing/nn in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in the/at students/nns ./. The/at professor/nn in/in turn/nn dares/vbz not/* tolerate/vb the/at influence/nn in/in his/pp$ classes/nns of/in an/at organization/nn in/in the/at policies/nns and/cc standards/nns of/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz no/at voice/nn ./. This/dt seems/vbz somewhat/ql shortsighted/jj since/cs if/cs the/at absolute/jj educational/jj qualifications/nns for/in membership/nn which/wdt the/at organizations/nns profess/vb are/ber ever/rb enforced/vbn ,/, the/at educator/nn will/md have/hv the/at molding/nn of/in the/at entire/jj profession/nn in/in his/pp$ hands/nns ./. In/in one/cd way/nn the/at Institutes/nns-tl and/cc Societies/nns-tl do/do a/at disservice/nn to/in the/at schools/nns ./. That/dt is/bez in/in the/at continuance/nn of/in the/at ``/`` grandfather/nn clauses/nns ''/'' in/in their/pp$ membership/nn requirements/nns ./. When/wrb these/dts groups/nns were/bed first/rb formed/vbn many/ap prominent/jj and/cc accomplished/vbn decorators/nns could/md not/* have/hv had/hvn the/at advantage/nn of/in school/nn training/nn since/cs interior/jj design/nn courses/nns were/bed rare/jj and/cc undeveloped/jj during/in their/pp$ youth/nn ./. Long/jj hard/jj years/nns of/in ``/`` on/in the/at job/nn ''/'' training/nn had/hvd brought/vbn them/ppo to/in their/pp$ competence/nn ./. The/at necessity/nn of/in that/dt day/nn has/hvz long/rb disappeared/vbn ./. There/ex is/bez plenty/nn of/in opportunity/nn for/in proper/jj education/nn today/nr ./. It/pps is/bez discouraging/jj for/in students/nns to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at societies/nns do/do not/* truly/rb uphold/vb the/at standards/nns for/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber supposed/vbn to/to stand/vb ./. The/at reason/nn and/cc the/at day/nn of/in ``/`` grandfather/nn clauses/nns ''/'' has/hvz long/ql since/rb passed/vbn ./. No/at one/pn can/md deny/vb that/cs these/dts ``/`` back/jj door/nn ''/'' admissions/nns to/in membership/nn provisions/nns have/hv been/ben seriously/rb abused/vbn nor/cc that/cs they/ppss have/hv not/* resulted/vbn in/in the/at admission/nn of/in downright/jj incompetents/nns to/in membership/nn in/in supposedly/rb learned/vbn societies/nns ./. Beyond/in any/dti question/nn of/in curriculum/nn and/cc approach/nn to/in subject/nn must/md be/be the/at quality/nn of/in the/at teachers/nns themselves/ppls ./. It/pps will/md occur/vb to/in anyone/pn that/cs the/at teacher/nn must/md have/hv adequate/jj education/nn ,/, a/at depth/nn and/cc breadth/nn of/in knowledge/nn far/ql beyond/in the/at immediate/jj necessities/nns of/in his/pp$ course/nn plus/cc complete/jj dedication/nn to/in his/pp$ subject/nn and/cc to/in his/pp$ students/nns ./. The/at local/jj decorator/nn who/wps rushes/vbz in/rp for/in a/at few/ap hours/nns of/in teaching/vbg may/md but/cc more/ql likely/rb may/md not/* have/hv these/dts qualifications/nns ./. Nor/cc will/md the/at hack/nn ,/, the/at Jack-of-all-trades/nn-tl ,/, still/rb found/vbn in/in some/dti of/in the/at smaller/jjr art/nn schools/nns ,/, suffice/vb ./. Only/rb a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb a/at middle/jj western/jj college/nn circulated/vbd a/at request/nn for/in a/at teacher/nn of/in interior/jj design/nn ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in its/pp$ letter/nn was/bedz the/at information/nn that/cs applicants/nns for/in this/dt position/nn ``/`` must/md also/rb be/be prepared/vbn to/to teach/vb costume/nn design/nn and/cc advertising/vbg art/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt kind/nn of/in irresponsibility/nn toward/in their/pp$ students/nns can/md scarcely/rb build/vb a/at strong/jj professional/jj attitude/nn in/in the/at future/jj designer/nn ./. We/ppss must/md build/vb a/at corps/nn of/in highly/ql professional/jj teachers/nns of/in interior/jj design/nn who/wps have/hv had/hvn education/nn ,/, experience/nn in/in the/at profession/nn and/cc are/ber willing/jj to/to take/vb on/rp the/at usual/jj accompaniments/nns of/in teaching/vbg --/-- minimal/jj income/nn and/cc minimal/jj status/nn among/in their/pp$ confreres/nns ./. Considerable/jj specialization/nn in/in teaching/vbg subjects/nns such/jj as/cs architecture/nn ,/, furniture/nn design/nn ,/, textiles/nns and/cc color/nn is/bez also/rb desirable/jj ./. In/in all/abn ``/`` degree/nn ''/'' courses/nns in/in interior/jj design/nn a/at number/nn of/in ``/`` academic/jj ''/'' or/cc ``/`` general/jj studies/nns ''/'' courses/nns are/ber included/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez only/rb fair/jj to/to demand/vb that/cs teachers/nns of/in courses/nns in/in English/np ,/, history/nn ,/, psychology/nn and/cc so/rb on/rp be/be as/ql well/ql informed/vbn in/in matters/nns of/in art/nn ,/, especially/rb interior/jj design/nn ,/, as/cs are/ber the/at art/nn teachers/nns educated/vbn in/in the/at academic/jj subjects/nns ./. The/at proper/jj correlation/nn of/in the/at art/nn with/in the/at academic/nn can/md be/be achieved/vbn only/rb if/cs this/dt standard/nn is/bez observed/vbn ./. The/at matter/nn of/in sympathy/nn of/in the/at academic/jj professors/nns for/in art/nn objectives/nns also/rb must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn ./. One/cd technical/jj question/nn of/in school/nn organization/nn comes/vbz to/in mind/nn here/rb ./. For/in proper/jj accreditation/nn of/in schools/nns ,/, teachers/nns in/in any/dti course/nn must/md have/hv a/at degree/nn at/in least/ap one/cd level/nn above/in that/dt for/in which/wdt the/at student/nn is/bez a/at candidate/nn ./. Since/cs there/ex are/ber almost/rb no/at schools/nns in/in the/at country/nn offering/vbg graduate/nn work/nn in/in interior/jj design/nn this/dt rule/nn cannot/md* at/in present/nn be/be observed/vbn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, it/pps has/hvz only/rb been/ben a/at matter/nn of/in the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns that/cs reputable/jj schools/nns of/in art/nn have/hv granted/vbn degrees/nns at/in all/abn ./. The/at question/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, cannot/md* be/be ignored/vbn for/in long/rb ./. The/at basic/jj problem/nn involved/vbn is/bez that/cs a/at college/nn setting/vbg up/rp a/at graduate/nn school/nn must/md have/hv an/at entirely/ql separate/jj faculty/nn for/in the/at advanced/vbn degree/nn ./. Most/ap professors/nns in/in the/at course/nn must/md ,/, naturally/rb ,/, again/rb have/hv a/at higher/jjr degree/nn than/cs the/at course/nn offers/vbz ./. One/cd solution/nn is/bez the/at aquisition/nn of/in degrees/nns in/in education/nn but/cc it/pps is/bez a/at poor/jj substitute/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at sort/nn of/in academic/jj ring-around-a-rosy/nn and/cc you/ppss solve/vb it/ppo ./. This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at question/nn of/in accreditation/nn of/in art/nn schools/nns in/in general/jj ./. Only/rb the/at independent/jj art/nn schools/nns ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, those/dts not/* connected/vbn with/in any/dti university/nn or/cc college/nn ,/, receive/vb severe/jj and/cc separate/jj investigation/nn before/in accreditation/nn by/in the/at various/jj regional/jj organizations/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben the/at custom/nn for/in most/ap universities/nns to/to stretch/vb the/at blanket/nn of/in accreditation/nn for/in their/pp$ liberal/jj arts/nns school/vb to/to cover/vb the/at shivering/vbg body/nn of/in their/pp$ fine/jj arts/nns department/nn ./. This/dt ,/, plus/cc the/at habit/nn of/in many/ap schools/nns of/in simply/rb adding/vbg interior/jj design/nn to/in the/at many/ap subjects/nns of/in their/pp$ home/nr economics/nn department/nn ,/, yet/rb ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, claiming/vbg that/cs they/ppss teach/vb interior/jj design/nn ,/, has/hvz contributed/vbn to/in the/at low/jj repute/nn of/in many/ap university/nn courses/nns in/in interior/jj design/nn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in this/dt ,/, many/ap universities/nns offer/vb adequate/jj and/cc even/rb distinguished/vbn courses/nns in/in the/at subject/nn ./. There/ex will/md be/be no/at mitigation/nn of/in these/dts offences/nns until/cs all/abn art/nn schools/nns ,/, whether/cs independent/jj or/cc attached/vbn to/in universities/nns have/hv separate/jj accreditation/nn --/-- as/cs do/do medical/jj schools/nns --/-- by/in an/at art/nn accreditation/nn group/nn such/jj as/cs the/at ``/`` National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Schools/nns-tl of/in-tl Art/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Independent/jj art/nn schools/nns granting/vbg degrees/nns must/md ,/, naturally/rb ,/, follow/vb this/dt with/in academic/jj accreditation/nn by/in the/at appropriate/jj regional/jj group/nn ./.

ce30

ce30 |@word general:1 long:3 since:1 review:1 objective:2 benefit:21 service:4 program:13 permit:1 become:1 giveaway:1 rather:4 one:4 goal:3 improve:2 employee:31 morale:1 consequently:1 increase:2 productivity:2 effort:2 make:12 assess:1 result:2 measure:2 relation:2 reduce:6 absenteeism:1 turnover:1 accident:1 grievance:1 quality:2 output:1 set:4 specific:1 publication:2 reach:1 large:1 fancy:1 really:1 need:2 use:7 economical:2 printing:1 method:2 paper:1 etc:2 cheap:2 communication:2 technique:1 could:2 substitute:2 attitude:1 toward:1 encourage:3 excess:1 free:2 government:1 work:16 plant:20 purchase:2 agent:1 offer:2 much:3 buying:1 improvement:1 recommend:1 condition:1 light:1 rest:2 room:1 eat:2 facility:7 air:1 conditioning:1 try:3 effectiveness:1 negotiate:1 union:5 sure:6 choice:2 new:2 cent:3 per:3 hour:4 cost:14 wage:1 consider:9 restrict:3 additional:2 pay:10 profit:3 share:4 money:5 contract:1 recently:2 sign:1 american:1 motors:1 corporation:1 insurance:13 understand:1 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first:1 man:2 assignment:1 rigidly:1 distinguish:1 connect:1 problem:1 avoid:2 treat:1 latter:1 indiscriminantly:1 unnecessary:1 flu:1 shot:1 sun:1 lamp:1 treatment:1 annual:1 regular:1 physical:1 examination:1 worth:1 fit:1 afford:1 revamp:1 many:1 official:1 eager:1 buy:2 package:4 simply:1 another:1 even:1 employ:1 product:1 fact:2 force:1 margin:1 section:1 country:1 locate:1 rural:1 urban:1 factor:2 difference:1 waste:2 efficiency:1 extravagant:1 fringe:4 good:2 stress:1 individual:1 hourly:1 prefer:1 cash:1 every:2 aim:1 balance:1 go:3 overboard:2 type:1 say:1 liberal:1 find:3 vulnerable:1 elsewhere:1 ask:1 trouble:1 want:2 credit:1 let:2 exercise:1 story:1 house:1 organ:1 poster:1 special:2 letter:1 home:1 well:1 word:1 mouth:1 chain:1 command:1 little:1 imagination:1 helpful:1 hallmark:1 cards:1 inc:2 kansas:1 city:1 mo:1 quiz:1 game:1 call:1 baffler:1 distribute:1 r:1 dietetic:1 laboratories:1 columbus:1 give:2 facsimile:1 checkbook:1 show:1 amount:1 particular:1 rubber:1 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usually:4 think:2 important:1 anyhow:1 liable:1 change:2 several:1 settle:1 choose:1 contributory:3 two:2 side:1 coin:1 decision:1 collect:1 plus:1 interest:1 retire:1 add:1 incentive:1 stay:1 occur:1 include:1 absence:1 illness:1 layoff:1 adopt:1 system:1 eye:2 inconvenience:1 hard:1 thanksgiving:1 washington:1 birthday:1 startup:1 eligible:1 cut:2 absentee:1 subsidized:1 late:1 model:1 hot:1 meal:1 reasonable:2 price:2 concessionaire:2 run:1 soup:1 taste:1 dishwater:1 blame:1 rap:1 location:1 convenient:1 valuable:1 minute:1 spread:1 wide:1 span:1 shut:1 replacement:1 argument:1 date:1 standard:1 depend:1 previous:1 year:1

General/jj-hl How/wql long/rb has/hvz it/pps been/ben since/cs you/ppss reviewed/vbd the/at objectives/nns of/in your/pp$ benefit/nn and/cc service/nn program/nn ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss permitted/vbd it/ppo to/to become/vb a/at giveaway/nn program/nn rather/in than/in one/cd that/dt has/hvz the/at goal/nn of/in improved/vbn employee/nn morale/nn and/cc ,/, consequently/rb ,/, increased/vbn productivity/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt effort/nn do/do you/ppss make/vb to/to assess/vb results/nns of/in your/pp$ program/nn ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppss measure/vb its/pp$ relation/nn to/in reduced/vbn absenteeism/nn ,/, turnover/nn ,/, accidents/nns ,/, and/cc grievances/nns ,/, and/cc to/in improved/vbn quality/nn and/cc output/nn ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss set/vbn specific/jj objectives/nns for/in your/pp$ employee/nn publication/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez it/pps reaching/vbg these/dts goals/nns ?/. ?/. Is/bez it/pps larger/jjr or/cc fancier/jjr than/cs you/ppss really/rb need/vb ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss using/vbg the/at most/ql economical/jj printing/vbg methods/nns ,/, paper/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. Are/ber there/ex other/ap ,/, cheaper/jjr communications/nns techniques/nns that/wps could/md be/be substituted/vbn ?/. ?/. Has/hvz your/pp$ attitude/nn toward/in employee/nn benefits/nns encouraged/vbn an/at excess/nn of/in free/jj ``/`` government/nn ''/'' work/nn in/in your/pp$ plant/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez your/pp$ purchasing/vbg agent/nn offering/vbg too/ql much/ap free-buying/jj service/nn for/in employees/nns ?/. ?/. When/wrb improvements/nns are/ber recommended/vbn in/in working/vbg conditions/nns --/-- such/jj as/cs lighting/vbg ,/, rest/nn rooms/nns ,/, eating/vbg facilities/nns ,/, air-conditioning/nn --/-- do/do you/ppss try/vb to/to set/vb a/at measure/nn of/in their/pp$ effectiveness/nn on/in productivity/nn ?/. ?/. When/wrb negotiating/vbg with/in your/pp$ union/nn ,/, do/do you/ppss make/vb sure/jj employees/nns have/hv a/at choice/nn between/in new/jj benefits/nns and/cc their/pp$ cents-per-hour/jj cost/nn in/in wages/nns ./. Can/md you/ppss consider/vb restricting/vbg any/dti additional/jj employee/nn benefits/nns to/in those/dts paid/vbn for/in by/in profit-sharing/jj money/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs was/bedz done/vbn in/in the/at union/nn contract/nn recently/rb signed/vbn by/in American/jj-tl Motors/nns-tl Corporation/nn-tl ?/. ?/. Insurance/nn-hl Do/do your/pp$ employees/nns understand/vb all/abn the/at benefits/nns to/in which/wdt your/pp$ insurance/nn entitles/vbz them/ppo ?/. ?/. Are/ber they/ppss encouraged/vbd to/to take/vb full/rb legal/jj advantage/nn of/in these/dts benefits/nns ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss publicized/vbn the/at cents-per-hour/jj value/nn of/in the/at company's/nn$ share/nn of/in insurance/nn premiums/nns ?/. ?/. When/wrb did/dod you/ppss last/rb compare/vb your/pp$ present/jj premium/nn costs/nns with/in the/at costs/nns of/in insurance/nn from/in other/ap sources/nns ?/. ?/. Can/md your/pp$ insurance/nn company/nn aid/vb you/ppo in/in reducing/vbg administrative/jj costs/nns ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppss try/vb to/to maintain/vb the/at principle/nn of/in employee-contributed/jj (/( as/cs opposed/vbn to/in fully/rb company-paid/jj )/) programs/nns ?/. ?/. Holidays/nns-hl ,/,-hl time/nn-hl off/rp-hl ,/,-hl overtime/nn-hl Do/do you/ppss protect/vb your/pp$ holiday/nn privileges/nns with/in an/at attendance/nn requirement/nn both/abx before/in and/cc after/in the/at holiday/nn ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppss plan/vb to/to limit/vb additional/jj holidays/nns to/in area/nn and/or/cc industrial/jj patterns/nns ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss investigated/vbn the/at possibility/nn of/in moving/vbg midweek/nn holidays/nns forward/rb to/in Monday/nr or/cc back/rb to/in Friday/nr in/in order/nn to/to have/hv an/at uninterrupted/jj work/nn week/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss carefully/rb policing/vbg wash-up/nn time/nn and/cc rest/nn periods/nns to/to be/be certain/jj that/cs all/abn other/ap time/nn is/bez productive/jj ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss watching/vbg work/nn schedules/nns for/in boiler/nn operators/nns ,/, guards/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap 24-hour-day/nn ,/, 7-day-week/nn operations/nns in/in order/nn to/to minimize/vb overtime/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss careful/jj to/to restrict/vb the/at number/nn of/in people/nns on/in leave/nn at/in one/cd time/nn so/cs that/cs your/pp$ total/nn employment/nn obligation/nn is/bez minimized/vbn ?/. ?/. Plant/nn-hl feeding/vbg-hl facilities/nns-hl Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn using/vbg vending/vbg equipment/nn to/to replace/vb or/cc reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in cafeteria/nn employees/nns ?/. ?/. What/wdt are/ber the/at possibilities/nns for/in operating/vbg your/pp$ cafeteria/nn for/in a/at single/ap shift/nn only/rb and/cc relying/vbg upon/in vending/vbg machines/nns or/cc prepackaged/vbn sandwiches/nns for/in the/at second-/od and/cc third-shift/nn operations/nns ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss checked/vbn the/at cost/nn of/in subcontracting/vbg your/pp$ cafeteria/nn operation/nn in/in order/nn to/to save/vb administrative/jj costs/nns ?/. ?/. Are/ber there/ex possibilities/nns of/in having/hvg cafeteria/nn help/nn work/vb part-time/rb on/in custodial/jj or/cc other/ap jobs/nns ?/. ?/. Can/md staggered/vbn lunch/nn periods/nns relieve/vb the/at capacity/nn strain/nn on/in your/pp$ feeding/vbg facilities/nns ?/. ?/. Would/md it/ppo be/be feasible/jj to/to limit/vb the/at menu/nn in/in order/nn to/to reduce/vb feeding/vbg costs/nns ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn gradual/jj withdrawal/nn of/in subsidies/nns to/in your/pp$ in-plant/jj feeding/vbg operation/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss utilizing/vbg cafeteria/nn space/nn for/in company/nn meetings/nns or/cc discussions/nns ?/. ?/. Recreation/nn-hl facilities/nns-hl Are/ber your/pp$ expenses/nns in/in this/dt area/nn commensurate/jj with/in the/at number/nn of/in employees/nns who/wps benefit/vb from/in your/pp$ program/nn ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss audited/vbn your/pp$ program/nn recently/rb to/to weed/vb out/rp those/dts phases/nns that/wps draw/vb least/ap participation/nn ?/. ?/. Do/do employees/nns contribute/vb their/pp$ share/nn of/in money/nn to/in recreational/jj facilities/nns ?/. ?/. Have/hv you/ppss considered/vbn delegating/vbg operational/jj responsibility/nn to/in your/pp$ employee/nn association/nn and/cc carefully/rb restricting/vbg your/pp$ plant's/nn$ financial/jj contribution/nn ?/. ?/. Could/md an/at employee's/nn$ garden/nn club/nn take/vb over/rp partial/jj care/nn of/in plant/nn grounds/nns ?/. ?/. Would/md a/at camera/nn club/nn be/be useful/jj in/in taking/vbg pictures/nns pertinent/jj to/in plant/nn safety/nn ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss spending/vbg too/ql much/ap money/nn on/in team/nn uniforms/nns that/wps benefit/vb only/rb a/at few/ap employees/nns ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss underwriting/vbg expensive/jj team/nn trips/nns ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss utilizing/vbg vending/vbg machine/nn proceeds/nns to/to help/vb pay/vb for/in your/pp$ program/nn ?/. ?/. Transportation/nn-hl and/cc-hl parking/vbg-hl Do/do you/ppss know/vb the/at trend/nn in/in your/pp$ cost/nn of/in maintaining/vbg access/nn roads/nns and/cc parking/vbg lots/nns ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss use/vb parking/vbg attendants/nns ,/, can/md they/ppss be/be replaced/vbn by/in automatic/jj parking/vbg gates/nns ?/. ?/. Will/md your/pp$ local/jj bus/nn company/nn erect/vb and/or/cc maintain/vb the/at bus/nn stops/nns at/in your/pp$ plant/nn ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss provide/vb inter-plant/jj transportation/nn ,/, can/md this/dt be/be replaced/vbn by/in available/jj public/jj transportation/nn ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss use/vb company/nn transportation/nn to/to meet/vb trains/nns or/cc to/to haul/vb visitors/nns ,/, would/md taxis/nns be/be cheaper/jjr ?/. ?/. How/wql efficient/jj and/cc necessary/jj are/ber your/pp$ intra-company/jj vehicles/nns ?/. ?/. Can/md they/ppss be/be re-scheduled/vbn ?/. ?/. Can/md part-time/jj drivers/nns be/be assigned/vbn to/in other/ap productive/jj work/nn ?/. ?/. Paid/vbn-hl vacations/nns-hl Which/wdt is/bez more/ql economical/jj for/in your/pp$ plant/nn --/-- a/at vacation/nn shutdown/nn or/cc spaced/vbn vacations/nns that/wps require/vb extra/jj employees/nns for/in vacation/nn fill-ins/nns ?/. ?/. Can/md vacations/nns be/be spaced/vbn throughout/in the/at 12/cd months/nns to/to minimize/vb the/at number/nn of/in employee/nn fill-ins/nns ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppo insist/vb that/cs unneeded/jj salary/nn employees/nns take/vb their/pp$ vacations/nns during/in plant/nn shutdowns/nns ?/. ?/. What/wdt can/md your/pp$ sales/nns and/cc purchasing/vbg departments/nns do/do to/to curtail/vb orders/nns ,/, shipments/nns ,/, and/cc receipts/nns during/in vacation/nn shutdown/nn periods/nns ?/. ?/. Retirement/nn-hl Is/bez an/at arbitrary/jj retirement/nn age/nn of/in 65/cd actually/rb costing/vbg your/pp$ plant/nn money/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt sort/nn of/in effort/nn do/do you/ppss make/vb to/to assure/vb that/cs older/jjr or/cc disabled/vbn workers/nns are/ber fully/ql productive/jj ?/. ?/. Would/md early/jj retirement/nn of/in non-productive/jj ,/, disabled/vbn employees/nns reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in make-work/jj jobs/nns ?/. ?/. Will/md your/pp$ union/nn accept/vb seniority/nn concessions/nns in/in assigning/vbg work/nn for/in older/jjr or/cc disabled/vbn employees/nns ?/. ?/. Medical/jj-hl and/cc-hl health/nn-hl Can/md you/ppss share/vb medical/jj facilities/nns and/cc staff/nn with/in neighboring/vbg plants/nns ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at full-time/jj doctor/nn now/rb ,/, can/md he/pps be/be replaced/vbn with/in a/at part-time/jj doctor/nn or/cc one/cd who/wps serves/vbz on/in a/at fee-per-case/jj basis/nn only/rb ?/. ?/. Can/md your/pp$ plant/nn nurse/nn be/be replaced/vbn by/in a/at trained/vbn first-aid/nn man/nn who/wps works/vbz full-time/rb on/in some/dti other/ap assignment/nn ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppss rigidly/rb distinguish/vb between/in job-/nn and/cc non-job-connected/jj health/nn problems/nns and/cc avoid/vb treating/vbg the/at latter/ap ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss indiscriminantly/rb offering/vbg unnecessary/jj medical/jj services/nns --/-- flu/nn shots/nns ,/, sun/nn lamp/nn treatments/nns ,/, etc./rb ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss have/hv an/at annual/jj or/cc regular/jj physical/jj examination/nn program/nn ,/, is/bez it/pps worth/jj what/wdt it/pps is/bez costing/vbg you/ppo ?/. ?/. A/at-hl program/nn-hl to/to-hl fit/vb-hl your/pp$-hl needs/nns-hl Consider/vb what/wdt you/ppss can/md afford/vb to/to spend/vb and/cc what/wdt your/pp$ goals/nns are/ber before/cs setting/vbg up/rp or/cc revamping/vbg your/pp$ employee/nn benefit/nn program/nn ./. Too/ql many/ap plant/nn officials/nns are/ber all/ql too/ql eager/jj to/to buy/vb a/at package/nn program/nn from/in an/at insurance/nn company/nn simply/rb because/cs it/pps works/vbz for/in another/dt plant/nn ./. But/cc even/rb if/cs that/dt other/ap plant/nn employs/vbz the/at same/ap number/nn of/in workers/nns and/cc makes/vbz the/at same/ap product/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber other/ap facts/nns to/to consider/vb ./. How/wql old/jj is/bez your/pp$ working/vbg force/nn ?/. ?/. What's/wdt+bez your/pp$ profit/nn margin/nn ?/. ?/. In/in what/wdt section/nn of/in the/at country/nn are/ber you/ppss located/vbn ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss in/in a/at rural/jj or/cc urban/jj area/nn ?/. ?/. These/dts factors/nns can/md make/vb the/at difference/nn between/in waste/nn and/cc efficiency/nn in/in any/dti benefit/nn program/nn ./. Above/in all/abn ,/, don't/do* set/vb up/rp extravagant/jj fringe/nn benefits/nns just/rb to/to buy/vb employee/nn good/jj will/nn ./. Unions/nns stress/vb fringe/nn benefits/nns ,/, but/cc the/at individual/jj hourly/jj worker/nn prefers/vbz cash/nn every/at time/nn ./. Aim/vb to/to balance/vb your/pp$ employee/nn benefit/nn package/nn ./. Some/dti plants/nns go/vb overboard/rb on/in one/cd type/nn of/in fringe/nn --/-- say/vb a/at liberal/jj retirement/nn plan/nn --/-- and/cc find/vb themselves/ppls vulnerable/jj elsewhere/rb ./. They're/ppss+ber asking/vbg for/in union/nn trouble/nn ./. Communications/nns-hl If/cs you/ppss want/vb credit/nn for/in your/pp$ employee/nn services/nns program/nn ,/, let/vb your/pp$ workers/nns know/vb what/wdt they're/ppss+ber entitled/vbn to/in ./. Encourage/vb them/ppo to/to exercise/vb their/pp$ benefits/nns ./. This/dt can/md be/be done/vbn by/in stories/nns in/in your/pp$ house/nn organs/nns ,/, posters/nns ,/, special/jj publications/nns ,/, letters/nns to/in workers'/nns$ homes/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs by/in word/nn of/in mouth/nn through/in your/pp$ chain/nn of/in command/nn ./. Some/dti companies/nns find/vb a/at little/ap imagination/nn helpful/jj ./. Hallmark/nn-tl Cards/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Mo./np-tl ,/, has/hvz a/at do-it-yourself/jj quiz/nn game/nn called/vbn ``/`` Benefit/nn-tl Bafflers/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt it/pps distributes/vbz to/in employees/nns ./. M/nn &/cc R/nn Dietetic/jj-tl Laboratories/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Columbus/np ,/, gives/vbz all/abn its/pp$ workers/nns a/at facsimile/nn checkbook/nn --/-- each/dt check/nn showing/vbg the/at amount/nn the/at company/nn spends/vbz on/in a/at particular/jj fringe/nn ./. U./np-tl S./np-tl Rubber/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, passes/vbz out/rp a/at form/nn itemizing/vbg the/at value/nn of/in benefits/nns ./. The/at blue-collar/jj worker/nn thus/rb knows/vbz his/pp$ insurance/nn-hl package/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, costs/vbz $227.72/nns ./. Insurance/nn Have/hv the/at insurance/nn company/nn or/cc your/pp$ own/jj accounting/vbg department/nn break/vb down/rp the/at cost/nn of/in your/pp$ insurance/nn package/nn periodically/rb ./. You/ppss may/md find/vb certain/jj coverage/nn costing/vbg much/ql more/ap than/cs is/bez economically/rb feasible/jj ,/, thereby/rb alerting/vbg you/ppo to/in desirable/jj revisions/nns ./. Check/vb to/to see/vb if/cs some/dti of/in your/pp$ benefits/nns --/-- such/jj as/cs on-the-job/jj disability/nn pay/nn --/-- can/md be/be put/vbn on/in a/at direct/jj payment/nn rather/in than/in an/at insured/vbn basis/nn at/in a/at savings/nn to/in you/ppo ./. Use/vb deductable/jj insurance/nn wherever/wrb feasible/jj ./. It/pps can/md put/vb an/at end/nn to/in marginal/jj claims/nns which/wdt play/vb havoc/nn with/in your/pp$ insurance/nn rates/nns ./. Also/rb ,/, beware/vb of/in open-end/nn policies/nns ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at medical/jj field/nn ./. This/dt will/md mean/vb that/cs every/at time/nn there's/ex+bez an/at increase/nn in/in hospital/nn rates/nns your/pp$ cost/nn will/md go/vb up/rp in/in like/jj manner/nn ./. Put/vb a/at dollar-and-cents/jj limit/nn on/in benefits/nns ./. Don't/do* go/vb overboard/rb on/in insurance/nn that/wps pays/vbz benefits/nns only/rb upon/in death/nn ./. Generally/rb ,/, your/pp$ employee/nn will/md greatly/rb appreciate/vb benefits/nns that/wps protect/vb him/ppo during/in his/pp$ working/vbg life/nn or/cc during/in retirement/nn ./. Special/jj-hl time/nn-hl off/rp-hl In/in granting/vbg bereavement/nn leaves/nns ,/, specify/vb the/at maximum/jj time/nn off/rp and/cc list/vb what/wdt the/at worker's/nn$ relation/nn to/in the/at deceased/nn must/md be/be to/to qualify/vb ./. Thus/rb ,/, you/ppss avoid/vb headaches/nns when/wrb an/at employee/nn wants/vbz off/rp for/in his/pp$ fourth/od cousin's/nn$ funeral/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, reserve/vb the/at right/nn to/to demand/vb proof/nn of/in death/nn despite/in the/at fact/nn that/cs you'll/ppss+md probably/rb never/rb use/vb it/ppo ./. Coffee/nn breaks/nns can/md be/be a/at real/jj headache/nn if/cs not/* regulated/vbn ./. Vending/vbg machines/nns can/md alleviate/vb the/at long/jj hike/nn to/in the/at cafeteria/nn during/in the/at break/nn with/in resulting/vbg waste/nn of/in production/nn time/nn ./. If/cs coffee/nn is/bez sold/vbn at/in the/at cafeteria/nn ,/, let/vb a/at few/ap workers/nns in/in each/dt department/nn get/vb it/ppo for/in the/at whole/jj group/nn ./. Consider/vb installing/vbg supplemental/jj serving/vbg lines/nns in/in production/nn areas/nns ./. Make/vb sure/jj milk/nn for/in the/at coffee/nn is/bez placed/vbn in/in dispensers/nns rather/in than/in in/in containers/nns ,/, if/cs you/ppss are/ber supplying/vbg the/at coffee/nn ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, you/ppss may/md be/be saddled/vbn with/in a/at good-size/jj milk/nn bill/nn by/in milk/nn drinkers/nns ./. Retirement/nn-hl policies/nns-hl Keep/vb the/at retirement/nn age/nn flexible/jj so/cs skilled/jj craftsmen/nns such/jj as/cs tool/nn and/cc die/nn makers/nns can/md be/be kept/vbn on/in the/at job/nn for/in the/at convenience/nn of/in the/at company/nn ./. And/cc so/cs deadheads/nns on/in the/at payroll/nn can/md be/be eased/vbn out/rp at/in the/at earliest/jjt possible/jj age/nn ./. Make/vb sure/jj you/ppss have/hv minimum/jj age/nn and/cc time-on-the-job/nn requirements/nns tied/vbn into/in your/pp$ pension/nn plan/nn ./. Younger/jjr men/nns usually/rb don't/do* think/vb of/in pensions/nns as/cs an/at important/jj job/nn benefit/nn factor/nn anyhow/rb and/cc they're/ppss+ber liable/jj to/to change/vb jobs/nns several/ap times/nns before/cs settling/vbg down/rp ./. Choose/vb carefully/rb between/in contributory/jj or/cc non-contributory/jj pension/nn plans/nns ./. There/ex are/ber two/cd sides/nns of/in a/at coin/nn for/in this/dt decision/nn ./. Workers/nns usually/rb think/vb more/ap of/in a/at plan/nn they/ppss contribute/vb to/in ./. And/cc they/ppss can/md at/in least/ap collect/vb the/at money/nn they/ppss put/vb in/rp ,/, plus/cc interest/nn ,/, when/wrb they/ppss leave/vb the/at company/nn ./. A/at non-contributory/jj plan/nn usually/rb won't/md* pay/vb off/rp for/in the/at worker/nn until/cs he/pps retires/vbz ./. Thus/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at added/vbn incentive/nn to/to stay/vb on/in the/at job/nn ./. Holidays/nns-hl Make/vb sure/jj you/ppss don't/do* pay/vb for/in holidays/nns that/wps occur/vb when/wrb an/at employee/nn would/md not/* otherwise/rb be/be working/vbg ./. These/dts include/vb :/: leaves/nns of/in absences/nns ,/, illnesses/nns ,/, and/cc layoffs/nns ./. Consider/vb adopting/vbg a/at system/nn of/in holidays/nns in/in which/wdt time/nn off/rp is/bez granted/vbn with/in an/at eye/nn to/in minimum/jj inconvenience/nn to/in the/at operation/nn of/in the/at plant/nn ./. It's/pps+bez usually/rb not/* too/ql hard/jj to/to sell/vb workers/nns on/in this/dt as/cs it/pps gives/vbz them/ppo longer/jjr holiday/nn periods/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at Friday/nr after/in Thanksgiving/nn-tl can/md be/be substituted/vbn for/in Washington's/np$ birthday/nn ./. This/dt reduces/vbz the/at number/nn of/in expensive/jj plant/nn shutdowns/nns and/cc startups/nns ./. Require/vb each/dt employee/nn to/to work/vb his/pp$ last/ap shift/nn both/abx before/in and/cc after/in the/at holiday/nn to/to be/be eligible/jj for/in pay/nn ./. This/dt cuts/vbz the/at absentee/nn rate/nn ./. Eating/vbg-hl facilities/nns-hl Consider/vb using/vbg vending/vbg machines/nns rather/in than/in subsidized/vbn cafeterias/nns ./. Latest/jjt models/nns serve/vb hot/jj meals/nns at/in reasonable/jj prices/nns ,/, and/cc at/in a/at profit/nn to/in you/ppo ./. If/cs a/at concessionaire/nn runs/vbz the/at cafeteria/nn ,/, keep/vb an/at eye/nn out/rp for/in quality/nn and/cc price/nn ./. If/cs the/at soup/nn tastes/vbz like/cs dishwater/nn ,/, your/pp$ employees/nns won't/md* blame/vb the/at concessionaire/nn ./. You'll/ppss+md take/vb the/at rap/nn ./. Check/vb your/pp$ cafeteria/nn location/nn to/to make/vb sure/jj it's/pps+bez convenient/jj for/in most/ap employees/nns ./. You/ppss may/md save/vb valuable/jj production/nn minutes/nns with/in a/at change/nn ./. Vacations/nns-hl Spread/vb your/pp$ vacation/nn period/nn over/in the/at widest/jjt possible/jj span/nn of/in time/nn or/cc shut/vb the/at plant/nn down/rp for/in two/cd weeks/nns ./. This/dt will/nn cut/vb the/at expense/nn of/in vacation/nn replacements/nns ./. And/cc with/in the/at shutdown/nn method/nn there/ex will/md be/be no/at argument/nn as/in to/in who/wps gets/vbz the/at choice/jj vacation/nn dates/nns ./. Also/rb make/vb sure/jj you/ppss have/hv reasonable/jj requirements/nns as/in to/in hours/nns worked/vbn before/cs a/at production/nn employee/nn is/bez entitled/vbn to/in a/at vacation/nn ./. You/ppss might/md try/vb providing/vbg standard/jj vacation/nn time/nn off/rp but/cc make/vb the/at vacation/nn pay/nn depend/vb on/in the/at number/nn of/in hours/nns worked/vbn in/in the/at previous/jj year/nn ./.

ce31

ce31 |@word long:3 ever:5 increase:2 column:1 sportsman:5 move:3 new:7 era:1 modern:6 time:4 change:4 world:1 beyond:1 recognition:1 early:3 year:3 twentieth:1 century:1 seem:1 far:1 away:3 philosophy:1 dress:1 terrain:1 thing:1 remain:1 constant:2 include:3 devotion:1 americans:9 great:2 field:4 sport:7 hunting:5 fishing:4 generation:1 clothe:1 become:3 suitable:1 enjoyment:1 outdoor:7 sporting:3 firearm:5 markedly:1 well:3 transportation:2 outmode:1 studebaker:1 cover:1 wagon:2 demand:3 today:4 woman:3 necessitate:1 equipment:7 american:9 ammunition:7 manufacturer:3 diligent:1 research:1 technical:1 development:14 replace:1 muzzle:1 loader:2 slow:1 fire:1 single:2 shot:1 arm:3 fast:1 firing:1 auto:1 extremely:1 accurate:1 bolt:1 lever:1 slide:1 action:1 million:10 round:1 entirely:1 small:1 design:2 target:1 shooting:11 due:1 resource:3 use:5 game:9 management:2 practice:2 still:3 shoot:15 even:4 expand:2 encroachment:1 land:2 water:1 present:3 conservation:1 regard:1 wildlife:1 expendable:1 natural:2 annual:1 harvest:2 sow:1 also:3 reap:1 unlimited:2 bag:3 possible:1 legal:1 40:1 state:4 preserve:5 one:5 phase:1 five:2 six:2 month:2 close:1 two:2 bird:1 commercial:1 private:1 commission:1 control:1 upland:1 area:2 1960:1 61:1 season:2 program:17 institute:1 successfully:1 publish:1 fact:2 major:1 magazine:1 many:9 national:8 weekly:1 trade:2 paper:1 effective:1 way:6 develop:2 place:6 encourage:1 properly:1 manage:1 aim:1 director:3 york:3 staff:1 service:3 bureau:1 saami:8 consultant:2 since:4 start:1 1954:3 follow:3 kick:1 interesting:1 meeting:2 take:2 washington:1 group:2 know:5 association:5 health:1 physical:5 education:11 recreation:4 division:1 initiate:1 conference:1 bring:3 together:1 representative:1 rifle:2 tackle:2 call:1 determine:1 may:3 cooperate:1 launch:1 project:4 cognizance:1 often:5 overlook:1 athletic:1 activity:7 stress:1 school:6 little:1 relationship:1 mental:1 need:7 interest:2 later:1 life:4 various:2 team:1 assuredly:1 every:3 important:1 proper:2 exception:1 professional:1 athlete:1 contact:1 carryover:1 adult:2 average:2 man:3 vigorous:1 campaign:1 interpretation:1 leadership:1 oep:1 dr:1 julian:1 smith:1 thousand:4 secondary:1 college:1 university:1 hunt:2 financial:1 support:1 1955:1 contribute:1 success:1 personnel:1 assign:1 proudly:1 participate:2 53:1 regional:1 workshop:1 hundred:2 administrator:1 teacher:1 professor:1 recreational:1 leader:3 introduce:1 consider:2 current:1 age:2 potential:1 23:1 youth:2 message:1 reach:2 1959:1 announce:1 expose:2 teen:5 boy:2 girl:2 healthy:1 fun:6 enjoy:3 participation:1 nationally:1 hunter:4 club:4 initially:1 sponsor:3 affiliated:1 member:1 allied:1 merchandising:1 corporation:1 first:2 abraham:1 strauss:1 hempstead:1 direction:1 special:1 event:1 jennings:1 dennis:1 pilot:1 conduct:2 babylon:1 hudson:1 detroit:1 joseph:1 horne:1 pittsburgh:1 thc:1 shopping:1 centers:1 department:3 store:1 dealer:4 radio:1 tv:1 station:2 newspaper:1 organization:1 exist:1 acquaint:1 youngster:1 correct:1 attitude:1 appreciation:1 relate:1 wise:1 serve:2 75:1 enthusiastic:1 young:1 effort:1 assist:1 public:2 privately:1 finance:1 park:4 trap:1 skeet:1 league:1 pistol:1 marksmanship:1 promote:1 mention:2 continuation:1 expansion:1 assure:1 degree:1 community:1 make:3 aware:2 grow:3 facility:2 answer:1 individual:2 situation:1 political:1 social:1 educational:1 religious:1 forget:1 help:5 grass:1 root:1 level:1 gun:3 producer:1 successful:1 promotional:2 industry:2 conception:1 1926:1 specifically:1 adoption:1 dollar:2 hour:1 go:2 trust:1 benefit:1 additional:1 sale:1 get:5 top:1 look:2 ahead:1 explode:1 market:2 traditional:1 range:2 fine:2 uniformly:1 excellent:1 prime:1 horizon:1 would:5 like:1 organize:1 information:1 ask:1 sammy:1 shooter:1 camp:11 week:2 ago:1 cape:1 hattera:1 campground:5 pirate:1 seagull:1 bluefish:1 north:1 carolina:1 famed:1 outer:1 bank:1 beach:1 tree:1 hill:1 camping:10 show:1 manner:1 actual:1 whole:1 view:1 could:1 see:5 variety:1 canvas:2 shelter:2 umbrella:1 tent:10 wall:1 cottage:1 pup:1 pop:1 baker:1 exterior:1 frame:1 camper:12 trailer:2 travel:1 surplus:1 parachute:1 sunshade:2 entire:1 family:11 around:1 kind:1 stove:1 lantern:1 cooler:1 bed:3 windbreaks:1 similar:1 display:1 three:2 seashore:1 visit:1 talk:2 begin:2 appreciate:1 scope:1 challenge:1 possibility:1 face:2 big:2 stop:1 almost:2 official:2 reflect:1 think:4 movement:1 dwelling:1 open:2 promising:1 read:1 guess:1 number:2 depend:1 moment:1 figure:3 high:2 15:1 hear:1 10:1 inclined:1 total:2 seven:2 30:1 protect:1 weather:1 cooking:2 easy:3 sleeping:1 comfortable:2 campsite:2 harass:1 struggle:1 meet:2 space:2 turn:2 especially:1 holiday:1 weekend:2 always:1 popular:1 pressure:1 hope:1 1966:1 available:1 day:2 twice:1 forest:2 care:1 149:1 steadily:1 come:4 kitchen:1 rod:1 binocular:1 bathing:1 suit:1 prepare:2 learn:3 economical:1 vacation:7 experience:2 last:1 importance:1 keep:2 half:1 dozen:1 reason:2 account:1 migration:1 among:1 accord:1 commerce:1 1:1 short:1 work:1 2:2 pay:2 3:1 longer:2 4:1 5:1 retirement:1 6:1 people:4 country:2 want:2 mistake:3 economy:1 promise:1 trip:2 afford:1 automobile:3 compute:1 cost:2 daily:1 expenditure:1 29:1 aaa:1 split:1 meal:3 lodge:2 7:1 gas:1 oil:1 tip:2 miscellaneous:1 couple:1 set:1 save:1 pocket:1 good:2 portion:1 food:1 bill:1 along:2 money:1 expense:1 vacationing:1 either:1 eliminate:1 pare:1 drastically:1 summer:1 enable:1 home:4 four:1 several:1 stay:1 resort:1 part:1 right:1 salesman:1 tow:1 yearning:1 spice:1 usual:1 fare:1 wide:1 sell:1 idea:1 buy:2 comfort:3 find:1 adventure:1 realize:1 bearded:1 logger:1 wander:1 cowboy:1 explain:1 leave:1 keeping:1 problem:2 neither:2 thank:1 air:1 mattress:1 sleep:1 prospective:1 sometimes:1 complex:1 choose:1

The/at long/jj and/cc ever-increasing/jj column/nn of/in sportsmen/nns is/bez now/rb moving/vbg into/in a/at new/jj era/nn ./. Modern/jj times/nns have/hv changed/vbn the/at world/nn beyond/in recognition/nn ./. The/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn seem/vb very/ql far/rb away/rb ./. But/cc with/in all/abn the/at changes/nns in/in philosophy/nn ,/, dress/nn and/cc terrain/nn --/-- a/at few/ap things/nns remain/vb constant/jj ,/, including/in the/at devotion/nn of/in Americans/nps to/in the/at great/jj field/nn sports/nns ,/, hunting/vbg and/cc fishing/vbg ./. As/cs the/at generations/nns move/vb on/rp ,/, clothes/nns become/vb more/ql suitable/jj for/in the/at enjoyment/nn of/in outdoor/jj sports/nns ./. Sporting/vbg firearms/nns change/vb ,/, markedly/rb for/in the/at better/jjr ./. Just/rb as/cs modern/jj transportation/nn has/hvz outmoded/jj the/at early/jj Studebaker/np covered/vbd wagon/nn ,/, the/at demand/nn of/in today's/nr$ sportsmen/nns and/cc women/nns has/hvz necessitated/vbn changes/nns in/in their/pp$ equipment/nn ./. The/at American/jj firearms/nns and/cc ammunition/nn manufacturers/nns through/in diligent/jj research/nn and/cc technical/jj development/nn have/hv replaced/vbn the/at muzzle/nn loader/nn and/cc slow-firing/jj single-shot/nn arms/nns with/in modern/jj fast/jj firing/vbg auto-loaders/nns ,/, extremely/ql accurate/jj bolt/nn ,/, lever/nn ,/, and/cc slide/nn action/nn firearms/nns ./. And/cc millions/nns of/in rounds/nns of/in entirely/ql new/jj and/cc modern/jj small-arms/nns ammunition/nn ,/, designed/vbn for/in today's/nr$ hunting/nn and/cc target/nn shooting/nn ./. And/cc due/rb to/in modern/jj resource-use/nn and/cc game/nn management/nn practices/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez still/rb game/nn to/to shoot/vb ,/, even/rb with/in the/at ever-expanding/jj encroachment/nn on/in land/nn and/cc water/nn ./. Present/jj conservation/nn practices/nns regard/vb wildlife/nn ,/, not/* as/cs an/at expendable/jj natural/jj resource/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs an/at annual/jj harvest/nn to/to be/be sown/vbn and/cc also/rb reaped/vbn ./. Unlimited/jj game/nn bags/nns are/ber possible/jj and/cc legal/jj in/in more/ap than/in 40/cd states/nns ,/, on/in shooting/vbg preserves/nns (/( one/cd of/in the/at newer/jjr phases/nns of/in modern/jj game-management/nn )/) for/in five/cd and/cc six/cd months/nns each/dt year/nn ./. Close/rb to/in two/cd million/cd game/nn birds/nns were/bed harvested/vbn on/in 1,500/cd commercial/jj and/cc private/jj shooting/vbg preserves/nns ,/, and/cc on/in State/nn-tl Game/nn-tl Commission-controlled/jj upland/jj game/nn areas/nns during/in the/at 1960-61/cd season/nn ./. The/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn of/in the/at Sporting/vbg-tl Arms/nns-tl and/cc-tl Ammunition/nn-tl Manufacturers'/nns$-tl Institute/nn-tl has/hvz successfully/rb published/vbn these/dts facts/nns in/in all/abn major/jj outdoor/jj magazines/nns ,/, many/ap national/jj weeklies/nns and/cc the/at trade/nn papers/nns ./. The/at most/ql effective/jj way/nn to/to develop/vb more/ap places/nns for/in more/ap sportsmen/nns to/in shoot/nn is/bez to/to encourage/vb properly/rb managed/vbn shooting/vbg preserves/nns ./. This/dt has/hvz been/ben the/at aim/nn of/in the/at director/nn of/in the/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn ,/, the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl staff/nn of/in the/at Sportsmen's/nns$-tl Service/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at SAAMI/nn shooting/vbg preserve/nn field/nn consultants/nns since/in the/at start/nn of/in the/at program/nn in/in 1954/cd ./. Following/vbg the/at kick-off/nn of/in SAAMI's/nn shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn in/in 1954/cd ,/, a/at most/ql interesting/jj meeting/nn took/vbd place/nn in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./. The/at group/nn known/vbn as/cs the/at American/jj-tl Association/nn-tl for/in-tl Health/nn-tl ,/, ,/, Physical/jj-tl Education/nn-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Recreation/nn-tl (/( a/at division/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Education/nn-tl Association/nn-tl )/) initiated/vbd a/at conference/nn which/wdt brought/vbd together/rb representatives/nns of/in the/at National/jj-tl Rifle/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, SAAMI/nn and/cc the/at American/jj-tl Fishing/nn-tl Tackle/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl ./. This/dt meeting/nn was/bedz called/vbn to/to determine/vb how/wrb these/dts groups/nns might/md cooperate/vb to/to launch/vb what/wdt is/bez known/vbn as/cs the/at Outdoor/jj-tl Education/nn-tl Project/nn-tl ./. The/at Outdoor/jj-tl Education/nn-tl Project/nn-tl took/vbd cognizance/nn of/in the/at fact/nn ,/, so/ql often/rb overlooked/vbn ,/, that/cs athletic/jj activities/nns stressed/vbn in/in most/ap school/nn programs/nns have/hv little/ap or/cc no/at relationship/nn to/in the/at physical/jj and/cc mental/jj needs/nns and/cc interests/nns of/in later/jjr life/nn ./. The/at various/jj team/nn sports/nns assuredly/rb have/hv their/pp$ place/nn in/in every/at school/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss are/ber important/jj to/in proper/jj physical/jj development/nn ./. But/cc with/in the/at exception/nn of/in professional/jj athletes/nns ,/, few/ap contact/nn sports/nns and/cc physical/jj education/nn activities/nns in/in our/pp$ schools/nns have/hv any/dti carryover/nn in/in the/at adult/nn life/nn of/in the/at average/nn American/jj man/nn or/cc woman/nn ./. Following/vbg a/at vigorous/jj campaign/nn of/in interpretation/nn and/cc leadership/nn development/nn by/in OEP/nn director/nn Dr./nn-tl Julian/np Smith/np ,/, today/nr thousands/nns of/in secondary/jj schools/nns ,/, colleges/nns and/cc universities/nns have/hv shooting/vbg and/cc hunting/vbg education/nn in/in their/pp$ physical/jj education/nn and/cc recreation/nn programs/nns ./. SAAMI's/np$ financial/jj support/nn since/in 1955/cd has/hvz contributed/vbn to/in the/at success/nn of/in this/dt project/nn in/in education/nn ./. Personnel/nns assigned/vbn through/in the/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn have/hv proudly/rb participated/vbn in/in over/rp 53/cd state/nn and/cc regional/jj workshops/nns ,/, at/in which/wdt hundreds/nns of/in school/nn administrators/nns ,/, teachers/nns ,/, professors/nns ,/, and/cc recreational/jj leaders/nns have/hv been/ben introduced/vbn to/in Outdoor/jj-tl Education/nn-tl ./. Considering/in that/cs the/at current/jj school-age/nn potential/nn is/bez 23/cd million/cd youths/nns ,/, the/at project/nn and/cc its/pp$ message/nn on/in hunting/vbg and/cc shooting/vbg education/nn have/hv many/ql more/ap to/to reach/vb ./. In/in 1959/cd SAAMI's/nn shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn announced/vbd a/at new/jj activity/nn designed/vbn to/to expose/vb thousands/nns of/in teen-age/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns to/in the/at healthy/jj fun/nn enjoyed/vbn through/in the/at participation/nn in/in the/at shooting/vbg sports/nns ./. This/dt program/nn is/bez now/rb nationally/rb known/vbn as/cs ``/`` Teen/nn-tl Hunter/nn-tl Clubs/nns-tl ''/'' ./. Teen/nn-tl Hunter/nn-tl Clubs/nns-tl were/bed initially/rb sponsored/vbn by/in affiliated/vbn members/nns of/in the/at Allied/vbn-tl Merchandising/vbg-tl Corporation/nn-tl ./. The/at first/od program/nn was/bedz sponsored/vbn by/in Abraham/np-tl &/cc-tl Strauss/np-tl ,/, Hempstead/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, under/in the/at direction/nn of/in Special/jj-tl Events/nns-tl director/nn Jennings/np Dennis/np ./. Other/ap pilot/nn programs/nns were/bed conducted/vbn by/in A/nn &/cc S/nn ,/, Babylon/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ;/. ;/. J./np L./np Hudson/np ,/, Detroit/np ;/. ;/. Joseph/np Horne/np ,/, Pittsburgh/np ./. Other/ap THC/nn activities/nns followed/vbd ,/, conducted/vbn by/in shopping/vbg centers/nns ,/, department/nn stores/nns ,/, recreation/nn equipment/nn dealers/nns ,/, radio-TV/nn stations/nns ,/, newspapers/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap organizations/nns interested/vbn in/in the/at need/nn existing/vbg to/to acquaint/vb youngsters/nns with/in the/at proper/jj use/nn of/in sporting/vbg firearms/nns and/cc the/at development/nn of/in correct/jj attitudes/nns and/cc appreciations/nns related/vbn to/in hunting/vbg and/cc wise/jj use/nn of/in our/pp$ natural/jj resources/nns ./. SAAMI's/np$ field/nn men/nns have/hv served/vbn as/cs consultants/nns and/or/cc have/hv participated/vbn in/in 75/cd Teen/nn-tl Hunter/nn-tl Club/nn-tl activities/nns which/wdt have/hv reached/vbn over/rp 40,000/cd enthusiastic/jj young/jj Americans/nps ./. Through/in the/at efforts/nns of/in SAAMI's/nn shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn these/dts shooting/vbg activities/nns ,/, and/cc many/ap others/nns ,/, including/in assists/nns in/in the/at development/nn of/in public/jj and/cc privately/rb financed/vbn shooting/vbg parks/nns ,/, trap/nn and/cc skeet/nn leagues/nns ,/, rifle/nn and/cc pistol/nn marksmanship/nn programs/nns have/hv been/ben promoted/vbn ,/, to/to mention/vb only/rb a/at few/ap ./. The/at continuation/nn and/cc expansion/nn of/in the/at shooting/vbg development/nn program/nn will/md assure/vb to/in some/dti degree/nn that/cs national/jj and/cc community/nn leaders/nns will/md be/be made/vbn aware/jj of/in the/at ever-growing/jj need/nn for/in shooting/vbg facilities/nns and/cc activities/nns for/in hunting/vbg and/cc shooting/vbg in/in answer/nn to/in public/jj demand/nn ./. While/cs individual/jj sportsmen/nns are/ber aware/jj of/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, too/ql many/ap of/in our/pp$ political/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, educational/jj and/cc even/rb religious/jj leaders/nns too/ql often/rb forget/vb it/ppo ./. Help/nn is/bez needed/vbn from/in dealers/nns ,/, at/in the/at grass-roots/nns level/nn ./. The/at American/jj gun/nn and/cc ammunition/nn producers/nns sponsor/vb a/at successful/jj promotional/jj program/nn through/in their/pp$ industry/nn trade/nn association/nn ./. Since/in SAAMI's/nn conception/nn in/in 1926/cd ,/, and/cc more/ql specifically/rb since/in the/at adoption/nn of/in the/at Shooting/nn-tl Development/nn-tl Program/nn-tl in/in 1954/cd ,/, millions/nns of/in dollars/nns and/cc promotional/jj man-hours/nns have/hv gone/vbn into/in the/at development/nn of/in more/ap places/nns to/to shoot/vb for/in more/ap youths/nns and/cc adults/nns ./. We/ppss trust/vb that/cs you/ppss ,/, as/cs a/at gun/nn and/cc ammunition/nn dealer/nn ,/, have/hv benefited/vbn through/in additional/jj sales/nns of/in equipment/nn ./. Are/ber you/ppss getting/vbg top/jjs dollar/nn from/in the/at shooting/vbg sports/nns ?/. ?/. Are/ber you/ppss looking/vbg ahead/rb to/in the/at exploding/vbg market/nn of/in millions/nns of/in American/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns ,/, who/wps will/md grow/vb up/rp to/to enjoy/vb a/at traditional/jj American/jj way/nn of/in life/nn --/-- ranging/vbg the/at fields/nns with/in a/at fine/jj American/jj gun/nn and/cc uniformly/rb excellent/jj ammunition/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez your/pp$ sporting/vbg firearms/nns and/cc ammunition/nn department/nn primed/vbn for/in the/at expanding/vbg horizons/nns ?/. ?/. Would/md you/ppss like/vb to/to organize/vb Teen/nn-tl Hunters/nns-tl Clubs/nns-tl ,/, shooting/vbg programs/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv information/nn on/in seasons/nns including/in six/cd months/nns of/in hunting/vbg with/in unlimited/jj game/nn bags/nns on/in shooting/vbg preserves/nns ?/. ?/. Ask/vb Sammy/np Shooter/np ./. We/ppss were/bed camping/vbg a/at few/ap weeks/nns ago/rb on/in Cape/nn-tl Hatteras/np-tl Campground/nn-tl in/in that/dt land/nn of/in pirates/nns ,/, seagulls/nns and/cc bluefish/nns on/in North/jj-tl Carolina's/np$ famed/jj Outer/jj-tl Banks/nns-tl ./. This/dt beach/nn campground/nn with/in no/at trees/nns or/cc hills/nns presents/vbz a/at constant/jj camping/vbg show/nn with/in all/abn manner/nn of/in equipment/nn in/in actual/jj use/nn ./. With/in the/at whole/jj camp/nn exposed/vbn to/in view/nn we/ppss could/md see/vb the/at variety/nn of/in canvas/nn shelters/nns in/in which/wdt Americans/nps are/ber camping/vbg now/rb ./. There/ex were/bed umbrella/nn tents/nns ,/, wall/nn tents/nns ,/, cottage/nn tents/nns ,/, station/nn wagon/nn tents/nns ,/, pup/nn tents/nns ,/, Pop/vb-tl tents/nns ,/, Baker/np tents/nns ,/, tents/nns with/in exterior/jj frames/nns ,/, camper/nn trailers/nns ,/, travel/nn trailers/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb a/at few/ap surplus/nn parachutes/nns serving/vbg as/cs sunshades/nns over/in entire/jj family/nn camps/nns ./. Moving/vbg around/in camp/nn we/ppss saw/vbd all/abn kinds/nns of/in camp/nn stoves/nns ,/, lanterns/nns ,/, coolers/nns ,/, bedding/nn ,/, games/nns ,/, fishing/vbg tackle/nn ,/, windbreaks/nns and/cc sunshades/nns ./. We/ppss saw/vbd similar/jj displays/nns in/in the/at other/ap three/cd campgrounds/nns in/in this/dt 70-mile-long/jj National/jj-tl Seashore/nn-tl Recreation/nn-tl Area/nn-tl ./. Dealers/nns would/md do/do well/rb to/to visit/vb such/abl a/at campground/nn often/rb ,/, look/vb at/in the/at equipment/nn and/cc talk/vb with/in the/at campers/nns ./. Here/rb you/ppss begin/vb to/to appreciate/vb the/at scope/nn of/in the/at challenges/nns and/cc possibilities/nns facing/vbg the/at industry/nn ./. Camping/vbg is/bez big/jj and/cc getting/vbg bigger/jjr ./. No/at one/pn knows/vbz where/wrb it/pps will/md stop/vb ./. Almost/rb every/at official/nn who/wps reflects/vbz on/in it/ppo thinks/vbz this/dt movement/nn of/in Americans/nps to/in canvas/nn dwellings/nns opens/vbz one/cd of/in the/at most/ql promising/jj of/in all/abn outdoor/jj markets/nns ./. You/ppss read/vbd various/jj guesses/nns on/in how/wql many/ap Americans/nps are/ber camping/vbg ./. The/at number/nn depends/vbz on/in who/wps is/bez talking/vbg at/in the/at moment/nn ./. The/at figures/nns range/vb as/ql high/jj as/cs 15/cd million/cd families/nns ./. I've/ppss+hv heard/vbn 10/cd million/cd mentioned/vbn often/rb ,/, but/cc I'm/ppss+bem more/ql inclined/vbn to/to think/vb there/ex may/md be/be a/at total/nn of/in some/rb five/cd to/in seven/cd million/cd families/nns camping/vbg ./. Seven/cd million/cd families/nns would/md total/vb 30/cd million/cd Americans/nps or/cc more/ap ./. Consider/vb the/at equipment/nn needed/vbn to/to protect/vb this/dt many/ap from/in the/at weather/nn ,/, to/to make/vb their/pp$ cooking/nn easy/jj and/cc their/pp$ sleeping/nn comfortable/jj ./. More/ap-hl campers/nns-hl than/cs-hl campsites/nns-hl Harassed/vbn state/nn park/nn officials/nns often/rb have/hv more/ap campers/nns than/cs they/ppss know/vb what/wdt to/to do/do with/in ./. They/ppss are/ber struggling/vbg to/to meet/vb the/at demand/nn for/in camping/vbg space/nn ,/, but/cc families/nns are/ber being/beg turned/vbn away/rb ,/, especially/rb on/in holiday/nn weekends/nns ./. The/at National/jj-tl Parks/nns-tl ,/, always/rb popular/jj camping/vbg places/nns ,/, are/ber facing/vbg the/at same/ap pressure/nn ./. The/at National/jj-tl Park/nn-tl Service/nn-tl hopes/vbz by/in 1966/cd to/to have/hv 30,000/cd campsites/nns available/jj for/in 100,000/cd campers/nns a/at day/nn --/-- almost/rb twice/rb what/wdt there/ex are/ber at/in present/nn ./. The/at U.S./np-tl Forest/nn-tl Service/nn-tl cares/vbz for/in hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in campers/nns in/in its/pp$ 149/cd National/jj-tl Forests/nns-tl and/cc is/bez increasing/vbg its/pp$ facilities/nns steadily/rb ./. But/cc the/at campers/nns still/rb come/vb ./. They/ppss bring/vb their/pp$ families/nns and/cc tents/nns and/cc camp/nn kitchens/nns and/cc bedding/nn ./. They/ppss bring/vb their/pp$ fishing/vbg rods/nns and/cc binoculars/nns and/cc bathing/vbg suits/nns ./. They/ppss come/vb prepared/vbn for/in family/nn fun/nn because/cs Americans/nps in/in ever-growing/jj numbers/nns are/ber learning/vbg that/cs here/rb is/bez the/at way/nn to/in a/at fine/jj economical/jj vacation/nn that/wps becomes/vbz a/at family/nn experience/nn of/in lasting/vbg importance/nn ./. Why/wrb-hl they/ppss-hl keep/vb-hl coming/vbg-hl There/ex are/ber a/at half/abn dozen/nn reasons/nns helping/vbg to/to account/vb for/in the/at migration/nn to/in the/at campgrounds/nns ./. Among/in them/ppo ,/, according/in to/in the/at U.S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, are/ber :/: (/( 1/cd )/) shorter/jjr work/nn weeks/nns ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) higher/jjr pay/nn ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) longer/jjr paid/vbn vacations/nns ,/, (/( 4/cd )/) better/jjr transportation/nn ,/, (/( 5/cd )/) earlier/jjr retirement/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 6/cd )/) more/ap education/nn ./. The/at more/ap people/nns learn/vb about/in their/pp$ country/nn ,/, the/at more/ap they/ppss want/vb to/to learn/vb ./. Camping/vbg is/bez family/nn fun/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez helping/vbg more/ap Americans/nps see/vb more/ap of/in the/at country/nn than/cs they/ppss ever/rb saw/vbd before/rb ./. But/cc make/vb no/at mistake/nn about/in it/ppo ,/, the/at first/od reason/nn people/nns turn/vb to/in camping/vbg is/bez one/cd of/in economy/nn ./. Here/rb is/bez the/at promise/nn of/in a/at vacation/nn trip/nn they/ppss can/md afford/vb ./. The/at American/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ,/, computing/vbg the/at cost/nn for/in two/cd people/nns to/to vacation/vb by/in automobile/nn ,/, comes/vbz up/rp with/in an/at average/nn daily/jj expenditure/nn figure/nn of/in $29/nns ./. The/at AAA/nn then/rb splits/vbz it/ppo down/rp this/dt way/nn :/: $10.50/nns for/in meals/nns ,/, $9.50/nns for/in lodging/vbg ,/, $7/nns for/in gas/nn and/cc oil/nn ,/, and/cc $2/nns for/in tips/nns and/cc miscellaneous/jj ./. What/wdt does/doz the/at camping/vbg couple/nn do/do to/in this/dt set/nn of/in figures/nns ?/. ?/. The/at $9.50/nns for/in lodging/vbg they/ppss save/vb ./. Because/cs they/ppss prepare/vb their/pp$ own/jj meals/nns they/ppss also/rb keep/vb in/in their/pp$ pockets/nns a/at good/jj portion/nn of/in that/dt $10.50/nns food/nn bill/nn along/rb with/in most/ap of/in the/at tip/nn money/nn ./. The/at automobile/nn expenses/nns are/ber about/rb the/at only/ap vacationing/vbg cost/nn they/ppss can't/md* either/cc eliminate/vb or/cc pare/vb down/rp drastically/rb by/in camping/vbg along/in the/at way/nn ./. Where/wrb Americans/nps used/vbd to/to think/vb of/in a/at single/ap vacation/nn each/dt summer/nn ,/, they/ppss now/rb think/vb about/in how/wql many/ap vacations/nns they/ppss can/md have/hv ./. Long/jj weekends/nns enable/vb many/ap to/to get/vb away/rb from/in home/nn for/in three/cd or/cc four/cd days/nns several/ap times/nns a/at year/nn ./. And/cc even/rb if/cs they/ppss stay/vb in/in resorts/nns part/vb of/in the/at time/nn ,/, they/ppss might/md ,/, if/cs the/at right/jj salesman/nn gets/vbz them/ppo in/in tow/nn ,/, develop/vb a/at yearning/nn to/to spice/vb the/at usual/jj vacation/nn fare/nn with/in a/at camping/vbg trip/nn into/in the/at wide/jj open/jj spaces/nns ./. It/pps would/md be/be a/at mistake/nn to/to sell/vb those/dts thousands/nns of/in beginning/vbg campers/nns on/in the/at idea/nn they're/ppss+ber buying/vbg the/at comforts/nns of/in home/nn ./. They're/ppss+ber not/* ./. Home/nn is/bez the/at place/nn to/to find/vb the/at comforts/nns of/in home/nn ./. They're/ppss+ber buying/vbg fun/nn and/cc adventure/nn and/cc family/nn experiences/nns ./. But/cc it/pps would/md also/rb be/be a/at mistake/nn for/in them/ppo not/* to/to realize/vb how/wql comfortable/jj camping/vbg has/hvz become/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at way/nn of/in life/nn for/in the/at bearded/vbn logger/nn and/cc the/at wandering/vbg cowboy/nn ./. Today's/nr$ campers/nns want/vb comforts/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss have/hv them/ppo ./. And/cc this/dt helps/nns explain/vb why/wrb so/ql many/ap people/nns are/ber now/rb going/vbg camping/vbg ./. It's/pps+bez fun/nn ,/, and/cc it's/pps+bez easy/jj --/-- so/ql easy/jj that/cs there/ex is/bez time/nn left/vbn after/cs cooking/vbg ,/, and/cc tent/nn keeping/nn ,/, for/in the/at women/nns to/to get/vb out/rp and/cc enjoy/vb outdoor/jj fun/nn with/in their/pp$ families/nns ./. Camp/nn meals/nns are/ber no/at great/jj problem/nn ./. Neither/cc are/ber beds/nns ,/, thanks/nns to/in air/nn mattresses/nns and/cc sleeping/vbg bags/nns ./. Neither/cc are/ber shelters/nns ,/, because/cs there/ex is/bez one/cd to/to meet/vb the/at needs/nns of/in every/at camper/nn or/cc prospective/jj camper/nn ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez still/rb the/at sometimes/rb complex/jj problem/nn of/in helping/vbg campers/nns choose/vb the/at best/jjt equipment/nn for/in their/pp$ individual/jj needs/nns ./.

ce32

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Throughout/in history/nn ,/, the/at man/nn who/wps showed/vbd superior/jj performance/nn has/hvz become/vbn the/at commander/nn of/in others/nns --/-- for/in good/nn or/cc bad/nn ./. Since/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb factories/nns emerged/vbd ,/, this/dt classical/jj pattern/nn has/hvz been/ben followed/vbn ./. Until/in recently/rb ./. There/ex have/hv always/rb been/ben tales/nns of/in disillusionment/nn --/-- the/at competent/jj technician/nn who/wps became/vbd an/at administrator/nn ,/, willingly/rb or/cc not/* ,/, and/cc found/vbd he/pps didn't/dod* like/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/. the/at scientist/nn who/wps rebelled/vbd against/in the/at personnel/nns and/cc paper/nn work/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc much/ql more/ql commonly/rb in/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, the/at engineer/nn who/wps found/vbd that/cs other/ap duties/nns interfered/vbd with/in --/-- or/cc eliminated/vbd --/-- his/pp$ engineering/vbg contributions/nns ./. There/ex have/hv been/ben many/ap extremely/ql competent/jj men/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben converted/vbn into/in very/ql incompetent/jj managers/nns or/cc submerged/vbn in/in paper/nn work/nn ,/, to/in their/pp$ own/jj and/cc the/at public's/nn$ dissatisfaction/nn and/cc loss/nn ./. This/dt has/hvz been/ben more/ql evident/jj since/cs our/pp$ products/nns have/hv incorporated/vbn astronomically/ql increased/vbn technology/nn ./. The/at remedies/nns have/hv been/ben many/ap and/cc varied/vbn --/-- attempts/nns to/to teach/vb management/nn techniques/nns --/-- either/cc in/in plant/nn ,/, at/in special/jj schools/nns ,/, or/cc in/in university/nn ``/`` crash/jj ''/'' courses/nns --/-- provision/nn of/in management-trained/jj assistants/nns or/cc associates/nns ./. But/cc the/at realization/nn has/hvz been/ben growing/vbg that/cs these/dts are/ber not/* the/at complete/jj answer/nn ./. Some/dti men/nns have/hv no/at talent/nn for/in or/cc interest/nn in/in management/nn ;/. ;/. forcing/vbg them/ppo into/in management/nn can/md only/rb create/vb trouble/nn ./. The/at old/jj shop/nn adage/nn still/rb holds/vbz :/: ``/`` A/at good/jj mechanic/nn is/bez usually/rb a/at bad/jj boss/nn ''/'' ./. Yet/cc our/pp$ economy/nn clings/vbz inexorably/rb to/in recognition/nn of/in managerial/jj status/nn as/cs the/at gage/nn of/in success/nn ./. Labor/nn fights/vbz to/to change/vb its/pp$ collar/nn from/in blue/jj to/in white/jj ./. All/abn grades/nns of/in management/nn seek/vb more/ql resounding/jj titles/nns and/cc incomes/nns because/rb of/in social/jj pressures/nns ./. As/cs several/ap recent/jj books/nns have/hv over-emphasized/vbn ,/, we/ppss have/hv become/vbn the/at most/ql status-conscious/jj nation/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. What/wdt can/md be/be done/vbn for/in the/at ``/`` individual/jj contributor/nn ''/'' who/wps is/bez extremely/ql important/jj --/-- and/cc likely/jj to/to be/be more/ql so/rb --/-- in/in the/at operation/nn of/in the/at technically/rb oriented/vbn company/nn ?/. ?/. He/pps is/bez usually/rb conscious/jj of/in the/at social/jj pressures/nns at/in home/nn and/cc outside/rb ;/. ;/. usually/rb concerned/vbn about/in America's/np$ belief/nn that/dt attainment/nn and/cc success/nn are/ber measured/vbn in/in dollars/nns and/cc titles/nns ./. Yet/cc titles/nns are/ber traditionally/rb given/vbn only/rb to/in management/nn men/nns ,/, and/cc income/nn tends/vbz to/to rise/vb with/in title/nn ./. Even/rb the/at college/nn professor/nn in/in America/np has/hvz been/ben affected/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, as/cs one/cd engineer/nn says/vbz ,/, ``/`` indeed/rb a/at difficult/jj thing/nn for/in the/at engineer/nn to/to accept/vb that/cs he/pps can/md go/vb as/ql far/rb on/in his/pp$ technical/jj merit/nn as/cs he/pps could/md employing/vbg managerial/jj skills/nns ./. This/dt difficulty/nn arises/vbz even/rb though/cs we/ppss can/md give/vb examples/nns of/in men/nns who/wps have/hv actually/rb followed/vbn this/dt course/nn ./. This/dt leads/vbz one/pn to/to conclude/vb ,/, as/cs you/ppss have/hv ,/, that/cs there/ex is/bez inevitably/rb more/ap prestige/nn in/in a/at management/nn position/nn in/in the/at minds/nns of/in our/pp$ people/nns ''/'' ./. Nobody/pn should/md be/be more/ql able/jj to/to answer/vb the/at questions/nns on/in this/dt score/nn than/cs engineering/vbg vice-presidents/nns and/cc chief/jjs engineers/nns ./. So/rb we/ppss asked/vbd such/jj men/nns in/in major/jj companies/nns in/in the/at design/nn field/nn to/to offer/vb their/pp$ opinions/nns on/in the/at ``/`` dual-road-up/jj ''/'' problem/nn --/-- and/cc more/ql importantly/rb --/-- their/pp$ solutions/nns ./. In/in the/at paragraphs/nns that/wps follow/vb ,/, we/ppss quote/vb from/in 32/cd men/nns who/wps are/ber identified/vbn on/in the/at final/jj page/nn ./. First/rb-hl :/:-hl what/wdt-hl title/nn-hl ,/,-hl what/wdt-hl setup/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl Among/in the/at more/ql familiar/jj plans/nns for/in dual-channel/jj advancement/nn is/bez that/dt of/in General/nn-tl Electric/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez not/* a/at mutually/ql exclusive/jj plan/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez no/at one/cd point/nn in/in a/at man's/nn$ career/nn at/in which/wdt he/pps must/md select/vb either/cc the/at technical/jj or/cc the/at managerial/jj path/nn upward/rb ./. Further/rbr ,/, the/at management/nn path/nn does/doz not/* open/vb the/at door/nn to/in higher/jjr opportunities/nns than/cs are/ber offered/vbn by/in the/at more/ql technical/jj path/nn ./. It/pps is/bez common/jj to/to shift/vb back/rb and/cc forth/rb ,/, working/vbg up/rp through/in a/at number/nn of/in supervisory/jj and/cc individual-contributor/jj positions/nns ./. Actually/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in individual-contributor/jj positions/nns in/in both/abx operating/vbg departments/nns and/cc in/in the/at company-wide/jj ``/`` services/nns ''/'' operation/nn that/wps are/ber filled/vbn by/in men/nns with/in successful/jj managerial/jj experience/nn who/wps are/ber currently/rb broadening/vbg their/pp$ capabilities/nns ./. Also/rb ,/, moving/vbg into/in a/at managerial/jj position/nn does/doz not/* necessarily/rb end/vb a/at man's/nn$ recognition/nn as/cs a/at technical/jj expert/nn ./. As/cs examples/nns at/in GE/nn :/: Glen/np B./np Warren/np ,/, formerly/rb manager/nn of/in the/at Turbine/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, widely/rb recognized/vbn as/cs a/at turbine/nn designer/nn ./. The/at late/jj W./np R./np G./np Baker/np ,/, a/at pioneer/nn in/in television/nn design/nn and/cc long-time/nn vp/nn &/cc gm/nn of/in the/at Electronics/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, by/in his/pp$ own/jj choice/nn ,/, an/at individual/jj consultant/nn ./. Harold/np E./np Strang/np ,/, expert/nn in/in switchgear/nn design/nn ,/, for/in a/at long/jj period/nn vp/nn &/cc gm/nn of/in the/at Measurements/nns-tl &/cc-tl Industrial/jj-tl Products/nns-tl Division/nn-tl ,/, and/cc who/wps currently/rb ,/, approaching/vbg retirement/nn ,/, is/bez vice-president/nn and/cc consulting/vbg engineer/nn in/in the/at Switchgear/nn-tl &/cc-tl Control/nn-tl Division/nn-tl ./. In/in the/at GE/nn plan/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in individual/jj contributors/nns have/hv positions/nns and/cc compensation/nn higher/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in many/ap managers/nns ./. These/dts positions/nns carry/vb such/jj titles/nns as/cs :/: Consultant/nn-tl ,/, Advanced/jj-tl Development/nn-tl Consulting/vbg-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, Consulting/vbg-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, Heat/nn-tl Transfer/nn-tl Consulting/vbg-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, Senior/jj-tl Electrical/jj-tl Engineer/nn-tl ,/, Senior/jj-tl Physicist/nn-tl ./. Westinghouse/np has/hvz a/at similar/jj system/nn ,/, with/in two/cd classifications/nns representing/vbg various/jj levels/nns of/in competence/nn on/in the/at strictly/ql technical/jj side/nn :/: consulting/vbg engineer/nn or/cc scientist/nn ,/, as/cs the/at case/nn may/md be/be ,/, and/cc advisory/jj engineer/nn or/cc scientist/nn ./. Many/ap companies/nns have/hv systems/nns ,/, particularly/rb in/in R/nn &/cc D/nn ,/, which/wdt work/vb more/ql or/cc less/ql well/rb ,/, depending/in upon/in size/nn and/cc actual/jj belief/nn in/in the/at policy/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in administration/nn ,/, as/cs will/md be/be abundantly/ql apparent/jj in/in subsequent/jj quotations/nns ./. Another/dt factor/nn that/wps may/md hold/vb hope/nn is/bez for/in parallel/nn recognition/nn is/bez ,/, as/cs one/cd man/nn says/vbz it/ppo :/: ``/`` that/cs the/at fad/nn for/in educating/vbg top/jjs people/nns along/in managerial/jj lines/nns is/bez yielding/vbg to/in the/at technically/rb trained/vbn approach/nn ''/'' ./. Senior/jj-hl staff/nn-hl engineer/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl One/cd company/nn instituted/vbd ,/, early/rb in/in 1959/cd ,/, a/at vertical/jj classification/nn system/nn consisting/vbg of/in four/cd levels/nns ./. There/ex is/bez no/at formal/jj equivalence/nn to/in the/at supervisory/jj ranks/nns ;/. ;/. the/at top/jjs non-supervisory/jj level/nn ,/, senior/jj staff/nn engineer/nn ,/, enjoys/vbz status/nn and/cc pay/nn ranging/vbg up/rp to/in that/dt for/in the/at second/od level/nn of/in engineering/vbg supervision/nn ./. The/at second/od level/nn ,/, senior/jj engineer/nn ,/, rates/vbz slightly/ql below/in first-level/nn supervision/nn ./. The/at expectation/nn is/bez that/cs first-level/nn supervisors/nns will/md be/be selected/vbn in/in approximately/ql equal/jj numbers/nns from/in the/at second/od and/cc third/od engineering/vbg level/nn ,/, with/in very/ql few/ap coming/vbg from/in the/at first/od level/nn ./. The/at company/nn expects/vbz to/to extend/vb upward/rb both/abx compensation/nn and/cc status/nn for/in non-supervisory/jj engineers/nns ,/, but/cc probably/rb not/* into/in executive/nn levels/nns ./. In/in this/dt organization/nn ,/, about/rb half/abn of/in the/at engineers/nns with/in 15/cd or/cc more/ap years/nns of/in employment/nn are/ber in/in supervision/nn ,/, engineering/vbg or/cc elsewhere/rb ./. This/dt reflects/vbz the/at very/ql heavy/jj engineering/nn content/nn of/in the/at products/nns --/-- which/wdt are/ber not/* military/jj ./. Several/ap other/ap examples/nns :/: central/jj-hl and/cc-hl satellite/nn-hl ``/`` We/ppss have/hv over/rp 20/cd divisions/nns --/-- each/dt of/in which/wdt has/hvz an/at engineering/vbg department/nn headed/vbn by/in a/at chief/jjs engineer/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv set/vbn up/rp a/at central/jj R/nn &/cc D/nn department/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs engineering-management/nn departments/nns --/-- about/rb 80/cd people/nns working/vbg on/in problems/nns related/vbn to/in those/dts of/in our/pp$ plants/nns ./. A/at separate/jj research/nn department/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, confined/vbn to/in new/jj or/cc future/jj designs/nns ./. Part/nn of/in this/dt headquarters/nn staff/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, are/ber engineering/vbg managers/nns who/wps work/vb between/in divisional/jj chief/jjs engineers/nns and/cc headquarters/nn management/nn ./. These/dts headquarters/nn engineers/nns ,/, headed/vbn by/in the/at vice-president/nn --/-- Engineering/vbg ,/, counsel/vb and/cc advise/vb divisional/jj managers/nns and/cc chief/jjs engineers/nns on/in product/nn problems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs aid/vb with/in design/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc many/ap are/ber engineers/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben advanced/vbn from/in the/at divisions/nns ./. These/dts men/nns are/ber considered/vbn managers/nns of/in engineers/nns ./. They/ppss must/md learn/vb to/to wear/vb several/ap hats/nns ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, working/vbg with/in management/nn ,/, sales/nns and/cc engineering/vbg problems/nns related/vbn to/in the/at product/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss do/do not/* have/hv people/nns in/in our/pp$ organization/nn termed/vbn '/' consultants/nns '/' or/cc '/' fellows/nns '/' ,/, who/wps are/ber specialists/nns in/in one/cd particular/jj technical/jj subject/nn ./. I/ppss suppose/vb it/pps is/bez because/cs we/ppss are/ber just/rb not/* big/jj enough/qlp ./. We/ppss have/hv a/at few/ap '/' consultants/nns '/' --/-- retired/vbn engineers/nns retained/vbn and/cc called/vbn in/rp on/in certain/jj problems/nns ./. The/at only/ap '/' fellows/nns '/' in/in our/pp$ company/nn are/ber those/dts who/wps have/hv been/ben honored/vbn by/in ASME/nn ,/, AIEE/nn or/cc AIChE/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs the/at engineer/nn who/wps enters/vbz management/nn is/bez nearly/ql always/rb opening/vbg the/at door/nn to/in greater/jjr possibilities/nns than/cs he/pps would/md have/hv as/cs a/at technical/jj specialist/nn --/-- because/rb of/in his/pp$ wider/jjr accountability/nn ''/'' ./. Another/dt-hl structure/nn-hl ``/`` We/ppss have/hv tried/vbn to/to make/vb both/abx paths/nns attractive/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs good/jj men/nns could/md find/vb opportunity/nn and/cc satisfaction/nn in/in either/dtx ./. One/cd way/nn to/to formalize/vb this/dt is/bez in/in the/at job/nn structure/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv these/dts positions/nns ,/, which/wdt compare/vb directly/rb :/: Af/nn ``/`` Above/in these/dts jobs/nns we/ppss have/hv chief/jjs engineer/nn for/in the/at company/nn and/cc vice-president/nn of/in Engrg/nn ,/, R/nn &/cc Aj/nn ./. The/at latter/ap jobs/nns include/vb major/jj management/nn responsibilities/nns and/cc have/hv been/ben filled/vbn by/in those/dts who/wps have/hv come/vbn up/rp primarily/rb through/in the/at engineering-management/nn side/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv not/* yet/rb succeeded/vbn in/in establishing/vbg recognition/nn of/in technical/jj specialization/nn comparable/jj to/in our/pp$ higher/jjr levels/nns of/in management/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss believe/vb we/ppss will/md trend/nn in/in this/dt direction/nn but/cc not/* to/to exceed/vb vice-president/nn ''/'' ./. Top/jjs-hl job/nn-hl :/:-hl research/nn-hl scientist/nn-hl ``/`` ./.-hl Approximately/rb four/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, we/ppss initiated/vbd a/at dual/jj ladder/nn of/in advancement/nn for/in technical/jj persons/nns ./. The/at highest/jjt position/nn is/bez known/vbn as/cs a/at '/' research/nn scientist/nn ./. This/dt approach/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben entirely/ql satisfactory/jj ./. The/at primary/jj deterrent/nn appears/vbz to/to lie/vb with/in the/at technical/jj people/nns themselves/ppls ,/, and/cc their/pp$ concept/nn of/in what/wdt constitutes/vbz status/nn in/in present-day/jj society/nn ./. Scientists/nns who/wps agitate/vb hardest/rbt for/in technical/jj recognition/nn are/ber often/rb the/at most/ql reluctant/jj to/to accept/vb it/ppo ./. We/ppss have/hv discovered/vbn that/cs the/at outward/jj trappings/nns such/jj as/cs private/jj offices/nns and/cc private/jj secretaries/nns are/ber extremely/ql important/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc although/cs we/ppss have/hv attempted/vbn to/to provide/vb these/dts status/nn symbols/nns ,/, support/nn of/in the/at '/' dual-ladder/jj '/' plan/nn has/hvz been/ben half-hearted/jj despite/in the/at creation/nn of/in a/at salary/nn potential/nn for/in a/at research/nn scientist/nn commensurate/jj with/in that/dt of/in men/nns in/in top/jjs managerial/jj positions/nns ./. ``/`` A/at serious/jj problem/nn accompanying/vbg the/at technical-ladder/nn approach/nn is/bez the/at difficulty/nn of/in clearly/rb defining/vbg responsibilities/nns and/cc standards/nns of/in performance/nn for/in each/dt level/nn ./. With/in no/at set/vbn standards/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at tendency/nn to/to promote/vb to/in the/at next/ap highest/jjt level/nn when/wrb the/at top/nn of/in a/at salary/nn band/nn is/bez reached/vbn regardless/rb of/in performance/nn ./. Promotion/nn is/bez too/ql often/rb based/vbn on/in longevity/nn and/cc time/nn in/in salary/nn grade/nn instead/rb of/in merit/nn ./. If/cs no/at specific/jj organization/nn plan/nn exists/vbz limiting/vbg the/at number/nn of/in scientists/nns at/in each/dt salary/nn level/nn ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez a/at department/nn top-heavy/jj with/in high-level/nn ,/, high-salaried/jj personnel/nns ''/'' ./. Staff/nn-hl engineer/nn-hl dept./nn-hl manager/nn-hl ``/`` We/ppss have/hv two/cd approaches/nns for/in the/at technical/jj man/nn :/: the/at position/nn of/in staff/nn engineer/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez rated/vbn as/ql high/jj in/in salary/nn as/cs department/nn manager/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc an/at administrative/jj organization/nn to/to take/vb the/at routine/jj load/nn away/rb from/in department/nn managers/nns and/cc project/nn engineers/nns as/ql much/ap as/cs possible/jj ,/, thus/rb allowing/vbg them/ppo more/ap time/nn for/in strictly/ql technical/jj work/nn ./. These/dts are/ber only/rb halfway/jj measures/nns ,/, and/cc the/at answer/nn will/md come/vb when/wrb some/dti way/nn is/bez found/vbn to/to allow/vb the/at technical/jj man/nn in/in industry/nn to/to progress/vb without/in limit/nn in/in salary/nn and/cc prestige/nn ''/'' ./. A/at-hl complete/jj-hl plan/nn-hl ``/`` We/ppss have/hv made/vbn limited/vbn application/nn of/in the/at '/' parallel/jj ladder/nn '/' plan/nn ./. The/at highest/rbt rated/vbn non-supervisory/jj engineering/vbg title/nn is/bez '/' research/nn engineer/nn ./. The/at salary/nn schedule/nn permits/vbz remuneration/nn greater/jjr than/in the/at average/nn paid/vbn to/in the/at first/od level/nn of/in engineering/vbg supervision/nn (/( engineering/vbg section/nn head/nn )/) ./. We/ppss also/rb have/hv an/at '/' engineering/vbg section/nn head/nn --/-- research/nn engineer/nn '/' classification/nn which/wdt has/hvz salary/nn possibilities/nns equivalent/jj to/in that/dt of/in a/at research/nn engineer/nn ./. Above/in this/dt point/nn there/ex is/bez no/at generally/rb used/vbn parallel/jj ladder/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss also/rb do/do a/at number/nn of/in things/nns to/to build/vb up/rp the/at prestige/nn of/in the/at engineer/nn as/cs a/at '/' professional/nn '/' and/cc also/rb to/to give/nn public/jj recognition/nn to/in individual/jj technical/jj competence/nn ./. These/dts include/vb encouragement/nn of/in ,/, and/cc assistance/nn to/in ,/, the/at engineer/nn in/in preparation/nn and/cc publication/nn of/in technical/jj papers/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv two/cd media/nns for/in publicizing/vbg individual/jj technical/jj activity/nn ,/, a/at magazine/nn widely/rb distributed/vbn both/abx within/in and/cc without/in the/at company/nn ,/, and/cc an/at information/nn bulletin/nn for/in engineering/vbg personnel/nns distributed/vbn to/in the/at homes/nns of/in all/abn engineers/nns ./. Publicity/nn is/bez given/vbn to/in the/at award/nn of/in patents/nns to/in our/pp$ engineers/nns and/cc financial/jj support/nn is/bez provided/vbn for/in individual/jj membership/nn in/in technical/jj societies/nns ./. ``/`` A/at recent/jj ,/, and/cc more/ql pertinent/jj action/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at technical/jj staff/nn reporting/vbg to/in the/at vice-president/nn for/in Engineering/nn-tl ./. This/dt function/nn is/bez staffed/vbn by/in engineers/nns chosen/vbn for/in their/pp$ technical/jj competence/nn and/cc who/wps have/hv the/at title/nn ,/, member/nn of/in the/at technical/jj staff/nn ./. Salaries/nns compare/vb favorably/rb with/in those/dts paid/vbn to/in the/at first/od two/cd or/cc three/cd levels/nns of/in management/nn ./. Additional/jj symbols/nns of/in status/nn are/ber granted/vbn ,/, such/jj as/cs reserved/vbn parking/nn ,/, distinctive/jj badge/nn passes/nns authorizing/vbg special/jj privileges/nns ,/, and/cc a/at difference/nn in/in the/at treatment/nn of/in financial/jj progress/nn through/in merit/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss presently/rb are/ber involved/vbn in/in inaugurating/vbg a/at new/jj development/nn center/nn ./. Operations/nns of/in this/dt nature/nn offer/vb the/at best/jjt opportunity/nn to/to recognize/vb scientific/jj status/nn ./. All/abn scientific/jj staff/nn members/nns will/md have/hv the/at title/nn ,/, '/' research-staff/nn member/nn ./. The/at salary/nn level/nn of/in an/at individual/nn within/in the/at group/nn will/md reflect/vb the/at scientific/jj community's/nn$ acceptance/nn of/in him/ppo as/cs an/at authority/nn in/in his/pp$ scientific/jj field/nn ./. Contrary/jj to/in usual/jj organization-position/nn evaluations/nns ,/, the/at position/nn to/in which/wdt research-staff/nn members/nns report/vb administratively/rb will/md not/* necessarily/rb encompass/vb the/at duties/nns of/in the/at research-staff/nn member/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, are/ber not/* necessarily/rb evaluated/vbn as/ql highly/rb ./. ``/`` These/dts recent/jj steps/nns do/do not/* offer/vb the/at possibility/nn of/in extension/nn to/in the/at great/jj number/nn of/in senior/jj engineers/nns who/wps have/hv displayed/vbn technical/jj competence/nn ./. It/pps is/bez doubtful/jj that/cs the/at complete/jj solution/nn to/in the/at over-all/jj problem/nn can/md result/vb entirely/rb from/in company/nn efforts/nns ./. Fundamental/jj to/in the/at difficulty/nn of/in creating/vbg the/at desired/vbn prestige/nn is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs ,/, in/in the/at business/nn community/nn ,/, prestige/nn and/cc status/nn are/ber conferred/vbn in/in proportion/nn to/in the/at authority/nn that/wpo one/cd man/nn has/hvz over/in others/nns and/cc the/at extent/nn of/in which/wdt he/pps participates/vbz in/in the/at management/nn functions/nns ''/'' ./.

ce33

ce33 |@word sixty:1 mile:1 north:1 new:13 york:3 city:2 woode:1 hill:1 dutchess:1 county:2 meet:2 broad:1 sweep:1 hudson:1 river:1 home:8 development:10 call:2 oakwood:5 heights:1 matter:1 fact:3 could:2 probably:1 find:2 every:2 populate:1 country:1 three:2 bedroom:1 ranch:1 style:1 cottage:1 range:1 height:4 unique:1 one:9 particular:1 oil:16 heating:6 meter:10 monthly:2 line:7 start:3 central:6 storage:7 point:2 pilot:2 operation:2 sponsor:1 entity:1 charter:1 delaware:1 tri:11 state:13 pipeline:3 corporation:3 principal:2 office:1 president:4 otis:1 waters:1 partner:1 law:1 firm:2 timan:1 water:9 chrysler:1 bldg:1 vice:1 louis:1 berkman:1 secretary:1 treasurer:1 mark:2 ritter:3 builder:7 kahler:1 craft:1 distributors:1 inc:1 newburgh:1 idea:3 tank:5 house:4 novelty:1 year:10 go:3 several:2 local:2 company:10 canada:1 even:4 overseas:1 write:1 fueloil:3 heat:3 inquire:1 feasible:2 editor:2 know:1 example:5 public:5 housing:3 278:1 describe:1 john:1 schulz:1 march:1 1950:1 issue:1 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Sixty/cd miles/nns north/nr of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl where/wrb the/at wooded/jj hills/nns of/in Dutchess/np-tl County/nn-tl meet/vb the/at broad/jj sweep/nn of/in the/at Hudson/np-tl River/nn-tl there/ex is/bez a/at new/jj home/nn development/nn called/vbn ``/`` Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ''/'' ./. As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn you/ppss could/md probably/rb find/vb a/at new/jj home/nn development/nn in/in every/at populated/vbn county/nn in/in the/at country/nn with/in three-bedroom/jj ranch/nn style/nn cottages/nns in/in the/at $14,000/nns range/nn ./. But/cc Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl is/bez unique/jj in/in one/cd particular/nn ./. Its/pp$ oil/nn for/in heating/vbg is/bez metered/vbn monthly/rb to/in each/dt home/nn from/in a/at line/nn that/wps starts/vbz at/in a/at central/jj storage/nn point/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at pilot/nn operation/nn sponsored/vbn by/in a/at new/jj entity/nn chartered/vbn in/in Delaware/np as/cs the/at Tri-State/jj-tl Pipeline/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, with/in principal/jjs offices/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl State/nn-tl ./. Its/pp$ president/nn is/bez Otis/np M./np Waters/np ,/, partner/nn in/in the/at law/nn firm/nn of/in Timen/np-tl &/cc-tl Waters/np-tl ,/, 540-K/cd Chrysler/np-tl Bldg./nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./. Vice-president/nn is/bez Louis/np Berkman/np and/cc the/at secretary-treasurer/nn is/bez Mark/np Ritter/np ./. Ritter/np is/bez the/at builder/nn of/in Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl and/cc president/nn of/in Kahler-Craft/np-tl Distributors/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Newburgh/np ,/, N.Y./np ./. The/at idea/nn of/in a/at central/jj tank/nn with/in lines/nns to/in each/dt house/nn is/bez not/* in/in itself/ppl a/at novelty/nn ./. Not/* a/at year/nn goes/vbz by/rb but/cc what/wdt several/ap local/jj companies/nns in/in the/at U.S./np and/cc Canada/np ,/, even/rb overseas/rb ,/, write/vb to/in Fueloil/nn-tl &/cc-tl Oil/nn-tl Heat/nn-tl to/to inquire/vb if/cs it's/pps+bez feasible/jj and/cc where/wrb it/pps is/bez being/beg done/vbn ./. Its/pp$ editors/nns only/rb knew/vbd of/in one/cd example/nn to/to point/vb to/in ,/, a/at public/jj housing/nn development/nn of/in 278/cd homes/nns in/in New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl described/vbn by/in John/np Schulz/np in/in the/at March/np ,/, 1950/cd issue/nn ./. This/dt has/hvz survived/vbn the/at years/nns but/cc there/ex has/hvz been/ben considerable/jj concern/nn among/in the/at tenants/nns over/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at oil/nn was/bedz not/* metered/vbn ./. Rather/rb the/at monthly/jj total/nn consumption/nn was/bedz divided/vbn and/cc charged/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in number/nn of/in rooms/nns and/cc persons/nns in/in the/at family/nn ./. Common/jj complaints/nns included/vbd ``/`` Mrs./np Murphy/np ''/'' leaving/vbg her/pp$ windows/nns open/jj all/abn the/at time/nn ,/, a/at fresh/jj air/nn fan/nn ,/, or/cc the/at family/nn was/bedz visiting/vbg ``/`` Aunt/nn-tl Minnie/np ''/'' with/in the/at house/nn shut/vbn up/rp but/cc they/ppss still/rb paid/vbd the/at same/ap rate/nn for/in oil/nn ./. As/cs a/at result/nn of/in that/dt attitude/nn ,/, others/nns have/hv been/ben discouraged/vbn from/in trying/vbg central/jj distribution/nn ./. A/at new/jj low/jj capacity/nn meter/nn is/bez the/at key/nn that/wps unlocks/vbz the/at situation/nn at/in Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ./. Called/vbn a/at ``/`` Slo-Flo/np-tl ''/'' meter/nn it/pps was/bedz designed/vbn for/in this/dt job/nn by/in Power/nn-tl Plus/rb-tl Industries/nns-tl of/in Los/np Angeles/np ,/, a/at key/jjs individual/nn being/beg Don/np Nelson/np ./. Tri-State/jj-tl has/hvz acquired/vbn its/pp$ exclusive/jj distribution/nn for/in the/at northern/jj ,/, principal/jjs heating/vbg states/nns ./. There's/ex+bez an/at advantage/nn in/in having/hvg a/at firm/nn like/cs Tri-State/jj-tl headed/vbn by/in a/at lawyer/nn ./. The/at earlier/jjr New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl development/nn was/bedz public/jj housing/nn ,/, so/rb it/pps easily/rb leaped/vbd over/in the/at problems/nns met/vbn in/in a/at private/jj venture/nn ./. These/dts have/hv to/to do/do with/in property/nn rights/nns ,/, municipal/jj official/nn attitudes/nns and/cc a/at host/nn of/in others/nns ./. In/in working/vbg out/rp the/at practical/jj legal/jj conclusions/nns President/nn-tl Waters/np was/bedz not/* thinking/vbg only/rb of/in this/dt pilot/nn project/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez planned/vbn to/to duplicate/vb this/dt program/nn or/cc system/nn in/in other/ap builder/nn developments/nns nationally/rb ./. It/pps is/bez always/rb difficult/jj ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap time-consuming/jj ,/, to/to get/vb approval/nn of/in any/dti kind/nn of/in line/nn under/in a/at public/jj street/nn ,/, as/cs one/cd example/nn ./. To/to overcome/vb this/dt ,/, the/at builder/nn lays/vbz and/cc completes/vbz the/at street/nn himself/ppl ,/, then/rb deeds/vbz it/ppo to/in the/at community/nn while/cs retaining/vbg a/at perpetual/jj easement/nn for/in the/at oil/nn lines/nns ./. When/wrb a/at family/nn buys/vbz a/at home/nn the/at title/nn is/bez subject/jj to/in a/at perpetual/jj easement/nn to/in Tri-State/jj-tl ./. For/in the/at central/jj storage/nn ,/, Tri-State/jj-tl buys/vbz one/cd acre/nn ,/, Buries/vbz its/pp$ tanks/nns and/cc simply/rb holds/vbz permanent/jj title/nn to/in that/dt piece/nn ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at whole/jj storage/nn and/cc pipeline/nn system/nn does/doz not/* belong/vb to/in the/at homeowners/nns nor/cc to/in the/at town/nn but/cc rather/rb to/in Tri-State/jj-tl ./. How/wrb does/doz Tri-State/jj-tl get/vb its/pp$ revenue/nn from/in this/dt plan/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps leases/vbz the/at whole/jj facility/nn to/in a/at large/jj oil/nn company/nn ,/, at/in least/ap large/jj enough/qlp to/to have/hv a/at strong/jj credit/nn position/nn ./. This/dt first/od test/nn is/bez being/beg leased/vbn for/in ten/cd years/nns but/cc future/jj projects/nns will/md require/vb at/in least/ap 15/cd years/nns ./. The/at amount/vb paid/vbn by/in the/at oil/nn company/nn to/in Tri-State/jj-tl for/in the/at use/nn of/in its/pp$ oil/nn distribution/nn system/nn and/cc the/at privilege/nn of/in supplying/vbg all/abn the/at homes/nns ,/, is/bez subject/jj to/in negotiation/nn but/cc naturally/rb must/md be/be profitable/jj to/in both/abx parties/nns ./. On/in this/dt first/od venture/nn the/at central/jj storage/nn is/bez 20,000/cd gallons/nns ,/, in/in two/cd tanks/nns ,/, or/cc an/at average/nn of/in 400/cd gallons/nns for/in each/dt of/in the/at 50/cd homes/nns ./. The/at supplier/nn delivers/vbz at/in his/pp$ convenience/nn in/in transport/nn loads/nns ,/, so/cs as/cs to/to maintain/vb two-to-three/cd weeks/nns reserve/nn supply/nn against/in weather/nn contingencies/nns ./. However/rb ,/, that/dt is/bez not/* all/abn he/pps has/hvz to/to do/do ./. He/pps must/md undertake/vb complete/jj servicing/nn of/in the/at oilheating/nn equipment/nn to/to assure/vb fine/jj heating/nn ./. In/in the/at present/jj project/nn the/at heating/nn is/bez by/in circulating/vbg hot/jj water/nn from/in Paragon/nn-tl boiler-burner/nn units/nns with/in summer-winter/jj domestic/jj hot/jj water/nn hookups/nns ./. Again/rb ,/, the/at oil/nn man/nn must/md read/vb the/at meters/nns at/in such/jj intervals/nns as/cs he/pps finds/vbz best/jjt ./. For/in this/dt first/od development/nn the/at supplier/nn signing/vbg the/at lease/nn is/bez a/at major/jj oil/nn company/nn but/cc in/in turn/nn the/at deal/nn is/bez being/beg transferred/vbn for/in operation/nn to/in its/pp$ local/jj fueloil/nn distributor/nn ./. The/at major/jj gets/vbz the/at assured/vbn gallonage/nn for/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at lease/nn and/cc the/at distributor/nn apparently/rb can/md do/do well/rb because/cs delivery/nn cost/nn is/bez low/jj ./. Initial/jj-hl considerations/nns-hl The/at officers/nns of/in the/at new/jj corporation/nn have/hv naturally/rb explored/vbn many/ap angles/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs personalities/nns that/wps might/md be/be affected/vbn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at officials/nns of/in Poughkeepsie/np town/nn (/( township/nn )/) where/wrb the/at project/nn is/bez located/vbn think/vb highly/rb of/in it/ppo because/cs it/pps simplifies/vbz their/pp$ snow/nn clearing/nn problem/nn ./. The/at central/jj storage/nn is/bez near/in a/at main/jjs artery/nn quite/ql easy/jj to/to reach/vb with/in large/jj transports/nns on/in a/at short/jj crescent/nn swing/nn ,/, with/in fewer/ap trucks/nns in/in the/at residential/jj streets/nns ./. The/at Public/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl has/hvz ruled/vbn that/cs this/dt is/bez not/* a/at public/jj utility/nn ,/, subject/jj to/in their/pp$ many/ap regulations/nns ./. Several/ap financial/jj institutions/nns ,/, both/abx banks/nns and/cc insurance/nn companies/nns ,/, have/hv been/ben sounded/vbn out/rp ./. They/ppss like/vb it/ppo and/cc would/md supply/vb most/ap of/in the/at capital/nn because/rb of/in the/at long/jj term/nn leases/nns by/in strong/jj oil/nn companies/nns ./. The/at Government/nn-tl housing/nn agencies/nns consider/vb it/ppo feasible/jj with/in one/cd special/jj stipulation/nn ./. There/ex must/md be/be a/at restriction/nn in/in the/at deed/nn to/to provide/vb that/cs the/at customer/nn may/md not/* be/be charged/vbn more/ap than/in the/at current/jj market/nn price/nn for/in the/at oil/nn ,/, an/at obvious/jj precaution/nn ,/, since/cs the/at account/nn is/bez permanently/rb wedded/vbn ,/, just/rb like/cs with/in gas/nn or/cc electricity/nn ./. For/in a/at few/ap details/nns of/in the/at system/nn the/at lines/nns are/ber 1-1/4''/nn ''/'' X-Tru-Coat/np ,/, a/at product/nn of/in Republic/nn-tl Steel/nn-tl Corp./nn-tl ,/, and/cc all/abn lines/nns are/ber welded/vbn ./. They/ppss are/ber laid/vbn a/at minimum/nn of/in 24''/nns ''/'' deep/rb and/cc in/in some/dti areas/nns four/cd feet/nns down/rp ,/, particularly/rb under/in roads/nns ,/, to/to stay/vb clear/rb of/in all/abn other/ap piping/nn such/jj as/cs water/nn and/cc sewers/nns and/cc to/to minimize/vb shocks/nns from/in heavy/jj trucking/nn ./. The/at meter/nn is/bez mounted/vbn high/rb on/in the/at basement/nn wall/nn ./. Its/pp$ figures/nns are/ber a/at half/abn inch/nn high/jj and/cc very/ql easy/jj to/to read/vb ,/, even/rb into/in tenth/od gallons/nns ./. It/pps will/md accommodate/vb firing/vbg rates/nns as/ql low/jj as/cs a/at half/abn gallon/nn an/at hour/nn ./. Ritter/np ,/, the/at builder/nn ,/, is/bez convinced/vbn that/cs the/at total/nn cost/nn of/in all/abn the/at heating/vbg systems/nns plus/cc the/at oil/nn distribution/nn system/nn is/bez no/ql greater/jjr than/cs would/md be/be gas/nn heating/vbg systems/nns in/in the/at houses/nns plus/cc their/pp$ lines/nns and/cc meters/nns ./. He/pps believes/vbz that/cs this/dt is/bez a/at sound/jj approach/nn to/in gas/nn competition/nn in/in builder/nn developments/nns where/wrb gas/nn is/bez available/jj ./. It/pps would/md be/be pretty/ql difficult/jj to/to install/vb a/at Tri-State/jj-tl system/nn in/in old/jj neighborhoods/nns ,/, and/cc that's/dt+bez an/at understatement/nn ./. The/at job/nn of/in getting/vbg property/nn easements/nns and/cc street/nn easements/nns and/cc the/at acre/nn for/in the/at tanks/nns would/md become/vb pretty/ql discouraging/jj ./. But/cc in/in a/at new/jj development/nn where/wrb everything/pn starts/vbz from/in scratch/nn the/at solutions/nns are/ber simple/jj ./. Future/jj-hl plans/nns-hl What/wdt does/doz Tri-State/jj-tl actually/rb want/vb to/to do/do ,/, now/rb that/cs it/pps has/hvz the/at meters/nns under/in franchise/nn and/cc certain/jj phases/nns of/in its/pp$ piping/vbg system/nn in/in the/at ``/`` patent/nn applied/vbn for/in ''/'' stage/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps wants/vbz to/to interest/vb builders/nns and/cc oil/nn companies/nns in/in the/at idea/nn of/in including/vbg its/pp$ facility/nn in/in their/pp$ new/jj home/nn projects/nns ,/, by/in financing/vbg and/cc installing/vbg the/at storage/nn ,/, piping/nn and/cc meters/nns ,/, and/cc leasing/vbg these/dts for/in 15/cd years/nns ,/, with/in renewal/nn options/nns ,/, to/in a/at strong/jj oil/nn company/nn ./. It/pps may/md also/rb work/vb in/in one/cd other/ap way/nn --/-- by/in licensing/vbg its/pp$ system/nn patents/nns and/cc supplying/vbg the/at meters/nns ,/, letting/vbg the/at oil/nn company/nn or/cc even/rb the/at builder/nn install/vb the/at facilities/nns ./. This/dt whole/jj development/nn is/bez certain/jj to/to be/be of/in interest/nn to/in the/at readers/nns ,/, for/cs the/at idea/nn has/hvz so/ql often/rb been/ben mentioned/vbn ,/, somewhat/ql wistfully/rb ./. But/cc it's/pps+bez too/ql early/jj yet/rb to/to go/vb visit/vb Oakwood/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ./. Only/rb eight/cd of/in the/at 50/cd houses/nns were/bed completed/vbn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at editor's/nn$ visit/nn on/in June/np 8th/od ;/. ;/. others/nns were/bed building/vbg ./. The/at big/jj tanks/nns were/bed at/in the/at site/nn but/cc still/rb sunning/vbg themselves/ppls ./. A/at big/jj mechanical/jj ditcher/nn was/bedz running/vbg the/at trenches/nns ,/, and/cc the/at town/nn building/vbg inspector/nn was/bedz paying/vbg a/at friendly/jj ,/, if/cs curious/jj ,/, visit/nn ./. The/at oilheating/nn industry/nn is/bez looking/vbg up/rp ,/, led/vbn by/in a/at revival/nn of/in research/nn and/cc development/nn ./. A/at primary/jj ingredient/nn in/in these/dts fields/nns is/bez imagination/nn ,/, and/cc Tri-State/jj-tl Pipeline/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl deserves/vbz a/at very/ql good/jj mark/nn ./. Every/at year/nn about/rb this/dt time/nn National/jj-tl Gargle/nn-tl Your/pp$-tl Cooling/nn-tl System/nn-tl week/nn rolls/vbz around/rb ./. It/pps pays/vbz in/in the/at long/jj (/( hot/jj )/) run/nn to/to take/vb good/jj care/nn of/in the/at water/nn works/nns ./. Do/do it/ppo this/dt way/nn for/in the/at summer/nn gargle/nn :/: First/rb ,/, drain/vb that/dt old/jj coolant/nn down/in the/at storm/nn sewer/nn ./. Don't/do* save/vb the/at anti-freeze/nn ,/, even/rb if/cs it/pps the/at expensive/jj ``/`` permanent/jj ''/'' type/nn ./. The/at word/nn means/vbz it/pps won't/md* boil/vb away/rb easily/rb ,/, nothing/pn else/rb ./. The/at rust/nn inhibitors/nns in/in the/at fluid/nn are/ber used/vbn up/rp after/in one/cd year/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss don't/do* want/vb to/to risk/vb the/at rust/nn that/cs two/cd years'/nns$ use/nn could/md mean/vb ./. Pitch/vb it/ppo out/rp ./. If/cs a/at lot/nn of/in rust/nn shows/vbz in/in the/at drain/nn ,/, use/vb a/at good/jj flushing/vbg cleaner/nn ./. Then/rb fill/vb the/at system/nn and/cc add/vb a/at rust/nn inhibitor/nn ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, you'll/ppss+md want/vb to/to use/vb the/at softest/jjt water/nn you/ppss can/md in/in your/pp$ radiators/nns ./. Now/rb ,/, check/vb for/in leaks/nns in/in your/pp$ hoses/nns and/cc hose/nn connections/nns ,/, around/in the/at freeze-out/nn plugs/nns ,/, gaskets/nns ,/, water/nn pump/nn seals/nns and/cc heater/nn fittings/nns ./. Next/rb ,/, run/vb the/at engine/nn and/cc let/vb it/ppo heat/vb up/rp so/cs the/at thermostat/nn opens/vbz ,/, and/cc then/rb look/vb for/in leaks/nns again/rb ./. Be/be sure/jj the/at bugs/nns and/cc dirt/nn are/ber blown/vbn out/in of/in the/at radiator/nn fins/nns ./. Use/vb the/at air/nn hose/nn for/in this/dt job/nn ./. Check/vb the/at temperature/nn gage/nn and/cc be/be sure/jj it/pps is/bez working/vbg ./. If/cs you/ppss use/vb one/cd of/in the/at new/jj year-round/jj cooling/vbg system/nn fluids/nns such/jj as/cs ``/`` Dowguard/np ''/'' be/be sure/jj to/to check/vb it/ppo ./. Dow/np says/vbz that/cs the/at fluid/nn can/md be/be used/vbn now/rb for/in two/cd years/nns ./. Check/vb its/pp$ inhibitor/nn effectiveness/nn before/cs leaving/vbg it/ppo in/rp during/in the/at summer/nn ./. Take/vb precautions/nns now/rb ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj you/ppss avoid/vb those/dts unpleasant/jj and/cc costly/jj heat/nn breakdowns/nns when/wrb the/at temperature/nn zooms/vbz this/dt summer/nn ./. Don't/do* let/vb your/pp$ mechanics/nns pull/vb the/at thermostats/nns out/in of/in those/dts fueloil/nn delivery/nn trucks/nns or/cc installation/nn rigs/nns of/in yours/pp$$ ./. Spring/nn and/cc summer/nn may/md be/be here/rb officially/rb ,/, but/cc those/dts thermos/nn stay/vb in/rp ./. The/at fact/nn is/bez that/cs removing/vbg and/cc leaving/vbg out/rp a/at thermostat/nn from/in any/dti water/nn cooled/vbn vehicle/nn ,/, will/md greatly/rb increase/vb the/at fuel/nn consumption/nn ,/, reduce/vb power/nn and/cc contribute/vb to/in spark/nn plug/nn fouling/nn due/jj to/in an/at accumulation/nn of/in excessive/jj carbon/nn deposits/nns on/in the/at insulators/nns ./. If/cs you/ppss run/vb into/in excess/jj plug/nn fouling/nn on/in one/cd truck/nn ,/, check/vb to/to be/be sure/jj that/cs the/at rig/nn has/hvz a/at thermostat/nn ./. The/at thermostat/nn is/bez important/jj to/to get/vb your/pp$ engine/nn up/in to/in operating/vbg temperature/nn quickly/rb ,/, and/cc to/to keep/vb it/ppo running/vbg at/in its/pp$ most/ql efficient/jj temperature/nn through/in the/at proper/jj circulation/nn of/in the/at coolant/nn ./. Are/ber you/ppss paying/vbg too/ql much/ap for/in your/pp$ truck/nn insurance/nn ?/. ?/. There's/ex+bez a/at good/jj chance/nn you/ppss are/ber doubling/vbg on/in some/dti coverage/nn ,/, not/* taking/vbg discounts/nns coming/vbg to/in you/ppo and/cc not/* cutting/vbg some/dti corners/nns that/wps can/md be/be cut/vbn ./. Have/hv a/at talk/nn with/in your/pp$ insurance/nn agent/nn ./. Be/be careful/jj that/cs you/ppss keep/vb adequate/jj coverage/nn ,/, but/cc look/vb for/in places/nns to/to save/vb money/nn ./. First/rb go/vb over/rp the/at type/nn of/in coverage/nn you/ppss now/rb have/hv ./. Look/vb for/in these/dts features/nns which/wdt may/md mean/vb you/ppss can/md save/vb :/: Duplicate/jj coverage/nn ./. Avoid/vb doubling/vbg up/rp on/in the/at same/ap item/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, don't/do* pay/vb in/in a/at truck/nn policy/nn for/in medical/jj coverage/nn that/wpo you/ppss may/md be/be paying/vbg for/in in/in a/at health/nn and/cc accident/nn policy/nn ./. Does/doz your/pp$ policy/nn have/hv a/at lay-up/jj clause/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt means/vbz that/cs if/cs your/pp$ insured/vbn vehicle/nn is/bez laid/vbn up/rp for/in more/ap than/in 30/cd days/nns ,/, insurance/nn can/md be/be suspended/vbn and/cc a/at proportionate/jj return/nn of/in your/pp$ premium/nn made/vbn to/in you/ppo ./. This/dt applies/vbz to/in repair/nn work/nn of/in winter/nn storage/nn ./. The/at figure/nn five/cd is/bez important/jj in/in insurance/nn ./. With/in many/ap company/nn policies/nns you/ppss get/vb a/at fleet/nn discount/nn if/cs you/ppss insure/vb five/cd or/cc more/ap rigs/nns ./. This/dt means/vbz either/cc cars/nns or/cc trucks/nns ./. Discounts/nns run/vb up/rp to/in 2%/nn of/in cost/nn ./. Usually/rb premium/nn reductions/nns can/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in applying/vbg deductibles/nns to/in your/pp$ liability/nn plan/nn ./. For/in example/nn :/: If/cs your/pp$ bodily/jj injury/nn claims/nns start/vb payment/nn after/in the/at first/od $250/nns ,/, a/at 25%/nn premium/nn saving/nn is/bez often/rb made/vbn ./.

ce34

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In/in the/at period/nn since/in the/at end/nn of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, --/-- a/at period/nn coinciding/vbg with/in merchandising/vbg demands/nns for/in the/at colorful/jj ,/, the/at unusual/jj ,/, and/cc the/at original/jj in/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns --/-- plastics/nns have/hv come/vbn on/rp so/ql strong/rb that/cs today/nr they/ppss are/ber the/at acknowledged/vbn leaders/nns in/in the/at field/nn ./. The/at importance/nn of/in the/at sign/nn industry/nn to/in the/at plastics/nns industry/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez not/* in/in terms/nns of/in volume/nn alone/rb ./. Designers/nns of/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns have/hv shown/vbn a/at refreshing/jj approach/nn to/in the/at adaptation/nn of/in plastics/nns that/wps has/hvz influenced/vbn the/at workings/nns of/in other/ap industries/nns ./. Many/ap of/in today's/nr$ developments/nns in/in thermoforming/vbg stem/vb from/in original/jj work/nn done/vbn with/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns ;/. ;/. the/at art/nn of/in preprinting/vbg in/in distortion/nn was/bedz similarly/rb perfected/vbn by/in the/at sign/nn makers/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at reverse-surface/nn decorating/vbg techniques/nns now/rb used/vbd for/in escutcheons/nns ,/, medallions/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, owes/vbz much/ap to/in the/at field/nn ,/, as/cs does/doz the/at technology/nn of/in designing/vbg with/in the/at light-transmitting/jj properties/nns of/in the/at transparent/jj plastics/nns ./. There/ex is/bez much/ap that/wpo many/ap industries/nns can/md continue/vb to/to learn/vb from/in some/dti of/in the/at more/ql recent/jj developments/nns described/vbn below/rb ./. The/at concept/nn of/in trans-illumination/nn (/( as/cs shown/vbn by/in the/at photo/nn on/in p./nn 92/cd )/) ,/, as/cs just/rb one/cd example/nn ,/, offers/vbz an/at entirely/rb new/jj approach/nn to/in lighting/vbg problems/nns --/-- no/at matter/nn what/wdt industry/nn is/bez involved/vbn ./. A/at-hl volume/nn-hl market/nn-hl According/in to/in a/at recent/jj Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl Journal/nn-tl survey/nn ,/, plastics/nns units/nns now/rb account/vb for/in more/ap than/in 50%/nn of/in all/abn sign/nn sales/nns ./. Five/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd only/rb 10%/nn of/in the/at market/nn ,/, with/in the/at remainder/nn firmly/rb entrenched/vbn in/in the/at stronghold/nn of/in neon/nn tubing/nn ./. And/cc it's/pps+bez far/ql from/in the/at end/nn for/in plastics/nns ./. Industry/nn sources/nns are/ber now/rb estimating/vbg that/cs 75%/nn of/in the/at signs/nns made/vbn during/in the/at 1960's/nns will/md be/be of/in plastic/nn construction/nn ./. Evidence/nn of/in this/dt trend/nn can/md best/rbt be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at recent/jj activities/nns of/in such/jj leading/vbg companies/nns in/in the/at field/nn as/cs Advance/nn-tl Neon/nn-tl Sign/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ./. Four/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, the/at company's/nn$ entire/jj line/nn was/bedz devoted/vbn to/in neon/nn signs/nns ;/. ;/. today/nr ,/, 85%/nn is/bez in/in plastics/nns ./. From/in the/at volume/nn standpoint/nn ,/, the/at total/nn market/nn represented/vbn by/in the/at sign/nn industry/nn is/bez impressive/jj ./. Aggregate/jj sales/nns during/in 1960/cd reached/vbd approximately/rb $500/nns million/cd ./. Currently/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber some/rb 6000/cd companies/nns in/in the/at field/nn ,/, ranging/vbg from/in small/jj firms/nns with/in a/at handful/nn of/in employees/nns to/in major/jj concerns/nns having/hvg complete/jj facilities/nns for/in production/nn of/in metal/nn ,/, electrical/jj ,/, and/cc plastic/nn components/nns ./. Why/wrb-hl the/at-hl trend/nn-hl to/in-hl plastics/nns-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl What/wdt accounts/vbz for/in the/at rapid/jj growth/nn of/in plastics/nns in/in the/at sign/nn and/cc display/nn field/nn ?/. ?/. Out/in of/in many/ap factors/nns which/wdt might/md be/be cited/vbn ,/, five/cd are/ber most/ql important/jj :/: 1/cd ./. Plastics/nns combine/vb such/jj properties/nns as/cs built-in/jj color/nn ,/, light/jj weight/nn ,/, optional/jj transparency/nn or/cc translucency/nn ,/, resistance/nn to/in corrosion/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at ease/nn of/in fabrication/nn ./. 2/cd ./. Plastic/nn signs/nns are/ber economical/jj ./. According/in to/in one/cd major/jj producer/nn ,/, materials/nns for/in a/at typical/jj plastic/nn sign/nn are/ber approximately/rb 25%/nn less/ql costly/jj than/cs for/in a/at comparable/jj neon/nn unit/nn ./. Shipping/vbg cost/nn is/bez also/rb reduced/vbn ;/. ;/. a/at 3-by-6-ft./nn plastic/nn sign/nn weighs/vbz about/rb 120/cd lb./nns ,/, compared/vbn to/in 275-300/cd lb./nns for/in neon/nn ./. The/at weight/nn advantage/nn ,/, plus/cc greater/jjr durability/nn of/in the/at plastic/nn unit/nn ,/, yields/vbz a/at saving/nn of/in about/rb one-fifth/nn in/in shipping/vbg ./. The/at lighter/jjr weight/nn also/rb means/vbz less/ql costly/jj supports/nns and/cc mountings/nns are/ber needed/vbn ./. Finally/rb ,/, maintenance/nn costs/nns on/in plastic/nn signs/nns are/ber much/ql lower/jjr than/cs on/in fragile/jj neon/nn signs/nns ./. 3/cd ./. They/ppss offer/vb exceptional/jj design/nn freedom/nn ,/, making/vbg it/ppo possible/jj to/to incorporate/vb contours/nns and/cc details/nns which/wdt give/vb free/jj range/nn to/in the/at talents/nns of/in the/at designer/nn ./. Vacuum-/nn and/cc pressure-formed/jj sheet/nn plastics/nns fill/vb the/at gap/nn between/in cardboard/nn and/cc molded/vbn plastics/nns ./. Pre-decoration/nn ,/, low-cost/nn molds/nns ,/, and/cc the/at freedom/nn to/to form/vb large/jj and/cc small/jj ,/, thick/jj and/cc thin/jj materials/nns make/vb plastics/nns tailor-made/vbn for/in the/at industry/nn ./. 4/cd ./. Plastic/nn signs/nns work/vb around/in the/at clock/nn ./. Internal/jj illumination/nn ,/, protected/vbn from/in the/at elements/nns ,/, gives/vbz them/ppo powerful/jj visual/jj appeal/nn at/in night/nn ;/. ;/. during/in daylight/nn hours/nns their/pp$ brilliant/jj colors/nns command/vb attention/nn and/cc interest/nn ./. 5/cd ./. Advances/nns in/in equipment/nn and/cc fabrication/nn techniques/nns give/vb the/at sign/nn or/cc display/nn manufacturer/nn an/at extremely/ql wide/jj choice/nn of/in production/nn techniques/nns ,/, ranging/vbg from/in injection/nn molding/nn for/in intricate/jj ,/, smaller-size/nn ,/, mass-production/nn signs/nns (/( generally/rb 5000/cd units/nns is/bez the/at minimum/nn )/) to/in vacuum/nn and/cc pressure/nn forming/vbg for/in larger/jjr signs/nns of/in limited/vbn runs/nns ./. Among/in the/at newest/jjt fabrication/nn methods/nns to/to enter/vb the/at display/nn field/nn are/ber expandable/jj styrene/nn molding/nn and/cc blow/nn molding/nn ./. What/wdt-hl plastics/nns-hl to/to-hl use/vb-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl For/in outdoor/jj signs/nns and/cc displays/nns ,/, acrylic/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ outstanding/jj optical/jj characteristics/nns ,/, weather/nn resistance/nn and/cc formability/nn ,/, strongly/rb dominates/vbz the/at picture/nn ./. At/in present/jj ,/, both/abx the/at familiar/jj cast/vbn acrylic/nn and/cc the/at newer/jjr extruded/vbn sheets/nns are/ber being/beg used/vbn by/in sign/nn manufacturers/nns ,/, with/in extruded/vbn now/rb representing/vbg an/at estimated/vbn 10%/nn of/in the/at total/nn ./. (/( See/vb panel/nn ,/, p./nn 166/cd ,/, for/in a/at comparison/nn ./. )/) Of/in interest/nn is/bez a/at recent/jj announcement/nn by/in Du/np Pont's/np$ Polychemicals/nns-tl Dept./nn-tl of/in a/at new/jj methyl/nn methacrylate/nn monomer/nn designated/vbn as/cs Monocite/np H/np-tl 100/cd-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz developed/vbn specifically/rb for/in production/nn of/in cast/vbn acrylic/nn sheets/nns for/in the/at sign/nn and/cc lighting/vbg industry/nn ./. Sheeting/nn cast/vbn from/in this/dt material/nn reportedly/rb weighs/vbz only/rb one-third/nn as/ql much/rb as/cs glass/nn ,/, is/bez impervious/jj to/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in weather/nn ,/, and/cc will/md not/* yellow/vb ./. Its/pp$ high/jj impact/nn strength/nn ,/, even/rb at/in low/jj temperatures/nns ,/, resists/vbz chipping/vbg ,/, cracking/vbg ,/, and/cc crazing/vbg ,/, according/in to/in Du/np Pont/np ./. Cellulose/nn acetate/nn butyrate/nn is/bez used/vbn extensively/rb for/in vacuum-formed/jj signs/nns ,/, background/nn panels/nns ,/, and/cc molded/vbn or/cc formed/vbn letters/nns because/rb of/in its/pp$ exceptional/jj toughness/nn ,/, ease/nn of/in forming/vbg ,/, and/cc excellent/jj weathering/vbg properties/nns ./. Its/pp$ clarity/nn and/cc good/jj optical/jj properties/nns are/ber other/ap important/jj factors/nns ./. New/jj to/in the/at field/nn is/bez a/at duplex/jj type/nn butyrate/nn laminate/nn in/in which/wdt the/at two/cd sheets/nns of/in the/at laminate/nn are/ber of/in different/jj color/nn ./. Thermoforming/vbg the/at laminate/nn and/cc then/rb sanding/vbg away/rb the/at top/jjs layer/nn is/bez a/at quick/jj and/cc economical/jj way/nn to/to produce/vb a/at two-color/jj sign/nn ./. (/( see/vb MPl/nn ,/, Mar./np 1961/cd ,/, p./nn 98/cd )/) ./. For/in specialized/vbn types/nns of/in displays/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs large/jj three-dimensional/jj units/nns reproducing/vbg a/at product/nn ,/, package/nn ,/, human/nn or/cc animal/nn figures/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, reinforced/vbn plastics/nns and/cc rotationally/rb molded/vbn vinyl/nn plastisols/nns are/ber other/ap materials/nns frequently/rb used/vbn ./. A/at relative/jj newcomer/nn in/in outdoor/jj signs/nns is/bez Mylar/np polyester/nn film/nn ,/, now/rb used/vbn as/cs a/at printed/vbn overlay/nn for/in trans-illuminated/jj signs/nns (/( see/vb below/rb )/) ./. For/in outdoor/jj signs/nns and/cc displays/nns ,/, where/wrb the/at problem/nn of/in weathering/vbg resistance/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at factor/nn ,/, the/at choice/nn of/in plastics/nns is/bez almost/ql unlimited/jj ./. Here/rb may/md be/be found/vbn regular/jj and/cc impact/nn styrene/nn ,/, cellulose/nn acetate/nn ,/, cellulose/nn butyrate/nn and/cc cellulose/nn propionate/nn ,/, acrylic/nn ,/, vinyl/nn ,/, expandable/jj styrene/nn foam/nn ,/, and/cc polyethylene/nn ./. The/at final/jj choice/nn of/in material/nn depends/vbz upon/in such/jj factors/nns as/cs costs/nns ,/, method/nn of/in fabrication/nn ,/, degree/nn of/in complexity/nn ,/, number/nn of/in units/nns required/vbn ,/, time/nn available/jj for/in tooling/vbg ,/, and/cc projected/vbn life/nn expectancy/nn of/in the/at unit/nn ./. Often/rb ,/, the/at finished/vbn sign/nn or/cc display/nn incorporates/vbz several/ap types/nns of/in plastics/nns and/cc two/cd or/cc more/ap fabricating/vbg techniques/nns ./. Trans-illuminated/jj-hl billboards/nns-hl One/cd of/in the/at most/ql significant/jj advancements/nns in/in design/nn of/in plastics/nns signs/nns is/bez the/at so-called/jj trans-illuminated/jj billboard/nn ,/, now/rb being/beg produced/vbn by/in several/ap large/jj sign/nn manufacturers/nns such/jj as/cs Advance/nn-tl Neon/nn-tl Sign/nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Los/np Angeles/np ,/, and/cc Industrial/jj-tl Electric/jj-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, La./np ./. The/at essential/jj difference/nn between/in the/at new/jj trans-illuminated/jj boards/nns and/cc existing/vbg billboards/nns is/bez that/cs the/at former/ap ,/, constructed/vbn of/in translucent/jj plastic/nn panels/nns ,/, are/ber lighted/vbn from/in within/rb ./. With/in the/at source/nn of/in light/nn behind/in the/at copy/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at loss/nn of/in lumen/nn output/nn ,/, as/cs with/in conventional/jj boards/nns illuminated/vbn by/in means/nn of/in reflected/vbn light/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, the/at light/nn sources/nns are/ber shielded/vbn from/in dirt/nn and/cc weather/nn exposure/nn and/cc cannot/md* obstruct/vb the/at view/nn of/in the/at sign/nn ./. The/at copy/nn itself/ppl ,/, including/in any/dti text/nn or/cc illustrations/nns ,/, is/bez reproduced/vbn in/in full/jj color/nn directly/rb on/in a/at thin/jj Mylar/np polyester/nn film/nn by/in a/at photo/nn screen/nn process/nn ./. The/at film/nn has/hvz an/at adhesive/nn on/in the/at back/nn which/wdt permits/vbz it/ppo to/to be/be stripped/vbn onto/in the/at acrylic/nn panels/nns forming/vbg the/at sign/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb to/to be/be stripped/vbn off/rp for/in replacement/nn by/in new/jj copy/nn as/cs required/vbn ./. Spare/jj sets/nns of/in face/nn panels/nns simplify/vb the/at change/nn from/in one/cd copy/nn or/cc message/nn to/in another/dt ;/. ;/. new/jj panels/nns are/ber exchanged/vbn for/in the/at old/jj right/rb in/in the/at field/nn on/in a/at single/ap trip/nn ./. Panels/nns with/in outdated/vbn copy/nn are/ber returned/vbn to/in the/at sign/nn shop/nn so/cs a/at new/jj message/nn can/md be/be applied/vbn ./. Signs/nns of/in this/dt type/nn have/hv already/rb made/vbn their/pp$ appearance/nn in/in several/ap larger/jjr cities/nns ,/, and/cc others/nns are/ber on/in the/at way/nn ./. It/pps is/bez believed/vbn that/cs these/dts boards/nns will/md ,/, within/in the/at next/ap few/ap years/nns ,/, replace/vb many/ap of/in the/at conventional/jj flood-lighted/jj boards/nns now/rb in/in use/nn ./. Trans-illuminated/jj signs/nns also/rb show/vb versatility/nn in/in other/ap directions/nns ./. As/cs used/vbn by/in Industrial/jj-tl Electric/jj-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, the/at film/nn panels/nns are/ber printed/vbn one/cd at/in a/at time/nn ,/, as/cs are/ber 24-sheet/jj posters/nns ./. Thus/rb the/at film/nn can/md be/be applied/vbn to/in back-lighted/jj translucent/jj plastics/nns faces/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss can/md also/rb be/be applied/vbn to/in opaque/jj panels/nns for/in use/nn on/in cutouts/nns ,/, or/cc they/ppss can/md be/be applied/vbn directly/rb to/in painted/vbn bulletin/nn faces/nns ./. In/in this/dt way/nn ,/, the/at sign/nn maker/nn has/hvz an/at economical/jj means/nn for/in displaying/vbg uniform/jj copy/nn on/in different/jj sign/nn media/nns ./. Recently/rb Industrial/jj-tl Electric/nn-tl unveiled/vbd another/dt new/jj development/nn made/vbn possible/jj by/in modern/jj plastic/nn materials/nns --/-- a/at revolving/vbg spectacular/jj sign/nn ./. Comprised/vbn of/in 16/cd triangular/jj trans-illuminated/jj plastic/nn sections/nns ,/, it/pps makes/vbz it/ppo possible/jj to/to combine/vb three/cd different/jj signs/nns in/in a/at single/ap unit/nn ./. The/at triangles/nns automatically/rb revolve/vb in/in a/at cycle/nn which/wdt permits/vbz 9/cd sec./nns of/in viewing/vbg time/nn for/in each/dt poster/nn subject/nn ./. Sixteen/cd panels/nns ,/, each/dt slightly/ql more/ap than/in 1-1/2/cd ft./nns wide/jj ,/, make/vb up/rp the/at 25-ft./jj length/nn of/in the/at sign/nn ./. Changeable/jj-hl letters/nns-hl fill/vb-hl many/ap-hl needs/nns-hl Perhaps/rb the/at best/jjt way/nn to/to indicate/vb the/at versatility/nn of/in design/nn that/wps characterizes/vbz the/at use/nn of/in plastics/nns in/in signs/nns and/cc displays/nns would/md be/be to/to look/vb at/in what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg in/in only/rb one/cd of/in the/at areas/nns in/in this/dt complex/jj field/nn --/-- changeable/jj signs/nns ./. Signs/nns are/ber meant/vbn to/to convey/vb a/at message/nn ,/, and/cc in/in most/ap cases/nns ,/, this/dt requires/vbz words/nns and/cc letters/nns ./. Frequently/rb ,/, the/at message/nn must/md be/be changed/vbn at/in intervals/nns to/to feature/vb new/jj products/nns ,/, price/nn changes/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. The/at huge/jj market/nn for/in changeable/jj signs/nns has/hvz spurred/vbn a/at universal/jj demand/nn for/in individual/jj plastic/nn letters/nns ,/, in/in all/abn shapes/nns and/cc sizes/nns --/-- and/cc a/at number/nn of/in companies/nns are/ber set/vbn up/rp to/to supply/vb them/ppo ./. Here/rb are/ber some/dti of/in the/at newer/jjr items/nns currently/rb available/jj :/: Poster/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, Ill./np :/: a/at changeable/jj copy/nn and/cc display/nn sign/nn which/wdt consists/vbz of/in an/at extruded/vbn impact/nn styrene/nn background/nn in/in choice/nn of/in colors/nns ,/, onto/in which/wdt are/ber mounted/vbn snap-in/jj letters/nns ,/, figures/nns ,/, or/cc words/nns screened/vbn on/in acetate/nn or/cc other/ap types/nns of/in sheet/nn stock/nn ./. The/at background/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez available/jj in/in various/jj widths/nns and/cc continuous/jj lengths/nns ,/, is/bez extruded/vbn with/in parallel/jj undercut/jj grooves/nns which/wdt grip/vb the/at flexible/jj letters/nns securely/rb ./. The/at Adaptaplex/np-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Beaverton/np ,/, Ore./np :/: letters/nns molded/vbn of/in butyrate/nn ,/, available/jj in/in several/ap sizes/nns in/in either/cc red/jj or/cc black/jj ./. Ideal/jj for/in merchandising/vbg use/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber weather-resistant/jj ,/, and/cc have/hv mounting/vbg pegs/nns on/in the/at back/nn which/wdt fit/vb into/in openings/nns in/in a/at vacuum-formed/jj waffle-pattern/jj background/nn panel/nn ./. For/in large/jj letters/nns ,/, e.g./rb thermoformed/vbn of/in acrylic/nn or/cc butyrate/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber other/ap techniques/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, in/in a/at typical/jj store/nn installation/nn ,/, fifty/cd 24-in./jj and/cc six/cd 36-in./nn red/jj acrylic/nn letters/nns were/bed mounted/vbn against/in a/at white/jj painted/vbn wood/nn background/nn ./. The/at fact/nn that/cs even/rb the/at larger/jjr letters/nns weighed/vbd only/rb 5/cd lb./nns each/dt made/vbd it/ppo possible/jj to/to secure/vb the/at letters/nns to/in the/at building/nn through/in clear/jj acrylic/nn angle/nn brackets/nns cemented/vbn to/in the/at letters/nns ./. Stainless/jj steel/nn screws/nns were/bed used/vbn to/to minimize/vb corrosion/nn stains/nns ./. For/in mounting/vbg to/in corrugated/vbn plastic/nn backgrounds/nns ,/, very/ql small/jj holes/nns may/md be/be drilled/vbn in/in the/at sides/nns of/in the/at letters/nns and/cc stainless/jj steel/nn wire/nn threaded/vbn through/in the/at openings/nns ,/, its/pp$ ends/nns twisted/vbn behind/in the/at panels/nns ./. Large/jj injection-molded/jj letters/nns are/ber also/rb available/jj for/in sign/nn installations/nns ./. Wagner/np-tl Sign/nn-tl Service/nn-tl Inc./vbn-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, supplies/vbz them/ppo in/in several/ap colors/nns ,/, in/in heights/nns of/in 4/cd ,/, 6/cd ,/, 8/cd ,/, 10/cd ,/, and/cc 17/cd inches/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber molded/vbn of/in a/at special/jj weather-resistant/jj formulation/nn of/in Tenite/np butyrate/nn ./. Also/rb available/jj from/in this/dt company/nn are/ber Snug-Grip/np Plasti-Bars/nps ,/, extruded/vbn of/in transparent/jj acrylic/nn material/nn ,/, which/wdt may/md be/be cemented/vbn to/in any/dti corrugated/vbn acrylic/nn background/nn material/nn ./. Made/vbn in/in lengths/nns from/in 3/cd to/in 10/cd ft./nns ,/, the/at bars/nns are/ber shaped/vbn in/in cross/nn section/nn to/to provide/vb a/at secure/jj fit/nn for/in the/at tapered/vbn slots/nns molded/vbn in/in back/nn of/in the/at letters/nns ./. Still/rb another/dt approach/nn to/in the/at changeable/jj letter/nn type/nn of/in sign/nn is/bez a/at modular/jj unit/nn introduced/vbn by/in Merritt/np-tl Products/nns-tl ,/, Azusa/np ,/, Calif./np ./. This/dt vacuum/nn formed/vbn sign/nn is/bez comprised/vbn of/in 27-in./nn (/( or/cc smaller/jjr )/) panels/nns formed/vbn of/in 0.080-in./nn clear/jj butyrate/nn sheet/nn stock/nn ,/, masked/vbn and/cc sprayed/vbn on/in the/at rear/jj side/nn ./. Finished/vbn signs/nns are/ber produced/vbn by/in sliding/vbg the/at separate/jj letter/nn panels/nns into/in channels/nns of/in 0.025-in./nn aluminum/nn ,/, which/wdt may/md be/be mounted/vbn to/in various/jj surfaces/nns ./. The/at sheets/nns are/ber extruded/vbn of/in Tenite/np butyrate/nn by/in Jet/nn-tl Specialties/nns-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, Los/np Angeles/np ,/, Calif./np ./. On/in large-area/nn units/nns ,/, where/wrb additional/jj structural/jj requirements/nns are/ber imposed/vbn ,/, one/cd recent/jj approach/nn utilizes/vbz modular/jj extruded/vbn or/cc formed/vbn channels/nns (/( e.g./rb right-angled/jj corrugations/nns )/) of/in the/at acrylic/nn or/cc butyrate/nn ./. Joined/vbn side/nn by/in side/nn ,/, such/jj channels/nns make/vb possible/jj construction/nn of/in continuous/jj two-dimensional/jj luminous/jj areas/nns up/in to/in 50/cd ft./nns high/jj and/cc of/in unlimited/jj width/nn ./. Letters/nns may/md be/be wired/vbn to/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at combined/vbn channels/nns ,/, painted/vbn on/in the/at first/od surface/nn ,/, or/cc handled/vbn in/in other/ap ways/nns ./.

ce35

ce35 |@word new:10 rule:4 2:3 build:9 outside:1 try:3 inside:4 insert:2 component:4 fix:1 opening:1 may:3 fit:4 position:2 close:5 example:2 wall:8 kitchen:2 hang:1 cabinet:2 set:4 appliance:1 lot:1 quicker:1 easy:6 dimension:1 erect:2 end:2 place:3 bathtub:1 bathroom:1 wrestle:1 tub:1 af:2 narrow:1 doorway:1 finish:4 plumbing:1 frame:2 economical:1 framing:1 thin:1 non:1 bearing:1 partition:1 either:1 side:5 pipe:1 instal:1 connect:1 furnace:2 water:3 heater:1 well:6 way:7 waste:7 time:8 install:2 finished:2 closet:1 stud:9 window:5 conventional:1 construction:3 pay:5 shim:2 save:6 one:13 two:6 three:4 order:3 first:4 disappearing:1 stair:2 attic:1 overhead:1 duct:1 drywall:4 ceiling:1 house:12 everything:5 carry:1 last:2 bob:2 schmitt:2 garage:1 truck:2 part:1 right:9 indoor:1 unload:9 roof:4 auto:1 maker:4 would:1 dream:1 put:4 head:1 engine:1 piston:1 block:2 trailer:1 industrialized:1 therefore:1 efficient:3 homebuilder:1 say:8 hundred:2 dollar:1 always:1 3:4 rethink:1 get:2 big:3 saving:1 revolution:5 material:13 handle:11 offer:2 less:5 news:1 1:2 make:12 much:6 heavy:2 unit:10 plan:4 prefabricated:1 like:2 show:3 picture:2 alongside:1 cost:18 earthmove:1 roadbuilde:1 low:2 today:4 1929:1 change:4 answer:3 lessen:1 need:6 costly:1 site:3 fabrication:2 increase:3 chance:1 shop:1 almost:4 cheap:2 4:4 instead:2 driveway:1 many:3 builder:18 money:2 cut:16 see:3 p:1 121:1 5:3 dealer:17 relation:1 long:4 ago:2 find:7 could:4 buy:3 direct:1 short:1 team:4 volume:1 enough:2 afford:2 specialized:2 equipment:4 deliver:4 along:1 truss:2 etc:1 clarence:2 thompson:2 must:1 earn:1 mark:1 perform:1 service:1 cheaper:1 remain:1 five:2 year:3 home:2 round:2 table:2 cosponsor:1 lumber:21 research:3 council:2 report:2 unhappily:1 ten:1 equip:4 load:11 box:5 car:9 eight:2 wide:5 door:3 producer:1 package:4 ship:3 thousand:3 receive:1 raw:1 erection:2 inefficient:2 add:2 fourth:1 total:2 housing:2 real:1 starting:1 point:1 handling:4 chairman:1 whole:1 industry:1 recognize:1 kind:1 teamwork:1 manufacturer:3 carrier:4 work:8 together:1 single:1 handed:1 problem:1 thing:1 stand:1 cater:1 primarily:1 market:1 supply:2 90:1 mechanized:3 area:1 leave:1 workman:2 practically:1 bulky:2 product:1 standard:3 palletize:1 unitize:2 mechanical:1 include:1 asphalt:1 shingle:2 glass:1 face:1 brick:5 plaster:3 lime:1 hardboard:1 gypsum:2 wallboard:1 sheathing:1 cement:1 insulation:1 sheathe:1 floor:2 tile:2 acoustical:1 base:1 asbestos:1 meet:1 every:1 homebuilding:1 significant:1 item:1 50:3 nlrda:2 survey:2 least:1 492:1 mill:1 strap:2 shipment:3 376:1 extra:1 charge:2 carloading:1 offset:1 strapping:1 swallow:1 rather:1 lose:1 good:3 customer:1 fork:1 lift:1 unitized:3 mbf:4 compare:1 loose:2 piece:1 james:2 wright:3 aj:1 agree:1 48:1 nominal:2 30:1 high:3 six:1 mccracken:1 packet:1 24:1 7:2 bd:1 ft:1 lb:4 average:1 6:2 railroad:1 respond:1 12:1 forklift:1 21:1 number:3 fall:1 freight:1 rate:1 twice:2 heavily:1 loaded:1 1958:2 portion:2 excess:2 later:1 come:3 1961:1 west:1 coast:1 still:1 pende:1 elsewhere:1 cwt:1 plus:1 carload:1 flat:2 study:5 type:2 float:1 method:1 little:1 haul:1 protect:1 proof:1 paper:1 cover:1 store:1 open:1 nrlda:1 since:1 move:1 yard:1 job:6 undergo:1 radical:1 reason:1 far:1 truckdriver:1 helper:4 pioneer:1 vehicle:2 self:2 unloading:2 take:4 man:10 driver:1 fraction:2 hand:2 help:4 efficiently:1 spot:3 case:1 never:1 price:1 labor:4 third:1 retail:1 mechanization:1 gain:1 restudy:1 half:1 manhour:3 tool:1 handy:2 stack:1 back:2 trip:1 even:2 america:1 berea:1 hope:1 another:2 per:2 result:1 complete:1 operation:1 industrial:1 efficiency:1 engineer:1 stanley:1 already:1 suggest:1 foundation:2 170:1 105:1 eliminate:1 idle:1 motion:1 eddie:1 carr:1 washington:1 past:1 president:1 nahb:1 bricklaying:1 150:1 adopt:2 scr:2 masonry:1 process:3 careful:1 structural:1 clay:1 products:1 bricklayer:2 midwestern:1 81:1 36:1 convenient:1 precision:2 corner:1 post:1 guide:1 line:1 working:1 level:2 scaffold:1 ready:1 lay:2 day:2 page:1 156:1 sure:1 use:2 crew:1 jim:1 lendrum:1 carpenter:3 faster:1 panel:2 economically:1 four:3 wherever:1 magic:1 ever:1 better:3 schedule:1 minute:1 green:6 penny:1 wise:1 pound:1 foolish:1 chisel:1 commit:1 wet:1 bind:1 swell:1 shrink:1 ton:1 dry:3 production:1 smart:1 anachronism:1 finisher:1 anybody:1 else:1 20:1 second:1 become:1 expensive:1

New/jj-hl rule/nn-hl no./nn-hl 2/cd-hl :/.-hl :/.-hl Don't/do*-hl build/vb-hl from/in-hl the/at-hl outside/nn-hl in/rp-hl --/---hl try/vb-hl to/to-hl build/vb-hl from/in-hl the/at-hl inside/nn-hl out/rp-hl ./. Don't/do* insert/vb your/pp$ components/nns into/in fixed/vbn openings/nns ,/, they/ppss may/md or/cc may/md not/* fit/vb ;/. ;/. position/vb your/pp$ components/nns before/cs you/ppss close/vb them/ppo in/rp ./. For/in example/nn :/: Don't/do* wall/vb in/rp your/pp$ kitchen/nn before/cs you/ppss hang/vb the/at wall/nn cabinets/nns and/cc set/vb the/at appliances/nns ./. It's/pps+bez a/at lot/nn quicker/jjr and/cc easier/jjr to/to dimension/vb the/at kitchen/nn to/to fit/vb the/at cabinets/nns and/cc erect/vb the/at end/nn wall/nn after/cs they/ppss are/ber all/abn in/in place/nn ./. Set/vb your/pp$ bathtub/nn before/cs you/ppss close/vb in/rp the/at end/nn of/in the/at bathroom/nn ./. Don't/do* try/vb to/to wrestle/vb a/at 400-lb./nn tub/nn Af/nn through/in a/at narrow/jj doorway/nn ./. Finish/vb your/pp$ plumbing/nn before/cs you/ppss frame/vb it/ppo in/rp (/( most/ql economical/jj framing/nn is/bez a/at thin/jj non-bearing/jj partition/nn on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at pipes/nns )/) ./. Finish/vb installing/vbg and/cc connecting/vbg up/rp your/pp$ furnace/nn and/cc your/pp$ water/nn heater/nn before/cs you/ppss wall/vb them/ppo in/rp ./. There/ex is/bez no/at better/jjr way/nn to/to waste/vb time/nn than/cs trying/vbg to/to install/vb a/at furnace/nn in/in a/at finished/vbn Af/nn closet/nn ./. Don't/do* position/vb your/pp$ studs/nns before/cs you/ppss insert/vb your/pp$ windows/nns in/in conventional/jj construction/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt way/nn you/ppss may/md pay/vb more/ap to/to shim/vb the/at window/nn into/in place/nn than/cs you/ppss paid/vbd for/in the/at window/nn ./. You/ppss can/md save/vb all/abn that/dt shimming/vbg time/nn if/cs you/ppss set/vb your/pp$ windows/nns in/in one/cd ,/, two/cd ,/, three/cd order/nn --/-- first/rb the/at stud/nn on/in one/cd side/nn ,/, then/rb the/at window/nn ,/, then/rb the/at stud/nn on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./. Install/vb your/pp$ disappearing/vbg stair/nn (/( or/cc stairs/nns )/) to/in the/at attic/nn and/cc finish/vb your/pp$ overhead/jj ducts/nns before/cs you/ppss drywall/vb the/at ceiling/nn ./. Don't/do* close/vb in/rp your/pp$ house/nn until/cs everything/pn has/hvz been/ben carried/vbn in/rp ./. Last/ap wall/nn Bob/np Schmitt/np erects/vbz is/bez the/at wall/nn between/in the/at house/nn and/cc garage/nn ./. That/dt way/nn he/pps can/md truck/vb his/pp$ parts/nns right/ql indoors/rb and/cc unload/vb them/ppo under/in the/at roof/nn ./. No/at auto/nn maker/nn would/md dream/vb of/in putting/vbg the/at head/nn on/in the/at engine/nn before/cs he/pps fitted/vbd the/at pistons/nns in/in the/at block/nn ./. And/cc trailer/nn makers/nns ,/, those/dts most/ql industrialized/vbn and/cc therefore/rb most/ql efficient/jj of/in homebuilders/nns ,/, say/vb they/ppss save/vb hundreds/nns of/in dollars/nns by/in always/rb building/vbg from/in the/at inside/nn out/rp ./. New/jj rule/nn no./nn 3/cd :/: rethink/vb everything/pn to/to get/vb all/abn the/at big/jj savings/nns the/at revolution/nn in/in materials/nns handling/nn offers/vbz you/ppo ./. This/dt revolution/nn is/bez the/at biggest/jjt build-better-for-less/jj news/nn of/in all/abn ,/, because/cs :/: 1/cd ./. It/pps makes/vbz it/ppo easy/jj to/to handle/vb much/ql heavier/jjr units/nns ,/, so/rb you/ppss can/md plan/vb to/to build/vb with/in much/ql bigger/jjr and/cc heavier/jjr prefabricated/vbn components/nns like/cs those/dts shown/vbn in/in the/at pictures/nns alongside/rb ./. 2/cd ./. It/pps makes/vbz materials/nns handling/nn the/at only/ap construction/nn cost/nn that/wps (/( like/cs earthmoving/nn and/cc roadbuilding/nn )/) should/md be/be lower/jjr today/nr than/cs in/in 1929/cd ./. 3/cd ./. It/pps changes/vbz the/at answers/nns to/in ``/`` Who/wps should/md do/do what/wdt ,/, and/cc where/wrb ''/'' ?/. ?/. It/pps lessens/vbz the/at need/nn for/in costly/jj on-site/jj fabrication/nn and/cc increases/vbz the/at chance/nn for/in shop/nn fabrication/nn ,/, where/wrb almost/rb everything/pn can/md be/be made/vbn better/jjr and/cc cheaper/jjr ./. 4/cd ./. It/pps changes/vbz the/at answers/nns on/in when/wrb to/to do/do what/wdt at/in the/at site/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in putting/vbg in/rp your/pp$ driveways/nns last/rb (/( as/cs many/ap builders/nns do/do )/) you/ppss can/md now/rb save/vb money/nn by/in putting/vbg them/ppo in/rp first/rb ./. Instead/rb of/in closing/vbg the/at house/nn in/rp first/rb (/( as/cs most/ap builders/nns do/do )/) you/ppss can/md now/rb cut/vb your/pp$ costs/nns by/in not/* closing/vbg it/ppo in/rp until/cs you/ppss have/hv to/to (/( see/vb p/nn 121/cd )/) ./. 5/cd ./. It/pps changes/vbz the/at answers/nns on/in builder-dealer/jj relations/nns ./. Not/* so/ql long/rb ago/rb many/ap builders/nns were/bed finding/vbg they/ppss could/md cut/vb their/pp$ costs/nns by/in ``/`` buying/vbg direct/rb ''/'' and/cc short-cutting/vbg the/at dealer/nn ./. But/cc now/rb many/ap of/in these/dts same/ap builders/nns are/ber finding/vbg they/ppss can/md cut/vb their/pp$ costs/nns more/rbr by/in teaming/vbg up/rp with/in a/at dealer/nn who/wps has/hvz volume/nn enough/ap to/to afford/vb the/at most/ql efficient/jj specialized/vbn equipment/nn to/to deliver/vb everything/pn just/rb where/wrb it/pps is/bez needed/vbn --/-- drywall/nn inside/in the/at house/nn ,/, siding/nn along/in the/at sides/nns ,/, trusses/nns on/in the/at walls/nns ,/, roofing/nn on/in the/at roof/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. Says/nns Clarence/np Thompson/np :/: ``/`` We/ppss dealers/nns must/md earn/vb our/pp$ mark-up/nn by/in performing/vbg a/at service/nn for/in the/at builder/nn cheaper/rbr than/cs he/pps could/md do/do it/ppo himself/ppl ''/'' ./. The/at revolution/nn now/rb under/in way/nn in/in materials/nns handling/nn makes/vbz this/dt much/ql easier/jjr ./. The/at-hl revolution/nn-hl is/bez-hl well/ql-hl under/in-hl way/nn-hl ,/,-hl but/cc-hl much/ql-hl more/ap-hl remains/vbz-hl to/to-hl be/be-hl done/vbn-hl ./.-hl Five/cd years/nns ago/rb a/at House/nn-tl &/cc-tl Home/nn-tl Round/jj-tl Table/nn-tl cosponsored/vbn by/in the/at Lumber/nn-tl Dealers'/nns$-tl Research/nn-tl Council/nn-tl reported/vbd unhappily/rb :/: ``/`` Only/rb one/cd lumber/nn dealer/nn in/in ten/cd is/bez equipped/vbn to/to handle/vb unit/nn loads/nns ;/. ;/. only/rb one/cd box/nn car/nn in/in eight/cd has/hvz the/at wide/jj doors/nns needed/vbn for/in unit/nn loads/nns ;/. ;/. only/rb one/cd producer/nn in/in a/at hundred/cd is/bez equipped/vbn to/to package/vb and/cc ship/vb unit/nn loads/nns ;/. ;/. only/rb one/cd builder/nn in/in a/at thousand/cd is/bez equipped/vbn to/to receive/vb unit/nn loads/nns ./. ``/`` So/rb from/in raw/jj materials/nns to/in finished/vbn erection/nn the/at costs/nns of/in materials/nns handling/nn (/( most/ap of/in it/ppo inefficient/jj )/) add/vb up/rp to/in one-fourth/nn of/in the/at total/nn construction/nn cost/nn of/in housing/vbg ''/'' ./. ``/`` That/dt House/nn-tl &/cc-tl Home/nn-tl Round/jj-tl Table/nn-tl was/bedz the/at real/jj starting/vbg point/nn for/in today's/nr$ revolution/nn in/in materials/nns handling/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Clarence/np Thompson/np ,/, long/rb chairman/nn of/in the/at Lumber/nn-tl Dealers'/nns$-tl Research/nn-tl Council/nn-tl ./. ``/`` It/pps made/vbd our/pp$ whole/jj industry/nn recognize/vb the/at need/nn for/in a/at new/jj kind/nn of/in teamwork/nn between/in manufacturer/nn ,/, carrier/nn ,/, equipment/nn maker/nn ,/, dealer/nn ,/, and/cc builder/nn ,/, all/abn working/vbg together/rb to/to cut/vb the/at cost/nn of/in materials/nns handling/nn ./. Before/in that/dt we/ppss lumber/nn dealers/nns were/bed working/vbg almost/ql single-handed/jj on/in the/at problem/nn ''/'' ./. Here/rb-hl is/bez-hl where/wrb-hl things/nns-hl stand/vb-hl today/nr-hl :/:-hl 1/cd ./. Almost/rb all/abn of/in the/at 3,000/cd lumber/nn dealers/nns who/wps cater/vb primarily/rb to/in the/at new-house/nn market/nn and/cc supply/vb 90%/nn of/in this/dt year's/nn$ new/jj houses/nns are/ber mechanized/vbn ./. There/ex are/ber few/ap areas/nns left/vbn where/wrb a/at builder/nn cannot/md* find/vb a/at dealer/nn equipped/vbn to/to save/vb him/ppo money/nn by/in delivering/vbg everything/pn at/in lower/jjr cost/nn just/rb where/wrb his/pp$ workmen/nns will/md need/vb it/ppo ./. 2/cd ./. Practically/rb all/abn bulky/jj housing/vbg products/nns can/md now/rb be/be ordered/vbn in/in standard/jj units/nns palletized/vbn or/cc unitized/vbn for/in mechanical/jj handling/nn --/-- including/in lumber/nn ,/, asphalt/nn shingles/nns ,/, glass/nn block/nn ,/, face/nn brick/nn ,/, plaster/nn ,/, lime/nn ,/, hardboard/nn ,/, gypsum/nn wallboard/nn and/cc sheathing/nn ,/, cement/nn ,/, insulation/nn sheathing/nn ,/, floor/nn tile/nn ,/, acoustical/jj tile/nn ,/, plaster/nn base/nn ,/, and/cc asbestos/nn shingles/nns ./. 3/cd ./. Truck/nn and/cc materials-handling/jj equipment/nn makers/nns now/rb offer/vb specialized/vbn units/nns to/to meet/vb almost/rb every/at homebuilding/jj need/nn ./. For/in some/dti significant/jj new/jj items/nns see/vb the/at pictures/nns ./. 4/cd ./. More/ap than/in 50%/nn of/in all/abn lumber/nn is/bez unitized/vbn ;/. ;/. an/at NLRDA/nn survey/nn found/vbd that/cs at/in least/ap 492/cd lumber/nn mills/nns will/md strap/vb their/pp$ shipments/nns for/in mechanized/vbn handling/nn ./. Of/in these/dts ,/, 376/cd said/vbd they/ppss make/vb no/at extra/jj charge/nn for/in strapping/vbg in/in standard/jj units/nns ,/, because/cs they/ppss save/vb enough/ap on/in mechanized/vbn carloading/nn to/to offset/vb their/pp$ strapping/vbg cost/nn ./. Most/ap of/in the/at others/nns will/md swallow/vb their/pp$ $.50/nn to/in $3/nn charge/vb rather/in than/in lose/vb a/at good/jj customer/nn ./. ``/`` With/in a/at 15,500-lb./nn fork-lift/nn ,/, dealers/nns can/md unload/vb unitized/vbn lumber/nn from/in wide-door/nn box/nn cars/nns for/in $.30/mbf/nns compared/vbn with/in $1.65/nns or/cc more/ap to/to unload/vb loose/jj lumber/nn one/cd piece/nn at/in a/at time/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz James/np Wright/np of/in Aj/nn ./. 5/cd ./. Lumber/nn dealers/nns and/cc lumber/nn manufacturers/nns have/hv agreed/vbn on/in a/at standard/jj unit/nn for/in unitized/vbn shipments/nns --/-- 48''/nns ''/'' wide/jj by/in a/at nominal/jj 30''/nns ''/'' high/jj (/( or/cc six/cd McCracken/np packets/nns 24''/nns ''/'' wide/jj by/in nominal/jj 7''/nns ''/'' high/jj )/) ./. These/dts units/nns make/vb it/ppo easy/jj to/to load/vb as/ql much/rb as/cs 48,000/cd bd/ft/nn (/( say/vb 120,000/cd lb/nn in/in a/at 50'/nn box/nn car/nn )/) much/ql more/ap than/in the/at average/nn for/in loose-loaded/jj cars/nns ./. 6/cd ./. The/at railroads/nns have/hv responded/vbn by/in adding/vbg 20,000/cd more/ap box/nn cars/nns with/in doors/nns 12'/nns or/cc wider/jjr for/in forklift/nn unloading/vbg (/( a/at 21%/nn increase/nn while/cs the/at total/nn number/nn of/in box/nn cars/nns was/bedz falling/vbg 6%/nn )/) and/cc by/in cutting/vbg their/pp$ freight/nn rates/nns twice/rb on/in lumber/nn shipped/vbn in/in heavily/rb loaded/vbn cars/nns ./. First/rb was/bedz a/at 1958/cd cut/nn of/in more/ap than/in 50%/nn on/in that/dt portion/nn of/in the/at load/nn in/in excess/nn of/in 40,000/cd lb/nn ;/. ;/. later/rbr came/vbd a/at 1961/cd cut/nn on/in the/at West/jj-tl Coast/nn-tl (/( still/rb pending/in elsewhere/rb )/) of/in $.07/cwt/nns on/in 70,000/cd lb-plus/nn carloads/nns (/( which/wdt works/vbz out/rp to/in more/ap than/in $4/mbf/nns on/in that/dt portion/nn of/in the/at load/nn in/in excess/nn of/in 70,000/cd lb/nn ./. 7/cd ./. More/ap unitized/vbn lumber/nn is/bez being/beg shipped/vbn on/in flat/jj cars/nns ,/, and/cc NLRDA/nn studies/nns show/vb that/cs flat/jj cars/nns loaded/vbn with/in the/at new/jj Type/nn-tl 6-B/np floating-load/nn method/nn can/md be/be unloaded/vbn for/in as/ql little/ap as/cs $.054/mbf/nns ./. For/in long/jj hauls/nns these/dts shipments/nns should/md be/be protected/vbn with/in water-proof/jj paper/nn ./. This/dt costs/vbz from/in $.75/nns to/in $2.30/mbf/nns ,/, but/cc the/at cover/nn can/md pay/vb off/rp if/cs the/at lumber/nn is/bez to/to be/be stored/vbn in/in the/at open/nn ./. These/dts-hl carriers/nns-hl cut/vb-hl handling/vbg-hl costs/nns-hl for/in-hl the/at-hl dealer/nn-hl --/---hl and/cc-hl the/at-hl builder/nn-hl ./.-hl Says/vbz NRLDA's/nn James/np Wright/np :/: ``/`` Since/in 1958/cd carriers/nns that/wps move/vb material/nn from/in the/at yard/nn to/in the/at job/nn site/nn have/hv undergone/vbn more/ql radical/jj changes/nns than/cs any/dti of/in the/at dealer's/nn$ other/ap equipment/nn ''/'' ./. The/at reason/nn :/: today's/nr$ components/nns and/cc lumber/nn packages/nns are/ber far/ql too/ql bulky/jj to/to be/be handled/vbn by/in a/at truckdriver/nn and/cc a/at helper/nn ./. So/rb manufacturers/nns have/hv pioneered/vbn a/at new/jj type/nn of/in vehicle/nn --/-- the/at self-unloading/jj carrier/nn ./. It/pps cuts/vbz the/at lumber/nn dealer's/nn$ cost/nn because/cs it/pps takes/vbz only/rb one/cd man/nn --/-- the/at driver/nn --/-- to/to unload/vb it/ppo ,/, and/cc because/cs it/pps unloads/vbz in/in a/at fraction/nn of/in the/at time/nn and/cc at/in a/at fraction/nn of/in the/at cost/nn of/in hand/nn unloading/vbg ./. And/cc it/pps helps/vbz the/at builder/nn because/cs it/pps can/md handle/vb a/at more/ql efficiently/rb packaged/vbn load/nn ,/, can/md deliver/vb it/ppo to/in the/at best/jjt spot/nn (/( in/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, right/ql on/in the/at roof/nn or/cc inside/in the/at house/nn )/) ,/, and/cc never/rb takes/vbz any/dti of/in the/at builder's/nn$ high-priced/jj labor/nn to/to help/vb unload/vb it/ppo ./. Says/vbz Wright/np :/: ``/`` Our/pp$ survey/nn shows/vbz that/cs one/cd third/nn of/in the/at retail/jj dealers/nns plan/vb to/to increase/vb the/at mechanization/nn of/in their/pp$ materials/nns handling/nn in/in the/at coming/vbg two/cd years/nns ./. And/cc most/ap of/in the/at gain/nn will/md be/be in/in self-unloading/jj vehicles/nns ''/'' ./. New/jj-hl rule/nn-hl no./nn-hl 4/cd-hl :/.-hl :/.-hl Restudy/vb-hl what/wdt-hl your/pp$-hl men/nns-hl do/do-hl ,/,-hl to/to-hl help/vb-hl them/ppo-hl waste/vb-hl less/ap-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl time/nn-hl you/ppss-hl pay/vb-hl for/in-hl ./.-hl Half/abn the/at manhours/nns you/ppss pay/vb for/in on/in most/ap jobs/nns are/ber wasted/vbn because/cs the/at job/nn was/bedz not/* planned/vbn right/rb ,/, so/rb the/at right/jj tools/nns were/bed not/* handy/jj at/in the/at right/jj place/nn at/in the/at right/jj time/nn ,/, or/cc the/at right/jj materials/nns were/bed not/* delivered/vbn to/in the/at handiest/jjt spots/nns or/cc materials/nns were/bed not/* stacked/vbn in/in the/at right/jj order/nn for/in erection/nn ,/, or/cc you/ppss bought/vbd cheap/jj materials/nns that/wps took/vbd too/ql long/rb to/to fit/vb ,/, or/cc your/pp$ workmen/nns had/hvd to/to come/vb back/rb twice/rb to/to finish/vb a/at job/nn they/ppss could/md have/hv done/vbn on/in one/cd trip/nn ./. Even/rb ``/`` America's/np$ most/ql efficient/jj builder/nn ''/'' ,/, Bob/np Schmitt/np of/in Berea/np ,/, hopes/vbz to/to cut/vb his/pp$ labor/nn costs/nns another/dt $2,000/nns per/in house/nn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at time-&-motion/nn studies/nns now/rb being/beg completed/vbn on/in his/pp$ operation/nn by/in industrial/jj efficiency/nn engineers/nns from/in the/at Stanley/np-tl Works/nns-tl ./. Already/rb this/dt study/nn has/hvz suggested/vbn ways/nns to/to cut/vb his/pp$ foundation/nn manhours/nns from/in 170/cd to/in 105/cd by/in eliminating/vbg idle/jj time/nn and/cc wasted/vbn motion/nn ./. Builder/nn Eddie/np Carr/np of/in Washington/np ,/, past/ap president/nn of/in NAHB/nn ,/, cut/vbd his/pp$ bricklaying/nn costs/nns $150/nns a/at house/nn by/in adopting/vbg the/at ``/`` SCR/nn masonry/nn process/nn ''/'' worked/vbn out/rp after/rb careful/jj time-&-motion/nn studies/nns by/in the/at Structural/jj-tl Clay/nn-tl Products/nns-tl Research/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl to/to help/vb bricklayers/nns do/do better/jjr work/nn for/in less/ap ./. A/at midwestern/jj builder/nn cut/vbd his/pp$ labor/nn costs/nns per/in thousand/cd bricks/nns from/in $81/nns to/in $43.50/nns by/in adopting/vbg this/dt same/ap process/nn ,/, cut/vbd them/ppo another/dt $7.50/nns to/in $36/nns by/in buying/vbg his/pp$ bricks/nns in/in convenient/jj ,/, easy-to-spot/jj 100-brick/jj packages/nns ./. The/at SCR/nn process/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ precision/nn corner-posts/nns ,/, its/pp$ precision/nn guide/nn lines/nns ,/, its/pp$ working/vbg level/nn scaffold/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ hand-level/nn brick/nn supply/nn takes/vbz eight/cd manhours/nns to/to get/vb set/vbn ,/, but/cc once/cs ready/jj it/pps makes/vbz it/ppo easy/jj for/cs bricklayers/nns to/to lay/vb a/at thousand/cd bricks/nns a/at day/nn ./. See/vb page/nn 156/cd ./. One/cd good/jj way/nn to/to cut/vb your/pp$ labor/nn waste/nn is/bez to/to make/vb sure/jj you/ppss are/ber using/vbg just/rb the/at right/jj number/nn of/in men/nns in/in each/dt crew/nn ./. Reports/nns Jim/np Lendrum/np :/: ``/`` By/in studying/vbg men/nns on/in the/at job/nn ,/, we/ppss found/vbd that/cs two/cd men/nns --/-- a/at carpenter/nn and/cc a/at helper/nn --/-- can/md lay/vb a/at floor/nn faster/rbr than/cs three/cd ./. We/ppss found/vbd that/cs three/cd men/nns --/-- two/cd carpenters/nns and/cc a/at helper/nn --/-- can/md put/vb up/rp wall/nn panels/nns or/cc trusses/nns more/ql economically/rb than/cs four/cd men/nns --/-- because/cs four/cd men/nns don't/do* make/vb two/cd teams/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss make/vb one/cd inefficient/jj three-men-and-a-helper/jj team/nn ./. We/ppss found/vbd that/cs wherever/wrb you/ppss can/md use/vb two/cd teams/nns on/in a/at job/nn ,/, five/cd men/nns ,/, not/* four/cd ,/, is/bez the/at magic/jj number/nn ''/'' ./. No/at house/nn was/bedz ever/rb built/vbn that/wps could/md not/* have/hv been/ben built/vbn better/rbr for/in less/ap if/cs the/at work/nn had/hvd been/ben better/rbr planned/vbn and/cc the/at work/nn better/rbr scheduled/vbn ./. New/jj-hl rule/nn-hl no./nn-hl 5/cd-hl :/.-hl :/.-hl Don't/do*-hl waste/vb-hl any/dti-hl $.10-a-minute/nn-hl time/nn-hl on/in-hl green/jj-hl lumber/nn-hl to/to-hl save/vb-hl $.03/nns-hl a/at-hl stud/nn-hl ./. This/dt is/bez the/at most/ql penny-wise/jj ,/, pound-foolish/jj chisel/nn a/at builder/nn can/md commit/vb ./. Green/jj lumber/nn was/bedz all/abn very/ql well/jj back/rb in/in the/at days/nns of/in wet/jj plaster/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at framing/vbg lumber/nn was/bedz bound/vbn to/to swell/vb and/cc then/rb shrink/vb as/cs tons/nns of/in water/nn dried/vbd out/rp the/at gypsum/nn ./. But/cc now/rb that/cs all/abn production/nn builders/nns build/vb with/in drywall/nn and/cc all/abn smart/jj builders/nns build/vb with/in panels/nns ,/, green/jj lumber/nn is/bez an/at anachronism/nn you/ppss cannot/md* afford/vb ./. Green/jj studs/nns cost/vb about/rb $.65/nns ;/. ;/. dry/jj studs/nns cost/vb less/ap than/in $.03/nns more/ap ./. So/rb if/cs a/at green/jj stud/nn makes/vbz a/at carpenter/nn or/cc a/at drywall/nn finisher/nn or/cc anybody/pn else/rb waste/vb even/rb 20/cd seconds/nns ,/, the/at green/jj stud/nn becomes/vbz more/ql expensive/jj than/cs a/at dry/jj stud/nn ./.

ce36

ce36 |@word come:2 time:6 life:1 want:9 alone:2 necessarily:1 away:1 crowd:1 common:2 happenstance:1 travel:5 europe:14 two:2 quite:5 certain:1 feeling:1 get:3 next:1 visit:2 across:1 atlantic:1 follow:4 guide:1 gratefully:1 excellent:1 way:5 see:4 important:1 place:4 everything:1 strange:1 new:3 however:5 historical:1 piazza:1 plaza:1 forum:1 church:1 museum:1 palace:1 castle:1 begin:1 feel:2 home:4 capital:2 change:1 course:4 road:5 far:1 market:1 champagne:2 troye:1 traditional:1 country:19 ambrosial:1 taste:1 somehow:1 sidewalk:1 cafe:1 rue:1 de:1 la:1 paix:1 tour:8 relive:1 history:1 fancy:1 crusaders:1 quest:1 holy:1 grail:1 sail:1 brindisi:1 ancient:1 town:2 heel:1 italy:2 boot:1 meet:1 folk:1 northwest:1 spain:2 remain:1 almost:3 untouched:1 tourist:2 since:6 middle:1 age:1 stand:1 still:2 climb:1 narrow:1 stone:1 stairway:1 tiny:2 village:2 cling:1 steep:1 mountain:1 slope:1 wander:1 story:1 book:1 perch:1 atop:1 lofty:1 crag:1 face:1 turn:1 sea:1 day:22 moor:1 saracen:1 well:5 end:1 dine:1 artist:1 gourmet:1 squat:1 charming:1 fisherman:1 mediterranean:1 simple:1 true:1 set:1 forth:1 adventure:1 put:1 behind:1 wheel:1 car:38 head:1 open:1 need:2 afford:2 another:5 buy:1 one:12 drive:11 grand:1 ship:1 popular:2 plan:6 pilgrimage:1 either:2 answer:1 diathesis:1 pick:3 telephone:2 arrange:2 rent:9 elemental:1 agent:1 reserve:3 call:1 rental:8 service:7 directly:1 hertz:1 avis:1 auto:1 nationalcar:1 ask:1 choice:3 transportation:4 line:1 offer:3 exception:2 wait:3 dockside:2 airport:2 railroad:1 station:5 hotel:2 arrive:2 oftentime:1 additional:5 cost:6 disadvantage:1 method:1 may:6 great:7 model:14 readily:1 available:6 busy:1 season:1 demand:1 find:1 fairly:3 difficult:1 charge:11 relatively:1 reserving:1 leave:4 assure:1 tap:1 route:1 return:2 agency:4 whereby:1 city:5 arrival:1 even:4 ready:1 delivery:3 without:1 budget:2 wise:3 itinerary:1 take:1 advantage:3 free:3 collection:2 major:1 within:2 large:6 european:7 international:2 document:3 usually:2 provide:3 map:1 datum:1 valid:2 american:5 driving:2 license:1 accept:1 except:1 portugal:1 yugoslavia:1 eastern:1 obtain:1 permit:1 nominal:2 fee:7 around:1 insurance:5 cover:1 comprehensive:1 fire:1 theft:1 liability:1 collision:2 deductible:1 clause:1 vary:3 different:2 would:2 happy:1 full:1 small:5 depend:1 term:1 average:7 coverage:1 roughly:2 variable:2 go:3 low:3 ireland:2 high:6 greece:2 throughout:2 many:1 rate:14 united:2 states:2 flat:2 per:11 plus:3 cent:1 kilometer:9 drop:3 retain:1 week:1 fifteen:2 twenty:1 bear:1 mind:1 gasoline:3 equivalent:1 gallon:3 prefer:1 familiar:1 ford:1 chevrolet:2 cadillac:3 probably:1 choose:3 make:1 thirty:2 five:1 forty:1 mile:2 undoubtedly:1 govern:2 number:2 people:4 group:3 sport:1 sedan:4 seat:2 four:1 passenger:3 willing:1 sacrifice:1 comfort:1 luggage:2 space:1 really:1 economical:2 variety:1 include:3 wagon:3 much:3 wee:1 basic:1 generally:1 pretty:2 regardless:1 supplementary:1 intra:1 example:1 rack:1 information:1 similar:1 little:1 investigation:2 read:1 ad:1 newspaper:1 magazine:1 give:1 pertinent:1 detail:1 money:1 save:2 benefit:1 worth:1 naturally:2 availability:1 manufacture:2 specific:1 like:1 start:2 actually:2 fiat:6 size:1 alfa:1 romeo:1 giulietta:1 wish:1 closely:1 extra:1 dollar:1 indulge:1 luxury:2 list:1 500:2 2100:2 six:3 use:1 unlikely:1 daily:3 sharply:1 infinitesimal:1 nickel:1 person:1 majority:1 range:2 graduate:1 eight:1 yet:1 variation:1 somewhat:2 convertible:1 finland:1 surprisingly:1 enough:1 also:1 long:2 month:4 lease:3 actual:1 first:3 perhaps:1 period:2 receive:1 entitle:1 owner:1 factory:1 guarantee:1 authorized:1 dealer:1 mileage:2 limitation:1 pay:1 monthly:1 register:1 insure:1 individually:1 trip:1 wide:1 selection:1 english:2 german:1 french:1 austin:1 7:1 citroen:1 2:1 cv:1 volkswagen:1 renault:1 simca:1 beaulieu:1 unquestionably:1 satisfactory:1 considerably:1 less:4 60:1 reason:1 thing:1 driver:2 fun:1 become:1 necessary:1 keep:1 least:1 eye:1 reputation:1 crazy:1 americans:1 particularly:1 keen:1 mix:1 back:1 chauffeur:4 expensive:1 believe:1 expense:2 whether:2 limousine:3 peugeot:1 1800:1 big:1 spread:1 consume:1 seating:2 capacity:2 equalize:1 sufficiently:1 fill:1 manner:1 proper:1 relation:1 party:1 close:1 helpful:1 speak:1 150:1 distance:1 skim:1 surface:1 never:1 discover:1 enchantment:1 fascination:1 beauty:1 lure:1 explore:1 hinterland:1 throw:1 caution:1 wind:1 imperial:1 bride:1 memorable:1 cheap:1 recommend:1 unless:1 produce:1 oil:1 winner:1 irish:1 sweepstake:1

There/ex comes/vbz a/at time/nn in/in the/at lives/nns of/in most/ap of/in us/ppo when/wrb we/ppss want/vb to/to be/be alone/rb ./. Not/* necessarily/rb to/to be/be off/rp all/abn by/in ourselves/ppls ,/, but/cc away/rb from/in the/at crowds/nns and/cc common/jj happenstance/nn ./. If/cs you've/ppss+hv travelled/vbn in/in Europe/np a/at time/nn or/cc two/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez quite/ql certain/jj that/cs you've/ppss+hv had/hvn that/dt wanting-to-be-alone/jj feeling/nn or/cc that/cs you/ppss will/md get/vb it/ppo on/in your/pp$ next/ap visit/nn across/in the/at Atlantic/np ./. Following/vbg a/at guide/nn ,/, and/cc gratefully/rb so/rb ,/, is/bez an/at excellent/jj way/nn to/to see/vb all/abn the/at important/jj places/nns when/wrb everything/pn is/bez strange/jj and/cc new/jj ./. However/rb ,/, after/cs you've/ppss+hv seen/vbn all/abn the/at historical/jj piazzas/nns and/cc plazas/nns ,/, the/at places/nns and/cc forums/nns ,/, the/at churches/nns and/cc museums/nns ,/, the/at palaces/nns and/cc castles/nns ,/, and/cc begin/vb to/to feel/vb at/in home/nn in/in the/at capitals/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, you'll/ppss+md want/vb to/to change/vb your/pp$ course/nn and/cc follow/vb the/at by-roads/nns at/in will/nn ,/, far/ql from/in the/at market/nn places/nns ./. The/at champagne/nn at/in Troyes/np ,/, the/at traditional/jj capital/nn of/in the/at champagne/nn country/nn ,/, has/hvz more/ap ambrosial/jj taste/nn somehow/rb than/cs it/pps has/hvz at/in a/at sidewalk/nn cafe/nn on/in the/at Rue/fw-nn-tl de/fw-in-tl la/fw-at-tl Paix/fw-nn-tl or/cc at/in Tour/fw-nn-tl D'Argent/fw-in+nn-tl ./. You/ppss can/md relive/vb history/nn and/cc follow/vb ,/, in/in fancy/nn ,/, the/at Crusaders/nns-tl in/in their/pp$ quest/nn for/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Grail/nn-tl as/cs they/ppss sail/vb out/rp from/in Brindisi/np ,/, an/at ancient/jj town/nn in/in the/at heel/nn of/in Italy's/np$ boot/nn ./. And/cc you/ppss don't/do* meet/vb the/at folks/nns from/in home/nn in/in Northwest/jj-tl Spain/np-tl which/wdt has/hvz remained/vbn almost/rb untouched/jj by/in time/nn and/cc tourists/nns since/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ./. Time/nn stands/vbz still/rb as/cs you/ppss climb/vb the/at narrow/jj ,/, stone/nn stairways/nns in/in tiny/jj villages/nns clinging/vbg to/in steep/jj mountain/nn slopes/nns or/cc wander/vb through/in story-book/nn towns/nns ,/, perched/vbn atop/rb lofty/jj crags/nns ,/, their/pp$ faces/nns turned/vbn to/in the/at sea/nn ./. They've/ppss+hv been/ben there/rb since/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at Moors/nps and/cc the/at Saracens/nps ./. And/cc what/wdt better/jjr way/nn to/to end/vb a/at day/nn than/cs by/in dining/vbg with/in artists/nns and/cc gourmets/nns in/in a/at squat/jj but/cc charming/jj fisherman's/nn$ village/nn on/in the/at Mediterranean/np ?/. ?/. An/at almost/rb too-simple-to-be-true/jj way/nn to/to set/vb forth/rb on/in such/jj adventures/nns is/bez just/rb to/to put/vb yourself/ppl behind/in the/at wheel/nn of/in a/at car/nn and/cc head/vb for/in the/at open/jj road/nn ./. For/in those/dts who/wps need/vb or/cc want/vb and/cc can/md afford/vb another/dt car/nn ,/, buying/vbg one/cd and/cc driving/vbg it/ppo on/in the/at grand/jj tour/nn ,/, then/rb shipping/vbg it/ppo home/nr ,/, is/bez one/cd popular/jj plan/nn for/in a/at do-it-yourself/jj pilgrimage/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber those/dts of/in us/ppo who/wps either/cc do/do not/* want/vb or/cc need/vb or/cc cannot/md* afford/vb another/dt car/nn ./. The/at answer/nn to/in this/dt diathesis/nn is/bez to/to pick/vb up/rp a/at telephone/nn and/cc arrange/vb to/to rent/vb one/cd ./. It/pps is/bez that/dt elemental/jj ./. Almost/rb any/dti travel/nn agent/nn will/md reserve/vb a/at car/nn for/in you/ppo ./. You/ppss can/md call/vb one/cd of/in the/at car/nn rental/nn services/nns directly/rb (/( Hertz/np ,/, Avis/np ,/, Auto-Europe/np-tl Nationalcar/np-tl Rental/nn-tl ,/, and/cc others/nns )/) and/cc ask/vb them/ppo to/to reserve/vb a/at car/nn of/in your/pp$ choice/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti transportation/nn lines/nns offer/vb this/dt service/nn as/ql well/rb ./. With/in few/ap exceptions/nns ,/, your/pp$ car/nn will/md be/be waiting/vbg for/in you/ppo at/in dockside/nn ,/, airport/nn ,/, railroad/nn station/nn or/cc hotel/nn when/wrb you/ppss arrive/vb ,/, oftentimes/rb at/in no/rb additional/jj cost/nn ./. You/ppss can/md wait/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, until/cs you/ppss arrive/vb in/in Europe/np before/cs renting/vbg your/pp$ car/nn ./. The/at disadvantages/nns to/in this/dt method/nn are/ber that/cs you/ppss may/md not/* have/hv as/ql great/jj a/at choice/nn of/in models/nns readily/ql available/jj or/cc you/ppss may/md have/hv to/to wait/vb a/at few/ap days/nns or/cc ,/, during/in the/at busy/jj tourist/nn season/nn ,/, when/wrb cars/nns are/ber in/in great/jj demand/nn ,/, you/ppss might/md find/vb it/ppo fairly/ql difficult/jj to/to get/vb a/at car/nn at/in all/abn ./. Since/cs charges/nns are/ber relatively/rb the/at same/ap ,/, reserving/vbg a/at car/nn before/cs you/ppss leave/vb for/in Europe/np will/md assure/vb you/ppo of/in having/hvg one/cd on/in tap/nn when/wrb you/ppss want/vb it/ppo ./. For/in those/dts who/wps plan/vb to/to travel/vb to/in Europe/np by/in one/cd route/nn and/cc return/vb by/in another/dt some/dti agencies/nns offer/vb a/at service/nn whereby/wrb you/ppss can/md pick/vb up/in a/at car/nn in/in one/cd city/nn on/in arrival/nn and/cc leave/vb it/ppo in/in another/dt city/nn ,/, or/cc even/rb another/dt country/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss are/ber ready/jj to/to return/vb home/nr ./. At/in some/dti cities/nns ,/, this/dt pick-up/nn and/cc delivery/nn service/nn is/bez without/in additional/jj charge/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, if/cs you/ppss are/ber budget-wise/jj ,/, when/wrb you/ppss are/ber planning/vbg your/pp$ itinerary/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md take/vb advantage/nn of/in these/dts free/jj delivery/nn and/cc collection/nn stations/nns in/in major/jj cities/nns within/in the/at larger/jjr European/jj countries/nns ./. International/jj Touring/vbg-tl Documents/nns-tl are/ber usually/rb provided/vbn with/in the/at car/nn as/cs are/ber road/nn maps/nns and/cc touring/vbg data/nns ./. A/at valid/jj American/jj driving/vbg license/nn is/bez accepted/vbn in/in all/abn countries/nns except/in Portugal/np ,/, Spain/np ,/, Yugoslavia/np and/cc Eastern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ./. If/cs you/ppss plan/vb to/to visit/vb any/dti of/in these/dts countries/nns ,/, you/ppss can/md obtain/vb your/pp$ International/jj-tl Driving/nn-tl Permit/nn-tl before/cs you/ppss leave/vb at/in a/at nominal/jj fee/nn --/-- around/rb $3.00/nns ./. Your/pp$ insurance/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, with/in most/ap agencies/nns ,/, is/bez provided/vbn with/in the/at car/nn ,/, covering/vbg comprehensive/jj fire/nn ,/, theft/nn ,/, liability/nn and/cc collision/nn with/in a/at deductible/jj clause/nn which/wdt varies/vbz in/in different/jj countries/nns ./. If/cs you/ppss would/md feel/vb happier/jjr with/in full/jj collision/nn insurance/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at small/jj additional/jj charge/nn ,/, again/rb varying/vbg from/in country/nn to/in country/nn and/cc depending/in on/in the/at term/nn of/in such/jj insurance/nn ./. The/at average/jj charge/nn for/in this/dt additional/jj insurance/nn coverage/nn is/bez roughly/rb $1.00/nn a/at day/nn ./. The/at charge/nn is/bez variable/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc goes/vbz as/ql low/jj as/cs $.50/nns a/at day/nn in/in Ireland/np and/cc as/ql high/jj as/cs $2.00/nns a/at day/nn in/in Greece/np ./. Rental/jj fees/nns are/ber variable/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, throughout/in the/at countries/nns of/in Europe/np ./. There/ex are/ber as/ql many/ap rates/nns as/cs there/ex are/ber countries/nns and/cc models/nns of/in cars/nns available/jj ./. As/cs in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at flat/jj fee-per-day/jj rental/jj charge/nn plus/cc a/at few/ap cents/nns per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at per-day/jj rate/nn drops/vbz if/cs the/at car/nn is/bez retained/vbn for/in a/at week/nn ./. It/pps drops/vbz again/rb after/in fifteen/cd and/or/cc twenty-one/cd days/nns ./. It/pps is/bez well/jj to/to bear/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs gasoline/nn will/md cost/vb from/in $.80/nns to/in $.90/nns for/in the/at equivalent/jj of/in a/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl gallon/nn and/cc while/cs you/ppss might/md prefer/vb a/at familiar/jj Ford/np ,/, Chevrolet/np or/cc even/rb a/at Cadillac/np ,/, which/wdt are/ber available/jj in/in some/dti countries/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez probably/rb wiser/jjr to/to choose/vb the/at smaller/jjr European/jj makes/nns which/wdt average/vb thirty/cd ,/, thirty-five/cd and/cc even/rb forty/cd miles/nns to/in the/at gallon/nn ./. Your/pp$ choice/nn of/in model/nn will/md undoubtedly/rb be/be governed/vbn by/in the/at number/nn of/in people/nns travelling/vbg in/in your/pp$ group/nn ./. With/in the/at exception/nn of/in the/at sports/nns cars/nns ,/, even/rb the/at quite/ql tiny/jj sedans/nns will/md seat/vb four/cd passengers/nns if/cs you/ppss are/ber willing/jj to/to sacrifice/vb comfort/nn and/cc luggage/nn space/nn for/in really/ql economical/jj transportation/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at large/jj variety/nn of/in models/nns to/to choose/vb from/in in/in most/ap countries/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, including/in 6-passenger/jj sedans/nns and/cc station/nn wagons/nns and/cc the/at rental/jj fee/nn isn't/bez* all/ql that/ql much/ql greater/jjr than/cs for/in the/at wee/jj sedans/nns ./. The/at basic/jj costs/nns are/ber generally/rb pretty/ql much/rb the/at same/ap regardless/rb of/in the/at agency/nn through/in which/wdt you/ppss reserve/vb your/pp$ car/nn ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo offer/vb supplementary/jj advantages/nns ./. There/ex is/bez the/at free/jj intra-city/jj ``/`` rent/vb it/ppo here/rb ,/, leave/vb it/ppo there/rb ''/'' service/nn ,/, as/cs an/at example/nn ,/, the/at free/jj delivery/nn and/cc collection/nn at/in the/at airport/nn ,/, dockside/nn or/cc your/pp$ hotel/nn ,/, luggage/nn racks/nns ,/, touring/vbg documents/nns and/cc information/nn and/cc other/ap similar/jj services/nns ./. A/at little/ap investigation/nn by/in telephone/nn or/cc reading/vbg the/at travel/nn ads/nns in/in the/at newspapers/nns and/cc magazines/nns will/md give/vb you/ppo these/dts pertinent/jj details/nns on/in the/at additional/jj money-saving/jj benefits/nns ./. The/at investigation/nn will/md be/be well/ql worth/jj your/pp$ time/nn ./. All/abn model/nn cars/nns are/ber not/* available/jj in/in all/abn countries/nns ./. Quite/ql naturally/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at greater/jjr availability/nn of/in those/dts models/nns which/wdt are/ber manufactured/vbn within/in a/at specific/jj country/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss would/md like/vb to/to start/vb your/pp$ tour/nn in/in Italy/np ,/, where/wrb the/at rental/jj fees/nns are/ber actually/rb the/at lowest/jjt in/in Europe/np ,/, Fiats/nps in/in all/abn sizes/nns are/ber available/jj ,/, as/cs are/ber Alfa/np Romeo/np Giulietta/np models/nns ./. If/cs you/ppss wish/vb to/to budget/vb closely/rb on/in transportation/nn ,/, saving/vbg your/pp$ extra/jj dollars/nns to/to indulge/vb in/in luxuries/nns ,/, one/cd agency/nn lists/vbz the/at small/jj Fiat/np-tl 500/cd-tl at/in only/rb $1.26/nns a/at day/nn plus/cc $.03/nns a/at kilometer/nn and/cc the/at Fiat/np-tl 2100/cd-tl Station/nn-tl Wagon/nn-tl ,/, seating/vbg six/cd ,/, at/in just/rb $1.10/nns a/at day/nn and/cc $.105/nns a/at kilometer/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss will/md be/be using/vbg your/pp$ car/nn more/ap than/in fifteen/cd days/nns ,/, which/wdt isn't/bez* all/ql unlikely/jj ,/, the/at daily/jj rates/nns drop/vb quite/ql sharply/rb to/in $.86/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at Fiat/np-tl 500/cd-tl and/cc to/in an/at infinitesimal/jj $.30/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at Fiat/np-tl 2100/cd-tl Station/nn-tl Wagon/nn-tl ./. With/in six/cd in/in the/at group/nn ,/, the/at cost/nn comes/vbz to/in just/rb a/at nickel/nn a/at day/nn per/in person/nn on/in the/at daily/jj fee/nn ./. In/in the/at majority/nn of/in countries/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at rates/nns range/vb from/in $3.00/nns to/in $3.50/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at smaller/jjr sedans/nns and/cc graduate/vb up/rp to/in $7.00/nns and/cc $8.00/nns a/at day/nn for/in the/at larger/jjr ,/, luxury/nn European/jj models/nns ,/, with/in the/at rate/nn per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn starting/vbg at/in $.03/nns and/cc going/vbg up/rp as/ql high/jj as/cs $.12/nns ./. The/at same/ap model/nn car/nn might/md be/be available/jj in/in six/cd or/cc eight/cd countries/nns ,/, yet/cc not/* two/cd countries/nns will/md have/hv the/at same/ap rate/nn either/cc for/in the/at daily/jj rate/nn or/cc rate/nn per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn ./. The/at variations/nns are/ber not/* too/ql great/jj ./. Rates/nns for/in American/jj cars/nns are/ber somewhat/ql higher/jjr ,/, ranging/vbg from/in about/rb $8.00/nns a/at day/nn up/rp to/in $14.00/nns a/at day/nn for/in a/at Chevrolet/np-tl Convertible/nn-tl ,/, but/cc the/at rate/nn per/in kilometer/nn driven/vbn is/bez roughly/rb the/at same/ap as/cs for/in the/at larger/jjr European/jj models/nns ./. Rates/nns in/in Greece/np and/cc Finland/np are/ber fairly/ql high/jj ,/, actually/rb the/at highest/jjt in/in Europe/np ,/, and/cc ,/, surprisingly/rb enough/qlp ,/, they/ppss are/ber also/rb quite/ql high/jj in/in Ireland/np ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber planning/vbg to/to tour/nn Europe/np for/in longer/rbr than/in a/at month/nn ,/, it/pps might/md be/be wise/jj for/cs you/ppo to/to lease/vb a/at car/nn ./. The/at actual/jj over-all/jj cost/nn ,/, for/in the/at first/od month/nn ,/, will/md perhaps/rb not/* be/be too/ql much/ql lower/jjr than/cs the/at rental/jj charges/nns for/in the/at same/ap period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, but/cc you/ppss will/md receive/vb a/at new/jj car/nn ./. You/ppss will/md be/be entitled/vbn to/in all/abn the/at advantages/nns of/in a/at new/jj car/nn owner/nn ,/, which/wdt includes/vbz the/at factory/nn guarantee/nn and/cc the/at services/nns valid/jj at/in authorized/vbn dealers/nns throughout/in Europe/np ./. Further/rbr ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at mileage/nn charge/nn or/cc mileage/nn limitations/nns when/wrb you/ppss lease/vb a/at car/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss pay/vb only/rb the/at flat/jj monthly/jj rate/nn plus/cc a/at nominal/jj charge/nn for/in documents/nns and/cc insurance/nn since/cs the/at car/nn is/bez registered/vbn and/cc insured/vbn individually/rb for/in your/pp$ trip/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at fairly/ql wide/jj selection/nn of/in models/nns of/in English/jj ,/, German/jj and/cc French/jj manufacture/nn from/in which/wdt you/ppss can/md choose/vb from/in the/at very/ql small/jj Austin/np-tl 7/cd-tl ,/, Citroen/np-tl 2/cd-tl CV/nn ,/, Volkswagens/nps ,/, Renaults/nps to/in the/at 6-passenger/jj Simca/np Beaulieu/np ./. Leasing/vbg a/at car/nn is/bez not/* as/ql common/jj or/cc as/ql popular/jj as/cs renting/vbg a/at car/nn in/in Europe/np ,/, but/cc for/in long/jj periods/nns it/pps will/md be/be unquestionably/rb more/ql economical/jj and/cc satisfactory/jj ./. After/in the/at first/od month/nn ,/, rates/nns are/ber considerably/ql less/ap ,/, averaging/vbg only/rb about/rb $60/nns a/at month/nn for/in most/ap 4-/nn and/cc 5-passenger/jj models/nns ./. There/ex are/ber reasons/nns for/in some/dti people/nns not/* wanting/vbg to/to rent/vb cars/nns and/cc going/vbg on/in the/at do-it-yourself/jj plan/nn ./. For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, the/at driver/nn usually/rb sees/vbz less/ap and/cc has/hvz less/ap fun/nn than/cs his/pp$ passengers/nns since/cs it/pps becomes/vbz pretty/ql necessary/jj for/in him/ppo to/to keep/vb at/in least/ap one/cd eye/nn on/in the/at road/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, European/jj drivers/nns have/hv reputations/nns for/in being/beg somewhat/ql crazy/jj on/in the/at road/nn and/cc some/dti Americans/nps are/ber not/* particularly/ql keen/jj on/in getting/vbg mixed/vbn up/rp with/in them/ppo ./. Still/rb there/ex is/bez a/at way/nn for/in those/dts who/wps want/vb to/to see/vb some/dti of/in the/at back/jj country/nn of/in Europe/np by/in car/nn ./. The/at way/nn is/bez to/to rent/vb a/at chauffeur-driven/jj car/nn ./. It/pps isn't/bez* as/ql expensive/jj as/cs most/ap people/nns believe/vb it/ppo to/to be/be ./. Your/pp$ chauffeur's/nn$ expenses/nns will/md average/vb between/in $7.00/nns to/in $12.00/nns a/at day/nn ,/, but/cc this/dt charge/nn is/bez the/at same/ap whether/cs you/ppss rent/vb a/at 7-passenger/jj Cadillac/np limousine/nn or/cc a/at 4-passenger/jj Peugeot/np or/cc Fiat/np-tl 1800/cd-tl ./. The/at big/jj spread/nn is/bez in/in the/at charge/nn for/in each/dt kilometer/nn driven/vbn ,/, being/beg governed/vbn by/in the/at rate/nn at/in which/wdt gasoline/nn is/bez consumed/vbn ./. Since/cs most/ap European/jj cars/nns average/vb more/ap miles/nns per/in gallon/nn of/in gasoline/nn than/cs American/jj cars/nns ,/, it/pps naturally/rb follows/vbz that/cs the/at cost/nn per/in kilometer/nn for/in these/dts models/nns will/md be/be less/ap ,/, but/cc the/at greater/jjr seating/vbg capacity/nn of/in the/at large/jj American/jj cars/nns will/md equalize/vb this/dt ,/, provided/vbn your/pp$ group/nn is/bez sufficiently/ql large/jj to/to fill/vb a/at 7-passenger/jj limousine/nn ./. The/at fees/nns for/in the/at rental/nn of/in chauffeur-driven/jj cars/nns vary/vb in/in the/at different/jj countries/nns in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs they/ppss do/do for/in the/at drive-yourself/jj cars/nns ./. However/rb ,/, whether/cs you/ppss arrange/vb to/to have/hv a/at European/jj or/cc American/jj model/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss rent/vb a/at car/nn with/in the/at proper/jj seating/vbg capacity/nn in/in relation/nn to/in the/at number/nn of/in people/nns in/in your/pp$ party/nn ,/, your/pp$ transportation/nn expense/nn will/md average/vb very/ql close/rb to/in $10.00/nns per/in day/nn per/in passenger/nn ./. This/dt will/nn include/vb your/pp$ helpful/jj ,/, English-speaking/jj chauffeur/nn and/cc a/at drive/nn of/in an/at average/nn of/in 150/cd kilometers/nns in/in any/dti one/cd day/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss drive/vb greater/jjr distances/nns than/cs that/dt ,/, you'll/ppss+md just/rb be/be skimming/vbg the/at surface/nn and/cc will/md never/rb discover/vb the/at enchantment/nn ,/, fascination/nn and/cc beauty/nn which/wdt lured/vbd you/ppo in/in the/at first/od place/nn to/to explore/vb the/at hinterlands/nns ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to throw/vb all/abn caution/nn to/in the/at winds/nns and/cc rent/vb an/at Imperial/jj-tl or/cc Cadillac/np limousine/nn just/rb for/in you/ppo and/cc your/pp$ bride/nn ,/, you'll/ppss+md have/hv a/at memorable/jj tour/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps won't/md* be/be cheap/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez not/* recommended/vbn unless/cs you/ppss own/vb a/at producing/vbg oil/nn well/nn or/cc you've/ppss+hv had/hvn a/at winner/nn in/in the/at Irish/jj-tl Sweepstakes/nns-tl ./.

cf01

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understanding:1 english:1 four:1 juncture:3 change:1 meaning:3 black:1 white:1 point:6 unfortunately:1 become:2 regrettably:2 small:1 part:2 picture:1 consider:3 may:12 happen:1 perverse:1 undaunte:1 reason:2 make:7 remark:1 eskimo:2 much:1 blubber:1 quite:2 simply:1 communication:8 basic:3 principle:1 first:11 richly:1 knot:1 bundle:1 convey:1 dr:3 henry:1 lee:1 smith:4 jr:1 university:1 buffalo:1 head:2 world:2 department:1 anthropology:1 linguistic:5 brisk:1 amusing:1 apparently:1 construct:1 ingenious:1 system:2 spring:1 joint:2 attune:1 peppery:1 rhythm:1 mind:3 begin:3 academic:2 career:1 teaching:1 speech:3 barnard:1 project:1 considerably:2 enliven:1 devotion:1 recording:4 young:1 rat:1 name:3 arthur:1 never:1 later:3 central:1 spirit:1 army:1 language:4 program:1 school:2 washington:1 foreign:1 service:1 institute:1 course:1 try:1 prepare:1 new:4 shock:1 encounter:1 remote:1 overseas:1 post:1 develop:2 chart:3 norm:3 human:2 train:1 ear:1 talk:4 always:3 reveal:5 staggering:1 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In/in American/jj romance/nn ,/, almost/rb nothing/pn rates/vbz higher/rbr than/cs what/wdt the/at movie/nn men/nns have/hv called/vbn ``/`` meeting/vbg cute/jj ''/'' --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, boy-meets-girl/nn seems/vbz more/ql adorable/jj if/cs it/pps doesn't/doz* take/vb place/nn in/in an/at atmosphere/nn of/in correct/jj and/cc acute/jj boredom/nn ./. Just/ql about/rb the/at most/ql enthralling/jj real-life/nn example/nn of/in meeting/vbg cute/jj is/bez the/at Charles/np MacArthur-Helen/np Hayes/np saga/nn :/: reputedly/rb all/abn he/pps did/dod was/bedz give/vb her/ppo a/at handful/nn of/in peanuts/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps said/vbd simultaneously/rb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss wish/vb they/ppss were/bed emeralds/nns ''/'' ./. Aside/rb from/in the/at comico-romantico/jj content/nn here/rb ,/, a/at good/jj linguist-anthropologist/nn could/md readily/rb pick/vb up/rp a/at few/ap other/ap facts/nns ,/, especially/rb if/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at little/ql more/ap of/in the/at conversation/nn to/to go/vb on/rp ./. The/at way/nn MacArthur/np said/vbd his/pp$ line/nn --/-- if/cs you/ppss had/hvd the/at recorded/vbn transcript/nn of/in a/at professional/jj linguist/nn --/-- would/md probably/rb have/hv gone/vbn like/cs this/dt :/: Af/nn Primary/jj stresses/nns on/in emeralds/nns-nc and/cc wish/nn ;/. ;/. note/vb pitch/nn 3/cd (/( pretty/ql high/jj )/) on/in emeralds/nns but/cc with/in a/at slight/jj degree/nn of/in drawl/nn ,/, one/cd degree/nn of/in oversoftness/nn ./. Conclusions/nns :/: The/at people/nns involved/vbn (/( and/cc subsequent/jj facts/nns bear/vb me/ppo out/rp here/rb )/) knew/vbd clearly/rb the/at relative/jj values/nns of/in peanuts/nns and/cc emeralds/nns ,/, both/abx monetary/jj and/cc sentimental/jj ./. And/cc the/at drawling/vbg ,/, oversoft/jj voice/nn of/in flirtation/nn ,/, though/cs fairly/ql overt/jj ,/, was/bedz still/rb well/ql within/in the/at prescribed/vbn gambit/nn of/in their/pp$ culture/nn ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, like/cs automation/nn machines/nns designed/vbn to/to work/vb in/in tandem/nn ,/, they/ppss shared/vbd the/at same/ap programming/nn ,/, a/at mutual/jj understanding/nn not/* only/rb of/in English/jj words/nns ,/, but/cc of/in the/at four/cd stresses/nns ,/, pitches/nns ,/, and/cc junctures/nns that/wps can/md change/vb their/pp$ meaning/nn from/in black/nn to/in white/nn ./. At/in this/dt point/nn ,/, unfortunately/rb ,/, romance/nn becomes/vbz a/at regrettably/ql small/jj part/nn of/in the/at picture/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc consider/vb ,/, if/cs you/ppss can/md bear/vb it/ppo ,/, what/wdt might/md have/hv happened/vbn if/cs MacArthur/np ,/, for/in some/dti perverse/jj ,/, undaunted/jj reason/nn ,/, had/hvd made/vbn the/at same/ap remark/nn to/in an/at Eskimo/np girl/nn in/in Eskimo/np ./. To/in her/ppo peanuts/nns and/cc emeralds/nns-nc would/md have/hv been/ben just/rb so/ql much/ap blubber/nn ./. The/at point/nn --/-- quite/ql simply/rb --/-- is/bez this/dt :/: words/nns they/ppss might/md have/hv had/hvn ;/. ;/. but/cc communication/nn ,/, no/rb ./. This/dt basic/jj principle/nn ,/, the/at first/od in/in a/at richly/ql knotted/vbn bundle/nn ,/, was/bedz conveyed/vbn to/in me/ppo by/in Dr./nn-tl Henry/np Lee/np Smith/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Buffalo/np-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps heads/vbz the/at world's/nn$ first/od department/nn of/in anthropology/nn and/cc linguistics/nn ./. A/at brisk/jj ,/, amusing/jj man/nn ,/, apparently/rb constructed/vbn on/in an/at ingenious/jj system/nn of/in spring-joints/nns attuned/vbn to/in the/at same/ap peppery/jj rhythm/nn as/cs his/pp$ mind/nn ,/, Smith/np began/vbd his/pp$ academic/jj career/nn teaching/vbg speech/nn to/in Barnard/np girls/nns --/-- a/at project/nn considerably/rb enlivened/vbn by/in his/pp$ devotion/nn to/in a/at recording/nn about/in ``/`` a/at young/jj rat/nn named/vbn Arthur/np ,/, who/wps never/rb could/md make/vb up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn ''/'' ./. Later/rbr ,/, he/pps became/vbd one/cd of/in the/at central/jj spirits/nns of/in the/at Army/nn-tl Language/nn-tl Program/nn-tl and/cc the/at language/nn school/nn of/in Washington's/np$ Foreign/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Institute/nn-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz there/rb ,/, in/in the/at course/nn of/in trying/vbg to/to prepare/vb new/jj men/nns for/in the/at ``/`` culture/nn shock/nn ''/'' they/ppss might/md encounter/vb in/in remote/jj overseas/jj posts/nns ,/, that/cs he/pps first/rb began/vbd to/to develop/vb a/at system/nn of/in charting/vbg the/at ``/`` norms/nns of/in human/jj communication/nn ''/'' ./. To/in the/at trained/vbn ear/nn of/in the/at linguist/nn ,/, talk/nn has/hvz always/rb revealed/vbn a/at staggering/jj quantity/nn of/in information/nn about/in the/at talker/nn --/-- such/jj things/nns as/cs geographical/jj origin/nn and/or/cc history/nn ,/, socio-economic/jj identity/nn ,/, education/nn ./. It/pps is/bez only/rb fairly/ql recently/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs linguists/nns have/hv developed/vbn a/at systematic/jj way/nn of/in charting/vbg voices/nns on/in paper/nn in/in a/at way/nn that/wps tells/vbz even/ql more/ap about/in the/at speakers/nns and/cc about/in the/at success/nn or/cc failure/nn of/in human/jj communication/nn between/in two/cd people/nns ./. This/dt ,/, for/in obvious/jj reasons/nns ,/, makes/vbz their/pp$ techniques/nns superbly/ql useful/jj in/in studying/vbg the/at psychiatric/jj interview/nn ,/, so/ql useful/jj ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss have/hv been/ben successfully/rb used/vbn to/to suggest/vb ways/nns to/to speed/vb diagnosis/nn and/cc to/to evaluate/vb the/at progress/nn of/in therapy/nn ./. In/in the/at early/jj 1950's/nns ,/, Smith/np ,/, together/rb with/in his/pp$ distinguished/vbn colleague/nn ,/, George/np Trager/np (/( so/ql austerely/rb academic/jj he/pps sometimes/rb fights/vbz his/pp$ own/jj evident/jj charm/nn )/) ,/, and/cc a/at third/od man/nn with/in the/at engaging/jj name/nn of/in Birdwhistell/np (/( Ray/np )/) ,/, agreed/vbd on/in some/dti basic/jj premises/nns about/in the/at three-part/jj process/nn that/wps makes/vbz communication/nn :/: (/( 1/cd )/) words/nns or/cc language/nn (/( 2/cd )/) paralanguage/nn ,/, a/at set/nn of/in phenomena/nns including/in laughing/vbg ,/, weeping/vbg ,/, voice/nn breaks/nns ,/, and/cc ``/`` tone/nn ''/'' of/in voice/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) kinesics/nn ,/, the/at technical/jj name/nn for/in gestures/nns ,/, facial/jj expressions/nns ,/, and/cc body/nn shifts/nns --/-- nodding/vbg or/cc shaking/vbg the/at head/nn ,/, ``/`` talking/vbg ''/'' with/in one's/pn$ hands/nns ,/, et/fw-cc cetera/fw-nns ./. Smith's/np$ first/od workout/nn with/in stresses/nns ,/, pitches/nns ,/, and/cc junctures/nns was/bedz based/vbn on/in mother/nn ,/, which/wdt spells/vbz ,/, in/in our/pp$ culture/nn ,/, a/at good/jj deal/nn more/ap than/cs bread/nn alone/rb ./. For/in example/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss are/ber a/at reasonably/ql well-adjusted/jj person/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber certain/jj ways/nns that/wps are/ber reasonable/jj and/cc appropriate/jj for/in addressing/vbg your/pp$ mother/nn ./. The/at usual/jj U.S./np norm/nn would/md be/be :/: Af/nn Middle/jj pitches/nns ,/, slight/jj pause/nn (/( juncture/nn )/) before/in mother/nn ,/, slight/jj rise/nn at/in the/at end/nn ./. The/at symbols/nns of/in mother's/nn$ status/nn ,/, here/rb ,/, are/ber all/abn usual/jj for/in culture/nn U.S.A./np ./. Quite/ql other/ap feelings/nns are/ber evidenced/vbn by/in this/dt style/nn :/: Af/nn Note/vb the/at drop/nn to/in pitch/nn 1/cd (/( the/at lowest/jjt )/) on/in mother/nn with/in no/at rise/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at sentence/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt is/bez a/at ``/`` fade/nn ''/'' ending/nn ,/, and/cc what/wdt you/ppss have/hv here/rb is/bez a/at downtalking/jj style/nn of/in speech/nn ,/, expressing/vbg something/pn less/ap than/cs conventional/jj respect/nn for/in mother/nn ./. Even/rb less/ap regard/nn for/in mom/nn and/cc mom's/nn$ apple/nn pie/nn goes/vbz with/in :/: Af/nn In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at way/nn the/at speaker/nn relates/vbz to/in mother/nn is/bez clearly/rb indicated/vbn ./. And/cc while/cs the/at meaning/nn of/in the/at words/nns is/bez not/* in/in this/dt instance/nn altered/vbn ,/, the/at quality/nn of/in communication/nn in/in both/abx the/at second/od and/cc third/od examples/nns is/bez definitely/rb impaired/vbn ./. An/at accompanying/vbg record/nn of/in paralanguage/nn factors/nns for/in the/at second/od example/nn might/md also/rb note/vb a/at throaty/jj rasp/nn ./. With/in this/dt seven-word/jj sentence/nn --/-- though/cs the/at speaker/nn undoubtedly/rb thought/vbd he/pps was/bedz dealing/vbg only/rb with/in the/at subject/nn of/in food/nn --/-- he/pps was/bedz telling/vbg things/nns about/in himself/ppl and/cc ,/, in/in the/at last/ap two/cd examples/nns ,/, revealing/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd departed/vbn from/in the/at customs/nns of/in his/pp$ culture/nn ./. The/at joint/nn investigations/nns of/in linguistics/nn and/cc psychiatry/nn have/hv established/vbn ,/, in/in point/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs no/at matter/nn what/wdt the/at subject/nn of/in conversation/nn is/bez or/cc what/wdt words/nns are/ber involved/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez impossible/jj for/cs people/nns to/to talk/vb at/in all/abn without/in telling/vbg over/rp and/cc over/rp again/rb what/wdt sort/nn of/in people/nns they/ppss are/ber and/cc how/wrb they/ppss relate/vb to/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./. Since/cs interviewing/vbg is/bez the/at basic/jj therapeutic/jj and/cc diagnostic/jj instrument/nn of/in modern/jj psychiatry/nn ,/, the/at recording/nn of/in interviews/nns for/in playbacks/nns and/cc study/nn has/hvz been/ben a/at boost/nn of/in Redstone/np proportions/nns in/in new/jj research/nn and/cc training/nn ./. Some/dti of/in the/at earliest/jjt recordings/nns ,/, made/vbn in/in the/at 1940's/nns demonstrated/vbd that/cs psychiatrists/nns reacted/vbd immediately/rb to/in anger/nn and/cc anxiety/nn in/in the/at sound/nn track/nn ,/, whereas/cs written/vbn records/nns of/in the/at same/ap interview/nn offered/vbd far/ql fewer/ap cues/nns to/in therapy/nn which/wdt --/-- if/cs they/ppss were/bed at/in all/abn discernible/jj in/in print/nn --/-- were/bed picked/vbn up/rp only/rb by/in the/at most/ql skilled/jj and/cc sensitive/jj experts/nns ./. In/in a/at general/jj way/nn ,/, psychiatrists/nns were/bed able/jj to/to establish/vb on/in a/at wide/jj basis/nn what/wdt many/ap of/in them/ppo had/hvd always/rb felt/vbn --/-- that/cs the/at most/ql telling/jj cues/nns in/in psychotherapy/nn are/ber acoustic/jj ,/, that/cs such/jj things/nns as/cs stress/nn and/cc nagging/nn are/ber transmitted/vbn by/in sound/nn alone/rb and/cc not/* necessarily/rb by/in words/nns ./. At/in a/at minimum/nn ,/, recording/vbg --/-- usually/rb on/in tape/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez now/rb in/in wide/jj professional/jj use/nn --/-- brings/vbz the/at psychiatric/jj interview/nn alive/jj so/cs that/cs the/at full/jj range/nn of/in emotion/nn and/cc meaning/nn can/md be/be explored/vbn repeatedly/rb by/in the/at therapist/nn or/cc by/in a/at battery/nn of/in therapists/nns ./. Newest/jjt to/in this/dt high-powered/jj battery/nn are/ber the/at experts/nns in/in linguistics/nn who/wps have/hv carried/vbn that/dt minimum/nn to/in a/at new/jj level/nn ./. By/in adding/vbg a/at systematic/jj analysis/nn with/in symbols/nns to/in the/at typed/vbn transcripts/nns of/in interviews/nns ,/, they/ppss have/hv supplied/vbn a/at new/jj set/nn of/in techniques/nns for/in the/at therapist/nn ./. Linguistic/jj charting/nn of/in the/at transcribed/vbn interview/nn flags/vbz points/nns where/wrb the/at patient's/nn$ voice/nn departs/vbz from/in expected/vbn norms/nns ./. It/pps flags/vbz such/jj possible/jj breakdowns/nns of/in communication/nn as/cs rehearsed/vbn dialogue/nn ,/, the/at note/nn of/in disapproval/nn ,/, ambivalence/nn or/cc ambiguity/nn ,/, annoyance/nn ,/, resentment/nn ,/, and/cc the/at disinclination/nn to/to speak/vb at/in all/abn --/-- this/dt last/ap often/rb marked/vbn by/in a/at fade-in/jj beginning/nn of/in sentences/nns ./. Interpretation/nn ,/, naturally/rb ,/, remains/vbz the/at role/nn of/in the/at therapist/nn ,/, but/cc orientation/nn --/-- not/* only/rb the/at patient's/nn$ vocal/jj giveaways/nns of/in geographical/jj and/cc socio-economic/jj background/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb vocal/jj but/cc non-verbal/jj giveaways/nns of/in danger/nn spots/nns in/in his/pp$ relationship/nn to/in people/nns --/-- can/md be/be considerably/rb beefed/vbn up/rp by/in the/at linguist/nn ./. His/pp$ esoteric/jj chartings/nns of/in the/at voice/nn alert/vb the/at therapist/nn to/in areas/nns where/wrb deeper/jjr probing/vbg may/md bring/vb to/in light/nn underlying/vbg psychological/jj difficulties/nns ,/, making/vbg them/ppo apparent/jj first/rb to/in the/at therapist/nn and/cc eventually/rb to/in the/at patient/nn ./. In/in one/cd now-historic/jj first/od interview/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, the/at transcript/nn (/( reproduced/vbn from/in the/at book/nn ,/, The/at First/od-tl Five/cd-tl Minutes/nns-tl )/) goes/vbz like/cs this/dt :/: The/at therapist's/nn$ level/jj tone/nn is/bez bland/jj and/cc neutral/jj --/-- he/pps has/hvz ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, avoided/vbn stressing/vbg ``/`` you/ppss-nc ''/'' ,/, which/wdt would/md imply/vb disapproval/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc surprise/nn ,/, which/wdt would/md set/vb the/at patient/nn apart/rb from/in other/ap people/nns ./. The/at patient/nn ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, is/bez far/rb from/in neutral/jj ;/. ;/. aside/rb from/in her/pp$ specifically/rb regional/jj accent/nn ,/, she/pps reveals/vbz by/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at triad/nn ,/, ``/`` irritable/jj ,/, tense/jj ,/, depressed/vbn ''/'' ,/, a/at certain/jj pedantic/jj itemization/nn that/wps indicates/vbz she/pps has/hvz some/dti familiarity/nn with/in literary/jj or/cc scientific/jj language/nn (/( i.e./rb ,/, she/pps must/md have/hv had/hvn at/in least/ap a/at high-school/nn education/nn )/) ,/, and/cc she/pps is/bez telling/vbg a/at story/nn she/pps has/hvz mentally/rb rehearsed/vbn some/dti time/nn before/rb ./. Then/rb she/pps catapults/vbz into/in ``/`` everything/pn and/cc everybody/pn ''/'' ,/, putting/vbg particular/jj violence/nn on/in ``/`` everybody/pn ''/'' ,/, indicating/vbg to/in the/at linguist/nn that/cs this/dt is/bez a/at spot/nn to/to flag/vb --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* congruent/jj to/in the/at patient's/nn$ general/jj style/nn of/in speech/nn up/in to/in this/dt point/nn ./. Consequently/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez referred/vbn to/in the/at therapist/nn for/in attention/nn ./. He/pps may/md then/rb very/ql well/rb conclude/vb that/cs ``/`` everybody/pn ''/'' is/bez probably/rb not/* the/at true/jj target/nn of/in her/pp$ resentment/nn ./. Immediately/rb thereafter/rb ,/, the/at patient/nn fractures/vbz her/pp$ rehearsed/vbn story/nn ,/, veering/vbg into/in an/at oversoft/jj ,/, breathy/jj ,/, sloppily/rb articulated/vbn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* feel/vb like/cs talking/vbg right/ql now/rb ''/'' ./. Within/in the/at first/od five/cd minutes/nns of/in this/dt interview/nn it/pps is/bez apparent/jj to/in the/at therapist/nn that/cs ``/`` everybody/pn ''/'' truthfully/rb refers/vbz to/in the/at woman's/nn$ husband/nn ./. She/pps says/vbz later/rbr ,/, but/cc still/rb within/in the/at opening/vbg five/cd minutes/nns ,/, ``/`` I/ppss keep/vb thinking/vbg of/in a/at divorce/nn but/cc that's/dt+bez another/dt emotional/jj death/nn ''/'' ./. The/at linguistic/jj and/cc paralinguistic/jj signals/nns of/in misery/nn are/ber all/abn present/rb in/in the/at voice/nn chart/nn for/in this/dt sentence/nn ;/. ;/. so/rb are/ber certain/jj signals/nns that/cs she/pps does/doz not/* accept/vb divorce/nn ./. By/in saying/vbg ``/`` another/dt emotional/jj death/nn ''/'' ,/, she/pps reveals/vbz that/cs there/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at previous/jj one/cd ,/, although/cs she/pps has/hvz not/* described/vbn it/ppo in/in words/nns ./. This/dt the/at therapist/nn may/md pursue/vb in/in later/jjr questioning/nn ./. The/at phrase/nn ,/, ``/`` emotional/jj death/nn ''/'' ,/, interesting/jj and/cc ,/, to/in a/at non-scientific/jj mind/nn ,/, rather/ql touching/jj ,/, suggests/vbz that/cs this/dt woman/nn may/md have/hv some/dti flair/nn for/in words/nns ,/, perhaps/rb even/rb something/pn of/in the/at temperament/nn regrettably/rb called/vbn ``/`` creative/jj ''/'' ./. Since/cs the/at psychiatric/jj interview/nn ,/, like/cs any/dti other/ap interview/nn ,/, depends/vbz on/in communication/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez significant/jj to/to note/vb that/cs the/at therapist/nn in/in this/dt interview/nn was/bedz a/at man/nn of/in marked/vbn skill/nn and/cc long/jj experience/nn ./. His/pp$ own/jj communication/nn apparatus/nn operated/vbd superbly/rb ,/, and/cc Lillian/np Ross/np readers/nns will/md note/vb instantly/rb its/pp$ total/nn lack/nn of/in resemblance/nn to/in the/at blunted/vbn ,/, monumentally/rb unmeshed/jj mechanism/nn of/in Dr./nn-tl Blauberman/np ./. Interestingly/rb enough/qlp --/-- although/cs none/pn of/in the/at real-life/nn therapists/nns involved/vbn could/md conceivably/rb compare/vb with/in Blauberman/np --/-- when/wrb groups/nns of/in them/ppo began/vbd playing/vbg back/rb interviews/nns ,/, they/ppss discovered/vbd any/dti number/nn of/in ways/nns in/in which/wdt they/ppss wanted/vbd to/to polish/vb their/pp$ own/jj interview/nn techniques/nns ;/. ;/. almost/rb everyone/pn ,/, on/in first/rb hearing/vbg one/cd of/in his/pp$ own/jj sessions/nns on/in tape/nn ,/, expressed/vbd some/dti desire/nn to/to take/vb the/at whole/jj thing/nn over/rp again/rb ./. Yet/rb ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in this/dt ,/, intensive/jj study/nn of/in the/at taped/vbn interviews/nns by/in teams/nns of/in psychotherapists/nns and/cc linguists/nns laid/vbd bare/jj the/at surprising/vbg fact/nn that/cs ,/, in/in the/at first/od five/cd minutes/nns of/in an/at initial/jj interview/nn ,/, the/at patient/nn often/rb reveals/vbz as/ql many/ap as/cs a/at dozen/nn times/nns just/rb what's/wdt+bez wrong/jj with/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. to/to spot/vb these/dts giveaways/nns the/at therapist/nn must/md know/vb either/cc intuitively/rb or/cc scientifically/rb how/wrb to/to listen/vb ./. Naturally/rb ,/, the/at patient/nn does/doz not/* say/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss hate/vb my/pp$ father/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` Sibling/np rivalry/nn is/bez what/wdt bugs/vbz me/ppo ''/'' ./. What/wdt he/pps does/doz do/do is/bez give/vb himself/ppl away/rb by/in communicating/vbg information/nn over/in and/cc above/in the/at words/nns involved/vbn ./. Some/dti of/in the/at classic/jj indicators/nns ,/, as/cs described/vbn by/in Drs./nns-tl Pittenger/np ,/, Hockett/np ,/, and/cc Danehy/np in/in The/at First/od-tl Five/cd-tl Minutes/nns-tl ,/, are/ber these/dts :/: ambiguity/nn-hl of/in-hl pronouns/nns-hl :/:-hl Stammering/vbg or/cc repetition/nn of/in I/ppss-nc ,/, you/ppss-nc ,/, he/pps-nc ,/, she/pps-nc ,/, et/fw-cc cetera/fw-nns may/md signal/vb ambiguity/nn or/cc uncertainty/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn significant/jj facts/nns may/md be/be concealed/vbn --/-- she/pps may/md mean/vb I/ppss-nc or/cc everybody/pn-nc ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod with/in the/at tense/jj and/cc irritable/jj woman/nn mentioned/vbn before/rb ,/, may/md refer/vb to/in a/at specific/jj person/nn ./. The/at word/nn that/wps is/bez not/* used/vbn can/md be/be as/ql important/jj as/cs the/at word/nn that/wps is/bez used/vbn ;/. ;/. therapist/nn and/or/cc linguist/nn must/md always/rb consider/vb the/at alternatives/nns ./. When/wrb someone/pn says/vbz ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, ``/`` They/ppss took/vbd x-rays/nns to/to see/vb that/cs there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn wrong/jj with/in me/ppo ''/'' ,/, it/pps pays/vbz to/to consider/vb how/wrb this/dt statement/nn would/md normally/rb be/be made/vbn ./. (/( This/dt patient/nn ,/, in/in actuality/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at neurasthenic/nn who/wps had/hvd almost/rb come/vbn to/in the/at point/nn of/in accepting/vbg the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* her/pp$ soma/nn but/cc her/pp$ psyche/nn that/wps was/bedz the/at cause/nn of/in her/pp$ difficulty/nn ./. )/) Amateur/jj linguists/nns note/vb here/rb that/cs Pursewarden/np ,/, in/in Durrell's/np$ Alexandria/np-tl Quartet/nn-tl ,/, stammered/vbd when/wrb he/pps spoke/vbd of/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez hardly/rb surprising/jj in/in view/nn of/in their/pp$ disastrous/jj relationship/nn ./.

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She/pps was/bedz just/rb another/dt freighter/nn from/in the/at States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc she/pps seemed/vbd as/ql commonplace/jj as/cs her/pp$ name/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ,/, one/cd of/in those/dts Atlantic/jj sea-horses/nns that/wps had/hvd sailed/vbn to/in Bari/np to/to bring/vb beans/nns ,/, bombs/nns ,/, and/cc bullets/nns to/in the/at U.S./np-tl Fifteenth/od-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ,/, to/in Field/nn-tl Marshal/nn-tl Montgomery's/np$ Eighth/od-tl Army/nn-tl then/rb racing/vbg up/in the/at calf/nn of/in the/at boot/nn of/in Italy/np in/in that/dt early/jj December/np of/in 1943/cd ./. The/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl arrived/vbd in/in Bari/np ,/, a/at port/nn on/in the/at Adriatic/np ,/, on/in November/np 28th/od ,/, making/vbg for/in Porto/fw-nn-tl Nuovo/fw-jj-tl ,/, which/wdt ,/, as/cs the/at name/nn indicates/vbz ,/, was/bedz the/at ancient/jj city's/nn$ new/jj and/cc modern/jj harbor/nn ./. Hardly/rb anyone/pn ashore/rb marked/vbd her/ppo as/cs she/pps anchored/vbd stern-to/rb off/in Berth/nn-tl 29/cd-tl on/in the/at mole/nn ./. If/cs anyone/pn thought/vbd of/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to observe/vb that/cs she/pps was/bedz straddled/vbn by/in a/at pair/nn of/in ships/nns heavily/ql laden/jj with/in high/jj explosive/nn and/cc if/cs they/ppss were/bed hit/vbn the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl would/md likely/rb be/be blown/vbn up/rp with/in her/pp$ own/jj ammo/nn and/cc whatever/wdt else/rb it/pps was/bedz that/wpo she/pps carried/vbd ./. Which/wdt was/bedz poison/nn gas/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd required/vbn the/at approval/nn of/in President/nn-tl Franklin/np Delano/np Roosevelt/np before/cs the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl could/md be/be loaded/vbn with/in 100/cd tons/nns of/in mustard/nn gas/nn and/cc despatched/vbn to/in the/at Italian/jj warfront/nn ./. For/cs in/in a/at world/nn as/ql yet/rb unacquainted/jj with/in the/at horrors/nns of/in the/at mushroom/nn cloud/nn ,/, poison/nn gas/nn was/bedz still/rb regarded/vbn as/cs the/at ultimate/jj in/in hideous/jj weapons/nns ./. Throughout/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, reports/nns persisted/vbd that/cs the/at Axis/nn-tl powers/nns had/hvd used/vbn gas/nn --/-- Germany/np in/in Russia/np ,/, Japan/np in/in China/np again/rb ./. They/ppss were/bed always/rb denied/vbn ./. Influential/jj people/nns in/in America/np were/bed warning/vbg the/at Pentagon/nn-tl to/to be/be prepared/vbn against/in desperation/nn gas/nn attacks/nns by/in the/at Germans/nps in/in future/jj campaigns/nns ./. Some/dti extremists/nns went/vbd so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to urge/vb our/pp$ using/vbg it/ppo first/rb ./. To/to silence/vb extremists/nns ,/, to/to warn/vb the/at Axis/nn-tl ,/, President/nn-tl Roosevelt/np issued/vbd this/dt statement/nn for/in the/at Allies/nns-tl in/in August/np :/: ``/`` From/in time/nn to/in time/nn since/cs the/at present/jj war/nn began/vbd there/ex have/hv been/ben reports/nns that/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at Axis/nn-tl powers/nns were/bed seriously/rb contemplating/vbg use/nn of/in poisonous/jj gas/nn or/cc noxious/jj gases/nns or/cc other/ap inhumane/jj devices/nns of/in warfare/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv been/ben loath/jj to/to believe/vb that/cs any/dti nation/nn ,/, even/rb our/pp$ present/jj enemies/nns ,/, could/md or/cc would/md be/be willing/jj to/to loose/vb upon/in mankind/nn such/ql terrible/jj and/cc inhumane/jj weapons/nns ./. ``/`` However/rb ,/, evidence/nn that/cs the/at Axis/nn-tl powers/nns are/ber making/vbg significant/jj preparations/nns indicative/jj of/in such/abl an/at intention/nn is/bez being/beg reported/vbn with/in increasing/vbg frequency/nn from/in a/at variety/nn of/in sources/nns ./. ``/`` Use/nn of/in such/jj weapons/nns has/hvz been/ben outlawed/vbn by/in the/at general/jj opinion/nn of/in civilized/vbn mankind/nn ./. This/dt country/nn has/hvz not/* used/vbn them/ppo ,/, and/cc I/ppss hope/vb that/cs we/ppss never/rb will/md be/be compelled/vbn to/to use/vb them/ppo ./. I/ppss state/vb categorically/rb that/cs we/ppss shall/md under/in no/at circumstances/nns resort/vb to/in the/at use/nn of/in such/jj weapons/nns unless/cs they/ppss are/ber first/rb used/vbn by/in our/pp$ enemies/nns ''/'' ./. The/at following/vbg month/nn the/at invasion/nn of/in Italy/np was/bedz begun/vbn ,/, and/cc Roosevelt/np gave/vbd effect/nn to/in his/pp$ warning/nn by/in consenting/vbg to/in the/at stockpiling/nn of/in poison/nn gas/nn in/in southern/jj Italy/np ./. Bari/np was/bedz chosen/vbn as/cs a/at depot/nn ,/, not/* only/rb for/in its/pp$ seeming/jj safety/nn ,/, but/cc because/rb of/in its/pp$ proximity/nn to/in airfields/nns ./. Any/dti retaliatory/jj gas/nn attack/nn would/md be/be airborne/jj ./. It/pps would/md be/be made/vbn in/in three/cd waves/nns --/-- the/at first/od to/to lay/vb down/rp a/at smokescreen/nn ,/, the/at second/od to/to drop/vb the/at gas/nn bombs/nns ,/, the/at third/od to/to shower/vb incendiaries/nns which/wdt would/md burn/vb everything/pn below/rb ./. So/rb the/at vile/jj cargo/nn went/vbd into/in the/at hole/nn of/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ./. A/at detachment/nn of/in six/cd men/nns from/in the/at 701st/od-tl Chemical/jj-tl Maintenance/nn-tl Company/nn-tl under/in First/od-tl Lt./nn-tl Howard/np D./np Beckstrom/np went/vbd aboard/rb ,/, followed/vbn by/in Lt./nn-tl Thomas/np H./np Richardson/np ,/, the/at Cargo/nn-tl Security/nn-tl Officer/nn-tl ./. Secrecy/nn was/bedz paramount/jjs ./. Only/rb a/at few/ap other/ap people/nns --/-- very/ql important/jj people/nns --/-- knew/vbd of/in the/at nitrogen-mustard/nn eggs/nns nestled/vbn below/in decks/nns ./. No/at one/pn else/rb must/md know/vb ./. Thus/rb ,/, in/in the/at immemorial/jj way/nn --/-- in/in the/at way/nn of/in the/at right/jj hand/nn that/wps knows/vbz and/cc the/at left/jj that/wps does/doz not/* --/-- was/bedz the/at stage/nn set/vbn for/in tragedy/nn at/in Bari/np ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at night/nn of/in December/np 2/cd ,/, 1943/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz growing/vbg dark/jj in/in Bari/np ./. It/pps was/bedz getting/vbg on/rp toward/in 7/cd o'clock/rb and/cc the/at German/jj Me-210/nn plane/nn had/hvd been/ben and/cc gone/vbn on/in its/pp$ eighth/od straight/jj visit/nn ./. Capt./nn-tl A./np B./np Jenks/np of/in the/at Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Harbor/nn-tl Defense/nn-tl was/bedz very/ql worried/vbn ./. He/pps knew/vbd that/cs German/jj long-range/nn bombers/nns had/hvd been/ben returning/vbg to/in the/at attack/nn in/in Italy/np ./. On/in November/np 24th/od ,/, they/ppss had/hvd made/vbn a/at raid/nn on/in La/np Maddalena/np ./. Two/cd days/nns later/rbr ,/, some/rb 30/cd of/in them/ppo had/hvd struck/vbn at/in a/at convoy/nn off/in Bougie/np ,/, sinking/vbg a/at troopship/nn --/-- and/cc it/pps had/hvd been/ben that/dt very/ap night/nn that/cs the/at Me-210/nn had/hvd made/vbn its/pp$ first/od appearance/nn ./. After/cs it/pps had/hvd reappeared/vbn the/at next/ap two/cd nights/nns ,/, Jenks/np went/vbd to/in higher/jjr headquarters/nn and/cc said/vbd :/: ``/`` For/in three/cd days/nns now/rb a/at German/jj reconnaissance/nn plane/nn has/hvz been/ben over/in the/at city/nn taking/vbg pictures/nns ./. They're/ppss+ber just/rb waiting/vbg for/in the/at proper/jj time/nn to/to come/vb over/in here/rb and/cc dump/vb this/dt place/nn into/in the/at Adriatic/np ''/'' ./. But/cc the/at older/jjr and/cc wiser/jjr heads/nns had/hvd dismissed/vbn his/pp$ warning/nn as/cs alarmist/jj ./. Even/rb though/cs it/pps was/bedz known/vbn that/cs the/at Luftwaffe/np in/in the/at north/nr was/bedz now/rb being/beg directed/vbn by/in the/at young/jj and/cc energetic/jj General/nn-tl Peltz/np ,/, the/at commander/nn who/wps would/md conduct/vb the/at ``/`` Little/jj-tl Blitz/nn-tl ''/'' on/in London/np in/in 1944/cd ,/, a/at major/jj raid/nn on/in Bari/np at/in this/dt juncture/nn of/in the/at war/nn was/bedz not/* to/to be/be considered/vbn seriously/rb ./. True/rb ,/, there/ex had/hvd been/ben raids/nns on/in Naples/np --/-- but/cc Naples/np was/bedz pretty/ql far/ql north/nr on/in the/at opposite/jj coast/nn ./. No/rb ,/, Bari/np was/bedz out/in of/in range/nn ./. More/ap than/cs that/dt ,/, Allied/vbn-tl air/nn had/hvd complete/jj superiority/nn in/in the/at Eighth/od-tl Army's/nn$-tl sector/nn ./. So/rb Captain/nn-tl Jenks/np returned/vbd to/in his/pp$ harbor/nn post/nn to/to watch/vb the/at scouting/vbg plane/nn put/vb in/rp five/cd more/ap appearances/nns ,/, and/cc to/to feel/vb the/at certainty/nn of/in this/dt dread/nn rising/vbg within/in him/ppo ./. For/cs Jenks/np knew/vbd that/cs Bari's/np$ defenses/nns were/bed made/vbn of/in paper/nn ./. The/at Royal/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl had/hvd but/rb a/at single/ap light/jj anti-aircraft/jj squadron/nn and/cc two/cd balloon/nn units/nns available/jj ./. There/ex were/bed no/at R.A.F./np fighter/nn squadrons/nns on/in Bari/np airfield/nn ./. The/at radar/nn station/nn with/in the/at best/jjt location/nn was/bedz still/rb not/* serviceable/jj ./. Telephone/nn communication/nn was/bedz bad/jj ./. And/cc everywhere/rb in/in evidence/nn among/in the/at few/ap remaining/vbg defensive/jj units/nns was/bedz that/dt old/jj handmaiden/nn of/in disaster/nn --/-- multiple/jj command/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd been/ben made/vbn shockingly/ql evident/jj that/dt very/ap morning/nn to/in Ensign/nn-tl Kay/np K./np Vesole/np ,/, in/in charge/nn of/in the/at armed/vbn guard/nn aboard/in the/at John/np Bascom/np ./. A/at British/jj officer/nn had/hvd come/vbn aboard/rb and/cc told/vbn him/ppo that/cs in/in case/nn of/in enemy/nn air/nn attack/nn he/pps was/bedz not/* to/to open/vb fire/nn until/cs bombs/nns were/bed actually/rb dropped/vbn ./. Then/rb he/pps was/bedz to/to co-ordinate/vb his/pp$ fire/nn with/in a/at radar-controlled/jj shore/nn gun/nn firing/vbg white/jj tracers/nns ./. ``/`` This/dt harbor/nn is/bez a/at bomber's/nn$ paradise/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at Britisher/np had/hvd said/vbn with/in frank/jj grimness/nn ./. ``/`` It's/pps+bez up/in to/in you/ppo to/to protect/vb yourselves/ppls ./. We/ppss can't/md* expect/vb any/dti help/nn from/in the/at fighters/nns at/in Foggia/np ,/, either/rb ./. They're/ppss+ber all/abn being/beg used/vbn on/in offensive/jj missions/nns ''/'' ./. Vesole/np had/hvd been/ben stunned/vbn ./. Not/* fire/vb until/cs the/at bombs/nns came/vbd down/rp !/. !/. He/pps thought/vbd of/in the/at tons/nns and/cc tons/nns of/in flammable/jj fluid/nn beneath/in his/pp$ feet/nns and/cc shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ./. Like/cs hell/nn !/. !/. Like/cs hell/nn he'd/pps+md wait/vb --/-- and/cc supposing/cs the/at radar-controlled/jj gun/nn got/vbd knocked/vbn out/rp ?/. ?/. What/wdt would/md his/pp$ guns/nns guide/vb on/in then/rb --/-- the/at North/jj-tl Star/nn-tl ?/. ?/. Ensign/nn-tl Vesole/np decided/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md not/* tarry/vb until/cs he/pps heard/vbd the/at whispering/nn of/in the/at bombs/nns ,/, and/cc when/wrb night/nn began/vbd to/to fall/vb ,/, he/pps put/vbd Seaman/nn-tl 2/c/np-tl Donald/np L./np Norton/np and/cc Seaman/nn-tl 1/c/np-tl William/np A./np Rochford/np on/in the/at guns/nns and/cc told/vbd them/ppo to/to start/vb shooting/vbg the/at moment/nn they/ppss saw/vbd an/at enemy/nn silhouette/nn ./. Below/in decks/nns ,/, Seaman/nn-tl 1/c/np-tl Stanley/np Bishop/np had/hvd begun/vbn to/to write/vb a/at letter/nn home/nr ./. Above/in decks/nns on/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl ,/, Lieutenant/nn-tl Richardson/np gazed/vbd at/in the/at lights/nns still/rb burning/vbg on/in the/at port/jj wall/nn and/cc felt/vbd uneasy/jj ./. There/ex were/bed lights/nns glinting/vbg in/in the/at city/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, even/rb though/cs it/pps was/bedz now/rb dark/jj enough/qlp for/in a/at few/ap stars/nns to/to become/vb visible/jj ./. Bari/np was/bedz asking/vbg for/in it/ppo ,/, he/pps thought/vbd ./. For/in five/cd days/nns now/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd been/ben in/in port/nn and/cc that/dt filthy/jj stuff/nn was/bedz still/rb in/in the/at hold/nn ./. Richardson/np wondered/vbd when/wrb it/pps would/md be/be unloaded/vbn ./. He/pps hoped/vbd they/ppss would/md put/vb in/rp somewhere/rb way/ql ,/, way/ql down/rp in/in the/at earth/nn ./. The/at burden/nn of/in his/pp$ secret/nn was/bedz pressing/vbg down/rp on/in him/ppo ,/, as/cs it/pps was/bedz on/in Lieutenant/nn-tl Beckstrom/np and/cc his/pp$ six/cd enlisted/vbn men/nns ./. Lieutenant/nn-tl Richardson/np could/md envy/vb the/at officers/nns and/cc men/nns of/in the/at John/np-tl Harvey/np-tl in/in their/pp$ innocent/jj assumption/nn that/cs the/at ship/nn contained/vbd nothing/pn more/ql dangerous/jj than/cs high/jj explosive/jj bombs/nns ./. They/ppss seemed/vbd happy/jj at/in the/at delay/nn in/in unloading/vbg ,/, glad/jj at/in the/at chance/nn to/to go/vb ashore/rb in/in a/at lively/jj liberty/nn port/nn such/jj as/cs Bari/np ./. Nine/cd of/in them/ppo had/hvd gone/vbn down/in the/at gangplank/nn already/rb ./. Deck/nn-tl Cadet/nn-tl James/np L./np Cahill/np and/cc Seaman/nn-tl Walter/np Brooks/np had/hvd been/ben the/at first/od to/to leave/vb ./. Richardson/np had/hvd returned/vbn their/pp$ departing/vbg grins/nns with/in the/at noncommittal/jj nod/nn that/wps is/bez the/at security/nn officer's/nn$ stock/nn in/in trade/nn ./. The/at other/ap half/abn of/in the/at crew/nn ,/, plus/cc Beckstrom/np and/cc his/pp$ men/nns ,/, had/hvd remained/vbn aboard/rb ./. Richardson/np glanced/vbd to/in sea/nn and/cc started/vbd slightly/rb ./. Damned/vbn if/cs that/dt wasn't/bedz* a/at sailing/vbg ship/nn standing/vbg out/in of/in the/at old/jj harbor/nn --/-- Porto/np Vecchio/np ./. The/at night/nn was/bedz so/ql clear/jj that/cs Richardson/np had/hvd no/at difficulty/nn making/vbg out/rp the/at silhouette/nn ./. Then/rb the/at thought/nn of/in a/at cloudless/jj sky/nn made/vbd him/ppo shiver/vb ,/, and/cc he/pps glanced/vbd upward/rb ./. His/pp$ eyes/nns boggled/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at clear/jj night/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz raining/vbg !/. !/. Capt./nn-tl Michael/np A./np Musmanno/np ,/, Military/jj-tl governor/nn of/in the/at Sorrentine/np-tl Peninsula/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd also/rb seen/vbn and/cc felt/vbn the/at ``/`` rain/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc he/pps had/hvd mistaken/vbn it/ppo for/in bugs/nns ./. Captain/nn-tl Musmanno's/np$ renovated/vbn schooner/nn with/in the/at flamboyant/jj name/nn Unsinkable/jj-tl had/hvd just/rb left/vbn Porto/np Vecchio/np with/in a/at cargo/nn of/in badly-needed/jj olive/nn oil/nn for/in the/at Sorrentine's/np$ civilian/nn population/nn ./. Musmanno/np was/bedz on/in deck/nn ./. At/in exactly/rb 7:30/cd ,/, he/pps felt/vbd a/at fluttering/vbg object/nn brush/vb his/pp$ face/nn ./. He/pps snatched/vbd at/in it/ppo savagely/rb ./. He/pps turned/vbd the/at beam/nn of/in his/pp$ flashlight/nn on/in it/ppo ./. He/pps laughed/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at silver/jj foil/nn from/in the/at chocolate/nn bar/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben eating/vbg ./. He/pps frowned/vbd ./. But/cc how/wrb could/md --/-- ?/. ?/. Another/dt ,/, longer/jjr strip/nn of/in tinsel/nn whipped/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz two/cd feet/nns long/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* candy/nn wrapping/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz ``/`` window/nn ''/'' --/-- the/at tinsel/nn paper/nn dropped/vbd by/in bombers/nns to/to jam/vb radar/nn sets/nns ,/, to/to fill/vb the/at scope/nn with/in hundreds/nns of/in blips/nns that/wps would/md seem/vb to/to be/be approaching/vbg bombers/nns ./. ``/`` Fermate/fw-vb ''/'' !/. !/. Musmanno/np bellowed/vbd to/in his/pp$ Italian/jj crewmen/nns ./. ``/`` Stop/vb !/. !/. Stop/vb the/at engines/nns ''/'' !/. !/. Unsinkable/jj-tl slowed/vbd and/cc stopped/vbd ,/, hundreds/nns of/in brilliant/jj white/jj flares/nns swayed/vbd eerily/rb down/rp from/in the/at black/jj ,/, the/at air/nn raid/nn sirens/nns ashore/rb rose/vbd in/in a/at keening/vbg shriek/nn ,/, the/at anti-aircraft/jj guns/nns coughed/vbd and/cc chattered/vbd --/-- and/cc above/in it/ppo all/abn motors/nns roared/vbd and/cc the/at bombs/nns came/vbd whispering/vbg and/cc wailing/vbg and/cc crashing/vbg down/rp among/in the/at ships/nns at/in anchor/nn at/in Bari/np ./. They/ppss had/hvd come/vbn from/in airports/nns in/in the/at Balkans/nps ,/, these/dts hundred-odd/cd Junkers/np-tl 88's/nns-tl ./. They/ppss had/hvd winged/vbn over/in the/at Adriatic/np ,/, they/ppss had/hvd taken/vbn Bari/np by/in complete/jj surprise/nn and/cc now/rb they/ppss were/bed battering/vbg her/ppo ,/, attacking/vbg with/in deadly/jj skill/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd ruined/vbn the/at radar/nn warning/vbg system/nn with/in their/pp$ window/nn ,/, they/ppss had/hvd made/vbn themselves/ppls invisible/jj above/in their/pp$ flares/nns ./. And/cc they/ppss also/rb had/hvd the/at lights/nns of/in the/at city/nn ,/, the/at port/nn wall/nn lanterns/nns ,/, and/cc a/at shore/nn crane's/nn$ spotlight/nn to/to guide/vb on/in ./. After/cs the/at first/od two/cd were/bed blacked/vbn out/rp ,/, the/at third/od light/nn was/bedz abandoned/vbn by/in a/at terrified/vbn Italian/jj crew/nn ,/, who/wps left/vbd their/pp$ light/nn to/to shine/vb for/in nine/cd minutes/nns like/cs an/at unerring/jj homing/vbg beacon/nn until/cs British/jj MP's/nn shot/vbd it/ppo out/rp ./. In/in that/dt interval/nn ,/, the/at German/jj bombers/nns made/vbd a/at hell/nn of/in Bari/np harbor/nn ./. Merchant/nn ships/nns illuminated/vbn in/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at flares/nns ,/, made/vbn to/to seem/vb like/cs stones/nns imbedded/vbn in/in a/at lake/nn of/in polished/vbn mud/nn ,/, were/bed impossible/jj to/to miss/vb ./. The/at little/jj Unsinkable/jj-tl sank/vbd almost/ql immediately/rb ./. Captain/nn-tl Musmanno/np roared/vbd at/in his/pp$ men/nns to/to lash/vb three/cd of/in the/at casks/nns of/in olive/nn oil/nn together/rb for/in a/at raft/nn ./. They/ppss got/vbd it/ppo over/in the/at side/nn and/cc clambered/vbd aboard/rb only/rb a/at few/ap minutes/nns before/cs their/pp$ schooner/nn went/vbd under/rb ./. John/np Bascom/np went/vbd down/rp early/rb ,/, too/rb ./. Ensign/nn-tl Vesole/np and/cc his/pp$ gunners/nns had/hvd fought/vbn valiantly/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss had/hvd no/at targets/nns ./. Most/ap of/in the/at Junkers/nps were/bed above/in the/at blinding/vbg light/nn of/in the/at flares/nns ,/, and/cc the/at radar-controlled/jj shore/nn gun/nn had/hvd been/ben knocked/vbn out/rp by/in one/cd of/in the/at first/od sticks/nns of/in bombs/nns ./. Vesole/np rushed/vbd from/in gun/nn to/in gun/nn ,/, attempting/vbg to/to direct/vb fire/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz wounded/vbn ,/, but/cc fought/vbd on/rp ./. Norton/np and/cc Rochford/np fired/vbd wildly/rb at/in the/at sounds/nns of/in the/at motors/nns ./. Bishop/np rushed/vbd on/in deck/nn to/to grab/vb a/at 20-mm/nn gun/nn ,/, pumping/vbg out/rp 400/cd rounds/nns before/cs sticks/nns of/in three/cd bombs/nns each/dt crashed/vbd into/in Holds/nns-tl One/cd-tl ,/, Three/cd-tl and/cc Five/cd-tl ./. Now/rb the/at Bascom/np was/bedz mortally/rb wounded/vbn ./. Luckily/rb ,/, she/pps was/bedz not/* completely/ql aflame/jj and/cc would/md go/vb down/rp before/cs the/at gasoline/nn could/md erupt/vb ./. The/at order/nn to/to abandon/vb ship/nn was/bedz given/vbn ,/, but/cc cries/nns of/in pain/nn could/md be/be heard/vbn from/in the/at wounded/vbn below/in decks/nns ./.

cf03

cf03 |@word pause:1 merriment:1 friend:2 gaze:2 wonder:3 stare:1 open:1 mouthed:1 amazement:2 explain:4 strange:2 feeling:6 live:5 event:7 tell:3 positive:2 witness:1 scene:3 particular:3 gathering:1 time:7 past:6 experience:6 happen:1 many:4 emerson:1 lecture:1 refer:2 startle:1 almost:2 every:3 person:3 confess:3 daylight:1 passage:1 conversation:1 action:3 occur:2 order:1 whether:2 dream:29 wake:2 suspicion:1 precisely:3 room:1 hear:1 dialogue:1 former:1 hour:1 know:3 psychiatrist:1 dismiss:2 instance:4 weird:4 deja:7 vue:7 already:2 see:6 illusion:2 prevision:4 coincidence:1 manner:1 side:1 step:1 seemingly:1 hopeless:1 investigation:1 great:2 depth:2 mystery:6 grope:1 continually:1 man:3 recognize:6 certain:3 exact:2 pattern:3 previous:2 except:1 fact:5 seem:3 familiar:2 occasionally:1 example:1 pre:1 vision:1 push:1 aside:1 without:1 unscientific:1 attitude:1 one:8 day:3 maeterlinck:1 come:1 upon:3 detail:4 ensue:1 occurrence:1 advance:1 accurately:1 companion:1 completely:5 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academic:1 session:1 inform:1 victim:1 orator:1 exactly:1 prove:1 porch:1 country:1 home:1 hudson:1 opposite:1 shore:1

There/ex is/bez a/at pause/nn in/in the/at merriment/nn as/cs your/pp$ friends/nns gaze/vb at/in you/ppo ,/, wondering/vbg why/wrb you/ppss are/ber staring/vbg ,/, open-mouthed/jj in/in amazement/nn ./. You/ppss explain/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss have/hv the/at strangest/jjt feeling/nn of/in having/hvg lived/vbn through/in this/dt very/ql same/ap event/nn before/rb ./. I/ppss can't/md* tell/vb when/wrb ,/, but/cc I'm/ppss+bem positive/jj I/ppss witnessed/vbd this/dt same/ap scene/nn of/in this/dt particular/jj gathering/nn at/in some/dti time/nn in/in the/at past/nn ''/'' !/. !/. This/dt experience/nn will/md have/hv happened/vbn to/in many/ap of/in you/ppo ./. Emerson/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ lecture/nn ,/, refers/vbz to/in the/at ``/`` startling/jj experience/nn which/wdt almost/rb every/at person/nn confesses/vbz in/in daylight/nn ,/, that/cs particular/jj passages/nns of/in conversation/nn and/cc action/nn have/hv occurred/vbn to/in him/ppo in/in the/at same/ap order/nn before/rb ,/, whether/cs dreaming/vbg or/cc waking/vbg ,/, a/at suspicion/nn that/cs they/ppss have/hv been/ben with/in precisely/rb these/dts persons/nns in/in precisely/rb this/dt room/nn ,/, and/cc heard/vbn precisely/rb this/dt dialogue/nn ,/, at/in some/dti former/ap hour/nn ,/, they/ppss know/vb not/* when/wrb ''/'' ./. Most/ap psychiatrists/nns dismiss/vb these/dts instances/nns of/in that/dt weird/jj feeling/nn as/cs the/at deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn (/( already/rb seen/vbn )/) illusion/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs they/ppss dismiss/vb dream/nn previsions/nns as/cs coincidences/nns ./. In/in this/dt manner/nn they/ppss side-step/vb the/at seemingly/ql hopeless/jj investigation/nn of/in the/at greater/jjr depths/nns of/in mystery/nn in/in which/wdt all/abn of/in us/ppo grope/vb continually/rb ./. When/wrb a/at man/nn recognizes/vbz a/at certain/jj experience/nn as/cs the/at exact/jj pattern/nn of/in a/at previous/jj dream/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv an/at instance/nn of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ,/, except/in for/in the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps knows/vbz just/rb why/wrb the/at experience/nn seems/vbz familiar/jj ./. Occasionally/rb there/ex are/ber examples/nns of/in pre-vision/nn which/wdt cannot/md* be/be pushed/vbn aside/rb without/in confessing/vbg an/at unscientific/jj attitude/nn ./. One/cd day/nn Maeterlinck/np ,/, coming/vbg with/in a/at friend/nn upon/in an/at event/nn which/wdt he/pps recognized/vbd as/cs the/at exact/jj pattern/nn of/in a/at previous/jj dream/nn ,/, detailed/vbn the/at ensuing/vbg occurrences/nns in/in advance/nn so/ql accurately/rb that/cs his/pp$ companion/nn was/bedz completely/rb mystified/vbn ./. Rudyard/np Kipling's/np$ scorn/nn for/in the/at ``/`` jargon/nn ''/'' of/in psychical/jj research/nn was/bedz altered/vbn somewhat/rb when/wrb he/pps wondered/vbd ``/`` how/wrb ,/, or/cc why/wrb ,/, had/hvd I/ppss been/ben shown/vbn an/at unreleased/jj roll/nn of/in my/pp$ life/nn film/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at famous/jj author/nn tells/vbz us/ppo of/in the/at strange/jj incident/nn in/in Something/pn-tl About/in-tl Myself/ppl-tl ./. One/cd day/nn when/wrb he/pps attended/vbd a/at war/nn memorial/jj ceremony/nn in/in Westminster/np-tl Abbey/nn-tl his/pp$ view/nn was/bedz obstructed/vbn by/in a/at stout/jj man/nn on/in his/pp$ left/nr ,/, his/pp$ attention/nn turned/vbd to/in the/at irregular/jj pattern/nn of/in the/at rough/jj slab/nn flooring/nn and/cc someone/pn ,/, clasping/vbg him/ppo by/in the/at arm/nn ,/, whispered/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss want/vb a/at word/nn with/in you/ppo ,/, please/uh ''/'' ./. At/in that/dt moment/nn Kipling/np was/bedz overwhelmed/vbn with/in awed/vbn amazement/nn ,/, suddenly/rb recalling/vbg that/cs these/dts identical/jj details/nns of/in scene/nn ,/, action/nn and/cc word/nn had/hvd occurred/vbn to/in him/ppo in/in a/at dream/nn six/cd weeks/nns earlier/rbr ./. Freud/np probably/rb contributed/vbd more/rbr than/cs anyone/pn else/rb to/in the/at understanding/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, enabling/vbg us/ppo to/to recognize/vb their/pp$ equivalents/nns in/in our/pp$ wakeful/jj thoughts/nns ./. However/rb ,/, readers/nns who/wps accept/vb Freud's/np$ findings/nns and/cc believe/vb that/cs he/pps has/hvz solved/vbn completely/rb the/at mystery/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, should/md ponder/vb over/in the/at following/vbg words/nns in/in his/pp$ Interpretation/nn-tl Of/in-tl Dreams/nns-tl ,/, Chapter/nn-tl 1/cd-tl :/. :/. As/cs ``/`` a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn no/at such/jj complete/jj solution/nn of/in the/at dream/nn has/hvz ever/rb been/ben accomplished/vbn in/in any/dti case/nn ,/, ,/, and/cc what/wdt is/bez more/ap ,/, every/at one/cd attempting/vbg such/jj solution/nn has/hvz found/vbn that/cs in/in most/ap cases/nns there/ex have/hv remained/vbn a/at great/jj many/ap components/nns of/in the/at dream/nn the/at source/nn of/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz been/ben unable/jj to/to explain/vb nor/cc is/bez the/at discussion/nn closed/vbn on/in the/at subject/nn of/in the/at mantic/jj or/cc prophetic/jj power/nn of/in dreams/nns ''/'' ./. Dreams/nns present/vb many/ap mysteries/nns of/in telepathy/nn ,/, clairvoyance/nn ,/, prevision/nn and/cc retrovision/nn ./. The/at basic/jj mystery/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, which/wdt embraces/vbz all/abn the/at others/nns and/cc challenges/vbz us/ppo from/in even/rb the/at most/ql common/jj typical/jj dream/nn ,/, is/bez in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber original/jj ,/, visual/jj continuities/nns ./. I/ppss recall/vb the/at startling/jj ,/, vivid/jj realism/nn of/in a/at dream/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss lived/vbd through/in the/at horror/nn of/in the/at bombing/vbg of/in a/at little/jj Korean/jj town/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem sure/jj that/cs nothing/pn within/in me/ppo is/bez capable/jj of/in composing/vbg that/ql life-like/jj sequence/nn ,/, so/ql complete/jj in/in detail/nn ,/, from/in the/at hodge-podge/nn of/in news/nn pictures/nns I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ./. And/cc when/wrb psychology/nn explains/vbz glibly/rb ,/, ``/`` but/cc the/at subconscious/jj mind/nn is/bez able/jj to/to produce/vb it/ppo ''/'' it/pps refers/vbz to/in a/at mental/jj region/nn so/ql vaguely/rb identified/vbn that/cs it/pps may/md embrace/vb the/at entire/jj universal/jj mind/nn as/ql conceivably/rb as/cs part/nn of/in the/at individual/jj mind/nn ./. Skeptics/nns may/md deny/vb the/at more/ql startling/jj phenomena/nns of/in dreams/nns as/cs things/nns they/ppss have/hv never/rb personally/rb observed/vbn ,/, but/cc failure/nn to/to wonder/vb at/in their/pp$ basic/jj mystery/nn is/bez outright/jj avoidance/nn of/in routine/jj evidence/nn ./. The/at question/nn becomes/vbz ,/, ``/`` What/wdt is/bez a/at dream/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Is/bez a/at dream/nn simply/rb a/at mental/jj or/cc cerebral/jj movie/nn ?/. ?/. Every/at dream/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez true/jj of/in a/at mental/jj image/nn of/in any/dti type/nn even/rb though/cs it/pps may/md be/be readily/rb interpreted/vbn into/in its/pp$ equivalent/jj of/in wakeful/jj thought/nn ,/, is/bez a/at psychic/jj phenomenon/nn for/in which/wdt no/at explanation/nn is/bez available/jj ./. In/in most/ap cases/nns we/ppss recognize/vb certain/jj words/nns ,/, persons/nns ,/, animals/nns or/cc objects/nns ./. But/cc these/dts are/ber dreamed/vbn in/in original/jj action/nn ,/, in/in some/dti particular/jj continuity/nn which/wdt we/ppss don't/do* remember/vb having/hvg seen/vbn in/in real/jj life/nn ./. For/in instance/nn ,/, the/at dreamer/nn sees/vbz himself/ppl seated/vbn behind/in neighbor/nn Smith/np and/cc ,/, with/in photographic/jj realism/nn ,/, sees/vbz Smith/np driving/vbg the/at car/nn ;/. ;/. whereas/cs ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn that/cs Smith/np cannot/md* drive/vb a/at car/nn ./. There/ex is/bez nothing/pn to/to suggest/vb that/cs the/at brain/nn can/md alter/vb past/ap impressions/nns to/to fit/vb into/in an/at original/jj ,/, realistic/jj and/cc unbroken/jj continuity/nn like/cs we/ppss experience/vb in/in dreams/nns ./. The/at entire/jj concept/nn of/in cerebral/jj imagery/nn as/cs the/at physical/jj basis/nn of/in a/at mental/jj image/nn can/md find/vb no/at logical/jj support/nn ./. A/at ``/`` mental/jj image/nn ''/'' subconsciously/rb impressing/vbg us/ppo from/in beneath/in its/pp$ language/nn symbols/nns in/in wakeful/jj thought/nn ,/, or/cc consciously/rb in/in light/jj sleep/nn ,/, is/bez actually/rb not/* an/at image/nn at/in all/abn but/cc is/bez comprised/vbn of/in realities/nns ,/, viewed/vbn not/* in/in the/at concurrent/jj sensory/jj stream/nn ,/, but/cc within/in the/at depths/nns of/in the/at fourth/od dimension/nn ./. Dreams/nns that/wps display/vb events/nns of/in the/at future/nn with/in photographic/jj detail/nn call/vb for/in a/at theory/nn explaining/vbg their/pp$ basic/jj mystery/nn and/cc all/abn its/pp$ components/nns ,/, including/in that/dt weird/jj feeling/nn of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ,/, inevitably/rb fantastic/jj though/cs that/dt theory/nn must/md seem/vb ./. As/cs in/in the/at theory/nn of/in perception/nn ,/, established/vbn in/in psycho-physiology/nn ,/, the/at eye/nn is/bez recognized/vbn as/cs an/at integral/jj part/nn of/in the/at brain/nn ./. But/cc then/rb this/dt theory/nn confesses/vbz that/cs it/pps is/bez completely/rb at/in a/at loss/nn as/in to/in how/wrb the/at image/nn can/md possibly/rb be/be received/vbn by/in the/at brain/nn ./. The/at opening/vbg paragraph/nn of/in the/at chapter/nn titled/vbn The/at Theory/nn-tl Of/in-tl Representative/jj-tl Perception/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at book/nn Philosophies/nns-tl Of/in-tl Science/nn-tl by/in Albert/np G./np Ramsperger/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` passed/vbn on/in to/in the/at brain/nn ,/, and/cc there/rb ,/, by/in some/dti unexplained/jj process/nn ,/, it/pps causes/vbz the/at mind/nn to/to have/hv a/at perception/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc why/wrb is/bez it/pps necessary/jj to/to reproduce/vb the/at retinal/jj image/nn within/in the/at brain/nn ?/. ?/. As/cs retinal/jj images/nns are/ber conceded/vbn to/to be/be an/at integral/jj function/nn of/in the/at brain/nn it/pps seems/vbz logical/jj to/to suppose/vb that/cs the/at nerves/nns ,/, between/in the/at inner/jj brain/nn and/cc the/at eyes/nns ,/, carry/vb the/at direct/jj drive/nn for/in cooperation/nn from/in the/at various/jj brain/nn centers/nns --/-- rather/in than/in to/to theorize/vb on/in the/at transmission/nn of/in an/at image/nn which/wdt is/bez already/rb in/in required/vbn location/nn ./. Hereby/rb ,/, the/at external/jj object/nn viewed/vbn by/in the/at eyes/nns remains/vbz the/at thing/nn that/wps is/bez seen/vbn ,/, not/* the/at retinal/jj image/nn ,/, the/at purpose/nn of/in which/wdt would/md be/be to/to achieve/vb perceptive/jj cooperation/nn by/in stirring/vbg sympathetic/jj impulses/nns in/in the/at other/ap sensory/jj centers/nns ,/, motor/nn tensions/nns ,/, associated/vbn word/nn symbols/nns ,/, and/cc consciousness/nn ./. Modern/jj physics/nn has/hvz developed/vbn the/at theory/nn that/cs all/abn matter/nn consists/vbz of/in minute/jj waves/nns of/in energy/nn ./. We/ppss know/vb that/cs the/at number/nn of/in radio/nn and/cc television/nn impulses/nns ,/, sound/nn waves/nns ,/, ultra-violet/jj rays/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, that/wps may/md occupy/vb the/at very/ql same/ap space/nn ,/, each/dt solitary/nn upon/in its/pp$ own/jj frequency/nn ,/, is/bez infinite/jj ./. So/cs we/ppss may/md conceive/vb the/at coexistence/nn of/in the/at infinite/jj number/nn of/in universal/jj ,/, apparently/rb momentary/jj states/nns of/in matter/nn ,/, successive/jj one/cd after/in another/dt in/in consciousness/nn ,/, but/cc permanent/jj each/dt on/in its/pp$ own/jj basic/jj phase/nn of/in the/at progressive/jj frequencies/nns ./. This/dt theory/nn makes/vbz it/ppo possible/jj for/cs any/dti event/nn throughout/in eternity/nn to/to be/be continuously/rb available/jj at/in any/dti moment/nn to/in consciousness/nn ./. Space/nn in/in any/dti form/nn is/bez completely/rb measured/vbn by/in the/at three/cd dimensions/nns ./. If/cs the/at fourth/od dimension/nn is/bez a/at physical/jj concept/nn and/cc not/* purely/ql metaphysical/jj ,/, through/in what/wdt medium/nn does/doz it/pps extend/vb ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez not/* through/in space/nn nor/cc time/nn that/cs the/at time/nn machine/nn most/rbt approved/vbn by/in science/nn fiction/nn must/md travel/vb for/in a/at visit/nn to/in the/at permanent/jj prehistoric/jj past/nn ,/, or/cc the/at ever-existent/jj past-fantasy/nn future/nn ./. Three/cd seconds/nns flat/rb is/bez the/at usual/jj time/nn ,/, and/cc the/at space/nn is/bez crossed/vbn by/in moderate/jj mileage/nn ,/, while/cs the/at overwhelming/jj immensity/nn of/in such/jj journeys/nns must/md be/be conceived/vbn as/cs a/at static/jj pulsation/nn through/in an/at enormous/jj number/nn of/in coexistent/jj frequencies/nns which/wdt perpetuate/vb all/abn events/nns ./. The/at body/nn ,/, senses/nns and/cc brain/nn ,/, in/in common/jj with/in all/abn matter/nn ,/, have/hv their/pp$ counterpart/nn on/in each/dt of/in a/at countless/jj number/nn of/in frequencies/nns ./. The/at senses/nns in/in each/dt counterpart/nn bear/vb the/at impression/nn only/rb of/in phenomena/nns that/wps share/vb its/pp$ own/jj frequency/nn ,/, whereas/cs those/dts upon/in all/abn other/ap frequencies/nns are/ber invisible/jj ,/, inaudible/jj and/cc intactible/jj to/in them/ppo ./. Consciousness/nn is/bez the/at factor/nn that/wps provides/vbz the/at progressive/jj continuity/nn to/in sensory/jj impressions/nns ./. When/wrb consciousness/nn deserts/vbz the/at sleeping/vbg body/nn and/cc the/at wakeful/jj world/nn ,/, it/pps continues/vbz in/in the/at myriad/jj progressions/nns of/in the/at ever-present/jj past/nn and/cc future/nn ,/, in/in a/at life/nn as/ql vibrant/jj and/cc real/jj as/cs the/at one/cd left/vbn when/wrb the/at body/nn tired/vbd and/cc required/vbd sleep/nn ./. If/cs the/at photographically/rb realistic/jj continuity/nn of/in dreams/nns ,/, however/wql bizarre/jj their/pp$ combinations/nns ,/, denies/vbz that/cs it/pps is/bez purely/rb a/at composition/nn of/in the/at brain/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be compounded/vbn from/in views/nns of/in diverse/jj realities/nns ,/, although/cs some/dti of/in them/ppo may/md never/rb be/be encountered/vbn in/in what/wdt we/ppss are/ber pleased/vbn to/to call/vb the/at real/jj life/nn ./. Dr./nn-tl H./np V./np Hilprecht/np ,/, Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl Assyrian/np-tl at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Pennsylvania/np-tl ,/, dreamed/vbd that/cs a/at Babylonian/jj priest/nn ,/, associated/vbn with/in the/at king/nn Kurigalzu/np ,/, (/( 1300/cd B.C./np )/) escorted/vbd him/ppo to/in the/at treasure/nn chamber/nn of/in the/at temple/nn of/in Bel/np ,/, gave/vbd him/ppo six/cd novel/jj points/nns of/in information/nn about/in a/at certain/jj broken/vbn relic/nn ,/, and/cc corrected/vbd an/at error/nn in/in its/pp$ identification/nn ./. As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, the/at incorrect/jj classification/nn ,/, the/at result/nn of/in many/ap weeks/nns of/in labor/nn by/in Dr./nn-tl Hilprecht/np ,/, was/bedz about/rb to/to be/be published/vbn by/in him/ppo the/at following/vbg day/nn ./. Some/dti time/nn later/rbr the/at missing/vbg part/nn of/in the/at relic/nn was/bedz found/vbn and/cc the/at complete/jj inscription/nn ,/, together/rb with/in other/ap new/jj evidence/nn ,/, fully/rb corroborated/vbn the/at ancient/jj priest's/nn$ information/nn ./. Dr./nn-tl Hilprecht/np was/bedz uncertain/jj as/in to/in the/at language/nn used/vbn by/in the/at ancient/jj priest/nn in/in his/pp$ dream/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz almost/rb positive/jj it/pps was/bedz not/* Assyrian/jj nor/cc Cassite/jj ,/, and/cc imagined/vbd it/pps must/md have/hv been/ben German/np or/cc English/np ./. We/ppss may/md conclude/vb that/cs all/abn six/cd points/nns of/in information/nn ,/, ostensibly/rb given/vbn by/in the/at dream/nn priest/nn ,/, could/md have/hv been/ben furnished/vbn by/in Dr./nn-tl Hilprecht's/np$ subconscious/jj reasoning/nn ./. But/cc ,/, in/in denying/vbg any/dti physical/jj reality/nn for/in this/dt dream/nn ,/, how/wrb could/md the/at brain/nn possibly/rb compose/vb that/dt realistic/jj ,/, vividly/rb visual/jj continuity/nn uninterrupted/jj by/in misty/jj fadeout/nn ,/, violent/jj break/nn or/cc sudden/jj substitution/nn ?/. ?/. Which/wdt theory/nn is/bez more/ql fantastic/jj :/: 1/cd ./. That/cs the/at perfect/jj continuity/nn was/bedz composed/vbn from/in the/at joblot/nn of/in memory/nn impressions/nns in/in the/at professor's/nn$ brain/nn ,/, or/cc 2/cd ./. That/cs the/at dream/nn was/bedz a/at reality/nn on/in the/at infinite/jj progressions/nns of/in universal/jj ,/, gradient/jj frequencies/nns ,/, across/in which/wdt the/at modern/jj professor/nn and/cc the/at priest/nn of/in ancient/jj Nippur/np met/vbd ?/. ?/. The/at degree/nn of/in circumstance/nn ,/, the/at ratio/nn of/in memory/nn to/in forgetfulness/nn ,/, determines/vbz whether/cs a/at dream/nn will/md be/be a/at recognized/vbn ,/, fulfilled/vbn prevision/nn ,/, or/cc the/at vaguely/ql ,/, effective/jj source/nn of/in the/at weird/jj deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn feeling/nn ./. No/at doubt/nn some/dti experiences/nns vanish/vb so/ql completely/rb as/cs to/to leave/vb no/at trace/nn on/in the/at sleeper's/nn$ mind/nn ./. Probably/rb less/ap than/in one/cd percent/nn of/in our/pp$ previsions/nns escape/vb final/jj obliteration/nn before/cs we/ppss wake/vb ./. When/wrb we/ppss arrive/vb at/in the/at events/nns concerned/vbn in/in the/at vanished/vbn majority/nn ,/, they/ppss ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, cannot/md* impress/vb us/ppo as/cs anything/pn familiar/jj ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber notably/rb frequent/jj instances/nns of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ,/, in/in which/wdt our/pp$ recognition/nn of/in an/at entirely/ql novel/jj event/nn is/bez a/at feeling/nn of/in having/hvg lived/vbn through/in it/ppo before/rb ,/, a/at feeling/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs vague/jj ,/, withstands/vbz the/at verbal/jj barrage/nn from/in the/at most/ql impressive/jj corps/nn of/in psychologists/nns ./. If/cs deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn is/bez an/at illusion/nn ,/, then/rb peculiarly/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at most/ql prevalent/jj mental/jj disturbance/nn affecting/vbg even/rb the/at most/ql level-headed/jj people/nns ./. Chauncey/np Depew/np ,/, one-time/jj runner-up/nn for/in the/at Republican/jj-tl Presidential/jj-tl nomination/nn ,/, was/bedz attending/vbg a/at convention/nn at/in Saratoga/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz scheduled/vbn to/to nominate/vb Colonel/nn-tl Theodore/np Roosevelt/np for/in Governor/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl when/wrb he/pps noticed/vbd that/cs the/at temporary/jj chairman/nn was/bedz a/at man/nn he/pps had/hvd never/rb met/vbn ./. After/cs the/at preliminary/jj business/nn affair/nn was/bedz finished/vbn Depew/np arose/vbd and/cc delivered/vbd the/at convincing/jj speech/nn that/wps clinched/vbd the/at nomination/nn for/in Roosevelt/np ./. If/cs Depew/np had/hvd told/vbn any/dti academic/jj psychologist/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at weird/jj feeling/nn of/in having/hvg lived/vbn through/in that/dt identical/jj convention/nn session/nn at/in some/dti time/nn in/in the/at past/nn ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv been/ben informed/vbn that/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at victim/nn of/in deja/fw-rb vue/fw-vbn ./. But/cc the/at famous/jj orator/nn felt/vbd more/ap than/in vague/jj recognition/nn for/in the/at scene/nn ./. He/pps remembered/vbd exactly/rb when/wrb he/pps had/hvd lived/vbn through/in it/ppo before/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd something/pn to/to prove/vb he/pps had/hvd ./. One/cd week/nn before/in the/at convention/nn ,/, Depew/np was/bedz seated/vbn on/in the/at porch/nn of/in a/at country/nn home/nn on/in the/at Hudson/np ,/, gazing/vbg at/in the/at opposite/jj shore/nn ./.

cf04

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``/`` The/at food/nn is/bez wonderful/jj and/cc it/pps is/bez a/at lot/nn of/in fun/nn to/to be/be here/rb ''/'' !/. !/. So/rb wrote/vbd a/at ten/cd year/nn old/jj student/nn in/in a/at letter/nn to/in his/pp$ parents/nns from/in North/jj-tl Country/nn-tl School/nn-tl ,/, Lake/nn-tl Placid/jj-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. In/in this/dt one/cd sentence/nn ,/, he/pps unwittingly/rb revealed/vbd the/at basic/jj philosophy/nn of/in the/at nutrition/nn and/cc psychological/jj programs/nns in/in operation/nn at/in the/at school/nn ./. Because/cs the/at food/nn is/bez selected/vbn with/in thought/nn for/in its/pp$ nutritional/jj value/nn ,/, care/nn for/in its/pp$ origin/nn ,/, and/cc prepared/vbn in/in a/at manner/nn that/wps retains/vbz the/at most/ap nutrients/nns ,/, the/at food/nn does/doz taste/vb good/jj ./. When/wrb served/vbn in/in a/at psychological/jj atmosphere/nn that/wps allows/vbz young/jj bodies/nns to/to assimilate/vb the/at greatest/jjt good/nn from/in what/wdt they/ppss eat/vb because/cs they/ppss are/ber free/jj from/in tension/nn ,/, a/at foundation/nn is/bez laid/vbn for/in a/at high/jj level/nn of/in health/nn that/wps releases/vbz the/at children/nns from/in physical/jj handicaps/nns to/to participate/vb with/in enjoyment/nn in/in the/at work/nn assignments/nns ,/, the/at athletic/jj programs/nns and/cc the/at most/ql important/jj phase/nn ,/, the/at educational/jj opportunities/nns ./. Situated/vbn in/in a/at region/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at loveliest/jjt mountain/nn scenery/nn in/in the/at country/nn ,/, the/at school/nn buildings/nns are/ber located/vbn amid/in open/jj fields/nns and/cc farm/nn lands/nns ./. These/dts contemporary/jj structures/nns ,/, beautifully/rb adapted/vbn to/in a/at school/nn in/in the/at country/nn ,/, are/ber home/nn to/in 60/cd children/nns ,/, ages/nns eight/cd to/in fourteen/cd ,/, grades/nns four/cd through/in eight/cd ./. From/in fourteen/cd states/nns and/cc three/cd foreign/jj countries/nns they/ppss come/vb to/to spend/vb the/at months/nns from/in mid-September/np to/in June/np ./. The/at Director/nn-tl ,/, Walter/np E./np Clark/np ,/, believes/vbz that/cs a/at school/nn with/in children/nns living/vbg full/jj time/nn in/in its/pp$ care/nn must/md take/vb full/jj responsibility/nn for/in their/pp$ welfare/nn ./. To/in him/ppo this/dt means/vbz caring/vbg for/in the/at whole/jj child/nn ,/, providing/vbg basic/jj nutrition/nn ,/, and/cc a/at spiritual/jj attitude/nn that/wps lends/vbz freedom/nn for/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at mind/nn ./. Improved/vbn-hl farming/vbg-hl methods/nns-hl The/at concept/nn of/in good/jj nutrition/nn really/rb began/vbd with/in the/at garden/nn ./. The/at school/nn has/hvz always/rb maintained/vbn a/at farm/nn to/to supply/vb the/at needs/nns of/in the/at school/nn ./. In/in a/at climate/nn hostile/jj to/in agriculture/nn ,/, Mr./np Clark/np has/hvz had/hvn to/to keep/vb alert/jj to/in the/at most/ql productive/jj farm/nn techniques/nns ./. Where/wrb a/at growing/vbg season/nn may/md ,/, with/in luck/nn ,/, allow/vb 60/cd days/nns without/in frost/nn ,/, and/cc where/wrb the/at soil/nn is/bez poor/jj ,/, sandy/jj ,/, quick-drying/jj and/cc subject/jj to/in erosion/nn ,/, many/ap farmers/nns fail/vb ./. Throughout/in the/at Adirondack/np region/nn abandoned/vbn farm/nn homes/nns and/cc wild/jj orchards/nns bear/vb ghostly/jj testimony/nn that/cs their/pp$ owners/nns met/vbd defeat/nn ./. Mr./np Clark/np found/vbd that/cs orthodox/jj procedures/nns of/in deep/jj plowing/nn ,/, use/nn of/in chemical/nn fertilizers/nns and/cc insecticides/nns ,/, plus/cc the/at application/nn of/in conservation/nn principles/nns of/in rotation/nn and/cc contouring/vbg ,/, did/dod not/* prevent/vb sheet/nn erosion/nn in/in the/at potato/nn fields/nns and/cc depreciation/nn of/in the/at soil/nn ./. ``/`` To/to give/vb up/rp these/dts notions/nns required/vbd a/at revolution/nn in/in thought/nn ''/'' ,/, Mr./np Clark/np said/vbd in/in reminiscing/vbg about/in the/at abrupt/jj changes/nns in/in ideas/nns he/pps experienced/vbd when/wrb he/pps began/vbd reading/vbg ``/`` Organic/jj-tl Gardening/nn-tl ''/'' And/cc-tl ``/`` Modern/jj-tl Nutrition/nn-tl ''/'' in/in a/at search/nn for/in help/nn with/in his/pp$ problems/nns ./. ``/`` Louis/np Bromfield's/np$ writings/nns excited/vbd me/ppo as/cs a/at conservationist/nn ''/'' ./. By/in 1952/cd he/pps was/bedz convinced/vbn he/pps would/md no/ql longer/rbr spray/vb ./. He/pps locked/vbd his/pp$ equipment/nn in/in a/at cabinet/nn where/wrb it/pps still/rb remains/vbz ./. After/cs reading/vbg ``/`` Plowman's/nn$-tl Folly/nn-tl ''/'' by/in Edward/np H./np Faulkner/np ,/, he/pps stopped/vbd plowing/vbg ./. The/at basis/nn for/in compost/nn materials/nns already/rb existed/vbd on/in the/at school/nn farm/nn with/in a/at stable/nn of/in animals/nns for/in the/at riding/vbg program/nn ,/, poultry/nn for/in eggs/nns ,/, pigs/nns to/to eat/vb garbage/nn ,/, a/at beef/nn herd/nn and/cc wastes/nns of/in all/abn kinds/nns ./. Separate/jj pails/nns were/bed kept/vbn in/in the/at kitchen/nn for/in coffee/nn grounds/nns and/cc egg/nn shells/nns ./. All/abn these/dts materials/nns and/cc supplementary/jj manure/nn and/cc other/ap fertilizers/nns from/in neighboring/vbg dairy/nn and/cc poultry/nn farms/nns made/vbd over/rp 40/cd tons/nns of/in finished/vbn compost/nn a/at year/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz applied/vbn with/in a/at compost/nn shredder/nn made/vbn from/in a/at converted/vbn manure/nn spreader/nn ./. Years/nns of/in patient/jj application/nn of/in compost/nn and/cc leaf/nn mulching/vbg has/hvz changed/vbn the/at structure/nn of/in the/at soil/nn and/cc its/pp$ water-holding/jj capacity/nn ./. Soon/rb after/cs the/at method/nn changed/vbd ,/, visitors/nns began/vbd asking/vbg how/wrb he/pps managed/vbd to/to irrigate/vb his/pp$ soil/nn to/to keep/vb it/ppo looking/vbg moist/jj ,/, when/wrb in/in reality/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at soil/nn treatment/nn alone/rb that/wps accomplished/vbd this/dt ./. To/to demonstrate/vb the/at soil/nn of/in his/pp$ vegetable/nn gardens/nns as/cs it/pps is/bez today/nr ,/, Mr./np Clark/np stooped/vbd to/to scoop/vb up/rp a/at handful/nn of/in rich/jj dark/jj earth/nn ./. Sniffing/vbg its/pp$ sweet/jj smell/nn and/cc letting/vbg it/ppo fall/vb to/to show/vb its/pp$ good/jj crumbly/jj consistency/nn ,/, he/pps pointed/vbd to/in the/at nearby/jj driveway/nn and/cc said/vbd ,/, ``/`` This/dt soil/nn used/vbd to/to be/be like/cs that/dt hard/jj packed/vbn road/nn over/in there/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` People/nns and/cc soils/nns respond/vb slowly/rb ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Walter/np Clark/np ,/, ``/`` but/cc the/at time/nn has/hvz now/rb come/vbn when/wrb the/at gardens/nns produce/vb delicious/jj long-keeping/jj vegetables/nns due/rb to/in this/dt enrichment/nn program/nn ./. No/at chemical/nn fertilizers/nns and/cc poisonous/jj insecticides/nns and/cc fungicides/nns are/ber used/vbn ''/'' ./. The/at garden/nn supplies/vbz enough/ap carrots/nns ,/, turnips/nns ,/, rutabagas/nns ,/, potatoes/nns ,/, beets/nns ,/, cabbage/nn and/cc squash/nn to/to store/vb for/in winter/nn meals/nns in/in the/at root/nn cellar/nn ./. The/at carrots/nns sometimes/rb don't/do* make/vb it/ppo through/in the/at winter/nn ;/. ;/. the/at cabbage/nn and/cc squash/nn keep/vb until/in March/np or/cc April/np ./. There/ex is/bez never/rb enough/ap corn/nn ,/, peas/nns or/cc strawberries/nns ./. Mr./np Clark/np still/rb has/hvz to/to use/vb rotenone/nn with/in potatoes/nns grown/vbn on/in the/at least/ql fertile/jj fields/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz watched/vbn the/at insect/nn damage/nn decrease/vb steadily/rb and/cc hopes/vbz that/cs continued/vbn use/nn of/in compost/nn and/cc leaf/nn mulch/nn will/md allow/vb him/ppo to/to do/do without/in it/ppo in/in the/at future/nn ./. A/at new/jj project/nn planned/vbn is/bez the/at use/nn of/in Bio-Dynamic/jj-tl Starter/nn-tl ./. New/jj ideas/nns for/in improving/vbg nutrition/nn came/vbd with/in the/at study/nn of/in soil/nn treatment/nn ./. ``/`` After/in the/at soil/nn ,/, the/at kitchen/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Mr./np Clark/np ./. The/at first/od major/jj change/nn was/bedz that/dt of/in providing/vbg wholewheat/nn bread/nn instead/rb of/in white/jj bread/nn ./. ``/`` Adults/nns take/vb a/at long/jj time/nn to/to convince/vb and/cc you/ppss are/ber thwarted/vbn if/cs you/ppss try/vb to/to push/vb ''/'' ./. At/in first/rb the/at kitchen/nn help/nn was/bedz tolerant/jj ,/, but/cc ordered/vbd their/pp$ own/jj supply/nn of/in white/jj bread/nn for/in themselves/ppls ./. ``/`` You/ppss can't/md* make/vb French/jj toast/nn with/in whole-wheat/nn bread/nn ''/'' ,/, was/bedz an/at early/jj complaint/nn ./. Of/in course/nn they/ppss learned/vbd in/in time/nn that/cs they/ppss not/* only/rb could/md use/vb whole-wheat/nn bread/nn ,/, but/cc the/at children/nns liked/vbd it/ppo better/rbr ./. Homemade/jj-hl bread/nn-hl Mrs./np Clark/np ,/, as/cs house/nn manager/nn ,/, planned/vbd the/at menus/nns and/cc cared/vbd for/in the/at ordering/nn ./. Then/jj Miss/np Lillian/np Colman/np came/vbd from/in Vermont/np to/to be/be kitchen/nn manager/nn ./. Today/nr whole/jj grains/nns are/ber freshly/rb ground/vbn every/at day/nn and/cc baked/vbn into/in bread/nn ./. Mr./np Clark's/np$ studies/nns taught/vbd him/ppo that/cs the/at only/ap way/nn to/to conserve/vb the/at vitamins/nns in/in the/at whole/jj grain/nn was/bedz prompt/jj use/nn of/in the/at flour/nn ./. Once/cs the/at grains/nns are/ber ground/vbn ,/, vitamin/nn E/nn begins/vbz to/to deteriorate/vb immediately/rb and/cc half/abn of/in it/ppo is/bez lost/vbn by/in oxidation/nn and/cc exposure/nn to/in the/at air/nn within/in one/cd week/nn ./. A/at mill/nn stands/vbz in/in a/at room/nn off/in the/at kitchen/nn ./. Surrounding/vbg it/ppo are/ber metal/nn cans/nns of/in grains/nns ordered/vbn from/in organic/jj farms/nns in/in the/at state/nn ./. Miss/np Colman/np pours/vbz measures/nns of/in whole/jj wheat/nn ,/, oats/nn ,/, and/cc soy/nn beans/nns and/cc turns/vbz on/rp the/at motor/nn ./. She/pps goes/vbz on/rp about/in her/pp$ work/nn and/cc listens/vbz for/in the/at completion/nn of/in the/at grinding/nn ./. The/at bread/nn baked/vbn from/in this/dt mixture/nn is/bez light/jj in/in color/nn and/cc fragrant/jj in/in aroma/nn ./. It/pps is/bez well/ql liked/vbn by/in the/at children/nns and/cc faculty/nn ./. There/ex is/bez one/cd problem/nn with/in the/at bread/nn ./. ``/`` Lillian's/np$ bread/nn is/bez so/ql good/jj and/cc everything/pn tastes/vbz so/ql much/ql better/jjr here/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez hard/jj not/* to/to eat/vb too/ql much/ap ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at secretary/nn ruefully/rb eyeing/vbg her/pp$ extra/jj pounds/nns ./. Hot/jj-hl ,/,-hl freshly-ground/jj-hl cereal/nn-hl The/at school/nn has/hvz not/* used/vbn cold/jj prepared/vbn cereals/nns for/in years/nns ,/, though/cs at/in one/cd time/nn that/dt was/bedz all/abn they/ppss ever/rb served/vbd ./. When/wrb the/at chance/nn came/vbd ,/, they/ppss first/rb eliminated/vbd cold/jj cereal/nn once/rb a/at week/nn ,/, then/rb gradually/rb converted/vbd to/in hot/jj fresh-ground/jj cereal/nn every/at day/nn ./. They/ppss serve/vb cracked/vbn wheat/nn ,/, oats/nn or/cc cornmeal/nn ./. Occasionally/rb ,/, the/at children/nns find/vb steamed/vbn ,/, whole-wheat/nn grains/nns for/in cereal/nn which/wdt they/ppss call/vb ``/`` buckshot/nn ''/'' ./. At/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at school/nn year/nn ,/, the/at new/jj students/nns don't/do* eat/vb the/at cereal/nn right/ql away/rb ,/, but/cc within/in a/at short/jj time/nn they/ppss are/ber eating/vbg it/ppo voraciously/rb ./. When/wrb they/ppss leave/vb for/in vacations/nns they/ppss miss/vb the/at hot/jj cereal/nn ./. The/at school/nn has/hvz received/vbn letters/nns from/in parents/nns asking/vbg ,/, ``/`` What/wdt happened/vbd to/in Johnny/np ?/. ?/. He/pps never/rb used/vbd to/to like/vb any/dti hot/jj cereal/nn ,/, now/rb that's/dt+bez the/at only/ap kind/nn he/pps wants/vbz ./. Where/wrb can/md we/ppss get/vb this/dt cereal/nn he/pps likes/vbz so/ql much/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. Body-building/jj-hl foods/nns-hl Salads/nns are/ber served/vbn at/in least/ap once/rb a/at day/nn ./. Vegetables/nns are/ber served/vbn liberally/rb ./. Most/ap come/vb from/in the/at root/nn cellar/nn or/cc from/in the/at freezer/nn ./. Home-made/jj sauerkraut/nn is/bez served/vbn once/rb a/at week/nn ./. Sprouted/vbn grains/nns and/cc seeds/nns are/ber used/vbn in/in salads/nns and/cc dishes/nns such/jj as/cs chop/nn suey/nn ./. Sometimes/rb sprouted/vbn wheat/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in bread/nn and/cc causes/vbz the/at children/nns to/to remark/vb ,/, ``/`` Lillian/np ,/, did/dod you/ppss put/vb nuts/nns in/in the/at bread/nn today/nr ''/'' ?/. ?/. Milk/nn appears/vbz twice/rb a/at day/nn ./. The/at school/nn raises/vbz enough/ap poultry/nn ,/, pigs/nns ,/, and/cc beef/nn cattle/nns for/in most/ap of/in their/pp$ needs/nns ./. Lots/nns of/in cheese/nn made/vbn from/in June/np grass/nn milk/nn is/bez served/vbn ./. Hens/nns are/ber kept/vbn on/in the/at range/nn and/cc roosters/nns are/ber kept/vbn with/in them/ppo for/in their/pp$ fertility/nn ./. Organ/nn meats/nns such/jj as/cs beef/nn and/cc chicken/nn liver/nn ,/, tongue/nn and/cc heart/nn are/ber planned/vbn once/rb a/at week/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, salt/nn water/nn fish/nn is/bez on/in the/at table/nn once/rb a/at week/nn ./. For/in deserts/nns ,/, puddings/nns and/cc pies/nns are/ber each/dt served/vbn once/rb a/at week/nn ./. Most/ap other/ap desserts/nns are/ber fruit/nn in/in some/dti form/nn ,/, fresh/jj fruits/nns once/rb daily/rb at/in least/ap ,/, sometimes/rb at/in snack/nn time/nn ./. Dried/vbn fruits/nns are/ber purchased/vbn from/in sources/nns where/wrb they/ppss are/ber neither/cc sulphured/vbn nor/cc sprayed/vbn ./. Apples/nns come/vb from/in a/at farm/nn in/in Vermont/np where/wrb they/ppss are/ber not/* sprayed/vbn ./. Oranges/nns and/cc grapefruit/nns are/ber shipped/vbn from/in Florida/np weekly/rb from/in an/at organic/jj farm/nn ./. Finding/vbg sources/nns for/in these/dts high/jj quality/nn foods/nns is/bez a/at problem/nn ./. Sometimes/rb the/at solution/nn comes/vbz in/in unexpected/jj ways/nns ./. Following/vbg a/at talk/nn by/in Mr./np Clark/np at/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl State/nn-tl Natural/jj-tl Food/nn-tl Associates/nns-tl Convention/nn-tl ,/, a/at man/nn from/in the/at audience/nn offered/vbd to/to ship/vb his/pp$ unsprayed/jj apples/nns to/in the/at school/nn from/in Vermont/np ./. Wheat-germ/nn ,/, brewer's/nn$ yeast/nn and/cc ground/vbn kelp/nn are/ber used/vbn in/in bread/nn and/cc in/in dishes/nns such/jj as/cs spaghetti/nn sauce/nn ,/, meat/nn loaves/nns ./. Miss/np Colman/np hopes/vbz to/to find/vb suitable/jj shakers/nns so/cs that/cs kelp/nn can/md be/be available/jj at/in the/at tables/nns ./. Raw/jj wheat-germ/nn is/bez available/jj on/in the/at breakfast/nn table/nn for/in the/at children/nns to/to help/vb themselves/ppls ./. Very/ql few/ap fried/vbn foods/nns are/ber used/vbn and/cc the/at use/nn of/in salt/nn and/cc pepper/nn is/bez discouraged/vbn ./. Drinking/vbg with/in meals/nns is/bez also/rb discouraged/vbn ;/. ;/. pitchers/nns of/in water/nn merely/rb appear/vb on/in the/at tables/nns ./. Nothing/pn is/bez peeled/vbn ./. The/at source/nn is/bez known/vbn so/cs there/ex is/bez no/at necessity/nn to/to remove/vb insecticide/nn residues/nns ./. The/at cooking/vbg conserves/vbz a/at maximum/jj of/in the/at vitamin/nn C/nn content/nn of/in vegetables/nns by/in methods/nns which/wdt use/vb very/ql little/ap water/nn and/cc cook/vb in/in the/at shortest/jjt time/nn possible/jj ./. Wholesome/jj-hl snacks/nns-hl ,/,-hl no/at-hl candy/nn-hl Since/cs Mr./np Clark/np believes/vbz firmly/rb that/cs the/at chewing/nn of/in hard/jj foods/nns helps/vbz develop/vb healthy/jj gums/nns and/cc teeth/nns ,/, raw/jj vegetables/nns and/cc raw/jj whole-wheat/nn grains/nns are/ber handed/vbn out/rp with/in fresh/jj fruit/nn and/cc whole-wheat/nn cookies/nns at/in snack/nn time/nn in/in the/at afternoons/nns ./. To/to solve/vb the/at problem/nn of/in the/at wheat/nn grains/nns spilling/vbg on/in the/at floor/nn and/cc getting/vbg underfoot/rb ,/, a/at ball/nn of/in maple/nn syrup/nn boiled/vbn to/in candy/nn consistency/nn was/bedz invented/vbn to/to hold/vb the/at grains/nns ./. On/in their/pp$ frequent/jj hikes/nns into/in the/at nearby/jj mountains/nns ,/, the/at children/nns carry/vb whole/jj grains/nns to/to munch/vb along/in the/at trail/nn ./. They/ppss learn/vb to/to like/vb these/dts so/ql well/rb that/cs it/pps isn't/bez* surprising/jj to/to hear/vb that/cs one/cd boy/nn tried/vbd the/at oats/nn he/pps was/bedz feeding/vbg his/pp$ horse/nn at/in chore/nn time/nn ./. They/ppss tasted/vbd good/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, so/rb he/pps brought/vbd some/dti to/in breakfast/nn to/to eat/vb in/in his/pp$ cereal/nn bowl/nn with/in milk/nn and/cc honey/nn ./. Maple/nn syrup/nn is/bez made/vbn by/in the/at children/nns in/in the/at woods/nns on/in the/at school/nn grounds/nns ./. This/dt and/cc raw/jj sugar/nn replace/vb ordinary/jj refined/vbn sugar/nn on/in the/at tables/nns and/cc very/ql little/ap sugar/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in cooking/vbg ./. Candy/nn is/bez not/* allowed/vbn ./. Parents/nns are/ber asked/vbn in/in the/at bulletin/nn to/to send/vb packages/nns of/in treats/nns consisting/vbg of/in fruit/nn and/cc nuts/nns ,/, but/cc no/at candy/nn ./. Nourishing/vbg meals/nns Mr./np Clark/np believes/vbz in/in a/at good/jj full/jj breakfast/nn of/in fruit/nn ,/, hot/jj cereal/nn ,/, milk/nn ,/, honey/nn ,/, whole-wheat/nn toast/nn with/in real/jj butter/nn and/cc eggs/nns ./. The/at heavy/jj meal/nn comes/vbz in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at day/nn ./. Soup/nn is/bez often/rb the/at important/jj dish/nn at/in supper/nn ./. Homemade/jj of/in meat/nn ,/, bones/nns and/cc vegetables/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez rich/jj in/in dissolved/vbn minerals/nns and/cc vitamins/nns ./. The/at school/nn finds/vbz that/cs the/at children/nns are/ber satisfied/vbn with/in smaller/jjr amounts/nns of/in food/nn since/cs all/abn of/in it/ppo is/bez high/jj in/in quality/nn ./. The/at cost/nn to/to feed/vb one/cd person/nn is/bez just/ql under/in one/cd dollar/nn a/at day/nn ./. Outdoor/jj-hl exercises/nns-hl Even/rb before/cs he/pps saw/vbd the/at necessity/nn of/in growing/vbg better/jjr food/nn and/cc planning/vbg good/jj nutrition/nn ,/, Mr./np Clark/np felt/vbd the/at school/nn had/hvd a/at good/jj health/nn program/nn ./. Rugged/jj outdoor/jj exercise/nn for/in an/at hour/nn and/cc a/at half/abn every/at day/nn in/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in weather/nn was/bedz the/at rule/nn ./. A/at vigorous/jj program/nn existed/vbd in/in skiing/vbg ,/, skating/vbg sports/nns and/cc overnight/jj hiking/nn ./. Healthier/jjr-hl children/nns-hl Since/in the/at change/nn to/in better/jjr nutrition/nn ,/, he/pps feels/vbz he/pps can/md report/vb on/in improvements/nns in/in health/nn ,/, though/cs he/pps considers/vbz the/at following/vbg statements/nns observations/nns and/cc not/* scientific/jj proof/nn ./. Visitors/nns to/in the/at school/nn ask/vb what/wdt shampoo/nn they/ppss use/vb on/in the/at children's/nns$ hair/nn to/to bring/vb out/rp the/at sheen/nn ./. The/at ruddy/jj complexion/nn of/in the/at faces/nns also/rb brings/vbz comment/nn ./.

cf05

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Buffeted/vbn by/in swirling/vbg winds/nns ,/, the/at little/jj green/jj biplane/nn struggled/vbd northward/rb between/in the/at mountains/nns beyond/in Northfield/np-tl Gulf/nn-tl ./. Wires/nns whined/vbd as/cs a/at cold/jj November/np blast/nn rocked/vbd the/at silver/jj wings/nns ,/, but/cc the/at engine/nn roar/nn was/bedz reassuring/vbg to/in the/at pilot/nn bundled/vbn in/in the/at open/jj cockpit/nn ./. He/pps peered/vbd ahead/rb and/cc grinned/vbd as/cs the/at railroad/nn tracks/nns came/vbd into/in view/nn again/rb below/rb ./. ``/`` Good/jj old/jj iron/nn compass/nn ''/'' !/. !/. He/pps thought/vbd ./. A/at plume/nn of/in smoke/nn rose/vbd from/in a/at Central/jj-tl Vermont/np-tl locomotive/nn which/wdt idled/vbd behind/in a/at string/nn of/in gravel/nn cars/nns ,/, and/cc little/jj figures/nns that/wps were/bed workmen/nns labored/vbd to/to set/vb the/at ruptured/vbn roadbed/nn to/in rights/nns ./. The/at girders/nns of/in a/at shattered/vbn Dog/nn-tl River/nn-tl bridge/nn lay/vbd strewn/vbn for/in half/abn a/at mile/nn downstream/rb ./. Vermont's/np$ main/jjs railroad/nn line/nn was/bedz prostrate/jj ./. And/cc in/in the/at dark/jj days/nns after/in the/at Great/jj-tl Flood/nn-tl of/in 1927/cd --/-- the/at worst/jjt natural/jj disaster/nn in/in the/at state's/nn$ history/nn --/-- the/at little/jj plane/nn was/bedz its/pp$ sole/jj replacement/nn in/in carrying/vbg the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl mails/nns ./. Rain/nn of/in near/jj cloudburst/nn proportions/nns had/hvd fallen/vbn for/in three/cd full/jj days/nns and/cc it/pps was/bedz still/rb raining/vbg on/in the/at morning/nn of/in Friday/nr ,/, November/np 4/cd ,/, 1927/cd ,/, when/wrb officials/nns of/in the/at Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl Railway/nn-tl Mail/nn-tl Service/nn-tl realized/vbd that/cs their/pp$ distribution/nn system/nn for/in Vermont/np had/hvd been/ben almost/ql totally/rb destroyed/vbn overnight/rb ./. Clerks/nns and/cc postmasters/nns shoveled/vbd muck/nn out/in of/in their/pp$ offices/nns --/-- those/dts who/wps still/rb had/hvd offices/nns --/-- and/cc wondered/vbd how/wrb to/to move/vb the/at mail/nn ./. The/at state's/nn$ railroad/nn system/nn counted/vbd miles/nns of/in broken/vbn bridges/nns and/cc missing/vbg rights-of-way/nns :/: it/pps would/md obviously/rb remain/vb out/in of/in commission/nn for/in weeks/nns ./. And/cc once/rb medicine/nn ,/, food/nn ,/, clothing/nn and/cc shelter/nn had/hvd been/ben provided/vbn for/in the/at flood's/nn$ victims/nns ,/, communications/nns and/cc the/at mail/nn were/bed the/at next/ap top/jjs problems/nns ./. From/in Burlington/np ,/, outgoing/jj mail/nn could/md be/be ferried/vbn across/in Lake/nn-tl Champlain/np-tl to/in the/at railroad/nn at/in Port/nn-tl Kent/np-tl ,/, N./np Y./np ./. But/cc what/wdt came/vbd in/rp was/bedz piling/vbg up/rp ./. The/at nearest/jjt undisrupted/jj end/nn of/in track/nn from/in Boston/np was/bedz at/in Concord/np ,/, N./np H./np ./. When/wrb Governor/nn-tl Al/np Smith/np offered/vbd New/jj-tl York/np-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl planes/nns to/to fly/vb the/at mail/nn in/rp and/cc out/in of/in the/at state/nn ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd a/at likely/jj temporary/jj solution/nn ,/, easing/vbg Burlington's/np$ bottleneck/nn and/cc that/dt at/in Montpelier/np too/rb ./. The/at question/nn was/bedz ``/`` Where/wrb to/to land/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. There/ex was/bedz no/rb such/jj thing/nn as/cs an/at airport/nn in/in Vermont/np ./. Burlington/np aviator/nn John/np J./np Burns/np suggested/vbd the/at parade/nn ground/nn southwest/nr of/in Fort/nn-tl Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl ,/, and/cc soon/rb a/at dozen/nn hastily-summoned/jj National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl pilots/nns were/bed bringing/vbg their/pp$ wide-winged/jj ``/`` Jenny/np ''/'' and/cc DeHaviland/np two-seaters/nns to/in rest/nn on/in the/at frozen/vbn sod/nn of/in the/at military/jj base/nn ./. The/at only/ap available/jj field/nn that/wps could/md be/be used/vbn near/in flood-ravaged/jj Montpelier/np was/bedz on/in the/at Towne/np farm/nn off/in upper/jj Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, a/at narrow/jj hillside/nn where/wrb takeoffs/nns and/cc landings/nns could/md be/be safely/rb made/vbn only/rb under/in light/jj wind/nn conditions/nns ./. Over/rp in/in Barre/np the/at streets/nns had/hvd been/ben deep/jj in/in swirling/vbg water/nn ,/, and/cc bridges/nns were/bed crumpled/vbn and/cc gone/vbn ./. Anticipating/vbg delivery/nn of/in medicines/nns and/cc yeast/nn by/in plane/nn ,/, Granite/nn-tl City/nn-tl citizens/nns formed/vbd an/at airfield/nn committee/nn and/cc with/in the/at aid/nn of/in quarrymen/nns and/cc the/at 172nd/od-tl Infantry/nn-tl ,/, Vermont/np-tl National/jj-tl Guard/nn-tl ,/, laid/vbd out/rp runways/nns on/in Wilson/np flat/nn ,/, high/rb on/in Millstone/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ./. The/at ``/`` Barre/np-tl Aviation/nn-tl Field/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz set/vbn to/to receive/vb its/pp$ first/od aircraft/nn the/at Sunday/nr following/vbg the/at flood/nn ./. Though/cs the/at makeshift/jj airports/nns were/bed ready/jj ,/, the/at York/np-tl State/nn-tl Guard/nn-tl flyers/nns proved/vbd unable/jj to/to keep/vb any/dti kind/nn of/in mail/nn schedule/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd courage/nn but/cc their/pp$ meager/jj training/nn consisted/vbd of/in weekend/nn hops/nns in/in good/jj weather/nn ,/, in/rp and/cc out/in of/in established/vbn airports/nns ,/, And/cc the/at increasingly/rb cold/jj weather/nn soon/rb raised/vbd hob/nn with/in the/at water/nn cooled/vbn engines/nns of/in their/pp$ World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, planes/nns ./. It/pps seemed/vbd like/cs a/at good/jj time/nn for/in officials/nns to/to use/vb a/at recently-passed/jj law/nn empowering/vbg the/at post/nn office/nn department/nn to/to contract/vb for/in the/at transport/nn of/in first/od class/nn mail/nn by/in air/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd to/to act/vb fast/rb ,/, for/cs letters/nns were/bed clogging/vbg the/at terminals/nns ./. Down/rp in/in Concord/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, was/bedz a/at flier/nn in/in the/at right/jj place/nn at/in the/at right/jj time/nn :/: Robert/np S./np Fogg/np ,/, a/at native/jj New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl ,/, had/hvd been/ben a/at World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, flying/vbg instructor/nn ,/, barnstormer/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd of/in the/at original/jj planners/nns of/in the/at Concord/np-tl Airport/nn-tl ./. Tall/jj ,/, wiry/jj ,/, dark-haired/jj Bob/np Fogg/np had/hvd already/rb racked/vbn up/rp one/cd historical/jj first/od in/in air/nn mail/nn history/nn ./. Piloting/vbg a/at Curtiss/np-tl Navy/nn-tl MF/nn flying/vbg boat/nn off/in Lake/nn-tl Winnipesaukee/np-tl in/in 1925/cd ,/, he/pps had/hvd inaugurated/vbn the/at original/jj Rural/jj-tl Delivery/nn-tl air/nn service/nn in/in America/np ./. During/in the/at excitement/nn following/vbg Lindbergh's/np$ flight/nn to/in Paris/np earlier/rbr in/in 1927/cd ,/, dare/vb devil/nn aviators/nns overnight/rb became/vbd legendary/jj heroes/nns ./. In/in Concord/np ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np was/bedz the/at most/ql prominent/jj New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl boy/nn with/in wings/nns ./. Public-spirited/jj backers/nns staked/vbd him/ppo to/in a/at brand-new/jj airplane/nn ,/, aimed/vbd at/in putting/vbg their/pp$ city/nn and/cc state/nn on/in the/at flying/vbg map/nn ./. The/at ship/nn was/bedz a/at Waco/np biplane/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at first/od two/cd of/in its/pp$ type/nn to/to be/be fitted/vbn with/in the/at air/nn cooled/vbn ,/, 225/hp/jj Wright/np radial/jj engine/nn known/vbn as/cs the/at Whirlwind/nn-tl ./. A/at trim/jj green/jj and/cc silver-painted/jj craft/nn only/rb 22-1/2/cd feet/nns long/jj ,/, the/at Waco/np was/bedz entered/vbn to/to compete/vb in/in the/at ``/`` On-to-Spokane/jj-tl ''/'' Air/nn-tl Derby/nn-tl of/in 1927/cd ./. As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, Fogg/np and/cc his/pp$ plane/nn didn't/dod* get/vb beyond/in Pennsylvania/np in/in the/at race/nn --/-- an/at engine/nn oil/nn leak/nn forced/vbd him/ppo down/rp --/-- but/cc the/at flying/vbg service/nn and/cc school/nn he/pps started/vbd subsequently/rb were/bed first/od steps/nns in/in paying/vbg off/rp his/pp$ wry-faced/jj backers/nns ./. So/rb with/in all/abn this/dt experience/nn ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np was/bedz a/at natural/jj choice/nn to/to receive/vb the/at first/od Emergency/nn-tl Air/nn-tl Mail/nn-tl Star/nn-tl Route/nn-tl contract/nn ./. His/pp$ work/nn began/vbd just/rb six/cd days/nns after/in the/at flood/nn ./. By/in airline/nn from/in Concord/np to/in Burlington/np is/bez a/at distance/nn of/in about/rb 150/cd miles/nns ,/, counting/vbg a/at slight/jj deviation/nn for/in the/at stop/nn at/in either/cc Barre/np or/cc Montpelier/np ./. The/at first/od few/ap days/nns Bob/np Fogg/np set/vbd his/pp$ plane/nn down/rp on/in Towne/np field/nn back/rb of/in the/at State/nn-tl House/nn-tl when/wrb the/at wind/nn was/bedz right/jj ,/, and/cc used/vbd Wilson/np flat/nn above/in Barre/np when/wrb it/pps wasn't/bedz* ./. Between/in the/at unsafe/jj Towne/np field/nn and/cc the/at long/jj roundabout/jj back/jj road/nn haul/nn that/wps was/bedz necessary/jj to/to gain/vb access/nn to/in Wilson/np flat/nn ,/, arrangements/nns at/in the/at state/nn capital/nn were/bed far/ql from/in satisfactory/jj ./. Each/dt time/nn in/rp ,/, the/at unhappy/jj pilot/nn ,/, pushing/vbg his/pp$ luck/nn ,/, begged/vbd the/at postal/jj officials/nns that/wps met/vbd him/ppo to/to find/vb a/at safer/jjr landing/vbg place/nn ,/, preferably/rb on/in the/at flat-topped/jj hills/nns across/in the/at Winooski/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. ``/`` But/cc Fogg/np ''/'' ,/, they/ppss countered/vbd ,/, ``/`` we/ppss can't/md* get/vb over/in there/rb ./. And/cc besides/rb you/ppss seem/vb to/to make/vb it/ppo all/ql right/rb here/rb ''/'' ./. It/pps took/vbd a/at tragedy/nn to/to bring/vb things/nns to/in a/at head/nn ./. After/cs a/at week/nn of/in precarious/jj uphill/jj landings/nns and/cc downwind/jj takeoffs/nns ,/, Fogg/np one/cd day/nn looked/vbd down/rp at/in the/at shattered/vbn yellow/jj wreckage/nn of/in an/at Army/nn-tl plane/nn strewn/vbn across/in snow-covered/jj Towne/np field/nn ./. Sent/vbn to/in Montpelier/np by/in Secretary/nn-tl Herbert/np Hoover/np ,/, Red/jj-tl Cross/nn-tl Aide/nn-tl Reuben/np Sleight/np had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ pilot/nn ,/, Lt./nn-tl Franklin/np Wolfe/np ,/, badly/rb injured/vbn ./. With/in the/at field/nn a/at blur/nn of/in white/jj the/at unfortunate/jj pilot/nn had/hvd simply/rb flown/vbn into/in the/at hillside/nn ./. Faced/vbn with/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, Postmaster/nn-tl Charles/np F./np McKenna/np of/in Montpelier/np went/vbd with/in Fogg/np on/in a/at Burlington/np trip/nn ,/, and/cc together/rb they/ppss scouted/vbd the/at terrain/nn on/in the/at heights/nns of/in Berlin/np ./. A/at long/jj flat/jj known/vbn as/cs the/at St./np John/np field/nn seemed/vbd to/to answer/vb their/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, and/cc since/cs the/at Winooski/np bridges/nns were/bed at/in last/rb passable/jj ,/, they/ppss decided/vbd to/to use/vb it/ppo ./. With/in a/at wary/jj eye/nn on/in the/at farmer's/nn$ bull/nn ,/, Fred/np Somers/np of/in Montpelier/np and/cc Mr./np St./np John/np marked/vbd the/at field/nn with/in a/at red/jj table/nn cloth/nn ./. As/cs a/at wind/nn direction/nn indicator/nn ,/, they/ppss tied/vbd a/at cotton/nn rag/nn to/in a/at sapling/nn ./. With/in these/dts aids/nns ,/, and/cc a/at pair/nn of/in skiis/nns substituting/vbg for/in wheels/nns on/in the/at Waco/np ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np made/vbd the/at first/od landing/nn on/in what/wdt is/bez now/rb part/nn of/in the/at Barre-Montpelier/jj-tl Airport/nn-tl on/in November/np 21/cd ,/, 1927/cd ./. Each/dt trip/nn saw/vbd the/at front/jj cockpit/nn filled/vbd higher/rbr with/in mail/nn pouches/nns ./. During/in the/at second/od week/nn of/in operations/nns ,/, Fogg/np received/vbd a/at telegram/nn from/in the/at Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, asking/vbg him/ppo to/to ``/`` put/vb on/rp two/cd airplanes/nns and/cc make/vb two/cd flights/nns daily/rb ,/, plus/cc one/cd Sunday/nr trip/nn ''/'' ./. Since/cs Fogg's/np$ was/bedz a/at one-man/jj ,/, one-plane/nn flying/vbg service/nn ,/, this/dt meant/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md have/hv to/to do/do both/abx trips/nns ,/, flying/vbg alone/rb 600/cd miles/nns a/at day/nn ,/, under/in sub-freezing/jj temperature/nn conditions/nns ./. Over/in the/at weeks/nns ,/, America's/np$ first/od Star/nn-tl Route/nn-tl Air/nn-tl Mail/nn-tl settled/vbd into/in a/at routine/jj pattern/nn despite/in the/at vagaries/nns of/in weather/nn and/cc the/at lack/nn of/in ground/nn facilities/nns and/cc aids/nns to/in navigation/nn ./. Each/dt morning/nn at/in five/cd Fogg/np crawled/vbd out/in of/in bed/nn to/to bundle/vb into/in flying/vbg togs/nns over/in the/at furnace/nn register/nn of/in his/pp$ home/nn ./. Always/rb troubled/vbn by/in poor/jj circulation/nn in/in his/pp$ feet/nns ,/, he/pps experimented/vbd with/in various/jj combinations/nns of/in socks/nns and/cc shoes/nns before/cs finally/rb adopting/vbg old-style/nn felt/nn farmer's/nn$ boots/nns with/in his/pp$ sheepskin/nn flying/vbg boots/nns pulled/vbn over/in them/ppo ./. A/at sheep-lined/jj leather/nn flying/vbg suit/nn ,/, plus/cc helmet/nn ,/, goggles/nns and/cc mittens/nns completed/vbd his/pp$ attire/nn for/in the/at rigors/nns of/in the/at open/jj cockpit/nn ./. The/at airman's/nn$ stock/nn answer/nn to/in ``/`` Weren't/bed* you/ppss cold/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/. Became/vbd ``/`` Yes/rb ,/, the/at first/od half/abn hour/nn is/bez tough/jj ,/, but/cc by/in then/rb I'm/ppss+bem so/ql numb/jj I/ppss don't/do* notice/vb it/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. As/cs daylight/nn began/vbd to/to show/vb through/in the/at frosty/jj windows/nns ,/, Fogg/np would/md place/vb a/at call/nn to/in William/np A./np Shaw/np at/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Weather/nn-tl Station/nn-tl at/in Northfield/np ,/, Vermont/np ,/, for/in temperature/nn and/cc wind-velocity/nn readings/nns ./. Shaw/np could/md also/rb give/vb the/at flyer/nn a/at pretty/ql good/jj idea/nn of/in area/nn visibility/nn by/in a/at visual/jj check/nn of/in the/at mountains/nns to/to be/be seen/vbn from/in his/pp$ station/nn ./. ``/`` Ceilings/nns ''/'' were/bed judged/vbn by/in comparison/nn with/in known/vbn mountain/nn heights/nns and/cc cloud/nn positions/nns ./. Later/rbr on/rp in/in the/at day/nn Fogg/np could/md get/vb a/at better/jjr weather/nn picture/nn from/in the/at Burlington/np-tl Weather/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl supervised/vbn by/in Frank/np E./np Hartwell/np ./. Out/rp at/in the/at airport/nn each/dt morning/nn ,/, Fogg's/np$ skilled/jj mechanic/nn Caleb/np Marston/np would/md have/hv the/at Waco/np warmed/vbn up/rp and/cc running/vbg in/in the/at drafty/jj hangar/nn ./. (/( He'd/pps+md get/vb the/at engine/nn oil/nn flowing/vbg with/in an/at electric/jj heater/nn under/in a/at big/jj canvas/nn cover/nn ./. )/) Wishing/vbg to/to show/vb that/cs aviation/nn was/bedz dependable/jj and/cc here/rb to/to stay/vb ,/, Bob/np Fogg/np always/rb made/vbd a/at point/nn of/in taking/vbg off/rp each/dt morning/nn on/in the/at dot/nn of/in seven/cd ,/, disregarding/vbg rain/nn ,/, snow/nn and/cc sleet/nn in/in true/jj postal/jj tradition/nn ./. Concord/np learned/vbd to/to set/vb its/pp$ clocks/nns by/in the/at rackety/jj bark/nn of/in the/at Whirlwind's/nn$-tl exhaust/nn overhead/rb ./. Sometimes/rb the/at pilot/nn had/hvd to/to turn/vb back/rb if/cs fully/rb blocked/vbn by/in fog/nn ,/, but/cc 85%/nn of/in his/pp$ trips/nns were/bed completed/vbn ./. Plane/nn radios/nns were/bed not/* yet/rb available/jj ,/, and/cc once/rb in/in the/at air/nn ,/, Fogg/np flew/vbd his/pp$ ship/nn by/in compass/nn ,/, a/at good/jj memory/nn for/in landmarks/nns as/ql seen/vbn from/in above/rb ,/, and/cc a/at capacity/nn for/in dead/jj reckoning/nn and/cc quick/jj computation/nn ./. Often/rb ,/, threading/vbg through/in the/at overcast/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz forced/vbn to/to fly/vb close/rb to/in the/at ground/nn by/in a/at low/jj ceiling/nn ,/, skimming/vbg above/in the/at Winooski/np or/cc the/at White/jj-tl River/nn-tl along/in the/at line/nn of/in the/at broken/vbn railroad/nn ./. When/wrb driving/vbg rain/nn or/cc mist/nn socked/vbd in/in one/cd valley/nn ,/, Fogg/np would/md chandelle/vb up/rp and/cc over/rp to/to reverse/vb course/nn and/cc try/vb another/dt one/cd ,/, ranging/vbg from/in the/at Ottauquechee/np up/in to/in Danville/np in/in search/nn of/in safe/jj passage/nn through/in the/at mountain/nn passes/nns ./. The/at dependable/jj Wright/np engine/nn was/bedz never/rb stopped/vbn on/in these/dts trips/nns ./. It/pps ticked/vbd over/rp smoothly/rb ,/, idling/vbg while/cs Fogg/np exchanged/vbd mails/nns with/in the/at armed/vbn messenger/nn from/in Burlington/np at/in Fort/nn-tl Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl ,/, and/cc one/cd from/in Montpelier/np and/cc Barre/np at/in the/at St./np John/np field/nn ./. Sometimes/rb ,/, on/in a/at return/jj trip/nn ,/, the/at aviator/nn would/md ``/`` go/vb upstairs/rb ''/'' high/rb over/in the/at clouds/nns ./. There/rb he'd/pps+md take/vb a/at compass/nn reading/nn ,/, figure/vb his/pp$ air/nn speed/nn ,/, and/cc deduce/vb that/cs in/in a/at certain/jj number/nn of/in minutes/nns he'd/pps+md be/be over/in the/at broad/jj meadows/nns of/in the/at Merrimack/np-tl Valley/nn-tl where/wrb it/pps would/md be/be safe/jj to/to let/vb down/rp through/in the/at overcast/nn and/cc see/vb the/at ground/nn before/cs it/pps hit/vbd him/ppo ./. Bob/np Fogg/np didn't/dod* have/hv today's/nr$ advantages/nns of/in Instrument/nn-tl Flight/nn-tl and/cc Ground/nn-tl Control/nn-tl Approach/nn-tl systems/nns ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at calculated/vbn time/nn he'd/pps+md nose/vb the/at Waco/np down/rp through/in the/at cloud/nn bank/nn and/cc hope/vb to/to break/vb through/rp where/wrb some/dti feature/nn of/in the/at winter/nn landscape/nn would/md be/be recognizable/jj ./. Usually/rb back/rb in/in Concord/np by/in noon/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz just/rb time/nn to/to get/vb partially/rb thawed/vbn out/rp ,/, refuel/vb ,/, and/cc grab/vb a/at bit/nn of/in Mrs./np Fogg's/np$ hot/jj broth/nn before/cs starting/vbg the/at second/od trip/nn ./. Day/nn after/in day/nn Fogg/np shuttled/vbd back/rb and/cc forth/rb on/in his/pp$ one-man/jj air/nn mail/nn route/nn ,/, until/cs the/at farmers/nns in/in their/pp$ snowy/jj barnyards/nns and/cc the/at road/nn repairmen/nns came/vbd to/to recognize/vb the/at stubby/jj plane/nn as/cs their/pp$ link/nn with/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at country/nn ./. The/at flyer/nn had/hvd his/pp$ share/nn of/in near-misses/nns ./. At/in Fort/nn-tl Ethan/np-tl Allen/np-tl the/at ever-present/jj wind/nn off/in Lake/nn-tl Champlain/np-tl could/md readily/rb flip/vb a/at puny/jj man-made/jj thing/nn like/cs an/at airplane/nn if/cs the/at pilot/nn miscalculated/vbd ./. Once/cs the/at soldiers/nns from/in the/at barracks/nns had/hvd to/to hold/vb the/at ship/nn from/in blowing/vbg away/rb while/cs Fogg/np revved/vbd the/at engine/nn and/cc got/vbd the/at tail/nn up/rp ./. At/in a/at nod/nn of/in his/pp$ head/nn they/ppss let/vb go/vb ,/, turning/vbg to/to cup/vb their/pp$ ears/nns against/in the/at icy/jj slipstream/nn ./. Tracks/nns in/in the/at snow/nn showed/vbd the/at plane/nn was/bedz airborne/jj in/in less/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd feet/nns ./. One/cd afternoon/nn during/in a/at cold/jj ,/, powdery/jj snowstorm/nn ,/, Fogg/np took/vbd off/rp for/in Concord/np from/in the/at St./np John/np field/nn ./.

cf06

cf06 |@word retire:4 say:5 last:3 year:8 go:7 get:13 sixty:3 five:3 fast:1 yes:3 retirement:3 seem:9 creep:1 upon:1 suddenly:2 somehow:1 old:7 timer:1 never:5 figure:1 would:5 ever:4 always:6 think:3 die:1 boot:1 blue:1 come:6 talk:1 pension:1 plan:3 compulsory:1 loom:2 horizon:2 still:1 far:3 future:1 one:10 day:8 pop:1 oh:1 sure:3 hazy:1 sort:4 way:6 real:4 could:4 happen:4 fellow:2 live:5 great:3 many:7 people:4 call:2 white:1 collar:1 worker:1 school:1 conscientious:1 hard:1 work:4 honest:1 accurate:1 good:6 penman:1 stickler:1 job:1 well:6 loose:1 end:1 everything:2 must:3 balance:1 penny:1 also:2 spell:1 without:1 consult:1 dictionary:1 every:2 word:1 late:1 seldom:1 absent:1 actually:1 take:4 special:2 credit:1 teach:1 life:11 standard:1 equipment:1 man:11 stock:1 trade:1 livelihood:1 however:1 thing:12 change:2 darn:1 important:2 realize:2 fogy:1 class:1 put:3 bluntly:1 mode:1 answer:1 new:7 era:1 estimate:1 total:2 calculate:1 risk:1 machine:1 planning:1 dept:1 existence:1 follow:1 boom:1 conference:3 sir:2 become:4 popular:1 burst:1 seam:1 hasty:1 supply:1 necessary:1 patch:1 merrily:1 progress:1 let:3 face:3 generation:1 time:5 marche:1 back:3 problem:2 person:3 different:3 situation:1 plenty:1 money:5 little:2 bl:1 abundance:1 health:2 poor:1 invalid:1 lovely:2 home:1 small:1 apartment:1 beautiful:4 garden:1 even:4 blade:1 grass:1 serenity:1 mind:4 ability:3 accept:2 make:12 wonderful:1 gift:2 believe:2 see:4 darkness:1 bitter:1 side:2 whatever:1 learn:3 question:1 sit:2 moan:1 bewail:1 lot:4 unhappiness:1 complete:1 unabridged:1 first:3 happy:1 matter:1 may:6 pool:1 resource:1 remain:1 interest:3 something:4 find:3 like:5 really:3 give:3 whirl:1 try:3 anything:4 maybe:4 surprise:1 true:3 artist:2 frankly:1 draw:1 straight:1 line:2 either:2 putter:1 around:2 paint:1 amaze:1 acquire:1 knack:1 anyway:1 bet:1 fun:1 sew:4 clothe:2 doll:3 love:4 run:2 hem:1 button:2 neat:1 buttonhole:1 market:2 woman:2 crochet:1 tat:1 knit:1 hour:1 look:2 calm:1 relaxed:1 turn:4 sewing:1 concerned:1 loss:1 needle:1 hand:4 know:2 family:2 fall:2 safety:1 pin:1 pastime:1 hooking:1 braid:1 rug:1 perhaps:3 mosaic:1 tile:2 ceramic:1 similar:1 art:2 craft:1 crack:2 amazing:1 design:1 result:1 cooking:1 yearn:1 cake:2 pie:1 cookie:1 candy:1 open:2 delicacy:1 spite:1 low:2 calorie:1 diet:1 cottage:1 cheese:1 sweet:2 contrary:1 carve:1 piece:1 wood:2 chair:1 cabinet:1 chest:1 house:1 etc:1 hunk:1 outside:2 cut:1 finger:1 nothing:2 dandy:1 gadget:1 thrill:1 housework:1 dust:1 scrub:1 polish:1 wax:1 floor:1 move:1 furniture:2 place:2 curtain:1 ball:1 forte:1 certainly:1 mine:1 spot:1 feel:1 belong:1 writer:3 wide:2 varied:2 choice:1 short:1 story:3 fiction:1 nonfiction:1 biography:1 poetry:1 child:2 book:4 ambitious:1 since:1 yen:1 write:2 decide:1 soon:1 acquainted:1 rejection:2 slip:2 dejection:1 discourage:1 normal:1 keep:2 plug:1 finally:1 grade:1 tell:1 hobby:4 collect:3 stamp:1 coin:1 timetable:1 salt:1 pepper:1 shaker:1 elephant:1 dogs:1 shell:1 shall:1 heart:1 desire:1 hear:2 folk:1 protest:1 cost:2 kind:2 free:1 rock:1 collection:2 leave:1 tree:1 shrub:1 color:1 flower:1 scrap:1 newspaper:1 picture:1 clipping:1 item:1 interested:1 count:1 hold:1 reserve:1 two:1 huge:1 puzzle:2 together:1 hang:1 heavy:1 cover:1 box:1 half:1 want:1 close:1 retired:1 member:1 advise:1 enjoy:1 degree:1 travel:1 occupy:2 point:2 bore:1 truly:2 final:1 sunshine:1 luck:1 ahead:1 criterion:1 maturity:1 creativity:3 mature:3 creative:6 mean:1 term:1 increase:1 frequency:1 noah:1 webster:1 helpful:1 usual:1 cause:1 exist:2 produce:4 bring:1 forth:1 original:1 production:1 human:1 intelligence:1 power:3 previously:1 thus:1 build:1 chicken:1 coop:1 found:1 business:1 create:7 league:1 nation:1 develop:2 character:5 creature:1 form:7 insect:2 animal:5 evidence:1 reproduce:1 share:1 procreative:1 function:1 predecessor:1 evolutionary:2 process:2 non:1 instinctive:1 conscious:1 bird:1 burrow:1 nest:1 hive:1 unende:1 sameness:1 accord:1 specie:1 superiority:1 forbear:1 development:1 imagination:4 image:3 combination:2 memory:1 idea:1 experience:1 project:4 environment:3 imagine:1 inner:1 counterpart:1 objective:1 world:3 fantastic:1 imagery:1 jules:1 verne:1 actuality:1 vision:1 lord:1 tennyson:1 express:1 poem:1 100:1 ago:1 visible:1 london:1 air:1 blitz:1 1941:1 fact:1 civilized:1 resultant:1 projection:1 past:1 60:1 century:1 aspect:1 least:1 creator:1 concrete:1 importantly:1 inward:1 help:1 recognize:1 young:1 imaginative:1 body:1 training:1 athlete:1 acrobat:1 dancer:1 musician:1 potentiality:1 actor:1 portray:2 variety:1 role:1 permanently:1 prof:1 charles:1 morris:1 self:1 continually:1 remake:1 artisan:1 material:1 creation:1 history:1 greatly:1 rather:1 high:1 use:1 present:1 crisis:1 race:1 destroy:1 population:1 sufficient:1 wisdom:1 forestall:1 tragedy:1 obligation:1 citizen:1 lend:1 weight:1 hasten:1 julian:1 huxley:1 uniqueness:1 novel:1 unique:1 require:1 long:2 period:2 infancy:1 childhood:1 protection:1 decline:1 procreativity:1

Are/ber you/ppss retiring/vbg now/rb ?/. ?/. If/cs so/rb ,/, are/ber you/ppss saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` Where/wrb did/dod the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns go/vb ?/. ?/. How/wrb did/dod I/ppss get/vb to/to be/be sixty-five/cd so/ql fast/rb ?/. ?/. What/wdt do/do I/ppss do/do now/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. Yes/rb ,/, retirement/nn seems/vbz to/to creep/vb upon/in you/ppo suddenly/rb ./. Somehow/rb we/ppss old-timers/nns never/rb figured/vbd we/ppss would/md ever/rb retire/vb ./. We/ppss always/rb thought/vbd we/ppss would/md die/vb with/in our/pp$ boots/nns on/rp ./. Out/in of/in the/at blue/nn comes/vbz talk/nn of/in pension/nn plans/nns ./. Compulsory/jj retirement/nn at/in sixty-five/cd looms/vbz on/in our/pp$ horizon/nn ./. Still/rb ,/, it/pps seems/vbz in/in the/at far/jj future/nn ./. Suddenly/rb ,/, one/cd day/nn ,/, up/rp it/pps pops/vbz !/. !/. Sixty-five/cd years/nns and/cc you've/ppss+hv had/hvn it/ppo !/. !/. So/rb ,/, now/rb what/wdt ?/. ?/. Oh/uh sure/rb !/. !/. You've/ppss+hv thought/vbn about/in it/ppo before/rb in/in a/at hazy/jj sort/nn of/in way/nn ./. But/cc !/. !/. It/pps never/rb seemed/vbd real/jj ;/. ;/. never/rb seemed/vbd as/cs if/cs it/pps could/md happen/vb to/in you/ppo ;/. ;/. only/rb to/in the/at other/ap fellow/nn ./. Now/rb !/. !/. Here/rb it/pps is/bez !/. !/. How/wrb am/bem I/ppss going/vbg to/to live/vb ?/. ?/. What/wdt am/bem I/ppss going/vbg to/to do/do ?/. ?/. Where/wrb do/do I/ppss go/vb from/in here/rb ?/. ?/. A/at great/ql many/ap retired/vbn people/nns are/ber the/at so-called/jj white/jj collar/jj workers/nns ./. Are/ber you/ppss one/cd of/in these/dts ?/. ?/. If/cs so/rb ,/, you/ppss are/ber of/in the/at old/jj school/nn ./. You/ppss are/ber conscientious/jj ,/, hard/rb working/vbg ,/, honest/jj ,/, accurate/jj ,/, a/at good/jj penman/nn ,/, and/cc a/at stickler/nn for/in a/at job/nn well/rb done/vbn ,/, with/in no/at loose/jj ends/nns ./. Everything/pn must/md balance/vb to/in the/at last/ap penny/nn ./. Also/rb you/ppss can/md spell/vb ,/, without/in consulting/vbg a/at dictionary/nn for/in every/at other/ap word/nn ./. You/ppss never/rb are/ber late/jj for/in work/nn and/cc seldom/rb absent/jj ./. Actually/rb ,/, you/ppss can/md take/vb no/at special/jj credit/nn for/in this/dt ./. It/pps is/bez the/at way/nn you/ppss were/bed taught/vbn and/cc your/pp$ way/nn of/in life/nn ./. All/ql this/dt is/bez standard/jj equipment/nn for/in a/at man/nn of/in your/pp$ day/nn ;/. ;/. your/pp$ stock/nn in/in trade/nn ;/. ;/. your/pp$ livelihood/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns of/in your/pp$ life/nn ,/, things/nns seem/vb to/to be/be changing/vbg ./. Your/pp$ way/nn doesn't/doz* seem/vb to/to be/be so/ql darned/vbn important/jj any/dti more/rbr ./. You/ppss realize/vb you/ppss are/ber getting/vbg in/in the/at old/jj fogy/nn class/nn ./. To/to put/vb it/ppo bluntly/rb ,/, you/ppss are/ber getting/vbg out-moded/jj ./. What's/wdt+hvz happened/vbn ?/. ?/. The/at answer/nn is/bez a/at new/jj era/nn ./. Now/rb ,/, looming/vbg on/in the/at horizon/nn are/ber such/jj things/nns as/cs estimated/vbn totals/nns ,/, calculated/vbn risks/nns and/cc I.B.M./np machines/nns ./. The/at Planning/vbg-tl Dept./nn-tl comes/vbz into/in existence/nn ./. All/abn sorts/nns of/in plans/nns come/vb to/in life/nn ./. This/dt is/bez followed/vbn by/in a/at boom/nn in/in conferences/nns ./. Yes/rb sir/nn !/. !/. Conferences/nns become/vb very/ql popular/jj ./. When/wrb a/at plan/nn burst/vbd its/pp$ seams/nns ,/, hasty/jj conferences/nns supply/vb the/at necessary/jj patch/nn ,/, and/cc life/nn goes/vbz merrily/rb on/rp ./. That's/dt+bez called/vbn progress/nn !/. !/. The/at new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn !/. !/. Let's/vb+ppo face/vb it/ppo !/. !/. You/ppss had/hvd your/pp$ day/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz a/at good/jj day/nn ./. Let/vb this/dt generation/nn have/hv theirs/pp$$ ./. Time/nn marches/vbz on/rp !/. !/. Well/uh ,/, to/to get/vb back/rb to/in the/at problem/nn of/in retirement/nn ./. Every/at retiring/vbg person/nn has/hvz a/at different/jj situation/nn facing/vbg him/ppo ./. Some/dti have/hv plenty/nn of/in money/nn --/-- some/dti have/hv very/ql little/ap money/nn ./. Some/dti are/ber blest/vbn with/in an/at abundance/nn of/in good/jj health/nn --/-- some/dti are/ber in/in poor/jj health/nn and/cc many/ap are/ber invalids/nns ./. Some/dti have/hv lovely/jj homes/nns --/-- some/dti live/vb in/in small/jj apartments/nns ./. Some/dti have/hv beautiful/jj gardens/nns --/-- some/dti not/* even/rb a/at blade/nn of/in grass/nn ./. Some/dti have/hv serenity/nn of/in mind/nn ,/, the/at ability/nn to/to accept/vb what/wdt they/ppss have/hv ,/, and/cc make/vb the/at most/ap of/in it/ppo (/( a/at wonderful/jj gift/nn to/to have/hv ,/, believe/vb me/ppo )/) --/-- some/dti see/vb only/ap darkness/nn ,/, the/at bitter/jj side/nn of/in everything/pn ./. Well/uh ,/, whatever/wdt you/ppss have/hv ,/, that's/dt+bez it/pps !/. !/. You've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to learn/vb to/to live/vb with/in it/ppo ./. Now/rb !/. !/. The/at question/nn is/bez ``/`` How/wrb are/ber you/ppss going/vbg to/to live/vb with/in it/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. You/ppss can/md sit/vb back/rb and/cc moan/vb and/cc bewail/vb your/pp$ lot/nn ./. Yes/rb !/. !/. You/ppss can/md do/do this/dt ./. But/cc ,/, if/cs you/ppss do/do ,/, your/pp$ life/nn will/md be/be just/rb one/cd thing/nn --/-- unhappiness/nn --/-- complete/jj and/cc unabridged/jj ./. It/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn you've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to do/do ,/, to/to be/be happy/jj ,/, is/bez to/to face/vb up/rp to/in your/pp$ problems/nns ,/, no/at matter/nn what/wdt they/ppss may/md be/be ./. Make/vb up/rp your/pp$ mind/nn to/to pool/vb your/pp$ resources/nns and/cc get/vb the/at most/ap out/in of/in your/pp$ remaining/vbg years/nns of/in life/nn ./. One/cd thing/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem sure/jj of/in ,/, you/ppss must/md get/vb an/at interest/nn in/in life/nn ./. You've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to do/do something/pn ./. Many/ap of/in you/ppo will/md say/vb ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, what/wdt can/md I/ppss do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/. Believe/vb me/ppo !/. !/. There/ex are/ber many/ap ,/, many/ap things/nns to/to do/do ./. Find/vb out/rp what/wdt you/ppss like/vb to/to do/do most/rbt and/cc really/rb give/vb it/ppo a/at whirl/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss can't/md* think/vb of/in a/at thing/nn to/to do/do ,/, try/vb something/pn --/-- anything/pn ./. Maybe/rb you/ppss will/md surprise/vb yourself/ppl ./. True/rb !/. !/. We/ppss are/ber not/* all/abn great/jj artists/nns ./. I/ppss ,/, frankly/rb ,/, can't/md* draw/vb a/at straight/jj line/nn ./. Maybe/rb you/ppss are/ber not/* that/ql gifted/jj either/rb ,/, but/cc how/wrb about/in puttering/vbg around/rb with/in the/at old/jj paints/nns ?/. ?/. You/ppss may/md amaze/vb yourself/ppl and/cc acquire/vb a/at real/jj knack/nn for/in it/ppo ./. Anyway/rb ,/, I'll/ppss+md bet/vb you/ppss have/hv a/at lot/nn of/in fun/nn ./. Do/do you/ppss like/vb to/to sew/vb ?/. ?/. Does/doz making/vbg your/pp$ own/jj clothes/nns or/cc even/rb doll/nn clothes/nns ,/, interest/vb you/ppo ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppss love/vb to/to run/vb up/rp a/at hem/nn ,/, sew/vb on/in buttons/nns ,/, make/vb neat/jj buttonholes/nns ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss do/do ,/, go/vb to/in it/ppo ./. There/ex is/bez always/rb a/at market/nn for/in this/dt line/nn of/in work/nn ./. Some/dti women/nns can/md sit/vb and/cc sew/vb ,/, crochet/vb ,/, tat/vb or/cc knit/vb by/in the/at hour/nn ,/, and/cc look/vb calm/jj and/cc relaxed/vbn and/cc turn/vb out/rp beautiful/jj work/nn ./. Where/wrb sewing/vbg is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, I'm/ppss+bem a/at total/nn loss/nn ./. When/wrb you/ppss see/vb a/at needle/nn in/in my/pp$ hands/nns you/ppss will/md know/vb the/at family/nn buttons/nns have/hv fallen/vbn off/rp and/cc I/ppss have/hv to/to sew/vb them/ppo back/rb on/rp ,/, or/cc get/vb out/rp the/at safety/nn pins/nns ./. Then/rb again/rb ,/, there's/ex+bez always/rb that/dt lovely/jj old/jj pastime/nn of/in hooking/vbg or/cc braiding/vbg rugs/nns ./. Not/* for/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc perhaps/rb just/rb the/at thing/nn for/in you/ppo ./. Well/uh !/. !/. How's/wrb+bez about/rb mosaic/jj tile/nn ,/, ceramics/nn or/cc similar/jj arts/nns and/cc crafts/nns ?/. ?/. Some/dti people/nns love/vb to/to crack/vb tile/nn and/cc it's/pps+bez amazing/jj what/wdt beautiful/jj designs/nns they/ppss come/vb up/rp with/in as/cs a/at result/nn of/in their/pp$ cracking/ql good/jj time/nn ./. How/wrb about/rb the/at art/nn of/in cooking/vbg ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppss yearn/vb to/to make/vb cakes/nns and/cc pies/nns ,/, or/cc special/jj cookies/nns and/cc candies/nns ?/. ?/. There/ex is/bez always/rb an/at open/jj market/nn for/in this/dt sort/nn of/in delicacy/nn ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in low/jj calorie/nn diets/nns ,/, cottage/nn cheese/nn and/cc hands-off-all-sweets/nn to/in the/at contrary/nn ./. Some/dti people/nns can/md carve/vb most/rb anything/pn out/in of/in a/at piece/nn of/in wood/nn ./. Some/dti make/vb beautiful/jj chairs/nns ,/, cabinets/nns ,/, chests/nns ,/, doll/nn houses/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. Perhaps/rb you/ppss couldn't/md* do/do that/dt but/cc have/hv you/ppss ever/rb tried/vbn to/to see/vb what/wdt you/ppss could/md do/do with/in a/at hunk/nn of/in wood/nn ?/. ?/. Outside/rb of/in cutting/vbg your/pp$ fingers/nns ,/, maybe/rb you/ppss would/md come/vb up/rp with/in nothing/pn at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc then/rb again/rb ,/, you/ppss might/md turn/vb out/rp some/dti dandy/jj little/jj gadgets/nns ./. Some/dti women/nns get/vb a/at real/jj thrill/nn out/in of/in housework/nn ./. They/ppss love/vb to/to dust/vb ,/, scrub/vb ,/, polish/vb ,/, wax/vb floors/nns ,/, move/vb the/at furniture/nn around/rb from/in place/nn to/in place/nn ,/, take/vb down/rp the/at curtains/nns ,/, put/vb up/rp new/jj ones/nns and/cc have/hv themselves/ppls a/at real/jj ball/nn ./. Maybe/rb that's/dt+bez your/pp$ forte/nn ./. It/pps certainly/rb isn't/bez* mine/pp$$ ./. I/ppss can/md look/vb at/in furniture/nn in/in one/cd spot/nn year/nn in/rp and/cc year/nn out/rp and/cc really/rb feel/vb for/in sure/jj that's/dt+bez where/wrb it/pps belongs/vbz ./. Perhaps/rb you/ppss would/md like/vb to/to become/vb a/at writer/nn ./. This/dt gives/vbz you/ppo a/at wide/jj and/cc varied/vbn choice/nn ./. Will/md it/pps be/be short/jj stories/nns ,/, fiction/nn ,/, nonfiction/nn ,/, biography/nn ,/, poetry/nn ,/, children's/nns$ stories/nns ,/, or/cc even/rb a/at book/nn if/cs you/ppss are/ber really/ql ambitious/jj ?/. ?/. Ever/rb since/cs I/ppss was/bedz a/at child/nn ,/, I/ppss have/hv always/rb had/hvn a/at yen/nn to/to try/vb my/pp$ hand/nn at/in writing/vbg ./. If/cs you/ppss do/do decide/vb to/to write/vb ,/, you/ppss will/md soon/rb become/vb acquainted/vbn with/in rejection/nn slips/nns and/cc dejection/nn ./. Don't/do* be/be discouraged/vbn !/. !/. This/dt is/bez just/rb being/beg a/at normal/jj writer/nn ./. Just/rb let/vb the/at rejection/nn slips/nns fall/vb where/wrb they/ppss may/md ,/, and/cc keep/vb on/rp plugging/vbg ,/, and/cc finally/rb you/ppss will/md make/vb the/at grade/nn ./. Few/ap new/jj writers/nns have/hv their/pp$ first/od story/nn accepted/vbn ,/, so/rb they/ppss tell/vb me/ppo ./. But/cc ,/, it/pps could/md happen/vb ,/, and/cc it/pps may/md happen/vb to/in you/ppo ./. Then/rb there's/ex+bez always/rb hobbies/nns ,/, collecting/vbg stamps/nns ,/, coins/nns ,/, timetables/nns ,/, salt/nn and/cc pepper/nn shakers/nns ,/, elephants/nns ,/, dogs/nns ,/, dolls/nns ,/, shells/nns ,/, or/cc shall/md we/ppss just/rb say/vb collecting/vbg anything/pn your/pp$ heart/nn desires/vbz ?/. ?/. I/ppss can/md hear/vb some/dti of/in you/ppo folks/nns protesting/vbg ./. You/ppss say/vb ,/, ``/`` But/cc it/pps costs/vbz a/at lot/nn of/in money/nn to/to have/hv a/at hobby/nn ./. I/ppss haven't/hv* got/vbn that/dt kind/nn of/in money/nn ''/'' ./. True/jj !/. !/. It/pps does/doz cost/vb a/at lot/nn of/in money/nn for/in most/ap hobbies/nns but/cc there/ex are/ber hobbies/nns that/wps are/ber for/in free/jj ./. How/wrb about/rb a/at rock/nn collection/nn ,/, or/cc a/at collection/nn of/in leaves/nns from/in different/jj trees/nns or/cc shrubs/nns and/cc in/in different/jj colors/nns ?/. ?/. Then/rb ,/, take/vb flowers/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber many/ap and/cc varied/vbn ./. Also/rb ,/, there's/ex+bez scrap/nn books/nns ,/, collecting/vbg newspaper/nn pictures/nns and/cc clippings/nns ,/, or/cc any/dti items/nns of/in interest/nn to/in you/ppo ./. It's/pps+bez getting/vbg interested/vbn in/in something/pn that/wps counts/vbz ./. As/cs for/in me/ppo ,/, I/ppss am/bem holding/vbg in/in reserve/nn two/cd huge/jj puzzles/nns (/( I/ppss love/vb puzzles/nns )/) to/to put/vb together/rb when/wrb time/nn hangs/vbz heavy/jj on/in my/pp$ hands/nns ./. So/ql far/rb ,/, the/at covers/nns have/hv never/rb been/ben off/in the/at boxes/nns ./. I/ppss just/rb don't/do* have/hv time/nn to/to do/do half/abn the/at things/nns I/ppss want/vb to/to do/do now/rb ./. So/rb in/in closing/vbg ,/, fellow/nn retired/vbn members/nns ,/, I/ppss advise/vb you/ppo to/to make/vb the/at most/ap of/in each/dt day/nn ,/, enjoy/vb each/dt one/cd to/in the/at n'th/nn degree/nn ./. Travel/vb ,/, if/cs you/ppss can/md ./. Keep/vb occupied/vbn to/in the/at point/nn you/ppss are/ber not/* bored/vbn with/in life/nn and/cc you/ppss will/md truly/rb find/vb these/dts final/jj days/nns and/cc years/nns of/in your/pp$ lives/nns to/to be/be sunshine/nn sweet/jj ./. Good/jj Luck/nn !/. !/. To/in one/cd and/cc all/abn --/-- Good/jj Days/nns ahead/rb !/. !/. An/at important/jj criterion/nn of/in maturity/nn is/bez creativity/nn ./. The/at mature/jj person/nn is/bez creative/jj ./. What/wdt does/doz it/pps mean/vb to/to be/be creative/jj ,/, a/at term/nn we/ppss hear/vb with/in increasing/vbg frequency/nn these/dts days/nns ?/. ?/. When/wrb we/ppss turn/vb to/in Noah/np Webster/np we/ppss find/vb him/ppo helpful/jj as/cs usual/jj ./. ``/`` To/to be/be creative/jj is/bez to/to have/hv the/at ability/nn to/to cause/vb to/to exist/vb --/-- to/to produce/vb where/wrb nothing/pn was/bedz before/rb --/-- to/to bring/vb forth/rb an/at original/jj production/nn of/in human/jj intelligence/nn or/cc power/nn ''/'' ./. We/ppss are/ber creative/jj ,/, it/pps seems/vbz ,/, when/wrb we/ppss produce/vb something/pn which/wdt has/hvz not/* previously/rb existed/vbn ./. Thus/rb creativity/nn may/md run/vb all/abn the/at way/nn from/in making/vbg a/at cake/nn ,/, building/vbg a/at chicken/nn coop/nn ,/, or/cc producing/vbg a/at book/nn ,/, to/in founding/vbg a/at business/nn ,/, creating/vbg a/at League/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl or/cc ,/, developing/vbg a/at mature/jj character/nn ./. All/abn living/vbg creatures/nns from/in the/at lowest/jjt form/nn of/in insect/nn or/cc animal/nn life/nn evidence/vb the/at power/nn of/in creativity/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez only/rb to/to reproduce/vb a/at form/nn like/cs their/pp$ own/jj ./. While/cs man/nn shares/vbz this/dt procreative/jj function/nn with/in all/abn his/pp$ predecessors/nns in/in the/at evolutionary/jj process/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez the/at only/ap animal/nn with/in a/at true/jj non-instinctive/jj and/cc conscious/jj creative/jj ability/nn ./. An/at animal/nn ,/, bird/nn or/cc insect/nn creates/vbz either/cc a/at burrow/nn ,/, or/cc nest/nn or/cc hive/nn in/in unending/jj sameness/nn according/in to/in specie/fw-nn ./. Man's/nn$ great/jj superiority/nn over/in these/dts evolutionary/jj forbears/nns is/bez in/in the/at development/nn of/in his/pp$ imagination/nn ./. This/dt gives/vbz him/ppo the/at power/nn to/to form/vb in/in his/pp$ mind/nn new/jj image/nn combinations/nns of/in old/jj memories/nns ,/, ideas/nns and/cc experiences/nns and/cc to/to project/vb them/ppo outside/rb of/in himself/ppl into/in his/pp$ environment/nn in/in new/jj and/cc ever-changing/jj forms/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben truly/rb said/vbn that/cs anything/pn man/nn can/md imagine/vb he/pps can/md produce/vb or/cc create/vb by/in projecting/vbg this/dt inner/jj image/nn into/in its/pp$ counterpart/nn in/in the/at objective/jj world/nn ./. In/in our/pp$ own/jj time/nn we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn the/at most/ql fantastic/jj imagery/nn of/in a/at Jules/np Verne/np come/vb into/in actuality/nn ./. The/at vision/nn of/in a/at Lord/nn-tl Tennyson/np expressed/vbn in/in a/at poem/nn 100/cd years/nns ago/rb took/vbd visible/jj form/nn over/in London/np in/in the/at air/nn blitzes/nns of/in 1941/cd ./. In/in fact/nn all/abn of/in our/pp$ civilized/vbn world/nn is/bez the/at resultant/nn of/in man's/nn$ projection/nn of/in his/pp$ imagination/nn over/in the/at past/ap 60/cd centuries/nns or/cc more/ap ./. It/pps is/bez in/in this/dt one/cd aspect/nn ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, that/cs man/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be made/vbn in/in the/at image/nn of/in his/pp$ Creator/nn-tl ./. Not/* only/rb can/md man/nn project/vb his/pp$ imagination/nn out/rp into/in his/pp$ environment/nn in/in concrete/jj forms/nns ,/, but/cc even/rb more/ql importantly/rb ,/, he/pps can/md turn/vb it/ppo inward/rb to/to help/vb create/vb new/jj and/cc better/jjr forms/nns of/in himself/ppl ./. We/ppss recognize/vb that/cs young/jj people/nns through/in imaginative/jj mind/nn and/cc body/nn training/nn can/md become/vb athletes/nns ,/, acrobats/nns ,/, dancers/nns ,/, musicians/nns and/cc artists/nns ,/, developing/vbg many/ap potentialities/nns ./. We/ppss know/vb that/cs actors/nns can/md learn/vb to/to portray/vb a/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in character/nn roles/nns ./. By/in this/dt same/ap combination/nn of/in the/at will/nn and/cc the/at imagination/nn ,/, each/dt one/cd of/in us/ppo can/md learn/vb to/to portray/vb permanently/rb the/at kind/nn of/in character/nn we/ppss would/md like/vb to/to be/be ./. We/ppss must/md realize/vb with/in Prof./nn-tl Charles/np Morris/np in/in his/pp$ The/at-tl Open/nn-tl Self/nn-tl that/cs ``/`` Man/nn is/bez the/at being/nn that/wps can/md continually/rb remake/vb himself/ppl ,/, the/at artisan/nn that/wps is/bez himself/ppl the/at material/nn for/in his/pp$ own/jj creation/nn ''/'' ./. So/ql far/rb in/in history/nn man/nn has/hvz been/ben too/ql greatly/rb over-occupied/jj with/in projecting/vbg things/nns into/in his/pp$ environment/nn rather/in than/in first/rb creating/vbg the/at sort/nn of/in person/nn who/wps can/md make/vb the/at highest/jjt use/nn of/in the/at things/nns he/pps has/hvz created/vbn ./. Is/bez not/* the/at present/jj world/nn crisis/nn a/at race/nn between/in things/nns we/ppss have/hv created/vbn which/wdt can/md now/rb destroy/vb us/ppo and/cc between/in populations/nns of/in sufficient/jj wisdom/nn and/cc character/nn to/to forestall/vb the/at tragedy/nn ./. Is/bez it/pps not/* the/at obligation/nn of/in us/ppo older/jjr citizens/nns to/to lend/vb our/pp$ weight/nn to/in being/beg creative/jj on/in the/at character/nn side/nn and/cc to/to hasten/vb our/pp$ own/jj maturing/vbg process/nn ?/. ?/. Sir/np Julian/np Huxley/np in/in his/pp$ book/nn Uniqueness/nn-tl Of/in-tl Man/nn-tl makes/vbz the/at novel/jj point/nn that/cs just/rb as/cs man/nn is/bez unique/jj in/in being/beg the/at only/ap animal/nn which/wdt requires/vbz a/at long/jj period/nn of/in infancy/nn and/cc childhood/nn under/in family/nn protection/nn ,/, so/rb is/bez he/pps the/at only/ap animal/nn who/wps has/hvz a/at long/jj period/nn after/in the/at decline/nn of/in his/pp$ procreativity/nn ./.

cf07

cf07 |@word recent:2 writing:2 assume:1 ignorant:1 young:2 couple:2 thing:4 remote:1 victorian:1 past:1 nowadays:1 honeymooner:1 thoroughly:1 familiar:1 good:4 sex:6 manual:2 know:1 enough:4 talk:4 friend:2 personal:1 experimentation:1 take:5 anxiety:2 hazard:3 situation:8 perhaps:3 extensive:2 discussion:1 contemporary:1 practitioner:1 family:1 doctor:3 gynecologist:2 indicate:1 still:5 area:1 enormous:1 ignorance:2 joke:1 talking:1 may:20 free:4 easy:2 important:3 factual:1 information:4 lack:2 far:2 many:4 newly:3 marry:2 man:5 woman:5 various:2 factor:1 setting:1 great:5 advantage:3 make:8 first:8 intercourse:8 rather:1 bad:1 memory:2 one:6 privacy:2 must:3 highly:1 assure:1 time:6 place:3 lock:1 room:2 stateroom:1 door:1 give:4 location:1 equally:2 sure:1 utterly:1 unhurried:2 fulfillment:3 wedding:1 party:1 last:1 late:1 travel:1 schedule:1 mean:1 hour:2 resume:1 trip:1 early:3 start:2 husband:8 forestall:1 tension:2 uncertainty:1 confide:1 bride:8 lie:2 arm:1 bliss:1 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Some/dti recent/jj writings/nns assume/vb that/cs the/at ignorant/jj young/jj couples/nns are/ber a/at thing/nn of/in the/at remote/jj ,/, Victorian/jj past/nn ;/. ;/. that/cs nowadays/rb all/abn honeymooners/nns are/ber thoroughly/ql familiar/jj with/in the/at best/jjt sex-manuals/nns and/cc know/vb enough/ap from/in talk/nn with/in friends/nns and/cc personal/jj experimentation/nn to/to take/vb all/abn the/at anxiety/nn and/cc hazards/nns out/in of/in the/at situation/nn ./. Perhaps/rb --/-- but/cc extensive/jj discussions/nns with/in contemporary/jj practitioners/nns ,/, family/nn doctors/nns and/cc gynecologists/nns indicate/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez still/rb an/at area/nn of/in enormous/jj ignorance/nn ./. Joking/vbg and/cc talking/vbg may/md be/be freer/jjr and/cc easier/jjr ,/, but/cc the/at important/jj factual/jj information/nn is/bez still/rb lacking/vbg for/in far/ql too/ql many/ap newly-married/jj men/nns and/cc women/nns ./. Various/jj factors/nns in/in the/at setting/nn can/md still/rb be/be of/in great/jj advantage/nn in/in making/vbg the/at first/od intercourse/nn a/at good/jj rather/in than/in a/at bad/jj memory/nn for/in one/cd or/cc both/abx ./. Privacy/nn must/md be/be highly/rb assured/vbn both/abx in/in time/nn and/cc place/nn ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, locking/vbg the/at room/nn or/cc stateroom/nn door/nn gives/vbz privacy/nn of/in location/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez equally/ql important/jj to/to be/be sure/jj there/ex is/bez time/nn enough/ap for/in an/at utterly/ql unhurried/jj fulfillment/nn ./. If/cs the/at wedding/nn party/nn lasted/vbd late/rb ,/, and/cc the/at travel/nn schedule/nn means/vbz there/ex are/ber only/rb a/at few/ap hours/nns before/cs resuming/vbg the/at trip/nn or/cc making/vbg an/at early/jj start/nn ,/, the/at husband/nn may/md forestall/vb tensions/nns and/cc uncertainties/nns by/in confiding/vbg to/in his/pp$ bride/nn that/cs lying/vbg in/in each/dt other's/ap$ arms/nns will/md be/be bliss/nn enough/ap for/in these/dts few/ap hours/nns ./. The/at consummation/nn should/md come/vb at/in the/at next/ap stopping/vbg place/nn when/wrb they/ppss have/hv a/at long/jj private/jj time/nn (/( day/nn or/cc night/nn )/) for/in that/dt purpose/nn ./. First/od intercourse/nn for/in the/at bride/nn brings/vbz with/in it/ppo the/at various/jj problems/nns connected/vbn with/in virginity/nn and/cc the/at hymen/nn ./. One/cd thing/nn should/md be/be clear/jj to/in both/abx husband/nn and/cc wife/nn --/-- neither/cc pain/nn nor/cc profuse/jj bleeding/nn has/hvz to/to occur/vb when/wrb the/at hymen/nn is/bez ruptured/vbn during/in the/at first/od sex/nn act/nn ./. Ignorance/nn on/in this/dt point/nn has/hvz caused/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in needless/jj anxiety/nn ,/, misunderstanding/vbg and/cc suspicion/nn ./. The/at hymen/nn is/bez ,/, in/in essence/nn ,/, a/at fragile/jj membrane/nn that/wps more/ql or/cc less/ql completely/rb covers/vbz the/at entrance/nn to/in the/at vagina/nn in/in most/ap female/jj human/jj beings/nns who/wps have/hv not/* had/hvn sex/nn relations/nns ./. (/( Hymen/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, is/bez the/at Greek/jj word/nn for/in membrane/nn ./. )/) Often/rb it/pps is/bez thin/jj and/cc fragile/jj and/cc gives/vbz way/nn readily/rb to/in the/at male/jj organ/nn at/in the/at first/od attempt/nn at/in intercourse/nn ./. As/cs might/md be/be expected/vbn ,/, girls/nns in/in this/dt situation/nn bleed/vb very/ql little/rb and/cc perhaps/rb not/* at/in all/abn in/in the/at process/nn of/in losing/vbg their/pp$ virginity/nn ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb important/jj to/to realize/vb that/cs many/ap girls/nns are/ber born/vbn without/in a/at hymen/nn or/cc at/in most/ap only/rb a/at tiny/jj trace/nn of/in one/cd ;/. ;/. so/cs that/cs the/at absence/nn of/in the/at hymen/nn is/bez by/in no/at means/nns positive/jj proof/nn that/cs a/at girl/nn has/hvz had/hvn sex/nn relations/nns ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez a/at basis/nn in/in fact/nn for/in the/at exaggerations/nns of/in the/at folk-lore/nn beliefs/nns ./. Some/dti hymens/nns are/ber so/ql strongly/rb developed/vbn that/cs they/ppss cannot/md* be/be torn/vbn without/in considerable/jj pain/nn to/in the/at girl/nn and/cc marked/vbn loss/nn of/in blood/nn ./. More/ql rarely/rb ,/, the/at hymen/nn is/bez so/ql sturdy/jj that/cs it/pps does/doz not/* yield/vb to/in penetration/nn ./. Extreme/jj cases/nns are/ber on/in record/nn in/in which/wdt the/at doctor/nn has/hvz had/hvn to/to use/vb instruments/nns to/to cut/vb through/in the/at hymen/nn to/to permit/vb marital/jj relations/nns to/to be/be consummated/vbn ./. These/dts cases/nns ,/, for/in all/abn their/pp$ rarity/nn ,/, are/ber so/ql dramatic/jj that/cs friends/nns and/cc relations/nns repeat/vb the/at story/nn until/cs the/at general/jj population/nn may/md get/vb an/at entirely/ql false/jj notion/nn of/in how/wql often/rb the/at hymen/nn is/bez a/at serious/jj problem/nn to/in newly-weds/nns ./. In/in recent/jj times/nns ,/, when/wrb sexual/jj matters/nns began/vbd to/to be/be discussed/vbn more/ql scientifically/rb and/cc more/ql openly/rb ,/, the/at emotional/jj aspects/nns of/in virginity/nn received/vbd considerable/jj attention/nn ./. Obviously/rb ,/, the/at bridal/jj pair/nn has/hvz many/ap adjustments/nns to/to make/vb to/in their/pp$ new/jj situation/nn ./. Is/bez it/pps necessary/jj to/to add/vb to/in the/at other/ap tensions/nns the/at hazard/nn of/in making/vbg the/at loving/vbg husband/nn the/at one/cd who/wps brought/vbd pain/nn to/in his/pp$ bride/nn ?/. ?/. Gynecologists/nns and/cc marriage/nn manuals/nns began/vbd to/to advise/vb that/cs the/at bride/nn should/md consult/vb a/at physician/nn before/in marriage/nn ./. If/cs he/pps foresaw/vbd any/dti problem/nn because/rb of/in the/at quality/nn of/in the/at hymen/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz recommended/vbn that/cs simple/jj procedures/nns be/be undertaken/vbn at/in once/rb to/to incise/vb the/at hymen/nn or/cc ,/, preferably/rb ,/, to/to dilate/vb it/ppo ./. As/cs a/at natural/jj outgrowth/nn of/in this/dt approach/nn it/pps was/bedz often/rb suggested/vbn that/cs the/at doctor/nn should/md complete/vb the/at preparation/nn for/in painless/jj intercourse/nn by/in dilating/vbg the/at vagina/nn ./. This/dt recommendation/nn was/bedz based/vbn on/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at hymen/nn was/bedz not/* the/at only/ap barrier/nn to/in smooth/jj consummation/nn of/in the/at sex/nn act/nn ./. The/at vagina/nn is/bez an/at organ/nn capable/jj of/in remarkable/jj contraction/nn and/cc dilation/nn ./. This/dt is/bez obvious/jj when/wrb it/pps is/bez remembered/vbn that/cs ,/, during/in childbirth/nn ,/, the/at vagina/nn must/md dilate/vb enough/rb to/to permit/vb the/at passage/nn of/in the/at baby/nn ./. The/at intricate/jj system/nn of/in muscles/nns that/wps manage/vb the/at contraction/nn and/cc dilatation/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn are/ber partly/rb under/in voluntary/jj control/nn ./. But/cc an/at instinctive/jj reflex/nn may/md work/vb against/in the/at conscious/jj intention/nn of/in the/at woman/nn ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, when/wrb first/od penetration/nn takes/vbz place/nn ,/, the/at pressure/nn and/cc pain/nn signals/nns may/md involuntarily/rb cause/vb all/abn the/at vaginal/jj muscles/nns to/to contract/vb in/in an/at effort/nn to/to bar/vb the/at intrusion/nn and/cc prevent/vb further/ap pain/nn ./. The/at advantages/nns of/in dilatation/nn by/in the/at physician/nn are/ber both/abx physical/jj and/cc psychological/jj ./. Since/cs it/pps is/bez a/at purely/ql professional/jj situation/nn ,/, none/pn of/in the/at pain/nn is/bez associated/vbn with/in love-making/nn or/cc the/at beloved/jj ./. By/in using/vbg instruments/nns of/in gradually/rb increasing/vbg size/nn ,/, the/at vagina/nn is/bez gently/rb ,/, and/cc with/in minimum/jj pain/nn at/in each/dt stage/nn ,/, taught/vbn to/to yield/vb to/in an/at object/nn of/in the/at appropriate/jj shape/nn ./. In/in this/dt process/nn the/at vaginal/jj muscles/nns come/vb under/in better/jjr conscious/jj control/nn by/in the/at girl/nn ./. She/pps learns/vbz how/wrb to/to relax/vb them/ppo to/to accept/vb --/-- instead/rb of/in contracting/vbg them/ppo to/to repel/vb --/-- the/at entering/vbg object/nn ./. Apart/rb from/in the/at standard/jj problem/nn of/in controlling/vbg the/at vaginal/jj muscles/nns ,/, other/ap serious/jj barriers/nns may/md exist/vb that/wps need/vb special/jj gynecological/jj treatment/nn ./. It/pps is/bez far/ql better/jjr to/to have/hv such/jj conditions/nns treated/vbn in/in advance/nn than/cs to/to have/hv them/ppo show/vb up/rp on/in the/at honeymoon/nn where/wrb they/ppss can/md create/vb a/at really/ql serious/jj situation/nn ./. When/wrb no/at medical/jj problems/nns exist/vb ,/, the/at newly/rb married/vbn couple/nn generally/rb prefer/vb to/to cope/vb with/in the/at adjustments/nns of/in their/pp$ new/jj relationship/nn by/in themselves/ppls ./. Special/jj information/nn and/cc guidance/nn about/in the/at possible/jj difficulties/nns are/ber still/rb of/in great/jj value/nn ./. Folk-lore/nn ,/, superstition/nn and/cc remembered/vbn passages/nns from/in erotic/jj literature/nn can/md create/vb physical/jj and/cc emotional/jj problems/nns if/cs blindly/rb taken/vbn as/cs scientific/jj facts/nns and/cc useful/jj hints/nns ./. The/at importance/nn of/in loving/vbg tenderness/nn is/bez obvious/jj ./. The/at long/jj ,/, unhurried/jj approach/nn and/cc the/at deliberate/jj prolongation/nn of/in fore-play/nn work/vb on/in several/ap levels/nns ./. Under/in the/at excitement/nn of/in caresses/nns and/cc sexual/jj stimulation/nn the/at vagina/nn relaxes/vbz and/cc dilates/vbz and/cc the/at local/jj moisture/nn greatly/rb increases/vbz ,/, providing/vbg an/at excellent/jj lubricant/nn to/to help/vb achieve/vb an/at easier/jjr penetration/nn ./. Extensive/jj observations/nns by/in physicians/nns during/in vaginal/jj examinations/nns have/hv established/vbn the/at fact/nn that/cs a/at single/ap finger/nn inserted/vbn along/in the/at anterior/jj wall/nn (/( the/at top/jjs line/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn as/cs the/at woman/nn lies/vbz on/in her/pp$ back/nn )/) may/md cause/vb a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in distress/nn in/in a/at virgin/nn ./. But/cc during/in the/at same/ap examination/nn ,/, two/cd fingers/nns may/md be/be inserted/vbn along/in the/at posterior/jj wall/nn (/( the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn in/in the/at same/ap position/nn )/) without/in any/dti pain/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in fact/nn without/in any/dti difficulty/nn if/cs the/at pressure/nn is/bez kept/vbn downward/rb at/in all/abn times/nns ./. These/dts regional/jj differences/nns of/in sensitivity/nn to/in pain/nn may/md be/be of/in crucial/jj significance/nn during/in the/at earliest/jjt intercourse/nn ./. The/at husband/nn and/cc wife/nn should/md start/vb with/in this/dt anatomical/jj information/nn clearly/rb in/in mind/nn ./. They/ppss may/md then/rb adjust/vb their/pp$ positions/nns and/cc movements/nns to/to avoid/vb too/ql much/ap pressure/nn on/in the/at urethra/nn and/cc the/at anterior/jj wall/nn of/in the/at vagina/nn ;/. ;/. at/in least/ap until/cs repeated/vbn intercourse/nn has/hvz dilated/vbn it/ppo and/cc pain/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at possible/jj threat/nn against/in the/at full/jj pleasure/nn of/in love-making/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at technical/jj procedure/nn in/in medical/jj examinations/nns may/md be/be wisely/rb adapted/vbn to/in his/pp$ romantic/jj purposes/nns by/in the/at husband/nn during/in the/at honeymoon/nn ./. Locker-room/nn talk/nn often/rb stresses/vbz the/at idea/nn that/cs a/at man/nn is/bez doing/vbg the/at girl/nn a/at favor/nn if/cs he/pps is/bez forceful/jj and/cc ruthless/jj during/in the/at first/od penetration/nn ./. The/at false/jj reasoning/nn is/bez that/cs a/at gradual/jj advance/nn prolongs/vbz the/at pain/nn while/cs a/at swift/jj powerful/jj act/nn gets/vbz it/ppo over/rp with/rb and/cc leaves/vbz the/at girl/nn pleased/vbn with/in his/pp$ virility/nn and/cc grateful/jj for/in his/pp$ decisiveness/nn in/in settling/vbg the/at problem/nn once/rb and/cc for/in all/abn ./. Such/jj talk/nn is/bez seriously/rb in/in error/nn ./. Ruthlessness/nn at/in this/dt time/nn can/md be/be a/at very/ql severe/jj shock/nn to/in the/at bride/nn ,/, both/abx physically/rb and/cc psychologically/rb ./. The/at insistent/jj ,/, forceful/jj penetration/nn may/md tear/vb and/cc inflame/vb the/at vaginal/jj walls/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs do/do excessive/jj damage/nn to/in the/at hymen/nn ./. The/at pain/nn and/cc distress/nn associated/vbn with/in the/at performance/nn may/md easily/rb give/vb the/at wife/nn a/at deep-seated/jj dread/nn of/in marital/jj relations/nns and/cc cause/vb her/ppo ,/, unconsciously/rb ,/, to/to make/vb the/at sex/nn act/nn unpleasant/jj and/cc difficult/jj for/in both/abx by/in exercising/vbg her/pp$ vaginal/jj muscles/nns to/to complicate/vb his/pp$ penetration/nn instead/rb of/in relaxing/vbg them/ppo to/to facilitate/vb it/ppo ./. Serious/jj attention/nn must/md also/rb be/be given/vbn to/in the/at husband's/nn$ problems/nns in/in the/at honeymoon/nn situation/nn ./. The/at necessity/nn for/in keeping/vbg alert/jj to/in his/pp$ bride's/nn$ hazards/nns can/md act/vb as/cs an/at interference/nn with/in the/at man's/nn$ spontaneous/jj desire/nn ./. The/at emotional/jj stimulation/nn may/md be/be so/ql great/jj that/cs he/pps may/md experience/vb a/at premature/jj climax/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at very/ql common/jj experience/nn and/cc should/md in/in no/at way/nn discourage/vb or/cc dishearten/vb either/cc husband/nn or/cc wife/nn ./. Or/cc the/at frequent/jj need/nn to/to check/vb and/cc discipline/vb himself/ppl to/in the/at wisest/jjt pace/nn of/in the/at consummation/nn can/md put/vb him/ppo off/in stride/nn and/cc make/vb it/ppo impossible/jj for/in him/ppo to/to be/be continuously/rb ready/jj for/in penetration/nn over/in a/at long/jj period/nn ./. The/at signals/nns to/to proceed/vb may/md therefore/rb come/vb when/wrb he/pps is/bez momentarily/rb not/* able/jj to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in them/ppo ./. The/at best/jjt course/nn is/bez to/to recover/vb his/pp$ physical/jj excitement/nn by/in a/at change/nn of/in pace/nn that/wps makes/vbz him/ppo ardent/jj again/rb ./. This/dt may/md require/vb imagination/nn and/cc reminding/vbg himself/ppl that/cs now/rb he/pps can/md be/be demanding/vbg and/cc self-centered/jj ./. He/pps can/md take/vb security/nn from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at progress/nn he/pps has/hvz made/vbn by/in his/pp$ gentle/jj approach/nn will/md not/* be/be lost/vbn ./. Now/rb while/cs he/pps uses/vbz talk/nn ,/, caresses/nns or/cc requires/vbz caresses/nns from/in her/ppo ,/, his/pp$ bride/nn will/md sympathetically/rb understand/vb the/at situation/nn and/cc eagerly/rb help/vb him/ppo restore/vb his/pp$ physical/jj situation/nn so/cs they/ppss can/md have/hv the/at consummation/nn they/ppss both/abx so/ql eagerly/rb desire/vb ./. A/at final/jj word/nn ./. The/at accumulated/vbn information/nn on/in this/dt point/nn shows/vbz that/cs first/od intercourse/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb it/pps is/bez achieved/vbn with/in minimum/jj pain/nn or/cc difficulty/nn ,/, is/bez seldom/rb an/at overwhelming/jj sexual/jj experience/nn to/in a/at woman/nn ./. Too/ql many/ap new/jj things/nns are/ber happening/vbg for/cs it/ppo to/to be/be a/at complete/jj erotic/jj fulfillment/nn ./. Only/rb under/in rare/jj circumstances/nns would/md a/at bride/nn experience/nn an/at orgasm/nn during/in her/pp$ first/od intercourse/nn ./. Both/abx man/nn and/cc wife/nn should/md be/be aware/jj of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs a/at lack/nn of/in climax/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb the/at absence/nn of/in the/at anticipated/vbn keen/jj pleasure/nn are/ber not/* a/at sign/nn that/cs the/at wife/nn may/md be/be cold/jj or/cc frigid/jj ./. If/cs the/at early/jj approaches/nns are/ber wise/jj ,/, understanding/vbg and/cc patient/jj ,/, the/at satisfactions/nns of/in marital/jj fulfillment/nn will/md probably/rb be/be discovered/vbn before/cs the/at marriage/nn is/bez much/ql older/jjr ./. Writing/vbg in/in a/at large/jj volume/nn on/in the/at nude/jj in/in painting/vbg and/cc sculptures/nns ,/, titled/vbn The/at-tl Nude/jj-tl :/: A/at-tl Study/nn-tl In/in-tl Ideal/jj-tl Form/nn-tl ,/, Kenneth/np Clark/np declares/vbz :/: ``/`` The/at human/jj body/nn ,/, as/cs a/at nucleus/nn ,/, is/bez rich/jj in/in associations/nns ./. It/pps is/bez ourselves/ppls and/cc arouses/vbz memories/nns of/in all/abn the/at things/nns we/ppss wish/vb to/to do/do with/in ourselves/ppls ''/'' ./. Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez a/at clue/nn to/in the/at amazing/jj variety/nn and/cc power/nn of/in reactions/nns ,/, attitudes/nns ,/, and/cc emotions/nns precipitated/vbn by/in the/at nude/jj form/nn ./. The/at wide/jj divergence/nn of/in reactions/nns is/bez clearly/rb illustrated/vbn in/in the/at Kinsey/np studies/nns in/in human/jj sexuality/nn ./. Differences/nns were/bed related/vbn to/in social/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, and/cc educational/jj backgrounds/nns ./. Whereas/cs persons/nns of/in eighth/od grade/nn education/nn or/cc less/ap were/bed more/ql apt/jj to/to avoid/vb or/cc be/be shocked/vbn by/in nudity/nn ,/, those/dts educated/vbn beyond/in the/at eighth/od grade/nn increasingly/rb welcomed/vbd and/cc approved/vbd nudity/nn in/in sexual/jj relations/nns ./. Such/jj understanding/nn helps/vbz to/to explain/vb why/wrb one/cd matron/nn celebrating/vbg thirty-five/cd years/nns of/in married/vbn life/nn could/md declare/vb with/in some/dti pride/nn that/cs her/pp$ husband/nn had/hvd ``/`` never/rb seen/vbn her/ppo entirely/ql naked/jj ''/'' ,/, while/cs another/dt woman/nn ,/, boasting/vbg an/at equal/jj number/nn of/in years/nns of/in married/vbn life/nn ,/, is/bez proud/jj of/in having/hvg ``/`` shared/vbn the/at nudist/nn way/nn of/in life/nn --/-- the/at really/ql free/jj ,/, natural/jj nude/jj life/nn --/-- for/in most/ap of/in that/dt period/nn ''/'' ./. Attempts/nns at/in censorship/nn always/rb involve/vb and/cc reveal/vb such/jj complex/jj and/cc multiple/jj individual/jj reactions/nns ./. The/at indignant/jj crusader/nn sees/vbz the/at nude/jj or/cc semi-nude/jj human/jj form/nn as/cs ``/`` lewd/jj and/cc pornographic/jj ,/, a/at threat/nn and/cc danger/nn ''/'' to/in all/abn the/at young/jj ,/, or/cc good/jj ,/, or/cc religious/jj ,/, or/cc moral/jj persons/nns ./. The/at equally/ql ardent/jj proponent/nn of/in freedom/nn from/in any/dti kind/nn of/in censorship/nn may/md find/vb the/at nude/jj human/jj form/nn the/at ``/`` natural/jj ,/, honest/jj ,/, free/jj expression/nn of/in man's/nn$ spirit/nn and/cc the/at epitome/nn of/in beauty/nn and/cc inspiration/nn ''/'' ./. One/pn is/bez always/rb a/at little/jj surprised/vbn to/to bump/vb into/in such/jj individual/jj distinctions/nns when/wrb it/pps is/bez unexpected/jj ./. I/ppss still/rb recall/vb the/at mild/jj shock/nn I/ppss experienced/vbd in/in reading/vbg material/nn of/in an/at enthusiastic/jj advocate/nn of/in the/at ``/`` clean/jj ,/, healthful/jj ,/, free/jj way/nn of/in natural/jj life/nn in/in nudism/nn ''/'' ,/, who/wps seemed/vbd to/to brave/vb much/ap misunderstanding/nn and/cc persecution/nn in/in fine/jj spirit/nn ./.

cf08

cf08 |@word tradition:1 poetry:1 marriage:20 bed:5 place:4 unity:1 harmony:1 partner:7 bring:2 unselfish:1 love:1 take:5 away:3 equal:1 share:1 pleasure:3 joy:2 ecstatic:1 moment:1 husband:31 wife:38 elevate:1 far:2 worldly:1 care:1 everything:1 else:1 close:1 ideal:1 expert:4 say:13 mutual:2 contribution:1 seldom:2 achieve:1 instead:1 one:13 dominate:6 sexual:20 relationship:8 past:2 dominant:3 passive:3 today:3 sign:2 role:5 reverse:2 grow:1 number:2 american:2 home:4 counselor:3 report:1 commanding:1 decide:1 time:2 surrounding:1 frequency:1 act:5 aye:1 nay:1 intimate:1 question:2 technique:2 mechanic:1 whole:2 tailor:1 beyond:1 certain:2 point:4 course:3 woman:14 nature:2 see:1 little:2 doubt:1 many:6 boss:1 marital:2 remain:2 old:3 fashioned:1 maintain:1 supremacy:2 yet:3 even:5 psychologist:9 assert:4 strongly:1 meek:1 submissive:2 tiger:1 mother:1 grandmother:1 standard:1 trend:2 inevitable:1 consider:2 simply:2 society:3 emancipate:2 give:3 new:6 independence:2 authority:3 natural:1 exist:2 vacuum:1 declare:4 dr:20 mary:1 steichen:1 calderone:6 medical:1 director:2 plan:1 parenthood:1 federation:1 america:1 author:1 recent:2 book:1 release:1 tension:1 reflect:1 go:2 area:2 world:3 active:1 likely:4 produce:1 self:3 assertive:3 agree:2 domination:4 sex:9 unhealthy:1 dangerous:1 fact:3 wreck:1 sexually:5 selfish:2 heedless:1 desire:5 cheat:1 fulfillment:1 intend:1 begin:8 regard:1 savage:1 bestial:1 unworthy:1 hand:2 wifely:1 demean:1 sap:1 respect:1 robs:1 masculinity:1 target:1 ridicule:1 often:9 since:1 private:2 affair:5 rarely:1 outside:1 well:4 survive:1 almost:3 kind:2 stress:2 except:1 open:1 direct:1 challenge:2 maleness:1 opinion:1 support:1 nation:1 leading:1 psychiatrist:2 maurice:2 linden:5 mental:1 health:2 division:1 philadelphia:1 department:1 public:1 become:10 leader:1 follower:1 effect:1 otherwise:1 disastrous:1 extreme:1 case:5 cite:2 pittsburgh:1 office:2 worker:1 refuse:2 relation:3 unless:2 buy:1 luxury:1 demand:3 win:1 favor:2 first:2 additional:2 job:6 desperately:1 embezzle:1 employer:1 catch:1 last:2 sentence:1 prison:1 custody:1 divorce:1 typical:1 suburban:1 long:4 island:1 housewife:1 describe:3 repeatedly:1 complain:1 tired:1 please:1 assume:2 domestic:2 chore:1 finally:1 cook:1 washing:1 dish:1 bathe:1 child:2 ironing:1 still:4 york:3 actually:1 schedule:1 write:1 right:2 weekly:1 pta:1 meeting:1 thursday:1 night:2 neighborhood:1 card:1 party:1 another:1 put:1 dollar:1 cent:1 basis:1 every:1 money:2 argument:2 rebuff:1 overture:1 matter:1 settle:1 like:4 type:1 young:1 sophisticated:1 smart:1 whip:1 girl:1 sacrifice:1 promising:1 career:2 know:1 power:1 urge:1 use:3 manipulate:1 usually:1 educate:1 professional:1 preoccupied:1 organization:1 man:11 whose:1 motto:1 get:2 ahead:1 rock:1 boat:1 sometimes:3 lead:1 demandingly:1 hem:1 unable:1 supreme:1 least:1 though:1 accustomed:1 submit:1 without:1 live:2 rule:2 suggest:1 bind:1 blame:1 topsy:1 turvy:1 attempt:1 control:1 contend:2 merely:1 pathetic:1 effort:1 compel:1 pay:1 much:1 attention:1 naturally:1 ever:1 completely:1 monopolize:1 initiative:1 also:1 consummate:1 generally:2 however:4 mercy:1 pattern:2 morton:1 schillinger:4 lincoln:2 institute:2 psychotherapy:1 hover:1 anxiously:1 eagerly:1 virtually:2 tremble:1 hope:2 flash:1 signal:1 tonight:1 seriously:1 domineering:1 speak:1 character:1 henpecked:1 shrewish:1 comic:1 figure:1 standing:1 literature:1 stage:1 evidence:1 milquetoast:1 suddenly:3 embolden:1 cross:1 threshhold:1 master:1 bedroom:1 furthermore:1 docile:1 retire:1 always:3 around:2 frigid:1 homosexual:1 restrain:1 life:2 confide:1 theodor:1 reik:1 prefer:1 aggressor:1 ask:2 reply:1 primly:1 activity:1 gentleman:1 unusual:1 abroad:1 build:1 dominating:1 male:2 bible:1 appear:1 endorse:1 concept:1 family:3 survival:1 western:1 frontier:1 example:1 could:2 quite:2 literally:2 depend:2 strength:1 ability:1 bacon:1 dependent:1 judgment:1 anything:1 include:1 carry:1 urbanized:1 late:2 19th:1 early:1 20th:1 century:1 roost:1 good:1 bull:1 roaring:1 father:1 manner:1 day:1 mighty:1 sphere:2 grandma:1 expect:1 marion:1 hilliard:1 toronto:1 gynecologist:1 sum:1 attitude:1 90:1 period:2 shamefacedly:1 think:1 history:1 indicate:1 turning:1 date:1 suffrage:1 marketplace:1 era:1 flapper:1 bathtub:1 gin:1 everyone:1 toward:1 female:3 aggressiveness:3 tremendously:1 accelerate:1 postwar:1 rush:1 suburb:1 leave:1 alone:1 mile:1 city:1 modern:1 duty:1 normally:1 reserve:1 circumstance:1 undisputed:1 sway:1 rear:1 handling:1 maintenance:1 find:4 cope:1 problem:3 helpless:1 taste:1 darkness:1 balance:1 checkbook:1 fix:1 car:1 choose:1 deal:1 tradesman:1 concern:1 factor:1 help:1 make:3 comparatively:1 discovery:1 true:1 depth:1 response:2 manual:1 magazine:1 article:1 importance:1 climax:1 detail:1 capacity:1 noted:1 researcher:1 albert:1 ellis:3 flatly:1 superior:1 accord:2 average:1 capable:1 great:1 arousal:1 surprisingly:1 recently:1 enlighten:1 claim:1 capability:1 paradoxically:2 despise:1 stand:1 aggressive:2 want:1 knuckle:1 face:1 turn:1 inadequate:1 fail:1 gain:1 satisfaction:1 disgusted:1 weak:1 flurry:1 series:1 extramarital:1 strong:1 personality:1 lover:1 conquer:1 reduce:1 passivity:1 hop:1 next:1 list:1 temporary:1 trigger:1 passing:1 urgent:1 emotional:1 need:2 thus:1 butt:1 stone:1 wall:1 may:4 unusually:1 champion:1 work:1 return:1 burst:1 sweep:1 feel:1 age:1 creep:1 vigorous:1 reassurance:1 desirable:1 sudden:1 court:1 flatter:1 coax:1 ego:1 lift:1 remark:1 couple:2 measure:1 general:1 yardstick:1 agreement:1 approach:1 difference:1 important:1 satisfied:1 adjustment:1 brief:1 shake:1 cure:1 must:4 lie:1 back:1 belong:1 comments:1 basic:1 step:1 expressive:1 demanding:1 less:1 understanding:1 continue:1 worry:1 fear:1 success:1 trick:1 play:1

In/in tradition/nn and/cc in/in poetry/nn ,/, the/at marriage/nn bed/nn is/bez a/at place/nn of/in unity/nn and/cc harmony/nn ./. The/at partners/nns each/dt bring/vb to/in it/ppo unselfish/jj love/nn ,/, and/cc each/dt takes/vbz away/rb an/at equal/jj share/nn of/in pleasure/nn and/cc joy/nn ./. At/in its/pp$ most/ql ecstatic/jj moments/nns ,/, husband/nn and/cc wife/nn are/ber elevated/vbn far/ql above/in worldly/jj cares/nns ./. Everything/pn else/rb is/bez closed/vbn away/rb ./. This/dt is/bez the/at ideal/jj ./. But/cc marriage/nn experts/nns say/vb that/cs such/jj mutual/jj contribution/nn and/cc mutual/jj joy/nn are/ber seldom/rb achieved/vbn ./. Instead/rb one/cd partner/nn or/cc the/at other/ap dominates/vbz the/at sexual/jj relationship/nn ./. In/in the/at past/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben the/at husband/nn who/wps has/hvz been/ben dominant/jj and/cc the/at wife/nn passive/jj ./. But/cc today/nr there/ex are/ber signs/nns that/cs these/dts roles/nns are/ber being/beg reversed/vbn ./. In/in a/at growing/vbg number/nn of/in American/jj homes/nns ,/, marriage/nn counselors/nns report/vb ,/, the/at wife/nn is/bez taking/vbg a/at commanding/vbg role/nn in/in sexual/jj relationships/nns ./. It/pps is/bez she/pps who/wps decides/vbz the/at time/nn ,/, the/at place/nn ,/, the/at surroundings/nns ,/, and/cc the/at frequency/nn of/in the/at sexual/jj act/nn ./. It/pps is/bez she/pps who/wps says/vbz aye/rb or/cc nay/rb to/in the/at intimate/jj questions/nns of/in sexual/jj technique/nn and/cc mechanics/nns --/-- not/* the/at husband/nn ./. The/at whole/jj act/nn is/bez tailored/vbn to/in her/pp$ pleasure/nn ,/, and/cc not/* to/in theirs/pp$$ ./. Beyond/in a/at certain/jj point/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, no/at woman/nn can/md be/be dominant/jj --/-- nature/nn has/hvz seen/vbn to/in that/dt ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs in/in many/ap marriages/nns the/at wife/nn is/bez boss/nn of/in the/at marital/jj bed/nn ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex remain/vb many/ap ``/`` old-fashioned/jj ''/'' marriages/nns in/in which/wdt the/at husband/nn maintains/vbz his/pp$ supremacy/nn ./. Yet/cc even/rb in/in these/dts marriages/nns ,/, psychologists/nns say/vb ,/, wives/nns are/ber asserting/vbg themselves/ppls more/ql strongly/rb ./. The/at meekest/jjt ,/, most/ql submissive/jj wife/nn of/in today/nr is/bez a/at tiger/nn by/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ or/cc grandmother's/nn$ standards/nns ./. To/in many/ap experts/nns ,/, this/dt trend/nn was/bedz inevitable/jj ./. They/ppss consider/vb it/ppo simply/rb a/at sign/nn of/in our/pp$ times/nns ./. Our/pp$ society/nn has/hvz ``/`` emancipated/vbn ''/'' the/at woman/nn ,/, giving/vbg her/ppo new/jj independence/nn and/cc new/jj authority/nn ./. It/pps is/bez only/rb natural/jj that/cs she/pps assert/vb herself/ppl in/in the/at sexual/jj role/nn ./. ``/`` The/at sexual/jj relationship/nn does/doz not/* exist/vb in/in a/at vacuum/nn ''/'' ,/, declares/vbz Dr./nn-tl Mary/np Steichen/np Calderone/np ,/, medical/jj director/nn of/in the/at Planned/vbn-tl Parenthood/nn-tl Federation/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np and/cc author/nn of/in the/at recent/jj book/nn ,/, Release/nn-tl From/in-tl Sexual/jj-tl Tensions/nns-tl ./. ``/`` It/pps reflects/vbz what/wdt is/bez going/vbg on/rp in/in other/ap areas/nns of/in the/at marriage/nn and/cc in/in society/nn itself/ppl ./. A/at world/nn in/in which/wdt wives/nns have/hv taken/vbn a/at more/ql active/jj role/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to produce/vb sexual/jj relationships/nns in/in which/wdt wives/nns are/ber more/ql self-assertive/jj ,/, too/rb ''/'' ./. Yet/cc many/ap psychologists/nns and/cc marriage/nn counselors/nns agree/vb that/cs domination/nn of/in the/at sex/nn relationship/nn by/in one/cd partner/nn or/cc the/at other/ap can/md be/be unhealthy/jj and/cc even/rb dangerous/jj ./. It/pps can/md ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, wreck/vb a/at marriage/nn ./. When/wrb a/at husband/nn is/bez sexually/rb selfish/jj and/cc heedless/jj of/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ desires/nns ,/, she/pps is/bez cheated/vbn of/in the/at fulfillment/nn and/cc pleasure/nn nature/nn intended/vbd for/in her/ppo ./. And/cc she/pps begins/vbz to/to regard/vb him/ppo as/cs savage/jj ,/, bestial/jj and/cc unworthy/jj ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, wifely/jj supremacy/nn demeans/vbz the/at husband/nn ,/, saps/vbz his/pp$ self-respect/nn ,/, and/cc robs/vbz him/ppo of/in his/pp$ masculinity/nn ./. He/pps is/bez a/at target/nn of/in ridicule/nn to/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, and/cc often/rb --/-- since/cs private/jj affairs/nns rarely/rb remain/vb private/jj --/-- to/in the/at outside/jj world/nn as/ql well/rb ./. ``/`` A/at marriage/nn can/md survive/vb almost/rb any/dti kind/nn of/in stress/nn except/in an/at open/jj and/cc direct/jj challenge/nn to/in the/at husband's/nn$ maleness/nn ''/'' ,/, declares/vbz Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np ./. This/dt opinion/nn is/bez supported/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at nation's/nn$ leading/vbg psychiatrists/nns ,/, Dr./nn-tl Maurice/np E./np Linden/np ,/, director/nn of/in the/at Mental/jj-tl Health/nn-tl Division/nn-tl of/in the/at Philadelphia/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Health/nn-tl ./. ``/`` When/wrb the/at roles/nns of/in husband/nn and/cc wife/nn are/ber reversed/vbn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at wife/nn becomes/vbz leader/nn and/cc the/at husband/nn follower/nn ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Linden/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` the/at effects/nns on/in their/pp$ whole/jj relationship/nn ,/, sexual/jj and/cc otherwise/rb ,/, can/md be/be disastrous/jj ''/'' ./. In/in one/cd extreme/jj case/nn ,/, cited/vbn by/in a/at Pittsburgh/np psychologist/nn ,/, an/at office/nn worker's/nn$ wife/nn refused/vbd to/to have/hv sexual/jj relations/nns with/in her/pp$ husband/nn unless/cs he/pps bought/vbd her/ppo the/at luxuries/nns she/pps demanded/vbd ./. To/to win/vb her/pp$ favors/nns ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn first/rb took/vbd an/at additional/jj job/nn ,/, then/rb desperately/rb began/vbd to/to embezzle/vb from/in his/pp$ employer/nn ./. Caught/vbn at/in last/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz sentenced/vbn to/in prison/nn ./. While/cs he/pps was/bedz in/in custody/nn his/pp$ wife/nn divorced/vbd him/ppo ./. More/ql typical/jj is/bez the/at case/nn of/in a/at suburban/jj Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl housewife/nn described/vbn by/in a/at marriage/nn counselor/nn ./. This/dt woman/nn repeatedly/rb complained/vbd she/pps was/bedz ``/`` too/ql tired/jj ''/'' for/in marital/jj relations/nns ./. To/to please/vb her/ppo ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn assumed/vbd some/dti of/in the/at domestic/jj chores/nns ./. Finally/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz cooking/vbg ,/, washing/vbg dishes/nns ,/, bathing/vbg the/at children/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb ironing/vbg --/-- and/cc still/rb his/pp$ wife/nn refused/vbd to/to have/hv relations/nns as/ql often/rb as/cs he/pps desired/vbd them/ppo ./. One/cd wife/nn ,/, described/vbn by/in a/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl psychologist/nn ,/, so/ql dominated/vbd her/pp$ husband/nn that/cs she/pps actually/rb placed/vbd their/pp$ sexual/jj relationship/nn on/in a/at schedule/nn ,/, writing/vbg it/ppo down/rp right/ql between/in the/at weekly/jj PTA/nn meetings/nns and/cc the/at Thursday-night/jj neighborhood/nn card/nn parties/nns ./. Another/dt put/vbd sex/nn on/in a/at dollars-and-cents/nns basis/nn ./. After/in every/at money/nn argument/nn ,/, she/pps rebuffed/vbd her/pp$ husband's/nn$ overtures/nns until/cs the/at matter/nn was/bedz settled/vbn in/in her/pp$ favor/nn ./. Experts/nns say/vb the/at partners/nns in/in marriages/nns like/cs these/dts can/md almost/rb be/be typed/vbn ./. The/at wife/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be young/jj ,/, sophisticated/jj ,/, smart/jj as/cs a/at whip/nn --/-- often/rb a/at girl/nn who/wps has/hvz sacrificed/vbn a/at promising/jj career/nn for/in marriage/nn ./. She/pps knows/vbz the/at power/nn of/in the/at sex/nn urge/nn and/cc how/wrb to/to use/vb it/ppo to/to manipulate/vb her/pp$ husband/nn ./. The/at husband/nn is/bez usually/rb a/at well-educated/jj professional/nn ,/, preoccupied/vbn with/in his/pp$ job/nn --/-- often/rb an/at organization/nn man/nn whose/wp$ motto/nn for/in getting/vbg ahead/rb is/bez :/: ``/`` Don't/do* rock/vb the/at boat/nn ''/'' ./. Sometimes/rb this/dt leads/vbz to/in his/pp$ becoming/nn demandingly/rb dominant/jj in/in marriage/nn ./. Hemmed/vbn in/rp on/in the/at job/nn and/cc unable/jj to/to assert/vb himself/ppl ,/, he/pps uses/vbz the/at sex/nn act/nn so/cs he/pps can/md be/be supreme/jj in/in at/in least/ap one/cd area/nn ./. More/ql often/rb ,/, though/rb ,/, he/pps is/bez so/ql accustomed/vbn to/in submitting/vbg to/in authority/nn on/in the/at job/nn without/in argument/nn that/cs he/pps lives/vbz by/in the/at same/ap rule/nn at/in home/nn ./. Some/dti psychologists/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, suggest/vb that/cs career-bound/jj husbands/nns often/rb are/ber more/rbr to/to blame/vb for/in topsy-turvy/jj marriages/nns than/cs their/pp$ wives/nns ./. The/at wife's/nn$ attempt/nn at/in control/nn ,/, these/dts psychologists/nns contend/vb ,/, is/bez sometimes/rb merely/rb a/at pathetic/jj effort/nn to/to compel/vb her/pp$ husband/nn to/to pay/vb as/ql much/ap attention/nn to/in her/ppo as/cs he/pps does/doz to/in his/pp$ job/nn ./. Naturally/rb no/at woman/nn can/md ever/rb completely/rb monopolize/vb the/at sexual/jj initiative/nn ./. Unless/cs her/pp$ husband/nn also/rb desires/vbz sex/nn ,/, the/at act/nn cannot/md* be/be consummated/vbn ./. Generally/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in such/jj marriages/nns as/cs those/dts cited/vbn ,/, the/at husband/nn is/bez at/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ mercy/nn ./. ``/`` The/at pattern/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Morton/np Schillinger/np ,/, psychologist/nn at/in New/jj-tl York's/np$-tl Lincoln/np-tl Institute/nn-tl for/in-tl Psychotherapy/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` is/bez for/in the/at husband/nn to/to hover/vb about/rb anxiously/rb and/cc eagerly/rb ,/, virtually/rb trembling/vbg in/in his/pp$ hope/nn that/cs she/pps will/md flash/vb him/ppo the/at signal/nn that/cs tonight/nr is/bez the/at night/nn ''/'' ./. No/at one/pn seriously/rb contends/vbz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs the/at domineering/vbg wife/nn is/bez ,/, sexually/rb speaking/vbg ,/, a/at new/jj character/nn in/in our/pp$ world/nn ./. After/in all/abn ,/, the/at henpecked/vbn husband/nn with/in his/pp$ shrewish/jj wife/nn is/bez a/at comic/jj figure/nn of/in long/jj standing/nn ,/, in/in literature/nn and/cc on/in the/at stage/nn ,/, as/cs Dr./nn-tl Schillinger/np points/vbz out/rp ./. There/ex is/bez no/at evidence/nn that/cs these/dts Milquetoasts/nns-tl became/vbd suddenly/rb emboldened/vbn when/wrb they/ppss crossed/vbd the/at threshhold/nn of/in the/at master/jjs bedroom/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np says/vbz ,/, a/at certain/jj number/nn of/in docile/jj ,/, retiring/vbg men/nns always/rb have/hv been/ben around/rb ./. They/ppss aren't/ber* ``/`` frigid/jj ''/'' and/cc they/ppss aren't/ber* homosexual/jj ;/. ;/. they're/ppss+ber just/rb restrained/vbn in/in all/abn of/in life/nn ./. They/ppss like/vb to/to be/be dominated/vbn ./. One/cd such/jj man/nn once/rb confided/vbd to/in Dr./nn-tl Theodor/np Reik/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl psychiatrist/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps preferred/vbd to/to have/hv his/pp$ wife/nn the/at sexual/jj aggressor/nn ./. Asked/vbn why/wrb ,/, he/pps replied/vbd primly/rb :/: ``/`` Because/cs that's/dt+bez no/at activity/nn for/in a/at gentleman/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc such/jj cases/nns were/bed ,/, in/in the/at past/nn ,/, unusual/jj ./. Society/nn here/rb and/cc abroad/rb has/hvz been/ben built/vbn around/in the/at dominating/vbg male/nn --/-- even/rb the/at Bible/np appears/vbz to/to endorse/vb the/at concept/nn ./. Family/nn survival/nn on/in our/pp$ own/jj Western/jj-tl frontier/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, could/md quite/ql literally/rb depend/vb on/in a/at man's/nn$ strength/nn and/cc ability/nn to/to bring/vb home/nr the/at bacon/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at dependent/jj wife/nn seldom/rb questioned/vbd his/pp$ judgment/nn about/in anything/pn ,/, including/in the/at marriage/nn bed/nn ./. This/dt carried/vbd over/rp into/in the/at more/ql urbanized/vbn late/jj 19th/od and/cc early/jj 20th/od centuries/nns ,/, when/wrb the/at man/nn ruled/vbd the/at roost/nn in/in the/at best/jjt bull-roaring/jj Life/nn-tl With/in-tl Father/nn-tl manner/nn ./. In/in those/dts days/nns ,/, a/at wife/nn had/hvd mighty/ql few/ap rights/nns in/in the/at domestic/jj sphere/nn and/cc even/ql fewer/ap in/in the/at sexual/jj sphere/nn ./. ``/`` Grandma/nn wasn't/bedz* expected/vbn to/to like/vb it/ppo ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Marion/np Hilliard/np ,/, the/at late/jj Toronto/np gynecologist/nn ,/, once/rb summed/vbd up/rp the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at '90s/nns ./. Wives/nns of/in the/at period/nn shamefacedly/rb thought/vbd of/in themselves/ppls as/cs ``/`` used/vbn ''/'' by/in their/pp$ husbands/nns --/-- and/cc ,/, history/nn indicates/vbz ,/, they/ppss often/rb quite/ql literally/rb were/bed ./. When/wrb was/bedz the/at turning/vbg point/nn ?/. ?/. When/wrb did/dod women/nns begin/vb to/to assert/vb themselves/ppls sexually/rb ?/. ?/. Some/dti date/vb it/ppo from/in woman/nn suffrage/nn ,/, others/nns from/in when/wrb women/nns first/rb began/vbd to/to challenge/vb men/nns in/in the/at marketplace/nn ,/, still/rb others/nns from/in the/at era/nn of/in the/at emancipated/vbn flapper/nn and/cc bathtub/nn gin/nn ./. Virtually/rb everyone/pn agrees/vbz ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs the/at trend/nn toward/in female/jj sexual/jj aggressiveness/nn was/bedz tremendously/rb accelerated/vbn with/in the/at postwar/jj rush/nn to/in the/at suburbs/nns ./. Left/vbn alone/rb while/cs her/pp$ husband/nn was/bedz miles/nns away/rb in/in the/at city/nn ,/, the/at modern/jj wife/nn assumed/vbd more/ap and/cc more/ap duties/nns normally/rb reserved/vbn for/in the/at male/nn ./. Circumstances/nns gave/vbd her/ppo almost/rb undisputed/jj sway/nn over/in child-rearing/nn ,/, money-handling/nn and/cc home/nn maintenance/nn ./. She/pps found/vbd she/pps could/md cope/vb with/in all/abn kinds/nns of/in problems/nns for/in which/wdt she/pps was/bedz once/rb considered/vbn too/ql helpless/jj ./. She/pps liked/vbd this/dt taste/nn of/in authority/nn and/cc independence/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, with/in darkness/nn ,/, was/bedz not/* likely/jj to/to give/vb it/ppo up/rp ./. ``/`` Very/ql few/ap wives/nns ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np ,/, ``/`` who/wps balance/vb the/at checkbook/nn ,/, fix/vb the/at car/nn ,/, choose/vb where/wrb the/at family/nn will/md live/vb and/cc deal/vb with/in the/at tradesmen/nns ,/, are/ber suddenly/rb going/vbg to/to become/vb submissive/jj where/wrb sex/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ./. A/at woman/nn who/wps dominates/vbz other/ap family/nn affairs/nns will/md dominate/vb the/at sexual/jj relationship/nn as/ql well/rb ''/'' ./. And/cc an/at additional/jj factor/nn was/bedz helping/vbg to/to make/vb women/nns more/ap sexually/rb self-assertive/jj --/-- the/at comparatively/ql recent/jj discovery/nn of/in the/at true/jj depths/nns of/in female/jj desire/nn and/cc response/nn ./. Marriage/nn manuals/nns and/cc women's/nns$ magazine/nn articles/nns began/vbd to/to stress/vb the/at importance/nn of/in the/at female/jj climax/nn ./. They/ppss began/vbd to/to describe/vb in/in detail/nn the/at woman's/nn$ capacity/nn for/in response/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at noted/vbn psychologist/nn and/cc sex/nn researcher/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Albert/np Ellis/np ,/, has/hvz declared/vbn flatly/rb that/cs women/nns are/ber ``/`` sexually/rb superior/jj ''/'' to/in men/nns ./. According/in to/in Dr./nn-tl Ellis/np ,/, the/at average/jj 20-year-old/jj American/jj woman/nn is/bez capable/jj of/in far/ql greater/jjr sexual/jj arousal/nn than/cs her/pp$ partner/nn ./. Not/* surprisingly/rb ,/, Dr./nn-tl Ellis/np says/vbz ,/, some/dti recently/rb enlightened/vbn wives/nns are/ber out/rp to/to claim/vb these/dts capabilities/nns ./. Yet/rb ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, according/in to/in Dr./nn-tl Maurice/np Linden/np ,/, many/ap wives/nns despise/vb their/pp$ husbands/nns for/in not/* standing/vbg up/rp to/in them/ppo ./. An/at aggressive/jj woman/nn wants/vbz a/at man/nn to/to demand/vb ,/, not/* knuckle/vb under/rb ./. ``/`` When/wrb the/at husband/nn becomes/vbz passive/jj in/in the/at face/nn of/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ aggressiveness/nn ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Linden/np says/vbz ,/, ``/`` the/at wife/nn ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, finds/vbz him/ppo inadequate/jj ./. Often/rb she/pps fails/vbz to/to gain/vb sexual/jj satisfaction/nn ''/'' ./. One/cd such/jj wife/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Linden/np says/vbz ,/, became/vbd disgusted/vbn with/in her/pp$ weak/jj husband/nn and/cc flurried/vbd through/in a/at series/nn of/in extramarital/jj affairs/nns in/in the/at hope/nn of/in finding/vbg a/at stronger/jjr man/nn ./. But/cc her/pp$ personality/nn was/bedz such/jj that/cs each/dt affair/nn lasted/vbd only/rb until/cs that/dt lover/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, had/hvd been/ben conquered/vbn and/cc reduced/vbn to/in passivity/nn ./. Then/rb the/at wife/nn bed-hopped/vbd to/in the/at next/ap on/in the/at list/nn ./. In/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, domination/nn of/in the/at sex/nn act/nn by/in one/cd partner/nn can/md be/be temporary/jj ,/, triggered/vbn by/in a/at passing/vbg but/cc urgent/jj emotional/jj need/nn ./. Thus/rb a/at man/nn who/wps is/bez butting/vbg a/at stone/nn wall/nn at/in the/at office/nn may/md become/vb unusually/ql aggressive/jj in/in bed/nn --/-- the/at one/cd place/nn he/pps can/md still/rb be/be champion/nn ./. If/cs his/pp$ on-the-job/jj problems/nns work/vb out/rp ,/, he/pps may/md return/vb to/in his/pp$ old/jj pattern/nn ./. Sometimes/rb a/at burst/nn of/in aggressiveness/nn will/md sweep/vb over/in a/at man/nn --/-- or/cc his/pp$ wife/nn --/-- because/cs he/pps or/cc she/pps feels/vbz age/nn creeping/vbg up/rp ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, a/at husband/nn who/wps always/rb has/hvz been/ben vigorous/jj and/cc assertive/jj may/md suddenly/rb become/vb passive/jj --/-- asking/vbg ,/, psychologists/nns say/vb ,/, for/in reassurance/nn that/cs his/pp$ wife/nn still/rb finds/vbz him/ppo desirable/jj ./. Or/cc a/at wife/nn may/md make/vb sudden/jj demands/nns that/cs she/pps be/be courted/vbn ,/, flattered/vbn or/cc coaxed/vbn ,/, simply/rb because/cs she/pps needs/vbz her/pp$ ego/nn lifted/vbn ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np remarks/vbz ,/, such/jj problems/nns are/ber a/at couple's/nn$ own/jj affair/nn ,/, and/cc can't/md* always/rb be/be measured/vbn by/in a/at general/jj yardstick/nn ./. ``/`` As/ql long/rb as/cs the/at couple/nn is/bez in/in agreement/nn in/in their/pp$ approach/nn to/in sex/nn ,/, it/pps makes/vbz little/ap difference/nn if/cs one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap dominates/vbz ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Calderone/np declares/vbz ./. ``/`` The/at important/jj point/nn is/bez that/cs both/abx be/be satisfied/vbn with/in the/at adjustment/nn ''/'' ./. Other/ap experts/nns say/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs if/cs sexual/jj domination/nn by/in one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap partner/nn exists/vbz for/in longer/rbr than/in a/at brief/jj period/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez likely/jj to/to shake/vb the/at marriage/nn ./. And/cc just/rb as/cs domination/nn today/nr often/rb begins/vbz with/in the/at wife/nn ,/, so/rb the/at cure/nn generally/rb must/md lie/vb with/in the/at husband/nn ./. ``/`` To/to get/vb a/at marriage/nn back/rb where/wrb it/pps belongs/vbz ''/'' ,/, comments/vbz Dr./nn-tl Schillinger/np of/in the/at Lincoln/np-tl Institute/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` the/at husband/nn must/md take/vb some/dti very/ql basic/jj steps/nns ./. He/pps must/md begin/vb ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, by/in becoming/vbg more/ql selfish/jj ./. He/pps must/md become/vb more/ql expressive/jj of/in his/pp$ own/jj desires/nns ,/, more/ql demanding/jj and/cc less/ql '/' understanding/jj '/' ''/'' ./. Too/ql many/ap husbands/nns ,/, Dr./nn-tl Schillinger/np continues/vbz ,/, worry/vb about/in ``/`` how/wql well/rb they're/ppss+ber doing/vbg ''/'' ,/, and/cc fear/vb that/cs their/pp$ success/nn depends/vbz on/in some/dti trick/nn or/cc technique/nn of/in sexual/jj play/nn ./.

cf09

cf09 |@word give:7 title:2 lady:4 diana:2 harrington:4 new:8 york:8 another:4 golden:3 girl:9 cafe:4 society:5 houston:5 police:11 third:1 less:2 flamboyant:1 prostitute:5 final:1 say:7 matter:1 since:1 die:3 september:2 20:2 1960:2 diane:16 harris:1 graham:3 30:1 circumstance:1 unusual:1 early:3 life:1 discover:1 man:3 money:2 two:5 come:4 luxury:2 liquor:2 still:4 play:3 pay:1 business:3 top:1 trollop:1 world:4 old:2 profession:1 one:12 rare:1 flash:1 glamour:1 never:4 hide:1 fact:1 like:7 neighbor:1 expensive:1 apartment:5 building:1 tell:6 reporter:1 ash:1 blonde:4 beauty:2 talk:4 time:8 past:1 mickey:3 jelke:7 trial:5 oleomargarine:1 heir:1 minot:1 compulsory:2 prostitution:2 put:1 spotlight:1 international:1 later:4 serve:1 21:1 month:3 find:4 guilty:1 mastermind:1 ring:2 high:2 price:1 call:4 need:2 material:3 witness:3 case:1 search:1 three:1 continent:1 back:3 yard:1 swank:1 hotel:8 course:3 move:6 name:4 make:5 gossip:1 column:1 seize:1 get:5 designation:1 best:1 clothe:1 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She/pps gave/vbd herself/ppl a/at title/nn ,/, Lady/nn-tl Diana/np Harrington/np ./. The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl D.A./np-tl gave/vbd her/ppo another/dt ,/, The/at-tl Golden/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl of/in cafe/nn society/nn ./. Houston/np police/nn gave/vbd her/ppo a/at third/od ,/, less/ql flamboyant/jj ,/, title/nn ,/, prostitute/nn ./. And/cc Houston/np police/nn have/hv the/at final/jj say/nn in/in the/at matter/nn since/cs she/pps died/vbd there/rb on/in September/np 20/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, ``/`` Diane/np Harris/np Graham/np ,/, 30/cd ,/, D.O.A./jj ,/, circumstances/nns --/-- unusual/jj ''/'' ./. Early/rb in/in her/pp$ life/nn she/pps had/hvd discovered/vbn that/cs where/wrb there/ex were/bed men/nns ,/, there/ex was/bedz money/nn ,/, and/cc with/in the/at two/cd came/vbd luxury/nn and/cc liquor/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz still/rb in/in the/at play/nn for/in pay/nn business/nn when/wrb she/pps died/vbd ,/, a/at top/jjs trollop/nn who/wps had/hvd given/vbn the/at world's/nn$ oldest/jjt profession/nn one/cd of/in its/pp$ rare/jj flashes/nns of/in glamour/nn ./. She/pps never/rb hid/vbd the/at fact/nn that/cs she/pps liked/vbd to/to play/vb ./. Her/pp$ neighbors/nns in/in the/at expensive/jj Houston/np apartment/nn building/nn told/vbd reporters/nns that/cs the/at ash-blonde/jj beauty/nn had/hvd talked/vbn at/in times/nns about/in her/pp$ past/nn as/cs ``/`` the/at Golden/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl of/in the/at Mickey/np Jelke/np trial/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at trial/nn of/in oleomargarine/nn heir/nn Minot/np (/( Mickey/np )/) Jelke/np for/in compulsory/jj prostitution/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl that/wps put/vbd the/at spotlight/nn on/in the/at international/jj play-girl/nn ./. (/( Jelke/np later/rbr served/vbd 21/cd months/nns when/wrb he/pps was/bedz found/vbn guilty/jj of/in masterminding/vbg a/at ring/nn of/in high-priced/jj call/nn girls/nns ./. )/) Diane/np was/bedz needed/vbn as/cs a/at material/nn witness/nn in/in the/at case/nn and/cc New/jj-tl York/np-tl police/nn searched/vbd three/cd continents/nns before/cs they/ppss found/vbd her/ppo in/in their/pp$ own/jj back/jj yard/nn --/-- in/in a/at swank/jj hotel/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd been/ben moving/vbg in/in cafe/nn society/nn as/cs Lady/nn-tl Diana/np Harrington/np ,/, a/at name/nn that/wps made/vbd some/dti of/in the/at gossip/nn columns/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz when/wrb she/pps was/bedz seized/vbn as/cs a/at material/nn witness/nn that/cs she/pps got/vbd the/at designation/nn she/pps liked/vbd best/rbt ./. Clad/vbn in/in mink/nn and/cc diamonds/nns ,/, she/pps listened/vbd to/in Assistant/jj-tl District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl Anthony/np Liebler/np describe/vb her/ppo to/in the/at arraigning/vbg judge/nn :/: ``/`` This/dt girl/nn is/bez the/at Golden/jj-tl Girl/nn-tl of/in cafe/nn society/nn ./. ``/`` In/in 1951/cd she/pps was/bedz a/at prostitute/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl County/nn-tl ./. In/in the/at spring/nn and/cc early/jj summer/nn of/in that/dt year/nn she/pps met/vbd a/at wealthy/jj foreign/jj tycoon/nn who/wps took/vbd her/ppo to/in France/np ,/, where/wrb she/pps later/rbr met/vbd a/at very/ql wealthy/jj man/nn and/cc toured/vbd all/abn Europe/np with/in him/ppo ./. ``/`` At/in Deauville/np she/pps met/vbd an/at Egyptian/jj by/in the/at name/nn of/in Pulley/np Bey/np ./. He/pps was/bedz the/at official/jj procurer/nn for/in King/nn-tl Farouk/np ,/, now/rb in/in exile/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz in/in Egypt/np during/in the/at revolution/nn and/cc had/hvd passport/nn difficulty/nn ./. She/pps lied/vbd in/in order/nn to/to get/vb it/ppo ./. ``/`` We/ppss have/hv checked/vbn her/ppo in/in different/jj parts/nns of/in Europe/np and/cc Egypt/np and/cc finally/rb back/rb into/in this/dt country/nn ./. She/pps has/hvz been/ben acting/vbg as/cs a/at prostitute/nn ./. ``/`` Our/pp$ information/nn is/bez that/cs she/pps gave/vbd the/at proceeds/nns of/in her/pp$ acts/nns to/in Jelke/np ''/'' ./. Diane/np sobbingly/rb denied/vbd this/dt to/in the/at court/nn ./. ``/`` That's/dt+bez a/at lie/nn ./. I/ppss never/rb gave/vbd that/dt boy/nn a/at cent/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem not/* a/at prostitute/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss had/hvd only/rb one/cd very/ql wealthy/jj boy/nn friend/nn ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. During/in the/at course/nn of/in the/at trial/nn ,/, Jelke/np backed/vbd up/rp part/nn of/in that/dt statement/nn ./. ``/`` Diane/np is/bez the/at type/nn of/in girl/nn ''/'' ,/, Jelke/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` who/wps wouldn't/md* get/vb loving/vbg --/-- even/rb on/in her/pp$ wedding/nn night/nn --/-- unless/cs you/ppss piled/vbd up/rp all/abn your/pp$ money/nn in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at floor/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc she/pps seemed/vbd to/to have/hv underestimated/vbn the/at number/nn of/in her/pp$ ``/`` boy/nn friends/nns ''/'' ./. She/pps came/vbd to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl from/in Detroit/np as/cs a/at teenager/nn ,/, but/cc with/in a/at ``/`` sponsor/nn ''/'' instead/rb of/in a/at chaperone/nn ./. As/cs she/pps told/vbd it/ppo ,/, ``/`` He's/pps+bez a/at rich/jj boy/nn friend/nn ,/, an/at old/jj guy/nn about/rb 60/cd ''/'' ./. She/pps was/bedz Mary/np Lou/np Brew/np then/rb ,/, wide-eyed/jj ,/, but/cc not/* naive/jj ./. She/pps had/hvd talked/vbn her/pp$ ``/`` boy/nn friend/nn ''/'' into/in sending/vbg her/ppo to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl to/to take/vb a/at screen/nn test/nn ./. The/at screen/nn test/nn was/bedz never/rb made/vbn --/-- but/cc Diane/np was/bedz ./. She/pps quickly/rb moved/vbd into/in cafe/nn society/nn ,/, possibly/rb easing/vbg her/pp$ conscience/nn by/in talking/vbg constantly/rb of/in her/pp$ desire/nn to/to be/be in/in show/nn business/nn ./. She/pps seemed/vbd so/ql anxious/jj to/to go/vb on/in the/at stage/nn that/cs some/dti of/in her/pp$ friends/nns in/in the/at cocktail/nn circuit/nn set/vbd up/rp a/at practical/jj joke/nn ./. An/at ex-fighter/nn was/bedz introduced/vbn to/in her/ppo in/in a/at bar/nn as/cs ``/`` Mr./np Warfield/np ,/, the/at famous/jj producer/nn ''/'' ./. The/at phony/jj producer/nn asked/vbd her/ppo if/cs she/pps would/md like/vb to/to be/be in/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ shows/nns ./. ``/`` I'd/ppss+md love/vb to/to audition/vb for/in you/ppo ''/'' ,/, she/pps gushed/vbd ./. The/at audition/nn was/bedz held/vbn a/at few/ap minutes/nns later/rbr in/in somebody's/pn$ apartment/nn ./. She/pps thought/vbd she/pps had/hvd great/jj possibilities/nns in/in the/at ballet/nn and/cc wanted/vbd to/to show/vb the/at eminent/jj producer/nn how/wql well/rb she/pps could/md dance/vb ./. After/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss can't/md* use/vb you/ppo if/cs you/ppss dance/vb like/cs that/dt ./. I'd/ppss+md like/vb to/to see/vb you/ppo dance/vb nude/jj ''/'' ./. She/pps hastily/rb complied/vbd ./. Diane/np loved/vbd to/to dance/vb in/in the/at nude/jj ,/, something/pn she/pps was/bedz to/to demonstrate/vb time/nn and/cc again/rb ./. She/pps developed/vbd another/dt quaint/jj habit/nn ./. Even/rb among/in the/at fast/jj set/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps was/bedz moving/vbg ,/, her/pp$ method/nn for/in keeping/vbg an/at escort/nn from/in departing/vbg too/ql early/rb was/bedz unique/jj ./. When/wrb the/at date/nn would/md try/vb to/to bid/vb her/ppo good-night/uh at/in the/at door/nn ,/, she/pps would/md tell/vb him/ppo ,/, ``/`` If/cs you/ppss go/vb home/nr now/rb ,/, I'll/ppss+md scream/vb ''/'' ./. More/ql often/rb than/cs not/* he/pps would/md bow/vb to/in the/at inevitable/jj ./. One/cd who/wps needed/vbd no/rb such/jj threats/nns was/bedz a/at French/jj financier/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at blonde's/nn$ yearnings/nns that/wpo he/pps satisfied/vbd was/bedz for/in travel/nn ./. She/pps wanted/vbd to/to go/vb around/in the/at world/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps settled/vbd for/in a/at French/jj holiday/nn ./. In/in an/at anonymous/jj interview/nn with/in a/at French/jj newspaper/nn the/at financier/nn told/vbd of/in spending/vbg several/ap months/nns with/in her/ppo ./. ``/`` Then/rb she/pps went/vbd to/in Deauville/np where/wrb she/pps met/vbd a/at member/nn of/in a/at powerful/jj Greek/jj syndicate/nn of/in gamblers/nns ''/'' ./. The/at Greek/np evidently/rb fell/vbd for/in her/ppo ,/, ``/`` Monsieur/np X/np-tl ''/'' recounted/vbd ,/, and/cc to/to clinch/vb what/wdt he/pps thought/vbd was/bedz an/at affair/nn in/in the/at making/nn he/pps gave/vbd her/ppo 100,000/cd francs/nns (/( about/rb $300/nns )/) and/cc led/vbd her/ppo to/in the/at roulette/nn tables/nns ./. She/pps could/md do/do no/at wrong/nn at/in the/at tables/nns that/dt time/nn ./. And/cc in/in short/jj order/nn the/at croupier/nn had/hvd pushed/vbn several/ap million/cd francs/nns her/pp$ way/nn ./. Smarter/jjr than/cs most/ap gamblers/nns ,/, she/pps slipped/vbd away/rb from/in the/at casino/nn ,/, packed/vbd her/pp$ bag/nn and/cc took/vbd the/at night/nn train/nn to/in Paris/np ./. No/at one/pn ever/rb learned/vbd what/wdt happened/vbd to/in the/at Greek/np ./. The/at luxury/nn of/in Paris'/np$ most/ql fashionable/jj hotel/nn ,/, the/at George/np 5/cd-tl ,/, ,/, bored/vbd the/at beautifully-built/jj blonde/jj ,/, so/rb she/pps high-tailed/vbd it/ppo to/in Rome/np ./. She/pps teamed/vbd up/rp with/in another/dt beauty/nn ,/, whose/wp$ name/nn has/hvz been/ben lost/vbn to/in history/nn ,/, and/cc commenced/vbd with/in some/dti fiddling/nn that/wps would/md have/hv made/vbn Nero/np envious/jj ./. To/to climax/vb her/pp$ Roman/jj revels/nns ,/, she/pps was/bedz thrown/vbn out/in of/in the/at swanky/jj Hotel/nn-tl Excelsior/nn-tl after/cs she/pps had/hvd run/vbn naked/jj through/in its/pp$ marble/nn halls/nns screaming/vbg for/in help/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at rugged/jj finish/nn for/in what/wdt must/md have/hv been/ben a/at very/ql interesting/jj night/nn ./. Discreet/jj Italian/jj police/nn described/vbd it/ppo in/in a/at manner/nn typically/rb continental/jj ./. ``/`` There/ex had/hvd been/ben a/at threesome/nn at/in the/at party/nn in/in the/at suite's/nn$ bedroom/nn :/: Miss/np Harrington/np (/( this/dt was/bedz Diane's/np$ choice/nn for/in a/at Roman/jj name/nn )/) ,/, another/dt woman/nn who/wps has/hvz figured/vbn in/in other/ap very/ql interesting/jj events/nns and/cc one/cd of/in your/pp$ well-known/jj American/jj actors/nns ./. ``/`` The/at actor/nn had/hvd had/hvn much/ap to/to drink/vb and/cc apparently/rb became/vbd very/ql violent/jj ./. The/at hotel/nn staff/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs residents/nns of/in the/at Excelsior/nn-tl ,/, told/vbd us/ppo they/ppss saw/vbd that/cs both/abx ladies/nns were/bed bleeding/vbg from/in scratches/nns as/cs they/ppss were/bed seen/vbn fleeing/vbg down/in the/at hall/nn ./. ``/`` They/ppss were/bed wearing/vbg nothing/pn but/in their/pp$ scratches/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed asked/vbn to/to leave/vb the/at hotel/nn ./. No/at charges/nns were/bed filed/vbn ''/'' ./. The/at girls/nns ,/, after/cs dressing/vbg ,/, were/bed indignant/jj ./. ``/`` You/ppss can't/md* do/do this/dt to/in us/ppo ''/'' ,/, Diane/np screamed/vbd ./. ``/`` We/ppss are/ber Americans/nps ''/'' ./. In/in the/at morning/nn she/pps found/vbd rooms/nns directly/rb across/in from/in the/at Excelsior/nn-tl at/in the/at equally/ql luxurious/jj Hotel/nn-tl Ambassador/nn-tl ./. With/in the/at Ambassador/nn-tl as/cs headquarters/nn ,/, she/pps continued/vbd to/to promote/vb good/jj will/nn abroad/rb ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, her/pp$ benevolence/nn was/bedz limited/vbn to/in those/dts who/wps could/md afford/vb it/ppo ,/, but/cc then/rb there/ex is/bez a/at limit/nn to/in what/wdt one/cd person/nn can/md do/do ./. By/in this/dt time/nn Diane/np was/bedz a/at beguiling/jj lass/nn of/in 19/cd and/cc still/rb seeking/vbg her/pp$ place/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. She/pps thought/vbd royal/jj status/nn might/md come/vb her/pp$ way/nn when/wrb ,/, while/cs she/pps was/bedz still/rb in/in Rome/np ,/, she/pps met/vbd Pulley/np Bey/np ,/, a/at personal/jj procurer/nn to/in King/nn-tl Farouk/np of/in Egypt/np ./. A/at close/jj friend/nn of/in hers/pp$$ in/in the/at Roman/jj days/nns described/vbd it/ppo this/dt way/nn :/: ``/`` It/pps was/bedz a/at strange/jj relationship/nn ./. Pulley/np Bey/np spoke/vbd no/at English/np ./. Diane/np spoke/vbd no/at Italian/np or/cc French/np ./. She/pps had/hvd a/at hard/jj time/nn making/vbg him/ppo understand/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz Farouk/np she/pps wished/vbd to/to meet/vb ./. ``/`` Pulley/np Bey/np insisted/vbd that/cs she/pps bestow/vb her/pp$ favors/nns on/in him/ppo ''/'' ,/, the/at friend/nn continued/vbd ./. It/pps seemed/vbd as/cs though/cs she/pps were/bed always/rb auditioning/vbg ./. No/at believer/nn in/in the/at traditional/jj devotion/nn of/in royal/jj servitors/nns ,/, the/at plump/jj Pulley/np broke/vbd the/at language/nn barrier/nn and/cc lured/vbd her/ppo to/in Cairo/np where/wrb she/pps waited/vbd for/in nine/cd months/nns ,/, vainly/rb hoping/vbg to/to see/vb Farouk/np ./. Pulley/np had/hvd set/vbn her/ppo up/rp at/in the/at Semiramis/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl ,/, but/cc she/pps grew/vbd impatient/jj waiting/vbg for/in a/at royal/jj reception/nn and/cc moved/vbd to/in a/at luxurious/jj apartment/nn to/in which/wdt the/at royal/jj pimp/nn had/hvd no/at key/nn ./. She/pps picked/vbd her/pp$ own/jj Middle-Eastern/jj friends/nns from/in the/at flock/nn of/in ardent/jj Egyptians/nps that/wps buzzed/vbd around/in her/ppo ./. Tewfik/np Badrawi/np ,/, Mohammed/np Gaafer/np and/cc numerous/jj other/ap wealthy/jj members/nns of/in Cairo/np society/nn enjoyed/vbd her/pp$ company/nn ./. ``/`` So/ql extensive/jj became/vbd her/pp$ circle/nn of/in admirers/nns ''/'' ,/, Egyptian/jj police/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` that/cs her/pp$ escapades/nns caused/vbd distrust/nn ''/'' ./. The/at roof/nn was/bedz about/rp ready/jj to/to fall/vb in/rp on/in Diane's/np$ little/jj world/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps took/vbd nothing/pn less/ap than/cs the/at Egyptian/jj revolution/nn to/to bring/vb it/ppo down/rp ./. When/wrb Farouk/np was/bedz overthrown/vbn ,/, police/nn picked/vbd up/rp his/pp$ personal/jj pimp/nn ,/, Pulley/np Bey/np ./. They/ppss also/rb called/vbd upon/rb Diane/np with/in a/at request/nn for/in a/at look/nn at/in her/pp$ passport/nn ./. The/at cagey/jj Pulley/np Bey/np ,/, who/wps spoke/vbd no/at English/np ,/, had/hvd taken/vbn the/at passport/nn so/cs that/cs Diane/np couldn't/md* leave/vb the/at country/nn without/in his/pp$ approval/nn ./. Officials/nns provided/vbd a/at temporary/jj passport/nn ,/, good/jj only/rb for/in return/nn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. And/cc return/vb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl she/pps did/dod ,/, into/in waiting/vbg arms/nns --/-- the/at unromantic/jj ones/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl District/nn-tl Attorney's/nn$-tl office/nn ./. Held/vbn as/cs a/at material/nn witness/nn in/in the/at compulsory/jj prostitution/nn trial/nn of/in Mickey/np Jelke/np ,/, the/at comely/jj courtesan/nn was/bedz unable/jj to/to raise/vb bail/nn and/cc was/bedz committed/vbn to/in the/at Women's/nns$-tl House/nn-tl of/in-tl Detention/nn-tl ,/, a/at terribly/ql overcrowded/vbn prison/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at tribute/nn to/in her/pp$ talents/nns that/cs she/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to talk/vb the/at District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl into/in having/hvg her/ppo removed/vbn from/in the/at prison/nn to/in a/at hotel/nn room/nn ,/, with/in her/pp$ meals/nns taken/vbn at/in Vesuvio's/np$ ,/, an/at excellent/jj Italian/jj restaurant/nn ./. Newspapers/nns at/in the/at time/nn noted/vbd that/cs the/at move/nn indicated/vbd that/cs she/pps was/bedz co-operating/vbg with/in the/at District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl ./. With/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at trial/nn Diane/np disappeared/vbd from/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr fashionable/jj to/to be/be seen/vbn with/in fabulous/jj ``/`` Lady/nn-tl Harrington/np ''/'' ./. Several/ap years/nns ago/rb she/pps married/vbd a/at Houston/np business/nn man/nn ,/, Robert/np Graham/np ./. She/pps later/rbr divorced/vbd Graham/np ,/, who/wps is/bez believed/vbn to/to have/hv moved/vbn to/in Bolivia/np ./. Houston/np police/nn got/vbd to/to know/vb Diane/np two/cd years/nns ago/rb when/wrb the/at vice/nn squad/nn picked/vbd her/ppo up/rp for/in questioning/vbg about/in a/at call/nn girl/nn ring/nn ./. Last/ap May/np ,/, they/ppss said/vbd ,/, she/pps admitted/vbd being/beg a/at prostitute/nn ./. The/at next/ap time/nn the/at police/nn saw/vbd her/ppo she/pps was/bedz dead/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz September/np 20/cd ,/, 1960/cd ,/, in/in a/at lavishly/ql decorated/vbn apartment/nn littered/vbn with/in liquor/nn bottles/nns ./. She/pps had/hvd had/hvn a/at party/nn with/in a/at regular/jj visitor/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl William/np W./np McClellan/np ./. McClellan/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd once/rb lost/vbn his/pp$ medical/jj license/nn temporarily/rb on/in a/at charge/nn of/in drug/nn addiction/nn ,/, was/bedz with/in her/ppo when/wrb she/pps died/vbd ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at apartment/nn two/cd days/nns and/cc was/bedz hazy/jj about/in what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn during/in that/dt time/nn ./. When/wrb he/pps realized/vbd she/pps was/bedz dead/jj ,/, he/pps called/vbd two/cd lawyers/nns and/cc then/rb the/at police/nn ./. When/wrb the/at police/nn arrived/vbd ,/, they/ppss found/vbd McClellan/np and/cc the/at two/cd lawyers/nns sitting/vbg and/cc staring/vbg silently/rb ./. The/at blonde's/nn$ nude/jj body/nn was/bedz in/in bed/nn ,/, a/at green/jj sheet/nn and/cc a/at pink/jj blanket/nn covered/vbd her/ppo ./. Pictures/nns of/in her/ppo in/in more/ql glamorous/jj days/nns were/bed on/in the/at walls/nns ./. An/at autopsy/nn disclosed/vbd a/at large/jj amount/nn of/in morphine/nn in/in Diane's/np$ body/nn ./. Police/nns theorize/vb that/cs a/at combination/nn of/in dope/nn ,/, drink/nn and/cc drugs/nns killed/vbd her/ppo ./. ``/`` I/ppss think/vb that/cs maybe/rb she/pps wanted/vbd it/ppo this/dt way/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at vice/nn squad/nn cop/nn said/vbd ./. ``/`` A/at maid/nn told/vbd us/ppo that/cs she/pps still/rb bragged/vbd about/in getting/vbg $50/nns a/at date/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz on/in the/at junk/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss slide/vb fast/rb when/wrb that/dt happens/vbz ./. At/in least/ap she/pps never/rb knew/vbd what/wdt the/at bottom/nn was/bedz like/jj ''/'' ./. I/ppss am/bem a/at carpet/nn salesman/nn ./. I/ppss work/vb for/in one/cd of/in the/at biggest/jjt chains/nns of/in retail/jj carpet/nn houses/nns in/in the/at East/nr-tl ./. We/ppss cater/vb mostly/rb to/in nice/jj people/nns in/in the/at $5-8,000/nns annual/jj income/nn bracket/nn and/cc we/ppss run/vb a/at string/nn of/in snazzy/jj ,/, neon-lit/jj ,/, chromium-plated/jj suburban/jj stores/nns ./. I/ppss am/bem selling/vbg the/at stuff/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez made/vbn one/cd of/in the/at Great/jj-tl American/jj-tl Dreams/nns-tl --/-- wall-to-wall/jj carpeting/nn ./. There/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd trouble/nn with/in this/dt big/jj ,/, beautiful/jj dream/nn ./. From/in where/wrb I/ppss sit/vb it/pps looks/vbz more/rbr like/cs a/at nightmare/nn ./. People/nns come/vb to/in me/ppo with/in confidence/nn ./. They/ppss depend/vb on/in my/pp$ supposedly/rb expert/jj knowledge/nn of/in a/at trade/nn of/in which/wdt they/ppss themselves/ppls know/vb little/ap ./. But/cc I/ppss knowingly/rb abuse/vb their/pp$ confidence/nn ./.

cf10

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Franklin/np D./np Lee/np proved/vbd a/at man/nn of/in prompt/jj action/nn when/wrb Mrs./np Claire/np Shaefer/np ,/, accompanied/vbn by/in a/at friend/nn ,/, visited/vbd him/ppo in/in Bakersfield/np ,/, California/np ,/, several/ap months/nns ago/rb as/cs a/at prospective/jj patient/nn ./. ``/`` Doctor/nn-tl ''/'' Lee/np asked/vbd her/ppo to/to lie/vb down/rp on/in a/at bed/nn and/cc remove/vb her/pp$ shoes/nns ./. Then/rb ,/, by/in squeezing/vbg her/pp$ foot/nn three/cd times/nns ,/, he/pps came/vbd up/rp --/-- presto/uh --/-- with/in a/at different/jj diagnosis/nn with/in each/dt squeeze/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd --/-- he/pps informed/vbd her/ppo --/-- kidney/nn trouble/nn ,/, liver/nn trouble/nn ,/, and/cc a/at severe/jj female/jj disorder/nn ./. (/( He/pps explained/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md diagnose/vb these/dts ailments/nns from/in squeezing/vbg her/pp$ foot/nn because/cs all/abn of/in the/at nervous/jj system/nn was/bedz connected/vbn to/in it/ppo ./. )/) He/pps knew/vbd just/rb the/at thing/nn for/in her/ppo --/-- a/at treatment/nn from/in his/pp$ ``/`` cosmic/jj light/nn ozone/nn generator/nn ''/'' machine/nn ./. As/cs he/pps applied/vbd the/at applicator/nn extending/vbg from/in the/at machine/nn --/-- which/wdt consisted/vbd of/in seven/cd differently/rb colored/vbn neon/nn tubes/nns superimposed/vbn on/in a/at rectangular/jj base/nn --/-- to/in the/at supposedly/rb diseased/jj portions/nns of/in Mrs./np Shaefer's/np$ body/nn ,/, Lee/np kept/vbd up/rp a/at steady/jj stream/nn of/in pseudo-scientific/jj mumbo-jumbo/nn ./. Yes/rb ,/, the/at ozone/nn from/in his/pp$ machine/nn would/md cure/vb practically/rb everything/pn ,/, he/pps assured/vbd her/ppo ./. Did/dod she/pps know/vb ,/, he/pps asked/vbd ,/, why/wrb the/at colors/nns of/in the/at tubes/nns were/bed important/jj to/in people's/nns$ health/nn ?/. ?/. The/at human/jj body/nn --/-- he/pps pointed/vbd out/rp ,/, for/in example/nn --/-- required/vbd 33/cd units/nns of/in blue/jj light/nn ./. For/in that/dt reason/nn ,/, he/pps informed/vbd her/ppo ,/, the/at Lord/nn-tl made/vbd the/at sky/nn blue/jj ./. Continuing/vbg glibly/rb in/in this/dt vein/nn ,/, he/pps paused/vbd to/to comfort/vb her/ppo :/: ``/`` Don't/do* you/ppss worry/vb ./. This/dt machine/nn will/md cure/vb your/pp$ cancer-ridden/jj body/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Cancer/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Mrs./np Shaefer/np practically/rb shrieked/vbd ./. ``/`` You/ppss didn't/dod* tell/vb me/ppo I/ppss had/hvd cancer/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` You/ppss have/hv it/ppo ,/, all/ql right/rb ./. But/cc as/ql long/rb as/cs you/ppss can/md have/hv treatment/nn from/in my/pp$ machine/nn you/ppss have/hv nothing/pn to/to worry/vb about/in ./. Why/wrb ,/, I/ppss once/rb used/vbd this/dt machine/nn to/to cure/vb a/at woman/nn with/in 97/cd pounds/nns of/in cancer/nn in/in her/pp$ body/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps urged/vbd her/ppo to/to buy/vb one/cd of/in his/pp$ machines/nns --/-- for/in $300/nns ./. When/wrb she/pps said/vbd that/cs she/pps didn't/dod* have/hv the/at money/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd that/cs she/pps could/md come/vb in/rp for/in treatment/nn with/in his/pp$ office/nn model/nn until/cs she/pps was/bedz ready/jj to/to buy/vb one/cd ./. He/pps then/rb sold/vbd her/ppo minerals/nns to/to cure/vb her/pp$ kidney/nn ailment/nn ,/, a/at can/nn of/in sage/nn ``/`` to/to make/vb her/ppo look/vb like/cs a/at girl/nn again/rb ''/'' ,/, and/cc an/at application/nn of/in plain/jj mud/nn to/to take/vb her/pp$ wrinkles/nns away/rb ./. Lee/np renewed/vbd his/pp$ pressure/nn on/in Mrs./np Shaefer/np to/to buy/vb his/pp$ machine/nn when/wrb she/pps visited/vbd him/ppo the/at next/ap day/nn ./. After/in another/dt treatment/nn with/in the/at machine/nn ,/, he/pps told/vbd her/ppo that/cs ``/`` her/pp$ entire/jj body/nn was/bedz shot/vbn through/rp with/in tumors/nns and/cc cysts/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps then/rb sold/vbd her/ppo some/dti capsules/nns that/wps he/pps asserted/vbd would/md take/vb care/nn of/in the/at tumors/nns and/cc cysts/nns until/cs she/pps could/md collect/vb the/at money/nn for/in buying/vbg his/pp$ machine/nn ./. When/wrb she/pps submitted/vbd to/in his/pp$ treatment/nn with/in the/at capsules/nns ,/, Mrs./np Shaefer/np felt/vbd intense/jj pain/nn ./. Leaving/vbg Lee's/np$ office/nn ,/, Mrs./np Shaefer/np hurried/vbd over/rp to/in her/pp$ family/nn physician/nn ,/, who/wps treated/vbd her/ppo for/in burned/vbn tissue/nn ./. For/in several/ap days/nns ,/, she/pps was/bedz ill/jj as/cs a/at result/nn of/in Lee's/np$ treatment/nn ./. Mrs./np Shaefer/np never/rb got/vbd around/rb to/in joining/vbg the/at thousand/cd or/cc so/rb people/nns who/wps paid/vbd Lee/np some/dti $30,000/nns for/in his/pp$ ozone/nn machines/nns ./. For/cs Mrs./np Shaefer/np --/-- who/wps had/hvd been/ben given/vbn a/at clean/jj bill/nn of/in health/nn by/in her/pp$ own/jj physician/nn at/in the/at time/nn she/pps visited/vbd Lee/np --/-- and/cc her/pp$ friend/nn were/bed agents/nns for/in the/at California/np-tl Pure/jj-tl Food/nn-tl and/cc-tl Drug/nn-tl Inspection/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ./. And/cc she/pps felt/vbd amply/ql rewarded/vbn for/in her/pp$ suffering/nn when/wrb the/at evidence/nn of/in Lee's/np$ quack/nn shenanigans/nns ,/, gathered/vbn by/in the/at tape/nn recorder/nn under/in her/pp$ friend's/nn$ clothing/nn ,/, proved/vbd adequate/jj in/in court/nn for/in convicting/vbg Franklin/np D./np Lee/np ./. The/at charge/nn :/: violation/nn of/in the/at California/np-tl Medical/jj-tl Practices/nns-tl Act/nn-tl by/in practicing/vbg medicine/nn without/in a/at license/nn and/cc selling/vbg misbranded/vbn drugs/nns ./. The/at sentence/nn :/: 360/cd days'/nns$ confinement/nn in/in the/at county/nn jail/nn ./. An/at isolated/vbn case/nn of/in quackery/nn ?/. ?/. By/in no/at means/nns ./. Rather/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez typical/jj of/in the/at thousands/nns of/in quacks/nns who/wps use/vb phony/jj therapeutic/jj devices/nns to/to fatten/vb themselves/ppls on/in the/at miseries/nns of/in hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in Americans/nps by/in robbing/vbg them/ppo of/in millions/nns of/in dollars/nns and/cc luring/vbg them/ppo away/rb from/in legitimate/jj ,/, ethical/jj medical/jj treatment/nn of/in serious/jj diseases/nns ./. The/at machine/nn quack/nn makes/vbz his/pp$ Rube/np Goldberg/np devices/nns out/in of/in odds/nns and/cc ends/nns of/in metals/nns ,/, wires/nns ,/, and/cc radio/nn parts/nns ./. With/in these/dts gadgets/nns --/-- impressive/jj to/in the/at gullible/jj because/rb of/in their/pp$ flashing/vbg light/nn bulbs/nns ,/, ticks/nns ,/, and/cc buzzes/nns --/-- he/pps then/rb carries/vbz out/rp a/at vicious/jj medical/jj con/nn game/nn ,/, capitalizing/vbg on/in people's/nns$ respect/nn for/in the/at electrical/jj and/cc atomic/jj wonders/nns of/in our/pp$ scientific/jj age/nn ./. He/pps milks/vbz the/at latest/jjt scientific/jj advances/nns ,/, translating/vbg them/ppo into/in his/pp$ own/jj special/jj Buck/np Rogers/np vocabulary/nn to/to huckster/vb his/pp$ fake/jj machines/nns as/cs a/at cure-all/nn for/in everything/pn from/in hay/nn fever/nn to/in sexual/jj impotence/nn and/cc cancer/nn ./. The/at gadget/nn faker/nn operates/vbz or/cc sells/vbz his/pp$ phony/jj machines/nns for/in $5/nns to/in $10,000/nns --/-- anything/pn the/at traffic/nn will/md bear/vb ./. He/pps may/md call/vb himself/ppl a/at anaprapath/nn ,/, a/at physiotherapist/nn ,/, an/at electrotherapist/nn ,/, a/at naturopath/nn ,/, a/at sanipractor/nn ,/, a/at medical/jj cultist/nn ,/, a/at masseur/nn ,/, a/at ``/`` doctor/nn ''/'' --/-- or/cc what/wdt have/hv you/ppss ./. Not/* only/rb do/do these/dts quacks/nns assume/vb impressive/jj titles/nns ,/, but/cc represent/vb themselves/ppls as/cs being/beg associated/vbn with/in various/jj scientific/jj or/cc impressive/jj foundations/nns --/-- foundations/nns which/wdt often/rb have/hv little/ql more/ap than/cs a/at letterhead/nn existence/nn ./. The/at medical/jj device/nn pirate/nn of/in today/nr ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez a/at far/ql more/ql sophisticated/jj operator/nn than/cs his/pp$ predecessor/nn of/in yesteryear/nn --/-- the/at gallus-snapping/jj hawker/nn of/in snake/nn oil/nn and/cc other/ap patent/nn medicines/nns ./. His/pp$ plunder/nn is/bez therefore/rb far/ql higher/jjr --/-- running/vbg into/in hundreds/nns of/in millions/nns ./. According/in to/in the/at Food/nn-tl And/cc-tl Drug/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl (/( FDA/np )/) ,/, ``/`` Doctor/nn-tl ''/'' Ghadiali/np ,/, Dr./nn-tl Albert/np Abrams/np and/cc his/pp$ clique/nn ,/, and/cc Dr./nn-tl Wilhelm/np Reich/np --/-- to/to name/vb three/cd notorious/jj device/nn quacks/nns --/-- succeeded/vbd ,/, respectively/rb ,/, in/in distributing/vbg 10,000/cd ,/, 5000/cd ,/, and/cc 2000/cd fake/jj health/nn machines/nns ./. Authorities/nns believe/vb that/cs many/ap of/in the/at Doctor/nn-tl Frauds/nns-tl using/vbg these/dts false/jj health/nn gadgets/nns are/ber still/rb in/in business/nn ./. Look/vb at/in the/at sums/nns paid/vbn by/in two/cd device/nn quack/nn victims/nns in/in Cleveland/np ./. Sarah/np Gross/np ,/, a/at dress/nn shop/nn proprietor/nn ,/, paid/vbd $1020/nns to/in a/at masseur/nn ,/, and/cc Mr./np A./np ,/, a/at laborer/nn ,/, paid/vbd $4200/nns to/in a/at chiropractor/nn for/in treatment/nn with/in two/cd fake/jj health/nn machines/nns --/-- the/at ``/`` radioclast/nn ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` diagnometer/nn ''/'' ./. Multiply/vb these/dts figures/nns by/in the/at millions/nns of/in people/nns known/vbn to/to be/be conned/vbn by/in medical/jj pirates/nns annually/rb ./. You/ppss will/md come/vb up/rp with/in a/at frightening/vbg total/nn ./. That's/dt+bez why/wrb the/at FDA/nn ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Medical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl (/( AMA/np )/) ,/, and/cc the/at National/jj-tl Better/jjr-tl Business/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl (/( BBB/np )/) have/hv estimated/vbn the/at toll/nn of/in mechanical/jj quackery/nn to/to be/be a/at substantial/jj portion/nn of/in the/at $610/nns million/cd or/cc so/rb paid/vbn to/in medical/jj charlatans/nns annually/rb ./. The/at Postmaster/nn-tl General/jj-tl recently/rb reported/vbd that/cs mail/nn order/nn frauds/nns --/-- among/in which/wdt fake/jj therapeutic/jj devices/nns figure/vb prominently/rb --/-- are/ber at/in the/at highest/jjt level/nn in/in history/nn ./. Similarly/rb ,/, the/at American/jj-tl Cancer/nn-tl Society/nn-tl (/( ACS/np )/) ,/, the/at Arthritis/nn-tl and/cc-tl Rheumatism/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at BBB/nn have/hv each/dt stated/vbn lately/rb that/cs medical/jj quackery/nn is/bez at/in a/at new/jj high/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at BBB/nn has/hvz reported/vbn it/pps was/bedz receiving/vbg four/cd times/nns as/ql many/ap inquiries/nns about/in quack/nn devices/nns and/cc 10/cd times/nns as/ql many/ap complaints/nns compared/vbn with/in two/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. Authorities/nns hesitate/vb to/to quote/vb exact/jj figures/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, believing/vbg that/cs any/dti sum/nn they/ppss come/vb up/rp with/in is/bez only/rb a/at surface/nn manifestation/nn --/-- turned/vbn up/rp by/in their/pp$ inevitably/rb limited/vbn policing/nn --/-- of/in the/at real/jj loot/nn of/in the/at medical/jj racketeer/nn ./. In/in this/dt sense/nn ,/, authorities/nns believe/vb that/cs all/abn estimates/nns of/in phony/jj device/nn quackery/nn are/ber conservative/jj ./. The/at economic/jj toll/nn that/wpo the/at device/nn quack/nn extracts/vbz is/bez important/jj ,/, of/in course/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez our/pp$ health/nn --/-- more/ql precious/jj than/cs all/abn the/at money/nn in/in the/at world/nn --/-- that/wpo these/dts modern/jj witch/nn doctors/nns with/in their/pp$ fake/jj therapeutic/jj gadgets/nns are/ber gambling/vbg away/rb ./. By/in preying/vbg on/in the/at sick/jj ,/, by/in playing/vbg callously/rb on/in the/at hopes/nns of/in the/at desperate/jj ,/, by/in causing/vbg the/at sufferer/nn to/to delay/vb proper/jj medical/jj care/nn ,/, these/dts medical/jj ghouls/nns create/vb pain/nn and/cc misery/nn by/in their/pp$ very/ap activity/nn ./. Typically/rb ,/, Sarah/np Gross/np and/cc Mr./np A/np-tl both/abx lost/vbd more/ap than/cs their/pp$ money/nn as/cs the/at result/nn of/in their/pp$ experiences/nns with/in their/pp$ Cleveland/np quacks/nns ./. Sarah/np Gross/np found/vbd that/cs the/at treatments/nns given/vbn her/ppo for/in a/at nervous/jj ailment/nn by/in the/at masseur/nn were/bed not/* helping/vbg her/ppo ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, she/pps consulted/vbd medical/jj authorities/nns and/cc learned/vbd that/cs the/at devices/nns her/pp$ quack/nn ``/`` doctor/nn ''/'' was/bedz using/vbg were/bed phony/jj ./. She/pps suffered/vbd a/at nervous/jj breakdown/nn and/cc had/hvd to/to be/be institutionalized/vbn ./. Mr./np A./np ,/, her/pp$ fellow/nn townsman/nn ,/, also/rb experienced/vbd a/at nervous/jj breakdown/nn just/ql as/ql soon/rb as/cs he/pps discovered/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben bilked/vbn of/in his/pp$ life/nn savings/nns by/in the/at limited/vbn practitioner/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben treating/vbg his/pp$ wife/nn --/-- a/at woman/nn suffering/vbg from/in an/at incurable/jj disease/nn ,/, multiple/jj sclerosis/nn --/-- and/cc himself/ppl ./. Mr./np A/np-tl has/hvz recovered/vbn ,/, but/cc he/pps is/bez ,/, justifiably/rb ,/, a/at bitter/jj man/nn ./. ``/`` That's/dt+bez a/at lot/nn of/in hard-earned/jj money/nn to/to lose/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz today/nr ./. ``/`` Neither/cc me/ppo nor/cc my/pp$ wife/nn were/bed helped/vbn by/in that/dt chiropractor's/nn$ treatments/nns ''/'' ./. And/cc there/ex was/bedz the/at case/nn of/in Tom/np Hepker/np ,/, a/at machinist/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz referred/vbn by/in a/at friend/nn to/in a/at health/nn machine/nn quack/nn who/wps treated/vbd him/ppo with/in a/at so-called/jj diagnostic/jj machine/nn for/in what/wdt Doctor/nn-tl Fraud/nn-tl said/vbd was/bedz a/at system/nn full/jj of/in arsenic/nn and/cc strychnine/nn ./. After/cs his/pp$ pains/nns got/vbd worse/jjr ,/, Tom/np decided/vbd to/to see/vb a/at real/jj doctor/nn ,/, from/in whom/wpo he/pps learned/vbd he/pps was/bedz suffering/vbg from/in cancer/nn of/in the/at lung/nn ./. Yes/rb ,/, Tom/np caught/vbd it/ppo in/in time/nn to/to stay/vb alive/jj ./. But/cc he's/pps+bez a/at welfare/nn case/nn now/rb --/-- a/at human/jj wreck/nn --/-- thanks/nns to/in this/dt modern/jj witch/nn doctor/nn ./. But/cc the/at machine/nn quack/nn can/md cause/vb far/ql more/ap than/cs just/rb suffering/vbg ./. In/in such/jj diseases/nns as/cs cancer/nn ,/, tuberculosis/nn ,/, and/cc heart/nn disease/nn ,/, early/jj diagnosis/nn and/cc treatment/nn are/ber so/ql vital/jj that/cs the/at waste/nn of/in time/nn by/in the/at patient/nn with/in Doctor/nn-tl Fraud's/np$ cure-all/nn gadget/nn can/md prove/vb fatal/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at diabetic/jj patient/nn who/wps relies/vbz on/in cure/nn by/in the/at quack/nn device/nn and/cc therefore/rb cuts/vbz off/rp his/pp$ insulin/nn intake/nn can/md be/be committing/vbg suicide/nn ./. For/in instance/nn :/: In/in Chicago/np ,/, some/dti time/nn ago/rb ,/, Mr./np H./np ,/, age/nn 27/cd ,/, a/at diabetic/jj since/cs he/pps was/bedz six/cd ,/, stopped/vbd using/vbg insulin/nn because/cs he/pps had/hvd bought/vbn a/at ``/`` magic/jj spike/nn ''/'' --/-- a/at glass/nn tube/nn about/rb the/at size/nn of/in a/at pencil/nn filled/vbn with/in barium/nn chloride/nn worth/jj a/at small/jj fraction/nn of/in a/at cent/nn --/-- sold/vbn by/in the/at Vrilium/np-tl Company/nn-tl of/in Chicago/np for/in $306/nns as/cs a/at cure-all/nn ./. ``/`` Hang/vb this/dt around/in your/pp$ neck/nn or/cc attach/vb it/ppo to/in other/ap parts/nns of/in your/pp$ anatomy/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ rays/nns will/md cure/vb any/dti disease/nn you/ppss have/hv ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at company/nn ./. Mr./np H./np is/bez dead/jj today/nr because/cs he/pps followed/vbd this/dt advice/nn ./. Doris/np Hull/np ,/, suffering/vbg from/in tuberculosis/nn ,/, was/bedz taken/vbn by/in her/pp$ husband/nn to/to see/vb Otis/np G./np Carroll/np ,/, a/at sanipractor/nn --/-- a/at licensed/vbn drugless/jj healer/nn --/-- in/in Spokane/np ./. Carroll/np diagnosed/vbd Mrs./np Hull/np by/in taking/vbg a/at drop/nn of/in blood/nn from/in her/pp$ ear/nn and/cc putting/vbg it/ppo on/in his/pp$ ``/`` radionic/jj ''/'' machine/nn and/cc twirling/vbg some/dti knobs/nns (/( fee/nn $50/cd )/) ./. His/pp$ prescription/nn :/: hot/jj and/cc cold/jj compresses/nns to/to increase/vb her/pp$ absorption/nn of/in water/nn ./. Although/cs she/pps weighed/vbd only/rb 108/cd pounds/nns when/wrb she/pps visited/vbd him/ppo ,/, Carroll/np permitted/vbd her/ppo to/to go/vb on/in a/at 10-day/jj fast/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps took/vbd nothing/pn but/in water/nn ./. Inevitably/rb ,/, Mrs./np Hull/np died/vbd of/in starvation/nn and/cc tuberculosis/nn ,/, weighing/vbg 60/cd pounds/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, her/pp$ husband/nn and/cc child/nn contracted/vbd T.B./np from/in her/ppo ./. (/( Small/jj wonder/nn a/at Spokane/np jury/nn awarded/vbd the/at husband/nn $35,823/nns for/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ death/nn ./. )/) In/in California/np ,/, a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ,/, a/at ghoul/nn by/in the/at name/nn of/in H./np F./np Bell/np sold/vbd electric/jj blankets/nns as/cs a/at cure/nn for/in cancer/nn ./. He/pps did/dod this/dt by/in the/at charming/jj practice/nn of/in buying/vbg up/rp used/vbn electric/jj blankets/nns for/in $5/nns to/in $10/nns from/in survivors/nns of/in patients/nns who/wps had/hvd died/vbn ,/, reconditioning/vbg them/ppo ,/, and/cc selling/vbg them/ppo at/in $185/nns each/dt ./. When/wrb authorities/nns convicted/vbd him/ppo of/in practicing/vbg medicine/nn without/in a/at license/nn (/( he/pps got/vbd off/rp with/in a/at suspended/vbn sentence/nn of/in three/cd years/nns because/rb of/in his/pp$ advanced/vbn age/nn of/in 77/cd )/) ,/, one/cd of/in his/pp$ victims/nns was/bedz not/* around/rb to/to testify/vb :/: He/pps was/bedz dead/jj of/in cancer/nn ./. By/in no/at means/nns are/ber these/dts isolated/vbn cases/nns ./. ``/`` Unfortunately/rb ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Chief/jjs-tl Postal/jj-tl Inspector/nn-tl David/np H./np Stephens/np ,/, who/wps has/hvz prosecuted/vbn many/ap device/nn quacks/nns ,/, ``/`` the/at ghouls/nns who/wps trade/vb on/in the/at hopes/nns of/in the/at desperately/ql ill/jj often/rb cannot/md* be/be successfully/rb prosecuted/vbn because/cs the/at patients/nns who/wps are/ber the/at chief/jjs witnesses/nns die/vb before/cs the/at case/nn is/bez called/vbn up/rp in/in court/nn ''/'' ./. Death/nn !/. !/. Have/hv no/at doubt/nn about/in it/ppo ./. That's/dt+bez where/wrb device/nn quackery/nn can/md lead/vb ./. The/at evidence/nn shows/vbz that/cs fake/jj therapeutic/jj machines/nns ,/, substituted/vbn for/in valid/jj medical/jj cures/nns ,/, have/hv hastened/vbn the/at deaths/nns of/in thousands/nns ./. Who/wps are/ber the/at victims/nns of/in the/at device/nn quacks/nns ?/. ?/. Authorities/nns say/vb that/cs oldsters/nns are/ber a/at prime/jj target/nn ./. Says/vbz Wallace/np F./np Jannsen/np ,/, director/nn of/in the/at FDA's/nn Division/nn-tl of/in-tl Public/jj-tl Information/nn-tl :/: ``/`` Quacks/nns are/ber apt/jj to/to direct/vb their/pp$ appeal/nn directly/rb to/in older/jjr people/nns ,/, or/cc to/in sufferers/nns from/in chronic/jj ailments/nns such/jj as/cs arthritis/nn ,/, rheumatism/nn ,/, diabetes/nn ,/, and/cc cancer/nn ./. People/nns who/wps have/hv not/* been/ben able/jj to/to get/vb relief/nn from/in regular/jj medical/jj doctors/nns are/ber especially/rb apt/jj to/to be/be taken/vbn in/rp by/in quacks/nns ''/'' ./. The/at victims/nns of/in the/at quacks/nns are/ber frequently/rb poor/jj people/nns ,/, like/cs Mr./np A./np ,/, who/wps scrape/vb up/rp their/pp$ life/nn savings/nns to/to offer/vb as/cs a/at sacrifice/nn to/in Doctor/nn-tl Fraud's/np$ avarice/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber often/rb ignorant/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs underprivileged/jj ./.

cf11

cf11 |@word ten:1 year:16 old:4 richard:3 stewart:4 irritable:1 quarrelsome:1 almost:1 grade:1 go:2 steadily:1 downhill:1 stop:1 bring:1 friend:1 classmate:2 home:1 school:2 mr:1 mrs:1 puzzle:1 concerned:2 one:10 day:4 dick:4 jimmy:1 next:2 door:1 let:2 cat:1 bag:1 youngster:4 boy:3 class:1 nickname:1 bug:1 bunny:1 tooth:62 protrude:3 parent:7 tell:2 want:1 take:9 orthodontist:13 dentist:10 specialize:1 realign:1 jaw:9 young:2 son:1 interested:1 follow:3 co:1 operated:1 whole:3 heartedly:1 delight:1 final:1 result:6 achieve:1 upper:5 row:2 strong:1 straight:1 completely:2 change:2 facial:1 appearance:1 special:1 case:3 majority:1 child:21 united:2 states:2 could:2 benefit:1 form:3 orthodontic:12 treatment:12 say:8 dr:10 allan:1 brodie:10 professor:1 head:4 department:1 university:1 illinois:1 nationally:1 recognize:1 authority:1 field:2 need:4 know:4 brace:2 order:1 waste:1 time:9 money:2 whether:1 straightening:1 undertake:1 likely:3 cost:8 fit:5 explain:2 occlusion:1 expression:1 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effect:1 also:2 lose:3 soon:1 retain:3 long:3 molar:2 age:3 adjoin:1 shift:2 toward:1 empty:1 thus:2 narrow:1 place:7 intend:1 permanent:2 produce:2 jumble:1 incoming:1 prevent:3 emerge:1 erupt:1 wrong:2 correction:1 save:2 every:1 see:3 embarrassed:1 malforme:3 rarely:1 smile:1 try:3 speak:1 mouth:2 certain:3 personality:1 yet:2 point:1 view:2 fitting:1 correct:4 physical:1 reason:3 alignment:1 early:4 loss:3 breakdown:1 bony:4 structure:1 support:1 root:2 serious:2 popularly:1 pyorrhea:1 chief:1 cause:3 adult:1 misplaced:1 jam:1 prone:1 trap:1 food:4 particle:2 increase:2 likelihood:1 rapid:1 decay:5 prolong:1 life:1 failure:1 interfere:1 chewing:1 swallow:1 put:1 burden:1 digestive:1 system:3 chew:1 trouble:1 avoid:1 adequate:1 nutrition:1 badly:2 speech:1 handicap:1 lisp:1 straighten:3 work:6 10:2 14:2 though:1 patient:2 55:1 period:3 set:1 usually:4 complete:2 growth:8 tissue:2 move:5 comparatively:1 easy:2 possible:1 hold:2 firmly:1 rigidly:1 peridontal:1 membrane:1 involved:1 nerve:1 network:1 bone:5 anchor:1 directly:1 abnormal:1 apply:1 deposit:1 function:1 normally:1 new:6 position:4 guide:2 susan:2 expect:1 enter:2 office:1 visit:3 x:1 ray:1 photograph:1 measurement:1 print:1 impression:2 permit:1 decide:2 proceed:1 custom:1 susie:5 appliance:6 consist:1 band:4 plastic:2 plate:1 fine:1 wire:3 tiny:1 spring:1 exert:1 gentle:1 continuous:1 intermittent:1 cell:1 side:2 dissolve:1 rate:1 grow:1 faster:1 rapidly:1 injury:1 well:2 surround:1 ill:1 conceive:1 plan:1 disrupt:1 pattern:1 wear:2 immediately:2 adjustment:1 slight:1 discomfort:2 soreness:1 short:1 disappear:1 often:2 cement:1 actually:1 protect:1 part:2 stage:2 twice:1 month:3 depend:1 severity:1 adjust:1 last:2 retention:1 desirable:1 sometimes:1 drift:1 original:1 use:3 lock:1 thin:1 attach:1 stretch:1 across:1 night:1 hour:1 remove:1 walk:1 healthy:1 attractive:1 girl:1 align:1 add:1 complication:1 charge:1 full:1 job:1 differ:1 various:1 country:1 500:1 750:2 south:1 york:1 city:2 chicago:1 average:1 national:1 figure:1 would:2 650:1 factor:1 length:1 involve:1 skill:1 education:1 practitioner:2 become:3 man:1 license:2 state:1 spend:1 additional:1 training:1 acquire:1 specialist:1 seem:1 high:2 even:1 fee:2 half:2 25:1 people:1 today:1 aware:1 value:1 initial:1 payment:1 diagnostic:1 material:3 construction:1 remainder:1 spread:1 clinic:1 associate:1 dental:3 nominal:1 municipal:1 agency:1 pay:1 needy:1 research:2 help:3 carry:1 consistently:1 record:1 start:3 20:1 minute:1 birth:1 past:2 anyone:1 90:1 scoff:1 characteristic:1 formation:1 large:3 extent:1 fortunately:1 able:1 nature:2 knowledge:2 modifie:1 dictate:1 diagnosis:1 example:1 inherit:1 small:1 ancestor:1 another:2 four:2 five:2 despite:1 never:1 accommodate:1 recommend:2 extraction:1 present:1 wait:1 keep:1 call:1 watch:1 care:1 problem:3 outgrow:1 ask:1 insist:1 advice:1 culture:1 stress:1 beauty:1 improve:1 economic:1 demand:1 wise:1 proper:1 urge:1 superior:1 handle:1 vulcanized:1 rubber:1 formerly:1 plaster:1 paris:1 utilize:1 replace:1 alginate:1 gelatin:1 quickly:1 accurately:1 prevention:1 good:1 rule:1 general:1 less:1 expensive:1 satisfactory:1 appointment:1 advise:1 routine:1 checkup:1 arise:1 thing:1 prematurely:1 preventive:1 step:1 overcrowded:1 turn:1 impact:1

Ten-year-old/jj Richard/np Stewart/np had/hvd been/ben irritable/jj and/cc quarrelsome/jj for/in almost/rb a/at year/nn ./. His/pp$ grades/nns had/hvd gone/vbn steadily/rb downhill/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd stopped/vbn bringing/vbg friends/nns and/cc classmates/nns home/nr from/in school/nn ./. Mr./np and/cc Mrs./np Stewart/np were/bed puzzled/vbn and/cc concerned/vbn ./. Then/rb one/cd day/nn Dick's/np$ classmate/nn Jimmy/np ,/, from/in next/ap door/nn ,/, let/vb the/at cat/nn out/in of/in the/at bag/nn ./. The/at youngsters/nns in/in the/at boys'/nns$ class/nn had/hvd nicknamed/vbn Dick/np ``/`` Bugs/np Bunny/np ''/'' because/cs his/pp$ teeth/nns protruded/vbd ./. When/wrb Richard's/np$ parents/nns told/vbd him/ppo they/ppss wanted/vbd to/to take/vb him/ppo to/in an/at orthodontist/nn --/-- a/at dentist/nn who/wps specializes/vbz in/in realigning/vbg teeth/nns and/cc jaws/nns --/-- their/pp$ young/jj son/nn was/bedz interested/vbn ./. During/in the/at year/nn that/wps followed/vbd ,/, Dick/np co-operated/vbd whole-heartedly/rb with/in the/at dentist/nn and/cc was/bedz delighted/vbn with/in the/at final/jj result/nn achieved/vbn --/-- an/at upper/jj row/nn of/in strong/jj straight/jj teeth/nns that/wps completely/rb changed/vbd his/pp$ facial/jj appearance/nn ./. Richard/np Stewart/np is/bez no/at special/jj case/nn ./. ``/`` The/at majority/nn of/in children/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl could/md benefit/vb by/in some/dti form/nn of/in orthodontic/jj treatment/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Allan/np G./np Brodie/np ,/, professor/nn and/cc head/nn of/in the/at department/nn of/in orthodontics/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Illinois/np-tl and/cc a/at nationally/rb recognized/vbn authority/nn in/in his/pp$ field/nn ./. What/wdt do/do parents/nns need/vb to/to know/vb about/in those/dts ``/`` years/nns of/in the/at braces/nns ''/'' in/in order/nn not/* to/to waste/vb a/at child's/nn$ time/nn and/cc their/pp$ money/nn ?/. ?/. How/wrb can/md they/ppss tell/vb whether/cs a/at child/nn needs/vbz orthodontic/jj treatment/nn ?/. ?/. Why/wrb and/cc when/wrb should/md tooth-straightening/nn be/be undertaken/vbn ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez it/pps likely/jj to/to cost/vb ?/. ?/. Tooth/nn-hl fit/nn-hl explained/vbn-hl occlusion/nn is/bez the/at dentist's/nn$ expression/nn for/in the/at way/nn teeth/nns fit/vb together/rb when/wrb the/at jaws/nns are/ber closed/vbn ./. Malocclusion/nn ,/, or/cc a/at bad/jj fit/nn ,/, is/bez what/wdt parents/nns need/vb to/to look/vb out/rp for/in ./. One/cd main/jjs type/nn of/in malocclusion/nn is/bez characterized/vbn by/in a/at receding/vbg chin/nn and/cc protruding/vbg upper/jj front/jj teeth/nns ./. A/at chin/nn too/ql prominent/jj in/in relation/nn to/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at face/nn ,/, a/at thrusting/nn forward/rb of/in the/at lower/jjr front/jj teeth/nns ,/, an/at overdeveloped/vbn lower/jjr jawbone/nn ,/, and/cc an/at underdeveloped/jj upper/jj jaw/nn indicate/vb the/at opposite/jj type/nn of/in malocclusion/nn ./. These/dts two/cd basic/jj malformations/nns have/hv ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, many/ap variations/nns ./. A/at child/nn probably/rb requires/vbz some/dti form/nn of/in treatment/nn if/cs he/pps has/hvz any/dti of/in the/at following/vbg conditions/nns :/: A/at noticeable/jj protrusion/nn of/in the/at upper/jj or/cc lower/jjr jaw/nn ./. Crooked/jj ,/, overlapping/vbg ,/, twisted/vbn ,/, or/cc widely/rb spaced/vbn teeth/nns ./. Front/jj teeth/nns not/* meeting/vbg when/wrb the/at back/jj teeth/nns close/vb ./. Upper/jj teeth/nns completely/rb covering/vbg the/at lowers/nns when/wrb the/at back/jj teeth/nns close/vb ./. The/at eyeteeth/nns (/( third/od from/in the/at middle/nn on/in top/nn ,/, counting/vbg each/dt front/jj tooth/nn as/cs the/at first/od )/) beginning/vbg to/to protrude/vb like/cs fangs/nns ./. Second/od teeth/nns that/wps have/hv come/vbn in/rp before/cs the/at first/od ones/nns have/hv fallen/vbn out/rp ,/, making/vbg a/at double/jj row/nn ./. Contrary/jj to/in the/at thinking/nn of/in 30/cd to/in 40/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, when/wrb all/abn malocclusion/nn was/bedz blamed/vbn on/in some/dti unfortunate/jj habit/nn ,/, recent/jj studies/nns show/vb that/cs most/ap tooth/nn irregularity/nn has/hvz at/in least/ap its/pp$ beginning/nn in/in hereditary/jj predisposition/nn ./. However/rb ,/, this/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs a/at child's/nn$ teeth/nns or/cc jaws/nns must/md necessarily/rb resemble/vb those/dts of/in someone/pn in/in his/pp$ family/nn ./. Tooth/nn deformity/nn may/md be/be the/at result/nn of/in excessive/jj thumb-/nn or/cc finger-sucking/nn ,/, tongue-thrusting/nn ,/, or/cc lip-sucking/nn --/-- but/cc it's/pps+bez important/jj to/to remember/vb that/cs there's/ex+bez a/at difference/nn between/in normal/jj and/cc excessive/jj sucking/vbg habits/nns ./. It's/pps+bez perfectly/ql normal/jj for/in babies/nns to/to suck/vb their/pp$ thumbs/nns ,/, and/cc no/at mother/nn need/md worry/vb if/cs a/at child/nn continues/vbz this/dt habit/nn until/cs he/pps is/bez two/cd or/cc three/cd years/nns old/jj ./. Occasional/jj sucking/vbg up/in to/in the/at fifth/od year/nn may/md not/* affect/vb a/at youngster's/nn$ teeth/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc after/in that/dt ,/, if/cs thumb-sucking/nn pressure/nn is/bez frequent/jj ,/, it/pps will/md have/hv an/at effect/nn ./. Malocclusion/nn can/md also/rb result/vb if/cs baby/nn teeth/nns are/ber lost/vbn too/ql soon/rb or/cc retained/vbn too/ql long/rb ./. If/cs a/at child/nn loses/vbz a/at molar/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in two/cd ,/, the/at adjoining/vbg teeth/nns may/md shift/vb toward/in the/at empty/jj space/nn ,/, thus/rb narrowing/vbg the/at place/nn intended/vbn for/in the/at permanent/jj ones/nns and/cc producing/vbg a/at jumble/nn ./. If/cs baby/nn teeth/nns are/ber retained/vbn too/ql long/rb ,/, the/at incoming/jj second/od teeth/nns may/md be/be prevented/vbn from/in emerging/vbg at/in the/at normal/jj time/nn or/cc may/md have/hv to/to erupt/vb in/in the/at wrong/jj place/nn ./. Correction/nn-hl can/md-hl save/vb-hl teeth/nns-hl every/at orthodontist/nn sees/vbz children/nns who/wps are/ber embarrassed/vbn by/in their/pp$ malformed/jj teeth/nns ./. Some/dti such/jj youngsters/nns rarely/rb smile/vb ,/, or/cc they/ppss try/vb to/to speak/vb with/in the/at mouth/nn closed/vbn ./. In/in certain/jj cases/nns ,/, as/cs in/in Dick/np Stewart's/np$ ,/, a/at child's/nn$ personality/nn is/bez affected/vbn ./. Yet/cc from/in the/at dentist's/nn$ point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, bad-fitting/jj teeth/nns should/md be/be corrected/vbn for/in physical/jj reasons/nns ./. Bad/jj alignment/nn may/md result/vb in/in early/jj loss/nn of/in teeth/nns through/in a/at breakdown/nn of/in the/at bony/jj structure/nn that/wps supports/vbz their/pp$ roots/nns ./. This/dt serious/jj condition/nn ,/, popularly/rb known/vbn as/cs pyorrhea/nn ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at chief/jjs causes/nns of/in tooth/nn loss/nn in/in adults/nns ./. Then/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, misplaced/vbn or/cc jammed-together/jj teeth/nns are/ber prone/jj to/in trapping/vbg food/nn particles/nns ,/, increasing/vbg the/at likelihood/nn of/in rapid/jj decay/nn ./. ``/`` For/in these/dts and/cc other/ap reasons/nns ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ,/, ``/`` orthodontics/nn can/md prolong/vb the/at life/nn of/in teeth/nns ''/'' ./. The/at failure/nn of/in teeth/nns to/to fit/vb together/rb when/wrb closed/vbn interferes/vbz with/in normal/jj chewing/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs a/at child/nn may/md swallow/vb food/nn whole/jj and/cc put/vb a/at burden/nn on/in his/pp$ digestive/jj system/nn ./. Because/rb of/in these/dts chewing/vbg troubles/nns ,/, a/at child/nn may/md avoid/vb certain/jj foods/nns he/pps needs/vbz for/in adequate/jj nutrition/nn ./. Badly/rb placed/vbn teeth/nns can/md also/rb cause/vb such/abl a/at speech/nn handicap/nn as/cs lisping/vbg ./. The/at-hl when/wrb-hl and/cc-hl how/wrb-hl of/in-hl straightening/vbg-hl ``/`` most/ap orthodontic/jj work/nn is/bez done/vbn on/in children/nns between/in the/at ages/nns of/in 10/cd and/cc 14/cd ,/, though/cs there/ex have/hv been/ben patients/nns as/ql young/jj as/cs two/cd and/cc as/ql old/jj as/cs 55/cd ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./. In/in the/at period/nn from/in 10/cd to/in 14/cd the/at permanent/jj set/nn of/in teeth/nns is/bez usually/rb completed/vbn ,/, yet/cc the/at continuing/vbg growth/nn of/in bony/jj tissue/nn makes/vbz moving/vbg badly/rb placed/vbn teeth/nns comparatively/ql easy/rb ./. Orthodontic/jj work/nn is/bez possible/jj because/cs teeth/nns are/ber held/vbn firmly/rb but/cc not/* rigidly/rb ,/, by/in a/at system/nn of/in peridontal/jj membrane/nn with/in an/at involved/vbn nerve/nn network/nn ,/, to/in the/at bone/nn in/in the/at jaw/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber not/* anchored/vbn directly/rb to/in the/at bone/nn ./. Abnormal/jj pressure/nn ,/, applied/vbn over/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, produces/vbz a/at change/nn in/in the/at bony/jj deposit/nn ,/, so/rb a/at tooth/nn functions/vbz normally/rb in/in the/at new/jj position/nn into/in which/wdt it/pps has/hvz been/ben guided/vbn ./. What/wdt can/md 10-year-old/jj Susan/np expect/vb when/wrb she/pps enters/vbz the/at orthodontist's/nn$ office/nn ?/. ?/. On/in her/pp$ first/od visit/nn the/at orthodontist/nn will/md take/vb x-rays/nns ,/, photographs/nns ,/, tooth/nn measurements/nns ,/, and/cc ``/`` tooth/nn prints/nns ''/'' --/-- an/at impression/nn of/in the/at mouth/nn that/wps permits/vbz him/ppo to/to study/vb her/pp$ teeth/nns and/cc jaws/nns ./. If/cs he/pps decides/vbz to/to proceed/vb ,/, he/pps will/md custom-make/vb for/in Susie/np an/at appliance/nn consisting/in of/in bands/nns ,/, plastic/nn plates/nns ,/, fine/jj wires/nns ,/, and/cc tiny/jj springs/nns ./. This/dt appliance/nn will/md exert/vb a/at gentle/jj and/cc continuous/jj or/cc intermittent/jj pressure/nn on/in the/at bone/nn ./. As/cs the/at tooth/nn moves/vbz ,/, bone/nn cells/nns on/in the/at pressure/nn side/nn of/in it/ppo will/md dissolve/vb ,/, and/cc new/jj ones/nns will/md form/vb on/in the/at side/nn from/in which/wdt the/at tooth/nn has/hvz moved/vbn ./. This/dt must/md be/be done/vbn at/in the/at rate/nn at/in which/wdt new/jj bony/jj tissue/nn grows/vbz ,/, and/cc no/ql faster/rbr ./. ``/`` If/cs teeth/nns are/ber moved/vbn too/ql rapidly/rb ,/, serious/jj injury/nn can/md be/be done/vbn to/in their/pp$ roots/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in the/at surrounding/vbg bone/nn holding/vbg them/ppo in/in place/nn ''/'' ,/, explains/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./. ``/`` Moving/vbg one/cd or/cc two/cd teeth/nns can/md affect/vb the/at whole/jj system/nn ,/, and/cc an/at ill-conceived/jj plan/nn of/in treatment/nn can/md disrupt/vb the/at growth/nn pattern/nn of/in a/at child's/nn$ face/nn ''/'' ./. During/in the/at first/od few/ap days/nns of/in wearing/vbg the/at appliance/nn and/cc immediately/rb following/vbg each/dt adjustment/nn ,/, Susan/np may/md have/hv a/at slight/jj discomfort/nn or/cc soreness/nn ,/, but/cc after/in a/at short/jj time/nn this/dt will/md disappear/vb ./. Parents/nns are/ber often/rb concerned/vbn that/cs orthodontic/jj appliances/nns may/md cause/vb teeth/nns to/to decay/vb ./. When/wrb in/in place/nn ,/, a/at well-cemented/jj band/nn actually/rb protects/vbz the/at part/nn of/in the/at tooth/nn that/wps is/bez covered/vbn ./. Next/rb Susie/np will/md enter/vb the/at treatment/nn stage/nn and/cc visit/vb the/at orthodontist/nn once/rb or/cc twice/rb a/at month/nn ,/, depending/in on/in the/at severity/nn of/in her/pp$ condition/nn ./. During/in these/dts visits/nns the/at dentist/nn will/md adjust/vb the/at braces/nns to/to increase/vb the/at pressure/nn on/in her/pp$ teeth/nns ./. Last/rb comes/vbz the/at retention/nn stage/nn ./. Susie's/np$ teeth/nns have/hv now/rb been/ben guided/vbn into/in a/at desirable/jj new/jj position/nn ./. But/cc because/cs teeth/nns sometimes/rb may/md drift/vb back/rb to/in their/pp$ original/jj position/nn ,/, a/at retaining/vbg appliance/nn is/bez used/vbn to/in lock/nn them/ppo in/in place/nn ./. Usually/rb this/dt is/bez a/at thin/jj band/nn of/in wire/nn attached/vbn to/in the/at molars/nns and/cc stretching/vbg across/in the/at teeth/nns ./. Susie/np may/md wear/vb this/dt only/rb at/in night/nn or/cc for/in a/at few/ap hours/nns during/in the/at day/nn ./. Then/rb comes/vbz the/at time/nn when/wrb the/at last/ap wire/nn is/bez removed/vbn and/cc Susie/np walks/vbz out/rp a/at healthier/jjr and/cc more/ql attractive/jj girl/nn than/cs when/wrb she/pps first/rb went/vbd to/in the/at orthodontist/nn ./. How/wql long/rb will/md this/dt take/nn ?/. ?/. Straightening/vbg one/cd tooth/nn that/wps has/hvz come/vbn in/rp wrong/rb may/md take/vb only/rb a/at few/ap months/nns ./. Aligning/vbg all/abn the/at teeth/nns may/md take/vb a/at year/nn or/cc more/ap ./. An/at added/vbn complication/nn such/jj as/cs a/at malformed/jj jaw/nn may/md take/vb two/cd or/cc three/cd years/nns to/to correct/vb ./. What/wdt-hl is/bez-hl the/at-hl cost/nn-hl ?/.-hl ?/.-hl The/at charge/nn for/in a/at complete/jj full-banded/jj job/nn differs/vbz in/in various/jj parts/nns of/in the/at country/nn ./. Work/nn that/wps might/md cost/vb $500/nns to/in $750/nns in/in the/at South/nr-tl could/md cost/vb $750/nns to/in $1,200/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl or/cc Chicago/np ./. An/at average/jj national/jj figure/nn for/in two/cd to/in three/cd years/nns of/in treatment/nn would/md be/be $650/nns to/in $1,000/nns ./. ``/`` Factors/nns in/in the/at cost/nn of/in treatment/nn are/ber the/at length/nn of/in time/nn involved/vbn and/cc the/at skill/nn and/cc education/nn of/in the/at practitioner/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./. To/to become/vb an/at orthodontist/nn ,/, a/at man/nn must/md first/rb be/be licensed/vbn by/in his/pp$ state/nn as/cs a/at dentist/nn ,/, then/rb he/pps must/md spend/vb at/in least/ap two/cd years/nns in/in additional/jj training/nn to/to acquire/vb a/at license/nn as/cs a/at specialist/nn ./. ``/`` Costs/nns may/md seem/vb high/jj ,/, but/cc they/ppss used/vbd to/to be/be even/ql higher/jjr ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./. ``/`` Fees/nns are/ber about/rb half/abn to/in a/at third/od of/in what/wdt they/ppss were/bed 25/cd years/nns ago/rb ''/'' ./. The/at reason/nn ?/. ?/. People/nns today/nr are/ber aware/jj of/in the/at value/nn of/in orthodontics/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs a/at result/nn there/ex are/ber more/ap practitioners/nns in/in the/at field/nn ./. Most/ap orthodontists/nns require/vb an/at initial/jj payment/nn to/to cover/vb the/at cost/nn of/in diagnostic/jj materials/nns and/cc construction/nn of/in the/at appliances/nns ,/, but/cc usually/rb the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at cost/nn may/md be/be spread/vbn over/in a/at period/nn of/in months/nns or/cc years/nns ./. In/in many/ap cities/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl clinics/nns associated/vbn with/in dental/jj schools/nns will/md take/vb patients/nns at/in a/at nominal/jj fee/nn ./. Some/dti municipal/jj agencies/nns will/md pay/vb for/in orthodontic/jj treatment/nn for/in children/nns of/in needy/jj parents/nns ./. Research/nn-hl helps/vbz-hl families/nns-hl growth/nn studies/nns have/hv been/ben carried/vbn on/rp consistently/rb by/in orthodontists/nns ./. Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np has/hvz 30-year/jj records/nns of/in head/nn growth/nn ,/, started/vbn 20/cd minutes/nns after/in children's/nns$ births/nns ./. ``/`` In/in the/at past/nn anyone/pn who/wps said/vbd that/cs 90%/nn of/in all/abn malocclusion/nn is/bez hereditary/jj was/bedz scoffed/vbn at/in ;/. ;/. now/rb we/ppss know/vb that/cs family/nn characteristics/nns do/do affect/vb tooth/nn formation/nn to/in a/at large/jj extent/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz ./. ``/`` Fortunately/rb through/in our/pp$ growth/nn studies/nns we/ppss have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to see/vb what/wdt nature/nn does/doz ,/, and/cc that/dt helps/vbz us/ppo know/vb what/wdt we/ppss can/md do/do ''/'' ./. This/dt knowledge/nn both/abx modifies/vbz and/cc dictates/vbz diagnosis/nn and/cc treatment/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, a/at boy/nn may/md inherit/vb a/at small/jj jaw/nn from/in one/cd ancestor/nn and/cc large/jj teeth/nns from/in another/dt ./. In/in the/at past/nn an/at orthodontist/nn might/md have/hv tried/vbn ,/, over/in four/cd or/cc five/cd years/nns ,/, to/to straighten/vb and/cc fit/vb the/at boy's/nn$ large/jj teeth/nns into/in a/at jaw/nn that/wps ,/, despite/in some/dti growth/nn ,/, would/md never/rb accommodate/vb them/ppo ./. Now/rb a/at dentist/nn can/md recommend/vb extraction/nn immediately/rb ./. In/in other/ap cases/nns ,/, in/in view/nn of/in present-day/jj knowledge/nn of/in head/nn growth/nn ,/, orthodontists/nns will/md recommend/vb waiting/vbg four/cd or/cc five/cd years/nns before/in treatment/nn ./. The/at child/nn is/bez kept/vbn on/in call/nn ,/, and/cc the/at orthodontist/nn watches/vbz the/at growth/nn ./. ``/`` Nature/nn often/rb takes/vbz care/nn of/in the/at problem/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np ./. ``/`` A/at child/nn with/in a/at certain/jj type/nn of/in head/nn and/cc teeth/nns will/md outgrow/vb tooth/nn deformity/nn ''/'' ./. That/dt is/bez why/wrb Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np asks/vbz parents/nns not/* to/to insist/vb ,/, against/in their/pp$ dentist's/nn$ advice/nn ,/, that/cs their/pp$ child/nn have/hv orthodontic/jj work/nn done/vbn too/ql early/rb ./. ``/`` Both/abx because/rb of/in our/pp$ culture's/nn$ stress/nn on/in beauty/nn and/cc our/pp$ improved/vbn economic/jj conditions/nns ,/, some/dti parents/nns demand/vb that/cs the/at dentist/nn try/nn to/to correct/vb a/at problem/nn before/cs it/pps is/bez wise/jj to/to do/do so/rb ./. Let/vb the/at orthodontist/nn decide/vb the/at proper/jj time/nn to/to start/vb treatment/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps urges/vbz ./. Superior/jj new/jj material/nn for/in orthodontic/jj work/nn is/bez another/dt result/nn of/in research/nn ./. Plastics/nns are/ber easier/jjr to/to handle/vb than/cs the/at vulcanized/vbn rubber/nn formerly/rb used/vbn ,/, and/cc they/ppss save/vb time/nn and/cc money/nn ./. Plaster/nn of/in Paris/np ,/, once/rb utilized/vbn in/in making/vbg impressions/nns of/in teeth/nns ,/, has/hvz been/ben replaced/vbn by/in alginates/nns (/( gelatin-like/jj material/nn )/) that/wps work/vb quickly/rb and/cc accurately/rb and/cc with/in least/ap discomfort/nn to/in a/at child/nn ./. Prevention/nn-hl is/bez-hl best/jjt-hl as/cs a/at rule/nn ,/, the/at earlier/jjr general/jj dental/jj treatment/nn is/bez started/vbn ,/, the/at less/ql expensive/jj and/cc more/ql satisfactory/jj it/pps is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be ./. ``/`` After/cs your/pp$ child's/nn$ baby/nn teeth/nns are/ber all/abn in/rp --/-- usually/rb at/in the/at age/nn of/in two/cd and/cc one/cd half/abn to/in three/cd --/-- it's/pps+bez time/nn for/in that/dt first/od dental/jj appointment/nn ''/'' ,/, Dr./nn-tl Brodie/np advises/vbz ./. ``/`` Then/rb see/vb that/cs your/pp$ youngster/nn has/hvz a/at routine/jj checkup/nn once/rb a/at year/nn ''/'' ./. To/to help/vb prevent/vb orthodontic/jj problems/nns from/in arising/vbg ,/, your/pp$ dentist/nn can/md do/do these/dts things/nns :/: He/pps can/md correct/vb decay/nn ,/, thus/rb preventing/vbg early/jj loss/nn of/in teeth/nns ./. If/cs a/at child/nn does/doz lose/vb his/pp$ first/od teeth/nns prematurely/rb because/rb of/in decay/nn --/-- and/cc if/cs no/at preventive/jj steps/nns are/ber taken/vbn --/-- the/at other/ap teeth/nns may/md shift/vb out/in of/in position/nn ,/, become/vb overcrowded/vbn and/cc malformed/jj ./. In/in turn/nn the/at other/ap teeth/nns are/ber likely/jj to/to decay/vb because/cs food/nn particles/nns may/md become/vb impacted/vbn in/in them/ppo ./.

cf12

cf12 |@word time:5 medium:20 mention:1 people:8 around:2 side:4 report:1 say:4 come:5 initial:1 name:12 interested:4 hear:5 rather:1 unusual:2 family:1 nickname:1 hour:2 progress:1 sensitive:10 seem:5 probe:1 deeply:1 make:9 personal:4 specific:3 statement:11 prognosis:1 event:1 another:7 sitter:24 would:6 produce:1 somewhat:1 different:1 content:2 general:2 probably:4 sound:3 much:1 like:2 foregoing:1 read:5 speak:6 practical:1 earth:1 term:2 may:11 stress:1 spiritual:2 matter:1 fact:5 consider:5 sense:2 receive:3 message:4 deceased:3 rule:2 prefer:1 expression:1 strictly:1 extra:2 sensory:2 perception:2 esp:4 veil:1 however:2 know:11 go:3 diverse:1 reason:1 perhaps:3 mourn:1 recent:1 death:3 want:1 comfort:1 feel:5 touch:1 seek:3 indication:1 future:1 plan:1 course:3 curiosity:1 seeker:1 phenomenon:1 mediumship:1 parapsychology:3 foundation:3 work:1 experiment:5 waking:1 slightly:1 dissociate:1 state:5 comment:1 ask:5 answer:1 question:3 instead:2 talk:1 control:1 entranced:1 way:2 ordinary:1 conversation:2 really:6 many:5 sitting:5 amazed:1 realize:2 describe:4 vividly:2 mind:2 aware:1 mood:3 latent:1 unspecified:1 semi:1 conscious:4 partly:1 strike:1 indeed:2 beyond:1 normal:2 ability:1 put:1 finger:1 pre:1 clarify:2 next:1 visit:1 researcher:1 reading:14 bring:2 never:1 meet:2 nothing:3 proxy:5 note:3 earlier:1 important:3 valid:1 objective:3 study:3 sort:2 communication:2 separate:3 dr:1 karlis:1 osis:1 director:1 research:4 basis:2 tomorrow:1 article:1 new:1 survival:2 spring:1 1958:1 remark:1 clearly:1 establish:1 number:2 instance:2 spirit:1 telepathically:1 possibility:1 tap:1 memory:1 two:3 central:1 character:1 drama:1 must:3 one:12 wherein:1 person:3 represent:1 substitute:1 latter:1 absent:5 except:1 give:7 experimenter:2 possibly:1 clue:1 unconscious:2 far:2 less:1 lead:1 careful:1 questioner:1 help:1 paranormal:1 impression:5 sometimes:3 appointment:1 use:3 date:3 communicator:4 someone:2 close:1 certain:1 channel:1 open:1 case:3 else:3 appoint:1 concern:1 material:2 always:1 tape:1 recording:1 detailed:1 typescript:1 send:1 situation:1 set:2 least:1 partial:1 barrier:1 hard:1 assume:2 telepathy:1 though:3 still:1 afield:1 range:2 original:1 decide:1 whether:2 meaningful:1 laboratory:1 approach:2 evolve:1 recognize:1 elastic:1 apply:6 often:5 easily:2 individual:1 look:1 mean:4 see:7 item:6 could:3 applicable:2 even:3 picture:2 think:2 hit:5 something:2 accurately:2 sure:1 subjectively:2 circumstance:1 easy:1 j:1 uncle:1 jack:1 little:4 jane:1 journey:1 white:1 house:3 change:1 outlook:1 complex:1 interpret:2 conform:1 point:2 view:2 nature:1 leather:1 couch:1 identify:1 surely:1 direct:1 nobody:1 father:1 ever:1 phrase:1 atta:1 boy:1 get:4 quite:1 difficult:1 corner:1 first:1 aid:1 objectiveness:1 prevent:1 distant:2 tell:2 four:2 five:2 readily:1 assess:1 large:2 frame:1 significant:6 particular:2 life:1 take:4 almost:2 anybody:1 forget:1 similar:1 experience:2 conversely:2 impressive:1 following:1 turn:1 child:2 twin:1 lawyer:1 twenty:1 year:1 start:1 ministry:1 part:1 move:1 road:1 die:2 typhoid:1 1921:1 method:1 develop:2 assigning:1 weight:4 empirically:1 begin:2 r:1 common:1 z:1 woman:1 miranda:1 elizabeth:1 united:1 states:1 heart:1 disease:1 smallpox:1 score:2 add:2 double:1 various:1 category:3 explore:1 find:5 empirical:1 probability:1 measure:1 long:2 variety:1 cooperate:1 try:1 throw:1 light:1 significance:1 mediumistic:3 field:1 relation:1 hypothesis:1 actually:3 intuitive:1 venture:1 eager:1 attach:1 hand:1 unlikely:1 everybody:1 thing:1 design:1 hold:1 several:1 mail:1 whose:2 mark:3 correct:3 incorrect:1 miss:1 doubtful:1 especially:1 anyone:1 require:1 every:1 indicate:1 evaluation:1 tot:1 tabulate:1 place:2 total:1 experimental:1 fall:2 heavy:2 rating:1 accurate:1 chalk:1 intrinsic:1 meaningfulness:1 type:1 positive:1 result:1 final:1 finding:1 formulate:1 procedure:1 analyze:1 likely:1 slant:1 location:1 cause:1 age:1 kind:1 occupation:1 possible:1 cream:2 skim:1 successful:1 rate:1 concentrate:1 good:1 evidently:1 involve:1 cold:1 leg:1 ache:1 head:1 word:1 noise:1 loud:1 machinery:1 crying:1 glad:1 maybe:1 entire:1 scene:2 consciousness:1 action:1 motion:1 static:1 pine:1 tree:1 stone:1 path:1 door:1 smell:1 definite:1 odor:1 emotion:1 display:1 amazing:1 eidetic:1 imagery:2 detail:3 perspective:1 press:1 able:1 focus:1 sharply:1 physically:1 closer:1 extraordinary:1 without:1 exactly:1 atmosphere:1 personality:1 intention:1 element:1 training:1 gift:1 concentration:1 guidance:1 learn:1 power:1 simply:1 increase:1 intensity:1 automatically:1 appear:2 symbolic:1 form:2 face:1 value:1 apparently:1 symbol:2 translate:1 meaning:1 entity:1 clairvoyant:1 symbolism:1 image:1 prisoner:1 iron:1 necessarily:1 refer:2 actual:1 jail:1 mental:1 confinement:1 connection:1 worth:1 obtain:1 clairaudiently:1 voice:1 apprehend:1 visually:1 slope:1 signify:1 hill:1 sheet:1 flap:1 line:1 shietz:1

From/in time/nn to/in time/nn the/at medium/nn mentions/vbz other/ap people/nns ``/`` around/in him/ppo ''/'' ,/, who/wps were/bed ``/`` on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc reports/vbz what/wdt they/ppss are/ber saying/vbg ./. After/in a/at while/nn there/ex come/vb initials/nns and/cc names/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez interested/vbn to/to hear/vb some/dti rather/ql unusual/jj family/nn nicknames/nns ./. As/cs the/at hour/nn progresses/vbz ,/, the/at sensitive/jj seems/vbz to/to probe/vb more/ql deeply/rb and/cc to/to make/vb more/ql personal/jj and/cc specific/jj statements/nns ./. There/ex are/ber a/at few/ap prognoses/nns of/in coming/vbg events/nns ./. Another/dt medium/nn ,/, another/dt sitter/nn ,/, would/md produce/vb a/at somewhat/ql different/jj content/nn ,/, but/cc in/in general/jj it/pps would/md probably/rb sound/vb much/rb like/cs the/at foregoing/vbg reading/nn ./. Some/dti mediums/nns speak/vb in/in practical/jj ,/, down-to-earth/jj terms/nns ,/, while/cs others/nns may/md stress/vb the/at spiritual/jj ./. Not/* all/abn ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, consider/vb themselves/ppls ``/`` mediums/nns ''/'' in/in the/at sense/nn of/in receiving/vbg messages/nns from/in the/at deceased/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, some/dti sensitives/nns rule/vb this/dt out/rp ,/, preferring/vbg to/to consider/vb their/pp$ expression/nn as/cs strictly/rb extra-sensory/jj perception/nn (/( ESP/np )/) ,/, on/in this/dt side/nn of/in the/at ``/`` veil/nn ''/'' ./. However/wrb that/dt may/md be/be ,/, people/nns are/ber known/vbn to/to go/vb to/in mediums/nns for/in diverse/jj reasons/nns ./. Perhaps/rb they/ppss are/ber mourning/vbg a/at recent/jj death/nn and/cc want/vb comfort/nn ,/, to/to feel/vb in/in touch/nn with/in the/at deceased/nn ,/, or/cc seek/vb indications/nns for/in future/jj plans/nns ./. They/ppss may/md ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, be/be curiosity/nn seekers/nns --/-- or/cc they/ppss may/md just/rb be/be interested/vbn in/in the/at phenomenon/nn of/in mediumship/nn ./. The/at mediums/nns with/in whom/wpo the/at Parapsychology/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl is/bez working/vbg in/in this/dt experiment/nn are/ber in/in a/at waking/vbg or/cc only/rb slightly/ql dissociated/vbn state/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at sitter/nn can/md make/vb comments/nns ,/, ask/vb and/cc answer/vb questions/nns ,/, instead/rb of/in talking/vbg with/in a/at ``/`` control/nn ''/'' who/wps speaks/vbz through/in an/at entranced/vbn sensitive/jj ./. What/wdt we/ppss have/hv here/rb is/bez in/in some/dti ways/nns more/rbr like/cs an/at ordinary/jj conversation/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez not/* really/rb only/rb a/at conversation/nn ./. Many/abn a/at sitter/nn (/( in/in a/at personal/jj sitting/nn )/) has/hvz been/ben amazed/vbn to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at medium/nn was/bedz describing/vbg very/ql vividly/rb his/pp$ state/nn of/in mind/nn ./. He/pps himself/ppl might/md not/* have/hv been/ben really/ql aware/jj of/in his/pp$ own/jj mood/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps had/hvd been/ben latent/jj ,/, unspecified/jj ,/, semi-conscious/jj and/cc only/ql partly/ql realized/vbn --/-- until/cs she/pps described/vbd it/ppo to/in him/ppo !/. !/. Most/ql striking/jj indeed/rb is/bez this/dt beyond-normal/jj ability/nn to/to put/vb a/at finger/nn on/in ``/`` pre-conscious/jj ''/'' moods/nns and/cc to/to clarify/vb them/ppo ./. However/rb ,/, in/in the/at next/ap visit/nn that/wpo the/at researcher/nn made/vbd to/in the/at medium/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* receive/vb a/at personal/jj reading/nn ./. Instead/rb he/pps brought/vbd with/in him/ppo the/at names/nns of/in some/dti people/nns he/pps had/hvd never/rb met/vbn and/cc of/in whom/wpo the/at medium/nn knew/vbd nothing/pn ./. For/cs this/dt was/bedz to/to be/be a/at ``/`` proxy/nn sitting/nn ''/'' ./. As/cs was/bedz noted/vbn earlier/rbr ,/, it/pps is/bez important/jj that/cs in/in valid/jj ,/, objective/jj study/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn of/in communication/nn ,/, the/at interested/vbn sitter/nn should/md be/be separated/vbn from/in the/at sensitive/jj ./. Dr./nn-tl Karlis/np Osis/np ,/, Director/nn-tl of/in-tl Research/nn-tl at/in the/at Parapsychology/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl ,/, described/vbd the/at basis/nn for/in the/at experiment/nn in/in a/at tomorrow/nr article/nn ,/, (/( ``/`` New/jj-tl Research/nn-tl On/in-tl Survival/nn-tl After/in-tl Death/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, Spring/nn-tl 1958/cd )/) ./. He/pps remarked/vbd :/: ``/`` It/pps has/hvz been/ben clearly/rb established/vbn that/cs in/in a/at number/nn of/in instances/nns the/at message/nn did/dod not/* come/vb from/in a/at spirit/nn but/cc was/bedz received/vbn telepathically/rb by/in the/at medium/nn from/in the/at sitter/nn ''/'' ./. The/at possibility/nn has/hvz to/to be/be ruled/vbn out/rp that/cs the/at medium's/nn$ ESP/nn may/md tap/vb the/at memory/nn of/in the/at sitter/nn ,/, and/cc to/to do/do this/dt ,/, the/at two/cd central/jj characters/nns in/in this/dt drama/nn must/md be/be separated/vbn ./. One/cd way/nn to/to do/do this/dt is/bez by/in ``/`` proxy/nn sittings/nns ''/'' ,/, wherein/wrb the/at person/nn seeking/vbg a/at message/nn does/doz not/* himself/ppl meet/vb with/in the/at medium/nn but/cc is/bez represented/vbn by/in a/at substitute/nn ,/, the/at proxy/nn sitter/nn ./. If/cs the/at latter/ap knows/vbz nothing/pn about/in the/at absent/jj sitter/nn except/in his/pp$ name/nn (/( given/vbn by/in the/at experimenter/nn )/) ,/, he/pps cannot/md* possibly/rb give/vb any/dti clues/nns ,/, conscious/jj or/cc unconscious/jj ,/, far/ql less/rbr ask/vb leading/vbg questions/nns ./. All/abn he/pps can/md do/do is/bez to/to be/be an/at objective/jj and/cc careful/jj questioner/nn ,/, seeking/vbg to/to help/vb the/at sensitive/jj in/in clarifying/vbg and/cc making/vbg more/ql specific/jj her/pp$ paranormal/jj impressions/nns ./. Sometimes/rb in/in these/dts experiments/nns ``/`` appointment/nn sittings/nns ''/'' are/ber used/vbn ./. Here/rb the/at absent/jj sitter/nn makes/vbz a/at ``/`` date/nn ''/'' with/in a/at communicator/nn (/( someone/pn close/jj to/in him/ppo who/wps is/bez deceased/jj )/) ,/, asking/vbg him/ppo to/to ``/`` come/vb in/rp ''/'' at/in a/at certain/jj hour/nn ,/, when/wrb a/at channel/nn will/md be/be open/jj for/in him/ppo ./. In/in this/dt case/nn the/at proxy/nn sitter/nn will/md know/vb only/rb the/at name/nn of/in the/at communicator/nn ,/, nothing/pn else/rb ./. He/pps gives/vbz this/dt to/in the/at medium/nn at/in the/at appointed/vbn time/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reading/nn then/rb will/md be/be concerned/vbn with/in material/nn about/in or/cc messages/nns from/in the/at communicator/nn ./. As/cs always/rb ,/, a/at tape/nn recording/nn or/cc detailed/vbn notes/nns are/ber made/vbn ,/, and/cc a/at typescript/nn of/in this/dt is/bez sent/vbn to/in the/at absent/jj sitter/nn ./. So/rb this/dt proxy/nn situation/nn has/hvz set/vbn up/rp at/in least/ap a/at partial/jj barrier/nn between/in the/at medium's/nn$ ESP/nn and/cc the/at absent/jj sitter's/nn$ mind/nn ./. It/pps is/bez now/rb harder/jjr to/to assume/vb telepathy/nn as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in the/at statements/nns --/-- though/cs research/nn still/rb does/doz not/* know/vb how/wrb far/ql afield/rb ESP/nn can/md range/nn ./. Now/rb the/at original/jj absent/jj sitter/nn must/md decide/vb whether/cs the/at statements/nns are/ber meaningful/jj to/in him/ppo ./. Here/rb again/rb laboratory/nn approaches/nns are/ber being/beg evolved/vbn ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez recognized/vbn how/wql ``/`` elastic/jj ''/'' these/dts readings/nns can/md be/be ,/, how/wrb they/ppss can/md apply/vb to/in many/ap people/nns ,/, and/cc are/ber often/rb stated/vbn in/in general/jj terms/nns all/ql too/ql easily/rb applied/vbn to/in any/dti individual's/nn$ own/jj case/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss look/vb at/in a/at reading/nn meant/vbn for/in someone/pn else/rb ,/, you/ppss will/md probably/rb see/vb that/cs many/ap of/in the/at items/nns could/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs applicable/jj to/in you/ppo ,/, even/rb when/wrb you/ppss were/bed not/* in/in the/at picture/nn at/in all/abn !/. !/. An/at interested/vbn sitter/nn may/md think/vb the/at sensitive/jj has/hvz made/vbn a/at ``/`` hit/nn ''/'' ,/, describing/vbg something/pn accurately/rb for/in him/ppo ,/, but/cc can/md he/pps really/rb be/be sure/jj that/cs another/dt sitter/nn ,/, hearing/vbg the/at same/ap statement/nn ,/, would/md not/* apply/vb it/ppo subjectively/rb to/in his/pp$ own/jj circumstances/nns ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, easy/jj to/to see/vb how/wrb ``/`` J/nn ''/'' will/md mean/vb Uncle/np Jack/np to/in one/cd person/nn and/cc little/jj Jane/np to/in another/dt ./. ``/`` A/at journey/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at little/jj white/jj house/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at change/nn of/in outlook/nn ''/'' ,/, can/md apply/vb to/in many/ap people/nns ./. And/cc even/ql more/ql complex/jj items/nns can/md be/be interpreted/vbn to/to conform/vb to/in one's/pn$ own/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez by/in nature/nn so/ql personal/jj ./. One/cd sitter/nn may/md think/vb ``/`` a/at leather/nn couch/nn ''/'' identifies/vbz a/at reading/nn as/cs surely/rb directed/vbn to/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. to/in another/dt ,/, it/pps seems/vbz that/cs nobody/pn but/in his/pp$ father/nn ever/rb used/vbd the/at phrase/nn ,/, ``/`` Atta/uh boy/nn ''/'' !/. !/. To/to get/vb around/in this/dt quite/ql difficult/jj corner/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez one/cd first/od aid/nn to/in objectiveness/nn :/: prevent/vb the/at distant/jj sitter/nn from/in knowing/vbg which/wdt reading/nn was/bedz for/in him/ppo ./. If/cs he/pps is/bez not/* told/vbn which/wdt of/in four/cd or/cc five/cd readings/nns was/bedz meant/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps can/md more/ql readily/rb assess/vb each/dt item/nn in/in a/at larger/jjr frame/nn :/: ``/`` Does/doz that/dt statement/nn really/rb sound/vb as/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed for/in me/ppo ,/, significant/jj in/in my/pp$ particular/jj life/nn ?/. ?/. Or/cc am/bem I/ppss taking/vbg something/pn that/wps could/md really/rb apply/vb to/in almost/rb anybody/pn ,/, and/cc forgetting/vbg that/cs many/ap other/ap people/nns probably/rb have/hv had/hvn a/at similar/jj experience/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Conversely/rb ,/, experimenters/nns would/md consider/vb as/cs impressive/jj such/jj statements/nns as/cs the/at following/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, if/cs they/ppss turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be hits/nns ,/, are/ber so/ql unusual/jj as/cs to/to be/be really/ql significant/jj :/: ``/`` He/pps had/hvd four/cd children/nns ,/, two/cd sets/nns of/in twins/nns ./. After/cs being/beg a/at lawyer/nn for/in twenty-five/cd years/nns he/pps started/vbd studying/vbg for/in the/at ministry/nn ./. Part/nn of/in his/pp$ house/nn had/hvd been/ben moved/vbn to/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at road/nn ./. He/pps died/vbd of/in typhoid/nn in/in 1921/cd ''/'' ./. Methods/nns have/hv been/ben developed/vbn of/in assigning/vbg ``/`` weights/nns ''/'' to/in statements/nns ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, it/pps is/bez known/vbn empirically/rb that/cs names/nns beginning/vbg with/in R/nn are/ber more/ql common/jj than/cs those/dts beginning/vbg with/in Z/nn ;/. ;/. that/ql fewer/ap women/nns are/ber named/vbn Miranda/np than/cs Elizabeth/np ;/. ;/. that/cs in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl more/ap people/nns die/vb of/in heart/nn disease/nn than/cs of/in smallpox/nn ./. So/rb each/dt reading/nn can/md be/be given/vbn a/at weight/nn and/cc each/dt reading/nn a/at score/nn by/in adding/vbg up/rp these/dts weights/nns ./. Specific/jj dates/nns would/md be/be important/jj ,/, as/cs would/md double/jj names/nns ./. Various/jj categories/nns have/hv been/ben explored/vbn to/to find/vb out/rp about/in these/dts ``/`` empirical/jj probabilities/nns ''/'' against/in which/wdt to/to measure/vb the/at readings/nns ./. In/in the/at parapsychology/nn foundation's/nn$ long-range/nn experiment/nn ,/, readings/nns are/ber made/vbn by/in a/at variety/nn of/in sensitives/nns for/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in cooperating/vbg sitters/nns ,/, trying/vbg to/to throw/vb light/nn on/in this/dt question/nn of/in the/at significance/nn of/in mediumistic/jj statements/nns ./. It/pps is/bez very/ql important/jj indeed/rb ,/, in/in the/at field/nn of/in extra-sensory/jj perception/nn and/cc its/pp$ relation/nn to/in the/at survival/nn hypothesis/nn ,/, to/to know/vb whether/cs the/at statements/nns are/ber actually/rb only/rb those/dts which/wdt any/dti intuitive/jj person/nn might/md venture/vb and/cc an/at eager/jj sitter/nn attach/vb to/in himself/ppl ./. Or/cc ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, are/ber unlikely/jj facts/nns being/beg stated/vbn ,/, facts/nns which/wdt are/ber in/in themselves/ppls significant/jj and/cc not/* easily/rb applicable/jj to/in everybody/pn ?/. ?/. That/dt is/bez one/cd thing/nn the/at experiments/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to find/vb out/rp ./. So/rb ,/, after/cs the/at sitting/nn has/hvz been/ben held/vbn ,/, several/ap readings/nns at/in one/cd time/nn are/ber mailed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at distant/jj sitter/nn (/( whose/wp$ name/nn or/cc whose/wp$ communicator's/nn$ name/nn was/bedz given/vbn to/in the/at medium/nn )/) must/md mark/vb each/dt little/jj item/nn as/cs Correct/jj-tl (/( Hit/nn-tl )/) ,/, Incorrect/jj-tl (/( Miss/nn-tl )/) ,/, Doubtful/jj-tl ,/, or/cc Especially/ql-tl Significant/jj-tl (/( applying/vbg to/in him/ppo and/cc ,/, he/pps feels/vbz ,/, not/* to/in anyone/pn else/rb )/) ./. He/pps is/bez required/vbn to/to mark/vb every/at item/nn and/cc to/to indicate/vb which/wdt reading/vbg he/pps feels/vbz is/bez actually/rb his/pp$$ ./. All/ql these/dts evaluations/nns are/ber then/rb totted/vbn up/rp and/cc tabulated/vbn ,/, by/in adding/vbg up/rp the/at Hits/nns-tl and/cc Significants/nns-tl ,/, with/in the/at weight/nn placed/vbn on/in those/dts in/in the/at sitter's/nn$ own/jj reading/nn ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, if/cs he/pps marks/vbz as/cs most/ql correct/jj a/at reading/nn not/* meant/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, the/at total/nn experimental/jj score/nn falls/vbz ./. Conversely/rb ,/, if/cs he/pps gives/vbz a/at heavy/jj rating/nn to/in his/pp$ own/jj reading/nn ,/, and/cc finds/vbz more/ql accurate/jj facts/nns in/in it/ppo than/cs in/in the/at others/nns ,/, a/at point/nn is/bez chalked/vbn up/rp for/in the/at intrinsic/jj ,/, objective/jj meaningfulness/nn of/in this/dt type/nn of/in mediumistic/jj material/nn ./. And/cc there/ex are/ber some/dti positive/jj results/nns ,/, though/cs the/at final/jj findings/nns will/md not/* be/be known/vbn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn --/-- and/cc then/rb further/jjr research/nn can/md be/be formulated/vbn ./. In/in another/dt approach/nn to/in the/at same/ap procedure/nn ,/, the/at content/nn of/in the/at readings/nns is/bez analyzed/vbn so/rb as/cs to/to see/vb how/wrb the/at particular/jj medium/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to slant/vb her/pp$ statements/nns ./. Does/doz she/pps often/rb speak/vb of/in locations/nns ,/, of/in cause/nn of/in death/nn ?/. ?/. Does/doz she/pps accurately/rb give/vb dates/nns ,/, ages/nns ,/, kind/nn of/in occupation/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to find/vb out/rp in/in which/wdt categories/nns most/ap of/in her/pp$ correct/jj statements/nns fall/vb ,/, and/cc where/wrb she/pps makes/vbz most/ap of/in her/pp$ ``/`` hits/nns ''/'' ./. Now/rb when/wrb ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, the/at cream/nn has/hvz been/ben skimmed/vbn off/rp ,/, and/cc the/at items/nns in/in the/at successful/jj categories/nns separated/vbn out/rp ,/, the/at sitter/nn can/md be/be asked/vbn to/to consider/vb and/cc rate/vb only/rb this/dt concentrated/vbn ``/`` cream/nn ''/'' ,/, where/wrb the/at sensitive/jj is/bez at/in her/pp$ best/jjt ./. Mediumistic/jj impressions/nns are/ber evidently/rb of/in all/abn sorts/nns and/cc seem/vb to/to involve/vb all/abn the/at senses/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss feel/vb cold/jj ''/'' ,/, the/at medium/nn says/vbz ,/, or/cc ``/`` My/pp$ leg/nn aches/vbz ''/'' ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ head/nn is/bez heavy/jj ''/'' ./. Or/cc perhaps/rb she/pps hears/vbz words/nns or/cc sounds/nns :/: ``/`` There's/ex+bez such/abl a/at noise/nn of/in loud/jj machinery/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` I/ppss hear/vb a/at child/nn crying/vbg ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` He/pps says/vbz we're/ppss+ber all/abn here/rb and/cc glad/jj to/to see/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./. Maybe/rb an/at entire/jj scene/nn comes/vbz into/in consciousness/nn ,/, with/in action/nn and/cc motion/nn ,/, or/cc a/at static/jj view/nn :/: ``/`` a/at house/nn under/in a/at pine/nn tree/nn ,/, with/in a/at little/jj stone/nn path/nn going/vbg up/in to/in the/at door/nn ''/'' ./. The/at sensitive/jj often/rb seems/vbz to/to smell/vb definite/jj odors/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, or/cc subjectively/rb feels/vbz emotions/nns ./. Sometimes/rb she/pps displays/vbz amazing/jj eidetic/jj imagery/nn and/cc seems/vbz to/to see/vb all/abn details/nns in/in perspective/nn ,/, as/cs if/cs the/at scene/nn were/bed actually/rb there/rb ./. If/cs pressed/vbn by/in the/at sitter/nn for/in more/ap detail/nn ,/, she/pps may/md be/be able/jj to/to bring/vb the/at picture/nn more/rbr into/in focus/nn and/cc see/vb more/ql sharply/rb ,/, almost/rb as/cs if/cs she/pps were/bed physically/rb going/vbg closer/rbr ./. If/cs asked/vbn how/wrb she/pps gets/vbz her/pp$ impressions/nns ,/, she/pps probably/rb can/md only/rb say/vb that/cs she/pps ``/`` just/rb gets/vbz them/ppo ''/'' --/-- some/dti more/ql vividly/rb than/cs others/nns ./. Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez not/* so/ql extraordinary/jj after/in all/abn ./. Even/rb in/in normal/jj experience/nn one/pn gets/vbz impressions/nns without/in knowing/vbg exactly/rb how/wrb --/-- of/in atmosphere/nn ,/, of/in one/cd another's/dt$ personalities/nns ,/, moods/nns ,/, intentions/nns ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at element/nn of/in training/vbg here/rb :/: these/dts gifted/jj people/nns ,/, by/in concentration/nn ,/, study/nn ,/, guidance/nn ,/, have/hv learned/vbn to/to develop/vb their/pp$ power/nn ./. Simply/rb using/vbg it/pps increases/vbz its/pp$ intensity/nn ,/, I/ppss was/bedz told/vbn by/in one/cd sensitive/jj ./. Nor/cc does/doz a/at medium/nn automatically/rb know/vb how/wrb to/to interpret/vb her/pp$ imagery/nn ./. Impressions/nns often/rb appear/vb in/in a/at symbolic/jj form/nn and/cc cannot/md* be/be taken/vbn at/in face/nn value/nn ./. It/pps is/bez apparently/rb by/in symbols/nns that/cs the/at unconscious/jj speaks/vbz to/in the/at conscious/jj ,/, and/cc the/at medium/nn has/hvz to/to translate/vb these/dts into/in meaning/nn ./. If/cs communication/nn with/in an/at entity/nn on/in the/at ``/`` other/ap side/nn ''/'' is/bez taking/vbg place/nn ,/, this/dt too/rb may/md assume/vb the/at form/nn of/in clairvoyant/jj symbolism/nn ./. During/in one/cd reading/vbg an/at image/nn appeared/vbd of/in a/at prisoner/nn in/in irons/nns ./. But/cc this/dt did/dod not/* necessarily/rb refer/vb to/in an/at actual/jj jail/nn ;/. ;/. taken/vbn with/in other/ap details/nns it/pps could/md have/hv referred/vbn to/in a/at state/nn of/in mental/jj or/cc spiritual/jj confinement/nn ./. In/in this/dt connection/nn it/pps is/bez worth/jj noting/vbg how/wrb names/nns are/ber sometimes/rb obtained/vbn ./. Though/cs they/ppss are/ber often/rb heard/vbn clairaudiently/rb ,/, as/cs if/cs a/at voice/nn were/bed speaking/vbg them/ppo ,/, in/in other/ap cases/nns they/ppss are/ber apprehended/vbn visually/rb as/cs symbols/nns :/: a/at slope/nn to/to signify/vb the/at name/nn ``/`` Hill/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, for/in instance/nn ./. One/cd medium/nn saw/vbd two/cd sheets/nns flapping/vbg on/in a/at line/nn and/cc found/vbd that/cs the/at name/nn Shietz/np was/bedz significant/jj to/in the/at sitter/nn ./.

cf13

cf13 |@word farming:11 confine:1 farmer:14 life:2 must:11 arrange:1 meet:2 demand:1 crop:6 livestock:7 tend:1 every:1 day:2 routinely:1 slight:1 change:4 work:16 schedule:1 may:23 cut:2 production:3 cow:3 chicken:3 even:3 leave:2 farm:37 long:2 period:2 particularly:3 grow:4 season:1 worker:2 live:3 job:10 readily:1 take:6 another:1 locality:2 short:1 notice:1 move:1 mean:1 loss:3 capital:2 hard:2 physical:2 labor:15 undesirable:1 hour:3 part:17 get:8 early:1 time:24 late:1 night:1 frequently:2 hot:1 sun:1 cold:1 rain:1 matter:1 well:9 plan:3 bad:1 weather:2 unexpected:1 setback:1 cause:2 extra:2 catch:1 profitable:1 save:1 machinery:8 full:5 invest:3 profitably:3 fall:1 far:1 expectation:1 drought:1 hail:1 disease:1 insect:1 toll:1 sickness:1 owner:1 earning:2 return:1 money:2 small:8 good:7 year:4 high:7 cost:15 land:13 supply:4 make:6 difficult:1 basis:2 within:2 commute:2 distance:2 city:6 usually:5 price:4 subdivision:2 possibilitie:1 generally:2 pay:5 buy:10 quantity:2 industrial:1 area:7 wage:1 also:4 need:14 unusual:1 skill:1 per:4 hen:1 acre:3 obtain:1 competent:1 uneconomical:1 date:1 equipment:6 depend:3 upon:1 custom:1 service:2 specialized:2 operation:2 spray:2 threshing:1 wait:1 turn:1 emergency:1 arise:1 away:1 additional:1 burden:1 main:3 lose:2 true:1 whether:3 rent:5 taxis:3 place:5 free:2 mortgage:1 interest:2 payment:1 principal:1 care:2 advantage:1 provide:5 wholesome:1 healthful:1 environment:1 child:3 give:2 room:1 play:1 plenty:1 fresh:2 air:1 chore:1 adapt:1 age:1 ability:1 calf:1 pig:2 develop:1 sense:1 responsibility:1 measure:1 security:1 regular:4 debt:1 furnish:1 enough:3 income:9 fix:1 expense:2 minimum:1 living:2 retire:1 person:2 way:2 supplement:1 retirement:1 suitable:1 exercise:1 door:2 health:1 level:1 less:2 country:3 saving:1 great:2 however:2 sometime:1 suppose:1 food:1 shelter:1 somewhat:2 transportation:2 utility:2 school:2 fire:2 police:1 protection:2 similar:1 municipal:1 equal:1 quality:2 real:1 estate:1 family:11 use:7 spare:3 consider:4 recreational:1 white:1 collar:1 welcome:1 conditioner:1 comparatively:1 little:2 deal:2 kind:6 scale:5 general:1 requirement:2 discuss:3 specific:1 various:2 type:2 enterprise:5 page:2 8:2 14:2 three:1 quarter:1 1:3 raise:5 fruit:1 vegetable:2 home:5 flock:1 two:2 could:2 course:1 feed:2 plot:1 want:9 carry:1 large:3 decide:5 much:6 account:2 amount:3 bring:1 expect:6 keep:5 along:3 prospect:1 appreciation:1 value:8 influence:1 decision:1 anticipation:1 suburban:2 development:2 highly:1 speculative:1 venture:2 sometimes:1 desire:1 acreage:2 offer:1 tract:1 surplus:1 expensive:2 adjoin:1 property:2 impair:1 residential:1 round:1 unless:1 member:1 hire:5 help:4 rule:1 manage:1 compare:1 list:3 table:1 number:1 month:1 include:3 vacation:1 one:3 willing:1 go:4 produce:3 hand:1 tool:1 probably:2 someone:4 plowing:1 planting:2 power:2 plow:3 harrow:1 disking:1 cultivate:1 half:1 garden:2 tractor:2 available:2 300:1 500:1 attachment:1 1960:1 entirely:1 satisfactory:2 heavy:1 soil:3 still:1 often:1 serious:1 problem:1 cash:1 mind:1 investment:3 choose:2 among:1 secondhand:1 share:1 upkeep:1 neighbor:1 certain:2 piece:1 rig:1 combine:1 binder:1 machine:1 select:2 look:3 know:1 undertake:1 2:1 information:1 acquaint:1 wish:1 locate:1 sure:1 like:1 success:1 would:3 better:1 thing:2 location:2 nearness:2 easy:2 employment:1 opportunity:2 necessarily:1 sell:5 presence:1 alternative:1 become:1 desirable:1 obviously:1 road:1 market:2 anything:1 nearby:1 whole:1 milk:1 example:1 close:1 town:2 neighborhood:2 slum:1 rural:1 protect:1 zone:1 tavern:1 filling:1 station:1 junk:1 yard:1 rendering:1 plant:1 business:1 near:1 hurt:2 facility:2 check:2 teaching:1 provision:1 find:3 sewage:1 system:2 gas:1 water:6 electrical:1 line:1 without:2 adequate:2 pure:1 probable:2 drill:1 pond:2 filter:1 human:1 trouble:1 follow:1 domestic:1 topography:1 suit:1 intend:1 tell:1 county:2 agricultural:1 agent:1 local:1 specialist:1 drainage:1 degree:1 slope:1 difference:2 poor:1 right:1 lie:1 next:2 suited:1 house:3 residence:1 necessary:1 modernizing:1 redecorating:1 wire:1 adequately:1 electricity:1 plumbing:1 central:1 heating:1 instal:1 improvement:1 worth:3 product:1 possibility:1 later:1 first:1 comparison:1 insurance:1 rate:2 travel:1 estimate:5 possible:1 set:1 paper:1 operate:1 average:1 normal:1 total:1 gross:2 net:2 subtract:1 annual:2 expenditure:2 allowance:1 depreciation:1 building:1 count:1 charge:2 contribute:1 something:1 otherwise:1 nothing:1 figure:1 term:1 divide:1 percentage:1

Farming/vbg is/bez confining/vbg ./. The/at farmer's/nn$ life/nn must/md be/be arranged/vbn to/to meet/vb the/at demands/nns of/in crops/nns and/cc livestock/nn ./. Livestock/nn must/md be/be tended/vbn every/at day/nn ,/, routinely/rb ./. A/at slight/jj change/nn in/in the/at work/nn schedule/nn may/md cut/vb the/at production/nn of/in cows/nns or/cc chickens/nns ./. Even/rb if/cs there/ex are/ber no/at livestock/nn ,/, the/at farmer/nn cannot/md* leave/vb the/at farm/nn for/in long/jj periods/nns ,/, particularly/rb during/in the/at growing/vbg season/nn ./. The/at worker/nn who/wps lives/vbz on/in a/at farm/nn cannot/md* change/vb jobs/nns readily/rb ./. He/pps cannot/md* leave/vb the/at farm/nn to/to take/vb work/nn in/in another/dt locality/nn on/in short/jj notice/nn ;/. ;/. such/abl a/at move/nn may/md mean/vb a/at loss/nn of/in capital/nn ./. Hard/jj physical/jj labor/nn and/cc undesirable/jj hours/nns are/ber a/at part/nn of/in life/nn ./. The/at farmer/nn must/md get/vb up/rp early/rb ,/, and/cc ,/, at/in times/nns ,/, work/vb late/rb at/in night/nn ./. Frequently/rb he/pps must/md work/vb long/jj hours/nns in/in the/at hot/jj sun/nn or/cc cold/jj rain/nn ./. No/at matter/nn how/wql well/rb work/nn is/bez planned/vbn ,/, bad/jj weather/nn or/cc unexpected/jj setbacks/nns can/md cause/vb extra/jj work/nn that/wps must/md be/be caught/vbn up/rp ./. It/pps may/md not/* be/be profitable/jj for/in a/at part-time/jj farmer/nn to/to own/vb the/at labor-saving/jj machinery/nn that/cs a/at full-time/jj farmer/nn can/md invest/vb in/in profitably/rb ./. Production/nn may/md fall/vb far/ql below/in expectations/nns ./. Drought/nn ,/, hail/nn ,/, disease/nn ,/, and/cc insects/nns take/vb their/pp$ toll/nn of/in crops/nns ./. Sickness/nn or/cc loss/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at livestock/nn may/md cut/vb into/in the/at owner's/nn$ earnings/nns ,/, even/rb into/in his/pp$ capital/nn ./. Returns/nns for/in money/nn and/cc labor/nn invested/vbn may/md be/be small/jj even/rb in/in a/at good/jj year/nn ./. The/at high/jj cost/nn of/in land/nn ,/, supplies/nns ,/, and/cc labor/nn make/vb it/ppo difficult/jj to/to farm/vb profitably/rb on/in a/at part-time/jj basis/nn ./. Land/nn within/in commuting/vbg distance/nn of/in a/at growing/vbg city/nn is/bez usually/rb high/jj in/in price/nn ,/, higher/jjr if/cs it/pps has/hvz subdivision/nn possibilities/nns ./. Part-time/jj farmers/nns generally/rb must/md pay/vb higher/jjr prices/nns for/in supplies/nns than/cs full-time/jj farmers/nns because/cs they/ppss buy/vb in/in smaller/jjr quantities/nns ./. If/cs the/at farm/nn is/bez in/in an/at industrial/jj area/nn where/wrb wages/nns are/ber high/jj ,/, farm/nn labor/nn costs/nns will/md also/rb be/be high/jj ./. A/at part-time/jj farmer/nn needs/vbz unusual/jj skill/nn to/to get/vb as/ql high/jj production/nn per/in hen/nn ,/, per/in cow/nn ,/, or/cc per/in acre/nn as/cs can/md be/be obtained/vbn by/in a/at competent/jj full-time/jj farmer/nn ./. It/pps will/md frequently/rb be/be uneconomical/jj for/in him/ppo to/to own/vb the/at most/ql up-to-date/jj equipment/nn ./. He/pps may/md have/hv to/to depend/vb upon/in custom/nn service/nn for/in specialized/vbn operations/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs spraying/vbg or/cc threshing/vbg ,/, and/cc for/in these/dts ,/, he/pps may/md have/hv to/to wait/vb his/pp$ turn/nn ./. There/ex will/md be/be losses/nns caused/vbn by/in emergencies/nns that/wps arise/vb while/cs he/pps is/bez away/rb at/in his/pp$ off-farm/jj job/nn ./. The/at farm/nn may/md be/be an/at additional/jj burden/nn if/cs the/at main/jjs job/nn is/bez lost/vbn ./. This/dt may/md be/be true/jj whether/cs the/at farm/nn is/bez owned/vbn or/cc rented/vbn ./. If/cs the/at farm/nn is/bez rented/vbn ,/, the/at rent/nn must/md be/be paid/vbn ./. If/cs it/pps is/bez owned/vbn ,/, taxes/nns must/md be/be paid/vbn ,/, and/cc if/cs the/at place/nn is/bez not/* free/jj of/in mortgage/nn ,/, there/ex will/md be/be interest/nn and/cc payments/nns on/in the/at principal/jjs to/to take/vb care/nn of/in ./. Advantages/nns-hl A/at farm/nn provides/vbz a/at wholesome/jj and/cc healthful/jj environment/nn for/in children/nns ./. It/pps gives/vbz them/ppo room/nn to/to play/vb and/cc plenty/nn of/in fresh/jj air/nn ./. The/at children/nns can/md do/do chores/nns adapted/vbn to/in their/pp$ age/nn and/cc ability/nn ./. Caring/vbg for/in a/at calf/nn ,/, a/at pig/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti chickens/nns develops/vbz in/in children/nns a/at sense/nn of/in responsibility/nn for/in work/nn ./. Part-time/jj farming/nn gives/vbz a/at measure/nn of/in security/nn if/cs the/at regular/jj job/nn is/bez lost/vbn ,/, provided/vbn the/at farm/nn is/bez owned/vbn free/jj of/in debt/nn and/cc furnishes/vbz enough/ap income/nn to/to meet/vb fixed/vbn expenses/nns and/cc minimum/jj living/vbg costs/nns ./. For/in some/dti retired/vbn persons/nns ,/, part-time/jj farming/nn is/bez a/at good/jj way/nn to/to supplement/vb retirement/nn income/nn ./. It/pps is/bez particularly/ql suitable/jj for/in those/dts who/wps need/vb to/to work/vb or/cc exercise/vb out/in of/in doors/nns for/in their/pp$ health/nn ./. Generally/rb ,/, the/at same/ap level/nn of/in living/vbg costs/vbz less/ap in/in the/at country/nn than/cs in/in the/at city/nn ./. The/at savings/nns are/ber not/* as/ql great/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, as/cs is/bez sometime/rb supposed/vbn ./. Usually/rb ,/, the/at cost/nn of/in food/nn and/cc shelter/nn will/md be/be somewhat/ql less/ap on/in the/at farm/nn and/cc the/at cost/nn of/in transportation/nn and/cc utilities/nns somewhat/ql more/ap ./. Where/wrb schools/nns ,/, fire/nn and/cc police/nn protection/nn ,/, and/cc similar/jj municipal/jj services/nns are/ber of/in equal/jj quality/nn in/in city/nn and/cc country/nn ,/, real/jj estate/nn taxes/nns are/ber usually/rb about/rb the/at same/ap ./. A/at part-time/jj farmer/nn and/cc his/pp$ family/nn can/md use/vb their/pp$ spare/jj time/nn profitably/rb ./. Some/dti persons/nns consider/vb the/at work/nn on/in a/at farm/nn recreational/jj ./. For/in some/dti white-collar/nn workers/nns it/pps is/bez a/at welcome/jj change/nn from/in the/at regular/jj job/nn ,/, and/cc a/at physical/jj conditioner/nn ./. Land/nn-hl ,/,-hl labor/nn-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl equipment/nn-hl needed/vbn-hl Part-time/jj farming/nn can/md take/vb comparatively/ql little/ap land/nn ,/, labor/nn ,/, and/cc equipment/nn --/-- or/cc a/at great/jj deal/nn ./. It/pps depends/vbz on/in the/at kind/nn and/cc the/at scale/nn of/in the/at farming/vbg operation/nn ./. General/jj requirements/nns for/in land/nn ,/, labor/nn ,/, and/cc equipment/nn are/ber discussed/vbn below/rb ./. Specific/jj requirements/nns for/in each/dt of/in various/jj types/nns of/in enterprises/nns are/ber discussed/vbn on/in pages/nns 8/cd to/in 14/cd ./. Land/nn-hl Three/cd quarters/nns to/in 1/cd acre/nn of/in good/jj land/nn is/bez enough/ap for/in raising/vbg fruits/nns and/cc vegetables/nns for/in home/nn use/nn ,/, and/cc for/in a/at small/jj flock/nn of/in chickens/nns ,/, a/at cow/nn ,/, and/cc two/cd pigs/nns ./. You/ppss could/md not/* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, raise/vb feed/nn for/in the/at livestock/nn on/in a/at plot/nn this/dt small/jj ./. If/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to raise/vb feed/nn or/cc carry/vb out/rp some/dti enterprise/nn on/in a/at larger/jjr scale/nn ,/, you'll/ppss+md need/vb more/ap land/nn ./. In/in deciding/vbg how/wql much/ap land/nn you/ppss want/vb ,/, take/vb into/in account/nn the/at amount/nn you'll/ppss+md need/vb to/to bring/vb in/in the/at income/nn you/ppss expect/vb ./. But/cc consider/vb also/rb how/wql much/ap you/ppss and/cc your/pp$ family/nn can/md keep/vb up/rp along/rb with/in your/pp$ other/ap work/nn ./. The/at cost/nn of/in land/nn and/cc the/at prospects/nns for/in appreciation/nn in/in value/nn may/md influence/vb your/pp$ decision/nn ./. Some/dti part-time/jj farmers/nns buy/vb more/ap land/nn than/cs they/ppss need/vb in/in anticipation/nn of/in suburban/jj development/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at highly/ql speculative/jj venture/nn ./. Sometimes/rb a/at desired/vbn acreage/nn is/bez offered/vbn only/rb as/cs part/nn of/in a/at larger/jjr tract/nn ./. When/wrb surplus/nn land/nn is/bez not/* expensive/jj to/to buy/vb or/cc to/to keep/vb up/rp ,/, it/pps is/bez usually/rb better/jjr to/to buy/vb it/ppo than/cs to/to buy/vb so/ql small/jj an/at acreage/nn that/cs the/at development/nn of/in adjoining/vbg properties/nns might/md impair/vb the/at residential/jj value/nn of/in the/at farm/nn ./. Labor/nn-hl If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at year-round/jj ,/, full-time/jj job/nn you/ppss can't/md* expect/vb to/to grow/vb much/ql more/ap than/cs your/pp$ family/nn uses/vbz --/-- unless/cs other/ap members/nns of/in the/at family/nn do/do a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in the/at work/nn or/cc you/ppss hire/vb help/nn ./. As/cs a/at rule/nn ,/, part-time/jj farmers/nns hire/vb little/ap help/nn ./. In/in deciding/vbg on/in the/at enterprises/nns to/to be/be managed/vbn by/in family/nn labor/nn ,/, compare/vb the/at amount/nn of/in labor/nn that/wps can/md be/be supplied/vbn by/in the/at family/nn with/in the/at labor/nn needs/nns of/in various/jj enterprises/nns listed/vbn in/in table/nn 1/cd ./. List/vb the/at number/nn of/in hours/nns the/at family/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to work/vb each/dt month/nn ./. You/ppss may/md want/vb to/to include/vb your/pp$ own/jj regular/jj vacation/nn period/nn if/cs you/ppss have/hv one/cd ./. Do/do not/* include/vb all/abn your/pp$ spare/jj time/nn or/cc all/abn your/pp$ family's/nn$ spare/jj time/nn --/-- only/rb what/wdt you/ppss are/ber willing/jj to/to use/vb for/in farm/nn work/nn ./. Equipment/nn-hl If/cs you/ppss are/ber going/vbg to/to produce/vb for/in home/nn use/nn only/rb ,/, you/ppss will/md need/vb only/rb hand/nn tools/nns ./. You/ppss will/md probably/rb want/vb to/to hire/vb someone/pn to/to do/do the/at plowing/nn ,/, however/rb ./. For/in larger/jjr plantings/nns ,/, you'll/ppss+md need/vb some/dti kind/nn of/in power/nn for/in plowing/vbg ,/, harrowing/vbg ,/, disking/vbg ,/, and/cc cultivating/vbg ./. If/cs you/ppss have/hv a/at planting/nn of/in half/abn an/at acre/nn or/cc more/ap you/ppss may/md want/vb to/to buy/vb a/at small/jj garden/nn tractor/nn (/( available/jj for/in $300/nns to/in $500/nns with/in attachments/nns ,/, 1960/cd prices/nns )/) ./. These/dts tractors/nns are/ber not/* entirely/ql satisfactory/jj for/in plowing/vbg ,/, particularly/rb on/in heavier/jjr soils/nns ,/, so/rb you/ppss may/md still/rb want/vb to/to hire/vb someone/pn to/to do/do the/at plowing/nn ./. Cost/nn of/in power/nn and/cc machinery/nn is/bez often/rb a/at serious/jj problem/nn to/in the/at small-scale/nn farmer/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber going/vbg to/to farm/vb for/in extra/jj cash/nn income/nn on/in a/at part-time/jj basis/nn you/ppss must/md keep/vb in/in mind/nn the/at needed/vbn machinery/nn investments/nns when/wrb you/ppss choose/vb among/in farm/nn enterprises/nns ./. You/ppss can/md keep/vb your/pp$ machinery/nn investment/nn down/rp by/in buying/vbg good/jj secondhand/nn machinery/nn ,/, by/in sharing/vbg the/at cost/nn and/cc upkeep/nn of/in machinery/nn with/in a/at neighbor/nn ,/, and/cc by/in hiring/vbg someone/pn with/in machinery/nn to/to do/do certain/jj jobs/nns ./. If/cs an/at expensive/jj and/cc specialized/vbn piece/nn of/in machinery/nn is/bez needed/vbn --/-- such/jj as/cs a/at spray/nn rig/nn ,/, a/at combine/nn ,/, or/cc a/at binder/nn --/-- it/pps is/bez better/jjr to/to pay/vb someone/pn with/in a/at machine/nn to/to do/do the/at work/nn ./. Selecting/vbg-hl a/at-hl farm/nn-hl Before/cs you/ppss look/vb for/in a/at farm/nn you'll/ppss+md need/vb to/to know/vb (/( 1/cd )/) the/at kind/nn and/cc scale/nn of/in farming/vbg you/ppss want/vb to/to undertake/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) whether/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to buy/vb or/cc rent/vb ./. Information/nn on/in pages/nns 8/cd to/in 14/cd may/md help/vb you/ppo in/in deciding/vbg on/in the/at kind/nn and/cc scale/nn of/in your/pp$ farming/vbg venture/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* well/ql acquainted/vbn with/in the/at area/nn in/in which/wdt you/ppss wish/vb to/to locate/vb ,/, or/cc if/cs you/ppss are/ber not/* sure/jj that/cs you/ppss and/cc your/pp$ family/nn will/md like/vb and/cc make/vb a/at success/nn of/in farming/vbg ,/, usually/rb you/ppss would/md do/do better/jjr to/to rent/vb a/at place/nn for/in a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd before/cs you/ppss buy/vb ./. Discussed/vbn below/rb are/ber some/dti of/in the/at main/jjs things/nns to/to look/vb for/in when/wrb you/ppss select/vb a/at part-time/jj farm/nn ./. Location/nn-hl nearness/nn-hl to/in-hl work/nn-hl ./.-hl --/---hl Choose/vb a/at location/nn within/in easy/jj commuting/vbg distance/nn of/in both/abx the/at regular/jj job/nn and/cc other/ap employment/nn opportunities/nns ./. Then/rb if/cs you/ppss change/vb jobs/nns you/ppss won't/md* necessarily/rb have/hv to/to sell/vb the/at farm/nn ./. The/at presence/nn of/in alternative/jj job/nn opportunities/nns also/rb will/md make/vb the/at place/nn easier/rbr to/to sell/vb if/cs that/dt should/md become/vb desirable/jj ./. Obviously/rb the/at farm/nn should/md be/be on/in an/at all-weather/jj road/nn ./. Nearness/nn-hl to/in-hl markets/nns-hl ./.-hl --/---hl If/cs you/ppss grow/vb anything/pn to/to sell/vb you/ppss will/md need/vb markets/nns nearby/rb ./. If/cs you/ppss plan/vb to/to sell/vb fresh/jj vegetables/nns or/cc whole/jj milk/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, you/ppss should/md be/be close/jj to/in a/at town/nn or/cc city/nn ./. Kind/nn-hl of/in-hl neighborhood/nn-hl ./.-hl --/---hl Look/vb for/in a/at farm/nn in/in a/at neighborhood/nn of/in well-kept/jj homes/nns ./. There/ex are/ber slums/nns in/in the/at country/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in the/at city/nn ./. Few/ap rural/jj areas/nns are/ber protected/vbn by/in zoning/vbg ./. A/at tavern/nn ,/, filling/vbg station/nn ,/, junk/nn yard/nn ,/, rendering/vbg plant/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti other/ap business/nn may/md go/vb up/rp near/in enough/qlp to/to hurt/vb your/pp$ home/nn or/cc to/to hurt/vb its/pp$ value/nn ./. Facilities/nns-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl area/nn-hl ./.-hl --/---hl Check/vb on/in the/at schools/nns in/in the/at area/nn ,/, the/at quality/nn of/in teaching/vbg ,/, and/cc the/at provision/nn for/in transportation/nn to/in and/cc from/in them/ppo ./. Find/vb out/rp whether/cs fire/nn protection/nn ,/, sewage/nn system/nn ,/, gas/nn ,/, water/nn mains/nns ,/, and/cc electrical/jj lines/nns are/ber available/jj in/in the/at locality/nn ./. If/cs these/dts facilities/nns are/ber not/* at/in the/at door/nn ,/, getting/vbg them/ppo may/md cost/vb more/ap than/cs you/ppss expect/vb ./. You/ppss may/md have/hv to/to provide/vb them/ppo yourself/ppl or/cc get/vb along/rb without/in them/ppo ./. You/ppss cannot/md* get/vb along/rb without/in an/at adequate/jj supply/nn of/in pure/jj water/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss are/ber considering/vbg a/at part-time/jj farm/nn where/wrb the/at water/nn must/md be/be provided/vbn by/in a/at well/nn ,/, find/vb out/rp if/cs there/ex is/bez a/at good/jj well/nn on/in the/at farm/nn or/cc the/at probable/jj cost/nn of/in having/hvg one/cd drilled/vbn ./. A/at pond/nn may/md provide/vb adequate/jj water/nn for/in livestock/nn and/cc garden/nn ./. Pond/nn water/nn can/md be/be filtered/vbn for/in human/jj use/nn ,/, but/cc most/ap part-time/jj farmers/nns would/md not/* want/vb to/to go/vb to/in so/ql much/ap trouble/nn ./. The/at following/vbg amounts/nns of/in water/nn are/ber needed/vbn per/in day/nn for/in livestock/nn and/cc domestic/jj uses/nns ./. Topography/nn-hl and/cc-hl soil/nn-hl Is/bez the/at land/nn suited/vbn to/in the/at crops/nns you/ppss intend/vb to/to raise/vb ?/. ?/. If/cs you/ppss can't/md* tell/vb ,/, get/vb help/nn from/in your/pp$ county/nn agricultural/jj agent/nn or/cc other/ap local/jj specialist/nn ./. Soil/nn type/nn ,/, drainage/nn ,/, or/cc degree/nn of/in slope/nn can/md make/vb the/at difference/nn between/in good/jj crops/nns and/cc poor/jj ones/nns ./. Small/jj areas/nns that/wps aren't/ber* right/jj for/in a/at certain/jj crop/nn may/md lie/vb next/rb to/in areas/nns that/wps are/ber well/ql suited/vbn to/in that/dt crop/nn ./. The/at-hl house/nn-hl Will/md the/at house/nn on/in any/dti part-time/jj farm/nn you/ppss are/ber considering/vbg make/nn a/at satisfactory/jj full-time/jj residence/nn ?/. ?/. How/wql much/ap will/md it/pps cost/vb to/to do/do any/dti necessary/jj modernizing/nn and/cc redecorating/vbg ?/. ?/. If/cs the/at house/nn is/bez not/* wired/vbn adequately/rb for/in electricity/nn or/cc if/cs plumbing/nn or/cc a/at central/jj heating/vbg system/nn must/md be/be installed/vbn ,/, check/vb into/in the/at cost/nn of/in making/vbg these/dts improvements/nns ./. Buying/vbg-hl a/at-hl farm/nn-hl The/at value/nn of/in the/at farm/nn to/in you/ppo will/md depend/vb on/in --/-- Its/pp$ worth/nn as/cs a/at place/nn to/to live/vb ./. The/at value/nn of/in the/at products/nns you/ppss can/md raise/vb on/in it/ppo ./. The/at possibilities/nns of/in selling/vbg the/at property/nn later/rbr on/rp for/in suburban/jj subdivision/nn ./. Decide/vb first/rb what/wdt the/at place/nn is/bez worth/jj to/in you/ppo and/cc your/pp$ family/nn as/cs a/at home/nn in/in comparison/nn with/in what/wdt it/pps would/md cost/vb to/to live/vb in/in town/nn ./. Take/vb into/in account/nn the/at difference/nn in/in city/nn and/cc county/nn taxes/nns ,/, insurance/nn rates/nns ,/, utility/nn rates/nns ,/, and/cc the/at cost/nn of/in travel/nn to/in work/nn ./. Next/rb ,/, estimate/vb the/at value/nn of/in possible/jj earnings/nns of/in the/at farm/nn ./. To/to do/do this/dt ,/, set/vb up/rp a/at plan/nn on/in paper/nn for/in operating/vbg the/at farm/nn ./. List/vb the/at kind/nn and/cc quantity/nn of/in things/nns the/at farm/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to produce/vb in/in an/at average/jj year/nn ./. Estimate/vb the/at value/nn of/in the/at produce/nn at/in normal/jj prices/nns ./. The/at total/nn is/bez the/at probably/rb gross/nn income/nn from/in farming/vbg ./. To/to find/vb estimated/vbn net/nn farm/nn income/nn ,/, subtract/vb estimated/vbn annual/jj farming/vbg expenditures/nns from/in probable/jj gross/nn income/nn from/in farming/vbg ./. Include/vb as/cs expenditures/nns an/at allowance/nn for/in depreciation/nn of/in farm/nn buildings/nns and/cc equipment/nn ./. Also/rb count/vb as/cs an/at expense/nn a/at charge/nn for/in the/at labor/nn to/to be/be contributed/vbn by/in the/at family/nn ./. It/pps may/md be/be hard/jj to/to decide/vb what/wdt this/dt labor/nn is/bez worth/jj ,/, but/cc charge/vb something/pn for/in it/ppo ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, you/ppss may/md pay/vb too/ql much/rb for/in the/at farm/nn and/cc get/vb nothing/pn for/in your/pp$ labor/nn ./. To/to figure/vb the/at value/nn of/in the/at farm/nn in/in terms/nns of/in investment/nn income/nn ,/, divide/vb the/at estimated/vbn annual/jj net/nn farm/nn income/nn by/in the/at percentage/nn that/wps you/ppss could/md expect/vb to/to get/vb in/in interest/nn if/cs the/at money/nn were/bed invested/vbn in/in some/dti other/ap way/nn ./.

cf14

cf14 |@word everyone:2 personal:3 group:2 tragedy:1 relate:1 give:2 day:2 court:1 vast:1 collective:2 dirge:1 almost:1 two:1 month:1 defendant:4 world:5 hear:1 individual:4 escape:1 grave:1 father:1 mother:1 graybeard:1 adolescent:1 baby:1 starve:1 beat:1 death:3 strangle:1 machine:1 gun:1 gas:3 burn:1 one:11 boy:1 auschwitz:1 tell:2 child:1 select:1 height:1 chamber:2 gruesome:1 humor:1 nazis:3 forget:1 sign:1 name:1 jewish:4 foundation:1 bear:2 copper:1 star:1 david:1 gratuitous:1 sadism:1 ss:2 officer:1 public:1 relation:1 strategist:1 everywhere:2 watch:1 reaction:1 german:6 press:5 liberal:1 lunatic:1 fringe:1 listen:1 neighbor:2 study:1 interview:1 man:5 woman:1 street:1 cry:1 much:3 mind:1 audience:1 become:2 dull:1 horror:1 lose:1 effect:2 still:3 another:1 witness:2 crawl:1 heap:1 corpse:1 victim:1 force:5 lay:1 head:2 foot:1 top:1 shoot:1 testimony:2 may:3 legally:1 admissible:1 corpus:1 delicti:1 total:1 nazi:8 crime:4 seem:2 subject:1 question:4 tie:2 part:1 department:2 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Everyone/pn with/in a/at personal/jj or/cc group/nn tragedy/nn to/to relate/vb had/hvd to/to be/be given/vbn his/pp$ day/nn in/in court/nn as/cs in/in some/dti vast/jj collective/jj dirge/nn ./. For/in almost/rb two/cd months/nns ,/, the/at defendant/nn and/cc the/at world/nn heard/vbd from/in individuals/nns escaped/vbn from/in the/at grave/nn about/in fathers/nns and/cc mothers/nns ,/, graybeards/nns ,/, adolescents/nns ,/, babies/nns ,/, starved/vbn ,/, beaten/vbn to/in death/nn ,/, strangled/vbn ,/, machine-gunned/vbn ,/, gassed/vbn ,/, burned/vbn ./. One/cd who/wps had/hvd been/ben a/at boy/nn in/in Auschwitz/np had/hvd to/to tell/vb how/wrb children/nns had/hvd been/ben selected/vbn by/in height/nn for/in the/at gas/nn chambers/nns ./. The/at gruesome/jj humor/nn of/in the/at Nazis/nps was/bedz not/* forgotten/vbn --/-- the/at gas/nn chamber/nn with/in a/at sign/nn on/in it/ppo with/in the/at name/nn of/in a/at Jewish/jj foundation/nn and/cc bearing/vbg a/at copper/nn Star/nn-tl of/in-tl David/np-tl --/-- nor/cc the/at gratuitous/jj sadism/nn of/in SS/nn officers/nns ./. Public/jj relations/nns strategists/nns everywhere/rb ,/, watching/vbg the/at reaction/nn of/in the/at German/jj press/nn ,/, the/at liberal/jj press/nn ,/, the/at lunatic-fringe/nn press/nn ,/, listening/vbg to/in their/pp$ neighbors/nns ,/, studying/vbg interviews/nns with/in men/nns and/cc women/nns on/in the/at street/nn ,/, cried/vbd out/rp :/: Too/ql much/rb ,/, too/ql much/rb --/-- the/at mind/nn of/in the/at audience/nn is/bez becoming/vbg dulled/vbn ,/, the/at horrors/nns are/ber losing/vbg their/pp$ effect/nn ./. And/cc still/rb another/dt witness/nn ,/, one/cd who/wps had/hvd crawled/vbn out/rp from/in under/in a/at heap/nn of/in corpses/nns ,/, had/hvd to/to tell/vb how/wrb the/at victims/nns had/hvd been/ben forced/vbn to/to lay/vb themselves/ppls head/nn to/in foot/nn one/cd on/in top/nn of/in the/at other/ap before/cs being/beg shot/vbn ./. Most/ap of/in this/dt testimony/nn may/md have/hv been/ben legally/rb admissible/jj as/cs bearing/vbg on/in the/at corpus/fw-nn delicti/fw-nn of/in the/at total/nn Nazi/np crime/nn but/cc seemed/vbd subject/jj to/to question/vb when/wrb not/* tied/vbn to/in the/at part/nn in/in it/ppo of/in the/at defendant's/nn$ Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Jewish/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./. Counsel/nn for/in the/at defense/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, shrewdly/rb allowing/vbg himself/ppl to/to be/be swept/vbn by/in the/at current/nn of/in dreadful/jj recollections/nns ,/, rarely/rb raised/vbd an/at objection/nn ./. Would/md not/* the/at emotional/jj catharsis/nn eventually/rb brought/vbn on/rp by/in this/dt awfulness/nn have/hv a/at calming/vbg ,/, if/cs not/* exhausting/vbg ,/, effect/nn likely/jj to/to improve/vb his/pp$ client's/nn$ chances/nns ?/. ?/. Those/dts who/wps feared/vbd ``/`` emotionalism/nn ''/'' at/in the/at Trial/nn-tl showed/vbd less/ap understanding/nn than/cs Dr./nn-tl Servatius/np of/in the/at route/nn by/in which/wdt man/nn achieves/vbz the/at distance/nn necessary/jj for/in fairness/nn toward/in enemies/nns ./. Interruptions/nns came/vbd largely/rb from/in the/at bench/nn ,/, which/wdt numerous/jj times/nns rebuked/vbd the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl for/in letting/vbg his/pp$ witnesses/nns run/vb on/rp ,/, though/cs it/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, made/vbd no/rb serious/jj effort/nn to/to choke/vb off/rp the/at flow/nn ./. But/cc there/ex was/bedz a/at contrast/nn even/ql more/ql decisive/jj than/cs a/at hunger/nn for/in fact/nn between/in the/at Trial/nn-tl in/in Jerusalem/np and/cc those/dts in/in Moscow/np and/cc New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. In/in each/dt of/in the/at last/ap ,/, the/at trial/nn marked/vbd the/at beginning/nn of/in a/at new/jj course/nn :/: in/in Moscow/np the/at liquidation/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Bolsheviks/nps-tl and/cc the/at tightening/nn of/in Stalin's/np$ dictatorship/nn ;/. ;/. in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl the/at initiation/nn of/in militant/jj anti-Communism/nn ,/, with/in the/at repentant/jj ex-Communist/nn-tl in/in the/at vanguard/nn ./. These/dts trials/nns were/bed properly/rb termed/vbn ``/`` political/jj cases/nns ''/'' in/in that/dt the/at trial/nn itself/ppl was/bedz a/at political/jj act/nn producing/vbg political/jj consequences/nns ./. But/cc what/wdt could/md the/at Eichmann/np-tl Trial/nn-tl initiate/vb ?/. ?/. Of/in what/wdt new/jj course/nn could/md it/pps mark/vb the/at beginning/nn ?/. ?/. The/at Eichmann/np case/nn looked/vbd to/in the/at past/nn ,/, not/* to/in the/at future/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at conclusion/nn of/in the/at first/od phase/nn of/in a/at process/nn of/in tragic/jj recollection/nn ,/, and/cc of/in refining/vbg the/at recollection/nn ,/, that/wps will/md last/vb as/ql long/rb as/cs there/ex are/ber Jews/nps ./. As/cs such/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz beyond/in politics/nn and/cc had/hvd no/at need/nn of/in justification/nn by/in a/at ``/`` message/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` It/pps is/bez not/* an/at individual/nn that/wps is/bez in/in the/at dock/nn at/in this/dt historical/jj trial/nn ''/'' --/-- said/vbd Ben/np Gurion/np ,/, ``/`` and/cc not/* the/at Nazi/np regime/nn alone/rb --/-- but/cc anti-Semitism/nn throughout/in history/nn ''/'' ./. How/wrb could/md supplying/vbg Eichmann/np with/in a/at platform/nn on/in which/wdt to/to maintain/vb that/cs one/pn could/md collaborate/vb in/in the/at murder/nn of/in millions/nns of/in Jews/nps without/in being/beg an/at anti-semite/nn contribute/vb to/in a/at verdict/nn against/in anti-Semitism/nn ?/. ?/. And/cc if/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* an/at individual/nn who/wps was/bedz in/in the/at dock/nn ,/, why/wrb was/bedz the/at Trial/nn-tl ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md observe/vb later/rbr ,/, all/abn but/in scuttled/vbn in/in the/at attempt/nn to/to prove/vb Eichmann/np a/at ``/`` fiend/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. These/dts questions/nns touch/vb the/at root/nn of/in confusion/nn in/in the/at prosecution's/nn$ case/nn ./. It/pps might/md be/be contended/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs Eichmann/np in/in stubbornly/rb denying/vbg anti-Semitic/jj feelings/nns was/bedz lying/vbg or/cc insisting/vbg on/in a/at private/jj definition/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn ./. But/cc in/in either/dtx event/nn he/pps was/bedz the/at wrong/jj man/nn for/in the/at kind/nn of/in case/nn outlined/vbn by/in Ben/np Gurion/np and/cc set/vbd forth/rb in/in the/at indictment/nn ./. In/in such/abl a/at case/nn the/at defendant/nn should/md serve/vb as/cs a/at clear/jj example/nn and/cc not/* have/hv to/to be/be tied/vbn to/in the/at issue/nn by/in argument/nn ./. One/cd who/wps could/md be/be linked/vbn to/in anti-Semitism/nn only/rb by/in overcoming/vbg his/pp$ objections/nns is/bez scarcely/rb a/at good/jj specimen/nn of/in the/at Jew-baiter/nn throughout/in the/at ages/nns ./. Shout/vb at/in Eichmann/np though/cs he/pps might/md ,/, the/at Prosecutor/nn-tl could/md not/* establish/vb that/cs the/at defendant/nn was/bedz falsifying/vbg the/at way/nn he/pps felt/vbd about/in Jews/nps or/cc that/cs what/wdt he/pps did/dod feel/vb fell/vbd into/in the/at generally/rb recognized/vbn category/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn ./. Yes/rb ,/, he/pps believed/vbd that/cs the/at Jews/nps were/bed ``/`` enemies/nns of/in the/at Reich/np ''/'' ,/, and/cc such/abl a/at belief/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, typical/jj of/in ``/`` patriotic/jj ''/'' anti-Semites/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc he/pps believed/vbd in/in the/at Jew-as-enemy/nn in/in a/at kind/nn of/in abstract/jj ,/, theological/jj way/nn ,/, like/cs a/at member/nn of/in a/at cult/nn speculating/vbg on/in the/at nature/nn of/in things/nns ./. The/at real/jj question/nn was/bedz how/wrb one/pn passed/vbd from/in anti-Semitism/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn to/in murder/nn ,/, and/cc the/at answer/nn to/in this/dt question/nn is/bez not/* to/to be/be found/vbn in/in anti-Semitism/nn itself/ppl ./. In/in regard/nn to/in Eichmann/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at Nazi/np outlook/nn ,/, which/wdt contained/vbd a/at principle/nn separate/jj from/in and/cc far/ql worse/jjr than/cs anti-Semitism/nn ,/, a/at principle/nn by/in which/wdt the/at poison/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn itself/ppl was/bedz made/vbn more/ql virulent/jj ./. Perhaps/rb under/in the/at guidance/nn of/in this/dt Nazi/np principle/nn one/pn could/md ,/, as/cs Eichmann/np declared/vbd ,/, feel/vb personally/rb friendly/jj toward/in the/at Jews/nps and/cc still/rb be/be their/pp$ murderer/nn ./. Not/* through/in fear/nn of/in disobeying/vbg orders/nns ,/, as/cs Eichmann/np kept/vbd trying/vbg to/to explain/vb ,/, but/cc through/in a/at peculiar/jj giddiness/nn that/wps began/vbd in/in a/at half-acceptance/nn of/in the/at vicious/jj absurdities/nns contained/vbn in/in the/at Nazi/np interpretation/nn of/in history/nn and/cc grew/vbd with/in each/dt of/in Hitler's/np$ victories/nns into/in a/at permanent/jj light-mindedness/nn and/cc sense/nn of/in magical/jj rightness/nn that/wps was/bedz able/jj to/to respond/vb to/in any/dti proposal/nn ,/, and/cc the/at more/ql outrageous/jj the/at better/jjr ,/, ``/`` Well/uh ,/, let's/vb+ppo try/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, the/at substance/nn of/in Eichmann's/np$ testimony/nn was/bedz that/cs all/abn his/pp$ actions/nns flowed/vbd from/in his/pp$ membership/nn in/in the/at party/nn and/cc the/at SS/nn ,/, and/cc though/cs the/at Prosecutor/nn-tl did/dod his/pp$ utmost/nn to/to prove/vb actual/jj personal/jj hatred/nn of/in Jews/nps ,/, his/pp$ success/nn on/in this/dt score/nn was/bedz doubtful/jj and/cc the/at anti-Semitic/jj lesson/nn weakened/vbn to/in that/dt extent/nn ./. But/cc if/cs the/at Trial/nn-tl did/dod not/* expose/vb the/at special/jj Nazi/np mania/nn so/ql deadly/jj to/in Jews/nps as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in anyone/pn upon/in whom/wpo it/pps happened/vbd to/to light/vb ,/, neither/cc did/dod it/pps warn/vb very/ql effectively/rb against/in the/at ordinary/jj anti-Semitism/nn of/in which/wdt the/at Nazis/nps made/vbd such/jj effective/jj use/nn in/in Germany/np and/cc wherever/wrb else/rb they/ppss could/md find/vb it/ppo ./. If/cs anti-Semitism/nn was/bedz on/in trial/nn in/in Jerusalem/np ,/, why/wrb was/bedz it/pps not/* identified/vbn ,/, and/cc with/in enough/ap emphasis/nn to/to capture/vb the/at notice/nn of/in the/at world/nn press/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ connection/nn with/in the/at activities/nns of/in Eichmann's/np$ Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Jewish/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ,/, as/cs exemplified/vbn by/in the/at betrayal/nn and/cc murder/nn of/in Jews/nps by/in non-police/nn and/cc non-party/nn anti-Semites/nns in/in Germany/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in Poland/np ,/, Czechoslovakia/np ,/, Hungary/np ?/. ?/. The/at infamous/jj Wansee/np-tl Conference/nn-tl called/vbn by/in Heydrich/np in/in January/np 1942/cd ,/, to/to organize/vb the/at material/nn and/cc technical/jj means/nns to/to put/vb to/in death/nn the/at eleven/cd million/cd Jews/nps spread/vbn throughout/in the/at nations/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, was/bedz attended/vbn by/in representatives/nns of/in major/jj organs/nns of/in the/at German/jj state/nn ,/, including/in the/at Reich/np Minister/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl ,/, the/at State/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl in/in charge/nn of/in the/at Four/cd-tl Year/nn-tl Plan/nn-tl ,/, the/at Reich/np Minister/nn-tl of/in-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, the/at Under/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Foreign/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./. The/at measures/nns for/in annihilation/nn proposed/vbn and/cc accepted/vbn at/in the/at Conference/nn-tl affected/vbd industry/nn ,/, transportation/nn ,/, civilian/jj agencies/nns of/in government/nn ./. Heydrich/np ,/, in/in opening/vbg the/at Conference/nn-tl ,/, followed/vbd the/at reasoning/nn and/cc even/rb the/at phraseology/nn of/in the/at order/nn issued/vbn earlier/rbr by/in Goering/np which/wdt authorized/vbd the/at Final/jj-tl Solution/nn-tl as/cs ``/`` a/at complement/nn to/in ''/'' previous/jj ``/`` solutions/nns ''/'' for/in eliminating/vbg the/at Jews/nps from/in German/jj living/vbg space/nn through/in violence/nn ,/, economic/jj strangulation/nn ,/, forced/vbn emigration/nn ,/, and/cc evacuation/nn ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at promulgators/nns of/in the/at murder/nn plan/nn made/vbd clear/jj that/cs physically/rb exterminating/vbg the/at Jews/nps was/bedz but/cc an/at extension/nn of/in the/at anti-Semitic/jj measures/nns already/rb operating/vbg in/in every/at phase/nn of/in German/jj life/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at new/jj conspiracy/nn counted/vbd on/in the/at general/jj anti-Semitism/nn that/wps had/hvd made/vbn those/dts measures/nns effective/jj ,/, as/cs a/at readiness/nn for/in murder/nn ./. This/dt ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, it/pps turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be ./. Since/cs the/at magnitude/nn of/in the/at plan/nn made/vbd secrecy/nn impossible/jj ,/, once/cs the/at wheels/nns had/hvd began/vbd to/to turn/vb ,/, persons/nns controlling/vbg German/jj industries/nns ,/, social/jj institutions/nns ,/, and/cc armed/vbn forces/nns became/vbd ,/, through/in their/pp$ anti-Semitism/nn or/cc their/pp$ tolerance/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, conscious/jj accomplices/nns of/in Hitler's/np$ crimes/nns ;/. ;/. whether/cs in/in the/at last/ap degree/nn or/cc a/at lesser/jjr one/cd was/bedz a/at matter/nn to/to be/be determined/vbn individually/rb ./. What/wdt more/ap could/md be/be asked/vbn for/in a/at Trial/nn-tl intended/vbn to/to warn/vb the/at world/nn against/in anti-Semitism/nn than/cs this/dt opportunity/nn to/to expose/vb the/at exact/jj link/nn between/in the/at respectable/jj Anti-Semite/nn and/cc the/at concentration-camp/nn brute/nn ?/. ?/. Not/* in/in Eichmann's/np$ anti-Semitism/nn but/cc in/in the/at anti-Semitism/nn of/in the/at sober/jj German/jj man/nn of/in affairs/nns lay/vb the/at potential/jj warning/nn of/in the/at Trial/nn-tl ./. No/at doubt/nn many/ap of/in the/at citizens/nns of/in the/at Third/od-tl Reich/np-tl had/hvd conceived/vbn their/pp$ anti-Semitism/nn as/cs an/at ``/`` innocent/jj ''/'' dislike/nn of/in Jews/nps ,/, as/cs do/do others/nns like/cs them/ppo today/nr ./. The/at Final/jj-tl Solution/nn-tl proved/vbd that/cs the/at Jew-baiter/nn of/in any/dti variety/nn exposes/vbz himself/ppl as/cs being/beg implicated/vbn in/in the/at criminality/nn and/cc madness/nn of/in others/nns ./. Ought/md not/* an/at edifying/vbg Trial/nn-tl have/hv made/vbn every/at effort/nn to/to demonstrate/vb this/dt once/rb and/cc for/in all/abn by/in showing/vbg how/wrb representative/jj types/nns of/in ``/`` mere/jj ''/'' anti-Semites/nns were/bed drawn/vbn step/nn by/in step/nn into/in the/at program/nn of/in skull-bashings/nns and/cc gassings/nns ?/. ?/. The/at Prosecutor/nn-tl in/in his/pp$ opening/vbg remarks/nns did/dod refer/vb to/in ``/`` the/at germ/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn ''/'' among/in the/at Germans/nps which/wdt Hitler/np ``/`` stimulated/vbd and/cc transformed/vbd ''/'' ./. But/cc if/cs there/ex was/bedz evidence/nn at/in the/at Trial/nn-tl that/wps aimed/vbd over/in Eichmann's/np$ head/nn at/in his/pp$ collaborators/nns in/in the/at societies/nns where/wrb he/pps functioned/vbd ,/, the/at press/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv missed/vbn it/ppo ./. Nor/cc did/dod the/at Trial/nn-tl devote/vb much/ap attention/nn to/in exposing/vbg the/at usefulness/nn of/in anti-Semitism/nn to/in the/at Nazis/nps ,/, both/abx in/in building/vbg their/pp$ own/jj power/nn and/cc in/in destroying/vbg that/dt of/in rival/jj organizations/nns and/cc states/nns ./. Certainly/rb ,/, one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt ways/nns of/in warning/vbg the/at world/nn against/in anti-Semitism/nn is/bez to/to demonstrate/vb its/pp$ workings/nns as/cs a/at dangerous/jj weapon/nn ./. Eichmann/np himself/ppl is/bez a/at model/nn of/in how/wrb the/at myth/nn of/in the/at enemy-Jew/nn can/md be/be used/vbn to/to transform/vb the/at ordinary/jj man/nn of/in present-day/jj society/nn into/in a/at menace/nn to/in all/abn his/pp$ neighbors/nns ./. Do/do patriots/nns everywhere/rb know/vb enough/ap about/in how/wrb the/at persecution/nn of/in the/at Jews/nps in/in Germany/np and/cc later/rbr in/in the/at occupied/vbn countries/nns contributed/vbd to/in terrorizing/vbg the/at populations/nns ,/, splitting/vbg apart/rb individuals/nns and/cc groups/nns ,/, arousing/vbg the/at meanest/jjt and/cc most/ql dishonest/jj impulses/nns ,/, pulverizing/vbg trust/nn and/cc personal/jj dignity/nn ,/, and/cc finally/rb forcing/vbg people/nns to/to follow/vb their/pp$ masters/nns into/in the/at abyss/nn by/in making/vbg them/ppo partners/nns in/in unspeakable/jj crimes/nns ?/. ?/. The/at career/nn of/in Eichmann/np made/vbd the/at Trial/nn-tl a/at potential/jj showcase/nn for/in anti-Semitic/jj demoralization/nn :/: fearful/jj of/in being/beg mistaken/vbn for/in a/at Jew/np ,/, he/pps seeks/vbz protection/nn in/in his/pp$ Nazi/np uniform/nn ;/. ;/. clinging/vbg to/in the/at enemy-Jew/nn idea/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez forced/vbn to/to overcome/vb habits/nns of/in politeness/nn and/cc neighborliness/nn ;/. ;/. once/rb in/in power/nn he/pps begins/vbz to/to give/vb vent/nn to/in a/at criminal/jj opportunism/nn that/wps causes/vbz him/ppo to/to alternate/vb between/in megalomania/nn and/cc envy/nn of/in those/dts above/in him/ppo ./. ``/`` Is/bez this/dt the/at type/nn of/in citizen/nn you/ppss desire/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at Trial/nn-tl should/md have/hv asked/vbn the/at nations/nns ./. But/cc though/cs this/dt characterization/nn in/in no/at way/nn diminished/vbd Eichmann's/np$ guilt/nn ,/, the/at Prosecutor/nn-tl ,/, more/ql deeply/rb involved/vbn in/in the/at tactics/nns of/in a/at criminal/jj case/nn than/cs a/at political/jj one/cd ,/, would/md have/hv none/pn of/in it/ppo ./. Finally/rb ,/, if/cs the/at mission/nn of/in the/at Trial/nn-tl was/bedz to/to convict/vb anti-Semitism/nn ,/, how/wrb could/md it/ppo have/hv failed/vbn to/to post/vb before/in the/at world/nn the/at contrasting/vbg fates/nns of/in the/at countries/nns in/in which/wdt the/at Final/jj-tl Solution/nn-tl was/bedz aided/vbn by/in native/jj Jew-haters/nns --/-- i.e./rb ,/, Germany/np ,/, Poland/np ,/, Hungary/np ,/, Czechoslovakia/np --/-- and/cc those/dts in/in which/wdt it/pps met/vbd the/at obstacle/nn of/in human/jj solidarity/nn --/-- Denmark/np ,/, Holland/np ,/, Italy/np ,/, Bulgaria/np ,/, France/np ?/. ?/. Should/md not/* everyone/pn have/hv been/ben awakened/vbn to/in it/ppo as/cs an/at outstanding/jj fact/nn of/in our/pp$ time/nn that/cs the/at nations/nns poisoned/vbn by/in anti-Semitism/nn proved/vbn less/ql fortunate/jj in/in regard/nn to/in their/pp$ own/jj freedom/nn than/cs those/dts whose/wp$ citizens/nns saved/vbd their/pp$ Jewish/jj compatriots/nns from/in the/at transports/nns ?/. ?/. Wasn't/bedz* this/dt meaning/nn of/in Eichmann's/np$ experience/nn in/in various/jj countries/nns worth/jj highlighting/vbg ?/. ?/. As/cs the/at first/od collective/jj confrontation/nn of/in the/at Nazi/np outrage/nn ,/, the/at Trial/nn-tl of/in Eichmann/np represents/vbz a/at recovery/nn of/in the/at Jews/nps from/in the/at shock/nn of/in the/at death/nn camps/nns ,/, a/at recovery/jj that/wps took/vbd fifteen/cd years/nns and/cc which/wdt is/bez still/rb by/in no/at means/nns complete/jj (/( though/cs let/vb no/at one/pn believe/vb that/cs it/pps could/md be/be hastened/vbn by/in silence/nn )/) ./. Only/rb across/in a/at distance/nn of/in time/nn could/md the/at epic/jj accounting/nn begin/vb ./. It/pps is/bez already/rb difficult/jj to/to recall/vb how/wql little/ap we/ppss knew/vbd before/in the/at Trial/nn-tl of/in what/wdt had/hvd been/ben done/vbn to/in the/at Jews/nps of/in Europe/np ./. It/pps is/bez not/* that/cs the/at facts/nns of/in the/at persecution/nn were/bed unavailable/jj ;/. ;/. most/ap of/in the/at information/nn elicited/vbn in/in Jerusalem/np had/hvd been/ben brought/vbn to/in the/at surface/nn by/in the/at numerous/jj War/nn-tl Crimes/nns-tl tribunals/nns and/cc investigating/vbg commissions/nns ,/, and/cc by/in reports/nns ,/, memoirs/nns ,/, and/cc survivors'/nns$ accounts/nns ./.

cf15

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In/in Poughkeepsie/np ,/, N.Y./np ,/, ,/, in/in 1952/cd ,/, a/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj hospital/nn presented/vbd seven/cd Protestant/jj physicians/nns with/in an/at ultimatum/nn to/to quit/vb the/at Planned/vbn-tl Parenthood/nn-tl Federation/nn-tl or/cc to/to resign/vb from/in the/at hospital/nn staff/nn ./. Three/cd agreed/vbd ,/, but/cc four/cd declined/vbd and/cc were/bed suspended/vbn ./. After/in a/at flood/nn of/in protests/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed reinstated/vbn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in 1953/cd ./. The/at peace/nn of/in the/at community/nn was/bedz badly/ql disturbed/vbn ,/, and/cc people/nns across/in the/at nation/nn ,/, reading/vbg of/in the/at incident/nn ,/, felt/vbd uneasy/jj ./. In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl in/in 1958/cd ,/, the/at city's/nn$ Commissioner/nn-tl of/in-tl Hospitals/nns-tl refused/vbd to/to permit/vb a/at physician/nn to/to provide/vb a/at Protestant/jj mother/nn with/in a/at contraceptive/jj device/nn ./. He/pps thereby/rb precipitated/vbd a/at bitter/jj controversy/nn involving/vbg Protestants/nps ,/, Jews/nps and/cc Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps that/wps continued/vbd for/in two/cd months/nns ,/, until/cs the/at city's/nn$ Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Hospitals/nns-tl lifted/vbd the/at ban/nn on/in birth-control/nn therapy/nn ./. A/at year/nn later/rbr in/in Albany/np ,/, N.Y./np ,/, a/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj hospital/nn barred/vbd an/at orthopedic/jj surgeon/nn because/cs of/in his/pp$ connection/nn with/in the/at Planned/vbn-tl Parenthood/nn-tl Association/nn-tl ./. Immediately/rb ,/, the/at religious/jj groups/nns of/in the/at city/nn were/bed embroiled/vbn in/in an/at angry/jj dispute/nn over/in the/at alleged/vbn invasion/nn of/in a/at man's/nn$ right/nn to/in freedom/nn of/in religious/jj belief/nn and/cc conscience/nn ./. These/dts incidents/nns ,/, typical/jj of/in many/ap others/nns ,/, dramatize/vb the/at distressing/jj fact/nn that/wps no/at controversy/nn during/in the/at last/ap several/ap decades/nns has/hvz caused/vbn more/ap tension/nn ,/, rancor/nn and/cc strife/nn among/in religious/jj groups/nns in/in this/dt country/nn than/cs the/at birth-control/nn issue/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz flared/vbn up/rp periodically/rb on/in the/at front/jj pages/nns of/in newspapers/nns in/in communities/nns divided/vbn over/in birth-prevention/nn regulations/nns in/in municipal/jj hospitals/nns and/cc health/nn and/cc family-welfare/nn agencies/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz erupted/vbn on/in the/at national/jj level/nn in/in the/at matter/nn of/in including/vbg birth-control/nn information/nn and/cc material/nn in/in foreign/jj aid/nn to/in underdeveloped/jj countries/nns ./. Where/wrb it/pps is/bez not/* actually/rb erupting/vbg ,/, it/pps rumbles/vbz and/cc smolders/vbz in/in sullen/jj resentment/nn like/cs a/at volcano/nn ,/, ready/jj to/to explode/vb at/in any/dti moment/nn ./. The/at time/nn has/hvz come/vbn for/in citizens/nns of/in all/abn faiths/nns to/to unite/vb in/in an/at effort/nn to/to remove/vb this/dt divisive/jj and/cc nettlesome/jj issue/nn from/in the/at political/jj and/cc social/jj life/nn of/in our/pp$ nation/nn ./. The/at first/od step/nn toward/in the/at goal/nn is/bez the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at new/jj atmosphere/nn of/in mutual/jj good/jj will/nn and/cc friendly/jj communication/nn on/in other/ap than/cs the/at polemical/jj level/nn ./. Instead/rb of/in emotional/jj recrimination/nn ,/, loaded/vbn phrases/nns and/cc sloganeering/vbg ,/, we/ppss need/md a/at dispassionate/jj study/nn of/in the/at facts/nns ,/, a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in the/at opposite/jj viewpoint/nn and/cc a/at more/ql serious/jj effort/nn to/to extend/vb the/at areas/nns of/in agreement/nn until/cs a/at solution/nn is/bez reached/vbn ./. ``/`` All/ql too/ql frequently/rb ''/'' ,/, points/vbz out/rp James/np O'Gara/np ,/, managing/vbg editor/nn of/in Commonweal/np ,/, ``/`` Catholics/nps run/vb roughshod/jj over/in Protestant/jj sensibilities/nns in/in this/dt matter/nn ,/, by/in failure/nn to/to consider/vb the/at reasoning/nn behind/in the/at Protestant/jj position/nn and/cc ,/, particularly/rb ,/, by/in their/pp$ jibes/nns at/in the/at fact/nn that/cs Protestant/jj opinion/nn on/in birth/nn control/nn has/hvz changed/vbn in/in recent/jj decades/nns ''/'' ./. All/ql too/ql often/rb our/pp$ language/nn is/bez unduly/ql harsh/jj ./. The/at second/od step/nn is/bez to/to recognize/vb the/at substantial/jj agreement/nn --/-- frequently/rb blurred/vbn by/in emotionalism/nn and/cc inaccurate/jj newspaper/nn reporting/nn --/-- already/rb existing/vbg between/in Catholics/nps and/cc Non-Catholics/nps concerning/in the/at over-all/jj objectives/nns of/in family/nn planning/nn ./. Instead/rb of/in Catholics'/nps$ being/beg obliged/vbn or/cc even/rb encouraged/vbn to/to beget/vb the/at greatest/jjt possible/jj number/nn of/in offspring/nn ,/, as/cs many/ap Non-Catholics/nps imagine/vb ,/, the/at ideal/nn of/in responsible/jj parenthood/nn is/bez stressed/vbn ./. Family/nn planning/nn is/bez encouraged/vbn ,/, so/cs that/cs parents/nns will/md be/be able/jj to/to provide/vb properly/rb for/in their/pp$ offspring/nn ./. Pope/nn-tl Pius/np 12/cd-tl ,/, declared/vbd in/in 1951/cd that/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to be/be exempt/jj from/in the/at normal/jj obligation/nn of/in parenthood/nn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn and/cc even/rb for/in the/at whole/jj duration/nn of/in married/vbn life/nn ,/, if/cs there/ex are/ber serious/jj reasons/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs those/dts often/rb mentioned/vbn in/in the/at so-called/jj medical/jj ,/, eugenic/jj ,/, economic/jj and/cc social/jj ``/`` indications/nns ''/'' ./. This/dt means/vbz that/cs such/jj factors/nns as/cs the/at health/nn of/in the/at parents/nns ,/, particularly/rb the/at mother/nn ,/, their/pp$ ability/nn to/to provide/vb their/pp$ children/nns with/in the/at necessities/nns of/in life/nn ,/, the/at degree/nn of/in population/nn density/nn of/in a/at country/nn and/cc the/at shortage/nn of/in housing/vbg facilities/nns may/md legitimately/rb be/be taken/vbn into/in consideration/nn in/in determining/vbg the/at number/nn of/in offspring/nn ./. These/dts are/ber substantially/rb the/at same/ap factors/nns considered/vbn by/in Non-Catholics/nps in/in family/nn planning/nn ./. The/at laws/nns of/in many/ap states/nns permit/vb birth/nn control/nn only/rb for/in medical/jj reasons/nns ./. The/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj-tl Church/nn-tl ,/, however/rb ,/, sanctions/vbz a/at much/ql more/ql liberal/jj policy/nn on/in family/nn planning/nn ./. Catholics/nps ,/, Protestants/nps and/cc Jews/nps are/ber in/in agreement/nn over/in the/at objectives/nns of/in family/nn planning/nn ,/, but/cc disagree/vb over/in the/at methods/nns to/to be/be used/vbn ./. The/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj-tl Church/nn-tl sanctions/vbz only/rb abstention/nn or/cc the/at rhythm/nn method/nn ,/, also/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at use/nn of/in the/at infertile/jj or/cc safe/jj period/nn ./. The/at Church/nn-tl considers/vbz this/dt to/to be/be the/at method/nn provided/vbn by/in nature/nn and/cc its/pp$ divine/jj Author/nn-tl :/: It/pps involves/vbz no/at frustration/nn of/in nature's/nn$ laws/nns ,/, but/cc simply/rb an/at intelligent/jj and/cc disciplined/vbn use/nn of/in them/ppo ./. With/in the/at exception/nn of/in the/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj and/cc the/at Orthodox/jj-tl Catholic/jj-tl Churches/nns-tl ,/, most/ap churches/nns make/vb no/at moral/jj distinction/nn between/in rhythm/nn and/cc mechanical/jj or/cc chemical/nn contraceptives/nns ,/, allowing/vbg the/at couple/nn free/jj choice/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at difference/nn in/in theological/jj belief/nn where/wrb there/ex seems/vbz little/ap chance/nn of/in agreement/nn ./. The/at grounds/nns for/in the/at Church's/nn$-tl position/nn are/ber Scriptural/jj-tl (/( Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl )/) ,/, the/at teachings/nns of/in the/at fathers/nns and/cc doctors/nns of/in the/at early/jj Church/nn-tl ,/, the/at unbroken/jj tradition/nn of/in nineteen/cd centuries/nns ,/, the/at decisions/nns of/in the/at highest/jjt ecclesiastical/jj authority/nn and/cc the/at natural/jj law/nn ./. The/at latter/ap plays/vbz a/at prominent/jj role/nn in/in Roman/jj Catholic/jj theology/nn and/cc is/bez considered/vbn decisive/jj ,/, entirely/ql apart/rb from/in Scripture/nn-tl ,/, in/in determining/vbg the/at ethical/jj character/nn of/in birth-prevention/nn methods/nns ./. The/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj natural-law/nn tradition/nn regards/vbz as/cs self-evident/jj that/cs the/at primary/jj objective/jj purpose/nn of/in the/at conjugal/jj act/nn is/bez procreation/nn and/cc that/cs the/at fostering/nn of/in the/at mutual/jj love/nn of/in the/at spouses/nns is/bez the/at secondary/jj and/cc subjective/jj end/nn ./. This/dt conclusion/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in two/cd propositions/nns :/: that/cs man/nn by/in the/at use/nn of/in his/pp$ reason/nn can/md ascertain/vb God's/np$ purpose/nn in/in the/at universe/nn and/cc that/cs God/np makes/vbz known/vbn His/pp$ purpose/nn by/in certain/jj ``/`` given/vbn ''/'' physical/jj arrangements/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, man/nn can/md readily/rb deduce/vb that/cs the/at primary/jj objective/jj end/nn of/in the/at conjugal/jj act/nn is/bez procreation/nn ,/, the/at propagation/nn of/in the/at race/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, man/nn may/md not/* supplant/vb or/cc frustrate/vb the/at physical/jj arrangements/nns established/vbn by/in God/np ,/, who/wps through/in the/at law/nn of/in rhythm/nn has/hvz provided/vbn a/at natural/jj method/nn for/in the/at control/nn of/in conception/nn ./. Believing/vbg that/cs God/np is/bez the/at Author/nn-tl of/in this/dt law/nn and/cc of/in all/abn laws/nns of/in nature/nn ,/, Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps believe/vb that/cs they/ppss are/ber obliged/vbn to/to obey/vb those/dts laws/nns ,/, not/* frustrate/vb or/cc mock/vb them/ppo ./. Let/vb it/pps be/be granted/vbn then/rb that/cs the/at theological/jj differences/nns in/in this/dt area/nn between/in Protestants/nps and/cc Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps appear/vb to/to be/be irreconcilable/jj ./. But/cc people/nns differ/vb in/in their/pp$ religious/jj beliefs/nns on/in scores/nns of/in doctrines/nns ,/, without/in taking/vbg up/rp arms/nns against/in those/dts who/wps disagree/vb with/in them/ppo ./. Why/wrb is/bez it/pps so/ql different/jj in/in regard/nn to/in birth/nn control/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez because/cs each/dt side/nn has/hvz sought/vbn to/in implement/vb its/pp$ distinctive/jj theological/jj belief/nn through/in legislation/nn and/cc thus/rb indirectly/rb force/vb its/pp$ belief/nn ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap the/at practical/jj consequences/nns thereof/rb ,/, upon/in others/nns ./. It/pps is/bez always/rb a/at temptation/nn for/in a/at religious/jj organization/nn ,/, especially/rb a/at powerful/jj or/cc dominant/jj one/cd ,/, to/to impose/vb through/in the/at clenched/vbn fist/nn of/in the/at law/nn its/pp$ creedal/jj viewpoint/nn upon/in others/nns ./. Both/abx Roman/jj-tl Catholics/nps and/cc Protestants/nps have/hv succumbed/vbn to/in this/dt temptation/nn in/in the/at past/nn ./. Consider/vb what/wdt happened/vbd during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, when/wrb the/at Protestant/jj churches/nns united/vbd to/to push/vb the/at Prohibition/nn-tl law/nn through/in Congress/np ./. Many/ap of/in them/ppo sincerely/rb believe/vb that/cs the/at use/nn of/in liquor/nn in/in any/dti form/nn or/cc in/in any/dti degree/nn is/bez intrinsically/rb evil/jj and/cc sinful/jj ./. With/in over/rp four/cd million/cd American/jj men/nns away/rb at/in war/nn ,/, Protestants/nps forced/vbd their/pp$ distinctive/jj theological/jj belief/nn upon/in the/at general/jj public/nn ./. With/in the/at return/nn of/in our/pp$ soldiers/nns ,/, it/pps soon/rb became/vbd apparent/jj that/cs the/at belief/nn was/bedz not/* shared/vbn by/in the/at great/jj majority/nn of/in citizens/nns ./. The/at attempt/nn to/to enforce/vb that/dt belief/nn ushered/vbd in/rp a/at reign/nn of/in bootleggers/nns ,/, racketeers/nns ,/, hijackers/nns and/cc gangsters/nns that/wps led/vbd to/in a/at breakdown/nn of/in law/nn unparalleled/jj in/in our/pp$ history/nn ./. The/at so-called/jj ``/`` noble/jj experiment/nn ''/'' came/vbd to/in an/at inglorious/jj end/nn ./. That/dt tumultuous/jj ,/, painful/jj and/cc costly/jj experience/nn shows/vbz clearly/rb that/cs a/at law/nn expressing/vbg a/at moral/jj judgment/nn cannot/md* be/be enforced/vbn when/wrb it/pps has/hvz little/ap correspondence/nn with/in the/at general/jj view/nn of/in society/nn ./. That/dt experience/nn holds/vbz a/at lesson/nn for/in us/ppo all/abn in/in regard/nn to/in birth/nn control/nn today/nr ./. Up/in to/in the/at turn/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, contraception/nn was/bedz condemned/vbn by/in all/abn Christian/jj churches/nns as/cs immoral/jj ,/, unnatural/jj and/cc contrary/jj to/in divine/jj law/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz generally/rb reflected/vbn in/in the/at civil/jj laws/nns of/in Christian/jj countries/nns ./. Today/nr ,/, the/at Roman/jj Catholic/jj and/cc Orthodox/jj-tl Churches/nns-tl stand/vb virtually/ql alone/rb in/in holding/vbg that/dt conviction/nn ./. The/at various/jj Lambeth/np-tl Conferences/nns-tl ,/, expressing/vbg the/at Anglican/jj viewpoint/nn ,/, mirror/vb the/at gradual/jj change/nn that/wps has/hvz taken/vbn place/nn among/in Protestants/nps generally/rb ./. In/in 1920/cd ,/, the/at Lambeth/np-tl Conference/nn-tl repeated/vbd its/pp$ 1908/cd condemnation/nn of/in contraception/nn and/cc issued/vbd ``/`` an/at emphatic/jj warning/nn against/in the/at use/nn of/in unnatural/jj means/nns for/in the/at avoidance/nn of/in conception/nn ,/, together/rb with/in the/at grave/jj dangers/nns --/-- physical/jj ,/, moral/jj ,/, and/cc religious/jj --/-- thereby/rb incurred/vbn ,/, and/cc against/in the/at evils/nns which/wdt the/at extension/nn of/in such/jj use/nn threaten/vb the/at race/nn ''/'' ./. Denouncing/vbg the/at view/nn that/cs the/at sexual/jj union/nn is/bez an/at end/nn in/in itself/ppl ,/, the/at Conference/nn-tl declared/vbd :/: ``/`` We/ppss steadfastly/rb uphold/vb what/wdt must/md always/rb be/be regarded/vbn as/cs the/at governing/vbg considerations/nns of/in Christian/jj marriage/nn ./. One/cd is/bez the/at primary/jj purpose/nn for/in which/wdt marriage/nn exists/vbz ,/, namely/rb ,/, the/at continuance/nn of/in the/at race/nn through/in the/at gift/nn and/cc heritage/nn of/in children/nns ;/. ;/. the/at other/ap is/bez the/at paramount/jjs importance/nn in/in married/vbn life/nn of/in deliberate/jj and/cc thoughtful/jj self-control/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Conference/nn-tl called/vbd for/in a/at vigorous/jj campaign/nn against/in the/at open/jj or/cc secret/jj sale/nn of/in contraceptives/nns ./. In/in 1930/cd ,/, the/at Lambeth/np-tl Conference/nn-tl again/rb affirmed/vbd the/at primary/jj purpose/nn of/in marriage/nn to/to be/be the/at procreation/nn of/in children/nns ,/, but/cc conceded/vbd that/cs ,/, in/in certain/jj limited/vbn circumstances/nns ,/, contraception/nn might/md be/be morally/rb legitimate/jj ./. In/in 1958/cd ,/, the/at Conference/nn-tl endorsed/vbd birth/nn control/nn as/cs the/at responsibility/nn laid/vbn by/in God/np on/in parents/nns everywhere/rb ./. Many/ap other/ap Protestant/jj denominations/nns preceded/vbd the/at Anglicans/nps in/in such/jj action/nn ./. In/in March/np ,/, 1931/cd ,/, 22/cd out/in of/in 28/cd members/nns of/in a/at committee/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Churches/nns-tl ratified/vbd artificial/jj methods/nns of/in birth/nn control/nn ./. ``/`` As/in to/in the/at necessity/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at committee/nn declared/vbd ,/, ``/`` for/in some/dti form/nn of/in effective/jj control/nn of/in the/at size/nn of/in the/at family/nn and/cc the/at spacing/nn of/in children/nns ,/, and/cc consequently/rb of/in control/nn of/in conception/nn ,/, there/ex can/md be/be no/at question/nn ./. There/ex is/bez general/jj agreement/nn also/rb that/cs sex/nn union/nn between/in husbands/nns and/cc wives/nns as/cs an/at expression/nn of/in mutual/jj affection/nn without/in relation/nn to/in procreation/nn is/bez right/jj ''/'' ./. Since/in then/rb ,/, many/ap Protestant/jj denominations/nns have/hv made/vbn separate/jj pronouncements/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt they/ppss not/* only/rb approved/vbd birth/nn control/nn ,/, but/cc declared/vbd it/ppo at/in times/nns to/to be/be a/at religious/jj duty/nn ./. What/wdt determines/vbz the/at morality/nn ,/, they/ppss state/vb ,/, is/bez not/* the/at means/nns used/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at motive/nn In/in general/jj ,/, the/at means/nns (/( excluding/vbg abortion/nn )/) that/wps prove/vb most/ql effective/jj are/ber considered/vbn the/at most/ql ethical/jj ./. This/dt development/nn is/bez reflected/vbn in/in the/at action/nn taken/vbn in/in February/np ,/, 1961/cd ,/, by/in the/at general/jj board/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Churches/nns-tl ,/, the/at largest/jjt Protestant/jj organization/nn in/in the/at Aj/nn ./. The/at board/nn approved/vbd and/cc commended/vbd the/at use/nn of/in birth-control/nn devices/nns as/cs a/at part/nn of/in Christian/jj responsibility/nn in/in family/nn planning/nn ./. It/pps called/vbd for/in opposition/nn to/in laws/nns and/cc institutional/jj practices/nns restricting/vbg the/at information/nn or/cc availability/nn of/in contraceptives/nns ./. The/at general/jj board/nn declared/vbd :/: ``/`` Most/ap of/in the/at Protestant/jj churches/nns hold/vb contraception/nn and/cc periodic/jj continence/nn to/to be/be morally/rb right/jj when/wrb the/at motives/nns are/ber right/jj ./. The/at general/jj Protestant/jj conviction/nn is/bez that/cs motives/nns ,/, rather/in than/in methods/nns ,/, form/vb the/at primary/jj moral/jj issue/nn ,/, provided/vbn the/at methods/nns are/ber limited/vbn to/in the/at prevention/nn of/in conception/nn ''/'' ./. An/at action/nn once/rb universally/rb condemned/vbn by/in all/abn Christian/jj churches/nns and/cc forbidden/vbn by/in the/at civil/jj law/nn is/bez now/rb not/* only/rb approved/vbn by/in the/at overwhelming/jj majority/nn of/in Protestant/jj denominations/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb deemed/vbn ,/, at/in certain/jj times/nns ,/, to/to be/be a/at positive/jj religious/jj duty/nn ./. This/dt viewpoint/nn has/hvz now/rb been/ben translated/vbn into/in action/nn by/in the/at majority/nn of/in people/nns in/in this/dt country/nn ./. Repeated/vbn polls/nns have/hv disclosed/vbn that/cs most/ap married/vbn couples/nns are/ber now/rb using/vbg contraceptives/nns in/in the/at practice/nn of/in birth/nn control/nn ./. For/in all/abn concerned/vbn with/in social-welfare/nn legislation/nn ,/, the/at significance/nn of/in this/dt radical/nn and/cc revolutionary/jj change/nn in/in the/at thought/nn and/cc habits/nns of/in the/at vast/jj majority/nn of/in the/at American/jj people/nns is/bez clear/jj ,/, profound/jj and/cc far-reaching/jj ./. To/to try/vb to/to oppose/vb the/at general/jj religious/jj and/cc moral/jj conviction/nn of/in such/abl a/at majority/nn by/in a/at legislative/jj fiat/nn would/md be/be to/to invite/vb the/at same/ap breakdown/nn of/in law/nn and/cc order/nn that/wps was/bedz occasioned/vbn by/in the/at ill-starred/jj Prohibition/nn-tl experiment/nn ./. This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at realities/nns we/ppss are/ber dealing/vbg with/in lie/vb not/* in/in the/at field/nn of/in civil/jj legislation/nn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at realm/nn of/in conscience/nn and/cc religion/nn :/: They/ppss are/ber moral/jj judgments/nns and/cc matters/nns of/in theological/jj belief/nn ./. Conscience/nn and/cc religion/nn are/ber concerned/vbn with/in private/jj sin/nn :/: The/at civil/jj law/nn is/bez concerned/vbn with/in public/jj crimes/nns ./. Only/rb confusion/nn ,/, failure/nn and/cc anarchy/nn result/vb when/wrb the/at effort/nn is/bez made/vbn to/to impose/vb upon/in the/at civil/jj authority/nn the/at impossible/jj task/nn of/in policing/vbg private/jj homes/nns to/to preclude/vb the/at possibility/nn of/in sin/nn ./. Among/in the/at chief/jjs victims/nns of/in such/abl an/at ill-conceived/jj imposition/nn would/md be/be religion/nn itself/ppl ./.

cf16

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On/in April/np 17/cd ,/, 1610/cd ,/, the/at sturdy/jj little/jj three-masted/jj bark/nn ,/, Discovery/nn-tl ,/, weighed/vbd anchor/nn in/in St./np Katherine's/np$ Pool/nn-tl ,/, London/np ,/, and/cc floated/vbd down/in the/at Thames/np toward/in the/at sea/nn ./. She/pps carried/vbd ,/, besides/in her/pp$ captain/nn ,/, a/at crew/nn of/in twenty-one/cd and/cc provisions/nns for/in a/at voyage/nn of/in exploration/nn of/in the/at Arctic/np waters/nns of/in North/jj-tl America/np-tl ./. Seventeen/cd months/nns later/rbr ,/, on/in September/np 6/cd ,/, 1611/cd ,/, an/at Irish/jj fishing/vbg boat/nn sighted/vbd the/at Discovery/nn-tl limping/vbg eastward/rb outside/in Galway/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ./. When/wrb she/pps reached/vbd port/nn ,/, she/pps was/bedz found/vbn to/to have/hv on/in board/nn only/rb eight/cd men/nns ,/, all/abn near/in starvation/nn ./. The/at captain/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at mate/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ./. The/at man/nn who/wps now/rb commanded/vbd her/ppo had/hvd started/vbn the/at voyage/nn as/cs an/at ordinary/jj seaman/nn ./. What/wdt disaster/nn struck/vbd the/at Discovery/nn-tl during/in those/dts seventeen/cd months/nns ?/. ?/. What/wdt happened/vbd to/in the/at fourteen/cd missing/vbg men/nns ?/. ?/. These/dts questions/nns have/hv remained/vbn one/cd of/in the/at great/jj sea/nn mysteries/nns of/in all/abn time/nn ./. For/in hundreds/nns of/in years/nns ,/, the/at evidence/nn available/jj consisted/vbn of/in (/( 1/cd )/) the/at captain's/nn$ fragmentary/jj journal/nn ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) a/at highly/ql prejudiced/vbn account/nn by/in one/cd of/in the/at survivors/nns ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) a/at note/nn found/vbn in/in a/at dead/jj man's/nn$ desk/nn on/in board/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 4/cd )/) several/ap second-hand/nn reports/nns ./. All/abn told/vbn ,/, they/ppss offered/vbd a/at highly/ql confused/vbn picture/nn ./. But/cc since/in 1927/cd ,/, researchers/nns digging/vbg into/in ancient/jj court/nn records/nns and/cc legal/jj files/nns have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to find/vb illuminating/jj pieces/nns of/in information/nn ./. Not/* enough/ap to/to do/do away/rb with/in all/abn doubts/nns ,/, but/cc sufficient/jj to/to give/vb a/at fairly/ql accurate/jj picture/nn of/in the/at events/nns of/in the/at voyage/nn ./. Historians/nns have/hv had/hvn two/cd reasons/nns for/in persisting/vbg so/ql long/rb in/in their/pp$ investigations/nns ./. First/od ,/, they/ppss wanted/vbd to/to clarify/vb a/at tantalizing/vbg ,/, bizarre/jj enigma/nn ./. Second/od ,/, they/ppss believed/vbd it/ppo important/jj to/to determine/vb the/at fate/nn of/in the/at captain/nn --/-- a/at man/nn whose/wp$ name/nn is/bez permanently/rb stamped/vbn on/in our/pp$ maps/nns ,/, on/in American/jj towns/nns and/cc counties/nns ,/, on/in a/at great/jj American/jj river/nn ,/, and/cc on/in half/abn a/at million/cd square/jj miles/nns of/in Arctic/np seas/nns ./. The/at name/nn :/: Henry/np Hudson/np ./. This/dt is/bez the/at story/nn of/in his/pp$ last/ap tragic/jj voyage/nn ,/, as/ql nearly/rb as/cs we/ppss are/ber able/jj --/-- or/cc ever/rb ,/, probably/rb ,/, will/md be/be able/jj --/-- to/to determine/vb :/: The/at sailing/nn in/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1610/cd was/bedz Hudson's/np$ fourth/od in/in four/cd years/nns ./. Each/dt time/nn his/pp$ objective/nn had/hvd been/ben the/at same/ap --/-- a/at direct/jj water/nn passage/nn from/in Western/jj-tl Europe/np-tl to/in the/at Far/jj-tl East/nr-tl ./. In/in 1607/cd and/cc 1608/cd ,/, the/at English/jj-tl Muscovy/np-tl Company/nn-tl had/hvd sent/vbn him/ppo northward/rb to/to look/vb for/in a/at route/nn over/in the/at North/jj-tl Pole/nn-tl or/cc across/in the/at top/nn of/in Russia/np ./. Twice/rb he/pps had/hvd failed/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at Muscovy/np-tl Company/nn-tl indicated/vbd it/pps would/md not/* back/vb him/ppo again/rb ./. In/in 1609/cd ,/, the/at Dutch/jj-tl East/jj-tl India/np-tl Company/nn-tl hired/vbd Hudson/np ,/, gave/vbd him/ppo two/cd learned/vbn geographers/nns ,/, fitted/vbn him/ppo out/rp with/in a/at ship/nn called/vbn the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl ,/, and/cc supplied/vbd him/ppo with/in Dutch/jj sailors/nns ./. This/dt time/nn he/pps turned/vbd westward/rb ,/, to/in the/at middle/jj Atlantic/jj coast/nn of/in North/jj-tl America/np-tl ./. His/pp$ chief/jjs discovery/nn was/bedz important/jj --/-- the/at Great/jj-tl North/jj-tl (/( later/rbr ,/, the/at Hudson/np )/) River/nn-tl --/-- but/cc it/pps produced/vbd no/at northwest/jj passage/nn ./. When/wrb the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl put/vbd in/rp at/in Dartmouth/np ,/, England/np ,/, in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1609/cd ,/, word/nn of/in Hudson's/np$ findings/nns leaked/vbd out/rp ,/, and/cc English/jj interest/nn in/in him/ppo revived/vbn ./. The/at government/nn forbade/vbd Hudson/np to/to return/vb to/in Amsterdam/np with/in his/pp$ ship/nn ./. He/pps thereupon/rb went/vbd to/in London/np and/cc spent/vbd the/at winter/nn talking/vbg to/in men/nns of/in wealth/nn ./. By/in springtime/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz supported/vbn by/in a/at rich/jj merchant/nn syndicate/nn under/in the/at patronage/nn of/in Henry/np ,/, Prince/nn-tl of/in-tl Wales/np-tl ./. He/pps had/hvd obtained/vbn and/cc provisioned/vbn a/at veteran/jj ship/nn called/vbn the/at Discovery/nn-tl and/cc had/hvd recruited/vbn a/at crew/nn of/in twenty-one/cd ,/, the/at largest/jjt he/pps had/hvd ever/rb commanded/vbn ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt fourth/od voyage/nn was/bedz clear/jj ./. A/at century/nn of/in exploration/nn had/hvd established/vbn that/cs a/at great/jj land/nn mass/nn ,/, North/jj-tl and/cc South/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, lay/vbd between/in Europe/np and/cc the/at Indies/nps ./. One/cd by/in one/cd ,/, the/at openings/nns in/in the/at coast/nn that/wps promised/vbd a/at passage/nn through/rp had/hvd been/ben explored/vbn and/cc discarded/vbn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, Hudson's/np$ sail/nn up/in the/at Great/jj-tl North/jj-tl River/nn-tl had/hvd disposed/vbn of/in one/cd of/in the/at last/ap hopes/nns ./. But/cc there/ex remained/vbd one/cd mysterious/jj ,/, unexplored/jj gap/nn ,/, far/ql to/in the/at north/nr ./. Nearly/rb twenty-five/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, Captain/nn-tl John/np Davis/np had/hvd noted/vbn ,/, as/cs he/pps sailed/vbd near/in the/at Arctic/jj-tl Circle/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` a/at very/ql great/jj gulf/nn ,/, the/at water/nn whirling/vbg and/cc roaring/vbg ,/, as/cs it/pps were/bed the/at meeting/nn of/in tides/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps named/vbd this/dt opening/vbg ,/, between/in Baffin/np-tl Island/nn-tl and/cc Labrador/np ,/, the/at ``/`` Furious/jj-tl Overfall/nn-tl ''/'' ./. (/( Later/rbr ,/, it/pps was/bedz to/to be/be called/vbn Hudson/np-tl Strait/nn-tl ./. )/) In/in 1602/cd ,/, George/np Waymouth/np ,/, in/in the/at same/ap little/ap Discovery/nn-tl that/wps Hudson/np now/rb commanded/vbd ,/, had/hvd sailed/vbn 300/cd miles/nns up/in the/at strait/nn before/cs his/pp$ frightened/vbn men/nns turned/vbd the/at ship/nn back/rb ./. Hudson/np now/rb proposed/vbd to/to sail/vb all/abn the/at way/nn through/rp and/cc test/vb the/at seas/nns beyond/rb for/in the/at long-sought/jj waterway/nn ./. Even/rb Hudson/np ,/, experienced/vbn in/in Arctic/jj sailing/nn and/cc determined/vbn as/cs he/pps was/bedz ,/, must/md have/hv had/hvn qualms/nns as/cs he/pps slid/vbd down/in the/at Thames/np ./. Ahead/rb were/bed perilous/jj ,/, ice-filled/jj waters/nns ./. On/in previous/jj voyages/nns ,/, it/pps had/hvd been/ben in/in precisely/ql such/jj dangerous/jj situations/nns that/cs he/pps had/hvd failed/vbn as/cs a/at leader/nn and/cc captain/nn ./. On/in the/at second/od voyage/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd turned/vbn back/rb at/in the/at frozen/vbn island/nn of/in Novaya/np Zemlya/np and/cc meekly/rb given/vbn the/at crew/nn a/at certificate/nn stating/vbg that/cs he/pps did/dod so/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj free/jj will/nn --/-- which/wdt was/bedz obviously/rb not/* the/at case/nn ./. On/in the/at third/od voyage/nn ,/, a/at near-mutiny/nn rising/vbg from/in a/at quarrel/nn between/in Dutch/jj and/cc English/jj crew/nn members/nns on/in the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl had/hvd almost/rb forced/vbn him/ppo to/to head/vb the/at ship/nn back/rb to/in Amsterdam/np in/in Mid-Atlantic/np ./. Worse/jjr ,/, his/pp$ present/jj crew/nn included/vbn five/cd men/nns who/wps had/hvd sailed/vbn with/in him/ppo before/rb ./. Of/in only/rb one/cd could/md he/pps be/be sure/jj --/-- young/jj John/np Hudson/np ,/, his/pp$ second/od son/nn ./. The/at mate/nn ,/, Robert/np Juet/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd kept/vbn the/at journal/nn on/in the/at Half/nn-tl Moon/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz experienced/vbn --/-- but/in he/pps was/bedz a/at bitter/jj old/jj man/nn ,/, ready/jj to/to complain/vb or/cc desert/vb at/in any/dti opportunity/nn ./. Philip/np Staffe/np ,/, the/at ship's/nn$ carpenter/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at good/jj worker/nn ,/, but/cc perversely/ql independent/jj ./. Arnold/np Lodley/np and/cc Michael/np Perse/np were/bed like/cs the/at rest/nn --/-- lukewarm/jj ,/, ready/jj to/to swing/vb against/in Hudson/np in/in a/at crisis/nn ./. But/cc men/nns willing/jj to/to sail/vb at/in all/abn into/in waters/nns where/wrb wooden/jj ships/nns could/md be/be crushed/vbn like/cs eggs/nns were/bed hard/jj to/to find/vb ./. Hudson/np knew/vbd he/pps had/hvd to/to use/vb these/dts men/nns as/ql long/rb as/cs he/pps remained/vbd an/at explorer/nn ./. And/cc he/pps refused/vbd to/to be/be anything/pn else/rb ./. It/pps is/bez believed/vbn that/cs Hudson/np was/bedz related/vbn to/in other/ap seafaring/jj men/nns of/in the/at Muscovy/np-tl Company/nn-tl and/cc was/bedz trained/vbn on/in company/nn ships/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at Londoner/np ,/, married/vbn ,/, with/in three/cd sons/nns ./. (/( The/at common/jj misconception/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz Dutch/jj and/cc that/cs his/pp$ first/od name/nn was/bedz Hendrik/np stem/vb from/in Dutch/jj documents/nns of/in his/pp$ third/od voyage/nn ./. )/) In/in 1610/cd ,/, Hudson/np was/bedz probably/rb in/in his/pp$ early/jj forties/nns ,/, a/at good/jj navigator/nn ,/, a/at stubborn/jj voyager/nn ,/, but/cc otherwise/rb fatally/ql unsuited/jj to/in his/pp$ chosen/vbn profession/nn ./. Hudson's/np$ first/od error/nn of/in the/at fourth/od voyage/nn occurred/vbd only/rb a/at few/ap miles/nns down/in the/at Thames/np ./. There/rb at/in the/at river's/nn$ edge/nn waited/vbd one/cd Henry/np Greene/np ,/, whom/wpo Hudson/np listed/vbd as/cs a/at ``/`` clerk/nn ''/'' ./. Greene/np was/bedz in/in actuality/nn a/at young/jj ruffian/nn from/in Kent/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd broken/vbn with/in his/pp$ parents/nns in/in order/nn to/to keep/vb the/at company/nn he/pps preferred/vbd --/-- pimps/nns ,/, panders/nns and/cc whores/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* the/at sort/nn of/in sailor/nn Hudson/np wanted/vbd his/pp$ backers/nns to/to see/vb on/in board/nn and/cc he/pps had/hvd Greene/np wait/vb at/in Gravesend/np ,/, where/wrb the/at Discovery/nn-tl picked/vbd him/ppo up/rp ./. For/in the/at first/od three/cd weeks/nns ,/, the/at ship/nn skirted/vbd up/in the/at east/nr coast/nn of/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ,/, then/rb turned/vbd westward/rb ./. On/in May/np 11/cd ,/, she/pps reached/vbd Iceland/np ./. Poor/jj winds/nns and/cc fog/nn locked/vbd her/ppo up/rp in/in a/at harbor/nn the/at crew/nn called/vbn ``/`` Lousie/jj-tl Bay/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at subsequent/jj two-weeks/nns wait/nn made/vbd the/at crew/nn quarrelsome/jj ./. With/in Hudson/np looking/vbg on/rp ,/, his/pp$ protege/nn Greene/np picked/vbd a/at fight/nn with/in the/at ship's/nn$ surgeon/nn ,/, Edward/np Wilson/np ./. The/at issue/nn was/bedz settled/vbn on/in shore/nn ,/, Greene/np winning/vbg and/cc Wilson/np remaining/vbg ashore/rb ,/, determined/vbn to/to catch/vb the/at next/ap fishing/vbg boat/nn back/rb to/in England/np ./. With/in difficulty/nn ,/, Hudson/np persuaded/vbd him/ppo to/to rejoin/vb the/at ship/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss sailed/vbd from/in Iceland/np ./. Early/rb in/in June/np ,/, the/at Discovery/nn-tl passed/vbd ``/`` Desolation/nn-tl ''/'' (/( southern/jj Greenland/np )/) and/cc in/in mid-June/np entered/vbd the/at ``/`` Furious/jj-tl Overfall/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Floating/vbg ice/nn bore/vbd down/rp from/in the/at north/nr and/cc west/nr ./. Fog/nn hung/vbd over/in the/at route/nn constantly/rb ./. Turbulent/jj tides/nns rose/vbd as/ql much/ap as/cs fifty/cd feet/nns ./. The/at ship's/nn$ compass/nn was/bedz useless/jj because/rb of/in the/at nearness/nn of/in the/at magnetic/jj North/jj-tl Pole/nn-tl ./. As/cs the/at bergs/nns grew/vbd larger/jjr ,/, Hudson/np was/bedz forced/vbn to/to turn/vb south/nr into/in what/wdt is/bez now/rb Ungava/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ,/, an/at inlet/nn of/in the/at Great/jj-tl Strait/nn-tl ./. After/in finding/vbg that/cs its/pp$ coasts/nns led/vbd nowhere/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, he/pps turned/vbd north/nr again/rb ,/, toward/in the/at main/jjs ,/, ice-filled/jj passageway/nn --/-- and/cc the/at crew/nn ,/, at/in first/rb uneasy/jj ,/, then/rb frightened/vbn ,/, rebelled/vbn ./. The/at trouble/nn was/bedz at/in least/ap partly/rb Juet's/np$ doing/nn ./. For/in weeks/nns he/pps had/hvd been/ben saying/vbg that/cs Hudson's/np$ idea/nn of/in sailing/vbg through/in to/in Java/np was/bedz absurd/jj ./. The/at great/jj ,/, crushing/vbg ice/nn masses/nns coming/vbg into/in view/nn made/vbd him/ppo sound/vb like/cs the/at voice/nn of/in pure/jj reason/nn ./. A/at group/nn of/in sailors/nns announced/vbd to/in Hudson/np that/cs they/ppss would/md sail/vb no/ql farther/rbr ./. Instead/rb of/in quelling/vbg the/at dissension/nn ,/, as/cs many/ap captains/nns of/in the/at era/nn would/md have/hv done/vbn (/( Sir/np Francis/np Drake/np lopped/vbd a/at man's/nn$ head/nn off/rp under/in similar/jj circumstances/nns )/) ,/, Hudson/np decided/vbd to/to be/be reasonable/jj ./. He/pps went/vbd to/in his/pp$ cabin/nn and/cc emerged/vbd carrying/vbg a/at large/jj chart/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps set/vbd up/rp in/in view/nn of/in the/at crew/nn ./. Patiently/rb ,/, he/pps explained/vbd what/wdt he/pps knew/vbd about/in their/pp$ course/nn and/cc their/pp$ objectives/nns ./. When/wrb Hudson/np had/hvd finished/vbn ,/, the/at ``/`` town/nn meeting/nn ''/'' broke/vbd down/rp into/in a/at general/jj ,/, wordy/jj argument/nn ./. One/cd man/nn remarked/vbd that/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at hundred/cd pounds/nns ,/, he/pps would/md give/vb ninety/cd of/in them/ppo to/to be/be back/rb in/in England/np ./. Up/rp spoke/vbd carpenter/nn Staffe/np ,/, who/wps said/vbd he/pps wouldn't/md* give/vb ten/cd pounds/nns to/to be/be home/nr ./. The/at statement/nn was/bedz effective/jj ./. The/at meeting/nn broke/vbd up/rp ./. Hudson/np was/bedz free/jj to/to sail/vb on/rp ./. All/ql through/in July/np the/at Discovery/nn-tl picked/vbd her/pp$ way/nn along/in the/at 450-mile-long/jj strait/nn ,/, avoiding/vbg ice/nn and/cc rocky/jj islands/nns ./. On/in August/np 3/cd ,/, two/cd massive/jj headlands/nns reared/vbd out/in of/in the/at mists/nns --/-- great/jj gateways/nns never/rb before/rb ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs Hudson/np knew/vbd ,/, seen/vbn by/in Europeans/nps ./. To/in starboard/jj was/bedz a/at cape/nn a/at thousand/cd feet/nns high/jj ,/, patched/vbn with/in ice/nn and/cc snow/nn ,/, populated/vbn by/in thousands/nns of/in screaming/vbg sea/nn birds/nns ./. To/in port/jj was/bedz a/at point/nn 200/cd feet/nns high/jj rising/vbg behind/rb to/in a/at precipice/nn of/in 2,000/cd feet/nns ./. Hudson/np named/vbd the/at capes/nns Digges/np and/cc Wolstenholme/np ,/, for/in two/cd of/in his/pp$ backers/nns ./. Hudson/np pointed/vbd the/at Discovery/nn-tl down/in the/at east/nr coast/nn of/in the/at newly/rb discovered/vbn sea/nn (/( now/rb called/vbn Hudson/np-tl Bay/nn-tl )/) ,/, confident/jj he/pps was/bedz on/in his/pp$ way/nn to/in the/at warm/jj waters/nns of/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./. After/in three/cd weeks'/nns$ swift/jj sailing/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at ship/nn entered/vbd an/at area/nn of/in shallow/jj marshes/nns and/cc river/nn deltas/nns ./. The/at ship/nn halted/vbd ./. The/at great/jj ``/`` sea/nn to/in the/at westwards/rb ''/'' was/bedz a/at dead/jj end/nn ./. This/dt must/md have/hv been/ben Hudson's/np$ blackest/jjt discovery/nn ./. For/cs he/pps seemed/vbd to/to sense/vb at/in once/rb that/cs before/in him/ppo was/bedz no/at South/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ,/, but/cc the/at solid/jj bulk/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl American/jj-tl continent/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz the/at bitter/jj end/nn ,/, and/cc Hudson/np seemed/vbd to/to know/vb he/pps was/bedz destined/vbn to/in failure/nn ./. Feverishly/rb ,/, he/pps tried/vbd to/to brush/vb away/rb this/dt intuition/nn ./. North/nr and/cc south/nr ,/, east/nr and/cc west/nr ,/, back/rb and/cc forth/rb he/pps sailed/vbd in/in the/at land-locked/jj bay/nn ,/, plowing/vbg furiously/rb forward/rb until/cs land/nn appeared/vbd ,/, then/rb turning/vbg to/to repeat/vb the/at process/nn ,/, day/nn after/in day/nn ,/, week/nn after/in week/nn ./. Hundreds/nns of/in miles/nns to/in the/at north/nr ,/, the/at route/nn back/rb to/in England/np through/in the/at ``/`` Furious/jj-tl Overfall/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz again/rb filling/vbg with/in ice/nn ./. The/at men/nns were/bed at/in first/rb puzzled/vbn ,/, then/rb angered/vbn by/in the/at aimless/jj tacking/vbg ./. Once/rb more/rbr ,/, Juet's/np$ complaints/nns were/bed the/at loudest/jjt ./. Hudson's/np$ reply/nn was/bedz to/to accuse/vb the/at mate/nn of/in disloyalty/nn ./. Juet/np demanded/vbd that/cs Hudson/np prove/vb his/pp$ charges/nns in/in an/at open/jj trial/nn ./. The/at trial/nn was/bedz held/vbn September/np 10/cd ./. Hudson/np ,/, presiding/vbg ,/, heard/vbd Juet's/np$ defense/nn ,/, then/rb called/vbd for/in testimony/nn from/in crew/nn members/nns ./. Juet/np had/hvd made/vbn plentiful/jj enemies/nns ,/, several/ap men/nns stepped/vbd forward/rb ./. Hands/nns on/in Bible/np ,/, seaman/nn Lodley/np and/cc carpenter/nn Staffe/np swore/vbd that/cs Juet/np had/hvd tried/vbn to/to persuade/vb them/ppo to/to keep/vb muskets/nns and/cc swords/nns in/in their/pp$ cabins/nns ./. Cook/nn Bennett/np Mathues/np said/vbd Juet/np had/hvd predicted/vbn bloodshed/nn on/in the/at ship/nn ./. Others/nns added/vbd that/cs Juet/np had/hvd wanted/vbn to/to turn/vb the/at ship/nn homeward/rb ./. Hudson/np deposed/vbd Juet/np and/cc cut/vbd his/pp$ pay/nn ./. The/at new/jj mate/nn was/bedz Robert/np Bylot/np ,/, talented/jj but/in inexperienced/jj ./. There/ex were/bed other/ap shifts/nns and/cc pay/nn cuts/nns according/in to/in the/at way/nn individuals/nns had/hvd conducted/vbn themselves/ppls ./. The/at important/jj result/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz that/cs Juet/np and/cc Francis/np Clemens/np ,/, the/at deposed/vbn boatswain/nn ,/, became/vbd Hudson's/np$ sworn/vbn enemies/nns ./. As/cs Hudson/np resumed/vbd his/pp$ desperate/jj criss-crossing/nn of/in the/at little/jj bay/nn ,/, every/at incident/nn lessened/vbd the/at crew's/nn$ respect/nn for/in him/ppo ./. Once/rb ,/, after/cs the/at Discovery/nn-tl lay/vbd for/in a/at week/nn in/in rough/jj weather/nn ,/, Hudson/np ordered/vbd the/at anchor/nn raised/vbn before/cs the/at sea/nn had/hvd calmed/vbn ./. Just/rb as/cs it/pps was/bedz being/beg hauled/vbn inboard/rb ,/, a/at sea/nn hit/vbd the/at ship/nn ./. Michael/np Butt/np and/cc Adame/np Moore/np were/bed thrown/vbn off/in the/at capstan/nn and/cc badly/rb injured/vbn ./. The/at anchor/nn cable/nn would/md have/hv been/ben lost/vbn overboard/rb ,/, but/cc Philip/np Staffe/np was/bedz on/in hand/nn to/to sever/vb it/ppo with/in his/pp$ axe/nn ./.

cf17

cf17 |@word thomas:1 douglas:5 fifth:1 earl:1 selkirk:16 noble:2 humanitarian:1 scot:5 concern:1 plight:1 crofter:1 native:1 highland:1 conceive:1 plan:2 settle:4 valley:3 red:18 river:19 north:5 since:1 land:1 desire:1 lie:1 within:2 great:6 northern:1 empire:2 hudson:8 bay:8 company:15 purchase:2 block:1 comany:1 stock:1 view:2 control:1 policy:1 achieve:1 end:2 able:1 buy:1 square:1 mile:5 assiniboine:2 grant:1 stretch:1 southward:3 lake:5 traverse:3 headwater:2 make:3 may:5 1811:1 october:4 year:4 small:3 group:2 winter:3 york:2 factory:2 thus:1 time:4 william:1 henry:4 harrison:1 prepare:1 pacify:1 aborigine:1 indiana:3 territory:3 win:1 fame:1 battle:1 tippecanoe:1 anglo:1 saxon:1 settlement:10 leap:1 center:4 american:9 continent:1 west:1 agricultural:1 frontier:2 seven:1 hundred:1 south:3 fork:5 twenty:4 three:5 man:6 locate:1 august:2 1812:2 little:2 colony:6 fort:24 present:3 day:4 winnipeg:1 number:1 100:2 engage:2 break:2 thick:2 sod:1 stir:1 rich:1 soil:1 join:2 call:2 meuron:1 latter:1 member:1 two:3 regiment:1 swiss:6 mercenary:2 transport:2 britain:1 canada:4 fight:1 americans:1 war:3 montreal:1 kingston:1 close:1 1815:1 persuade:1 eighty:1 four:2 officer:1 go:4 serve:1 military:2 force:4 protect:1 settler:6 hostile:1 northwest:3 resent:1 intrusion:1 farmer:1 fur:9 trader:6 interested:1 farming:1 add:1 nothing:1 output:1 farm:1 plot:2 work:1 still:1 hoe:1 late:3 1818:4 low:1 yield:1 ravage:1 grasshopper:2 lead:1 dispersal:1 summer:2 full:1 extent:1 damage:1 assess:1 fifty:1 metis:1 move:4 mouth:2 pembina:4 build:3 hut:1 stockade:1 name:2 daer:5 barony:1 scotland:1 new:4 site:1 somewhat:1 warm:1 much:3 closer:1 herd:1 buffalo:1 must:1 depend:1 food:3 anticipate:1 british:5 many:2 southern:1 headquarters:1 prairie:7 du:7 chien:7 mississippi:5 300:3 southeast:1 st:9 paul:4 minnesota:3 1816:1 act:1 congress:1 foreign:1 firm:1 united:9 states:8 bear:1 employee:2 become:4 citizen:1 joseph:3 rolette:1 renville:1 alexis:2 bailly:3 continue:1 business:1 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peter:2 250:1 bushel:3 wheat:1 oats:1 barley:1 30:1 pea:1 chicken:1 load:1 onto:1 flat:1 bottom:1 row:1 across:2 june:4 1820:1 epic:1 effort:1 secure:1 seed:3 cost:1 nevertheless:1 short:1 retreat:1 thereafter:1 plentiful:1 remain:4 round:1 activity:2 presence:1 prompt:1 send:2 lieutenant:1 colonel:3 leavenworth:1 detroit:1 put:1 advanced:1 1822:2 infantry:1 head:2 navigation:1 construction:1 anthony:1 completion:1 rename:1 honor:1 commander:1 josiah:1 snelle:2 shortage:1 livestock:1 hercules:1 dousman:2 merchant:3 contract:1 people:3 cattle:3 francois:1 labothe:1 hire:1 drover:1 snelling:5 1821:1 sieux:1 country:2 garry:7 fall:3 set:1 family:3 discontent:1 disappointed:1 turn:1 eye:1 toward:1 observe:1 distress:1 condition:1 allow:1 half:1 starve:1 immigrant:1 reservation:3 swis:1 civilian:1 resident:1 michilimackinac:1 michigan:1 open:1 merchandise:2 early:1 offer:1 pork:1 flour:1 liquor:1 tobacco:1 mcdonnell:1 governor:2 james:1 bird:1 chief:1 factor:1 order:2 sundry:1 article:1 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Thomas/np Douglas/np ,/, fifth/od Earl/nn-tl of/in-tl Selkirk/np-tl ,/, a/at noble/jj humanitarian/nn Scot/np concerned/vbn with/in the/at plight/nn of/in the/at crofters/nns of/in his/pp$ native/jj Highlands/nns-tl ,/, conceived/vbd a/at plan/nn to/to settle/vb them/ppo in/in the/at valley/nn of/in the/at Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl North/nr-tl ./. Since/cs the/at land/nn he/pps desired/vbd lay/vbd within/in the/at great/jj northern/jj empire/nn of/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, he/pps purchased/vbd great/jj blocks/nns of/in the/at Comany's/nn$-tl stock/nn with/in the/at view/nn to/in controlling/vbg its/pp$ policies/nns ./. Having/hvg achieved/vbn this/dt end/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to buy/vb 116,000/cd square/jj miles/nns in/in the/at valleys/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl and/cc Assiniboine/np rivers/nns ./. The/at grant/nn ,/, which/wdt stretched/vbd southward/rb to/in Lake/nn-tl Traverse/vb-tl --/-- the/at headwaters/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl --/-- was/bedz made/vbn in/in May/np ,/, 1811/cd ,/, and/cc by/in October/np of/in that/dt year/nn a/at small/jj group/nn of/in Scots/nps was/bedz settling/vbg for/in the/at winter/nn at/in York/np-tl Factory/nn-tl on/in Hudson/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ./. Thus/rb at/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs William/np Henry/np Harrison/np was/bedz preparing/vbg to/to pacify/vb the/at aborigines/nns of/in Indiana/np-tl Territory/nn-tl and/cc winning/vbg fame/nn at/in the/at battle/nn of/in Tippecanoe/np ,/, Anglo-Saxon/jj settlement/nn made/vbd a/at great/jj leap/nn into/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl American/jj continent/nn to/in the/at west/nr of/in the/at American/jj agricultural/jj frontier/nn ./. Seven/cd hundred/cd miles/nns south/nr of/in York/np-tl Factory/nn-tl ,/, at/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' of/in the/at Red/np and/cc the/at Assiniboine/np ,/, twenty-three/cd men/nns located/vbd a/at settlement/nn in/in August/np 1812/cd ./. By/in October/np the/at little/jj colony/nn about/in Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl (/( present-day/jj Winnipeg/np )/) numbered/vbd 100/cd ./. Within/in a/at few/ap years/nns the/at Scots/nps ,/, engaged/vbn in/in breaking/vbg the/at thick/jj sod/nn and/cc stirring/vbg the/at rich/jj soil/nn of/in the/at valley/nn ,/, were/bed joined/vbn by/in a/at group/nn called/vbn Meurons/nps ./. The/at latter/ap ,/, members/nns of/in two/cd regiments/nns of/in Swiss/jj mercenaries/nns transported/vbn by/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl to/in Canada/np to/to fight/vb the/at Americans/nps in/in the/at War/nn-tl of/in-tl 1812/cd-tl ,/, had/hvd settled/vbn in/in Montreal/np and/cc Kingston/np at/in the/at close/nn of/in the/at war/nn in/in 1815/cd ./. Selkirk/np persuaded/vbd eighty/cd men/nns and/cc four/cd officers/nns to/to go/vb to/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl where/wrb they/ppss were/bed to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at military/jj force/nn to/to protect/vb his/pp$ settlers/nns from/in the/at hostile/jj Northwest/nn-tl Company/nn-tl which/wdt resented/vbd the/at intrusion/nn of/in farmers/nns into/in the/at fur/nn traders'/nns$ empire/nn ./. The/at mercenaries/nns were/bed little/ql interested/vbn in/in farming/vbg and/cc added/vbd nothing/pn to/in the/at output/nn of/in the/at farm/nn plots/nns on/in which/wdt all/abn work/nn was/bedz still/rb done/vbn with/in hoes/nns as/ql late/rb as/cs 1818/cd ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at low/jj yield/nn of/in the/at Selkirk/np plots/nns and/cc the/at ravages/nns of/in grasshoppers/nns in/in 1818/cd that/wps led/vbd to/in the/at dispersal/nn of/in the/at settlement/nn southward/rb ./. When/wrb late/rb in/in the/at summer/nn the/at full/jj extent/nn of/in the/at damage/nn was/bedz assessed/vbn ,/, all/abn but/in fifty/cd of/in the/at Scots/nps ,/, Swiss/nps and/cc metis/fw-nns moved/vbd up/in the/at Red/np to/in the/at mouth/nn of/in the/at Pembina/np-tl river/nn ./. Here/rb they/ppss built/vbd huts/nns and/cc a/at stockade/nn named/vbn Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl after/in Selkirk's/np$ barony/nn in/in Scotland/np ./. The/at new/jj site/nn was/bedz somewhat/ql warmer/jjr than/cs Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl and/cc much/ql closer/rbr to/in the/at great/jj herds/nns of/in buffalo/nns on/in which/wdt the/at settlement/nn must/md depend/vb for/in food/nn ./. The/at Selkirk/np settlers/nns had/hvd been/ben anticipated/vbn in/in their/pp$ move/nn southward/rb by/in British/jj fur/nn traders/nns ./. For/in many/ap years/nns the/at Northwest/nn-tl Company/nn-tl had/hvd its/pp$ southern/jj headquarters/nns at/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np on/in the/at Mississippi/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, some/dti 300/cd miles/nns southeast/nr of/in present-day/jj St./np Paul/np ,/, Minnesota/np ./. When/wrb in/in 1816/cd an/at act/nn of/in Congress/np forced/vbd the/at foreign/jj firm/nn out/in of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, its/pp$ British-born/jj employees/nns ,/, now/rb become/vbn American/jj citizens/nns --/-- Joseph/np Rolette/np ,/, Joseph/np Renville/np and/cc Alexis/np Bailly/np --/-- continued/vbd in/in the/at fur/nn business/nn ./. On/in Big/jj-tl Stone/nn-tl Lake/nn-tl near/in the/at headwaters/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ,/, Robert/np Dickson/np ,/, Superintendent/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Western/jj-tl Indian/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Canada/np ,/, had/hvd a/at trading/vbg post/nn and/cc planned/vbd in/in 1818/cd to/to build/vb a/at fort/nn to/to be/be defended/vbn by/in twenty/cd men/nns and/cc two/cd small/jj artillery/nn pieces/nns ./. His/pp$ trading/vbg goods/nns came/vbd from/in Canada/np to/in the/at Forks/nns-tl of/in-tl Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl and/cc from/in Selkirk's/np$ settlement/nn he/pps brought/vbd them/ppo south/nr in/in carts/nns ./. These/dts carts/nns were/bed of/in a/at type/nn devised/vbn in/in Pembina/np in/in the/at days/nns of/in Alexander/np Henry/np the/at-tl Younger/jjr-tl about/rb a/at decade/nn before/cs the/at Selkirk/np colony/nn was/bedz begun/vbn ./. In/in 1802/cd Henry/np referred/vbd to/in ``/`` our/pp$ new/jj carts/nns ''/'' as/cs being/beg about/rb four/cd feet/nns off/in the/at ground/nn and/cc carrying/vbg five/cd times/nns as/ql much/ap as/cs a/at horse/nn could/md pack/vb ./. They/ppss were/bed held/vbn together/rb by/in pegs/nns and/cc withes/nns and/cc in/in later/jjr times/nns drawn/vbn by/in a/at single/ap ox/nn in/in thills/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz Dickson/np who/wps suggested/vbd to/in Lord/nn-tl Selkirk/np that/cs he/pps return/vb to/in the/at Atlantic/jj coast/nn by/in way/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. In/in September/np 1817/cd at/in Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl (/( Pembina/np )/) Dickson/np met/vbd the/at noble/jj lord/nn whom/wpo ,/, with/in the/at help/nn of/in a/at band/nn of/in Sioux/nps ,/, he/pps escorted/vbd to/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ./. During/in the/at trip/nn Selkirk/np decided/vbd that/cs the/at route/nn through/in Illinois/np territory/nn to/in Indiana/np and/cc the/at eastern/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz the/at best/jjt route/nn for/in goods/nns from/in England/np to/to reach/vb Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl and/cc that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz a/at better/jjr source/nn of/in supply/nn for/in many/ap goods/nns than/cs either/cc Canada/np or/cc England/np ./. Upon/in arriving/vbg at/in Baltimore/np ,/, Selkirk/np on/in December/np 22/cd wrote/vbd to/in John/np Quincy/np Adams/np ,/, Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl at/in Washington/np ,/, inquiring/vbg about/in laws/nns covering/vbg trade/nn with/in ``/`` Missouri/np and/cc Illinois/np-tl Territories/nns-tl ''/'' ./. This/dt traffic/nn ,/, he/pps declared/vbd prophetically/rb ,/, ``/`` tho'/cs it/pps might/md be/be of/in small/jj account/nn at/in first/rb ,/, would/md increase/vb with/in the/at progress/nn of/in our/pp$ Settlements/nns-tl ./. ''/'' The/at route/nn which/wdt he/pps had/hvd traveled/vbn and/cc which/wdt he/pps believed/vbd might/md develop/vb into/in a/at trade/nn route/nn was/bedz followed/vbn by/in his/pp$ settlers/nns earlier/rbr than/cs he/pps might/md have/hv expected/vbn ./. In/in 1819/cd grasshoppers/nns again/rb destroyed/vbd the/at crop/nn at/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' (/( Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl )/) and/cc in/in December/np 1819/cd ,/, twenty/cd men/nns left/vbd Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl for/in the/at most/ql northerly/jj American/jj outpost/nn at/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at three-month/jj journey/nn in/in the/at dead/jj of/in winter/nn followed/vbn by/in three/cd months/nns of/in labor/nn on/in Mackinac/np boats/nns ./. With/in these/dts completed/vbn and/cc ice/nn gone/vbn from/in the/at St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl River/nn-tl (/( present-day/jj Minnesota/np-tl river/nn )/) their/pp$ 250/cd bushels/nns of/in wheat/nn ,/, 100/cd bushels/nns of/in oats/nn and/cc barley/nn and/cc 30/cd bushels/nns of/in peas/nns and/cc some/dti chickens/nns were/bed loaded/vbn onto/in the/at flat-bottomed/jj boats/nns and/cc rowed/vbn up/in the/at river/nn to/in Big/jj-tl Stone/nn-tl Lake/nn-tl ,/, across/rp into/in Lake/nn-tl Traverse/vb-tl ,/, and/cc down/in the/at Red/np ./. They/ppss reached/vbd Fort/nn-tl Douglas/np-tl in/in June/np 1820/cd ./. This/dt epic/jj effort/nn to/to secure/vb seed/nn for/in the/at colony/nn cost/vbd Selkirk/np Ab1,040/cd ./. Nevertheless/rb so/ql short/jj was/bedz the/at supply/nn of/in seed/nn that/cs the/at settlers/nns were/bed forced/vbn to/to retreat/vb to/in Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl for/in food/nn ./. Thereafter/rb seed/nn and/cc food/nn became/vbd more/ql plentiful/jj and/cc the/at colony/nn remained/vbd in/in the/at north/nr the/at year/nn round/rb ./. Activity/nn by/in British/jj traders/nns and/cc the/at presence/nn of/in a/at colony/nn on/in the/at Red/np prompted/vbd the/at United/vbn-tl State/nn-tl War/nn-tl Department/nn-tl in/in 1819/cd to/to send/vb Lieutenant-Colonel/nn-tl Henry/np Leavenworth/np from/in Detroit/np to/to put/vb a/at post/nn 300/cd miles/nns northwest/nr of/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ,/, until/in then/rb the/at most/ql advanced/vbn United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl post/nn ./. In/in September/np 1822/cd two/cd companies/nns of/in infantry/nn arrived/vbd at/in the/at mouth/nn of/in the/at St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl River/nn-tl ,/, the/at head/nn of/in navigation/nn on/in the/at Mississippi/np ,/, and/cc began/vbd construction/nn of/in Fort/nn-tl St./nn-tl Anthony/np-tl which/wdt ,/, upon/in completion/nn ,/, was/bedz renamed/vbn in/in honor/nn of/in its/pp$ commander/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Josiah/np Snelling/np ./. It/pps was/bedz from/in the/at American/jj outposts/nns that/cs Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl shortages/nns of/in livestock/nn were/bed to/to be/be made/vbn good/jj ./. Hercules/np L./np Dousman/np ,/, fur/nn trader/nn and/cc merchant/nn at/in Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np ,/, contracted/vbd to/to supply/vb Selkirk's/np$ people/nns with/in some/dti 300/cd head/nns of/in cattle/nns ,/, and/cc Alexis/np Bailly/np and/cc Francois/np Labothe/np were/bed hired/vbn as/cs drovers/nns ./. Bailly/np ,/, after/in leaving/vbg Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np in/in August/np 1821/cd ,/, was/bedz forced/vbn to/to leave/vb some/dti of/in the/at cattle/nns at/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company's/nn$-tl post/nn on/in Lake/nn-tl Traverse/vb-tl ``/`` in/in the/at Sieux/nps-tl Country/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc reached/vbd Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl ,/, as/cs the/at Selkirk/np Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl center/nn was/bedz now/rb called/vbn ,/, late/rb in/in the/at fall/nn ./. He/pps set/vbd out/rp on/in his/pp$ 700-mile/jj return/jj journey/nn with/in five/cd families/nns of/in discontented/jj and/cc disappointed/vbn Swiss/nps who/wps turned/vbd their/pp$ eyes/nns toward/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Observing/vbg their/pp$ distressing/jj condition/nn ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Snelling/np allowed/vbd these/dts half-starved/jj immigrants/nns to/to settle/vb on/in the/at military/jj reservation/nn ./. As/cs these/dts Swiss/nps were/bed moving/vbg from/in the/at Selkirk/np settlement/nn to/to become/vb the/at first/od civilian/jj residents/nns of/in Minnesota/np ,/, Dousman/np of/in Michilimackinac/np ,/, Michigan/np ,/, and/cc Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np was/bedz traveling/vbg to/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl to/to open/vb a/at trade/nn in/in merchandise/nn ./. Early/rb in/in 1822/cd he/pps was/bedz at/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl offering/vbg to/to bring/vb in/rp pork/nn ,/, flour/nn ,/, liquor/nn and/cc tobacco/nn ./. Alexander/np McDonnell/np ,/, governor/nn of/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ,/, and/cc James/np Bird/np ,/, a/at chief/jjs factor/nn of/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, ordered/vbd such/jj ``/`` sundry/jj articles/nns ''/'' to/in a/at value/nn of/in Ab4,500/cd ./. For/in its/pp$ part/nn the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl was/bedz troubled/vbn by/in the/at approach/nn of/in American/jj settlement/nn ./. As/cs the/at time/nn drew/vbd near/rb for/in the/at drawing/nn of/in the/at British-American/jj frontier/nn by/in terms/nns of/in the/at agreement/nn of/in 1818/cd ,/, the/at company/nn suspected/vbd that/cs the/at Pembina/np colony/nn --/-- its/pp$ own/jj post/nn and/cc Fort/nn-tl Daer/np-tl --/-- was/bedz on/in American/jj territory/nn ./. Accordingly/rb Selkirk's/np$ agents/nns ordered/vbd the/at settlers/nns to/to move/vb north/nr ,/, and/cc by/in October/np ,/, John/np Halkett/np had/hvd torn/vbn down/rp both/abx posts/nns ,/, floating/vbg the/at timber/nn to/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' in/in rafts/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv done/vbn everything/pn ''/'' ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` to/to break/vb up/rp the/at whole/nn of/in that/dt unfortunate/jj establishment/nn ./. ''/'' Despite/in Company/nn-tl threats/nns ,/, duly/rb carried/vbn through/rp ,/, to/to cut/vb off/rp supplies/nns of/in powder/nn ,/, ball/nn ,/, and/cc thread/nn for/in fishing/vbg nets/nns ,/, about/rb 350/cd persons/nns stayed/vbd in/in the/at village/nn ./. They/ppss would/md attempt/vb to/to bring/vb supplies/nns from/in St./np Louis/np or/cc Prairie/np Du/np Chien/np at/in ``/`` great/jj expense/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs danger/nn ''/'' ./. At/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl some/dti of/in the/at Swiss/jj also/rb decided/vbd to/to cast/vb their/pp$ lot/nn with/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc in/in 1823/cd several/ap families/nns paid/vbd guides/nns to/to take/vb them/ppo to/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl ./. The/at disasters/nns of/in 1825-1826/cd caused/vbd more/ap to/to leave/vb ./. After/in heavy/jj rains/nns and/cc an/at onslaught/nn of/in mice/nns ,/, snow/nn fell/vbd on/in October/np 15/cd ,/, 1825/cd ,/, and/cc remained/vbd on/in the/at ground/nn through/in a/at winter/nn so/ql cold/jj that/cs the/at ice/nn on/in the/at Red/np was/bedz five/cd feet/nns thick/jj ./. In/in April/np came/vbd a/at rapid/jj thaw/nn that/wps produced/vbd high/jj waters/nns which/wdt did/dod not/* recede/vb until/in mid-June/np ./. On/in June/np 24/cd more/ap than/in 400/cd families/nns started/vbd the/at three-month/jj trip/nn across/in the/at plains/nns to/in the/at Mississippi/np ./. By/in fall/nn ,/, 443/cd survivors/nns of/in this/dt arduous/jj journey/nn were/bed clustered/vbn about/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl ,/, but/cc most/ap of/in them/ppo were/bed sent/vbn on/rp to/in Galena/np and/cc St./np Louis/np ,/, with/in a/at few/ap going/vbg as/ql far/rb as/cs Vevay/np ,/, Indiana/np ,/, a/at notable/jj Swiss/jj center/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. In/in 1837/cd ,/, 157/cd Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl people/nns with/in more/ap than/in 200/cd cattle/nns were/bed living/vbg on/in the/at reservation/nn at/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl ./. Below/in the/at fort/nn ,/, high/jj bluffs/nns extended/vbd uninterruptedly/rb for/in six/cd miles/nns along/in the/at Mississippi/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. At/in the/at point/nn where/wrb they/ppss ended/vbd ,/, another/dt settlement/nn grew/vbd up/rp around/in a/at chapel/nn built/vbn at/in the/at boat/nn landing/nn by/in Father/nn-tl Lucian/np Galtier/np in/in 1840/cd ./. Its/pp$ people/nns ,/, including/in Pierre/np Bottineau/np and/cc other/ap American/jj-tl Fur/nn-tl Company/nn-tl employees/nns and/cc the/at refugees/nns from/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl ,/, were/bed joined/vbn by/in the/at remaining/vbg Scots/nps and/cc Swiss/nps from/in Fort/nn-tl Snelling/np-tl when/wrb Major/nn-tl Joseph/np Plympton/np expelled/vbd them/ppo from/in the/at reservation/nn in/in May/np 1840/cd ./. The/at resultant/jj town/nn ,/, platted/vbn in/in 1847/cd and/cc named/vbn for/in the/at patron/nn of/in Father/nn-tl Galtier's/np$ mission/nn ,/, St./np Paul/np ,/, was/bedz to/to become/vb an/at important/jj center/nn of/in the/at fur/nn trade/nn and/cc was/bedz to/to take/vb on/rp a/at new/jj interest/nn for/in those/dts Selkirkers/nps who/wps remained/vbd at/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ./. While/cs population/nn at/in Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl increased/vbd rapidly/rb ,/, from/in 2,417/cd in/in 1831/cd to/in 4,369/cd in/in 1840/cd ,/, economic/jj opportunities/nns did/dod not/* increase/vb at/in a/at similar/jj rate/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, though/cs the/at practice/nn violated/vbd the/at no-trading/jj provision/nn of/in the/at Selkirk/np charter/nn which/wdt reserved/vbd all/abn such/jj activity/nn in/in merchandise/nn and/cc furs/nns to/in the/at Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, some/dti settlers/nns went/vbd into/in trade/nn ./. The/at Company/nn-tl maintained/vbd a/at store/nn at/in which/wdt products/nns of/in England/np could/md be/be purchased/vbn and/cc brought/vbn in/in goods/nns for/in the/at new/jj merchants/nns on/in the/at understanding/nn that/cs they/ppss refrain/vb from/in trading/vbg in/in furs/nns ./. Despite/in this/dt prohibiton/nn ,/, by/in 1844/cd some/dti of/in the/at Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl merchants/nns were/bed trading/vbg with/in the/at Indians/nps for/in furs/nns ./. In/in June/np 1845/cd ,/, the/at Governor/nn-tl and/cc-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Assiniboia/np imposed/vbd a/at 20/cd per/in cent/nn duty/nn on/in imports/nns via/in Hudson's/np$-tl Bay/nn-tl which/wdt were/bed viewed/vbn as/cs aimed/vbn at/in the/at ``/`` very/ap vitals/nns of/in the/at Company's/nn$-tl trade/nn and/cc power/nn ''/'' ./. To/to reduce/vb further/rbr the/at flow/nn of/in goods/nns from/in England/np ,/, the/at Company's/nn$-tl local/jj officials/nns asked/vbd that/cs its/pp$ London/np authorities/nns refrain/vb from/in forwarding/vbg any/dti more/ap trade/nn goods/nns to/in these/dts men/nns ./. With/in their/pp$ customary/jj source/nn of/in supply/nn cut/vbn off/rp ,/, the/at Fort/nn-tl Garry/np-tl free/jj traders/nns engaged/vbd three/cd men/nns to/to cart/vb goods/nns to/in them/ppo from/in the/at Mississippi/np country/nn ./. Others/nns carried/vbd pemmican/nn from/in ``/`` the/at Forks/nns-tl ''/'' to/in St./np Paul/np and/cc goods/nns from/in St./np Paul/np to/in Red/jj-tl River/nn-tl ,/, as/cs in/in the/at summer/nn of/in 1847/cd when/wrb one/cd trader/nn ,/, Wells/np ,/, transported/vbd twenty/cd barrels/nns of/in whisky/nn to/in the/at British/jj settlement/nn ./. This/dt trade/nn was/bedz subject/jj to/in a/at tariff/nn of/in 7.5/cd per/in cent/nn after/in February/np 1835/cd ,/, but/cc much/ap was/bedz smuggled/vbn into/in Assiniboia/np with/in the/at result/nn that/cs the/at duty/nn was/bedz reduced/vbn by/in 1841/cd to/in 4/cd per/in cent/nn on/in the/at initiative/nn of/in the/at London/np committee/nn ./. The/at trade/nn in/in a/at few/ap commodities/nns noted/vbn above/rb was/bedz to/to grow/vb in/in volume/nn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in changes/nns both/abx north/nr and/cc south/nr of/in the/at 49th/od parallel/nn ./.

cf18

cf18 |@word letter:19 common:4 soldier:20 rich:2 humor:3 indeed:1 find:5 whole:1 american:1 literature:1 semi:1 literate:1 man:5 wear:1 blue:1 gray:3 figure:1 speech:1 colorful:1 expressive:2 confederate:1 observe:1 yankees:2 thick:1 lise:1 hen:1 dam:4 site:1 ornraier:1 another:5 report:3 comrade:3 fine:1 spirit:1 pitch:1 around:1 like:8 blind:1 dog:1 meat:1 house:3 third:2 write:36 rain:1 pore:1 pea:1 rawhide:1 yank:5 equally:1 adept:1 figurative:1 expression:2 one:7 hungry:2 could:3 eat:2 rider:1 horse:2 snap:1 stirup:1 second:1 dilapidated:1 virginia:5 look:3 latter:1 end:6 original:1 sin:1 hard:2 time:3 remark:2 slowness:1 southerner:2 move:1 corner:2 uneasy:1 litter:1 leach:1 neck:1 wooden:1 god:4 still:1 annoy:1 brevity:1 recently:1 receive:3 missive:1 yore:1 short:1 sweet:2 jist:1 roasted:1 maget:1 yankee:2 sergeant:2 give:4 following:1 description:2 sweetheart:2 girl:2 none:1 regular:1 stub:1 twister:1 double:1 geere:1 well:5 educate:2 refine:1 wildcat:1 fur:1 union:2 muzzle:1 crupper:1 many:2 mode:1 texan:1 male:1 companion:2 home:6 become:2 halda:1 laura:1 see:5 love:2 good:2 respect:1 william:1 stillwell:1 admirable:2 georgian:1 whose:3 delightful:1 correspondence:2 preserve:1 georgia:6 department:1 archives:1 history:1 tease:1 wife:6 away:1 year:3 dear:3 believe:2 would:8 forgit:2 married:1 feel:1 much:7 maryed:1 never:2 sofar:1 court:1 enny:1 lady:1 must:2 forgive:1 forgitful:1 disturb:1 increase:1 corpulence:1 grow:1 fat:1 burden:1 2:1 parody:1 familiar:1 bedtime:1 prayer:1 lie:2 sleep:1 back:1 body:3 creep:1 bite:1 wake:1 pray:1 lord:1 jaw:1 break:1 charles:1 thiot:1 splendid:1 differ:1 rank:3 owner:2 large:1 plantation:1 nearly:1 fifty:1 age:1 associate:1 hatred:2 camp:5 routine:1 near:2 service:1 war:9 go:3 buy:1 two:2 pup:1 name:1 fall:2 close:3 shoot:3 comprise:1 file:1 civil:3 army:1 earthy:1 people:1 talk:1 elemental:1 function:1 malady:1 diarrhoea:3 delicate:1 sensibility:1 refer:1 condition:1 looseness:1 bowel:1 designation:1 sh:1 ts:1 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The/at letters/nns of/in the/at common/jj soldiers/nns are/ber rich/jj in/in humor/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, no/at richer/jjr humor/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at whole/nn of/in American/jj literature/nn than/cs in/in the/at letters/nns of/in the/at semi-literate/jj men/nns who/wps wore/vbd the/at blue/jj and/cc the/at gray/jj ./. Some/dti of/in their/pp$ figures/nns of/in speech/nn were/bed colorful/jj and/cc expressive/jj ./. A/at Confederate/nn-tl observed/vbd that/cs the/at Yankees/nps were/bed :/: ``/`` thicker/jjr than/cs lise/nns on/in a/at hen/nn and/cc a/at dam/jj site/nn ornraier/jjr ''/'' ./. Another/dt reported/vbd that/cs his/pp$ comrades/nns were/bed ``/`` in/in fine/jj spirits/nns pitching/vbg around/rb like/cs a/at blind/jj dog/nn in/in a/at meat/nn house/nn ''/'' ./. A/at third/od wrote/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz ``/`` raining/vbg like/cs poring/vbg peas/nns on/in a/at rawhide/nn ''/'' ./. Yanks/nps were/bed equally/ql adept/jj at/in figurative/jj expression/nn ./. One/cd wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` (/( I/ppss am/bem so/ql hungry/jj )/) I/ppss could/md eat/vb a/at rider/nn off/in his/pp$ horse/nn &/cc snap/vb at/in the/at stirups/nns ''/'' ./. A/at second/od reported/vbd that/cs the/at dilapidated/vbn houses/nns in/in Virginia/np ``/`` look/vb like/cs the/at latter/ap end/nn of/in original/jj sin/nn and/cc hard/jj times/nns ''/'' ./. A/at third/od remarked/vbd of/in slowness/nn of/in Southerners/nns-tl :/: ``/`` they/ppss moved/vbd about/rb from/in corner/nn to/in corner/nn ,/, as/ql uneasy/jj as/cs a/at litter/nn of/in hungry/jj leaches/nns on/in the/at neck/nn of/in a/at wooden/jj god/nn ''/'' ./. Still/rb another/dt ,/, annoyed/vbn by/in the/at brevity/nn of/in a/at recently/rb received/vbn missive/nn ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` yore/pp$ letter/nn was/bedz short/jj and/cc sweet/jj ,/, jist/rb like/cs a/at roasted/vbn maget/nn ''/'' ./. A/at Yankee/jj sergeant/nn gave/vbd the/at following/vbg description/nn of/in his/pp$ sweetheart/nn :/: ``/`` my/pp$ girl/nn is/bez none/pn of/in your/pp$ one-horse/nn girls/nns ./. She/pps is/bez a/at regular/jj stub/nn and/cc twister/nn ,/, double/rb geered/vbn ./. She/pps is/bez well-educated/jj and/cc refined/vbn ,/, all/abn wildcat/nn and/cc fur/nn ,/, and/cc Union/nn-tl from/in the/at muzzle/nn to/in the/at crupper/nn ''/'' ./. Humor/nn found/vbd many/ap modes/nns of/in expression/nn ./. A/at Texan/np wrote/vbd to/in a/at male/jj companion/nn at/in home/nn :/: ``/`` what/wdt has/hvz become/vbn of/in Halda/np and/cc Laura/np ?/. ?/. When/wrb you/ppss see/vb them/ppo again/rb give/vb them/ppo my/pp$ love/nn --/-- not/* best/jjt respects/nns now/rb ,/, but/cc love/nn by/in God/np ''/'' ./. William/np R./np Stillwell/np ,/, an/at admirable/jj Georgian/np whose/wp$ delightful/jj correspondence/nn is/bez preserved/vbn in/in the/at Georgia/np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Archives/nns-tl and/cc-tl History/nn-tl ,/, liked/vbd to/to tease/vb his/pp$ wife/nn in/in his/pp$ letters/nns ./. After/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben away/rb from/in home/nn about/rb a/at year/nn he/pps wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` (/( dear/jj Wife/nn-tl )/) if/cs I/ppss did/dod not/* write/vb and/cc receive/vb letters/nns from/in you/ppo I/ppss believe/vb that/cs I/ppss would/md forgit/vb that/cs I/ppss was/bedz married/vbn ./. I/ppss don't/do* feel/vb much/rb like/cs a/at maryed/vbn man/nn but/cc I/ppss never/rb forgit/vb it/ppo sofar/rb as/cs to/to court/vb enny/dti other/ap lady/nn but/cc if/cs I/ppss should/md you/ppss must/md forgive/vb me/ppo as/cs I/ppss am/bem so/ql forgitful/jj ''/'' ./. A/at Yank/np ,/, disturbed/vbn by/in his/pp$ increasing/vbg corpulence/nn ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem growing/vbg so/ql fat/jj I/ppss am/bem a/at burden/nn 2/in myself/ppl ''/'' ./. Another/dt Yank/np parodied/vbd the/at familiar/jj bedtime/nn prayer/nn :/: ``/`` now/rb I/ppss lay/vb me/ppo down/rp to/to sleep/vb ,/, the/at gray-backs/nns o'er/in my/pp$ body/nn creep/vb ;/. ;/. if/cs they/ppss should/md bite/vb before/cs I/ppss wake/vb ,/, I/ppss pray/vb the/at Lord/nn-tl their/pp$ jaws/nns to/to break/vb ''/'' ./. Charles/np Thiot/np ,/, a/at splendid/jj Georgia/np soldier/nn ,/, differed/vbd from/in most/ap of/in his/pp$ comrades/nns in/in the/at ranks/nns in/in that/cs he/pps was/bedz the/at owner/nn of/in a/at large/jj plantation/nn ,/, well-educated/jj ,/, and/cc nearly/rb fifty/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz very/ql much/rb like/cs his/pp$ associates/nns in/in his/pp$ hatred/nn of/in camp/nn routine/nn ./. Near/in the/at end/nn of/in his/pp$ service/nn he/pps wrote/vbd that/cs when/wrb the/at war/nn was/bedz over/rp he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to buy/vb two/cd pups/nns ,/, name/vb one/cd of/in them/ppo ``/`` Fall-in/np ''/'' and/cc the/at other/ap ``/`` Close-up/np ''/'' ,/, and/cc then/rb shoot/vb them/ppo both/abx ,/, ``/`` and/cc that/dt will/md be/be the/at end/nn of/in Fall-in/np and/cc Close-up/np ''/'' ./. The/at soldiers/nns who/wps comprised/vbd the/at rank/nn and/cc file/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl armies/nns were/bed an/at earthy/jj people/nns ./. They/ppss talked/vbd and/cc wrote/vbd much/rb about/in the/at elemental/jj functions/nns of/in the/at body/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql common/jj of/in camp/nn maladies/nns was/bedz diarrhoea/nn ./. Men/nns of/in more/ql delicate/jj sensibilities/nns referred/vbd to/in this/dt condition/nn as/cs ``/`` looseness/nn of/in the/at bowels/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/. but/cc a/at much/ql more/ql common/jj designation/nn was/bedz ``/`` the/at sh-ts/nns ''/'' ./. A/at Michigan/np soldier/nn stationed/vbn in/in Georgia/np wrote/vbd in/in 1864/cd :/. :/. ``/`` I/ppss expect/vb to/to be/be tough/jj as/cs a/at knott/nn as/ql soon/rb as/cs I/ppss get/vb over/rp the/at Georgia/np-tl Shitts/nns-tl ''/'' ./. Johnny/np Rebs/nps from/in the/at deep/jj South/nr-tl who/wps were/bed plagued/vbn with/in diarrhoea/nn after/in transfer/nn to/in the/at Virginia/np front/nn often/rb informed/vbd their/pp$ families/nns that/cs they/ppss were/bed suffering/vbg from/in the/at ``/`` the/at Virginia/np quickstep/nn ''/'' ./. A/at Georgia/np soldier/nn gave/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn the/at following/vbg description/nn of/in the/at cause/nn and/cc consequence/nn of/in diarrhoea/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv bin/nn a/at little/ql sick/jj with/in diorah/nn two/cd or/cc three/cd days/nns ./. I/ppss eat/vb too/ql much/ap eggs/nns and/cc poark/nn ./. It/pps sowered/vbd (/( on/in )/) my/pp$ stomack/nn and/cc turn/vb loose/rb on/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. A/at Michigan/np soldier/nn wrote/vbd his/pp$ brother/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem well/jj at/in present/nn with/in the/at exception/nn I/ppss have/hv got/vbn the/at Dyerear/nn and/cc I/ppss hope/vb thease/dts few/ap lines/nns find/vb you/ppo the/at same/ap ''/'' ./. The/at letters/nns which/wdt poured/vbd forth/rb from/in camps/nns were/bed usually/rb written/vbn under/in adverse/jj circumstances/nns ./. Save/in for/in brief/jj periods/nns in/in garrison/nn or/cc winter/nn quarters/nns ,/, soldiers/nns rarely/rb enjoyed/vbd the/at luxury/nn of/in a/at writing/vbg desk/nn or/cc table/nn ./. Most/ap of/in the/at letters/nns were/bed written/vbn in/in the/at hubbub/nn of/in camp/nn ,/, on/in stumps/nns ,/, pieces/nns of/in bark/nn ,/, drum/nn heads/nns ,/, or/cc the/at knee/nn ./. In/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, after/in the/at first/od year/nn of/in the/at war/nn ,/, paper/nn and/cc ink/nn were/bed very/ql poor/jj ./. Scarcity/nn of/in paper/nn caused/vbd many/ap Southerners/nns-tl to/to adopt/vb the/at practice/nn of/in cross-writing/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, after/cs writing/vbg from/in left/nr to/in right/nr of/in the/at page/nn in/in the/at usual/jj manner/nn ,/, they/ppss gave/vbd the/at sheet/nn a/at half/abn turn/nn and/cc wrote/vbd from/in end/nn to/in end/nn across/in the/at lines/nns previously/rb written/vbn ./. Sometimes/rb soldiers/nns wrote/vbd letters/nns while/cs bullets/nns were/bed whizzing/vbg about/in their/pp$ heads/nns ./. A/at Yank/np writing/vbg from/in Vicksburg/np ,/, May/np 28/cd ,/, 1863/cd ,/, stated/vbd :/: ``/`` not/* less/ap than/in 50/cd balls/nns have/hv passed/vbn over/in me/ppo since/cs I/ppss commenced/vbd writing/vbg ./. I/ppss could/md tell/vb you/ppo of/in plenty/nn narrow/jj escapes/nns ,/, but/cc we/ppss take/vb no/at notice/nn of/in them/ppo now/rb ''/'' ./. A/at Reb/np stationed/vbn near/in Petersburg/np informed/vbd his/pp$ mother/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss need/vb not/* tell/vb you/ppo that/cs I/ppss dodge/vb pretty/ql often/rb for/cs you/ppss can/md see/vb that/dt very/ql plainly/rb by/in the/at blots/nns in/in this/dt letter/nn ./. Just/rb count/vb each/dt blot/nn a/at dodge/nn and/cc add/vb in/rp a/at few/ap for/cs I/ppss don't/do* dodge/vb every/at time/nn ''/'' ./. Another/dt Reb/np writing/vbg under/in similar/jj circumstances/nns before/in Atlanta/np reported/vbd :/: ``/`` the/at Yankees/nps keep/vb shooting/vbg so/rb I/ppss am/bem afraid/jj they/ppss will/md knock/vb over/rp my/pp$ ink/nn ,/, so/rb I/ppss will/md close/vb ''/'' ./. 3/cd-hl ,/, the/at most/ql common/jj type/nn of/in letter/nn was/bedz that/dt of/in soldier/nn husbands/nns to/in their/pp$ wives/nns ./. But/cc fathers/nns often/rb addressed/vbd communications/nns to/in their/pp$ small/jj children/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc these/dts ,/, full/jj of/in homely/jj advice/nn ,/, are/ber among/in the/at most/ql human/jj and/cc revealing/jj of/in Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl letters/nns ./. Rebs/nps who/wps owned/vbd slaves/nns occasionally/rb would/md include/vb in/in their/pp$ letters/nns admonitions/nns or/cc greetings/nns to/in members/nns of/in the/at Negro/np community/nn ./. Occasionally/rb they/ppss would/md write/vb to/in the/at slaves/nns ./. Early/rb in/in the/at war/nn it/pps was/bedz not/* uncommon/jj for/cs planters'/nns$ sons/nns to/to retain/vb in/in camp/nn Negro/np ``/`` body/nn servants/nns ''/'' to/to perform/vb the/at menial/jj chores/nns such/jj as/cs cooking/vbg ,/, foraging/vbg ,/, cleaning/vbg the/at quarters/nns ,/, shining/vbg shoes/nns ,/, and/cc laundering/vbg clothes/nns ./. Sometimes/rb these/dts servants/nns wrote/vbd or/cc dictated/vbd for/in enclosure/nn with/in the/at letters/nns of/in their/pp$ soldier-masters/nns messages/nns to/in their/pp$ relatives/nns and/cc to/in members/nns of/in their/pp$ owners'/nns$ families/nns ./. Unmarried/jj soldiers/nns carried/vbd on/rp correspondence/nn with/in sweethearts/nns at/in home/nn ./. Owing/vbg to/in the/at restrained/vbn usages/nns characteristic/jj of/in 19th-century/nn America/np ,/, these/dts letters/nns usually/rb were/bed stereotyped/vbn and/cc revealed/vbd little/ap depth/nn of/in feeling/vbg ./. Occasionally/rb gay/jj young/jj blades/nns would/md write/vb vividly/rb to/in boon/jj companions/nns at/in home/nn about/in their/pp$ amorous/jj exploits/nns in/in Richmond/np ,/, Petersburg/np ,/, Washington/np ,/, or/cc Nashville/np ./. But/cc these/dts comments/nns are/ber hardly/rb printable/jj ./. An/at Alabama/np soldier/nn whose/wp$ feminine/jj associations/nns were/bed of/in the/at more/ql admirable/jj type/nn wrote/vbd boastfully/rb of/in his/pp$ achievements/nns among/in the/at Virginia/np belles/nns :/: ``/`` they/ppss thout/vbd I/ppss was/bedz a/at saint/nn ./. I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo some/dti sweet/jj lies/nns and/cc they/ppss believed/vbd it/ppo all/abn ./. I/ppss would/md tell/vb them/ppo I/ppss got/vbd a/at letter/nn from/in home/nn stating/vbg that/cs five/cd of/in my/pp$ Negroes/nps had/hvd runaway/vbn and/cc ten/cd of/in Pappy's/np$ ./. But/cc I/ppss wold/md say/vb I/ppss recond/vbd he/pps did/dod not/* mind/vb it/ppo for/cs he/pps had/hvd a/at plenty/nn more/ap left/vbn and/cc then/rb they/ppss would/md lean/vb to/in me/ppo like/cs a/at sore/jj eyd/jj kitten/nn to/in a/at basin/nn of/in milk/nn ''/'' ./. Some/dti of/in the/at letters/nns were/bed pungently/ql expressive/jj ./. An/at Ohio/np soldier/nn who/wps ,/, from/in a/at comrade/nn just/rb returned/vbn from/in leave/nn ,/, received/vbd an/at unfavorable/jj comment/nn on/in the/at conduct/nn of/in his/pp$ sister/nn ,/, took/vbd pen/nn in/in hand/nn and/cc delivered/vbd himself/ppl thus/rb :/: ``/`` dear/jj Sis/np ./. Alf/np sed/vbd he/pps heard/vbd that/cs you/ppss and/cc Hardy/np was/bedz a/at runing/vbg together/rb all/abn the/at time/nn and/cc he/pps though/vbd he/pps wod/md gust/rb quit/vb having/hvg any/dti thing/nn mor/ap to/to doo/do with/in you/ppo for/cs he/pps thought/vbd it/pps was/bedz no/at more/ap yuse/nn ./. I/ppss think/vb you/ppss made/vbd a/at dam/vbn good/jj chouise/nn to/to turn/vb off/rp as/ql nise/jj a/at feler/nn as/cs Alf/np Dyer/np and/cc let/vb that/dt orney/jj thefin/vbg ,/, drunkard/nn ,/, damed/vbn card/nn playing/vbg sun/nn of/in a/at bich/nn com/vb to/to sea/vb you/ppo ,/, the/at god/nn damed/vbn theaf/nn and/cc lop/jj yeard/vbn pigen/nn tode/jj helion/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez too/ql orney/jj for/in hel/nn ./. I/ppss will/md shute/vb him/ppo as/ql shore/rb as/cs I/ppss sea/vb him/ppo ''/'' ./. Initiation/nn into/in combat/nn sometimes/rb elicited/vbd from/in soldier/nn correspondents/nns choice/jj comments/nns about/in their/pp$ experiences/nns and/cc reactions/nns ./. A/at Federal/jj-tl infantryman/nn wrote/vbd to/in his/pp$ father/nn shortly/rb after/in his/pp$ first/od skirmish/nn in/in Virginia/np :/: ``/`` dear/jj Pa/nn-tl ./. Went/vbd out/rp a/at skouting/vbg yesterday/nr ./. We/ppss got/vbd to/in one/cd house/nn where/wrb there/ex were/bed five/cd secessionists/nns ./. They/ppss brok/vbd &/cc run/vbd and/cc Arch/np holored/vbd out/rp to/to shoot/vb the/at ornery/jj suns/nns of/in biches/nns and/cc we/ppss all/abn let/vb go/vb at/in them/ppo ./. Thay/ppss may/md say/vb what/wdt they/ppss please/vb but/cc godamit/uh Pa/nn-tl it/pps is/bez fun/nn ''/'' ./. Some/dti of/in the/at choicest/jjt remarks/nns made/vbn by/in soldiers/nns in/in their/pp$ letters/nns were/bed in/in disparagement/nn of/in unpopular/jj officers/nns ./. A/at Mississippi/np soldier/nn wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` our/pp$ General/nn-tl Reub/np Davis/np is/bez a/at vain/jj ,/, stuck-up/jj ,/, illiterate/jj ass/nn ''/'' ./. An/at Alabamian/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` Col./nn-tl Henry/np is/bez (/( an/at ignoramus/nn )/) fit/jj for/in nothing/pn higher/rbr than/cs the/at cultivation/nn of/in corn/nn ''/'' ./. A/at Floridian/np stated/vbd that/cs his/pp$ officers/nns were/bed ``/`` not/* fit/jj to/to tote/vb guts/nns to/in a/at bear/nn ''/'' ./. On/in December/np 9/cd ,/, 1862/cd ,/, Sergeant/nn-tl Edwin/np H./np Fay/np ,/, an/at unusual/jj Louisianan/np who/wps held/vbd A.B./np and/cc M.A./np degrees/nns from/in Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl and/cc who/wps before/in the/at war/nn was/bedz headmaster/nn of/in a/at private/jj school/nn for/in boys/nns in/in Louisiana/np ,/, wrote/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss saw/vbd Pemberton/np and/cc he/pps is/bez the/at most/ql insignificant/jj puke/nn I/ppss ever/rb saw/vbd ./. His/pp$ head/nn cannot/md* contain/vb enough/ap sense/nn to/to command/vb a/at regiment/nn ,/, much/ql less/ap a/at corps/nn ./. Jackson/np runs/vbz first/rb and/cc his/pp$ Cavalry/nn-tl are/ber well/ql drilled/vbn to/to follow/vb their/pp$ leader/nn ./. He/pps is/bez not/* worth/jj shucks/nns ./. But/cc he/pps is/bez a/at West/jj-tl Point/nn-tl graduate/nn and/cc therefore/rb must/md be/be born/vbn to/to command/vb ''/'' ./. Similar/jj comments/nns about/in officers/nns are/ber to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at letters/nns of/in Northern/jj-tl soldiers/nns ./. A/at Massachusetts/np soldier/nn ,/, who/wps seems/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben a/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl version/nn of/in Bill/np Mauldin/np ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` the/at officers/nns consider/vb themselves/ppls as/cs made/vbn of/in a/at different/jj material/nn from/in the/at low/jj fellows/nns in/in the/at ranks/nns ./. They/ppss get/vb all/abn the/at glory/nn and/cc most/ap of/in the/at pay/nn and/cc don't/do* earn/vb ten/cd cents/nns apiece/rb on/in the/at average/nn ,/, the/at drunken/jj rascals/nns ''/'' ./. Private/nn-tl George/np Gray/np Hunter/np of/in Pennsylvania/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem well/ql convinced/vbn in/in my/pp$ own/jj mind/nn that/cs had/hvd it/pps not/* been/ben for/in officers/nns this/dt war/nn would/md have/hv ended/vbn long/ql ago/rb ''/'' ./. Another/dt Yankee/np became/vbd so/ql disgusted/vbn as/cs to/to state/vb :/: ``/`` I/ppss wish/vb to/in God/np one/cd half/abn of/in our/pp$ officers/nns were/bed knocked/vbn in/in the/at head/nn by/in slinging/vbg them/ppo against/in (/( the/at other/ap half/abn )/) ''/'' ./. No/at group/nn of/in officers/nns came/vbd in/rp for/in more/ql spirited/vbn denunciation/nn than/cs the/at doctors/nns ./. One/cd Federal/jj-tl soldier/nn wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` the/at docters/nns is/bez no/at aconte/nn --/-- hell/nn will/md be/be filde/vbn with/in do(c)ters/nns and/cc offersey/nns when/wrb this/dt war/nn is/bez over/rp ''/'' ./. Shortly/rb after/in the/at beginning/nn of/in Sherman's/np$ Georgia/np campaign/nn ,/, an/at ailing/vbg Yank/np wrote/vbd his/pp$ homefolk/nns :/: ``/`` the/at surgeon/nn insisted/vbd on/in sending/vbg me/ppo to/in the/at hospital/nn for/in treatment/nn ./. I/ppss insisted/vbd on/in takeing/nn the/at field/nn and/cc prevailed/vbd --/-- thinking/vbg that/cs I/ppss had/hvd better/rbr die/vb by/in rebel/nn bullets/nns than/cs (/( by/in )/) Union/nn-tl quackery/nn ''/'' ./. The/at attitudes/nns which/wdt the/at Rebs/nps and/cc Yanks/nps took/vbd toward/in each/dt other/ap were/bed very/ql much/ap the/at same/ap and/cc ranged/vbd over/in the/at same/ap gamut/nn of/in feeling/vbg ,/, from/in friendliness/nn to/in extreme/jj hatred/nn ./. The/at Rebs/nps were/bed ,/, to/in a/at Massachusetts/np corporal/nn ,/, ``/`` fighting/vbg madmen/nns or/cc not/* men/nns at/in all/abn but/cc whiskey/nn &/cc gunpowder/nn put/vbn into/in a/at human/jj frame/nn ''/'' ./. A/at Pennsylvania/np soldier/nn wrote/vbd that/cs ``/`` they/ppss were/bed the/at hardest/jjt looking/jj set/nn of/in men/nns that/cs ever/rb I/ppss saw/vb ./. They/ppss looked/vbd as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben fed/vbn on/in vinegar/nn and/cc shavings/nns ./. ''/'' Private/nn-tl Jenkins/np Lloyd/np Jones/np of/in the/at Wisconsin/np-tl Light/jj-tl Artillery/nn-tl wrote/vbd in/in his/pp$ diary/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss strolled/vbd among/in the/at Alabamans/nps on/in the/at right/nr ,/, found/vbd some/dti of/in the/at greenest/jjt specimens/nns of/in humanity/nn I/ppss think/vb in/in the/at universe/nn ,/, their/pp$ ignorance/nn being/beg little/ql less/ap than/in the/at slave/nn they/ppss despise/vb with/in as/cs imperfect/jj a/at dialect/nn ./. They/ppss recooned/vbd as/cs how/wrb you'uns/ppss all/abn would/md be/be a/at heap/nn wus/jjr to/in we'uns/ppo all/abn '/' ''/'' ./. In/in a/at similar/jj vein/nn ,/, but/cc writing/vbg from/in the/at opposite/jj side/nn ,/, Thomas/np Taylor/np ,/, a/at private/nn in/in the/at 6th/od-tl Alabama/np-tl Volunteers/nns-tl ,/, in/in a/at letter/nn to/in his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, stated/vbd :/: ``/`` you/ppss know/vb that/cs my/pp$ heart/nn is/bez with/in you/ppo but/cc I/ppss never/rb could/md have/hv been/ben satisfied/vbn to/to have/hv staid/vbn at/in home/nn when/wrb my/pp$ country/nn is/bez invaded/vbn by/in a/at thievin/vbg foe/nn ,/, by/in a/at set/nn of/in cowardly/jj skunks/nns whose/wp$ motto/nn is/bez Booty/nn ./.

cf19

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appreciation:1 endless:1 probing:1 classification:1 vicious:1 circle:1 promotion:1 poorly:1 three:1 although:1 deny:1 debt:1 knowledge:1 energetic:1 work:4 appeal:1 truly:1 scientific:1 sort:3 reach:1 limited:1 learned:1 publisher:2 want:5 book:1 sell:1 recording:1 studio:1 disc:1 seem:1 strange:1 ear:1 hillbilly:1 jazz:1 music:1 grade:1 high:1 quaint:1 moral:2 apt:1 honest:1 fit:1 vague:1 idea:1 potpourri:1 charming:1 anecdote:1 remedy:1 throw:1 ignorance:1 maker:1 level:1 odd:1 survive:1 sentiment:2 alone:1 discuss:2 figure:2 first:2 thing:1 realize:1 part:1 deal:1 special:1 interested:1 ask:1 number:2 question:2 difference:1 ersatz:1 ballad:1 tall:1 tamper:1 improve:1 effect:1 leave:1 pure:1 away:1 nostalgia:1 sincerely:1 tap:1 spring:1 regardless:1 unpopular:1 embarrassing:1 discourage:1 place:2 good:2 say:1 unless:1 count:1 occasional:1 frost:2 england:1 include:1 amount:1 poem:1 however:1 prevent:1 label:1 poet:1 simply:2 second:1 claim:1 clearly:1 distinction:1 stephen:1 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The/at popularity/nn of/in folklore/nn in/in America/np stands/vbz in/in direct/jj proportion/nn to/in the/at popularity/nn of/in nationalism/nn in/in America/np ./. And/cc the/at emphasis/nn on/in nationalism/nn in/in America/np is/bez in/in proportion/nn to/in the/at growth/nn of/in American/jj influence/nn across/in the/at world/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, if/cs we/ppss are/ber to/to observe/vb American/jj folklore/nn in/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn ,/, we/ppss will/md do/do well/rb to/to establish/vb the/at relationships/nns between/in folklore/nn ,/, nationalism/nn and/cc imperialism/nn at/in the/at outset/nn ./. Historians/nns have/hv come/vbn to/to recognize/vb two/cd cardinal/jj facts/nns concerning/in nationalism/nn and/cc international/jj influence/nn ./. 1/cd )/) Every/at age/nn rewrites/vbz the/at events/nns of/in its/pp$ history/nn in/in terms/nns of/in what/wdt should/md have/hv been/ben ,/, creating/vbg legends/nns about/in itself/ppl that/wps rationalize/vb contemporary/jj beliefs/nns and/cc excuse/vb contemporary/jj actions/nns ./. What/wdt actually/rb occurred/vbd in/in the/at past/nn is/bez seldom/rb as/ql important/jj as/cs what/wdt a/at given/vbn generation/nn feels/vbz must/md have/hv occurred/vbn ./. 2/cd )/) As/cs a/at country/nn superimposes/vbz its/pp$ cultural/jj and/cc political/jj attitudes/nns on/in others/nns ,/, it/pps searches/vbz its/pp$ heritage/nn in/in hopes/nns of/in justifying/vbg its/pp$ aggressiveness/nn ./. Its/pp$ folklore/nn and/cc legend/nn ,/, usually/rb disguised/vbn as/cs history/nn ,/, are/ber allowed/vbn to/to account/vb for/in group/nn actions/nns ,/, to/to provide/vb a/at focal/jj point/nn for/in group/nn loyalty/nn ,/, and/cc to/to become/vb a/at cohesive/jj force/nn for/in national/jj identification/nn ./. One/pn can/md apply/vb these/dts facts/nns to/in Britain/np in/in the/at late/jj eighteenth/od and/cc nineteenth/od centuries/nns as/cs she/pps spread/vbd her/pp$ dominion/nn over/in palm/nn and/cc pine/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss can/md be/be applied/vbn again/rb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in more/ql recent/jj years/nns ./. The/at popularity/nn of/in local/jj color/nn literature/nn before/in the/at Spanish-American/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at steady/jj currency/nn of/in the/at Lincoln/np myth/nn ,/, the/at increased/vbn emphasis/nn on/in the/at frontier/nn West/nr-tl in/in our/pp$ mass/nn media/nns are/ber cases/nns in/in point/nn ./. Nor/cc is/bez it/pps an/at accident/nn that/dt baseball/nn ,/, growing/vbg into/in the/at national/jj game/nn in/in the/at last/ap 75/cd years/nns ,/, has/hvz become/vbn a/at microcosm/nn of/in American/jj life/nn ,/, that/cs learned/vbn societies/nns such/jj as/cs the/at American/jj-tl Folklore/nn-tl Society/nn-tl and/cc the/at American/jj-tl Historical/jj-tl Association/nn-tl were/bed founded/vbn in/in the/at 1880s/nns ,/, or/cc that/cs courses/nns in/in American/jj literature/nn ,/, American/jj civilization/nn ,/, American/jj anything/pn have/hv swept/vbn our/pp$ school/nn and/cc college/nn curricula/nns ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, nationalism/nn has/hvz really/rb outlived/vbn its/pp$ usefulness/nn in/in a/at country/nn as/ql world-oriented/jj as/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, and/cc its/pp$ continued/vbn existence/nn reflects/vbz one/cd of/in the/at major/jj culture/nn lags/nns of/in the/at twentieth-century/nn United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Yet/cc nationalism/nn has/hvz lost/vbn few/ap of/in its/pp$ charms/nns for/in the/at historian/nn ,/, writer/nn or/cc man/nn in/in the/at street/nn ./. It/pps is/bez an/at understandable/jj paradox/nn that/cs most/ap American/jj history/nn and/cc most/ap American/jj literature/nn is/bez today/nr written/vbn from/in an/at essentially/rb egocentric/jj and/cc isolationistic/jj point/nn of/in view/nn at/in the/at very/ap time/nn America/np is/bez spreading/vbg her/pp$ dominion/nn over/in palm/nn and/cc pine/nn ./. After/in all/abn ,/, the/at average/jj American/np as/cs he/pps lies/vbz and/cc waits/vbz for/in the/at enemy/nn in/in Korea/np or/cc as/cs she/pps scans/vbz the/at newspaper/nn in/in some/dti vain/jj hope/nn of/in personal/jj contact/nn with/in the/at front/nn is/bez unconcerned/jj that/cs his/pp$ or/cc her/pp$ plight/nn is/bez the/at result/nn of/in a/at complex/nn of/in personal/jj ,/, economic/jj and/cc governmental/jj actions/nns far/ql beyond/in the/at normal/jj citizen's/nn$ comprehension/nn and/cc control/nn ./. Anyone's/pn$ identification/nn with/in an/at international/jj struggle/nn ,/, whether/cs warlike/jj or/cc peaceful/jj ,/, requires/vbz absurd/jj oversimplification/nn and/cc intense/jj emotional/jj involvement/nn ./. Such/jj identification/nn comes/vbz for/in each/dt group/nn in/in each/dt crisis/nn by/in rewriting/vbg history/nn into/in legend/nn and/cc developing/vbg appropriate/jj national/jj heroes/nns ./. In/in America/np ,/, such/jj self-deception/nn has/hvz served/vbn a/at particularly/ql useful/jj purpose/nn ./. A/at heterogeneous/jj people/nns have/hv needed/vbn it/ppo to/to attain/vb an/at element/nn of/in cultural/jj and/cc political/jj cohesion/nn in/in a/at new/jj and/cc ever-changing/jj land/nn ./. But/cc we/ppss must/md never/rb forget/vb ,/, most/ap of/in the/at appropriate/jj heroes/nns and/cc their/pp$ legends/nns were/bed created/vbn overnight/rb ,/, to/to answer/vb immediate/jj needs/nns ,/, almost/rb always/rb with/in conscious/jj aims/nns and/cc ends/nns ./. Parson/nn-tl Weems's/np$ George/np Washington/np became/vbd the/at symbol/nn of/in honesty/nn and/cc the/at father/nn image/nn of/in the/at uniting/vbg States/nns-tl ./. Abraham/np Lincoln/np emerged/vbd as/cs an/at incarnation/nn of/in the/at national/jj Constitution/nn-tl ./. Robert/np E./np Lee/np represented/vbd the/at dignity/nn needed/vbn by/in a/at rebelling/vbg confederacy/nn ./. And/cc their/pp$ roles/nns are/ber paralleled/vbn by/in those/dts of/in Patrick/np Henry/np ,/, Nathan/np Hale/np ,/, Andrew/np Jackson/np ,/, Davy/np Crockett/np ,/, Theodore/np Roosevelt/np and/cc many/ap ,/, many/ap more/ap ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at scholar/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps looks/vbz at/in our/pp$ national/jj folklore/nn of/in the/at last/ap 60/cd years/nns ,/, will/md be/be mindful/jj of/in two/cd facts/nns ./. 1/cd )/) Most/ap of/in the/at legends/nns that/wps are/ber created/vbn to/to fan/vb the/at fires/nns of/in patriotism/nn are/ber essentially/ql propagandistic/jj and/cc are/ber not/* folk/nn legends/nns at/in all/abn ./. 2/cd )/) The/at concept/nn that/cs an/at ``/`` American/jj national/jj folklore/nn ''/'' exists/vbz is/bez itself/ppl probably/rb another/dt propagandistic/jj legend/nn ./. Folklore/nn is/bez individually/rb created/vbn art/nn that/wpo a/at homogeneous/jj group/nn of/in people/nns preserve/vb ,/, vary/vb and/cc recreate/vb through/in oral/jj transmission/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz come/vbn to/to mean/vb myths/nns ,/, legends/nns ,/, tales/nns ,/, songs/nns ,/, proverbs/nns ,/, riddles/nns ,/, superstitions/nns ,/, rhymes/nns and/cc such/jj literary/jj forms/nns of/in expression/nn ./. Related/vbn to/in written/vbn literature/nn ,/, and/cc often/rb remaining/vbg temporarily/rb frozen/vbn in/in written/vbn form/nn ,/, it/pps loses/vbz its/pp$ vitality/nn when/wrb transcribed/vbn or/cc removed/vbn from/in its/pp$ oral/jj existence/nn ./. Though/cs it/pps may/md exist/vb in/in either/cc literate/jj or/cc illiterate/jj societies/nns ,/, it/pps assumes/vbz a/at role/nn of/in true/jj cultural/jj importance/nn only/rb in/in the/at latter/ap ./. In/in its/pp$ propagandistic/jj and/cc commercial/jj haste/nn to/to discover/vb our/pp$ folk/nn heritage/nn ,/, the/at public/nn has/hvz remained/vbn ignorant/jj of/in definitions/nns such/jj as/cs this/dt ./. Enthusiastically/rb ,/, Americans/nps have/hv swept/vbn subliterary/jj and/cc bogus/jj materials/nns like/cs Paul/np Bunyan/np tales/nns ,/, Abe/np Lincoln/np anecdotes/nns and/cc labor/nn union/nn songs/nns up/rp as/cs true/jj products/nns of/in our/pp$ American/jj oral/jj tradition/nn ./. Nor/cc have/hv we/ppss remembered/vbn that/cs in/in the/at melting/vbg pot/nn of/in America/np the/at hundreds/nns of/in isolated/vbn and/cc semi-isolated/jj ethnic/jj ,/, regional/jj and/cc occupational/jj groups/nns did/dod not/* fuse/vb into/in a/at homogeneous/jj national/jj unit/nn until/cs long/rb after/cs education/nn and/cc industrialization/nn had/hvd caused/vbn them/ppo to/to cast/vb oral/jj tradition/nn aside/rb as/cs a/at means/nn of/in carrying/vbg culturally/rb significant/jj material/nn ./. Naturally/rb ,/, such/jj scholarly/jj facts/nns are/ber of/in little/ap concern/nn to/in the/at man/nn trying/vbg to/to make/vb money/nn or/cc fan/vb patriotism/nn by/in means/nn of/in folklore/nn ./. That/dt much/ap of/in what/wdt he/pps calls/vbz folklore/nn is/bez the/at result/nn of/in beliefs/nns carefully/rb sown/vbn among/in the/at people/nns with/in the/at conscious/jj aim/nn of/in producing/vbg a/at desired/vbn mass/jj emotional/jj reaction/nn to/in a/at particular/jj situation/nn or/cc set/nn of/in situations/nns is/bez irrelevant/jj ./. As/ql long/rb as/cs his/pp$ material/nn is/bez Americana/np ,/, can/md in/in some/dti way/nn be/be ascribed/vbn to/in the/at masses/nns and/cc appears/vbz ``/`` democratic/jj ''/'' to/in his/pp$ audience/nn ,/, he/pps remains/vbz satisfied/vbn ./. From/in all/abn this/dt we/ppss can/md now/rb see/vb that/cs two/cd streams/nns of/in development/nn run/vb through/in the/at history/nn of/in twentieth-century/nn American/jj folklore/nn ./. On/in the/at one/cd side/nn we/ppss have/hv the/at university/nn professors/nns and/cc their/pp$ students/nns ,/, trained/vbn in/in Teutonic/jj methods/nns of/in research/nn ,/, who/wps have/hv sought/vbn out/rp ,/, collected/vbn and/cc studied/vbn the/at true/jj products/nns of/in the/at oral/jj traditions/nns of/in the/at ethnic/jj ,/, regional/jj and/cc occupational/jj groups/nns that/wps make/vb up/rp this/dt nation/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap we/ppss have/hv the/at flag-wavers/nns and/cc the/at national/jj sentimentalists/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben willing/jj to/to use/vb any/dti patriotic/jj ,/, ``/`` frontier/nn western/jj ''/'' or/cc colonial/jj material/nn willy-nilly/rb ./. Unfortunately/rb ,/, few/ap of/in the/at artists/nns (/( writers/nns ,/, movie/nn producers/nns ,/, dramatists/nns and/cc musicians/nns )/) who/wps have/hv used/vbn American/jj folklore/nn since/in 1900/cd have/hv known/vbn enough/ap to/to distinguish/vb between/in the/at two/cd streams/nns even/rb in/in the/at most/ql general/jj of/in ways/nns ./. After/in all/abn ,/, the/at field/nn is/bez large/jj ,/, difficult/jj to/to define/vb and/cc seldom/rb taught/vbn properly/rb to/in American/jj undergraduates/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, this/dt country/nn has/hvz been/ben settled/vbn by/in many/ap peoples/nns of/in many/ap heritages/nns and/cc their/pp$ lore/nn has/hvz become/vbn acculturated/vbn slowly/rb ,/, in/in an/at age/nn of/in print/nn and/cc easy/jj communication/nn ,/, within/in an/at ever-expanding/jj and/cc changing/vbg society/nn ./. The/at problems/nns confuse/vb even/rb the/at experts/nns ./. For/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, the/at experts/nns themselves/ppls are/ber a/at mixed/vbn breed/nn ./. Anthropologists/nns ,/, housewives/nns ,/, historians/nns and/cc such/jj by/in profession/nn ,/, they/ppss approach/vb their/pp$ discipline/nn as/cs amateurs/nns ,/, collectors/nns ,/, commercial/jj propagandists/nns ,/, analysts/nns or/cc some/dti combination/nn of/in the/at four/cd ./. They/ppss have/hv widely/ql varying/jj backgrounds/nns and/cc aims/nns ./. They/ppss have/hv little/ap ``/`` esprit/fw-nn de/fw-in corps/fw-nn ''/'' ./. The/at outlook/nn for/in the/at amateur/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, is/bez usually/rb dependent/jj on/in his/pp$ fondness/nn for/in local/jj history/nn or/cc for/in the/at picturesque/jj ./. His/pp$ love/nn of/in folklore/nn has/hvz romanticism/nn in/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps doesn't/doz* care/vb much/rb about/in the/at dollar-sign/nn or/cc the/at footnote/nn ./. Folklore/nn is/bez his/pp$ hobby/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps ,/, all/ql too/ql rightly/rb ,/, wishes/vbz it/ppo to/to remain/vb as/cs such/jj ./. The/at amateur/nn is/bez closely/rb related/vbn to/in the/at collector/nn ,/, who/wps is/bez actually/rb no/at more/ap than/cs the/at amateur/nn who/wps has/hvz taken/vbn to/in the/at field/nn ./. The/at collector/nn enjoys/vbz the/at contact/nn with/in rural/jj life/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps hunts/vbz folklore/nn for/in the/at very/ap ``/`` field/nn and/cc stream/nn ''/'' reasons/nns that/cs many/ap persons/nns hunt/vb game/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc only/rb rarely/rb is/bez he/pps acutely/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at meaning/nn of/in what/wdt he/pps has/hvz located/vbn ./. Fundamentally/rb ,/, both/abx these/dts types/nns ,/, the/at amateur/nn and/cc the/at collector/nn ,/, are/ber uncritical/jj and/cc many/ap of/in them/ppo don't/do* distinguish/vb well/rb between/in real/jj folklore/nn and/cc bogus/jj material/nn ./. But/cc there/ex are/ber also/rb the/at commercial/jj propagandists/nns and/cc the/at analysts/nns --/-- one/cd dominated/vbn by/in money/nn ,/, the/at other/ap by/in nineteenth-century/nn German/jj scholarship/nn ./. Both/abx are/ber primarily/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at uses/nns that/wps can/md be/be made/vbn of/in the/at material/nn that/wpo the/at collector/nn has/hvz found/vbn ./. Both/abx shudder/vb at/in the/at thought/nn of/in proceeding/vbg too/ql far/rb beyond/in the/at sewage/nn system/nn and/cc the/at electric/jj light/nn lines/nns ./. The/at commercial/jj propagandist/nn ,/, who/wps can't/md* afford/vb to/to be/be critical/jj ,/, gets/vbz along/rb well/rb with/in the/at amateur/nn ,/, from/in whom/wpo he/pps feeds/vbz ,/, but/cc he/pps frequently/rb steps/vbz on/in the/at analyst's/nn$ toes/nns by/in refusing/vbg to/to keep/vb his/pp$ material/nn genuine/jj ./. His/pp$ standards/nns are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, completely/ql foreign/jj to/in those/dts of/in the/at analyst/nn ./. To/in both/abx the/at amateur/nn and/cc the/at commercial/jj progandist/nn the/at analyst/nn lacks/vbz a/at soul/nn ,/, lacks/vbz appreciation/nn with/in his/pp$ endless/jj probings/nns and/cc classifications/nns ./. Dominated/vbn by/in the/at vicious/jj circle/nn of/in the/at university/nn promotion/nn system/nn ,/, the/at analyst/nn looks/vbz down/rp on/in and/cc gets/vbz along/rb poorly/rb with/in the/at other/ap three/cd groups/nns ,/, although/cs he/pps cannot/md* deny/vb his/pp$ debt/nn to/in the/at collector/nn ./. The/at knowledge/nn that/cs most/ap Americans/nps have/hv of/in folklore/nn comes/vbz through/in contact/nn with/in commercial/jj propagandists/nns and/cc a/at few/ap energetic/jj amateurs/nns and/cc collectors/nns ./. The/at work/nn done/vbn by/in the/at analysts/nns ,/, the/at men/nns who/wps really/rb know/vb what/wdt folklore/nn is/bez all/abn about/in ,/, has/hvz no/at more/ap appeal/nn than/cs any/dti other/ap work/nn of/in a/at truly/ql scientific/jj sort/nn and/cc reaches/vbz a/at limited/vbn ,/, learned/vbn audience/nn ./. Publishers/nns want/vb books/nns that/wps will/md sell/vb ,/, recording/vbg studios/nns want/vb discs/nns that/wps will/md not/* seem/vb strange/jj to/in ears/nns used/vbn to/in hillbilly/nn and/cc jazz/nn music/nn ,/, grade/nn and/cc high/jj schools/nns want/vb quaint/jj ,/, but/cc moral/jj ,/, material/nn ./. The/at analyst/nn is/bez apt/jj to/to be/be too/ql honest/jj to/to fit/vb in/rp ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, most/ap people/nns don't/do* have/hv more/ap than/in a/at vague/jj idea/nn what/wdt folklore/nn actually/rb is/bez ;/. ;/. they/ppss see/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at potpourri/nn of/in charming/jj ,/, moral/jj legends/nns and/cc patriotic/jj anecdotes/nns ,/, with/in a/at superstition/nn or/cc remedy/nn thrown/vbn in/rp here/rb and/cc there/rb ./. And/cc so/ql well/rb is/bez such/jj ignorance/nn preserved/vbn by/in the/at amateur/nn and/cc the/at money-maker/nn that/cs even/rb at/in the/at college/nn level/nn most/ap of/in the/at hundred-odd/cd folklore/nn courses/nns given/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl survive/vb on/in sentiment/nn and/cc nationalism/nn alone/rb ./. If/cs one/pn wishes/vbz to/to discuss/vb a/at literary/jj figure/nn who/wps uses/vbz folklore/nn in/in his/pp$ work/nn ,/, the/at first/od thing/nn he/pps must/md realize/vb is/bez that/cs the/at literary/jj figure/nn is/bez probably/rb part/nn of/in this/dt ignorant/jj American/jj public/nn ./. And/cc while/cs every/at writer/nn must/md be/be dealt/vbn with/in as/cs a/at special/jj case/nn ,/, the/at interested/vbn student/nn will/md want/vb to/to ask/vb himself/ppl a/at number/nn of/in questions/nns about/in each/dt ./. Does/doz the/at writer/nn know/nn the/at difference/nn between/in an/at ``/`` ersatz/fw-nn ''/'' ballad/nn or/cc tall/jj tale/nn and/cc a/at true/jj product/nn of/in the/at folk/nn ?/. ?/. When/wrb the/at writer/nn uses/vbz material/nn does/doz he/pps tamper/vb with/in it/ppo to/to improve/vb its/pp$ commercial/jj effect/nn or/cc does/doz he/pps leave/vb it/ppo pure/jj ?/. ?/. Is/bez the/at writer/nn propagandistic/jj ?/. ?/. Is/bez he/pps swept/vbd away/rb by/in sentiment/nn and/cc nostalgia/nn for/in an/at America/np that/wps was/bedz ?/. ?/. Or/cc does/doz he/pps sincerely/rb want/vb to/to tap/vb the/at real/jj springs/nns of/in American/jj attitude/nn and/cc culture/nn regardless/rb of/in how/wql unpopular/jj and/cc embarrassing/vbg they/ppss may/md be/be ?/. ?/. When/wrb he/pps gets/vbz the/at answers/nns to/in his/pp$ questions/nns he/pps will/md be/be discouraged/vbn ./. In/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, a/at good/jj many/ap writers/nns who/wps are/ber said/vbn to/to use/vb folklore/nn ,/, do/do not/* ,/, unless/cs one/pn counts/vbz an/at occasional/jj superstition/nn or/cc tale/nn ./. Robert/np Frost/np ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, writes/vbz about/in rural/jj life/nn in/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, but/cc he/pps does/doz not/* include/vb any/dti significant/jj amount/vb of/in folklore/nn in/in his/pp$ poems/nns ./. This/dt has/hvz not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, prevented/vbn publishers/nns from/in labeling/vbg him/ppo a/at ``/`` folk/nn poet/nn ''/'' ,/, simply/rb because/cs he/pps is/bez a/at rural/jj one/cd ./. In/in the/at second/od place/nn ,/, a/at large/jj number/nn of/in writers/nns ,/, making/vbg a/at more/ql direct/jj claim/nn than/cs Frost/np to/in being/beg ``/`` folk/nn writers/nns ''/'' of/in one/cd sort/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, clearly/rb make/vb no/at distinctions/nns between/in genuine/jj and/cc bogus/jj material/nn ./. Stephen/np Vincent/np Benet's/np$ John/np-tl Brown's/np$-tl Body/nn-tl comes/vbz immediately/rb to/in mind/nn in/in this/dt connection/nn ,/, as/cs does/doz John/np Steinbeck's/np$ The/at-tl Grapes/nns-tl Of/in-tl Wrath/nn-tl and/cc Carl/np Sandburg's/np$ The/at-tl People/nns-tl ,/, Yes/rb-tl ./. The/at last/ap two/cd writers/nns introduce/vb strong/jj political/jj bias/nn into/in their/pp$ works/nns ,/, and/cc not/* unlike/in the/at union/nn leaders/nns that/wpo we/ppss will/md discuss/vb soon/rb ,/, see/vb folklore/nn as/cs a/at reservoir/nn of/in protest/nn by/in a/at downtrodden/jj and/cc publically/rb silenced/vbn mass/nn ./. Folklore/nn ,/, as/cs used/vbn by/in such/jj writers/nns ,/, really/rb reflects/vbz images/nns engraved/vbn into/in it/ppo by/in the/at very/ap person/nn using/vbg it/ppo ./. The/at folk/nn are/ber simply/rb not/* homogeneous/jj with/in respect/nn to/in nation/nn or/cc political/jj attitude/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez much/ap evidence/nn to/to indicate/vb they/ppss don't/do* care/vb a/at bit/nn about/in anything/pn beyond/in their/pp$ particular/jj regional/jj ,/, ethnic/jj and/cc occupational/jj limits/nns ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, with/in a/at reading/vbg public/nn that/wps longs/vbz for/in the/at ``/`` good/jj old/jj days/nns ''/'' and/cc with/in an/at awareness/nn of/in our/pp$ expanding/vbg international/jj interests/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/cs the/at Benets/nps to/to obtain/vb a/at magnified/vbn position/nn in/in literature/nn by/in use/nn of/in all/abn sorts/nns of/in Americana/np ,/, real/jj or/cc fake/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/cs the/at Steinbecks/nps and/cc Sandburgs/nps to/to support/vb their/pp$ messages/nns of/in reform/nn by/in reading/vbg messages/nns of/in reform/nn into/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at folk/nn ./.

cf20

cf20 |@word part:1 arrangement:2 torrio:14 spirit:1 peace:1 good:2 exchange:1 armed:1 support:1 april:2 election:3 campaign:1 bestow:1 upon:4 third:2 share:2 hawthorne:1 smoke:1 shop:1 proceed:2 cut:1 cicero:5 beer:6 trade:3 coalition:1 prove:1 inadvisable:1 complex:1 frightening:1 man:5 whose:3 bright:1 blue:1 eye:2 stare:1 kind:1 frozen:1 candour:1 round:1 frank:2 irish:3 face:1 crease:1 jovial:1 grin:1 stay:1 bleakly:1 place:1 even:3 pump:1 bullet:2 someone:1 body:1 carry:2 three:7 gun:5 one:13 right:3 trouser:1 pocket:3 left:2 armpit:1 outside:1 coat:1 equally:1 lethal:1 hand:1 kill:3 accurately:1 freely:1 dispassionately:1 police:5 credit:1 twenty:1 five:1 murder:1 never:2 bring:2 trial:1 like:1 fair:1 number:3 bootlegger:1 dislike:1 alcohol:1 expert:2 florist:1 tenderly:1 dextrous:1 bouquet:1 wreath:1 apparent:1 comprehension:1 morality:1 divide:1 humanity:1 guy:2 wrong:2 always:2 willing:1 trample:1 describe:1 psychologist:1 sunny:1 brutality:1 walk:2 heavy:1 list:2 leg:2 four:3 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As/cs part/nn of/in the/at same/ap arrangement/nn ,/, Torrio/np had/hvd ,/, in/in the/at spirit/nn of/in peace/nn and/cc good/jj will/nn ,/, and/cc in/in exchange/nn for/in armed/vbn support/nn in/in the/at April/np election/nn campaign/nn ,/, bestowed/vbn upon/in O'Banion/np a/at third/od share/nn in/in the/at Hawthorne/np-tl Smoke/nn-tl Shop/nn-tl proceeds/nns and/cc a/at cut/nn in/in the/at Cicero/np beer/nn trade/nn ./. The/at coalition/nn was/bedz to/to prove/vb inadvisable/jj ./. O'Banion/np was/bedz a/at complex/jj and/cc frightening/vbg man/nn ,/, whose/wp$ bright/jj blue/jj eyes/nns stared/vbd with/in a/at kind/nn of/in frozen/vbn candour/nn into/in others'/nns$ ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at round/jj ,/, frank/jj Irish/jj face/nn ,/, creased/vbn in/in a/at jovial/jj grin/nn that/wps stayed/vbd bleakly/rb in/in place/nn even/rb when/wrb he/pps was/bedz pumping/vbg bullets/nns into/in someone's/pn$ body/nn ./. He/pps carried/vbd three/cd guns/nns --/-- one/cd in/in the/at right/jj trouser/nn pocket/nn ,/, one/cd under/in his/pp$ left/jj armpit/nn ,/, one/cd in/in the/at left/nr outside/jj coat/nn pocket/nn --/-- and/cc was/bedz equally/ql lethal/jj with/in both/abx hands/nns ./. He/pps killed/vbd accurately/rb ,/, freely/rb ,/, and/cc dispassionately/rb ./. The/at police/nn credited/vbd him/ppo with/in twenty-five/cd murders/nns but/cc he/pps was/bedz never/rb brought/vbn to/in trial/nn for/in one/cd of/in them/ppo ./. Like/cs a/at fair/jj number/nn of/in bootleggers/nns he/pps disliked/vbd alcohol/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz an/at expert/jj florist/nn ,/, tenderly/ql dextrous/jj in/in the/at arrangement/nn of/in bouquets/nns and/cc wreaths/nns ./. He/pps had/hvd no/rb apparent/jj comprehension/nn of/in morality/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps divided/vbd humanity/nn into/in ``/`` right/jj guys/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` wrong/jj guys/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at wrong/jj ones/nns he/pps was/bedz always/rb willing/jj to/to kill/vb and/cc trample/vb under/rb ./. He/pps had/hvd what/wdt was/bedz described/vbn by/in a/at psychologist/nn as/cs a/at ``/`` sunny/jj brutality/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps walked/vbd with/in a/at heavy/jj list/nn to/in the/at right/nr ,/, as/cs that/dt leg/nn was/bedz four/cd inches/nns shorter/jjr than/cs the/at other/ap ,/, but/cc the/at lurch/nn did/dod not/* reduce/vb his/pp$ feline/jj quickness/nn with/in his/pp$ guns/nns ./. Landesco/np thought/vbd him/ppo ``/`` just/rb a/at superior/jj sort/nn of/in plugugly/nn ''/'' but/cc he/pps was/bedz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ aggression/nn and/cc hostility/nn ,/, and/cc nerveless/jj indifference/nn to/in risking/vbg or/cc administering/vbg pain/nn ,/, a/at casebook/nn psychopath/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz also/rb at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, although/cs not/* so/ql interwoven/vbn in/in high/jj politics/nn and/cc the/at rackets/nns as/cs Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np ,/, the/at most/ql powerful/jj and/cc most/ql dangerous/jj mob/nn leader/nn in/in the/at Chicago/np underworld/nn ,/, the/at roughneck/nn king/nn ./. O'Banion/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in poverty/nn ,/, the/at son/nn of/in an/at immigrant/nn Irish/jj plasterer/nn ,/, in/in the/at North/jj-tl Side's/nn$-tl Little/jj-tl Hell/nn-tl ,/, close/rb by/in the/at Sicilian/jj quarter/nn and/cc Death/nn-tl Corner/nn-tl ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at choir/nn boy/nn at/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Name/nn-tl Cathedral/nn-tl and/cc also/rb served/vbd as/cs an/at acolyte/nn to/in Father/nn-tl O'Brien/np ./. The/at influence/nn of/in Mass/nn-tl was/bedz less/ql pervasive/jj than/cs that/dt of/in the/at congested/vbn ,/, slum/nn tenements/nns among/in the/at bawdy/jj houses/nns ,/, honkytonks/nns ,/, and/cc sawdust/nn saloons/nns of/in his/pp$ birthplace/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps ran/vbd wild/rb with/in the/at child/nn gangs/nns of/in the/at neighbourhood/nn ,/, and/cc went/vbd through/in the/at normal/jj pressure-cooker/nn course/nn of/in thieving/vbg ,/, police-dodging/nn ,/, and/cc housebreaking/nn ./. At/in the/at age/nn of/in ten/cd ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz working/vbg as/cs a/at newsboy/nn in/in the/at Loop/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz knocked/vbn down/rp by/in a/at streetcar/nn which/wdt resulted/vbd in/in his/pp$ permanently/rb shortened/vbn leg/nn ./. Because/rb of/in this/dt he/pps was/bedz known/vbn as/cs Gimpy/np (/( but/cc ,/, as/cs with/in Capone/np and/cc his/pp$ nickname/nn of/in Scarface/np ,/, never/rb in/in his/pp$ presence/nn )/) ./. In/in his/pp$ teens/nns O'Banion/np was/bedz enrolled/vbn in/in the/at vicious/jj Market/nn-tl Street/nn-tl gang/nn and/cc he/pps became/vbd a/at singing/vbg waiter/nn in/in McGovern's/np$-tl Cafe/nn-tl ,/, a/at notoriously/ql low/jj and/cc rowdy/jj dive/nn in/in North/jj-tl Clark/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb befuddled/vbn customers/nns were/bed methodically/rb looted/vbn of/in their/pp$ money/nn by/in the/at singing/vbg waiters/nns before/cs being/beg thrown/vbn out/rp ./. He/pps then/rb got/vbd a/at job/nn with/in the/at Chicago/np Herald-Examiner/np as/cs a/at circulation/nn slugger/nn ,/, a/at rough/jj fighter/nn employed/vbn to/to see/vb that/cs his/pp$ paper's/nn$ news/nn pitches/nns were/bed not/* trespassed/vbn upon/rb by/in rival/jj vendors/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz also/rb at/in the/at same/ap time/nn gaining/vbg practical/jj experience/nn as/cs a/at safe/nn breaker/nn and/cc highwayman/nn ,/, and/cc learning/vbg how/wrb to/to shoot/vb to/to kill/vb from/in a/at Neanderthal/np convicted/vbn murderer/nn named/vbn Gene/np Geary/np ,/, later/rbr committed/vbn to/in Chester/np-tl Asylum/nn-tl as/cs a/at homicidal/jj maniac/nn ,/, but/cc whose/wp$ eyes/nns misted/vbd with/in tears/nns when/wrb the/at young/jj Dion/np sang/vbd a/at ballad/nn about/in an/at Irish/jj mother/nn in/in his/pp$ clear/jj and/cc syrupy/jj tenor/nn ./. O'Banion's/np$ first/od conflict/nn with/in the/at police/nn came/vbd in/in 1909/cd ,/, at/in seventeen/cd ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz committed/vbn to/in Bridewell/np-tl Prison/nn-tl for/in three/cd months/nns for/in burglary/nn ;/. ;/. two/cd years/nns later/rbr he/pps served/vbd another/dt three/cd months/nns for/in assault/nn ./. Those/dts were/bed his/pp$ only/ap interludes/nns behind/in bars/nns ,/, although/cs he/pps collected/vbd four/cd more/ap charges/nns on/in his/pp$ police/nn record/nn in/in 1921/cd and/cc 1922/cd ,/, three/cd for/in burglary/nn and/cc one/cd for/in robbery/nn ./. But/cc by/in now/rb O'Banion's/np$ political/jj pull/nn was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to be/be effective/jj ./. On/in the/at occasion/nn of/in his/pp$ 1922/cd indictment/nn the/at $10,000/nns bond/nn was/bedz furnished/vbn by/in an/at alderman/nn ,/, and/cc the/at charge/nn was/bedz nolle/vb prossed/vbn ./. On/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ 1921/cd ventures/nns he/pps was/bedz actually/rb come/vbn upon/rb by/in a/at Detective/nn-tl Sergeant/nn-tl John/np J./np Ryan/np down/rp on/in his/pp$ knees/nns with/in a/at tool/nn embedded/vbn in/in a/at labour/nn office/nn safe/nn in/in the/at Postal/jj-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Building/nn-tl ;/. ;/. the/at jury/nn wanted/vbd better/jjr evidence/nn than/cs that/dt and/cc he/pps was/bedz acquitted/vbn ,/, at/in a/at cost/nn of/in $30,000/nns in/in bribes/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz estimated/vbn ./. As/ql promptly/rb as/cs Torrio/np ,/, O'Banion/np jumped/vbd into/in bootlegging/vbg ./. He/pps conducted/vbd it/ppo with/in less/ap diplomacy/nn and/cc more/ap spontaneous/jj violence/nn than/cs the/at Sicilians/nps ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd his/pp$ huge/jj North/jj-tl Side/nn-tl portion/nn to/to exploit/vb and/cc he/pps made/vbd a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in money/nn ./. Unlike/in the/at Sicilians/nps ,/, he/pps additionally/rb conducted/vbd holdups/nns ,/, robberies/nns ,/, and/cc safe-cracking/jj expeditions/nns ,/, and/cc refused/vbd to/to touch/vb prostitution/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz also/rb personally/rb active/jj in/in ward/nn politics/nn ,/, and/cc by/in 1924/cd O'Banion/np had/hvd acquired/vbn sufficient/jj political/jj might/nn to/to be/be able/jj to/to state/vb :/: ``/`` I/ppss always/rb deliver/vb my/pp$ borough/nn as/cs per/in requirements/nns ''/'' ./. But/cc whose/wp$ requirements/nns ?/. ?/. Until/in 1924/cd O'Banion/np pistoleers/nns and/cc knuckle-duster/nn bullyboys/nns had/hvd kept/vbn his/pp$ North/jj-tl Side/nn-tl domain/nn solidly/rb Democratic/jj-tl ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at question-and-answer/nn gag/nn that/wps went/vbd around/rb at/in that/dt time/nn :/: Q./np ``/`` Who'll/wps+md carry/vb the/at Forty-second/od-tl and/cc Forty-third/od-tl wards/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. A./np O'Banion/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ pistol/nn pocket/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc as/cs November/np 1924/cd drew/vbd close/rb the/at Democratic/jj-tl hierarchy/nn was/bedz sorely/rb troubled/vbn by/in grapevine/nn reports/nns that/cs O'Banion/np was/bedz being/beg wooed/vbn by/in the/at opposition/nn ,/, and/cc was/bedz meeting/vbg and/cc conferring/vbg with/in important/jj Republicans/nps ./. To/to forestall/vb any/dti change/nn of/in allegiance/nn ,/, the/at Democrats/nps hastily/rb organised/vbd a/at testimonial/jj banquet/nn for/in O'Banion/np ,/, as/cs public/jj reward/nn for/in his/pp$ past/ap services/nns and/cc as/cs a/at reminder/nn of/in where/wrb his/pp$ loyalties/nns lay/vbd ./. The/at reception/nn was/bedz held/vbn in/in a/at private/jj dining/vbg room/nn of/in the/at Webster/np-tl Hotel/nn-tl on/in Lincoln/np-tl Park/nn-tl West/jj-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz an/at interesting/jj fraternisation/nn of/in ex-convicts/nns ,/, union/nn racketeers/nns ,/, ward/nn heelers/nns ,/, sold-out/jj officials/nns ,/, and/cc gunmen/nns ./. The/at guest/nn list/nn is/bez in/in itself/ppl a/at little/jj parable/nn of/in the/at state/nn of/in American/jj civic/jj life/nn at/in this/dt time/nn ./. It/pps included/vbd the/at top/jjs O'Banion/np men/nns and/cc Chief/nn-tl of/in-tl Detectives/nns-tl Michael/np Hughes/np ./. When/wrb Mayor/nn-tl Dever/np heard/vbd of/in the/at banquet/nn he/pps summoned/vbd Hughes/np for/in an/at explanation/nn of/in why/wrb he/pps had/hvd been/ben dishonouring/vbg the/at police/nn department/nn by/in consorting/vbg with/in these/dts felons/nns and/cc fixers/nns ./. Hughes/np said/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd understood/vbn the/at party/nn was/bedz to/to be/be in/in honour/nn of/in Jerry/np O'Connor/np ,/, the/at proprieter/nn of/in a/at Loop/nn-tl gambling/vbg house/nn ./. ``/`` But/cc when/wrb I/ppss arrived/vbd and/cc recognised/vbd a/at number/nn of/in notorious/jj characters/nns I/ppss had/hvd thrown/vbn into/in the/at detective/nn bureau/nn basement/nn half/abn a/at dozen/nn times/nns ,/, I/ppss knew/vbd I/ppss had/hvd been/ben framed/vbn ,/, and/cc withdrew/vbd almost/rb at/in once/rb ''/'' ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, O'Connor/np was/bedz honoured/vbn during/in the/at ceremony/nn with/in the/at presentation/nn of/in a/at $2500/nns diamond/nn stickpin/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at brief/jj interruption/nn while/cs one/cd of/in O'Banion's/np$ men/nns jerked/vbd out/rp both/abx his/pp$ guns/nns and/cc threatened/vbd to/to shoot/vb a/at waiter/nn who/wps was/bedz pestering/vbg him/ppo for/in a/at tip/nn ./. Then/rb O'Banion/np was/bedz presented/vbn with/in a/at platinum/nn watch/nn set/vbn with/in rubies/nns and/cc diamonds/nns ./. This/dt dinner/nn was/bedz the/at start/nn of/in a/at new/jj blatancy/nn in/in the/at relationship/nn between/in the/at gangs/nns and/cc the/at politicians/nns ,/, which/wdt ,/, prior/rb to/in 1924/cd ,/, says/vbz Pasley/np ,/, ``/`` had/hvd been/ben maintained/vbn with/in more/ap or/cc less/ap stealth/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc which/wdt henceforth/rb was/bedz marked/vbn by/in these/dts ostentatious/jj gatherings/nns ,/, denounced/vbn by/in a/at clergyman/nn as/cs ``/`` Belshazzar/np feasts/nns ''/'' ,/, at/in which/wdt ``/`` politicians/nns fraternized/vbd cheek/nn by/in jowl/nn with/in gangsters/nns ,/, openly/rb ,/, in/in the/at big/jj downtown/nr hotels/nns ''/'' ./. Pasley/np continued/vbd :/: ``/`` They/ppss became/vbd an/at institution/nn of/in the/at Chicago/np scene/nn and/cc marked/vbd the/at way/nn to/in the/at moral/jj and/cc financial/jj collapse/nn of/in the/at municipal/jj and/cc county/nn governments/nns in/in 1928-29/cd ''/'' ./. However/rb ,/, this/dt inaugural/nn feast/nn did/dod its/pp$ sponsors/nns no/at good/nn whatever/wdt ./. O'Banion/np accepted/vbd his/pp$ platinum/nn watch/nn and/cc the/at tributes/nns to/in his/pp$ loyalty/nn ,/, and/cc proceeded/vbd with/in the/at bigger/jjr and/cc better/jjr Republican/np deal/nn ./. On/in Election/nn-tl Day/nn-tl --/-- November/np 4/cd --/-- he/pps energetically/rb marshalled/vbd his/pp$ force/nn of/in bludgeon/nn men/nns ,/, bribers/nns ,/, and/cc experts/nns in/in forging/vbg repeat/nn votes/nns ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz a/at landslide/nn for/in the/at Republican/np candidates/nns ./. This/dt further/jjr demonstration/nn of/in O'Banion's/np$ ballooning/vbg power/nn did/dod not/* please/vb Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np ./. In/in the/at past/ap year/nn there/ex had/hvd been/ben too/ql many/ap examples/nns of/in his/pp$ euphoric/jj self-confidence/nn and/cc self-aggrandisement/nn for/in their/pp$ liking/nn ./. He/pps behaved/vbd publicly/rb with/in a/at cocky/jj ,/, swaggering/vbg truculence/nn that/wps offended/vbd their/pp$ vulpine/jj Latin/jj minds/nns ,/, and/cc behaved/vbd towards/in them/ppo personally/rb with/in an/at unimpressed/jj insolence/nn that/wps enraged/vbd them/ppo beneath/in their/pp$ blandness/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed disturbed/vbn by/in his/pp$ idiotic/jj bravado/nn --/-- as/cs ,/, when/wrb his/pp$ bodyguard/nn ,/, Yankee/np Schwartz/np ,/, complained/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben snubbed/vbn by/in Dave/np Miller/np ,/, a/at prize-fight/nn referee/nn ,/, chieftain/nn of/in a/at Jewish/jj gang/nn and/cc one/cd of/in four/cd brothers/nns of/in tough/jj reputation/nn ,/, who/wps were/bed Hirschey/np ,/, a/at gambler-politician/nn in/in loose/jj beer-running/nn league/nn with/in Torrio/np and/cc O'Banion/np ,/, Frank/np ,/, a/at policeman/nn ,/, and/cc Max/np ,/, the/at youngest/jjt ./. To/to settle/vb this/dt slight/nn ,/, O'Banion/np went/vbd down/rp to/in the/at La/np-tl Salle/np-tl Theatre/nn-tl in/in the/at Loop/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb ,/, he/pps had/hvd learned/vbn ,/, Dave/np Miller/np was/bedz attending/vbg the/at opening/nn of/in a/at musical/jj comedy/nn ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at performance/nn ,/, Dave/np and/cc Max/np came/vbd out/rp into/in the/at brilliantly/ql lit/vbn foyer/nn among/in a/at surge/nn of/in gowned/jj and/cc tuxedoed/jj first/od nighters/nns ./. O'Banion/np drew/vbd his/pp$ guns/nns and/cc fired/vbd at/in Dave/np ,/, severely/rb wounding/vbg him/ppo in/in the/at stomach/nn ./. A/at second/od bullet/nn ricocheted/vbd off/in Max's/np$ belt/nn buckle/nn ,/, leaving/vbg him/ppo unhurt/jj but/cc in/in some/dti distress/nn ./. O'Banion/np tucked/vbd away/rb his/pp$ gun/nn and/cc walked/vbd out/in of/in the/at theatre/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps was/bedz neither/cc prosecuted/vbn nor/cc even/rb arrested/vbn ./. That/dt sort/nn of/in braggadocio/nn ,/, for/in that/dt sort/nn of/in reason/nn ,/, in/in the/at view/nn of/in Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np ,/, was/bedz a/at nonsense/nn ./. A/at further/jjr example/nn of/in the/at incompatible/jj difference/nn in/in personalities/nns was/bedz when/wrb two/cd policemen/nns held/vbd up/rp a/at Torrio/np beer/nn convoy/nn on/in a/at West/jj-tl Side/nn-tl street/nn and/cc demanded/vbd $300/nns to/to let/vb it/ppo through/rp ./. One/cd of/in the/at beer-runners/nns telephoned/vbd O'Banion/np --/-- on/in a/at line/nn tapped/vbn by/in the/at detective/nn bureau/nn --/-- and/cc reported/vbd the/at situation/nn ./. O'Banion's/np$ reaction/nn was/bedz :/: ``/`` Three/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns !/. !/. To/in them/ppo bums/nns ?/. ?/. Why/wrb ,/, I/ppss can/md get/vb them/ppo knocked/vbn off/rp for/in half/abn that/dt much/ap ''/'' ./. Upon/in which/wdt the/at detective/nn bureau/nn despatched/vbd rifle/nn squads/nns to/to prevent/vb trouble/nn if/cs O'Banion/np should/md send/vb his/pp$ gunmen/nns out/rp to/to deal/vb with/in the/at hijacking/vbg policemen/nns ./. But/cc in/in the/at meantime/nn the/at beer-runner/nn ,/, unhappy/jj with/in this/dt solution/nn ,/, telephoned/vbd Torrio/np and/cc returned/vbd to/in O'Banion/np with/in the/at message/nn :/: ``/`` Say/uh ,/, Dionie/np ,/, I/ppss just/rb been/ben talking/vbg to/in Johnny/np ,/, and/cc he/pps said/vbd to/to let/vb them/ppo cops/nns have/hv the/at three/cd hundred/cd ./. He/pps says/vbz he/pps don't/do* want/vb no/at trouble/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc Torrio/np and/cc Capone/np had/hvd graver/jjr cause/nn to/to hate/vb and/cc distrust/vb the/at Irishman/np ./. For/in three/cd years/nns ,/, since/in the/at liquor/nn territorial/jj conference/nn ,/, Torrio/np had/hvd ,/, with/in his/pp$ elastic/jj patience/nn ,/, and/cc because/cs he/pps knew/vbd that/cs retaliation/nn could/md cause/vb only/rb violent/jj warfare/nn and/cc disaster/nn to/in business/nn ,/, tolerated/vbn O'Banion's/np$ impudent/jj double-crossing/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd suffered/vbn ,/, in/in sulky/jj silence/nn ,/, the/at sight/nn of/in his/pp$ sharp/jj practice/nn in/in Cicero/np ./. When/wrb ,/, as/cs a/at diplomatic/jj gesture/nn of/in amity/nn and/cc in/in payment/nn for/in the/at loan/nn of/in gunmen/nns in/in the/at April/np election/nn ,/, Torrio/np had/hvd given/vbn O'Banion/np a/at slice/nn of/in Cicero/np ,/, the/at profits/nns from/in that/dt district/nn had/hvd been/ben $20,000/nns a/at month/nn ./. In/in six/cd months/nns O'Banion/np had/hvd boosted/vbn the/at profits/nns to/in $100,000/nns a/at month/nn --/-- mainly/rb by/in bringing/vbg pressure/nn to/to bear/vb on/in fifty/cd Chicago/np speak-easy/nn proprietors/nns to/to shift/vb out/rp to/in the/at suburb/nn ./. These/dts booze/nn customers/nns had/hvd until/in then/rb been/ben buying/vbg their/pp$ supplies/nns from/in the/at Sheldon/np ,/, Saltis-McErlane/np ,/, and/cc Druggan-Lake/np gangs/nns ,/, and/cc now/rb they/ppss were/bed competing/vbg for/in trade/nn with/in the/at Torrio-Capone/np saloons/nns ;/. ;/. once/rb again/rb O'Banion's/np$ brash/jj recklessness/nn had/hvd caused/vbn a/at proliferation/nn of/in ill/jj will/nn ./. The/at revenue/nn from/in O'Banion's/np$ Cicero/np territory/nn went/vbd up/rp still/ql higher/rbr ,/, until/cs the/at yield/nn was/bedz more/ap than/in the/at Torrio-Capone/np takings/nns from/in the/at far/ql bigger/jjr trade/nn area/nn of/in Chicago's/np$ South/jj-tl and/cc West/jj-tl Sides/nns-tl ./. But/cc he/pps still/rb showed/vbd no/at intention/nn of/in sharing/vbg with/in the/at syndicate/nn ./. At/in last/ap ,/, even/rb the/at controlled/vbn Torrio/np was/bedz unable/jj to/to hold/vb still/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps tentatively/rb suggested/vbd that/cs O'Banion/np should/md take/vb a/at percentage/nn in/in the/at Stickney/np brothels/nns in/in return/nn for/in one/cd from/in his/pp$ Cicero/np beer/nn concession/nn ./. O'Banion's/np$ reply/nn was/bedz a/at raucous/jj laugh/nn and/cc a/at flat/jj refusal/nn ./. Still/ql more/ap jealous/jj bitterness/nn was/bedz engendered/vbn by/in the/at O'Banion/np gang's/nn$ seizure/nn from/in a/at West/jj-tl Side/nn-tl marshalling/vbg yard/nn of/in a/at freight-car/nn load/nn of/in Canadian/jj whisky/nn worth/jj $100,000/nns and/cc by/in one/cd of/in the/at biggest/jjt coups/nns of/in the/at Prohibition/nn-tl era/nn --/-- the/at Sibley/np warehouse/nn robbery/nn ,/, which/wdt became/vbd famous/jj for/in the/at cool/jj brazenness/nn of/in the/at operation/nn ./. Here/rb was/bedz stored/vbn $1,000,000/nns worth/jj of/in bonded/vbn whisky/nn ./. These/dts 1750/cd cases/nns were/bed carted/vbn off/rp in/in a/at one-night/nn operation/nn by/in the/at O'Banion/np men/nns ,/, who/wps left/vbd in/in their/pp$ stead/nn the/at same/ap number/nn of/in barrels/nns filled/vbn with/in water/nn ./.

cf21

cf21 |@word tsunami:22 may:6 start:2 sea:12 bottom:2 slide:1 earthquake:16 volcanic:1 eruption:1 infamous:1 launch:1 explosion:1 island:5 krakatoa:1 1883:1 race:1 across:1 pacific:9 300:1 mile:9 hour:7 devastate:1 coast:6 java:1 sumatra:1 wave:36 100:3 130:1 foot:11 high:8 pound:1 shore:8 far:5 away:5 san:2 francisco:2 ancient:2 greeks:1 record:4 several:1 catastrophic:1 inundation:1 huge:4 whether:1 plato:1 tale:1 lose:2 continent:1 atlantis:1 true:1 skeptic:1 concede:1 myth:1 foundation:1 great:9 time:6 indeed:1 tremendously:2 destructive:2 arise:1 arabian:1 1945:1 even:2 revive:1 interest:1 geologist:2 archaeologist:1 biblical:1 story:1 flood:2 one:6 damaging:1 follow:4 famous:1 lisbon:1 november:2 1:2 1755:1 persist:1 week:1 feel:1 english:1 rare:1 however:2 atlantic:2 ocean:5 common:1 japan:5 15:3 eight:1 disastrous:1 since:3 1596:1 hawaiian:4 strike:1 severely:1 average:1 every:1 25:1 year:1 1707:1 generate:2 pile:1 inland:1 swamp:1 ship:1 boat:1 osaka:1 bay:3 1869:1 wash:1 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A/at tsunami/nn may/md be/be started/vbn by/in a/at sea/nn bottom/nn slide/nn ,/, an/at earthquake/nn or/cc a/at volcanic/jj eruption/nn ./. The/at most/ql infamous/jj of/in all/abn was/bedz launched/vbn by/in the/at explosion/nn of/in the/at island/nn of/in Krakatoa/np in/in 1883/cd ;/. ;/. it/pps raced/vbd across/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl at/in 300/cd miles/nns an/at hour/nn ,/, devastated/vbd the/at coasts/nns of/in Java/np and/cc Sumatra/np with/in waves/nns 100/cd to/in 130/cd feet/nns high/jj ,/, and/cc pounded/vbd the/at shore/nn as/ql far/ql away/rb as/cs San/np Francisco/np ./. The/at ancient/jj Greeks/nps recorded/vbd several/ap catastrophic/jj inundations/nns by/in huge/jj waves/nns ./. Whether/cs or/cc not/* Plato's/np$ tale/nn of/in the/at lost/vbn continent/nn of/in Atlantis/np is/bez true/jj ,/, skeptics/nns concede/vb that/cs the/at myth/nn may/md have/hv some/dti foundation/nn in/in a/at great/jj tsunami/nn of/in ancient/jj times/nns ./. Indeed/rb ,/, a/at tremendously/ql destructive/jj tsunami/nn that/wps arose/vbd in/in the/at Arabian/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl in/in 1945/cd has/hvz even/rb revived/vbn the/at interest/nn of/in geologists/nns and/cc archaeologists/nns in/in the/at Biblical/jj story/nn of/in the/at Flood/nn-tl ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql damaging/vbg tsunami/nn on/in record/nn followed/vbd the/at famous/jj Lisbon/np earthquake/nn of/in November/np 1/cd ,/, 1755/cd ;/. ;/. its/pp$ waves/nns persisted/vbd for/in a/at week/nn and/cc were/bed felt/vbn as/ql far/ql away/rb as/cs the/at English/jj coast/nn ./. Tsunami/nns are/ber rare/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in the/at Atlantic/jj-tl Ocean/nn-tl ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber far/ql more/ql common/jj in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./. Japan/np has/hvz had/hvn 15/cd destructive/jj ones/nns (/( eight/cd of/in them/ppo disastrous/jj )/) since/in 1596/cd ./. The/at Hawaiian/jj-tl Islands/nns-tl are/ber struck/vbn severely/rb an/at average/nn of/in once/rb every/at 25/cd years/nns ./. In/in 1707/cd an/at earthquake/nn in/in Japan/np generated/vbd waves/nns so/ql huge/jj that/cs they/ppss piled/vbd into/in the/at Inland/jj-tl Sea/nn-tl ;/. ;/. one/cd wave/nn swamped/vbd more/ap than/in 1,000/cd ships/nns and/cc boats/nns in/in Osaka/np-tl Bay/nn-tl ./. A/at tsunami/nn in/in the/at Hawaiian/jj-tl Islands/nns-tl in/in 1869/cd washed/vbd away/rb an/at entire/jj town/nn (/( Ponoluu/np )/) ,/, leaving/vbg only/rb two/cd forlorn/jj trees/nns standing/vbg where/wrb the/at community/nn had/hvd been/ben ./. In/in 1896/cd a/at Japanese/jj tsunami/nn killed/vbd 27,000/cd people/nns and/cc swept/vbd away/rb 10,000/cd homes/nns ./. The/at dimensions/nns of/in these/dts waves/nns dwarf/vb all/abn our/pp$ usual/jj standards/nns of/in measurement/nn ./. An/at ordinary/jj sea/nn wave/nn is/bez rarely/rb more/ap than/in a/at few/ap hundred/cd feet/nns long/jj from/in crest/nn to/in crest/nn --/-- no/ql longer/jjr than/cs 320/cd feet/nns in/in the/at Atlantic/np or/cc 1,000/cd feet/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./. But/cc a/at tsunami/nns often/rb extends/vbz more/ap than/in 100/cd miles/nns and/cc sometimes/rb as/ql much/ap as/cs 600/cd miles/nns from/in crest/nn to/in crest/nn ./. While/cs a/at wind/nn wave/nn never/rb travels/vbz at/in more/ap than/in 60/cd miles/nns per/in hour/nn ,/, the/at velocity/nn of/in a/at tsunami/nn in/in the/at open/jj sea/nn must/md be/be reckoned/vbn in/in hundreds/nns of/in miles/nns per/in hour/nn ./. The/at greater/jjr the/at depth/nn of/in the/at water/nn ,/, the/at greater/jjr is/bez the/at speed/nn of/in the/at wave/nn ;/. ;/. Lagrange's/np$ law/nn says/vbz that/cs its/pp$ velocity/nn is/bez equal/jj to/in the/at square/jj root/nn of/in the/at product/nn of/in the/at depth/nn times/vbz the/at acceleration/nn due/jj to/in gravity/nn ./. In/in the/at deep/jj waters/nns of/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl these/dts waves/nns reach/vb a/at speed/nn of/in 500/cd miles/nns per/in hour/nn ./. Tsunami/nns are/ber so/ql shallow/jj in/in comparison/nn with/in their/pp$ length/nn that/cs in/in the/at open/jj ocean/nn they/ppss are/ber hardly/ql detectable/jj ./. Their/pp$ amplitude/nn sometimes/rb is/bez as/ql little/jj as/cs two/cd feet/nns from/in trough/nn to/in crest/nn ./. Usually/rb it/pps is/bez only/rb when/wrb they/ppss approach/vb shallow/jj water/nn on/in the/at shore/nn that/cs they/ppss build/vb up/rp to/in their/pp$ terrifying/vbg heights/nns ./. On/in the/at fateful/jj day/nn in/in 1896/cd when/wrb the/at great/jj waves/nns approached/vbd Japan/np ,/, fishermen/nns at/in sea/nn noticed/vbd no/at unusual/jj swells/nns ./. Not/* until/cs they/ppss sailed/vbd home/nr at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at day/nn ,/, through/in a/at sea/nn strewn/vbn with/in bodies/nns and/cc the/at wreckage/nn of/in houses/nns ,/, were/bed they/ppss aware/jj of/in what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn ./. The/at seemingly/rb quiet/jj ocean/nn had/hvd crashed/vbn a/at wall/nn of/in water/nn from/in 10/cd to/in 100/cd feet/nns high/jj upon/in beaches/nns crowded/vbn with/in bathers/nns ,/, drowning/vbg thousands/nns of/in them/ppo and/cc flattening/vbg villages/nns along/in the/at shore/nn ./. The/at giant/jj waves/nns are/ber more/ql dangerous/jj on/in flat/jj shores/nns than/cs on/in steep/nn ones/nns ./. They/ppss usually/rb range/vb from/in 20/cd to/in 60/cd feet/nns in/in height/nn ,/, but/cc when/wrb they/ppss pour/vb into/in a/at V-shaped/nn inlet/nn or/cc harbor/nn they/ppss may/md rise/vb to/in mountainous/jj proportions/nns ./. Generally/rb the/at first/od salvo/nn of/in a/at tsunami/nn is/bez a/at rather/ql sharp/jj swell/nn ,/, not/* different/jj enough/qlp from/in an/at ordinary/jj wave/nn to/to alarm/vb casual/jj observers/nns ./. This/dt is/bez followed/vbn by/in a/at tremendous/jj suck/nn of/in water/nn away/rb from/in the/at shore/nn as/cs the/at first/od great/jj trough/nn arrives/vbz ./. Reefs/nns are/ber left/vbn high/jj and/cc dry/jj ,/, and/cc the/at beaches/nns are/ber covered/vbn with/in stranded/vbn fish/nn ./. At/in Hilo/np large/jj numbers/nns of/in people/nns ran/vbd out/rp to/to inspect/vb the/at amazing/jj spectacle/nn of/in the/at denuded/vbn beach/nn ./. Many/ap of/in them/ppo paid/vbd for/in their/pp$ curiosity/nn with/in their/pp$ lives/nns ,/, for/cs some/dti minutes/nns later/rbr the/at first/od giant/jj wave/nn roared/vbd over/in the/at shore/nn ./. After/in an/at earthquake/nn in/in Japan/np in/in 1793/cd people/nns on/in the/at coast/nn at/in Tugaru/np were/bed so/ql terrified/vbn by/in the/at extraordinary/jj ebbing/vbg of/in the/at sea/nn that/cs they/ppss scurried/vbd to/in higher/jjr ground/nn ./. When/wrb a/at second/od quake/nn came/vbd ,/, they/ppss dashed/vbd back/rb to/in the/at beach/nn ,/, fearing/vbg that/cs they/ppss might/md be/be buried/vbn under/in landslides/nns ./. Just/rb as/cs they/ppss reached/vbd the/at shore/nn ,/, the/at first/od huge/jj wave/nn crashed/vbd upon/in them/ppo ./. A/at tsunami/nn is/bez not/* a/at single/ap wave/nn but/cc a/at series/nn ./. The/at waves/nns are/ber separated/vbn by/in intervals/nns of/in 15/cd minutes/nns to/in an/at hour/nn or/cc more/ap (/( because/rb of/in their/pp$ great/jj length/nn )/) ,/, and/cc this/dt has/hvz often/rb lulled/vbn people/nns into/in thinking/vbg after/cs the/at first/od great/jj wave/nn has/hvz crashed/vbn that/cs it/pps is/bez all/abn over/rp ./. The/at waves/nns may/md keep/vb coming/vbg for/in many/ap hours/nns ./. Usually/rb the/at third/od to/in the/at eighth/od waves/nns in/in the/at series/nns are/ber the/at biggest/jjt ./. Among/in the/at observers/nns of/in the/at 1946/cd tsunami/nns at/in Hilo/np was/bedz Francis/np P./np Shepard/np of/in the/at Scripps/np-tl Institution/nn-tl of/in-tl Oceanography/nn-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at world's/nn$ foremost/jjs marine/jj geologists/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to make/vb a/at detailed/vbn inspection/nn of/in the/at waves/nns ./. Their/pp$ onrush/nn and/cc retreat/nn ,/, he/pps reported/vbd ,/, was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in a/at great/jj hissing/nn ,/, roaring/nn and/cc rattling/vbg ./. The/at third/od and/cc fourth/od waves/nns seemed/vbd to/to be/be the/at highest/jjt ./. On/in some/dti of/in the/at islands'/nns$ beaches/nns the/at waves/nns came/vbd in/rp gently/rb ;/. ;/. they/ppss were/bed steepest/jjt on/in the/at shores/nns facing/vbg the/at direction/nn of/in the/at seaquake/nn from/in which/wdt the/at waves/nns had/hvd come/vbn ./. In/in Hilo/np-tl Bay/nn-tl they/ppss were/bed from/in 21/cd to/in 26/cd feet/nns high/jj ./. The/at highest/jjt waves/nns ,/, 55/cd feet/nns ,/, occurred/vbd at/in Pololu/np-tl Valley/nn-tl ./. Scientists/nns and/cc fishermen/nns have/hv occasionally/rb seen/vbn strange/jj by-products/nns of/in the/at phenomenon/nn ./. During/in a/at 1933/cd tsunami/nn in/in Japan/np the/at sea/nn glowed/vbd brilliantly/rb at/in night/nn ./. The/at luminosity/nn of/in the/at water/nn is/bez now/rb believed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben caused/vbn by/in the/at stimulation/nn of/in vast/jj numbers/nns of/in the/at luminescent/jj organism/nn Noctiluca/np-tl miliaris/nn-tl by/in the/at turbulence/nn of/in the/at sea/nn ./. Japanese/jj fishermen/nns have/hv sometimes/rb observed/vbn that/cs sardines/nns hauled/vbn up/rp in/in their/pp$ nets/nns during/in a/at tsunami/nn have/hv enormously/ql swollen/jj stomachs/nns ;/. ;/. the/at fish/nns have/hv swallowed/vbn vast/jj numbers/nns of/in bottom-living/jj diatoms/nns ,/, raised/vbn to/in the/at surface/nn by/in the/at disturbance/nn ./. The/at waves/nns of/in a/at 1923/cd tsunami/nn in/in Sagami/np-tl Bay/nn-tl brought/vbd to/in the/at surface/nn and/cc battered/vbd to/in death/nn huge/jj numbers/nns of/in fishes/nns that/wps normally/rb live/vb at/in a/at depth/nn of/in 3,000/cd feet/nns ./. Gratified/vbn fishermen/nns hauled/vbd them/ppo in/rp by/in the/at thousands/nns ./. The/at tsunami-warning/jj system/nn developed/vbn since/in the/at 1946/cd disaster/nn in/in Hawaii/np relies/vbz mainly/rb on/in a/at simple/jj and/cc ingenious/jj instrument/nn devised/vbn by/in Commander/nn-tl C./np K./np Green/np of/in the/at Coast/nn-tl and/cc-tl Geodetic/jj-tl Survey/nn-tl staff/nn ./. It/pps consists/vbz of/in a/at series/nn of/in pipes/nns and/cc a/at pressure-measuring/jj chamber/nn which/wdt record/vb the/at rise/nn and/cc fall/nn of/in the/at water/nn surface/nn ./. Ordinary/jj water/nn tides/nns are/ber disregarded/vbn ./. But/cc when/wrb waves/nns with/in a/at period/nn of/in between/in 10/cd and/cc 40/cd minutes/nns begin/vb to/to roll/vb over/in the/at ocean/nn ,/, they/ppss set/vb in/in motion/nn a/at corresponding/jj oscillation/nn in/in a/at column/nn of/in mercury/nn which/wdt closes/vbz an/at electric/jj circuit/nn ./. This/dt in/in turn/nn sets/vbz off/rp an/at alarm/nn ,/, notifying/vbg the/at observers/nns at/in the/at station/nn that/cs a/at tsunami/nn is/bez in/in progress/nn ./. Such/jj equipment/nn has/hvz been/ben installed/vbn at/in Hilo/np ,/, Midway/np ,/, Attu/np and/cc Dutch/jj-tl Harbor/nn-tl ./. The/at moment/nn the/at alarm/nn goes/vbz off/rp ,/, information/nn is/bez immediately/rb forwarded/vbn to/in Honolulu/np ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at center/nn of/in the/at warning/vbg system/nn ./. This/dt center/nn also/rb receives/vbz prompt/jj reports/nns on/in earthquakes/nns from/in four/cd Coast/nn-tl Survey/nn-tl stations/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl which/wdt are/ber equipped/vbn with/in seismographs/nns ./. Its/pp$ staff/nn makes/vbz a/at preliminary/jj determination/nn of/in the/at epicenter/nn of/in the/at quake/nn and/cc alerts/vbz tide/nn stations/nns near/in the/at epicenter/nn for/in a/at tsunami/nn ./. By/in means/nn of/in charts/nns showing/vbg wave-travel/nn times/nns and/cc depths/nns in/in the/at ocean/nn at/in various/jj locations/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to estimate/vb the/at rate/nn of/in approach/nn and/cc probable/jj time/nn of/in arrival/nn at/in Hawaii/np of/in a/at tsunami/nn getting/vbg under/in way/nn at/in any/dti spot/nn in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ./. The/at civil/jj and/cc military/jj authorities/nns are/ber then/rb advised/vbn of/in the/at danger/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss issue/vb warnings/nns and/cc take/vb all/abn necessary/jj protective/jj steps/nns ./. All/abn of/in these/dts activities/nns are/ber geared/vbn to/in a/at top-priority/nn communication/nn system/nn ,/, and/cc practice/nn tests/nns have/hv been/ben held/vbn to/to assure/vb that/cs everything/pn will/md work/vb smoothly/rb ./. Since/in the/at 1946/cd disaster/nn there/ex have/hv been/ben 15/cd tsunami/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl ,/, but/cc only/rb one/cd was/bedz of/in any/dti consequence/nn ./. On/in November/np 4/cd ,/, 1952/cd ,/, an/at earthquake/nn occurred/vbd under/in the/at sea/nn off/in the/at Kamchatka/np-tl Peninsula/nn-tl ./. At/in 17:07/cd that/dt afternoon/nn (/( Greenwich/np time/nn )/) the/at shock/nn was/bedz recorded/vbn by/in the/at seismograph/nn alarm/nn in/in Honolulu/np ./. The/at warning/vbg system/nn immediately/rb went/vbd into/in action/nn ./. Within/in about/rb an/at hour/nn with/in the/at help/nn of/in reports/nns from/in seismic/jj stations/nns in/in Alaska/np ,/, Arizona/np and/cc California/np ,/, the/at quake's/nn$ epicenter/nn was/bedz placed/vbn at/in 51/cd degrees/nns North/jj-tl latitude/nn and/cc 158/cd degrees/nns East/jj-tl longitude/nn ./. While/cs accounts/nns of/in the/at progress/nn of/in the/at tsunami/nn came/vbd in/rp from/in various/jj points/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl (/( Midway/np reported/vbd it/pps was/bedz covered/vbn with/in nine/cd feet/nns of/in water/nn )/) ,/, the/at Hawaiian/jj station/nn made/vbd its/pp$ calculations/nns and/cc notified/vbd the/at military/jj services/nns and/cc the/at police/nn that/cs the/at first/rb big/jj wave/nn would/md arrive/vb at/in Honolulu/np at/in 23:30/cd Greenwich/np time/nn ./. It/pps turned/vbd out/rp that/cs the/at waves/nns were/bed not/* so/ql high/jj as/cs in/in 1946/cd ./. They/ppss hurled/vbd a/at cement/nn barge/nn against/in a/at freighter/nn in/in Honolulu/np-tl Harbor/nn-tl ,/, knocked/vbd down/rp telephone/nn lines/nns ,/, marooned/vbd automobiles/nns ,/, flooded/vbd lawns/nns ,/, killed/vbd six/cd cows/nns ./. But/cc not/* a/at single/ap human/jj life/nn was/bedz lost/vbn ,/, and/cc property/nn damage/nn in/in the/at Hawaiian/jj-tl Islands/nns-tl did/dod not/* exceed/vb $800,000/nns ./. There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs the/at warning/vbg system/nn saved/vbd lives/nns and/cc reduced/vbd the/at damage/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez plain/jj that/cs a/at warning/vbg system/nn ,/, however/wql efficient/jj ,/, is/bez not/* enough/ap ./. In/in the/at vulnerable/jj areas/nns of/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl there/ex should/md be/be restrictions/nns against/in building/vbg homes/nns on/in exposed/vbn coasts/nns ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap a/at requirement/nn that/cs they/ppss be/be either/cc raised/vbn off/in the/at ground/nn or/cc anchored/vbn strongly/rb against/in waves/nns ./. The/at key/nn to/in the/at world/nn of/in geology/nn is/bez change/nn ;/. ;/. nothing/pn remains/vbz the/at same/ap ./. Life/nn has/hvz evolved/vbn from/in simple/jj combinations/nns of/in molecules/nns in/in the/at sea/nn to/in complex/jj combinations/nns in/in man/nn ./. The/at land/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez changing/vbg ,/, and/cc earthquakes/nns are/ber daily/jj reminders/nns of/in this/dt ./. Earthquakes/nns result/vb when/wrb movements/nns in/in the/at earth/nn twist/vb rocks/nns until/cs they/ppss break/vb ./. Sometimes/rb this/dt is/bez accompanied/vbn by/in visible/jj shifts/nns of/in the/at ground/nn surface/nn ;/. ;/. often/rb the/at shifts/nns cannot/md* be/be seen/vbn ,/, but/cc they/ppss are/ber there/rb ;/. ;/. and/cc everywhere/rb can/md be/be found/vbn scars/nns of/in earlier/jjr breaks/nns once/rb deeply/rb buried/vbn ./. Today's/nr$ earthquakes/nns are/ber most/ql numerous/jj in/in belts/nns where/wrb the/at earth's/nn$ restlessness/nn is/bez presently/rb concentrated/vbn ,/, but/cc scars/nns of/in the/at past/nn show/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez no/at part/nn of/in the/at earth/nn that/wps has/hvz not/* had/hvn them/ppo ./. The/at effects/nns of/in earthquakes/nns on/in civilization/nn have/hv been/ben widely/rb publicized/vbn ,/, even/rb overemphasized/vbn ./. The/at role/nn of/in an/at earthquake/nn in/in starting/vbg the/at destruction/nn of/in whole/jj cities/nns is/bez tremendously/ql frightening/vbg ,/, but/cc fire/nn may/md actually/rb be/be the/at principal/jjs agent/nn in/in a/at particular/jj disaster/nn ./. Superstition/nn has/hvz often/rb blended/vbn with/in fact/nn to/to color/vb reports/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv learned/vbn from/in earthquakes/nns much/ap of/in what/wdt we/ppss now/rb know/vb about/in the/at earth's/nn$ interior/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss send/vb waves/nns through/in the/at earth/nn which/wdt emerge/vb with/in information/nn about/in the/at materials/nns through/in which/wdt they/ppss have/hv traveled/vbn ./. These/dts waves/nns have/hv shown/vbn that/cs 1,800/cd miles/nns below/in the/at surface/nn a/at liquid/nn core/nn begins/vbz ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, has/hvz a/at solid/jj inner/jj core/nn ./. Earthquakes/nns originate/vb as/ql far/rb as/cs 400/cd miles/nns below/in the/at surface/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss do/do not/* occur/vb at/in greater/jjr depths/nns ./. Two/cd unsolved/jj mysteries/nns are/ber based/vbn on/in these/dts facts/nns ./. (/( 1/cd )/) As/ql far/ql down/rp as/cs 400/cd miles/nns below/in the/at surface/nn the/at material/nn should/md be/be hot/jj enough/qlp to/to be/be plastic/jj and/cc adjust/vb itself/ppl to/in twisting/vbg forces/nns by/in sluggish/jj flow/nn rather/in than/in by/in breaking/vbg ,/, as/cs rigid/jj surface/nn rocks/nns do/do ./. (/( 2/cd )/) If/cs earthquakes/nns do/do occur/vb at/in such/jj depths/nns ,/, why/wrb not/* deeper/rbr ?/. ?/. Knowledge/nn gained/vbn from/in studying/vbg earthquake/nn waves/nns has/hvz been/ben applied/vbn in/in various/jj fields/nns ./. In/in the/at search/nn for/in oil/nn and/cc gas/nn ,/, we/ppss make/vb similar/jj waves/nns under/in controlled/vbn conditions/nns with/in dynamite/nn and/cc learn/vb from/in them/ppo where/wrb there/ex are/ber buried/vbn rock/nn structures/nns favorable/jj to/in the/at accumulation/nn of/in these/dts resources/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv also/rb developed/vbn techniques/nns for/in recognizing/vbg and/cc locating/vbg underground/rb nuclear/jj tests/nns through/in the/at waves/nns in/in the/at ground/nn which/wdt they/ppss generate/vb ./. The/at following/vbg discussion/nn of/in this/dt subject/nn has/hvz been/ben adapted/vbn from/in the/at book/nn Causes/nns-tl Of/in-tl Catastrophe/nn-tl by/in L./np Don/np Leet/np ./. The/at-hl restless/jj-hl earth/nn-hl and/cc-hl its/pp$-hl interior/nn-hl At/in twelve/cd minutes/nns after/in five/cd on/in the/at morning/nn of/in Wednesday/nr ,/, April/np 18/cd ,/, 1906/cd ,/, San/np Francisco/np was/bedz shaken/vbn by/in a/at severe/jj earthquake/nn ./. A/at sharp/jj tremor/nn was/bedz followed/vbn by/in a/at jerky/jj roll/nn ./.

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regroup:1 pin:2 cavalryman:1 screen:1 fare:1 suddenly:2 figure:1 bound:1 hurl:1 grenade:3 holler:1 bob:2 imbue:1 form:1 task:1 straggler:1 diversionary:1 main:1 able:1 surge:1 hit:2 detonate:1 simultaneously:1 wet:1 rag:1 attacker:1 dirt:1 wither:1 pour:1 seek:1 soft:1 junction:1 g:1 prepare:1 counterattack:1 turn:1 okay:1 say:2 leap:1 foot:1 bullet:1 whack:1 home:1 finish:3 instant:1 hesitate:1 unable:1 believe:1 popular:1 bellow:1 anguish:1 rage:1 curse:1 scream:1 hollering:1 wild:1 job:2 push:1 soldier:1 timing:1 quickly:1 opening:1 throw:1 away:1 flee:1 rice:1 paddy:1 artillery:1 air:1 strike:1 hundred:1 practically:1 blow:1 explode:1 live:1 major:5 write:2 complete:2 year:2 weekend:1 put:1 together:1 profusely:1 illustrate:1 book:1 glory:1 probably:1 pay:1 nearly:1 never:1 fail:1 rally:1 case:1 marcus:2 reno:4 survive:1 1876:1 pistol:1 whip:1 subordinate:1 try:1 rape:1 lot:1 plenty:1 reason:1 heartily:1 dislike:1 many:1 fellow:1 refuse:2 speak:1 board:1 inquiry:1 cowardice:1 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In/in Ireland's/np$ County/nn-tl Limerick/np-tl ,/, near/in the/at River/nn-tl Shannon/np-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at quiet/jj little/jj suburb/nn by/in the/at name/nn of/in Garryowen/np ,/, which/wdt means/vbz ``/`` Garden/nn-tl of/in-tl Owen/np-tl ''/'' ./. Undoubtedly/rb none/pn of/in the/at residents/nns realize/vb the/at influence/nn their/pp$ town/nn has/hvz had/hvn on/in American/jj military/jj history/nn ,/, or/cc the/at deeds/nns of/in valor/nn that/wps have/hv been/ben done/vbn in/in its/pp$ name/nn ./. The/at cry/nn ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/. Bursting/vbg from/in the/at lips/nns of/in a/at charging/vbg cavalry/nn trooper/nn was/bedz the/at last/ap sound/nn heard/vbn on/in this/dt earth/nn by/in untold/jj numbers/nns of/in Cheyennes/nps ,/, Sioux/nps and/cc Apaches/nps ,/, Mexican/jj banditos/fw-nns under/in Pancho/np Villa/np ,/, Japanese/nps in/in the/at South/jj-tl Pacific/jj-tl ,/, and/cc Chinese/jj and/cc North/jj-tl Korean/jj-tl Communists/nns-tl in/in Korea/np ./. Garryowen/np is/bez the/at battle/nn cry/nn of/in the/at 7th/od-tl U.S./np-tl Cavalry/nn-tl Regiment/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ''/'' ./. Today/nr a/at battle/nn cry/nn may/md seem/vb an/at anachronism/nn ,/, for/cs in/in the/at modern/jj Army/nn-tl ,/, esprit/fw-nn de/fw-in corps/fw-nn has/hvz been/ben sacrificed/vbn to/in organizational/jj charts/nns and/cc tables/nns ./. But/cc don't/do* tell/vb that/dt to/in a/at veteran/nn of/in the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ,/, especially/rb in/in a/at saloon/nn on/in Saturday/nr night/nn ./. Of/in all/abn the/at thousands/nns of/in men/nns who/wps have/hv served/vbn in/in the/at 7th/od-tl Cav/np-tl ,/, perhaps/rb no/at one/pn knows/vbz its/pp$ spirit/nn better/rbr than/cs Lieutenant/nn-tl Colonel/nn-tl Melbourne/np C./np Chandler/np ./. Wiry/jj and/cc burr-headed/jj ,/, with/in steel/nn blue/jj eyes/nns and/cc a/at chest/nn splattered/vbn with/in medals/nns ,/, Chandler/np is/bez the/at epitome/nn of/in the/at old-time/jj trooper/nn ./. The/at truth/nn is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs when/wrb Mel/np Chandler/np first/rb reported/vbd to/in the/at regiment/nn the/at only/ap steed/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb ridden/vbn was/bedz a/at swivel/jj chair/nn and/cc the/at only/ap weapon/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb wielded/vbn was/bedz a/at pencil/nn ./. Chandler/np had/hvd been/ben commissioned/vbn in/in the/at Medical/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl and/cc was/bedz serving/vbg as/cs a/at personnel/nns officer/nn for/in the/at Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl Medical/jj-tl Depot/nn-tl when/wrb he/pps decided/vbd that/cs if/cs he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to make/vb the/at Army/nn-tl his/pp$ career/nn ,/, he/pps wanted/vbd to/to be/be in/in the/at fighting/vbg part/nn of/in it/ppo ./. Though/cs he/pps knew/vbd no/at more/ap about/in military/jj science/nn and/cc tactics/nns than/cs any/dti other/ap desk/nn officer/nn ,/, he/pps managed/vbd to/to get/vb transferred/vbn to/in the/at combat/nn forces/nns ./. The/at next/ap thing/nn he/pps knew/vbd he/pps was/bedz reporting/vbg for/in duty/nn as/cs commanding/vbg officer/nn of/in Troop/nn-tl H/np-tl ,/, 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at middle/nn of/in corps/nn maneuvers/nns in/in Japan/np ./. Outside/rb of/in combat/nn ,/, he/pps couldn't/md* have/hv landed/vbn in/in a/at tougher/jjr spot/nn ./. First/od of/in all/abn ,/, no/at unit/nn likes/vbz to/to have/hv a/at new/jj CO/nn brought/vbn in/rp from/in the/at outside/nn ,/, especially/rb when/wrb he's/pps+bez an/at armchair/nn trooper/nn ./. Second/rb ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez ever/rb a/at perfect/jj time/nn to/to pull/vb the/at rug/nn out/rp from/in under/in him/ppo ,/, it's/pps+bez on/in maneuvers/nns ./. In/in combat/nn ,/, helping/vbg your/pp$ CO/nn make/vb a/at fool/nn of/in himself/ppl might/md mean/vb getting/vbg yourself/ppl killed/vbn ./. But/cc in/in maneuvers/nns ,/, with/in the/at top/jjs brass/nn watching/vbg him/ppo all/abn the/at time/nn ,/, it's/pps+bez easy/jj ./. Chandler/np understood/vbd this/dt and/cc expected/vbd the/at worst/jjt ./. But/cc his/pp$ first/od few/ap days/nns with/in Troop/nn-tl H/np-tl were/bed full/jj of/in surprises/nns ,/, beginning/vbg with/in First/od-tl Sergeant/nn-tl Robert/np Early/np ./. Chandler/np had/hvd expected/vbn a/at tough/jj old/jj trooper/nn with/in a/at gravel/nn voice/nn ./. Instead/rb Sergeant/nn-tl Early/np was/bedz quiet/jj ,/, sharp/jj and/cc confident/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd enlisted/vbn in/in the/at Army/nn-tl straight/rb out/in of/in high/jj school/nn and/cc had/hvd immediately/rb set/vbn about/in learning/vbg his/pp$ new/jj trade/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at weapon/nn Early/np could/md not/* take/vb apart/rb and/cc reassemble/vb blind-folded/vbn ./. He/pps could/md lead/vb a/at patrol/nn and/cc he/pps knew/vbd his/pp$ paper/nn work/nn ./. Further/rbr ,/, he/pps had/hvd taken/vbn full/jj advantage/nn of/in the/at Army's/nn$-tl correspondence/nn courses/nns ./. He/pps not/* only/rb knew/vbd soldiering/vbg ,/, but/cc mathematics/nn ,/, history/nn and/cc literature/nn as/ql well/rb ./. But/cc for/in all/abn his/pp$ erudite/jj confidence/nn ,/, Sergeant/nn-tl Early/np was/bedz right/ql out/in of/in the/at Garryowen/np mold/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz filled/vbn with/in the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ./. That/dt saved/vbd Mel/np Chandler/np ./. Sergeant/nn-tl Early/np let/vbd the/at new/jj CO/nn know/vb just/ql how/wql lucky/jj he/pps was/bedz to/to be/be in/in the/at best/jjt troop/nn in/in the/at best/jjt regiment/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Army/nn-tl ./. He/pps fed/vbd the/at captain/nn bits/nns of/in history/nn about/in the/at troops/nns and/cc the/at regiment/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at battalion/nn of/in the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl under/in Colonel/nn-tl George/np Armstrong/np Custer/np that/wps had/hvd been/ben wiped/vbn out/rp at/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Big/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ./. It/pps didn't/dod* take/vb Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np long/rb to/to realize/vb that/cs he/pps had/hvd to/to carry/vb a/at heavy/jj load/nn of/in tradition/nn on/in his/pp$ shoulders/nns as/cs commander/nn of/in Troop/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./. But/cc what/wdt made/vbd the/at load/nn lighter/jjr was/bedz the/at realization/nn that/cs every/at officer/nn ,/, non-com/nn and/cc trooper/nn was/bedz ready/jj and/cc willing/jj to/to help/vb him/ppo carry/vb it/ppo ,/, for/in the/at good/nn of/in the/at troop/nn and/cc the/at regiment/nn ./. Maneuvers/nns over/rp ,/, the/at 7th/od returned/vbd to/in garrison/nn duty/nn in/in Tokyo/np ,/, Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np still/rb with/in them/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl whose/wp$ troopers/nns were/bed charged/vbn with/in guarding/vbg the/at Imperial/jj-tl Palace/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Emperor/nn-tl ./. But/cc still/rb Mel/np Chandler/np was/bedz not/* completely/ql convinced/vbn that/cs men/nns would/md really/rb die/vb for/in a/at four-syllable/jj word/nn ,/, ``/`` Garryowen/np-nc ''/'' ./. The/at final/jj proof/nn was/bedz a/at small/jj incident/nn ./. It/pps happened/vbd at/in the/at St./nn-tl Patrick's/np$-tl Day/nn-tl party/nn ,/, a/at big/jj affair/nn for/in a/at regiment/nn which/wdt had/hvd gone/vbn into/in battle/nn for/in over/rp three-quarters/nns of/in a/at century/nn to/in the/at strains/nns of/in an/at Irish/jj march/nn ./. In/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at party/nn Chandler/np looked/vbd up/rp to/to see/vb four/cd smiling/vbg faces/nns bearing/vbg down/rp upon/in him/ppo ,/, each/dt beaming/vbg above/in the/at biggest/jjt ,/, greenest/jjt shamrock/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./. The/at faces/nns belonged/vbd to/in Lieutenant/nn-tl Marvin/np Goulding/np ,/, his/pp$ wife/nn and/cc their/pp$ two/cd children/nns ./. And/cc when/wrb the/at singing/nn began/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at Gouldings/nps who/wps sang/vbd the/at old/jj Irish/jj songs/nns the/at best/rbt ./. Though/cs there/ex was/bedz an/at occasional/jj good-natured/jj chuckle/nn about/in Marvin/np Goulding/np ,/, the/at Jewish/jj officer/nn from/in Chicago/np ,/, singing/vbg tearfully/rb about/in the/at ould/jj sod/nn ,/, no/at one/pn really/rb thought/vbd it/pps was/bedz strange/jj ./. For/cs Marvin/np Goulding/np ,/, like/cs Giovanni/np Martini/np ,/, the/at bugler/nn boy/nn who/wps carried/vbd Custer's/np$ last/ap message/nn ,/, or/cc Margarito/np Lopez/np ,/, the/at one-man/jj Army/nn-tl on/in Leyte/np ,/, was/bedz a/at Garryowen/np ,/, through/rp and/cc through/rp ./. It/pps was/bedz no/at coincidence/nn that/cs Goulding/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at most/ql beloved/jj platoon/nn leaders/nns in/in the/at regiment/nn ./. And/cc so/rb Mel/np Chandler/np got/vbd the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np ./. He/pps set/vbd out/rp to/to keep/vb Troop/nn-tl H/np-tl the/at best/jjt troop/nn in/in the/at best/jjt regiment/nn ./. One/cd of/in his/pp$ innovations/nns was/bedz to/to see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs every/at man/nn --/-- cook/nn and/cc clerk/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs rifleman/nn --/-- qualified/vbd with/in every/at weapon/nn in/in the/at troop/nn ./. Even/rb the/at mess/nn sergeant/nn ,/, Bill/np Brown/np ,/, a/at dapper/jj ,/, cocky/jj transfer/nn from/in an/at airborne/jj division/nn ,/, went/vbd out/rp on/in the/at range/nn ./. The/at troop/nn received/vbd a/at new/jj leader/nn ,/, Lieutenant/nn-tl Robert/np M./np Carroll/np ,/, fresh/jj out/in of/in ROTC/nn and/cc bucking/vbg for/in Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl status/nn ./. Carroll/np was/bedz sharp/jj and/cc military/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz up/rp against/in tough/jj competition/nn for/in that/dt RA/nn berth/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps wanted/vbd to/to play/vb it/ppo cool/rb ./. So/rb Mel/np Chandler/np set/vbd out/rp to/to sell/vb him/ppo on/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np ,/, just/rb as/cs he/pps himself/ppl had/hvd been/ben sold/vbn a/at short/jj time/nn before/rb ./. When/wrb the/at Korean/jj war/nn began/vbd ,/, on/in June/np 25/cd ,/, 1950/cd ,/, the/at anniversary/nn of/in the/at day/nn Custer/np had/hvd gone/vbn down/rp fighting/vbg at/in the/at Little/jj-tl Big/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl and/cc the/at day/nn the/at regiment/nn had/hvd assaulted/vbn the/at beachhead/nn of/in Leyte/np during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl was/bedz not/* in/in the/at best/jjt fighting/vbg condition/nn ./. Its/pp$ entire/jj complement/nn of/in non-commissioned/jj officers/nns on/in the/at platoon/nn level/nn had/hvd departed/vbn as/cs cadre/nn for/in another/dt unit/nn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ vehicles/nns were/bed still/rb those/dts used/vbn in/in the/at drive/nn across/in Luzon/np in/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Just/rb a/at month/nn after/cs the/at Korean/jj-tl War/nn-tl broke/vbd out/rp ,/, the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl was/bedz moving/vbg into/in the/at lines/nns ,/, ready/jj for/in combat/nn ./. From/in then/rb on/rp the/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl was/bedz in/in the/at thick/jj of/in the/at bitterest/jjt fighting/nn in/in Korea/np ./. One/cd night/nn on/in the/at Naktong/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, Mel/np Chandler/np called/vbd on/in that/dt fabled/jj esprit/fw-nn de/fw-in corps/fw-nn ./. The/at regiment/nn was/bedz dug/vbn in/rp on/in the/at east/nr side/nn of/in the/at river/nn and/cc the/at North/jj-tl Koreans/nps were/bed steadily/rb building/vbg up/rp a/at concentration/nn of/in crack/nn troops/nns on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./. The/at troopers/nns knew/vbd an/at attack/nn was/bedz coming/vbg ,/, but/cc they/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb when/wrb ,/, and/cc they/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb where/wrb ./. At/in 6/cd o'clock/rb on/in the/at morning/nn of/in August/np 12/cd ,/, they/ppss were/bed in/in doubt/nn no/ql longer/rbr ./. Then/rb it/pps came/vbd ,/, against/in Troop/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./. The/at enemy/nn had/hvd filtered/vbn across/in the/at river/nn during/in the/at night/nn and/cc a/at full/jj force/nn of/in 1000/cd men/nns ,/, armed/vbn with/in Russian/jj machine/nn guns/nns ,/, attacked/vbd the/at position/nn held/vbn by/in Chandler's/np$ men/nns ./. They/ppss came/vbd in/in waves/nns ./. First/rb came/vbd the/at cannon/nn fodder/nn ,/, white-clad/jj civilians/nns being/beg driven/vbn into/in death/nn as/cs a/at massive/jj human/jj battering/vbg ram/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed followed/vbn by/in crack/nn North/jj-tl Korean/jj-tl troops/nns ,/, who/wps mounted/vbd one/cd charge/nn after/in another/dt ./. They/ppss overran/vbd the/at 7th/od-tl Cav's/np$-tl forward/jj machine-gun/nn positions/nns through/in sheer/jj weight/nn of/in numbers/nns ,/, over/in piles/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj dead/jj ./. Another/dt force/nn flanked/vbd the/at company/nn and/cc took/vbd up/rp a/at position/nn on/in a/at hill/nn to/in the/at rear/nn ./. Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np saw/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz building/vbg up/rp strength/nn ./. He/pps assembled/vbd a/at group/nn of/in 25/cd men/nns ,/, composed/vbn of/in wounded/vbn troopers/nns awaiting/vbg evacuation/nn ,/, the/at company/nn clerk/nn ,/, supply/nn men/nns ,/, cooks/nns and/cc drivers/nns ,/, and/cc led/vbd them/ppo to/in the/at hill/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at more/ql seriously/rb wounded/vbn was/bedz Lieutenant/nn-tl Carroll/np ,/, the/at young/jj officer/nn bucking/vbg for/in the/at Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl ./. Chandler/np left/vbd Carroll/np at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at hill/nn to/to direct/vb any/dti reinforcements/nns he/pps could/md find/vb to/in the/at fight/nn ./. Then/rb Mel/np Chandler/np started/vbd up/in the/at hill/nn ./. He/pps took/vbd one/cd step/nn ,/, two/cd ,/, broke/vbd into/in a/at trot/nn and/cc then/rb into/in a/at run/nn ./. The/at first/od thing/nn he/pps knew/vbd the/at words/nns ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/. Burst/vbd from/in his/pp$ throat/nn ./. His/pp$ followers/nns shouted/vbd the/at old/jj battle/nn cry/nn after/in him/ppo and/cc charged/vbd the/at hill/nn ,/, firing/vbg as/cs they/ppss ran/vbd ./. The/at Koreans/nps fell/vbd back/rb ,/, but/cc regrouped/vbd at/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at hill/nn and/cc pinned/vbd down/rp the/at cavalrymen/nns with/in a/at screen/nn of/in fire/nn ./. Chandler/np ,/, looking/vbg to/in right/nr and/cc left/nr to/to see/vb how/wrb his/pp$ men/nns were/bed faring/vbg ,/, suddenly/rb saw/vbd another/dt figure/nn bounding/vbg up/in the/at hill/nn ,/, hurling/vbg grenades/nns and/cc hollering/vbg the/at battle/nn cry/nn as/cs he/pps ran/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz Bob/np Carroll/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd suddenly/rb found/vbn himself/ppl imbued/vbn with/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np ./. He/pps had/hvd formed/vbn his/pp$ own/jj task/nn force/nn of/in three/cd stragglers/nns and/cc led/vbd them/ppo up/in the/at hill/nn in/in a/at Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl charge/nn ./. Because/rb of/in this/dt diversionary/jj attack/nn the/at main/jjs group/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben pinned/vbn down/rp on/in the/at hill/nn was/bedz able/jj to/to surge/vb forward/rb again/rb ./. But/cc an/at enemy/nn grenade/nn hit/vbd Carroll/np in/in the/at head/nn and/cc detonated/vbd simultaneously/rb ./. He/pps went/vbd down/rp like/cs a/at wet/jj rag/nn and/cc the/at attackers/nns hit/vb the/at dirt/nn in/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at withering/vbg enemy/nn fire/nn ./. Enemy/nn reinforcements/nns came/vbd pouring/vbg down/rp ,/, seeking/vbg a/at soft/jj spot/nn ./. They/ppss found/vbd it/ppo at/in the/at junction/nn between/in Troops/nns-tl H/np-tl and/cc G/np-tl ,/, and/cc prepared/vbd to/to counterattack/vb ./. Marvin/np Goulding/np saw/vbd what/wdt was/bedz happening/vbg ./. He/pps turned/vbd to/in his/pp$ platoon/nn ./. ``/`` Okay/uh ,/, men/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` Follow/vb me/ppo ''/'' ./. Goulding/np leaped/vbd to/in his/pp$ feet/nns and/cc started/vbd forward/rb ,/, ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/. On/in his/pp$ lips/nns ,/, his/pp$ men/nns following/vbg ./. But/cc the/at bullets/nns whacked/vbd home/nr before/cs he/pps finished/vbd his/pp$ battle/nn cry/nn and/cc Marvin/np Goulding/np fell/vbd dead/jj ./. For/in an/at instant/nn his/pp$ men/nns hesitated/vbd ,/, unable/jj to/to believe/vb that/cs their/pp$ lieutenant/nn ,/, the/at most/ql popular/jj officer/nn in/in the/at regiment/nn ,/, was/bedz dead/jj ./. Then/rb they/ppss let/vb out/rp a/at bellow/nn of/in anguish/nn and/cc rage/nn and/cc ,/, cursing/vbg ,/, screaming/vbg and/cc hollering/vbg ``/`` Garryowen/np ''/'' !/. !/. They/ppss charged/vbd into/in the/at enemy/nn like/cs wild/jj men/nns ./. That/wps finished/vbd the/at job/nn that/wps Captain/nn-tl Chandler/np and/cc Lieutenant/nn-tl Carroll/np had/hvd begun/vbn ./. Goulding's/np$ platoon/nn pushed/vbd back/rb the/at enemy/nn soldiers/nns and/cc broke/vbd up/rp the/at timing/nn of/in the/at entire/jj enemy/nn attack/nn ./. Reinforcements/nns came/vbd up/rp quickly/rb to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in the/at opening/nn made/vbn by/in Goulding's/np$ platoon/nn ./. The/at North/jj-tl Koreans/nps threw/vbd away/rb their/pp$ guns/nns and/cc fled/vbd across/in the/at rice/nn paddies/nns ./. Artillery/nn and/cc air/nn strikes/nns were/bed called/vbn in/rp to/to kill/vb them/ppo by/in the/at hundreds/nns ./. Though/cs Bob/np Carroll/np seemed/vbd to/to have/hv had/hvn his/pp$ head/nn practically/rb blown/vbn off/rp by/in the/at exploding/vbg grenade/nn ,/, he/pps lived/vbd ./. Today/nr he/pps is/bez a/at major/nn --/-- in/in the/at Regular/jj-tl Army/nn-tl ./. So/ql filled/vbn was/bedz Mel/np Chandler/np with/in the/at spirit/nn of/in Garryowen/np that/cs after/in Korea/np was/bedz over/rp ,/, he/pps took/vbd on/rp the/at job/nn of/in writing/vbg the/at complete/jj history/nn of/in the/at regiment/nn ./. After/in years/nns of/in digging/vbg ,/, nights/nns and/cc weekends/nns ,/, he/pps put/vbd together/rb the/at big/jj ,/, profusely/rb illustrated/vbn book/nn ,/, Of/in-tl Garryowen/np-tl And/cc-tl Glory/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt is/bez probably/rb the/at most/ql complete/jj history/nn of/in any/dti military/jj unit/nn ./. The/at battle/nn of/in the/at Naktong/np-tl River/nn-tl is/bez just/rb one/cd example/nn of/in how/wrb the/at battle/nn cry/nn and/cc the/at spirit/nn of/in The/at-tl Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl have/hv paid/vbn off/rp ./. For/in nearly/rb a/at century/nn the/at cry/nn has/hvz never/rb failed/vbn to/to rally/vb the/at fighting/vbg men/nns of/in the/at regiment/nn ./. Take/vb the/at case/nn of/in Major/nn-tl Marcus/np A./np Reno/np ,/, who/wps survived/vbd the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Big/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl in/in 1876/cd ./. From/in the/at enlisted/vbn men/nns he/pps pistol-whipped/vbd to/in the/at subordinate/jj officer/nn whose/wp$ wife/nn he/pps tried/vbd to/to rape/vb ,/, a/at lot/nn of/in men/nns had/hvd plenty/nn of/in reason/nn heartily/rb to/to dislike/vb Marcus/np Reno/np ./. Many/ap of/in his/pp$ fellow/nn officers/nns refused/vbd to/to speak/vb to/in him/ppo ./. But/cc when/wrb a/at board/nn of/in inquiry/nn was/bedz called/vbn to/to look/vb into/in the/at charges/nns of/in cowardice/nn made/vbn against/in him/ppo ,/, the/at men/nns who/wps had/hvd seen/vbn Reno/np leave/vb the/at battlefield/nn and/cc the/at officer/nn who/wps had/hvd heard/vbn Reno/np suggest/vb that/cs the/at wounded/vbn be/be left/vbn to/to be/be tortured/vbn by/in the/at Sioux/nps ,/, refused/vbd to/to say/vb a/at harsh/jj word/nn against/in him/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at member/nn of/in The/at-tl Fighting/vbg-tl Seventh/od-tl ./. Although/cs it/pps was/bedz at/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl The/at-tl Little/jj-tl Horn/nn-tl ,/, about/in which/wdt more/ap words/nns have/hv been/ben written/vbn than/cs any/dti other/ap battle/nn in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, that/cs the/at 7th/od-tl Cavalry/nn-tl first/rb made/vbd its/pp$ mark/nn in/in history/nn ,/, the/at regiment/nn was/bedz ten/cd years/nns old/jj by/in then/rb ./. Brevet/jj-tl Major/nn-tl General/nn-tl George/np Armstrong/np Custer/np was/bedz the/at regiment's/nn$ first/od permanent/jj commander/nn and/cc ,/, like/cs such/jj generals/nns as/cs George/np S./np Patton/np and/cc Terry/np De/np La/np Mesa/np Allen/np in/in their/pp$ rise/nn to/in military/jj prominence/nn ,/, Custer/np was/bedz a/at believer/nn in/in blood/nn and/cc guts/nns warfare/nn ./. During/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, Custer/np ,/, who/wps achieved/vbd a/at brilliant/jj record/nn ,/, was/bedz made/vbn brigadier/nn general/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in 23/cd ./. He/pps finished/vbd the/at war/nn as/cs a/at major/nn general/nn ,/, commanding/vbg a/at full/jj division/nn ,/, and/cc at/in 25/cd was/bedz the/at youngest/jjt major/nn general/nn in/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at U.S./np-tl Army/nn-tl ./.

cf23

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I/ppss do/do not/* mean/vb to/to suggest/vb that/cs these/dts assumptions/nns are/ber self-evident/jj ,/, in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs everyone/pn agrees/vbz with/in them/ppo ./. If/cs they/ppss were/bed ,/, Walter/np Lippmann/np would/md be/be writing/vbg the/at same/ap columns/nns as/cs George/np Sokolsky/np ,/, and/cc Herb/np Lock/np would/md have/hv nothing/pn to/to draw/vb cartoons/nns about/in ./. I/ppss do/do mean/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs I/ppss take/vb them/ppo for/cs granted/vbn ,/, and/cc that/cs everything/pn I/ppss shall/md be/be saying/vbg would/md appear/vb quite/ql idiotic/jj against/in any/dti contrary/jj assumptions/nns ./. Assumption/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at ultimate/jj objective/nn of/in American/jj policy/nn is/bez to/to help/vb establish/vb a/at world/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez the/at largest/jjt possible/jj measure/nn of/in freedom/nn and/cc justice/nn and/cc peace/nn and/cc material/nn prosperity/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in particular/jj --/-- since/cs this/dt is/bez our/pp$ special/jj responsibility/nn --/-- that/cs these/dts conditions/nns be/be enjoyed/vbn by/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. I/ppss speak/vb of/in ``/`` the/at largest/jjt possible/jj measure/nn ''/'' because/cs any/dti person/nn who/wps supposes/vbz that/cs these/dts conditions/nns can/md be/be universally/rb and/cc perfectly/rb achieved/vbn --/-- ever/rb --/-- reckons/vbz without/in the/at inherent/jj imperfectability/nn of/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ fellow/nn human/jj beings/nns ,/, and/cc is/bez therefore/rb a/at dangerous/jj man/nn to/to have/hv around/rb ./. Assumption/nn-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl These/dts conditions/nns are/ber unobtainable/jj --/-- are/ber not/* even/rb approachable/jj in/in the/at qualified/vbn sense/nn I/ppss have/hv indicated/vbn --/-- without/in the/at prior/jj defeat/nn of/in world/nn Communism/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez true/jj for/in two/cd reasons/nns :/: because/cs Communism/nn-tl is/bez both/abx doctrinally/rb ,/, and/cc in/in practice/nn ,/, antithetical/jj to/in these/dts conditions/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc because/cs Communists/nns-tl have/hv the/at will/nn and/cc ,/, as/ql long/jj as/cs Soviet/nn-tl power/nn remains/vbz intact/jj ,/, the/at capacity/nn to/to prevent/vb their/pp$ realization/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, as/cs Communist/jj-tl power/nn increases/vbz ,/, the/at enjoyment/nn of/in these/dts conditions/nns throughout/in the/at world/nn diminishes/vbz pro/in rata/fw-nns and/cc the/at possibility/nn of/in their/pp$ restoration/nn becomes/vbz increasingly/ql remote/jj ./. Assumption/nn-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl It/pps follows/vbz that/cs victory/nn over/in Communism/nn-tl is/bez the/at dominant/jj ,/, proximate/jj goal/nn of/in American/jj policy/nn ./. Proximate/jj in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs there/ex are/ber more/ql distant/jj ,/, more/ql ``/`` positive/jj ''/'' ends/nns we/ppss seek/vb ,/, to/in which/wdt victory/nn over/in Communism/nn-tl is/bez but/in a/at means/nn ./. But/cc dominant/jj in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs every/at other/ap objective/nn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wql worthy/jj intrinsically/rb ,/, must/md defer/vb to/in it/ppo ./. Peace/nn is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc if/cs we/ppss must/md choose/vb between/in peace/nn and/cc keeping/vbg the/at Communists/nns-tl out/in of/in Berlin/np ,/, then/rb we/ppss must/md fight/vb ./. Freedom/nn ,/, in/in the/at sense/nn of/in self-determination/nn ,/, is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc if/cs granting/vbg self-determination/nn to/in the/at Algerian/jj-tl rebels/nns entails/vbz sweeping/vbg that/dt area/nn into/in the/at Sino-Soviet/np orbit/nn ,/, then/rb Algerian/jj-tl freedom/nn must/md be/be postponed/vbn ./. Justice/nn is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc if/cs justice/nn for/in Bantus/nps entails/vbz driving/vbg the/at government/nn of/in the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl away/rb from/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, then/rb the/at Bantus/nps must/md be/be prepared/vbn to/to carry/vb their/pp$ identification/nn cards/nns yet/rb a/at while/nn longer/rbr ./. Prosperity/nn is/bez a/at worthy/jj objective/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc if/cs providing/vbg higher/jjr standards/nns of/in living/vbg gets/vbz in/in the/at way/nn of/in producing/vbg sufficient/jj guns/nns to/to resist/vb Communist/jj aggression/nn ,/, then/rb material/nn sacrifices/nns and/cc denials/nns will/md have/hv to/to be/be made/vbn ./. It/pps may/md be/be ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs such/jj objectives/nns can/md be/be pursued/vbn consisently/rb with/in a/at policy/nn designed/vbn to/to overthrow/vb Communism/nn-tl ;/. ;/. my/pp$ point/nn is/bez that/cs where/wrb conflicts/nns arise/vb they/ppss must/md always/rb be/be resolved/vbn in/in favor/nn of/in achieving/vbg the/at indispensable/jj condition/nn for/in a/at tolerant/jj world/nn --/-- the/at absence/nn of/in Soviet/nn-tl Communist/nn-tl power/nn ./. The/at-hl uses/nns-hl of/in-hl power/nn-hl This/dt much/ap having/hvg been/ben said/vbn ,/, the/at question/nn remains/vbz whether/cs we/ppss have/hv the/at resources/nns for/in the/at job/nn we/ppss have/hv to/to do/do --/-- defeat/vb Communism/nn-tl --/-- and/cc ,/, if/cs so/rb ,/, how/wrb those/dts resources/nns ought/md to/to be/be used/vbn ./. This/dt brings/vbz us/ppo squarely/rb to/in the/at problem/nn of/in power/nn ,/, and/cc the/at uses/nns a/at nation/nn makes/vbz of/in power/nn ./. I/ppss submit/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez the/at key/jjs problem/nn of/in international/jj relations/nns ,/, that/cs it/pps always/rb has/hvz been/ben ,/, that/cs it/pps always/rb will/md be/be ./. And/cc I/ppss suggest/vb further/rbr that/cs the/at main/jjs cause/nn of/in the/at trouble/nn we/ppss are/ber in/in has/hvz been/ben the/at failure/nn of/in American/jj policy-makers/nns ,/, ever/ql since/rb we/ppss assumed/vbd free/jj world/nn leadership/nn in/in 1945/cd ,/, to/to deal/vb with/in this/dt problem/nn realistically/rb and/cc seriously/rb ./. In/in the/at recent/jj political/jj campaign/nn two/cd charges/nns were/bed leveled/vbn affecting/vbg the/at question/nn of/in power/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss think/vb we/ppss might/md begin/vb by/in trying/vbg to/to put/vb them/ppo into/in proper/jj focus/nn ./. One/cd was/bedz demonstrably/rb false/jj ;/. ;/. the/at other/ap ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, true/jj ./. The/at first/od was/bedz that/cs America/np had/hvd become/vbn --/-- or/cc was/bedz in/in danger/nn of/in becoming/vbg --/-- a/at second-rate/jj military/jj power/nn ./. I/ppss know/vb I/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to dwell/vb here/rb on/in the/at absurdity/nn of/in that/dt contention/nn ./. You/ppss may/md have/hv misgivings/nns about/in certain/jj aspects/nns of/in our/pp$ military/jj establishment/nn --/-- I/ppss certainly/rb do/do --/-- but/cc you/ppss know/vb any/dti comparison/nn of/in over-all/jj American/jj strength/nn with/in over-all/jj Soviet/nn-tl strength/nn finds/vbz the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl not/* only/rb superior/jj ,/, but/cc so/ql superior/jj both/abx in/in present/jj weapons/nns and/cc in/in the/at development/nn of/in new/jj ones/nns that/cs our/pp$ advantage/nn promises/vbz to/to be/be a/at permanent/jj feature/nn of/in U.S.-Soviet/jj relations/nns for/in the/at foreseeable/jj future/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv often/rb searched/vbn for/in a/at graphic/jj way/nn of/in impressing/vbg our/pp$ superiority/nn on/in those/dts Americans/nps who/wps have/hv doubts/nns ,/, and/cc I/ppss think/vb Mr./np Jameson/np Campaigne/np has/hvz done/vbn it/ppo well/rb in/in his/pp$ new/jj book/nn American/jj-tl Might/nn-tl And/cc-tl Soviet/nn-tl Myth/nn-tl ./. Suppose/vb ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, that/cs the/at tables/nns were/bed turned/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss were/bed in/in the/at Soviets'/nps$ position/nn :/: ``/`` There/ex would/md be/be more/ap than/in 2,000/cd modern/jj Soviet/nn-tl fighters/nns ,/, all/abn better/jjr than/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, stationed/vbn at/in 250/cd bases/nns in/in Mexico/np and/cc the/at Caribbean/np ./. Overwhelming/jj Russian/jj naval/jj power/nn would/md always/rb be/be within/in a/at few/ap hundred/cd miles/nns of/in our/pp$ coast/nn ./. Half/abn of/in the/at population/nn of/in the/at U.S./np would/md be/be needed/vbn to/to work/vb on/in arms/nns just/rb to/to feed/vb the/at people/nns ''/'' ./. Add/vb this/dt to/in the/at unrest/nn in/in the/at countries/nns around/in us/ppo where/wrb oppressed/vbn peoples/nns would/md be/be ready/jj to/to turn/vb on/in us/ppo at/in the/at first/od opportunity/nn ./. Add/vb also/rb a/at comparatively/ql primitive/jj industrial/jj plant/nn which/wdt would/md severely/rb limit/vb our/pp$ capacity/nn to/to keep/vb abreast/rb of/in the/at Soviets/nps even/rb in/in the/at missile/nn field/nn which/wdt is/bez reputed/vbn to/to be/be our/pp$ main/jjs strength/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss look/vb at/in the/at situation/nn this/dt way/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md get/vb an/at idea/nn of/in Khrushchev's/np$ nightmarish/jj worries/nns --/-- or/cc ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, of/in the/at worries/nns he/pps might/md have/hv if/cs his/pp$ enemies/nns were/bed disposed/vbn to/to exploit/vb their/pp$ advantage/nn ./. U.S./np-hl ``/`` prestige/nn-hl ''/'' The/at other/ap charge/nn was/bedz that/cs America's/np$ political/jj position/nn in/in the/at world/nn has/hvz progressively/rb deteriorated/vbn in/in recent/jj years/nns ./. The/at contention/nn needs/vbz to/to be/be formulated/vbn with/in much/ql greater/jjr precision/nn than/cs it/pps ever/rb was/bedz during/in the/at campaign/nn ,/, but/cc once/cs that/dt has/hvz been/ben done/vbn ,/, I/ppss fail/vb to/to see/vb how/wrb any/dti serious/jj student/nn of/in world/nn affairs/nns can/md quarrel/vb with/in it/ppo ./. The/at argument/nn was/bedz typically/rb advanced/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in U.S./np ``/`` prestige/nn ''/'' ./. Prestige/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez only/rb a/at minor/jj part/nn of/in the/at problem/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc even/rb then/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at concept/nn that/wps can/md be/be highly/ql misleading/jj ./. Prestige/nn is/bez a/at measure/nn of/in how/wrb other/ap people/nns think/vb of/in you/ppo ,/, well/rb or/cc ill/rb ./. But/cc contrary/jj to/in what/wdt was/bedz implied/vbn during/in the/at campaign/nn ,/, prestige/nn is/bez surely/rb not/* important/jj for/in its/pp$ own/jj sake/nn ./. Only/rb the/at vain/jj and/cc incurably/ql sentimental/jj among/in us/ppo will/md lose/vb sleep/nn simply/rb because/cs foreign/jj peoples/nns are/ber not/* as/ql impressed/vbn by/in our/pp$ strength/nn as/cs they/ppss ought/md to/to be/be ./. The/at thing/nn to/to lose/vb sleep/nn over/rp is/bez what/wdt people/nns ,/, having/hvg concluded/vbn that/cs we/ppss are/ber weaker/jjr than/cs we/ppss are/ber ,/, are/ber likely/jj to/to do/do about/in it/ppo ./. The/at evidence/nn suggests/vbz that/cs foreign/jj peoples/nns believe/vb the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez weaker/jjr than/cs the/at Soviet/nn-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, and/cc is/bez bound/vbn to/to fall/vb still/ql further/rbr behind/rb in/in the/at years/nns ahead/rb ./. This/dt ignorant/jj estimate/nn ,/, I/ppss repeat/vb ,/, is/bez not/* of/in any/dti interest/nn in/in itself/ppl ;/. ;/. but/cc it/pps becomes/vbz very/ql important/jj if/cs foreign/jj peoples/nns react/vb the/at way/nn human/jj beings/nns typically/rb do/do --/-- namely/rb ,/, by/in taking/vbg steps/nns to/to end/vb up/rp on/in what/wdt appears/vbz to/to be/be the/at winning/vbg side/nn ./. To/in the/at extent/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs declining/vbg U.S./np prestige/nn means/vbz that/cs other/ap nations/nns will/md be/be tempted/vbn to/to place/vb their/pp$ bets/nns on/in an/at ultimate/jj American/jj defeat/nn ,/, and/cc will/md thus/rb be/be more/ql vulnerable/jj to/in Soviet/nn-tl intimidation/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez reason/nn for/in concern/nn ./. Still/rb ,/, these/dts guesses/nns about/in the/at outcome/nn of/in the/at struggle/nn cannot/md* be/be as/ql important/jj as/cs the/at actual/jj power/nn relationship/nn between/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl Union/nn-tl and/cc ourselves/ppls ./. Here/rb I/ppss do/do not/* speak/vb of/in military/jj power/nn where/wrb our/pp$ advantage/nn is/bez obvious/jj and/cc overwhelming/jj but/cc of/in political/jj power/nn --/-- of/in influence/nn ,/, if/cs you/ppss will/md --/-- about/in which/wdt the/at relevant/jj questions/nns are/ber :/: Is/bez Soviet/nn-tl influence/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn greater/jjr or/cc less/ap than/cs it/pps was/bedz ten/cd years/nns ago/rb ?/. ?/. And/cc is/bez Western/jj-tl influence/nn greater/jjr or/cc less/ap than/cs it/pps used/vbd to/to be/be ?/. ?/. Communist/jj-hl gains/nns-hl In/in answering/vbg these/dts questions/nns ,/, we/ppss need/vb to/to ask/vb not/* merely/rb whether/cs Communist/jj troops/nns have/hv crossed/vbn over/rp into/in territories/nns they/ppss did/dod not/* occupy/vb before/rb ,/, and/cc not/* merely/rb whether/cs disciplined/vbn agents/nns of/in the/at Cominform/np are/ber in/in control/nn of/in governments/nns from/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed formerly/rb excluded/vbn :/: the/at success/nn of/in Communism's/nn$-tl war/nn against/in the/at West/nr-tl does/doz not/* depend/vb on/in such/jj spectacular/jj and/cc definitive/jj conquests/nns ./. Success/nn may/md mean/vb merely/rb the/at displacement/nn of/in Western/jj-tl influence/nn ./. Communist/jj political/jj warfare/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md remember/vb ,/, is/bez waged/vbn insidiously/rb and/cc in/in deliberate/jj stages/nns ./. Fearful/jj of/in inviting/vbg a/at military/jj showdown/nn with/in the/at West/nr-tl which/wdt they/ppss could/md not/* win/vb ,/, the/at Communists/nns-tl seek/vb to/to undermine/vb Western/jj-tl power/nn where/wrb the/at nuclear/jj might/nn of/in the/at West/nr-tl is/bez irrelevant/jj --/-- in/in backwoods/jj guerrilla/nn skirmishes/nns ,/, in/in mob/nn uprisings/nns in/in the/at streets/nns ,/, in/in parliaments/nns ,/, in/in clandestine/jj meetings/nns of/in undercover/jj conspirators/nns ,/, at/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl ,/, on/in the/at propaganda/nn front/nn ,/, at/in diplomatic/jj conferences/nns --/-- preferably/rb at/in the/at highest/jjt level/nn ./. The/at Soviets/nps understand/vb ,/, moreover/rb ,/, that/cs the/at first/od step/nn in/in turning/vbg a/at country/nn toward/in Communism/nn-tl is/bez to/to turn/vb it/ppo against/in the/at West/nr-tl ./. Thus/rb ,/, typically/rb ,/, the/at first/od stage/nn of/in a/at Communist/jj takeover/nn is/bez to/to ``/`` neutralize/vb ''/'' a/at country/nn ./. The/at second/od stage/nn is/bez to/to retain/vb the/at nominal/jj classification/nn of/in ``/`` neutralist/nn ''/'' ,/, while/cs in/in fact/nn turning/vbg the/at country/nn into/in an/at active/jj advocate/nn and/cc adherent/nn of/in Soviet/nn-tl policy/nn ./. And/cc this/dt may/md be/be as/ql far/rb as/cs the/at process/nn will/md go/vb ./. The/at Kremlin's/np$ goal/nn is/bez the/at isolation/nn and/cc capture/nn ,/, not/* of/in Ghana/np ,/, but/cc of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl --/-- and/cc this/dt purpose/nn may/md be/be served/vbn very/ql well/rb by/in countries/nns that/wps masquerade/vb under/in a/at ``/`` neutralist/nn ''/'' mask/nn ,/, yet/cc in/in fact/nn are/ber dependable/jj auxiliaries/nns of/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl Foreign/jj-tl Office/nn-tl ./. To/to recite/vb the/at particulars/nns of/in recent/jj Soviet/nn-tl successes/nns is/bez hardly/rb reassuring/vbg ./. Six/cd years/nns ago/rb French/jj-tl Indochina/np-tl ,/, though/cs in/in troubie/nn ,/, was/bedz in/in the/at Western/jj-tl camp/nn ./. Today/nr Northern/jj-tl Vietnam/np-tl is/bez overtly/rb Communist/jj ;/. ;/. Laos/np is/bez teetering/vbg between/in Communism/nn-tl and/cc pro-Communist/jj neutralism/nn ;/. ;/. Cambodia/np is/bez ,/, for/in all/abn practical/jj purposes/nns ,/, neutralist/jj ./. Indonesia/np ,/, in/in the/at early/jj days/nns of/in the/at Republic/nn-tl ,/, leaned/vbd toward/in the/at West/nr-tl ./. Today/nr Sukarno's/np$ government/nn is/bez heavily/ql besieged/vbn by/in avowed/vbn Communists/nns-tl ,/, and/cc for/in all/abn of/in its/pp$ ``/`` neutralist/jj ''/'' pretensions/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at firm/jj ally/nn of/in Soviet/nn-tl policy/nn ./. Ceylon/np has/hvz moved/vbn from/in a/at pro-Western/jj orientation/nn to/in a/at neutralism/nn openly/ql hostile/jj to/in the/at West/nr-tl ./. In/in the/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl ,/, Iraq/np ,/, Syria/np and/cc Egypt/np were/bed ,/, a/at short/jj while/nn ago/rb ,/, in/in the/at Western/jj-tl camp/nn ./. Today/nr the/at Nasser/np and/cc Kassem/np governments/nns are/ber adamantly/ql hostile/jj to/in the/at West/nr-tl ,/, are/ber dependent/jj for/in their/pp$ military/jj power/nn on/in Soviet/nn-tl equipment/nn and/cc personnel/nns ;/. ;/. in/in almost/rb every/at particular/jj follow/vb the/at Kremlin's/np$ foreign/jj policy/nn line/nn ./. A/at short/jj time/nn ago/rb all/abn Africa/np was/bedz a/at Western/jj-tl preserve/nn ./. Never/rb mind/vb whether/cs the/at Kikiyus/nps and/cc the/at Bantus/nps enjoyed/vbd Wilsonian/jj self-determination/nn :/: the/at point/nn is/bez that/cs in/in the/at struggle/nn for/in the/at world/nn that/dt vast/jj land/nn mass/nn was/bedz under/in the/at domination/nn and/cc influence/nn of/in the/at West/nr-tl ./. Today/nr ,/, Africa/np is/bez swerving/vbg violently/rb away/rb from/in the/at West/nr-tl and/cc plunging/vbg ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, into/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl orbit/nn ./. Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl was/bedz once/cs an/at area/nn as/ql ``/`` safe/jj ''/'' for/in the/at West/nr-tl as/cs Nebraska/np was/bedz for/in Nixon/np ./. Today/nr it/pps is/bez up/rp for/in grabs/nns ./. One/cd Latin/jj American/jj country/nn ,/, Cuba/np ,/, has/hvz become/vbn a/at Soviet/nn-tl bridgehead/nn ninety/cd miles/nns off/in our/pp$ coast/nn ./. In/in some/dti countries/nns the/at trend/nn has/hvz gone/vbn further/rbr than/cs others/nns :/: Mexico/np ,/, Panama/np ,/, and/cc Venezuela/np are/ber displaying/vbg open/jj sympathy/nn for/in Castroism/np ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at country/nn --/-- save/vb the/at Dominican/np-tl Republic/nn-tl whose/wp$ funeral/jj services/nns we/ppss recently/rb arranged/vbd --/-- where/wrb Castroism/np and/cc Anti-Americanism/nn does/doz not/* prevent/vb the/at government/nn from/in unqualifiedly/ql espousing/vbg the/at American/jj cause/nn ./. Only/rb in/in Europe/np have/hv our/pp$ lines/nns remained/vbn firm/jj --/-- and/cc there/rb only/rb on/in the/at surface/nn ./. The/at strains/nns of/in neutralism/nn are/ber running/vbg strong/rb ,/, notably/rb in/in England/np ,/, and/cc even/rb in/in Germany/np ./. Opportunities/nns-hl missed/vbn-hl What/wdt have/hv we/ppss to/to show/vb by/in way/nn of/in counter-successes/nns ?/. ?/. We/ppss have/hv had/hvn opportunities/nns --/-- clear/jj invitations/nns to/to plant/vb our/pp$ influence/nn on/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at Iron/jj-tl Curtain/nn-tl ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at Hungarian/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl which/wdt we/ppss praised/vbd and/cc mourned/vbd ,/, but/cc did/dod nothing/pn about/in ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at Polish/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl which/wdt we/ppss misunderstood/vbd and/cc then/rb helped/vbd guide/vb along/in a/at course/nn favorable/jj to/in Soviet/nn-tl interests/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at revolution/nn in/in Tibet/np which/wdt we/ppss pretended/vbd did/dod not/* exist/vb ./. Only/rb in/in one/cd instance/nn have/hv we/ppss moved/vbn purposively/rb and/cc effectively/rb to/to dislodge/vb existing/vbg Communist/jj power/nn :/: in/in Guatemala/np ./. And/cc contrary/jj to/in what/wdt has/hvz been/ben said/vbn recently/rb ,/, we/ppss did/dod not/* wait/vb for/in ``/`` outside/jj pressures/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` world/nn opinion/nn ''/'' to/to bring/vb down/rp that/dt Communist/jj government/nn ;/. ;/. we/ppss moved/vbd decisively/rb to/to effect/vb an/at Anti-Communist/jj coup/fw-nn d'etat/fw-in+nn ./. We/ppss served/vbd our/pp$ national/jj interests/nns ,/, and/cc by/in so/rb doing/vbg we/ppss saved/vbd the/at Guatemalan/jj people/nns the/at ultimate/jj in/in human/jj misery/nn ./.

cf24

cf24 |@word first:2 rattle:1 machine:1 gun:2 evening:1 rouse:1 around:5 varied:1 voice:1 face:1 fear:2 sound:1 exactly:1 like:2 last:1 time:1 young:1 man:9 speak:2 steadily:1 enough:1 look:4 grotesquely:1 unshaven:1 middle:1 aged:1 say:11 come:9 sick:2 amid:1 crackle:1 small:2 arm:1 automatic:1 weapon:1 hear:2 thumping:1 mortar:2 light:2 go:5 second:1 day:5 vientiane:6 administrative:1 capital:2 laos:11 thought:1 none:1 brave:1 flashlight:1 room:1 better:1 stay:3 hotel:2 lobby:2 wall:3 good:3 thick:1 chinese:1 indian:1 merchant:1 across:2 street:2 slam:1 steel:2 shutter:1 attendant:1 pull:1 park:1 bicycle:1 woman:1 boy:1 slip:1 please:2 hold:3 hand:3 show:2 money:1 american:7 newspaperman:1 worry:1 get:3 cable:1 office:2 story:1 communist:4 lead:1 pathet:6 lao:11 finally:1 far:1 another:5 revolt:1 inside:1 let:2 play:1 hero:1 roof:2 see:5 gunfire:1 save:1 moon:4 answer:1 plain:1 eclipse:1 traditional:2 explanation:1 swallow:1 toad:2 remedy:1 make:5 possible:1 noise:1 ideally:1 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spurn:1 propagandist:1 report:1 barefoot:1 evidence:1 evil:1 intervention:1 although:1 enjoy:2 round:1 offer:1 tea:1 pleasing:1 conversation:1 french:1 nowhere:1 nearly:1 decide:2 tale:1 lethargy:1 true:1 invite:1 trip:1 ready:1 15:1 minute:1 highness:1 hour:2 town:1 eager:1 prince:3 wear:1 gallon:2 hat:2 flight:1 bounce:4 right:1 behind:1 rover:1 oum:1 champassak:2 tall:2 churchillian:1 mien:1 bush:1 jacket:1 texas:1 shoulder:1 bag:1 peek:1 seven:1 inch:1 barrel:1 luger:1 temperature:1 rise:1 company:1 column:1 reddish:1 keng:1 kok:1 silkworm:1 buy:1 fried:1 chicken:1 fry:1 cicada:1 notebook:1 drive:1 traverse:1 dry:1 squat:1 earth:1 spleen:1 crush:1 brief:1 stop:2 inspect:1 school:3 dispensary:1 teacher:1 well:3 rush:1 miserable:1 mate:1 keo:4 viphakone:1 john:5 cool:3 beaver:1 pennsylvania:1 beam:1 coating:1 together:1 probably:1 help:3 push:1 toward:2 20th:1 century:1 constructively:1 diplomat:1 paris:1 washington:1 commissioner:1 rural:2 affairs:1 engineer:1 anthropologist:1 doctorate:1 london:1 economics:1 head:2 development:1 division:1 usom:1 operation:2 mission:1 administer:1 self:1 project:2 labor:1 send:1 shovel:1 cement:1 nail:1 corrugate:1 iron:1 way:1 infirmary:1 400:1 add:1 lot:1 agree:1 use:1 accept:1 thing:1 learn:1 change:1 surrounding:1 elder:1 violence:1 big:2 step:2 may:1 nation:1 building:1 business:1 line:1 give:1 flower:3 coconut:1 egg:1 wine:2 respect:1 buddhist:1 monk:1 strode:1 rapidly:1 joke:1 local:1 soldiery:1 speech:1 key:1 factor:1 villager:2 stump:1 tour:1 south:1 misery:1 cross:1 width:1 raft:1 outboard:1 motor:1 dusty:1 shirt:1 veritable:1 ocean:1 breeze:1 hang:1 overboard:1 briefly:1 roll:1 paved:1 pak:2 song:2 boloven:1 plateau:1 visit:1 hospital:1 brotherhood:1 support:1 junior:1 chamber:1 commerce:1 philippines:1 fed:1 pet:1 elephant:1 residence:1 string:3 soukhouma:1 peaceful:1 baci:1 endearing:1 ceremony:1 household:1 rite:1 wish:2 myriad:1 occasion:1 traveler:1 wedding:1 newborn:1 purpose:1 preparation:1 elaborate:1 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The/at first/od rattle/nn of/in the/at machine/nn guns/nns ,/, at/in 7:10/cd in/in the/at evening/nn ,/, roused/vbd around/in me/ppo the/at varied/vbn voices/nns and/cc faces/nns of/in fear/nn ./. ``/`` Sounds/nns exactly/rb like/cs last/ap time/nn ''/'' ./. The/at young/jj man/nn spoke/vbd steadily/rb enough/qlp ,/, but/cc all/abn at/in once/rb he/pps looked/vbd grotesquely/rb unshaven/jj ./. The/at middle-aged/jj man/nn said/vbd over/rp and/cc over/rp ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb did/dod I/ppss come/vb here/rb ,/, why/wrb did/dod I/ppss come/vb here/rb ''/'' ./. Then/rb he/pps was/bedz sick/jj ./. Amid/in the/at crackle/nn of/in small/jj arms/nns and/cc automatic/jj weapons/nns ,/, I/ppss heard/vbd the/at thumping/nn of/in mortars/nns ./. Then/rb the/at lights/nns went/vbd out/rp ./. This/dt was/bedz my/pp$ second/od day/nn in/in Vientiane/np ,/, the/at administrative/jj capital/nn of/in Laos/np ,/, and/cc my/pp$ thoughts/nns were/bed none/pn too/ql brave/jj ./. Where/wrb was/bedz my/pp$ flashlight/nn ?/. ?/. Where/wrb should/md I/ppss go/vb ?/. ?/. To/in my/pp$ room/nn ?/. ?/. Better/rbr stay/vb in/in the/at hotel/nn lobby/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at walls/nns looked/vbd good/jj and/cc thick/jj ./. Chinese/jj and/cc Indian/jj merchants/nns across/in the/at street/nn were/bed slamming/vbg their/pp$ steel/nn shutters/nns ./. Hotel/nn attendants/nns pulled/vbd parked/vbn bicycles/nns into/in the/at lobby/nn ./. A/at woman/nn with/in a/at small/jj boy/nn slipped/vbd in/rp between/in them/ppo ./. ``/`` Please/vb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` please/vb ''/'' ./. She/pps held/vbd out/rp her/pp$ hand/vb to/to show/vb that/cs she/pps had/hvd money/nn ./. The/at American/jj newspaperman/nn worried/vbd about/in getting/vbg to/in the/at cable/nn office/nn ./. But/cc what/wdt was/bedz the/at story/nn ?/. ?/. Had/hvd the/at Communist-led/jj Pathet/np Lao/np finally/rb come/vbn this/ql far/rb ?/. ?/. Or/cc was/bedz it/pps another/dt revolt/nn inside/in Vientiane/np ?/. ?/. ``/`` Let's/vb+ppo play/vb hero/nn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ./. ``/`` Let's/vb+ppo go/vb to/in the/at roof/nn and/cc see/vb ''/'' ./. Gunfire/nn-hl saves/vbz-hl the/at-hl moon/nn-hl By/in 7:50/cd the/at answer/nn was/bedz plain/jj ./. There/ex had/hvd been/ben an/at eclipse/nn of/in the/at moon/nn ./. A/at traditional/jj Lao/np explanation/nn is/bez that/cs the/at moon/nn was/bedz being/beg swallowed/vbn by/in a/at toad/nn ,/, and/cc the/at remedy/nn was/bedz to/to make/vb all/ql possible/jj noise/nn ,/, ideally/rb with/in firearms/nns ./. The/at din/nn was/bedz successful/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, for/cs just/ql before/cs the/at moon/nn disappeared/vbd ,/, the/at frightened/vbn toad/nn had/hvd begun/vbn to/to spit/vb it/ppo out/rp again/rb ,/, which/wdt meant/vbd good/jj luck/nn all/ql around/rb ./. How/wql quaint/jj it/pps all/abn seemed/vbd the/at next/ap day/nn ./. A/at restaurant/nn posted/vbd a/at reminder/nn to/in patrons/nns ``/`` who/wps became/vbd excited/vbn and/cc left/vbd without/in paying/vbg their/pp$ checks/nns ''/'' ./. But/cc everyone/pn I/ppss met/vbd had/hvn sought/vbd cover/nn first/rb and/cc asked/vbd questions/nns later/rbr ./. And/cc no/at wonder/nn ,/, for/cs Vientiane/np ,/, the/at old/jj City/nn-tl of/in-tl Sandalwood/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd become/vbn the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Bullet/nn-tl Holes/nns-tl ./. I/ppss saw/vb holes/nns in/in planes/nns at/in the/at airport/nn and/cc in/in cars/nns in/in the/at streets/nns ./. Along/in the/at main/jjs thoroughfares/nns hardly/rb a/at house/nn had/hvd not/* been/ben peppered/vbn ./. In/in place/nn of/in the/at police/nn headquarters/nn was/bedz a/at new/jj square/nn filled/vbn with/in rubble/nn ./. Mortars/nns had/hvd demolished/vbn the/at defense/nn ministry/nn and/cc set/vbn fire/nn to/in the/at American/jj-tl Embassy/nn-tl next/ap door/nn ./. What/wdt had/hvd been/ben the/at ambassador's/nn$ suite/nn was/bedz now/rb jagged/jj walls/nns of/in blackened/vbn brick/nn ./. This/dt damage/nn had/hvd been/ben done/vbn in/in the/at battle/nn of/in Vientiane/np ,/, fought/vbn less/ap than/in three/cd months/nns earlier/rbr when/wrb four/cd successive/jj governments/nns had/hvd ruled/vbn here/rb in/in three/cd days/nns (/( December/np 9-11/cd ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. And/cc now/rb ,/, in/in March/np ,/, all/abn Laos/np suffered/vbd a/at state/nn of/in siege/nn ./. The/at Pathet/np Lao/np forces/nns held/vbd two/cd northern/jj provinces/nns and/cc openly/rb took/vbd the/at offensive/jj in/in three/cd more/ap ./. Throughout/in the/at land/nn their/pp$ hit-and-run/jj terrorists/nns spread/vbd fear/nn of/in ambush/nn and/cc death/nn ./. ``/`` And/cc it's/pps+bez all/abn the/at more/ql tragic/jj because/cs it's/pps+bez so/ql little/ql deserved/vbn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mr./np J./np J./np A./np Frans/np ,/, a/at Belgian/jj official/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl Educational/jj-tl ,/, Scientific/jj-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Cultural/jj-tl Organization/nn-tl ./. We/ppss talked/vbd after/cs I/ppss hailed/vbd his/pp$ Jeep/nn-tl marked/vbn with/in the/at U.N./np flag/nn ./. Practically/ql all/abn the/at people/nns of/in Laos/np ,/, he/pps explained/vbd --/-- about/rb two/cd million/cd of/in them/ppo --/-- are/ber rice/nn farmers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at means/nns and/cc motives/nns of/in modern/jj war/nn are/ber as/ql strange/jj to/in them/ppo as/cs clocks/nns and/cc steel/nn plows/nns ./. They/ppss look/vb after/rb their/pp$ fields/nns and/cc children/nns and/cc water/nn buffaloes/nns in/in ten/cd or/cc eleven/cd thousand/cd villages/nns ,/, with/in an/at average/nn of/in 200/cd souls/nns ./. Nobody/pn can/md tell/vb more/ql closely/rb how/wql many/ap villages/nns there/ex are/ber ./. They/ppss spread/vbd over/in an/at area/nn no/ql larger/jjr than/cs Oregon/np ;/. ;/. yet/cc they/ppss include/vb peoples/nns as/ql different/jj from/in one/cd another/dt as/cs Oregonians/nps are/ber from/in Patagonians/nps ./. Life/nn-hl must/md-hl be/be-hl kept/vbn-hl in/in-hl harmony/nn-hl ``/`` ./.-hl What/wdt matters/vbz here/rb is/bez family/nn loyalty/nn ;/. ;/. faith/nn in/in the/at Buddha/np and/cc staying/vbg at/in peace/nn with/in the/at phis/fw-nns ,/, the/at spirits/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc to/to live/vb in/in harmony/nn with/in nature/nn ''/'' ./. Harmony/nn in/in Laos/np ?/. ?/. ``/`` Precisely/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mr./np Frans/np ./. He/pps spoke/vbd of/in the/at season/nn of/in dryness/nn and/cc dust/nn ,/, brought/vbn by/in the/at monsoon/nn from/in the/at northeast/nr ,/, in/in harmony/nn with/in the/at season/nn of/in rain/nn and/cc mud/nn ,/, brought/vbn by/in the/at monsoon/nn from/in the/at southwest/nr ./. The/at slim/jj pirogues/nns in/in harmony/nn with/in the/at majestically/ql meandering/vbg Mekong/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. Shy/jj ,/, slender-waisted/jj girls/nns at/in the/at loom/nn in/in harmony/nn with/in the/at frangipani/nn by/in the/at wayside/nn ./. Even/rb life/nn in/in harmony/nn with/in death/nn ./. For/cs so/ql long/rb as/cs death/nn was/bedz not/* violent/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz natural/jj and/cc to/to be/be welcomed/vbn ,/, making/vbg a/at funeral/nn a/at feast/nn ./. To/in many/abn a/at Frenchman/np --/-- they/ppss came/vbd 95/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, colonized/vbd ,/, and/cc stayed/vbd until/cs Laos/np became/vbd independent/jj in/in 1953/cd --/-- the/at land/nn had/hvd been/ben even/ql more/ql delightfully/rb tranquil/jj than/cs Tahiti/np ./. Yet/cc Laos/np was/bedz now/rb one/cd of/in the/at most/ql explosive/jj headaches/nns of/in statesmen/nns around/in the/at globe/nn ./. The/at Pathet/np Lao/np ,/, stiffened/vbn by/in Communist/jj-tl Veterans/nns-tl from/in neighboring/vbg North/jj-tl Viet/np-tl Nam/np-tl ,/, were/bed supplied/vbn by/in Soviet/nn-tl aircraft/nn ./. The/at Royal/jj-tl Lao/np-tl Army/nn-tl ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, was/bedz paid/vbn and/cc equipped/vbn with/in American/jj funds/nns ./. In/in six/cd years/nns ,/, U.S./np aid/nn had/hvd amounted/vbn to/in more/ap than/in $1.60/nns for/in each/dt American/np --/-- a/at total/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd million/cd dollars/nns ./. We/ppss were/bed there/rb at/in a/at moment/nn when/wrb the/at situation/nn in/in Laos/np threatened/vbd to/to ignite/vb another/dt war/nn among/in the/at world's/nn$ giants/nns ./. Even/rb if/cs it/pps did/dod not/* ,/, how/wrb would/md this/dt little/jj world/nn of/in gentle/jj people/nns cope/vb with/in its/pp$ new/jj reality/nn of/in grenades/nns and/cc submachine/jj guns/nns ?/. ?/. To/to find/vb out/rp ,/, we/ppss traveled/vbd throughout/in that/dt part/nn of/in Laos/np still/rb nominally/rb controlled/vbn ,/, in/in the/at daytime/nn at/in least/ap ,/, by/in the/at Royal/jj-tl Lao/np-tl Army/nn-tl :/: from/in Attopeu/np ,/, the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Buffalo/nn-tl Dung/nn-tl in/in the/at southeast/nr ,/, to/in Muong/np Sing/np ,/, the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Lions/nns-tl in/in the/at northwest/nr ,/, close/jj to/in Communist/nn-tl China/np (/( map/nn ,/, page/nn 250/cd )/) ./. We/ppss rode/vbd over/in roads/nns so/ql rough/jj that/cs our/pp$ Jeep/nn-tl came/vbd to/in rest/nn atop/in the/at soil/nn between/in ruts/nns ,/, all/abn four/cd wheels/nns spinning/vbg uselessly/rb ./. We/ppss flew/vbd in/in rickety/jj planes/nns so/ql overloaded/vbn that/cs we/ppss wondered/vbd why/wrb they/ppss didn't/dod* crash/vb ./. In/in the/at end/nn we/ppss ran/vbd into/in Communist/jj artillery/nn fire/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss ''/'' were/bed Bill/np Garrett/np of/in the/at National/jj-tl Geographic/jj-tl Illustrations/nns-tl Staff/nn-tl ,/, whose/wp$ three/cd cameras/nns and/cc eight/cd lenses/nns made/vbd him/ppo look/vb as/ql formidable/jj as/cs any/dti fighting/vbg man/nn we/ppss met/vbd ;/. ;/. Boun/np My/np ,/, our/pp$ interpreter/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc myself/ppl ./. Boun/np My/np --/-- the/at name/nn means/vbz one/cd who/wps has/hvz a/at boun/fw-nn ,/, a/at celebration/nn ,/, and/cc is/bez therefore/rb lucky/jj --/-- was/bedz born/vbn in/in Savannakhet/np ,/, the/at Border/nn-tl of/in-tl Paradise/nn-tl ./. He/pps had/hvd attended/vbn three/cd universities/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. But/cc he/pps had/hvd never/rb seen/vbn the/at mountainous/jj half/abn of/in his/pp$ native/jj land/nn north/nr of/in Vientiane/np ,/, including/in the/at royal/jj capital/nn ,/, Luang/np Prabang/np ./. Before/cs the/at airplanes/nns came/vbd ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, travel/nn in/in Laos/np was/bedz just/ql about/rb impossible/jj ./. Prime/jj-hl minister/nn-hl moves/vbz-hl fast/rb-hl Alas/uh ,/, so/rb it/pps almost/rb proved/vbd for/in us/ppo ,/, too/rb ./. To/to go/vb outside/rb the/at few/ap cities/nns required/vbd permits/nns ./. And/cc getting/vbg them/ppo seemed/vbd a/at life's/nn$ work/nn ./. Nobody/pn wanted/vbd Americans/nps to/to be/be hurt/vbn or/cc captured/vbn ,/, and/cc few/ap soldiers/nns could/md be/be spared/vbn as/cs escorts/nns ./. We/ppss were/bed told/vbn that/cs to/in the/at Pathet/np Lao/np ,/, a/at kidnaped/vbn American/np was/bedz worth/jj at/in least/ap $750/nns ,/, a/at fortune/nn in/in Laos/np ./. Everyone/pn had/hvd heard/vbn of/in the/at American/jj contractor/nn who/wps had/hvd spurned/vbn an/at escort/nn ./. Now/rb Pathet/np Lao/np propagandists/nns were/bed reported/vbn marching/vbg him/ppo barefoot/jj from/in village/nn to/in village/nn ,/, as/cs evidence/nn of/in evil/jj American/jj intervention/nn ./. Although/cs we/ppss enjoyed/vbd our/pp$ rounds/nns of/in the/at government/nn offices/nns in/in Vientiane/np ,/, with/in officials/nns offering/vbg tea/nn and/cc pleasing/jj conversation/nn in/in French/np ,/, we/ppss were/bed getting/vbg nowhere/rb ./. We/ppss had/hvd nearly/rb decided/vbn that/cs all/abn the/at tales/nns of/in Lao/np lethargy/nn must/md be/be true/jj ,/, when/wrb we/ppss were/bed invited/vbn to/to take/vb a/at trip/nn with/in the/at Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl ./. Could/md we/ppss be/be ready/jj in/in 15/cd minutes/nns ?/. ?/. His/pp$ Highness/nn-tl had/hvd decided/vbn only/rb two/cd hours/nns ago/rb to/to go/vb out/in of/in town/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz eager/jj to/to be/be off/rp ./. Prince/nn-tl-hl wears/vbz-hl ten-gallon/jj-hl hat/nn-hl And/cc so/rb ,/, after/in a/at flight/nn southeast/nr to/in Savannakhet/np ,/, we/ppss found/vbd ourselves/ppls bouncing/vbg along/rb in/in a/at Jeep/nn-tl right/ql behind/in the/at Land-Rover/np of/in Prince/nn-tl Boun/np Oum/np of/in Champassak/np ,/, a/at tall/jj man/nn of/in Churchillian/jj mien/nn in/in a/at bush/nn jacket/nn and/cc a/at ten-gallon/jj hat/nn from/in Texas/np ./. From/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn bag/nn peeked/vbd the/at seven-inch/jj barrel/nn of/in a/at Luger/np ./. The/at temperature/nn rose/vbd to/in 105-degrees/nns ./. With/in our/pp$ company/nn of/in soldiers/nns ,/, we/ppss made/vbd one/cd long/jj column/nn of/in reddish/jj dust/nn ./. In/in Keng/np Kok/np ,/, the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl Silkworms/nns-tl ,/, the/at Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl bought/vbd fried/vbn chickens/nns and/cc fried/vbn cicadas/nns ,/, and/cc two/cd notebooks/nns for/in me/ppo ./. Then/rb we/ppss drove/vbd on/rp ,/, until/cs there/ex was/bedz no/ql more/ap road/nn and/cc we/ppss traversed/vbd dry/jj rice/nn fields/nns ,/, bouncing/vbg across/in their/pp$ squat/nn earth/nn walls/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at spleen-crushing/jj day/nn ./. An/at hour/nn of/in bouncing/vbg ,/, a/at brief/jj stop/nn in/in a/at village/nn to/to inspect/vb a/at new/jj school/nn or/cc dispensary/nn ./. More/ap bouncing/nn ,/, another/dt stop/nn ,/, a/at new/jj house/nn for/in teachers/nns ,/, a/at new/jj well/nn ./. Then/rb off/rp again/rb ,/, rushing/vbg to/to keep/vb up/rp ./. We/ppss were/bed miserable/jj ./. But/cc our/pp$ two/cd Jeep/nn-tl mates/nns --/-- Keo/np Viphakone/np from/in Luang/np Prabang/np and/cc John/np Cool/np from/in Beaver/np ,/, Pennsylvania/np --/-- were/bed beaming/vbg under/in their/pp$ coatings/nns of/in dust/nn ./. Together/rb they/ppss had/hvd probably/rb done/vbn more/ap than/cs any/dti other/ap men/nns to/to help/vb push/vb Laos/np toward/in the/at 20th/od century/nn --/-- constructively/rb ./. Mr./np Keo/np ,/, once/cs a/at diplomat/nn in/in Paris/np and/cc Washington/np ,/, was/bedz Commissioner/nn-tl of/in-tl Rural/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./. John/np ,/, an/at engineer/nn and/cc anthropologist/nn with/in a/at doctorate/nn from/in the/at London/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Economics/nn-tl ,/, headed/vbd the/at rural/jj development/nn division/nn of/in USOM/nn ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Operations/nns-tl Mission/nn-tl administering/vbg U.S./np aid/nn ./. ``/`` What/wdt you/ppss see/vb are/ber self-help/nn projects/nns ''/'' ,/, John/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` We/ppss ask/vb the/at people/nns what/wdt they/ppss want/vb ,/, and/cc they/ppss supply/vb the/at labor/nn ./. We/ppss send/vb shovels/nns ,/, cement/nn ,/, nails/nns ,/, and/cc corrugated/vbn iron/nn for/in roofs/nns ./. That/dt way/nn they/ppss have/hv an/at infirmary/nn for/in $400/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv 2,500/cd such/jj projects/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss add/vb up/rp to/in a/at lot/nn more/ap than/cs just/rb roads/nns and/cc wells/nns and/cc schools/nns ./. Ask/vb Mr./np Keo/np ''/'' ./. Mr./np Keo/np agreed/vbd ./. ``/`` Our/pp$ people/nns have/hv been/ben used/vbn to/in accepting/vbg things/nns as/cs they/ppss found/vbd them/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` Where/wrb there/ex was/bedz no/at road/nn ,/, they/ppss lived/vbd without/in one/cd ./. Now/rb they/ppss learn/vb that/cs men/nns can/md change/vb their/pp$ surroundings/nns ,/, through/in their/pp$ traditional/jj village/nn elders/nns ,/, without/in violence/nn ./. That's/dt+bez a/at big/jj step/nn toward/in a/at modern/jj state/nn ./. You/ppss might/md say/vb we/ppss are/ber in/in the/at nation-building/jj business/nn ''/'' ./. In/in the/at villages/nns people/vb lined/vbd up/rp to/to give/vb us/ppo flowers/nns ./. Then/rb came/vbd coconuts/nns ,/, eggs/nns ,/, and/cc rice/nn wine/nn ./. The/at Prime/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl paid/vbd his/pp$ respects/nns to/in the/at Buddhist/jj-tl monks/nns ,/, strode/vbd rapidly/rb among/in the/at houses/nns ,/, joked/vbd with/in the/at local/jj soldiery/nn ,/, and/cc made/vbd a/at speech/nn ./. The/at soldiers/nns are/ber fighting/vbg and/cc the/at Americans/nps are/ber helping/vbg ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, but/cc in/in the/at fight/nn against/in the/at Pathet/np Lao/np the/at key/jjs factor/nn is/bez the/at villager/nn himself/ppl ./. Then/rb we/ppss were/bed off/rp again/rb ./. We/ppss did/dod it/ppo for/in three/cd days/nns ./. But/cc our/pp$ stumping/vbg tour/nn of/in the/at south/nr wasn't/bedz* all/abn misery/nn ./. Crossing/vbg the/at 4,000-foot/jj width/nn of/in the/at Mekong/np at/in Champassak/np ,/, on/in a/at raft/nn with/in an/at outboard/jj motor/nn ,/, we/ppss took/vbd off/in our/pp$ dusty/jj shirts/nns and/cc enjoyed/vbd a/at veritable/jj ocean/nn breeze/nn ./. Then/rb we/ppss hung/vbd overboard/rb in/in the/at water/nn ./. Briefly/rb we/ppss rolled/vbd over/in a/at paved/vbn road/nn up/rp to/in Pak/np Song/np ,/, on/in the/at cool/jj Bolovens/np-tl Plateau/nn-tl ./. The/at Prince/nn-tl visited/vbd the/at hospital/nn of/in Operation/nn-tl Brotherhood/nn-tl ,/, supported/vbn by/in the/at Junior/jj-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl of/in the/at Philippines/nps ,/, and/cc fed/vbd rice/nn to/in two/cd pet/nn elephants/nns he/pps kept/vbd at/in his/pp$ residence/nn at/in Pak/np Song/np ./. Strings/nns-hl keep/vb-hl souls/nns-hl in/in-hl place/nn-hl In/in the/at village/nn of/in Soukhouma/np ,/, which/wdt means/vbz ``/`` Peaceful/jj-tl ''/'' ,/, we/ppss had/hvd a/at baci/fw-nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at most/ql endearing/jj of/in Lao/np ceremonies/nns ./. It/pps takes/vbz place/nn in/in the/at household/nn ,/, a/at rite/nn of/in well-wishing/nn for/in myriad/nn occasions/nns --/-- for/in the/at traveler/nn ,/, a/at wedding/nn ,/, a/at newborn/jj child/nn ,/, the/at sick/jj ,/, the/at New/jj-tl Year/nn-tl ,/, for/in any/dti good/jj purpose/nn ./. The/at preparations/nns were/bed elaborate/jj :/: flowers/nns ,/, candles/nns ,/, incense/nn sticks/nns ,/, rice/nn wine/nn ,/, dozens/nns of/in delicacies/nns ,/, and/cc pieces/nns of/in white/jj cotton/nn string/nn ./. The/at strings/nns were/bed draped/vbn around/in flowers/nns in/in tall/jj silver/nn bowls/nns (/( page/nn 261/cd )/) ./. The/at candles/nns were/bed lighted/vbn ,/, and/cc we/ppss sat/vbd on/in split-bamboo/nn mats/nns among/in the/at village/nn notables/nns ./. I/ppss was/bedz careful/jj to/to keep/vb my/pp$ feet/nns ,/, the/at seat/nn of/in the/at least/ql worthy/jj spirits/nns ,/, from/in pointing/vbg at/in anyone's/pn$ head/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at worthiest/jjt spirits/nns reside/vb ./. Now/rb a/at distinguished/vbn old/jj man/nn called/vbd on/in nine/cd divinities/nns to/to come/vb and/cc join/vb us/ppo ./. Next/rb he/pps addressed/vbd himself/ppl to/in our/pp$ souls/nns ./. A/at man/nn has/hvz 32/cd souls/nns ,/, one/cd for/in each/dt part/nn of/in the/at body/nn ./. Those/dts souls/nns like/vb to/to wander/vb off/rp ,/, and/cc must/md be/be called/vbn back/rb ./. With/in the/at divinities/nns present/rb and/cc our/pp$ souls/nns in/in place/nn ,/, we/ppss were/bed wished/vbn health/nn ,/, happiness/nn ,/, and/cc power/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, one/cd after/in another/dt ,/, the/at villagers/nns tied/vbd the/at waiting/vbg cotton/nn strings/nns around/in our/pp$ wrists/nns ./. These/dts were/bed to/to be/be kept/vbn on/rp ,/, to/to hold/vb in/rp the/at 32/cd souls/nns ./. As/cs we/ppss stepped/vbd out/rp into/in the/at sunlight/nn ,/, a/at man/nn came/vbd up/rp to/in John/np Cool/np and/cc silently/rb showed/vbd him/ppo his/pp$ hand/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd a/at festering/vbg hole/nn as/ql big/jj as/cs a/at silver/nn dollar/nn ./. We/ppss could/md see/vb maggots/nns moving/vbg ./. John/np said/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv some/dti antiseptic/jj salve/nn with/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc it's/pps+bez too/ql late/rb for/in that/dt ''/'' ./.

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cf25 |@word interview:4 teen:13 ager:10 confirm:1 portrait:1 weakening:1 religious:4 ethnic:3 bond:1 jewish:33 identity:2 often:1 confuse:1 social:4 economic:1 striving:1 give:1 tremendous:1 drive:2 boy:18 remark:3 mean:2 get:2 ahead:1 press:1 purely:1 definition:1 encounter:1 familiar:1 blend:1 liberal:1 piety:1 interfaith:1 good:9 small:2 residue:1 loyalty:1 like:5 tradition:1 girl:20 say:5 follow:2 holiday:1 come:1 along:1 worship:1 traditional:2 way:6 communicate:1 see:1 real:1 difference:2 catholic:2 protestant:2 another:4 jews:5 believe:6 god:1 people:5 help:2 still:2 assert:1 jew:1 wrong:1 person:1 ask:1 different:2 answer:1 thing:3 accord:1 study:2 maier:1 spinrad:1 discover:1 although:4 42:1 per:12 cent:12 sample:1 student:17 15:1 protestants:1 important:3 live:4 accordance:1 teaching:1 religion:3 8:1 conviction:1 aim:1 make:4 world:5 well:3 place:3 30:2 happiness:1 28:1 financial:2 independence:1 21:1 nevertheless:1 maintain:1 even:7 envision:1 join:2 synagogue:1 temple:2 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My/pp$ interviews/nns with/in teen-agers/nns confirmed/vbd this/dt portrait/nn of/in the/at weakening/nn of/in religious/jj and/cc ethnic/jj bonds/nns ./. Jewish/jj identity/nn was/bedz often/rb confused/vbn with/in social/jj and/cc economic/jj strivings/nns ./. ``/`` Being/beg Jewish/jj gives/vbz you/ppo tremendous/jj drive/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at boy/nn remarked/vbd ./. ``/`` It/pps means/vbz that/cs you/ppss have/hv to/to get/vb ahead/rb ''/'' ./. When/wrb I/ppss pressed/vbd for/in a/at purely/ql religious/jj definition/nn ,/, I/ppss encountered/vbd the/at familiar/jj blend/nn of/in liberal/jj piety/nn ,/, interfaith/jj good/jj will/nn ,/, and/cc a/at small/jj residue/nn of/in ethnic/jj loyalty/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss like/vb the/at tradition/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at girl/nn said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss like/vb to/to follow/vb the/at holidays/nns when/wrb they/ppss come/vb along/rb ./. But/cc you/ppss don't/do* have/hv to/to worship/vb in/in the/at traditional/jj way/nn ./. You/ppss can/md communicate/vb in/in your/pp$ own/jj way/nn ./. As/cs I/ppss see/vb it/ppo ,/, there's/ex+bez no/at real/jj difference/nn between/in being/beg Jewish/jj ,/, Catholic/jj ,/, or/cc Protestant/jj ''/'' ./. Another/dt teen-ager/nn remarked/vbd :/: ``/`` Most/ap Jews/nps don't/do* believe/vb in/in God/np ,/, but/cc they/ppss believe/vb in/in people/nns --/-- in/in helping/vbg people/nns ''/'' ./. Still/rb another/dt boy/nn asserted/vbd :/: ``/`` To/to be/be a/at good/jj Jew/np is/bez to/to do/do no/at wrong/nn ;/. ;/. it's/pps+bez to/to be/be a/at good/jj person/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb asked/vbn how/wrb this/dt was/bedz different/jj from/in being/beg a/at good/jj Protestant/np ,/, the/at boy/nn answered/vbd ,/, ``/`` It's/pps+bez the/at same/ap thing/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt accords/vbz with/in the/at study/nn by/in Maier/np and/cc Spinrad/np ./. They/ppss discovered/vbd that/cs ,/, although/cs 42/cd per/in cent/nn of/in a/at sample/nn of/in Catholic/jj students/nns and/cc 15/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at Protestants/nps believed/vbd it/ppo important/jj to/to live/vb in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at teachings/nns of/in their/pp$ religion/nn ,/, only/rb 8/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at Jewish/jj students/nns had/hvd this/dt conviction/nn ./. The/at most/ql important/jj aims/nns of/in the/at Jewish/jj students/nns were/bed as/cs follows/vbz :/: to/to make/vb the/at world/nn a/at better/jjr place/nn to/to live/vb in/in --/-- 30/cd per/in cent/nn ;/. ;/. to/to get/vb happiness/nn for/in yourself/ppl --/-- 28/cd per/in cent/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc financial/jj independence/nn --/-- 21/cd per/in cent/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, most/ap of/in the/at teen-agers/nns I/ppss interviewed/vbd believed/vbd in/in maintaining/vbg their/pp$ Jewish/jj identity/nn and/cc even/rb envisioned/vbd joining/vbg a/at synagogue/nn or/cc temple/nn ./. However/rb ,/, they/ppss were/bed hostile/jj to/in Jewish/jj-tl Orthodoxy/nn-tl ,/, professing/vbg to/to believe/vb in/in Judaism/np ``/`` but/cc in/in a/at moderate/jj way/nn ''/'' ./. One/cd boy/nn said/vbd querulously/rb about/in Orthodox/jj-tl Jews/nps :/: ``/`` It's/pps+bez the/at twentieth/od century/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss don't/do* have/hv to/to wear/vb beards/nns ''/'' ./. The/at reason/nn offered/vbn for/in clinging/vbg to/in the/at ancestral/jj faith/nn lacked/vbd force/nn and/cc authority/nn even/rb in/in the/at teen-agers'/nns$ minds/nns ./. ``/`` We/ppss were/bed brought/vbn up/rp that/dt way/nn ''/'' was/bedz one/cd statement/nn which/wdt won/vbd general/jj assent/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss want/vb to/to show/vb respect/nn for/in my/pp$ parents'/nns$ religion/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt a/at boy/nn justified/vbd his/pp$ inhabiting/vbg a/at halfway/jj house/nn of/in Judaism/np ./. Still/rb another/dt suggested/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md join/vb a/at temple/nn ``/`` for/in social/jj reasons/nns ,/, since/cs I'll/ppss+md be/be living/vbg in/in a/at suburb/nn ''/'' ./. Intermarriage/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez generally/rb regarded/vbn as/cs a/at threat/nn to/in Jewish/jj survival/nn ,/, was/bedz regarded/vbn not/* with/in horror/nn or/cc apprehension/nn but/cc with/in a/at kind/nn of/in mild/jj ,/, clinical/jj disapproval/nn ./. Most/ap of/in the/at teen-agers/nns I/ppss interviewed/vbd rejected/vbn it/ppo on/in pragmatic/jj grounds/nns ./. ``/`` When/wrb you/ppss marry/vb ,/, you/ppss want/vb to/to have/hv things/nns in/in common/jj ''/'' ,/, a/at girl/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc it's/pps+bez hard/jj when/wrb you/ppss don't/do* marry/vb someone/pn with/in your/pp$ own/jj background/nn ''/'' ./. A/at fourteen-year-old/jj girl/nn from/in the/at Middle/jj-tl West/nr-tl observed/vbd wryly/rb that/cs ,/, in/in her/pp$ community/nn ,/, religion/nn inconveniently/rb interfered/vbd with/in religious/jj activities/nns --/-- at/in least/ap with/in the/at peripheral/jj activities/nns that/wps many/ap middle/jj class/nn Jews/nps now/rb regard/vb as/cs religious/jj ./. It/pps appears/vbz that/cs an/at Orthodox/jj-tl girl/nn in/in the/at community/nn disrupted/vbd plans/nns for/in an/at outing/nn sponsored/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at Jewish/jj service/nn groups/nns because/cs she/pps would/md not/* travel/vb on/in Saturday/nr and/cc ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, required/vbd kosher/jj food/nn ./. Another/dt girl/nn from/in a/at relatively/ql large/jj midwestern/jj city/nn described/vbd herself/ppl as/cs ``/`` the/at only/ap Orthodox/jj-tl girl/nn in/in town/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt is/bez ,/, no/at doubt/nn ,/, inaccurate/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps does/doz convey/vb how/wql isolated/vbn she/pps feels/vbz among/in the/at vast/jj army/nn of/in the/at nonobservant/jj ./. The/at-hl older/jjr-hl teens/nns-hl One/cd of/in the/at significant/jj things/nns about/in Jewish/jj culture/nn in/in the/at older/jjr teen/nn years/nns is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez largely/ql college-oriented/jj ./. Sixty-five/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at Jewish/jj teen-agers/nns of/in college/nn age/nn attend/vb institutions/nns of/in higher/jjr learning/nn ./. This/dt is/bez substantially/ql higher/jjr than/cs the/at figures/nns for/in the/at American/jj population/nn at/in large/jj --/-- 45.6/cd per/in cent/nn for/in males/nns and/cc 29.2/cd per/in cent/nn for/in females/nns ./. This/dt may/md help/vb explain/vb a/at phenomenon/nn described/vbn by/in a/at small-town/nn Jewish/jj boy/nn ./. In/in their/pp$ first/od two/cd years/nns in/in high/jj school/nn ,/, Jewish/jj boys/nns in/in this/dt town/nn make/vb strenuous/jj exertions/nns to/to win/vb positions/nns on/in the/at school/nn teams/nns ./. However/rb ,/, in/in their/pp$ junior/jj and/cc senior/jj years/nns ,/, they/ppss generally/rb forego/vb their/pp$ athletic/jj pursuits/nns ,/, presumably/rb in/in the/at interest/nn of/in better/jjr academic/jj achievement/nn ./. It/pps is/bez significant/jj ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs the/at older/jjr teen-agers/nns I/ppss interviewed/vbd believed/vbd ,/, unlike/in the/at younger/jjr ones/nns ,/, that/cs Jewish/jj students/nns tend/vb to/to do/do better/rbr academically/rb than/cs their/pp$ gentile/jj counterparts/nns ./. The/at percentage/nn of/in Jewish/jj girls/nns who/wps attend/vb college/nn is/bez almost/ql as/ql high/jj as/cs that/dt of/in boys/nns ./. The/at motivations/nns for/in both/abx sexes/nns ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, are/ber different/jj ./. The/at vocational/jj motive/nn is/bez the/at dominant/jj one/cd for/in boys/nns ,/, while/cs Jewish/jj girls/nns attend/vb college/nn for/in social/jj reasons/nns and/cc to/to become/vb culturally/rb developed/vbn ./. One/cd of/in the/at significant/jj developments/nns in/in American-Jewish/jj life/nn is/bez that/cs the/at cultural/jj consumers/nns are/ber largely/rb the/at women/nns ./. It/pps is/bez they/ppss who/wps read/vb --/-- and/cc make/vb --/-- Jewish/jj best-sellers/nns and/cc then/rb persuade/vb their/pp$ husbands/nns to/to read/vb them/ppo ./. In/in upper/jj teen/nn Jewish/jj life/nn ,/, the/at non-college/nn group/nn tends/vbz to/to have/hv a/at sense/nn of/in marginality/nn ./. ``/`` People/nns automatically/rb assume/vb that/cs I'm/ppss+bem in/in college/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at nineteen-year-old/jj machinist/nn observed/vbd irritably/rb ./. However/rb ,/, among/in the/at girls/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber some/dti morale-enhancing/jj compensations/nns for/in not/* going/vbg to/in college/nn ./. The/at Jewish/jj working/vbg girl/nn almost/ql invariably/rb works/vbz in/in an/at office/nn --/-- in/in contradistinction/nn to/in gentile/jj factory/nn workers/nns --/-- and/cc ,/, buttressed/vbn by/in a/at respectable/jj income/nn ,/, she/pps is/bez likely/jj to/to dress/vb better/rbr and/cc live/vb more/ql expansively/rb than/cs the/at college/nn student/nn ./. She/pps is/bez even/rb prone/jj to/to regard/vb the/at college/nn girl/nn as/cs immature/jj ./. The/at-hl lower-middle/jj-hl class/nn-hl college/nn-hl student/nn-hl One/cd of/in the/at reasons/nns for/in the/at high/jj percentage/nn of/in Jewish/jj teen-agers/nns in/in college/nn is/bez that/cs a/at great/jj many/ap urban/jj Jews/nps are/ber enabled/vbn to/to attend/vb local/jj colleges/nns at/in modest/jj cost/nn ./. This/dt is/bez particularly/ql true/jj in/in large/jj centers/nns of/in Jewish/jj population/nn like/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Chicago/np ,/, and/cc Philadelphia/np ./. What/wdt is/bez noteworthy/jj about/in this/dt large/jj group/nn of/in teen-agers/nns is/bez that/cs ,/, although/cs their/pp$ attitudes/nns hardly/rb differentiate/vb them/ppo from/in their/pp$ gentile/jj counterparts/nns ,/, they/ppss actually/rb lead/vb their/pp$ lives/nns in/in a/at vast/jj self-enclosed/jj Jewish/jj cosmos/nn with/in relatively/ql little/ap contact/nn with/in the/at non-Jewish/jj world/nn ./. Perhaps/rb the/at Jewish/jj students/nns at/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl --/-- constituting/vbg 85/cd per/in cent/nn of/in those/dts who/wps attend/vb the/at day/nn session/nn --/-- can/md serve/vb as/cs a/at paradigm/nn of/in the/at urban/jj ,/, lower-middle/jj class/nn Jewish/jj student/nn ./. There/ex is/bez ,/, to/to begin/vb ,/, an/at important/jj sex/nn difference/nn ./. Typically/rb ,/, in/in a/at lower-middle/jj class/nn Jewish/jj family/nn ,/, a/at son/nn will/md be/be sent/vbn to/in an/at out-of-town/jj school/nn ,/, if/cs financial/jj resources/nns warrant/vb it/ppo ,/, while/cs the/at daughter/nn will/md attend/vb the/at local/jj college/nn ./. There/ex are/ber two/cd reasons/nns for/in this/dt ./. First/od ,/, the/at girl's/nn$ education/nn has/hvz a/at lower/jjr priority/nn than/cs the/at son's/nn$ ./. Second/od ,/, the/at attitude/nn in/in Jewish/jj families/nns is/bez far/ql more/rbr protective/jj toward/in the/at daughter/nn than/cs toward/in the/at son/nn ./. Most/ap Jewish/jj mothers/nns are/ber determined/vbn to/to exercise/vb vigilance/nn over/in the/at social/jj and/cc sexual/jj lives/nns of/in their/pp$ daughters/nns by/in keeping/vbg them/ppo home/nr ./. The/at consequence/nn of/in this/dt is/bez that/cs the/at girls/nns at/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl outnumber/vb the/at boys/nns and/cc do/do somewhat/ql better/rbr academically/rb ./. One/pn can/md assume/vb that/cs some/dti of/in the/at brightest/jjt boys/nns are/ber out/in of/in town/nn ./. Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl students/nns have/hv an/at ambivalent/jj attitude/nn toward/in their/pp$ school/nn ./. On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at sense/nn of/in not/* having/hvg moved/vbn beyond/in the/at ambiance/nn of/in their/pp$ high/jj school/nn ./. This/dt is/bez particularly/ql acute/jj for/in those/dts who/wps attended/vbd Midwood/np-tl High/jj-tl School/nn-tl directly/rb across/in the/at street/nn from/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl ./. They/ppss have/hv a/at sense/nn of/in marginality/nn at/in being/beg denied/vbn that/dt special/jj badge/nn of/in status/nn ,/, the/at out-of-town/jj school/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in self-congratulation/nn at/in attending/vbg a/at good/jj college/nn --/-- they/ppss are/ber even/rb inclined/vbn to/to exaggerate/vb its/pp$ not/* inconsiderable/jj virtues/nns --/-- and/cc they/ppss express/vb pleasure/nn at/in the/at cozy/jj in-group/nn feeling/nn that/cs the/at college/nn generates/vbz ./. ``/`` It's/pps+bez people/nns of/in your/pp$ own/jj kind/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at girl/nn remarked/vbd ./. ``/`` You/ppss don't/do* have/hv to/to watch/vb what/wdt you/ppss say/vb ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to go/vb to/in an/at out-of-town/jj school/nn where/wrb there/ex are/ber all/abn kinds/nns of/in people/nns ,/, but/cc I/ppss would/md want/vb lots/nns of/in Jewish/jj kids/nns there/rb ''/'' ./. For/in most/ap Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl students/nns ,/, college/nn is/bez at/in once/cs a/at perpetuation/nn of/in their/pp$ ethnic/jj attachments/nns and/cc a/at breaking/nn away/rb from/in the/at cage/nn of/in neighborhood/nn and/cc family/nn ./. Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl is/bez unequivocally/ql Jewish/jj in/in tone/nn ,/, and/cc efforts/nns to/to detribalize/vb the/at college/nn by/in bringing/vbg in/rp unimpeachably/ql midwestern/jj types/nns on/in the/at faculty/nn have/hv been/ben unavailing/jj ./. However/rb ,/, a/at growing/vbg intellectual/jj sophistication/nn and/cc the/at new/jj certitudes/nns imparted/vbn by/in courses/nns in/in psychology/nn and/cc anthropology/nn make/vb the/at students/nns increasingly/ql critical/jj of/in their/pp$ somewhat/ql provincial/jj and/cc overprotective/jj parents/nns ./. And/cc the/at rebellion/nn of/in these/dts third/od generation/nn Jews/nps is/bez not/* the/at traditional/jj conflict/nn of/in culture/nn but/cc ,/, rather/rb ,/, a/at protest/nn against/in a/at culture/nn that/cs they/ppss view/vb as/cs softly/ql and/cc insidiously/ql enveloping/vbg ./. ``/`` As/ql long/rb as/cs I'm/ppss+bem home/nr ,/, I'll/ppss+md never/rb grow/vb up/rp ''/'' ,/, a/at nineteen-year-old/jj boy/nn observed/vbd sadly/rb ./. ``/`` They/ppss don't/do* like/vb it/ppo if/cs I/ppss do/do anything/pn away/rb from/in home/nr ./. It's/pps+bez so/ql much/ap trouble/nn ,/, I/ppss don't/do* usually/rb bother/vb ''/'' ./. For/in girls/nns ,/, the/at overprotection/nn is/bez far/ql more/ql pervasive/jj ./. Parents/nns will/md drive/vb on/in Friday/nr night/nn to/to pick/vb up/rp their/pp$ daughters/nns after/in a/at sorority/nn or/cc House/nn-tl Plan/nn-tl meeting/nn ./. A/at freshman/nn girl's/nn$ father/nn not/* too/ql long/rb ago/rb called/vbd a/at dean/nn at/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl and/cc demanded/vbd the/at ``/`` low-down/nn ''/'' on/in a/at boy/nn who/wps was/bedz going/vbg out/rp with/in his/pp$ daughter/nn ./. The/at domestic/jj tentacles/nns even/rb extend/vb to/in the/at choice/nn of/in a/at major/jj field/nn ./. Under/in pressure/nn from/in parents/nns ,/, the/at majority/nn of/in Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl girls/nns major/vb in/in education/nn since/cs that/dt co-ordinates/vbz best/rbt with/in marriage/nn plans/nns --/-- limited/vbn graduate/jj study/nn requirement/nn and/cc convenient/jj working/vbg hours/nns ./. This/dt means/vbz that/cs a/at great/ql many/ap academically/rb talented/jj girls/nns are/ber discouraged/vbn from/in pursuing/vbg graduate/jj work/nn of/in a/at more/ql demanding/jj nature/nn ./. A/at kind/nn of/in double/jj standard/nn exists/vbz here/rb for/in Jewish/jj boys/nns and/cc girls/nns as/cs it/pps does/doz in/in the/at realm/nn of/in sex/nn ./. The/at breaking/nn away/rb from/in the/at prison/nn house/nn of/in Brooklyn/np is/bez gradual/jj ./. First/rb ,/, the/at student/nn trains/vbz on/in his/pp$ hapless/jj parents/nns the/at heavy/jj artillery/nn of/in his/pp$ newly/jj acquired/vbn psychological/jj and/cc sociological/jj insights/nns ./. Then/rb ,/, with/in the/at new/jj affluence/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez actually/rb a/at sallying/nn forth/rb into/in the/at wide/jj ,/, wide/jj world/nn beyond/in the/at precincts/nns of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. It/pps is/bez significant/jj that/cs the/at Catskills/nps ,/, which/wdt used/vbd to/to be/be the/at summer/nn playground/nn for/in older/jjr teen-agers/nns ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in summer/nn suburb/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, no/ql longer/rbr attracts/vbz them/ppo in/in great/jj numbers/nns --/-- except/in for/in those/dts who/wps work/vb there/rb as/cs waiters/nns ,/, bus/nn boys/nns ,/, or/cc counselors/nns in/in the/at day/nn camps/nns ./. The/at great/jj world/nn beyond/in beckons/vbz ./. But/cc it/pps should/md be/be pointed/vbn out/rp that/cs some/dti of/in the/at new/jj watering/vbg places/nns --/-- Fire/nn-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, Nantucket/np ,/, Westhampton/np ,/, Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, for/in example/nn --/-- tend/vb to/to be/be homogeneously/ql Jewish/jj ./. Although/cs Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl does/doz not/* yet/rb have/hv a/at junior-year-abroad/jj program/nn ,/, a/at good/jj number/nn of/in students/nns spend/vb summers/nns in/in Europe/np ./. In/in general/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at timetable/nn of/in travel/nn lags/vbz considerably/ql behind/in that/dt of/in the/at student/nn at/in Harvard/np or/cc Smith/np ./. And/cc acculturation/nn into/in the/at world/nn at/in large/jj is/bez likely/jj to/to occur/vb for/in the/at Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl student/nn after/in college/nn rather/in than/in during/in the/at four/cd school/nn years/nns ./. Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl is/bez Marjorie/np Morningstar/np territory/nn ,/, as/ql much/rb as/cs the/at Bronx/np or/cc Central/jj-tl Park/nn-tl West/jj-tl ./. There/ex are/ber hordes/nns of/in nubile/jj young/jj women/nns there/rb who/wps ,/, prodded/vbn by/in their/pp$ impatient/jj mothers/nns ,/, are/ber determined/vbn to/to marry/vb ./. It/pps is/bez interesting/jj that/cs ,/, although/cs the/at percentage/nn of/in married/vbn students/nns is/bez not/* appreciably/ql higher/jjr at/in Brooklyn/np than/cs elsewhere/rb --/-- about/rb 30/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at women/nns and/cc 25/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at graduating/vbg class/nn --/-- the/at anxiety/nn of/in the/at unmarried/jj has/hvz puffed/vbn up/rp the/at estimate/nn ./. ``/`` Almost/rb everybody/pn in/in the/at senior/jj class/nn is/bez married/vbn ''/'' ,/, students/nns say/vb dogmatically/rb ./. And/cc the/at school/nn newspaper/nn sells/vbz space/nn to/in jubilant/jj fraternities/nns ,/, sororities/nns ,/, and/cc houses/nns (/( in/in the/at House/nn-tl Plan/nn-tl Association/nn-tl )/) that/wps have/hv good/jj news/nn to/to impart/vb ./. These/dts announcements/nns are/ber ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, advertisements/nns for/in themselves/ppls as/cs thriving/vbg marriage/nn marts/nns ./. There/ex are/ber boxed/vbn proclamations/nns in/in the/at newspaper/nn of/in watchings/nns ,/, pinnings/nns ,/, ringings/nns ,/, engagements/nns ,/, and/cc marriages/nns in/in a/at scrupulously/ql graded/vbn hierarchy/nn of/in felicity/nn ./. ``/`` Witt/np-tl House/nn-tl happily/rb announces/vbz the/at engagement/nn of/in Fran/np Horowitz/np to/in Erwin/np Schwartz/np of/in Fife/np-tl House/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl student/nn shows/vbz some/dti striking/jj departures/nns from/in prevailing/vbg collegiate/jj models/nns ./. The/at Ivy/nn-tl League/nn-tl enjoys/vbz no/at easy/jj dominion/nn here/rb ,/, and/cc the/at boys/nns are/ber as/ql likely/jj to/to dress/vb in/in rather/ql foppish/jj Continental/jj-tl fashion/nn ,/, or/cc even/rb in/in nondescript/jj working/vbg class/nn manner/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss are/ber in/in the/at restrained/vbn ,/, button-down/jj Ivy/nn-tl way/nn ./. The/at girls/nns are/ber prone/jj to/to dress/vb far/ql more/ql flamboyantly/rb than/cs their/pp$ counterparts/nns out/in of/in town/nn ,/, and/cc eye/nn shadow/nn ,/, mascara/nn ,/, and/cc elaborate/jj bouffant/jj hairdos/nns --/-- despite/in the/at admonitions/nns of/in cautious/jj guidance/nn personnel/nns --/-- are/ber not/* unknown/jj even/rb in/in early/jj morning/nn classes/nns ./. Among/in the/at boys/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez very/ql little/ap bravado/nn about/in drinking/vbg ./. Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl is/bez distinctive/jj for/in not/* having/hvg an/at official/jj drinking/vbg place/nn ./. The/at Fort/nn-tl Lauderdale/np-tl encampment/nn for/in drinking/vbg is/bez foreign/jj to/in most/ap Brooklyn/np-tl College/nn-tl boys/nns ./.

cf26

cf26 |@word use:18 frequently:2 shake:1 gall:1 breast:2 mother:4 shave:1 half:7 cup:4 fresh:1 unsalte:1 lard:3 enough:2 white:1 chalk:1 make:9 paste:2 could:13 also:10 skin:3 irritation:2 may:4 place:7 cornstarch:1 oven:2 short:1 time:5 apply:10 female:1 trouble:2 various:1 kind:2 seem:2 common:9 frontier:2 least:1 one:21 remedy:5 anything:1 collection:1 hasten:1 delay:1 menstruation:1 sufferer:1 drink:2 tansy:1 tea:2 bruise:5 burn:10 cut:6 etc:1 occur:1 folk:1 medicine:1 give:6 answer:1 problem:1 black:2 eye:6 relieve:5 application:3 raw:4 beefsteak:1 doctor:4 say:5 meat:1 coolness:1 pain:3 salt:9 butter:6 another:15 cure:13 many:7 people:2 agree:1 treat:8 bland:1 oily:1 salve:2 unsalted:1 informant:2 tell:6 bathe:4 water:13 ooze:1 watery:1 fluid:1 day:4 finally:1 healing:2 complete:1 epsom:1 swore:1 vinegar:5 bath:1 still:2 recommend:2 ointment:1 well:4 put:6 pan:2 allow:1 boil:2 cool:1 fat:1 skim:1 bottle:1 cow:1 milk:1 cover:2 gum:1 arabic:1 plain:3 mucilage:1 heal:3 quickly:1 man:2 badly:1 face:1 arc:1 weld:1 torch:1 blind:1 find:1 sympathetic:1 friend:1 poultice:4 potato:3 paring:2 good:2 quick:2 way:4 draw:1 heat:2 later:1 mineral:1 oil:2 result:1 treatment:5 help:1 know:3 stop:4 bleed:3 cobwebs:1 wound:10 old:6 timer:2 sprinkle:2 sugar:3 bleeding:1 even:2 knuckle:1 rusty:1 tool:1 would:3 flow:1 prevent:4 infection:1 lawyer:1 similar:1 directly:1 injury:1 bind:2 loosely:1 cotton:3 cloth:4 pour:2 turpentine:4 show:3 finger:4 practically:1 amputate:1 scarcely:2 scar:2 tobacco:4 first:3 aid:2 chaw:1 open:3 antiseptic:2 thin:2 slice:3 plug:2 lay:2 without:1 chew:2 boy:2 kick:1 head:2 fractious:1 mule:1 scalp:2 back:4 entire:1 front:1 brother:1 run:1 mile:1 get:3 father:2 reach:2 new:1 edge:1 rag:1 around:3 dressing:1 keep:2 cleaning:1 care:1 less:1 two:4 week:2 veronica:1 herb:3 garden:3 rue:1 quite:1 recently:1 sterile:1 maggot:1 buy:1 feed:1 surface:1 leave:2 clean:1 medically:1 tetanus:1 avoid:1 warm:3 family:2 bacon:1 pork:1 strip:1 handy:2 sprinkled:1 hot:4 coal:1 hold:1 foot:7 hand:4 smoke:1 rabie:1 madstone:1 pioneer:6 wear:4 carry:1 1872:1 twenty:3 norton:1 county:1 200:1 year:2 hydrophobia:1 suck:1 cauterize:1 knife:1 poker:1 nowadays:1 recognize:1 fact:1 cause:4 nose:3 long:2 ago:2 nosebleed:2 simply:1 little:1 variation:1 since:1 fall:1 blow:1 cold:1 pack:2 usually:2 top:1 neck:2 press:3 upper:2 lip:1 insert:2 nostril:1 last:2 wrap:3 red:1 woolen:1 string:2 patient:2 tie:4 knot:1 life:1 victim:2 hard:3 piece:1 paper:1 meanwhile:1 tight:1 ear:2 sore:4 constant:1 wash:5 equal:3 part:7 blood:1 blister:2 form:2 rub:5 work:2 immediately:1 nonpoisonous:1 substance:1 felon:2 take:1 dry:2 pound:1 fine:1 mix:1 spirit:2 mixture:3 spread:1 affected:1 four:2 hour:2 suppose:2 kill:2 insect:3 bite:5 swear:1 saliva:3 method:4 spit:1 proverb:1 yellow:1 clay:1 swelling:2 denver:1 mud:2 popular:1 chigger:1 pest:4 along:1 stream:1 berry:1 thrive:1 small:3 visible:1 bury:2 flesh:1 itch:3 kerosene:4 relief:4 ant:1 ease:2 liquid:2 bluing:1 mosquito:1 glass:2 soda:2 wasp:2 sting:2 onion:5 juice:1 obtain:1 scrape:2 painful:1 strong:3 soapy:1 sometimes:1 soap:2 dirt:1 bee:1 bedbug:1 home:2 1900:1 chore:1 bed:2 slat:1 alum:1 leg:4 woodwork:1 liberally:1 corrosive:1 sublimate:1 feather:1 effective:1 rid:1 child:1 lice:1 hair:2 shampoo:1 heroic:1 job:1 remove:6 cinder:2 object:2 flaxseed:1 seed:2 swell:1 glutinous:1 covering:1 protect:1 eyeball:1 soon:1 person:3 look:1 cross:1 eyed:1 particle:1 move:1 toward:1 wipe:1 wisp:1 shingle:1 gentian:1 drug:1 combination:1 erysipela:1 dram:1 borax:1 ounce:1 glycerine:1 afflict:1 linen:1 consider:2 nerve:1 whiskey:2 winter:1 apple:1 cider:2 pulverize:1 bloodroot:1 steep:2 fungus:1 growth:1 mouth:2 handful:1 sassafra:1 bark:2 quart:1 morning:3 night:2 soak:5 solution:3 six:1 case:1 month:1 defy:1 frostbite:1 ice:1 snow:1 hear:1 instead:1 eucalyptus:1 chilblain:2 tincture:1 capsicum:1 cabbage:1 always:1 source:1 much:1 german:1 sure:1 combine:1 rye:1 flour:1 molasse:1 inner:1 elm:1 tree:1 sticky:1 gummy:1 frequent:1 difficulty:1 rough:1 heavy:1 shoe:1 boot:1 corn:4 veracious:1 woman:1 callus:1 fire:1 five:1 ten:1 minute:1 brown:1 kid:1 bandage:2 overnight:1 soften:1 bit:1 plaster:1 wart:12 young:1 girl:1 copper:1 penny:1 three:3 paint:1 several:1 removal:1 bean:2 split:1 drip:1 house:1 seven:1 gather:1 sleep:1 poisonous:1 wetting:1 waken:1 thing:1 disappear:1 strangely:1 blonde:1 gypsy:1 beef:1 simple:1 thread:1 tightly:1 base:1 sulphur:1 daily:1 moment:1 fasten:1 together:1 beneath:1 dripping:1 eave:1 decay:1 muscle:1 arnica:1 ubiquitous:1 dissolve:1 cramp:2 stand:1 barefoot:1 weight:1 body:2 heel:1 testify:1 prescribe:1 tablespoon:1 brandy:1 meal:1 abdoman:1 rope:1 waist:1 sprain:1 pint:2 add:1 beat:1 egg:1 speedy:1

This/dt should/md be/be used/vbn frequently/rb (/( but/cc shaken/vbn before/in using/vbg )/) ./. For/in galled/vbn breasts/nns ,/, the/at mother/nn should/md shave/vb into/in half/abn a/at cup/nn of/in fresh/jj unsalted/jj lard/nn enough/ap white/jj chalk/nn to/to make/vb a/at paste/nn ./. This/dt could/md also/rb be/be used/vbn for/in any/dti other/ap skin/nn irritation/nn ./. Or/cc she/pps might/md place/vb cornstarch/nn in/in the/at oven/nn for/in a/at short/jj time/nn and/cc then/rb apply/vb this/dt under/in her/pp$ breasts/nns ./. ``/`` Female/jj troubles/nns ''/'' of/in various/jj kinds/nns do/do not/* seem/vb to/to have/hv been/ben common/jj on/in the/at frontier/nn ;/. ;/. at/in least/ap I/ppss have/hv only/rb one/cd remedy/nn for/in anything/pn of/in this/dt kind/nn in/in my/pp$ collection/nn ,/, one/cd for/in hastening/vbg delayed/vbn menstruation/nn ./. The/at sufferer/nn drinks/vbz tansy/nn tea/nn ./. Bruises/nns ,/, burns/nns ,/, cuts/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, occurred/vbd frequently/rb on/in the/at frontier/nn ,/, and/cc folk/nn medicine/nn gave/vbd the/at answers/nns to/in these/dts problems/nns too/rb ./. Bruises/nns and/cc black/jj eyes/nns were/bed relieved/vbn by/in application/nn of/in raw/jj beefsteak/nn ./. (/( Doctors/nns now/rb say/vb that/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* the/at meat/nn but/cc the/at coolness/nn of/in the/at applications/nns which/wdt relieved/vbd the/at pain/nn ./. )/) Salted/vbn butter/nn was/bedz another/dt cure/nn for/in bruises/nns ./. Many/ap people/nns agreed/vbd that/cs burns/nns should/md be/be treated/vbn with/in bland/jj oily/jj salves/nns or/cc unsalted/jj butter/nn or/cc lard/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd informant/nn told/vbd me/ppo that/cs a/at burn/nn should/md be/be bathed/vbn in/in salt/nn water/nn ;/. ;/. the/at burn/nn oozed/vbd watery/jj fluid/nn for/in many/ap days/nns ,/, and/cc finally/rb the/at healing/nn was/bedz completed/vbn by/in bathing/vbg it/ppo with/in epsom/nn salts/nns ./. Another/dt swore/vbd by/in vinegar/nn baths/nns for/in burns/nns ,/, and/cc still/rb another/dt recommended/vbd salted/vbn butter/nn ./. ``/`` Butter/nn salve/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` butter/nn ointment/nn ''/'' was/bedz used/vbn for/in burns/nns ,/, and/cc for/in bruises/nns as/ql well/rb ./. This/dt was/bedz made/vbn by/in putting/vbg butter/nn in/in a/at pan/nn of/in water/nn and/cc allowing/vbg it/ppo to/to boil/vb ;/. ;/. when/wrb it/pps was/bedz cool/jj ,/, the/at fat/nn was/bedz skimmed/vbn off/rp and/cc bottled/vbn ./. Cow's/nn$ milk/nn was/bedz another/dt cure/nn for/in burns/nns ,/, and/cc burns/nns covered/vbn with/in gum/nn arabic/jj or/cc plain/jj mucilage/nn healed/vbd quickly/rb ./. One/cd man/nn ,/, badly/rb burned/vbn about/in the/at face/nn and/cc eyes/nns by/in an/at arc/nn welding/nn torch/nn ,/, was/bedz blinded/vbn and/cc could/md not/* find/vb a/at doctor/nn at/in the/at time/nn ./. A/at sympathetic/jj friend/nn made/vbd poultices/nns of/in raw/jj potato/nn parings/nns ,/, which/wdt she/pps said/vbd was/bedz the/at best/jjt and/cc quickest/jjt way/nn to/to draw/vb out/rp the/at ``/`` heat/nn ''/'' ./. Later/rbr the/at doctor/nn used/vbd mineral/nn oil/nn on/in the/at burns/nns ./. The/at results/nns were/bed good/jj ,/, but/cc which/wdt treatment/nn helped/vbn is/bez still/rb not/* known/vbn ./. To/to stop/vb bleeding/vbg ,/, cobwebs/nns were/bed applied/vbn to/in cuts/nns and/cc wounds/nns ./. One/cd old-timer/nn said/vbd to/to sprinkle/vb sugar/nn on/in a/at bleeding/vbg cut/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb on/in a/at knuckle/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps was/bedz made/vbn by/in a/at rusty/jj tool/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt would/md stop/vb the/at flow/nn and/cc also/rb prevent/vb infection/nn ./. My/pp$ lawyer/nn told/vbd me/ppo that/cs his/pp$ mother/nn used/vbd a/at similar/jj remedy/nn for/in cuts/nns and/cc wounds/nns ;/. ;/. she/pps sprinkled/vbd common/jj sugar/nn directly/rb on/in the/at injury/nn and/cc then/rb bound/vbd it/ppo loosely/rb with/in cotton/nn cloth/nn ,/, over/in which/wdt she/pps poured/vbd turpentine/nn ./. He/pps showed/vbd me/ppo one/cd of/in his/pp$ fingers/nns which/wdt had/hvd been/ben practically/ql amputated/vbn and/cc which/wdt his/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd treated/vbn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez scarcely/rb a/at scar/nn showing/vbg ./. Tobacco/nn was/bedz common/jj first/od aid/nn ./. A/at ``/`` chaw/nn ''/'' of/in tobacco/nn put/vbn on/in an/at open/jj wound/nn was/bedz both/abx antiseptic/jj and/cc healing/vbg ./. Or/cc a/at thin/jj slice/nn of/in plug/nn tobacco/nn might/md be/be laid/vbn on/in the/at open/jj wound/nn without/in chewing/vbg ./. One/cd old/jj man/nn told/vbd me/ppo that/cs when/wrb he/pps was/bedz a/at boy/nn he/pps was/bedz kicked/vbn in/in the/at head/nn by/in a/at fractious/jj mule/nn and/cc had/hvd his/pp$ scalp/nn laid/vbn back/rb from/in the/at entire/jj front/nn of/in his/pp$ head/nn ./. His/pp$ brother/nn ran/vbd a/at mile/nn to/to get/vb the/at father/nn ;/. ;/. when/wrb they/ppss reached/vbd the/at boy/nn ,/, the/at father/nn sliced/vbd a/at new/jj plug/nn of/in tobacco/nn ,/, put/vbd the/at scalp/nn back/rb in/in place/nn ,/, and/cc covered/vbd the/at raw/jj edges/nns with/in the/at slices/nns ./. Then/rb he/pps put/vbd a/at rag/nn around/in the/at dressing/nn to/to keep/vb it/ppo in/in place/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at cleaning/nn or/cc further/jjr care/nn ,/, but/cc the/at wound/nn healed/vbd in/in less/ap than/in two/cd weeks/nns and/cc showed/vbd no/at scar/nn ./. Veronica/nn from/in the/at herb/nn garden/nn was/bedz also/rb used/vbn to/to stop/vb bleeding/vbg ,/, and/cc rue/nn was/bedz an/at antiseptic/nn ./. Until/in quite/ql recently/rb ,/, ``/`` sterile/jj ''/'' maggots/nns could/md be/be bought/vbn to/to apply/vb to/in a/at wound/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss would/md feed/vb on/in its/pp$ surface/nn ,/, leaving/vbg it/ppo clean/jj so/cs that/cs it/pps could/md be/be medically/rb treated/vbn ./. Tetanus/nn could/md be/be avoided/vbn by/in pouring/vbg warm/jj turpentine/nn over/in a/at wound/nn ./. One/cd family/nn bound/vbd wounds/nns with/in bacon/nn or/cc salt/nn pork/nn strips/nns ,/, or/cc ,/, if/cs these/dts were/bed not/* handy/jj ,/, plain/jj lard/nn ./. Another/dt sprinkled/vbd sugar/nn on/in hot/jj coals/nns and/cc held/vbd the/at wounded/vbn foot/nn or/cc hand/nn in/in the/at smoke/nn ./. Rabies/nn were/bed cured/vbn or/cc prevented/vbn by/in ``/`` madstones/nns ''/'' which/wdt the/at pioneer/nn wore/vbd or/cc carried/vbd ./. In/in 1872/cd there/ex were/bed known/vbn to/to be/be twenty-two/cd in/in Norton/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, and/cc one/cd had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at family/nn for/in 200/cd years/nns ./. Another/dt cure/nn for/in hydrophobia/nn was/bedz to/to suck/vb the/at wounds/nns ,/, then/rb cauterize/vb them/ppo with/in a/at hot/jj knife/nn or/cc poker/nn ./. While/cs nowadays/rb we/ppss recognize/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap causes/nns for/in bleeding/vbg at/in the/at nose/nn ,/, not/* long/rb ago/rb a/at nosebleed/nn was/bedz simply/rb that/dt ,/, and/cc treatment/nn had/hvd little/ap variation/nn ./. Since/cs a/at fall/nn or/cc blow/nn might/md have/hv caused/vbn it/ppo ,/, a/at cold/jj pack/nn was/bedz usually/rb first/od aid/nn ./. This/dt might/nn be/be applied/vbn to/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at nose/nn or/cc the/at back/nn of/in the/at neck/nn ,/, pressed/vbd on/in the/at upper/jj lip/nn ,/, or/cc inserted/vbd into/in the/at nostril/nn (/( cotton/nn was/bedz usually/rb used/vbn in/in this/dt last/ap )/) ./. Nosebleed/nn could/md be/be stopped/vbn by/in wrapping/vbg a/at red/jj woolen/jj string/nn about/in the/at patient's/nn$ neck/nn and/cc tying/vbg it/ppo in/in a/at knot/nn for/in each/dt year/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn ./. Or/cc the/at victim/nn could/md chew/vb hard/rb on/in a/at piece/nn of/in paper/nn ,/, meanwhile/rb pressing/vbg his/pp$ fingers/nns tight/rb in/in his/pp$ ears/nns ./. Old/jj sores/nns could/md be/be healed/vbn by/in the/at constant/jj application/nn of/in a/at wash/nn made/vbn of/in equal/jj parts/nns vinegar/nn and/cc water/nn ./. Blood/nn blisters/nns could/md be/be prevented/vbn from/in forming/vbg by/in rubbing/vbg a/at work/nn blister/nn immediately/rb with/in any/dti hard/jj nonpoisonous/jj substance/nn ./. Felons/nns were/bed cured/vbn by/in taking/vbg common/jj salt/nn and/cc drying/vbg it/ppo in/in the/at oven/nn ,/, pounding/vbg it/ppo fine/jj ,/, and/cc mixing/vbg it/ppo with/in equal/jj parts/nns of/in spirits/nns of/in turpentine/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt mixture/nn was/bedz then/rb spread/vbn on/in a/at cloth/nn and/cc wrapped/vbn around/in the/at affected/vbn part/nn ./. As/cs the/at cloth/nn dried/vbd ,/, more/ap of/in the/at mixture/nn was/bedz applied/vbn ,/, and/cc after/in twenty-four/cd hours/nns the/at felon/nn was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` killed/vbn ''/'' ./. Insect/nn bites/nns were/bed cured/vbn in/in many/ap ways/nns ./. Many/abn an/at old-timer/nn swore/vbd by/in the/at saliva/nn method/nn ;/. ;/. ``/`` get/vb a/at bite/nn ,/, spit/vb on/in it/ppo ''/'' was/bedz a/at proverb/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz used/vbn also/rb for/in bruises/nns ./. Yellow/jj clay/nn was/bedz used/vbn as/cs a/at poultice/nn for/in insect/nn bites/nns and/cc also/rb for/in swellings/nns ;/. ;/. not/* long/rb ago/rb ``/`` Denver/np-tl Mud/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz most/ql popular/jj ./. Chiggers/nns were/bed a/at common/jj pest/nn along/in streams/nns and/cc where/wrb gardens/nns and/cc berries/nns thrived/vbd ;/. ;/. so/ql small/jj as/cs to/to be/be scarcely/ql visible/jj to/in the/at eye/nn ,/, they/ppss buried/vbd themselves/ppls in/in the/at victim's/nn$ flesh/nn ./. Bathing/vbg the/at itching/vbg parts/nns with/in kerosene/nn gave/vbd relief/nn and/cc also/rb killed/vbd the/at pests/nns ./. Ant/nn bites/nns were/bed eased/vbn by/in applying/vbg liquid/jj bluing/nn ./. For/in mosquito/nn bites/nns a/at paste/nn of/in half/abn a/at glass/nn of/in salt/nn and/cc half/abn a/at glass/nn of/in soda/nn was/bedz made/vbn ./. For/in wasp/nn stings/nns onion/nn juice/nn ,/, obtained/vbn by/in scraping/vbg an/at onion/nn ,/, gave/vbd quick/jj relief/nn ./. A/at handier/jjr remedy/nn was/bedz to/to bathe/vb the/at painful/jj part/nn in/in strong/jj soapy/jj water/nn ;/. ;/. mud/nn was/bedz sometimes/rb used/vbn as/ql well/rb as/cs soap/nn ./. Just/rb plain/jj old/jj black/jj dirt/nn was/bedz also/rb used/vbn as/cs a/at pack/nn to/to relieve/vb wasp/nn or/cc bee/nn stings/nns ./. Bedbugs/nns were/bed a/at common/jj pest/nn in/in pioneer/nn days/nns ;/. ;/. to/to keep/vb them/ppo out/in of/in homes/nns ,/, even/rb in/in the/at 1900's/nns ,/, was/bedz a/at chore/nn ./. Bed/nn slats/nns were/bed washed/vbn in/in alum/nn water/nn ,/, legs/nns of/in beds/nns were/bed placed/vbn in/in cups/nns of/in kerosene/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn woodwork/nn was/bedz treated/vbn liberally/rb with/in corrosive/jj sublimate/nn ,/, applied/vbn with/in a/at feather/nn ./. Kerosene/nn was/bedz very/ql effective/jj in/in ridding/vbg pioneer/nn homes/nns of/in the/at pests/nns ./. At/in times/nns pioneer/nn children/nns got/vbd lice/nns in/in their/pp$ hair/nn ./. A/at kerosene/nn shampoo/nn seems/vbz a/at heroic/jj treatment/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps did/dod the/at job/nn ./. To/to remove/vb an/at insect/nn from/in one's/pn$ ear/nn warm/jj water/nn should/md be/be inserted/vbn ./. A/at cinder/nn or/cc other/ap small/jj object/nn could/md be/be removed/vbn from/in the/at eye/nn by/in placing/vbg a/at flaxseed/nn in/in the/at eye/nn ./. As/cs the/at seed/nn swelled/vbd its/pp$ glutinous/jj covering/nn protected/vbd the/at eyeball/nn from/in irritation/nn ,/, and/cc both/abx the/at cinder/nn and/cc the/at seed/nn could/md soon/rb be/be washed/vbn out/rp ./. Another/dt way/nn to/to remove/vb small/jj objects/nns from/in the/at eye/nn was/bedz to/to have/hv the/at person/nn look/nn cross-eyed/jj ;/. ;/. the/at particle/nn would/md then/rb move/vb toward/in the/at nose/nn ,/, where/wrb it/pps could/md be/be wiped/vbn out/rp with/in a/at wisp/nn of/in cotton/nn ./. Shingles/nns were/bed cured/vbn by/in gentian/nn ,/, an/at old/jj drug/nn ,/, used/vbn in/in combinations/nns ./. For/in erysipelas/nn a/at mixture/nn of/in one/cd dram/nn borax/nn and/cc one/cd ounce/nn glycerine/nn was/bedz applied/vbn to/in the/at afflicted/vbn part/nn on/in linen/nn cloth/nn ./. Itching/vbg skin/nn ,/, considered/vbn ``/`` just/rb nerves/nns ''/'' ,/, was/bedz eased/vbn by/in treating/vbg with/in whiskey/nn and/cc salt/nn ./. Winter/nn itch/nn was/bedz treated/vbn by/in applying/vbg strong/jj apple/nn cider/nn in/in which/wdt pulverized/vbd bloodroot/nn had/hvd been/ben steeped/vbn ./. To/to cure/vb fungus/nn growths/nns on/in mouth/nn or/cc hands/nns people/nns made/vbd a/at strong/jj tea/nn by/in using/vbg a/at handful/nn of/in sassafras/nn bark/nn in/in a/at quart/nn of/in water/nn ./. They/ppss drank/vbd half/abn a/at cup/nn of/in this/dt morning/nn and/cc night/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss also/rb washed/vbd and/cc soaked/vbd their/pp$ hands/nns in/in the/at same/ap solution/nn ./. Six/cd treatments/nns cured/vbd one/cd case/nn which/wdt lasted/vbd a/at month/nn and/cc had/hvd defied/vbn other/ap remedies/nns ./. Frostbite/nn was/bedz treated/vbn by/in putting/vbg the/at feet/nns and/cc hands/nns in/in ice/nn water/nn or/cc by/in rubbing/vbg them/ppo with/in snow/nn ./. Now/rb one/cd hears/vbz that/cs heat/nn and/cc hot/jj water/nn are/ber used/vbn instead/rb ./. Another/dt remedy/nn was/bedz oil/nn of/in eucalyptus/nn ,/, used/vbn as/ql well/rb for/in chilblains/nns ./. Chilblains/nns were/bed also/rb treated/vbn with/in tincture/nn of/in capsicum/nn or/cc cabbage/nn leaves/nns ./. Boils/nns have/hv always/rb been/ben a/at source/nn of/in much/ap trouble/nn ./. A/at German/jj informant/nn gave/vbd me/ppo a/at sure/jj cure/nn made/vbn by/in combining/vbg rye/nn flour/nn and/cc molasses/nn into/in a/at poultice/nn ./. Another/dt poultice/nn was/bedz made/vbn from/in the/at inner/jj bark/nn of/in the/at elm/nn tree/nn ,/, steeped/vbn in/in water/nn until/cs it/pps formed/vbd a/at sticky/jj ,/, gummy/jj solution/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz also/rb used/vbd for/in sores/nns ./. Another/dt frequent/jj pioneer/nn difficulty/nn ,/, caused/vbn by/in wearing/vbg rough/jj and/cc heavy/jj shoes/nns and/cc boots/nns ,/, was/bedz corns/nns ./. One/cd veracious/jj woman/nn tells/vbz me/ppo she/pps has/hvz used/vbn thin/jj potato/nn parings/nns for/in both/abx corns/nns and/cc calluses/nns on/in her/pp$ feet/nns and/cc they/ppss remove/vb the/at pain/nn or/cc ``/`` fire/nn ''/'' ./. Another/dt common/jj cure/nn was/bedz to/to soak/vb the/at feet/nns five/cd or/cc ten/cd minutes/nns in/in warm/jj water/nn ,/, then/rb to/to apply/vb a/at solution/nn of/in equal/jj parts/nns of/in soda/nn and/cc common/jj brown/jj soap/nn on/in a/at kid/nn bandage/nn overnight/rb ./. This/dt softened/vbd the/at skin/nn so/cs that/cs in/in the/at morning/nn when/wrb the/at bandage/nn was/bedz removed/vbn the/at corn/nn could/md be/be scraped/vbn off/rp and/cc a/at bit/nn of/in corn/nn plaster/nn put/vbn on/rp ./. There/ex were/bed many/ap cures/nns for/in warts/nns ./. One/cd young/jj girl/nn told/vbd me/ppo how/wrb her/pp$ mother/nn removed/vbd a/at wart/nn from/in her/pp$ finger/nn by/in soaking/vbg a/at copper/nn penny/nn in/in vinegar/nn for/in three/cd days/nns and/cc then/rb painting/vbg the/at finger/nn with/in the/at liquid/nn several/ap times/nns ./. Another/dt wart/nn removal/nn method/nn was/bedz to/to rub/vb each/dt wart/nn with/in a/at bean/nn split/vbn open/jj and/cc then/rb to/to bury/vb the/at bean/nn halves/nns under/in the/at drip/nn of/in the/at house/nn for/in seven/cd days/nns ./. Saliva/nn gathered/vbd in/in the/at mouth/nn after/in a/at night's/nn$ sleep/nn was/bedz considered/vbn poisonous/jj ;/. ;/. wetting/vbg a/at wart/nn with/in this/dt saliva/nn on/in wakening/vbg the/at first/od thing/nn in/in the/at morning/nn was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to cause/vb it/ppo to/to disappear/vb after/in only/ap a/at few/ap treatments/nns ,/, and/cc strangely/rb enough/qlp many/ap warts/nns did/dod just/rb that/dt ./. One/cd wart/nn cure/nn was/bedz to/to wrap/vb it/ppo in/in a/at hair/nn from/in a/at blonde/jj gypsy/nn ./. Another/dt was/bedz to/to soak/vb raw/jj beef/nn in/in vinegar/nn for/in twenty-four/cd hours/nns ,/, tie/vb it/ppo on/in the/at wart/nn ,/, and/cc wear/vb it/ppo for/in a/at week/nn ./. A/at simpler/jjr method/nn was/bedz to/to tie/vb a/at thread/nn tightly/rb around/in the/at wart/nn at/in its/pp$ base/nn and/cc wear/vb it/ppo this/dt way/nn ./. I/ppss know/vb this/dt worked/vbd ./. One/cd person/nn recommended/vbd to/in me/ppo washing/vbg the/at wart/nn with/in sulphur/nn water/nn ;/. ;/. another/dt said/vbd it/pps should/md be/be rubbed/vbn with/in a/at cut/vbn potato/nn three/cd times/nns daily/rb ./. Another/dt common/nn method/nn was/bedz to/to cut/vb an/at onion/nn in/in two/cd and/cc place/vb each/dt half/abn on/in the/at wart/nn for/in a/at moment/nn ;/. ;/. the/at onion/nn was/bedz then/rb fastened/vbn together/rb with/in string/nn and/cc placed/vbn beneath/in a/at dripping/vbg eave/nn ./. As/cs the/at onion/nn decayed/vbd ,/, so/rb did/dod the/at wart/nn ./. Sore/jj muscles/nns were/bed relieved/vbn by/in an/at arnica/nn rub/nn ;/. ;/. sore/jj feet/nns by/in calf's-foot/nn ,/, an/at herb/nn from/in the/at pioneer's/nn$ ubiquitous/jj herb/nn garden/nn ,/, or/cc by/in soaking/vbg the/at feet/nns in/in a/at pan/nn of/in hot/jj water/nn in/in which/wdt two/cd cups/nns of/in salt/nn had/hvd been/ben dissolved/vbn ./. Leg/nn cramps/nns ,/, one/cd person/nn tells/vbz me/ppo ,/, were/bed relieved/vbn by/in standing/vbg barefoot/jj with/in the/at weight/nn of/in the/at body/nn on/in the/at heel/nn and/cc pressing/vbg down/rp hard/rb ./. This/dt does/doz give/vb relief/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss can/md testify/vb ./. One/cd doctor/nn prescribed/vbd a/at tablespoon/nn of/in whiskey/nn or/cc brandy/nn before/in each/dt meal/nn for/in leg/nn cramps/nns ./. Pains/nns in/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at leg/nn and/cc in/in the/at abdomen/nn were/bed prevented/vbn from/in reaching/vbg the/at upper/jj body/nn by/in tying/vbg a/at rope/nn about/in the/at patient's/nn$ waist/nn ./. For/in sprains/nns and/cc swellings/nns ,/, one/cd pint/nn of/in cider/nn vinegar/nn and/cc half/abn a/at pint/nn of/in spirits/nns of/in turpentine/nn added/vbn to/in three/cd well/ql beaten/vbn eggs/nns was/bedz said/vbn to/to give/vb speedy/jj relief/nn ./.

cf27

cf27 |@word except:1 wine:69 waiter:7 restaurant:5 always:6 inscrutable:1 plenipotentiary:1 unto:1 genii:1 key:1 unlock:1 gate:1 world:3 one:21 dealer:7 foreign:1 shipper:4 negociant:3 turn:2 supply:3 instance:1 person:1 firm:2 integrity:1 situation:1 ideal:3 may:13 occasion:1 anything:2 however:1 cultivate:1 accept:2 advice:2 soon:1 enough:2 ascertain:1 whether:2 knowledge:1 oppose:1 tell:1 salesman:1 promoter:1 better:2 yet:2 taste:3 spread:1 purchase:1 several:5 become:2 familiar:1 name:2 specialty:1 reputable:2 abroad:1 important:1 despite:1 effort:2 french:2 government:1 appreciable:1 segment:1 france:4 export:2 trade:1 still:1 taint:1 misrepresentation:1 approach:1 downright:1 dishonesty:1 many:8 would:2 rather:1 sou:1 amass:1 creditable:1 reputation:1 overseas:1 good:19 man:1 corner:1 vineyard:2 part:2 also:4 make:1 bottle:13 blend:2 sound:1 generally:1 district:1 use:2 everyday:1 drink:3 even:3 virtually:1 grand:3 crus:4 meal:5 basis:1 expensive:1 dote:1 palate:2 tire:1 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efface:1 character:1 underground:1 forget:1 mature:2 fast:2 slowly:1 magnum:2 slower:1 tregnum:1 double:1 jeroboams:1 methuselah:1 imperiale:1 respectively:1 old:9 require:1 hour:2 aeration:2 within:1 mealtime:1 uncork:1 previously:1 proportion:1 sweetness:1 thus:2 sauterne:1 barsacs:1 pouilly:1 fuisse:1 chablis:1 somewhat:1 method:1 cover:1 fault:1 cheap:1 poor:1 crime:1 unattractive:1 die:1 linger:1 death:1 expose:1 quote:1 professor:1 saintsbury:1 last:2 claret:3 first:3 chateau:1 montrachet:1 mean:1 improve:1 prolonged:1 reasonable:1 limit:1 keep:3 must:2 remember:1 lasting:1 quality:1 appreciably:1 milk:1 notably:2 beaujolais:2 consume:2 tradition:1 approximately:1 cooler:1 tannin:1 acid:2 work:1 sediment:3 settle:2 possible:2 disturb:2 shake:1 puckering:1 bitter:2 element:1 bottom:2 mingle:1 tug:1 war:1 inefficient:1 corkscrew:1 sea:1 gradually:1 smoothly:1 lip:1 wipe:1 afterward:1 wicker:1 cradle:3 lift:1 carefully:1 eventually:1 another:1 school:1 frown:1 shortcut:1 insist:1 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Except/in for/in the/at wine/nn waiter/nn in/in a/at restaurant/nn --/-- always/rb an/at inscrutable/jj plenipotentiary/nn unto/in himself/ppl ,/, the/at genii/nn with/in the/at keys/nns to/to unlock/vb the/at gates/nns of/in the/at wine/nn world/nn are/ber one's/pn$ dealer/nn ,/, and/cc the/at foreign/jj shipper/nn or/cc negociant/fw-nn who/wps in/in turn/nn supplies/vbz him/ppo ./. In/in instances/nns where/wrb both/abx of/in these/dts are/ber persons/nns or/cc firms/nns with/in integrity/nn ,/, the/at situation/nn is/bez ideal/jj ./. It/pps may/md ,/, on/in occasion/nn ,/, be/be anything/pn but/in that/dt ./. However/wrb ,/, by/in cultivating/vbg a/at wine/nn dealer/nn and/cc accepting/vbg his/pp$ advice/nn ,/, one/pn will/md soon/rb enough/qlp ascertain/vb whether/cs he/pps has/hvz any/dti knowledge/nn of/in wines/nns (/( as/cs opposed/vbn to/in what/wdt he/pps may/md have/hv been/ben told/vbn by/in salesmen/nns and/cc promoters/nns )/) and/cc ,/, better/jjr yet/ql ,/, whether/cs he/pps has/hvz a/at taste/nn for/in wine/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, by/in spreading/vbg one's/pn$ purchases/nns over/in several/ap wine/nn dealers/nns ,/, one/cd becomes/vbz familiar/jj with/in the/at names/nns and/cc specialties/nns of/in reputable/jj wine/nn dealers/nns and/cc shippers/nns abroad/rb ./. This/dt is/bez important/jj because/cs ,/, despite/in all/abn the/at efforts/nns of/in the/at French/jj government/nn ,/, an/at appreciable/jj segment/nn of/in France's/np$ export/nn trade/nn in/in wines/nns is/bez still/rb tainted/vbn with/in a/at misrepresentation/nn approaching/vbg downright/jj dishonesty/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber many/ap too/ql many/ap negociants/fw-nns who/wps would/md rather/rb turn/vb a/at sou/fw-nn than/cs amass/vb a/at creditable/jj reputation/nn overseas/rb ./. A/at good/jj negociant/fw-nn or/cc shipper/nn will/md not/* only/rb be/be the/at man/nn or/cc the/at firm/nn which/wdt has/hvz cornered/vbn the/at wines/nns from/in the/at best/jjt vineyards/nns ,/, or/cc the/at best/jjt parts/nns of/in them/ppo ;/. ;/. he/pps may/md also/rb be/be the/at one/cd who/wps makes/vbz and/cc bottles/vbz the/at best/jjt blends/nns --/-- sound/jj wines/nns from/in vineyards/nns generally/rb in/in his/pp$ own/jj district/nn ./. These/dts are/ber the/at wines/nns the/at French/nps themselves/ppls use/vb for/in everyday/jj drinking/nn ,/, for/cs even/rb in/in France/np virtually/rb no/at one/pn drinks/vbz the/at Grands/fw-jj-tl Crus/fw-nns-tl on/in a/at meal-to-meal/jj basis/nn ./. The/at Grands/fw-jj-tl Crus/fw-nns-tl are/ber expensive/jj ,/, and/cc even/rb doting/vbg palates/nns tire/vb of/in them/ppo ./. And/cc certainly/rb ,/, in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at beginner/nn or/cc the/at comparatively/ql uninitiated/jj wine/nn drinker/nn ,/, the/at palate/nn and/cc the/at capacity/nn for/in appreciation/nn will/md not/* be/be ready/jj for/in the/at Grands/fw-jj-tl Crus/fw-nns-tl as/cs a/at steady/jj diet/nn without/in frequent/jj recourse/nn to/in crus/fw-nns of/in less/ap renown/nn ./. There/ex is/bez nothing/pn infra/in dig/nn about/in a/at good/jj blend/nn from/in a/at good/jj shipper/nn ./. Some/dti of/in them/ppo are/ber very/ql delicious/jj indeed/qlp ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber many/ap good/jj ones/nns exported/vbn --/-- unfortunately/rb ,/, along/rb with/in others/nns not/* so/ql good/jj ,/, and/cc worse/jjr ./. Consultation/nn with/in a/at reputable/jj wine/nn dealer/nn and/cc constant/jj experimentation/nn --/-- ``/`` steering/vbg ever/rb from/in the/at known/vbn to/in the/at unknown/jj ''/'' --/-- are/ber the/at requisites/nns ./. Wine/nn waiters/nns are/ber something/pn else/rb again/rb ;/. ;/. especially/rb if/cs one/cd is/bez travelling/vbg or/cc dining/vbg out/rp a/at great/jj deal/nn ,/, their/pp$ importance/nn mounts/vbz ./. Most/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, the/at world/nn over/rp ,/, operate/vb on/in the/at same/ap principle/nn by/in which/wdt justice/nn is/bez administered/vbn in/in France/np and/cc some/dti other/ap Latin/jj countries/nns :/: the/at customer/nn is/bez to/to be/be considered/vbn guilty/jj of/in abysmal/jj ignorance/nn until/cs proven/vbn otherwise/rb ,/, with/in the/at burden/nn of/in proof/nn on/in the/at customer/nn himself/ppl ./. Now/rb the/at drinking/nn of/in wine/nn (/( and/cc happily/rb so/rb !/. !/. )/) is/bez for/in the/at most/ap part/nn a/at recondite/jj affair/nn ,/, for/cs manifestly/rb ,/, if/cs everyone/pn in/in the/at world/nn who/wps could/md afford/vb the/at best/jjt wines/nns also/rb liked/vbd them/ppo ,/, the/at supply/nn would/md dry/vb up/rp in/in no/at time/nn at/in all/abn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at only/ap valid/jj ,/, and/cc extenuating/vbg ,/, argument/nn that/wps may/md be/be advanced/vbn in/in defense/nn of/in the/at reprehensible/jj attitude/nn of/in the/at common/jj wine/nn waiter/nn ./. A/at really/ql good/jj wine/nn waiter/nn is/bez ,/, paradoxically/rb ,/, the/at guardian/nn (/( and/cc not/* the/at purveyor/nn )/) of/in his/pp$ cellar/nn against/in the/at Visigoths/nps ./. Faced/vbn ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, with/in an/at always/ql exhaustible/jj supply/nn of/in his/pp$ best/jjt wines/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at other/ap by/in a/at clientele/nn usually/rb equipped/vbn with/in inexhaustible/jj pocketbooks/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at wonder/nn indeed/rb that/cs all/abn wine/nn waiters/nns are/ber not/* afflicted/vbn with/in chronic/jj ambivalence/nn ./. The/at one/cd way/nn to/to get/vb around/in them/ppo --/-- short/jj of/in knowing/vbg exactly/rb what/wdt one/pn wants/vbz and/cc sticking/vbg to/in it/ppo --/-- is/bez to/to frequent/vb a/at single/ap establishment/nn until/cs its/pp$ wine/nn waiter/nn is/bez persuaded/vbn that/cs one/pn is/bez at/in least/ap as/ql interested/vbn in/in wine/nn as/cs in/in spending/vbg money/nn ./. Only/ql then/rb ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, will/md he/pps reveal/vb his/pp$ jewels/nns and/cc his/pp$ bargains/nns ./. Wine/nn bought/vbn from/in a/at dealer/nn should/md ideally/rb be/be allowed/vbn to/to rest/vb for/in several/ap weeks/nns before/cs it/pps is/bez served/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez especially/rb true/jj of/in red/jj wines/nns ,/, and/cc a/at practice/nn which/wdt ,/, though/cs not/* always/rb practicable/jj ,/, is/bez well/ql worth/jj the/at effort/nn ./. It/pps does/doz no/at harm/nn for/in wine/nn to/to stand/vb on/in end/nn for/in a/at matter/nn of/in days/nns ,/, but/cc in/in terms/nns of/in months/nns and/cc years/nns it/pps is/bez fatal/jj ./. Wine/nn stored/vbn for/in a/at long/jj time/nn should/md be/be on/in its/pp$ side/nn ;/. ;/. otherwise/rb ,/, the/at cork/nn dries/vbz and/cc air/nn enters/vbz to/to spoil/vb it/ppo ./. When/wrb stacking/vbg wine/nn on/in its/pp$ side/nn in/in a/at bin/nn ,/, care/nn should/md always/rb be/be taken/vbn to/to be/be sure/jj there/ex is/bez no/at air/nn bubble/nn left/vbn next/in to/in the/at cork/nn ./. Fat/jj bottles/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs Burgundies/nps ,/, have/hv a/at way/nn of/in rolling/vbg around/rb in/in the/at bin/nn and/cc often/rb need/vb little/ap props/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs a/at bit/nn of/in cardboard/nn or/cc a/at chip/nn of/in wood/nn ,/, to/to hold/vb them/ppo in/in the/at proper/jj reclining/vbg posture/nn ./. Too/ql much/ap dampness/nn in/in the/at cellar/nn rots/vbz the/at corks/nns ,/, again/rb with/in ill/jj effects/nns ./. The/at best/jjt rule/nn of/in thumb/nn for/in detecting/vbg corked/vbn wine/nn (/( provided/vbn the/at eye/nn has/hvz not/* already/rb spotted/vbn it/ppo )/) is/bez to/to smell/vb the/at wet/jj end/nn of/in the/at cork/nn after/cs pulling/vbg it/ppo :/: if/cs it/pps smells/vbz of/in wine/nn ,/, the/at bottle/nn is/bez probably/rb all/ql right/jj ;/. ;/. if/cs it/pps smells/vbz of/in cork/nn ,/, one/pn has/hvz grounds/nns for/in suspicion/nn ./. Seasonal/jj rises/nns or/cc drops/nns in/in temperature/nn are/ber bad/jj for/in wine/nn :/: they/ppss age/vb it/ppo prematurely/rb ./. The/at ideal/jj storage/nn temperature/nn for/in long/jj periods/nns is/bez about/rb fifty-five/cd degrees/nns ,/, with/in an/at allowable/jj range/nn of/in five/cd degrees/nns above/in or/cc below/in this/dt ,/, provided/vbn there/ex are/ber no/at sudden/jj or/cc frequent/jj changes/nns ./. Prolonged/vbn vibration/nn is/bez also/rb undesirable/jj ;/. ;/. consequently/rb ,/, one's/pn$ wine/nn closet/nn or/cc cellar/nn should/md be/be away/rb from/in machines/nns or/cc electrically/rb driven/vbn furnaces/nns ./. If/cs one/pn lives/vbz near/in a/at subway/nn or/cc an/at express/nn parkway/nn ,/, the/at solution/nn is/bez to/to have/hv one's/pn$ wines/nns stored/vbn with/in a/at dealer/nn and/cc brought/vbn home/nr a/at few/ap at/in a/at time/nn ./. Light/nn ,/, especially/rb daylight/nn ,/, is/bez always/rb bad/jj for/in wine/nn ./. All/abn in/in all/abn ,/, though/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in nonsense/nn expended/vbn over/in the/at preparations/nns thought/vbn necessary/jj for/in ordinary/jj wine/nn drinking/nn ;/. ;/. many/ap people/nns go/vb to/in extreme/jj lengths/nns in/in decanting/vbg ,/, chilling/vbg or/cc warming/vbg ,/, or/cc banishing/vbg without/in further/jjr investigation/nn any/dti bottle/nn with/in so/ql much/ap as/cs a/at slightly/ql suspicious/jj cork/nn ./. No/at one/pn should/md wish/vb to/to deny/vb these/dts purists/nns the/at obvious/jj pleasure/nn they/ppss derive/vb from/in all/abn this/dt ,/, and/cc to/to give/vb fair/jj warning/nn where/wrb warning/vbg is/bez due/jj ,/, no/at one/pn who/wps becomes/vbz fond/jj of/in wines/nns ever/rb avoids/vbz acquiring/vbg some/dti degree/nn of/in purism/nn !/. !/. But/cc the/at fact/nn remains/vbz that/cs in/in most/ap restaurants/nns ,/, including/in some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt of/in Paris/np and/cc Bordeaux/np and/cc Dijon/np ,/, the/at bottle/nn is/bez frankly/rb and/cc simply/rb brought/vbn from/in the/at cellar/nn to/in the/at table/nn when/wrb ordered/vbn ,/, and/cc all/abn the/at conditioning/nn or/cc preparation/nn it/pps ever/rb receives/vbz takes/vbz place/nn while/cs the/at chef/nn is/bez preparing/vbg the/at meal/nn ./. A/at white/jj wine/nn ,/, already/rb at/in cool/jj cellar/nn temperature/nn ,/, may/md be/be adequately/rb chilled/vbn in/in a/at bucket/nn of/in ice/nn and/cc water/nn or/cc the/at freezing/vbg compartment/nn of/in a/at refrigerator/nn (/( the/at former/ap is/bez far/ql preferable/jj )/) in/in about/rb fifteen/cd minutes/nns ;/. ;/. for/in those/dts who/wps live/vb in/in a/at winter/nn climate/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez nothing/pn better/jjr than/cs a/at bucket/nn of/in water/nn and/cc snow/nn ./. Though/cs by/in no/at means/nns an/at ideal/jj procedure/nn ,/, a/at red/jj wine/nn may/md similarly/rb be/be brought/vbn from/in the/at cellar/nn to/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn and/cc opened/vbn twenty/cd minutes/nns or/cc so/rb before/in serving/vbg time/nn ./. It/pps may/md be/be a/at bit/nn cold/jj when/wrb poured/vbn ;/. ;/. but/cc again/rb ,/, as/cs one/pn will/md have/hv observed/vbn at/in any/dti restaurant/nn worth/jj its/pp$ salt/nn ,/, wine/nn should/md be/be served/vbn in/in a/at large/jj ,/, tulip-shaped/jj glass/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez never/rb filled/vbn more/ap than/in half/abn full/jj ./. In/in this/dt way/nn ,/, red/jj wine/nn warms/vbz of/in itself/ppl quite/ql rapidly/rb --/-- and/cc though/cs it/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs it/pps may/md not/* attain/vb its/pp$ potential/nn of/in taste/nn and/cc fragrance/nn until/in after/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at meal/nn (/( or/cc the/at course/nn )/) ,/, in/in the/at meantime/nn it/pps will/md have/hv run/vbn the/at gamut/nn of/in many/ap beguiling/jj and/cc interesting/jj stages/nns ./. The/at only/ap cardinal/jj sin/nn which/wdt may/md be/be committed/vbn in/in warming/vbg a/at wine/nn is/bez to/to force/vb it/ppo by/in putting/vbg it/ppo next/rb to/in the/at stove/nn or/cc in/in front/nn of/in an/at open/jj fire/nn ./. This/dt invariably/rb effaces/vbz any/dti wine's/nn$ character/nn ,/, and/cc drives/vbz its/pp$ fragrance/nn underground/rb ./. It/pps should/md not/* be/be forgotten/vbn that/cs wines/nns mature/vb fastest/rbt in/in half-bottles/nns ,/, less/ql fast/rb in/in full/jj bottles/nns ,/, slowly/rb in/in Magnums/nns --/-- and/cc slower/rbr yet/ql in/in Tregnums/nps ,/, double/jj Magnums/nns ,/, Jeroboams/nps ,/, Methuselahs/nps ,/, and/cc Imperiales/nps ,/, respectively/rb ./. Very/ql old/jj red/jj wines/nns often/rb require/vb several/ap hours/nns of/in aeration/nn ,/, and/cc any/dti red/jj wine/nn ,/, brought/vbn from/in the/at cellar/nn within/in half/abn an/at hour/nn of/in mealtime/nn ,/, should/md be/be uncorked/vbn and/cc allowed/vbn some/dti air/nn ./. But/cc white/jj wines/nns never/rb !/. !/. White/jj wines/nns should/md be/be opened/vbn when/wrb served/vbn ,/, having/hvg been/ben previously/rb chilled/vbn in/in proportion/nn to/in their/pp$ sweetness/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, Sauternes/nps or/cc Barsacs/nps should/md be/be very/ql cold/jj ;/. ;/. a/at Pouilly-Fuisse/np or/cc a/at Chablis/np somewhat/ql less/ql cold/jj ./. Over-chilling/nn is/bez an/at accepted/vbn method/nn for/in covering/vbg up/rp the/at faults/nns of/in many/abn a/at cheap/jj or/cc poor/jj white/jj wine/nn ,/, especially/rb a/at dry/jj wine/nn --/-- and/cc certainly/rb less/ap of/in a/at crime/nn than/cs serving/vbg a/at wine/nn at/in a/at temperature/nn which/wdt reveals/vbz it/ppo as/cs unattractive/jj ./. The/at fragrance/nn and/cc taste/nn of/in any/dti white/jj wine/nn will/md die/vb a/at lingering/vbg death/nn when/wrb it/pps is/bez allowed/vbn to/to warm/vb or/cc is/bez exposed/vbn for/in long/rb to/in the/at air/nn ./. To/to quote/vb Professor/nn-tl Saintsbury/np :/: ``/`` The/at last/ap glass/nn of/in claret/nn or/cc Burgundy/np is/bez as/ql good/jj as/cs the/at first/od ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at first/od glass/nn of/in Chateau/fw-nn-tl d'Yquem/fw-in+np-tl or/cc Montrachet/np is/bez a/at great/jj deal/nn better/jjr than/cs the/at last/ap ''/'' !/. !/. This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb ,/, though/cs ,/, that/cs a/at red/jj wine/nn improves/vbz with/in prolonged/vbn aeration/nn :/: there/ex is/bez a/at reasonable/jj limit/nn --/-- and/cc wines/nns kept/vbn over/rp to/in the/at next/ap meal/nn or/cc the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, after/cs they/ppss have/hv once/rb been/ben opened/vbn ,/, are/ber never/rb as/cs good/jj ./. If/cs this/dt must/md be/be done/vbn ,/, they/ppss should/md always/rb be/be corked/vbn and/cc kept/vbn in/in a/at cool/jj place/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps should/md be/be remembered/vbn that/cs their/pp$ lasting/vbg qualities/nns are/ber appreciably/ql shorter/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in milk/nn ./. A/at few/ap red/jj wines/nns ,/, notably/rb those/dts of/in the/at Beaujolais/np ,/, are/ber better/jjr consumed/vbn at/in cellar/nn temperature/nn ./. By/in tradition/nn ,/, a/at red/jj wine/nn should/md be/be served/vbn at/in approximately/rb room/nn temperature/nn --/-- if/cs anything/pn a/at little/ql cooler/jjr --/-- and/cc be/be aged/vbn enough/qlp for/in the/at tannin/nn and/cc acids/nns to/to have/hv worked/vbn out/rp and/cc the/at sediment/nn have/hv settled/vbn well/rb ./. Thus/rb ,/, red/jj wine/nn must/md ,/, if/cs possible/jj ,/, never/rb be/be disturbed/vbn or/cc shaken/vbn ;/. ;/. very/ql old/jj red/jj wine/nn is/bez often/rb decanted/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at puckering/vbg ,/, bitter/jj elements/nns which/wdt have/hv settled/vbn to/in the/at bottom/nn will/md not/* be/be mingled/vbn with/in the/at wine/nn itself/ppl ./. A/at tug-of-war/nn between/in an/at old/jj bottle/nn and/cc an/at inefficient/jj corkscrew/nn may/md do/do as/ql much/ap harm/nn as/cs a/at week/nn at/in sea/nn ./. The/at cork/nn should/md be/be pulled/vbn gradually/rb and/cc smoothly/rb ,/, and/cc the/at lip/nn of/in the/at bottle/nn wiped/vbn afterward/rb ./. Many/ap people/nns use/vb wicker/nn cradles/nns for/in old/jj red/jj wine/nn ,/, lifting/vbg the/at bottle/nn carefully/rb from/in the/at bin/nn into/in the/at cradle/nn and/cc eventually/rb to/in the/at table/nn ,/, without/in disturbing/vbg the/at sediment/nn ./. Another/dt school/nn frowns/vbz on/in such/abl a/at shortcut/nn ,/, and/cc insists/vbz that/cs after/in leaving/vbg the/at bin/nn an/at old/jj red/jj wine/nn should/md first/rb stand/vb on/in end/nn for/in several/ap days/nns to/to allow/vb the/at sediment/nn to/to roll/vb to/in the/at very/ap bottom/nn ,/, after/in which/wdt the/at bottle/nn may/md be/be gently/rb eased/vbn to/in a/at tilted/vbn position/nn on/in its/pp$ side/nn in/in the/at cradle/nn ./. In/in France/np ,/, when/wrb one/pn wishes/vbz to/to entertain/vb at/in a/at restaurant/nn and/cc serve/vb truly/ql fine/jj old/jj red/jj wines/nns ,/, one/pn visits/vbz the/at restaurant/nn well/ql ahead/rb of/in time/nn ,/, chooses/vbz the/at wines/nns and/cc ,/, with/in the/at advice/nn of/in the/at manager/nn and/cc his/pp$ chef/nn ,/, builds/vbz the/at menu/nn around/in them/ppo ./. The/at wine/nn waiter/nn will/md see/vb to/in it/ppo that/cs the/at bottles/nns are/ber taken/vbn from/in the/at bin/nn and/cc opened/vbn at/in least/ap in/in time/nn to/to warm/vb and/cc aerate/vb ,/, preferably/rb allowed/vbn to/to stand/vb on/in end/nn for/in as/ql long/rb as/cs possible/jj and/cc ,/, perhaps/rb in/in the/at case/nn of/in very/ql old/jj wines/nns ,/, be/be decanted/vbn ./. Decanting/vbg old/jj wine/nn aerates/vbz it/ppo fully/rb ;/. ;/. it/pps may/md also/rb be/be --/-- practically/rb speaking/vbg --/-- a/at matter/nn of/in good/jj economy/nn ./. For/cs ,/, in/in the/at process/nn of/in decanting/vbg ,/, the/at bottle/nn is/bez only/rb tilted/vbn once/rb instead/rb of/in several/ap or/cc more/ap times/nns at/in the/at table/nn :/: hence/rb ,/, a/at minimum/nn of/in the/at undesirable/jj mixture/nn of/in wine/nn and/cc dregs/nns ./. Though/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap exceptions/nns ,/, which/wdt we/ppss have/hv noted/vbn in/in preceding/vbg pages/nns ,/, white/jj wine/nn is/bez as/cs a/at rule/nn best/jjt consumed/vbn between/in two/cd and/cc six/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, and/cc red/jj wines/nns ,/, nowadays/rb ,/, between/in three/cd and/cc ten/cd ./. Red/jj wines/nns of/in good/jj years/nns tend/vb to/in mature/vb later/rbr and/cc to/to keep/vb longer/jjr ;/. ;/. the/at average/jj claret/nn is/bez notably/ql longer-lived/jjr than/cs its/pp$ opposite/jj number/nn ,/, red/jj Burgundy/np ./. Some/dti clarets/nns do/do not/* come/vb into/in their/pp$ own/jj until/cs they/ppss are/ber ten/cd or/cc fifteen/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ,/, or/cc even/ql more/ap ./. If/cs a/at red/jj Bordeaux/np of/in a/at good/jj name/nn and/cc year/nn is/bez bitter/jj or/cc acid/jj ,/, or/cc cloying/vbg and/cc muddy-tasting/jj ,/, leave/vb it/ppo alone/rb for/in a/at while/nn ./. Most/ap of/in the/at wines/nns of/in Beaujolais/np ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, should/md be/be drunk/jj while/cs very/ql young/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc Alsatians/nps may/md be/be ./.

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cf28 |@word giffen:19 reply:1 punctually:1 enthusiastically:2 rest:1 assure:2 accompanying:1 letter:2 instruction:3 shall:1 spirit:1 strictly:1 comply:1 particularly:1 regard:1 part:1 relative:1 completion:1 noble:1 humane:1 view:3 lose:1 time:5 visit:1 plantation:10 slave:25 appear:3 good:2 health:2 work:3 john:2 palfrey:35 overseer:1 excellent:1 crop:1 expect:2 year:12 william:12 live:1 neighboring:1 st:2 mary:1 parish:2 take:5 charge:3 decide:4 would:17 operate:2 another:1 advise:2 acceptance:1 plan:4 cite:1 depressed:1 market:1 land:4 prevail:1 large:1 stock:1 provision:1 sell:2 improvement:1 may:2 bring:2 early:2 january:2 1844:2 conference:1 henry:8 new:12 orleans:8 upon:2 learning:1 gorham:5 intention:2 remonstrate:1 calmly:1 firmly:1 brother:6 emancipation:7 injurious:1 heir:1 contend:1 form:1 cruelty:1 perpetrate:1 hapless:1 negro:13 capable:1 support:1 louisiana:7 law:2 require:1 removal:2 state:5 refuse:1 accept:3 money:1 property:3 realize:1 much:2 expense:1 trouble:1 transportation:1 north:4 involve:1 suggestion:1 hire:1 realistic:1 since:2 planter:3 risk:1 know:3 free:10 living:1 hide:1 annoyance:2 although:1 furious:1 yankee:1 write:1 tell:5 unless:1 could:8 usual:1 sue:1 amicably:1 protect:1 interest:3 determine:1 portion:1 convert:1 wage:6 laborer:2 transition:1 period:1 wish:2 continue:2 operation:2 simply:1 leave:3 undisturbed:1 pay:5 high:2 remain:6 ever:2 labor:2 person:1 sex:1 age:2 disposition:1 exert:1 benefit:1 perhaps:1 motive:1 come:3 scheme:2 family:4 tie:1 adjoin:1 one:5 strong:1 inducement:1 hear:3 anger:2 still:2 hopeful:1 persuade:1 notion:1 willing:1 accede:1 way:1 block:1 ultimate:1 aim:1 adamant:1 point:1 circumstance:1 allow:5 freedom:5 antipathy:1 exist:1 increase:2 number:1 suggest:2 boston:2 send:3 liberia:1 lack:1 specific:1 agree:4 condition:2 march:4 division:1 carry:3 nearly:1 possible:1 fifty:3 two:5 succeed:1 get:4 lot:4 twenty:2 twelve:2 female:1 consider:1 best:1 explain:1 woman:4 whose:1 progeny:1 course:2 fully:1 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southern:1 hospitality:1 survive:1 trial:1 antislavery:1 civil:1 war:1 autobiography:1 contain:1 melodramatic:1 account:2 perilous:1 spend:1 among:1 attakapas:1 coarse:1 passionate:1 excite:1 proceed:1 task:1 bravely:1 memoir:1 passion:1 neighbor:1 boil:1 mind:2 choose:1 freely:1 whether:1 behind:1 condemn:1 bear:2 unborn:1 bondage:1 short:1 private:1 talk:1 adult:1 object:1 soon:1 convince:1 ought:2 join:1 request:2 delay:2 departure:2 end:1 planting:1 season:1 little:1 produce:1 threat:1 conscious:1 mix:1 return:1 greatly:1 relieved:1 arrangement:2 satisfactory:1 judgment:1 cambridge:1 maintain:1 welfare:1 approach:1 solicitousness:1 change:1 provide:1 passage:1 sailing:1 date:1 1845:3 finally:1 establish:1 sure:1 comfortable:1 quarter:1 aboard:2 ship:1 captain:1 mate:1 personally:1 promise:1 treat:1 consideration:1 concerned:1 question:2 throughout:1 owner:2 month:2 fair:1 compensation:1 attakapa:1 decline:1 enter:1 philanthropic:1 21:1 bark:1 bashaw:2 weigh:1 anchor:1 levee:1 farewell:1 former:2 chattel:1 must:1 look:1 back:1 recede:1 shore:1 mingle:1 regret:1 jubilation:1 difficult:1 obtain:1 locally:1 include:1 file:1 emancipate:1 four:2 martin:1 police:1 jury:2 initial:1 rejection:1 attribute:1 general:1 excitement:1 abolition:1 bribe:1 right:1 individual:1 longer:1 prohibit:1 term:1 constitution:1 1780:1 declare:2 equal:1 nevertheless:1 arrange:1 religious:1 ceremony:1 king:1 chapel:1 formalize:1 eyewitness:1 recall:1 awkward:1 red:1 turbane:1 colored:1 curtsey:1 church:1 doorway:1 diffidence:1 display:1 listen:1 word:2 settle:1 satisfaction:1 face:1 real:1 problem:1 suitable:1 try:1 fruitlessly:1 boy:1 hopedale:1 community:1 well:1 luck:1 true:1 anna:2 quaker:1 hathaway:1 near:1 canandaigua:1 group:1 great:1 worry:1 bad:1 young:1

Giffen/np replied/vbd punctually/rb and/cc enthusiastically/rb :/: ``/`` Rest/vb assured/vbd that/cs your/pp$ accompanying/vbg Letter/nn of/in Instructions/nns shall/md be/be in/in the/at Letter/nn and/cc Spirit/nn strictly/rb complied/vbn with/in and/cc most/ql particularly/rb in/in regard/nn to/in that/dt part/nn of/in them/ppo relative/jj to/in the/at completion/nn of/in your/pp$ noble/jj and/cc humane/jj views/nns ''/'' ./. Giffen/np lost/vbd no/at time/nn in/in visiting/vbg the/at plantation/nn ./. The/at slaves/nns appeared/vbd to/to be/be in/in good/jj health/nn and/cc at/in work/nn under/in John/np Palfrey's/np$ overseer/nn ./. An/at excellent/jj crop/nn was/bedz expected/vbn that/dt year/nn ./. William/np ,/, who/wps lived/vbd in/in neighboring/vbg St./nn-tl Mary's/np$-tl parish/nn ,/, had/hvd taken/vbn charge/nn and/cc decided/vbn that/cs it/pps would/md be/be best/jjt for/in all/abn if/cs the/at plantation/nn were/bed operated/vbn for/in another/dt year/nn ./. Giffen/np advised/vbd acceptance/nn of/in this/dt plan/nn ,/, citing/vbg the/at depressed/vbn market/nn for/in land/nn then/rb prevailing/vbg and/cc the/at large/jj stock/nn of/in provisions/nns at/in the/at plantation/nn ./. If/cs sold/vbn then/rb ,/, the/at land/nn and/cc improvements/nns might/md bring/vb only/rb $5,000/nns ./. Early/rb in/in January/np ,/, 1844/cd he/pps had/hvd a/at conference/nn with/in Henry/np and/cc William/np in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, and/cc upon/in learning/vbg of/in Gorham's/np$ intention/nn ,/, Henry/np remonstrated/vbd calmly/rb but/cc firmly/rb with/in his/pp$ brother/nn ./. The/at emancipation/nn plan/nn would/md not/* only/rb be/be injurious/jj to/in all/abn the/at heirs/nns ,/, he/pps contended/vbd ,/, but/cc would/md be/be a/at form/nn of/in cruelty/nn perpetrated/vbn on/in the/at hapless/jj Negroes/nps ./. They/ppss were/bed not/* capable/jj of/in supporting/vbg themselves/ppls off/in the/at plantation/nn ,/, and/cc Louisiana/np law/nn required/vbd their/pp$ removal/nn from/in the/at state/nn ./. Gorham/np refused/vbd to/to accept/vb money/nn for/in slave/nn property/nn ,/, but/cc did/dod he/pps realize/vb how/wql much/ap expense/nn and/cc trouble/nn the/at transportation/nn of/in his/pp$ Negroes/nps to/in the/at North/nr-tl involved/vbd ?/. ?/. The/at suggestion/nn that/cs Giffen/np hire/vb out/rp the/at slaves/nns was/bedz not/* realistic/jj ,/, since/cs no/at planter/nn would/md take/vb the/at risk/nn of/in having/hvg Negroes/nps who/wps knew/vbd they/ppss were/bed to/to be/be free/jj living/vbg with/in his/pp$ own/jj slaves/nns ./. Henry/np hid/vbd his/pp$ annoyance/nn ,/, although/cs both/abx he/pps and/cc William/np were/bed furious/jj with/in their/pp$ Yankee/jj brother/nn ./. William/np ,/, who/wps did/dod not/* write/vb to/in Gorham/np ,/, told/vbd Giffen/np that/cs unless/cs he/pps could/md operate/vb the/at plantation/nn as/cs usual/jj for/in a/at year/nn ,/, he/pps would/md sue/vb ``/`` amicably/rb ''/'' to/to protect/vb his/pp$ interests/nns ./. Palfrey/np was/bedz determined/vbn that/cs his/pp$ portion/nn of/in the/at slaves/nns be/be converted/vbn to/in wage/nn laborers/nns during/in the/at transition/nn period/nn before/in emancipation/nn ./. If/cs William/np wished/vbd to/to continue/vb operations/nns for/in a/at year/nn ,/, why/wrb not/* simply/rb leave/vb the/at Negroes/nps undisturbed/jj and/cc pay/vb them/ppo ``/`` as/ql high/jj wages/nns to/to remain/vb there/rb as/cs are/ber ever/rb paid/vbn the/at labor/nn of/in persons/nns of/in their/pp$ sex/nn &/cc age/nn ./. A/at disposition/nn to/to exert/vb themselves/ppls for/in my/pp$ benefit/nn would/md perhaps/rb be/be a/at motive/nn with/in some/dti of/in them/ppo to/to come/vb into/in the/at scheme/nn ./. Their/pp$ having/hvg family/nn ties/nns on/in our/pp$ plantation/nn &/cc the/at adjoining/vbg one/cd would/md be/be a/at stronger/jjr inducement/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb he/pps heard/vbd of/in his/pp$ brothers'/nns$ anger/nn ,/, Palfrey/np was/bedz still/rb hopeful/jj that/cs they/ppss could/md be/be persuaded/vbn to/to accept/vb his/pp$ notion/nn of/in paying/vbg wages/nns ./. If/cs not/* ,/, he/pps was/bedz willing/jj to/to accede/vb to/in William's/np$ wishes/nns in/in any/dti way/nn that/wps did/dod not/* block/vb his/pp$ ultimate/jj aim/nn ./. William/np was/bedz adamant/jj on/in one/cd point/nn :/: under/in no/at circumstances/nns would/md he/pps allow/vb the/at Negroes/nps to/to remain/vb on/in the/at plantation/nn with/in his/pp$ and/cc Henry's/np$ slaves/nns if/cs they/ppss were/bed told/vbn of/in their/pp$ coming/vbg freedom/nn ./. Knowing/vbg the/at antipathy/nn that/wps existed/vbd in/in Louisiana/np against/in increasing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in free/jj Negroes/nps ,/, Giffen/np suggested/vbd that/cs Palfrey/np bring/vb them/ppo to/in Boston/np at/in once/rb ,/, and/cc then/rb send/vb them/ppo on/rp to/in Liberia/np ./. Lacking/vbg specific/jj instructions/nns ,/, he/pps agreed/vbd to/in William's/np$ condition/nn ./. In/in March/np there/ex was/bedz a/at division/nn of/in the/at slaves/nns ,/, and/cc Giffen/np carried/vbd out/rp his/pp$ instructions/nns as/ql nearly/rb as/ql possible/jj ./. Of/in the/at fifty-two/cd slaves/nns ,/, Giffen/np succeeded/vbd in/in getting/vbg a/at lot/nn of/in twenty/cd ,/, twelve/cd of/in whom/wpo were/bed females/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss considered/vbd that/cs your/pp$ views/nns would/md be/be best/rbt carried/vbn out/rp ''/'' ,/, he/pps explained/vbd ,/, ``/`` by/in taking/vbg women/nns whose/wp$ progeny/nn will/md of/in course/nn be/be free/jj &/cc more/ql fully/rb extend/vb the/at philantrophy/nn of/in Emancipation/nn-tl ./. I/ppss have/hv also/rb taken/vbn the/at old/jj servants/nns of/in your/pp$ father/nn as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in Conscience/nn &/cc Justice/nn ''/'' ./. The/at ages/nns of/in the/at slaves/nns ranged/vbd from/in sixty-five/cd ,/, for/in an/at old/jj house/nn servant/nn ,/, to/in an/at unnamed/jj newborn/jj child/nn ./. If/cs Palfrey/np ever/rb had/hvd any/dti doubts/nns about/in the/at wickedness/nn of/in slavery/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed put/vbn aside/rb after/cs he/pps received/vbd an/at inventory/nn of/in the/at slave/nn property/nn he/pps had/hvd inherited/vbn ./. This/dt cold/nn reckoning/nn of/in human/jj worth/nn in/in a/at legal/jj paper/nn ,/, devoid/jj of/in compassion/nn or/cc humanity/nn ,/, was/bedz all/abn he/pps needed/vbd ./. Each/dt human/jj being/beg ,/, known/vbn only/rb by/in a/at given/vbn name/nn ,/, had/hvd a/at cash/nn value/nn ./. Old/jj Sam's/np$ sixty-five/cd years/nns had/hvd reduced/vbn his/pp$ value/nn to/in $150/nns ;/. ;/. ;/. ;/. Rose/np ,/, a/at twelve-year-old/jj with/in child-bearing/jj potential/nn ,/, was/bedz worth/jj $400/nns ./. In/in rejecting/vbg any/dti claim/nn to/in the/at value/nn of/in the/at slave/nn property/nn ,/, Palfrey/np was/bedz giving/vbg up/rp close/rb to/in $7,000/nns ./. Palfrey's/np$ brothers/nns each/dt received/vbd lots/nns of/in sixteen/cd Negroes/nps ,/, and/cc for/in bookkeeping/nn purposes/nns it/pps was/bedz agreed/vbn that/cs all/abn lots/nns were/bed to/to be/be valued/vbn at/in $6,666.66/nns ./. Thus/rb twenty/cd ``/`` black/jj souls/nns ''/'' were/bed to/to remain/vb ignorant/jj of/in their/pp$ imminent/jj journey/nn to/in the/at land/nn of/in free/jj men/nns ./. Giffen/np extracted/vbd one/cd concession/nn from/in William/np :/: the/at house/nn servants/nns could/md be/be free/jj at/in any/dti time/nn Gorham/np thought/vbd expedient/jj ./. Despite/in Giffen's/np$ warning/nn ,/, Palfrey/np still/rb had/hvd plans/nns for/in freeing/vbg his/pp$ slaves/nns in/in Louisiana/np ./. Yet/cc even/rb if/cs he/pps could/md get/vb the/at necessary/jj approval/nn ,/, fourteen/cd of/in his/pp$ Negroes/nps could/md not/* be/be manumitted/vbn without/in special/jj permission/nn ./. According/in to/in state/nn law/nn a/at slave/nn had/hvd to/to be/be at/in least/ap thirty/cd years/nns old/jj before/cs he/pps could/md be/be freed/vbn ./. Palfrey/np petitioned/vbd the/at state/nn legislature/nn to/to waive/vb the/at requirement/nn ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, freedom/nn would/md mean/vb removal/nn from/in the/at state/nn in/in which/wdt ``/`` as/cs the/at place/nn of/in their/pp$ past/ap residence/nn from/in birth/nn ,/, or/cc for/in many/ap years/nns ,/, it/pps would/md be/be materially/rb for/in their/pp$ advantage/nn to/to be/be at/in liberty/nn to/to remain/vb ''/'' ./. On/in March/np 11/cd the/at Louisiana/np legislature/nn voted/vbd unanimously/rb to/to table/vb the/at petition/nn ./. News/nn of/in the/at legislative/jj veto/nn appeared/vbd in/in the/at New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl papers/nns ,/, and/cc Henry/np and/cc William/np became/vbd incensed/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs they/ppss had/hvd not/* been/ben told/vbn of/in the/at attempt/nn in/in advance/nn ./. Henry/np stormed/vbd into/in Giffen's/np$ office/nn waving/vbg a/at copy/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl Courier/nn-tl ,/, shouting/vbg that/cs the/at emancipation/nn scheme/nn had/hvd become/vbn a/at public/jj affair/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps would/md reach/vb the/at ``/`` Ears/nns of/in the/at People/nns on/in the/at Plantation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc make/vb them/ppo restless/jj &/cc unhappy/jj ''/'' ./. His/pp$ brothers'/nns$ anger/nn caused/vbd Palfrey/np genuine/jj concern/nn ,/, for/cs he/pps had/hvd imposed/vbn a/at dual/jj mission/nn upon/in himself/ppl :/: to/to free/vb his/pp$ slaves/nns ,/, and/cc to/to keep/vb the/at family/nn from/in falling/vbg apart/rb over/in the/at issue/nn ./. When/wrb Giffen/np decided/vbd to/to charge/vb him/ppo interest/nn on/in the/at loan/nn from/in John/np Palfrey/np ,/, Gorham/np readily/rb assented/vbd ,/, vowing/vbg that/cs in/in a/at matter/nn of/in dollars/nns and/cc cents/nns ,/, his/pp$ brothers/nns would/md never/rb have/hv any/dti cause/nn to/to complain/vb of/in him/ppo ./. In/in view/nn of/in these/dts difficulties/nns ,/, Palfrey/np decided/vbd to/to go/vb to/in Louisiana/np ./. Giffen/np had/hvd already/rb urged/vbn him/ppo to/to journey/vb south/nr ,/, if/cs only/rb for/in a/at few/ap days/nns to/to clear/vb up/rp matters/nns ./. His/pp$ duties/nns as/cs Massachusetts/np-tl Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl obliged/vbd him/ppo to/to wait/vb until/in the/at adjournment/nn of/in the/at legislature/nn in/in mid-April/np ./. Palfrey/np told/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn of/in his/pp$ intentions/nns for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, and/cc left/vbd for/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl apprehensively/rb invoking/vbg a/at special/jj blessing/nn of/in Providence/np that/cs he/pps might/md be/be allowed/vbn to/to see/vb his/pp$ family/nn again/rb ./. During/in his/pp$ journey/nn Palfrey/np stopped/vbd off/rp to/to see/vb two/cd abolitionists/nns ./. In/in both/abx cases/nns he/pps desired/vbd information/nn about/in placing/vbg the/at freedmen/nns in/in homes/nns once/cs they/ppss arrived/vbd in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./. In/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, Lydia/np Maria/np Child/np welcomed/vbd him/ppo enthusiastically/rb :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv lately/rb heard/vbn of/in you/ppo from/in the/at Legislature/nn-tl of/in-tl Louisiana/np-tl ,/, and/cc felt/vbd joy/nn at/in your/pp$ public/jj recognition/nn of/in the/at brotherhood/nn of/in man/nn ''/'' ./. Mrs./np Child/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd once/rb apologized/vbn for/cs sending/vbg editor/nn Palfrey/np a/at book/nn on/in slavery/nn ,/, now/rb confided/vbd that/cs she/pps had/hvd helped/vbn one/cd of/in Henry/np Palfrey's/np$ slaves/nns escape/vb to/in Canada/np some/dti years/nns before/rb ,/, but/cc asked/vbd him/ppo not/* to/to advertise/vb the/at fact/nn in/in Louisiana/np ./. She/pps agreed/vbd to/to take/vb charge/nn of/in five/cd or/cc six/cd of/in the/at Negroes/nps should/md Palfrey/np decide/vb to/to send/vb them/ppo north/nr immediately/rb ./. At/in Lexington/np ,/, Kentucky/np ,/, Palfrey/np consulted/vbd with/in Cassius/np M./np Clay/np on/in the/at same/ap subject/nn ,/, but/cc with/in no/rb apparent/jj result/nn ./. Despite/in his/pp$ apprehensions/nns about/in his/pp$ personal/jj safety/nn ,/, Palfrey's/np$ reception/nn in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl was/bedz more/ap than/cs cordial/jj ./. Instead/rb of/in the/at expected/vbn ``/`` annoyances/nns ''/'' due/jj to/in the/at nature/nn of/in his/pp$ mission/nn ,/, he/pps received/vbd many/ap calling/vbg cards/nns and/cc invitations/nns from/in ``/`` gentlemen/nns of/in mark/nn ,/, on/in whom/wpo I/ppss had/hvd no/at sort/nn of/in claim/nn ,/, &/cc have/hv had/hvn many/ql more/ap invitations/nns than/cs I/ppss could/md accept/vb ''/'' ./. He/pps later/rbr told/vbd abolitionist/nn Edmund/np Quincy/np of/in the/at ``/`` marked/vbn attention/nn and/cc civility/nn ''/'' with/in which/wdt the/at New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl gentlemen/nns and/cc the/at upriver/jj planters/nns greeted/vbd him/ppo ./. The/at memory/nn of/in this/dt southern/jj hospitality/nn did/dod not/* survive/vb the/at trials/nns of/in coming/vbg antislavery/jj years/nns and/cc Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./. Palfrey's/np$ autobiography/nn contains/vbz a/at melodramatic/jj account/nn of/in two/cd perilous/jj days/nns spent/vbn among/in the/at planters/nns of/in Attakapas/np ,/, ``/`` many/ap of/in whom/wpo were/bed coarse/jj &/cc passionate/jj people/nns ,/, much/ql excited/vbn by/in what/wdt they/ppss heard/vbd of/in my/pp$ plans/nns ''/'' ./. He/pps proceeded/vbd with/in his/pp$ task/nn bravely/rb --/-- in/in his/pp$ memoirs/nns ,/, at/in least/ap --/-- before/cs the/at ``/`` passions/nns of/in my/pp$ neighbors/nns should/md have/hv time/nn to/to boil/vb too/ql high/rb ''/'' ./. Palfrey/np had/hvd already/rb made/vbn up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn that/cs he/pps would/md allow/vb the/at men/nns ,/, but/cc not/* the/at women/nns ,/, to/to choose/vb freely/rb whether/cs or/cc not/* to/to go/vb North/nr-tl for/in freedom/nn ./. The/at women/nns by/in remaining/vbg behind/rb condemned/vbd their/pp$ children/nns ,/, born/jj and/cc unborn/jj ,/, to/in bondage/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at short/jj private/jj talk/nn with/in each/dt adult/nn slave/nn ./. Only/rb one/cd objected/vbd ,/, but/cc Palfrey/np soon/rb convinced/vbd him/ppo that/cs he/pps ought/md to/to go/vb with/in the/at others/nns ./. All/ql the/at slaves/nns joined/vbd in/in requesting/vbg that/cs they/ppss be/be allowed/vbn to/to delay/vb their/pp$ departure/nn until/cs the/at end/nn of/in the/at planting/vbg season/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs they/ppss could/md get/vb in/rp ``/`` their/pp$ own/jj little/jj produce/nn ''/'' ./. Palfrey/np agreed/vbd ;/. ;/. the/at slaves/nns were/bed to/to remain/vb as/cs wage/nn laborers/nns for/in his/pp$ account/nn ./. William's/np$ threat/nn that/cs under/in no/at conditions/nns would/md he/pps allow/vb ``/`` freedom-conscious/jj ''/'' slaves/nns to/to mix/vb with/in his/pp$ own/jj was/bedz not/* carried/vbn out/rp ,/, for/cs the/at plantation/nn continued/vbd in/in operation/nn as/cs before/rb ./. Palfrey/np returned/vbd to/in Massachusetts/np greatly/rb relieved/vbn to/to have/hv made/vbn an/at arrangement/nn ``/`` so/ql satisfactory/jj to/in my/pp$ judgment/nn &/cc my/pp$ conscience/nn ''/'' ./. From/in Cambridge/np ,/, Palfrey/np maintained/vbd a/at close/jj interest/nn in/in the/at welfare/nn of/in his/pp$ slaves/nns ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, as/cs the/at time/nn for/in their/pp$ departure/nn approached/vbd ,/, his/pp$ solicitousness/nn increased/vbd ./. Should/md any/dti slave/nn change/vb his/pp$ mind/nn and/cc request/vb to/to leave/vb earlier/rbr ,/, Giffen/np was/bedz to/to provide/vb passage/nn at/in once/rb ./. When/wrb a/at sailing/vbg date/nn of/in March/np ,/, 1845/cd was/bedz finally/rb established/vbn ,/, Palfrey/np made/vbd sure/jj that/cs the/at Negroes/nps would/md have/hv comfortable/jj quarters/nns in/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl and/cc aboard/in ship/nn ./. Giffen/np assured/vbd him/ppo that/cs the/at captain/nn and/cc his/pp$ mate/nn had/hvd personally/rb promised/vbn to/to treat/vb the/at Negroes/nps with/in consideration/nn ./. Palfrey/np was/bedz also/rb concerned/vbn about/in the/at question/nn of/in what/wdt wage/nn to/to pay/vb for/in their/pp$ labor/nn throughout/in 1844/cd ./. The/at plantation/nn was/bedz sold/vbn in/in January/np ,/, 1845/cd ,/, and/cc Palfrey/np thought/vbd the/at new/jj owner/nn ought/md to/to pay/vb his/pp$ people/nns two/cd months'/nns$ wages/nns ./. Giffen/np suggested/vbd fifty/cd dollars/nns as/cs fair/jj compensation/nn for/in a/at year's/nn$ work/nn ;/. ;/. the/at new/jj owner/nn at/in Attakapas/np declined/vbd to/to enter/vb into/in any/dti philanthropic/jj arrangement/nn ./. On/in March/np 21/cd ,/, 1845/cd the/at bark/nn Bashaw/np weighed/vbd anchor/nn at/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ,/, while/cs on/in the/at levee/nn Henry/np and/cc William/np Palfrey/np waved/vbd farewell/nn to/in their/pp$ father's/nn$ former/ap chattels/nns who/wps must/md have/hv looked/vbn back/rb at/in the/at receding/vbg shore/nn with/in mingled/vbn regret/nn and/cc jubilation/nn ./. Not/* all/abn of/in Palfrey's/np$ slaves/nns were/bed aboard/rb the/at Bashaw/np ./. Giffen/np had/hvd advised/vbn that/cs it/pps would/md not/* be/be too/ql difficult/jj to/to obtain/vb freedom/nn locally/rb for/in the/at old/jj house/nn servants/nns ./. Two/cd of/in these/dts were/bed included/vbn in/in Palfrey's/np$ lot/nn ./. Giffen/np filed/vbd a/at petition/nn for/in permission/nn to/to emancipate/vb four/cd slaves/nns (/( all/abn more/ap than/in fifty/cd years/nns old/jj )/) with/in the/at St./nn-tl Martin's/np$-tl Parish/nn-tl Police/nns-tl Jury/nn-tl ./. After/in an/at initial/jj rejection/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps attributed/vbd to/in a/at ``/`` general/jj Excitement/nn against/in Abolition/nn and/cc Emancipation/nn ''/'' ,/, Giffen/np bribed/vbd the/at right/jj individuals/nns on/in the/at jury/nn ,/, and/cc got/vbd the/at permission/nn without/in further/jjr delay/nn ./. When/wrb the/at Negroes/nps landed/vbd at/in Boston/np a/at month/nn later/rbr they/ppss were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, no/ql longer/rbr slaves/nns ./. Slavery/nn was/bedz prohibited/vbn in/in Massachusetts/np by/in the/at terms/nns of/in the/at constitution/nn of/in 1780/cd ,/, which/wdt declared/vbd ``/`` all/abn men/nns are/ber born/vbn free/jj and/cc equal/jj ''/'' ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, Palfrey/np arranged/vbd a/at religious/jj ceremony/nn at/in King's/nn$-tl Chapel/nn-tl to/to formalize/vb the/at emancipation/nn ./. An/at eyewitness/nn recalled/vbd how/wql awkward/jj the/at red-turbaned/jj colored/vbn women/nns appeared/vbd as/cs they/ppss curtseyed/vbd in/in the/at church/nn doorway/nn ,/, and/cc the/at diffidence/nn the/at former/ap slaves/nns displayed/vbd while/cs they/ppss listened/vbd to/in the/at few/ap words/nns that/wps declared/vbd them/ppo free/jj ./. Once/cs the/at question/nn of/in emancipation/nn was/bedz settled/vbn to/in Palfrey's/np$ satisfaction/nn ,/, he/pps faced/vbd a/at real/jj problem/nn in/in placing/vbg the/at freedmen/nns in/in suitable/jj homes/nns as/cs servants/nns ./. Palfrey/np tried/vbd fruitlessly/rb to/to place/vb a/at Negro/np boy/nn in/in the/at Hopedale/np-tl Community/nn-tl ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd better/jjr luck/nn in/in his/pp$ other/ap attempts/nns ./. Mrs./np Child/np ,/, true/jj to/in her/pp$ word/nn ,/, helped/vbd place/vb Anna/np and/cc her/pp$ four/cd children/nns with/in a/at Quaker/np family/nn named/vbn Hathaway/np near/in Canandaigua/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. This/dt group/nn had/hvd been/ben Palfrey's/np$ greatest/jjt worry/nn since/cs Anna/np was/bedz in/in bad/jj health/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ children/nns were/bed too/ql young/jj to/to work/vb for/in their/pp$ keep/nn ./.

cf29

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But/cc certainly/rb the/at New/jj-tl Frontier/nn-tl has/hvz brought/vbn to/in Washington/np a/at group/nn more/ql varied/vbn in/in background/nn and/cc interest/nn ./. Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl Dean/np Rusk/np ,/, a/at former/ap Rhodes/np-tl Scholar/nn-tl and/cc Mills/np-tl College/nn-tl dean/nn ,/, has/hvz headed/vbn the/at Rockefeller/np-tl Foundation/nn-tl and/cc in/in that/dt role/nn expended/vbd large/jj sums/nns for/in international/jj cultural/jj exchange/nn ./. One/cd of/in his/pp$ initial/jj acts/nns in/in office/nn was/bedz to/to appoint/vb Philip/np Coombs/np of/in the/at Ford/np-tl Foundation/nn-tl as/cs the/at first/od Assistant/jj-tl Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl for/in-tl Educational/jj-tl and/cc-tl Cultural/jj-tl Affairs/nns-tl ./. (/( ``/`` In/in the/at late/jj forties/nns and/cc fifties/nns ''/'' ,/, Coombs/np has/hvz declared/vbn in/in defining/vbg his/pp$ role/nn ,/, ``/`` two/cd strong/jj new/jj arms/nns were/bed added/vbn to/to reinforce/vb United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl foreign/jj policy/nn economic/jj assistance/nn and/cc military/jj assistance/nn ./. As/cs we/ppss embark/vb upon/in the/at sixties/nns we/ppss have/hv an/at opportunity/nn to/to build/vb a/at third/od strong/jj arm/nn ,/, aimed/vbn at/in the/at development/nn of/in people/nns ,/, at/in the/at fuller/jjr realization/nn of/in their/pp$ creative/jj human/jj potential/nn ,/, and/cc a/at better/jjr understanding/nn among/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. )/) Many/ap of/in the/at new/jj appointees/nns are/ber art/nn collectors/nns ./. Ambassador-at-Large/nn-tl Averell/np Harriman/np has/hvz returned/vbn to/in the/at capital/nn with/in a/at collection/nn of/in paintings/nns that/wps include/vb Renoir/np ,/, Cezanne/np ,/, Gauguin/np ,/, Van/np Gogh/np ,/, Toulouse-Lautrec/np ,/, Degas/np ,/, Matisse/np ,/, Picasso/np ,/, and/cc Walt/np Kuhn/np ./. The/at Director/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Peace/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ,/, R./np Sargent/np Shriver/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, a/at Kennedy/np brother-in-law/nn ,/, collects/vbz heavily/rb among/in the/at moderns/nns ,/, including/in Kenzo/np Okada/np and/cc Josef/np Albers/np ./. Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl Douglas/np Dillon/np owns/vbz a/at prize/nn Monet/np ,/, Femmes/fw-nns-tl dans/fw-in-tl un/fw-at-tl Jardin/fw-nn-tl ./. Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl Robert/np McNamara/np ,/, former/ap President/nn-tl of/in the/at Ford/np-tl Motor/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, comes/vbz from/in a/at generation/nn different/jj from/in that/dt of/in Eisenhower's/np$ own/jj first/od Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ,/, Charles/np Wilson/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben head/nn of/in General/jj-tl Motors/nns-tl ./. Unlike/in Wilson/np ,/, who/wps at/in times/nns seemed/vbd almost/ql anti-intellectual/jj in/in his/pp$ earthy/jj pragmatism/nn ./. McNamara/np is/bez the/at scholar-businessman/nn ./. An/at inveterate/jj reader/nn of/in books/nns ,/, he/pps chose/vbd while/cs working/vbg in/in Detroit/np to/to live/vb in/in the/at University/nn-tl community/nn of/in Ann/np Arbor/np ,/, almost/rb forty/cd miles/nns away/rb ./. He/pps selected/vbd as/cs Comptroller/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ,/, not/* a/at veteran/jj accountant/nn ,/, but/cc a/at former/ap Rhodes/np-tl Scholar/nn-tl ,/, Charles/np Hitch/np ,/, who/wps is/bez author/nn of/in a/at study/nn on/in The/at Economics/nn-tl Of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Nuclear/jj-tl Age/nn-tl ./. One/cd of/in the/at President's/nn$-tl special/jj assistants/nns ,/, the/at Harvard/np dean/nn McGeorge/np Bundy/np ,/, was/bedz co-author/nn with/in Henry/np L./np Stimson/np of/in the/at latter's/nn$ classic/jj memoir/nn ,/, On/in-tl Active/jj-tl Service/nn-tl ./. Another/dt ,/, Arthur/np M./np Schlesinger/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, has/hvz won/vbn a/at Pulitzer/np-tl Prize/nn-tl in/in history/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, Marion/np ,/, is/bez a/at portrait/nn painter/nn ./. The/at Press/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl ,/, Pierre/np Salinger/np ,/, was/bedz a/at child/nn prodigy/nn as/cs a/at pianist/nn ./. (/( ``/`` It/pps is/bez always/rb of/in sorrow/nn to/in me/ppo when/wrb I/ppss find/vb people/nns who/wps neither/cc know/vb nor/cc understand/vb music/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps declared/vbd not/* long/rb ago/rb in/in proposing/vbg that/cs White/jj-tl House/nn-tl prizes/nns be/be awarded/vbn for/in music/nn and/cc art/nn ./. )/) Mrs./np Arthur/np Goldberg/np ,/, wife/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl ,/, paints/vbz professionally/rb and/cc helps/vbz sponsor/vb the/at Associated/vbn-tl Artists'/nns$-tl Gallery/nn-tl in/in the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ./. (/( ``/`` Artists/nns are/ber always/rb at/in a/at new/jj frontier/nn ''/'' ,/, she/pps claims/vbz ./. ``/`` In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at search/nn is/bez almost/ql more/ql important/jj than/cs the/at find/nn ''/'' ./. )/) Mrs./np Henry/np Labouisse/np ,/, wife/nn of/in the/at new/jj director/nn of/in the/at foreign/jj aid/nn program/nn ,/, is/bez the/at writer/nn and/cc lecturer/nn Eve/np Curie/np ./. The/at list/nn goes/vbz on/rp ./. At/in last/ap count/nn ,/, sixteen/cd former/ap Rhodes/np-tl Scholars/nns-tl (/( see/vb box/nn on/in page/nn 13/cd )/) had/hvd been/ben appointed/vbn to/in the/at Administration/nn-tl ,/, second/od in/in number/nn only/rb to/in its/pp$ Harvard/np graduates/nns ./. Besides/in Schlesinger/np ,/, the/at Justice/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl Information/nn-tl Director/nn-tl ,/, Edwin/np Guthman/np ,/, has/hvz won/vbn a/at Pulitzer/np-tl Prize/nn-tl (/( for/in national/jj reporting/nn )/) ./. Postmaster/nn-tl General/jj-tl J./np Edward/np Day/np ,/, who/wps must/md deal/vb with/in matters/nns of/in postal/jj censorship/nn ,/, is/bez himself/ppl author/nn of/in a/at novel/nn ,/, Bartholf/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, albeit/cs one/cd he/pps was/bedz obliged/vbn to/to publish/vb at/in his/pp$ own/jj expense/nn ./. Two/cd men/nns show/vb promise/nn of/in playing/vbg prominent/jj roles/nns :/: William/np Walton/np ,/, a/at writer-turned-painter/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben a/at long-time/nn friend/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl ./. They/ppss arrived/vbd in/in Washington/np about/rb the/at same/ap time/nn during/in the/at early/rb postwar/jj years/nns :/: Kennedy/np as/cs the/at young/jj Congressman/nn-tl from/in Massachusetts/np ;/. ;/. Walton/np ,/, after/in a/at wartime/nn stint/nn with/in Time-Life/np ,/, to/to become/vb bureau/nn chief/nn for/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl Republic/nn-tl ./. Both/abx lived/vbd in/in Georgetown/np ,/, were/bed unattached/jj ,/, and/cc shared/vbd an/at active/jj social/jj life/nn ./. Walton/np ,/, who/wps soon/rb made/vbd a/at break/nn from/in journalism/nn to/to become/vb one/cd of/in the/at capital's/nn$ leading/vbg semi-abstract/jj painters/nns ,/, vows/vbz that/cs he/pps and/cc Kennedy/np never/ql once/rb discussed/vbd art/nn in/in those/dts days/nns ./. Nonetheless/rb ,/, they/ppss found/vbd common/jj interests/nns ./. During/in last/ap year's/nn$ campaign/nn ,/, Kennedy/np asked/vbd Walton/np ,/, an/at utter/jj novice/nn in/in organization/nn politics/nn ,/, to/to assist/vb him/ppo ./. Walton/np dropped/vbd everything/pn to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at district/nn co-ordinator/nn in/in the/at hard-fought/jj Wisconsin/np primary/nn and/cc proved/vbd so/ql useful/jj that/cs he/pps was/bedz promoted/vbn to/to be/be liaison/nn officer/nn to/in critically/ql important/jj New/jj-tl York/np-tl City/nn-tl ./. Walton/np ,/, who/wps served/vbd as/cs a/at correspondent/nn with/in General/nn-tl James/np Gavin's/np$ paratroopers/nns during/in the/at invasion/nn of/in France/np ,/, combines/vbz the/at soul/nn of/in an/at artist/nn with/in the/at lingo/nn of/in a/at tough/jj guy/nn ./. He/pps provoked/vbd outraged/jj editorials/nns when/wrb ,/, after/in a/at post-Inaugural/jj inspection/nn of/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl with/in Mrs./np Kennedy/np ,/, he/pps remarked/vbd to/in reporters/nns ,/, ``/`` We/ppss just/rb cased/vbd the/at joint/nn to/to see/vb what/wdt was/bedz there/rb ''/'' ./. But/cc his/pp$ credentials/nns are/ber impeccable/jj ./. Already/rb the/at President/nn-tl and/cc the/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl have/hv deputized/vbn him/ppo to/to advise/vb on/in matters/nns ranging/vbg from/in the/at furnishing/nn of/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl to/in the/at renovation/nn of/in Lafayette/np-tl Square/nn-tl ./. A/at man/nn of/in great/jj talent/nn ,/, he/pps will/md continue/vb to/to serve/vb as/cs a/at sort/nn of/in Presidential/jj-tl trouble-shooter/nn ,/, strictly/rb ex/fw-in officio/fw-nn ,/, for/in culture/nn ./. A/at more/ql official/jj representative/nn is/bez the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl ./. Udall/np ,/, who/wps comes/vbz from/in one/cd of/in the/at Mormon/np first-families/nns of/in Arizona/np ,/, is/bez a/at bluff/jj ,/, plain-spoken/jj man/nn with/in a/at lust/nn for/in politics/nn and/cc a/at habit/nn of/in landing/vbg right/ql in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at fight/nn ./. But/cc even/rb while/cs sparring/vbg furiously/rb with/in Republican/np politicians/nns ,/, he/pps displays/vbz a/at deep/jj and/cc awesome/jj veneration/nn for/in anyone/pn with/in cultural/jj attainments/nns ./. His/pp$ private/jj dining/vbg room/nn has/hvz become/vbn a/at way/nn station/nn for/in visiting/vbg intellectuals/nns such/jj as/cs C./np P./np Snow/np ,/, Arnold/np Toynbee/np ,/, and/cc Aaron/np Copland/np ./. Udall/np argues/vbz that/cs Interior/nn-tl affairs/nns should/md cover/vb a/at great/jj deal/nn more/ap than/cs dams/nns and/cc wildlife/nn preserves/nns ./. After/in promoting/vbg Frost's/np$ appearance/nn at/in the/at Inauguration/nn-tl ,/, he/pps persuaded/vbd the/at poet/nn to/to return/vb several/ap months/nns later/rbr to/to give/vb a/at reading/nn to/in a/at select/jj audience/nn of/in Cabinet/nn-tl members/nns ,/, members/nns of/in Congress/np ,/, and/cc other/ap Washington/np notables/nns gathered/vbd in/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl auditorium/nn ./. The/at event/nn was/bedz so/ql successful/jj that/cs the/at Interior/nn-tl Secretary/nn-tl plans/vbz to/to serve/vb as/cs impresario/nn for/in similar/jj ones/nns from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ,/, hoping/vbg thereby/rb to/to add/vb to/in the/at cultural/jj enrichment/nn of/in the/at Administration/nn-tl ./. His/pp$ Ideas/nns in/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, sometimes/rb arouse/vb critical/jj response/nn ./. One/cd tempest/nn was/bedz stirred/vbn up/rp last/ap March/np when/wrb Udall/np announced/vbd that/cs an/at eight-and-a-half-foot/jj bronze/nn statue/nn of/in William/np Jennings/np Bryan/np ,/, sculpted/vbn by/in the/at late/jj Gutzon/np Borglum/np ,/, would/md be/be sent/vbn ``/`` on/in indefinite/jj loan/nn ''/'' to/in Salem/np ,/, Illinois/np ,/, Bryan's/np$ birthplace/nn ./. Spokesmen/nns for/in the/at nation's/nn$ tradition-minded/jj sculptors/nns promptly/rb claimed/vbd that/cs Udall/np was/bedz exiling/vbg the/at statue/nn because/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj hostility/nn to/in this/dt art/nn form/nn ./. They/ppss dug/vbd up/rp a/at speech/nn he/pps had/hvd made/vbn two/cd years/nns earlier/rbr as/cs a/at Congressman/nn-tl ,/, decrying/vbg the/at more/ap than/in two/cd hundred/cd statues/nns ,/, monuments/nns ,/, and/cc memorials/nns which/wdt ``/`` dot/vb the/at Washington/np landscape/nn as/cs patriotic/jj societies/nns and/cc zealous/jj friends/nns are/ber constantly/rb hatching/vbg new/jj plans/nns ''/'' ./. Hoping/vbg to/to cut/vb down/rp on/in such/jj works/nns ,/, Udall/np had/hvd proposed/vbn that/cs a/at politician/nn be/be at/in least/ap fifty/cd years/nns departed/vbn before/cs he/pps is/bez memorialized/vbn ./. He/pps is/bez not/* likely/jj to/to win/vb this/dt battle/nn easily/rb ./. In/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at Borglum/np statue/nn an/at Interior/nn-tl aide/nn was/bedz obliged/vbn to/to announce/vb that/cs there/ex had/hvd been/ben a/at misunderstanding/nn and/cc that/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl had/hvd no/at desire/nn to/to ``/`` hustle/vb ''/'' it/ppo out/in of/in Washington/np ./. The/at last/ap Congress/np adopted/vbd seven/cd bills/nns for/in memorials/nns ,/, including/in one/cd to/in Taras/np Shevchenko/np ,/, the/at Ukrainian/jj poet/nn laureate/jj ;/. ;/. eleven/cd others/nns were/bed introduced/vbn ./. Active/jj warfare/nn is/bez raging/vbg between/in the/at forces/nns pressing/vbg for/in a/at monument/nn to/in the/at first/od Roosevelt/np on/in Theodore/np-tl Roosevelt/np-tl Island/nn-tl in/in the/at Potomac/np ,/, and/cc TR.'s/np$ own/jj living/vbg children/nns ,/, who/wps wish/vb to/to preserve/vb the/at island/nn as/cs a/at wildlife/nn sanctuary/nn ./. The/at hotly/ql debated/vbn plan/nn for/in the/at capital's/nn$ Franklin/np D./np Roosevelt/np Memorial/nn-tl ,/, a/at circle/nn of/in huge/jj tablets/nns engraved/vbn with/in his/pp$ speeches/nns (/( and/cc promptly/rb dubbed/vbd by/in one/cd of/in its/pp$ critics/nns ,/, ``/`` Instant/jj-tl Stonehenge/np-tl ''/'' )/) ,/, is/bez another/dt of/in Udall's/np$ headaches/nns ,/, since/cs as/cs supervisor/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Parks/nns-tl Commission/nn-tl he/pps will/md share/vb in/in the/at responsibility/nn for/in building/vbg it/ppo ./. ``/`` Washington/np ''/'' ,/, President/nn-tl Kennedy/np has/hvz been/ben heard/vbn to/to remark/vb ironically/rb ,/, ``/`` is/bez a/at city/nn of/in southern/jj efficiency/nn and/cc northern/jj charm/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex have/hv been/ben indications/nns that/cs he/pps hopes/vbz to/to redress/vb that/dt situation/nn ,/, commencing/vbg with/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. One/cd of/in Mrs./np Kennedy's/np$ initial/jj concerns/nns as/cs First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl was/bedz the/at sad/jj state/nn of/in the/at furnishings/nns in/in a/at building/nn which/wdt is/bez supposed/vbn to/to be/be a/at national/jj shrine/nn ./. Ever/ql since/rb the/at fire/nn of/in 1812/cd destroyed/vbd the/at beautiful/jj furniture/nn assembled/vbn by/in President/nn-tl Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl has/hvz collected/vbn a/at hodgepodge/nn of/in period/nn pieces/nns ,/, few/ap of/in them/ppo authentic/jj or/cc aesthetic/jj ./. Mrs./np Kennedy/np shows/vbz a/at determination/nn to/to change/vb all/abn this/dt ./. Not/* long/rb after/in moving/vbg in/rp she/pps turned/vbd up/rp a/at richly/ql carved/vbn desk/nn ,/, hewed/vbn from/in the/at timbers/nns of/in the/at British/jj ship/nn H.M.S./np Resolute/np and/cc presented/vbn to/in President/nn-tl Hayes/np by/in Queen/nn-tl Victoria/np ./. It/pps now/rb serves/vbz the/at President/nn-tl in/in his/pp$ oval/jj office/nn ./. Later/rbr ,/, browsing/vbg in/in an/at old/jj issue/nn of/in the/at Gazette/fw-nn-tl Des/fw-in+at-t Beaux-Arts/fw-nns-tl ,/, she/pps found/vbd a/at description/nn of/in a/at handsome/jj gilt/jj pier-table/nn purchased/vbn in/in 1817/cd by/in President/nn-tl James/np Monroe/np ./. She/pps traced/vbd it/ppo to/in a/at storage/nn room/nn ./. With/in its/pp$ coating/nn of/in gold/nn radiator/nn paint/nn removed/vbn --/-- a/at gaucherie/nn of/in some/dti earlier/jjr tenant/nn --/-- it/pps will/md now/rb occupy/vb its/pp$ rightful/jj place/nn in/in the/at oval/jj Blue/jj-tl Room/nn-tl on/in the/at first/od floor/nn of/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. But/cc it/pps soon/rb became/vbd clear/jj that/cs the/at search/nn for/in eighteenth-century/jj furniture/nn (/( which/wdt Mrs./np Kennedy/np feels/vbz is/bez the/at proper/jj period/nn for/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl )/) must/md be/be pursued/vbn in/in places/nns other/ap than/cs government/nn storage/nn rooms/nns ./. The/at First/od-tl Lady/nn-tl appointed/vbd a/at Fine/jj-tl Arts/nns-tl Advisory/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, to/to locate/vb authentic/jj pieces/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs to/to arrange/vb ways/nns to/to acquire/vb them/ppo ./. Her/pp$ effort/nn to/to put/vb the/at home/nn of/in living/vbg Presidents/nns-tl on/in the/at same/ap basis/nn as/cs Mount/nn-tl Vernon/np-tl and/cc Monticello/np recognizes/vbz no/at party/nn lines/nns ./. By/in rough/jj estimate/nn her/pp$ Committee/nn-tl ,/, headed/vbn by/in Henry/np Francis/np Du/np Pont/np ,/, contains/vbz three/cd times/nns as/ql many/ap Republicans/nps as/cs Democrats/nps ./. The/at press/nn releases/nns emanating/vbg from/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl give/vb a/at clue/nn to/in the/at activity/nn within/rb ./. A/at curator/nn has/hvz been/ben appointed/vbn ./. A/at valuable/jj pencil-and-sepia/nn allegorical/jj drawing/nn of/in Benjamin/np Franklin/np by/in Jean-Honore/np Fragonard/np has/hvz been/ben donated/vbn by/in the/at art/nn dealer/nn Georges/np Wildenstein/np and/cc now/rb hangs/vbz in/in the/at Blue/jj-tl Room/nn-tl ./. The/at American/jj-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Interior/nn-tl Designers/nns-tl is/bez redecorating/vbg the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl library/nn ./. Secretary/nn and/cc Mrs./np Dillon/np have/hv contributed/vbn enough/ap pieces/nns of/in Empire/nn-tl furniture/nn ,/, including/in Dolley/np Madison's/np$ own/jj sofa/nn ,/, to/to furnish/vb a/at room/nn in/in that/dt style/nn ./. And/cc part/nn of/in a/at fabulous/jj collection/nn of/in vermeil/fw-jj hollowware/nn ,/, bequeathed/vbn to/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl by/in the/at late/jj Mrs./np Margaret/np Thompson/np Biddle/np ,/, has/hvz been/ben taken/vbn out/in of/in its/pp$ locked/vbn cases/nns and/cc put/vbn on/in display/nn in/in the/at State/nn-tl dining/vbg room/nn ./. Woman's/nn$ place/nn is/bez in/in the/at home/nn :/: man/nn must/md attend/vb to/in matters/nns of/in the/at yard/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at vexatious/jj problems/nns to/to first/rb confront/vb President/nn-tl Kennedy/np was/bedz the/at property/nn lying/vbg just/ql across/in Pennsylvania/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl from/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. Congress/np had/hvd already/rb appropriated/vbn money/nn ,/, and/cc plans/nns were/bed well/ql along/rb to/to tear/vb down/rp the/at buildings/nns flanking/vbg Lafayette/np-tl Square/nn-tl and/cc replace/vb them/ppo with/in what/wdt one/cd critic/nn calls/vbz the/at ``/`` marble/nn monumentality/nn ''/'' of/in government/nn office/nn buildings/nns ./. While/cs a/at Senator/nn-tl ,/, Kennedy/np had/hvd unsuccessfully/rb pushed/vbn a/at bill/nn to/to preserve/vb the/at Belasco/np-tl Theater/nn-tl ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at Dolley/np Madison/np and/cc the/at Benjamin/np Taylor/np houses/nns ,/, all/abn scheduled/vbn for/in razing/vbg ./. What/wdt to/to do/do about/in it/ppo now/rb that/cs he/pps was/bedz President/nn-tl ?/. ?/. Only/rb a/at few/ap days/nns after/in moving/vbg into/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. Kennedy/np made/vbd a/at midnight/nn inspection/nn of/in the/at Square/nn-tl ./. Then/rb he/pps called/vbd in/rp his/pp$ friend/nn Walton/np and/cc turned/vbd over/rp the/at problem/nn to/in him/ppo ,/, with/in instructions/nns to/to work/vb out/rp what/wdt was/bedz best/jjt --/-- provided/vbn it/pps didn't/dod* pile/vb unnecessary/jj burdens/nns on/in the/at President/nn-tl ./. The/at situation/nn involved/vbd some/dti political/jj perils/nns ./. One/cd of/in the/at offices/nns slated/vbn for/in reconstruction/nn is/bez the/at aged/vbn Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Claims/nns-tl ,/, diagonally/rb across/in the/at street/nn from/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. Logically/rb ,/, it/pps should/md be/be moved/vbn downtown/nr ./. But/cc Judge/nn-tl Marvin/np Jones/np ,/, senior/jj member/nn of/in the/at Court/nn-tl ,/, is/bez an/at elderly/jj gentleman/nn who/wps lives/vbz at/in the/at nearby/jj Metropolitan/jj-tl Club/nn-tl and/cc desires/vbz to/to walk/vb to/in work/nn ./. More/ql importantly/rb ,/, he/pps also/rb happens/vbz to/to be/be the/at brother-in-law/nn of/in Sam/np Rayburn/np ,/, Speaker/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl House/nn-tl ./. There/ex were/bed aesthetic/jj problems/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs political/jj ./. On/in delving/vbg deeper/rbr ,/, Walton/np discovered/vbd that/cs most/ap of/in the/at buildings/nns fronting/vbg the/at Square/nn-tl could/md be/be classified/vbn as/cs ``/`` early/jj nondescript/jj ''/'' ./. The/at old/jj Belasco/np-tl Theater/nn-tl ,/, over/in which/wdt many/ap people/nns had/hvd grown/vbn sentimental/jj ,/, was/bedz only/rb a/at shell/nn of/in its/pp$ former/ap self/nn after/in arduous/jj years/nns as/cs a/at USO/nn Center/nn-tl ./. The/at Dolley/np-tl Madison/np-tl House/nn-tl ,/, Walton/np concluded/vbd ,/, was/bedz scarcely/ql worth/jj preserving/vbg ./. ``/`` The/at attempt/nn to/to save/vb the/at Square's/nn$-tl historic/jj value/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps declares/vbz ,/, ``/`` came/vbd half/abn a/at century/nn too/ql late/rb ''/'' ./.

cf30

cf30 |@word surround:1 ancient:1 elm:1 campus:3 spacious:1 beautiful:1 building:1 mostly:1 georgian:1 dartmouth:29 student:13 live:1 monastic:1 seclusion:1 still:11 simple:1 life:2 relatively:2 free:1 female:1 presence:2 influence:1 must:2 go:3 far:1 even:7 though:1 may:5 fast:1 sophisticated:2 pleasure:1 heir:1 rare:1 gift:1 space:1 silence:1 choose:1 means:1 country:4 boy:4 last:2 century:3 hill:3 bear:2 grease:1 hair:1 zeal:1 book:1 learn:3 heart:1 man:6 shop:1 hanover:6 main:1 street:1 compare:1 favorably:1 princeton:2 new:6 automobile:1 stream:1 weekend:3 toward:1 smith:3 wellesley:1 mount:4 holyoke:1 less:1 rakish:1 leave:1 cambridge:1 west:1 philadelphia:1 always:1 outdoor:1 air:2 would:1 sophisticate:1 citybre:1 youth:3 adopt:1 without:1 embarrassment:1 one:6 poke:1 fun:1 manly:2 virtue:1 give:3 rise:2 easy:1 camaraderie:1 probably:3 unequale:1 elsewhere:1 ivy:6 league:2 affect:1 faculty:2 thus:2 winter:4 carnival:2 widely:1 recognize:1 great:4 wildest:1 roaringest:1 college:24 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Surrounded/vbn by/in ancient/jj elms/nns ,/, the/at campus/nn is/bez spacious/jj and/cc beautiful/jj ./. The/at buildings/nns are/ber mostly/rb Georgian/jj ./. The/at Dartmouth/np student/nn does/doz not/* live/vb in/in monastic/jj seclusion/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps once/rb did/dod ./. But/cc his/pp$ is/bez still/rb a/at simple/jj life/nn relatively/ql free/jj of/in the/at female/jj presence/nn or/cc influence/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps must/md go/vb far/rb ,/, even/rb though/cs he/pps may/md go/vb fast/rb ,/, for/in sophisticated/jj pleasures/nns ./. He/pps is/bez still/rb heir/nn to/in the/at rare/jj gifts/nns of/in space/nn and/cc silence/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps chooses/vbz to/to be/be ./. He/pps is/bez by/in no/at means/nn the/at country/nn boy/nn he/pps might/md have/hv been/ben in/in the/at last/ap century/nn ,/, down/rp from/in the/at hills/nns with/in bear/nn grease/nn on/in his/pp$ hair/nn and/cc a/at zeal/nn for/in book/nn learning/nn in/in his/pp$ heart/nn ./. The/at men's/nns$ shops/nns on/in Hanover's/np$ Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl compare/vb favorably/rb with/in those/dts in/in Princeton/np and/cc New/jj-tl Haven/nn-tl ./. And/cc the/at automobiles/nns that/wps stream/vb out/in of/in Hanover/np each/dt weekend/nn ,/, toward/in Smith/np and/cc Wellesley/np and/cc Mount/nn-tl Holyoke/np-tl ,/, are/ber no/ql less/ql rakish/jj than/cs those/dts leaving/vbg Cambridge/np or/cc West/jj-tl Philadelphia/np-tl ./. But/cc there/ex has/hvz always/rb been/ben an/at outdoor/jj air/nn to/in Dartmouth/np ./. The/at would-be/jj sophisticate/nn and/cc the/at citybred/jj youth/nn adopt/vb this/dt air/nn without/in embarrassment/nn ./. No/at one/pn here/rb pokes/vbz fun/nn at/in manly/jj virtues/nns ./. And/cc this/dt gives/vbz rise/nn to/in an/at easy/jj camaraderie/nn probably/rb unequaled/jj elsewhere/rb in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl League/nn-tl ./. It/pps even/rb affects/vbz the/at faculty/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, when/wrb Dartmouth's/np$ Winter/nn-tl Carnival/nn-tl --/-- widely/rb recognized/vbn as/cs the/at greatest/jjt ,/, wildest/jjt ,/, roaringest/jjt college/nn weekend/nn anywhere/rb ,/, any/dti time/nn --/-- was/bedz broadcast/vbn over/in a/at national/jj television/nn hookup/nn ,/, Prexy/np John/np Sloan/np Dickey/np appeared/vbd on/in the/at screen/nn in/in rugged/jj winter/nn garb/nn ,/, topped/vbn off/rp by/in a/at tam-o'-shanter/nn which/wdt he/pps confessed/vbd had/hvd been/ben acquired/vbn from/in a/at Smith/np girl/nn ./. President/nn-tl Dickey's/np$ golden/jj retriever/nn ,/, frolicking/vbg in/in the/at snow/nn at/in his/pp$ feet/nns ,/, added/vbd to/in the/at picture/nn of/in masculine/jj informality/nn ./. This/dt carefree/jj disdain/nn for/in ``/`` side/nn ''/'' cropped/vbd up/rp again/rb in/in the/at same/ap television/nn broadcast/nn ./. Dean/nn-tl Thaddeus/np Seymour/np ,/, wearing/vbg ski/nn clothes/nns ,/, was/bedz crowning/vbg a/at beauteous/jj damsel/nn queen/nn of/in the/at Carnival/nn-tl ./. She/pps must/md have/hv looked/vbn temptingly/ql pretty/jj to/in the/at dean/nn as/cs he/pps put/vbd the/at crown/nn on/in her/pp$ head/nn ./. So/rb he/pps kissed/vbd her/ppo ./. No/at Dartmouth/np man/nn was/bedz surprised/vbn ./. Dartmouth/np students/nns enjoy/vb other/ap unusual/jj diversions/nns with/in equal/jj sang-froid/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, groups/nns regularly/rb canoe/vb down/in the/at Connecticut/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. This/dt is/bez in/in honor/nn of/in John/np Ledyard/np ,/, class/nn of/in 1773/cd ,/, who/wps scooped/vbd a/at canoe/nn out/in of/in a/at handy/jj tree/nn and/cc first/rb set/vbd the/at course/nn way/ql back/rb in/in his/pp$ own/jj student/nn days/nns ./. And/cc these/dts hardy/jj travelers/nns are/ber not/* unappreciated/jj today/nr ./. They/ppss are/ber hailed/vbn by/in the/at nation's/nn$ press/nn ,/, and/cc Smith/np girls/nns throng/vb the/at riverbanks/nns at/in Northampton/np and/cc refresh/vb the/at voyageurs/fw-nns with/in hot/jj soup/nn and/cc kisses/nns ./. Dartmouth's/np$ favorite/jj and/cc most/ql characteristic/jj recreation/nn is/bez skiing/vbg ./. Since/in the/at days/nns when/wrb their/pp$ two/cd thousand/cd pairs/nns of/in skis/nns outnumbered/vbd those/dts assembled/vbn anywhere/rb else/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, the/at students/nns have/hv stopped/vbn regarding/vbg the/at Olympic/jj-tl Ski/nn-tl Team/nn-tl as/cs another/dt name/nn for/in their/pp$ own/jj ./. Yet/cc Dartmouth/np still/rb is/bez the/at dominant/jj member/nn of/in the/at Intercollegiate/jj-tl Ski/nn-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt includes/vbz the/at winter/nn sports/nns colleges/nns of/in Canada/np as/ql well/rb as/cs those/dts of/in this/dt country/nn ./. Dartmouth/np students/nns ski/jj everywhere/rb in/in winter/nn ,/, starting/vbg with/in their/pp$ own/jj front/jj door/nn ./. They/ppss can/md hire/vb a/at horse/nn and/cc go/vb ski-joring/vbg behind/in him/ppo ,/, or/cc move/vb out/rp to/in Oak/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb there's/ex+bez a/at lift/nn ./. The/at Dartmouth/np Skiway/np ,/, at/in Holt's/np$-tl Ledge/nn-tl ,/, ten/cd miles/nns north/nr of/in the/at campus/nn ,/, has/hvz one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt terrains/nns in/in the/at East/nr-tl ,/, ranging/vbg from/in novice/nn to/in expert/jj ./. Forty/cd miles/nns farther/rbr north/nr is/bez Mount/nn-tl Moosilauke/np-tl ,/, Dartmouth's/np$ own/jj mountain/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, at/in the/at Ravine/nn-tl Lodge/nn-tl ,/, President/nn-tl Dickey/np acts/vbz as/cs host/nn every/at year/nn to/in about/rb a/at hundred/cd freshmen/nns who/wps are/ber being/beg introduced/vbn by/in the/at Dartmouth/np-tl Outing/nn-tl Club/nn-tl to/in life/nn on/in the/at trails/nns ./. The/at Lodge/nn-tl ,/, built/vbn of/in hand-hewn/jj virgin/jj spruce/nn ,/, can/md handle/vb fifty/cd people/nns for/in dining/vbg ,/, sleeping/vbg ,/, or/cc lounging/vbg in/in its/pp$ huge/jj living/vbg room/nn ./. The/at Outing/nn-tl Club/nn-tl also/rb owns/vbz a/at chain/nn of/in fourteen/cd cabins/nns and/cc several/ap shelters/nns ,/, extending/vbg from/in the/at Vermont/np hills/nns ,/, just/ql across/in the/at river/nn from/in the/at college/nn ,/, through/in Hanover/np to/in the/at College/nn-tl Grant/nn-tl --/-- 27,000/cd acres/nns of/in wilderness/nn 140/cd miles/nns north/nr up/rp in/in the/at logging/vbg country/nn ./. The/at cabins/nns are/ber equipped/vbn with/in bunks/nns ,/, blankets/nns ,/, and/cc cooking/vbg equipment/nn and/cc are/ber ideal/jj bases/nns for/in hikes/nns and/cc skiing/vbg trips/nns ./. The/at club/nn runs/vbz regular/jj trips/nns to/in the/at cabins/nns ,/, but/cc many/ap of/in the/at students/nns prefer/vb to/to take/vb off/rp in/in small/jj unofficial/jj groups/nns for/in a/at weekend/nn of/in hunting/vbg ,/, fishing/vbg ,/, climbing/vbg ,/, or/cc skiing/vbg ./. Under/in the/at auspices/nns of/in the/at Outing/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, Dartmouth/np also/rb has/hvz the/at Mountaineering/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt takes/vbz on/rp tough/jj climbs/nns like/cs Mount/nn-tl McKinley/np-tl ,/, and/cc Bait/nn-tl &/cc-tl Bullet/nn-tl ,/, whose/wp$ interests/nns are/ber self-evident/jj ,/, and/cc even/rb sports/vbz a/at Woodman's/np$-tl Team/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt competes/vbz with/in other/ap New/jj-tl England/np-tl colleges/nns in/in wood/nn sawing/nn and/cc chopping/vbg ,/, canoe/nn races/nns ,/, and/cc the/at like/jj ./. There/ex is/bez much/ap to/to be/be said/vbn for/in a/at college/nn that/wps ,/, while/cs happily/rb attuned/vbn to/in the/at sophisticated/jj Ivies/nps ,/, still/rb gives/vbz its/pp$ students/nns a/at chance/nn to/to get/vb up/rp early/rb in/in the/at morning/nn and/cc drive/vb along/in back/jj roads/nns where/wrb a/at glimpse/nn of/in small/jj game/nn ,/, deer/nns ,/, or/cc even/rb bear/nns is/bez not/* uncommon/jj ./. City/nn boys/nns find/vb a/at lot/nn of/in learning/vbg in/in the/at feel/nn of/in an/at ax/nn handle/nn or/cc in/in the/at sharp/jj tang/nn of/in a/at sawmill/nn ,/, come/vbn upon/rb suddenly/rb in/in a/at backwoods/nns logging/vbg camp/nn ./. And/cc on/in the/at summit/nn of/in Mount/nn-tl Washington/np-tl ,/, where/wrb thirty-five/cd degrees/nns below/in zero/cd is/bez commonplace/jj and/cc the/at wind/nn velocity/nn has/hvz registered/vbn higher/rbr than/cs anywhere/rb else/rb in/in the/at world/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at kind/nn of/in wisdom/nn to/to be/be found/vbn that/cs other/ap men/nns often/rb seek/vb in/in the/at Himalayas/nps ``/`` because/cs it/pps is/bez there/rb ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez much/ap to/to be/be said/vbn for/in such/abl a/at college/nn --/-- and/cc Dartmouth/np men/nns have/hv been/ben accused/vbn of/in saying/vbg it/ppo too/ql often/rb and/cc too/ql loudly/rb ./. Their/pp$ affection/nn for/in their/pp$ college/nn home/nn has/hvz even/rb caused/vbn President/nn-tl Dickey/np to/to comment/vb on/in this/dt ``/`` place/nn loyalty/nn ''/'' as/cs something/pn rather/ql specially/rb Hanoverian/jj ./. Probably/rb a/at lawyer/nn once/rb said/vbd it/ppo best/rbt for/in all/abn time/nn in/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Early/rb in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn the/at State/nn-tl of/in-tl New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl was/bedz casting/vbg about/rb for/in a/at way/nn to/to found/vb its/pp$ own/jj state/nn university/nn ./. It/pps fixed/vbd on/in Dartmouth/np-tl College/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz ready-made/jj and/cc just/rb what/wdt the/at proctor/nn ordered/vbd ./. The/at legislators/nns decided/vbd to/to ``/`` liberate/vb ''/'' Dartmouth/np and/cc entered/vbd into/in a/at tug-o'-war/nn with/in the/at college/nn trustees/nns over/in the/at control/nn of/in classrooms/nns ,/, faculty/nn ,/, and/cc chapel/nn ./. For/in a/at time/nn there/ex were/bed two/cd factions/nns on/in the/at campus/nn fighting/vbg for/in possession/nn of/in the/at student/nn body/nn ./. The/at struggle/nn was/bedz resolved/vbn in/in 1819/cd in/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl in/in one/cd of/in the/at most/ql intriguing/jj cases/nns in/in our/pp$ judicial/jj history/nn ./. In/in 1817/cd the/at lawyers/nns were/bed generally/rb debating/vbg the/at legal/jj inviolability/nn of/in private/jj contracts/nns and/cc charters/nns ./. A/at lawyer/nn ,/, hired/vbn by/in the/at college/nn ,/, was/bedz arguing/vbg specifically/rb for/in Dartmouth/np :/: Daniel/np Webster/np ,/, class/nn of/in 1801/cd ,/, made/vbd her/pp$ plight/nn the/at dramatic/jj focus/nn of/in his/pp$ whole/jj plea/nn ./. In/in an/at age/nn of/in oratory/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at king/nn of/in orators/nns ,/, and/cc both/abx he/pps himself/ppl and/cc Chief/jjs-tl Justice/nn-tl Marshall/np were/bed bathed/vbn in/in manly/jj tears/nns ,/, as/cs Uncle/np Dan'l/np reached/vbd his/pp$ thundering/vbg climax/nn :/: ``/`` It/pps is/bez ,/, sir/nn ,/, as/cs I/ppss have/hv said/vbn ,/, a/at small/jj college/nn ,/, and/cc yet/rb there/ex are/ber those/dts who/wps love/vb it/ppo ./. ''/'' Dartmouth/np is/bez today/nr still/rb a/at small/jj college/nn --/-- and/cc still/rb a/at private/jj one/cd ,/, thanks/nns to/in Webster's/np$ eloquence/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* out/in of/in keeping/vbg with/in its/pp$ origins/nns ,/, probably/rb the/at most/ql humble/jj of/in any/dti in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl group/nn ./. Eleazar/np Wheelock/np ,/, a/at Presbyterian/jj minister/nn ,/, founded/vbd the/at school/nn in/in 1769/cd ,/, naming/vbg it/ppo after/in the/at second/od earl/nn of/in Dartmouth/np ,/, its/pp$ sponsor/nn and/cc benefactor/nn ./. Eleazar/np ,/, pausing/vbg on/in the/at Hanover/np plain/nn ,/, found/vbd its/pp$ great/jj forests/nns and/cc remoteness/nn good/jj and/cc with/in his/pp$ own/jj hands/nns built/vbd the/at first/od College/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, a/at log/nn hut/nn dedicated/vbn ``/`` for/in the/at education/nn &/cc instruction/nn of/in Youth/nn of/in the/at Indian/jj-tl Tribes/nns-tl in/in this/dt Land/nn in/in reading/vbg ,/, writing/vbg &/cc all/abn parts/nns of/in learning/vbg which/wdt shall/md appear/vb necessary/jj and/cc expedient/jj for/in civilizing/vbg &/cc christianizing/vbg Children/nns of/in Pagans/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in all/abn liberal/jj Arts/nns and/cc Sciences/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc also/rb of/in English/np Youth/nn and/cc any/dti others/nns ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at hardy/jj undertaking/nn ,/, and/cc Wheelock's/np$ was/bedz indeed/rb ``/`` a/at voice/nn crying/vbg in/in the/at wilderness/nn ''/'' ./. A/at road/nn had/hvd to/to be/be hacked/vbn through/in trackless/jj forests/nns between/in Hanover/np and/cc Portsmouth/np to/to permit/vb Governor/nn-tl Wentworth/np and/cc a/at company/nn of/in gentlemen/nns to/to attend/vb the/at first/od Dartmouth/np commencement/nn in/in 1771/cd ./. The/at governor/nn and/cc his/pp$ retinue/nn thoughtfully/rb brought/vbd with/in them/ppo a/at glorious/jj silver/nn punchbowl/nn which/wdt is/bez still/rb one/cd of/in the/at cherished/vbn possessions/nns of/in the/at college/nn ./. The/at exuberance/nn on/in this/dt occasion/nn set/vbd a/at standard/nn for/in subsequent/jj Dartmouth/np gatherings/nns ./. A/at student/nn orator/nn ``/`` produced/vbd tears/nns from/in a/at great/jj number/nn of/in the/at learned/vbn ''/'' even/rb before/cs the/at punch/nn was/bedz served/vbn ./. Then/rb from/in the/at branches/nns of/in a/at near-by/jj tree/nn an/at Indian/jj underclassman/nn ,/, disdaining/vbg both/abx the/at platform/nn and/cc the/at English/jj language/nn ,/, harangued/vbd the/at assemblage/nn in/in his/pp$ aboriginal/jj tongue/nn ./. Governor/nn-tl Wentworth/np contributed/vbd an/at ox/nn for/in a/at barbecue/nn on/in the/at green/nn beneath/in the/at three-hundred-foot/jj pines/nns ,/, and/cc a/at barrel/nn of/in rum/nn was/bedz broached/vbn ./. The/at cook/nn got/vbd drunk/jj ,/, and/cc President/nn-tl Wheelock/np proved/vbd to/to be/be a/at man/nn of/in broad/jj talents/nns by/in carving/vbg the/at ox/nn himself/ppl ./. Future/jj commencements/nns were/bed more/ql decorous/jj perhaps/rb ,/, but/cc the/at number/nn of/in graduates/nns increased/vbd from/in the/at original/jj four/cd at/in a/at relatively/ql slow/jj pace/nn ./. By/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, in/in 1893/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at Big/jj-tl Three/cd-tl ,/, Columbia/np ,/, and/cc Penn/np were/bed populous/jj centers/nns of/in learning/vbg ,/, Dartmouth/np graduated/vbd only/rb sixty-nine/cd ./. The/at dormitories/nns ,/, including/in the/at beloved/jj Dartmouth/np-tl Hall/nn-tl ,/, could/md barely/rb house/vb two/cd hundred/cd students/nns in/in Spartan/np fashion/nn ./. Then/rb in/in 1893/cd Dr./nn-tl William/np Jewett/np Tucker/np became/vbd president/nn and/cc the/at college's/nn$ great/jj awakening/nn began/vbd ./. He/pps transformed/vbd Dartmouth/np from/in a/at small/jj New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl institution/nn into/in a/at national/jj college/nn ./. By/in 1907/cd the/at number/nn of/in undergraduates/nns had/hvd risen/vbn to/in 1,107/cd ./. And/cc at/in his/pp$ last/ap commencement/nn ,/, in/in that/dt year/nn ,/, Dr./nn-tl Tucker/np and/cc Dartmouth/np were/bed honored/vbn by/in the/at presence/nn of/in distinguished/vbn academic/jj visitors/nns attesting/vbg to/in the/at new/jj stature/nn of/in the/at college/nn ./. The/at presidents/nns of/in Cornell/np ,/, Wisconsin/np ,/, C.C.N.Y./np ,/, Bowdoin/np ,/, Vermont/np ,/, Brown/np ,/, Columbia/np ,/, Princeton/np ,/, Yale/np ,/, and/cc Harvard/np and/cc the/at presidents/nns emeritus/jj of/in Harvard/np and/cc Michigan/np were/bed there/rb ./. Dartmouth/np is/bez numerically/rb still/rb a/at small/jj college/nn today/nr ,/, with/in approximately/rb twenty-nine/cd hundred/cd undergraduates/nns ./. But/cc it/pps has/hvz achieved/vbn a/at cross-section/nn of/in students/nns from/in almost/rb all/abn the/at states/nns ,/, and/cc two-thirds/nns of/in its/pp$ undergraduates/nns come/vb from/in outside/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ./. Over/rp 450/cd different/jj schools/nns are/ber usually/rb represented/vbn in/in each/dt entering/vbg class/nn ./. Only/rb a/at dozen/nn or/cc so/rb schools/nns send/vb as/ql many/ap as/cs six/cd students/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber seldom/rb more/ap than/in fifteen/cd men/nns in/in any/dti single/ap delegation/nn ./. About/rb two-thirds/nns of/in the/at boys/nns now/rb come/vb from/in public/jj schools/nns ./. It/pps is/bez still/rb a/at college/nn only/rb and/cc not/* a/at university/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, the/at only/ap college/nn in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl group/nn ./. However/rb ,/, three/cd distinguished/vbn associated/vbn graduate/jj schools/nns offer/vb professional/jj curriculums/nns --/-- the/at Dartmouth/np-tl Medical/jj-tl School/nn-tl (/( third/od oldest/jjt in/in the/at country/nn and/cc founded/vbn in/in 1797/cd )/) ,/, the/at-tl Thayer/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Engineering/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Amos/np-tl Tuck/np-tl School/nn-tl of/in-tl Business/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ./. All/abn three/cd are/ber purposely/rb kept/vbn small/jj ,/, with/in a/at current/jj total/nn enrollment/nn of/in about/rb two/cd hundred/cd ./. All/abn three/cd schools/nns coordinate/vb their/pp$ educational/jj programs/nns with/in that/dt of/in the/at undergraduate/jj college/nn and/cc ,/, like/cs the/at college/nn proper/jj ,/, place/vb emphasis/nn upon/in a/at broad/jj liberal/jj arts/nns course/nn as/cs the/at proper/jj foundation/nn for/in specialized/vbn study/nn ./. Students/nns of/in the/at college/nn who/wps are/ber candidates/nns for/in the/at A.B./np degree/nn and/cc can/md satisfy/vb the/at academic/jj requirements/nns of/in the/at medical/jj and/cc business/nn schools/nns ,/, may/md enter/vb either/dtx of/in these/dts associated/vbn schools/nns at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in senior/jj year/nn ,/, thus/rb completing/vbg the/at two-year/jj postgraduate/jj course/nn in/in one/cd year/nn ./. The/at Thayer/np-tl School/nn-tl offers/vbz a/at year/nn of/in postgraduate/jj study/nn in/in somewhat/rb the/at same/ap way/nn ,/, after/cs a/at boy/nn wins/vbz a/at B.S./np in/in engineering/vbg ./. So/rb Dartmouth/np is/bez moving/vbg closer/rbr to/in the/at others/nns in/in the/at Ivy/nn-tl group/nn ./. It/pps is/bez still/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at junior/jj member/nn of/in the/at League/nn-tl ,/, if/cs not/* in/in years/nns at/in least/ap in/in the/at catching/nn up/rp it/pps has/hvz had/hvn to/to do/do ./. It/pps has/hvz not/* been/ben a/at well-known/jj school/nn for/in any/dti part/nn of/in the/at span/nn the/at other/ap Ivies/nps have/hv enjoyed/vbn ./. However/wql much/ap football/nn has/hvz been/ben over-emphasized/vbn ,/, the/at public/nn likes/vbz to/to measure/vb its/pp$ collegiate/jj favorites/nns by/in the/at scoreboard/nn ,/, so/rb ,/, while/cs Yale/np need/vb never/rb give/vb its/pp$ record/nn a/at thought/nn again/rb since/cs outscoring/vbg its/pp$ opponents/nns 694/cd to/in 0/cd in/in the/at season/nn of/in 1888/cd ,/, Dartmouth/np had/hvd to/to wait/vb until/in its/pp$ championship/nn team/nn of/in 1925/cd for/in national/jj recognition/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz come/vbn on/rp with/in a/at rush/nn in/in more/ql significant/jj areas/nns ./. Today/nr it/pps espouses/vbz certain/jj ideas/nns in/in its/pp$ curriculum/nn that/wpo other/ap institutions/nns might/md consider/vb somewhat/ql breathtaking/jj ./. But/cc Dartmouth/np preserves/vbz its/pp$ youthful/jj brashness/nn even/rb in/in its/pp$ educational/jj attitudes/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, although/cs some/dti of/in its/pp$ experiments/nns may/md still/rb be/be in/in the/at testing/vbg stage/nn ,/, they/ppss make/vb for/in lively/jj copy/nn ./. President/nn-tl Emeritus/jj-tl Hopkins/np once/rb proposed/vbd to/to corral/vb an/at ``/`` aristocracy/nn of/in brains/nns ''/'' in/in Hanover/np ./.

cf31

cf31 |@word person:2 leave:9 buggy:2 never:3 identify:1 busy:1 street:2 conveniently:1 near:1 shopping:2 center:1 unattended:1 horse:2 wagon:1 often:1 curbside:1 course:2 many:2 weakness:1 case:2 emma:1 like:1 stepmother:1 nothing:4 know:12 occur:1 shortly:3 crime:1 could:11 cause:2 murderous:1 rage:1 way:1 advance:1 whether:2 opportunity:2 murder:15 exist:4 would:12 take:3 fair:1 risk:1 see:5 recognize:2 travel:2 avoid:1 train:1 hire:3 stableman:1 may:4 police:7 check:2 thoroughly:1 indicate:3 completely:3 eliminate:1 suspect:7 uncle:4 john:1 vinnicum:1 morse:26 immediate:1 popular:1 sudden:1 unannounced:1 appearance:1 borden:21 home:2 strange:1 carry:1 iota:1 baggage:1 although:4 clearly:1 intend:1 stay:4 overnight:1 longer:2 lizzie:18 state:1 inquest:3 father:6 sitting:1 room:5 afternoon:1 disturb:1 voice:1 close:7 door:7 even:1 though:1 hot:2 day:5 evident:1 tell:6 everything:3 overhear:1 time:15 jenning:1 young:1 law:1 associate:2 name:3 arthur:1 phillips:1 year:4 ago:1 long:4 death:2 phillip:1 reveal:1 newspaper:1 story:2 always:3 say:19 quarrel:3 violently:1 house:13 information:3 must:1 come:3 obviously:1 sound:1 argument:1 new:1 bedford:1 standard:1 report:4 knowlton:3 trial:5 conversation:1 convict:2 somebody:2 notice:2 obtain:1 conviction:1 group:1 itinerant:1 trader:1 make:5 headquarter:1 westport:2 town:3 far:4 fall:6 river:6 vagabond:1 lot:2 consider:1 shady:1 undesirable:1 character:2 go:5 get:2 possibly:1 find:2 accomplice:1 among:1 man:4 officer:2 incriminate:1 alibi:2 solid:1 seem:2 return:8 visit:2 niece:4 streetcar:5 woman:4 back:4 shop:1 dinner:5 fashionable:1 hour:2 twelve:1 noon:1 delay:1 start:1 little:1 prepare:1 substantial:1 meal:1 eat:1 possible:3 earlier:1 since:2 serve:1 attempt:2 interview:3 conductor:3 remember:1 passenger:2 question:2 four:2 five:1 priest:3 ride:2 car:1 recall:1 satisfied:1 also:3 point:4 heavily:1 catholic:1 almost:3 every:1 trip:1 statement:3 really:1 prove:1 nine:1 bridget:22 testify:2 side:4 let:1 lock:2 screen:3 post:1 office:1 walk:2 leisurely:1 mile:1 away:1 meet:1 nobody:1 accounting:1 movement:1 gap:1 cover:1 early:2 mrs:10 kill:1 breakfast:1 dining:1 servant:3 want:1 wash:3 window:3 today:2 testimony:4 direct:1 contradiction:1 vomiting:1 spell:1 yard:3 knowledge:2 secretly:1 hide:2 fairly:1 well:2 two:2 previous:2 past:1 three:1 month:1 alone:1 despite:1 show:1 tight:1 drum:1 true:3 unlock:3 ten:1 fifteen:1 minute:1 sick:2 openly:1 occupy:1 alarm:1 ax:2 hatchet:2 hand:2 farm:2 need:1 reason:1 disbelieve:2 approach:1 enough:1 swing:1 cry:1 weybosset:1 plenty:1 use:2 arrive:1 mr:4 barn:1 upstairs:1 attic:1 free:1 easy:1 access:1 second:1 weapon:1 vacant:1 abandon:1 cistern:1 neighborhood:1 unconcerned:1 stroll:1 pear:2 tree:1 crowd:1 already:1 gather:1 front:1 building:1 sawyer:1 guard:1 odd:1 examination:2 clothe:3 bloodstain:1 certainly:2 scientific:1 test:1 around:1 without:1 change:2 stain:1 dark:1 suit:1 unnoticed:1 motive:1 mysterious:1 financial:1 gain:1 ledger:1 fact:3 unusual:1 behavior:1 promise:1 turn:1 pearson:3 sullivan:4 book:1 essay:1 write:1 soon:1 cease:1 look:1 upon:1 either:1 possession:1 guilty:1 neither:1 interest:1 indeed:1 probably:1 advantage:1 alive:1 exonerate:1 complete:1 discussion:1 read:2 sinister:1 purpose:1 happily:1 accept:1 whole:1 truth:1 feel:1 nee:1 girl:1 exoneration:2 speak:1 expression:1 opinion:2 assistant:1 marshal:1 fleet:2 ask:5 reply:3 think:2 call:1 actually:1 prospective:1 tenant:1 hear:3 week:2 mention:1 something:1 talk:1 partner:1 much:1 detest:1 hiram:1 harrington:4 accuse:1 specifically:1 anybody:3 bad:2 feeling:2 toward:2 one:2 friendly:2 press:1 suggest:1 killer:2 kirby:2 boy:1 pick:1 else:2 household:1 besides:1 suspicion:1 inquire:1 oh:1 maid:2 wave:1 unimportant:1 reflect:1 everyone:1 somehow:1 manage:1 overlook:1 exactly:1 people:3 official:1 afflict:1 similar:1 myopia:1 concern:1 record:1 file:1 contain:1 employer:1 cricket:1 butler:1 mystery:1 fiction:1 deal:1 actual:1 real:1 life:1 imaginary:1 situation:1 action:1 examine:1 establish:1 innocence:1 factor:1 require:1 legend:2 include:1 solemn:1 assurance:1 ireland:2 big:1 bundle:2 cash:2 give:1 keep:1 mouth:1 shut:1 believe:1 retell:1 apparently:2 trouble:1 several:1 key:1 detriment:1 last:1 reward:1 service:1 render:1 bear:1 fourteen:1 child:1 pioneer:1 family:1 relative:1 country:1 work:1 domestic:1 first:2 newport:1 south:1 bethlehem:1 pennsylvania:1 another:1 finally:1 settle:1 employ:1 reed:1 previously:1 describe:1 spend:1 scrub:1 iron:1

The/at person/nn who/wps left/vbd the/at buggy/nn there/rb has/hvz never/rb been/ben identified/vbn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at busy/jj street/nn ,/, conveniently/rb near/in the/at shopping/vbg center/nn ,/, and/cc unattended/jj horses/nns and/cc wagons/nns were/bed often/rb left/vbn at/in the/at curbside/nn ./. There/ex are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, many/ap weaknesses/nns in/in any/dti case/nn against/in Emma/np ./. She/pps didn't/dod* like/vb her/pp$ stepmother/nn ,/, but/cc nothing/pn is/bez known/vbn to/to have/hv occurred/vbn shortly/rb before/in the/at crime/nn that/wps could/md have/hv caused/vbn such/abl a/at murderous/jj rage/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd no/at way/nn of/in knowing/vbg in/in advance/nn whether/cs an/at opportunity/nn for/in murder/nn existed/vbd ./. She/pps would/md have/hv been/ben taking/vbg more/ap than/in a/at fair/jj risk/nn of/in being/beg seen/vbn and/cc recognized/vbn during/in her/pp$ travels/nns ./. If/cs she/pps avoided/vbd the/at train/nn and/cc hired/vbd a/at buggy/nn ,/, the/at stableman/nn might/md have/hv recognized/vbn her/ppo ./. If/cs police/nn had/hvd checked/vbn on/in her/ppo more/ql thoroughly/rb than/cs is/bez indicated/vbn ,/, she/pps would/md be/be completely/rb eliminated/vbn as/cs a/at suspect/nn ./. Uncle/nn-tl John/np Vinnicum/np Morse/np was/bedz the/at immediate/jj popular/jj suspect/nn ./. His/pp$ sudden/jj unannounced/jj appearance/nn at/in the/at Borden/np home/nn was/bedz strange/jj in/in that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* carry/vb an/at iota/nn of/in baggage/nn with/in him/ppo ,/, although/cs he/pps clearly/rb intended/vbd to/to stay/vb overnight/rb ,/, if/cs not/* longer/rbr ./. Lizzie/np stated/vbd during/in the/at inquest/nn that/cs while/cs her/pp$ father/nn and/cc uncle/nn were/bed in/in the/at sitting/vbg room/nn the/at afternoon/nn before/in the/at murders/nns ,/, she/pps had/hvd been/ben disturbed/vbn by/in their/pp$ voices/nns and/cc had/hvd closed/vbn her/pp$ door/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at very/ql hot/jj day/nn ./. It/pps is/bez evident/jj that/cs Lizzie/np did/dod not/* tell/vb everything/pn she/pps overheard/vbd between/in her/pp$ father/nn and/cc her/pp$ Uncle/nn-tl Morse/np ./. At/in that/dt time/nn Jennings/np had/hvd a/at young/jj law/nn associate/nn named/vbn Arthur/np S./np Phillips/np ./. A/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb ,/, not/* too/ql long/rb before/in his/pp$ death/nn ,/, Phillips/np revealed/vbd in/in a/at newspaper/nn story/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd always/rb suspected/vbn Morse/np of/in the/at murders/nns ./. He/pps said/vbd Morse/np and/cc Borden/np had/hvd quarreled/vbn violently/rb in/in the/at house/nn that/dt day/nn ,/, information/nn which/wdt must/md have/hv come/vbn from/in Lizzie/np ./. It/pps was/bedz obviously/rb the/at sound/nn of/in this/dt argument/nn that/wps caused/vbd Lizzie/np to/to close/vb her/pp$ door/nn ./. The/at New/jj-tl Bedford/np-tl Standard-Times/np-tl has/hvz reported/vbn Knowlton/np as/cs saying/vbg ,/, long/rb after/in the/at trial/nn ,/, that/cs if/cs he/pps only/rb knew/vbd what/wdt Borden/np said/vbd during/in his/pp$ conversation/nn with/in Morse/np ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv convicted/vbn ``/`` somebody/pn ''/'' ./. Notice/vb ,/, Knowlton/np did/dod not/* say/vb that/cs he/pps would/md have/hv obtained/vbn a/at conviction/nn in/in the/at trial/nn of/in Lizzie/np Borden/np ./. He/pps said/vbd he/pps would/md have/hv convicted/vbn ``/`` somebody/pn ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez known/vbn that/cs Morse/np did/dod associate/vb with/in a/at group/nn of/in itinerant/jj horse/nn traders/nns who/wps made/vbd their/pp$ headquarters/nn at/in Westport/np ,/, a/at town/nn not/* far/rb from/in Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl ./. They/ppss were/bed a/at vagabond/nn lot/nn and/cc considered/vbn to/to be/be shady/jj and/cc undesirable/jj characters/nns ./. Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl police/nns did/dod go/vb to/in Westport/np to/to see/vb if/cs they/ppss could/md get/vb any/dti information/nn against/in Morse/np and/cc possibly/rb find/vb an/at accomplice/nn whom/wpo he/pps might/md have/hv hired/vbn from/in among/in these/dts men/nns ./. These/dts officers/nns found/vbd no/at incriminating/vbg information/nn ./. Morse's/np$ alibi/nn was/bedz not/* as/ql solid/jj as/cs it/pps seemed/vbd ./. He/pps said/vbd he/pps returned/vbd from/in the/at visit/nn to/in his/pp$ niece/nn on/in the/at 11:20/cd streetcar/nn ./. The/at woman/nn in/in the/at house/nn where/wrb the/at niece/nn was/bedz staying/vbg backed/vbd up/rp his/pp$ story/nn and/cc said/vbd she/pps left/vbd when/wrb he/pps did/dod to/to shop/vb for/in her/pp$ dinner/nn ./. Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl is/bez not/* a/at fashionable/jj town/nn ./. The/at dinner/nn hour/nn there/rb was/bedz twelve/cd noon/nn ./. If/cs this/dt woman/nn had/hvd delayed/vbn until/in after/in 11:20/cd to/to start/vb her/pp$ shopping/nn ,/, she/pps would/md have/hv had/hvn little/ap time/nn in/in which/wdt to/to prepare/vb the/at substantial/jj meal/nn that/wps was/bedz eaten/vbn at/in dinner/nn in/in those/dts days/nns ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs Morse/np told/vbd the/at woman/nn it/pps was/bedz 11:20/cd ,/, but/cc it/pps could/md have/hv been/ben earlier/rbr ,/, since/cs she/pps did/dod serve/vb dinner/nn on/in time/nn ./. Police/nns did/dod make/vb an/at attempt/nn to/to check/vb on/in Morse's/np$ alibi/nn ./. They/ppss interviewed/vbd the/at conductor/nn of/in the/at streetcar/nn Morse/np said/vbd he/pps had/hvd taken/vbn ,/, but/cc the/at man/nn did/dod not/* remember/vb Morse/np as/cs a/at passenger/nn ./. Questioned/vbn further/rbr ,/, Morse/np said/vbd that/cs there/ex had/hvd been/ben four/cd or/cc five/cd priests/nns riding/vbg on/in the/at same/ap car/nn with/in him/ppo ./. The/at conductor/nn did/dod recall/vb having/hvg priests/nns as/cs passengers/nns and/cc this/dt satisfied/vbd police/nns ,/, although/cs the/at conductor/nn also/rb pointed/vbd out/rp that/cs in/in heavily/rb Catholic/jj Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl there/ex were/bed priests/nns riding/vbg on/in almost/rb every/at trip/nn the/at streetcar/nn made/vbd ,/, so/rb Morse's/np$ statement/nn really/rb proved/vbd nothing/pn ./. We/ppss do/do know/vb that/cs Morse/np left/vbd the/at house/nn before/in nine/cd o'clock/rb ./. Bridget/np testified/vbd she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo leave/vb through/in the/at side/jj door/nn ./. Morse/np said/vbd Borden/np let/vb him/ppo out/rp and/cc locked/vbd the/at screen/nn door/nn ./. From/in that/dt point/nn on/rp he/pps said/vbd he/pps went/vbd to/in the/at post/nn office/nn and/cc then/rb walked/vbd leisurely/rb to/in where/wrb his/pp$ niece/nn was/bedz staying/vbg ,/, more/ap than/in a/at mile/nn away/rb ./. He/pps met/vbd nobody/pn he/pps knew/vbd on/in this/dt walk/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at accounting/nn of/in his/pp$ movements/nns in/in this/dt long/jj gap/nn of/in time/nn which/wdt covers/vbz the/at early/jj hours/nns when/wrb Mrs./np Borden/np was/bedz killed/vbn ./. Morse/np testified/vbd that/cs while/cs he/pps was/bedz having/hvg breakfast/nn in/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn ,/, Mrs./np Borden/np told/vbd the/at servant/nn ,/, ``/`` Bridget/np ,/, I/ppss want/vb you/ppo to/to wash/vb these/dts windows/nns today/nr ''/'' ./. Bridget's/np$ testimony/nn was/bedz in/in direct/jj contradiction/nn ./. She/pps said/vbd it/pps was/bedz after/cs she/pps returned/vbd from/in her/pp$ vomiting/vbg spell/nn in/in the/at back/jj yard/nn that/cs Mrs./np Borden/np told/vbd her/ppo to/to wash/vb the/at windows/nns ./. This/dt was/bedz long/rb after/cs Morse/np had/hvd left/vbn the/at house/nn ./. Morse's/np$ knowledge/nn of/in what/wdt Mrs./np Borden/np told/vbd Bridget/np could/md indicate/vb that/cs he/pps had/hvd returned/vbn secretly/rb to/in the/at house/nn and/cc was/bedz hidden/vbn there/rb ./. He/pps knew/vbd the/at house/nn fairly/ql well/rb ,/, he/pps had/hvd been/ben there/rb on/in two/cd previous/jj visits/nns during/in the/at past/ap three/cd or/cc four/cd months/nns alone/rb ./. And/cc despite/in Knowlton's/np$ attempts/nns to/to show/vb that/cs the/at house/nn was/bedz locked/vbn up/rp tighter/rbr than/cs a/at drum/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz not/* true/jj ./. The/at screen/nn door/nn was/bedz unlocked/vbn for/in some/rb ten/cd or/cc fifteen/cd minutes/nns while/vb Bridget/np was/bedz sick/jj in/in the/at back/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz unlocked/vbn all/abn the/at time/nn she/pps was/bedz washing/vbg windows/nns ./. Morse/np could/md have/hv returned/vbn openly/rb while/cs Bridget/np was/bedz sick/jj in/in the/at back/jj yard/nn and/cc gone/vbn up/rp to/in the/at room/nn he/pps had/hvd occupied/vbn ./. Mrs./np Borden/np would/md not/* have/hv been/ben alarmed/vbn if/cs she/pps saw/vbd Morse/np with/in an/at ax/nn or/cc hatchet/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben to/in the/at farm/nn the/at previous/jj day/nn and/cc he/pps could/md have/hv said/vbn they/ppss needed/vbd the/at ax/nn or/cc hatchet/nn at/in the/at farm/nn ./. Mrs./np Borden/np would/md have/hv had/hvn no/at reason/nn to/to disbelieve/vb him/ppo and/cc he/pps could/md have/hv approached/vbn close/rb enough/qlp to/in her/ppo to/to swing/vb before/cs she/pps could/md cry/vb out/rp ./. He/pps could/md have/hv left/vbn for/in Weybosset/np-tl Street/nn-tl after/in her/pp$ murder/nn and/cc made/vbn it/ppo in/in plenty/nn of/in time/nn by/in using/vbg the/at streetcar/nn ./. If/cs he/pps took/vbd an/at earlier/jjr streetcar/nn than/cs the/at 11:20/cd on/in his/pp$ return/nn ,/, he/pps could/md have/hv arrived/vbn at/in the/at Borden/np house/nn shortly/rb after/cs Mr./np Borden/np came/vbd home/nr ./. With/in Lizzie/np in/in the/at barn/nn ,/, the/at screen/nn door/nn unlocked/vbn and/cc Bridget/np upstairs/rb in/in her/pp$ attic/nn room/nn ,/, he/pps would/md have/hv had/hvn free/jj and/cc easy/jj access/nn to/in the/at house/nn ./. With/in the/at second/od murder/nn over/rp ,/, he/pps could/md have/hv left/vbn ,/, hidden/vbn the/at weapon/nn in/in some/dti vacant/jj lot/nn or/cc an/at abandoned/vbn cistern/nn in/in the/at neighborhood/nn ./. His/pp$ unconcerned/jj stroll/nn down/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at house/nn to/in a/at pear/nn tree/nn ,/, with/in crowds/nns already/rb gathering/vbg in/in front/nn of/in the/at building/nn and/cc Sawyer/np guarding/vbg the/at side/jj door/nn ,/, was/bedz odd/jj ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at close/jj examination/nn of/in his/pp$ clothes/nns for/in bloodstains/nns ,/, and/cc certainly/rb no/at scientific/jj test/nn was/bedz made/vbn of/in them/ppo ./. And/cc for/in a/at man/nn who/wps traveled/vbd around/rb without/in any/dti change/nn of/in clothing/nn ,/, a/at few/ap more/ap stains/nns on/in his/pp$ dark/jj suit/nn may/md very/ql well/rb have/hv gone/vbn unnoticed/jj ./. The/at motive/nn may/md have/hv been/ben the/at mysterious/jj quarrel/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex was/bedz no/at financial/jj gain/nn for/in Morse/np in/in the/at murders/nns ./. On/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at ledger/nn is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps did/dod see/vb his/pp$ niece/nn and/cc the/at woman/nn with/in whom/wpo she/pps was/bedz staying/vbg ./. The/at time/nn would/md have/hv been/ben shortly/rb after/in the/at murder/nn of/in Mrs./np Borden/np and/cc they/ppss noticed/vbd nothing/pn unusual/jj in/in his/pp$ behavior/nn ./. He/pps said/vbd he/pps had/hvd promised/vbn Mrs./np Borden/np to/to return/vb in/in time/nn for/in dinner/nn and/cc that/dt was/bedz close/rb to/in the/at time/nn when/wrb he/pps did/dod turn/vb up/rp at/in the/at Borden/np house/nn ./. What/wdt did/dod Pearson/np say/vb about/in Bridget/np Sullivan/np as/cs a/at possible/jj suspect/nn in/in his/pp$ trial-book/nn essay/nn ?/. ?/. He/pps wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` The/at police/nns soon/rb ceased/vbd to/to look/vb upon/rb either/cc Bridget/np or/cc Mr./np Morse/np as/cs in/in possession/nn of/in guilty/jj knowledge/nn ./. Neither/dtx had/hvd any/dti interest/nn in/in the/at deaths/nns ;/. ;/. indeed/uh ,/, it/pps was/bedz probably/rb to/in Mr./np Morse's/np$ advantage/nn to/to have/hv Mr./np and/cc Mrs./np Borden/np alive/jj ./. Both/abx he/pps and/cc Bridget/np were/bed exonerated/vbn by/in Lizzie/np herself/ppl ''/'' ./. That/dt was/bedz his/pp$ complete/jj discussion/nn of/in Bridget/np Sullivan/np as/cs a/at possible/jj suspect/nn ./. Although/cs Pearson/np disbelieved/vbd almost/rb everything/pn Lizzie/np said/vbd ,/, and/cc read/vbd a/at sinister/jj purpose/nn into/in almost/rb everything/pn she/pps did/dod ,/, he/pps happily/rb accepted/vbd her/pp$ statement/nn about/in Bridget/np as/cs the/at whole/jj truth/nn ./. He/pps felt/vbd nothing/pn further/rbr need/md be/be said/vbn about/in the/at servant/nn girl/nn ./. The/at exoneration/nn Pearson/np speaks/vbz of/in is/bez not/* an/at exoneration/nn ,/, but/cc Lizzie's/np$ expression/nn of/in her/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, as/cs reported/vbn in/in the/at testimony/nn of/in Assistant/jj-tl Marshal/nn-tl Fleet/np ./. This/dt officer/nn had/hvd asked/vbn Lizzie/np if/cs she/pps suspected/vbd her/pp$ Uncle/nn-tl Morse/np ,/, and/cc she/pps replied/vbd she/pps didn't/dod* think/vb he/pps did/dod it/ppo because/cs he/pps left/vbd the/at house/nn before/in the/at murders/nns and/cc returned/vbd after/in them/ppo ./. Fleet/np asked/vbd the/at same/ap question/nn about/in Bridget/np ,/, and/cc Lizzie/np pointed/vbd out/rp that/cs as/ql far/rb as/cs she/pps knew/vbd Bridget/np had/hvd gone/vbn up/rp to/in her/pp$ room/nn before/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ murder/nn and/cc came/vbd down/rp when/wrb she/pps called/vbd her/ppo ./. Lizzie/np ,/, actually/rb ,/, never/rb named/vbd any/dti suspect/nn ./. She/pps told/vbd police/nns about/in the/at prospective/jj tenant/nn she/pps had/hvd heard/vbn quarreling/vbg with/in her/pp$ father/nn some/dti weeks/nns before/in the/at murders/nns ,/, but/cc she/pps said/vbd she/pps thought/vbd he/pps was/bedz from/in out/in of/in town/nn because/cs she/pps heard/vbd him/ppo mention/vb something/pn about/in talking/vbg to/in his/pp$ partner/nn ./. And/cc ,/, much/rb as/cs she/pps detested/vbd Hiram/np Harrington/np ,/, she/pps also/rb did/dod not/* accuse/vb him/ppo ./. At/in the/at inquest/nn she/pps was/bedz asked/vbn specifically/rb whether/cs she/pps knew/vbd anybody/pn her/pp$ father/nn had/hvd bad/jj feelings/nns toward/in ,/, or/cc who/wps had/hvd bad/jj feelings/nns toward/in her/pp$ father/nn ./. She/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss know/vb of/in one/cd man/nn that/wps has/hvz not/* been/ben friendly/jj with/in him/ppo ./. They/ppss have/hv not/* been/ben friendly/jj for/in years/nns ''/'' ./. Asked/vbn who/wps this/dt was/bedz ,/, she/pps named/vbd Harrington/np ./. Her/pp$ statement/nn certainly/rb was/bedz true/jj ;/. ;/. the/at press/nn reported/vbd the/at same/ap facts/nns in/in using/vbg Harrington's/np$ interview/nn ,/, but/cc Lizzie/np did/dod not/* suggest/vb at/in the/at inquest/nn that/cs Harrington/np was/bedz the/at killer/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss interviewed/vbd Kirby/np ,/, who/wps as/cs a/at boy/nn picked/vbd up/rp pears/nns in/in the/at Borden/np yard/nn ,/, I/ppss asked/vbd if/cs anybody/pn else/rb in/in the/at household/nn besides/in Lizzie/np and/cc Morse/np had/hvd been/ben under/in any/dti suspicion/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in the/at murders/nns ./. He/pps said/vbd he/pps had/hvd not/* heard/vbn of/in anybody/pn else/rb ./. ``/`` How/wrb about/in Bridget/np Sullivan/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss inquired/vbd ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, she/pps was/bedz just/rb the/at maid/nn there/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ,/, waving/vbg a/at hand/nn to/to indicate/vb how/wql completely/ql unimportant/jj she/pps was/bedz ./. Kirby/np was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, reflecting/vbg the/at opinion/nn that/wps existed/vbd at/in the/at time/nn of/in murders/nns ./. Everyone/pn somehow/rb manages/vbz to/to overlook/vb completely/rb the/at fact/nn that/cs ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs we/ppss know/vb ,/, there/ex were/bed exactly/rb two/cd people/nns in/in and/cc about/in the/at house/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in both/abx murders/nns :/: Lizzie/np Borden/np and/cc Bridget/np Sullivan/np ./. All/abn the/at officials/nns on/in the/at case/nn seem/vb to/to have/hv been/ben afflicted/vbn with/in a/at similar/jj myopia/nn as/ql far/rb as/cs Bridget/np was/bedz concerned/vbn ,/, although/cs records/nns in/in police/nns files/nns contain/vb many/ap reports/nns of/in servants/nns who/wps have/hv murdered/vbn their/pp$ employers/nns ./. True/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr cricket/nn for/in the/at butler/nn to/to be/be the/at killer/nn in/in mystery/nn fiction/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss are/ber dealing/vbg here/rb with/in actual/jj people/nns in/in real/jj life/nn and/cc not/* imaginary/jj characters/nns and/cc situations/nns ./. The/at actions/nns of/in Bridget/np should/md be/be examined/vbn ,/, since/cs she/pps was/bedz there/rb and/cc opportunity/nn did/dod exist/vb ,/, if/cs only/rb to/to establish/vb her/pp$ innocence/nn ./. There/ex are/ber also/rb other/ap factors/nns that/wps require/vb closer/jjr examination/nn ./. The/at legend/nn as/cs it/pps exists/vbz in/in Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl today/nr always/rb includes/vbz the/at solemn/jj assurance/nn that/cs Bridget/np returned/vbd to/in Ireland/np after/in the/at trial/nn with/in a/at ``/`` big/jj bundle/nn ''/'' of/in cash/nn which/wdt Lizzie/np gave/vbd her/ppo for/in keeping/vbg her/pp$ mouth/nn shut/vbn ./. The/at people/nns who/wps believe/vb and/cc retell/vb the/at legend/nn have/hv apparently/rb never/rb troubled/vbn to/to read/vb the/at trial/nn testimony/nn and/cc do/do not/* know/vb that/cs the/at maid/nn changed/vbd her/pp$ testimony/nn on/in several/ap key/jjs points/nns ,/, always/rb to/in the/at detriment/nn of/in Lizzie/np ./. If/cs Bridget/np did/dod get/vb any/dti bundles/nns of/in cash/nn ,/, the/at last/ap person/nn who/wps would/md have/hv rewarded/vbn her/ppo for/in services/nns rendered/vbn would/md have/hv been/ben Lizzie/np Borden/np ./. Bridget/np was/bedz born/vbn in/in Ireland/np ,/, one/cd of/in fourteen/cd children/nns ./. She/pps was/bedz apparently/rb the/at pioneer/nn in/in her/pp$ family/nn because/cs she/pps had/hvd no/at close/jj relatives/nns in/in this/dt country/nn at/in that/dt time/nn ./. She/pps worked/vbd as/cs a/at domestic/nn ,/, first/rb in/in Newport/np for/in a/at year/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb in/in South/jj-tl Bethlehem/np-tl ,/, Pennsylvania/np ,/, for/in another/dt year/nn ./. She/pps finally/rb settled/vbd in/in Fall/nn-tl River/nn-tl and/cc ,/, after/cs being/beg employed/vbn for/in a/at time/nn by/in a/at Mrs./np Reed/np ,/, was/bedz hired/vbn by/in the/at Bordens/nps ./. I/ppss have/hv previously/rb described/vbn how/wrb ,/, during/in the/at week/nn of/in the/at murder/nn ,/, Bridget/np spent/vbd the/at first/od few/ap hot/jj days/nns scrubbing/vbg and/cc ironing/vbg clothes/nns ./.

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Her/pp$ father/nn ,/, James/np Upton/np ,/, was/bedz the/at Upton/np mentioned/vbn by/in Hawthorne/np in/in the/at famous/jj introduction/nn to/in the/at Scarlet/jj-tl Letter/nn-tl as/cs one/cd of/in those/dts who/wps came/vbd into/in the/at old/jj custom/nn house/nn to/to do/do business/nn with/in him/ppo as/cs the/at surveyor/nn of/in the/at port/nn ./. A/at gentleman/nn of/in the/at old/jj school/nn ,/, Mr./np Upton/np possessed/vbd intellectual/jj power/nn ,/, ample/jj means/nns ,/, and/cc withal/rb ,/, was/bedz a/at devoted/vbn Christian/np ./. The/at daughter/nn profited/vbd from/in his/pp$ interest/nn in/in scientific/jj and/cc philosophical/jj subjects/nns ./. Her/pp$ mother/nn also/rb was/bedz a/at person/nn of/in superior/jj mind/nn and/cc broad/jj interests/nns ./. There/ex is/bez clear/jj evidence/nn that/cs Lucy/np from/in childhood/nn had/hvd an/at unusual/jj mind/nn ./. She/pps possessed/vbd an/at observant/jj eye/nn ,/, a/at retentive/jj memory/nn ,/, and/cc a/at critical/jj faculty/nn ./. When/wrb she/pps was/bedz nine/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, she/pps wrote/vbd a/at description/nn of/in a/at store/nn she/pps had/hvd visited/vbn ./. She/pps named/vbd 48/cd items/nns ,/, and/cc said/vbd there/ex were/bed ``/`` many/ap more/ap things/nns which/wdt it/pps would/md take/vb too/ql long/rb to/to write/vb ''/'' ./. An/at essay/nn on/in ``/`` Freedom/nn-tl ''/'' written/vbn at/in 10/cd years/nns of/in age/nn quoted/vbd the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, the/at freedom/nn given/vbn to/in slaves/nns in/in Canada/np ,/, and/cc the/at views/nns of/in George/np Washington/np ./. Lucy/np Upton/np was/bedz graduated/vbn from/in the/at Salem/np High/jj-tl School/nn-tl when/wrb few/ap colleges/nns ,/, only/ap Oberlin/np and/cc Elmira/np ,/, were/bed open/jj to/in women/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc she/pps had/hvd an/at appetite/nn for/in learning/vbg that/wpo could/md not/* be/be denied/vbn ./. A/at picture/nn of/in her/ppo in/in high/jj school/nn comes/vbz from/in a/at younger/jjr schoolmate/nn ,/, Albert/np S./np Flint/np ,/, friend/nn of/in her/pp$ brother/nn Winslow/np ,/, and/cc later/rbr ,/, like/cs Winslow/np ,/, a/at noted/vbn astronomer/nn ./. He/pps recalled/vbd Lucy/np ,/, as/cs ``/`` a/at bright-looking/jj black-eyed/jj young/jj lady/nn who/wps came/vbd regularly/rb through/in the/at boys'/nns$ study/nn hall/nn to/to join/vb the/at class/nn in/in Greek/np in/in the/at little/jj recitation/nn room/nn beyond/rb ''/'' ./. The/at study/nn of/in Greek/np was/bedz the/at distinctive/jj mark/nn of/in boys/nns destined/vbn to/to go/vb to/in college/nn ,/, and/cc Lucy/np Upton/np too/rb expected/vbd to/to go/vb to/in college/nn and/cc take/vb the/at full/jj classical/jj course/nn offered/vbn to/in men/nns ./. The/at death/nn of/in her/pp$ mother/nn in/in 1865/cd prevented/vbd this/dt ./. With/in four/cd younger/jjr children/nns at/in home/nn ,/, Lucy/np stepped/vbd into/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ role/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb after/cs the/at brothers/nns and/cc sisters/nns were/bed grown/vbn ,/, she/pps was/bedz her/pp$ father's/nn$ comfort/nn and/cc stay/nn until/cs he/pps died/vbd in/in 1879/cd ./. But/cc even/rb so/rb Lucy/np could/md not/* give/vb up/rp her/pp$ intellectual/jj pursuits/nns ./. When/wrb her/pp$ brother/nn Winslow/np became/vbd a/at student/nn at/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl in/in 1874/cd ,/, she/pps wrote/vbd him/ppo about/in a/at course/nn in/in history/nn he/pps was/bedz taking/vbg under/in Professor/nn-tl Diman/np :/: ``/`` What/wdt is/bez Prof./nn-tl Diman's/np$ definition/nn of/in civilization/nn ,/, and/cc take/vb the/at world/nn through/rp ,/, is/bez its/pp$ progress/nn ever/rb onward/rb ,/, or/cc does/doz it/pps retrograde/vb at/in times/nns ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppo think/vb I/ppss might/md profitably/rb study/vb some/dti of/in the/at history/nn you/ppss do/do ,/, perhaps/rb two/cd weeks/nns behind/in you/ppo ./. ''/'' And/cc that/cs she/pps proceeded/vbd to/to do/do ./. Many/ap years/nns later/rbr (/( on/in August/np 3/cd ,/, 1915/cd )/) ,/, Lucy/np Upton/np wrote/vbd Winslow's/np$ daughter/nn soon/rb to/to be/be graduated/vbn from/in Smith/np-tl College/nn-tl :/: ``/`` While/cs I/ppss love/vb botany/nn which/wdt ,/, after/cs dabbling/vbg in/rp for/in years/nns ,/, I/ppss studied/vbd according/in to/in the/at methods/nns of/in that/dt day/nn exactly/rb forty/cd years/nns ago/rb in/in a/at summer/nn school/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be fascinating/jj to/to take/vb up/rp zoology/nn in/in the/at way/nn you/ppss are/ber doing/vbg ./. Whatever/wdt was/bedz the/at science/nn in/in the/at high/jj school/nn course/nn for/in the/at time/nn being/beg ,/, that/dt was/bedz my/pp$ favorite/jj study/nn ./. Mathematics/nn came/vbd next/rb ''/'' ./. Her/pp$ study/nn of/in history/nn was/bedz persistently/rb pursued/vbn ./. She/pps read/vbd Maitland's/np$ Dark/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ,/, ``/`` which/wdt I/ppss enjoyed/vbd very/ql much/rb ''/'' ;/. ;/. La/np Croix/np on/in the/at Customs/nns-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ,/, 16/cd chapters/nns of/in Bryce/np ``/`` and/cc liked/vbd it/ppo more/rbr and/cc more/rbr ''/'' ;/. ;/. more/ap chapters/nns of/in Guizot/np ;/. ;/. Lecky/np and/cc Stanley's/np$ Eastern/jj-tl Church/nn-tl ./. She/pps discussed/vbd in/in her/pp$ letters/nns to/in Winslow/np some/dti of/in the/at questions/nns that/wps came/vbd to/to her/ppo as/cs she/pps studied/vbd alone/rb ./. Lucy's/np$ correspondence/nn with/in brother/nn Winslow/np during/in his/pp$ college/nn days/nns was/bedz not/* entirely/rb taken/vbn up/rp with/in academic/jj studies/nns ./. She/pps played/vbd chess/nn with/in him/ppo by/in postcard/nn ./. Also/rb Lucy/np and/cc Winslow/np had/hvd a/at private/jj contest/nn to/to see/vb which/wdt one/cd could/md make/vb the/at most/ap words/nns from/in the/at letters/nns in/in ``/`` importunately/rb-nc ''/'' ./. Who/wps won/vbd is/bez not/* revealed/vbn ,/, but/cc Winslow's/np$ daughter/nn Eleanor/np says/vbz they/ppss got/vbd up/in to/in 1,212/cd words/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz another/dt family/nn interest/nn also/rb ./. Winslow/np had/hvd musical/jj talents/nns ,/, as/cs had/hvd his/pp$ father/nn before/in him/ppo ./. At/in different/jj times/nns he/pps served/vbd as/cs glee-club/nn and/cc choir/nn leader/nn and/cc as/cs organist/nn ./. And/cc it/pps was/bedz Lucy/np Upton/np who/wps first/rb started/vbd the/at idea/nn of/in a/at regular/jj course/nn in/in Music/nn-tl at/in Spelman/np-tl College/nn-tl ./. Winslow/np Upton/np after/in graduation/nn from/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl and/cc two/cd years/nns of/in graduate/jj study/nn ,/, accepted/vbd a/at position/nn at/in the/at Harvard/np-tl Observatory/nn-tl ./. For/in three/cd years/nns he/pps was/bedz connected/vbn with/in the/at U.S./np-tl Naval/jj-tl Observatory/nn-tl and/cc with/in the/at U.S./np-tl Signal/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc after/in 1883/cd ,/, was/bedz professor/nn of/in astronomy/nn at/in Brown/np-tl University/nn-tl ./. The/at six/cd expeditions/nns to/to study/vb eclipses/nns of/in the/at sun/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt he/pps was/bedz a/at member/nn ,/, took/vbd him/ppo to/in Colorado/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, and/cc California/np as/ql well/rb as/cs to/in the/at South/jj-tl Pacific/jj-tl and/cc to/in Russia/np ./. After/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ death/nn ,/, Lucy/np and/cc her/pp$ youngest/jjt sister/nn lived/vbd for/in a/at few/ap years/nns with/in Winslow/np in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ./. ``/`` Their/pp$ house/nn ''/'' ,/, writes/vbz Albert/np S./np Flint/np ,/, ``/`` was/bedz always/rb a/at haven/nn of/in hospitality/nn and/cc good/jj cheer/nn ,/, especially/rb grateful/jj to/in one/pn like/cs myself/ppl far/rb from/in home/nn ''/'' ./. Lucy/np was/bedz a/at lively/jj part/nn of/in the/at household/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, she/pps had/hvd physical/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs mental/jj vigor/nn ./. Winslow/np ,/, as/cs his/pp$ daughters/nns Eleanor/np and/cc Margaret/np recall/vb ,/, used/vbd to/to characterize/vb her/ppo as/cs ``/`` our/pp$ iron/nn sister/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez reason/nn to/to suppose/vb that/cs Lucy/np would/md have/hv made/vbn a/at record/nn as/ql publicly/rb distinguished/vbn as/cs her/pp$ brother/nn had/hvd it/pps not/* been/ben that/cs her/pp$ mother's/nn$ death/nn occurred/vbd just/rb as/cs she/pps was/bedz about/rb to/to enter/vb college/nn ./. As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, Albert/np S./np Flint/np expressed/vbd his/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs ``/`` her/pp$ physical/jj strength/nn ,/, her/pp$ mental/jj power/nn ,/, her/pp$ lively/jj interest/nn in/in all/abn objects/nns about/in her/ppo and/cc her/pp$ readiness/nn to/to serve/vb her/pp$ fellow/nn beings/nns ''/'' would/md have/hv led/vbn her/ppo ``/`` to/in a/at distinguished/vbn career/nn amongst/in the/at noted/vbn women/nns of/in this/dt country/nn ''/'' ./. While/cs in/in Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, Lucy/np Upton/np held/vbd positions/nns in/in the/at U.S./np-tl Census/nn-tl Office/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in the/at Pension/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ./. They/ppss were/bed not/* sufficiently/ql challenging/jj however/wrb ,/, and/cc she/pps resigned/vbd in/in 1887/cd ,/, to/to go/vb to/in Germany/np with/in her/pp$ brother/nn Winslow/np and/cc his/pp$ family/nn while/cs he/pps was/bedz there/rb on/in study/nn ./. After/in the/at months/nns in/in Europe/np ,/, she/pps returned/vbd to/in Boston/np and/cc became/vbd active/jj in/in church/nn and/cc community/nn life/nn ./. What/wdt was/bedz called/vbn an/at ``/`` accidental/jj meeting/nn ''/'' with/in Miss/np Packard/np in/in Washington/np turned/vbd her/pp$ attention/nn to/in Spelman/np ./. Here/rb was/bedz a/at cause/nn she/pps believed/vbd in/in ./. After/in correspondence/nn with/in Miss/np Packard/np and/cc to/in the/at joy/nn of/in Miss/np Packard/np and/cc Miss/np Giles/np ,/, she/pps came/vbd to/in Atlanta/np ,/, in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1888/cd ,/, to/to help/vb wherever/wrb needed/vbn ,/, although/cs there/ex was/bedz then/rb no/at money/nn available/jj to/to pay/vb her/ppo a/at salary/nn ./. She/pps served/vbd for/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns without/in pay/nn beyond/in her/pp$ travel/nn and/cc maintenance/nn ./. Her/pp$ students/nns have/hv spoken/vbn of/in the/at exacting/vbg standards/nns of/in scholarship/nn and/cc of/in manners/nns and/cc conduct/nn she/pps expected/vbd and/cc achieved/vbd from/in the/at students/nns ;/. ;/. of/in her/pp$ ``/`` great/jj power/nn of/in discernment/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. of/in ``/`` her/pp$ exquisiteness/nn of/in dress/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` her/pp$ well-modulated/jj voice/nn that/wps went/vbd straight/rb to/in the/at hearts/nns of/in the/at hearers/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/. her/pp$ great/jj love/nn of/in flowers/nns and/cc plants/nns and/cc birds/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc her/pp$ close/jj knowledge/nn of/in individual/jj students/nns ./. She/pps drew/vbd on/in all/abn her/pp$ resources/nns of/in mind/nn and/cc heart/nn to/to help/vb them/ppo --/-- to/to make/vb them/ppo at/in home/nn in/in the/at world/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc as/cs graduates/nns gratefully/rb recall/vb ,/, she/pps drew/vbd on/in her/pp$ purse/nn as/ql well/rb ./. Many/abn a/at student/nn was/bedz able/jj to/to remain/vb at/in Spelman/np ,/, only/rb because/rb of/in her/pp$ unobtrusive/jj help/nn ./. Under/in Miss/np Upton/np ,/, the/at work/nn of/in the/at year/nn 1909-10/cd went/vbd forward/rb without/in interruption/nn ./. After/in all/abn ,/, she/pps had/hvd come/vbn to/in Spelman/np-tl Seminary/nn-tl in/in 1888/cd ,/, and/cc had/hvd been/ben since/in 1891/cd except/in for/in one/cd year/nn ,/, Associate/nn-tl Principal/nn-tl or/cc Dean/nn-tl ./. She/pps had/hvd taught/vbn classes/nns in/in botany/nn ,/, astronomy/nn (/( with/in the/at aid/nn of/in a/at telescope/nn )/) ,/, geometry/nn ,/, and/cc psychology/nn ./. Miss/np Upton/np and/cc Miss/np Packard/np ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, had/hvd many/ap tastes/nns in/in common/jj ./. Both/abx had/hvd eager/jj and/cc inquiring/vbg minds/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc both/abx believed/vbd that/cs intellectual/jj growth/nn must/md go/vb hand/nn in/in hand/nn with/in the/at development/nn of/in sturdy/jj character/nn and/cc Christian/jj zeal/nn ./. Both/abx loved/vbd the/at out-of-doors/nn ,/, including/in mountain/nn climbing/nn and/cc horseback/nn riding/nn ./. In/in 1890/cd when/wrb the/at trip/nn to/in Europe/np and/cc the/at Holy/jj-tl Land/nn-tl was/bedz arranged/vbn for/in Miss/np Packard/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz Miss/np Upton/np who/wps planned/vbd the/at trip/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` with/in rare/jj executive/jj ability/nn ''/'' bore/vbd the/at brunt/nn of/in ``/`` the/at entire/jj pilgrimage/nn from/in beginning/nn to/in end/nn ''/'' ./. So/ql strenuous/jj it/pps was/bedz physically/rb ,/, with/in its/pp$ days/nns of/in horseback/nn riding/nn over/in rough/jj roads/nns that/cs it/pps seems/vbz an/at amazing/jj feat/nn of/in endurance/nn for/in both/abx Miss/np Packard/np and/cc Miss/np Upton/np ./. Yet/cc they/ppss thrived/vbd on/in it/ppo ./. At/in the/at Fifteenth/od-tl Anniversary/nn-tl (/( 1896/cd )/) as/cs already/rb quoted/vbn ,/, Miss/np Upton/np projected/vbd with/in force/nn and/cc eloquence/nn the/at Spelman/np of/in the/at Future/nn-tl as/cs a/at college/nn of/in first/od rank/nn ,/, with/in expanding/vbg and/cc unlimited/jj horizons/nns ./. When/wrb Dr./nn-tl Wallace/np Buttrick/np ,/, wise/jj in/in his/pp$ judgment/nn of/in people/nns ,/, declined/vbd to/to have/hv the/at Science/nn-tl Building/nn-tl named/vbn for/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd Miss/np Tapley/np (/( April/np 7/cd ,/, 1923/cd )/) ``/`` If/cs you/ppss had/hvd asked/vbn me/ppo ,/, I/ppss think/vb I/ppss would/md have/hv suggested/vbn that/cs you/ppss name/vb the/at building/nn for/in Miss/np Upton/np ./. Her/pp$ services/nns to/in the/at School/nn-tl for/in many/ap years/nns were/bed of/in a/at very/ql high/jj character/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss have/hv often/rb thought/vbn that/cs one/cd of/in the/at buildings/nns should/md be/be named/vbn for/in her/ppo ''/'' ./. Such/jj were/bed the/at qualities/nns of/in the/at Acting-President/nn-tl of/in the/at Seminary/nn-tl after/in the/at death/nn of/in Miss/np Giles/np ./. At/in the/at meeting/nn of/in the/at Board/nn-tl of/in Trustees/nns-tl ,/, on/in March/np 3/cd ,/, 1910/cd ,/, Miss/np Upton/np presented/vbd the/at annual/jj report/nn of/in the/at President/nn-tl ./. She/pps noted/vbd that/cs no/at student/nn had/hvd been/ben withdrawn/vbn through/in loss/nn of/in confidence/nn ;/. ;/. that/cs the/at enrollment/nn showed/vbd an/at increase/nn of/in boarding/vbg students/nns as/cs was/bedz desired/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc that/cs the/at year's/nn$ work/nn had/hvd gone/vbn forward/rb smoothly/rb ./. She/pps urged/vbd the/at importance/nn of/in more/ql thorough/jj preparation/nn for/in admission/nn ./. The/at raising/nn of/in the/at $25,000/nns Improvement/nn-tl Fund/nn-tl two/cd days/nns before/in the/at time/nn limit/nn expired/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at spontaneous/jj ``/`` praise/nn demonstration/nn ''/'' held/vbn afterward/rb on/in the/at campus/nn ,/, were/bed reported/vbn as/cs events/nns which/wdt had/hvd brought/vbn happiness/nn to/in Miss/np Giles/np ./. With/in the/at Fund/nn-tl in/in hand/nn ,/, the/at debt/nn on/in the/at boilers/nns had/hvd been/ben paid/vbn ;/. ;/. Rockefeller/np and/cc Packard/np-tl Halls/nns-tl had/hvd been/ben renovated/vbn ;/. ;/. walks/nns laid/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc ground/nn had/hvd been/ben broken/vbn for/in the/at superintendent's/nn$ home/nn ./. Miss/np Upton/np spoke/vbd gratefully/rb of/in the/at response/nn of/in Spelman/np graduates/nns and/cc Negro/np friends/nns in/in helping/vbg to/to raise/vb the/at Fund/nn-tl ,/, and/cc their/pp$ continuing/vbg efforts/nns to/to raise/vb money/nn for/in greatly/rb needed/vbn current/jj expenses/nns ./. She/pps spoke/vbd also/rb with/in deep/jj thankfulness/nn of/in the/at many/ap individuals/nns and/cc agencies/nns whose/wp$ interest/nn and/cc efforts/nns through/in the/at years/nns had/hvd made/vbn the/at work/nn so/ql fruitful/jj in/in results/nns ./. Two/cd bequests/nns were/bed recorded/vbn :/: one/cd of/in $200/nns under/in the/at will/nn of/in Mrs./np Harriet/np A./np Copp/np of/in Los/np Angeles/np ;/. ;/. and/cc one/cd of/in $2,000/nns under/in the/at will/nn of/in Miss/np Celia/np L./np Brett/np of/in Hamilton/np ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, a/at friend/nn from/in the/at early/jj days/nns ./. Miss/np Upton/np told/vbd the/at Trustees/nns-tl that/cs the/at death/nn of/in Miss/np Giles/np was/bedz ``/`` the/at sorest/jjt grief/nn ''/'' the/at Seminary/nn-tl had/hvd ever/rb been/ben called/vbn upon/rb to/to bear/vb ./. The/at daughters/nns of/in Spelman/np ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, had/hvd never/rb known/vbn or/cc thought/vbn of/in Spelman/np without/in her/ppo ./. The/at removal/nn of/in Miss/np Packard/np 18/cd years/nns earlier/rbr had/hvd caused/vbn them/ppo great/jj sorrow/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss still/rb had/hvd Miss/np Giles/np ./. Now/rb the/at school/nn was/bedz indeed/rb bereft/jj ./. ``/`` Yet/cc Spelman/np has/hvz strong/jj ,/, deep/jj roots/nns ,/, and/cc will/md live/vb for/in the/at blessing/nn of/in generations/nns to/to come/vb ''/'' ./. Miss/np Mary/np Jane/np Packard/np ,/, Sophia's/np$ half-sister/nn ,/, became/vbd ill/jj in/in March/np ,/, 1910/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc when/wrb school/nn closed/vbd ,/, she/pps was/bedz unable/jj to/to travel/vb to/in Massachusetts/np ./. She/pps remained/vbd in/in Atlanta/np through/in June/np and/cc July/np ;/. ;/. she/pps died/vbd on/in August/np sixth/od ./. Before/cs coming/vbg on/in a/at visit/nn to/in Spelman/np in/in 1885/cd ,/, Miss/np Mary/np had/hvd been/ben a/at successful/jj teacher/nn in/in Worcester/np ,/, and/cc her/pp$ position/nn there/rb was/bedz held/vbn open/jj for/in her/ppo for/in a/at considerable/jj period/nn ./. But/cc she/pps decided/vbd to/to stay/vb at/in Spelman/np ./. She/pps helped/vbd with/in teaching/vbg as/ql well/rb as/cs office/nn work/nn for/in a/at few/ap years/nns --/-- the/at catalogues/nns show/vb that/cs she/pps had/hvd classes/nns in/in geography/nn ,/, rhetoric/nn and/cc bookkeeping/nn ./. Soon/rb the/at office/nn work/nn claimed/vbd all/abn her/pp$ time/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz closely/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at Founders/nns-tl in/in all/abn their/pp$ trials/nns and/cc hardships/nns ./. Quiet/jj and/cc energetic/jj ,/, cheerful/jj and/cc calm/jj ,/, she/pps too/rb was/bedz a/at power/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at seminary/nn ./. Miss/np Giles/np always/rb used/vbd to/to refer/vb to/in her/ppo as/cs ``/`` Sister/nn-tl ''/'' ./. She/pps served/vbd as/cs secretary/nn in/in the/at Seminary/nn-tl office/nn for/in 25/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz in/in charge/nn of/in correspondence/nn ,/, records/nns ,/, and/cc bookkeeping/nn ./. The/at books/nns of/in the/at school/nn hold/vb a/at memorial/nn to/in her/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc so/rb do/do the/at hearts/nns of/in students/nns and/cc of/in teachers/nns ./. Mary/np J./np Packard/np ,/, states/vbz a/at Messenger/nn-tl editorial/nn ,/, was/bedz ``/`` efficient/jj ,/, pains-taking/jj ,/, self-effacing/jj ,/, loving/vbg ,/, radiating/vbg the/at spirit/nn of/in her/pp$ Master/nn-tl ./. With/in infinite/jj patience/nn she/pps responded/vbd to/in every/at call/nn ,/, no/at matter/nn at/in what/wdt cost/nn to/in herself/ppl ,/, and/cc to/in her/ppo all/abn went/vbd ,/, for/cs she/pps was/bedz sure/jj to/to have/hv the/at needed/vbn information/nn or/cc word/nn of/in cheer/nn ./.

cf33

cf33 |@word school:56 district:2 one:13 find:4 link:1 job:10 vocational:29 program:19 organize:2 smith:1 hughes:1 money:1 may:11 close:2 tie:1 labor:1 union:4 local:3 employer:5 hand:1 teacher:2 case:3 graduate:5 enter:2 directly:1 apprentice:6 save:1 year:6 course:20 grade:5 11:2 12:2 involve:2 education:10 part:7 time:8 basis:4 usually:1 night:1 perhaps:2 use:7 equipment:1 high:26 opportunity:5 certain:5 city:11 craft:1 auto:2 mechanic:3 carpentry:2 draft:1 electrical:1 work:17 tool:2 die:2 sheet:1 metal:1 formally:1 support:1 federal:1 fund:1 allow:2 student:9 gain:1 experience:3 field:3 likely:1 lead:1 full:1 graduation:5 diversify:1 occupation:1 trade:4 preparatory:1 conduct:1 two:4 cooperative:2 industrial:1 business:2 distributive:1 operate:1 similar:1 way:2 arrangement:3 merchandise:1 attend:2 half:4 regular:1 receive:1 remuneration:1 place:2 clerical:2 show:1 possibility:1 still:1 develop:5 skill:13 immediately:2 marketable:4 upon:2 adult:1 study:4 various:1 sort:1 evidence:1 continue:1 interest:3 educational:1 youth:5 general:4 however:3 say:4 boy:9 girl:5 leave:1 authority:1 play:1 little:1 decision:2 happen:1 next:2 drop:1 break:4 even:1 complete:1 employment:5 lack:2 quite:2 well:3 indeed:2 period:1 history:1 neighborhood:4 good:4 undoubtedly:2 great:1 many:5 potential:2 member:1 profession:3 quit:1 early:2 age:1 go:4 statistically:1 represent:1 loss:1 nation:3 although:1 must:4 admit:1 individual:1 retrospect:1 wise:1 make:3 attempt:2 measure:1 endure:1 satisfaction:1 material:1 man:2 highly:2 successful:3 classmate:1 college:6 professional:3 decade:1 need:2 educate:1 talent:1 later:2 chapter:1 deal:1 suburban:2 shall:1 discuss:1 importance:2 arrange:1 academically:1 talented:1 gifted:1 negro:9 also:2 extent:2 mixed:1 problem:3 identification:1 motivation:3 towards:1 start:1 enough:1 reach:2 9:1 least:2 basic:1 essential:3 academic:7 far:5 low:1 regard:2 attitude:2 community:5 family:2 anti:1 intellectual:2 fact:2 remain:1 today:2 shine:1 example:2 position:1 leadership:1 due:1 policy:1 discrimination:1 northern:1 university:2 contrary:1 testify:1 personal:2 former:1 president:1 rather:2 see:1 another:3 vicious:2 circle:2 absence:2 world:1 scholarship:1 science:1 tend:1 tamp:1 enthusiasm:1 among:1 career:2 believe:2 situation:2 improve:2 success:1 story:2 heavily:1 publicize:1 run:1 roadblock:1 like:2 designate:2 press:1 leader:1 opinion:1 white:1 devote:1 attention:1 important:2 dramatic:1 barrier:1 inequality:1 south:1 underline:1 four:1 point:2 first:6 report:2 respect:2 foremost:1 replace:1 require:2 second:1 provide:1 slow:1 learner:1 prospective:1 dropout:1 ought:2 begin:2 earlier:1 third:1 significance:1 enrol:1 keenly:1 interested:1 realize:3 relevance:2 learn:2 future:1 sense:3 purpose:1 carry:1 fourth:1 type:2 training:4 relate:2 locality:1 last:1 pupil:3 aware:1 choose:1 obtain:4 consequence:1 whole:1 idea:1 disappear:1 hold:1 hope:1 become:1 chore:1 whose:1 falter:1 population:1 mobility:1 repute:1 desire:1 train:1 employee:1 would:2 limit:1 specific:1 bear:1 mind:3 kind:1 word:1 layman:1 sight:1 think:2 intend:1 include:1 term:2 practical:3 open:2 adjective:1 practically:1 nature:1 degree:4 mastery:2 sufficient:1 enable:2 get:5 sure:1 building:1 often:2 young:1 thus:1 anticipate:1 status:1 similarly:1 working:1 knowledge:2 stenography:1 machine:1 able:1 wish:1 secretarial:1 argue:1 ability:1 write:1 english:1 correctly:1 elegance:1 mathematical:1 competence:2 major:2 mathematic:1 almost:4 could:1 consider:1 life:1 vocation:1 call:1 spite:1 shading:1 useful:1 talk:3 apart:1 typewrite:1 exception:1 prove:1 rule:1 bind:1 try:1 take:1 typing:1 feel:1 propose:1 large:5 separate:2 technical:3 public:1 differ:1 small:1 consolidated:1 strictly:2 speak:2 comprehensive:4 instead:1 superintendent:1 object:1 senior:1 offer:2 prefer:1 worth:1 note:1 widely:1 reason:1 therefore:1 metropolitan:1 area:5 different:1 characteristic:1 describe:1 reckon:1 permanent:1 institution:1 satisfactorily:1 connect:1 reality:1 system:1 except:1 lucky:1 confidentially:1 director:1 want:2 plumber:2 difficult:1 admission:1 approval:1 selective:1 medical:1 illustrate:1 instructor:2 difficulty:2 outside:1 waiting:1 list:1 join:1 long:1 unless:1 inside:1 track:1 distant:1 united:1 states:1 twelfth:1 special:1 oh:1 come:1 answer:1 impossible:1 ask:1 tell:1 connection:1 view:1 significant:1 within:1 easy:1 every:1 ideally:1 located:1 demand:1 excellent:1 location:1 new:1 dunbar:3 chicago:1 locate:1 bad:1 slum:2 undergo:1 redevelopment:1 especially:1 tailor:1 aim:1 hardly:1 window:1 since:1 vandalism:1 discover:1 visit:1 diverse:1 shoe:1 repair:1 bricklaying:1 cabinet:1 airplane:1 physical:1 facility:1 impressive:2

In/in a/at few/ap school/nn districts/nns one/pn finds/vbz a/at link/nn between/in school/nn and/cc job/nn ./. In/in those/dts vocational/jj programs/nns organized/vbn with/in Smith-Hughes/np money/nn ,/, there/ex may/md be/be a/at close/jj tie/nn between/in the/at labor/nn union/nn and/cc a/at local/jj employer/nn on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn and/cc the/at vocational/jj teacher/nn on/in the/at other/ap ./. In/in these/dts cases/nns a/at graduate/nn may/md enter/vb directly/rb into/in an/at apprentice/nn program/nn ,/, saving/vbg a/at year/nn because/rb of/in his/pp$ vocational/jj courses/nns in/in grades/nns 11/cd and/cc 12/cd ./. The/at apprentice/nn program/nn will/md involve/vb further/jjr education/nn on/in a/at part-time/jj basis/nn ,/, usually/rb at/in night/nn ,/, perhaps/rb using/vbg some/dti of/in the/at same/ap equipment/nn of/in the/at high/jj school/nn ./. These/dts opportunities/nns are/ber to/to be/be found/vbn in/in certain/jj cities/nns in/in such/jj crafts/nns as/cs auto/nn mechanics/nns ,/, carpentry/nn ,/, drafting/vbg ,/, electrical/jj work/nn ,/, tool-and-die/nn work/nn ,/, and/cc sheet-metal/nn work/nn ./. Formally/rb organized/vbn vocational/jj programs/nns supported/vbn by/in federal/jj funds/nns allow/vb high/jj school/nn students/nns to/to gain/vb experience/nn in/in a/at field/nn of/in work/nn which/wdt is/bez likely/jj to/to lead/vb to/in a/at full-time/jj job/nn on/in graduation/nn ./. The/at ``/`` diversified/vbn occupations/nns ''/'' program/vb is/bez a/at part-time/jj trade-preparatory/jj program/nn conducted/vbn over/in two/cd school/nn years/nns on/in a/at cooperative/jj basis/nn between/in the/at school/nn and/cc local/jj industrial/jj and/cc business/nn employers/nns ./. The/at ``/`` distributive/jj education/nn ''/'' program/nn operates/vbz in/in a/at similar/jj way/nn ,/, with/in arrangements/nns between/in the/at school/nn and/cc employers/nns in/in merchandising/vbg fields/nns ./. In/in both/abx cases/nns the/at student/nn attends/vbz school/nn half-time/rb and/cc works/vbz in/in a/at regular/jj job/nn the/at other/ap half/abn ./. He/pps receives/vbz remuneration/nn for/in his/pp$ work/nn ./. In/in a/at few/ap places/nns cooperative/jj programs/nns between/in schools/nns and/cc employers/nns in/in clerical/jj work/nn have/hv shown/vbn the/at same/ap possibilities/nns for/in allowing/vbg the/at student/nn ,/, while/cs still/rb in/in school/nn ,/, to/to develop/vb skills/nns which/wdt are/ber immediately/rb marketable/jj upon/in graduation/nn ./. Adult/nn education/nn courses/nns ,/, work-study/nn programs/nns of/in various/jj sorts/nns --/-- these/dts are/ber all/abn evidence/nn of/in a/at continuing/vbg interest/nn of/in the/at schools/nns in/in furthering/vbg educational/jj opportunities/nns for/in out-of-school/jj youth/nn ./. In/in general/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn that/cs when/wrb a/at boy/nn or/cc a/at girl/nn leaves/vbz the/at high/jj school/nn ,/, the/at school/nn authorities/nns play/vb little/ap or/cc no/at part/nn in/in the/at decision/nn of/in what/wdt happens/vbz next/rb ./. If/cs the/at student/nn drops/vbz out/in of/in high/jj school/nn ,/, the/at break/nn with/in the/at school/nn is/bez even/ql more/ql complete/jj ./. When/wrb there/ex is/bez employment/nn opportunity/nn for/in youth/nn ,/, this/dt arrangement/nn --/-- or/cc lack/nn of/in arrangement/nn --/-- works/vbz out/rp quite/ql well/rb ./. Indeed/uh ,/, in/in some/dti periods/nns of/in our/pp$ history/nn and/cc in/in some/dti neighborhoods/nns the/at job/nn opportunities/nns have/hv been/ben so/ql good/jj that/cs undoubtedly/rb a/at great/ql many/ap boys/nns who/wps were/bed potential/jj members/nns of/in the/at professions/nns quit/vb school/nn at/in an/at early/jj age/nn and/cc went/vbd to/in work/nn ./. Statistically/rb this/dt has/hvz represented/vbn a/at loss/nn to/in the/at nation/nn ,/, although/cs one/pn must/md admit/vb that/cs in/in an/at individual/jj case/nn the/at decision/nn in/in retrospect/nn may/md have/hv been/ben a/at wise/jj one/cd ./. I/ppss make/vb no/at attempt/nn to/to measure/vb the/at enduring/vbg satisfaction/nn and/cc material/nn well-being/nn of/in a/at man/nn who/wps went/vbd to/in work/nn on/in graduation/nn from/in high/jj school/nn and/cc was/bedz highly/ql successful/jj in/in the/at business/nn which/wdt he/pps entered/vbd ./. He/pps may/md or/cc may/md not/* be/be ``/`` better/ql off/rp ''/'' than/cs his/pp$ classmate/nn who/wps went/vbd on/rp to/in a/at college/nn and/cc professional/jj school/nn ./. But/cc in/in the/at next/ap decades/nns the/at nation/nn needs/vbz to/to educate/vb for/in the/at professions/nns all/abn the/at potential/jj professional/jj talent/nn ./. In/in a/at later/jjr chapter/nn dealing/vbg with/in the/at suburban/jj school/nn ,/, I/ppss shall/md discuss/vb the/at importance/nn of/in arranging/vbg a/at program/nn for/in the/at academically/rb talented/jj and/cc highly/ql gifted/jj youth/nn in/in any/dti high/jj school/nn where/wrb he/pps is/bez found/vbn ./. In/in the/at Negro/np neighborhoods/nns and/cc also/rb to/in some/dti extent/nn in/in the/at mixed/vbn neighborhoods/nns the/at problem/nn may/md be/be one/cd of/in identification/nn and/cc motivation/nn ./. High/jj motivation/nn towards/in higher/jjr education/nn must/md start/vb early/rb enough/qlp so/cs that/cs by/in the/at time/nn the/at boy/nn or/cc girl/nn reaches/vbz grade/nn 9/cd he/pps or/cc she/pps has/hvz at/in least/ap developed/vbn those/dts basic/jj skills/nns which/wdt are/ber essential/jj for/in academic/jj work/nn ./. Undoubtedly/rb far/ql more/ap can/md be/be done/vbn in/in the/at lower/jjr grades/nns in/in this/dt regard/nn in/in the/at Negro/np schools/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at teacher/nn can/md only/rb go/vb so/ql far/rb if/cs the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at community/nn and/cc the/at family/nn is/bez anti-intellectual/jj ./. And/cc the/at fact/nn remains/vbz that/cs there/ex are/ber today/nr few/ap shining/vbg examples/nns of/in Negroes/nps in/in positions/nns of/in intellectual/jj leadership/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* due/jj to/in any/dti policy/nn of/in discrimination/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at Northern/jj-tl universities/nns ./. Quite/abl the/at contrary/jj ,/, as/cs I/ppss can/md testify/vb from/in personal/jj experience/nn as/cs a/at former/ap university/nn president/nn ./. Rather/rb we/ppss see/vb here/rb another/dt vicious/jj circle/nn ./. The/at absence/nn of/in successful/jj Negroes/nps in/in the/at world/nn of/in scholarship/nn and/cc science/nn has/hvz tended/vbn to/to tamp/vb down/rp enthusiasm/nn among/in Negro/np youth/nn for/in academic/jj careers/nns ./. I/ppss believe/vb the/at situation/nn is/bez improving/vbg ,/, but/cc the/at success/nn stories/nns need/vb to/to be/be heavily/rb publicized/vbn ./. Here/rb again/rb we/ppss run/vb into/in the/at roadblock/nn that/cs Negroes/nps do/do not/* like/vb to/to be/be designated/vbn as/cs Negroes/nps in/in the/at press/nn ./. How/wrb can/md the/at vicious/jj circle/nn be/be broken/vbn ?/. ?/. This/dt is/bez a/at problem/nn to/in which/wdt leaders/nns of/in opinion/nn ,/, both/abx Negro/np and/cc white/jj ,/, should/md devote/vb far/ql more/ap attention/nn ./. It/pps is/bez at/in least/ap as/ql important/jj as/cs the/at more/ql dramatic/jj attempts/nns to/to break/vb down/rp barriers/nns of/in inequality/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. Vocational/jj-hl education/nn-hl I/ppss should/md like/vb to/to underline/vb four/cd points/nns I/ppss made/vbd in/in my/pp$ first/od report/nn with/in respect/nn to/in vocational/jj education/nn ./. First/od and/cc foremost/rb ,/, vocational/jj courses/nns should/md not/* replace/vb courses/nns which/wdt are/ber essential/jj parts/nns of/in the/at required/vbn academic/jj program/nn for/in graduation/nn ./. Second/od ,/, vocational/jj courses/nns should/md be/be provided/vbn in/in grades/nns 11/cd and/cc 12/cd and/cc not/* require/vb more/ap than/in half/abn the/at student's/nn$ time/nn in/in those/dts years/nns ;/. ;/. however/rb ,/, for/in slow/jj learners/nns and/cc prospective/jj dropouts/nns these/dts courses/nns ought/md to/to begin/vb earlier/rbr ./. Third/od ,/, the/at significance/nn of/in the/at vocational/jj courses/nns is/bez that/cs those/dts enrolled/vbn are/ber keenly/rb interested/vbn in/in the/at work/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss realize/vb the/at relevance/nn of/in what/wdt they/ppss are/ber learning/vbg to/in their/pp$ future/jj careers/nns ,/, and/cc this/dt sense/nn of/in purpose/nn is/bez carried/vbn over/rp to/in the/at academic/jj courses/nns which/wdt they/ppss are/ber studying/vbg at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./. Fourth/od ,/, the/at type/nn of/in vocational/jj training/vbg programs/nns should/md be/be related/vbn to/in the/at employment/nn opportunities/nns in/in the/at general/jj locality/nn ./. This/dt last/ap point/nn is/bez important/jj because/cs if/cs high/jj school/nn pupils/nns are/ber aware/jj that/cs few/ap ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, graduates/nns who/wps have/hv chosen/vbn a/at certain/jj vocational/jj program/nn have/hv obtained/vbn a/at job/nn as/cs a/at consequence/nn of/in the/at training/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj idea/nn of/in relevance/nn disappears/vbz ./. Vocational/jj training/nn which/wdt holds/vbz no/at hope/nn that/cs the/at skill/nn developed/vbn will/md be/be in/in fact/nn a/at marketable/jj skill/nn becomes/vbz just/rb another/dt school/nn ``/`` chore/nn ''/'' for/in those/dts whose/wp$ interest/nn in/in their/pp$ studies/nns has/hvz begun/vbn to/to falter/vb ./. Those/dts who/wps ,/, because/rb of/in population/nn mobility/nn and/cc the/at reputed/vbn desire/nn of/in employers/nns to/to train/vb their/pp$ own/jj employees/nns ,/, would/md limit/vb vocational/jj education/nn to/in general/jj rather/in than/in specific/jj skills/nns ought/md to/to bear/vb in/in mind/nn the/at importance/nn of/in motivation/nn in/in any/dti kind/nn of/in school/nn experience/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv been/ben using/jj-nc the/at word/nn ``/`` vocational/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at layman/nn would/md at/in first/od sight/nn think/vb it/pps should/md be/be used/vbn ./. I/ppss intend/vb to/to include/vb under/in the/at term/nn all/abn the/at practical/jj courses/nns open/jj to/in boys/nns and/cc girls/nns ./. These/dts courses/nns develop/vb skills/nns other/ap than/in those/dts we/ppss think/vb of/in when/wrb we/ppss use/vb the/at adjective/nn ``/`` academic/nn ''/'' ./. Practically/rb all/abn of/in these/dts practical/jj skills/nns are/ber of/in such/abl a/at nature/nn that/cs a/at degree/nn of/in mastery/nn can/md be/be obtained/vbn in/in high/jj school/nn sufficient/jj to/to enable/vb the/at youth/nn to/to get/vb a/at job/nn at/in once/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at skill/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber in/in this/dt sense/nn skills/nns marketable/jj immediately/rb on/in graduation/nn from/in high/jj school/nn ./. To/to be/be sure/jj ,/, in/in tool-and-die/nn work/nn and/cc in/in the/at building/vbg trades/nns ,/, the/at first/od job/nn must/md be/be often/rb on/in an/at apprentice/nn basis/nn ,/, but/cc two/cd years/nns of/in half-time/nn vocational/jj training/nn enables/vbz the/at young/jj man/nn thus/rb to/to anticipate/vb one/cd year/nn of/in apprentice/nn status/nn ./. Similarly/rb ,/, a/at girl/nn who/wps graduates/vbz with/in a/at good/jj working/vbg knowledge/nn of/in stenography/nn and/cc the/at use/nn of/in clerical/jj machines/nns and/cc who/wps is/bez able/jj to/to get/vb a/at job/nn at/in once/rb may/md wish/vb to/to improve/vb her/pp$ skill/nn and/cc knowledge/nn by/in a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd of/in further/jjr study/nn in/in a/at community/nn college/nn or/cc secretarial/jj school/nn ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be argued/vbn that/cs an/at ability/nn to/to write/vb English/np correctly/rb and/cc with/in some/dti degree/nn of/in elegance/nn is/bez a/at marketable/jj skill/nn ./. So/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez the/at mathematical/jj competence/nn of/in a/at college/nn graduate/nn who/wps has/hvz majored/vbn in/in mathematics/nn ./. In/in a/at sense/nn almost/rb all/abn high/jj school/nn and/cc college/nn courses/nns could/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs vocational/jj to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs later/rbr in/in life/nn the/at student/nn in/in his/pp$ vocation/nn (/( which/wdt may/md be/be a/at profession/nn )/) will/md be/be called/vbn upon/rb to/to use/vb some/dti of/in the/at skills/nns developed/vbn and/cc the/at competence/nn obtained/vbn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at shading/nn of/in one/cd type/nn of/in course/nn into/in another/dt ,/, I/ppss believe/vb it/pps is/bez useful/jj to/to talk/vb about/in vocational/jj courses/nns as/cs apart/rb from/in academic/jj courses/nns ./. Perhaps/rb a/at course/nn in/in typewriting/nn might/md be/be regarded/vbn as/cs the/at exception/nn which/wdt proves/vbz the/at rule/nn ./. Today/nr many/ap college/nn bound/vbn students/nns try/vb to/to take/vb a/at course/nn in/in personal/jj typing/vbg ,/, as/cs they/ppss feel/vb a/at certain/jj degree/nn of/in mastery/nn of/in this/dt skill/nn is/bez almost/ql essential/jj for/in one/pn who/wps proposes/vbz to/to do/do academic/jj work/nn in/in college/nn and/cc a/at professional/jj school/nn ./. Most/ap of/in our/pp$ largest/jjt cities/nns have/hv one/cd or/cc more/ap separate/jj vocational/jj or/cc technical/jj high/jj schools/nns ./. In/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, public/jj education/nn in/in the/at large/jj cities/nns differs/vbz from/in education/nn in/in the/at smaller/jjr cities/nns and/cc consolidated/vbn school/nn districts/nns ./. The/at neighborhood/nn high/jj schools/nns are/ber not/* ,/, strictly/rb speaking/vbg ,/, comprehensive/jj schools/nns ,/, because/cs some/dti of/in the/at boys/nns and/cc girls/nns may/md be/be attending/vbg a/at vocational/jj or/cc technical/jj high/jj school/nn instead/rb of/in the/at local/jj school/nn ./. Indeed/uh ,/, one/cd school/nn superintendent/nn in/in a/at large/jj city/nn objects/vbz to/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at term/nn comprehensive/jj high/jj school/nn for/in the/at senior/jj high/jj schools/nns in/in his/pp$ city/nn ,/, because/cs these/dts schools/nns do/do not/* offer/vb strictly/rb vocational/jj programs/nns ./. He/pps prefers/vbz to/to designate/vb such/jj schools/nns as/cs ``/`` general/jj ''/'' high/jj schools/nns ./. The/at suburban/jj high/jj school/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez worth/jj noting/vbg ,/, also/rb is/bez not/* a/at widely/rb comprehensive/jj high/jj school/nn because/cs of/in the/at absence/nn of/in vocational/jj programs/nns ./. The/at reason/nn is/bez that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at lack/nn of/in interest/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at community/nn ./. Therefore/rb employment/nn and/cc education/nn in/in all/abn the/at schools/nns in/in a/at metropolitan/jj area/nn are/ber related/vbn in/in different/jj ways/nns from/in those/dts which/wdt are/ber characteristic/jj of/in the/at comprehensive/jj high/jj school/nn described/vbn in/in my/pp$ first/od report/nn ./. The/at separate/jj vocational/jj or/cc technical/jj high/jj schools/nns in/in the/at large/jj cities/nns must/md be/be reckoned/vbn as/cs permanent/jj institutions/nns ./. By/rb and/cc large/rb their/pp$ programs/nns are/ber satisfactorily/rb connected/vbn both/abx to/in the/at employment/nn situation/nn and/cc to/in the/at realities/nns of/in the/at apprentice/nn system/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* often/rb realized/vbn to/in what/wdt degree/nn certain/jj trades/nns are/ber in/in many/ap communities/nns closed/vbn areas/nns of/in employment/nn ,/, except/in for/in a/at lucky/jj few/ap ./. One/pn has/hvz to/to talk/vb confidentially/rb with/in some/dti of/in the/at directors/nns of/in vocational/jj high/jj schools/nns to/to realize/vb that/cs a/at boy/nn cannot/md* just/rb say/vb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss want/vb to/to be/be a/at plumber/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, by/in doing/vbg good/jj work/nn ,/, find/vb a/at job/nn ./. It/pps is/bez far/ql more/ql difficult/jj in/in many/ap communities/nns to/to obtain/vb admission/nn to/in an/at apprentice/nn program/nn which/wdt involves/vbz union/nn approval/nn than/cs to/to get/vb into/in the/at most/ql selective/jj medical/jj school/nn in/in the/at nation/nn ./. Two/cd stories/nns will/md illustrate/vb what/wdt I/ppss have/hv in/in mind/nn ./. One/cd vocational/jj instructor/nn in/in a/at city/nn vocational/jj school/nn ,/, speaking/vbg of/in his/pp$ course/nn in/in a/at certain/jj field/nn ,/, said/vbd he/pps had/hvd no/at difficulty/nn placing/vbg all/abn students/nns in/in jobs/nns outside/rb of/in the/at city/nn ./. In/in the/at city/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, the/at waiting/vbg list/nn for/in those/dts who/wps want/vb to/to join/vb the/at union/nn is/bez so/ql long/jj that/cs unless/cs a/at boy/nn has/hvz an/at inside/jj track/nn he/pps can't/md* get/vb in/rp ./. In/in a/at far/ql distant/jj part/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, I/ppss was/bedz talking/vbg to/in an/at instructor/nn about/in a/at boy/nn who/wps in/in the/at twelfth/od grade/nn was/bedz doing/vbg special/jj work/nn ./. ``/`` What/wdt does/doz he/pps have/hv in/in mind/nn to/to do/do when/wrb he/pps graduates/vbz ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, he'll/pps+md be/be a/at plumber/nn ''/'' ,/, came/vbd the/at answer/nn ./. ``/`` But/cc isn't/bez* it/pps almost/rb impossible/jj to/to get/vb into/in the/at union/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss asked/vbd ./. ``/`` He'll/pps+md have/hv no/at difficulty/nn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss was/bedz told/vbn ./. ``/`` He/pps has/hvz very/ql good/jj connections/nns ''/'' ./. In/in my/pp$ view/nn ,/, there/ex should/md be/be a/at school/nn which/wdt offers/vbz significant/jj vocational/jj programs/nns for/in boys/nns within/in easy/jj reach/nn of/in every/at family/nn in/in a/at city/nn ./. Ideally/rb these/dts schools/nns should/md be/be so/rb located/vbn that/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap should/md be/be in/in the/at area/nn where/wrb demand/nn for/in practical/jj courses/nns is/bez at/in the/at highest/jjt ./. An/at excellent/jj example/nn of/in a/at successful/jj location/nn of/in a/at new/jj vocational/jj high/jj school/nn is/bez the/at Dunbar/np-tl Vocational/jj-tl High/jj-tl School/nn-tl in/in Chicago/np ./. Located/vbn in/in a/at bad/jj slum/nn area/nn now/rb undergoing/vbg redevelopment/nn ,/, this/dt school/nn and/cc its/pp$ program/nn are/ber especially/rb tailored/vbn to/in the/at vocational/jj aims/nns of/in its/pp$ students/nns ./. Hardly/rb a/at window/nn has/hvz been/ben broken/vbn since/cs Dunbar/np first/rb was/bedz opened/vbn (/( and/cc vandalism/nn in/in schools/nns is/bez a/at major/jj problem/nn in/in many/ap slum/nn areas/nns )/) ./. I/ppss discovered/vbd in/in the/at course/nn of/in a/at visit/nn there/rb that/cs almost/rb all/abn the/at pupils/nns were/bed Negroes/nps ./. They/ppss were/bed learning/vbg trades/nns as/ql diverse/jj as/cs shoe/nn repairing/nn ,/, bricklaying/nn ,/, carpentry/nn ,/, cabinet/nn making/nn ,/, auto/nn mechanics/nns ,/, and/cc airplane/nn mechanics/nns ./. The/at physical/jj facilities/nns at/in Dunbar/np are/ber impressive/jj ,/, but/cc more/ql impressive/jj is/bez the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at pupils/nns ./.

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cf34 |@word soybean:10 seed:51 important:2 leguminous:1 food:14 world:12 united:11 states:11 half:4 crop:10 grow:6 process:6 edible:4 oil:35 residue:1 processing:2 go:2 mainly:2 animal:3 feed:8 extensively:3 remarkable:1 number:1 product:8 orient:1 american:2 chemist:1 seek:1 increase:3 export:3 adapt:1 modern:1 technique:1 fermentation:1 method:1 improve:1 use:27 traditional:1 japanese:2 tofu:1 miso:1 tempeh:1 indonesia:1 flour:1 grits:1 flake:1 milk:1 curd:1 buy:1 peanut:5 second:2 legume:1 produce:5 much:1 great:3 extent:1 eat:2 entire:1 blanch:1 prepare:2 make:15 butter:2 nut:16 roast:1 whose:1 seedcoat:2 rub:1 cereal:9 grain:11 supplement:1 dry:7 pea:2 bean:3 comprise:1 two:1 third:4 three:1 fourth:2 diet:2 part:2 asia:2 africa:3 western:2 europe:1 north:1 america:5 level:1 economic:2 development:1 high:3 furnish:3 less:5 one:6 consume:4 rather:2 meat:4 potato:1 sugar:1 dairy:3 main:4 source:4 carbohydrate:1 protein:3 fat:4 people:1 depend:1 australia:2 new:1 zealand:1 argentina:1 extensive:1 grazing:1 land:2 support:1 sheep:1 cattle:2 consumption:2 livestock:6 take:1 sixth:1 1957:1 1958:1 swine:1 cow:1 amount:2 beef:1 poultry:3 90:1 percent:5 corn:6 rest:1 human:2 industrial:5 sorghum:3 barley:4 byproduct:2 milling:1 crushing:1 oilseed:5 200:1 million:8 ton:6 annually:2 efficiency:1 convert:1 forage:1 rise:1 steadily:1 since:2 1930:2 parallel:1 feeding:1 cake:2 meal:2 demand:2 little:3 arable:1 give:2 nonfood:1 hold:2 relatively:1 minor:1 position:1 chief:2 among:2 primarily:3 bear:3 flax:3 castor:2 tung:2 china:1 wood:2 tree:9 perilla:1 oriental:1 mint:1 oiticica:1 brazilian:1 liquid:2 long:2 principal:2 constituent:2 paint:5 varnish:3 protect:3 beautify:1 surface:2 metal:1 develop:1 hard:4 smooth:1 film:1 form:1 resinlike:1 substance:1 artist:2 carry:1 pigment:1 finished:1 work:1 age:1 fine:2 come:3 poppy:1 cotton:1 sesame:4 rape:1 yield:2 semidrye:1 along:1 palm:9 steel:1 sheet:1 plate:1 tin:1 castorbean:2 style:1 medicine:2 nondrying:2 however:1 ever:1 lubricant:1 fluid:1 hydraulically:1 operate:1 equipment:1 chemical:1 plastic:1 almond:4 another:2 perfumery:1 extract:4 flower:1 fragrance:1 still:3 drug:2 cosmetic:1 scarce:1 sometimes:2 adulterate:1 peach:1 plum:1 enter:1 manufacture:3 soap:3 industry:4 household:1 glycerin:1 explosive:1 sizable:1 coconut:6 kernel:6 purpose:2 also:1 detergent:1 resin:1 solid:1 mahua:1 shea:1 candle:1 tropical:1 country:4 starch:4 many:2 wheat:2 supply:2 canada:1 region:1 starchy:2 tuber:1 root:1 paper:3 textile:1 multitude:1 manufacturing:1 operation:1 gum:8 quince:2 psyllium:3 fleawort:1 locust:4 carob:1 ancient:1 time:2 today:2 yearly:1 import:4 15:1 pound:3 discovery:1 war:1 guar:2 similar:1 cultivation:1 initiate:1 water:1 soluble:1 pulp:2 thickener:1 stabilizer:1 disperse:1 agent:1 thicken:1 salad:1 dressing:1 stabilize:1 ice:1 cream:1 ingredient:1 wave:1 set:1 lotion:1 regard:1 agricultural:2 nuisance:1 sell:2 mechanical:1 laxative:1 117:1 different:1 brand:1 add:1 slurry:1 break:2 lump:1 fiber:1 fibrous:1 stony:1 fruit:6 call:3 provide:2 highly:2 concentrated:1 material:3 value:7 nuts:3 consist:1 richly:1 package:1 storage:1 thick:1 adherent:1 brown:1 covering:1 brazil:3 cashew:1 filbert:2 hazelnut:1 hickory:1 pecan:1 walnut:2 pine:1 predominantly:1 oily:1 pistachio:1 rich:2 chestnut:1 production:4 familiar:2 english:1 total:4 300:1 thousand:3 large:1 know:1 south:5 pacific:2 island:1 domestic:1 market:1 west:2 flesh:2 copra:1 3:1 1959:2 term:1 equivalent:1 1:2 quantity:1 include:5 spicy:1 nutmeg:1 owe:1 suds:1 power:1 natural:1 saponin:1 mark:1 ink:1 aromatic:2 sassafra:1 sweet:1 smell:1 cumara:1 suit:1 perfume:1 forest:1 cultivate:2 ivory:2 tagua:1 vegetable:1 endosperm:1 egg:1 sized:1 button:1 small:1 object:1 turnery:1 sago:1 bermuda:1 head:1 face:1 doll:2 tourist:1 color:1 shape:1 attractive:1 ornament:1 decoration:1 biblical:1 rosary:1 job:1 tear:1 asiatic:1 grass:1 bead:1 necklace:1 islander:1 eye:1 buddha:1 cuba:1 victorian:1 lady:1 fad:1 string:1 unusual:1 wear:1 jewelry:1 handmade:1 christmas:1 wreath:1 often:2 contain:2 variety:1 collect:1 year:4 tradition:1 assign:1 medicinal:1 alkaloid:1 flavor:5 component:1 although:2 science:1 effective:1 preparation:1 anise:2 colchicum:1 nux:1 vomica:1 mustard:3 fennel:2 stramonium:1 relief:1 ailment:1 flaxseed:2 poultice:1 plaster:1 person:1 carrier:1 diluent:1 administer:1 injection:1 group:2 tiny:1 distinctive:1 odor:1 nutrient:3 quite:1 negligible:1 common:3 spice:1 flavoring:2 condiment:1 caraway:1 celery:1 coriander:1 single:1 seeded:1 several:2 carrot:1 family:1 cumin:1 dill:1 angelica:1 cooking:1 beverage:5 fenugreek:1 artificial:1 maple:1 cardamom:1 white:1 pepper:2 ground:3 black:1 tall:1 pod:1 plant:1 egypt:1 central:1 toast:1 almost:1 dish:1 halvah:1 candy:1 middle:1 east:1 stick:1 snack:1 dip:1 originate:1 southwest:1 coffee:4 roasted:1 previous:1 record:1 1960:1 5:1 per:1 capita:1 remain:1 around:1 16:1 cocoa:2 chocolate:2 cacao:1 divide:1 63:1 27:1 soft:1 drink:1 kola:2 indies:1 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The/at soybean/nn seed/nn is/bez the/at most/ql important/jj leguminous/jj food/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. In/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, where/wrb half/abn of/in the/at world/nn crop/nn is/bez grown/vbn ,/, soybeans/nns are/ber processed/vbn for/in their/pp$ edible/jj oil/nn ./. The/at residue/nn from/in soybean/nn processing/nn goes/vbz mainly/rb into/in animal/nn feeds/nns ./. Soybeans/nns are/ber extensively/rb processed/vbn into/in a/at remarkable/jj number/nn of/in food/nn products/nns in/in the/at Orient/np ./. American/jj chemists/nns ,/, seeking/vbg to/to increase/vb exports/nns of/in soybeans/nns ,/, have/hv adapted/vbn modern/jj techniques/nns and/cc fermentation/nn methods/nns to/to improve/vb their/pp$ use/nn in/in such/jj traditional/jj Japanese/jj foods/nns as/cs tofu/fw-nn and/cc miso/fw-nn and/cc in/in tempeh/fw-nn of/in Indonesia/np ./. Soybean/nn flour/nn ,/, grits/nns ,/, flakes/nns ,/, ``/`` milk/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc curd/nn can/md be/be bought/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Peanuts/nns are/ber the/at world's/nn$ second/od most/ql important/jj legume/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber used/vbn mainly/rb for/in their/pp$ oil/nn ./. We/ppss produce/vb peanut/nn oil/nn ,/, but/cc to/in a/at much/ql greater/jjr extent/nn we/ppss eat/vb the/at entire/jj seed/nn ./. Blanched/vbn peanuts/nns ,/, as/cs prepared/vbn for/in making/vbg peanut/nn butter/nn or/cc for/in eating/vbg as/cs nuts/nns ,/, are/ber roasted/vbn seeds/nns whose/wp$ seedcoats/nns have/hv been/ben rubbed/vbn off/rp ./. Cereal/nn grains/nns ,/, supplemented/vbn with/in soybeans/nns or/cc dry/jj edible/jj peas/nns or/cc beans/nns ,/, comprise/vb about/rb two-thirds/nns or/cc three-fourths/nns of/in the/at diet/nn in/in parts/nns of/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ./. In/in western/jj Europe/np and/cc North/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at level/nn of/in economic/jj development/nn is/bez higher/jjr ,/, grains/nns and/cc other/ap seed/nn products/nns furnish/vb less/ap than/in one-third/nn of/in the/at food/nn consumed/vbn ./. Rather/rb ,/, meat/nn and/cc potatoes/nns ,/, sugar/nn ,/, and/cc dairy/nn products/nns are/ber the/at main/jjs sources/nns of/in carbohydrate/nn ,/, protein/nn ,/, oils/nns ,/, and/cc fats/nns ./. People/nns depend/vb less/rbr on/in seeds/nns for/in foods/nns in/in Australia/np ,/, New/jj-tl Zealand/np-tl ,/, and/cc Argentina/np ,/, where/wrb extensive/jj grazing/vbg lands/nns support/vb sheep/nns or/cc cattle/nns ,/, and/cc the/at consumption/nn of/in meat/nn is/bez high/jj ./. Feeds/nns for/in livestock/nn took/vbd about/rb one-sixth/nn of/in the/at world's/nn$ cereal/nn crop/nn in/in 1957-1958/cd ./. Most/ap of/in the/at grain/nn is/bez fed/vbn to/in swine/nns and/cc dairy/nn cows/nns and/cc lesser/jjr amounts/nns to/in beef/nn cattle/nns and/cc poultry/nn ./. About/rb 90/cd percent/nn of/in the/at corn/nn used/vbn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl is/bez fed/vbn to/in animals/nns ./. The/at rest/nn is/bez used/vbn for/in human/jj food/nn and/cc industrial/jj products/nns ./. More/ap than/in half/abn of/in the/at sorghum/nn and/cc barley/nn seeds/nns we/ppss produce/vb and/cc most/ap of/in the/at byproducts/nns of/in the/at milling/nn of/in cereals/nns and/cc the/at crushing/nn of/in oilseeds/nns are/ber fed/vbn to/in livestock/nn ./. More/ap than/in 200/cd million/cd tons/nns of/in seeds/nns and/cc seed/nn products/nns are/ber fed/vbn to/in livestock/nn annually/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. The/at efficiency/nn with/in which/wdt animals/nns convert/vb grains/nns and/cc forages/nns to/in meat/nn has/hvz risen/vbn steadily/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl since/in the/at 1930's/nns and/cc has/hvz paralleled/vbn the/at increased/vbn feeding/nn of/in the/at cake/nn and/cc meal/nn that/wps are/ber a/at byproduct/nn when/wrb seeds/nns are/ber processed/vbn for/in oil/nn ./. The/at demand/nn for/in food/nn is/bez so/ql great/jj in/in the/at world/nn that/cs little/ap arable/jj land/nn can/md be/be given/vbn over/rp to/in growing/vbg the/at nonfood/nn crops/nns ./. Seeds/nns grown/vbn for/in industrial/jj uses/nns hold/vb a/at relatively/ql minor/jj position/nn ./. Chief/jjs among/in the/at seed/nn crops/nns grown/vbn primarily/rb for/in industrial/jj uses/nns are/ber the/at oil-bearing/jj seeds/nns --/-- flax/nn ,/, castor/nn ,/, tung/nn (/( nuts/nns from/in the/at China/np wood-oil/nn tree/nn )/) ,/, perilla/nn (/( from/in an/at Oriental/jj-tl mint/nn )/) ,/, and/cc oiticica/nn (/( from/in a/at Brazilian/jj tree/nn )/) ./. Oils/nns ,/, or/cc liquid/nn fats/nns ,/, from/in the/at seeds/nns of/in flax/nn and/cc tung/nn have/hv long/rb been/ben the/at principal/jjs constituents/nns of/in paints/nns and/cc varnishes/nns for/in protecting/vbg and/cc beautifying/vbg the/at surfaces/nns of/in wood/nn and/cc metal/nn ./. These/dts oils/nns develop/vb hard/jj ,/, smooth/jj films/nns when/wrb they/ppss dry/vb and/cc form/vb resinlike/jj substances/nns ./. The/at artist/nn who/wps paints/vbz in/in oil/nn uses/vbz drying/vbg oils/nns to/to carry/vb the/at pigments/nns and/cc to/to protect/vb his/pp$ finished/vbn work/nn for/in the/at ages/nns ./. One/cd of/in the/at finest/jjt of/in artists'/nns$ oils/nns comes/vbz from/in poppy/nn seeds/nns ./. Seeds/nns of/in soybean/nn ,/, cotton/nn ,/, corn/nn ,/, sesame/nn ,/, and/cc rape/nn yield/vb semidrying/vbg oils/nns ./. Some/dti are/ber used/vbn in/in paints/nns along/rb with/in drying/vbg oils/nns ./. Palm/nn oil/nn protects/vbz the/at surfaces/nns of/in steel/nn sheets/nns before/cs they/ppss are/ber plated/vbn with/in tin/nn ./. Castor/nn oil/nn ,/, made/vbn from/in castorbeans/nns ,/, has/hvz gone/vbn out/in of/in style/nn as/cs a/at medicine/nn ./. This/dt nondrying/jj oil/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez now/rb more/rbr in/in demand/nn than/cs ever/rb before/rb as/cs a/at fine/jj lubricant/nn ,/, as/cs a/at constituent/nn of/in fluids/nns for/in hydraulically/rb operated/vbn equipment/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs a/at source/nn of/in chemicals/nns to/to make/vb plastics/nns ./. Almond/nn oil/nn ,/, another/dt nondrying/jj oil/nn ,/, was/bedz once/rb used/vbn extensively/rb in/in perfumery/nn to/to extract/vb flower/nn fragrances/nns ./. It/pps is/bez still/rb used/vbn in/in drugs/nns and/cc cosmetics/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez rather/ql scarce/jj and/cc sometimes/rb is/bez adulterated/vbn with/in oils/nns from/in peach/nn and/cc plum/nn seeds/nns ./. Liquid/nn fats/nns from/in all/abn these/dts oilseeds/nns enter/vb into/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in soaps/nns for/in industry/nn and/cc the/at household/nn and/cc of/in glycerin/nn for/in such/jj industrial/jj uses/nns as/cs making/vbg explosives/nns ./. Sizable/jj amounts/vbz of/in soybean/nn ,/, coconut/nn ,/, and/cc palm/nn kernel/nn oil/nn --/-- seed/nn oils/nns that/wps are/ber produced/vbn primarily/rb for/in food/nn purposes/nns --/-- also/rb are/ber used/vbn to/to make/vb soaps/nns ,/, detergents/nns ,/, and/cc paint/nn resins/nns ./. Solid/jj fats/nns from/in the/at seeds/nns of/in the/at mahua/nn tree/nn ,/, the/at shea/nn tree/nn ,/, and/cc the/at coconut/nn palm/nn are/ber used/vbn to/to make/vb candles/nns in/in tropical/jj countries/nns ./. Seeds/nns are/ber a/at main/jjs source/nn of/in starch/nn for/in industrial/jj and/cc food/nn use/nn in/in many/ap parts/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./. Corn/nn and/cc wheat/nn supply/vb most/ap of/in the/at starch/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, Canada/np ,/, and/cc Australia/np ./. In/in other/ap countries/nns where/wrb cereal/nn grains/nns are/ber not/* among/in the/at principal/jjs crops/nns of/in a/at region/nn ,/, starchy/jj tubers/nns or/cc roots/nns are/ber processed/vbn for/in starch/nn ./. Starch/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in the/at paper/nn ,/, textile/nn ,/, and/cc food-processing/jj industries/nns and/cc in/in a/at multitude/nn of/in other/ap manufacturing/vbg operations/nns ./. Gums/nns were/bed extracted/vbn from/in quince/nn ,/, psyllium/nn (/( fleawort/nn )/) ,/, flax/nn ,/, and/cc locust/nn (/( carob/fw-nn )/) seeds/nns in/in ancient/jj times/nns ./. Today/nr the/at yearly/jj import/nn into/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in locust/nn bean/nn gum/nn is/bez more/ap than/in 15/cd million/cd pounds/nns ;/. ;/. of/in psyllium/nn seed/nn ,/, more/ap than/in 2.6/cd million/cd ./. The/at discovery/nn during/in the/at Second/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl that/cs guar/nn gum/nn was/bedz similar/jj to/in imported/vbn locust/nn gum/nn increased/vbd its/pp$ cultivation/nn in/in western/jj Asia/np and/cc initiated/vbd it/ppo in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Water-soluble/jj gums/nns are/ber used/vbn in/in foods/nns and/cc drugs/nns and/cc in/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in pulp/nn and/cc paper/nn as/cs thickeners/nns ,/, stabilizers/nns ,/, or/cc dispersing/vbg agents/nns ./. Guar/nn gum/nn thickens/vbz salad/nn dressings/nns and/cc stabilizes/vbz ice/nn cream/nn ./. Quince/nn seed/nn gum/nn is/bez the/at main/jjs ingredient/nn in/in wave-setting/jj lotions/nns ./. Once/rb regarded/vbn as/cs an/at agricultural/jj nuisance/nn ,/, psyllium/nn was/bedz sold/vbn in/in the/at 1930's/nns as/cs a/at mechanical/jj laxative/nn under/in 117/cd different/jj brands/nns ./. Locust/nn gum/nn is/bez added/vbn to/in pulp/nn slurries/nns to/to break/vb up/rp the/at lumps/nns of/in fibers/nns in/in making/vbg paper/nn ./. The/at seeds/nns of/in hard/jj ,/, fibrous/jj ,/, stony/jj fruits/nns ,/, called/vbn nuts/nns ,/, provide/vb highly/ql concentrated/vbn foods/nns ,/, oils/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap materials/nns of/in value/nn ./. Most/ap nuts/nns consist/vb of/in the/at richly/ql packaged/vbn storage/nn kernel/nn and/cc its/pp$ thick/jj ,/, adherent/jj ,/, brown/jj covering/nn --/-- the/at seedcoat/nn ./. The/at kernels/nns of/in brazil/nn nuts/nns ,/, cashews/nns ,/, coconuts/nns ,/, filberts/nns ,/, hazelnuts/nns ,/, hickory/nn nuts/nns ,/, pecans/nns ,/, walnuts/nns ,/, and/cc pine/nn nuts/nns are/ber predominantly/ql oily/jj ./. Almonds/nns and/cc pistachio/nn nuts/nns are/ber not/* so/ql high/jj in/in oil/nn but/cc are/ber rich/jj in/in protein/nn ./. Chestnuts/nns are/ber starchy/jj ./. All/abn nut/nn kernels/nns are/ber rich/jj in/in protein/nn ./. The/at world/nn production/nn of/in familiar/jj seed/nn nuts/nns --/-- almonds/nns ,/, brazil/nn nuts/nns ,/, filberts/nns ,/, and/cc the/at English/jj walnuts/nns --/-- totals/vbz about/rb 300/cd thousand/cd tons/nns annually/rb ./. Coconuts/nns ,/, the/at fruit/nn of/in the/at coconut/nn palm/nn ,/, have/hv the/at largest/jjt of/in all/abn known/vbn seeds/nns and/cc are/ber grown/vbn in/in South/jj-tl Pacific/np-tl islands/nns as/cs a/at crop/nn for/in domestic/jj and/cc export/nn markets/nns ./. The/at oil/nn palm/nn of/in West/jj-tl Africa/np-tl yields/vbz edible/jj oil/nn from/in both/abx the/at flesh/nn and/cc the/at seed/nn or/cc kernel/nn of/in its/pp$ fruit/nn ./. World/nn production/nn of/in copra/nn ,/, the/at oil-bearing/jj flesh/nn of/in the/at coconut/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at little/ql more/ap than/in 3/cd million/cd tons/nns in/in 1959/cd ./. Exports/nns from/in producing/vbg countries/nns in/in terms/nns of/in equivalent/jj oil/nn were/bed a/at little/ql more/ap than/in 1/cd million/cd tons/nns ,/, about/rb half/abn of/in which/wdt was/bedz palm/nn kernels/nns or/cc oil/nn from/in them/ppo and/cc about/rb half/abn was/bedz palm/nn oil/nn ./. Other/ap nuts/nns consumed/vbn in/in lesser/jjr quantity/nn include/vb the/at spicy/jj nutmeg/nn ;/. ;/. the/at soap/nn nut/nn ,/, which/wdt owes/vbz its/pp$ sudsing/vbg power/nn to/in natural/jj saponins/nns ;/. ;/. the/at marking/vbg nut/nn ,/, used/vbn for/in ink/nn and/cc varnish/nn ;/. ;/. the/at aromatic/jj sassafras/nn nut/nn of/in South/jj-tl America/np-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at sweet-smelling/jj cumara/nn nut/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez suited/vbn for/in perfumes/nns ./. A/at forest/nn crop/nn that/wps has/hvz not/* been/ben extensively/rb cultivated/vbn is/bez ivory/nn nuts/nns from/in the/at tagua/nn palm/nn ./. The/at so-called/jj vegetable/nn ivory/nn is/bez the/at hard/jj endosperm/nn of/in the/at egg-sized/jj seed/nn ./. It/pps is/bez used/vbn for/in making/vbg buttons/nns and/cc other/ap small/jj ,/, hard/jj objects/nns of/in turnery/nn ./. Seeds/nns of/in the/at sago/nn palm/nn are/ber used/vbn in/in Bermuda/np to/to make/vb heads/nns and/cc faces/nns of/in dolls/nns sold/vbn to/in tourists/nns ./. The/at color/nn and/cc shape/nn of/in seeds/nns have/hv long/rb made/vbn them/ppo attractive/jj for/in ornaments/nns and/cc decorations/nns ./. Since/in Biblical/jj times/nns ,/, rosaries/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn from/in jobs-tears/nns --/-- the/at seeds/nns of/in an/at Asiatic/jj grass/nn ./. Bead/nn tree/nn seeds/nns are/ber the/at necklaces/nns of/in South/jj-tl Pacific/jj-tl islanders/nns and/cc the/at eyes/nns of/in Buddha/np dolls/nns in/in Cuba/np ./. Victorian/jj ladies/nns had/hvd a/at fad/nn of/in stringing/vbg unusual/jj seeds/nns to/to wear/vb as/cs jewelry/nn ./. Handmade/jj Christmas/np wreaths/nns and/cc trees/nns often/rb contain/vb a/at variety/nn of/in seeds/nns collected/vbn during/in the/at year/nn ./. Tradition/nn has/hvz assigned/vbn medicinal/jj values/nns to/in seeds/nns because/rb of/in their/pp$ alkaloids/nns ,/, aromatic/jj oils/nns ,/, and/cc highly/ql flavored/vbn components/nns ./. Although/cs science/nn has/hvz given/vbn us/ppo more/ql effective/jj materials/nns ,/, preparations/nns from/in anise/nn ,/, castorbean/nn ,/, colchicum/nn ,/, nux/nn vomica/nn ,/, mustard/nn ,/, fennel/nn ,/, and/cc stramonium/nn are/ber familiar/jj to/in many/ap for/in the/at relief/nn of/in human/jj ailments/nns ./. Flaxseed/nn poultices/nns and/cc mustard/nn plasters/nns still/rb are/ber used/vbn by/in some/dti persons/nns ./. Peanut/nn and/cc sesame/nn oils/nns often/rb are/ber used/vbn as/cs carriers/nns or/cc diluents/nns for/in medicines/nns administered/vbn by/in injection/nn ./. Still/rb another/dt group/nn of/in seeds/nns (/( sometimes/rb tiny/jj ,/, dry/jj ,/, seed-bearing/jj fruits/nns )/) provide/vb distinctive/jj flavors/nns and/cc odors/nns to/in foods/nns ,/, although/cs the/at nutrients/nns they/ppss supply/vb are/ber quite/ql negligible/jj ./. The/at common/jj spices/nns ,/, flavorings/nns ,/, and/cc condiments/nns make/vb up/rp this/dt group/nn ./. Each/dt year/nn millions/nns of/in pounds/nns of/in anise/nn ,/, caraway/nn ,/, mustard/nn ,/, celery/nn ,/, and/cc coriander/nn and/cc the/at oils/nns extracted/vbn from/in them/ppo are/ber imported/vbn ./. Single-seeded/jj dry/jj fruits/nns used/vbn for/in flavoring/vbg include/vb several/ap of/in the/at carrot/nn family/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs cumin/nn ,/, dill/nn ,/, fennel/nn ,/, and/cc angelica/nn ./. Less/ql common/jj seeds/nns used/vbn in/in cooking/vbg and/cc beverages/nns include/vb fenugreek/nn (/( artificial/jj maple/nn flavor/nn )/) and/cc cardamom/nn ./. White/jj pepper/nn is/bez the/at ground/vbn seed/nn of/in the/at common/jj black/jj pepper/nn fruit/nn ./. Sesame/nn seed/nn ,/, which/wdt comes/vbz from/in the/at tall/jj pods/nns of/in a/at plant/nn grown/vbn in/in Egypt/np ,/, Brazil/np ,/, and/cc Central/jj-tl America/np-tl ,/, has/hvz a/at toasted-nut/nn flavor/nn and/cc can/md be/be used/vbn in/in almost/rb any/dti dish/nn calling/vbg for/in almonds/nns ./. It/pps is/bez a/at main/jjs flavoring/nn for/in halvah/nn ,/, the/at candy/nn of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl ./. Sesame/nn sticks/nns ,/, a/at snack/nn dip/nn ,/, originated/vbn in/in the/at Southwest/nr-tl ./. Beverages/nns are/ber made/vbn from/in seeds/nns the/at world/nn over/rp ./. Coffee/nn is/bez made/vbn from/in the/at roasted/vbn and/cc ground/vbn seeds/nns of/in the/at coffee/nn tree/nn ./. World/nn production/nn of/in coffee/nn broke/vbd all/ql previous/jj records/nns in/in 1959/cd and/cc 1960/cd at/in more/ap than/in 5/cd million/cd tons/nns ./. Per/in capita/nns consumption/nn remains/vbz around/rb 16/cd pounds/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Cocoa/nn ,/, chocolate/nn ,/, and/cc cocoa/nn butter/nn come/vb from/in the/at ground/vbn seeds/nns of/in the/at cacao/nn tree/nn ./. World/nn production/nn of/in about/rb 1/cd million/cd tons/nns is/bez divided/vbn primarily/rb between/in Africa/np (/( 63/cd percent/nn )/) and/cc South/jj-tl America/np-tl (/( 27/cd percent/nn )/) ./. Several/ap soft/jj drinks/nns contain/vb extracts/nns from/in kola/nn nuts/nns ,/, the/at seed/nn of/in the/at kola/nn tree/nn cultivated/vbn in/in the/at West/jj-tl Indies/nps-tl and/cc South/jj-tl America/np-tl ./. Cereal/nn grains/nns have/hv been/ben used/vbn for/in centuries/nns to/to prepare/vb fermented/vbn beverages/nns ./. The/at Japanese/jj sake/fw-nn is/bez wine/nn fermented/vbn from/in rice/nn grain/nn ./. Arrack/nn is/bez distilled/vbn from/in fermented/vbn rice/nn in/in India/np ./. Beer/nn ,/, generally/rb fermented/vbn from/in barley/nn ,/, is/bez an/at old/jj alcoholic/jj beverage/nn ./. Beer/nn was/bedz brewed/vbn by/in the/at Babylonians/nps and/cc Egyptians/nps more/ap than/in 6/cd thousand/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. Brewers/nns today/nr use/nn corn/nn ,/, rice/nn ,/, and/cc malted/vbn barley/nn ./. Distillers/nns use/vb corn/nn ,/, malt/nn ,/, wheat/nn ,/, grain/nn sorghum/nn ,/, and/cc rye/nn in/in making/vbg beverage/nn alcohol/nn ./. Seed/nn crops/nns hold/vb a/at prominent/jj place/nn in/in the/at agricultural/jj economy/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. The/at farm/nn value/nn of/in seeds/nns produced/vbn in/in this/dt country/nn for/in all/abn purposes/nns ,/, including/in the/at cereals/nns ,/, is/bez nearly/rb 10/cd billion/cd dollars/nns a/at year/nn ./. Cereal/nn grains/nns ,/, oilseeds/nns ,/, and/cc dry/jj beans/nns and/cc peas/nns account/vb for/in about/rb 57/cd percent/nn of/in the/at farm/nn value/nn of/in all/abn crops/nns raised/vbn ./. The/at economic/jj importance/nn of/in seed/nn crops/nns actually/rb is/bez even/ql greater/jjr ,/, because/cs additional/jj returns/nns are/ber obtained/vbn from/in most/ap of/in the/at corn/nn ,/, oats/nn ,/, barley/nn ,/, and/cc sorghum/nn --/-- as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at cake/nn and/cc meal/nn from/in the/at processing/nn of/in flaxseed/nn ,/, cottonseed/nn ,/, and/cc soybeans/nns --/-- through/in conversion/nn to/in poultry/nn ,/, meat/nn ,/, and/cc dairy/nn products/nns ./. Seeds/nns furnish/vb about/rb 40/cd percent/nn of/in the/at total/nn nutrients/nns consumed/vbn by/in all/abn livestock/nn ./. Hay/nn and/cc pasture/nn are/ber the/at other/ap chief/jjs sources/nns of/in livestock/nn feed/nn ./. Seeds/nns are/ber the/at essential/jj raw/jj materials/nns for/in milling/vbg grain/nn ,/, baking/vbg ,/, crushing/vbg oilseed/nn ,/, refining/vbg edible/jj oil/nn ,/, brewing/vbg ,/, distilling/vbg ,/, and/cc mixing/vbg feed/nn ./. More/ap than/in 11/cd thousand/cd business/nn establishments/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl were/bed based/vbn on/in cereals/nns and/cc oilseeds/nns in/in 1954/cd ./. The/at value/nn of/in products/nns from/in these/dts industries/nns was/bedz 15.8/cd billion/cd dollars/nns ,/, of/in which/wdt about/rb one-third/nn was/bedz created/vbn by/in manufacturing/vbg processes/nns ./. Not/* included/vbn was/bedz the/at value/nn of/in seed/nn oil/nn in/in paints/nns and/cc varnishes/nns or/cc the/at value/nn of/in the/at coffee/nn and/cc chocolate/nn industries/nns that/wps are/ber based/vbn on/in imported/vbn seed/nn or/cc seed/nn products/nns ./. Cereal/nn grains/nns furnish/vb about/rb one-fourth/nn of/in the/at total/nn food/nn calories/nns in/in the/at American/jj diet/nn and/cc about/rb one-third/nn of/in the/at total/nn nutrients/nns consumed/vbn by/in all/abn livestock/nn and/cc poultry/nn ./.

cf35

cf35 |@word hold:5 herd:11 cattle:50 new:2 range:13 till:3 feel:1 home:4 call:19 locatin:1 keep:2 scatter:1 somewhat:1 yet:2 loose:1 herdin:3 compact:1 mass:1 close:1 incline:1 remain:1 territory:3 acquaint:1 become:6 always:1 move:1 farther:2 seekin:1 grass:5 water:2 stray:5 term:4 bein:2 restrict:1 however:1 hosse:5 like:2 circumstance:1 speak:6 merely:1 would:4 drift:8 day:5 night:1 blizzard:4 could:3 stop:3 go:6 wait:1 storm:4 follow:1 marchin:1 wholesale:2 number:3 winter:7 prolong:1 usually:6 result:4 one:9 tragedy:1 cowboy:9 make:2 technical:1 distinction:1 reference:4 animal:13 single:1 small:1 bunch:4 refer:4 large:1 band:1 march:2 away:1 long:2 stay:1 together:2 group:1 say:10 occur:2 effort:1 escape:1 severe:2 cold:1 wind:1 also:3 summer:1 lack:1 drought:2 aftermath:1 stampede:1 happen:2 nough:1 sense:3 avoid:1 find:4 shelter:1 emselve:1 death:1 sometimes:4 wide:2 die:2 followin:1 event:1 harvest:1 fallen:1 hide:1 rancher:1 need:1 skinnin:1 knife:1 instead:1 brandin:1 iron:1 pot:1 choke:1 catch:1 corner:1 draw:1 fence:1 durin:3 kill:1 hump:1 back:6 bow:1 use:9 human:2 showin:1 fight:1 cowhand:4 hear:1 arch:1 mule:1 hailstorm:1 drive:2 northern:2 two:1 mature:1 prime:1 beef:3 double:1 bring:1 distance:1 immigrant:1 country:3 pilgrim:1 word:8 first:4 apply:3 import:1 hot:1 blooded:1 later:2 commonly:2 tenderfoot:2 hereford:1 often:1 white:5 face:4 open:2 old:2 time:3 cowman:2 give:4 name:9 hothouse:1 stock:6 newly:1 introduce:1 holstein:1 breed:4 rarely:2 see:2 ranch:3 though:2 may:1 milk:6 supply:1 magpie:1 cattaloe:1 hybrid:1 offspring:1 buffalo:1 dry:2 denote:1 regardless:1 age:2 sex:3 bovine:1 givin:5 wet:4 entirely:2 cow:13 stuff:1 humorous:1 pitcher:1 know:1 stripper:1 terminology:1 speakin:1 confusin:1 common:2 meanin:2 smuggle:1 across:1 rio:1 grande:1 steal:2 rightful:1 owner:4 soon:1 mixed:4 mean:7 straight:1 steer:6 compose:1 various:1 grade:1 spring:1 pen:2 turn:3 put:1 shootin:1 gettin:1 corral:2 onto:2 come:4 crouchin:1 run:2 stoopin:1 stir:1 get:3 heated:1 excited:1 mustard:1 act:1 ginnin:1 round:3 chousin:1 roundup:1 pushin:2 outside:1 brand:1 toward:2 throwin:4 rise:1 ground:3 rear:1 end:1 hindquarter:1 standin:1 position:2 knee:1 prayin:2 attitude:1 suggest:1 head:3 grazin:3 hoof:1 live:1 referrin:1 travelin:2 trail:4 power:1 rail:1 shippin:1 train:1 general:1 classification:1 feed:1 grasser:1 dustin:1 throw:2 dust:1 eye:3 unlike:1 bull:5 mind:1 business:1 chargin:1 prod:1 peck:1 fear:1 charge:1 injun:5 wohaw:3 many:3 frontiersman:1 adopt:1 association:1 man:3 control:1 ox:1 team:1 early:3 freighter:1 listenin:1 wonder:1 strange:1 bullwhacker:1 shout:1 whoa:1 haw:1 gee:1 think:1 begin:1 callin:1 pass:1 north:1 receive:1 demand:1 tailin:4 tail:6 lieu:1 rope:1 fast:1 send:1 heel:1 simple:1 process:1 overtakin:1 brute:1 seizin:2 latter:1 pull:1 side:3 balance:2 crash:1 shoulder:1 slight:1 yank:1 frequently:4 capable:1 producin:1 assure:1 success:1 saddle:1 horn:2 supplement:1 case:1 downward:1 heave:1 rider:3 leg:1 upon:2 strainin:1 tactic:1 resort:2 unmanageable:1 longhorn:3 thorough:1 knock:1 breath:1 dazed:1 behave:1 rest:3 require:1 quick:1 swift:1 hoss:5 darin:1 valuable:1 frown:1 practice:1 discontinue:1 least:1 boss:1 straggler:1 game:1 mexican:4 texas:2 wild:1 release:1 much:2 yellin:1 take:1 rush:1 forward:1 little:1 bustin:1 terrific:1 force:1 rammin:1 downed:1 peggin:1 color:5 special:1 cover:1 splotch:3 spot:1 different:2 brindle:1 brockle:1 lineback:2 stripe:3 body:2 runnin:2 lobo:1 yeller:2 brown:1 neck:1 characteristic:1 spanish:3 mealynose:2 type:1 line:1 dot:1 nose:1 sabinas:1 describe:1 red:2 peppered:1 colorin:1 sonora:1 reds:1 mexico:1 yak:1 yaqui:1 buckskin:1 near:1 southern:1 border:1 whose:1 coloration:2 black:1 speckle:1 appearin:1 belly:3 zorrillas:1 polecat:1 flank:1 yellerish:1 distinct:1 mark:1 easily:1 distinguish:1 remember:1 marker:1 downfall:1 rustler:3 countin:4 driftin:1 mix:1 uncounted:2 count:4 pasture:3 without:1 purpose:1 counter:1 ride:2 ahead:1 method:1 request:1 presence:1 representative:1 bank:1 paper:2 note:1 mortgage:1 book:5 sellin:1 profit:1 seller:3 lead:1 famous:1 sayin:3 northwest:2 freeze:2 byword:1 boom:1 eastern:1 foreign:1 capital:1 eager:1 buy:1 interest:1 origin:1 credit:1 saloonkeeper:1 luke:1 murrin:1 saloon:1 meetin:1 place:1 influential:1 wyome:1 cattleman:1 year:2 customer:1 wearin:1 cheer:1 boy:1 whatever:1 carefree:1 sentence:1 sum:1 essence:1 prevailin:1 custom:1 buyin:1 create:1 survive:1 delivery:1 buyer:1 examinin:1 record:1 considerin:1 truthfulness:1 pay:3 claim:1 try:1 good:1 high:1 compliment:1 matter:1 denyin:1 save:1 financial:1 ruin:1 far:1 redeemin:1 wilderness:1 vast:1 21:1 swingin:1 loop:1 synonym:1 hustler:1 becomin:1 establish:1 person:1 active:1 bustlin:1 enterprise:1 title:1 wrangler:2 order:1 rustle:2 eventually:1 rustlin:1 almost:1 exclusively:1 thief:1 startin:1 maverick:2 employer:1

To/to hold/vb a/at herd/nn of/in cattle/nns on/in a/at new/jj range/nn till/cs they/ppss felt/vbd at/in home/nr was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` locatin'/vbg ''/'' 'em/ppo ./. To/to keep/vb 'em/ppo scattered/vbn somewhat/rb and/cc yet/rb herd/vb 'em/ppo was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` loose/jj herdin'/nn ''/'' ./. To/to hold/vb 'em/ppo in/in a/at compact/jj mass/nn was/bedz ``/`` close/jj herdin'/nn ''/'' ./. Cattle/nns were/bed inclined/vbn to/to remain/vb in/in a/at territory/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed acquainted/vbn ./. That/dt became/vbd their/pp$ ``/`` home/nn range/nn ''/'' ./. Yet/cc there/ex were/bed always/rb some/dti that/wps moved/vbd farther/rbr and/cc farther/rbr out/rp ,/, seekin'/vbg grass/nn and/cc water/nn ./. These/dts became/vbd ``/`` strays/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at term/nn bein'/beg restricted/vbn to/in cattle/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, as/cs hosses/nns ,/, under/in like/jj circumstances/nns ,/, were/bed spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` stray/jj hosses/nns ''/'' ,/, not/* merely/rb ``/`` strays/nns ''/'' ./. Cattle/nns would/md drift/vb day/nn and/cc night/nn in/in a/at blizzard/nn till/cs it/pps was/bedz over/rp ./. You/ppss couldn't/md* stop/vb 'em/ppo ;/. ;/. you/ppss had/hvd to/to go/vb with/in 'em/ppo or/cc wait/vb till/cs the/at storm/nn was/bedz over/rp ,/, and/cc follow/vb ./. Such/jj marchin'/nn in/in wholesale/jj numbers/nns was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` drift/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` winter/nn drift/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc if/cs the/at storm/nn was/bedz prolonged/vbn it/pps usually/rb resulted/vbd in/in one/cd of/in the/at tragedies/nns of/in the/at range/nn ./. The/at cowboy/nn made/vbd a/at technical/jj distinction/nn in/in reference/nn to/in the/at number/nn of/in them/dts animals/nns ./. The/at single/ap animal/nn or/cc a/at small/jj bunch/nn were/bed referred/vbn to/in as/cs ``/`` strays/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/. but/cc when/wrb a/at large/jj number/nn were/bed ``/`` bunched/vbn up/rp ''/'' or/cc ``/`` banded/vbn up/rp ''/'' ,/, and/cc marched/vbn away/rb from/in their/pp$ home/nn range/nn ,/, as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss stayed/vbd together/rb the/at group/nn was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be a/at ``/`` drift/nn ''/'' ./. Drifts/nns usually/rb occurred/vbd in/in winter/nn in/in an/at effort/nn to/to escape/vb the/at severe/jj cold/jj winds/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps could/md also/rb occur/vb in/in summer/nn as/cs the/at result/nn of/in lack/nn of/in water/nn or/cc grass/nn because/rb of/in a/at drought/nn ,/, or/cc as/cs an/at aftermath/nn of/in a/at stampede/nn ./. Drifts/nns usually/rb happened/vbd only/rb with/in cattle/nns ,/, for/cs hosses/nns had/hvd 'nough/ap sense/nn to/to avoid/vb 'em/ppo ,/, and/cc to/to find/vb shelter/nn for/in 'emselves/ppls ./. The/at wholesale/jj death/nn of/in cattle/nns as/cs a/at result/nn of/in blizzards/nns ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb droughts/nns ,/, over/in a/at wide/jj range/nn of/in territory/nn was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` die-up/nn ''/'' ./. Followin'/vbg such/abl an/at event/nn there/ex was/bedz usually/rb a/at harvest/nn of/in ``/`` fallen/vbn hides/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at ranchers/nns needed/vbd skinnin'/vbg knives/nns instead/rb of/in brandin'/vbg irons/nns ./. Cattle/nns were/bed said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` potted/vbn ''/'' when/wrb ``/`` blizzard/nn choked/vbn ''/'' ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, caught/vbn in/in a/at corner/nn or/cc a/at draw/nn ,/, or/cc against/in a/at ``/`` drift/nn fence/nn ''/'' durin'/in a/at storm/nn ./. Cattle/nns which/wdt died/vbd from/in them/dts winter/nn storms/nns were/bed referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at ``/`` winter/nn kill/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb cattle/nns in/in winter/nn stopped/vbd and/cc humped/vbd their/pp$ backs/nns up/rp they/ppss were/bed said/vbn to/to ``/`` bow/vb up/rp ''/'' ./. This/dt term/nn was/bedz also/rb used/vbn by/in the/at cowboy/nn in/in the/at sense/nn of/in a/at human/jj showin'/vbg fight/nn ,/, as/cs one/cd cowhand/nn was/bedz heard/vbn to/to say/vb ,/, ``/`` He/pps arches/vbz his/pp$ back/nn like/cs a/at mule/nn in/in a/at hailstorm/nn ''/'' ./. Cattle/nns drove/vbn to/in the/at northern/jj ranges/nns and/cc held/vbn for/in two/cd winters/nns to/in mature/jj 'em/ppo into/in prime/jj beef/nn were/bed said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` double/rb wintered/vbn ''/'' ./. Cattle/nns brought/vbn into/in a/at range/nn from/in a/at distance/nn were/bed called/vbn ``/`` immigrants/nns ''/'' ./. Them/dts new/jj to/in the/at country/nn were/bed referred/vbn to/in as/cs ``/`` pilgrims/nns ''/'' ./. This/dt word/nn was/bedz first/rb applied/vbn to/in the/at imported/vbn hot-blooded/jj cattle/nns ,/, but/cc later/rbr was/bedz more/ql commonly/rb used/vbn as/cs reference/nn to/in a/at human/jj tenderfoot/nn ./. Hereford/np cattle/nns were/bed often/rb called/vbn ``/`` white/jj faces/nns ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` open-face/nn cattle/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at old-time/jj cowman/nn gave/vbd the/at name/nn of/in ``/`` hothouse/nn stock/nn ''/'' to/in them/dts newly/rb introduced/vbn cattle/nns ./. Because/cs Holstein/np cattle/nns weren't/bed* a/at beef/nn breed/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed rarely/rb seen/vbn on/in a/at ranch/nn ,/, though/cs one/cd might/md be/be found/vbn now/rb and/cc then/rb for/in the/at milk/nn supply/nn ./. The/at cowboy/nn called/vbd this/dt breed/nn of/in cattle/nns ``/`` magpies/nns ''/'' ./. A/at ``/`` cattaloe/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at hybrid/nn offspring/nn of/in buffalo/nn and/cc cattle/nns ./. ``/`` Dry/jj stock/nn ''/'' denoted/vbd ,/, regardless/rb of/in age/nn or/cc sex/nn ,/, such/jj bovines/nns as/cs were/bed givin'/vbg no/at milk/nn ./. A/at ``/`` wet/jj herd/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at herd/nn of/in cattle/nns made/vbn up/rp entirely/rb of/in cows/nns ,/, while/cs ``/`` wet/jj stuff/nn ''/'' referred/vbd to/in cows/nns givin'/vbg milk/nn ./. The/at cowboy's/nn$ humorous/jj name/nn for/in a/at cow/nn givin'/vbg milk/nn was/bedz a/at ``/`` milk/nn pitcher/nn ''/'' ./. Cows/nns givin'/vbg no/at milk/nn were/bed knowed/vbn as/cs ``/`` strippers/nns ''/'' ./. The/at terminology/nn of/in the/at range/nn ,/, in/in speakin'/vbg of/in ``/`` dry/jj stock/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` wet/jj stock/nn ''/'' ,/, was/bedz confusin'/vbg to/in the/at tenderfoot/nn ./. The/at most/ql common/jj reference/nn to/in ``/`` wet/jj stock/nn ''/'' was/bedz with/in the/at meanin'/nn that/cs such/jj animals/nns had/hvd been/ben smuggled/vbn across/in the/at Rio/np Grande/np after/cs bein'/beg stolen/vbn from/in their/pp$ rightful/jj owners/nns ./. The/at term/nn soon/rb became/vbd used/vbn and/cc applied/vbn to/in all/abn stolen/vbn animals/nns ./. ``/`` Mixed/vbn-nc herd/nn-nc ''/'' meant/vbd a/at herd/nn of/in mixed/vbn sexes/nns ,/, while/cs a/at ``/`` straight/jj steer/nn herd/nn ''/'' was/bedz one/cd composed/vbn entirely/rb of/in steers/nns ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at cowman/nn spoke/vbd of/in ``/`` mixed/vbn cattle/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps meant/vbd cattle/nns of/in various/jj grades/nns ,/, ages/nns ,/, and/cc sexes/nns ./. In/in the/at spring/nn when/wrb penned/vbn cattle/nns were/bed turned/vbn out/rp to/in grass/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` turn-out/nn time/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` put/vbn to/in grass/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Shootin'/vbg 'em/ppo out/rp ''/'' was/bedz gettin'/vbg cattle/nns out/in of/in a/at corral/nn onto/in the/at range/nn ./. When/wrb a/at cow/nn came/vbd out/in of/in a/at corral/nn in/in a/at crouchin'/vbg run/nn she/pps was/bedz said/vbn to/to ``/`` come/vb out/rp a-stoopin'/vbg ''/'' ./. To/to stir/vb cattle/nns up/rp and/cc get/vb 'em/ppo heated/vbn and/cc excited/vbn was/bedz to/to ``/`` mustard/vb the/at cattle/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at act/nn was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` ginnin'/vbg 'em/ppo 'round/rb ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` chousin'/vbg 'em/ppo ''/'' ./. After/in a/at roundup/nn the/at pushin'/nn of/in stray/jj cattle/nns of/in outside/jj brands/nns toward/in their/pp$ home/nn range/nn was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` throwin'/vbg over/rp ''/'' ./. A/at cow/nn rose/vbd from/in the/at ground/nn rear/jj end/nn first/rb ./. By/in the/at time/nn her/pp$ hindquarters/nns were/bed in/in a/at standin'/vbg position/nn ,/, her/pp$ knees/nns were/bed on/in the/at ground/nn in/in a/at prayin'/vbg attitude/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz when/wrb she/pps was/bedz in/in this/dt position/nn that/cs the/at name/nn ``/`` prayin'/vbg cow/nn ''/'' was/bedz suggested/vbn to/in the/at cowboy/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` on/in their/pp$ heads/nns ''/'' when/wrb grazin'/vbg ./. ``/`` On/in-nc the/at-nc hoof/nn-nc ''/'' was/bedz a/at reference/nn to/in live/jj cattle/nns and/cc was/bedz also/rb used/vbn in/in referrin'/vbg to/in cattle/nns travelin'/vbg by/in trail/nn under/in their/pp$ own/jj power/nn as/cs against/in goin'/vbg by/in rail/nn ./. Shippin'/vbg cattle/nns by/in train/nn was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` stock/nn run/nn ''/'' ./. A/at general/jj classification/nn given/vbn grass-fed/jj cattle/nns was/bedz ``/`` grassers/nns ''/'' ./. When/wrb a/at cowboy/nn spoke/vbd of/in ``/`` dustin'/vbg ''/'' a/at cow/nn ,/, he/pps meant/vbd that/cs he/pps throwed/vbd dust/nn into/in her/pp$ eyes/nns ./. The/at cow/nn ,/, unlike/in a/at bull/nn or/cc steer/nn ,/, kept/vbd her/pp$ eyes/nns open/jj and/cc her/pp$ mind/nn on/in her/pp$ business/nn when/wrb chargin'/vbg ,/, and/cc a/at cow/nn ``/`` on/in the/at prod/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` on/in the/at peck/nn ''/'' was/bedz feared/vbn by/in the/at cowhand/nn more/rbr than/cs any/dti of/in his/pp$ other/ap charges/nns ./. The/at Injun's/np$ name/nn for/in beef/nn was/bedz ``/`` wohaw/fw-nn-nc ''/'' ,/, and/cc many/ap of/in the/at old/jj frontiersmen/nns adopted/vbd it/ppo from/in their/pp$ association/nn with/in the/at Injun/np on/in the/at trails/nns ./. The/at first/od cattle/nns the/at Injuns/nps saw/vbd under/in the/at white/jj man's/nn$ control/nn were/bed the/at ox/nn teams/nns of/in the/at early/jj freighters/nns ./. Listenin'/vbg with/in wonder/nn at/in the/at strange/jj words/nns of/in the/at bullwhackers/nns as/cs they/ppss shouted/vbd ``/`` Whoa/uh ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Haw/uh ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` Gee/uh ''/'' ,/, they/ppss thought/vbd them/dts words/nns the/at names/nns of/in the/at animals/nns ,/, and/cc began/vbd callin'/vbg cattle/nns ``/`` wohaws/fw-nns ''/'' ./. Rarely/rb did/dod a/at trail/nn herd/nn pass/vb through/in the/at Injun/np country/nn on/in its/pp$ march/nn north/nr that/cs it/pps wasn't/bedz* stopped/vbn to/to receive/vb demand/nn for/in ``/`` wohaw/fw-nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Tailin'/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at throwin'/vbg of/in an/at animal/nn by/in the/at tail/nn in/in lieu/nn of/in a/at rope/nn ./. Any/dti animal/nn could/md when/wrb travelin'/vbg fast/rb ,/, be/be sent/vbn heels/nns over/in head/nn by/in the/at simple/jj process/nn of/in overtakin'/vbg the/at brute/nn ,/, seizin'/vbg its/pp$ tail/nn ,/, and/cc givin'/vbg the/at latter/ap a/at pull/nn to/in one/cd side/nn ./. This/dt throwed/vbd the/at animal/nn off/in balance/nn ,/, and/cc over/rp it'd/pps+md crash/vb onto/in its/pp$ head/nn and/cc shoulders/nns ./. Though/cs the/at slightest/jjt yank/nn was/bedz frequently/rb capable/jj of/in producin'/vbg results/nns ,/, many/ap men/nns assured/vbd success/nn through/in a/at turn/nn of/in the/at tail/nn 'bout/in the/at saddle/nn horn/nn ,/, supplemented/vbn sometimes/rb ,/, in/in the/at case/nn of/in cattle/nns ,/, by/in a/at downward/jj heave/nn of/in the/at rider's/nn$ leg/nn upon/in the/at strainin'/vbg tail/nn ./. Such/jj tactics/nns were/bed resorted/vbn to/in frequently/rb with/in the/at unmanageable/jj longhorns/nns ,/, and/cc a/at thorough/jj ``/`` tailin'/nn ''/'' usually/rb knocked/vbd the/at breath/nn out/in of/in a/at steer/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb dazed/vbd 'im/ppo that/cs he'd/pps+md behave/vb for/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at day/nn ./. It/pps required/vbd both/abx a/at quick/jj and/cc swift/jj hoss/nn and/cc a/at darin'/vbg rider/nn ./. When/wrb cattle/nns became/vbd more/ql valuable/jj ,/, ranch/nn owners/nns frowned/vbd upon/in this/dt practice/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz discontinued/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap when/wrb the/at boss/nn was/bedz 'round/rb ./. When/wrb the/at cowboy/nn used/vbd the/at word/nn ``/`` tailin's/nns-nc ''/'' ,/, he/pps meant/vbd stragglers/nns ./. ``/`` Bull/nn tailin'/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at game/nn once/rb pop'lar/jj with/in the/at Mexican/jj cowboys/nns of/in Texas/np ./. From/in a/at pen/nn of/in wild/jj bulls/nns one/cd would/md be/be released/vbn ,/, and/cc with/in much/ap yellin'/vbg a/at cowhand'd/nn+md take/vb after/in 'im/ppo ./. Seizin'/vbg the/at bull/nn by/in the/at tail/nn ,/, he/pps rushed/vbd his/pp$ hoss/nn forward/rb and/cc a/at little/jj to/in one/cd side/nn ,/, throwin'/vbg the/at bull/nn off/in balance/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` bustin'/vbg ''/'' 'im/ppo with/in terrific/jj force/nn ./. Rammin'/vbg one/cd horn/nn of/in a/at downed/vbn steer/nn into/in the/at ground/nn to/to hold/vb 'im/ppo down/rp was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` peggin'/vbg ''/'' ./. Colors/nns of/in cattle/nns came/vbd in/rp for/in their/pp$ special/jj names/nns ./. An/at animal/nn covered/vbn with/in splotches/nns or/cc spots/nns of/in different/jj colors/nns was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` brindle/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` brockle/nn ''/'' ./. A/at ``/`` lineback/nn ''/'' was/bedz an/at animal/nn with/in a/at stripe/nn of/in different/jj color/nn from/in the/at rest/nn of/in its/pp$ body/nn runnin'/vbg down/in its/pp$ back/nn ,/, while/cs a/at ``/`` lobo/nn stripe/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at white/jj ,/, yeller/jj ,/, or/cc brown/jj stripe/nn runnin'/vbg down/in the/at back/nn ,/, from/in neck/nn to/in tail/nn ,/, a/at characteristic/nn of/in many/ap Spanish/jj cattle/nns ./. A/at ``/`` mealynose/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at cow/nn or/cc steer/nn of/in the/at longhorn/nn type/nn ,/, with/in lines/nns and/cc dots/nns of/in a/at color/nn lighter'n/jjr+cs the/at rest/nn of/in its/pp$ body/nn 'round/in the/at eyes/nns ,/, face/nn ,/, and/cc nose/nn ./. Such/abl an/at animal/nn was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` mealynosed/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` Sabinas/fw-nns-nc ''/'' was/bedz a/at Spanish/jj word/nn used/vbn to/to describe/vb cattle/nns of/in red/jj and/cc white/jj peppered/vbn and/cc splotched/vbn colorin'/nn ./. The/at northern/jj cowboy/nn called/vbd all/abn the/at red/jj Mexican/jj cattle/nns which/wdt went/vbd up/in the/at trail/nn ``/`` Sonora/np reds/nns ''/'' ,/, while/cs they/ppss called/vbd all/abn cattle/nns drove/vbn up/rp from/in Mexico/np ``/`` yaks/nns ''/'' ,/, because/cs they/ppss came/vbd from/in the/at Yaqui/np Injun/np country/nn ,/, or/cc gave/vbd 'em/ppo the/at name/nn of/in ``/`` Mexican/jj buckskins/nns ''/'' ./. Near/in the/at southern/jj border/nn ,/, cattle/nns of/in the/at early/jj longhorn/nn breed/nn whose/wp$ coloration/nn was/bedz black/jj with/in a/at lineback/nn ,/, with/in white/jj speckles/nns frequently/rb appearin'/vbg on/in the/at sides/nns and/cc belly/nn ,/, were/bed called/vbn ``/`` zorrillas/fw-nns ''/'' ./. This/dt word/nn was/bedz from/in the/at Spanish/jj ,/, meanin'/vbg ``/`` polecat/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Yeller/jj bellies/nns ''/'' were/bed cattle/nns of/in Mexican/jj breed/nn splotched/vbn on/in flank/nn and/cc belly/nn with/in yellerish/jj color/nn ./. An/at animal/nn with/in distinct/jj coloration/nn ,/, or/cc other/ap marks/nns easily/rb distinguished/vbn and/cc remembered/vbn by/in the/at owner/nn and/cc his/pp$ riders/nns ,/, was/bedz sometimes/rb used/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` marker/nn ''/'' ./. Such/abl an/at animal/nn has/hvz frequently/rb been/ben the/at downfall/nn of/in the/at rustler/nn ./. Countin'/vbg each/dt grazin'/vbg bunch/nn of/in cattle/nns where/wrb it/pps was/bedz found/vbn on/in the/at range/nn and/cc driftin'/vbg it/ppo back/rb so/cs that/cs it/pps didn't/dod* mix/vb with/in the/at uncounted/jj cattle/nns was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` range/nn count/nn ''/'' ./. The/at countin'/nn of/in cattle/nns in/in a/at pasture/nn without/in throwin'/vbg 'em/ppo together/rb for/in the/at purpose/nn was/bedz called/vbn a/at ``/`` pasture/nn count/nn ''/'' ./. The/at counters/nns rode/vbd through/in the/at pasture/nn countin'/vbg each/dt bunch/nn of/in grazin'/vbg cattle/nns ,/, and/cc drifted/vbd it/ppo back/rb so/cs that/cs it/pps didn't/dod* get/vb mixed/vbn with/in the/at uncounted/jj cattle/nns ahead/rb ./. This/dt method/nn of/in countin'/vbg was/bedz usually/rb done/vbn at/in the/at request/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at presence/nn ,/, of/in a/at representative/nn of/in the/at bank/nn that/wps held/vbd the/at papers/nns against/in the/at herd/nn ./. Them/dts notes/nns and/cc mortgages/nns were/bed spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` cattle/nns paper/nn ''/'' ./. A/at ``/`` book/nn count/nn ''/'' was/bedz the/at sellin'/nn of/in cattle/nns by/in the/at books/nns ,/, commonly/rb resorted/vbn to/in in/in the/at early/jj days/nns ,/, sometimes/rb much/rb to/in the/at profit/nn of/in the/at seller/nn ./. This/dt led/vbd to/in the/at famous/jj sayin'/nn in/in the/at Northwest/nn-tl of/in the/at ``/`` books/nns won't/md* freeze/vb ''/'' ./. This/dt became/vbd a/at common/jj byword/nn durin'/in the/at boom/nn days/nns when/wrb Eastern/jj-tl and/cc foreign/jj capital/nn were/bed so/ql eager/jj to/to buy/vb cattle/nns interests/nns ./. The/at origin/nn of/in this/dt sayin'/nn was/bedz credited/vbn to/in a/at saloonkeeper/nn by/in the/at name/nn of/in Luke/np Murrin/np ./. His/pp$ saloon/nn was/bedz a/at meetin'/vbg place/nn for/in influential/jj Wyoming/np cattlemen/nns ,/, and/cc one/cd year/nn durin'/in a/at severe/jj blizzard/nn ,/, when/wrb his/pp$ herd-owner/nn customers/nns were/bed wearin'/vbg long/jj faces/nns ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Cheer/vb up/rp ,/, boys/nns ,/, whatever/wdt happens/vbz ,/, the/at books/nns won't/md* freeze/vb ''/'' ./. In/in this/dt carefree/jj sentence/nn he/pps summed/vbd up/rp the/at essence/nn of/in the/at prevailin'/vbg custom/nn of/in buyin'/vbg by/in book/nn count/nn ,/, and/cc created/vbd a/at sayin'/nn which/wdt has/hvz survived/vbn through/in the/at years/nns ./. ``/`` Range/nn-nc delivery/nn-nc ''/'' meant/vbd that/cs the/at buyer/nn ,/, after/cs examinin'/vbg the/at seller's/nn$ ranch/nn records/nns and/cc considerin'/in his/pp$ rep'tation/nn for/in truthfulness/nn ,/, paid/vbd for/in what/wdt the/at seller/nn claimed/vbd to/to own/vb ,/, then/rb rode/vbd out/rp and/cc tried/vbd to/to find/vb it/ppo ./. When/wrb a/at cowhand/nn said/vbd that/cs a/at man/nn had/hvd ``/`` good/jj cow/nn sense/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps meant/vbd to/to pay/vb 'im/ppo a/at high/jj compliment/nn ./. No/at matter/nn by/in what/wdt name/nn cattle/nns were/bed called/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at denyin'/nn that/cs they/ppss not/* only/rb saved/vbd Texas/np from/in financial/jj ruin/nn ,/, but/cc went/vbd far/rb toward/in redeemin'/vbg from/in a/at wilderness/nn vast/jj territories/nns of/in the/at Northwest/nr-tl ./. 21/cd-hl swingin'/vbg-hl a/at-hl wide/jj-hl loop/nn-hl the/at first/od use/nn of/in the/at word/nn ``/`` rustler/nn-nc ''/'' was/bedz as/cs a/at synonym/nn for/in ``/`` hustler/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, becomin'/vbg an/at established/vbn term/nn for/in any/dti person/nn who/wps was/bedz active/jj ,/, pushin'/vbg ,/, and/cc bustlin'/vbg in/in any/dti enterprise/nn ./. Again/rb it/pps was/bedz used/vbn as/cs the/at title/nn for/in the/at hoss/nn wrangler/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at order/nn was/bedz given/vbn to/to go/vb out/rp and/cc ``/`` rustle/vb the/at hosses/nns ''/'' ,/, it/pps meant/vbd for/cs 'im/ppo to/to go/vb out/rp and/cc herd/vb 'em/ppo in/rp ./. Eventually/rb herdin'/vbg the/at hosses/nns was/bedz spoken/vbn of/in as/cs ``/`` hoss/nn rustlin'/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at wrangler/nn was/bedz called/vbn the/at ``/`` hoss/nn rustler/nn ''/'' ./. Later/rbr ,/, the/at word/nn became/vbd almost/ql exclusively/rb applied/vbn to/in a/at cow/nn thief/nn ,/, startin'/vbg from/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at maverick/nn when/wrb cowhands/nns were/bed paid/vbn by/in their/pp$ employers/nns to/to ``/`` get/vb out/rp and/cc rustle/vb a/at few/ap mavericks/nns ''/'' ./.

cf36

cf36 |@word john:9 find:2 lion:14 track:1 near:1 carcass:1 zebra:1 kill:5 night:1 circle:1 nose:1 ground:3 hair:1 shoot:3 along:4 back:8 bear:2 lift:1 head:10 bay:4 pack:4 join:1 high:1 jones:19 know:6 hot:2 trail:4 stifle:1 comanche:1 yell:2 let:1 lead:2 straight:2 toward:5 nearby:1 black:3 volcanic:1 mountain:2 reef:11 rise:4 almost:4 perpendicularly:1 two:4 hundred:2 foot:11 honeycomb:1 cave:2 top:3 cover:1 dense:1 scrub:1 creeper:2 tall:1 grass:3 south:2 end:5 sharply:1 though:2 lava:2 cut:1 suddenly:1 kearton:9 ulyate:15 start:6 day:2 together:1 follow:2 dog:13 mean:14 loveless:5 take:4 another:4 route:2 discovery:1 fresh:1 still:1 unknown:1 rein:1 shadow:1 point:4 focusse:1 field:1 glass:1 colonel:3 say:4 see:5 watch:3 ride:2 pick:1 small:1 speck:1 plain:3 front:4 work:2 hyena:1 make:6 bend:1 north:3 swinge:1 could:12 hear:2 faintly:1 get:10 tear:1 dry:1 grow:2 crack:1 rock:9 pile:2 heap:1 want:1 smoke:2 signal:1 would:6 bring:2 rest:2 party:1 yet:2 caution:1 come:5 fast:2 southern:1 toe:1 plainly:1 old:2 grand:1 canyon:1 voice:1 outstanding:1 sounder:1 also:1 veteran:1 rim:1 rastus:1 rake:1 english:1 fox:1 hound:1 collie:1 london:1 pound:1 simba:1 terrier:1 motley:1 choose:2 effectiveness:1 beauty:2 gallop:2 close:4 behind:3 lean:1 cheer:1 light:2 touch:1 match:1 blow:1 flame:1 lick:1 throw:6 green:1 stuff:1 thin:2 blue:1 column:1 fetch:1 gang:1 tell:4 quick:3 shot:1 sound:3 chorus:1 wild:1 barking:2 baying:1 heavy:1 roar:4 look:1 begin:5 half:3 mile:1 away:8 base:2 rocky:1 hillside:2 leave:3 horse:7 climb:2 choke:1 rugged:1 bush:6 thickly:1 overgrow:1 lose:2 sight:2 call:2 answer:3 ten:1 nice:1 country:1 meet:1 face:4 sporadic:1 roaring:1 till:1 breath:2 crest:1 peer:1 branch:2 apparently:1 actually:1 nearly:1 impassable:1 sit:2 calmly:1 within:5 forty:1 full:2 grown:1 young:1 lioness:6 crouch:4 flat:2 seem:2 charge:7 whirl:3 around:3 draw:4 put:1 finger:1 lip:1 afraid:1 move:4 whisper:1 lest:1 set:1 side:4 step:3 add:1 right:1 even:2 knife:1 kind:1 careful:3 disturb:2 fifty:3 first:4 break:1 stand:2 three:3 height:1 open:1 mouth:1 wide:1 lash:3 tail:4 stamp:1 forefeet:1 irritation:1 much:3 dare:1 sacred:1 precinct:1 intuition:2 however:3 tired:3 wind:1 run:8 forward:3 thirty:4 five:1 female:1 less:1 predictable:1 male:1 graveyard:1 nairobi:1 show:3 grave:1 four:3 big:1 game:1 hunter:1 hunt:1 animal:1 attempt:1 lasso:2 seventeen:2 eleven:1 snarl:3 terribly:2 bluff:1 attention:2 distract:2 fall:2 catch:4 one:9 nip:1 rear:3 good:3 africa:1 arizona:1 matter:1 change:3 swipe:1 duck:1 recoil:1 rope:5 time:1 hit:1 fail:1 encircle:1 understand:1 obliterate:1 chance:3 thick:2 growth:1 trace:1 uncertain:1 hand:1 appear:3 perfectly:1 confident:1 decide:1 perhaps:1 view:1 strange:1 creature:2 long:1 paw:1 likely:1 something:1 cope:1 sink:2 low:2 growl:1 longer:1 although:1 subdued:1 defeat:1 dangerous:1 mount:1 tip:1 tread:1 lightly:1 hind:1 moment:2 arrive:1 crash:1 undergrowth:1 short:3 distance:2 jump:3 crevice:2 badly:1 wound:1 firecracker:1 emergency:1 include:1 fourth:1 july:1 cannon:1 cracker:1 part:1 equipment:1 pitch:1 maul:1 depart:1 go:5 nearer:1 warn:2 momentum:1 hour:1 drive:1 strong:1 try:4 maneuver:2 onto:1 cling:1 brush:1 wear:1 man:1 story:1 rhinocero:1 fight:2 sun:1 dark:1 pole:2 finally:1 poke:2 noose:2 like:1 aperture:1 halfway:1 comment:1 think:1 course:2 year:1 ago:1 gentle:1 today:1 angry:1 reason:1 objected:1 without:1 wait:5 scatter:1 across:1 chase:1 string:1 many:1 blood:1 bruise:1 claw:1 finish:1 strongly:1 morning:1 refuge:1 tongue:2 land:3 extend:1 gully:3 thorn:2 tree:1 spot:1 well:3 approach:1 means:1 slowly:1 rawboned:1 geld:1 edge:6 ready:1 spin:2 whine:1 tensely:1 gelding:1 obedient:1 respond:1 paralyze:1 proximity:1 crazy:1 smell:1 closer:1 warningly:1 spit:1 pony:1 sidewise:1 gear:1 nothing:1 leg:1 suppose:1 unless:1 cheetah:1 spur:1 yard:2 gain:2 rapidly:2 bind:2 able:1 reach:1 hold:2 worth:1 never:1 quite:1 last:1 steady:1 ahead:1 gradually:1 pull:1 western:1 cowpony:1 outrun:1 african:1 photo:1 later:1 six:1 factor:1 difference:1 exactly:1 whole:1 question:1 enough:1 quickly:1 baldy:1 somewhere:1 scant:1 determining:1 return:1 neck:3 crouched:1 new:1 position:1 give:1 roper:1 room:1 dash:1 past:1 toss:1 shout:2 attract:1 succeed:1 wheel:1 camera:1 jammed:1 keep:1 race:1 twenty:1 twist:1 slip:1

It/pps was/bedz John/np who/wps found/vbd the/at lion/nn tracks/nns ./. He/pps found/vbd them/ppo near/in the/at carcass/nn of/in a/at zebra/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn the/at night/nn before/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps circled/vbd once/rb ,/, nose/nn to/in the/at ground/nn ,/, hair/nn shooting/vbg up/rp along/in his/pp$ back/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod when/wrb he/pps was/bedz after/in lion/nn or/cc bear/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb he/pps lifted/vbd his/pp$ head/nn and/cc bayed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at pack/nn joined/vbd in/rp ,/, all/abn heads/nns high/jj ,/, and/cc Jones/np knew/vbd it/pps was/bedz a/at hot/jj trail/nn ./. He/pps stifled/vbd the/at Comanche/np yell/nn and/cc let/vbd John/np lead/vb him/ppo straight/rb toward/in the/at nearby/jj black/jj volcanic/jj mountain/nn ./. This/dt mountain/nn was/bedz known/vbn as/cs The/at-tl Black/jj-tl Reef/nn-tl and/cc it/pps rose/vbd almost/rb perpendicularly/rb for/in about/rb two/cd hundred/cd feet/nns ,/, honeycombed/vbn with/in caves/nns ,/, top/nn covered/vbn with/in dense/jj scrub/nn and/cc creepers/nns and/cc tall/jj grass/nn ./. On/in the/at south/nr it/pps ended/vbd sharply/rb as/cs though/cs the/at lava/nn had/hvd been/ben cut/vbn off/rp there/rb suddenly/rb ./. Kearton/np and/cc Ulyate/np had/hvd started/vbn the/at day/nn together/rb while/cs Jones/np followed/vbd the/at dogs/nns ,/, and/cc Means/np and/cc Loveless/np had/hvd taken/vbn another/dt route/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb ,/, with/in the/at discovery/nn of/in the/at fresh/jj trail/nn still/rb unknown/jj to/in him/ppo ,/, Ulyate/np reined/vbd in/rp ,/, in/in the/at shadow/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl and/cc pointed/vbd ./. Kearton/np focussed/vbd his/pp$ field/nn glasses/nns ./. ``/`` That's/dt+bez the/at Colonel/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` But/cc I/ppss can't/md* see/vb the/at dogs/nns ''/'' ./. As/cs they/ppss watched/vbd ,/, Jones/np rode/vbd straight/rb for/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ./. Then/rb they/ppss picked/vbd up/rp the/at smaller/jjr black/jj specks/nns on/in the/at plain/nn in/in front/nn of/in him/ppo ./. The/at dogs/nns were/bed working/vbg a/at trail/nn --/-- lion/nn ?/. ?/. Hyena/nn ?/. ?/. The/at pack/nn had/hvd made/vbn a/at bend/nn to/in the/at north/nr ,/, swinging/vbg back/rb toward/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Kearton/np and/cc Ulyate/np could/md hear/vb them/ppo faintly/rb ./. Kearton/np got/vbd off/rp and/cc tore/vbd up/rp some/dti dry/jj grass/nn that/wps grew/vbd in/in cracks/nns between/in the/at rocks/nns and/cc piled/vbd it/ppo in/in a/at heap/nn and/cc wanted/vbd to/to make/vb the/at smoke/nn signal/nn that/wps would/md bring/vb Loveless/np and/cc Means/np and/cc the/at rest/nn of/in the/at party/nn ./. ``/`` Not/* yet/rb ''/'' ,/, cautioned/vbd Ulyate/np ./. Jones/np came/vbd toward/in them/ppo fast/rb ,/, now/rb ,/, along/in the/at southern/jj toe/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at dogs/nns could/md be/be heard/vbn plainly/rb ,/, Old/jj-tl John/np with/in his/pp$ Grand/jj-tl Canyon/nn-tl voice/nn outstanding/jj above/in the/at others/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz Sounder/np ,/, too/rb ,/, also/rb a/at veteran/nn of/in the/at North/jj-tl Rim/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Rastus/np and/cc the/at Rake/np from/in a/at pack/nn of/in English/jj fox-hounds/nns ,/, and/cc a/at collie/nn from/in a/at London/np pound/nn ,/, and/cc Simba/np ,/, a/at terrier/nn ./. A/at motley/jj pack/nn ,/, chosen/vbn for/in effectiveness/nn ,/, not/* beauty/nn ./. Jones/np was/bedz galloping/vbg close/rb behind/in them/ppo leaning/vbg down/rp ,/, cheering/vbg them/ppo on/rp ./. ``/`` Light/vb it/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. Ulyate/np said/vbd ,/, and/cc Kearton/np touched/vbd a/at match/nn to/in the/at pile/nn of/in grass/nn ,/, blew/vbd on/in it/ppo and/cc flame/nn licked/vbd out/rp ./. He/pps threw/vbd green/jj stuff/nn on/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc a/at thin/jj blue/jj column/nn of/in smoke/nn rose/vbd ./. ``/`` That/dt will/md fetch/vb the/at gang/nn and/cc tell/vb the/at Colonel/nn-tl where/wrb we/ppss are/ber ''/'' ./. Two/cd quick/jj shots/nns sounded/vbd ./. Then/rb there/ex was/bedz a/at chorus/nn of/in wild/jj barking/nn and/cc baying/nn ./. Then/rb the/at heavy/jj roar/nn of/in a/at lion/nn ./. Kearton/np and/cc Ulyate/np looked/vbd at/in each/dt other/ap and/cc began/vbd to/to gallop/vb toward/in the/at sound/nn ./. It/pps came/vbd from/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl not/* half/abn a/at mile/nn away/rb ./. At/in the/at base/nn of/in the/at rocky/jj hillside/nn ,/, they/ppss left/vbd their/pp$ horses/nns and/cc climbed/vbd on/in foot/nn ./. The/at route/nn was/bedz choked/vbn with/in rugged/jj lava-rocks/nns ,/, creepers/nns and/cc bushes/nns ,/, so/ql thickly/rb overgrown/vbn that/cs when/wrb Kearton/np lost/vbd sight/nn of/in Ulyate/np and/cc called/vbd ,/, Ulyate/np answered/vbd from/in ten/cd feet/nns away/rb ./. Nice/jj country/nn to/to meet/vb a/at lion/nn in/in face/nn to/in face/nn ./. Ulyate/np and/cc Kearton/np climbed/vbd on/rp toward/in the/at sound/nn of/in the/at barking/nn of/in the/at dogs/nns and/cc the/at sporadic/jj roaring/nn of/in the/at lion/nn ,/, till/cs they/ppss came/vbd ,/, out/rp of/in breath/nn ,/, to/in the/at crest/nn ,/, and/cc peering/vbg through/in the/at branches/nns of/in a/at bush/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez what/wdt Ulyate/np saw/vbd :/: Jones/np who/wps had/hvd apparently/rb (/( and/cc actually/rb had/hvd )/) ridden/vbn up/in the/at nearly/ql impassable/jj hillside/nn ,/, sitting/vbg calmly/rb on/in his/pp$ horse/nn within/in forty/cd feet/nns of/in a/at full-grown/jj young/jj lioness/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz crouched/vbn on/in a/at flat/jj rock/nn and/cc seemed/vbd just/ql about/rb to/to charge/vb him/ppo ,/, while/cs the/at dogs/nns whirled/vbd around/in her/ppo ./. Ulyate/np drew/vbd back/rb with/in a/at start/nn ,/, and/cc put/vbd finger/nn to/in lips/nns ,/, almost/ql afraid/jj to/to move/vb or/cc whisper/vb lest/cs it/pps set/vb her/ppo off/rp ,/, ``/`` The/at dogs/nns have/hv got/vbn her/ppo bayed/vbn ./. She's/pps+bez just/rb the/at other/ap side/nn of/in that/dt bush/nn ''/'' !/. !/. And/cc when/wrb they/ppss had/hvd drawn/vbn back/rb a/at step/nn he/pps added/vbd :/: ``/`` Jones/np is/bez sitting/vbg on/in his/pp$ horse/nn right/ql in/in front/nn of/in her/ppo ./. Why/wrb she/pps doesn't/doz* charge/vb him/ppo ,/, I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./. And/cc he/pps hasn't/hvz* even/rb got/vbn a/at knife/nn on/in him/ppo ./. He/pps couldn't/md* get/vb away/rb from/in her/ppo in/in this/dt kind/nn of/in ground/nn ./. Careful/jj ,/, don't/do* disturb/vb her/ppo ''/'' ./. Jones/np had/hvd been/ben about/rb a/at hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd feet/nns from/in her/ppo when/wrb he/pps first/rb broke/vbd through/rp to/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ./. She/pps was/bedz standing/vbg on/in a/at flat/jj rock/nn three/cd feet/nns above/in ground/nn and/cc when/wrb she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo she/pps rose/vbd to/in full/jj height/nn and/cc roared/vbd ,/, opening/vbg her/pp$ mouth/nn wide/rb ,/, lashing/vbg her/pp$ tail/nn ,/, and/cc stamping/vbg at/in the/at rock/nn with/in both/abx forefeet/nns in/in irritation/nn ,/, as/ql much/rb as/cs to/to say/vb :/: ``/`` How/wrb dare/md you/ppss disturb/vb me/ppo in/in my/pp$ sacred/jj precinct/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Intuition/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs she/pps was/bedz tired/vbn and/cc winded/vbn from/in the/at run/nn up/in the/at Reef/nn-tl and/cc would/md not/* charge/vb ,/, yet/rb ./. He/pps moved/vbd forward/rb to/in within/in thirty-five/cd feet/nns of/in her/ppo ,/, being/beg careful/jj ,/, because/cs he/pps knew/vbd the/at female/jj is/bez less/ql predictable/jj than/cs the/at male/jj ./. (/( In/in the/at graveyard/nn at/in Nairobi/np he/pps had/hvd been/ben shown/vbn the/at graves/nns of/in thirty-four/cd big/jj game/nn hunters/nns killed/vbn hunting/vbg the/at animals/nns he/pps was/bedz attempting/vbg to/to lasso/vb ./. Of/in the/at thirty-four/cd ,/, seventeen/cd had/hvd been/ben killed/vbn by/in lions/nns ,/, and/cc eleven/cd out/in of/in the/at seventeen/cd by/in lionesses/nns ./. )/) She/pps snarled/vbd terribly/rb but/cc intuition/nn told/vbd him/ppo ,/, again/rb ,/, that/cs she/pps was/bedz bluffing/vbg ,/, and/cc he/pps could/md see/vb that/cs half/abn her/pp$ attention/nn was/bedz distracted/vbn by/in the/at dogs/nns ./. He/pps threw/vbd the/at lasso/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz falling/vbg over/in her/pp$ head/nn when/wrb a/at branch/nn of/in a/at bush/nn caught/vbd it/ppo and/cc it/pps fell/vbd in/in front/nn of/in her/ppo on/in the/at rock/nn ./. Even/rb then/rb ,/, if/cs she/pps took/vbd one/cd step/nn forward/rb he/pps could/md catch/vb her/ppo ./. But/cc John/np nipped/vbd her/pp$ rear/jj end/nn --/-- one/cd lion's/nn$ rear/jj end/nn was/bedz as/ql good/jj as/cs another/dt to/in John/np ,/, Africa/np ,/, Arizona/np no/at matter/nn --/-- and/cc she/pps changed/vbd ends/nns and/cc took/vbd a/at swipe/nn at/in John/np ,/, but/cc he/pps ducked/vbd back/rb ./. Jones/np then/rb recoiled/vbd his/pp$ rope/nn and/cc threw/vbd again/rb ,/, this/dt time/nn hitting/vbg her/ppo on/in the/at back/nn but/cc failing/vbg to/to encircle/vb her/ppo ./. She/pps whirled/vbd and/cc faced/vbd him/ppo ,/, roaring/vbg terribly/rb ,/, and/cc Ulyate/np ,/, watching/vbg through/in the/at leaves/nns ,/, could/md not/* understand/vb why/wrb she/pps did/dod not/* charge/vb and/cc obliterate/vb him/ppo ,/, because/cs he/pps wouldn't/md* have/hv much/ap of/in a/at chance/nn of/in getting/vbg away/rb ,/, in/in that/dt thick/jj growth/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps seemed/vbd just/rb a/at trace/nn uncertain/jj ;/. ;/. while/cs Jones/np ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, appeared/vbd perfectly/ql confident/jj and/cc Ulyate/np decided/vbd perhaps/rb that/dt was/bedz the/at answer/nn ./. From/in the/at lioness'/nn$ point/nn of/in view/nn ,/, this/dt strange/jj creature/nn on/in the/at back/nn of/in another/dt creature/nn ,/, lashing/vbg out/rp with/in its/pp$ long/jj thin/jj paw/nn ,/, very/ql likely/rb appeared/vbd as/cs something/pn she/pps could/md not/* at/in first/rb cope/vb with/in ./. But/cc now/rb she/pps sank/vbd lower/rbr to/in the/at rock/nn ./. Her/pp$ roar/nn changed/vbd to/in a/at growl/nn ./. Her/pp$ tail/nn no/ql longer/rbr lashed/vbd ./. Although/cs she/pps appeared/vbd more/ql subdued/vbn and/cc defeated/vbn ,/, Jones/np knew/vbd she/pps was/bedz growing/vbg more/ql dangerous/jj ./. She/pps was/bedz rested/vbn and/cc could/md mount/vb a/at charge/nn ./. Just/rb the/at tip/nn of/in her/pp$ tail/nn was/bedz moving/vbg as/cs she/pps crouched/vbd ,/, and/cc she/pps was/bedz treading/vbg lightly/rb up/rp and/cc down/rp with/in her/pp$ hind/jj feet/nns ./. At/in this/dt moment/nn ,/, Loveless/np and/cc Means/np arrived/vbd ,/, crashing/vbg through/in the/at undergrowth/nn with/in their/pp$ horses/nns ,/, and/cc distracted/vbd her/ppo ,/, and/cc she/pps ran/vbd off/rp a/at short/jj distance/nn and/cc jumped/vbd into/in a/at crevice/nn between/in two/cd rocks/nns ./. The/at dogs/nns followed/vbd her/ppo and/cc she/pps killed/vbd three/cd and/cc badly/rb wounded/vbd Old/jj-tl John/np ./. ``/`` We've/ppss+hv got/vbn to/to get/vb her/ppo out/in of/in there/rb ''/'' !/. !/. Jones/np yelled/vbd ,/, ``/`` or/cc she'll/pps+md kill/vb 'em/ppo all/abn ./. Bring/vb me/ppo the/at firecrackers/nns ''/'' ./. For/in such/abl an/at emergency/nn he/pps had/hvd included/vbn Fourth-of-July/np cannon/nn crackers/nns as/cs part/nn of/in their/pp$ equipment/nn ./. Lighting/vbg one/cd he/pps pitched/vbd it/ppo into/in the/at crevice/nn ,/, and/cc the/at lioness/nn left/vbd off/rp mauling/vbg the/at dogs/nns and/cc departed/vbd ./. ``/`` Ain't/bez* she/pps a/at beauty/nn ,/, though/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. Called/vbd out/rp Means/np as/cs she/pps ran/vbd ./. ``/`` Don't/do* you/ppo go/vb a/at step/nn nearer/in her/ppo than/cs I/ppss do/do ''/'' ,/, Jones/np warned/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc if/cs you/ppss do/do ,/, go/vb at/in a/at run/nn so/cs you'll/ppss+md have/hv momentum/nn ''/'' !/. !/. For/in two/cd hours/nns they/ppss drove/vbd her/ppo from/in one/cd strong/jj point/nn to/in another/dt along/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ,/, trying/vbg to/to maneuver/vb her/ppo onto/in the/at plain/nn where/wrb they/ppss could/md get/vb a/at good/jj throw/nn ./. But/cc she/pps clung/vbd to/in the/at rocks/nns and/cc brush/nn ,/, and/cc the/at day/nn wore/vbd away/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz hot/jj ./. The/at dogs/nns were/bed tired/vbn ./. The/at men/nns were/bed tired/vbn too/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at story/nn of/in the/at rhinoceros/nn fight/nn all/ql over/in again/rb ./. And/cc the/at sun/nn was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to go/vb down/rp ./. If/cs dark/nn came/vbd they/ppss would/md lose/vb her/ppo ./. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md get/vb a/at pole/nn ''/'' ,/, Jones/np said/vbd finally/rb ,/, ``/`` and/cc I'll/ppss+md poke/vb a/at noose/nn over/in her/pp$ head/nn ''/'' !/. !/. At/in this/dt moment/nn she/pps was/bedz crouched/vbn in/in a/at cave-like/jj aperture/nn halfway/rb down/in the/at Reef/nn-tl ./. Ulyate/np made/vbd no/at comment/nn but/cc his/pp$ face/nn showed/vbd what/wdt he/pps thought/vbd of/in poking/vbg ropes/nns over/in lions'/nns$ heads/nns with/in poles/nns ,/, and/cc of/in course/nn these/dts were/bed the/at lions/nns of/in fifty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, not/* the/at gentler/jjr ones/nns of/in today/nr ,/, and/cc this/dt one/cd was/bedz angry/jj ,/, with/in good/jj reason/nn ./. Loveless/np ,/, too/rb ,/, objected/vbd ./. ``/`` It/pps won't/md* work/vb ,/, Colonel/nn-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` Just/rb the/at same/ap we'll/ppss+md try/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. But/cc without/in waiting/vbg for/in them/ppo to/to try/vb it/ppo ,/, she/pps scattered/vbd the/at dogs/nns and/cc shot/vbd down/in the/at Reef/nn-tl and/cc out/rp across/in the/at plain/nn ./. John/np led/vbd the/at chase/nn after/in her/ppo and/cc the/at other/ap dogs/nns strung/vbd out/rp behind/rb ,/, many/ap of/in them/ppo trailing/vbg blood/nn ./. John/np himself/ppl was/bedz bruised/vbn and/cc clawed/vbn from/in head/nn to/in tail/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz in/in this/dt fight/nn to/in the/at finish/nn ,/, running/vbg almost/rb as/ql strongly/rb now/rb as/cs in/in the/at morning/nn ./. She/pps took/vbd refuge/nn on/in a/at tongue/nn of/in land/nn extending/vbg into/in a/at gully/nn ,/, crouched/vbn at/in the/at base/nn of/in a/at thorn/nn tree/nn ,/, and/cc waited/vbd for/in them/ppo to/to come/vb up/rp ./. She/pps had/hvd chosen/vbn the/at spot/nn well/rb ./. With/in the/at gully/nn on/in three/cd sides/nns ,/, she/pps could/md be/be approached/vbn only/rb along/in the/at tongue/nn of/in land/nn ./. ``/`` Careful/jj ,/, now/rb ''/'' ,/, Jones/np warned/vbd ./. Means/np tried/vbd her/ppo first/rb ./. Very/ql slowly/rb he/pps maneuvered/vbd his/pp$ rawboned/jj bay/nn gelding/nn ,/, edging/vbg closer/rbr ,/, watching/vbg for/in a/at chance/nn to/to throw/vb ,/, but/cc ready/jj to/to spin/vb and/cc run/vb ,/, rope/nn whining/vbg about/in his/pp$ head/nn ,/, horse/nn edging/vbg tensely/rb under/in him/ppo ,/, but/cc the/at gelding/nn was/bedz obedient/jj and/cc responded/vbd and/cc was/bedz not/* paralyzed/vbn by/in the/at close/jj proximity/nn of/in the/at lion/nn ./. They/ppss tell/vb you/ppo horses/nns go/vb crazy/jj at/in the/at sight/nn or/cc smell/nn of/in a/at bear/nn or/cc a/at lion/nn ,/, but/cc these/dts didn't/dod* ./. Means/np edged/vbd closer/rbr ./. She/pps snarled/vbd warningly/rb ./. Means/nns spit/vbd and/cc edged/vbd on/rp ./. Again/rb she/pps snarled/vbd ,/, and/cc again/rb he/pps edged/vbd ./. The/at pony/nn was/bedz sidewise/rb to/in her/ppo ./. With/in a/at whirling/vbg jump/nn ,/, it/pps could/md get/vb into/in gear/nn ./. However/rb nothing/pn on/in four/cd legs/nns was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to be/be faster/rbr than/cs a/at lion/nn over/in a/at short/jj distance/nn ,/, unless/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at cheetah/nn ./. She/pps charged/vbd ./. Means/np spun/vbd and/cc spurred/vbd ./. For/in thirty/cd yards/nns she/pps gained/vbd rapidly/rb ./. She/pps was/bedz closing/vbg and/cc within/in one/cd more/ap bound/nn would/md have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to reach/vb the/at rear/jj end/nn of/in the/at bay/nn ,/, but/cc --/-- and/cc here/rb Jones/np and/cc Loveless/np and/cc Ulyate/np were/bed holding/vbg breath/nn for/in all/abn they/ppss were/bed worth/jj --/-- she/pps never/rb quite/ql caught/vbd up/rp that/dt last/ap bound/nn ./. Means/np held/vbd steady/rb one/cd jump/nn ahead/rb of/in her/ppo ./. Then/rb gradually/rb he/pps began/vbd to/to pull/vb away/rb ./. A/at Western/jj-tl cowpony/nn had/hvd outrun/vbn an/at African/jj lion/nn ,/, from/in a/at standing/vbg start/nn ./. Photos/nns showed/vbd later/rbr that/cs she'd/pps+hvd been/ben about/rb six/cd feet/nns from/in Means/np ./. Of/in course/nn the/at factor/nn of/in head/nn start/nn made/vbd all/abn the/at difference/nn ./. How/wql much/ap head/nn start/nn ?/. ?/. No/at one/pn knew/vbd exactly/rb ./. That/dt was/bedz the/at whole/jj question/nn ./. Enough/ap ,/, was/bedz the/at answer/nn ./. The/at lioness/nn quickly/rb changed/vbd front/nn ,/, when/wrb she/pps saw/vbd she/pps couldn't/md* catch/vb Means/np ,/, and/cc made/vbd for/in Jones/np ./. As/cs she/pps had/hvd done/vbn with/in Means/np ,/, she/pps gained/vbd rapidly/rb at/in first/rb ,/, but/cc then/rb Baldy/np began/vbd to/to draw/vb away/rb ./. Somewhere/nn in/in the/at few/ap scant/jj yards/nns of/in head/nn start/nn was/bedz the/at determining/vbg point/nn ./. When/wrb Jones/np too/rb drew/vbd away/rb ,/, she/pps returned/vbd to/in a/at thorn/nn bush/nn in/in the/at neck/nn of/in land/nn running/vbg into/in the/at gully/nn ,/, crouched/vbd low/rb and/cc waited/vbd as/cs before/rb ./. This/dt new/jj position/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, gave/vbd the/at ropers/nns a/at better/jjr chance/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz room/nn to/to make/vb a/at quick/jj dash/nn past/in the/at bush/nn and/cc throw/vb as/cs you/ppss went/vbd ./. So/rb :/: Means/np edged/vbd around/rb on/in the/at north/nr side/nn of/in her/ppo ,/, Jones/np moved/vbd in/rp from/in the/at south/nr ./. Tossing/vbg his/pp$ rope/nn and/cc shouting/vbg he/pps attracted/vbd her/pp$ attention/nn ./. He/pps succeeded/vbd almost/ql too/ql well/rb ,/, because/cs once/cs she/pps rose/vbd as/cs if/cs to/to charge/vb ,/, and/cc he/pps half/ql wheeled/vbd his/pp$ horse/nn --/-- he/pps was/bedz within/in fifty/cd feet/nns --/-- but/cc she/pps sank/vbd back/rb ./. From/in behind/in her/ppo Means/np shot/vbd forward/rb at/in a/at run/nn ./. Kearton/np began/vbd shouting/vbg ,/, ``/`` Wait/vb ,/, wait/vb --/-- the/at camera's/nn+bez jammed/vbn ''/'' !/. !/. But/cc Means/np kept/vbd on/rp ./. He/pps raced/vbd by/rb within/in twenty/cd feet/nns of/in her/ppo ,/, roped/vbd her/ppo around/in the/at neck/nn ,/, but/cc a/at lioness'/nn$ neck/nn is/bez short/jj and/cc thick/jj and/cc with/in a/at quick/jj twist/nn she/pps slipped/vbd the/at noose/nn off/rp ./.

cf37

cf37 |@word missionary:3 obligation:1 proclaim:1 gospel:1 world:16 leave:1 zealous:1 individual:5 voluntary:1 society:1 time:2 come:2 church:38 part:1 movement:9 look:2 upon:1 deficient:1 essential:1 life:5 christian:10 education:1 child:2 hardly:3 sideshow:1 day:1 congregation:14 assume:2 full:1 oversight:1 school:2 think:2 fail:3 duty:1 serious:1 weakness:1 ecumenical:26 today:2 generally:1 regard:2 responsibility:4 national:4 leader:2 denomination:1 interdenominational:2 executive:1 pastor:2 layman:1 even:4 though:1 believe:1 important:1 lie:1 outside:1 province:1 parish:5 may:5 dismiss:1 mind:3 something:1 concern:4 ecclesiastical:1 rover:1 boy:1 someone:1 dub:1 like:2 go:2 international:1 assembly:1 expense:2 account:1 permit:1 long:3 point:1 view:1 prevail:1 lame:1 halt:1 next:1 stage:1 ahead:1 make:6 thoroughly:1 home:1 local:14 community:9 progress:1 take:1 place:4 far:2 less:1 summit:1 conference:1 council:3 office:1 denominational:2 board:1 happen:3 people:11 live:3 together:1 neighbor:1 front:1 line:1 advance:4 witness:2 worship:2 different:2 tradition:1 exist:2 side:2 see:4 term:2 difference:2 attitude:1 program:1 relationship:3 inevitable:1 aspect:2 unreality:1 thing:2 stand:3 grievous:1 disparity:1 unity:1 christ:9 profess:1 meeting:2 complacent:1 separateness:1 main:1 street:1 nation:2 crux:1 personalized:1 matter:2 relation:6 decisive:2 question:2 within:1 finally:1 heart:1 member:6 must:4 meet:1 become:4 almost:1 trite:1 say:3 carry:1 grass:1 root:1 way:4 describe:2 unfortunate:1 imply:1 two:1 misconception:2 one:7 whatever:2 organization:1 top:1 need:3 understand:2 call:3 low:1 level:3 truth:3 however:2 true:1 character:1 integral:1 unit:3 whole:4 god:2 throughout:1 problem:4 solve:1 knowledge:1 wide:2 extension:1 connection:2 comprehend:1 many:4 communicate:1 fundamental:1 information:1 active:1 commitment:1 total:1 mission:4 basic:2 polity:1 always:2 possible:1 emphasize:1 much:2 realize:1 gather:1 fellowship:5 regularly:1 face:5 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neither:1 adequate:1 alone:1 difficulty:2 arise:1 either:1 shut:1 divergent:1 parable:1 illustrative:1 incident:1 professor:1 bela:1 vasady:1 end:1 second:1 war:1 great:1 native:2 hungary:1 geneva:1 renew:1 contact:2 provisional:1 committee:1 mishap:1 break:1 spectacle:1 colleague:1 insist:1 provide:2 bifocal:2 speak:1 glass:1 use:2 symbol:1 vision:2 require:1 near:1 hand:3 distant:1 keep:1 right:1 tend:2 compete:1 ecumenist:2 stir:2 crisis:2 encounter:1 large:2 eye:1 town:1 escape:1 pitfall:1 charles:1 dickens:1 picture:1 mrs:1 jellyby:1 borrioboola:1 gha:1 intense:1 quite:1 forget:1 neglect:1 son:1 peepy:1 likewise:1 absorb:2 conflict:1 totalitarian:1 state:1 east:1 germany:1 precarious:1 situation:1 revolutionary:1 china:1 anguish:1 apartheid:1 south:1 africa:2 lose:2 close:1 unspectacular:1 indispensable:1 ministry:2 pastoral:3 service:1 counseling:1 nurture:1 minister:3 intimate:1 personal:1 nothing:1 lead:1 sense:2 result:1 thinking:1 introverted:1 self:1 center:2 satisfaction:1 serve:1 family:1 would:2 exaggeration:1 ninety:1 per:1 cent:1 energy:2 whether:1 finance:1 pour:1 private:1 domestic:1 interest:2 gap:1 appear:1 starkly:1 comfortable:1 suburb:1 eminently:1 successful:1 accord:2 conventional:1 standard:1 grow:2 number:1 agreeable:1 friend:1 beautiful:2 edifice:1 preaching:1 music:1 give:2 refreshment:1 spirit:1 man:1 woman:1 heavy:1 strain:1 care:2 sick:1 trouble:1 help:3 least:1 nodding:1 acquaintance:1 bible:1 draw:1 young:2 circle:1 generation:2 easy:1 enthusiast:1 sight:1 role:1 christians:1 conception:1 include:1 issue:1 desperate:1 urgency:1 mankind:1 confront:1 racial:1 tension:1 moral:1 involve:1 nuclear:1 sensitive:1 sub:1 economic:1 industrial:1 raise:1 disturbing:1 stewardship:1 rich:1 economically:1 underdeveloped:1 develop:1 strategy:1 emerge:1 asia:1 bluntly:1 consciously:1 want:2 disturb:1 thought:1 shall:1 begin:1 comfort:1 peace:1 base:1 humorous:1 reveal:1 story:2 rancher:2 slice:1 texas:1 everything:2 completely:1 pleasant:1 build:1 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The/at missionary/nn obligation/nn to/to proclaim/vb the/at gospel/nn to/in all/abn the/at world/nn was/bedz once/rb left/vbn to/in zealous/jj individuals/nns and/cc voluntary/jj societies/nns ./. But/cc the/at time/nn came/vbd when/wrb a/at church/nn that/wps had/hvd no/at part/nn in/in the/at missionary/nn movement/nn was/bedz looked/vbn upon/rb as/cs deficient/jj in/in its/pp$ essential/jj life/nn ./. The/at Christian/jj education/nn of/in children/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, was/bedz once/rb hardly/rb more/ap than/cs a/at sideshow/nn ,/, but/cc the/at day/nn came/vbd when/wrb a/at congregation/nn that/wps did/dod not/* assume/vb full/jj oversight/nn of/in a/at church/nn school/nn was/bedz thought/vbn of/in as/cs failing/vbg in/in its/pp$ duty/nn ./. The/at most/ql serious/jj weakness/nn of/in the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn today/nr is/bez that/cs it/pps is/bez generally/rb regarded/vbn as/cs the/at responsibility/nn of/in a/at few/ap national/jj leaders/nns in/in each/dt denomination/nn and/cc a/at few/ap interdenominational/jj executives/nns ./. Most/ap pastors/nns and/cc laymen/nns ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss believe/vb it/ppo to/to be/be important/jj ,/, assume/vb that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn lies/vbz outside/in the/at province/nn of/in their/pp$ parishes/nns ./. They/ppss may/md even/vb dismiss/vb it/ppo from/in their/pp$ minds/nns as/cs something/pn that/wps concerns/vbz only/rb the/at ``/`` ecclesiastical/jj Rover/np-tl Boys/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, as/cs someone/pn has/hvz dubbed/vbn them/ppo ,/, who/wps like/vb to/to go/vb to/in national/jj and/cc international/jj assemblies/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv expense/nn accounts/nns that/wps permit/vb them/ppo to/to do/do so/rb ./. As/ql long/rb as/cs this/dt point/nn of/in view/nn prevails/vbz ,/, the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn will/md be/be lame/jj and/cc halt/vb ./. The/at next/ap stage/nn ahead/rb is/bez that/dt of/in making/vbg it/ppo thoroughly/rb at/in home/nr in/in the/at local/jj community/nn ./. Progress/nn will/md take/vb place/nn far/ql less/ql through/in what/wdt is/bez done/vbn in/in any/dti ``/`` summit/nn conference/nn ''/'' of/in the/at National/jj-tl Council/nn-tl or/cc the/at World/nn-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, or/cc even/rb in/in offices/nns of/in the/at denominational/jj boards/nns ,/, than/cs through/in what/wdt happens/vbz in/in the/at communities/nns where/wrb Christian/jj people/nns live/vb together/rb as/cs neighbors/nns ./. The/at front/jj line/nn of/in advance/nn is/bez where/wrb witnessing/vbg and/cc worshiping/vbg congregations/nns of/in different/jj traditions/nns exist/vb side/nn by/in side/nn ./. Until/cs they/ppss see/vb the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn in/in terms/nns of/in the/at difference/nn it/pps makes/vbz in/in their/pp$ own/jj attitudes/nns ,/, programs/nns ,/, and/cc relationships/nns ,/, it/pps will/md have/hv an/at inevitable/jj aspect/nn of/in unreality/nn ./. As/cs things/nns now/rb stand/vb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at grievous/jj disparity/nn between/in the/at unity/nn in/in Christ/np which/wdt we/ppss profess/vb in/in ecumenical/jj meetings/nns and/cc the/at complacent/jj separateness/nn of/in most/ap congregations/nns on/in any/dti Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl in/in the/at nation/nn ./. The/at-hl ecumenical/jj-hl congregation/nn-hl The/at crux/nn of/in ecumenical/jj advance/nn is/bez an/at even/ql more/rbr personalized/vbn matter/nn than/cs the/at relation/nn between/in congregations/nns in/in the/at same/ap community/nn ./. The/at decisive/jj question/nn is/bez what/wdt happens/vbz within/in each/dt congregation/nn and/cc ,/, finally/rb ,/, in/in the/at minds/nns and/cc hearts/nns of/in the/at individual/jj members/nns ./. It/pps is/bez here/rb that/cs the/at local/jj and/cc ecumenical/jj must/md meet/vb ./. It/pps is/bez here/rb that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj must/md become/vb local/jj and/cc the/at local/jj become/vb ecumenical/jj ./. It/pps has/hvz become/vbn almost/ql trite/jj to/to say/vb that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn must/md be/be ``/`` carried/vbn down/rp to/in the/at grass/nn roots/nns ''/'' ./. This/dt way/nn of/in describing/vbg the/at matter/nn is/bez unfortunate/jj ./. It/pps implies/vbz two/cd misconceptions/nns ./. One/cd is/bez that/cs whatever/wdt is/bez ecumenical/jj has/hvz to/to do/do with/in some/dti over-all/jj organization/nn at/in ``/`` the/at top/nn ''/'' and/cc needs/vbz only/rb to/to be/be understood/vbn at/in the/at so-called/jj ``/`` lower/jjr levels/nns ''/'' ./. The/at truth/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez that/cs the/at ecumenical/jj church/nn is/bez just/rb the/at local/jj church/nn in/in its/pp$ own/jj true/jj character/nn as/cs an/at integral/jj unit/nn of/in the/at whole/jj People/nns-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. The/at other/ap misconception/nn is/bez that/cs our/pp$ ecumenical/jj problems/nns will/md be/be solved/vbn if/cs only/rb the/at knowledge/nn of/in the/at church/nn in/in its/pp$ world-wide/jj extension/nn and/cc its/pp$ interdenominational/jj connections/nns ,/, now/rb comprehended/vbn by/in many/ap national/jj leaders/nns ,/, can/md be/be communicated/vbn to/in all/abn congregations/nns ./. However/wql needed/vbn this/dt may/md be/be ,/, the/at fundamental/jj problem/nn is/bez not/* information/nn but/cc active/jj commitment/nn to/in the/at total/nn mission/nn of/in the/at church/nn of/in Christ/np in/in the/at world/nn ./. The/at basic/jj unit/nn in/in the/at church/nn ,/, of/in whatever/wdt denominational/jj polity/nn ,/, is/bez always/rb the/at congregation/nn ./. It/pps is/bez hardly/ql possible/jj to/to emphasize/vb this/dt too/ql much/rb ./. Most/ap people/nns do/do not/* realize/vb that/cs the/at congregation/nn ,/, as/cs a/at gathered/vbn fellowship/nn meeting/vbg regularly/rb face/nn to/in face/nn ,/, personally/rb sharing/vbg in/in a/at common/jj experience/nn and/cc expressing/vbg that/dt experience/nn in/in daily/jj relationships/nns with/in one/cd another/dt ,/, is/bez unique/jj ./. The/at idea/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at feature/nn of/in all/abn religions/nns is/bez entirely/rb mistaken/vbn ./. The/at Jewish/jj synagogue/nn affords/vbz a/at parallel/nn to/in the/at Christian/jj congregation/nn ,/, but/cc Hinduism/np ,/, Buddhism/np ,/, Islam/np ,/, Confucianism/np ,/, Taoism/np ,/, Shintoism/np ,/, although/cs they/ppss have/hv sacred/jj scriptures/nns ,/, priests/nns ,/, spiritual/jj disciplines/nns ,/, and/cc places/nns of/in prayer/nn ,/, do/do not/* have/hv a/at congregation/nn as/cs a/at local/jj household/nn of/in faith/nn and/cc love/nn ./. Their/pp$ characteristic/jj experience/nn is/bez that/dt of/in the/at individual/nn at/in an/at altar/nn or/cc a/at shrine/nn rather/in than/in that/dt of/in a/at continuing/vbg social/jj group/nn with/in a/at distinctive/jj kind/nn of/in fellowship/nn ./. How/wql far/rb the/at fellowship/nn in/in most/ap local/jj churches/nns falls/nns below/in what/wdt the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl means/vbz by/in koinonia/fw-nn !/. !/. What/wdt is/bez now/rb called/vbn Christian/jj fellowship/nn is/bez often/rb little/ql more/ap than/cs the/at social/jj chumminess/nn of/in having/hvg a/at gracious/jj time/nn with/in the/at kind/nn of/in people/nns one/pn likes/vbz ./. The/at koinonia/fw-nn of/in Acts/nns-tl and/cc of/in the/at Epistles/nns-tl means/vbz sharing/vbg in/in a/at common/jj relation/nn to/in Christ/np ./. It/pps is/bez an/at experience/nn of/in a/at new/jj depth/nn of/in community/nn derived/vbn from/in an/at awareness/nn of/in the/at corporate/jj indwelling/vbg of/in Christ/np in/in His/pp$ people/nns ./. As/cs Dietrich/np Bonhoffer/np puts/vbz it/ppo ,/, ``/`` Our/pp$ community/nn with/in one/cd another/dt consists/vbz solely/rb in/in what/wdt Christ/np has/hvz done/vbn to/in both/abx of/in us/ppo ''/'' ./. This/dt may/md mean/vb having/hvg fellowship/nn in/in the/at church/nn with/in people/nns with/in whom/wpo ,/, on/in the/at level/nn of/in merely/rb human/jj agreeableness/nn ,/, we/ppss might/md prefer/vb not/* to/to have/hv any/dti association/nn at/in all/abn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at vast/jj difference/nn between/in the/at community/nn of/in reconciliation/nn which/wdt the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl describes/vbz and/cc the/at community/nn of/in congeniality/nn found/vbn in/in the/at average/jj church/nn building/nn ./. Whenever/wrb a/at congregation/nn really/rb sees/vbz itself/ppl as/cs a/at unit/nn in/in the/at universal/jj Church/nn-tl ,/, in/in vital/jj relation/nn with/in the/at whole/jj Body/nn-tl of/in-tl Christ/np-tl and/cc participating/vbg in/in His/pp$ mission/nn to/in the/at world/nn ,/, a/at necessary/jj foundation-stone/nn of/in the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn has/hvz been/ben laid/vbn ./. The/at antithesis/nn of/in the/at ecumenical/jj and/cc the/at local/jj then/rb no/ql longer/rbr exists/vbz ./. The/at local/jj and/cc the/at ecumenical/jj are/ber one/cd ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, the/at perspective/nn of/in those/dts who/wps are/ber dealing/vbg directly/rb with/in the/at world-wide/jj problems/nns of/in the/at People/nns-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl will/md always/rb be/be different/jj from/in the/at perspective/nn of/in those/dts who/wps are/ber dealing/vbg with/in the/at nearby/jj problems/nns of/in particular/jj persons/nns in/in a/at particular/jj place/nn ./. Each/dt viewpoint/nn is/bez valid/jj if/cs it/pps is/bez organically/rb related/vbn to/in the/at other/ap ./. Neither/dtx is/bez adequate/jj if/cs it/pps stands/vbz alone/rb ./. Our/pp$ difficulty/nn arises/vbz when/wrb either/dtx viewpoint/nn shuts/vbz out/rp the/at other/ap ./. And/cc this/dt is/bez what/wdt all/ql too/ql often/rb happens/vbz ./. Divergent/jj-hl perspectives/nns-hl A/at little/jj parable/nn illustrative/jj of/in this/dt truth/nn is/bez afforded/vbn by/in an/at incident/nn related/vbn by/in Professor/nn-tl Bela/np Vasady/np at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at Second/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ./. With/in great/jj difficulty/nn he/pps made/vbd his/pp$ way/nn from/in his/pp$ native/jj Hungary/np to/in Geneva/np to/to renew/vb his/pp$ contacts/nns as/cs a/at member/nn of/in the/at Provisional/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl for/in the/at World/nn-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Churches/nns-tl ./. When/wrb he/pps had/hvd the/at mishap/nn of/in breaking/vbg his/pp$ spectacles/nns ,/, his/pp$ ecumenical/jj colleagues/nns insisted/vbd on/in providing/vbg him/ppo with/in new/jj ones/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed bifocals/nns ./. He/pps often/rb spoke/vbd of/in them/ppo as/cs his/pp$ ``/`` ecumenical/jj ''/'' glasses/nns and/cc used/vbd them/ppo as/cs a/at symbol/nn of/in the/at kind/nn of/in vision/nn that/wps is/bez required/vbn in/in the/at church/nn ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, a/at bifocal/jj vision/nn ,/, which/wdt can/md see/vb both/abx the/at near-at-hand/jj and/cc the/at distant/jj and/cc keep/vb a/at Christian/np in/in right/jj relation/nn to/in both/abx ./. As/cs things/nns stand/vb now/rb ,/, the/at local/jj and/cc the/at ecumenical/jj tend/vb to/to compete/vb with/in each/dt other/ap ./. On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber ecumenists/nns who/wps are/ber so/ql stirred/vbn by/in the/at crises/nns of/in the/at church/nn in/in its/pp$ encounter/nn with/in the/at world/nn at/in large/jj that/cs they/ppss have/hv no/at eyes/nns for/in what/wdt the/at church/nn is/bez doing/vbg in/in their/pp$ own/jj town/nn ./. They/ppss do/do not/* escape/vb the/at pitfall/nn into/in which/wdt Charles/np Dickens/np pictured/vbd Mrs./np Jellyby/np as/cs falling/vbg ./. Her/pp$ concern/nn for/in the/at natives/nns of/in Borrioboola-Gha/np was/bedz so/ql intense/jj that/cs she/pps quite/ql forgot/vbd and/cc neglected/vbd her/pp$ son/nn Peepy/np !/. !/. Likewise/rb ,/, the/at ecumenist/nn may/md become/vb so/ql absorbed/vbn in/in the/at conflict/nn of/in the/at church/nn with/in the/at totalitarian/jj state/nn in/in East/jj-tl Germany/np-tl ,/, the/at precarious/jj situation/nn of/in the/at church/nn in/in revolutionary/jj China/np ,/, and/cc the/at anguish/nn of/in the/at church/nn over/in apartheid/nn in/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl that/cs he/pps loses/vbz close/jj contact/nn with/in the/at parish/nn church/nn in/in its/pp$ unspectacular/jj but/cc indispensable/jj ministry/nn of/in worship/nn ,/, pastoral/jj service/nn and/cc counseling/nn ,/, and/cc Christian/jj nurture/nn for/in a/at face-to-face/jj group/nn of/in individuals/nns ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, many/abn a/at pastor/nn is/bez so/ql absorbed/vbn in/in ministering/vbg to/in the/at intimate/jj ,/, personal/jj needs/nns of/in individuals/nns in/in his/pp$ congregation/nn that/cs he/pps does/doz little/ap or/cc nothing/pn to/to lead/vb them/ppo into/in a/at sense/nn of/in social/jj responsibility/nn and/cc world/nn mission/nn ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, they/ppss go/vb on/rp thinking/vbg of/in the/at church/nn ,/, with/in introverted/vbn and/cc self-centered/jj satisfaction/nn ,/, only/rb in/in connection/nn with/in the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps serves/vbz them/ppo and/cc their/pp$ families/nns ./. It/pps would/md hardly/rb be/be an/at exaggeration/nn to/to say/vb that/cs ninety/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at energy/nn of/in most/ap churches/nns --/-- whether/cs in/in terms/nns of/in finance/nn or/cc spiritual/jj concern/nn --/-- is/bez poured/vbn into/in the/at private/jj and/cc domestic/jj interests/nns of/in the/at members/nns ./. The/at parish/nn lives/vbz for/in itself/ppl rather/in than/in for/in the/at community/nn or/cc the/at world/nn ./. The/at gap/nn between/in the/at ecumenical/jj perspective/nn and/cc the/at parish/nn perspective/nn appears/vbz most/ql starkly/rb in/in a/at church/nn in/in any/dti of/in our/pp$ comfortable/jj suburbs/nns ./. It/pps is/bez eminently/ql successful/jj according/in to/in all/abn conventional/jj standards/nns ./. It/pps is/bez growing/vbg in/in numbers/nns ./. Its/pp$ people/nns are/ber agreeable/jj friends/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz a/at beautiful/jj edifice/nn ./. Its/pp$ preaching/nn and/cc its/pp$ music/nn give/vb refreshment/nn of/in spirit/nn to/in men/nns and/cc women/nns living/vbg under/in heavy/jj strain/nn ./. It/pps provides/vbz pastoral/jj care/nn for/in the/at sick/jj and/cc troubled/vbn ./. It/pps helps/vbz children/nns grow/vb up/rp with/in at/in least/ap a/at nodding/vbg acquaintance/nn with/in the/at Bible/np ./. It/pps draws/vbz young/jj people/nns into/in the/at circle/nn of/in those/dts who/wps continue/vb the/at life/nn of/in the/at church/nn from/in generation/nn to/in generation/nn ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez easy/jj for/in the/at ecumenical/jj enthusiast/nn to/to lose/vb sight/nn of/in how/wql basic/jj all/abn this/dt is/bez ./. But/cc what/wdt is/bez this/dt church/nn doing/vbg to/to help/vb its/pp$ members/nns understand/vb their/pp$ roles/nns as/cs Christians/nps in/in the/at world/nn ?/. ?/. All/ql too/ql often/rb its/pp$ conception/nn of/in parish/nn ministry/nn and/cc pastoral/jj care/nn includes/vbz no/at responsibility/nn for/in them/ppo in/in their/pp$ relation/nn to/in issues/nns of/in the/at most/ql desperate/jj urgency/nn for/in the/at life/nn of/in mankind/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* stirring/vbg them/ppo to/to confront/vb the/at racial/jj tensions/nns of/in today/nr with/in the/at mind/nn of/in Christ/np ./. It/pps is/bez not/* helping/vbg them/ppo face/vb the/at moral/jj crisis/nn involved/vbn in/in the/at use/nn of/in nuclear/jj energy/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* making/vbg them/ppo sensitive/jj to/in the/at sub-Christian/jj level/nn of/in much/ap of/in our/pp$ economic/jj and/cc industrial/jj life/nn ./. It/pps is/bez raising/vbg no/at disturbing/jj question/nn as/in to/in what/wdt Christian/jj stewardship/nn means/vbz for/in the/at relationship/nn of/in the/at richest/jjt nation/nn in/in the/at world/nn to/in economically/rb underdeveloped/jj peoples/nns ./. It/pps is/bez not/* developing/vbg an/at awareness/nn of/in the/at new/jj kind/nn of/in missionary/nn strategy/nn that/wps is/bez called/vbn for/in as/cs young/jj churches/nns emerge/vb in/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ./. To/to put/vb it/ppo bluntly/rb ,/, many/abn a/at local/jj church/nn is/bez giving/vbg its/pp$ members/nns only/rb what/wdt they/ppss consciously/rb want/vb ./. It/pps is/bez not/* disturbing/vbg them/ppo by/in thoughts/nns of/in their/pp$ Christian/jj responsibility/nn in/in relation/nn to/in the/at world/nn ./. We/ppss shall/md not/* make/vb a/at decisive/jj advance/nn in/in the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn until/cs such/abl a/at church/nn begins/vbz to/to see/vb itself/ppl not/* merely/rb as/cs a/at haven/nn of/in comfort/nn and/cc peace/nn but/cc as/cs a/at base/nn of/in Christian/jj witness/nn and/cc mission/nn to/in the/at world/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at humorous/jj but/cc revealing/jj story/nn about/in a/at rancher/nn who/wps owned/vbd a/at large/jj slice/nn of/in Texas/np and/cc who/wps wanted/vbd to/to have/hv on/in it/ppo everything/pn that/dt was/bedz necessary/jj for/in a/at completely/ql pleasant/jj community/nn ./. He/pps built/vbd a/at school/nn and/cc a/at library/nn ,/, then/rb a/at recreation/nn center/nn and/cc an/at inn/nn ./. Desiring/vbg to/to fill/vb the/at only/ap remaining/vbg lack/nn ,/, he/pps selected/vbd the/at best/jjt site/nn on/in the/at ranch/nn for/in a/at chapel/nn and/cc spared/vbd no/at expense/nn in/in erecting/vbg it/ppo ./. A/at visitor/nn to/in the/at beautiful/jj little/jj building/nn inquired/vbd ,/, ``/`` Do/do you/ppss belong/vb to/in this/dt church/nn ,/, Mr./np Rancher/nn-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Why/wrb ,/, no/rb ,/, ma'am/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` this/dt church/nn belongs/vbz to/in me/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. The/at story/nn reflects/vbz the/at way/nn too/ql many/ap people/nns feel/vb ./. As/ql long/rb as/cs the/at congregation/nn regards/vbz the/at church/nn as/cs ``/`` our/pp$ ''/'' church/nn ,/, or/cc the/at minister/nn thinks/vbz of/in it/ppo as/cs ``/`` my/pp$ ''/'' church/nn ,/, just/rb so/ql long/rb the/at ecumenical/jj movement/nn will/md make/vb no/rb significant/jj advance/nn ./. There/ex must/md first/rb be/be a/at deeper/jjr sense/nn that/cs the/at church/nn belongs/vbz not/* to/in us/ppo but/cc to/in Christ/np ,/, and/cc that/cs it/pps is/bez His/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, not/* our/pp$ own/jj interests/nns and/cc preferences/nns ,/, that/dt determines/vbz what/wdt it/pps is/bez to/to be/be and/cc do/do ./. Local/jj-hl embodiment/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl whole/jj-hl A/at local/jj church/nn which/wdt conceives/vbz its/pp$ function/nn to/to be/be entirely/rb that/dt of/in ministering/vbg to/in the/at conscious/jj desires/nns and/cc concerns/nns of/in its/pp$ members/nns tends/vbz to/to look/vb on/in everything/pn ecumenical/jj as/cs an/at extra/jj ,/, not/* as/cs a/at normal/jj aspect/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj life/nn as/cs a/at church/nn ./. It/pps would/md doubtless/rb be/be greatly/rb surprised/vbn to/to be/be told/vbn that/cs in/in failing/vbg to/to be/be ecumenical/jj it/pps is/bez really/rb failing/vbg to/to be/be the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Christ/np-tl ./. Yet/cc the/at truth/nn ,/, according/in to/in the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl ,/, is/bez that/cs every/at local/jj church/nn has/hvz its/pp$ existence/nn only/rb by/in being/beg the/at embodiment/nn of/in the/at whole/jj church/nn in/in that/dt particular/jj place/nn ./.

cf38

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promoter:1 hasten:1 choice:1 ticket:1 hand:1 wealthy:1 speculator:1 fellow:1 guy:1 box:1 office:1 contest:1 importance:1 plain:1 afford:1 loud:1 speaker:1 hold:1 attract:2 chiefly:1 philosopher:1 ineluctable:1 modality:1 audition:1 become:1 inure:1 addict:1 long:2 afternoon:1 recital:1 distant:1 weekend:1 announcer:1 silence:1 must:1 needs:1 drive:1 area:1 discover:1 fare:1 pleasant:1 effect:1 upon:2 sunday:1 receipts:1 intake:1 rail:1 bus:1 company:2 offer:1 special:1 excursion:1 rate:1 include:1 trolley:1 ferry:1 number:1 part:1 sport:1 early:1 twentieth:1 century:1 root:3 often:2 patient:1 martyrdom:1 unable:1 read:1 scoreboard:1 indicate:1 eighty:1 question:1 standard:1 grist:1 amateur:1 comedy:1 automobile:1 driver:1 grown:1 suspect:1 shy:1 virility:1 fundamental:1 male:1 american:1 imagine:1 pretend:1 expect:1 let:1 batter:1 hit:1 increase:1 necessary:1 lady:1 enable:1 interference:1 actually:1 appear:1 unaccompanied:1 tobacco:1 juice:1 stain:1 clean:1 skirt:1 curse:1 tingle:1 ear:1 patiently:1 informative:1 despite:1 jargon:1 girl:1 mind:1 sort:1 random:1 meaningless:1 statistic:1 better:1 lesson:1

Yet/cc a/at crowd/nn came/vbd out/rp to/to see/vb some/dti fresh/jj kids/nns from/in the/at city/nn try/vb to/to match/vb the/at boys/nns from/in the/at neighboring/vbg farms/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc buggies/nns and/cc wagons/nns and/cc chugging/vbg Fords/nps kept/vbd gathering/vbg all/abn morning/nn ,/, until/cs the/at edges/nns of/in the/at field/nn were/bed packed/vbn thick/rb and/cc small/jj boys/nns kept/vbd scampering/vbg out/rp on/in the/at playing/vbg field/nn to/to make/vb fun/nn of/in the/at visitors/nns --/-- whose/wp$ pitcher/nn was/bedz a/at formidable/jj looking/vbg young/jj man/nn with/in the/at only/ap baseball/nn cap/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz a/at bitterly/rb fought/vbn game/nn ,/, carrying/vbg almost/rb as/ql much/ap grudge/nn as/cs a/at fist/nn fight/nn ,/, with/in no/at friendliness/nn exhibited/vbn between/in the/at teams/nns except/vb the/at formal/jj politeness/nn that/wps accompanied/vbd the/at setting/nn forth/rb of/in ground/nn rules/nns and/cc agreements/nns on/in balls/nns that/wps went/vbd into/in the/at crowd/nn ./. Every/at pitch/nn in/in the/at game/nn brought/vbd forth/rb a/at howl/nn from/in the/at enraptured/vbn audience/nn and/cc every/at fly/nn ball/nn the/at visitors/nns dropped/vbd (/( and/cc because/cs their/pp$ right/jj fielder/nn was/bedz still/rb a/at little/ql fuzzy/jj from/in drink/nn ,/, they/ppss dropped/vbd many/ap )/) called/vbd forth/rb yelps/nns of/in derision/nn ./. At/in one/cd point/nn in/in the/at game/nn when/wrb the/at skinny/jj old/jj man/nn in/in suspenders/nns who/wps was/bedz acting/vbg as/cs umpire/nn got/vbd in/in the/at way/nn of/in a/at thrown/vbn ball/nn and/cc took/vbd it/ppo painfully/rb in/in the/at kidneys/nns ,/, he/pps lay/vbd there/rb unattended/jj while/cs players/nns and/cc spectators/nns wrangled/vbd over/in whether/cs the/at ball/nn was/bedz ``/`` dead/jj ''/'' or/cc the/at base/nn runners/nns were/bed free/jj to/to score/vb ./. This/dt was/bedz typical/jj of/in such/jj games/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed earnestly/rb played/vbn to/to win/vb and/cc practically/ql never/rb wound/vb up/rp in/in an/at expression/nn of/in good/jj fellowship/nn ./. When/wrb the/at visitors/nns ,/, after/in losing/vbg this/dt game/nn ,/, rode/vbd along/in the/at village/nn streets/nns toward/in home/nr ,/, the/at youngsters/nns who/wps could/md keep/vb abreast/rb of/in them/ppo for/in a/at moment/nn or/cc two/cd screamed/vbd triumphantly/rb ,/, ``/`` You/ppss bunch/nn of/in hay-shakers/nns !/. !/. G'ahn/vb+rp back/rb home/nr !/. !/. You/ppss hay-shakers/nns ''/'' !/. !/. Baseball/nn was/bedz surely/rb the/at national/jj game/nn in/in those/dts days/nns ,/, even/rb though/cs professional/jj baseball/nn may/md have/hv been/ben merely/rb a/at business/nn ./. Radio/nn broadcasts/nns had/hvd not/* begun/vbn and/cc most/ap devotees/nns of/in baseball/nn attended/vbd the/at games/nns near/in home/nr ,/, in/in the/at town/nn park/nn or/cc a/at pasture/nn ,/, with/in perhaps/rb two/cd or/cc three/cd trips/nns to/in the/at city/nn each/dt season/nn to/to see/vb the/at Cubs/nps or/cc the/at Pirates/nns-tl or/cc the/at Indians/nps or/cc the/at Red/jj-tl Sox/nps-tl ./. Young/jj men/nns in/in school/nn could/md look/vb forward/rb to/in playing/vbg ball/nn for/in money/nn in/in a/at dozen/nn different/jj places/nns ,/, even/rb if/cs they/ppss failed/vbd to/to make/vb the/at major/jj leagues/nns ./. Nearly/rb any/dti lad/nn with/in a/at modicum/nn of/in skill/nn might/md find/vb a/at payday/nn awaiting/vbg him/ppo in/in the/at Three/cd-tl I/nn-tl League/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at Pony/nn-tl League/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at Coastal/jj-tl Plains/nns-tl League/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at fast/jj Eastern/jj-tl League/nn-tl ,/, if/cs not/* indeed/rb in/in one/cd of/in the/at hundreds/nns of/in city/nn leagues/nns that/wps abounded/vbd everywhere/rb ./. Even/rb a/at city/nn of/in thirty/cd thousand/cd might/md have/hv six/cd baseball/nn teams/nns ,/, sponsored/vbn by/in grocers/nns and/cc hardware/nn merchants/nns or/cc department/nn stores/nns ,/, that/wps played/vbd two/cd or/cc three/cd times/nns a/at week/nn throughout/in the/at summer/nn ,/, usually/rb in/in the/at cool/nn of/in the/at evening/nn ,/, before/in an/at earnest/jj and/cc partisan/jj audience/nn who/wps did/dod not/* begrudge/vb a/at quarter/nn each/dt ,/, or/cc even/ql more/ap ,/, to/to be/be dropped/vbn into/in a/at hat/nn when/wrb the/at game/nn was/bedz half/abn over/rp ./. Babe/np Ruth/np ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz everyone's/pn$ hero/nn ,/, and/cc everyone/pn knew/vbd him/ppo ,/, even/rb though/cs relatively/ql few/ap ever/rb saw/vbd him/ppo play/vb ball/nn ./. His/pp$ face/nn was/bedz always/rb in/in the/at newspapers/nns ,/, sometimes/rb in/in cartoons/nns that/wps seemed/vbd nearly/rb as/ql large/jj as/cs life/nn ./. As/cs the/at twenties/nns grew/vbd older/jjr ,/, and/cc as/cs radio/nn broadcasts/nns of/in baseball/nn games/nns began/vbd to/to involve/vb more/ap and/cc more/ap people/nns daily/rb in/in the/at doings/nns of/in the/at professionals/nns ,/, the/at great/jj hitters/nns (/( always/rb led/vbn by/in Babe/np Ruth/np )/) overshadowed/vbd the/at game/nn so/cs that/cs pitchers/nns were/bed nearly/rb of/in no/at account/nn ./. Boys/nns no/ql longer/rbr bothered/vbd learning/vbg to/to bunt/vb and/cc even/rb school/nn kids/nns scorned/vbd to/to ``/`` choke/vb up/rp ''/'' on/in a/at bat/nn as/cs Willie/np Keeler/np and/cc the/at famous/jj hitters/nns of/in another/dt day/nn had/hvd done/vbn ./. Other/ap hitters/nns bloomed/vbd with/in more/ap or/cc less/ap vigor/nn in/in the/at news/nn and/cc a/at few/ap even/rb dared/vbd to/to dream/vb of/in matching/vbg Ruth/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz still/rb called/vbn Jidge/np by/in all/abn his/pp$ friends/nns ,/, or/cc Leo/np or/cc Two-Head/np by/in those/dts who/wps dared/vbd to/to taunt/vb him/ppo (/( Leo/np was/bedz the/at name/nn of/in the/at ball/nn player/nn he/pps liked/vbd the/at least/ap )/) and/cc who/wps called/vbd most/ap of/in the/at world/nn ``/`` Kid/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Lou/np Gehrig/np was/bedz given/vbn the/at nickname/nn Buster/np ,/, and/cc he/pps ran/vbd Ruth/np a/at close/jj race/nn in/in home/nn runs/nns ./. But/cc the/at nickname/nn never/rb stuck/vbd and/cc Gehrig/np was/bedz no/at match/nn for/in Ruth/np in/in ``/`` color/nn ''/'' --/-- which/wdt is/bez sometimes/rb a/at polite/jj word/nn for/in delinquent/jj behavior/nn on/in and/cc off/in the/at field/nn ./. Ruth/np was/bedz a/at delinquent/jj boy/nn still/rb ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz in/in every/at way/nn a/at great/jj ball/nn player/nn who/wps was/bedz out/rp to/to win/vb the/at game/nn and/cc occasionally/rb risked/vbd a/at cracked/vbn bone/nn to/to do/do it/ppo ./. A/at few/ap professional/jj baseball/nn players/nns cultivated/vbd eccentricities/nns ,/, with/in the/at encouragement/nn of/in the/at press/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs they/ppss might/md see/vb their/pp$ names/nns in/in big/jj black/jj print/nn ,/, along/rb with/in Daddy/nn-tl Browning's/np$ ,/, Al/np Capone's/np$ ,/, Earl/np Sande's/np$ ,/, and/cc the/at Prince/nn-tl of/in-tl Wales'/np$ ./. One/cd who/wps ,/, for/in a/at time/nn ,/, succeeded/vbd best/rbt and/cc was/bedz still/rb the/at sorriest/jjt of/in all/abn was/bedz Charles/np Arthur/np Shires/np ,/, who/wps called/vbd himself/ppl ,/, in/in the/at newspapers/nns ,/, Art/np-tl the/at-tl Great/jj-tl ,/, or/cc The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Shires/np-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz his/pp$ brag/nn that/cs he/pps could/md beat/vb everybody/pn at/in anything/pn ,/, but/cc especially/rb at/in fighting/vbg ,/, and/cc he/pps once/rb took/vbd on/rp the/at manager/nn of/in his/pp$ club/nn and/cc worked/vbd him/ppo over/rp thoroughly/rb with/in his/pp$ fists/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz given/vbn to/in public/jj carousing/nn and/cc to/in acting/vbg the/at clown/nn on/in the/at diamond/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at policeman/nn asserted/vbd he/pps had/hvd found/vbn a/at pair/nn of/in brass/nn knuckles/nns in/in Art's/np$ pocket/nn once/rb when/wrb he/pps had/hvd occasion/nn to/to collar/vb the/at Great/jj-tl First/od-tl Baseman/nn-tl for/in some/dti forgotten/vbn reason/nn ./. (/( This/dt made/vbd a/at sportswriter/nn named/vbn Pegler/np wonder/vb in/in print/nn if/cs Art/np had/hvd worn/vbn this/dt armament/nn when/wrb he/pps defeated/vbd his/pp$ manager/nn ./. )/) The/at sorry/jj fact/nn about/in this/dt young/jj man/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz barely/rb of/in age/nn when/wrb he/pps broke/vbd into/in major-league/nn baseball/nn ,/, was/bedz that/cs he/pps really/rb was/bedz a/at better/jjr ball/nn player/nn than/cs he/pps was/bedz given/vbn credit/nn for/in being/beg --/-- never/rb so/ql good/jj as/cs he/pps claimed/vbd ,/, and/cc always/rb an/at irritant/nn to/in his/pp$ associates/nns ,/, but/cc a/at good/jj steady/jj performer/nn when/wrb he/pps could/md fight/vb down/rp the/at temptation/nn to/to orate/vb on/in his/pp$ skills/nns or/cc cut/vb up/rp in/in public/jj ./. In/in his/pp$ minor/jj way/nn Charles/np Arthur/np Shires/np was/bedz perhaps/rb more/ql typical/jj of/in his/pp$ era/nn than/cs Ruth/np was/bedz ,/, for/cs he/pps was/bedz but/rb one/cd of/in many/ap young/jj men/nns who/wps laid/vbd waste/nn their/pp$ talents/nns in/in these/dts Scott/np Fitzgerald/np days/nns for/in the/at sake/nn of/in earning/vbg space/nn in/in the/at newspapers/nns ./. There/ex were/bed others/nns who/wps climbed/vbd flagpoles/nns and/cc refused/vbd to/to come/vb down/rp ;/. ;/. or/cc who/wps ingested/vbd strange/jj objects/nns ,/, like/cs live/jj fish/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc who/wps undertook/vbd to/to set/vb records/nns for/in remaining/vbg erect/jj on/in a/at dance/nn floor/nn ,/, with/in or/cc without/in a/at partner/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc who/wps essayed/vbd to/to down/vb full/jj bottles/nns of/in illicit/jj gin/nn without/in pausing/vbg for/in breath/nn ./. One/cd young/jj man/nn ,/, exhilarated/vbn to/in the/at point/nn of/in insanity/nn by/in liquor/nn and/cc the/at excitement/nn of/in the/at moment/nn ,/, performed/vbd a/at perfect/jj swan/nn dive/nn out/in of/in the/at stands/nns at/in the/at Yale/np-tl Bowl/nn-tl during/in the/at Yale-Army/np football/nn game/nn ,/, landed/vbd squarely/rb on/in his/pp$ head/nn on/in the/at concrete/nn ramp/nn below/rb ,/, and/cc died/vbd at/in once/cs ./. But/cc the/at twenties/nns were/bed not/* all/abn insanity/nn and/cc a/at striving/nn after/in recognition/nn ./. The/at business/nn of/in baseball/nn began/vbd to/to prosper/vb along/rb with/in other/ap entertainments/nns ,/, and/cc performers/nns --/-- thanks/nns partly/rb to/in George/np Herman/np Ruth's/np$ spectacular/jj efforts/nns each/dt season/nn to/to run/vb his/pp$ salary/nn higher/jjr and/cc higher/jjr --/-- prospered/vbd too/rb ./. While/cs fifty/cd years/nns before/rb ,/, Albert/np Goodwill/np Spalding/np ,/, secretary/nn of/in the/at Chicago/np-tl Ball/nn-tl Club/nn-tl of/in the/at National/jj-tl League/nn-tl ,/, could/md write/vb earnestly/rb to/in the/at manager/nn of/in the/at Buffalo/np club/nn and/cc request/vb a/at guarantee/nn of/in one/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns for/in a/at baseball/nn game/nn in/in August/np ,/, in/in this/dt Golden/jj-tl Era/nn-tl a/at game/nn at/in the/at Yankee/jj-tl Stadium/nn-tl might/md bring/vb in/rp nearly/rb a/at hundred/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns at/in the/at gate/nn ./. And/cc while/cs less/ap than/in ten/cd years/nns earlier/rbr the/at wayward/jj Black/jj-tl Sox/nps-tl --/-- all/abn of/in them/ppo top/jjs performers/nns in/in their/pp$ positions/nns --/-- had/hvd toiled/vbn for/in stingy/jj Charles/np Comiskey/np at/in salaries/nns ranging/vbg from/in twenty-five/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns to/in forty-five/cd hundred/cd dollars/nns a/at year/nn ,/, stars/nns now/rb were/bed asking/vbg ten/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns ,/, twenty/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns ,/, yes/rb ,/, even/rb fifty/cd thousand/cd dollars/nns a/at season/nn ./. The/at greatest/jjt team/nn of/in this/dt period/nn was/bedz unquestionably/rb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Yankees/nps-tl ,/, bought/vbn by/in brewery/nn millions/nns and/cc made/vbn into/in a/at ball/nn club/nn by/in men/nns named/vbn Ed/np Barrow/np and/cc Miller/np Huggins/np ./. Boston/np fans/nns sometimes/rb liked/vbd to/to wring/vb some/dti wry/jj satisfaction/nn out/in of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs most/ap of/in the/at great/jj 1923-27/cd crew/nn were/bed graduates/nns of/in the/at Red/jj-tl Sox/nps-tl --/-- sold/vbn to/in millionaires/nns Huston/np and/cc Ruppert/np by/in a/at man/nn who/wps could/md not/* deny/vb them/ppo their/pp$ most/ql trifling/vbg desire/nn ./. Ruth/np himself/ppl ,/, still/rb owning/vbg his/pp$ farm/nn in/in Massachusetts/np and/cc an/at interest/nn in/in the/at Massachusetts/np cigar/nn business/nn that/wps printed/vbd his/pp$ round/jj boyish/jj face/nn on/in the/at wrappers/nns ,/, had/hvd led/vbn the/at parade/nn down/rp from/in Fenway/np-tl Park/nn-tl ,/, followed/vbn by/rb pitchers/nns Carl/np Mays/np ,/, Leslie/np ``/`` Joe/np ''/'' Bush/np ,/, Waite/np Hoyt/np ,/, Herb/np Pennock/np ,/, and/cc Sam/np Jones/np ,/, catcher/nn Wally/np Schang/np ,/, third/od baseman/nn Joe/np Dugan/np (/( who/wps completed/vbd the/at ``/`` playboy/nn trio/nn ''/'' of/in Ruth/np ,/, Dugan/np ,/, and/cc Hoyt/np )/) ,/, and/cc shortstop/nn Everett/np Scott/np ./. By/in 1926/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at mighty/jj Yanks/nps were/bed at/in their/pp$ mightiest/jjt ,/, only/rb a/at few/ap of/in these/dts were/bed left/vbn but/cc they/ppss still/rb shone/vbd brightest/rbt ,/, even/rb beside/in able/jj and/cc agile/jj rookies/nns like/cs Tony/np Lazzeri/np (/( who/wps managed/vbd never/rb to/to have/hv one/cd of/in his/pp$ epileptic/jj fits/nns on/in the/at field/nn )/) ,/, Mark/np Koenig/np ,/, Lou/np Gehrig/np ,/, George/np Pipgras/np ,/, and/cc gray-thatched/jj Earl/np Combs/np ./. The/at deeds/nns of/in this/dt team/nn ,/, through/in two/cd seasons/nns and/cc in/in the/at two/cd World's/nn$-tl Series/nns-tl that/wps followed/vbd ,/, have/hv been/ben written/vbn and/cc talked/vbn about/rb until/cs hardly/rb a/at word/nn is/bez left/vbn to/to be/be said/vbn ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez one/cd small/jj episode/nn that/wpo a/at few/ap New/jj-tl York/np-tl fans/nns who/wps happened/vbd to/to sit/vb in/in the/at cheap/jj seats/nns for/in one/cd World's/nn$-tl Series/nn-tl game/nn in/in 1926/cd like/vb best/rbt to/to recall/vb ./. Babe/np Ruth/np ,/, as/cs he/pps always/rb did/dod in/in the/at Stadium/nn-tl ,/, played/vbd right/jj field/nn to/to avoid/vb having/hvg the/at sun/nn in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, and/cc Tommy/np Thevenow/np ,/, a/at rather/ql mediocre/jj hitter/nn who/wps played/vbd shortstop/nn for/in the/at St./np-tl Louis/np-tl Cardinals/nns-tl ,/, knocked/vbd a/at ball/nn with/in all/abn his/pp$ might/nn into/in the/at sharp/jj angle/nn formed/vbn by/in the/at permanent/jj stands/nns and/cc the/at wooden/jj bleachers/nns ,/, where/wrb Ruth/np could/md not/* reach/vb it/ppo ./. The/at ball/nn lay/vbd there/rb ,/, shining/vbg white/jj on/in the/at grass/nn in/in view/nn of/in nearly/ql every/at fan/nn in/in the/at park/nn while/cs Ruth/np ,/, red-necked/jj with/in frustration/nn ,/, charged/vbd about/in the/at small/jj patch/nn of/in ground/nn screaming/vbg ,/, ``/`` Where's/wrb+bez the/at --/-- -ing/vbg ball/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. But/cc ,/, as/cs he/pps snarled/vbd unhappily/rb when/wrb the/at inning/nn was/bedz over/rp ,/, ``/`` not/* a/at sonofabitch/nn in/in the/at place/nn would/md tell/vb me/ppo ''/'' ,/, so/rb little/jj Tommy/np ran/vbd all/abn the/at way/nn home/nr ./. The/at ordinary/jj man/nn and/cc woman/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, saw/vbd little/ap of/in the/at great/jj professional/jj games/nns of/in those/dts Golden/jj-tl Days/nns-tl ,/, or/cc of/in any/dti other/ap sporting/vbg event/nn for/in that/dt matter/vb ./. Promoters/nns always/rb hastened/vbn to/to place/vb their/pp$ choice/jj tickets/nns in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at wealthy/jj speculators/nns ,/, and/cc only/rb the/at man/nn who/wps knew/vbd the/at man/nn who/wps knew/vbd the/at fellow/nn who/wps had/hvd an/at in/nn with/in the/at guy/nn at/in the/at box/nn office/nn ever/rb came/vbd up/rp with/in a/at good/jj seat/nn for/in a/at contest/nn of/in any/dti importance/nn ./. Radio/nn broadcasts/nns ,/, however/rb --/-- now/rb that/cs even/ql plain/jj people/nns could/md afford/vb ``/`` loud/jj speakers/nns ''/'' on/in their/pp$ sets/nns --/-- held/vbd old/jj fans/nns to/in the/at major-league/nn races/nns and/cc attracted/vbd new/jj ones/nns ,/, chiefly/rb women/nns ,/, who/wps through/in what/wdt the/at philosopher/nn called/vbd the/at ineluctable/jj modality/nn of/in audition/nn ,/, became/vbd first/rb inured/vbn ,/, then/rb attracted/vbn ,/, then/rb addicted/vbn to/in the/at long/jj afternoon/nn recitals/nns of/in the/at doings/nns in/in some/dti distant/jj baseball/nn park/nn ./. In/in some/dti cities/nns games/nns were/bed broadcast/vbn throughout/in the/at week/nn and/cc then/rb on/in weekends/nns the/at announcer/nn was/bedz silenced/vbn ,/, and/cc fans/nns must/md needs/vbz drive/vb to/in the/at city/nn from/in all/abn the/at broadcast/nn area/nn to/to discover/vb how/wrb their/pp$ heroes/nns were/bed faring/vbg ./. This/dt had/hvd a/at pleasant/jj effect/nn upon/in the/at Sunday/nr gate/nn receipts/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs upon/in the/at intake/nn of/in the/at rail/nn and/cc bus/nn companies/nns ,/, some/dti of/in which/wdt began/vbd to/to offer/vb special/jj excursion/nn rates/nns ,/, including/in seats/nns at/in the/at park/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs the/at trolley/nn and/cc ferry/nn companies/nns had/hvd when/wrb baseball/nn was/bedz new/jj ./. While/cs women/nns had/hvd always/rb attended/vbn ball/nn games/nns in/in small/jj numbers/nns (/( it/pps was/bedz the/at part/nn of/in a/at ``/`` dead/jj game/nn sport/nn ''/'' in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn to/to be/be taken/vbn out/rp to/in the/at ball/nn park/nn and/cc to/to root/vb ,/, root/vb ,/, root/vb for/in the/at home/nn team/nn )/) ,/, they/ppss had/hvd often/rb sat/vbn in/in patient/jj martyrdom/nn ,/, unable/jj even/rb to/to read/vb the/at scoreboard/nn ,/, which/wdt sometimes/rb seemed/vbd to/to indicate/vb that/cs one/cd team/nn led/vbd another/dt by/in a/at score/nn of/in three/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty/cd to/in one/cd hundred/cd and/cc fifty-one/cd ./. The/at questions/nns women/nns asked/vbd at/in baseball/nn games/nns were/bed standard/jj grist/nn for/in amateur/jj comedy/nn ,/, as/cs were/bed the/at doings/nns of/in women/nns automobile/nn drivers/nns ;/. ;/. for/cs every/at grown/vbn man/nn (/( except/in a/at few/ap who/wps were/bed always/rb suspected/vbn of/in being/beg shy/jj on/in virility/nn )/) knew/vbd at/in least/ap the/at fundamentals/nns of/in baseball/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs every/at male/nn American/np in/in this/dt era/nn liked/vbd to/to imagine/vb (/( or/cc pretend/vb )/) that/cs he/pps could/md fight/vb with/in his/pp$ fists/nns ./. And/cc women/nns were/bed not/* expected/vbn to/to know/vb that/cs the/at pitcher/nn was/bedz trying/vbg not/* to/to let/vb the/at batter/nn hit/vb the/at ball/nn ./. Radio/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, so/ql increased/vbn the/at interest/nn of/in women/nns in/in the/at game/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz hardly/ql necessary/jj even/rb to/to have/hv ``/`` Ladies'/nns$-tl Days/nns-tl ''/'' any/dti longer/rbr to/to enable/vb men/nns to/to get/vb to/in the/at ball/nn park/nn without/in interference/nn at/in home/nr ./. Women/nns actually/rb began/vbd to/to appear/vb unaccompanied/jj in/in the/at stands/nns ,/, where/wrb they/ppss still/rb occasionally/rb ran/vbd the/at risk/nn of/in coming/vbg home/nr with/in a/at tobacco-juice/nn stain/nn on/in a/at clean/jj skirt/nn or/cc a/at new/jj curse/nn word/nn tingling/vbg their/pp$ ears/nns ./. The/at radio/nn broadcasts/nns themselves/ppls were/bed often/rb so/ql patiently/rb informative/jj ,/, despite/in the/at baseball/nn jargon/nn ,/, that/cs girls/nns and/cc women/nns could/md begin/vb to/to store/vb up/rp in/in their/pp$ minds/nns the/at same/ap sort/nn of/in random/jj and/cc meaningless/jj statistics/nns that/wps small/jj boys/nns had/hvd long/rb learned/vbn better/rbr than/cs they/ppss ever/rb did/dod their/pp$ lessons/nns in/in school/nn ./.

cf39

cf39 |@word conclusion:1 dependent:3 assumption:1 traditional:2 sex:4 continue:2 sanction:1 premarital:2 chastity:1 ideal:3 double:1 standard:2 holding:1 female:5 primarily:5 responsible:1 preserve:1 discussion:2 involve:5 use:1 erik:1 erikson:9 schema:3 identity:20 diffusion:16 conceptual:1 tool:1 superimpose:2 common:1 denominator:1 onto:1 diverse:1 personality:1 family:2 configuration:1 unwed:11 mother:11 whose:3 case:5 history:3 quote:3 earlier:1 utilize:1 crisis:13 postulate:2 intend:1 demonstrate:1 utility:1 theoretical:1 study:4 hope:1 thereby:1 emphasize:3 psychological:2 standpoint:1 effectual:1 prevention:3 illegitimacy:3 continuous:1 long:4 term:3 process:3 socialization:1 infancy:5 adolescence:14 hypothesize:1 series:2 developmental:3 stage:2 begin:1 individual:9 end:1 old:1 age:3 indicate:3 adolescent:17 face:2 successful:1 positive:3 resolution:2 epigenetic:1 principle:1 area:3 depend:3 considerable:4 degree:6 already:2 resolve:3 preliminary:2 preparatory:1 childhood:13 early:11 within:3 delinquent:1 behavior:10 motherhood:1 reflect:3 inability:3 various:2 positively:1 experience:18 time:10 perspective:2 ability:4 plan:1 future:3 postpone:1 gratify:1 immediate:2 want:3 order:2 achieve:1 range:3 objective:1 easily:2 develop:16 able:1 rely:1 trust:4 people:2 world:3 live:1 note:3 unless:1 ambivalence:1 varying:1 temporarily:3 result:3 remember:1 gratification:1 yet:1 fully:1 accept:3 planning:1 require:1 adulthood:2 may:4 permanent:1 sense:7 utter:2 apathy:2 feeling:1 desperate:2 urgency:2 act:2 immediately:1 polar:1 extreme:1 comment:2 report:1 chapter:4 apparently:1 feel:3 make:3 spur:1 moment:2 commitment:2 love:2 would:2 life:2 consequence:1 display:1 indifference:2 decision:3 past:1 many:5 datum:1 reveal:3 several:1 indication:1 source:6 basic:1 mistrust:2 parent:6 particular:2 general:2 however:4 erickson:1 failure:2 nee:1 irreversibly:1 deterministic:2 respect:1 give:5 show:1 6:1 snp:1 originally:1 aid:1 identification:5 alter:1 specific:1 must:1 significance:3 development:2 combine:1 inevitable:1 society:1 period:1 provide:3 opportunity:5 two:1 closely:1 related:1 self:12 certainty:7 consciousness:1 role:5 experimentation:2 negative:1 freedom:4 experiment:4 different:4 confidence:2 one:7 unique:1 alternative:2 peer:5 group:5 conformity:1 permit:2 exercise:2 initiative:8 encourage:1 autonomy:7 child:2 constantly:1 surround:1 nursery:1 school:6 inculcate:1 primacy:1 acceptance:3 allow:1 little:2 play:2 work:8 pattern:4 normal:2 vanity:1 sensitivity:1 preoccupation:2 whether:5 find:1 appearance:1 acceptable:2 compound:3 ostensible:1 rebellion:2 suggestion:1 criticism:1 anyone:1 except:1 friend:2 manifestation:1 indoctrinate:1 shame:3 guilt:1 fail:3 behave:1 manner:1 judge:1 performance:1 elementary:1 invite:1 doubt:1 well:3 criticize:2 consider:1 difficult:1 understand:1 also:2 similar:1 groping:1 denial:1 adult:4 status:1 attitude:1 2:2 marked:1 absence:2 appear:1 regard:1 sexual:5 justifiable:1 mean:1 gain:1 seem:1 aware:1 need:2 supplement:1 enduring:1 stable:2 another:2 confront:2 anticipation:3 achievement:5 paralysis:4 capacity:2 anticipate:1 discipline:5 necessary:1 complete:4 task:4 successfully:1 progressively:1 dignity:3 keep:1 create:1 something:3 small:1 simple:1 even:3 doll:1 dress:1 design:2 rather:4 ought:1 sometimes:1 explore:1 discover:1 skill:2 indecision:2 incapacitate:1 present:4 prepare:1 career:1 homemaker:1 stay:1 financially:1 help:1 support:1 attend:3 pursue:1 college:3 education:1 job:4 high:1 follow:1 course:3 mount:1 workmanship:2 express:3 starting:1 never:4 fact:1 base:1 carreer:1 like:1 dislike:1 subsequent:2 lack:1 practice:2 expression:3 tend:2 deprive:1 occasionally:1 select:1 basis:1 available:1 convenient:1 pay:1 reasonably:1 thing:2 contribute:1 could:2 become:4 increase:2 susceptible:1 sporadic:1 diversion:1 affair:2 relieve:1 monotony:1 activity:1 contain:1 joy:1 craftsmanship:1 derive:1 learn:1 habit:1 context:1 excerpt:1 confirm:1 though:1 facet:1 example:4 household:1 chore:1 responsibility:4 subsequently:1 occupy:1 leisure:1 hour:1 search:3 exciting:1 divert:1 hand:1 much:2 impose:1 thus:1 dull:1 unrewarding:1 burden:1 escape:1 rebel:1 fun:1 forbid:1 ideological:6 polarization:2 discuss:2 way:2 germane:1 consderation:1 shall:1 concept:2 data:1 tendency:2 polarize:1 idea:8 value:6 perceive:1 either:2 black:1 white:1 nuance:1 meaning:2 relatively:1 unimportant:1 perhaps:1 clearly:1 literature:1 religious:1 conversion:1 definite:1 rapidly:1 change:1 fluctuate:1 land:1 cause:1 cut:1 transcend:1 multiple:1 ambivalent:1 passage:1 forceful:1 overt:1 emotion:1 think:1 strongly:1 independence:1 identify:3 overtly:1 previous:1 proliferation:1 pronounced:1 likely:1 fix:1 minimal:1 direct:1 constructive:1 serve:1 pronounce:1 independently:2 system:2 evince:1 belief:2 action:1 represent:2 reaction:1 inner:1 conviction:1 choice:1 mirror:1 willie:1 lohman:1 relativistic:1 always:1 coincide:1 important:1 argument:1 true:1 believer:1 seek:1 disprove:1 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This/dt conclusion/nn is/bez dependent/jj on/in the/at assumption/nn that/cs traditional/jj sex/nn mores/nns will/md continue/vb to/to sanction/vb both/abx premarital/jj chastity/nn as/cs the/at ``/`` ideal/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at double/jj standard/nn holding/vbg females/nns primarily/rb responsible/jj for/in preserving/vbg the/at ideal/nn ./. Our/pp$ discussion/nn of/in this/dt involves/vbz using/vbg Erik/np Erikson's/np$ schema/nn of/in ``/`` identity/nn vs./in identity/nn diffusion/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at conceptual/jj tool/nn in/in superimposing/vbg a/at few/ap common/jj denominators/nns onto/in the/at diverse/jj personality/nn and/cc family/nn configurations/nns of/in the/at unwed/jj mothers/nns from/in whose/wp$ case/nn histories/nns we/ppss quoted/vbd earlier/rbr ./. Our/pp$ discussion/nn does/doz not/* utilize/vb all/abn the/at identity/nn crises/nns postulated/vbn by/in Erikson/np ,/, but/cc is/bez intended/vbn to/to demonstrate/vb the/at utility/nn of/in his/pp$ theoretical/jj schema/nn for/in studying/vbg unwed/jj mothers/nns ./. We/ppss hope/vb thereby/rb to/to emphasize/vb that/cs ,/, from/in a/at psychological/jj standpoint/nn ,/, the/at effectual/jj prevention/nn of/in illegitimacy/nn is/bez a/at continuous/jj long-term/nn process/nn involving/vbg the/at socialization/nn of/in the/at female/nn from/in infancy/nn through/in adolescence/nn ./. Hypothesizing/vbg a/at series/nns of/in developmental/jj stages/nns that/wps begin/vb in/in the/at individual's/nn$ infancy/nn and/cc end/vb in/in his/pp$ old/jj age/nn ,/, Erikson/np has/hvz indicated/vbn that/cs the/at adolescent/nn is/bez faced/vbn with/in a/at series/nn of/in identity/nn crises/nns ./. The/at successful/jj and/cc positive/jj resolution/nn of/in these/dts crises/nns during/in adolescence/nn involves/vbz an/at epigenetic/jj principle/nn --/-- during/in adolescence/nn ,/, the/at individual's/nn$ positive/jj resolutions/nns in/in each/dt area/nn of/in identity/nn crisis/nn depend/vb ,/, to/in a/at considerable/jj degree/nn ,/, on/in his/pp$ already/rb having/hvg resolved/vbn preliminary/jj and/cc preparatory/jj identity/nn crises/nns during/in his/pp$ infancy/nn ,/, childhood/nn ,/, and/cc early/jj adolescence/nn ./. Within/in Erikson's/np$ schema/nn ,/, the/at adolescent's/nn$ delinquent/jj behavior/nn --/-- in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, her/pp$ unwed/jj motherhood/nn --/-- reflects/vbz her/pp$ ``/`` identity/nn diffusion/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc her/pp$ inability/nn to/to resolve/vb these/dts various/jj identity/nn crises/nns positively/rb ./. The/at adolescent/nn experiences/vbz identity/nn crises/nns in/in terms/nns of/in time/nn perspective/nn vs./in time/nn diffusion/nn ./. Time/nn perspective/nn --/-- the/at ability/nn to/to plan/vb for/in the/at future/nn and/cc to/to postpone/vb gratifying/vbg immediate/jj wants/nns in/in order/nn to/to achieve/vb long-range/nn objectives/nns --/-- is/bez more/ql easily/rb developed/vbn if/cs ,/, from/in infancy/nn on/rp ,/, the/at individual/nn has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to rely/vb on/in and/cc trust/vb people/nns and/cc the/at world/nn in/in which/wdt she/pps lives/vbz ./. Erikson/np has/hvz noted/vbn that/cs ,/, unless/cs this/dt trust/nn developed/vbd early/rb ,/, the/at time/nn ambivalence/nn experienced/vbn ,/, in/in varying/vbg degree/nn and/cc temporarily/rb ,/, by/in all/abn adolescents/nns (/( as/cs a/at result/nn of/in their/pp$ remembering/vbg the/at more/ql immediate/jj gratification/nn of/in wants/nns during/in childhood/nn ,/, while/cs not/* yet/rb having/hvg fully/rb accepted/vbn the/at long-range/nn planning/nn required/vbn by/in adulthood/nn )/) may/md develop/vb into/in a/at more/ql permanent/jj sense/nn of/in time/nn diffusion/nn ./. Experience/nn of/in this/dt time/nn diffusion/nn ranges/vbz from/in a/at sense/nn of/in utter/jj apathy/nn to/in a/at feeling/nn of/in desperate/jj urgency/nn to/to act/vb immediately/rb ./. These/dts polar/jj extremes/nns in/in time/nn diffusion/nn were/bed indicated/vbn in/in some/dti of/in the/at comments/nns by/in unwed/jj mothers/nns reported/vbd in/in earlier/jjr chapters/nns ./. Some/dti of/in these/dts mothers/nns ,/, apparently/rb feeling/vbg a/at desperate/jj urgency/nn ,/, made/vbd ,/, on/in the/at spur/nn of/in the/at moment/nn ,/, commitments/nns ,/, in/in love/nn and/cc sex/nn ,/, that/wps would/md have/hv life-long/jj consequences/nns ./. Others/nns displayed/vbd utter/jj apathy/nn and/cc indifference/nn to/in any/dti decision/nn about/in the/at past/nn or/cc the/at future/nn ./. For/in many/ap of/in these/dts unwed/jj mothers/nns ,/, the/at data/nns on/in their/pp$ family/nn life/nn and/cc early/jj childhood/nn experiences/nns revealed/vbd several/ap indications/nns and/cc sources/nns of/in their/pp$ basic/jj mistrust/nn of/in their/pp$ parents/nns in/in particular/jj and/cc of/in the/at world/nn in/in general/jj ./. However/rb ,/, as/cs Erickson/np has/hvz noted/vbn ,/, the/at individual's/nn$ failure/nn to/to develop/vb preliminary/jj identities/nns during/in infancy/nn and/cc childhood/nn need/md not/* be/be irreversibly/ql deterministic/jj with/in respect/nn to/in a/at given/vbn area/nn of/in identity/nn diffusion/nn in/in his/pp$ (/( or/cc her/pp$ )/) adolescence/nn ./. And/cc ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 6/cd-tl ,/, ,/, some/dti SNP/nn females/nns originally/rb developed/vbd such/jj trust/nn only/rb during/in their/pp$ adolescence/nn ,/, through/in the/at aid/nn of/in ,/, and/cc their/pp$ identification/nn with/in ,/, alter-parents/nns ./. In/in the/at specific/jj case/nn of/in time/nn diffusion/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md emphasize/vb the/at significance/nn of/in the/at earlier/jjr development/nn of/in mistrust/nn when/wrb it/pps is/bez combined/vbn with/in the/at inevitable/jj time/nn crisis/nn experienced/vbn by/in most/ap (/( if/cs not/* all/abn )/) adolescents/nns in/in our/pp$ society/nn ,/, and/cc with/in the/at failure/nn of/in the/at adolescent/jj period/nn to/to provide/vb opportunities/nns for/in developing/vbg trust/nn ./. The/at adolescent/nn experiences/vbz two/cd closely/rb related/vbn crises/nns :/: self-certainty/nn vs./in an/at identity/nn consciousness/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc role-experimentation/nn vs./in negative/jj identity/nn ./. A/at sense/nn of/in self-certainty/nn and/cc the/at freedom/nn to/to experiment/vb with/in different/jj roles/nns ,/, or/cc confidence/nn in/in one's/pn$ own/jj unique/jj behavior/nn as/cs an/at alternative/nn to/in peer-group/nn conformity/nn ,/, is/bez more/ql easily/rb developed/vbn during/in adolescence/nn if/cs ,/, during/in early/jj childhood/nn ,/, the/at individual/nn was/bedz permitted/vbn to/to exercise/vb initiative/nn and/cc encouraged/vbn to/to develop/vb some/dti autonomy/nn ./. However/rb ,/, if/cs the/at child/nn has/hvz been/ben constantly/rb surrounded/vbn ,/, during/in nursery/nn and/cc early/jj school/nn age/nn ,/, by/in peer/nn groups/nns ;/. ;/. inculcated/vbn with/in the/at primacy/nn of/in group/nn acceptance/nn and/cc group/nn standards/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc allowed/vbn little/ap initiative/nn in/in early/jj play/nn and/cc work/nn patterns/nns --/-- then/rb in/in adolescence/nn her/pp$ normal/jj degree/nn of/in vanity/nn ,/, sensitivity/nn ,/, and/cc preoccupation/nn with/in whether/cs others/nns find/vb her/ppo appearance/nn and/cc behavior/nn acceptable/jj ,/, will/md be/be compounded/vbn ./. Her/pp$ ostensible/jj indifference/nn to/in and/cc rebellion/nn against/in suggestions/nns and/cc criticisms/nns by/in anyone/pn except/in peer/nn friends/nns during/in adolescence/nn are/ber the/at manifestations/nns ,/, in/in her/pp$ adolescence/nn ,/, of/in her/ppo having/hvg been/ben indoctrinated/vbn in/in childhood/nn to/to feel/vb shame/nn ,/, if/cs not/* guilt/nn ,/, for/in failing/vbg to/to behave/vb in/in a/at manner/nn acceptable/jj to/in ,/, and/cc judged/vbn by/in ,/, the/at performance/nn of/in her/pp$ nursery-/nn and/cc elementary-school/nn peer/nn friends/nns ./. To/to be/be different/jj is/bez to/to invite/vb shame/nn and/cc doubt/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps is/bez better/jjr to/to be/be shamed/vbn and/cc criticized/vbn by/in one's/pn$ parents/nns ,/, who/wps already/rb consider/vb one/cd different/jj and/cc difficult/jj to/to understand/vb ,/, than/cs by/in one's/pn$ peers/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber also/rb experiencing/vbg a/at similar/jj groping/nn for/in and/cc denial/nn of/in adult/nn status/nn ./. The/at attitudes/nns of/in some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns quoted/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, revealed/vbd both/abx considerable/jj preoccupation/nn with/in being/beg accepted/vbn by/in others/nns and/cc a/at marked/vbn absence/nn of/in self-certainty/nn ./. Many/ap appeared/vbd to/to regard/vb their/pp$ sexual/jj behavior/nn as/cs a/at justifiable/jj means/nn of/in gaining/vbg acceptance/nn from/in and/cc identification/nn with/in others/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc very/ql few/ap seemed/vbn aware/jj that/cs such/jj acceptance/nn and/cc identification/nn need/vb to/to be/be supplemented/vbn with/in more/ql enduring/vbg and/cc stable/jj identification/nn of/in and/cc with/in one's/pn$ self/nn ./. Another/dt identity/nn crisis/nn confronting/vbg the/at adolescent/nn involves/vbz anticipation/nn of/in achievement/nn vs./in work-paralysis/nn ./. The/at adolescent's/nn$ capacity/nn to/to anticipate/vb achievement/nn and/cc to/to exercise/vb the/at self-discipline/nn necessary/jj to/to complete/vb tasks/nns successfully/rb depends/vbz on/in the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt he/pps or/cc she/pps developed/vbd autonomy/nn ,/, initiative/nn ,/, and/cc self-discipline/nn during/in childhood/nn ./. The/at developmental/jj process/nn involves/vbz the/at individual's/nn$ progressively/rb experiencing/vbg a/at sense/nn of/in dignity/nn and/cc achievement/nn resulting/vbg from/in having/hvg completed/vbn tasks/nns ,/, having/hvg kept/vbn commitments/nns ,/, and/cc having/hvg created/vbn something/pn (/( however/wql small/jj or/cc simple/jj --/-- even/rb a/at doll/nn dress/nn of/in one's/pn$ own/jj design/nn rather/in than/in in/in the/at design/nn ``/`` it/pps ought/md to/to be/be ''/'' )/) ./. These/dts childhood/nn experiences/nns are/ber sources/nns of/in the/at self-certainty/nn that/cs the/at adolescent/nn needs/vbz ,/, for/in experimenting/vbg with/in many/ap roles/nns ,/, and/cc for/in the/at freedom/nn to/to fail/vb sometimes/rb in/in the/at process/nn of/in exploring/vbg and/cc discovering/vbg her/pp$ skills/nns and/cc abilities/nns ./. If/cs she/pps has/hvz not/* had/hvn such/jj experiences/nns ,/, the/at female's/nn$ normal/jj adolescent/jj degree/nn of/in indecision/nn will/md be/be compounded/vbn ./. She/pps may/md well/rb be/be incapacitated/vbn by/in it/ppo when/wrb she/pps is/bez confronted/vbn with/in present/jj and/cc future/jj alternatives/nns --/-- e.g./rb ,/, whether/cs to/to prepare/vb primarily/rb for/in a/at career/nn or/cc for/in the/at role/nn of/in a/at homemaker/nn ;/. ;/. whether/cs to/to stay/vb financially/rb dependent/jj on/in her/pp$ parents/nns or/cc help/vb support/vb herself/ppl while/cs attending/vbg school/nn ;/. ;/. whether/cs to/to pursue/vb a/at college/nn education/nn or/cc a/at job/nn after/in high/jj school/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc whether/cs to/to attend/vb this/dt or/cc that/dt college/nn and/cc to/to follow/vb this/dt or/cc that/dt course/nn of/in study/nn ./. Erikson/np has/hvz noted/vbn that/cs ,/, as/cs this/dt indecision/nn mounts/vbz ,/, it/pps may/md result/vb in/in a/at ``/`` paralysis/nn of/in workmanship/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt paralysis/nn may/md be/be expressed/vbn in/in the/at female's/nn$ starting/vbg --/-- and/cc never/rb completing/vbg --/-- many/ap jobs/nns ,/, tasks/nns ,/, and/cc courses/nns of/in study/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs she/pps bases/vbz her/pp$ decisions/nns about/in work/nn ,/, college/nn ,/, carreer/nn ,/, and/cc studies/nns on/in what/wdt others/nns are/ber doing/vbg ,/, rather/in than/in on/in her/pp$ own/jj sense/nn of/in identity/nn with/in given/vbn skills/nns ,/, abilities/nns ,/, likes/nns ,/, and/cc dislikes/nns ./. The/at absence/nn ,/, during/in her/pp$ childhood/nn and/cc early/jj adolescence/nn ,/, of/in experiences/nns in/in developing/vbg the/at self-discipline/nn to/to complete/vb tasks/nns within/in her/pp$ ability/nn --/-- experiences/nns that/wps would/md have/hv been/ben subsequent/jj sources/nns of/in anticipation/nn of/in achievement/nn --/-- and/cc her/pp$ lack/nn of/in childhood/nn opportunities/nns to/to practice/vb autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn in/in play/nn and/cc expression/nn ,/, both/abx tend/vb in/in her/pp$ adolescence/nn to/to deprive/vb her/ppo of/in the/at freedoms/nns to/to role-experiment/vb and/cc to/to fail/vb occasionally/rb in/in experimenting/vbg ./. The/at comments/nns made/vbn by/in some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns (/( quoted/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) )/) reflect/vb this/dt paralysis/nn of/in workmanship/nn ./. They/ppss attended/vbd school/nn and/cc selected/vbd courses/nns primarily/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in decisions/nns others/nns made/vbd ;/. ;/. they/ppss accepted/vbd a/at job/nn primarily/rb because/cs it/pps was/bedz available/jj ,/, convenient/jj ,/, and/cc paid/vbn reasonably/rb ./. These/dts things/nns both/abx express/vb and/cc ,/, at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, continue/vb contributing/vbg to/in ,/, their/pp$ identity/nn diffusion/nn in/in an/at area/nn that/wps could/md have/hv become/vbn a/at source/nn of/in developing/vbg dignity/nn and/cc self-certainty/nn ./. As/cs their/pp$ identity/nn diffusion/nn increased/vbd ,/, they/ppss became/vbd more/ql susceptible/jj to/in sporadic/jj diversions/nns in/in love/nn and/cc sexual/jj affairs/nns ./. These/dts affairs/nns temporarily/rb relieved/vbd the/at monotony/nn of/in school/nn or/cc work/nn activities/nns containing/vbg no/at anticipation/nn of/in achievement/nn and/cc joy/nn of/in craftsmanship/nn ,/, no/at sense/nn of/in dignity/nn derived/vbn from/in a/at job/nn well/rb done/vbn ./. Childhood/nn experiences/nns in/in learning/vbg work/nn and/cc self-discipline/nn habits/nns within/in a/at context/nn of/in developing/vbg autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn have/hv considerable/jj significance/nn for/in the/at prevention/nn of/in illegitimacy/nn ./. The/at excerpts/nns from/in case/nn histories/nns presented/vbn above/rb confirm/vb this/dt significance/nn ,/, though/cs through/in different/jj facets/nns of/in experience/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns had/hvd had/hvn no/at work/nn experiences/nns ,/, household/nn chores/nns ,/, and/cc responsibilities/nns during/in childhood/nn and/cc early/jj adolescence/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss subsequently/rb occupied/vbd their/pp$ leisure/nn hours/nns in/in searching/vbg for/in something/pn exciting/jj and/cc diverting/vbg ./. Sex/nn was/bedz both/abx ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, some/dti unwed/jj mothers/nns had/hvd had/hvn so/ql much/ap work/nn and/cc responsibility/nn imposed/vbn on/in them/ppo at/in an/at early/jj age/nn ,/, and/cc had/hvd thus/rb had/hvn so/ql little/ap freedom/nn or/cc opportunity/nn to/to develop/vb autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn ,/, that/cs their/pp$ work/nn and/cc responsibilities/nns became/vbd dull/jj and/cc unrewarding/jj burdens/nns --/-- to/to be/be escaped/vbn and/cc rebelled/vbn against/rb through/in fun/nn and/cc experimentation/nn with/in forbidden/vbn sexual/jj behavior/nn ./. The/at adolescent/nn also/rb faces/vbz the/at identity/nn crisis/nn that/cs Erikson/np has/hvz termed/vbn ideological/jj polarization/nn vs./in diffusion/nn of/in ideals/nns ./. In/in discussing/vbg the/at ways/nns this/dt crisis/nn is/bez germane/jj to/in consderations/nns for/in the/at prevention/nn of/in illegitimacy/nn ,/, we/ppss shall/md again/rb superimpose/vb Erikson's/np$ concept/nn on/in our/pp$ data/nn ./. Adolescents/nns have/hv a/at much-discussed/jj tendency/nn to/to polarize/vb ideas/nns and/cc values/nns ,/, to/to perceive/vb things/nns as/cs ``/`` either-or/jj ''/'' ,/, black/jj or/cc white/jj --/-- nuances/nns of/in meaning/nn are/ber relatively/ql unimportant/jj ./. This/dt tendency/nn is/bez ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, most/ql clearly/rb revealed/vbn in/in the/at literature/nn on/in religious/jj conversions/nns and/cc experiences/nns of/in adolescents/nns ./. Erikson/np has/hvz postulated/vbn that/cs such/jj ideological/jj polarization/nn temporarily/rb resolves/vbz their/pp$ search/nn for/in something/pn stable/jj and/cc definite/jj in/in the/at rapidly/ql changing/vbg and/cc fluctuating/vbg no-man's-land/nn between/in childhood/nn and/cc adulthood/nn ./. It/pps provides/vbz identification/nn --/-- with/in an/at idea/nn ,/, a/at value/nn ,/, a/at cause/nn that/wps cuts/vbz through/in ,/, or/cc even/rb transcends/vbz ,/, the/at multiple/jj and/cc ambivalent/jj identities/nns of/in their/pp$ passage/nn from/in child/nn to/in adult/nn ,/, and/cc permits/vbz their/pp$ forceful/jj and/cc overt/jj expression/nn of/in emotion/nn ./. The/at positive/jj development/nn ,/, during/in adolescence/nn ,/, of/in this/dt capacity/nn to/to think/vb and/cc to/to feel/vb strongly/rb and/cc with/in increasing/vbg independence/nn ,/, and/cc to/to identify/vb overtly/rb either/cc with/in or/cc against/in given/vbn ideas/nns ,/, values/nns ,/, and/cc practices/nns ,/, depends/vbz to/in a/at considerable/jj degree/nn on/in both/abx previous/jj and/cc present/jj opportunities/nns for/in developing/vbg autonomy/nn ,/, initiative/nn ,/, and/cc self-certainty/nn ./. Most/ap adolescents/nns have/hv some/dti ideological/jj diffusion/nn at/in various/jj developmental/jj stages/nns ,/, as/cs they/ppss experience/vb a/at proliferation/nn of/in ideas/nns and/cc values/nns ./. The/at diffusion/nn is/bez most/ql pronounced/vbn and/cc most/ql likely/jj to/to become/vb fixed/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in those/dts who/wps have/hv had/hvn no/at or/cc very/ql minimal/jj opportunities/nns to/to develop/vb the/at autonomy/nn and/cc initiative/nn that/wps could/md have/hv been/ben directed/vbn into/in constructive/jj expression/nn and/cc so/rb served/vbd as/cs sources/nns of/in developing/vbg self-certainty/nn ./. A/at pronounced/vbn ideological/jj diffusion/nn --/-- i.e./rb ,/, inability/nn to/to identify/vb independently/rb with/in given/vbn ideas/nns and/cc value/nn systems/nns --/-- is/bez reflected/vbn in/in many/ap ways/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez evinced/vbn by/in the/at adolescent/nn (/( or/cc adult/nn )/) whose/wp$ beliefs/nns and/cc actions/nns represent/vb primarily/rb his/pp$ rebellion/nn and/cc reaction/nn against/in the/at ideas/nns and/cc behavior/nn patterns/nns of/in others/nns ,/, rather/in than/in his/pp$ inner/jj conviction/nn and/cc choice/nn ./. It/pps is/bez mirrored/vbn by/in the/at individual/jj Willie/np Lohmans/nps ,/, whose/wp$ ideas/nns and/cc behavior/nn patterns/nns are/ber so/ql dependent/jj and/cc relativistic/jj that/cs they/ppss always/rb coincide/vb with/in those/dts of/in the/at individual/nn or/cc group/nn present/rb and/cc most/ql important/jj at/in the/at moment/nn ./. In/in another/dt sense/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez represented/vbn in/in the/at arguments/nns of/in the/at ``/`` true/jj believers/nns ''/'' who/wps seek/vb to/to disprove/vb the/at validity/nn of/in all/abn other/ap beliefs/nns and/cc ideas/nns in/in order/nn to/to retain/vb confidence/nn in/in theirs/pp$$ ./. The/at case/nn histories/nns provide/vb some/dti interesting/jj illustrations/nns of/in ideological/jj diffusion/nn ,/, embodied/vbn in/in the/at unwed/jj mother's/nn$ inability/nn to/to identify/vb independently/rb a/at given/vbn value/nn system/nn or/cc behavior/nn pattern/nn ,/, ,/, and/cc her/pp$ subsequent/jj disinclination/nn to/to assume/vb any/dti individual/jj responsibility/nn for/in her/pp$ sexual/jj behavior/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at unwed/jj mothers/nns expressed/vbd their/pp$ frustration/nn with/in males/nns who/wps did/dod not/* indicate/vb more/ql explicitly/rb ``/`` what/wdt it/pps is/bez they/ppss really/rb want/vb from/in a/at girl/nn so/cs one/pn can/md act/vb accordingly/rb ''/'' ./. They/ppss were/bed disappointed/vbn by/in the/at physical/jj and/cc emotional/jj hurt/nn of/in premarital/jj sexual/jj intercourse/nn ./. They/ppss condemned/vbd the/at movie/nn script/nn writers/nns for/in implying/vbg that/cs sex/nn was/bedz enjoyable/jj and/cc exhilarating/jj ./. They/ppss criticized/vbd parents/nns for/in never/rb having/hvg emphasized/vbn traditional/jj concepts/nns of/in right/nn and/cc wrong/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc they/ppss censured/vbd parents/nns who/wps ``/`` never/rb disciplined/vbd and/cc were/bed too/ql permissive/jj ''/'' or/cc who/wps ``/`` never/rb explained/vbd how/wql easy/jj it/pps was/bedz to/to get/vb pregnant/jj ''/'' ./. In/in the/at adult/nn world/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in rather/ql general/jj and/cc diffuse/jj sources/nns of/in ideological/jj diffusion/nn that/wps further/rbr compound/vb the/at adolescent's/nn$ search/nn for/in meaning/nn during/in this/dt particular/nn identity/nn crisis/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, some/dti contemporary/jj writing/nn tends/vbz to/to fuse/vb the/at ``/`` good/jj guys/nns ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` bad/jj guys/nns ''/'' ,/, to/to portray/vb the/at weak/jj people/nns as/cs heroes/nns and/cc weakness/nn as/cs a/at virtue/nn ,/, and/cc to/to explain/vb (/( or/cc even/rb justify/vb )/) asocial/jj behavior/nn by/in attributing/vbg it/ppo to/in deterministic/jj psychological/jj ,/, familial/jj ,/, and/cc social/jj experiences/nns ./.

cf40

cf40 |@word final:1 accounting:1 would:8 augment:1 bill:1 side:2 estimate:1 one:9 million:2 dollar:2 probably:2 excessive:1 yet:1 huge:1 amount:1 money:2 consume:1 selden:15 litigation:8 many:5 regard:2 wasteful:1 indirectly:1 contribute:1 constructive:2 change:1 legal:3 procedure:5 duration:1 circumstance:1 case:13 make:4 flagrant:1 example:4 gross:1 abuse:2 patent:39 infringement:8 action:4 suit:11 see:1 come:2 court:12 attorney:1 inventor:5 layman:1 mount:2 demand:1 reform:6 american:4 system:2 chief:2 among:7 defect:2 single:2 complicated:1 wearisome:1 equity:4 long:5 angry:1 footnote:1 opinion:1 judge:2 hough:7 lend:1 weight:1 judicial:3 condemnation:1 criticism:2 duty:1 say:4 let:2 pass:1 opportunity:1 protest:2 method:2 take:5 print:1 testimony:12 current:1 circuit:1 excuse:1 justify:1 rule:7 supreme:3 especially:1 find:3 cause:1 flagrantly:1 exemplify:1 bar:3 prefer:1 adduce:1 evidence:2 write:3 deposition:4 rather:1 viva:1 voce:1 authoritative:2 officer:3 fear:1 antiquated:1 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In/in the/at final/jj accounting/nn ,/, these/dts would/md have/hv augmented/vbn the/at bill/nn for/in both/abx sides/nns ./. An/at estimate/nn of/in one/cd million/cd dollars/nns is/bez probably/rb not/* excessive/jj ./. Yet/cc the/at huge/jj amount/nn of/in money/nn consumed/vbn by/in the/at Selden/np litigation/nn ,/, which/wdt many/ap regarded/vbn as/cs wasteful/jj ,/, indirectly/rb contributed/vbn to/in constructive/jj changes/nns in/in legal/jj procedure/nn ./. The/at duration/nn and/cc other/ap circumstances/nns of/in the/at Selden/np case/nn made/vbd it/ppo a/at flagrant/jj example/nn of/in the/at gross/jj abuses/nns of/in patent/nn infringement/nn actions/nns ./. The/at suit/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, came/vbd before/in the/at courts/nns when/wrb patent/nn attorneys/nns ,/, inventors/nns ,/, and/cc laymen/nns were/bed making/vbg mounting/vbg demands/nns for/in reforms/nns in/in the/at American/jj patent/nn system/nn ./. Chief/jjs among/in the/at defects/nns they/ppss singled/vbd out/rp were/bed the/at complicated/vbn and/cc wearisome/jj procedures/nns in/in equity/nn ./. In/in a/at long/jj and/cc angry/jj footnote/nn to/in his/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, Judge/nn-tl Hough/np had/hvd lent/vbn the/at weight/nn of/in judicial/jj condemnation/nn to/in such/jj criticism/nn ./. ``/`` It/pps is/bez a/at duty/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Hough/np ,/, ``/`` not/* to/to let/vb pass/vb this/dt opportunity/nn of/in protesting/vbg against/in the/at methods/nns of/in taking/vbg and/cc printing/vbg testimony/nn in/in Equity/nn-tl ,/, current/jj in/in this/dt circuit/nn (/( and/cc probably/rb others/nns )/) ,/, excused/vbn if/cs not/* justified/vbn by/in the/at rules/nns of/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, especially/rb to/to be/be found/vbn in/in patent/nn causes/nns ,/, and/cc flagrantly/rb exemplified/vbn in/in this/dt litigation/nn ./. As/ql long/rb as/cs the/at bar/nn prefers/vbz to/to adduce/vb evidence/nn by/in written/vbn deposition/nn ,/, rather/in than/in viva/fw-jj voce/fw-nn before/in an/at authoritative/jj judicial/jj officer/nn ,/, I/ppss fear/vb that/cs the/at antiquated/vbn rules/nns will/md remain/vb unchanged/jj ,/, and/cc expensive/jj prolixity/nn remain/vb the/at best/jjt known/vbn characteristic/nn of/in Equity/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Observing/vbg that/cs ``/`` reforms/nns sometimes/rb begin/vb with/in the/at contemplation/nn of/in horrible/jj examples/nns ''/'' ,/, Hough/np catalogued/vbd the/at many/ap abuses/nns encouraged/vbn by/in existing/vbg procedures/nns ./. He/pps cited/vbd the/at elephantine/jj dimensions/nns of/in the/at Selden/np case/nn record/nn ;/. ;/. the/at duplication/nn of/in testimony/nn and/cc exhibits/nns ;/. ;/. the/at numerous/jj squabbles/nns over/in minor/jj matters/nns ;/. ;/. the/at ``/`` objections/nns stated/vbn at/in outrageous/jj length/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at frequent/jj and/cc rancorous/jj verbal/jj bouts/nns ,/, ``/`` uncalled/jj for/rb and/cc unjustifiable/jj ,/, from/in the/at retort/nn discourteous/jj to/in the/at lie/nn direct/jj ''/'' ./. The/at fundamental/jj difficulty/nn of/in which/wdt the/at Selden/np case/nn was/bedz ``/`` a/at striking/jj (/( though/cs not/* singular/jj )/) example/nn ''/'' ,/, concluded/vbd Hough/np ,/, ``/`` will/md remain/vb as/ql long/rb as/cs testimony/nn is/bez taken/vbn without/in any/dti authoritative/jj judicial/jj officer/nn present/rb ,/, and/cc responsible/jj for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in discipline/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reception/nn or/cc exclusion/nn of/in testimony/nn ''/'' ./. Not/* least/ap among/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at patent/nn bar/nn who/wps echoed/vbd this/dt powerful/jj indictment/nn were/bed those/dts who/wps had/hvd participated/vbn in/in the/at Selden/np suit/nn ./. William/np A./np Redding/np asserted/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at case/nn had/hvd been/ben heard/vbn in/in open/jj court/nn under/in rules/nns of/in evidence/nn ,/, the/at testimony/nn would/md have/hv been/ben completed/vbn in/in sixty/cd days/nns instead/rb of/in five/cd years/nns ./. Inventors/nns joined/vbd lawyers/nns in/in the/at clamor/nn for/in reform/nn ,/, inevitably/rb centering/vbg upon/in the/at Selden/np litigation/nn as/cs a/at ``/`` horrible/jj example/nn ''/'' ./. Its/pp$ costive/jj deliberations/nns were/bed likened/vbn to/in those/dts of/in the/at British/jj courts/nns of/in chancery/nn mercilessly/rb caricatured/vbn by/in Dickens/np in/in Bleak/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. Parker/np ,/, who/wps agreed/vbd with/in much/ap of/in this/dt criticism/nn ,/, did/dod not/* conceal/vb his/pp$ dissatisfaction/nn with/in procedural/jj defects/nns ./. But/cc he/pps felt/vbd that/cs the/at Selden/np case/nn was/bedz being/beg unfairly/rb pilloried/vbn ./. In/in a/at detailed/vbn letter/nn published/vbn in/in the/at Scientific/jj-tl American/np-tl in/in 1912/cd ,/, he/pps remarked/vbd that/cs ``/`` loose/jj statements/nns ''/'' about/in the/at case/nn showed/vbd scant/jj understanding/nn of/in the/at facts/nns ./. The/at suit/nn ,/, although/cs commonly/rb designated/vbn as/cs a/at single/ap action/nn ,/, actually/rb embraced/vbd five/cd cases/nns ./. Parker/np insisted/vbd that/cs the/at size/nn of/in the/at record/nn would/md have/hv been/ben drastically/rb reduced/vbn but/cc for/in an/at unavoidable/jj duplication/nn of/in testimony/nn ./. In/in a/at private/jj communication/nn written/vbn in/in 1911/cd ,/, Parker/np had/hvd been/ben more/rbr to/in the/at point/nn ./. Noting/vbg the/at complaints/nns of/in inventors/nns and/cc members/nns of/in the/at patent/nn bar/nn ,/, he/pps admitted/vbd that/cs some/dti of/in the/at strictures/nns ``/`` were/bed fairly/ql well/rb founded/vbn ''/'' ,/, but/cc he/pps added/vbd that/cs under/in existing/vbg rules/nns the/at courts/nns could/md not/* consolidate/vb testimony/nn in/in a/at group/nn of/in suits/nns involving/vbg separate/jj infringements/nns of/in the/at same/ap patent/nn ./. The/at vast/jj industrial/jj interests/nns caught/vbn up/rp in/in the/at Selden/np suit/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at complex/jj character/nn of/in the/at automotive/jj art/nn ,/, encouraged/vbd both/abx sides/nns to/to exploit/vb ``/`` every/at possible/jj chance/nn ''/'' for/in or/cc against/in the/at patent/nn ,/, said/vbd Parker/np ./. ``/`` This/dt very/ql seldom/rb happens/vbz in/in this/dt class/nn or/cc in/in other/ap cases/nns ,/, and/cc of/in course/nn all/abn of/in these/dts matters/nns led/vbd to/in a/at volume/nn and/cc an/at expense/nn of/in the/at record/nn beyond/in what/wdt ordinarily/rb would/md occur/vb ''/'' ./. Parker/np listed/vbd the/at remedies/nns he/pps deemed/vbd essential/jj for/in reducing/vbg the/at cost/nn and/cc mass/nn of/in testimony/nn ./. The/at most/ql important/jj of/in these/dts found/vbd him/ppo in/in agreement/nn with/in Hough's/np$ plea/nn for/in reform/nn ./. Parker/np called/vbd for/in abolition/nn of/in the/at indiscriminate/jj or/cc uncontrolled/jj right/nn of/in taking/vbg depositions/nns before/in officers/nns of/in the/at court/nn who/wps had/hvd no/at authority/nn to/to limit/vb testimony/nn ./. The/at taking/nn of/in depositions/nns ,/, he/pps suggested/vbd ,/, should/md be/be placed/vbn under/in a/at special/jj court/nn examiner/nn empowered/vbn to/to compel/vb responsive/jj and/cc relevant/jj answers/nns and/cc to/to exclude/vb immaterial/jj testimony/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem satisfied/vbn that/cs in/in the/at Selden/np case/nn had/hvd this/dt power/nn existed/vbn and/cc this/dt course/nn (/( been/ben )/) pursued/vbn ,/, it/pps would/md have/hv shortened/vbn the/at depositions/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at experts/nns nearly/rb one-half/nn and/cc of/in some/dti of/in the/at other/ap witnesses/nns thereto/rb more/ap than/cs that/cs ''/'' ./. In/in the/at end/nn Hough's/np$ acidulous/jj protest/nn ,/, which/wdt Parker/np called/vbd the/at ``/`` now/rb somewhat/ql famous/jj note/nn on/in this/dt '/' Selden/np '/' case/nn ''/'' ,/, did/dod not/* go/vb unheeded/jj ./. In/in 1912/cd the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl adopted/vbd a/at new/jj set/nn of/in rules/nns of/in equity/nn which/wdt became/vbd effective/jj on/in February/np 1/cd ,/, 1913/cd ./. The/at revised/vbn procedure/nn was/bedz acclaimed/vbn as/cs a/at long-overdue/jj reform/nn ./. Under/in the/at new/jj rules/nns ,/, testimony/nn is/bez taken/vbn orally/rb in/in open/jj court/nn in/in all/abn cases/nns except/in those/dts of/in an/at extraordinary/jj character/nn ./. Other/ap expeditious/jj methods/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to prevent/vb prolixity/nn ,/, limit/vb delays/nns ,/, and/cc reduce/vb the/at expense/nn of/in infringement/nn suits/nns ./. One/cd of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np lawyers/nns observed/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at Selden/np case/nn had/hvd been/ben tried/vbn under/in this/dt simplified/vbn procedure/nn ,/, the/at testimony/nn which/wdt filled/vbd more/ap than/in a/at score/nn of/in volumes/nns ,/, ``/`` at/in a/at minimum/nn cost/nn of/in $1/nns a/at page/nn for/in publication/nn alone/rb ,/, could/md have/hv been/ben contained/vbn in/in one/cd volume/nn ''/'' ./. While/cs patent/nn suits/nns are/ber still/rb among/in the/at most/ql complex/jj and/cc expensive/jj forms/nns of/in litigation/nn ,/, these/dts rules/nns have/hv saved/vbn litigants/nns uncounted/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn ./. There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs they/ppss were/bed promulgated/vbn by/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl as/cs a/at direct/jj result/nn of/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn suit/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Even/rb before/cs it/pps was/bedz formally/rb dissolved/vbn in/in 1912/cd ,/, the/at A.L.A.M./np was/bedz succeeded/vbn by/in the/at Automobile/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trade/nn-tl ,/, the/at direct/jj lineal/jj ancestor/nn of/in the/at present-day/jj Automobile/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ./. The/at trade/nn bodies/nns which/wdt came/vbd in/in the/at wake/nn of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np were/bed more/ql representative/jj ,/, for/cs they/ppss never/rb adopted/vbd a/at policy/nn of/in exclusion/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez from/in the/at Selden/np organization/nn that/cs the/at industry/nn inherited/vbd its/pp$ institutional/jj machinery/nn for/in furthering/vbg the/at broader/jjr interests/nns of/in the/at trade/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at chief/jjs features/nns of/in this/dt community/nn of/in interest/nn is/bez the/at automotive/jj patents/nns cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn ,/, a/at milestone/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in American/jj industrial/jj cooperation/nn ./. Its/pp$ origin/nn lies/vbz in/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn controversy/nn and/cc its/pp$ aftermath/nn ./. From/in the/at earliest/jjt days/nns of/in the/at motor/nn car/nn industry/nn ,/, before/cs the/at A.L.A.M./np was/bedz established/vbn ,/, patent/nn infringement/nn loomed/vbd as/cs a/at serious/jj and/cc vexing/vbg problem/nn ./. Many/ap patent/nn contests/nns were/bed waged/vbn over/in automobile/nn components/nns and/cc accessories/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo tires/nns ,/, detachable/jj rims/nns ,/, ball/nn bearings/nns ,/, license/nn brackets/nns ,/, and/cc electric/jj horns/nns ./. The/at fluidity/nn and/cc momentum/nn of/in the/at young/jj industry/nn abetted/vbd a/at general/jj disregard/nn of/in patent/nn claims/nns ./. As/ql early/rb as/cs 1900/cd a/at Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl combination/nn acquired/vbd detail/nn patents/nns with/in the/at intention/nn of/in exacting/vbg heavy/jj tribute/nn from/in automobile/nn manufacturers/nns ./. This/dt scheme/nn failed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at following/vbg decade/nn brought/vbd a/at deluge/nn of/in infringement/nn suits/nns among/in individual/jj manufacturers/nns that/wps reached/vbd its/pp$ crest/nn in/in 1912/cd ./. In/in this/dt tangle/nn of/in conflicting/vbg claims/nns ,/, the/at patent-sharing/jj scheme/nn adopted/vbn by/in the/at A.L.A.M./np at/in its/pp$ founding/vbg proved/vbd to/to be/be the/at best/jjt device/nn for/in avoiding/vbg or/cc mitigating/vbg the/at burdens/nns of/in incessant/jj litigation/nn ./. The/at interchange/nn of/in shop/nn licenses/nns for/in a/at nominal/jj royalty/nn eliminated/vbd infringement/nn suits/nns among/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np patent/nn pool/nn (/( although/cs it/pps did/dod not/* protect/vb them/ppo against/in outside/jj actions/nns )/) and/cc kept/vbd open/jj channels/nns for/in the/at cross-fertilization/nn of/in automotive/jj technology/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at conditions/nns of/in the/at pool/nn was/bedz a/at prohibition/nn upon/in the/at withholding/nn of/in patent/nn rights/nns among/in A.L.A.M./np members/nns ./. Within/in its/pp$ limits/nns ,/, this/dt arrangement/nn had/hvd the/at actual/jj or/cc potential/jj characteristics/nns of/in a/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn ./. Its/pp$ positive/jj features/nns outweighed/vbd the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at pool/nn was/bedz an/at adjunct/nn of/in a/at wouldbe/jj monopoly/nn ./. Since/cs the/at A.L.A.M./np holdings/nns embraced/vbd only/rb about/rb twenty-five/cd per/in cent/nn of/in motor/nn vehicle/nn patents/nns ,/, the/at denial/nn of/in rights/nns to/in independent/jj companies/nns did/dod not/* retard/vb technical/jj progress/nn in/in unlicensed/jj sectors/nns of/in the/at industry/nn ./. The/at highly/ql important/jj Dyer/np patents/nns on/in the/at sliding/vbg gear/nn transmission/nn were/bed held/vbn by/in the/at A.L.A.M./np pool/nn ./. But/cc Henry/np Ford/np used/vbd the/at planetary/jj transmission/nn in/in his/pp$ Model/nn-tl T/nn-tl and/cc earlier/jjr cars/nns and/cc ,/, in/in 1905/cd ,/, as/cs a/at precautionary/jj measure/nn ,/, took/vbd out/rp a/at license/nn from/in the/at man/nn who/wps claimed/vbd to/to be/be its/pp$ inventor/nn ./. For/in those/dts affiliated/vbn with/in it/ppo ,/, the/at A.L.A.M./np pool/nn was/bedz a/at haven/nn from/in the/at infringement/nn actions/nns involving/vbg detail/nn patents/nns that/wps beset/vbd the/at industry/nn with/in mounting/vbg intensity/nn after/in 1900/cd ./. By/in 1910/cd the/at courts/nns were/bed crowded/vbn with/in cases/nns ,/, many/ap of/in them/ppo brought/vbn by/in freebooters/nns who/wps trafficked/vbd in/in disputed/vbn inventions/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz commonplace/jj for/in auto/nn makers/nns ,/, parts-suppliers/nns ,/, and/cc dealers/nns to/to find/vb warning/vbg notices/nns and/cc threats/nns of/in infringement/nn suits/nns in/in their/pp$ daily/jj mail/nn ./. ``/`` Purely/rb from/in the/at business/nn man's/nn$ standpoint/nn and/cc without/in regard/nn to/in the/at lawyer's/nn$ view/nn ''/'' ,/, commented/vbd a/at trade/nn journal/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at matter/nn of/in patents/nns in/in the/at automobile/nn and/cc accessory/nn trade/nn is/bez developing/vbg some/dti phases/nns and/cc results/nns that/wps challenge/vb thought/nn as/in to/in how/wql far/rb patents/nns are/ber to/to become/vb weapons/nns of/in warfare/nn in/in business/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in simple/jj beneficient/jj protection/nn devices/nns for/in encouraging/vbg inventive/jj creation/nn ''/'' ./. Occasionally/rb new/jj enterprise/nn was/bedz discouraged/vbn by/in the/at almost/ql certain/jj prospect/nn of/in legal/jj complications/nns ./. One/cd manufacturer/nn who/wps held/vbd an/at allegedly/ql basic/jj patent/nn said/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss would/md readily/rb put/vb over/rp $50,000/nns into/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in the/at device/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez so/ql easy/jj to/to make/vb that/cs we/ppss would/md enter/vb immediately/rb into/in a/at prolonged/vbn ordeal/nn of/in patent/nn litigation/nn which/wdt would/md eat/vb up/rp all/abn our/pp$ profits/nns ''/'' ./. The/at prevailing/vbg view/nn in/in the/at industry/nn was/bedz summed/vbn up/rp in/in 1912/cd by/in a/at group/nn of/in auto/nn makers/nns who/wps told/vbd a/at Senate/nn-tl committee/nn :/: ``/`` The/at exceedingly/ql unsatisfactory/jj and/cc uselessly/ql expensive/jj conditions/nns ,/, including/in delays/nns surrounding/vbg legal/jj disputes/nns ,/, particularly/rb in/in patent/nn litigation/nn ,/, are/ber items/nns of/in industrial/jj burden/nn which/wdt must/md be/be written/vbn large/rb in/in figures/nns of/in many/ap millions/nns of/in dollars/nns of/in industrial/jj waste/nn ''/'' ./. By/in that/dt time/nn it/pps was/bedz commonly/rb agreed/vbn that/cs patent/nn warfare/nn was/bedz sapping/vbg constructive/jj achievement/nn and/cc blocking/vbg the/at free/jj exchange/nn of/in technical/jj information/nn ./. At/in this/dt point/nn Charles/np C./np Hanch/np ,/, long/rb an/at advocate/nn of/in patent/nn peace/nn in/in the/at industry/nn ,/, became/vbd chairman/nn of/in the/at patents/nns committee/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, successor/nn to/in the/at Automobile/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trade/nn-tl ./. Hanch/np was/bedz treasurer/nn of/in the/at Nordyke/np-tl &/cc-tl Marmon/np-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, an/at Indianapolis/np firm/nn which/wdt had/hvd manufactured/vbn flour-milling/jj machinery/nn before/in producing/vbg the/at Marmon/np car/nn in/in 1904/cd ./. He/pps had/hvd first-hand/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at patent/nn wars/nns which/wdt had/hvd driven/vbn about/rb ninety/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at milling/vbg equipment/nn makers/nns out/in of/in business/nn in/in the/at mid-1890's/nns ./. Anxious/jj to/to avoid/vb a/at similar/jj debacle/nn in/in the/at motor/nn car/nn industry/nn ,/, Hanch/np went/vbd to/in Detroit/np in/in 1909/cd to/to enlist/vb the/at support/nn of/in leading/vbg A.L.A.M./np members/nns for/in an/at industry-wide/jj patent-sharing/jj plan/nn ./. The/at breach/nn created/vbn by/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn doomed/vbd his/pp$ proposal/nn ,/, but/cc Hanch/np did/dod not/* abandon/vb his/pp$ scheme/nn ./. After/in the/at demise/nn of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np ,/, the/at time/nn was/bedz propitious/jj for/in establishing/vbg such/abl a/at pool/nn ./. Most/ap manufacturers/nns were/bed now/rb disposed/vbn to/to heed/vb a/at proposal/nn for/in the/at formal/jj interchange/nn of/in patents/nns ./. ``/`` It/pps is/bez a/at much/ql easier/jjr course/nn to/to agree/vb to/to let/vb one/cd another/dt alone/rb so/ql far/rb as/cs ordinary/jj patents/nns are/ber concerned/vbn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd a/at trade/nn authority/nn ,/, ``/`` than/cs to/to continue/vb the/at costly/jj effort/nn of/in straightening/vbg the/at tangle/nn in/in the/at courts/nns or/cc seeking/vbg to/to reform/vb the/at patent/nn system/nn ,/, which/wdt appears/vbz to/to be/be getting/vbg into/in deeper/jjr confusion/nn every/at day/nn ''/'' ./. With/in the/at other/ap members/nns of/in the/at patents/nns committee/nn --/-- Wilfred/np C./np Leland/np ,/, Howard/np E./np Coffin/np ,/, Windsor/np T./np White/np ,/, and/cc W./np H./np Vandervoort/np --/-- Hanch/np drafted/vbd a/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn whose/wp$ essential/jj feature/nn of/in royalty-free/jj licensing/vbg was/bedz his/pp$ own/jj contribution/nn ./. The/at plan/nn was/bedz supported/vbn by/in Frederick/np P./np Fish/np ,/, counsel/nn for/in the/at National/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ./. It/pps will/md be/be recalled/vbn that/cs in/in his/pp$ summation/nn for/in the/at A.L.A.M./np before/in Judge/nn-tl Hough/np ,/, Fish/np had/hvd condemned/vbn patent/nn litigation/nn as/cs the/at curse/nn of/in the/at American/jj industrial/jj community/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz well/ql aware/jj that/cs some/dti inventors/nns and/cc their/pp$ allies/nns used/vbd their/pp$ patents/nns solely/rb for/in nuisance/nn value/nn ./. ``/`` My/pp$ personal/jj view/nn is/bez that/cs not/* one/cd patented/vbn invention/nn in/in ten/cd is/bez worth/jj making/vbg ''/'' ,/, he/pps later/rbr told/vbd a/at Congressional/jj-tl committee/nn ./. The/at eloquent/jj persuasions/nns of/in Fish/np guaranteed/vbd the/at adoption/nn of/in the/at plan/nn by/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at automotive/jj trade/nn association/nn ./. Drawn/vbn up/rp in/in 1914/cd ,/, the/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn became/vbd effective/jj in/in 1915/cd ./. It/pps remained/vbd in/in force/nn for/in ten/cd years/nns and/cc has/hvz been/ben renewed/vbn at/in five-year/jj intervals/nns since/in 1925/cd ./.

cf41

cf41 |@word little:3 farther:2 along:10 road:1 come:5 church:16 santa:4 sabina:2 call:1 pearl:1 aventine:1 continue:3 another:2 hundred:6 yard:10 piazza:15 knight:1 malta:1 wall:2 square:9 delightful:4 bas:2 relief:2 musical:1 instrument:1 massive:2 gate:1 maltese:1 villa:1 afford:1 one:13 extraordinary:1 view:2 rome:20 look:4 keyhole:1 see:7 artistically:1 landscape:1 garden:5 white:1 dome:3 st:2 peter:2 frame:1 long:1 avenue:1 crop:1 laurel:1 tree:2 retrace:1 step:4 via:21 di:9 turn:8 right:9 alessio:1 street:8 line:1 stately:1 home:1 oleanders:1 cypress:1 palm:1 spacious:1 add:2 much:2 color:3 beauty:1 attractive:2 residential:1 section:1 leave:4 block:7 end:4 prisca:1 viale:1 aventino:1 pick:1 taxi:1 public:1 transport:1 return:2 center:4 city:4 renaissance:5 navona:4 pantheon:5 two:6 walk:9 take:7 heart:3 narrow:5 old:3 hem:1 palazzi:1 visit:2 exceptional:2 yet:2 often:2 pass:4 magnificent:1 main:1 shopping:1 district:1 spanish:2 lovely:4 pincian:2 varied:2 place:4 interesting:1 beautiful:3 become:1 aware:1 many:3 different:2 civilization:2 live:2 particular:1 get:1 feel:1 realize:1 indeed:2 eternal:1 start:2 teatro:1 marcello:1 foot:4 capitoline:1 hill:2 majestic:2 circular:2 tier:1 stone:1 theatre:4 marcellus:1 give:1 idea:1 huge:4 edifice:2 emperor:3 augustus:1 erect:2 13:1 twenty:2 thousand:1 spectator:1 use:2 crowd:1 roman:4 days:1 andrea:2 palladio:1 italian:2 architect:3 sixteenth:2 century:6 model:1 design:6 doric:1 ionic:1 column:6 wander:2 past:1 three:2 superb:1 apollo:2 arch:1 remain:2 portico:1 octavia:1 front:6 climb:1 della:4 tribuna:1 campitelli:2 even:1 well:2 tiny:1 proceed:1 dei:4 funari:1 mattei:3 fountain:6 fontana:1 delle:1 tartarughe:1 tortoise:2 typical:1 midst:1 rather:1 poor:1 area:1 find:2 artistic:1 work:2 stand:4 moment:2 gem:1 four:3 youth:1 hold:1 rest:2 head:1 dolphin:1 figure:3 execute:1 skillfully:1 sense:3 great:6 feeling:1 life:1 movement:1 opposite:3 palazzo:12 palace:4 headquarters:1 italo:1 american:1 association:1 go:1 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consider:1 michelangelo:2 distinguished:1 several:1 help:1 today:2 french:1 embassy:1 seventeenth:3 guard:1 room:1 tremendously:1 high:1 beautifully:1 carve:1 wooden:1 noon:1 ask:1 modern:1 tapestry:1 paris:1 lurcat:1 directly:1 baullari:3 campo:1 fiori:1 famous:1 site:2 execution:1 turbulent:1 day:2 contrast:1 lively:1 fruit:1 vegetable:1 flower:1 market:1 corso:7 vittorio:2 emanuele:2 couple:2 sant:3 valle:1 approach:1 within:1 near:1 assassinate:1 outside:1 opera:1 lover:1 interested:1 learn:1 scene:2 act:1 tosca:1 point:1 2:1 rinascimento:2 left:2 canestrani:1 splendid:2 truly:2 glorious:1 sight:2 elongate:1 elegant:1 almost:1 face:2 russet:1 building:2 restful:1 spaciousness:1 particularly:2 welcome:1 around:3 dark:1 since:1 oblong:1 domitian:1 ancient:2 stadium:1 probably:1 horse:2 chariot:1 race:2 location:1 historic:1 festival:1 air:1 sport:1 event:1 nineteenth:1 popular:1 practice:1 flood:1 summer:1 aristocrat:1 would:1 ride:1 inundated:1 carriage:1 giovanni:1 bernini:2 river:2 obelisk:2 circus:1 maxentius:1 grotto:1 rock:1 corner:1 denote:1 continent:1 danube:1 gange:1 nile:2 plate:1 eye:1 perhaps:2 either:2 symbolize:1 mystery:1 source:1 obscure:1 baroque:2 agnese:2 agone:2 rival:1 cafe:1 sit:1 drink:1 lunch:2 watch:1 theatrical:1 appear:1 movie:1 musician:1 extra:1 touch:1 next:1 reach:2 maria:1 pace:1 sibyls:1 paint:1 raphael:2 chapel:1 cloister:1 among:1 donato:1 bramante:1 creation:1 side:2 corsia:1 agonale:1 madama:1 belong:1 medici:1 giustiniani:1 rotonda:1 best:1 preserve:1 construct:1 agrippa:1 27:1 rebuild:1 present:1 shape:1 hadrian:1 dedicate:1 seventh:1 pause:1 egyptian:1 temple:3 isis:1 admire:1 impressive:1 corinthian:1 original:1 form:2 architectural:1 triumph:1 rotunda:1 perfect:1 circle:1 whose:1 diameter:1 equal:1 height:1 mean:1 light:2 nine:1 aperture:1 stupendous:1 standing:1 tomb:1 genius:1 shafts:1 sunlight:1 penetrate:1 remind:1 characteristic:1 seminario:1 ignazio:1 way:1 simple:1 restaurant:3 la:1 sacrestia:1 good:2 pizza:1 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A/at little/ql farther/rbr along/in the/at road/nn you/ppss come/vb to/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Santa/np Sabina/np ,/, called/vbn the/at ``/`` Pearl/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Aventine/np-tl ''/'' ./. Continue/vb another/dt hundred/cd yards/nns to/in the/at Piazza/fw-nn-tl of/in the/at Knights/nns-tl of/in-tl Malta/np-tl ./. On/in the/at wall/nn of/in this/dt square/nn there/ex are/ber delightful/jj bas-reliefs/nns of/in musical/jj instruments/nns ./. The/at massive/jj gate/nn of/in the/at Maltese/jj villa/nn affords/vbz one/cd of/in the/at most/ql extraordinary/jj views/nns in/in Rome/np ./. If/cs you/ppss look/vb through/in the/at keyhole/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md see/vb an/at artistically/rb landscaped/vbn garden/nn with/in the/at white/jj dome/nn of/in St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl framed/vbn in/in a/at long/jj avenue/nn of/in cropped/vbn laurel/nn trees/nns ./. Retrace/nn your/pp$ steps/nns a/at few/ap yards/nns on/in the/at Via/np-tl Di/np-tl Santa/np-tl Sabina/np and/cc turn/vb right/nr on/in the/at Via/np Di/np S./np Alessio/np ,/, a/at street/nn lined/vbn with/in stately/jj homes/nns ./. Oleanders/nns ,/, cypress/nn ,/, and/cc palms/nns in/in the/at spacious/jj gardens/nns add/vb much/ap color/nn and/cc beauty/nn to/in this/dt attractive/jj residential/jj section/nn ./. Turn/vb left/nr a/at block/nn or/cc so/rb before/cs the/at street/nn ends/vbz ,/, and/cc then/rb turn/vb right/nr down/in the/at Via/np-tl Di/np-tl Santa/np-tl Prisca/np-tl to/in the/at Viale/np Aventino/np ./. Here/rb you/ppss can/md pick/vb up/in a/at taxi/nn or/cc public/jj transport/nn to/to return/vb to/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at city/nn ./. The/at-hl renaissance/nn-hl city/nn-hl to/in-hl the/at-hl piazza/nn-hl Navona/np-hl and/cc-hl pantheon/nn-hl These/dts two/cd walks/nns take/vb you/ppo through/in the/at heart/nn of/in Rome/np ./. You/ppss will/md walk/vb some/dti of/in the/at narrow/jj ,/, old/jj streets/nns ,/, hemmed/vbn in/rp by/in massive/jj palazzi/fw-nns ./. You/ppss will/md visit/vb a/at few/ap churches/nns that/wps are/ber exceptional/jj yet/cc often/rb by-passed/vbn ,/, a/at magnificent/jj square/nn ,/, the/at main/jjs shopping/vbg district/nn ,/, the/at Spanish/jj-tl Steps/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at lovely/jj Pincian/jj-tl Gardens/nns-tl ./. By/in seeing/vbg such/jj varied/vbn places/nns ,/, both/abx interesting/jj and/cc beautiful/jj ,/, you/ppss will/md become/vb aware/jj of/in the/at many/ap different/jj civilizations/nns Rome/np has/hvz lived/vbn through/in ,/, and/cc in/in particular/jj ,/, get/vb a/at feel/nn of/in Renaissance/nn-tl Rome/np ./. You/ppss will/md realize/vb why/wrb Rome/np is/bez indeed/rb the/at Eternal/jj-tl City/nn-tl ./. Start/vb on/in the/at Via/np D./np Teatro/np Di/np Marcello/np at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at Capitoline/np-tl Hill/nn-tl ./. The/at majestic/jj circular/jj tiers/nns of/in stone/nn of/in the/at Theatre/nn-tl of/in-tl Marcellus/np-tl give/vb you/ppo some/dti idea/nn of/in the/at huge/jj edifice/nn that/cs the/at Emperor/nn-tl Augustus/np erected/vbd in/in 13/cd B.C./np ./. Twenty-two/cd thousand/cd spectators/nns used/vbd to/to crowd/vb it/ppo in/in Roman/jj days/nns ./. Andrea/np Palladio/np ,/, an/at Italian/jj architect/nn of/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn ,/, modeled/vbd his/pp$ designs/nns on/in its/pp$ Doric/jj and/cc Ionic/jj-tl columns/nns ./. Wander/vb past/in the/at three/cd superb/jj Columns/nns-tl of/in-tl Apollo/np-tl by/in the/at arches/nns of/in the/at theatre/nn ./. The/at remains/nns of/in the/at Portico/nn-tl of/in-tl Octavia/np-tl are/ber now/rb in/in front/nn of/in you/ppo ./. Climb/vb the/at steps/nns from/in the/at theatre/nn to/in the/at Via/np Della/np Tribuna/np Di/np Campitelli/np for/in an/at even/ql better/jjr view/nn of/in the/at Columns/nns-tl of/in-tl Apollo/np-tl ./. Turn/vb to/in the/at right/nr along/in a/at narrow/jj street/nn to/in the/at tiny/jj Piazza/np Campitelli/np ,/, then/rb proceed/vb along/in the/at Via/np Dei/np Funari/np to/in the/at Piazza/np Mattei/np ./. Here/rb is/bez one/cd of/in-tl the/at-tl loveliest/jjt fountains/nns in/in Rome/np ,/, the/at Fontana/np delle/np Tartarughe/np or/cc ``/`` Fountain/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Tortoises/nns-tl ''/'' ./. It's/pps+bez typical/jj of/in Rome/np that/cs in/in the/at midst/nn of/in this/dt rather/ql poor/jj area/nn you/ppss should/md find/vb such/abl an/at artistic/jj work/nn in/in the/at center/nn of/in a/at little/ap square/nn ./. Stand/vb here/rb for/in a/at few/ap moments/nns and/cc look/vb at/in this/dt gem/nn of/in a/at fountain/nn with/in its/pp$ four/cd youths/nns ,/, each/dt holding/nn a/at tortoise/nn and/cc each/dt with/in a/at foot/nn resting/vbg on/in the/at head/nn of/in a/at dolphin/nn ./. The/at figures/nns have/hv been/ben executed/vbn so/ql skillfully/rb that/cs one/cd senses/vbz a/at great/jj feeling/nn of/in life/nn and/cc movement/nn ./. Opposite/rb is/bez the/at Palazzo/np Mattei/np ,/, one/cd of/in Rome's/np$ oldest/jjt palaces/nns ,/, now/rb the/at headquarters/nn of/in the/at Italo-American/jj-tl Association/nn-tl ./. Go/vb inside/rb for/in a/at closer/jjr look/nn at/in a/at Renaissance/nn-tl palace/nn ./. In/in the/at first/od courtyard/nn there/ex are/ber some/dti fine/jj bas-reliefs/nns and/cc friezes/nns ,/, and/cc in/in the/at second/od a/at series/nn of/in delightful/jj terraced/vbn roof/nn gardens/nns above/in an/at ivy-covered/jj wall/nn ./. The/at Palazzo/np Caetani/np ,/, still/rb inhabited/vbn by/in the/at Caetani/np family/nn ,/, adjoins/vbz the/at Palazzo/np Mattei/np ./. Keep/vb straight/rb ahead/rb on/in the/at Via/np Falegnami/np ,/, cross/nn the/at wide/jj Via/np Arenula/np ,/, and/cc you/ppss will/md come/vb to/in the/at Piazza/np B./np Cairoli/np ,/, where/wrb you/ppss should/md look/vb in/rp at/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl San/np-tl Carlo/np-tl Ai/np-tl Catinari/np-tl to/to see/vb the/at frescoes/nns on/in the/at ceiling/nn ./. Follow/vb the/at colorful/jj and/cc busy/vb Via/np D./np Giubbonari/np for/in a/at hundred/cd yards/nns or/cc so/rb ./. Now/rb turn/vb left/nr at/in the/at Via/np dell'/np Arco/np Del/np Monte/np to/in the/at Piazza/np Dei/np Pellegrini/np ./. Just/rb a/at few/ap yards/nns to/in the/at right/nr on/in the/at Via/np Capo/np Di/np Ferro/np will/md bring/vb you/ppo to/in the/at Palazzo/np Spada/np ,/, built/vbn in/in 1540/cd and/cc now/rb occupied/vbn by/in the/at Council/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./. Paintings/nns by/in Titian/np ,/, Caravaggio/np ,/, and/cc Rubens/np are/ber on/in display/nn (/( open/vb 9:30/cd to/in 4:00/cd )/) ./. Before/cs you/ppss enter/vb the/at palazzo/nn ,/, note/vb Francesco/np Borromini's/np$ facade/nn ./. The/at great/jj architect/nn also/rb designed/vbd the/at fine/jj interior/jj staircase/nn and/cc colonnade/nn which/wdt connects/vbz the/at two/cd courts/nns ./. The/at large/jj statue/nn on/in the/at first/od floor/nn is/bez believed/vbn to/to be/be the/at statue/nn of/in Pompey/np at/in the/at base/nn of/in which/wdt Julius/np Caesar/np was/bedz stabbed/vbn to/in death/nn (/( if/cs so/rb ,/, the/at statue/nn once/rb stood/vbd in/in the/at senate/nn house/nn )/) ./. (/( This/dt is/bez shown/vbn in/in the/at afternoon/nn and/cc on/in Sunday/nr morning/nn ./. )/) By/in tipping/vbg the/at porter/nn ,/, you/ppss can/md see/vb in/in the/at courtyard/nn Borromini's/np$ unusual/jj and/cc fascinating/jj trick/nn in/in perspective/nn ./. When/wrb you/ppss stand/vb before/in the/at barrel-vaulted/jj colonnade/nn you/ppss have/hv the/at impression/nn that/cs the/at statue/nn at/in the/at end/nn is/bez at/in a/at considerable/jj distance/nn ,/, yet/cc it/pps is/bez actually/rb only/rb a/at few/ap feet/nns away/rb ./. The/at sense/nn of/in perspective/nn has/hvz been/ben created/vbn by/in designing/vbg the/at length/nn of/in the/at columns/nns so/cs that/cs those/dts at/in the/at far/jj end/nn of/in the/at colonnade/nn are/ber much/ql shorter/jjr than/cs those/dts in/in front/jj ./. The/at gardens/nns of/in the/at palazzo/fw-nn ,/, shaded/vbn by/in a/at huge/jj magnolia/nn tree/nn ,/, are/ber most/ql attractive/jj ./. The/at courtyard/nn is/bez magnificently/rb decorated/vbn ./. From/in the/at Palazzo/np Spada/np you/ppss continue/vb another/dt block/nn along/in the/at Via/np Capo/np Di/np Ferro/np and/cc Vicolo/np De/np Venti/np to/in the/at imposing/vbg Palazzo/np Farnese/np ,/, begun/vbn in/in 1514/cd and/cc considered/vbd by/in many/ap to/to be/be the/at finest/jjt palace/nn of/in all/abn ./. Michelangelo/np was/bedz the/at most/ql distinguished/vbn of/in several/ap noted/vbn architects/nns who/wps helped/vbd design/nn it/ppo ./. Today/nr it/pps is/bez occupied/vbn by/in the/at French/jj-tl Embassy/nn-tl ./. Its/pp$ lovely/jj seventeenth-century/nn ceiling/nn frescoes/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at huge/jj guards/nns room/vb with/in a/at tremendously/ql high/jj and/cc beautifully/ql carved/vbn wooden/jj ceiling/nn ,/, can/md be/be seen/vbn Sundays/nrs (/( 11:00/cd to/in 12:00/cd noon/nn )/) ./. Ask/vb to/to see/vb the/at modern/jj tapestries/nns of/in Paris/np and/cc Rome/np designed/vbn by/in Lurcat/np ./. Directly/rb in/in front/nn of/in the/at palace/nn along/in the/at Via/np D./np Baullari/np you/ppss will/md come/vb to/in the/at Campo/np Di/np Fiori/np ,/, the/at famous/jj site/nn of/in executions/nns during/in the/at turbulent/jj days/nns of/in Renaissance/nn-tl Rome/np ./. Today/nr ,/, by/in contrast/nn it/pps is/bez a/at lively/jj and/cc colorful/jj fruit/nn ,/, vegetable/nn ,/, and/cc flower/nn market/nn ./. Continue/vb on/in the/at Via/np D./np Baullari/np to/in the/at Corso/np Vittorio/np Emanuele/np ,/, then/rb turn/vb right/nr for/in a/at couple/nn of/in hundred/cd yards/nns to/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Sant'/np-tl Andrea/np-tl Della/np-tl Valle/np-tl ./. As/cs you/ppss approach/vb the/at church/nn on/in the/at Via/np D./np Baullari/np you/ppss are/ber passing/vbg within/in yards/nns of/in the/at remains/nns of/in the/at Roman/jj-tl Theatre/nn-tl of/in-tl Pompey/np-tl ,/, near/in which/wdt is/bez believed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben the/at place/nn where/wrb Julius/np Caesar/np was/bedz assassinated/vbn ./. The/at dome/nn of/in the/at church/nn is/bez ,/, outside/rb of/in St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl ,/, one/cd of/in the/at largest/jjt in/in Rome/np ./. Opera/nn lovers/nns will/md be/be interested/vbn to/to learn/vb that/cs this/dt church/nn was/bedz the/at scene/nn for/in the/at first/od act/nn of/in Tosca/np ./. At/in this/dt point/nn you/ppss cross/vb the/at wide/jj Corso/np Vittorio/np Emanuele/np 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, walk/vb along/in the/at Corso/np Del/np Rinascimento/np a/at couple/nn of/in hundred/cd yards/nns ,/, then/rb turn/vb left/nr on/in the/at Via/np Dei/np Canestrani/np to/to enter/vb the/at splendid/jj Piazza/np Navona/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at truly/ql glorious/jj sights/nns in/in Rome/np ./. Your/pp$ first/od impression/nn of/in this/dt elongated/vbn square/nn with/in its/pp$ three/cd elegant/jj fountains/nns ,/, its/pp$ two/cd churches/nns that/wps almost/rb face/vb each/dt other/ap ,/, and/cc its/pp$ russet-colored/jj buildings/nns ,/, is/bez a/at sense/nn of/in restful/jj spaciousness/nn --/-- particularly/ql welcome/jj after/cs wandering/vbg around/in the/at narrow/jj and/cc dark/jj streets/nns that/cs you/ppss have/hv followed/vbn since/cs starting/vbg this/dt walk/nn ./. The/at site/nn of/in the/at oblong/jj piazza/nn is/bez Domitian's/np$ ancient/jj stadium/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz probably/rb used/vbn for/in horse/nn and/cc chariot/nn races/nns ./. For/in centuries/nns it/pps was/bedz the/at location/nn of/in historic/jj festivals/nns and/cc open-air/nn sports/nns events/nns ./. From/in the/at seventeenth/od to/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn it/pps was/bedz a/at popular/jj practice/nn to/to flood/vb the/at piazza/nn in/in the/at summer/nn ,/, and/cc the/at aristocrats/nns would/md then/rb ride/vb around/in the/at inundated/vbn square/nn in/in their/pp$ carriages/nns ./. Giovanni/np Bernini's/np$ ``/`` Fountain/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Rivers/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, in/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at piazza/nn ,/, is/bez built/vbn around/in a/at Roman/jj obelisk/nn from/in the/at Circus/nn-tl of/in-tl Maxentius/np-tl which/wdt rests/vbz on/in grottoes/nns and/cc rocks/nns ,/, with/in four/cd huge/jj figures/nns ,/, one/cd at/in each/dt corner/nn ,/, denoting/vbg four/cd great/jj rivers/nns from/in different/jj continents/nns --/-- the/at Danube/np ,/, the/at Ganges/np ,/, the/at Nile/np ,/, and/cc the/at Plate/np ./. The/at eyes/nns of/in the/at figure/nn of/in the/at Nile/np are/ber covered/vbn ,/, perhaps/rb either/cc to/to symbolize/vb the/at mystery/nn of/in her/pp$ source/nn or/cc to/to obscure/vb from/in her/pp$ sight/nn the/at baroque/jj facade/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Sant'/np-tl Agnese/np-tl in/in-tl Agone/np-tl ,/, the/at work/nn of/in Bernini's/np$ rival/nn ,/, Borromini/np ./. In/in the/at Piazza/np Navona/np there/ex are/ber many/ap delightful/jj cafes/nns where/wrb you/ppss can/md sit/vb ,/, have/hv a/at drink/nn or/cc lunch/nn ,/, and/cc watch/vb the/at fountains/nns in/in the/at square/nn ./. The/at scene/nn before/in you/ppo is/bez indeed/rb theatrical/jj and/cc often/rb appears/vbz in/in movies/nns about/in Rome/np ./. Perhaps/rb a/at street/nn musician/nn will/md pass/vb to/to add/vb that/dt extra/jj touch/nn ./. Take/vb the/at Via/np-tl Di/np-tl S./np-tl Agnese/np-tl in/in-tl Agone/np-tl ,/, next/rb to/in the/at church/nn and/cc opposite/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at square/nn ,/, then/rb turn/vb right/nr after/in about/rb two/cd hundred/cd yards/nns to/to reach/vb the/at beautiful/jj Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Santa/np Maria/np Della/np Pace/np ./. Inside/rb you/ppss will/md find/vb the/at lovely/jj Sibyls/nps painted/vbn by/in Raphael/np and/cc a/at chapel/nn designed/vbn by/in Michelangelo/np ./. The/at church's/nn$ cloisters/nns are/ber among/in Donato/np Bramante's/np$ most/ql beautiful/jj creations/nns ./. Now/rb return/vb to/in the/at Piazza/np Navona/np and/cc leave/vb it/ppo on/in the/at opposite/jj side/nn by/in the/at Corsia/np Agonale/np ;/. ;/. in/in a/at moment/nn cross/vb the/at Corso/np Del/np Rinascimento/np ./. In/in front/nn of/in you/ppo is/bez the/at Palazzo/np Madama/np ,/, once/rb belonging/vbg to/in the/at Medici/nps and/cc now/rb the/at Italian/jj-tl Senate/nn-tl ./. Walk/vb by/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at palazzo/nn and/cc after/in two/cd blocks/nns along/in the/at Via/np Giustiniani/np you/ppss will/md come/vb to/in the/at Piazza/np Della/np Rotonda/np ./. You/ppss are/ber now/rb facing/vbg the/at Pantheon/np ,/, the/at largest/jjt and/cc best-preserved/jjt building/nn still/rb standing/vbg from/in the/at days/nns of/in ancient/jj Rome/np ./. This/dt circular/jj edifice/nn ,/, constructed/vbn by/in Agrippa/np in/in B.C./np 27/cd ,/, was/bedz rebuilt/vbn in/in its/pp$ present/jj shape/nn by/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl Hadrian/np ./. It/pps was/bedz dedicated/vbn as/cs a/at church/nn in/in the/at seventh/od century/nn ./. As/cs you/ppss pause/vb in/in the/at piazza/nn by/in the/at Egyptian/jj obelisk/nn brought/vbn from/in the/at Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Isis/np-tl ,/, you/ppss will/md admire/vb the/at Pantheon's/np$ impressive/jj Corinthian/jj columns/nns ./. The/at Pantheon's/np$ interior/nn ,/, still/rb in/in its/pp$ original/jj form/nn ,/, is/bez truly/ql majestic/jj and/cc an/at architectural/jj triumph/nn ./. Its/pp$ rotunda/nn forms/vbz a/at perfect/jj circle/nn whose/wp$ diameter/nn is/bez equal/jj to/in the/at height/nn from/in the/at floor/nn to/in the/at ceiling/nn ./. The/at only/ap means/nn of/in interior/jj light/nn is/bez the/at twenty-nine-foot-wide/jj aperture/nn in/in the/at stupendous/jj dome/nn ./. Standing/vbg before/in the/at tomb/nn of/in Raphael/np ,/, the/at great/jj genius/nn of/in the/at Renaissance/nn-tl ,/, when/wrb shafts/nns of/in sunlight/nn are/ber penetrating/vbg this/dt great/jj Roman/jj temple/nn ,/, you/ppss are/ber once/rb again/rb reminded/vbn of/in the/at varied/vbn civilizations/nns so/ql characteristic/jj of/in Rome/np ./. As/cs you/ppss leave/vb the/at Pantheon/np ,/, take/nn the/at narrow/jj street/nn to/in the/at right/nr ,/, the/at Via/np Del/np Seminario/np ,/, a/at block/nn to/in Sant'/np Ignazio/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at most/ql splendid/jj baroque/jj churches/nns in/in the/at city/nn ./. (/( Along/in the/at way/nn there/rb ,/, about/rb one/cd hundred/cd yards/nns on/in your/pp$ right/nr ,/, you/ppss pass/vb a/at simple/jj restaurant/nn ,/, La/np Sacrestia/np ,/, where/wrb you/ppss can/md have/hv the/at best/jjt pizza/nn in/in Rome/np ./. )/) The/at curve/nn of/in faded/vbn terra-cotta-colored/jj houses/nns in/in front/nn of/in the/at church/nn seems/vbz like/cs a/at stage/nn set/nn ./. This/dt is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql charming/jj little/jj squares/nns in/in this/dt part/nn of/in Rome/np ./. One/cd block/nn along/in the/at Via/np De/np Burro/np (/( in/in front/jj of/in the/at church/nn )/) will/md bring/vb you/ppo to/in the/at Stock/nn-tl Exchange/nn-tl in/in the/at old/jj Temple/nn-tl of/in-tl Neptune/np-tl ./. A/at few/ap yards/nns farther/rbr ,/, on/in the/at Via/np Dei/np Bergamaschi/np ,/, is/bez the/at Piazza/np Colonna/np ./. The/at great/jj column/nn from/in which/wdt the/at square/nn takes/vbz its/pp$ name/nn was/bedz erected/vbn by/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl Marcus/np Aurelius/np ./. You/ppss are/ber now/rb at/in the/at Corso/np ,/, though/cs narrow/jj ,/, one/cd of/in Rome's/np$ busiest/jjt streets/nns ./. Horse/nn races/nns took/vbd place/nn here/rb in/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ./. If/cs you/ppss have/hv taken/vbn this/dt stroll/nn in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss have/hv the/at time/nn and/cc inclination/nn ,/, walk/vb to/in the/at right/nr along/in the/at crowded/vbn Corso/np for/in half/abn a/at dozen/nn blocks/nns to/to visit/vb the/at fine/jj private/jj collection/nn of/in paintings/nns --/-- mainly/rb of/in the/at sixteenth/od and/cc seventeenth/od centuries/nns --/-- in/in the/at Palazzo/np Doria/np (/( open/vb Sunday/nr ,/, Tuesday/nr ,/, and/cc Thursday/nr ,/, 10:00/cd to/in 1:00/cd )/) ./. Here/rb is/bez your/pp$ opportunity/nn to/to see/vb the/at inside/nn of/in a/at palazzo/nn where/wrb the/at family/nn still/rb lives/vbz ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, cross/vb over/in the/at Corso/np and/cc walk/vb a/at block/nn or/cc so/rb to/in the/at left/nr ./. You/ppss will/md come/vb to/in Alemagna/np ,/, a/at delightful/jj ,/, though/cs moderately/ql expensive/jj restaurant/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez particularly/rb noted/vbn for/in its/pp$ exceptional/jj selection/nn of/in ice/nn creams/nns and/cc patisseries/nns ./. Either/cc here/rb ,/, or/cc in/in one/cd of/in the/at modest/jj restaurants/nns nearby/rb ,/, is/bez just/rb the/at place/nn to/to end/vb this/dt first/od walk/nn through/in the/at heart/nn of/in Rome/np ./. To/in-hl the/at-hl Spanish/jj-hl steps/nns-hl The/at second/od walk/nn through/in the/at heart/nn of/in Rome/np should/md be/be taken/vbn after/in lunch/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs you/ppss will/md reach/vb the/at Pincian/jj-tl Hill/nn-tl when/wrb the/at soft/jj light/nn of/in the/at late/jj afternoon/nn is/bez at/in its/pp$ best/jjt ./.

cf42

cf42 |@word rare:1 indeed:1 harlem:10 citizen:1 circumspect:1 church:1 member:1 shiftless:1 adolescent:1 long:3 tale:1 tell:2 police:2 incompetence:2 injustice:3 brutality:1 witness:1 endure:2 businessman:1 racketeer:1 also:1 story:1 prostitute:1 perhaps:3 place:5 discuss:1 complex:1 attitude:1 toward:1 black:4 policeman:3 reason:2 accord:2 nearly:1 downtown:2 hard:1 hand:3 blame:1 blank:1 good:2 natured:1 thoughtless:1 insuperably:1 innocent:1 perfect:2 representative:1 people:13 serve:1 believe:2 intention:1 astounded:1 offend:1 take:4 deed:1 never:7 anything:4 hate:1 yet:2 face:2 daily:1 nightly:1 would:5 gladly:1 see:6 dead:1 know:13 way:3 thing:2 heaven:1 unnerving:1 silent:1 accumulating:1 contempt:1 hatred:1 move:9 therefore:2 like:4 occupying:1 soldier:1 bitterly:2 hostile:2 country:4 precisely:2 walk:3 two:3 three:1 one:14 always:2 company:1 watch:1 street:4 meeting:1 sacred:1 secular:1 colleague:1 uneasily:1 cover:1 explicit:1 implicit:1 burden:1 cruelty:1 white:9 domination:2 day:4 course:2 term:1 increasingly:1 vivid:1 jubilant:1 speak:1 end:1 stand:1 corner:1 find:8 center:1 revolution:1 occur:1 world:5 prepared:1 naturally:2 nobody:1 possibly:1 much:1 point:1 expose:1 anguish:1 around:2 even:4 gift:1 mere:1 mustard:1 grain:1 imagination:2 something:1 must:1 seep:1 avoid:2 observe:1 child:4 spite:1 color:2 remind:1 love:4 certainly:1 want:3 live:3 retreat:1 uneasiness:1 direction:1 callousness:1 shortly:1 become:5 second:3 nature:1 callous:1 population:1 situation:1 grow:1 tense:1 force:1 increase:2 everyone:1 astonishment:1 someone:1 drop:1 match:1 powder:1 keg:1 everything:2 blow:1 dust:1 settle:1 blood:1 congeal:1 editorial:1 speech:2 civil:3 right:3 commission:1 loud:1 land:1 demand:1 happen:8 negro:23 treat:2 man:4 perfectly:1 straightforward:1 statement:2 contain:2 seven:1 word:1 master:1 kant:1 hegel:1 shakespeare:1 marx:1 freud:1 bible:1 utterly:1 impenetrable:1 idea:1 seem:3 threaten:1 profound:1 barely:1 conscious:1 assumption:2 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get:1 play:1 guess:1 game:2 guessing:1 refer:1 drive:1 narcotic:1 ward:2 madhouse:1 river:2 dear:1 say:1 conviction:1 truth:1 spirit:2 america:1 bear:2 military:1 training:1 far:2 gather:1 familiar:1 doubt:2 johannesburg:1 africa:1 beat:1 several:1 mile:1 buchenwald:1 ever:1 entire:1 history:1 lack:1 horrifying:1 example:4 mean:3 use:1 justification:2 crime:2 perpetual:1 empty:2 heart:2 human:1 feeling:2 great:3 thirdly:1 embarrassingly:1 backward:1 region:1 part:1 concern:2 every:2 problem:1 difference:1 southern:3 remember:2 historically:2 psyche:1 eden:2 flaming:1 sword:1 lay:1 across:1 personally:2 sexual:1 coming:1 age:1 warn:1 unbreakable:1 taboo:1 set:1 past:1 thereafter:1 permit:1 except:2 cease:1 need:1 result:1 indescribable:1 torment:1 affect:1 mind:1 basis:1 hysteria:1 none:1 true:1 represent:2 nothing:1 danger:1 carnality:1 time:1 think:6 whereas:1 really:3 else:1 surveillance:1 suffer:1 hideously:1 neither:1 able:1 look:1 simply:1 indispensable:1 national:2 self:2 esteem:1 consider:1 either:1 case:2 comparatively:2 buy:1 cadillacs:1 last:2 year:1 lynch:1 victim:2 promise:1 vote:2 assembly:3 school:1 kid:1 coin:1 change:4 examine:1 discover:1 freedom:2 meantime:1 generation:1 keep:1 pride:1 folly:1 shrink:1 terrible:1 inexorable:1 law:1 deny:1 humanity:1 diminish:1 oneself:2 nation:2 4:1 east:1 postscript:1 letter:1 fact:1 riot:2 adlai:1 stevenson:3 address:2 shock:1 baffle:1 americans:3 spectacular:1 disturbance:1 gallery:3 touch:1 death:3 katanga:1 patrice:1 lumumba:4 state:1 united:1 states:1 colonialism:1 god:1 african:2 25:1 per:1 cent:1 voting:1 stock:1 may:1 abstention:1 algerian:1 fairly:1 accurate:1 notion:2 intend:1 reaction:2 upon:1 hearing:1 curious:3 impact:1 political:1 assassination:1 capture:1 popular:1 surely:1 sinister:1 recent:1 event:2 elicit:1 usual:1 rhetoric:1 however:2 chaos:1 desk:1 prevent:1 eye:1 pawn:1 communist:2 climate:1 decade:1 steady:1 cold:1 give:1 means:1 examination:1 decide:1 inspire:1 prominent:1 rush:1 forward:1 assure:1 republic:1 rioter:2 real:1 community:1 prevailing:1 view:3 handful:1 irresponsible:1 stalinist:2 corrupt:1 provocateur:1 amazing:1 minimal:1 effort:1 observation:1 immediately:2 contradict:1 question:4 answer:1 obvious:1 unless:2 refuge:1 theory:1 disguise:1 somehow:1 different:1 conclusion:1 status:1 cruel:1 grave:1 liability:1 professional:1 revolutionist:1 act:1 cynical:2 motive:1 wherever:1 social:1 discontent:2 sooner:1 later:1 presence:1 frightening:1 create:1 opportunity:1 appalling:1 contented:1 lot:1 agent:1 foreign:1 power:1 rouse:1 protest:1 gratuitous:1 insult:1 imply:1 manipulate:1

Rare/jj ,/, indeed/qlp ,/, is/bez the/at Harlem/np citizen/nn ,/, from/in the/at most/ql circumspect/jj church/nn member/nn to/in the/at most/ql shiftless/jj adolescent/nn ,/, who/wps does/doz not/* have/hv a/at long/jj tale/nn to/to tell/vb of/in police/nn incompetence/nn ,/, injustice/nn ,/, or/cc brutality/nn ./. I/ppss myself/ppl have/hv witnessed/vbn and/cc endured/vbn it/ppo more/ap than/in once/rb ./. The/at businessmen/nns and/cc racketeers/nns also/rb have/hv a/at story/nn ./. And/cc so/rb do/do the/at prostitutes/nns ./. (/( And/cc this/dt is/bez not/* ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, the/at place/nn to/to discuss/vb Harlem's/np$ very/ql complex/jj attitude/nn toward/in black/jj policemen/nns ,/, nor/cc the/at reasons/nns ,/, according/in to/in Harlem/np ,/, that/cs they/ppss are/ber nearly/ql all/abn downtown/nr ./. )/) It/pps is/bez hard/jj ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, to/to blame/vb the/at policeman/nn ,/, blank/jj ,/, good-natured/jj ,/, thoughtless/jj ,/, and/cc insuperably/ql innocent/jj ,/, for/in being/beg such/abl a/at perfect/jj representative/nn of/in the/at people/nns he/pps serves/vbz ./. He/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, believes/vbz in/in good/jj intentions/nns and/cc is/bez astounded/vbn and/cc offended/vbn when/wrb they/ppss are/ber not/* taken/vbn for/in the/at deed/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz never/rb ,/, himself/ppl ,/, done/vbn anything/pn for/in which/wdt to/to be/be hated/vbn --/-- which/wdt of/in us/ppo has/hvz ?/. ?/. --/-- and/cc yet/rb he/pps is/bez facing/vbg ,/, daily/rb and/cc nightly/rb ,/, people/nns who/wps would/md gladly/rb see/vb him/ppo dead/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps knows/vbz it/ppo ./. There/ex is/bez no/at way/nn for/in him/ppo not/* to/to know/vb it/ppo :/: there/ex are/ber few/ap things/nns under/in heaven/nn more/ql unnerving/vbg than/cs the/at silent/jj ,/, accumulating/vbg contempt/nn and/cc hatred/nn of/in a/at people/nns ./. He/pps moves/vbz through/in Harlem/np ,/, therefore/rb ,/, like/cs an/at occupying/vbg soldier/nn in/in a/at bitterly/ql hostile/jj country/nn ;/. ;/. which/wdt is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt ,/, and/cc where/wrb ,/, he/pps is/bez ,/, and/cc is/bez the/at reason/nn he/pps walks/vbz in/in twos/nns and/cc threes/nns ./. And/cc he/pps is/bez not/* the/at only/rb one/cd who/wps knows/vbz why/wrb he/pps is/bez always/rb in/in company/nn :/: the/at people/nns who/wps are/ber watching/vbg him/ppo know/vb why/wrb ,/, too/rb ./. Any/dti street/nn meeting/nn ,/, sacred/jj or/cc secular/jj ,/, which/wdt he/pps and/cc his/pp$ colleagues/nns uneasily/rb cover/vb has/hvz as/cs its/pp$ explicit/jj or/cc implicit/jj burden/nn the/at cruelty/nn and/cc injustice/nn of/in the/at white/jj domination/nn ./. And/cc these/dts days/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, in/in terms/nns increasingly/ql vivid/jj and/cc jubilant/jj ,/, it/pps speaks/vbz of/in the/at end/nn of/in that/dt domination/nn ./. The/at white/jj policeman/nn standing/vbg on/in a/at Harlem/np street/nn corner/nn finds/vbz himself/ppl at/in the/at very/ap center/nn of/in the/at revolution/nn now/rb occurring/vbg in/in the/at world/nn ./. He/pps is/bez not/* prepared/vbn for/in it/ppo --/-- naturally/rb ,/, nobody/pn is/bez --/-- and/cc ,/, what/wdt is/bez possibly/rb much/ql more/ap to/in the/at point/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez exposed/vbn ,/, as/cs few/ap white/jj people/nns are/ber ,/, to/in the/at anguish/nn of/in the/at black/jj people/nns around/in him/ppo ./. Even/rb if/cs he/pps is/bez gifted/jj with/in the/at merest/jjt mustard/nn grain/nn of/in imagination/nn ,/, something/pn must/md seep/vb in/rp ./. He/pps cannot/md* avoid/vb observing/vbg that/cs some/dti of/in the/at children/nns ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in their/pp$ color/nn ,/, remind/vb him/ppo of/in children/nns he/pps has/hvz known/vbn and/cc loved/vbn ,/, perhaps/rb even/rb of/in his/pp$ own/jj children/nns ./. He/pps knows/vbz that/cs he/pps certainly/rb does/doz not/* want/vb his/pp$ children/nns living/vbg this/dt way/nn ./. He/pps can/md retreat/vb from/in his/pp$ uneasiness/nn in/in only/rb one/cd direction/nn :/: into/in a/at callousness/nn which/wdt very/ql shortly/rb becomes/vbz second/od nature/nn ./. He/pps becomes/vbz more/ql callous/jj ,/, the/at population/nn becomes/vbz more/ql hostile/jj ,/, the/at situation/nn grows/vbz more/ql tense/jj ,/, and/cc the/at police/nn force/nn is/bez increased/vbn ./. One/cd day/nn ,/, to/in everyone's/pn$ astonishment/nn ,/, someone/pn drops/vbz a/at match/nn in/in the/at powder/nn keg/nn and/cc everything/pn blows/vbz up/rp ./. Before/cs the/at dust/nn has/hvz settled/vbn or/cc the/at blood/nn congealed/vbn ,/, editorials/nns ,/, speeches/nns ,/, and/cc civil-rights/nns commissions/nns are/ber loud/jj in/in the/at land/nn ,/, demanding/vbg to/to know/vb what/wdt happened/vbd ./. What/wdt happened/vbd is/bez that/cs Negroes/nps want/vb to/to be/be treated/vbn like/cs men/nns ./. Negroes/nps want/vb to/to be/be treated/vbn like/cs men/nns :/: a/at perfectly/ql straightforward/jj statement/nn ,/, containing/vbg only/rb seven/cd words/nns ./. People/nns who/wps have/hv mastered/vbn Kant/np ,/, Hegel/np ,/, Shakespeare/np ,/, Marx/np ,/, Freud/np ,/, and/cc the/at Bible/np find/vb this/dt statement/nn utterly/ql impenetrable/jj ./. The/at idea/nn seems/vbz to/to threaten/vb profound/jj ,/, barely/ql conscious/jj assumptions/nns ./. A/at kind/nn of/in panic/nn paralyzes/vbz their/pp$ features/nns ,/, as/cs though/cs they/ppss found/vbd themselves/ppls trapped/vbn on/in the/at edge/nn of/in a/at steep/nn place/nn ./. I/ppss once/rb tried/vbd to/to describe/vb to/in a/at very/ql well-known/jj American/jj intellectual/nn the/at conditions/nns among/in Negroes/nps in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. My/pp$ recital/nn disturbed/vbd him/ppo and/cc made/vbd him/ppo indignant/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc he/pps asked/vbd me/ppo in/in perfect/jj innocence/nn ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb don't/do* all/abn the/at Negroes/nps in/in the/at South/nr-tl move/vb North/nr-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss tried/vbd to/to explain/vb what/wdt has/hvz happened/vbn ,/, unfailingly/rb ,/, whenever/wrb a/at significant/jj body/nn of/in Negroes/nps move/vb North/nr-tl ./. They/ppss do/do not/* escape/vb Jim/np Crow/np :/: they/ppss merely/rb encounter/vb another/dt ,/, not-less-deadly/jj variety/nn ./. They/ppss do/do not/* move/vb to/in Chicago/np ,/, they/ppss move/vb to/in the/at South/jj-tl Side/nn-tl ;/. ;/. they/ppss do/do not/* move/vb to/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, they/ppss move/vb to/in Harlem/np ./. The/at pressure/nn within/in the/at ghetto/nn causes/vbz the/at ghetto/nn walls/nns to/to expand/vb ,/, and/cc this/dt expansion/nn is/bez always/rb violent/jj ./. White/jj people/nns hold/vb the/at line/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss can/md ,/, and/cc in/in as/ql many/ap ways/nns as/cs they/ppss can/md ,/, from/in verbal/jj intimidation/nn to/in physical/jj violence/nn ./. But/cc inevitably/rb the/at border/nn which/wdt has/hvz divided/vbn the/at ghetto/nn from/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn falls/vbz into/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at ghetto/nn ./. The/at white/jj people/nns fall/vb back/rb bitterly/rb before/in the/at black/jj horde/nn ;/. ;/. the/at landlords/nns make/vb a/at tidy/jj profit/nn by/in raising/vbg the/at rent/nn ,/, chopping/vbg up/rp the/at rooms/nns ,/, and/cc all/abn but/cc dispensing/vbg with/in the/at upkeep/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc what/wdt has/hvz once/rb been/ben a/at neighborhood/nn turns/vbz into/in a/at ``/`` turf/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt happened/vbd when/wrb the/at Puerto/np Ricans/nps arrived/vbd in/in their/pp$ thousands/nns --/-- and/cc the/at bitterness/nn thus/rb caused/vbn is/bez ,/, as/cs I/ppss write/vb ,/, being/beg fought/vbn out/rp all/ql up/in and/cc down/in those/dts streets/nns ./. Northerners/nns indulge/vb in/in an/at extremely/ql dangerous/jj luxury/nn ./. They/ppss seem/vb to/to feel/vb that/cs because/cs they/ppss fought/vbd on/in the/at right/jj side/nn during/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, and/cc won/vbd ,/, they/ppss have/hv earned/vbn the/at right/nn merely/rb to/to deplore/vb what/wdt is/bez going/vbg on/rp in/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, without/in taking/vbg any/dti responsibility/nn for/in it/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc that/cs they/ppss can/md ignore/vb what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg in/in Northern/jj-tl cities/nns because/cs what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg in/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl or/cc Birmingham/np is/bez worse/jjr ./. Well/uh ,/, in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* possible/jj for/in anyone/pn who/wps has/hvz not/* endured/vbn both/abx to/to know/vb which/wdt is/bez ``/`` worse/jjr ''/'' ./. I/ppss know/vb Negroes/nps who/wps prefer/vb the/at South/nr-tl and/cc white/jj Southerners/nns-tl ,/, because/cs ``/`` At/in least/ap there/rb ,/, you/ppss haven't/hv* got/vbn to/to play/vb any/dti guessing/vbg games/nns ''/'' !/. !/. The/at guessing/vbg games/nns referred/vbn to/to have/hv driven/vbn more/ap than/in one/cd Negro/np into/in the/at narcotics/nns ward/nn ,/, the/at madhouse/nn ,/, or/cc the/at river/nn ./. I/ppss know/vb another/dt Negro/np ,/, a/at man/nn very/ql dear/jj to/in me/ppo ,/, who/wps says/vbz ,/, with/in conviction/nn and/cc with/in truth/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at spirit/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl is/bez the/at spirit/nn of/in America/np ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz born/vbn in/in the/at North/nr-tl and/cc did/dod his/pp$ military/jj training/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. He/pps did/dod not/* ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss can/md gather/vb ,/, find/vb the/at South/nr-tl ``/`` worse/jjr ''/'' ;/. ;/. he/pps found/vbd it/ppo ,/, if/cs anything/pn ,/, all/ql too/ql familiar/jj ./. In/in the/at second/od place/nn ,/, though/cs ,/, even/rb if/cs Birmingham/np is/bez worse/jjr ,/, no/at doubt/nn Johannesburg/np ,/, South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl ,/, beats/vbz it/ppo by/in several/ap miles/nns ,/, and/cc Buchenwald/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at worst/jjt things/nns that/wps ever/rb happened/vbd in/in the/at entire/jj history/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./. The/at world/nn has/hvz never/rb lacked/vbn for/in horrifying/jj examples/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc I/ppss do/do not/* believe/vb that/cs these/dts examples/nns are/ber meant/vbn to/to be/be used/vbn as/cs justification/nn for/in our/pp$ own/jj crimes/nns ./. This/dt perpetual/jj justification/nn empties/vbz the/at heart/nn of/in all/abn human/jj feeling/nn ./. The/at emptier/jjr our/pp$ hearts/nns become/vb ,/, the/at greater/jjr will/md be/be our/pp$ crimes/nns ./. Thirdly/rb ,/, the/at South/nr-tl is/bez not/* merely/rb an/at embarrassingly/ql backward/jj region/nn ,/, but/cc a/at part/nn of/in this/dt country/nn ,/, and/cc what/wdt happens/vbz there/rb concerns/vbz every/at one/cd of/in us/ppo ./. As/ql far/rb as/cs the/at color/nn problem/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez but/rb one/cd great/jj difference/nn between/in the/at Southern/jj-tl white/jj and/cc the/at Northerner/nn-tl :/: the/at Southerner/nn-tl remembers/vbz ,/, historically/rb and/cc in/in his/pp$ own/jj psyche/nn ,/, a/at kind/nn of/in Eden/np in/in which/wdt he/pps loved/vbd black/jj people/nns and/cc they/ppss loved/vbd him/ppo ./. Historically/rb ,/, the/at flaming/vbg sword/nn laid/vbn across/in this/dt Eden/np is/bez the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./. Personally/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at Southerner's/nn$-tl sexual/jj coming/nn of/in age/nn ,/, when/wrb ,/, without/in any/dti warning/nn ,/, unbreakable/jj taboos/nns are/ber set/vbn up/rp between/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ past/nn ./. Everything/pn ,/, thereafter/rb ,/, is/bez permitted/vbn him/ppo except/in the/at love/nn he/pps remembers/vbz and/cc has/hvz never/rb ceased/vbn to/to need/vb ./. The/at resulting/vbg ,/, indescribable/jj torment/nn affects/vbz every/at Southern/jj-tl mind/nn and/cc is/bez the/at basis/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl hysteria/nn ./. None/pn of/in this/dt is/bez true/jj for/in the/at Northerner/nn-tl ./. Negroes/nps represent/vb nothing/pn to/in him/ppo personally/rb ,/, except/rb ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, the/at dangers/nns of/in carnality/nn ./. He/pps never/rb sees/vbz Negroes/nps ./. Southerners/nns-tl see/vb them/ppo all/abn the/at time/nn ./. Northerners/nns-tl never/rb think/vb about/in them/ppo whereas/cs Southerners/nns-tl are/ber never/rb really/rb thinking/vbg of/in anything/pn else/rb ./. Negroes/nps are/ber ,/, therefore/rb ,/, ignored/vbn in/in the/at North/nr-tl and/cc are/ber under/in surveillance/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, and/cc suffer/vb hideously/rb in/in both/abx places/nns ./. Neither/cc the/at Southerner/nn-tl nor/cc the/at Northerner/nn-tl is/bez able/jj to/to look/vb on/in the/at Negro/np simply/rb as/cs a/at man/nn ./. It/pps seems/vbz to/to be/be indispensable/jj to/in the/at national/jj self-esteem/nn that/cs the/at Negro/np be/be considered/vbn either/cc as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in ward/nn (/( in/in which/wdt case/nn we/ppss are/ber told/vbn how/wql many/ap Negroes/nps ,/, comparatively/rb ,/, bought/vbd Cadillacs/nps last/ap year/nn and/cc how/wql few/ap ,/, comparatively/rb ,/, were/bed lynched/vbn )/) ,/, or/cc as/cs a/at victim/nn (/( in/in which/wdt case/nn we/ppss are/ber promised/vbn that/cs he/pps will/md never/rb vote/vb in/in our/pp$ assemblies/nns or/cc go/vb to/in school/nn with/in our/pp$ kids/nns )/) ./. They/ppss are/ber two/cd sides/nns of/in the/at same/ap coin/nn and/cc the/at South/nr-tl will/md not/* change/vb --/-- cannot/md* change/vb --/-- until/cs the/at North/nr-tl changes/vbz ./. The/at country/nn will/md not/* change/vb until/cs it/pps re-examines/vbz itself/ppl and/cc discovers/vbz what/wdt it/pps really/rb means/vbz by/in freedom/nn ./. In/in the/at meantime/nn ,/, generations/nns keep/vb being/beg born/vbn ,/, bitterness/nn is/bez increased/vbn by/in incompetence/nn ,/, pride/nn ,/, and/cc folly/nn ,/, and/cc the/at world/nn shrinks/vbz around/in us/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez a/at terrible/jj ,/, an/at inexorable/jj ,/, law/nn that/cs one/cd cannot/md* deny/vb the/at humanity/nn of/in another/dt without/in diminishing/vbg one's/pn$ own/jj :/: in/in the/at face/nn of/in one's/pn$ victim/nn ,/, one/pn sees/vbz oneself/ppl ./. Walk/vb through/in the/at streets/nns of/in Harlem/np and/cc see/vb what/wdt we/ppss ,/, this/dt nation/nn ,/, have/hv become/vbn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl East/jj-tl-hl River/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl downtown/nr-hl :/:-hl postscript/nn-hl to/in-hl a/at-hl letter/nn-hl from/in-hl Harlem/np-hl the/at fact/nn that/cs American/jj Negroes/nps rioted/vbd in/in the/at U.N./np while/cs Adlai/np Stevenson/np was/bedz addressing/vbg the/at Assembly/nn-tl shocked/vbd and/cc baffled/vbd most/ap white/jj Americans/nps ./. Stevenson's/np$ speech/nn ,/, and/cc the/at spectacular/jj disturbance/nn in/in the/at gallery/nn ,/, were/bed both/abx touched/vbn off/rp by/in the/at death/nn ,/, in/in Katanga/np ,/, the/at day/nn before/rb ,/, of/in Patrice/np Lumumba/np ./. Stevenson/np stated/vbd ,/, in/in the/at course/nn of/in his/pp$ address/nn ,/, that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz ``/`` against/in ''/'' colonialism/nn ./. God/np knows/vbz what/wdt the/at African/jj nations/nns ,/, who/wps hold/vb 25/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at voting/vbg stock/nn in/in the/at U.N./np were/bed thinking/vbg --/-- they/ppss may/md ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, have/hv been/ben thinking/vbg of/in the/at U.S./np abstention/nn when/wrb the/at vote/nn on/in Algerian/jj freedom/nn was/bedz before/in the/at Assembly/nn-tl --/-- but/cc I/ppss think/vb I/ppss have/hv a/at fairly/ql accurate/jj notion/nn of/in what/wdt the/at Negroes/nps in/in the/at gallery/nn were/bed thinking/vbg ./. I/ppss had/hvd intended/vbn to/to be/be there/rb myself/ppl ./. It/pps was/bedz my/pp$ first/od reaction/nn upon/in hearing/vbg of/in Lumumba's/np$ death/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj about/in the/at impact/nn of/in this/dt political/jj assassination/nn on/in Negroes/nps in/in Harlem/np ,/, for/cs Lumumba/np had/hvd --/-- has/hvz --/-- captured/vbn the/at popular/jj imagination/nn there/rb ./. I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj to/to know/vb if/cs Lumumba's/np$ death/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez surely/rb among/in the/at most/ql sinister/jj of/in recent/jj events/nns ,/, would/md elicit/vb from/in ``/`` our/pp$ ''/'' side/nn anything/pn more/ap than/cs the/at usual/jj ,/, well-meaning/jj rhetoric/nn ./. And/cc I/ppss was/bedz curious/jj about/in the/at African/jj reaction/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at chaos/nn on/in my/pp$ desk/nn prevented/vbd my/pp$ being/beg in/in the/at U.N./np gallery/nn ./. Had/hvd I/ppss been/ben there/rb ,/, I/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in most/ap Americans/nps ,/, would/md have/hv been/ben merely/rb a/at pawn/nn in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at Communists/nns-tl ./. The/at climate/nn and/cc the/at events/nns of/in the/at last/ap decade/nn ,/, and/cc the/at steady/jj pressure/nn of/in the/at ``/`` cold/jj ''/'' war/nn ,/, have/hv given/vbn Americans/nps yet/rb another/dt means/nn of/in avoiding/vbg self-examination/nn ,/, and/cc so/cs it/pps has/hvz been/ben decided/vbn that/cs the/at riots/nns were/bed ``/`` Communist/np ''/'' inspired/vbd ./. Nor/cc was/bedz it/pps long/rb ,/, naturally/rb ,/, before/cs prominent/jj Negroes/nps rushed/vbd forward/rb to/to assure/vb the/at republic/nn that/cs the/at U.N./np rioters/nns do/do not/* represent/vb the/at real/jj feeling/nn of/in the/at Negro/np community/nn ./. According/in ,/, then/rb ,/, to/in what/wdt I/ppss take/vb to/to be/be the/at prevailing/vbg view/nn ,/, these/dts rioters/nns were/bed merely/rb a/at handful/nn of/in irresponsible/jj ,/, Stalinist-corrupted/jj provocateurs/nns ./. I/ppss find/vb this/dt view/nn amazing/jj ./. It/pps is/bez a/at view/nn which/wdt even/rb a/at minimal/jj effort/nn at/in observation/nn would/md immediately/rb contradict/vb ./. One/pn has/hvz only/rb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, to/to walk/vb through/in Harlem/np and/cc ask/vb oneself/ppl two/cd questions/nns ./. The/at first/od question/nn is/bez :/: Would/md I/ppss like/vb to/to live/vb here/rb ?/. ?/. And/cc the/at second/od question/nn is/bez :/: Why/wrb don't/do* those/dts who/wps now/rb live/vb here/rb move/vb out/rp ?/. ?/. The/at answer/nn to/in both/abx questions/nns is/bez immediately/ql obvious/jj ./. Unless/cs one/pn takes/vbz refuge/nn in/in the/at theory/nn --/-- however/wql disguised/vbn --/-- that/cs Negroes/nps are/ber ,/, somehow/rb ,/, different/jj from/in white/jj people/nns ,/, I/ppss do/do not/* see/vb how/wrb one/pn can/md escape/vb the/at conclusion/nn that/cs the/at Negro's/np$ status/nn in/in this/dt country/nn is/bez not/* only/rb a/at cruel/jj injustice/nn but/cc a/at grave/jj national/jj liability/nn ./. Now/rb ,/, I/ppss do/do not/* doubt/vb that/cs ,/, among/in the/at people/nns at/in the/at U.N./np that/dt day/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed Stalinist/np and/cc professional/jj revolutionists/nns acting/vbg out/in of/in the/at most/ql cynical/jj motives/nns ./. Wherever/wrb there/ex is/bez great/jj social/jj discontent/nn ,/, these/dts people/nns are/ber ,/, sooner/rbr or/cc later/rbr ,/, to/to be/be found/vbn ./. Their/pp$ presence/nn is/bez not/* as/ql frightening/vbg as/cs the/at discontent/nn which/wdt creates/vbz their/pp$ opportunity/nn ./. What/wdt I/ppss find/vb appalling/jj --/-- and/cc really/ql dangerous/jj --/-- is/bez the/at American/jj assumption/nn that/cs the/at Negro/np is/bez so/ql contented/vbn with/in his/pp$ lot/nn here/rb that/cs only/rb the/at cynical/jj agents/nns of/in a/at foreign/jj power/nn can/md rouse/vb him/ppo to/to protest/vb ./. It/pps is/bez a/at notion/nn which/wdt contains/vbz a/at gratuitous/jj insult/nn ,/, implying/vbg ,/, as/cs it/pps does/doz ,/, that/cs Negroes/nps can/md make/vb no/at move/nn unless/cs they/ppss are/ber manipulated/vbn ./.

cf43

cf43 |@word color:1 delay:1 1935:1 wide:1 screen:4 early:7 fifty:2 movement:3 chief:1 often:1 attraction:1 primitive:1 movie:16 ninety:1 film:38 consist:2 foot:1 give:3 run:3 time:24 one:16 minute:4 long:2 audience:6 come:4 see:2 seem:2 little:2 reason:2 adventure:1 motion:5 picture:7 exhibition:1 take:9 place:4 store:1 general:2 atmosphere:1 like:2 penny:1 arcade:1 still:8 find:3 urban:1 area:1 square:1 brief:1 snip:1 actual:1 event:7 show:3 parade:1 dances:1 street:1 scene:9 sensational:1 frightening:1 enjoy:1 popularity:2 train:7 rush:1 straight:3 great:8 wave:2 threaten:1 break:3 seat:2 edison:2 production:1 execution:1 mary:1 queen:2 scot:1 unfortunate:1 mount:1 scaffold:1 headsman:1 swing:1 axe:1 head:1 drop:1 end:5 competitor:1 wizard:1 menlo:1 park:1 simply:1 kiss:1 perform:1 two:7 actor:3 contemporary:1 stage:5 field:1 entertainment:3 spur:1 financial:2 daring:1 effective:1 boredom:1 first:8 decade:1 new:2 device:4 begin:6 stay:1 away:1 large:1 number:2 simple:5 minded:1 response:1 industry:2 allow:1 discovery:3 form:8 fiction:6 thus:2 essential:2 day:1 despite:2 sheer:1 beauty:1 spectacle:1 numerous:1 documentary:2 art:13 travelogue:1 impressive:1 success:1 recent:1 development:1 cinerama:1 heart:2 play:3 novel:3 short:1 story:5 moreover:1 artistically:1 successful:1 nonfiction:1 invariably:1 borrow:1 narrative:8 feature:1 american:2 river:1 plow:1 plain:1 compose:1 visual:1 rather:1 illustrate:1 lecture:1 make:10 year:6 century:3 chiefly:1 man:3 french:1 magician:3 george:1 melie:4 employee:1 edwin:1 porter:9 justly:1 better:2 know:2 go:2 far:1 beyond:1 vital:1 finding:1 step:2 toward:3 fashion:1 language:2 intricate:1 efficient:1 machine:1 remain:3 since:2 even:4 inept:1 hand:1 however:2 professional:1 instinct:1 discover:1 use:4 illusionary:1 technique:4 part:1 vocabulary:1 dissolve:1 possible:2 visually:1 smooth:1 transition:1 fade:1 succeed:1 appear:2 moment:1 present:2 simultaneously:2 grow:2 weak:1 strong:1 series:3 fairy:1 tale:1 fantasy:1 demonstrate:1 superbly:1 equipped:1 tell:2 straightforward:1 middle:2 complication:1 resolution:1 climax:1 conclusion:1 immediately:1 improve:2 content:1 base:1 complement:1 unbreakable:1 connection:1 physically:2 image:2 project:2 speed:2 eye:2 remember:1 register:1 link:1 smoothly:1 change:3 together:1 endow:1 illusion:1 projection:2 painting:1 sculpture:1 highly:1 subjective:1 varying:1 person:3 vary:1 different:1 occasion:1 drama:1 theater:2 concert:1 hall:1 fix:4 director:1 player:1 conductor:1 instrumentalist:1 subject:2 therefore:1 much:2 variation:1 record:5 collector:1 well:3 absolutely:1 transparent:1 photograph:2 frame:5 light:1 lens:1 individually:1 rate:3 silent:1 16:1 per:2 second:2 sound:2 24:1 also:3 build:1 exist:1 without:1 concern:1 fictional:1 action:2 usually:1 beginning:2 element:3 demand:2 condition:1 existence:1 move:1 sure:1 intense:1 difference:1 really:1 degree:1 cinematic:3 merely:2 increase:1 realism:1 object:1 would:2 reasonably:1 realistic:1 photo:1 almost:1 everything:1 peculiarly:2 derive:1 tension:1 create:2 maintain:1 vastly:1 important:2 sometimes:1 dazzle:1 trick:1 produce:4 whose:1 name:2 live:1 half:1 history:1 ensue:1 robbery:4 effect:1 young:1 incalculable:1 overnight:1 thing:2 multiply:1 standard:5 ten:1 reel:3 eight:1 twelve:1 become:3 length:1 1903:1 griffith:5 shatter:1 limit:1 forever:1 birth:1 nation:1 1915:1 measure:1 material:1 simplicity:1 continue:2 good:1 guy:2 bad:1 old:1 west:1 pretty:1 dominate:1 television:1 1950:1 band:2 robber:5 enter:1 railroad:1 station:2 overpower:1 tie:1 telegraph:1 operator:1 hold:1 escape:2 posse:3 pursue:2 whoop:1 wild:2 woman:1 honky:1 tonk:1 hide:2 cover:1 wooded:1 declivity:1 shoot:3 dead:1 finale:1 append:1 close:1 aim:1 fire:1 revolver:1 enough:1 universal:2 custom:1 camera:8 single:1 position:3 outdoor:1 especially:1 capture:1 destruction:1 outlaws:1 necessarily:1 roughly:1 spectator:1 center:1 orchestra:1 plane:2 parallel:1 sight:1 minor:1 may:2 recall:1 italian:2 painter:2 hundred:1 analogous:1 consent:1 brilliant:1 group:1 genius:1 apparently:1 shift:1 open:1 way:1 sensitive:1 instrument:2 mechanical:1 recording:1 reveal:1 potential:2 value:1 cut:7 basic:2 cutting:1 course:1 automatically:1 creation:1 meaning:1 word:1 quite:1 physical:2 knife:1 complete:1 sequence:5 edge:2 join:1 cement:1 next:1 home:1 maker:2 inevitable:2 footage:1 child:2 historical:1 prepare:1 shot:1 showing:1 friend:1 interrupt:1 paste:1 grandmother:1 watch:1 artist:2 employ:1 leave:1 loot:1 suddenly:1 back:1 telegrapher:1 daughter:1 arrive:1 father:1 dinner:1 pail:1 bind:1 floor:1 dash:1 around:1 alarm:1 space:1 leap:1 include:1 formation:1 though:1 reality:1 near:1 considerable:1 distance:1 chase:4 probably:1 date:1 presume:1 urgency:1 pursuer:1 journey:1 naked:1 idea:1 another:1 nature:1 fit:1 cowboy:1 cop:1 slapstick:1 comedy:1 culminate:1 insane:1 cater:1 critic:1 assume:1 vulgar:1 taste:1 violence:1 seek:1 instinctively:1 design:1 creator:1 need:1 explore:1 full:1 less:1 accident:1 cheap:1 capable:1 enthral:1 unthinking:1 idle:1 seven:1 either:1 invented:1 realize:1 possibility:1 virtually:1 every:1 resource:1 disposal:1 forty:1 attempt:1 mostly:1 european:2 exactly:1 effort:4 ignore:1 slowly:1 emerge:1 staggeringly:1 condense:1 version:1 famous:2 actress:1 notable:1 sarah:1 bernhardt:1 hire:1 repeat:1 performance:1 extensive:1 expensive:1 downgrade:1 status:1 work:2 elsewhere:1 author:1 phonograph:1 today:1 high:1 fidelity:1 stereophonic:1 precisely:1 purveyor:1 wish:1 surprisingly:1 approach:1 valuable:1 interesting:1 figure:1 otherwise:1 bear:1

Color/nn was/bedz delayed/vbn until/in 1935/cd ,/, the/at wide/jj screen/nn until/in the/at early/jj fifties/nns ./. Movement/nn itself/ppl was/bedz the/at chief/jjs and/cc often/rb the/at only/ap attraction/nn of/in the/at primitive/jj movies/nns of/in the/at nineties/nns ./. Each/dt film/nn consisted/vbd of/in fifty/cd feet/nns ,/, which/wdt gives/vbz a/at running/vbg time/nn of/in about/rb one/cd minute/nn on/in the/at screen/nn ./. As/ql long/rb as/cs audiences/nns came/vbd to/to see/vb the/at movement/nn ,/, there/ex seemed/vbd little/ap reason/nn to/to adventure/vb further/rbr ./. Motion-picture/nn exhibitions/nns took/vbd place/nn in/in stores/nns in/in a/at general/jj atmosphere/nn like/cs that/dt of/in the/at penny/nn arcade/nn which/wdt can/md still/rb be/be found/vbn in/in such/jj urban/jj areas/nns as/cs Times/nns-tl Square/nn-tl ./. Brief/jj snips/nns of/in actual/jj events/nns were/bed shown/vbn :/: parades/nns ,/, dances/nns ,/, street/nn scenes/nns ./. The/at sensational/jj and/cc frightening/vbg enjoyed/vbd popularity/nn :/: a/at train/nn rushes/vbz straight/rb at/in the/at audience/nn ,/, or/cc a/at great/jj wave/nn threatens/vbz to/to break/vb over/in the/at seats/nns ./. An/at early/jj Edison/np production/nn was/bedz The/at-tl Execution/nn-tl Of/in-tl Mary/np-tl ,/, Queen/nn-tl Of/in-tl Scots/nps-tl ./. The/at unfortunate/jj queen/nn mounted/vbd the/at scaffold/nn ;/. ;/. the/at headsman/nn swung/vbd his/pp$ axe/nn ;/. ;/. the/at head/nn dropped/vbd off/rp ;/. ;/. end/nn of/in film/nn ./. An/at early/jj film/nn by/in a/at competitor/nn of/in the/at Wizard/nn-tl of/in-tl Menlo/np-tl Park/nn-tl simply/rb showed/vbd a/at long/jj kiss/nn performed/vbn by/in two/cd actors/nns of/in the/at contemporary/jj stage/nn ./. In/in the/at field/nn of/in entertainment/nn there/ex is/bez no/at spur/nn to/in financial/jj daring/nn so/ql effective/jj as/cs audience/nn boredom/nn ,/, and/cc the/at first/od decade/nn of/in the/at new/jj device/nn was/bedz not/* over/rp before/cs audiences/nns began/vbd staying/vbg away/rb in/in large/jj numbers/nns from/in the/at simple-minded/jj ,/, one-minute/nn shows/nns ./. In/in response/nn ,/, the/at industry/nn allowed/vbd the/at discovery/nn of/in the/at motion/nn picture/nn as/cs a/at form/nn of/in fiction/nn and/cc thus/rb gave/vbd the/at movies/nns the/at essential/jj form/nn they/ppss have/hv had/hvn to/in this/dt day/nn ./. Despite/in the/at sheer/jj beauty/nn and/cc spectacle/nn of/in numerous/jj documentaries/nns ,/, art/nn films/nns ,/, and/cc travelogues/nns ,/, despite/in the/at impressive/jj financial/jj success/nn of/in such/abl a/at recent/jj development/nn as/cs Cinerama/np ,/, the/at movies/nns are/ber at/in heart/nn a/at form/nn of/in fiction/nn ,/, like/cs the/at play/nn ,/, the/at novel/nn ,/, or/cc the/at short/jj story/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at most/ql artistically/rb successful/jj of/in the/at nonfiction/nn films/nns have/hv invariably/rb borrowed/vbn the/at narrative/jj form/nn from/in the/at fiction/nn feature/nn ./. Thus/rb such/jj great/jj American/jj documentaries/nns as/cs The/at-tl River/nn-tl and/cc The/at-tl Plow/nn-tl That/wps-tl Broke/vbd-tl The/at-tl Plains/nns-tl were/bed composed/vbn as/cs visual/jj stories/nns rather/in than/in as/cs illustrated/vbn lectures/nns ./. The/at discovery/nn that/cs movies/nns are/ber a/at form/nn of/in fiction/nn was/bedz made/vbn in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in this/dt century/nn and/cc it/pps was/bedz made/vbn chiefly/rb by/in two/cd men/nns ,/, a/at French/jj magician/nn ,/, Georges/np Melies/np ,/, and/cc an/at American/jj employee/nn of/in Edison/np ,/, Edwin/np S./np Porter/np ./. Of/in the/at two/cd ,/, Porter/np is/bez justly/rb the/at better/rbr known/vbn ,/, for/cs he/pps went/vbd far/rb beyond/in the/at vital/jj finding/nn of/in fiction/nn for/in films/nns to/to take/vb the/at first/od step/nn toward/in fashioning/vbg a/at language/nn of/in film/nn ,/, toward/in making/vbg the/at motion/nn picture/nn the/at intricate/jj ,/, efficient/jj time/nn machine/nn that/wpo it/pps has/hvz remained/vbn since/rb ,/, even/rb in/in the/at most/ql inept/jj hands/nns ./. Narrative/jj-hl time/nn-hl and/cc-hl film/nn-hl time/nn-hl Melies/np ,/, however/wrb ,/, out/in of/in his/pp$ professional/jj instincts/nns as/cs a/at magician/nn ,/, discovered/vbd and/cc made/vbd use/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in illusionary/jj techniques/nns that/wps remain/vb part/nn of/in the/at vocabulary/nn of/in film/nn ./. One/cd of/in these/dts is/bez the/at ``/`` dissolve/nn ''/'' ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz possible/jj a/at visually/rb smooth/jj transition/nn from/in scene/nn to/in scene/nn ./. As/cs the/at first/od scene/nn begins/vbz to/to fade/vb ,/, the/at succeeding/vbg scene/nn begins/vbz to/to appear/vb ./. For/in a/at moment/nn or/cc two/cd ,/, both/abx scenes/nns are/ber present/jj simultaneously/rb ,/, one/cd growing/vbg weaker/jjr ,/, one/cd growing/vbg stronger/jjr ./. In/in a/at series/nn of/in fairy/nn tales/nns and/cc fantasies/nns ,/, Melies/np demonstrated/vbd that/cs the/at film/nn is/bez superbly/ql equipped/vbn to/to tell/vb a/at straightforward/jj story/nn ,/, with/in beginning/nn ,/, middle/nn and/cc end/nn ,/, complications/nns ,/, resolutions/nns ,/, climaxes/nns ,/, and/cc conclusions/nns ./. Immediately/rb ,/, the/at film/nn improved/vbd and/cc it/pps improved/vbd because/cs in/in narrative/nn it/pps found/vbd a/at content/nn based/vbn on/in time/nn to/to complement/vb its/pp$ own/jj unbreakable/jj connection/nn with/in time/nn ./. Physically/rb ,/, a/at movie/nn is/bez possible/jj because/cs a/at series/nn of/in images/nns is/bez projected/vbn one/cd at/in a/at time/nn at/in such/abl a/at speed/nn that/cs the/at eye/nn ``/`` remembers/vbz ''/'' the/at one/cd that/wps has/hvz gone/vbn before/rb even/rb as/cs it/pps registers/vbz the/at one/cd now/rb appearing/vbg ./. Linking/vbg the/at smoothly/rb changing/vbg images/nns together/rb ,/, the/at eye/nn itself/ppl endows/vbz them/ppo with/in the/at illusion/nn of/in movement/nn ./. The/at ``/`` projection/nn ''/'' time/nn of/in painting/vbg and/cc sculpture/nn is/bez highly/ql subjective/jj ,/, varying/vbg from/in person/nn to/in person/nn and/cc even/rb varying/vbg for/in a/at given/vbn person/nn on/in different/jj occasions/nns ./. So/rb is/bez the/at time/nn of/in the/at novel/nn ./. The/at drama/nn in/in the/at theater/nn and/cc the/at concert/nn in/in the/at hall/nn both/abx have/hv a/at fixed/vbn time/nn ,/, but/cc the/at time/nn is/bez fixed/vbn by/in the/at director/nn and/cc the/at players/nns ,/, the/at conductor/nn and/cc the/at instrumentalists/nns ,/, subject/jj ,/, therefore/rb ,/, to/in much/ap variation/nn ,/, as/cs record/nn collectors/nns well/rb know/vb ./. The/at time/nn of/in the/at motion/nn picture/nn is/bez fixed/vbn absolutely/rb ./. The/at film/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at series/nn of/in still/jj ,/, transparent/jj photographs/nns ,/, or/cc ``/`` frames/nns ''/'' ,/, 35-mm.-wide/jj ./. Each/dt frame/nn comes/vbz between/in the/at light/nn and/cc the/at lens/nn and/cc is/bez individually/rb projected/vbn on/in the/at screen/nn ,/, at/in the/at rate/nn ,/, for/in silent/jj movies/nns ,/, of/in 16/cd frames/nns per/in second/od ,/, and/cc ,/, for/in sound/nn films/nns ,/, 24/cd frames/nns per/in second/od ./. This/dt is/bez the/at rate/nn of/in projection/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez also/rb the/at rate/nn of/in photographing/vbg ./. Time/nn is/bez built/vbn into/in the/at motion/nn picture/nn ,/, which/wdt cannot/md* exist/vb without/in time/nn ./. Now/rb time/nn is/bez also/rb the/at concern/nn of/in the/at fictional/jj narrative/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez ,/, at/in its/pp$ simplest/jjt ,/, the/at story/nn of/in an/at action/nn with/in ,/, usually/rb ,/, a/at beginning/nn ,/, a/at middle/nn ,/, and/cc an/at end/nn --/-- elements/nns which/wdt demand/vb time/nn as/cs the/at first/od condition/nn for/in their/pp$ existence/nn ./. The/at ``/`` moving/vbg ''/'' picture/nn of/in the/at train/nn or/cc the/at wave/nn coming/vbg at/in the/at audience/nn is/bez ,/, to/to be/be sure/jj ,/, more/ql intense/jj than/cs a/at still/jj picture/nn of/in the/at same/ap subject/nn ,/, but/cc the/at difference/nn is/bez really/rb one/cd of/in degree/nn ;/. ;/. the/at cinematic/jj element/nn of/in time/nn is/bez merely/rb used/vbn to/to increase/vb the/at realism/nn of/in an/at object/nn which/wdt would/md still/rb be/be reasonably/ql realistic/jj in/in a/at still/jj photo/nn ./. In/in narrative/nn ,/, time/nn is/bez essential/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez in/in film/nn ./. Almost/rb everything/pn about/in the/at movies/nns that/wps is/bez peculiarly/rb of/in the/at movies/nns derives/vbz from/in a/at tension/nn created/vbn and/cc maintained/vbn between/in narrative/nn time/nn and/cc film/nn time/nn ./. This/dt discovery/nn of/in Melies/np was/bedz vastly/ql more/ql important/jj than/cs his/pp$ sometimes/rb dazzling/vbg ,/, magician's/nn$ tricks/nns produced/vbn on/in film/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz Porter/np ,/, however/rb ,/, who/wps produced/vbd the/at very/ql first/od movie/nn whose/wp$ name/nn has/hvz lived/vbn on/rp through/in the/at half/abn century/nn of/in film/nn history/nn that/wps has/hvz since/rb ensued/vbn ./. The/at movie/nn was/bedz The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Train/nn-tl Robbery/nn-tl and/cc its/pp$ effects/nns on/in the/at young/jj industry/nn and/cc art/nn were/bed all/abn but/in incalculable/jj ./. Overnight/rb ,/, for/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, Porter's/np$ film/nn multiplied/vbd the/at standard/jj running/vbg time/nn of/in movies/nns by/in ten/cd ./. The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Train/nn-tl Robbery/nn-tl is/bez a/at one-reel/nn film/nn ./. One/cd reel/nn --/-- from/in eight/cd to/in twelve/cd minutes/nns --/-- became/vbd the/at standard/jj length/nn from/in the/at year/nn of/in Robbery/nn-tl ,/, 1903/cd ,/, until/cs Griffith/np shattered/vbd that/dt limit/nn forever/rb with/in Birth/nn-tl Of/in-tl A/at-tl Nation/nn-tl in/in 1915/cd ./. The/at reel/nn itself/ppl became/vbd and/cc still/rb is/bez the/at standard/nn of/in measure/nn for/in the/at movies/nns ./. The/at material/nn of/in the/at Porter/np film/nn is/bez simplicity/nn itself/ppl ;/. ;/. much/ap of/in it/ppo has/hvz continued/vbn to/to be/be used/vbn over/in the/at years/nns and/cc the/at heart/nn of/in it/ppo --/-- good/jj guys/nns and/cc bad/jj guys/nns in/in the/at old/jj West/nr-tl --/-- pretty/ql well/rb dominated/vbd television/nn toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at 1950's/nns ./. A/at band/nn of/in robbers/nns enters/vbz a/at railroad/nn station/nn ,/, overpowers/vbz and/cc ties/vbz up/rp the/at telegraph/nn operator/nn ,/, holds/vbz up/rp the/at train/nn and/cc escapes/vbz ./. A/at posse/nn is/bez formed/vbn and/cc pursues/vbz the/at robbers/nns ,/, who/wps ,/, having/hvg made/vbn their/pp$ escape/nn ,/, are/ber whooping/vbg it/ppo up/rp with/in some/dti wild/jj ,/, wild/jj women/nns in/in a/at honky-tonk/nn hide-out/nn ./. The/at robbers/nns run/vb from/in the/at hide-out/nn ,/, take/vb cover/nn in/in a/at wooded/jj declivity/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber shot/vbn dead/jj by/in the/at posse/nn ./. As/cs a/at finale/nn is/bez appended/vbn a/at close-up/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at band/nn taking/vbg aim/nn and/cc firing/vbg his/pp$ revolver/nn straight/rb at/in the/at audience/nn ./. All/abn this/dt is/bez simple/jj enough/qlp ,/, but/cc in/in telling/vbg the/at story/nn Porter/np did/dod two/cd important/jj things/nns that/wps had/hvd not/* been/ben done/vbn before/rb ./. Each/dt scene/nn is/bez shot/vbn straight/rb through/rp ,/, as/cs had/hvd been/ben the/at universal/jj custom/nn ,/, from/in a/at camera/nn fixed/vbn in/in a/at single/jj position/nn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at outdoor/jj scenes/nns ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at capture/nn and/cc destruction/nn of/in the/at outlaws/nns ,/, Porter's/np$ camera/nn position/nn breaks/vbz ,/, necessarily/rb ,/, with/in the/at camera/nn position/nn standard/jj until/in then/rb ,/, which/wdt had/hvd been/ben ,/, roughly/rb ,/, that/dt of/in a/at spectator/nn in/in a/at center/jj orchestra/nn seat/nn at/in a/at play/nn ./. The/at plane/nn of/in the/at action/nn in/in the/at scene/nn is/bez not/* parallel/jj with/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at film/nn in/in the/at camera/nn or/cc on/in the/at screen/nn ./. If/cs the/at change/nn ,/, at/in first/od sight/nn ,/, seems/vbz minor/jj ,/, we/ppss may/md recall/vb that/cs it/pps took/vbd the/at Italian/jj painters/nns about/rb two/cd hundred/cd years/nns to/to make/vb an/at analogous/jj change/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Italian/jj painters/nns ,/, by/in universal/jj consent/nn ,/, were/bed the/at most/ql brilliant/jj group/nn of/in geniuses/nns any/dti art/nn has/hvz seen/vbn ./. In/in that/dt apparently/rb simple/jj shift/nn Porter/np opened/vbd the/at way/nn to/in the/at sensitive/jj use/nn of/in the/at camera/nn as/cs an/at instrument/nn of/in art/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at mechanical/jj recording/vbg device/nn ./. He/pps did/dod more/ap than/cs that/dt ./. He/pps revealed/vbd the/at potential/jj value/nn of/in the/at ``/`` cut/nn ''/'' as/cs the/at basic/jj technique/nn in/in the/at art/nn of/in the/at film/nn ./. Cutting/vbg ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, takes/vbz place/nn automatically/rb in/in the/at creation/nn of/in a/at film/nn ./. The/at meaning/nn of/in the/at word/nn is/bez quite/ql physical/jj ,/, to/to begin/vb with/in ./. The/at physical/jj film/nn is/bez cut/vbn with/in a/at knife/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in one/cd complete/jj sequence/nn ,/, and/cc the/at cut/vbn edge/nn is/bez joined/vbn physically/rb ,/, by/in cement/nn ,/, to/in the/at cut/vbn edge/nn of/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at next/ap sequence/nn ./. If/cs ,/, as/cs a/at home/nn movie/nn maker/nn ,/, you/ppss shoot/vb the/at inevitable/jj footage/nn of/in your/pp$ child/nn taking/vbg its/pp$ first/od steps/nns ,/, you/ppss have/hv merely/rb recorded/vbn an/at historical/jj event/nn ./. If/cs ,/, in/in preparing/vbg that/dt shot/nn for/in the/at inevitable/jj showing/vbg to/in your/pp$ friends/nns ,/, you/ppss interrupt/vb the/at sequence/nn to/to paste/vb in/rp a/at few/ap frames/nns of/in the/at child's/nn$ grandmother/nn watching/vbg this/dt event/nn ,/, you/ppss have/hv begun/vbn to/to be/be an/at artist/nn in/in film/nn ;/. ;/. you/ppss are/ber employing/vbg the/at basic/jj technique/nn of/in film/nn ;/. ;/. you/ppss are/ber cutting/vbg ./. This/dt is/bez what/wdt Porter/np did/dod ./. As/cs the/at robbers/nns leave/vb the/at looted/vbn train/nn ,/, the/at film/nn suddenly/rb cuts/vbz back/rb to/in the/at station/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at telegrapher's/nn$ little/jj daughter/nn arrives/vbz with/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ dinner/nn pail/nn only/rb to/to find/vb him/ppo bound/vbn on/in the/at floor/nn ./. She/pps dashes/vbz around/rb in/in alarm/nn ./. The/at two/cd events/nns are/ber taking/vbg place/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./. Time/nn and/cc space/nn have/hv both/abx become/vbn cinematic/jj ./. We/ppss leap/vb from/in event/nn to/in event/nn --/-- including/in the/at formation/nn of/in the/at posse/nn --/-- even/rb though/cs the/at events/nns ,/, in/in ``/`` reality/nn ''/'' are/ber taking/vbg place/nn not/* in/in sequence/nn but/cc simultaneously/rb ,/, and/cc not/* near/in each/dt other/ap but/cc at/in a/at considerable/jj distance/nn ./. The/at ``/`` chase/nn ''/'' as/cs a/at standard/jj film/nn device/nn probably/rb dates/vbz from/in The/at-tl Great/jj-tl Train/nn-tl Robbery/nn-tl ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez a/at reason/nn for/in the/at continued/vbn popularity/nn of/in the/at device/nn ./. The/at chase/nn in/in itself/ppl is/bez a/at narrative/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps presumes/vbz both/abx speed/nn and/cc urgency/nn and/cc it/pps demands/vbz cutting/vbg --/-- both/abx from/in pursued/vbn to/in pursuer/nn and/cc from/in stage/nn to/in stage/nn of/in the/at journey/nn of/in both/abx ./. The/at simple/jj ,/, naked/jj idea/nn of/in one/cd man/nn chasing/vbg another/dt is/bez of/in its/pp$ nature/nn better/rbr fitted/vbn for/in the/at film/nn than/cs it/pps is/bez for/in any/dti other/ap form/nn of/in fiction/nn ./. The/at cowboy/nn films/nns ,/, the/at cops/nns and/cc robbers/nns films/nns ,/, and/cc the/at slapstick/nn comedy/nn films/nns culminating/vbg in/in an/at insane/jj chase/nn are/ber not/* only/rb catering/vbg to/in what/wdt critics/nns may/md assume/vb to/to be/be a/at vulgar/jj taste/nn for/in violence/nn ;/. ;/. these/dts films/nns and/cc these/dts sequences/nns are/ber also/rb seeking/vbg out/rp --/-- instinctively/rb or/cc by/in design/nn --/-- the/at peculiarly/rb cinematic/jj elements/nns of/in narrative/nn ./. The/at-hl creator/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl art/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl film/nn-hl :/:-hl D.W./np-hl Griffith/np-hl There/ex still/rb remained/vbd the/at need/nn for/in one/cd great/jj film/nn artist/nn to/to explore/vb the/at full/jj potential/nn of/in the/at new/jj form/nn and/cc to/to make/vb it/ppo an/at art/nn ./. The/at man/nn was/bedz D.W./np Griffith/np ./. When/wrb he/pps came/vbd to/in the/at movies/nns --/-- more/rbr or/cc less/rbr by/in accident/nn --/-- they/ppss were/bed still/rb cheap/jj entertainment/nn capable/jj of/in enthralling/vbg the/at unthinking/jj for/in an/at idle/jj few/ap minutes/nns ./. In/in about/rb seven/cd years/nns Griffith/np either/cc invented/vbd or/cc first/rb realized/vbd the/at possibilities/nns of/in virtually/rb every/at resource/nn at/in the/at disposal/nn of/in the/at film/nn maker/nn ./. Before/cs he/pps was/bedz forty/cd Griffith/np had/hvd created/vbn the/at art/nn of/in the/at film/nn ./. Not/* that/cs there/ex had/hvd not/* been/ben attempts/nns ,/, mostly/rb European/jj ,/, to/to do/do exactly/rb that/dt ./. But/cc in/in general/jj the/at European/jj efforts/nns to/to make/vb an/at art/nn of/in the/at entertainment/nn had/hvd ignored/vbn the/at slowly/rb emerging/vbg language/nn of/in the/at film/nn itself/ppl ./. Staggeringly/ql condensed/vbn versions/nns of/in famous/jj novels/nns and/cc famous/jj plays/nns were/bed presented/vbn ./. Great/jj actors/nns and/cc actresses/nns --/-- the/at most/ql notable/jj being/beg Sarah/np Bernhardt/np --/-- were/bed hired/vbn to/to repeat/vb their/pp$ stage/nn performances/nns before/in the/at camera/nn ./. In/in all/abn of/in this/dt extensive/jj and/cc expensive/jj effort/nn ,/, the/at camera/nn was/bedz downgraded/vbn to/in the/at status/nn of/in recording/vbg instrument/nn for/in art/nn work/nn produced/vbn elsewhere/rb by/in the/at actor/nn or/cc by/in the/at author/nn ./. The/at phonograph/nn today/nr ,/, for/in all/abn its/pp$ high/jj fidelity/nn and/cc stereophonic/jj sound/nn ,/, is/bez precisely/rb what/wdt the/at early/jj art/nn purveyors/nns in/in the/at movies/nns wished/vbd to/to make/vb of/in the/at camera/nn ./. Not/* surprisingly/rb ,/, this/dt approach/nn did/dod not/* work/vb ./. The/at effort/nn produced/vbd a/at valuable/jj record/nn of/in stage/nn techniques/nns in/in the/at early/jj years/nns of/in the/at century/nn and/cc some/dti interesting/jj records/nns of/in great/jj theater/nn figures/nns who/wps would/md otherwise/rb be/be only/ap names/nns ./. But/cc no/at art/nn at/in all/abn was/bedz born/vbn of/in the/at art/nn effort/nn in/in the/at early/jj movies/nns ./.

cf44

cf44 |@word general:2 religious:8 interest:3 seem:3 exist:2 part:1 metropolis:7 congregational:7 membership:5 however:3 another:3 thing:1 congregation:29 survive:3 sustain:3 socially:1 homogeneous:1 preserve:2 economic:30 integration:15 faith:2 consider:1 necessary:1 condition:3 since:5 decision:1 join:3 worship:4 group:3 require:1 motive:1 force:4 sufficient:3 presence:1 member:13 similar:4 social:25 level:5 breakdown:1 homogeneity:2 inner:3 city:13 area:8 spread:2 blight:1 account:3 decline:1 central:9 church:26 reveal:2 two:6 adverse:1 feature:1 major:9 denomination:8 1:1 tend:2 residence:2 low:5 class:21 2:1 heterogeneous:2 composition:1 word:1 exhibit:1 characteristic:1 violate:1 life:15 principle:4 middle:15 people:13 mix:1 resident:1 become:5 progressively:1 poor:1 locale:1 exodus:1 exception:2 rapidly:2 lose:2 hold:1 key:1 protestant:9 development:2 therefore:4 nucleus:3 high:3 status:4 often:3 cluster:1 around:1 figure:1 give:4 impression:1 deceptive:1 core:5 concentrate:1 single:2 stratum:3 perish:1 longer:2 possible:1 replenish:2 neighborhood:5 moreover:1 residential:10 mobility:1 metropolitan:9 recruit:8 constantly:1 order:4 without:1 collapse:1 need:2 adequate:1 first:1 foremost:1 peer:3 secondarily:1 believe:2 fellowship:5 primarily:1 would:2 believer:1 rank:1 something:1 new:10 protestantism:3 notable:1 able:1 vulnerability:3 difference:3 attribute:2 folksy:2 spirit:2 fact:5 contrast:1 draw:1 regard:1 impersonal:3 roman:1 catholic:1 parish:2 see:3 confine:2 consequently:1 stress:2 personal:2 community:7 actually:3 little:1 evidence:1 shall:1 connection:1 stem:1 peculiar:1 role:3 style:6 vehicle:3 identity:5 must:2 conform:1 evident:3 recruitment:6 mission:11 co:10 optation:9 rule:1 missionary:3 outreach:5 much:1 talk:1 theological:1 circle:1 theologian:1 sake:1 testimony:1 world:3 healing:1 crucial:1 question:3 evangelism:3 mean:5 really:1 shape:1 process:4 extend:2 task:1 define:1 accord:1 work:2 opting:1 individual:1 family:1 position:2 nuclear:1 choose:1 joint:1 action:2 fill:2 vacancy:1 also:1 assimilation:1 center:2 power:1 environment:3 strengthen:3 organization:5 mobile:2 society:4 health:1 depend:1 constant:1 follow:2 pattern:3 disrupt:1 rather:1 proclamation:2 like:3 element:1 assimilate:1 carefully:1 study:2 one:4 pittsburgh:2 illuminate:2 situation:1 sample:1 almost:2 60:1 per:4 cent:4 initial:2 contact:14 friendly:10 add:1 case:1 substantial:1 third:2 surface:1 sound:1 approach:1 christian:2 show:1 attitude:1 care:1 respond:1 kind:2 look:1 somewhat:2 different:1 reflect:1 know:1 majority:1 association:4 achievement:2 dominant:1 informal:2 relation:1 antennae:1 pick:1 wave:1 length:1 fit:2 lay:1 ministry:1 means:1 minded:2 long:3 environ:1 provide:1 pool:2 diminish:1 helpless:1 keep:1 go:2 transmutation:2 indicate:1 insignificance:1 educational:1 activity:3 preach:1 publicity:2 reach:1 totally:1 pastoral:1 clergy:1 organizational:1 include:1 clergyman:1 share:1 make:3 quite:1 extension:1 principal:1 form:3 contemporary:1 method:2 associate:1 prosper:1 fraternize:1 together:1 outer:1 suitability:1 survival:3 propitious:1 cease:1 mixed:1 conflict:1 change:2 run:1 difficulty:1 repeatedly:1 nice:1 balance:2 hard:1 generation:2 move:1 approximately:1 every:1 last:1 hundred:1 year:1 intelligible:1 light:1 struggle:3 maintain:1 expense:1 type:1 recall:1 number:1 deteriorate:1 beyond:1 repair:1 abandon:1 raise:1 fundamental:1 nonetheless:1 prevalence:1 illumine:1 nature:1 observe:1 introductory:1 chapter:2 split:1 trend:3 expand:2 interdependence:5 basis:1 grow:1 exclusiveness:2 local:2 communal:2 grouping:2 cross:1 purpose:1 insulate:1 intrusion:1 motif:1 insulation:1 polarize:1 schism:1 suburb:2 negro:2 white:2 blue:1 collar:2 view:1 symptomatic:1 deep:1 polarization:1 denominational:3 intimately:1 involve:1 economy:2 culture:2 serve:2 crystallize:2 accelerated:1 pace:1 accentuate:1 drive:1 conformity:3 represent:1 desperate:2 attempt:1 stabilize:1 hopelessly:1 unstable:1 creature:1 take:1 lead:2 counteract:1 perpetuate:1 stratification:1 american:1 commit:1 productivity:1 standard:1 countervail:1 fight:3 rearguard:1 consumer:1 suffer:1 hand:1 productive:1 puerto:1 rican:1 rural:1 newcomer:1 slowly:1 way:2 soon:1 experience:1 decay:1 rebuild:1 cycle:1 characterize:1 history:1 century:1 identification:1 basic:1 unit:1 self:2 defeat:1 modern:1 simply:1 closing:1 iron:3 trap:1 contradict:1 exclusion:1 interpretation:1 could:3 various:1 projection:2 argue:2 doom:1 expression:2 panic:1 stable:1 among:1 presuppose:1 stability:1 whatever:1 striking:1 parochial:1 extent:1 attention:2 next:1 characteristically:1 keynote:1 activism:1 emphasis:1 gain:1 esteem:1 value:1 direction:1 man:1 woman:1 dictate:1 child:1 rear:1 determine:1 participation:1 set:1 psychiatric:1 treatment:1 illness:1 inform:1 likeness:1 cage:3 religion:1 content:1 matter:1 pursue:1 occupy:1 rubric:1 understanding:1 industrial:1 fashion:1 imprison:1 suburban:1 captivity:1 perplexing:1 still:1 remain:1 turn:1 club:1 charity:1

In/in general/jj ,/, religious/jj interest/nn seems/vbz to/to exist/vb in/in all/abn parts/nns of/in the/at metropolis/nn ;/. ;/. congregational/jj membership/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez another/dt thing/nn ./. A/at congregation/nn survives/vbz only/rb if/cs it/pps can/md sustain/vb a/at socially/rb homogeneous/jj membership/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, when/wrb it/pps can/md preserve/vb economic/jj integration/nn ./. Religious/jj faith/nn can/md be/be considered/vbn a/at necessary/jj condition/nn of/in membership/nn in/in a/at congregation/nn ,/, since/cs the/at decision/nn to/to join/vb a/at worshiping/vbg group/nn requires/vbz some/dti motive/jj force/nn ,/, but/cc faith/nn is/bez not/* a/at sufficient/jj condition/nn for/in joining/vbg ;/. ;/. the/at presence/nn of/in other/ap members/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn is/bez the/at sufficient/jj condition/nn ./. The/at breakdown/nn of/in social/jj homogeneity/nn in/in inner/jj city/nn areas/nns and/cc the/at spread/nn of/in inner/jj city/nn blight/nn account/vb for/in the/at decline/nn of/in central/jj city/nn churches/nns ./. Central/jj cities/nns reveal/vb two/cd adverse/jj features/nns for/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) central/jj cities/nns tend/vb to/to be/be areas/nns of/in residence/nn for/in lower/jjr social/jj classes/nns ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) central/jj cities/nns tend/vb to/to be/be more/ql heterogeneous/jj in/in social/jj composition/nn ./. The/at central/jj city/nn areas/nns ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, exhibit/vb the/at two/cd characteristics/nns which/wdt violate/vb the/at life/nn principle/nn of/in congregations/nns of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns :/: they/ppss have/hv too/ql few/ap middle-class/nn people/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss mix/vb middle-class/nn people/nns with/in lower-class/nn residents/nns ./. Central/jj city/nn areas/nns have/hv become/vbn progressively/rb poorer/jjr locales/nns for/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns since/cs the/at exodus/nn of/in middle-class/nn people/nns from/in most/ap central/jj cities/nns ./. With/in few/ap exceptions/nns ,/, the/at major/jj denominations/nns are/ber rapidly/rb losing/vbg their/pp$ hold/nn on/in the/at central/jj city/nn ./. The/at key/nn to/in Protestant/jj development/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez economic/jj integration/nn of/in the/at nucleus/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./. Members/nns of/in higher/jjr and/cc lower/jjr social/jj status/nn often/rb cluster/vb around/in this/dt nucleus/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs Protestant/jj figures/nns on/in social/jj class/nn give/vb the/at impression/nn of/in spread/nn over/in all/abn social/jj classes/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc this/dt is/bez deceptive/jj ,/, for/cs the/at core/nn of/in membership/nn is/bez concentrated/vbn in/in a/at single/ap social/jj and/cc economic/jj stratum/nn ./. The/at congregation/nn perishes/vbz when/wrb it/pps is/bez no/ql longer/rbr possible/jj to/to replenish/vb that/dt core/nn from/in the/at neighborhood/nn ;/. ;/. moreover/rb ,/, residential/jj mobility/nn is/bez so/ql high/jj in/in metropolitan/jj areas/nns that/cs churches/nns have/hv to/to recruit/vb constantly/rb in/in their/pp$ core/nn stratum/nn in/in order/nn to/to survive/vb ;/. ;/. they/ppss can/md lose/vb higher-/jjr and/cc lower-status/nn members/nns from/in the/at church/nn without/in collapsing/vbg ,/, but/cc they/ppss need/vb adequate/jj recruits/nns for/in the/at core/nn stratum/nn in/in order/nn to/to preserve/vb economic/jj integration/nn ./. The/at congregation/nn is/bez first/rb and/cc foremost/rb an/at economic/jj peer/nn group/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez secondarily/rb a/at believing/vbg and/cc worshiping/vbg fellowship/nn ./. If/cs it/pps were/bed primarily/rb a/at believing/vbg fellowship/nn ,/, it/pps would/md recruit/vb believers/nns from/in all/abn social/jj and/cc economic/jj ranks/nns ,/, something/pn which/wdt most/ap congregations/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl Protestantism/np-tl (/( with/in a/at few/ap notable/jj exceptions/nns )/) have/hv not/* been/ben able/jj to/to do/do ./. They/ppss survive/vb only/rb when/wrb they/ppss can/md recruit/vb social/jj and/cc economic/jj peers/nns ./. The/at vulnerability/nn of/in Protestant/jj congregations/nns to/in social/jj differences/nns has/hvz often/rb been/ben attributed/vbn to/in the/at ``/`` folksy/jj spirit/nn ''/'' of/in Protestant/jj religious/jj life/nn ;/. ;/. in/in fact/nn ,/, a/at contrast/nn is/bez often/rb drawn/vbn in/in this/dt regard/nn with/in the/at ``/`` impersonal/jj ''/'' Roman/jj Catholic/jj parish/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv seen/vbn that/cs the/at folksy/jj spirit/nn is/bez confined/vbn to/in economic/jj peers/nns ;/. ;/. consequently/rb ,/, the/at vulnerability/nn to/in social/jj difference/nn should/md not/* be/be attributed/vbn to/in the/at stress/nn on/in personal/jj community/nn in/in Protestant/jj congregations/nns ;/. ;/. actually/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap evidence/nn of/in such/jj personal/jj community/nn in/in Protestant/jj congregations/nns ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb in/in another/dt connection/nn ./. The/at vulnerability/nn of/in Protestantism/np to/in social/jj differences/nns stems/vbz from/in the/at peculiar/jj role/nn of/in the/at new/jj religious/jj style/nn in/in middle-class/nn life/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at congregation/nn is/bez a/at vehicle/nn of/in social/jj and/cc economic/jj group/nn identity/nn and/cc must/md conform/vb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, to/in the/at principle/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn ./. This/dt fact/nn is/bez evident/jj in/in the/at recruitment/nn of/in new/jj members/nns ./. Mission/nn-hl as/cs-hl co-optation/nn-hl The/at rule/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn in/in congregational/jj life/nn can/md be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at missionary/jj outreach/nn of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns ./. There/ex is/bez much/ap talk/nn in/in theological/jj circles/nns about/in the/at ``/`` Church/nn-tl as/cs-tl Mission/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` Church's/nn$-tl Mission/nn-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/. theologians/nns have/hv been/ben stressing/vbg the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Church/nn-tl does/doz not/* exist/vb for/in its/pp$ own/jj sake/nn but/cc as/cs a/at testimony/nn in/in the/at world/nn for/in the/at healing/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./. A/at crucial/jj question/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez what/wdt evangelism/nn and/cc mission/nn actually/rb mean/vb in/in metropolitan/jj Protestantism/np ./. If/cs economic/jj integration/nn really/rb shapes/vbz congregational/jj life/nn ,/, then/rb evangelism/nn should/md be/be a/at process/nn of/in extending/vbg economic/jj integration/nn ./. The/at task/nn of/in a/at congregation/nn would/md be/be defined/vbn ,/, according/in to/in economic/jj integration/nn ,/, as/cs the/at work/nn of/in co-opting/vbg individuals/nns and/cc families/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj position/nn to/to replenish/vb the/at nuclear/jj core/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./. (/( Co-optation/nn means/vbz to/to choose/vb by/in joint/jj action/nn in/in order/nn to/to fill/vb a/at vacancy/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps can/md also/rb mean/vb the/at assimilation/nn of/in centers/nns of/in power/nn from/in an/at environment/nn in/in order/nn to/to strengthen/vb an/at organization/nn ./. )/) In/in a/at mobile/jj society/nn ,/, congregational/jj health/nn depends/vbz on/in a/at constant/jj process/nn of/in recruitment/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt recruitment/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, must/md follow/vb the/at pattern/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn or/cc it/pps will/md disrupt/vb the/at congregation/nn ;/. ;/. therefore/rb ,/, the/at recruitment/nn or/cc missionary/jj outreach/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn will/md be/be co-optation/nn rather/in than/in proclamation/nn --/-- like/jj elements/nns will/md have/hv to/to be/be assimilated/vbn ./. Evangelism/nn and/cc congregational/jj outreach/nn have/hv not/* been/ben carefully/rb studied/vbn in/in the/at churches/nns ;/. ;/. one/cd study/nn in/in Pittsburgh/np ,/, however/rb ,/, has/hvz illuminated/vbn the/at situation/nn ./. In/in a/at sample/nn of/in new/jj members/nns of/in Pittsburgh/np churches/nns ,/, almost/rb 60/cd per/in cent/nn were/bed recruited/vbn by/in initial/jj ``/`` contacts/nns with/in friendly/jj members/nns ''/'' ./. If/cs we/ppss add/vb to/in these/dts contacts/nns with/in friendly/jj members/nns the/at ``/`` contacts/nns with/in an/at organization/nn of/in the/at church/nn ''/'' (/( 11.2/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at cases/nns )/) ,/, then/rb a/at substantial/jj two/cd thirds/nns of/in all/abn recruitment/nn is/bez through/in friendly/jj contact/nn ./. On/in the/at surface/nn ,/, this/dt seems/vbz a/at sound/jj approach/nn to/in Christian/jj mission/nn :/: members/nns of/in the/at congregation/nn show/vb by/in their/pp$ friendly/jj attitudes/nns that/cs they/ppss care/vb for/in new/jj people/nns ;/. ;/. the/at new/jj people/nns respond/vb in/in kind/nn by/in joining/vbg the/at church/nn ./. Missionary/jj outreach/nn by/in friendly/jj contact/nn looks/vbz somewhat/ql different/jj when/wrb one/pn reflects/vbz on/in what/wdt is/bez known/vbn about/in friendly/jj contact/nn in/in metropolitan/jj neighborhoods/nns ;/. ;/. the/at majority/nn of/in such/jj contacts/nns are/ber with/in people/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj position/nn ;/. ;/. association/nn by/in level/nn of/in achievement/nn is/bez the/at dominant/jj principle/nn of/in informal/jj relations/nns ./. This/dt means/vbz that/cs the/at antennae/nns of/in the/at congregation/nn are/ber extended/vbn into/in the/at community/nn ,/, picking/vbg up/rp the/at wave/nn lengths/nns of/in those/dts who/wps will/md fit/vb into/in the/at social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ;/. ;/. the/at mission/nn of/in the/at church/nn is/bez actually/rb a/at process/nn of/in informal/jj co-optation/nn ;/. ;/. the/at lay/jj ministry/nn is/bez a/at means/nn to/to recruit/vb like-minded/jj people/nns who/wps will/md strengthen/vb the/at social/jj class/nn nucleus/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./. Churches/nns can/md be/be strengthened/vbn through/in this/dt process/nn of/in co-optation/nn so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at environs/nns of/in the/at church/nn provide/vb a/at sufficient/jj pool/nn of/in people/nns who/wps can/md fit/vb the/at pattern/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn ;/. ;/. once/cs the/at pool/nn of/in recruits/nns diminishes/vbz ,/, the/at congregation/nn is/bez helpless/jj --/-- friendly/jj contacts/nns no/ql longer/rbr keep/vb it/ppo going/vbg ./. The/at transmutation/nn of/in mission/nn to/in co-optation/nn is/bez further/rbr indicated/vbn by/in the/at insignificance/nn of/in educational/jj activities/nns ,/, worship/nn ,/, preaching/vbg ,/, and/cc publicity/nn in/in reaching/vbg new/jj members/nns ./. The/at proclamation/nn of/in the/at churches/nns is/bez almost/ql totally/rb confined/vbn to/in pastoral/jj contacts/nns by/in the/at clergy/nn (/( 17.3/cd per/in cent/nn of/in new/jj members/nns )/) and/cc friendly/jj contacts/nns by/in members/nns (/( over/rp two/cd thirds/nns if/cs organizational/jj activities/nns are/ber included/vbn )/) ./. Publicity/nn accounted/vbd for/in 1.1/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at initial/jj contacts/nns with/in new/jj members/nns ./. In/in general/jj ,/, friendly/jj contact/nn with/in a/at member/nn followed/vbn by/in contact/nn with/in a/at clergyman/nn will/md account/vb for/in a/at major/jj share/nn of/in recruitment/nn by/in the/at churches/nns ,/, making/vbg it/ppo quite/ql evident/jj that/cs the/at extension/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn through/in co-optation/nn is/bez the/at principal/jjs form/nn of/in mission/nn in/in the/at contemporary/jj church/nn ;/. ;/. economic/jj integration/nn and/cc co-optation/nn are/ber the/at two/cd methods/nns by/in which/wdt Protestants/nps associate/vb with/in and/cc recruit/vb from/in the/at neighborhood/nn ./. The/at inner/jj life/nn of/in congregations/nns will/md prosper/vb so/ql long/rb as/cs like-minded/jj people/nns of/in similar/jj social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn can/md fraternize/vb together/rb ;/. ;/. the/at outer/jj life/nn of/in congregations/nns --/-- the/at suitability/nn of/in the/at environment/nn to/in their/pp$ survival/nn --/-- will/md be/be propitious/jj so/ql long/rb as/cs the/at people/nns in/in the/at area/nn are/ber of/in the/at same/ap social/jj and/cc economic/jj level/nn as/cs the/at membership/nn ./. Economic/jj integration/nn ceases/vbz when/wrb the/at social/jj and/cc economic/jj statuses/nns in/in an/at area/nn become/vb too/ql mixed/vbn or/cc conflict/vb with/in the/at status/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn ./. In/in a/at rapidly/rb changing/vbg society/nn congregations/nns will/md run/vb into/in difficulties/nns repeatedly/rb ,/, since/cs such/jj nice/jj balances/nns of/in economic/jj integration/nn are/ber hard/jj to/to sustain/vb in/in the/at metropolis/nn for/in more/ap than/in a/at single/ap generation/nn ./. The/at fact/nn that/cs metropolitan/jj churches/nns of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns have/hv moved/vbn approximately/rb every/at generation/nn for/in the/at last/ap hundred/cd years/nns becomes/vbz somewhat/ql more/ql intelligible/jj in/in the/at light/nn of/in this/dt struggle/nn to/to maintain/vb economic/jj balance/nn ./. The/at expense/nn of/in this/dt type/nn of/in organization/nn in/in religious/jj life/nn ,/, when/wrb one/pn recalls/vbz the/at number/nn of/in city/nn churches/nns which/wdt deteriorated/vbd beyond/in repair/nn before/cs being/beg abandoned/vbn ,/, raises/vbz fundamental/jj questions/nns about/in the/at principle/nn of/in Protestant/jj survival/nn in/in a/at mobile/jj society/nn ;/. ;/. nonetheless/rb ,/, the/at prevalence/nn of/in economic/jj integration/nn in/in congregations/nns illumines/vbz the/at nature/nn of/in the/at Protestant/jj development/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz observed/vbn in/in the/at introductory/jj chapter/nn that/cs metropolitan/jj life/nn had/hvd split/vbn into/in two/cd trends/nns --/-- expanding/vbg interdependence/nn on/in an/at impersonal/jj basis/nn and/cc growing/vbg exclusiveness/nn in/in local/jj communal/jj groupings/nns ./. These/dts trends/nns seem/vb to/to be/be working/vbg at/in cross-purposes/nns in/in the/at metropolis/nn ./. Residential/jj associations/nns struggle/vb to/to insulate/vb themselves/ppls against/in intrusions/nns ./. The/at motifs/nns of/in impersonal/jj interdependence/nn and/cc insulation/nn of/in residential/jj communities/nns have/hv polarized/vbn ;/. ;/. the/at schism/nn between/in central/jj city/nn and/cc suburb/nn ,/, Negro/np and/cc White/jj-tl ,/, blue/jj collar/nn and/cc white/jj collar/nn can/md be/be viewed/vbn as/cs symptomatic/jj of/in this/dt deeper/jjr polarization/nn of/in trends/nns in/in the/at metropolis/nn ./. It/pps now/rb becomes/vbz evident/jj that/cs the/at denominational/jj church/nn is/bez intimately/rb involved/vbn with/in the/at economy/nn of/in middle-class/nn culture/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps serves/vbz to/to crystallize/vb the/at social/jj class/nn identity/nn of/in middle-class/nn residential/jj groupings/nns ./. The/at accelerated/vbn pace/nn of/in metropolitan/jj changes/nns has/hvz accentuated/vbn the/at drive/nn to/in conformity/nn in/in congregations/nns of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns ./. This/dt conformity/nn represents/vbz a/at desperate/jj attempt/nn to/to stabilize/vb a/at hopelessly/ql unstable/jj environment/nn ./. More/ap than/in creatures/nns of/in metropolitan/jj forces/nns ,/, the/at churches/nns have/hv taken/vbn the/at lead/nn in/in counteracting/vbg the/at interdependence/nn of/in metropolitan/jj life/nn ,/, crystallizing/vbg and/cc perpetuating/vbg the/at stratification/nn of/in peoples/nns ,/, giving/vbg form/nn to/in the/at struggle/nn for/in social/jj homogeneity/nn in/in a/at world/nn of/in heterogeneous/jj peoples/nns ./. Since/cs American/jj life/nn is/bez committed/vbn above/in all/abn to/in productivity/nn and/cc a/at higher/jjr standard/nn of/in economic/jj life/nn ,/, the/at countervailing/vbg forces/nns of/in residential/jj and/cc religious/jj exclusiveness/nn have/hv fought/vbn a/at desperate/jj ,/, rearguard/nn action/nn against/in the/at expanding/vbg interdependence/nn of/in the/at metropolis/nn ./. Consumer/nn communities/nns have/hv suffered/vbn at/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at productive/jj interests/nns ./. Negroes/nps ,/, Puerto/np Ricans/nps ,/, and/cc rural/jj newcomers/nns are/ber slowly/rb making/vbg their/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at cities/nns ./. Soon/rb they/ppss will/md fight/vb their/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at lower/jjr middle-class/nn suburbs/nns ,/, and/cc the/at churches/nns will/md experience/vb the/at same/ap decay/nn and/cc rebuilding/vbg cycle/nn which/wdt has/hvz characterized/vbn their/pp$ history/nn for/in a/at century/nn ./. The/at identification/nn of/in the/at basic/jj unit/nn of/in religious/jj organization/nn --/-- the/at parish/nn or/cc congregation/nn --/-- with/in a/at residential/jj area/nn is/bez self-defeating/jj in/in a/at modern/jj metropolis/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps simply/rb means/vbz the/at closing/nn of/in an/at iron/nn trap/nn on/in the/at outreach/nn of/in the/at Christian/jj fellowship/nn and/cc the/at transmutation/nn of/in mission/nn to/in co-optation/nn ./. Mission/nn to/in the/at metropolis/nn contradicts/vbz survival/nn of/in the/at congregation/nn in/in the/at residential/jj community/nn ,/, because/cs the/at middle/jj classes/nns are/ber fighting/vbg metropolitan/jj interdependence/nn with/in residential/jj exclusion/nn ./. This/dt interpretation/nn of/in the/at role/nn of/in residence/nn in/in the/at economy/nn of/in middle-class/nn culture/nn could/md lead/vb to/in various/jj projections/nns for/in the/at churches/nns ./. It/pps could/md be/be argued/vbn that/cs any/dti fellowship/nn which/wdt centers/vbz in/in residential/jj neighborhoods/nns is/bez doomed/vbn to/to become/vb an/at expression/nn of/in the/at panic/nn for/in stable/jj identity/nn among/in the/at middle/jj classes/nns ./. It/pps could/md be/be argued/vbn that/cs only/rb such/jj neighborhoods/nns can/md sustain/vb religious/jj activity/nn ,/, since/cs worship/nn presupposes/vbz some/dti local/jj stabilities/nns ./. Whatever/wdt projection/nn one/pn makes/vbz ,/, the/at striking/jj fact/nn about/in congregational/jj and/cc parochial/jj life/nn is/bez the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez a/at vehicle/nn of/in the/at social/jj identity/nn of/in middle-class/nn people/nns ./. Attention/nn will/md be/be given/vbn in/in the/at next/ap chapter/nn to/in the/at style/nn of/in association/nn in/in the/at denominational/jj churches/nns ;/. ;/. this/dt style/nn is/bez characteristically/rb an/at expression/nn of/in the/at communal/jj style/nn of/in the/at middle/jj classes/nns ./. The/at keynotes/nns of/in this/dt style/nn are/ber activism/nn and/cc emphasis/nn on/in achievements/nns in/in gaining/vbg self-esteem/nn ./. These/dts values/nns give/vb direction/nn to/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at middle-class/nn man/nn or/cc woman/nn ,/, dictating/vbg the/at methods/nns of/in child/nn rearing/nn ,/, determining/vbg the/at pattern/nn of/in community/nn participation/nn ,/, setting/vbg the/at style/nn for/in the/at psychiatric/jj treatment/nn of/in middle-class/nn illness/nn ,/, and/cc informing/vbg the/at congregational/jj life/nn of/in the/at major/jj denominations/nns ./. ``/`` Fellowship/nn by/in likeness/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` mission/nn by/in friendly/jj contact/nn ''/'' form/vb the/at iron/nn cage/nn of/in denominational/jj religion/nn ./. Its/pp$ contents/nns are/ber another/dt matter/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss reveal/vb the/at kinds/nns of/in interests/nns pursued/vbn by/in the/at congregation/nn ./. What/wdt goes/vbz on/rp in/in the/at cage/nn will/md occupy/vb our/pp$ attention/nn under/in the/at rubric/nn of/in the/at organization/nn church/nn ./. An/at understanding/nn of/in the/at new/jj role/nn of/in residential/jj association/nn in/in an/at industrial/jj society/nn serves/vbz to/to illuminate/vb the/at forces/nns which/wdt have/hv fashioned/vbn the/at iron/nn cage/nn of/in conformity/nn which/wdt imprisons/vbz the/at churches/nns in/in their/pp$ suburban/jj captivity/nn ./. The/at perplexing/jj question/nn still/rb remains/vbz as/in to/in why/wrb the/at middle/jj classes/nns turn/vb to/in the/at churches/nns as/cs a/at vehicle/nn of/in social/jj identity/nn when/wrb their/pp$ clubs/nns and/cc charities/nns should/md fill/vb the/at same/ap need/nn ./.

cf45

cf45 |@word capital:2 largely:2 squander:1 seem:1 course:2 pursue:1 director:6 sell:1 directly:1 concessionaire:6 make:5 profit:5 high:1 price:10 ask:5 company:15 trade:26 wish:2 generally:1 deal:1 indians:12 engage:2 may:1 habitant:4 voyageur:2 even:3 soldier:4 also:4 pay:2 tax:2 one:6 tenth:1 good:15 pelt:9 take:1 store:1 ship:2 france:4 dispose:2 record:1 show:1 accord:1 penurious:1 policy:3 fail:1 furnish:5 present:4 hold:6 loyalty:2 principal:6 lavish:1 use:1 effective:1 expand:1 indian:11 new:10 louisiana:8 previous:1 century:1 change:2 liberality:1 arouse:2 resentment:1 mind:1 red:2 man:3 trader:17 english:4 colony:5 far:1 generous:1 turn:1 protest:1 governor:4 intendant:2 pass:1 unheeded:1 parsimonious:1 probably:2 let:1 loose:1 insurrection:1 bring:6 ruin:2 1721:1 king:5 send:6 three:1 commissioner:1 full:1 power:2 necessary:1 protect:2 order:3 raising:1 troop:2 obtain:3 livre:3 build:4 fort:2 adopt:1 program:2 divide:2 five:2 district:12 strong:1 military:1 post:16 trading:5 depot:1 supply:10 small:1 house:2 southeastern:2 mobile:16 north:3 east:1 region:4 threaten:2 british:8 anchor:1 chain:1 extend:2 northward:1 source:4 tennessee:3 river:9 toulouse:1 alabama:6 erect:1 1714:1 alabamas:2 choctaws:2 money:1 available:1 near:6 nashville:1 soon:2 abandon:1 west:3 low:3 mississippi:7 orleans:5 headquarter:1 dependent:2 upon:3 westward:1 frontier:1 spain:1 middle:1 locate:1 mouth:1 arkansas:2 hope:2 would:5 flow:1 large:1 quantity:1 fur:1 principally:1 ohio:3 wabash:3 another:1 fork:1 two:5 great:1 establish:3 communication:1 canada:1 upper:2 illinois:1 kaskaskia:1 missouri:1 mine:1 abundance:1 responsible:1 general:1 elaborate:1 system:1 accounting:1 report:2 work:2 manage:2 scientific:1 way:1 supervision:1 must:5 loyal:2 serve:1 term:2 provide:1 engagement:1 end:3 encourage:1 storehouse:1 actually:1 bienville:9 exercise:1 first:3 administration:3 determined:1 regulation:1 conseil:2 superieure:1 de:3 la:2 louisiane:1 apparently:2 control:4 body:1 treat:1 serious:1 matter:2 aggression:1 business:1 authority:1 disaffected:1 savage:4 merchandise:1 suitable:1 peltry:2 decide:2 purely:1 secular:1 effort:2 insufficient:1 missionary:1 win:2 heathen:1 carolinians:2 lucrative:1 revenue:1 annually:1 deerskin:3 choctaw:2 chickasaw:4 total:1 raw:1 material:1 manufacture:1 leather:1 article:1 tribe:4 exchange:1 european:1 succeed:2 keep:3 carolina:7 country:6 adequate:1 amount:1 french:16 kind:1 accustom:1 need:1 tombigbee:2 highway:1 could:4 move:2 quickly:1 cheaply:2 laude:1 commander:2 friendship:1 native:3 able:2 look:1 poor:2 competitor:1 diron:1 prominent:1 energetic:1 resourceful:1 method:1 often:1 ire:1 become:2 time:1 operation:2 throughout:1 finally:3 monopoly:2 trouble:1 territory:2 lie:1 cumberland:1 easily:2 accessible:1 among:5 cherokee:1 1720:1 massacre:1 peace:1 four:1 year:2 venturesome:1 however:3 continue:2 come:4 considerable:1 number:2 market:1 south:1 incite:3 develop:1 faction:3 occasion:1 disastrous:1 war:3 essential:1 part:1 termini:1 route:1 constantly:1 give:5 whence:1 settlement:1 gulf:1 realize:1 enticement:1 offer:3 abundant:2 reasonable:1 urging:1 result:1 indie:2 promise:2 couple:1 requirement:1 thus:1 save:1 cost:3 transportation:2 insistence:1 liberal:1 drive:1 back:3 factor:1 lead:1 recall:1 1724:1 friend:1 cousin:1 boisbriant:1 remain:1 act:1 little:1 stem:1 anglican:1 advance:4 although:1 friendly:1 pillage:3 invader:1 kill:1 impress:1 idea:1 danger:1 perier:5 1727:1 special:1 instruction:1 regard:1 economy:1 arrangement:1 well:3 attractive:1 problem:2 appear:1 intrigue:2 diplomacy:1 attempt:1 understand:1 agent:2 inquire:1 ascertain:1 difference:1 charge:2 conciliate:1 unfriendly:1 wherever:1 possible:1 fine:1 opposition:1 gain:1 success:2 hostile:1 civil:1 break:1 whole:1 ineffective:1 troubled:1 government:2 hundred:1 specifically:1 assign:1 arrest:1 disloyal:1 spite:1 restriction:1 plan:1 help:1 crown:3 peri:3 desperation:1 go:2 vigorously:1 credit:2 many:3 hunter:1 debt:3 last:1 bid:1 1730:1 cut:1 40:1 per:2 cent:2 impressed:1 swarm:1 almost:1 loss:1 natchez:1 revolt:1 destroy:1 harass:1 shipping:1 subdue:1 resource:1 pile:1 enormous:1 january:1 1731:1 relieve:1 state:1 lose:1 blame:1 surrender:2 right:1 exclusive:1 indemnity:1 accept:2 fix:1 compensation:1 thenceforth:1 commerce:1 free:1 frenchman:1 rule:1 leave:2 without:2 fortification:1 arm:1 munition:1 difficulty:1 live:1 rear:1 half:1 blood:1 family:1 familiar:1 resume:1 farmer:1 artisan:1 discharge:1 army:1 harden:1 severe:1 life:1 coureur:1 bois:1 slow:1 difficult:1 suffer:1 mistake:1 group:1 experience:1 salmon:1 either:1 entrust:2 association:1 merchant:2 individual:1 repay:1 return:1 1732:1 object:1 responsibility:1 see:1 none:1 probity:1 ability:1 sufficient:1 justify:1 find:1 trust:1 employ:1 interfere:1 close:1 compete:1 radically:1 schedule:1 expect:1 20:1 cover:1 expense:1 handling:1

With/in capital/nn largely/rb squandered/vbn ,/, there/ex seemed/vbd to/in them/ppo no/at other/ap course/nn to/to pursue/vb ./. The/at directors/nns sold/vbd directly/rb to/in concessionaires/nns ,/, who/wps had/hvd to/to make/vb their/pp$ profits/nns above/in the/at high/jj prices/nns asked/vbn by/in the/at company/nn ./. These/dts concessionaires/nns traded/vbd where/wrb they/ppss wished/vbd and/cc generally/rb dealt/vbd with/in the/at Indians/nps through/in engages/fw-nns ,/, who/wps might/md be/be habitants/nns ,/, voyageurs/fw-nns ,/, or/cc even/rb soldiers/nns ./. The/at concessionaires/nns also/rb had/hvd to/to pay/vb a/at tax/nn of/in one-tenth/nn on/in the/at goods/nns they/ppss traded/vbd ,/, and/cc all/abn pelts/nns were/bed to/to be/be taken/vbn to/in company/nn stores/nns and/cc shipped/vbn to/in France/np in/in company/nn ships/nns ./. The/at company/nn disposed/vbd of/in the/at pelts/nns ,/, but/cc with/in what/wdt profit/nn ,/, the/at records/nns do/do not/* show/vb ./. In/in accord/nn with/in its/pp$ penurious/jj policy/nn ,/, the/at company/nn failed/vbd to/to furnish/vb presents/nns to/to hold/vb the/at loyalty/nn of/in the/at principal/jjs Indians/nps ./. The/at lavish/jj use/nn of/in presents/nns had/hvd been/ben effective/jj in/in expanding/vbg the/at Indian/jj trade/nn of/in New/jj-tl France/np-tl and/cc Louisiana/np in/in the/at previous/jj century/nn ,/, and/cc the/at change/nn in/in liberality/nn aroused/vbd resentment/nn in/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at red/jj men/nns ./. Traders/nns from/in the/at English/jj colonies/nns were/bed far/ql more/ql generous/jj ,/, and/cc Indian/jj loyalty/nn turned/vbd to/in them/ppo ./. Protests/nns from/in governors/nns and/cc intendants/nns passed/vbd unheeded/jj ,/, and/cc the/at parsimonious/jj policy/nn of/in the/at company/nn probably/rb let/vb loose/rb Indian/jj insurrections/nns that/wps brought/vbd ruin/nn to/in the/at company/nn ./. In/in 1721/cd the/at King/nn-tl sent/vbd three/cd commissioners/nns to/in Louisiana/np with/in full/jj powers/nns to/to do/do all/abn that/wps was/bedz necessary/jj to/to protect/vb the/at colony/nn ./. They/ppss ordered/vbd the/at raising/nn of/in troops/nns and/cc obtained/vbd 75,000/cd livres/nns with/in which/wdt to/to build/vb forts/nns ./. They/ppss adopted/vbd a/at program/nn by/in which/wdt Louisiana/np was/bedz divided/vbn into/in five/cd districts/nns ./. In/in each/dt of/in these/dts there/ex was/bedz to/to be/be a/at strong/jj military/jj post/nn ,/, and/cc a/at trading/vbg depot/nn to/to supply/vb the/at smaller/jjr trading/vbg houses/nns ./. For/in southeastern/jj Louisiana/np ,/, Mobile/np was/bedz the/at principal/jjs post/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz to/to furnish/vb supplies/nns for/in trade/nn to/in the/at north/nr and/cc east/nr ,/, in/in the/at region/nn threatened/vbn by/in British/jj traders/nns ./. Mobile/np was/bedz to/to be/be the/at anchor/nn of/in a/at chain/nn of/in posts/nns extending/vbg northward/rb to/in the/at sources/nns of/in the/at Tennessee/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. Fort/nn-tl Toulouse/np-tl ,/, on/in the/at Alabama/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, had/hvd been/ben erected/vbn in/in 1714/cd for/in trade/nn with/in the/at Alabamas/nps and/cc Choctaws/nps ,/, but/cc money/nn was/bedz available/jj for/in only/rb one/cd other/ap new/jj post/nn ,/, near/in the/at present/jj Nashville/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, and/cc this/dt was/bedz soon/rb abandoned/vbn ./. West/nr of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn was/bedz the/at lower/jjr Mississippi/np district/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl was/bedz headquarters/nn ./. Dependent/jj upon/in it/ppo were/bed posts/nns on/in the/at lower/jjr Mississippi/np and/cc the/at region/nn westward/rb to/in the/at frontiers/nns of/in New/jj-tl Spain/np-tl ./. On/in the/at middle/jj Mississippi/np a/at principal/jjs post/nn was/bedz to/to be/be located/vbn near/in the/at mouth/nn of/in the/at Arkansas/np ./. It/pps was/bedz hoped/vbn that/cs to/in this/dt post/nn would/md flow/vb a/at large/jj quantity/nn of/in furs/nns from/in the/at west/nr ,/, principally/rb down/in the/at Arkansas/np-tl River/nn-tl ./. On/in the/at Ohio/np or/cc Wabash/np was/bedz to/to be/be built/vbn another/dt post/nn ``/`` at/in the/at fork/nn of/in two/cd great/jj rivers/nns ''/'' ./. Other/ap posts/nns would/md be/be established/vbn up/in the/at Ohio/np and/cc Wabash/np to/to protect/vb communication/nn with/in Canada/np ./. On/in the/at upper/jj Mississippi/np the/at Illinois/np post/nn was/bedz to/to be/be established/vbn near/in Kaskaskia/np ,/, and/cc dependent/jj posts/nns were/bed to/to be/be built/vbn on/in the/at Missouri/np ,/, ``/`` where/wrb there/ex are/ber mines/nns in/in abundance/nn ''/'' ./. Each/dt of/in the/at five/cd principal/jjs posts/nns was/bedz to/to have/hv a/at director/nn ,/, responsible/jj to/in a/at director-general/nn at/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ./. An/at elaborate/jj system/nn of/in accounting/vbg and/cc reports/nns was/bedz worked/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc the/at trade/nn was/bedz to/to be/be managed/vbn in/in the/at most/ql scientific/jj way/nn ./. Concessionaires/nns were/bed to/to be/be under/in the/at supervision/nn of/in the/at directors/nns ./. Engages/fw-nns must/md be/be loyal/jj to/in the/at concessionaires/nns ,/, and/cc must/md serve/vb until/cs the/at term/nn provided/vbn in/in the/at engagement/nn was/bedz ended/vbn ./. The/at habitants/nns were/bed to/to be/be encouraged/vbn to/to trade/vb and/cc were/bed to/to dispose/vb of/in their/pp$ pelts/nns to/in the/at concessionaires/nns ./. Only/rb two/cd principal/jjs storehouses/nns were/bed actually/rb established/vbn --/-- one/cd at/in Mobile/np ,/, the/at other/ap at/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl ./. New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl supplied/vbd the/at goods/nns for/in the/at trade/nn on/in the/at Mississippi/np ,/, and/cc west/nr of/in that/dt river/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at Ohio/np and/cc Wabash/np ./. Mobile/np was/bedz also/rb supplied/vbn by/in New/jj-tl Orleans/np-tl with/in goods/nns for/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ./. The/at power/nn that/cs Bienville/np exercised/vbd during/in his/pp$ first/od administration/nn cannot/md* be/be determined/vbn ./. Regulations/nns for/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn were/bed made/vbn by/in the/at Conseil/fw-nn-tl superieure/fw-jj-tl de/fw-in la/fw-at-tl Louisiane/np-tl ,/, and/cc Bienville/np apparently/rb did/dod not/* have/hv control/nn of/in that/dt body/nn ./. The/at Conseil/fw-nn-tl even/rb treated/vbd the/at serious/jj matter/nn of/in British/jj aggression/nn as/cs its/pp$ business/nn and/cc ,/, on/in its/pp$ own/jj authority/nn ,/, sent/vbd to/in disaffected/vbn savages/nns merchandise/nn ``/`` suitable/jj for/in the/at peltry/nn trade/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps decided/vbd ,/, also/rb ,/, that/cs the/at purely/ql secular/jj efforts/nns of/in Bienville/np were/bed insufficient/jj ,/, and/cc sent/vbd missionaries/nns to/to win/vb the/at savages/nns from/in the/at heathen/jj Carolinians/nps ./. During/in the/at first/od administration/nn of/in Bienville/np ,/, the/at peltry/nn trade/nn of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn was/bedz a/at lucrative/jj source/nn of/in revenue/nn ./. The/at Alabamas/nps brought/vbd in/rp annually/rb 15,000/cd to/in 20,000/cd deerskins/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Choctaws/nps and/cc Chickasaws/nps brought/vbd the/at total/nn up/rp to/in 50,000/cd pelts/nns ./. These/dts deerskins/nns were/bed the/at raw/jj material/nn for/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in leather/nn ,/, and/cc were/bed the/at only/ap articles/nns which/wdt the/at tribes/nns of/in this/dt district/nn had/hvd to/to exchange/vb for/in European/jj goods/nns ./. During/in his/pp$ first/od administration/nn ,/, Bienville/np succeeded/vbd in/in keeping/vbg Carolina/np traders/nns out/in of/in the/at Alabama/np country/nn and/cc the/at Choctaw/jj country/nn ./. The/at director/nn of/in the/at post/nn at/in Mobile/np kept/vbd an/at adequate/jj amount/vb of/in French/jj goods/nns ,/, of/in a/at kind/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed accustomed/vbn ,/, to/to supply/vb the/at Indian/jj needs/nns ./. The/at Alabama/np and/cc Tombigbee/np rivers/nns furnished/vbd a/at highway/nn by/in which/wdt goods/nns could/md be/be moved/vbn quickly/rb and/cc cheaply/rb ./. De/np La/np Laude/np ,/, commander/nn of/in the/at Alabama/np post/nn ,/, had/hvd the/at friendship/nn of/in the/at natives/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz able/jj to/to make/vb them/ppo look/vb upon/rb the/at British/nps as/ql poor/jj competitors/nns ./. Diron/np D'Artaguette/np ,/, the/at most/ql prominent/jj trader/nn in/in the/at district/nn ,/, was/bedz energetic/jj and/cc resourceful/jj ,/, but/cc his/pp$ methods/nns often/rb aroused/vbd the/at ire/nn of/in the/at French/jj governors/nns ./. He/pps became/vbd ,/, after/in a/at time/nn ,/, commander/nn of/in a/at post/nn on/in the/at Alabama/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, but/cc his/pp$ operations/nns extended/vbd from/in Mobile/np throughout/in the/at district/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps finally/rb obtained/vbd a/at monopoly/nn of/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn ./. The/at Chickasaws/nps were/bed the/at principal/jjs source/nn of/in trouble/nn in/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ./. Their/pp$ territory/nn lay/vbd to/in the/at north/nr ,/, near/in the/at sources/nns of/in the/at Alabama/np ,/, the/at Tombigbee/np ,/, the/at Tennessee/np ,/, and/cc Cumberland/np rivers/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz easily/rb accessible/jj to/in traders/nns among/in the/at near-by/jj Cherokees/nps ./. In/in 1720/cd some/dti Chickasaws/nps massacred/vbd the/at French/jj traders/nns among/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc did/dod not/* make/vb peace/nn for/in four/cd years/nns ./. Venturesome/jj traders/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, continued/vbd to/to come/vb to/in them/ppo from/in Mobile/np ,/, and/cc to/to obtain/vb a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in pelts/nns for/in the/at French/jj markets/nns ./. British/jj traders/nns from/in South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl incited/vbd the/at Indians/nps against/in the/at French/nps ,/, and/cc there/ex developed/vbd French/jj and/cc British/jj Factions/nns-tl in/in the/at tribe/nn ./. The/at Chickasaws/nps finally/rb were/bed the/at occasion/nn for/in the/at most/ql disastrous/jj wars/nns during/in the/at French/jj control/nn of/in Louisiana/np ./. To/to hold/vb them/ppo was/bedz an/at essential/jj part/nn of/in French/jj policy/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss controlled/vbd the/at upper/jj termini/nns of/in the/at routes/nns from/in the/at north/nr to/in Mobile/np ./. They/ppss threatened/vbd constantly/rb to/to give/vb the/at British/nps a/at hold/nn on/in this/dt region/nn ,/, from/in whence/wrb they/ppss could/md move/vb easily/rb down/in the/at rivers/nns to/in the/at French/jj settlements/nns near/in the/at Gulf/nn-tl ./. Bienville/np realized/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at French/nps were/bed to/to hold/vb the/at southeastern/jj tribes/nns against/in the/at enticements/nns of/in British/jj goods/nns ,/, French/jj traders/nns must/md be/be able/jj to/to offer/vb a/at supply/nn as/ql abundant/jj as/cs the/at Carolinians/nps and/cc at/in reasonable/jj prices/nns ./. His/pp$ urgings/nns brought/vbd some/dti results/nns ./. The/at Company/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Indies/nps promised/vbd to/to send/vb over/rp a/at supply/nn of/in Indian/jj trading/vbg goods/nns ,/, and/cc to/to price/vb them/ppo more/ql cheaply/rb in/in terms/nns of/in deerskins/nns ./. But/cc it/pps coupled/vbd with/in this/dt a/at requirement/nn that/cs Indians/nps must/md bring/vb their/pp$ pelts/nns to/in Mobile/np and/cc thus/rb save/vb all/abn costs/nns of/in transportation/nn into/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at Indian/jj country/nn ./. The/at insistence/nn of/in Bienville/np upon/in giving/vbg liberal/jj prices/nns to/in the/at Indians/nps ,/, in/in order/nn to/to drive/vb back/rb the/at Carolina/np traders/nns ,/, was/bedz probably/rb a/at factor/nn that/wps led/vbd to/in his/pp$ recall/nn in/in 1724/cd ./. For/in two/cd years/nns his/pp$ friend/nn and/cc cousin/nn ,/, Boisbriant/np ,/, remained/vbd as/cs acting/vbg governor/nn and/cc could/md do/do little/ap to/to stem/vb the/at Anglican/jj advance/nn ./. Although/cs he/pps incited/vbd a/at few/ap friendly/jj Indians/nps to/to pillage/vb the/at invaders/nns ,/, and/cc even/rb kill/vb some/dti of/in them/ppo ,/, the/at Carolina/np advance/nn continued/vbd ./. The/at company/nn was/bedz impressed/vbn with/in some/dti ideas/nns of/in the/at danger/nn from/in Carolina/np ,/, and/cc when/wrb Perier/np came/vbd over/rp as/cs governor/nn in/in 1727/cd ,/, he/pps was/bedz given/vbn special/jj instructions/nns regarding/in the/at trade/nn of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ./. But/cc the/at Company/nn-tl of/in the/at Indies/nps ,/, holding/vbg to/in its/pp$ program/nn of/in economy/nn ,/, made/vbd no/at arrangements/nns to/to furnish/vb better/jjr goods/nns at/in attractive/jj prices/nns ./. To/in the/at directors/nns the/at problem/nn appeared/vbd a/at matter/nn of/in intrigue/nn or/cc diplomacy/nn ./. Perier/np attempted/vbd to/to understand/vb the/at problem/nn by/in sending/vbg agents/nns to/to inquire/vb among/in the/at Indians/nps ./. These/dts agents/nns were/bed to/to ascertain/vb the/at difference/nn between/in English/jj and/cc French/jj goods/nns ,/, and/cc the/at prices/nns charged/vbn the/at Indians/nps ./. They/ppss were/bed to/to conciliate/vb the/at unfriendly/jj savages/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, wherever/wrb possible/jj ,/, to/to incite/vb the/at natives/nns to/to pillage/vb the/at traders/nns from/in Carolina/np ./. They/ppss were/bed to/to promise/vb fine/jj presents/nns to/in the/at loyal/jj red/jj men/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs an/at abundant/jj supply/nn of/in trading/vbg goods/nns at/in better/jjr prices/nns than/cs the/at opposition/nn was/bedz offering/vbg ./. Perier's/np$ intrigues/nns gained/vbd some/dti successes/nns ./. The/at savages/nns divided/vbd into/in two/cd factions/nns ;/. ;/. one/cd was/bedz British/jj and/cc the/at other/ap ,/, French/jj ./. So/ql hostile/jj did/dod these/dts factions/nns become/vb that/cs ,/, among/in the/at Choctaws/nps ,/, civil/jj war/nn broke/vbd out/rp ./. Perier's/np$ efforts/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, were/bed on/in the/at whole/nn ineffective/jj in/in winning/vbg back/rb the/at tribes/nns of/in the/at Mobile/np district/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps decided/vbd to/to send/vb troops/nns into/in the/at troubled/vbn country/nn ./. He/pps asked/vbd the/at government/nn for/in two/cd hundred/cd soldiers/nns ,/, who/wps were/bed to/to be/be specifically/rb assigned/vbn to/to arrest/vb English/jj traders/nns and/cc disloyal/jj Indians/nps ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at company's/nn$ restrictions/nns ,/, he/pps planned/vbd to/to build/vb new/jj posts/nns in/in the/at territory/nn ./. He/pps asked/vbd also/rb for/in more/ap supplies/nns to/to trade/vb at/in a/at low/jj price/nn for/in the/at Indians'/nps$ pelts/nns ./. No/at help/nn came/vbd from/in the/at crown/nn ,/, and/cc Perier/np ,/, in/in desperation/nn ,/, gave/vbd a/at monopoly/nn of/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn in/in the/at district/nn to/in D'Artaguette/np ./. D'Artaguette/np went/vbd vigorously/rb to/in work/nn ,/, and/cc gave/vbd credit/nn to/in many/ap hunters/nns ./. But/cc they/ppss brought/vbd back/rb few/ap pelts/nns to/to pay/vb their/pp$ debts/nns ,/, and/cc soon/rb French/jj trade/nn in/in the/at region/nn was/bedz at/in an/at end/nn ./. Perier/np finally/rb ,/, in/in one/cd last/ap bid/nn in/in 1730/cd ,/, cut/vbd the/at price/nn of/in goods/nns to/in an/at advance/nn of/in 40/cd per/in cent/nn above/in the/at cost/nn in/in France/np ./. The/at Indians/nps were/bed not/* impressed/vbn and/cc held/vbd to/in the/at Carolina/np traders/nns ,/, who/wps swarmed/vbd over/in the/at country/nn ,/, almost/rb to/in the/at Mississippi/np ./. With/in the/at loss/nn of/in the/at Mobile/np trade/nn ,/, which/wdt ended/vbd all/abn profits/nns from/in Louisiana/np ,/, the/at Natchez/np Indians/nps revolted/vbd ./. They/ppss destroyed/vbd a/at trading/vbg house/nn and/cc pillaged/vbd the/at goods/nns ,/, and/cc harassed/vbd French/jj shipping/nn on/in the/at Mississippi/np ./. The/at war/nn to/to subdue/vb them/ppo taxed/vbd the/at resources/nns of/in the/at colony/nn and/cc piled/vbd up/rp enormous/jj debts/nns ./. In/in January/np ,/, 1731/cd ,/, the/at company/nn asked/vbd the/at crown/nn to/to relieve/vb it/ppo of/in the/at government/nn of/in the/at colony/nn ./. It/pps stated/vbd that/cs it/pps had/hvd lost/vbn 20,000,000/cd livres/nns in/in its/pp$ operations/nns ,/, and/cc apparently/rb blamed/vbd its/pp$ poor/jj success/nn largely/rb on/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn ./. It/pps offered/vbd to/to surrender/vb its/pp$ right/nn to/in exclusive/jj trade/nn ,/, but/cc asked/vbd an/at indemnity/nn ./. The/at King/nn-tl accepted/vbd the/at surrender/nn and/cc fixed/vbd the/at compensation/nn of/in the/at company/nn at/in 1,450,000/cd livres/nns ./. Thenceforth/rb ,/, the/at commerce/nn of/in Louisiana/np was/bedz free/jj to/in all/abn Frenchmen/nps ./. Company/nn rule/nn in/in Louisiana/np left/vbd the/at colony/nn without/in fortifications/nns ,/, arms/nns ,/, munitions/nns ,/, or/cc supplies/nns ./. The/at difficulties/nns of/in trade/nn had/hvd ruined/vbn many/ap voyageurs/fw-nns ,/, and/cc numbers/nns of/in them/ppo had/hvd gone/vbn to/to live/vb with/in the/at natives/nns and/cc rear/vb half-blood/jj families/nns ./. Others/nns left/vbd the/at country/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at one/pn familiar/jj with/in the/at Indian/jj trade/nn ./. If/cs this/dt trade/nn should/md be/be resumed/vbn ,/, the/at habitants/nns who/wps had/hvd come/vbn to/to be/be farmers/nns or/cc artisans/nns ,/, and/cc soldiers/nns discharged/vbn from/in the/at army/nn ,/, must/md be/be hardened/vbn to/in the/at severe/jj life/nn of/in coureurs/fw-nns de/fw-in bois/fw-nn ./. This/dt was/bedz a/at slow/jj and/cc difficult/jj course/nn ,/, and/cc French/jj trade/nn suffered/vbd from/in the/at many/ap mistakes/nns of/in the/at new/jj group/nn of/in traders/nns ./. These/dts men/nns were/bed without/in capital/nn or/cc experience/nn ./. Perier/np and/cc Salmon/np ,/, the/at intendant/nn ,/, wished/vbd either/cc to/to entrust/vb the/at trade/nn to/in an/at association/nn of/in merchants/nns or/cc to/to have/hv the/at crown/nn furnish/vb goods/nns on/in credit/nn to/in individuals/nns who/wps would/md repay/vb their/pp$ debts/nns with/in pelts/nns ./. Bienville/np ,/, who/wps returned/vbd to/to succeed/vb Perier/np in/in 1732/cd ,/, objected/vbd that/cs the/at merchants/nns would/md not/* accept/vb the/at responsibility/nn of/in managing/vbg a/at trade/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss could/md see/vb no/at hope/nn of/in profits/nns ./. He/pps reported/vbd ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs among/in the/at habitants/nns there/ex were/bed none/pn of/in probity/nn and/cc ability/nn sufficient/jj to/to justify/vb entrusting/vbg them/ppo with/in the/at King's/nn$-tl goods/nns ./. He/pps did/dod find/vb some/dti to/to trust/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps employed/vbd the/at King's/nn$-tl soldiers/nns to/to trade/vb ./. With/in no/at company/nn to/to interfere/vb ,/, he/pps kept/vbd close/jj control/nn over/in all/abn the/at traders/nns ./. In/in order/nn to/to compete/vb with/in English/jj traders/nns ,/, Bienville/np radically/rb changed/vbd the/at price/nn schedule/nn ./. The/at King/nn-tl should/md expect/vb no/at profit/nn ,/, and/cc an/at advance/nn of/in only/rb 20/cd per/in cent/nn above/in the/at cost/nn in/in France/np ,/, which/wdt would/md cover/vb the/at expense/nn of/in transportation/nn and/cc handling/vbg ,/, was/bedz all/abn he/pps charged/vbd the/at traders/nns ./.

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cf46 |@word would:4 pleased:1 publish:2 back:3 home:4 plan:2 frolic:1 paris:2 hong:1 kong:1 treasury:3 expense:5 particularly:1 displeased:2 state:19 department:23 source:1 report:7 thing:3 perilous:1 congressman:9 reason:1 bear:1 explain:2 may:5 wonder:1 spend:1 much:2 diplomatic:4 energy:1 congress:7 russians:3 available:2 first:3 unique:1 among:2 government:2 agency:2 lack:1 public:4 supporter:1 farmer:2 arouse:1 cut:1 agriculture:1 budget:2 businessman:2 rise:2 attack:2 commerce:2 labor:2 restrain:1 undue:1 brutality:1 toward:2 chamber:1 assault:1 upon:5 kaleidoscope:1 pressure:3 group:1 make:4 unpleasant:1 become:6 ugly:1 health:1 education:1 welfare:1 patriotism:1 always:2 involve:1 turn:3 defense:2 tamper:1 post:1 office:4 infuriate:1 every:1 voter:1 write:1 must:1 constantly:2 check:1 political:2 wind:1 trim:1 sail:1 accordingly:1 restraint:1 subdue:1 blood:2 gaze:1 anger:1 many:3 section:1 even:1 reap:1 applause:1 press:5 give:2 good:1 lesson:2 money:6 dispense:2 go:5 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meir:1 finally:1 ready:1 concrete:1 commitment:1 return:1 concession:1

They/ppss would/md not/* be/be pleased/vbn to/to have/hv it/ppo published/vbn back/rb home/nr that/cs they/ppss planned/vbd a/at frolic/nn in/in Paris/np or/cc Hong/np Kong/np at/in the/at Treasury's/nn$-tl expense/nn ./. They/ppss would/md be/be particularly/rb displeased/vbn with/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl if/cs it/pps were/bed the/at source/nn of/in such/jj reports/nns ./. Few/ap things/nns are/ber more/ql perilous/jj for/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl than/cs a/at displeased/vbn congressman/nn ./. The/at reason/nn for/in this/dt bears/vbz explaining/vbg for/in those/dts who/wps may/md wonder/vb why/wrb State/nn-tl spends/vbz so/ql much/ap of/in its/pp$ diplomatic/jj energy/nn on/in Congress/np when/wrb the/at Russians/nps are/ber so/ql available/jj ./. First/rb ,/, the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl is/bez unique/jj among/in government/nn agencies/nns for/in its/pp$ lack/nn of/in public/jj supporters/nns ./. The/at farmers/nns may/md be/be aroused/vbn if/cs Congress/np cuts/vbz into/in the/at Agriculture/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl budget/nn ./. Businessmen/nns will/md rise/vb if/cs Congress/np attacks/vbz the/at Commerce/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ./. Labor/nn restrains/vbz undue/jj brutality/nn toward/in the/at Labor/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ;/. ;/. the/at Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, assaults/vbz upon/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl ./. A/at kaleidoscope/nn of/in pressure/nn groups/nns make/vb it/ppo unpleasant/jj for/in the/at congressman/nn who/wps becomes/vbz ugly/jj toward/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Health/nn-tl ,/, Education/nn-tl ,/, and/cc-tl Welfare/nn-tl ./. The/at congressman's/nn$ patriotism/nn is/bez always/rb involved/vbn when/wrb he/pps turns/vbz upon/in the/at Defense/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ./. Tampering/vbg with/in the/at Post/nn-tl Office/nn-tl may/md infuriate/vb every/at voter/nn who/wps can/md write/vb ./. With/in all/abn these/dts agencies/nns ,/, the/at congressman/nn must/md constantly/rb check/vb the/at political/jj wind/nn and/cc trim/vb his/pp$ sails/nns accordingly/rb ./. No/at such/jj political/jj restraint/nn subdues/vbz his/pp$ blood/nn when/wrb he/pps gazes/vbz upon/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl in/in anger/nn ./. In/in many/ap sections/nns he/pps may/md even/rb reap/vb applause/nn from/in press/nn and/cc public/nn for/in giving/vbg it/ppo a/at good/jj lesson/nn ./. After/in all/abn ,/, the/at money/nn dispensed/vbn by/in State/nn-tl goes/vbz not/* to/in the/at farmer/nn ,/, the/at laborer/nn ,/, or/cc the/at businessman/nn ,/, but/cc to/in foreigners/nns ./. Not/* only/rb do/do these/dts foreigners/nns not/* vote/vb for/in American/jj congressmen/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber also/rb probably/rb ungrateful/jj for/in Uncle's/nn$-tl Sam's/np$ bounty/nn ./. And/cc are/ber not/* the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl men/nns who/wps dispense/vb this/dt largesse/nn merely/rb crackpots/nns and/cc do-gooders/nns who/wps have/hv never/rb met/vbn a/at payroll/nn ?/. ?/. Will/md not/* the/at righteous/jj congressman/nn be/be cheered/vbn at/in the/at polls/nns if/cs he/pps reminds/vbz them/ppo to/to get/vb right/rb with/in America/np and/cc if/cs he/pps saves/vbz the/at taxpayer/nn some/dti money/nn by/in spoiling/vbg a/at few/ap of/in their/pp$ schemes/nns ?/. ?/. The/at chances/nns are/ber excellent/jj that/cs he/pps will/md ./. The/at result/nn is/bez that/cs the/at State/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl perpetual/jj position/nn before/in Congress/np is/bez the/at resigned/vbn pose/nn of/in the/at whipping/vbg boy/nn who/wps expects/vbz to/to be/be kicked/vbn whenever/wrb the/at master/nn has/hvz had/hvn a/at dyspeptic/jj outing/nn with/in his/pp$ wife/nn ./. People/nns in/in this/dt position/nn do/do not/* offend/vb the/at master/nn by/in relating/vbg his/pp$ peccadilloes/nns to/in the/at newspapers/nns ./. State/nn-tl keeps/vbz the/at junketeering/vbg list/nn a/at secret/nn ./. The/at Department/nn-tl expects/vbz and/cc receives/vbz no/at thanks/nns from/in Congress/np for/in its/pp$ discretion/nn ./. Congress/np is/bez a/at harsh/jj master/nn ./. State/nn-tl is/bez expected/vbn to/to arrange/vb the/at touring/vbg Cicero's/np$ foreign/jj itinerary/nn ;/. ;/. its/pp$ embassies/nns are/ber expected/vbn to/to supply/vb him/ppo with/in reams/nns of/in local/jj money/nn to/to pay/vb his/pp$ way/nn ;/. ;/. embassy/nn workers/nns are/ber expected/vbn to/to entertain/vb him/ppo according/in to/in his/pp$ whim/nn ,/, frequently/rb with/in their/pp$ savings/nns for/in the/at children's/nns$ college/nn tuition/nn ./. But/cc come/vb the/at next/ap session/nn of/in Congress/np ,/, State/nn-tl can/md expect/vb only/rb that/cs its/pp$ summer/nn guest/nn will/md bite/vb its/pp$ hand/nn when/wrb it/pps goes/vbz to/in the/at Capitol/nn-tl asking/vbg money/nn for/in diplomatic/jj entertaining/vbg expenses/nns abroad/rb or/cc for/in living/vbg expenses/nns for/in its/pp$ diplomats/nns ./. The/at congressman/nn who/wps ,/, in/in Paris/np ,/, may/md have/hv stuffed/vbn his/pp$ wallet/nn with/in enough/ap franc/nn notes/nns to/to paper/vb the/at roof/nn of/in Notre-Dame/np will/md systematically/rb scream/vb that/cs a/at $200/nns increase/nn in/in entertainment/nn allowance/nn for/in a/at second/od secretary/nn is/bez tantamount/jj to/in debauchery/nn of/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl ./. In/in the/at matter/nn of/in money/nn State's/nn$-tl most/ql unrelenting/jj watchdog/nn during/in the/at Eisenhower/np years/nns was/bedz Representative/nn-tl John/np J./np Rooney/np ,/, of/in Brooklyn/np ,/, who/wps controlled/vbd the/at purse/nn for/in diplomatic/jj administrative/jj expenses/nns ./. Diplomats/nns stayed/vbd up/rp nights/nns thinking/vbg of/in ways/nns to/to attain/vb peaceful/jj coexistence/nn ,/, not/* with/in Nikita/np Khrushchev/np ,/, but/cc with/in John/np Rooney/np ./. Nothing/pn worked/vbd ./. In/in the/at most/ql confidential/jj whispers/nns ambassadors/nns told/vbd of/in techniques/nns they/ppss had/hvd tried/vbn to/to bring/vb Rooney/np around/rb --/-- friendly/jj persuasion/nn ,/, groveling/vbg abasement/nn ,/, pressure/nn subtly/rb exerted/vbn through/in other/ap powerful/jj congressmen/nns ,/, tales/nns of/in heartbreak/nn and/cc penury/nn among/in a/at threadbare/jj diplomatic/jj corps/nn ./. Rooney/np remained/vbd untouched/jj ./. ``/`` The/at trouble/nn ,/, ''/'' explained/vbd Loy/np Henderson/np ,/, then/jj Deputy/jj-tl Undersecretary/nn-tl for/in-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` is/bez that/cs when/wrb we/ppss get/vb into/in an/at argument/nn with/in him/ppo about/in this/dt thing/nn ,/, it/pps always/rb turns/vbz out/rp that/cs Rooney/np knows/vbz more/ap about/in our/pp$ budget/nn than/cs we/ppss do/do ''/'' ./. One/cd year/nn the/at Department/nn-tl collected/vbd a/at file/nn of/in case/nn histories/nns to/to document/vb its/pp$ argument/nn that/cs men/nns in/in the/at field/nn were/bed paying/vbg the/at government's/nn$ entertainment/nn bills/nns out/in of/in personal/jj income/nn ./. News/nn of/in the/at project/nn reached/vbd the/at press/nn ./. Next/ap day/nn ,/, reports/nns went/vbd through/in the/at Department/nn-tl that/cs Rooney/np had/hvd been/ben outraged/vbn by/in what/wdt he/pps considered/vbd a/at patent/jj attempt/nn to/to put/vb public/jj pressure/nn on/in him/ppo for/in increased/vbn entertainment/nn allowances/nns and/cc had/hvd sworn/vbn an/at oath/nn that/cs ,/, that/dt year/nn ,/, expense/nn allowances/nns would/md not/* rise/vb a/at dollar/nn ./. They/ppss didn't/dod* ./. The/at Department's/nn$-tl constant/jj fight/nn with/in the/at House/nn-tl for/in money/nn is/bez a/at polite/jj minuet/nn compared/vbn with/in its/pp$ periodic/jj bloody/jj engagements/nns with/in the/at Senate/nn-tl ./. Armed/vbn with/in constitutional/jj power/nn to/to negate/vb the/at Executive's/nn$-tl foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, the/at Senate/nn-tl carries/vbz a/at big/jj stick/nn and/cc is/bez easily/rb provoked/vbn to/to use/vb it/ppo on/in the/at State/nn-tl Department's/nn$-tl back/nn ,/, or/cc on/in the/at head/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl ./. With/in its/pp$ power/nn to/to investigate/vb ,/, the/at Senate/nn-tl can/md paralyze/vb the/at Secretary/nn-tl by/in keeping/vbg him/ppo in/in a/at state/nn of/in perpetual/jj testimony/nn before/in committees/nns ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod with/in Dean/np Acheson/np ./. John/np Foster/np Dulles/np escaped/vbd by/in keeping/vbg his/pp$ personal/jj show/nn on/in the/at road/nn and/cc because/cs Lyndon/np Johnson/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz then/rb operating/vbg the/at Senate/nn-tl ,/, refused/vbd to/to let/vb it/pps become/vb an/at Inquisition/nn-tl ./. During/in Dulles's/np$ first/od two/cd years/nns in/in office/nn ,/, while/cs Republicans/nps ran/vbd the/at Senate/nn-tl ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl was/bedz at/in the/at mercy/nn of/in men/nns who/wps had/hvd thirsted/vbn for/in its/pp$ blood/nn since/in 1945/cd ./. An/at internal/jj police/nn operation/nn managed/vbn by/in Scott/np McLeod/np ,/, a/at former/ap F.B.I./np man/nn installed/vbn as/cs security/nn officer/nn upon/in congressional/jj insistence/nn ,/, was/bedz part/nn of/in the/at vengeance/nn ./. So/rb was/bedz the/at attack/nn upon/in Charles/np E./np Bohlen/np when/wrb Eisenhower/np appointed/vbd him/ppo Ambassador/nn-tl to/in-tl Moscow/np-tl ./. The/at principal/jjs mauler/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, was/bedz Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy/np ./. Where/wrb Acheson/np had/hvd fought/vbn a/at gallant/jj losing/vbg battle/nn for/in the/at Department/nn-tl ,/, Dulles/np fed/vbd the/at crocodile/nn with/in his/pp$ subordinates/nns ./. Fretting/vbg privately/rb but/cc eschewing/vbg public/jj defense/nn of/in his/pp$ terrorized/vbn bureaucrats/nns ,/, Dulles/np remained/vbd serene/jj and/cc detached/vbn while/cs the/at hatchet/nn men/nns had/hvd their/pp$ way/nn ./. In/in view/nn of/in Eisenhower's/np$ reluctance/nn to/to concede/vb that/cs anything/pn was/bedz amiss/jj in/in the/at Terror/nn-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez doubtful/jj that/cs heroic/jj intervention/nn by/in Dulles/np could/md have/hv produced/vbn anything/pn but/in disaster/nn for/in him/ppo and/cc the/at country's/nn$ foreign/jj policy/nn ./. In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, the/at example/nn of/in Acheson's/np$ trampling/nn by/in the/at Senate/nn-tl did/dod not/* encourage/vb Dulles/np to/to provoke/vb it/ppo ./. He/pps elected/vbd to/to ``/`` get/vb along/rb ''/'' ./. During/in this/dt dark/jj chapter/nn in/in State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl history/nn ,/, men/nns who/wps had/hvd offered/vbn foreign-policy/nn ideas/nns later/rbr proven/vbn wrong/jj by/in events/nns filled/vbd the/at tumbrels/nns sent/vbn up/rp to/in Capitol/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl ./. Their/pp$ old/jj errors/nns of/in judgment/nn were/bed equated/vbn ,/, in/in the/at curious/jj logic/nn of/in the/at time/nn ,/, with/in present/jj treasonous/jj intent/nn ./. Their/pp$ successors/nns ,/, absorbing/vbg the/at lesson/nn ,/, made/vbd it/ppo a/at point/nn to/to have/hv few/ap ideas/nns ./. This/dt ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, brought/vbd a/at new/jj fashion/nn in/in senatorial/jj criticism/nn as/cs the/at Democrats/nps took/vbd control/nn ./. In/in the/at new/jj style/nn ,/, the/at Department/nn-tl was/bedz berated/vbn as/cs intellectually/rb barren/jj and/cc unable/jj to/to produce/vb the/at vital/jj ideas/nns needed/vbn to/to outwit/vb the/at Russians/nps ./. For/in three/cd or/cc four/cd years/nns in/in the/at mid-1950's/nns ,/, this/dt complaint/nn was/bedz heard/vbn rumbling/vbg up/rp from/in the/at Senate/nn-tl floor/nn whenever/wrb there/ex was/bedz a/at dull/jj legislative/jj afternoon/nn ./. It/pps became/vbd smart/jj to/to say/vb that/cs the/at fault/nn was/bedz with/in Dulles/np because/cs he/pps would/md not/* countenance/nn thinking/vbg done/vbn by/in anyone/pn but/in himself/ppl ./. An/at equally/rb tenable/jj thesis/nn is/bez that/cs the/at dearth/nn of/in new/jj thought/nn was/bedz created/vbn by/in the/at Senate's/nn$-tl own/jj penchant/nn for/in crucifying/vbg anyone/pn whose/wp$ ideas/nns seem/vb unorthodox/jj to/in the/at next/ap generation/nn ./. Getting/vbg-hl along/rb-hl with/in-hl foreigners/nns-hl there/ex are/ber ninety-eight/cd foreign/jj embassies/nns and/cc legations/nns in/in Washington/np ./. They/ppss range/vb from/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl Embassy/nn-tl on/in Sixteenth/od-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, a/at gray/jj shuttered/vbn pile/nn suggesting/vbg a/at funeral-accessories/nns display/nn house/nn ,/, to/in what/wdt Congressman/nn-tl Rooney/np has/hvz called/vbn ``/`` that/dt monstrosity/nn on/in Thirty-fourth/od-tl Street/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, the/at modern/jj cement-and-glass/jj chancery/nn of/in the/at Belgians/nps ./. Here/rb is/bez the/at world/nn of/in the/at chauffeured/vbn limousine/nn and/cc the/at gossip/nn reporter/nn ,/, of/in caviar/nn on/in stale/jj crackers/nns and/cc the/at warm/jj martini/nn ,/, of/in the/at poseur/nn ,/, the/at spy/nn ,/, the/at party/nn crasher/nn ,/, and/cc the/at patriot/nn ,/, of/in the/at rented/vbn tails/nns ,/, the/at double/jj cross/nn ,/, and/cc the/at tired/vbn Lothario/np ./. Into/in its/pp$ chanceries/nns each/dt day/nn pour/vb reports/nns from/in ministries/nns around/in the/at earth/nn and/cc an/at endless/jj stream/nn of/in home-office/nn instructions/nns on/in how/wrb to/to handle/vb Uncle/nn-tl Sam/np in/in an/at infinite/jj variety/nn of/in contingencies/nns ./. Here/rb are/ber hatched/vbn plans/nns for/in getting/vbg a/at share/nn of/in the/at American/jj bounty/nn ,/, the/at secret/nn of/in the/at anti-missile/jj missile/nn ,/, or/cc an/at invitation/nn to/in dinner/nn ./. Out/in of/in it/ppo each/dt week/nn go/vb hundreds/nns of/in thousands/nns of/in words/nns purporting/vbg to/to inform/vb home/nn ministries/nns about/in what/wdt is/bez really/rb happening/vbg inside/in Washington/np ./. Some/dti ,/, like/cs the/at British/nps and/cc the/at French/nps ,/, maintain/vb an/at elaborate/jj system/nn of/in personal/jj contacts/nns and/cc have/hv experts/nns constantly/rb studying/vbg special/jj areas/nns of/in the/at American/jj scene/nn ./. Other/ap embassies/nns cable/vb home/nr The/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Times/nns-tl without/in changing/vbg a/at comma/nn ./. Each/dt has/hvz its/pp$ peculiar/jj style/nn ./. The/at Soviet/nn-tl Embassy/nn-tl is/bez popularly/rb regarded/vbn as/cs Russian/jj espionage/nn headquarters/nn ./. When/wrb Ambassador/nn-tl Mikhail/np Menshikov/np took/vbd it/ppo over/rp in/in 1957/cd from/in Georgi/np Zaroubin/np ,/, he/pps made/vbd a/at determined/vbn effort/nn to/to change/vb this/dt idea/nn ./. Menshikov/np hit/vbd Washington/np with/in a/at TV/nn announcer's/nn$ grin/nn and/cc a/at hearty/jj handclasp/nn ./. To/in everyone's/pn$ astonishment/nn he/pps seemed/vbd no/ql more/rbr like/cs the/at run-of-the-mine/jj Russian/jj ambassador/nn than/cs George/np Babbitt/np was/bedz like/cs Fyodor/np Pavlovitch/np Karamazov/np ./. Where/wrb his/pp$ predecessors/nns had/hvd glowered/vbn ,/, Menshikov/np smiled/vbd ./. Where/wrb they/ppss had/hvd affected/vbn the/at bleak/jj social/jj style/nn of/in embalmers'/nns$ assistants/nns ,/, Menshikov/np went/vbd abroad/rb gorgeous/jj in/in white/jj tie/nn and/cc tails/nns ./. Overnight/rb he/pps became/vbd the/at most/ql available/jj man/nn in/in Washington/np ./. Speeches/nns by/in the/at Soviet/nn-tl ambassador/nn became/vbd the/at vogue/nn as/cs he/pps obliged/vbd rural/jj Maryland/np Rotarians/nps and/cc National/jj-tl Press/nn-tl Club/nn-tl alike/rb ./. In/in Senator/nn-tl Joseph/np McCarthy's/np$ phrase/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz the/at most/ql unheard-of/jj thing/nn ever/rb heard/vbn of/in ./. A/at newspaperman/nn who/wps met/vbd him/ppo at/in a/at reception/nn swore/vbd that/cs he/pps asked/vbd Menshikov/np :/: ``/`` What/wdt should/md we/ppss call/vb you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc that/cs Menshikov/np replied/vbd :/: ``/`` Just/rb call/vb me/ppo Mike/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Smilin'/vbg-tl Mike/np-tl ''/'' was/bedz the/at sobriquet/nn Washington/np gave/vbd him/ppo ./. His/pp$ English/np was/bedz usable/jj and/cc he/pps used/vbd it/ppo fearlessly/rb ./. Toasting/vbg in/in champagne/nn one/cd night/nn at/in the/at embassy/nn ,/, he/pps hoisted/vbd his/pp$ glass/nn to/in a/at senator's/nn$ wife/nn and/cc gaily/rb cried/vbd :/: ``/`` Up/in your/pp$ bottom/nn ''/'' !/. !/. For/in a/at few/ap giddy/jj months/nns that/dt coincided/vbd with/in one/cd of/in Moscow's/np$ smiling/vbg moods/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at sensation/nn of/in Washington/np ./. At/in the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl ,/, hard-bitten/jj Russian/jj experts/nns complained/vbd that/cs the/at Capitol/nn-tl was/bedz out/in of/in its/pp$ wits/nns ./. Newspaper/nn punditry/nn was/bedz inspired/vbn to/to remind/vb everyone/pn that/cs Judas/np ,/, too/rb ,/, had/hvd been/ben able/jj to/to smile/vb ./. The/at Menshikov/np interlude/nn ended/vbd as/cs larks/nns with/in the/at Russians/nps usually/rb end/vb ./. Finding/vbg peaceful/jj coexistence/nn temporarily/rb unsuitable/jj because/rb of/in domestic/jj politics/nn ,/, Moscow/np resumed/vbd scowling/vbg and/cc ``/`` Smilin'/vbg-tl Mike/np-tl ''/'' dropped/vbd quietly/rb out/in of/in the/at press/nn except/in for/in an/at occasional/jj story/nn reporting/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben stoned/vbn somewhere/rb in/in the/at Middle/jj-tl West/nr-tl ./. The/at most/ql inscrutable/jj embassies/nns are/ber the/at Arabs'/nps$ ,/, and/cc the/at most/ql inscrutable/jj of/in the/at Arabs/nps are/ber the/at Saudi/np Arabians/nps ./. When/wrb King/nn-tl Saud/np visited/vbd Washington/np ,/, the/at overwhelming/jj question/nn consuming/vbg the/at press/nn was/bedz the/at size/nn of/in his/pp$ family/nn ./. Rumor/nn had/hvd it/ppo that/cs his/pp$ children/nns numbered/vbd in/in the/at hundreds/nns ./. The/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl was/bedz little/ap help/nn on/in this/dt ,/, or/cc on/in much/ap else/rb about/in Saudi/np Arabia/np ./. A/at reporter/nn who/wps consulted/vbd a/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl Information/nn-tl officer/nn for/in routine/jj vital/jj statistics/nns got/vbd nowhere/rb until/cs the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl man/nn produced/vbd from/in his/pp$ bottom/jj desk/nn drawer/nn a/at brochure/nn published/vbn by/in the/at Arabian-American/jj-tl Oil/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ./. ``/`` This/dt is/bez where/wrb I/ppss get/vb my/pp$ information/nn from/in ''/'' ,/, he/pps confided/vbd ./. ``/`` But/cc bring/vb it/ppo right/ql back/rb ./. It's/pps+bez the/at only/ap copy/nn I've/ppss+hv got/vbn ''/'' ./. The/at size/nn of/in Saud's/np$ family/nn was/bedz still/rb being/beg debated/vbn when/wrb the/at King/nn-tl appeared/vbd for/in his/pp$ first/od meeting/nn with/in Eisenhower/np ./. When/wrb it/pps ended/vbd ,/, a/at dusky/jj sheik/nn in/in desert/nn robes/nns flowed/vbd into/in Hagerty's/np$ office/nn to/to report/vb on/in the/at interview/nn ./. The/at massed/vbn reporters/nns brushed/vbd aside/rb the/at customary/jj bromides/nns about/in Saudi-American/jj friendship/nn to/to bore/vb in/rp on/in the/at central/jj question/nn ./. How/wql many/ap children/nns did/dod the/at King/nn-tl have/hv ?/. ?/. ``/`` Twenty-one/cd ''/'' ,/, replied/vbd the/at sheik/nn ./. And/cc how/wql many/ap of/in these/dts were/bed sons/nns ?/. ?/. ``/`` Twenty-five/cd ''/'' ,/, the/at sheik/nn replied/vbd ./. ``/`` Do/do you/ppss mean/vb to/to tell/vb us/ppo ''/'' ,/, a/at reporter/nn asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` that/cs the/at King/nn-tl has/hvz twenty-one/cd children/nns ,/, twenty-five/cd of/in whom/wpo are/ber sons/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at sheik/nn smiled/vbd and/cc murmured/vbd :/: ``/`` That/dt is/bez precisely/ql correct/jj ''/'' ./. The/at Egyptians/nps are/ber noted/vbn for/in elusiveness/nn of/in language/nn ./. When/wrb Dag/np Hammarskjold/np was/bedz negotiating/vbg the/at Middle/jj-tl East/nr-tl peace/nn after/in Israel's/np$ 1956/cd invasion/nn of/in Egypt/np ,/, he/pps soon/rb found/vbd himself/ppl speaking/vbg the/at mysterious/jj phrases/nns of/in Cairo/np ,/, a/at language/nn as/ql anarchic/jj as/cs Casey/np Stengel's/np$ ./. The/at reports/nns of/in President/nn-tl Nasser's/np$ pledges/nns which/wdt Hammarskjold/np was/bedz relaying/vbg from/in Cairo/np to/in Washington/np became/vbd increasingly/ql incomprehensible/jj to/in other/ap diplomats/nns ,/, including/in the/at Israeli/jj-tl Foreign/jj-tl Minister/nn-tl ,/, Mrs./np Golda/np Meir/np ./. Finally/rb he/pps reported/vbd that/cs Nasser/np was/bedz ready/jj to/to make/vb a/at concrete/jj commitment/nn in/in return/nn for/in Israeli/jj concessions/nns ./.

cf47

cf47 |@word deep:1 water:3 use:4 many:3 people:10 always:3 clean:2 washing:1 outside:2 know:5 japanese:12 friend:1 surprised:1 walk:4 bathroom:1 course:1 toilet:3 eastern:2 style:3 floor:1 level:1 even:8 raise:2 chair:1 height:1 actually:1 inside:1 new:6 home:11 western:3 flush:1 running:1 usually:2 next:2 day:8 visit:6 international:1 christian:2 college:1 develop:2 since:1 war:2 leadership:1 intern:1 japan:10 well:6 try:2 demonstrate:1 different:1 way:3 teach:4 learn:6 library:1 open:2 shelf:1 unbound:1 periodical:1 stockroom:1 spiritual:1 life:3 cultivate:1 student:7 need:6 enviable:1 record:1 able:2 place:3 employment:1 100:2 graduate:2 afternoon:1 miss:1 hosaka:2 mother:2 invite:1 go:9 young:2 mrs:4 kodama:2 see:12 famous:3 spring:2 dance:4 geisha:1 dancers:1 one:7 woman:10 read:1 beautiful:5 artistically:1 talente:1 artful:1 manager:1 big:3 household:1 four:4 boy:1 girl:2 yet:3 look:1 like:3 pampered:1 gentle:1 real:1 experience:2 anything:1 ever:1 rival:1 york:1 rockette:1 scenery:1 precision:1 imagination:1 leave:4 spend:2 evening:3 asia:1 center:2 following:1 morning:1 mr:14 morikawa:1 call:1 school:13 kindergarten:1 middle:1 elementary:1 high:1 yoshimoto:1 much:4 freedom:1 expect:1 think:3 great:3 deal:1 thought:2 give:4 question:1 moral:3 education:4 loss:2 emperor:1 diety:1 confusion:1 god:2 teaching:1 strength:1 old:4 parent:4 continue:2 child:3 traditional:1 principle:2 lose:1 faith:1 conviction:3 seem:3 purpose:1 sure:1 certain:1 guide:2 stability:1 result:1 money:1 quickly:1 freely:1 value:2 gambling:1 everywhere:1 especially:1 among:1 indulge:1 government:1 recognize:1 dilemma:1 begin:1 devise:1 teacher:6 often:1 firm:1 confuse:1 tell:3 quite:1 likely:1 soldier:1 would:9 fight:1 painful:1 interesting:2 kind:1 create:1 strong:2 former:1 oregon:2 state:2 science:3 meet:6 dinner:1 tokyo:7 restaurant:1 first:2 raw:1 fish:1 find:7 good:3 suggest:1 several:1 food:1 except:1 sweet:1 could:4 six:1 present:1 fun:3 kyoto:7 nikko:1 put:2 train:10 instruction:1 nishimo:1 hotel:4 instead:1 three:2 station:1 warm:1 welcome:1 room:3 trip:2 arrange:2 masu:7 travel:1 bureau:1 elegant:2 choose:2 explain:1 however:1 usual:2 salary:1 small:2 house:8 understand:2 tease:1 bit:1 disappoint:1 nara:6 hiroshima:7 ancient:1 capital:1 still:3 cultural:1 along:2 untouched:1 example:1 loveliness:1 prewar:1 accompany:2 okamoto:2 fumio:1 son:1 washizu:4 prospective:1 correspond:1 year:4 nishima:3 arrive:4 finish:1 breakfast:1 plan:6 mile:3 various:1 shrine:1 gardens:1 time:7 tea:3 ceremony:1 originate:1 spectacular:1 imaginative:1 supper:1 unagi:1 rice:1 eel:2 ice:1 cold:1 pond:1 foot:1 mt:1 fuji:1 return:2 sleep:2 hard:1 possible:1 ready:1 another:1 busy:3 start:2 9:1 university:7 attend:1 amazed:1 poor:1 hospital:1 facility:1 medical:1 apologize:1 condition:1 include:1 dirt:1 fly:1 little:2 say:2 excuse:1 answer:1 come:7 wealthy:1 family:5 grandfather:1 buddhist:1 priest:3 eld:1 suppose:1 differently:1 brother:1 become:2 significant:1 fact:1 ago:1 choice:1 live:1 thirty:1 also:6 priceless:1 historical:1 treasure:1 400:2 600:1 painting:1 lacquer:1 brocade:1 etc:1 display:1 enjoy:2 important:2 item:1 already:1 museum:1 craftsmanship:1 less:1 hurry:1 osaka:5 pass:1 stay:3 prince:1 princess:1 honeymoon:1 red:1 carpet:1 lay:1 yoneda:2 hour:3 town:1 though:1 night:2 man:1 30:1 alone:1 let:1 get:2 half:1 second:1 large:1 city:3 million:1 spot:1 shall:1 remember:1 bridge:1 stand:2 watch:1 reflection:2 elaborate:1 neon:1 sign:1 river:1 midst:1 take:3 beauty:1 natural:1 artificial:1 light:1 awful:1 taxi:1 uno:2 pilot:1 around:2 pennant:1 hand:1 insist:1 want:1 grieve:1 tragic:1 event:1 feel:1 recovery:1 spirit:1 hold:1 grudge:1 regret:1 pearl:1 harbor:1 happy:1 better:1 word:1 gift:1 thank:1 mind:1 determination:1 peace:1 understanding:1 grateful:1 insight:1 world:2 may:1 later:1 immediately:2 prepare:1 exhibit:1 table:1 everything:1 exciting:1 turmoil:1 full:1 anticipation:1 thrill:1 effect:1 american:5 class:1 architect:1 function:1 soon:1 necessary:1 work:3 convenience:1 servant:1 feature:1 late:1 modern:2 device:1 blend:1 culture:1 artfulness:1 architecture:1 adopt:1 utility:1 pattern:1 monument:1 courageous:1 believe:1 educate:2 today:1 doubt:1 grow:1 send:1 community:1 active:1 alumnae:1 build:1 fine:2 building:1 campus:1 member:2 longer:1 social:1 gathering:1 professional:1 meeting:1 far:1 concern:1 continuous:1 piling:1 evidence:1 creative:1 fresh:1 idea:1 unafraid:1 break:1 tradition:1 municipally:1 sponsor:1 widow:1 keep:2 maid:2 skilled:1 cooking:1 cleaning:2 receive:1 guest:1 care:1 sick:2 model:2 kitchen:2 patient:1 bed:1 nursery:1 doll:1 although:1 training:4 month:1 intensive:1 thorough:1 demand:1 occasionally:1 additional:1 economic:1 play:1 design:1 cupboard:1 functional:1 line:1 storage:1 material:1 polish:1 furniture:1 corner:1 effectively:1 shiny:1 united:1 states:1 classroom:1 housekeeper:1 stead:1 luncheon:1 cafeteria:1 representative:1 usis:1 vacation:1 thing:1 professor:1 circle:1 ground:1 assistant:1

The/at deep/jj water/nn is/bez used/vbn by/in many/ap people/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez always/rb clean/jj ,/, for/cs the/at washing/nn is/bez done/vbn outside/rb ./. I/ppss know/vb now/rb why/wrb our/pp$ Japanese/jj friends/nns were/bed surprised/vbn when/wrb they/ppss walked/vbd into/in our/pp$ bathroom/nn ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, most/ap toilets/nns are/ber Eastern/jj-tl style/nn --/-- at/in floor/nn level/nn --/-- but/cc even/rb when/wrb they/ppss are/ber raised/vbn to/in chair/nn height/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber actually/rb outside/jj toilets/nns --/-- inside/rb ./. A/at few/ap newer/jjr homes/nns have/hv Western/jj-tl flush/nn toilets/nns ,/, but/cc even/rb with/in running/vbg water/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber usually/rb Eastern/jj-tl style/nn ./. The/at next/ap day/nn I/ppss visited/vbd International/jj-tl Christian/jj-tl College/nn-tl which/wdt has/hvz developed/vbn since/in the/at war/nn under/in the/at leadership/nn of/in people/nns who/wps were/bed interned/vbn and/cc who/wps know/vb Japan/np well/rb ./. They/ppss are/ber trying/vbg to/to demonstrate/vb some/dti different/jj ways/nns of/in teaching/vbg and/cc learning/vbg ./. The/at library/nn has/hvz open/jj shelves/nns even/rb in/in the/at unbound/vbn periodical/nn stockroom/nn ./. Spiritual/jj life/nn is/bez cultivated/vbn ,/, but/cc students/nns do/do not/* need/vb to/to be/be Christian/np ./. They/ppss have/hv an/at enviable/jj record/nn of/in being/beg able/jj to/to place/vb in/in employment/nn 100%/nn of/in their/pp$ graduates/nns ./. In/in the/at afternoon/nn Miss/np Hosaka/np and/cc her/pp$ mother/nn invited/vbd me/ppo to/to go/vb with/in them/ppo and/cc young/jj Mrs./np Kodama/np to/to see/vb the/at famous/jj Spring/nn-tl dances/nns of/in the/at Geisha/np dancers/nns ./. Mrs./np Hosaka/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at Japanese/jj women/nns one/pn reads/vbz about/in --/-- beautiful/jj ,/, artistically/rb talented/jj ,/, an/at artful/jj manager/nn of/in her/pp$ big/jj household/nn --/-- (/( four/cd boys/nns and/cc four/cd girls/nns )/) ,/, and/cc yet/rb looking/vbg like/cs a/at pampered/vbn ,/, gentle/jj Japanese/jj woman/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz a/at real/jj experience/nn !/. !/. The/at dances/nns were/bed as/ql beautiful/jj as/cs anything/pn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb seen/vbn --/-- they/ppss rival/vb the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Rockettes/nps-tl for/in scenery/nn and/cc precision/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs imagination/nn ./. Because/cs Don/np was/bedz leaving/vbg the/at next/ap day/nn ,/, I/ppss spent/vbd the/at evening/nn with/in him/ppo at/in Asia/np-tl Center/nn-tl ./. The/at following/vbg morning/nn Mr./np Morikawa/np called/vbd for/in me/ppo ,/, and/cc we/ppss went/vbd to/to visit/vb schools/nns --/-- kindergarten/nn ,/, middle-school/nn ,/, elementary/jj school/nn ,/, and/cc high/jj school/nn --/-- Mr./np Yoshimoto's/np$ school/nn ./. There/ex is/bez much/ql more/ap freedom/nn in/in the/at schools/nns here/rb than/cs I/ppss expected/vbd --/-- some/dti think/vb too/ql much/ap ./. There/ex is/bez a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in thought/nn being/beg given/vbn to/in the/at question/nn of/in moral/jj education/nn in/in the/at schools/nns ./. With/in the/at loss/nn of/in the/at Emperor/nn-tl diety/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, the/at people/nns are/ber left/vbn in/in confusion/nn with/in no/at God/np or/cc moral/jj teachings/nns that/wps have/hv strength/nn ./. The/at older/jjr parents/nns continued/vbd to/to teach/vb their/pp$ children/nns traditional/jj principles/nns ,/, but/cc the/at younger/jjr people/nns ,/, who/wps have/hv lost/vbn all/abn faith/nn and/cc convictions/nns ,/, are/ber now/rb parents/nns ./. There/ex seems/vbz to/to be/be no/at purpose/nn in/in life/nn that/wps is/bez sure/jj --/-- no/at certain/jj guiding/vbg principles/nns to/to give/vb stability/nn ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, money/nn is/bez spent/vbn quickly/rb and/cc freely/rb ,/, with/in no/at thought/nn of/in its/pp$ value/nn ./. Gambling/vbg is/bez everywhere/nn ,/, especially/rb among/in students/nns ./. Parents/nns indulge/vb their/pp$ children/nns ./. The/at government/nn has/hvz recognized/vbn the/at dilemma/nn and/cc is/bez beginning/vbg to/to devise/vb some/dti moral/jj education/nn for/in the/at schools/nns --/-- but/cc the/at teachers/nns often/rb have/hv no/at firm/jj conviction/nn and/cc are/ber confused/vbn ./. I/ppss was/bedz told/vbn that/cs it/pps is/bez quite/ql likely/jj that/cs Japanese/jj soldiers/nns would/md not/* fight/vb again/rb --/-- for/cs why/wrb should/md they/ppss ?/. ?/. It/pps will/md be/be painful/jj ,/, but/cc interesting/jj ,/, to/to see/vb what/wdt kind/nn of/in a/at god/nn these/dts people/nns will/md create/vb or/cc what/wdt strong/jj convictions/nns they/ppss will/md develop/vb ./. In/in the/at evening/nn the/at former/ap Oregon/np-tl State/nn-tl science/nn teachers/nns met/vbd for/in dinner/nn at/in the/at New/jj-tl Tokyo/np-tl Restaurant/nn-tl where/wrb I/ppss had/hvd my/pp$ first/od raw/jj fish/nn and/cc found/vbd it/ppo good/jj ./. They/ppss suggested/vbd several/ap new/jj foods/nns ,/, and/cc usually/rb I/ppss found/vbd them/ppo good/jj ,/, except/in the/at sweets/nns ,/, which/wdt I/ppss think/vb I/ppss could/md learn/vb to/to like/vb ./. Six/cd of/in the/at science/nn teachers/nns were/bed present/rb ,/, and/cc we/ppss had/hvd great/jj fun/nn ./. Kyoto/np-hl After/in a/at day/nn at/in Nikko/np ,/, Mrs./np Kodama/np put/vbd me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn for/in Kyoto/np ./. My/pp$ instructions/nns were/bed that/cs Mr./np Nishimo/np would/md meet/vb me/ppo at/in the/at hotel/nn ,/, but/cc instead/rb he/pps and/cc three/cd others/nns were/bed at/in the/at station/nn with/in a/at very/ql warm/jj welcome/nn ./. My/pp$ hotel/nn rooms/nns on/in the/at trip/nn were/bed arranged/vbn by/in Masu/np and/cc the/at Japan/np-tl Travel/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl and/cc were/bed more/ql elegant/jj than/cs I/ppss would/md have/hv chosen/vbn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz fun/nn for/in once/rb to/to be/be elegant/jj --/-- I/ppss did/dod explain/vb to/in the/at students/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs this/dt was/bedz not/* my/pp$ usual/jj style/nn ,/, for/cs their/pp$ salaries/nns are/ber very/ql small/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps seemed/vbd out/in of/in place/nn for/cs me/ppo to/to be/be housed/vbn so/ql well/rb ./. They/ppss understood/vbd and/cc teased/vbd me/ppo a/at bit/nn about/in it/ppo ./. I/ppss think/vb I/ppss would/md have/hv been/ben much/ql disappointed/vbn in/in Japan/np if/cs I/ppss had/hvd not/* seen/vbn Kyoto/np ,/, Nara/np ,/, and/cc Hiroshima/np ./. Kyoto/np is/bez the/at ancient/jj capital/nn of/in Japan/np and/cc still/rb its/pp$ cultural/jj center/nn ./. It/pps ,/, along/rb with/in Nara/np ,/, was/bedz untouched/jj by/in the/at war/nn --/-- and/cc is/bez now/rb a/at beautiful/jj example/nn of/in the/at loveliness/nn of/in prewar/jj Japan/np ./. Here/rb I/ppss was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in Mrs./np Okamoto/np (/( Fumio's/np$ mother/nn )/) ,/, her/pp$ son/nn ,/, Mr./np Washizu/np (/( a/at prospective/jj student/nn with/in whom/wpo I/ppss have/hv been/ben corresponding/vbg for/in more/ap than/in a/at year/nn )/) ,/, and/cc Mr./np Nishima/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at science/nn teachers/nns ./. I/ppss arrived/vbd at/in 7:00/cd a.m./rb and/cc by/in 9:00/cd a.m./rb I/ppss had/hvd finished/vbn breakfast/nn and/cc was/bedz on/in my/pp$ way/nn to/to see/vb what/wdt they/ppss had/hvd planned/vbn ./. We/ppss walked/vbd miles/nns and/cc saw/vbd various/jj shrines/nns and/cc gardens/nns ./. We/ppss visited/vbd the/at Okamoto/np home/nn --/-- where/wrb for/in the/at first/od time/nn I/ppss saw/vbd the/at famous/jj tea/nn ceremony/nn ./. At/in 6:00/cd p.m./rb we/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at Kyoto/np-tl Spring/nn-tl dances/nns at/in the/at place/nn where/wrb these/dts beautiful/jj dances/nns originated/vbd ./. They/ppss were/bed even/rb better/jjr than/cs those/dts of/in Tokyo/np --/-- more/ql spectacular/jj and/cc more/ql imaginative/jj ./. After/in a/at supper/nn of/in unagi/fw-nn (/( rice/nn with/in eel/nn --/-- eel/nn which/wdt is/bez raised/vbn in/in an/at ice-cold/jj pond/nn at/in the/at foot/nn of/in Mt./nn-tl Fuji/np )/) ,/, I/ppss returned/vbd to/in my/pp$ beautiful/jj room/nn to/to sleep/vb as/ql hard/rb as/cs possible/jj to/to be/be ready/jj for/in another/dt busy/jj day/nn ./. We/ppss started/vbd at/in 9/cd a.m./rb to/to visit/vb the/at Kyoto/np-tl University/nn-tl where/wrb Mr./np Washizu/np is/bez attending/vbg ./. I/ppss was/bedz amazed/vbn at/in the/at very/ql poor/jj hospital/nn facilities/nns accompanying/vbg the/at medical/jj school/nn ./. They/ppss apologized/vbd for/in the/at condition/nn ,/, including/in dirt/nn and/cc flies/nns ,/, and/cc I/ppss was/bedz a/at little/ap at/in a/at loss/nn to/to know/vb what/wdt to/to say/vb ./. There/ex seemed/vbd to/to be/be no/at excuse/nn ?/. ?/. I/ppss don't/do* have/hv the/at answer/nn yet/rb ./. We/ppss had/hvd tea/nn at/in Mr./np Washizu's/np$ home/nn where/wrb I/ppss learned/vbd that/cs he/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, comes/vbz from/in a/at very/ql wealthy/jj family/nn ./. His/pp$ grandfather/nn is/bez a/at Buddhist/jj-tl priest/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc he/pps ,/, being/beg the/at eldest/jjt ,/, was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to be/be a/at priest/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps chose/vbd to/to do/do differently/rb ,/, and/cc one/cd of/in his/pp$ brothers/nns is/bez to/to become/vb the/at priest/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at significant/jj fact/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, for/cs only/rb a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb he/pps would/md have/hv had/hvn no/at choice/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ big/jj home/nn live/vb four/cd families/nns and/cc thirty/cd people/nns ,/, so/rb it/pps needs/vbz to/to be/be big/jj ./. Also/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber housed/vbn here/rb some/dti priceless/jj historical/jj treasures/nns from/in 400/cd to/in 600/cd years/nns old/jj --/-- paintings/nns ,/, lacquer/nn ,/, brocade/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. He/pps had/hvd displayed/vbn more/ap of/in them/ppo than/cs usual/jj so/cs that/cs I/ppss could/md enjoy/vb them/ppo ./. About/rb 100/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj items/nns he/pps had/hvd already/rb given/vbn to/in the/at museum/nn ./. The/at house/nn itself/ppl is/bez 400/cd years/nns old/jj with/in all/abn the/at craftsmanship/nn of/in older/jjr ,/, less-hurried/jj times/nns ./. Nara/np-hl ,/,-hl Osaka/np-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl Hiroshima/np-hl Mr./np Nishima/np went/vbd with/in me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn to/in Nara/np ./. We/ppss passed/vbd his/pp$ house/nn and/cc school/nn on/in the/at way/nn ./. In/in Nara/np I/ppss stayed/vbd at/in the/at hotel/nn where/wrb the/at Prince/nn-tl and/cc Princess/nn-tl had/hvd stayed/vbn on/in their/pp$ honeymoon/nn ./. A/at new/jj red/jj carpet/nn had/hvd been/ben laid/vbn for/in their/pp$ coming/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss walked/vbd on/in it/ppo ,/, too/rb ./. Here/rb Mr./np Yoneda/np met/vbd us/ppo after/in a/at three-hour/jj train/nn trip/nn from/in the/at town/nn where/wrb he/pps teaches/vbz ./. Even/rb though/cs we/ppss had/hvd walked/vbn miles/nns in/in Kyoto/np that/dt day/nn ,/, we/ppss started/vbd out/rp again/rb to/to see/vb Nara/np at/in night/nn ./. In/in the/at evening/nn both/abx of/in the/at men/nns went/vbd with/in me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn 30/cd miles/nns to/in Osaka/np to/to put/vb me/ppo on/in the/at train/nn for/in Hiroshima/np ./. Again/rb the/at plan/nn was/bedz for/cs me/ppo to/to go/vb alone/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss wouldn't/md* let/vb me/ppo ./. At/in Osaka/np ,/, Mr./np Yoneda/np had/hvd to/to leave/vb us/ppo to/to get/vb the/at train/nn to/in his/pp$ home/nn ,/, but/cc Mr./np Nishima/np and/cc I/ppss had/hvd an/at hour/nn and/cc a/at half/abn before/in train/nn time/nn to/to see/vb Osaka/np at/in night/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at second/od largest/jjt city/nn in/in Japan/np ,/, with/in about/rb four/cd million/cd people/nns ./. One/cd spot/nn in/in Osaka/np I/ppss shall/md always/rb remember/vb --/-- the/at bridge/nn where/wrb we/ppss stood/vbd to/to watch/vb the/at reflections/nns of/in the/at elaborate/jj neon/nn signs/nns in/in the/at still/jj waters/nns of/in the/at river/nn ./. In/in the/at midst/nn of/in a/at great/jj busy/jj city/nn ,/, people/nns take/vb time/nn to/to enjoy/vb the/at beauty/nn of/in natural/jj reflection/nn of/in artificial/jj light/nn ./. My/pp$ train/nn arrived/vbd in/in Hiroshima/np at/in the/at awful/jj hour/nn of/in 4:45/cd a.m./rb ./. I/ppss had/hvd planned/vbn to/to go/vb to/in the/at hotel/nn by/in taxi/nn and/cc sleep/vb a/at little/ap ,/, after/in which/wdt Mr./np Uno/np would/md arrive/vb and/cc pilot/vb me/ppo around/rb ./. But/cc there/rb he/pps was/bedz at/in the/at train/nn with/in an/at Oregon/np-tl State/nn-tl pennant/nn in/in his/pp$ hand/nn ./. I/ppss know/vb now/rb why/wrb the/at students/nns insisted/vbd that/cs I/ppss go/vb to/in Hiroshima/np even/rb when/wrb I/ppss told/vbd them/ppo I/ppss didn't/dod* want/vb to/to ./. They/ppss knew/vbd that/cs I/ppss was/bedz still/rb grieving/vbg over/in the/at tragic/jj event/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss felt/vbd that/cs if/cs I/ppss could/md see/vb the/at recovery/nn and/cc the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at people/nns ,/, who/wps hold/vb no/at grudge/nn ,/, but/cc who/wps also/rb regret/vb Pearl/nn-tl Harbor/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss would/md be/be happier/jjr and/cc would/md understand/vb better/rbr a/at new/jj Japan/np ./. There/ex were/bed no/at words/nns to/to say/vb this/dt but/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at need/nn ./. The/at teachers/nns of/in Mr./np Uno's/np$ school/nn gave/vbd me/ppo a/at small/jj gift/nn to/to thank/vb me/ppo for/in coming/vbg ./. Hiroshima/np is/bez a/at better/jjr city/nn than/cs it/pps was/bedz before/rb --/-- in/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at people/nns I/ppss met/vbd was/bedz a/at strong/jj determination/nn for/in peace/nn and/cc understanding/vbg ./. I/ppss was/bedz grateful/jj for/in their/pp$ insight/nn into/in my/pp$ need/nn for/in this/dt experience/nn ./. A/at better/jjr world/nn may/md yet/rb come/vb out/in of/in Hiroshima/np ./. Tokyo/np-hl On/in arriving/vbg in/in Tokyo/np later/rbr we/ppss were/bed met/vbn by/in Masu/np who/wps took/vbd us/ppo immediately/rb to/in her/pp$ university/nn ,/, the/at Japanese/jj-tl Women's/nns$-tl University/nn-tl ./. This/dt day/nn was/bedz ``/`` Open/jj-tl House/nn-tl for/in Parents/nns-tl ''/'' day/nn ,/, and/cc the/at girls/nns were/bed busy/jj preparing/vbg exhibits/nns and/cc arranging/vbg tea/nn tables/nns ./. Everything/pn was/bedz in/in an/at exciting/jj turmoil/nn --/-- full/jj of/in anticipation/nn and/cc fun/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz thrilling/jj to/to see/vb the/at effect/nn of/in an/at American-trained/jj teacher/nn on/in Japanese/jj students/nns in/in a/at class/nn in/in Home/nn-tl Planning/vbg-tl ./. Our/pp$ Masu/np is/bez one/cd of/in the/at very/ql few/ap architects/nns in/in Japan/np who/wps is/bez trying/vbg to/to plan/vb homes/nns around/in family/nn functions/nns and/cc women's/nns$ needs/nns ./. I/ppss am/bem told/vbn the/at time/nn will/md soon/rb come/vb when/wrb women/nns will/md find/vb it/ppo necessary/jj to/to do/do most/ap of/in their/pp$ own/jj work/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb now/rb it/pps is/bez important/jj to/to have/hv conveniences/nns for/in the/at use/nn of/in servants/nns ./. Many/ap of/in the/at features/nns of/in the/at homes/nns are/ber the/at latest/jjt modern/jj devices/nns in/in American/jj homes/nns ,/, but/cc an/at interesting/jj blend/nn of/in cultures/nns finds/vbz us/ppo using/vbg Japanese/jj artfulness/nn in/in our/pp$ own/jj Western/jj-tl architecture/nn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs the/at Japanese/nps are/ber adopting/vbg Western/jj-tl utility/nn patterns/nns ./. At/in this/dt Women's/nns$-tl University/nn-tl we/ppss find/vb a/at monument/nn to/in a/at courageous/jj family/nn who/wps believed/vbd that/cs Japanese/jj women/nns also/rb should/md be/be educated/vbn ./. Even/rb today/nr there/ex are/ber some/dti doubts/nns about/in the/at value/nn of/in education/nn for/in Japanese/jj women/nns ,/, but/cc this/dt University/nn-tl continues/vbz to/to grow/vb and/cc to/to send/vb its/pp$ students/nns out/rp into/in the/at community/nn ./. Active/jj alumnae/nns have/hv built/vbn a/at fine/jj building/nn on/in the/at campus/nn where/wrb members/nns can/md come/vb and/cc stay/vb for/in a/at few/ap days/nns or/cc longer/rbr and/cc where/wrb they/ppss can/md have/hv their/pp$ social/jj gatherings/nns and/cc professional/jj meetings/nns ./. As/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss am/bem concerned/vbn there/ex is/bez continuous/jj piling/vbg up/rp of/in evidence/nn that/cs the/at creative/jj fresh/jj ideas/nns which/wdt are/ber needed/vbn in/in the/at world/nn are/ber going/vbg to/to be/be found/vbn by/in educated/vbn women/nns unafraid/jj to/to break/vb traditions/nns ./. Masu/np is/bez also/rb teaching/vbg in/in a/at municipally-sponsored/jj school/nn for/in Japanese/jj widows/nns in/in Tokyo/np ./. Here/rb the/at women/nns learn/vb to/to keep/vb house/nn as/cs maids/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss become/vb skilled/jj in/in cooking/vbg and/cc cleaning/vbg and/cc in/in receiving/vbg guests/nns ./. They/ppss learn/vb how/wrb to/to take/vb care/nn of/in children/nns and/cc sick/jj members/nns of/in the/at family/nn ./. They/ppss have/hv model/nn kitchens/nns ,/, a/at sick/jj room/nn with/in a/at model/nn patient/nn in/in bed/nn ,/, and/cc a/at nursery/nn with/in a/at life-like/jj doll/nn ./. Although/cs the/at training/nn is/bez only/rb for/in one/cd month/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez intensive/jj and/cc thorough/jj ./. Graduates/nns of/in this/dt maid's/nn$ school/nn are/ber much/rb in/in demand/nn and/cc can/md always/rb find/vb work/nn immediately/rb ./. Occasionally/rb they/ppss return/vb for/in additional/jj training/nn ./. Masu's/np$ home/nn economics/nn training/nn comes/vbz into/in play/nn as/cs she/pps designs/vbz cupboards/nns along/in modern/jj functional/jj lines/nns for/in the/at storage/nn of/in cleaning/vbg materials/nns ./. Masu/np also/rb uses/vbz the/at training/nn she/pps got/vbd in/in an/at American/jj home/nn where/wrb she/pps learned/vbd to/to polish/vb furniture/nn ,/, clean/vb corners/nns ,/, and/cc work/vb effectively/rb in/in keeping/vbg a/at shiny/jj house/nn ./. Her/pp$ education/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, not/* just/rb in/in a/at classroom/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb in/in an/at American/jj house/nn with/in an/at American/jj housekeeper/nn ,/, stands/vbz her/ppo in/in good/jj stead/nn ./. University/nn-tl-hl of/in-hl Tokyo/np-hl After/in a/at fine/jj luncheon/nn in/in the/at cafeteria/nn ,/, the/at kitchen/nn of/in which/wdt Masu/np had/hvd planned/vbn ,/, Mr./np Washizu/np and/cc I/ppss left/vbd to/to meet/vb representatives/nns of/in the/at USIS/nn for/in a/at visit/nn to/in the/at University/nn-tl of/in-tl Tokyo/np-tl ./. Here/rb again/rb it/pps was/bedz vacation/nn time/nn and/cc there/ex were/bed many/ap things/nns I/ppss could/md not/* see/vb ,/, but/cc I/ppss was/bedz able/jj to/to visit/vb with/in a/at professor/nn who/wps is/bez famous/jj in/in Japanese/jj circles/nns and/cc be/be guided/vbn through/in the/at grounds/nns by/in his/pp$ assistant/nn ./.

cf48

cf48 |@word achievement:1 desegregation:1 certain:4 lunch:1 counter:1 wise:1 action:15 local:7 community:2 leader:2 voluntary:1 follow:1 consultation:1 attorney:1 general:4 rogers:1 head:1 national:5 chain:3 store:5 course:3 applaud:1 attain:1 result:2 mean:14 force:3 boycott:6 throughout:1 nation:2 would:13 require:3 verification:1 fact:7 contrary:1 assume:1 foregoing:1 case:4 supposition:1 previous:1 illustration:1 may:9 sufficiently:1 alter:1 establish:4 connection:2 company:3 practice:4 south:6 direct:7 economic:22 well:2 locate:2 new:2 york:1 policy:4 secondary:2 primary:3 one:2 actual:2 location:1 unjust:2 love:4 sake:3 justice:8 must:5 remove:1 indivisible:1 injury:3 people:8 directly:4 objectively:1 part:2 perhaps:2 sufficient:4 justify:7 entire:3 order:2 threaten:1 potential:1 economy:3 effect:1 alteration:1 matter:4 segregation:2 still:1 blunt:1 indiscriminate:1 instrument:1 therefore:1 questionable:1 justification:3 evil:1 concentrated:1 prove:1 decisive:1 clearly:4 legitimate:1 moreover:1 prudence:1 alone:2 indicate:1 unless:2 custom:3 already:2 ready:1 fall:4 push:1 everywhere:1 upon:7 likely:2 simply:2 give:3 undue:1 advantage:2 state:4 conform:1 lead:2 great:3 decentralization:1 autonomy:1 within:1 even:3 final:1 self:1 defeat:2 application:2 pressure:12 correct:1 injustice:5 go:4 business:3 section:2 country:3 quaker:1 many:1 meeting:1 pre:2 civil:1 war:3 largely:1 slavery:2 issue:1 never:2 recover:1 large:1 number:1 southern:1 adherent:1 anyone:2 fail:1 make:7 significant:1 distinction:4 principle:6 use:15 means:1 break:2 year:1 ago:1 skillfully:1 organize:1 white:4 citizen:2 council:2 mississippi:1 every:4 philco:2 dealer:1 protest:1 sponsor:1 program:1 tv:1 network:1 present:4 drama:1 show:3 seem:8 high:1 yellow:1 gal:1 smooch:1 man:5 true:1 end:3 objective:2 different:1 since:4 world:2 disagree:2 goal:2 concern:1 situation:1 call:1 either:4 define:1 law:3 effectively:1 morality:3 apply:4 take:3 form:5 need:4 unqualified:1 approval:1 limited:1 doer:1 clear:4 also:13 light:1 resolve:1 maintain:1 mainly:1 ordinarily:1 physical:3 violence:3 unlimited:2 diametrically:1 opposite:1 cause:6 could:1 devastate:1 condition:4 fellow:1 humanity:1 surely:2 destroy:2 obviously:1 brutal:1 aim:1 important:2 especially:1 change:3 deadly:1 power:3 intimidate:1 person:3 step:2 forward:2 claim:1 legal:2 right:1 negro:2 register:1 vote:1 fayette:1 county:1 tennessee:2 moment:1 recourse:1 sustenance:1 despoil:1 remedy:1 however:4 less:2 non:13 violent:13 resistance:14 conflict:1 side:1 strong:1 enough:1 christian:9 champion:1 sure:1 conduct:4 resort:1 way:2 salutary:1 institutional:1 indirectly:1 secondarily:1 inevitably:1 deliberate:1 intent:1 mode:2 limitation:2 like:3 language:1 often:2 another:4 struggle:2 victory:1 choose:1 sit:1 say:2 nobody:1 top:1 heaven:1 bottom:1 hell:1 stop:1 march:4 freedom:6 everybody:1 today:1 mind:1 writer:1 certainly:2 agree:2 statement:2 affirm:2 insight:1 know:1 charity:3 interpenetrate:2 surround:1 sentimental:1 good:4 definitely:1 fashion:1 explain:1 far:1 choice:1 gregg:1 write:2 victim:2 act:1 lack:1 opposition:1 user:1 jiu:1 jitsu:1 attacker:1 lose:2 moral:4 balance:1 suddenly:1 unexpectedly:1 support:3 usual:1 render:1 object:2 partly:1 analogous:1 namely:1 demoralize:3 opponent:5 confidence:1 enthusiasm:1 hope:1 respect:1 dissimilar:1 morale:1 firm:1 base:2 sounder:2 value:4 trial:1 strength:1 quite:2 inevitable:1 virtue:1 engage:1 convince:1 warfare:1 commonly:3 necessary:1 govern:2 whenever:1 think:1 question:2 whether:2 discrimination:3 coercion:1 find:2 overcome:1 moralizing:1 relevant:1 remember:1 regard:1 life:1 insignificant:1 propose:2 violently:1 technique:1 enter:1 compulsion:1 heart:1 determine:2 aggression:1 among:1 group:1 mennonite:3 aware:1 nature:1 divine:2 raise:1 decisively:1 word:1 god:1 concentrate:1 christ:1 thing:1 outstanding:1 ethicist:1 peace:2 obedience:1 rather:1 desire:2 social:1 personal:1 class:1 without:2 phrase:1 assert:2 difference:1 beyond:1 position:1 first:1 limit:2 set:2 forth:2 specify:1 cut:1 across:1 alike:1 occasion:1 always:1 inflict:1 barely:1 intolerable:1 oppose:1 amount:2 calculate:1 wholly:1 term:2 effectiveness:1 reach:1 additional:1 fundamental:1 conscience:3 lay:1 primarily:1 permit:1 repress:1 achieve:1 withdrawal:1 nashville:1 trade:1 center:1 city:1 example:1 subjectively:1 guilty:1 single:1 consideration:1 hard:1 employ:1 else:1 violate:1 instance:1 undertake:1 whole:1 excellent:1 article:1 publish:1 recently:1 journal:1 church:1 union:1 african:1 journalist:1 inhuman:1 black:1 africa:3 virtual:1 complicity:2 government:1 united:1 states:1 billion:1 american:2 dollar:1 capital:1 investor:1 pocket:1 taxpayer:1 author:2 pour:1 system:1 dedicate:1 oppression:1 persecution:1 almost:1 diabolical:1 exploitation:1 12:1 million:1 color:1 whose:2 skin:1 happen:1 document:1 considerable:1 detail:1 conclusion:1 inescapable:1 america:2 apartheid:1 shall:1 continue:1 leadership:1 wide:1 accord:2 deny:1 widespread:1 relation:1 race:1 code:1 title:1 19:1 1307:1 forbid:1 importation:1 convict:1 labor:1 provision:1 enforce:1 political:1 believe:1 win:1 dominate:1 line:1 account:1 book:1 willingly:1 knowingly:1 contribute:1 enslavement:1

The/at achievement/nn of/in the/at desegregation/nn of/in certain/jj lunch/nn counters/nns not/* only/rb by/in wise/jj action/nn by/in local/jj community/nn leaders/nns but/cc by/in voluntary/jj action/nn following/vbg consultation/nn between/in Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl Rogers/np and/cc the/at heads/nns of/in certain/jj national/jj chain/nn stores/nns should/md ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, be/be applauded/vbn ./. But/cc for/cs it/ppo to/to be/be just/jj to/to attain/vb this/dt same/ap result/nn by/in means/nn of/in the/at force/nn of/in a/at boycott/nn throughout/in the/at nation/nn would/md require/vb the/at verification/nn of/in facts/nns contrary/jj to/in those/dts assumed/vbn in/in the/at foregoing/vbg case/nn ./. The/at suppositions/nns in/in the/at previous/jj illustration/nn might/md be/be sufficiently/rb altered/vbn by/in establishing/vbg a/at connection/nn between/in general/jj company/nn practice/nn and/cc local/jj practice/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, and/cc by/in establishing/vbg such/jj direct/jj connection/nn between/in the/at practice/nn and/cc the/at economic/jj well-being/nn of/in stores/nns located/vbn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl and/cc general/jj company/nn policy/nn ./. Then/rb the/at boycott/nn would/md not/* be/be secondary/jj ,/, but/cc a/at primary/jj one/cd ./. It/pps would/md be/be directed/vbn against/in the/at actual/jj location/nn of/in the/at unjust/jj policy/nn which/wdt ,/, for/in love's/nn$ sake/nn and/cc for/in the/at sake/nn of/in justice/nn ,/, must/md be/be removed/vbn ,/, and/cc ,/, indivisible/jj from/in this/dt ,/, to/in the/at economic/jj injury/nn of/in the/at people/nns directly/rb and/cc objectively/rb a/at part/nn of/in this/dt policy/nn ./. Perhaps/rb this/dt would/md be/be sufficient/jj to/to justify/vb an/at economic/jj boycott/nn of/in an/at entire/jj national/jj chain/nn in/in order/nn ,/, by/in threatening/vbg potential/jj injury/nn to/in its/pp$ entire/jj economy/nn ,/, to/to effect/vb an/at alteration/nn of/in the/at policy/nn of/in its/pp$ local/jj stores/nns in/in the/at matter/nn of/in segregation/nn ./. Such/abl a/at general/jj boycott/nn might/md still/rb be/be a/at blunt/jj or/cc indiscriminating/jj instrument/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb of/in questionable/jj justification/nn ./. Action/nn located/vbn where/wrb the/at evil/nn is/bez concentrated/vbn will/md prove/vb most/ql decisive/jj and/cc is/bez most/ql clearly/rb legitimate/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, prudence/nn alone/rb would/md indicate/vb that/cs ,/, unless/cs the/at local/jj customs/nns are/ber already/rb ready/jj to/to fall/vb when/wrb pushed/vbn ,/, the/at results/nns of/in direct/jj economic/jj action/nn everywhere/rb upon/in national/jj chain/nn stores/nns will/md likely/rb be/be simply/rb to/to give/vb undue/jj advantage/nn to/in local/jj and/cc state/nn stores/nns which/wdt conform/vb to/in these/dts customs/nns ,/, leading/vbg to/in greater/jjr decentralization/nn and/cc local/jj autonomy/nn within/in the/at company/nn ,/, or/cc even/rb (/( as/cs the/at final/jj self-defeat/nn of/in an/at unjust/jj application/nn of/in economic/jj pressure/nn to/to correct/vb injustice/nn )/) to/in its/pp$ going/vbg out/in of/in business/nn in/in certain/jj sections/nns of/in the/at country/nn (/( as/cs ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, the/at Quakers/nps ,/, who/wps once/rb had/hvd many/ap meetings/nns in/in the/at pre-Civil/jj War/nn-tl South/nr-tl ,/, largely/rb went/vbd out/in of/in business/nn in/in that/dt part/nn of/in the/at country/nn over/in the/at slavery/nn issue/nn ,/, never/rb to/to recover/vb a/at large/jj number/nn of/in southern/jj adherents/nns )/) ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, anyone/pn who/wps fails/vbz to/to make/vb significant/jj distinction/nn between/in primary/jj and/cc secondary/jj applications/nns of/in economic/jj pressure/nn would/md in/in principle/nn already/rb have/hv justified/vbn that/dt use/nn of/in economic/jj boycott/nn as/cs a/at means/nn which/wdt broke/vbd out/rp a/at few/ap years/nns ago/rb or/cc was/bedz skillfully/rb organized/vbn by/in White/jj-tl Citizens'/nns$-tl Councils/nns-tl in/in the/at entire/jj state/nn of/in Mississippi/np against/in every/at local/jj Philco/np dealer/nn in/in that/dt state/nn ,/, in/in protest/nn against/in a/at Philco-sponsored/jj program/nn over/in a/at national/jj TV/nn network/nn on/in which/wdt was/bedz presented/vbn a/at drama/nn showing/vbg ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd ,/, a/at ``/`` high/jj yellow/jj gal/nn ''/'' smooching/vbg with/in a/at white/jj man/nn ./. It/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs the/at end/nn or/cc objective/nn of/in this/dt action/nn was/bedz different/jj ./. But/cc since/cs this/dt is/bez a/at world/nn in/in which/wdt people/nns disagree/vb about/in ends/nns and/cc goals/nns and/cc concerning/in justice/nn and/cc injustice/nn ,/, and/cc since/cs ,/, in/in a/at situation/nn where/wrb direct/jj action/nn and/cc economic/jj pressure/nn are/ber called/vbn for/in ,/, the/at justice/nn of/in the/at matter/nn has/hvz either/cc not/* been/ben clearly/rb defined/vbn by/in law/nn or/cc the/at law/nn is/bez not/* effectively/rb present/rb ,/, there/ex has/hvz to/to be/be a/at morality/nn of/in means/nn applied/vbn in/in every/at case/nn in/in which/wdt people/nns take/vb it/ppo upon/in themselves/ppls to/to use/vb economic/jj pressures/nns or/cc other/ap forms/nns of/in force/nn ./. The/at need/nn that/cs we/ppss not/* give/vb unqualified/jj approval/nn to/in any/dti but/in a/at limited/vbn use/nn of/in economic/jj pressure/nn directed/vbn against/in the/at actual/jj doers/nns of/in injustice/nn is/bez clear/jj also/rb in/in light/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs White/jj-tl Citizens'/nns$-tl Councils/nns-tl seem/vb resolved/vbn to/to maintain/vb segregation/nn mainly/rb by/in the/at use/nn of/in these/dts same/ap means/nns and/cc not/* ordinarily/rb by/in physical/jj violence/nn ./. An/at unlimited/jj use/nn of/in economic/jj pressures/nns for/in diametrically/ql opposite/jj causes/nns could/md devastate/vb the/at pre-conditions/nns of/in any/dti fellow/nn humanity/nn as/ql surely/rb as/cs this/dt would/md be/be destroyed/vbn by/in the/at use/nn of/in more/ql obviously/rb brutal/jj means/nns ./. The/at end/nn or/cc aim/nn of/in the/at action/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez also/rb important/jj ,/, especially/rb where/wrb it/pps is/bez not/* alone/rb a/at matter/nn of/in changing/vbg community/nn customs/nns but/cc of/in the/at use/nn of/in deadly/jj economic/jj power/nn to/to intimidate/vb a/at person/nn from/in stepping/vbg forward/rb to/to claim/vb his/pp$ legal/jj rights/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, against/in Negroes/nps who/wps register/vb to/to vote/vb in/in Fayette/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, at/in the/at present/jj moment/nn ./. Here/rb the/at recourse/nn is/bez in/in steps/nns to/to give/vb economic/jj sustenance/nn to/in those/dts being/beg despoiled/vbn ,/, and/cc to/in legal/jj remedies/nns ./. This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez sufficient/jj to/to show/vb that/cs more/ql or/cc less/ql non-violent/jj resistance/nn and/cc economic/jj conflict/nn (/( if/cs both/abx sides/nns are/ber strong/jj enough/qlp )/) can/md be/be war/nn of/in all/abn against/in all/abn no/ql less/rbr than/cs if/cs other/ap means/nns are/ber used/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb sufficient/jj to/to show/vb the/at Christian/np and/cc any/dti other/ap champion/nn of/in justice/nn that/cs he/pps needs/vbz to/to make/vb sure/jj not/* only/rb that/cs his/pp$ cause/nn is/bez just/jj but/cc also/rb that/cs his/pp$ conduct/nn is/bez just/jj ,/, i.e./rb ,/, that/cs ,/, if/cs economic/jj pressure/nn has/hvz to/to be/be resorted/vbn to/in ,/, this/dt be/be applied/vbn directly/rb against/in those/dts persons/nns directly/rb in/in the/at way/nn of/in some/dti salutary/jj change/nn in/in business/nn or/cc institutional/jj practices/nns ,/, while/cs ,/, if/cs injury/nn fall/vb upon/in others/nns ,/, it/pps fall/vb upon/in them/ppo indirectly/rb and/cc secondarily/rb (/( however/wql inevitably/rb )/) and/cc not/* by/in deliberate/jj intent/nn and/cc direct/jj action/nn against/in them/ppo ./. It/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs non-violent/jj resistance/nn is/bez a/at mode/nn of/in action/nn in/in need/nn of/in justification/nn and/cc limitation/nn in/in Christian/jj morality/nn ,/, like/cs any/dti other/ap form/nn of/in resistance/nn ./. The/at language/nn used/vbn itself/ppl often/rb makes/vbz very/ql clear/jj that/cs this/dt is/bez only/rb another/dt form/nn of/in struggle/nn for/in victory/nn (/( perhaps/rb to/to be/be chosen/vbn above/in all/abn others/nns )/) ./. One/cd of/in the/at sit-in/nn leaders/nns has/hvz said/vbn :/: ``/`` Nobody/pn from/in the/at top/nn of/in Heaven/nn-tl to/in the/at bottom/nn of/in Hell/nn-tl can/md stop/vb the/at march/nn to/in freedom/nn ./. Everybody/pn in/in the/at world/nn today/nr might/md as/ql well/rb make/vb up/rp their/pp$ minds/nns to/to march/vb with/in freedom/nn or/cc freedom/nn is/bez going/vbg to/to march/vb over/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. The/at present/jj writer/nn certainly/rb agrees/vbz with/in that/dt statement/nn ,/, and/cc would/md also/rb affirm/vb this/dt --/-- in/in the/at order/nn of/in justice/nn ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez also/rb a/at Christian/jj insight/nn to/to know/vb that/cs unless/cs charity/nn interpenetrates/vbz justice/nn it/pps is/bez not/* likely/jj to/to be/be freedom/nn that/wps marches/vbz forward/rb ./. And/cc when/wrb charity/nn interpenetrates/vbz man's/nn$ struggle/nn for/in justice/nn and/cc freedom/nn it/pps does/doz not/* simply/rb surround/vb this/dt with/in a/at sentimental/jj good/jj will/nn ./. It/pps also/rb definitely/rb fashions/vbz conduct/nn in/in the/at way/nn explained/vbn above/rb ,/, and/cc this/dt means/vbz far/ql more/ap than/cs in/in the/at choice/nn of/in non-violent/jj means/nns ./. R./np B./np Gregg/np has/hvz written/vbn that/dt ``/`` non-violence/nn and/cc good/jj will/nn of/in the/at victim/nn act/vb like/cs the/at lack/nn of/in physical/jj opposition/nn by/in the/at user/nn of/in physical/jj jiu-jitsu/nn ,/, to/to cause/vb the/at attacker/nn to/to lose/vb his/pp$ moral/jj balance/nn ./. He/pps suddenly/rb and/cc unexpectedly/rb loses/vbz the/at moral/jj support/nn which/wdt the/at usual/jj violent/jj resistance/nn of/in most/ap victims/nns would/md render/vb him/ppo ''/'' ;/. ;/. and/cc again/rb ,/, that/cs ``/`` the/at object/nn of/in non-violent/jj resistance/nn is/bez partly/ql analogous/jj to/in this/dt object/nn of/in war/nn --/-- namely/rb ,/, to/to demoralize/vb the/at opponent/nn ,/, to/to break/vb his/pp$ will/nn ,/, to/to destroy/vb his/pp$ confidence/nn ,/, enthusiasm/nn ,/, and/cc hope/nn ./. In/in another/dt respect/nn it/pps is/bez dissimilar/jj ,/, for/cs non-violent/jj resistance/nn demoralizes/vbz the/at opponent/nn only/rb to/to re-establish/vb in/in him/ppo a/at new/jj morale/nn that/wps is/bez firmer/jjr because/cs it/pps is/bez based/vbn on/in sounder/jjr values/nns ''/'' ./. A/at trial/nn of/in strength/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez made/vbn quite/ql inevitable/jj by/in virtue/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs anyone/pn engaging/vbg in/in non-violent/jj resistance/nn will/md be/be convinced/vbn that/cs his/pp$ action/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in sounder/jjr values/nns than/cs those/dts of/in his/pp$ opponent/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in warfare/nn with/in any/dti means/nn ,/, men/nns commonly/rb disagree/vb over/in the/at justice/nn of/in the/at cause/nn ./. This/dt makes/vbz necessary/jj a/at morality/nn of/in means/nns ,/, and/cc principles/nns governing/vbg the/at conduct/nn of/in resistance/nn whenever/wrb this/dt is/bez thought/vbn to/to be/be justified/vbn ./. The/at question/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, is/bez whether/cs sufficient/jj discrimination/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in even/rb non-violent/jj means/nns of/in coercion/nn is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs such/jj conduct/nn demoralizes/vbz and/cc overcomes/vbz the/at opponent/nn while/cs re-moralizing/vbg and/cc re-establishing/vbg him/ppo ./. Here/rb it/pps is/bez relevant/jj to/to remember/vb that/cs men/nns commonly/rb regard/vb some/dti causes/nns as/cs more/ql important/jj than/cs their/pp$ lives/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc to/in them/ppo it/pps will/md seem/vb insignificant/jj that/cs it/pps is/bez proposed/vbn to/to defeat/vb such/jj causes/nns non-violently/rb ./. A/at technique/nn by/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez proposed/vbn to/to enter/vb with/in compulsion/nn into/in the/at very/ap heart/nn of/in a/at man/nn and/cc determine/vb his/pp$ values/nns may/md often/rb in/in fact/nn seem/vb the/at more/ql unlimited/jj aggression/nn ./. Among/in Christian/jj groups/nns ,/, the/at Mennonites/nps have/hv commonly/rb been/ben aware/jj more/rbr than/cs others/nns of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at nature/nn of/in divine/jj charity/nn raises/vbz decisively/rb the/at question/nn of/in the/at Christian/jj use/nn of/in all/abn forms/nns of/in pressure/nn ./. Since/cs the/at will/nn and/cc word/nn of/in God/np are/ber for/in them/ppo concentrated/vbn in/in Christ-like/jj love/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz clear/jj to/in them/ppo that/ql non-violent/jj resistance/nn is/bez quite/abl another/dt thing/nn ./. ``/`` The/at primary/jj objective/nn of/in non-violence/nn ''/'' ,/, writes/vbz the/at outstanding/jj Mennonite/jj ethicist/nn ,/, ``/`` is/bez not/* peace/nn ,/, or/cc obedience/nn to/in the/at divine/jj will/nn ,/, but/cc rather/rb certain/jj desired/vbn social/jj changes/nns ,/, for/in personal/jj ,/, or/cc class/nn ,/, or/cc national/jj advantage/nn ''/'' ./. Without/in agreeing/vbg with/in every/at phrase/nn in/in this/dt statement/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md certainly/rb assert/vb the/at great/jj difference/nn between/in Christian/jj love/nn and/cc any/dti form/nn of/in resistance/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb go/vb on/rp beyond/in the/at Mennonite/jj position/nn and/cc affirm/vb that/cs Christian/jj love-in-action/nn must/md first/rb justify/vb and/cc then/rb determine/vb the/at moral/jj principles/nns limiting/vbg resistance/nn ./. These/dts principles/nns we/ppss have/hv now/rb set/vbn forth/rb ./. Economy/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in power/nn needs/vbz not/* only/rb to/to be/be asserted/vbn ,/, but/cc clearly/rb specified/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc when/wrb this/dt is/bez done/vbn it/pps will/md be/be found/vbn that/cs the/at principles/nns governing/vbg Christian/jj resistance/nn cut/vb across/in the/at distinction/nn between/in violent/jj and/cc non-violent/jj means/nns ,/, and/cc apply/vb to/in both/abx alike/rb ,/, justifying/vbg either/dtx on/in occasion/nn and/cc always/rb limiting/vbg either/dtx action/nn ./. Economy/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in power/nn means/vbz more/ap than/cs inflicting/vbg a/at barely/rb intolerable/jj pressure/nn upon/in an/at opponent/nn and/cc upon/in the/at injustice/nn opposed/vbn ./. That/dt would/md amount/vb to/in calculating/vbg the/at means/nns and/cc justifying/vbg them/ppo wholly/rb in/in terms/nns of/in their/pp$ effectiveness/nn in/in reaching/vbg desired/vbn goals/nns ./. There/ex must/md also/rb be/be additional/jj and/cc more/ql fundamental/jj discrimination/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in means/nns of/in resistance/nn ,/, violent/jj or/cc non-violent/jj ./. The/at justification/nn in/in Christian/jj conscience/nn of/in the/at use/nn of/in any/dti mode/nn of/in resistance/nn also/rb lays/vbz down/rp its/pp$ limitation/nn --/-- in/in the/at distinction/nn between/in the/at persons/nns against/in whom/wpo pressure/nn is/bez primarily/rb directed/vbn ,/, those/dts upon/in whom/wpo it/pps may/md be/be permitted/vbn also/rb to/to fall/vb ,/, and/cc those/dts who/wps may/md never/rb be/be directly/rb repressed/vbn for/in the/at sake/nn even/rb of/in achieving/vbg some/dti great/jj good/nn ./. In/in these/dts terms/nns ,/, the/at ``/`` economic/jj withdrawal/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Negroes/nps of/in Nashville/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, from/in trading/vbg in/in the/at center/nn city/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, was/bedz clearly/rb justified/vbn ,/, since/cs these/dts distinctions/nns do/do not/* require/vb that/cs only/rb people/nns subjectively/ql guilty/jj be/be singled/vbn out/rp ./. We/ppss may/md now/rb take/vb up/rp for/in consideration/nn a/at hard/jj case/nn which/wdt seems/vbz to/to require/vb either/cc no/at action/nn employing/vbg economic/jj pressure/nn or/cc else/rb action/nn that/wps would/md seem/vb to/to violate/vb the/at principles/nns set/vb forth/rb above/rb ./. There/ex may/md be/be instances/nns in/in which/wdt ,/, if/cs economic/jj pressure/nn is/bez to/to be/be undertaken/vbn at/in all/abn ,/, this/dt would/md have/hv to/to be/be applied/vbn without/in discrimination/nn against/in a/at whole/jj people/nns ./. An/at excellent/jj article/nn was/bedz published/vbn recently/rb in/in the/at Journal/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Church/nn-tl Peace/nn-tl Union/nn-tl by/in a/at South/jj-tl African/np-tl journalist/nn on/in the/at inhuman/jj economic/jj conditions/nns of/in the/at blacks/nns in/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl ,/, amounting/vbg to/in virtual/jj slavery/nn ,/, and/cc the/at economic/jj complicity/nn of/in both/abx the/at government/nn and/cc the/at people/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl in/in these/dts conditions/nns ./. ``/`` Billions/nns of/in American/jj dollars/nns ,/, not/* only/rb from/in capital/nn investors/nns but/cc also/rb from/in the/at pockets/nns of/in U.S./np taxpayers/nns ''/'' ,/, this/dt author/nn states/vbz ,/, ``/`` are/ber being/beg poured/vbn into/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl to/to support/vb a/at system/nn dedicated/vbn to/in the/at oppression/nn ,/, the/at persecution/nn ,/, and/cc the/at almost/ql diabolical/jj exploitation/nn of/in 12/cd million/cd people/nns the/at color/nn of/in whose/wp$ skins/vbz happens/vbz not/* to/to be/be white/jj ''/'' ./. Both/abx the/at conditions/nns and/cc the/at complicity/nn are/ber documented/vbn in/in considerable/jj detail/nn ./. This/dt leads/vbz to/in the/at conclusion/nn that/cs ``/`` the/at fact/nn is/bez inescapable/jj that/cs America/np does/doz have/hv a/at say/nn in/in whether/cs or/cc not/* apartheid/fw-nn shall/md continue/vb ''/'' ./. Our/pp$ leadership/nn in/in a/at wide/jj economic/jj boycott/nn of/in South/jj-tl Africa/np-tl would/md be/be not/* only/rb in/in accord/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz ,/, with/in the/at moral/jj conscience/nn of/in America/np ,/, not/* to/to be/be denied/vbn because/cs we/ppss also/rb as/cs a/at people/nns have/hv widespread/jj injustice/nn in/in the/at relations/nns of/in the/at races/nns in/in our/pp$ own/jj country/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb in/in accord/nn with/in our/pp$ law/nn ,/, U.S./np-tl Code/nn-tl Title/nn-tl 19/cd-tl ,/, Section/nn-tl 1307/cd-tl ,/, which/wdt forbids/vbz the/at importation/nn of/in goods/nns made/vbn by/in forced/vbn or/cc convict/nn labor/nn ./. Not/* only/rb should/md this/dt provision/nn be/be enforced/vbn but/cc other/ap economic/jj and/cc political/jj actions/nns might/md be/be taken/vbn which/wdt ,/, this/dt author/nn believes/vbz ,/, ``/`` must/md surely/rb be/be supported/vbn by/in every/at American/np who/wps values/vbz the/at freedom/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben won/vbn for/in him/ppo and/cc whose/wp$ conscience/nn is/bez not/* so/ql dominated/vbn by/in the/at lines/nns in/in his/pp$ account/nn books/nns that/cs he/pps can/md willingly/rb and/cc knowingly/rb contribute/vb to/in the/at enslavement/nn of/in another/dt nation/nn ''/'' ./.

cg01

cg01 |@word northern:7 liberal:16 chief:1 supporter:1 civil:2 right:4 integration:3 also:3 lead:1 nation:3 direction:1 welfare:2 state:8 objective:2 non:1 discrimination:2 social:9 progress:1 range:1 southerner:13 call:2 bourbon:8 name:1 presumably:1 derive:1 french:1 royal:1 house:1 never:4 learn:1 forget:1 since:4 whiskey:1 though:1 kentucky:1 origin:2 least:3 much:7 favor:4 north:14 conservative:3 south:22 nature:2 opposition:1 little:5 understand:1 race:2 problem:3 tend:1 obscure:1 less:2 emotional:2 issue:3 may:5 fundamentally:1 even:4 divisive:1 difference:1 concern:2 chiefly:2 discuss:2 herein:1 write:2 considerable:1 personal:2 experience:3 marry:1 new:4 englander:1 live:4 many:10 year:3 connecticut:1 commute:1 town:2 high:3 percentage:3 artist:1 writer:1 publicity:1 man:1 business:3 executive:1 egghead:1 taste:1 democrats:1 nearly:1 consider:4 view:6 puzzle:1 outsider:1 conscious:1 classic:1 tradition:1 liberalism:2 clear:1 democrat:1 leave:1 center:2 opposite:1 pole:1 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anglo:2 saxon:2 celtic:1 descent:1 history:1 britannic:1 submit:1 struggle:1 foreign:1 domination:1 due:1 mainly:1 international:1 hot:1 cold:2 every:1 united:1 states:1 belligerent:1 rest:1 instead:1 test:1 loyalty:1 spanish:1 korean:1 serve:1 overcome:1 grievance:1 cement:1 reunion:1 section:1 ardent:1 communism:1 reverse:1 instance:1 enemy:1 1898:1 number:1 happily:1 put:1 confederate:1 uniform:1 fight:1 ally:1 britain:1 extraordinary:1 proud:1 warlike:1 docile:1 thank:1 star:1 false:1 inference:1 therefrom:1 main:1 charge:3 level:1 racist:1 reactionary:1 truth:1 deny:1 whatever:1 fault:1 hypocrite:1 pure:1 northener:1 philosophy:1 moreover:1 let:1 alone:1 produce:1 superior:1 reap:1 fruit:1 excess:1 egalitarianism:1 spite:1 standard:1 prove:1 inferior:1 english:1 scandinavian:1 although:1 disapprove:1 socialistic:1 feature:1 antipathy:1 include:1 manner:1 harsh:1 accent:1 appreciation:1 art:1 gastronomy:1 leisure:1 slow:1 tempo:1 dear:1 content:1 earn:1 half:1 third:1 prefer:1 quieter:1 habit:1 home:1

Northern/jj liberals/nns are/ber the/at chief/jjs supporters/nns of/in civil/jj rights/nns and/cc of/in integration/nn ./. They/ppss have/hv also/rb led/vbn the/at nation/nn in/in the/at direction/nn of/in a/at welfare/nn state/nn ./. And/cc both/abx in/in their/pp$ objectives/nns of/in non-discrimination/nn and/cc of/in social/jj progress/nn they/ppss have/hv had/hvn ranged/vbn against/in them/ppo the/at Southerners/nns-tl who/wps are/ber called/vbn Bourbons/nps ./. The/at name/nn presumably/rb derives/vbz from/in the/at French/jj royal/jj house/nn which/wdt never/rb learned/vbd and/cc never/rb forgot/vbd ;/. ;/. since/cs Bourbon/np whiskey/nn ,/, though/cs of/in Kentucky/np origin/nn ,/, is/bez at/in least/ql as/ql much/ap favored/vbn by/in liberals/nns in/in the/at North/nr-tl as/cs by/in conservatives/nns in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. The/at nature/nn of/in the/at opposition/nn between/in liberals/nns and/cc Bourbons/nps is/bez too/ql little/ap understood/vbn in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./. The/at race/nn problem/nn has/hvz tended/vbn to/to obscure/vb other/ap ,/, less/ql emotional/jj ,/, issues/nns which/wdt may/md fundamentally/rb be/be even/ql more/ql divisive/jj ./. It/pps is/bez these/dts other/ap differences/nns between/in North/nr-tl and/cc South/nr-tl --/-- other/ap ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, than/cs those/dts which/wdt concern/vb discrimination/nn or/cc social/jj welfare/nn --/-- which/wdt I/ppss chiefly/rb discuss/vb herein/rb ./. I/ppss write/vb about/in Northern/jj-tl liberals/nns from/in considerable/jj personal/jj experience/nn ./. A/at Southerner/nn-tl married/vbd to/in a/at New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl ,/, I/ppss have/hv lived/vbn for/in many/ap years/nns in/in a/at Connecticut/np commuting/vbg town/nn with/in a/at high/jj percentage/nn of/in artists/nns ,/, writers/nns ,/, publicity/nn men/nns ,/, and/cc business/nn executives/nns of/in egghead/nn tastes/nns ./. Most/ap of/in them/ppo are/ber Democrats/nps and/cc nearly/ql all/abn consider/vb themselves/ppls ,/, and/cc are/ber viewed/vbn as/cs ,/, liberals/nns ./. This/dt is/bez puzzling/jj to/in an/at outsider/nn conscious/jj of/in the/at classic/jj tradition/nn of/in liberalism/nn ,/, because/cs it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs these/dts Democrats/nps who/wps are/ber left-of-center/jj are/ber at/in opposite/jj poles/nns from/in the/at liberal/jj Jefferson/np ,/, who/wps held/vbd that/cs the/at best/jjt government/nn was/bedz the/at least/ap government/nn ./. Yet/cc paradoxically/rb my/pp$ liberal/jj friends/nns continue/vb to/to view/vb Jefferson/np as/cs one/cd of/in their/pp$ patron/nn saints/nns ./. When/wrb I/ppss question/vb them/ppo as/in to/in what/wdt they/ppss mean/vb by/in concepts/nns like/cs liberty/nn and/cc democracy/nn ,/, I/ppss find/vb that/cs they/ppss fall/vb into/in two/cd categories/nns :/: the/at simpler/jjr ones/nns who/wps have/hv simply/rb accepted/vbn the/at shibboleths/nns of/in their/pp$ faith/nn without/in analysis/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at intelligent/jj ,/, cynical/jj ones/nns who/wps scornfully/rb reply/vb that/cs these/dts things/nns don't/do* count/vb any/dti more/rbr in/in the/at world/nn of/in to-day/nr ./. I/ppss am/bem naive/jj ,/, they/ppss say/vb ,/, to/to make/vb use/nn of/in such/jj words/nns ./. I/ppss take/vb this/dt to/to mean/vb that/cs the/at intelligent/jj --/-- and/cc therefore/rb necessarily/ql cynical/jj ?/. ?/. --/-- liberal/nn considers/vbz that/cs the/at need/nn for/in a/at national/jj economy/nn with/in controls/nns that/wps will/md assure/vb his/pp$ conception/nn of/in social/jj justice/nn is/bez so/ql great/jj that/cs individual/jj and/cc local/jj liberties/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs democratic/jj processes/nns may/md have/hv to/to yield/vb before/in it/ppo ./. This/dt seems/vbz like/cs an/at attitude/nn favoring/vbg a/at sort/nn of/in totalitarian/jj bureaucracy/nn which/wdt ,/, under/in a/at President/nn-tl of/in the/at same/ap stamp/nn ,/, would/md try/vb to/to coerce/vb an/at uncooperative/jj Congress/np or/cc Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ./. As/cs for/in states'/nns$ rights/nns ,/, they/ppss have/hv never/rb counted/vbn in/in the/at thinking/nn of/in my/pp$ liberal/jj friends/nns except/in as/cs irritations/nns of/in a/at minor/jj and/cc immoral/jj nature/nn which/wdt exist/vb now/rb only/rb as/cs anachronisms/nns ./. The/at American/jj liberal/nn may/md ,/, in/in the/at world/nn of/in to-day/nr ,/, have/hv a/at strong/jj case/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc he/pps presents/vbz it/ppo publicly/rb so/ql enmeshed/vbn in/in hypocrisy/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* an/at honest/jj one/cd ./. Why/wrb ,/, in/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, call/vb himself/ppl a/at liberal/jj if/cs he/pps is/bez against/in laissez-faire/nn and/cc favors/vbz an/at authoritarian/jj central/jj government/nn with/in womb-to-tomb/jj controls/nns over/in everybody/pn ?/. ?/. If/cs he/pps attaches/vbz little/ap importance/nn to/in personal/jj liberty/nn ,/, why/wrb not/* make/vb this/dt known/vbn to/in the/at world/nn ?/. ?/. And/cc if/cs he/pps is/bez so/ql scornful/jj of/in the/at rights/nns of/in states/nns ,/, why/wrb not/* advocate/vb a/at different/jj sort/nn of/in constitution/nn that/cs he/pps could/md more/ql sincerely/rb support/vb ?/. ?/. I/ppss am/bem concerned/vbn here/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, with/in the/at Northern/jj-tl liberal's/nn$ attitude/nn toward/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. It/pps appears/vbz to/to be/be one/cd of/in intense/jj dislike/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps makes/vbz little/ap effort/nn to/to conceal/vb even/rb in/in the/at presence/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl friends/nns ./. His/pp$ assumption/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be that/cs any/dti such/jj friends/nns ,/, being/beg tolerable/jj humans/nns ,/, must/md be/be more/ql liberal/jj than/cs most/ap Southerners/nns-tl and/cc therefore/rb at/in least/ql partly/rb in/in sympathy/nn with/in his/pp$ views/nns ./. Time's/nn$-tl editor/nn ,/, Thomas/np Griffith/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ book/nn ,/, The/at-tl Waist-High/jj-tl Culture/nn-tl ,/, wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` most/ap of/in what/wdt was/bedz different/jj about/in it/ppo (/( the/at Deep/jj-tl South/nr-tl )/) I/ppss found/vbd myself/ppl unsympathetic/jj to/in ./. ''/'' This/dt ,/, for/in the/at liberals/nns I/ppss know/vb ,/, would/md be/be an/at understatement/nn ./. Theirs/pp$$ is/bez no/at mere/jj lack/nn of/in sympathy/nn ,/, but/cc something/pn closer/jjr to/in the/at passionate/jj hatred/nn that/wps was/bedz directed/vbn against/in Fascism/np ./. I/ppss do/do not/* think/vb that/cs my/pp$ experience/nn would/md be/be typical/jj for/in Southerners/nns-tl living/vbg in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./. In/in business/nn circles/nns ,/, usually/rb conservative/jj ,/, this/dt sort/nn of/in atmosphere/nn would/md hardly/rb be/be found/vbn ./. But/cc in/in our/pp$ case/nn --/-- and/cc neither/cc my/pp$ wife/nn nor/cc I/ppss have/hv extreme/jj views/nns on/in integration/nn ,/, nor/cc are/ber we/ppss given/vbn to/in emotional/jj outbursts/nns --/-- the/at situation/nn has/hvz ruined/vbn one/cd or/cc two/cd valued/vbn friendships/nns and/cc come/vbn close/rb to/in wrecking/vbg several/ap more/ap ./. In/in fact/nn it/pps has/hvz caused/vbn us/ppo to/to give/vb serious/jj thought/nn to/in moving/vbg our/pp$ residence/nn south/nr ,/, because/cs it/pps is/bez not/* easy/jj for/in the/at most/ql objective/jj Southerner/nn-tl to/to sit/vb calmly/rb by/rb when/wrb his/pp$ host/nn is/bez telling/vbg a/at roomful/nn of/in people/nns that/cs the/at only/ap way/nn to/to deal/vb with/in Southerners/nns-tl who/wps oppose/vb integration/nn is/bez to/to send/vb in/rp troops/nns and/cc shoot/vb the/at bastards/nns down/rp ./. Accounts/nns have/hv been/ben published/vbn of/in Northern/jj-tl liberals/nns in/in the/at South/nr-tl up/rp against/in segregationist/nn prejudice/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in state-supported/jj universities/nns where/wrb pressure/nn may/md be/be strong/jj to/to uphold/vb the/at majority/nn view/nn ./. But/cc these/dts accounts/nns do/do not/* show/vb that/cs Northerners/nns-tl have/hv been/ben subjected/vbn to/in embarrassment/nn or/cc provocation/nn by/in Yankee-hatred/nn displayed/vbn in/in social/jj gatherings/nns ./. From/in my/pp$ wife's/nn$ experience/nn and/cc other/ap sources/nns ,/, this/dt seems/vbz to/to be/be rarely/rb encountered/vbn in/in educated/vbn circles/nns ./. The/at strong/jj feeling/nn is/bez certainly/rb there/rb ;/. ;/. but/cc there/ex is/bez a/at leavening/nn of/in liberalism/nn among/in college/nn graduates/nns throughout/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, especially/rb among/in those/dts who/wps studied/vbd in/in the/at North/nr-tl ./. And/cc social/jj relations/nns arising/vbg out/in of/in business/nn ties/nns impose/vb courtesy/nn ,/, if/cs not/* sympathy/nn ,/, toward/in resident/nn and/cc visiting/vbg Northerners/nns-tl ./. Also/rb ,/, among/in the/at latter/ap a/at large/jj percentage/nn soon/rb acquire/vb the/at prevalent/jj Southern/jj-tl attitude/nn on/in most/ap social/jj problems/nns ./. There/ex are/ber of/in course/nn many/ap Souths/nrs-tl ;/. ;/. but/cc for/in this/dt discussion/nn the/at most/ql important/jj division/nn is/bez between/in those/dts who/wps have/hv been/ben reconstructed/vbn and/cc those/dts who/wps haven't/hv* ./. My/pp$ definition/nn of/in this/dt much/ql abused/vbn adjective/nn is/bez that/cs a/at reconstructed/vbn rebel/nn is/bez one/cd who/wps is/bez glad/jj that/cs the/at North/nr-tl won/vbd the/at War/nn-tl ./. Nobody/pn knows/vbz how/wrb many/ap Southerners/nns-tl there/ex are/ber in/in this/dt category/nn ./. I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber far/ql more/ql unreconstructed/jj ones/nns than/cs the/at North/nr-tl likes/vbz to/to believe/vb ./. I/ppss never/rb heard/vbd of/in a/at poll/nn being/beg taken/vbn on/in the/at question/nn ./. No/at doubt/nn such/abl a/at thing/nn would/md be/be considered/vbn unpatriotic/jj ./. Prior/rb to/in 1954/cd I/ppss imagine/vb that/cs a/at majority/nn of/in Southerners/nns-tl would/md have/hv voted/vbn against/in the/at Confederacy/nn-tl ./. Since/cs the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court's/nn$-tl decision/nn of/in that/dt year/nn this/dt is/bez more/ql doubtful/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc if/cs a/at poll/nn had/hvd been/ben taken/vbn immediately/rb following/vbg the/at dispatch/nn of/in troops/nns to/in Little/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl I/ppss believe/vb the/at majority/nn would/md have/hv been/ben for/in the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ./. Belief/nn in/in the/at traditional/jj way/nn of/in life/nn persists/vbz much/ql more/rbr in/in the/at older/jjr states/nns than/cs in/in the/at new/jj ones/nns ./. Probably/rb a/at larger/jjr percentage/nn of/in Virginians/nps and/cc South/jj-tl Carolinians/nps-tl remain/vb unreconstructed/jj than/cs elsewhere/rb ,/, with/in Georgia/np ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, and/cc Alabama/np following/vbg along/rb after/in them/ppo ./. Old/jj attitudes/nns are/ber held/vbn more/ql tenaciously/rb in/in the/at Tidewater/nn-tl than/cs the/at Piedmont/np ;/. ;/. so/cs that/cs a/at line/nn running/vbg down/in the/at length/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl marking/vbg the/at upper/jj limits/nns of/in tidewater/nn would/md roughly/rb divide/vb the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl from/in the/at new/jj ,/, but/cc with/in ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, important/jj minority/nn enclaves/nns ./. The/at long-settled/jj areas/nns of/in states/nns like/vb Virginia/np and/cc South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl developed/vbd the/at ante-bellum/jj culture/nn to/in its/pp$ richest/jjt flowering/nn ,/, and/cc there/rb the/at memory/nn is/bez more/ql precious/jj ,/, and/cc the/at consciousness/nn of/in loss/nn the/at greater/jjr ./. Also/rb ,/, we/ppss should/md not/* even/rb to-day/nr discount/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs a/at region/nn such/jj as/cs the/at coastal/jj lowlands/nns centering/vbg on/in Charleston/np had/hvd closer/jjr ties/nns with/in England/np and/cc the/at West/jj-tl Indies/nps-tl than/cs with/in the/at North/nr-tl even/rb after/in independence/nn ./. The/at social/jj and/cc psychological/jj consequences/nns of/in this/dt continue/vb to/to affect/vb the/at area/nn ./. In/in certain/jj respects/nns defeat/nn increased/vbd the/at persistent/jj Anglophilia/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ./. Poor/jj where/wrb they/ppss had/hvd once/rb been/ben rich/jj ,/, humbled/vbn where/wrb they/ppss had/hvd been/ben arrogant/jj ,/, having/hvg no/ql longer/rbr any/dti hope/nn of/in sharing/vbg in/in the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, the/at rebels/nns who/wps would/md not/* surrender/vb in/in spirit/nn drew/vbd comfort/nn from/in the/at sympathy/nn they/ppss felt/vbd extended/vbn to/in them/ppo by/in the/at mother/nn country/nn ./. And/cc no/at doubt/nn many/ap people/nns in/in states/nns like/cs the/at Carolinas/nps and/cc Georgia/np ,/, which/wdt were/bed among/in the/at most/ap Tory/np in/in sentiment/nn in/in the/at eighteenth/od century/nn ,/, bitterly/rb regretted/vbd the/at revolt/nn against/in the/at Crown/nn-tl ./. Among/in Bourbons/nps the/at racial/jj issue/nn may/md have/hv less/ap to/to do/do with/in their/pp$ remaining/vbg unreconstructed/jj than/cs other/ap factors/nns ./. All/abn Southerners/nns-tl agree/vb that/cs slavery/nn had/hvd to/to go/vb ;/. ;/. but/cc many/ap historians/nns maintain/vb that/cs except/in for/in Northern/jj-tl meddling/nn it/pps would/md have/hv ended/vbn in/in states/nns like/vb Virginia/np years/nns before/cs it/pps did/dod ./. Southern/jj resentment/nn has/hvz been/ben over/in the/at method/nn of/in its/pp$ ending/nn ,/, the/at invasion/nn ,/, and/cc Reconstruction/nn-tl ;/. ;/. their/pp$ fears/nns now/rb are/ber of/in miscegenation/nn and/cc Negro/np political/jj control/nn in/in many/ap counties/nns ./. But/cc apart/rb from/in racial/jj problems/nns ,/, the/at old/jj unreconstructed/jj South/nr-tl --/-- to/to use/vb the/at moderate/jj words/nns favored/vbn by/in Mr./np Thomas/np Griffith/np --/-- finds/vbz itself/ppl unsympathetic/jj to/in most/ap of/in what/wdt is/bez different/jj about/in the/at civilization/nn of/in the/at North/nr-tl ./. And/cc this/dt ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, means/vbz most/ap of/in modern/jj America/np ./. It/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to see/vb how/wrb the/at situation/nn could/md be/be otherwise/rb ./. And/cc therein/rb ,/, I/ppss feel/vb ,/, many/ap Northerners/nns-tl delude/vb themselves/ppls about/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez not/* a/at subject/nn often/rb discussed/vbn or/cc analyzed/vbn ./. There/ex seems/vbz to/to be/be almost/rb a/at conspiracy/nn of/in silence/nn veiling/vbg it/ppo ./. I/ppss suppose/vb the/at reason/nn is/bez a/at kind/nn of/in wishful/jj thinking/nn :/: don't/do* talk/vb about/in the/at final/jj stages/nns of/in Reconstruction/nn-tl and/cc they/ppss will/md take/vb care/nn of/in themselves/ppls ./. Or/cc else/rb the/at North/nr-tl really/rb believes/vbz that/cs all/abn Southerners/nns-tl except/in a/at few/ap quaint/jj old/jj characters/nns have/hv come/vbn around/rb to/in realizing/vbg the/at errors/nns of/in their/pp$ past/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber now/rb at/in heart/nn sharers/nns of/in the/at American/jj-tl Dream/nn-tl ,/, like/cs everybody/pn else/rb ./. If/cs the/at circumstances/nns are/ber faced/vbn frankly/rb it/pps is/bez not/* reasonable/jj to/to expect/vb this/dt to/to be/be true/jj ./. The/at situation/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl since/in 1865/cd has/hvz been/ben unique/jj in/in the/at western/jj world/nn ./. Regardless/rb of/in rights/nns and/cc wrongs/nns ,/, a/at population/nn and/cc an/at area/nn appropriate/jj to/in a/at pre-World-War-/jj 1/cd great/jj power/nn have/hv been/ben ,/, following/vbg conquest/nn ,/, ruled/vbn against/in their/pp$ will/nn by/in a/at neighboring/vbg people/nns ,/, and/cc have/hv had/hvn imposed/vbn upon/in them/ppo social/jj and/cc economic/jj controls/nns they/ppss dislike/vb ./. And/cc the/at great/jj majority/nn of/in these/dts people/nns are/ber of/in Anglo-Saxon/jj or/cc Celtic/jj descent/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at only/ap case/nn in/in modern/jj history/nn of/in a/at people/nns of/in Britannic/jj origin/nn submitting/vbg without/in continued/vbn struggle/nn to/in what/wdt they/ppss view/vb as/ql foreign/jj domination/nn ./. The/at fact/nn is/bez due/jj mainly/rb to/in international/jj wars/nns ,/, both/abx hot/jj and/cc cold/jj ./. In/in every/at war/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl since/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl the/at South/nr-tl was/bedz more/ql belligerent/jj than/cs the/at rest/nn of/in the/at country/nn ./. So/rb instead/rb of/in being/beg tests/nns of/in the/at South's/nr$-tl loyalty/nn ,/, the/at Spanish/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at two/cd World/nn-tl Wars/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Korean/jj-tl War/nn-tl all/abn served/vbd to/to overcome/vb old/jj grievances/nns and/cc cement/vb reunion/nn ./. And/cc there/ex is/bez no/at section/nn of/in the/at nation/nn more/ql ardent/jj than/cs the/at South/nr-tl in/in the/at cold/jj war/nn against/in Communism/nn-tl ./. Had/hvd the/at situation/nn been/ben reversed/vbn ,/, had/hvd ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, England/np been/ben the/at enemy/nn in/in 1898/cd because/rb of/in issues/nns of/in concern/nn chiefly/rb to/in New/jj-tl England/np-tl ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs large/jj numbers/nns of/in Southerners/nns-tl would/md have/hv happily/rb put/vbn on/rp their/pp$ old/jj Confederate/jj-tl uniforms/nns to/to fight/vb as/cs allies/nns of/in Britain/np ./. It/pps is/bez extraordinary/jj that/cs a/at people/nns as/ql proud/jj and/cc warlike/jj as/cs Southerners/nns-tl should/md have/hv been/ben as/ql docile/jj as/cs they/ppss have/hv ./. The/at North/nr-tl should/md thank/vb its/pp$ stars/nns that/cs such/jj has/hvz been/ben the/at case/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn it/pps should/md not/* draw/vb false/jj inferences/nns therefrom/rb ./. The/at two/cd main/jjs charges/nns levelled/vbn against/in the/at Bourbons/nps by/in liberals/nns is/bez that/cs they/ppss are/ber racists/nns and/cc social/jj reactionaries/nns ./. There/ex is/bez much/ap truth/nn in/in both/abx these/dts charges/nns ,/, and/cc not/* many/ap Bourbons/nps deny/vb them/ppo ./. Whatever/wdt their/pp$ faults/nns ,/, they/ppss are/ber not/* hypocrites/nns ./. Most/ap of/in them/ppo sincerely/rb believe/vb that/cs the/at Anglo-Saxon/np is/bez the/at best/jjt race/nn in/in the/at world/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps should/md remain/vb pure/jj ./. Many/ap Northeners/nns-tl believe/vb this/dt ,/, too/rb ,/, but/cc few/ap of/in them/ppo will/md say/vb so/rb publicly/rb ./. The/at Bourbon/np economic/jj philosophy/nn ,/, moreover/rb ,/, is/bez not/* very/ql different/jj from/in that/dt of/in Northern/jj-tl conservatives/nns ./. But/cc those/dts among/in the/at Bourbons/nps who/wps remain/vb unreconstructed/jj go/vb much/ql further/rbr than/in this/dt ./. They/ppss believe/vb that/cs if/cs the/at South/nr-tl had/hvd been/ben let/vbn alone/rb it/pps would/md have/hv produced/vbn a/at civilization/nn superior/jj to/in that/dt of/in modern/jj America/np ./. As/cs it/pps is/bez ,/, they/ppss consider/vb that/cs the/at North/nr-tl is/bez now/rb reaping/vbg the/at fruits/nns of/in excess/jj egalitarianism/nn ,/, that/dt in/in spite/nn of/in its/pp$ high/jj standard/nn of/in living/vbg the/at ``/`` American/jj way/nn ''/'' has/hvz been/ben proved/vbn inferior/jj to/in the/at English/jj and/cc Scandinavian/jj ways/nns ,/, although/cs they/ppss disapprove/vb of/in the/at socialistic/jj features/nns of/in the/at latter/ap ./. The/at South's/nr$-tl antipathy/nn to/in Northern/jj-tl civilization/nn includes/vbz such/jj charges/nns as/cs poor/jj manners/nns ,/, harsh/jj accents/nns ,/, lack/nn of/in appreciation/nn of/in the/at arts/nns of/in living/vbg like/cs gastronomy/nn and/cc the/at use/nn of/in leisure/nn ./. Their/pp$ own/jj easier/jjr ,/, slower/jjr tempo/nn is/bez especially/ql dear/jj to/in Southerners/nns-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc I/ppss have/hv heard/vbn many/ap say/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber content/jj to/to earn/vb a/at half/abn or/cc a/at third/od as/ql much/ap as/cs they/ppss could/md up/in North/nr-tl because/cs they/ppss so/ql much/rb prefer/vb the/at quieter/jjr habits/nns of/in their/pp$ home/nn town/nn ./.

cg02

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In/in the/at past/nn ,/, the/at duties/nns of/in the/at state/nn ,/, as/cs Sir/np Henry/np Maine/np noted/vbd long/rb ago/rb ,/, were/bed only/rb two/cd in/in number/nn :/: internal/jj order/nn and/cc external/jj security/nn ./. By/in prevailing/vbg over/in other/ap claimants/nns for/in the/at loyalties/nns of/in men/nns ,/, the/at nation-state/nn maintained/vbd an/at adequate/jj measure/nn of/in certainty/nn and/cc order/nn within/in its/pp$ territorial/jj borders/nns ./. Outside/in those/dts limits/nns it/pps asserted/vbd ,/, as/cs against/in other/ap states/nns ,/, a/at position/nn of/in sovereign/nn equality/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs against/in the/at ``/`` inferior/jj ''/'' peoples/nns of/in the/at non-Western/jj world/nn ,/, a/at position/nn of/in dominance/nn ./. It/pps became/vbd the/at sole/jj ``/`` subject/nn ''/'' of/in ``/`` international/jj law/nn ''/'' (/( a/at term/nn which/wdt ,/, it/pps is/bez pertinent/jj to/to remember/vb ,/, was/bedz coined/vbn by/in Bentham/np )/) ,/, a/at body/nn of/in legal/jj principle/nn which/wdt by/in and/cc large/jj was/bedz made/vbn up/rp of/in what/wdt Western/jj-tl nations/nns could/md do/do in/in the/at world/nn arena/nn ./. (/( That/dt corpus/nn of/in law/nn was/bedz a/at reflection/nn of/in the/at power/nn system/nn in/in existence/nn during/in the/at eighteenth/od and/cc nineteenth/od centuries/nns ./. Speaking/vbg generally/rb ,/, it/pps furthered/vbd --/-- and/cc still/rb tends/vbz to/to further/vb --/-- the/at interests/nns of/in the/at Western/jj-tl powers/nns ./. The/at enormous/jj changes/nns in/in world/nn politics/nn have/hv ,/, however/rb ,/, thrown/vbn it/ppo into/in confusion/nn ,/, so/ql much/rb so/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez safe/jj to/to say/vb that/cs all/ql international/jj law/nn is/bez now/rb in/in need/nn of/in reexamination/nn and/cc clarification/nn in/in light/nn of/in the/at social/jj conditions/nns of/in the/at present/jj era/nn ./. )/) Beyond/in the/at two/cd basic/jj tasks/nns mentioned/vbn above/rb ,/, no/at attention/nn was/bedz paid/vbn by/in statesman/nn or/cc scholar/nn to/in an/at idea/nn of/in state/nn responsibility/nn ,/, either/cc internally/rb or/cc externally/rb ./. This/dt was/bedz particularly/ql true/jj in/in the/at world/nn arena/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz an/at anarchical/jj battleground/nn characterized/vbn by/in strife/nn and/cc avaricious/jj competition/nn for/in colonial/jj empires/nns ./. That/cs any/dti sort/nn of/in duty/nn was/bedz owed/vbn by/in his/pp$ nation/nn to/in other/ap nations/nns would/md have/hv astonished/vbn a/at nineteenth-century/nn statesman/nn ./. His/pp$ duty/nn was/bedz to/in his/pp$ sovereign/nn and/cc to/in his/pp$ nation/nn ,/, and/cc an/at extension/nn to/in peoples/nns beyond/in the/at territorial/jj boundaries/nns was/bedz not/* to/to be/be contemplated/vbn ./. Thus/rb ,/, to/to cite/vb but/rb one/cd example/nn ,/, the/at Pax/fw-nn-tl Britannica/fw-jj-tl of/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn ,/, whether/cs with/in the/at British/jj navy/nn ruling/vbg the/at seas/nns or/cc with/in the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl London/np-tl ruling/vbg world/nn finance/nn ,/, was/bedz strictly/ql national/jj in/in motivation/nn ,/, however/wql much/rb other/ap nations/nns (/( e.g./rb ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl )/) may/md have/hv incidentally/rb benefited/vbn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, all/abn suggestions/nns that/cs some/dti sort/nn of/in societal/jj responsibility/nn existed/vbd for/in the/at welfare/nn of/in the/at people/nns within/in the/at territorial/jj state/nn was/bedz strongly/rb resisted/vbn ./. Social/jj Darwinism/np was/bedz able/jj to/to stave/vb off/rp the/at incipient/jj socialist/nn movement/nn until/cs well/rb into/in the/at present/jj century/nn ./. However/rb ,/, in/in recent/jj decades/nns ,/, for/in what/wdt doubtless/rb are/ber multiple/jj reasons/nns ,/, an/at unannounced/jj but/cc nonetheless/rb readily/ql observable/jj shift/nn has/hvz occurred/vbn in/in both/abx facets/nns of/in national/jj activity/nn ./. A/at concept/nn of/in responsibility/nn is/bez in/in process/nn of/in articulation/nn and/cc establishment/nn ./. Already/rb firmly/rb implanted/vbn internally/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at growing/vbg factor/nn in/in external/jj matters/nns ./. A/at little/ql more/ap than/in twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb the/at American/jj people/nns turned/vbd an/at important/jj corner/nn ./. In/in what/wdt has/hvz aptly/rb been/ben called/vbn a/at ``/`` constitutional/jj revolution/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at basic/jj nature/nn of/in government/nn was/bedz transformed/vbn from/in one/cd essentially/ql negative/jj in/in nature/nn (/( the/at ``/`` night-watchman/nn state/nn ''/'' )/) to/in one/cd with/in affirmative/jj duties/nns to/to perform/vb ./. The/at ``/`` positive/jj state/nn ''/'' came/vbd into/in existence/nn ./. For/in lawyers/nns ,/, reflecting/vbg perhaps/rb their/pp$ parochial/jj preferences/nns ,/, there/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at special/jj fascination/nn since/in then/rb in/in the/at role/nn played/vbn by/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl in/in that/dt transformation/nn --/-- the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt its/pp$ decisions/nns altered/vbd in/in ``/`` the/at switch/nn in/in time/nn that/wps saved/vbd nine/cd ''/'' ,/, President/nn-tl Roosevelt's/np$ ill-starred/jj but/cc in/in effect/nn victorious/jj ``/`` Court-packing/nn plan/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at imprimatur/nn of/in judicial/jj approval/nn that/wps was/bedz finally/rb placed/vbn upon/in social/jj legislation/nn ./. Of/in greater/jjr importance/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez the/at content/nn of/in those/dts programs/nns ,/, which/wdt have/hv had/hvn and/cc are/ber having/hvg enormous/jj consequences/nns for/in the/at American/jj people/nns ./. Labor/nn relations/nns have/hv been/ben transformed/vbn ,/, income/nn security/nn has/hvz become/vbn a/at standardized/vbn feature/nn of/in political/jj platforms/nns ,/, and/cc all/abn the/at many/ap facets/nns of/in the/at American/jj version/nn of/in the/at welfare/nn state/nn have/hv become/vbn part/nn of/in the/at conventional/jj wisdom/nn ./. A/at national/jj consensus/nn of/in near/in unanimity/nn exists/vbz that/cs these/dts governmental/jj efforts/nns are/ber desirable/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs necessary/jj ./. Ratified/vbn in/in the/at Republican/np-tl Party/nn-tl victory/nn in/in 1952/cd ,/, the/at Positive/jj-tl State/nn-tl is/bez now/rb evidenced/vbn by/in political/jj campaigns/nns being/beg waged/vbn not/* on/in whether/cs but/cc on/in how/wql much/ap social/jj legislation/nn there/ex should/md be/be ./. The/at general/jj acceptance/nn of/in the/at idea/nn of/in governmental/jj (/( i.e./rb ,/, societal/jj )/) responsibility/nn for/in the/at economic/jj well-being/nn of/in the/at American/jj people/nns is/bez surely/rb one/cd of/in the/at two/cd most/ql significant/jj watersheds/nns in/in American/jj constitutional/jj history/nn ./. The/at other/ap ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, the/at conflict/nn which/wdt a/at century/nn ago/rb insured/vbd national/jj unity/nn over/in fragmentation/nn ./. A/at third/od ,/, one/cd of/in at/in least/ap equal/jj and/cc perhaps/rb even/ql greater/jjr importance/nn ,/, is/bez now/rb being/beg traversed/vbn :/: American/jj immersion/nn and/cc involvement/nn in/in world/nn affairs/nns ./. Internal/jj national/jj responsibility/nn ,/, now/rb a/at truism/nn ,/, need/vb not/* be/be documented/vbn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, it/pps may/md be/be helpful/jj to/to cite/vb one/cd example/nn --/-- that/dt of/in employment/nn --/-- for/cs ,/, as/cs will/md be/be shown/vbn below/rb ,/, it/pps cuts/vbz across/in both/abx facets/nns of/in the/at new/jj concept/nn ./. Thirty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, while/cs the/at nation/nn was/bedz wallowing/vbg in/in economic/jj depression/nn ,/, the/at prevailing/vbg philosophy/nn of/in government/nn was/bedz to/to stand/vb aside/rb and/cc allow/vb ``/`` natural/jj forces/nns ''/'' to/to operate/vb and/cc cure/vb the/at distress/nn ./. That/dt guiding/vbg principle/nn of/in the/at Hoover/np-tl Administration/nn-tl fell/vbd to/in the/at siege/nn guns/nns of/in the/at New/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl ;/. ;/. less/ap than/in a/at score/nn of/in years/nns later/rbr Congress/np enacted/vbd the/at Employment/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in-tl 1946/cd-tl ,/, by/in which/wdt the/at national/jj government/nn assumed/vbd the/at responsibility/nn of/in taking/vbg action/nn to/to insure/vb conditions/nns of/in maximum/jj employment/nn ./. Hands-off/rb the/at economy/nn was/bedz replaced/vbn by/in conscious/jj guidance/nn through/in planning/vbg --/-- the/at economic/jj side/nn of/in the/at constitutional/jj revolution/nn ./. In/in 1961/cd the/at first/od important/jj legislative/jj victory/nn of/in the/at Kennedy/np-tl Administration/nn-tl came/vbd when/wrb the/at principle/nn of/in national/jj responsibility/nn for/in local/jj economic/jj distress/nn won/vbd out/rp over/in a/at ``/`` state's-responsibility/nn ''/'' proposal/nn --/-- provision/nn was/bedz made/vbn for/in payment/nn for/in unemployment/nn relief/nn by/in nation-wide/jj taxation/nn rather/in than/in by/in a/at levy/nn only/rb on/in those/dts states/nns afflicted/vbn with/in manpower/nn surplus/nn ./. The/at American/jj people/nns have/hv indeed/rb come/vbn a/at long/jj way/nn in/in the/at brief/jj interval/nn between/in 1930/cd and/cc 1961/cd ./. Internal/jj national/jj responsibility/nn is/bez a/at societal/jj response/nn to/in the/at impact/nn of/in the/at Industrial/jj-tl Revolution/nn-tl ./. Reduced/vbn to/in its/pp$ simplest/jjt terms/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez an/at assumption/nn of/in a/at collective/jj duty/nn to/to compensate/vb for/in the/at inability/nn of/in individuals/nns to/to cope/vb with/in the/at rigors/nns of/in the/at era/nn ./. National/jj responsibility/nn for/in individual/jj welfare/nn is/bez a/at concept/nn not/* limited/vbn to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl or/cc even/rb to/in the/at Western/jj-tl nations/nns ./. A/at measure/nn of/in its/pp$ widespread/jj acceptance/nn may/md be/be derived/vbn from/in a/at statement/nn of/in the/at International/jj-tl Congress/np-tl of/in-tl Jurists/nns-tl in/in 1959/cd ./. Meeting/vbg in/in New/jj-tl Delhi/np-tl under/in the/at auspices/nns of/in the/at International/jj-tl Commission/nn-tl of/in-tl Jurists/nns-tl ,/, a/at body/nn of/in lawyers/nns from/in the/at free/jj world/nn ,/, the/at Congress/np redefined/vbd and/cc expanded/vbd the/at traditional/jj Rule/nn-tl of/in-tl Law/nn-tl to/to include/vb affirmative/jj governmental/jj duties/nns ./. It/pps is/bez noteworthy/jj that/cs the/at majority/nn of/in the/at delegates/nns to/in the/at Congress/np were/bed from/in the/at less/ql developed/vbn ,/, former/ap colonial/jj nations/nns ./. The/at Rule/nn-tl of/in-tl Law/nn-tl ,/, historically/rb a/at principle/nn according/vbg everyone/pn his/pp$ ``/`` day/nn in/in court/nn ''/'' before/in an/at impartial/jj tribunal/nn ,/, was/bedz broadened/vbn substantively/rb by/in making/vbg it/ppo a/at responsibility/nn of/in government/nn to/to promote/vb individual/jj welfare/nn ./. Recognizing/vbg that/cs the/at Rule/nn-tl of/in-tl Law/nn-tl is/bez ``/`` a/at dynamic/jj concept/nn which/wdt should/md be/be employed/vbn not/* only/rb to/to safeguard/vb the/at civil/jj and/cc political/jj rights/nns of/in the/at individual/nn in/in a/at free/jj society/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at Congress/np asserted/vbd that/cs it/pps also/rb included/vbd the/at responsibility/nn ``/`` to/to establish/vb social/jj ,/, economic/jj ,/, educational/jj and/cc cultural/jj conditions/nns under/in which/wdt his/pp$ legitimate/jj aspirations/nns and/cc dignity/nn may/md be/be realized/vbn ''/'' ./. The/at idea/nn of/in national/jj responsibility/nn thus/rb has/hvz become/vbn a/at common/jj feature/nn of/in the/at nations/nns of/in the/at non-Soviet/jj world/nn ./. For/in better/jjr or/cc for/in worse/jjr ,/, we/ppss all/abn now/rb live/vb in/in welfare/nn states/nns ,/, the/at organizing/vbg principle/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez collective/jj responsibility/nn for/in individual/jj well-being/nn ./. Whether/cs a/at concept/nn analogous/jj to/in the/at principle/nn of/in internal/jj responsibility/nn operates/vbz in/in a/at nation's/nn$ external/jj relations/nns is/bez less/ql obvious/jj and/cc more/ql difficult/jj to/to establish/vb ./. The/at hypothesis/nn ventured/vbn here/rb is/bez that/cs it/pps does/doz ,/, and/cc that/cs evidence/nn is/bez accumulating/vbg validating/vbg that/dt proposition/nn ./. The/at content/nn is/bez not/* the/at same/ap ,/, however/rb :/: rather/in than/in individual/jj security/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at security/nn and/cc continuing/vbg existence/nn of/in an/at ``/`` ideological/jj group/nn ''/'' --/-- those/dts in/in the/at ``/`` free/jj world/nn ''/'' --/-- that/dt is/bez basic/jj ./. External/jj national/jj responsibility/nn involves/vbz a/at burgeoning/vbg requirement/nn that/cs the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at Western/jj-tl nations/nns so/rb guide/vb their/pp$ decisions/nns as/cs to/to further/vb the/at viability/nn of/in other/ap friendly/jj nations/nns ./. If/cs internal/jj responsibility/nn suggests/vbz acceptance/nn of/in the/at socialist/jj ideal/nn of/in equality/nn ,/, then/rb external/jj responsibility/nn implies/vbz adherence/nn to/in principles/nns of/in ideological/jj supranationalism/nn ./. Reference/nn to/in two/cd other/ap concepts/nns --/-- nationalism/nn and/cc sovereignty/nn --/-- may/md help/vb to/to reveal/vb the/at contours/nns of/in the/at new/jj principle/nn ./. In/in its/pp$ beginnings/nns the/at nation-state/nn had/hvd to/to struggle/vb to/to assert/vb itself/ppl --/-- internally/rb ,/, against/in feudal/jj groups/nns ,/, and/cc externally/rb ,/, against/in the/at power/nn and/cc influence/nn of/in such/jj other/ap claimants/nns for/in loyalty/nn as/cs the/at Church/nn-tl ./. The/at breakup/nn of/in the/at Holy/jj-tl Roman/jj-tl Empire/nn-tl and/cc the/at downfall/nn of/in feudalism/nn led/vbd ,/, not/* more/ap than/in two/cd centuries/nns ago/rb ,/, to/in the/at surge/nn of/in nationalism/nn ./. (/( Since/in the/at time-span/nn of/in the/at nation-state/nn coincides/vbz roughly/rb with/in the/at separate/jj existence/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs an/at independent/jj entity/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez perhaps/rb natural/jj for/in Americans/nps to/to think/vb of/in the/at nation/nn as/cs representative/jj of/in the/at highest/jjt form/nn of/in order/nn ,/, something/pn permanent/jj and/cc unchanging/jj ./. )/) The/at concept/nn of/in nationalism/nn is/bez the/at political/jj principle/nn that/wps epitomizes/vbz and/cc glorifies/vbz the/at territorial/jj state/nn as/cs the/at characteristic/jj type/nn of/in socal/jj structure/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs that/dt ./. For/cs it/pps includes/vbz the/at emotional/jj ties/nns that/wps bind/vb men/nns to/in their/pp$ homeland/nn and/cc the/at complex/jj motivations/nns that/wps hold/vb a/at large/jj group/nn of/in people/nns together/rb as/cs a/at unit/nn ./. Today/nr ,/, as/ql new/jj nations/nns rise/vb from/in the/at former/ap colonial/jj empires/nns ,/, nationalism/nn is/bez one/cd of/in the/at hurricane/nn forces/nns loose/jj in/in the/at world/nn ./. Almost/ql febrile/jj in/in intensity/nn ,/, the/at principle/nn has/hvz become/vbn worldwide/jj in/in application/nn --/-- unfortunately/rb at/in the/at very/ap time/nn that/cs nationalist/nn fervors/nns can/md wreak/vb greatest/jjt harm/nn ./. Historically/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at concept/nn is/bez one/cd that/wps has/hvz been/ben of/in marked/vbn benefit/nn to/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at Western/jj-tl civilizational/jj group/nn ./. By/in subduing/vbg disparate/jj lesser/jjr groups/nns the/at nation/nn has/hvz ,/, to/in some/dti degree/nn at/in least/ap ,/, broadened/vbn the/at capacity/nn for/in individual/jj liberty/nn ./. Within/in their/pp$ confines/nns ,/, moreover/rb ,/, technological/jj and/cc industrial/jj growth/nn has/hvz proceeded/vbn at/in an/at accelerated/vbn pace/nn ,/, thus/rb increasing/vbg the/at cornucopia/nn from/in which/wdt material/nn wants/nns can/md be/be satisfied/vbn ./. While/cs the/at pattern/nn is/bez uneven/jj ,/, some/dti having/hvg gained/vbn more/ap than/cs others/nns ,/, nationalism/nn has/hvz in/in fact/nn served/vbd the/at Western/jj-tl peoples/nns well/rb ./. (/( Whether/cs historical/jj nationalism/nn helped/vbd the/at peoples/nns of/in the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at world/nn ,/, and/cc whether/cs today's/nr$ nationalism/nn in/in the/at former/ap colonial/jj areas/nns has/hvz equally/ql beneficial/jj aspects/nns ,/, are/ber other/ap questions/nns ./. )/) It/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at ironic/jj quirks/nns of/in history/nn that/cs the/at viability/nn and/cc usefulness/nn of/in nationalism/nn and/cc the/at territorial/jj state/nn are/ber rapidly/rb dissipating/vbg at/in precisely/rb the/at time/nn that/cs the/at nation-state/nn attained/vbd its/pp$ highest/jjt number/nn (/( approximately/rb 100/cd )/) ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez more/ap than/cs irony/nn :/: one/cd of/in the/at main/jjs reasons/nns why/wrb nationalism/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at tenable/jj concept/nn is/bez because/cs it/pps has/hvz spread/vbn throughout/in the/at planet/nn ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, nationalism/nn worked/vbd well/rb enough/qlp when/wrb it/pps had/hvd limited/vbn application/nn ,/, both/abx as/in to/in geography/nn and/cc as/in to/in population/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps becomes/vbz a/at perilous/jj anachronism/nn when/wrb adopted/vbn on/in a/at world-wide/jj basis/nn ./. Complementing/vbg the/at political/jj principle/nn of/in nationalism/nn is/bez the/at legal/jj principle/nn of/in sovereignty/nn ./. The/at former/ap receives/vbz its/pp$ legitimacy/nn from/in the/at latter/ap ./. Operating/vbg side/nn by/in side/nn ,/, together/rb they/ppss helped/vbd shore/nn up/rp the/at nation-state/nn ./. While/cs sovereignty/nn has/hvz roots/nns in/in antiquity/nn ,/, in/in its/pp$ present/jj usage/nn it/pps is/bez essentially/ql modern/jj ./. Jean/np Bodin/np ,/, writing/vbg in/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn ,/, may/md have/hv been/ben the/at seminal/jj thinker/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz the/at vastly/ql influential/jj John/np Austin/np who/wps set/vbd out/rp the/at main/jjs lines/nns of/in the/at concept/nn as/cs now/rb understood/vbn ./. Austin's/np$ nineteenth-century/nn view/nn of/in law/nn and/cc sovereignty/nn still/rb dominates/vbz much/ap of/in today's/nr$ legal/jj and/cc political/jj thinking/nn ./. To/in him/ppo ,/, law/nn is/bez the/at command/nn of/in the/at sovereign/nn (/( the/at English/jj monarch/nn )/) who/wps personifies/vbz the/at power/nn of/in the/at nation/nn ,/, while/cs sovereignty/nn is/bez the/at power/nn to/to make/vb law/nn --/-- i.e./rb ,/, to/to prevail/vb over/in internal/jj groups/nns and/cc to/to be/be free/jj from/in the/at commands/nns of/in other/ap sovereigns/nns in/in other/ap nations/nns ./. These/dts fundamental/jj ideas/nns --/-- the/at indivisibility/nn of/in sovereignty/nn and/cc its/pp$ dual/jj (/( internal-external/jj )/) aspects/nns --/-- still/rb remain/vb the/at core/nn of/in that/dt concept/nn of/in ultimate/jj political/jj power/nn ./. The/at nation-state/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, exemplifies/vbz the/at principle/nn of/in nationalism/nn and/cc exercises/vbz sovereignty/nn :/: supreme/jj power/nn over/in domestic/jj affairs/nns and/cc independence/nn from/in outside/jj control/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, both/abx principles/nns have/hv always/rb been/ben nebulous/jj and/cc loosely/rb defined/vbn ./. High-level/nn abstractions/nns are/ber always/rb difficult/jj to/to pin/vb down/rp with/in precision/nn ./. That/dt is/bez particularly/ql true/jj of/in sovereignty/nn when/wrb it/pps is/bez applied/vbn to/in democratic/jj societies/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt ``/`` popular/jj ''/'' sovereignty/nn is/bez said/vbn to/to exist/vb ,/, and/cc in/in federal/jj nations/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at jobs/nns of/in government/nn are/ber split/vbn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, nationalism/nn and/cc sovereignty/nn are/ber reputed/vbn ,/, in/in the/at accepted/vbn wisdom/nn ,/, to/to describe/vb the/at modern/jj world/nn ./. Is/bez there/ex a/at different/jj reality/nn behind/in the/at facade/nn ?/. ?/. Does/doz the/at surface/nn hide/nn a/at quite/ql different/jj picture/nn ?/. ?/. The/at short/jj answer/nn to/in those/dts questions/nns is/bez ``/`` yes/rb ''/'' ./. Both/abx concepts/nns are/ber undergoing/vbg alteration/nn ;/. ;/. to/in some/dti degree/nn they/ppss are/ber being/beg supplanted/vbn by/in a/at concept/nn of/in national/jj responsibility/nn ./. As/cs evidence/nn to/to support/vb that/dt view/nn ,/, consider/vb the/at following/vbg illustrative/jj instances/nns ./.

cg03

cg03 |@word thermonuclear:2 war:13 set:2 accident:1 step:1 take:2 guard:2 one:17 sort:1 mishap:1 could:9 trigger:3 destruction:1 continent:1 safe:3 disaster:1 anything:1 increase:3 margin:1 safety:4 danger:2 decrease:1 ask:3 question:8 pentagon:2 white:1 house:1 office:2 key:4 scientist:1 across:2 country:1 aboard:1 submarine:2 prowl:1 month:1 underwater:1 neat:1 row:2 green:2 launch:3 tube:1 contain:3 polaris:2 missile:6 affectionately:1 know:6 sherwood:1 forest:1 inside:1 control:7 room:5 atlas:2 base:2 wyome:1 officer:2 wear:1 sidearm:1 man:18 commit:1 button:8 start:4 accidentally:1 design:2 command:10 center:7 pistol:1 pack:1 give:3 order:6 push:2 instrument:1 jam:1 bomber:5 cockpit:1 compartment:1 antiseptic:1 windowless:1 would:16 foxholes:1 tomorrow:1 impersonal:1 intercontinental:1 seem:1 farfetche:1 uncease:1 pressure:1 source:3 immediate:1 readiness:1 exercise:1 almost:3 continuous:1 real:3 thing:2 special:4 clock:2 ready:1 tick:1 minute:3 elapse:1 since:1 e:2 hour:2 stand:1 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greenland:1 radar:1 screen:1 register:1 soviet:3 shortly:1 intelligence:3 simultaneously:1 norad:1 north:1 colorado:2 springs:1 interpretation:1 sac:8 post:4 forty:2 five:1 foot:6 ground:1 offutt:1 near:2 omaha:2 nebraska:1 joint:3 chiefs:2 staff:6 president:7 telephone:3 teletype:1 several:3 kind:1 radio:1 case:2 television:1 link:1 vital:2 alternate:2 location:1 exist:1 last:1 ditch:1 emergency:3 jet:1 tanker:1 multiple:1 circuit:6 routing:1 frequency:1 unbreakable:1 principle:1 redundancy:1 apply:1 communication:2 network:1 message:7 transmit:2 sender:1 receiver:3 authenticate:1 advance:1 actually:2 come:1 purport:1 additional:1 use:2 challenge:1 counterchallenge:1 authentication:2 permit:1 authorize:1 law:1 somebody:1 decide:3 break:2 personally:1 remove:2 every:2 momentous:1 decision:5 require:3 pass:1 word:2 turn:1 irrational:1 suddenly:1 coolly:1 clobber:1 language:1 military:1 ape:1 singlehandedly:1 reverse:1 hit:1 without:3 provocation:1 nobody:1 absolutely:1 certain:1 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Can/md thermonuclear/jj war/nn be/be set/vbn off/rp by/in accident/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt steps/nns have/hv been/ben taken/vbn to/to guard/vb against/in the/at one/cd sort/nn of/in mishap/nn that/wps could/md trigger/vb the/at destruction/nn of/in continents/nns ?/. ?/. Are/ber we/ppss as/ql safe/jj as/cs we/ppss should/md be/be from/in such/abl a/at disaster/nn ?/. ?/. Is/bez anything/pn being/beg done/vbn to/to increase/vb our/pp$ margin/nn of/in safety/nn ?/. ?/. Will/md the/at danger/nn increase/vb or/cc decrease/vb ?/. ?/. I/ppss have/hv just/rb asked/vbn these/dts questions/nns in/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl ,/, in/in the/at White/jj-tl House/nn-tl ,/, in/in offices/nns of/in key/jjs scientists/nns across/in the/at country/nn and/cc aboard/in the/at submarines/nns that/wps prowl/vb for/in months/nns underwater/rb ,/, with/in neat/jj rows/nns of/in green/jj launch/nn tubes/nns which/wdt contain/vb Polaris/np missiles/nns and/cc which/wdt are/ber affectionately/rb known/vbn as/cs ``/`` Sherwood/np-tl Forest/nn-tl ''/'' ./. I/ppss asked/vbd the/at same/ap questions/nns inside/in the/at launch-control/nn rooms/nns of/in an/at Atlas/np missile/nn base/nn in/in Wyoming/np ,/, where/wrb officers/nns who/wps wear/vb sidearms/nns are/ber manning/vbg the/at ``/`` commit/jj buttons/nns ''/'' that/wps could/md start/vb a/at war/nn --/-- accidentally/rb or/cc by/in design/nn --/-- and/cc in/in the/at command/nn centers/nns where/wrb other/ap pistol-packing/jj men/nns could/md give/vb orders/nns to/to push/vb such/jj buttons/nns ./. To/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at instrument-jammed/jj bomber/nn cockpits/nns ,/, submarine/nn compartments/nns and/cc the/at antiseptic/jj ,/, windowless/jj rooms/nns that/wps would/md be/be the/at foxholes/nns of/in tomorrow's/nr$ impersonal/jj intercontinental/jj wars/nns ,/, the/at questions/nns seem/vb farfetched/jj ./. There/ex is/bez unceasing/jj pressure/nn ,/, but/cc its/pp$ sources/nns are/ber immediate/jj ./. ``/`` Readiness/nn exercises/nns ''/'' are/ber almost/ql continuous/jj ./. Each/dt could/md be/be the/at real/jj thing/nn ./. In/in the/at command/nn centers/nns there/ex are/ber special/jj clocks/nns ready/vb to/to tick/vb off/rp the/at minutes/nns elapsed/vbn since/in ``/`` E/nn hour/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` E/np ''/'' stands/vbz for/in ``/`` execution/nn-nc ''/'' --/-- the/at moment/nn a/at ``/`` go/vb order/nn ''/'' would/md unleash/vb an/at American/jj nuclear/jj strike/nn ./. There/ex is/bez little/ap time/nn for/in the/at men/nns in/in the/at command/nn centers/nns to/to reflect/vb about/in the/at implications/nns of/in these/dts clocks/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber preoccupied/vbn riding/vbg herd/nn on/in control/nn panels/nns ,/, switches/nns ,/, flashing/vbg colored/vbn lights/nns on/in pale/jj green/jj or/cc gray/jj consoles/nns that/wps look/vb like/cs business/nn machines/nns ./. They/ppss know/vb little/ap about/in their/pp$ machinery/nn beyond/in mechanical/jj details/nns ./. Accidental/jj war/nn is/bez so/ql sensitive/jj a/at subject/nn that/cs most/ap of/in the/at people/nns who/wps could/md become/vb directly/rb involved/vbn in/in one/cd are/ber told/vbn just/rb enough/ap so/cs they/ppss can/md perform/vb their/pp$ portions/nns of/in incredibly/ql complex/jj tasks/nns ./. Among/in the/at policy/nn makers/nns ,/, generals/nns ,/, physicists/nns ,/, psychologists/nns and/cc others/nns charged/vbn with/in controlling/vbg the/at actions/nns of/in the/at button/nn pushers/nns and/cc their/pp$ ``/`` hardware/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at answers/nns to/in my/pp$ questions/nns varied/vbd partly/rb according/in to/in a/at man's/nn$ flair/nn for/in what/wdt the/at professionals/nns in/in this/dt field/nn call/vb ``/`` scenarios/nns ''/'' ./. As/cs an/at Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl psychiatrist/nn put/vbd it/ppo :/: ``/`` You/ppss can't/md* have/hv dry/jj runs/nns on/in this/dt one/cd ''/'' ./. The/at experts/nns are/ber thus/rb forced/vbn to/to hypothesize/vb sequences/nns of/in events/nns that/wps have/hv never/rb occurred/vbn ,/, probably/rb never/rb will/md --/-- but/cc possibly/rb might/md ./. Only/rb one/cd rule/nn prevailed/vbd in/in my/pp$ conversations/nns with/in these/dts men/nns :/: The/at more/ql highly/ql placed/vbn they/ppss are/ber --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, the/at more/ap they/ppss know/vb --/-- the/at more/ql concerned/vbn they/ppss have/hv become/vbn ./. Already/rb accidental/jj war/nn is/bez a/at silent/jj guest/nn at/in the/at discussions/nns within/in the/at Kennedy/np-tl Administration/nn-tl about/in the/at urgency/nn of/in disarmament/nn and/cc nearly/rb all/abn other/ap questions/nns of/in national/jj security/nn ./. Only/ql recently/rb new/jj ``/`` holes/nns ''/'' were/bed discovered/vbn in/in our/pp$ safety/nn measures/nns ,/, and/cc a/at search/nn is/bez now/rb on/rp for/in more/ap ./. Work/nn is/bez under/in way/nn to/to see/vb whether/cs new/jj restraining/vbg devices/nns should/md be/be installed/vbn on/in all/abn nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at experts/nns speak/vb of/in wars/nns triggered/vbn by/in ``/`` false/jj pre-emption/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` escalation/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` unauthorized/jj behavior/nn ''/'' and/cc other/ap terms/nns that/wps will/md be/be discussed/vbn in/in this/dt report/nn ./. They/ppss inhabit/vb a/at secret/jj world/nn centered/vbn on/in ``/`` go/vb codes/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` gold/jj phones/nns ''/'' ./. Their/pp$ conversations/nns were/bed ,/, almost/ql invariably/rb ,/, accompanied/vbn by/in the/at same/ap gestures/nns --/-- arms/nns and/cc pointed/vbn forefingers/nns darting/vbg toward/in each/dt other/ap in/in arclike/jj semicircular/jj motions/nns ./. One/cd arm/nn represented/vbd our/pp$ bombers/nns and/cc missiles/nns ,/, the/at other/ap arm/nn ``/`` theirs/pp$$ ''/'' ./. Yet/cc implicit/jj in/in each/dt movement/nn was/bedz the/at death/nn of/in millions/nns ,/, perhaps/rb hundreds/nns of/in millions/nns ,/, perhaps/rb you/ppss and/cc me/ppo --/-- and/cc the/at experts/nns ./. These/dts men/nns are/ber not/* callous/jj ./. It/pps is/bez their/pp$ job/nn to/to think/vb about/in the/at unthinkable/jj ./. Unanimously/rb they/ppss believe/vb that/cs the/at world/nn would/md become/vb a/at safer/jjr place/nn if/cs more/ap of/in us/ppo --/-- and/cc more/ap Russians/nps and/cc Communist/jj Chinese/nps ,/, too/rb --/-- thought/vbd about/in accidental/jj war/nn ./. The/at first/od systematic/jj thinking/nn about/in this/dt Pandora's/np$ box/nn within/in Pandora's/np$ boxes/nns was/bedz done/vbn four/cd years/nns ago/rb by/in Fred/np Ikle/np ,/, a/at frail/jj ,/, meek-mannered/jj Swiss-born/jj sociologist/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz ,/, and/cc is/bez ,/, with/in the/at RAND/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, a/at nonprofit/jj pool/nn of/in thinkers/nns financed/vbn by/in the/at U.S./np-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl ./. His/pp$ investigations/nns made/vbd him/ppo the/at Paul/np Revere/np of/in accidental/jj war/nn ,/, and/cc safety/nn procedures/nns were/bed enormously/ql increased/vbn ./. In/in recent/jj weeks/nns ,/, as/cs a/at result/nn of/in a/at sweeping/vbg defense/nn policy/nn reappraisal/nn by/in the/at Kennedy/np-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, basic/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl strategy/nn has/hvz been/ben modified/vbn --/-- and/cc large/jj new/jj sums/nns allocated/vbn --/-- to/to meet/vb the/at accidental-war/jj danger/nn and/cc to/to reduce/vb it/ppo as/ql quickly/rb as/cs possible/jj ./. The/at chain/nn starts/vbz at/in BMEWS/nn (/( Ballistic/jj-tl Missile/nn-tl Early/jj-tl Warning/nn-tl System/nn-tl )/) in/in Thule/np ,/, Greenland/np ./. Its/pp$ radar/nn screens/nns would/md register/vb Soviet/np missiles/nns shortly/rb after/cs they/ppss are/ber launched/vbn against/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. BMEWS/np intelligence/nn is/bez simultaneously/ql flashed/vbn to/in NORAD/nn (/( North/jj-tl American/jj-tl Air/nn-tl Defense/nn-tl Command/nn-tl )/) in/in Colorado/np-tl Springs/nns-tl ,/, Colorado/np ,/, for/in interpretation/nn ;/. ;/. to/in the/at SAC/nn command/nn and/cc control/nn post/nn ,/, forty-five/cd feet/nns below/in the/at ground/nn at/in Offutt/np-tl Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl Base/nn-tl ,/, near/in Omaha/np ,/, Nebraska/np ;/. ;/. to/in the/at Joint/jj-tl War/nn-tl Room/nn-tl of/in the/at Joint/jj-tl Chiefs/nns-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl in/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl and/cc to/in the/at President/nn-tl ./. Telephones/nns ,/, Teletypes/nns ,/, several/ap kinds/nns of/in radio/nn systems/nns and/cc ,/, in/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, television/nn ,/, link/vb all/ql vital/jj points/nns ./. Alternate/jj locations/nns exist/vb for/in all/abn key/jjs command/nn centers/nns ./. For/in last-ditch/nn emergencies/nns SAC/nn has/hvz alternate/jj command/nn posts/nns on/in KC-135/nn jet/nn tankers/nns ./. Multiple/jj circuits/nns ,/, routings/nns and/cc frequencies/nns make/vb the/at chain/nn as/ql unbreakable/jj as/cs possible/jj ./. The/at same/ap principle/nn of/in ``/`` redundancy/nn ''/'' applies/vbz to/in all/abn communications/nns on/in these/dts special/jj networks/nns ./. And/cc no/at messages/nns can/md be/be transmitted/vbn on/in these/dts circuits/nns until/cs senders/nns and/cc receivers/nns authenticate/vb in/in advance/nn ,/, by/in special/jj codes/nns ,/, that/cs the/at messages/nns actually/rb come/vb from/in their/pp$ purported/vbn sources/nns ./. Additional/jj codes/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to challenge/vb and/cc counterchallenge/vb the/at authentications/nns ./. Only/rb the/at President/nn-tl is/bez permitted/vbn to/to authorize/vb the/at use/nn of/in nuclear/jj weapons/nns ./. That's/dt+bez the/at law/nn ./. But/cc what/wdt if/cs somebody/pn decides/vbz to/to break/vb it/ppo ?/. ?/. The/at President/nn-tl cannot/md* personally/rb remove/vb the/at safety/nn devices/nns from/in every/at nuclear/jj trigger/nn ./. He/pps makes/vbz the/at momentous/jj decision/nn ./. Hundreds/nns of/in men/nns are/ber required/vbn to/to pass/vb the/at word/nn to/in the/at button/nn pushers/nns and/cc to/to push/vb the/at buttons/nns ./. What/wdt if/cs one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in them/ppo turn/vb irrational/jj or/cc suddenly/rb ,/, coolly/rb ,/, decide/vb to/to clobber/vb the/at Russians/nps ?/. ?/. What/wdt if/cs the/at President/nn-tl himself/ppl ,/, in/in the/at language/nn of/in the/at military/jj ,/, ``/`` goes/vbz ape/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Or/cc singlehandedly/rb decided/vbd to/to reverse/vb national/jj policy/nn and/cc hit/vb the/at Soviets/nps without/in provocation/nn ?/. ?/. Nobody/pn can/md be/be absolutely/ql certain/jj of/in the/at answers/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at system/nn is/bez designed/vbn ,/, ingeniously/rb and/cc hopefully/rb ,/, so/cs that/cs no/at one/cd man/nn could/md initiate/vb a/at thermonuclear/jj war/nn ./. Even/rb the/at President/nn-tl cannot/md* pick/vb up/rp his/pp$ telephone/nn and/cc give/vb a/at ``/`` go/vb ''/'' order/nn ./. Even/rb he/pps does/doz not/* know/vb the/at one/cd signal/nn for/in a/at nuclear/jj strike/nn --/-- the/at ``/`` go/vb code/nn ''/'' ./. In/in an/at emergency/nn he/pps would/md receive/vb available/jj intelligence/nn on/in the/at ``/`` gold-phone/jj circuit/nn ''/'' ./. A/at system/nn of/in ``/`` gold/jj ''/'' --/-- actually/rb yellow/jj --/-- phones/nns connects/vbz him/ppo with/in the/at offices/nns and/cc action/nn stations/nns of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Defense/nn-tl ,/, the/at Joint/jj-tl Chiefs/nns-tl of/in-tl Staff/nn-tl ,/, the/at SAC/nn commander/nn and/cc other/ap key/jjs men/nns ./. All/abn can/md be/be connected/vbn with/in the/at gold/jj circuit/nn from/in their/pp$ homes/nns ./. All/abn could/md help/vb the/at President/nn-tl make/vb his/pp$ decision/nn ./. The/at talk/nn would/md not/* be/be in/in code/nn ,/, but/cc neither/cc would/md it/ppo ramble/vb ./. Vital/jj questions/nns would/md be/be quickly/rb answered/vbn according/in to/in a/at preprepared/vbn agenda/nn ./. Officers/nns who/wps participate/vb in/in the/at continual/jj practice/nn drills/nns assured/vbd me/ppo that/cs the/at President's/nn$-tl decision/nn could/md be/be made/vbn and/cc announced/vbn on/in the/at gold/jj circuit/nn within/in minutes/nns after/in the/at first/od flash/nn from/in Aj/nn ./. If/cs communications/nns work/vb ,/, his/pp$ decision/nn would/md be/be instantly/ql known/vbn in/in all/abn command/nn posts/nns that/wps would/md originate/vb the/at actual/jj go/vb order/nn ./. For/cs these/dts centers/nns ,/, too/rb ,/, are/ber on/in the/at gold/jj circuit/nn ./. They/ppss include/vb the/at Navy's/nn$-tl Atlantic/jj-tl Command/nn-tl at/in Norfolk/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, which/wdt is/bez in/in contact/nn with/in the/at Polaris/np subs/nns ;/. ;/. NATO/nn headquarters/nns in/in Europe/np ;/. ;/. Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl forward/jj headquarters/nns in/in Europe/np and/cc in/in the/at Pacific/np ,/, which/wdt control/nn tactical/jj fighters/nns on/in ships/nns and/cc land/nn bases/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc SAC/nn ,/, which/wdt controls/vbz long-range/nn bombers/nns and/cc Atlas/np missiles/nns ./. Let/vb us/ppo look/vb in/rp on/in one/cd of/in these/dts nerve/nn centers/nns --/-- SAC/nn at/in Omaha/np --/-- and/cc see/vb what/wdt must/md still/rb happen/vb before/cs a/at wing/nn of/in B-52/nn bombers/nns could/md drop/vb their/pp$ Aj/nn ./. In/in a/at word/nn ,/, plenty/nn ./. The/at key/jjs man/nn almost/ql certainly/rb would/md be/be Col./nn-tl William/np W./np Wisman/np ,/, SAC's/nn senior/jj controller/nn ./. He/pps or/cc his/pp$ deputy/nn or/cc one/cd of/in their/pp$ seven/cd assistants/nns ,/, all/abn full/jj colonels/nns ,/, mans/vbz the/at heart/nn of/in the/at command/nn post/nn twenty-four/cd hours/nns a/at day/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at quiet/jj but/cc impressive/jj room/nn --/-- 140/cd feet/nns long/jj ,/, thirty-nine/cd feet/nns wide/jj ,/, twenty-one/cd feet/nns high/jj ./. Movable/jj panels/nns of/in floor-to-ceiling/jj maps/nns and/cc charts/nns are/ber crammed/vbn with/in intelligence/nn information/nn ./. And/cc Bill/np Wisman/np ,/, forty-three/cd ,/, a/at farmer's/nn$ son/nn from/in Beallsville/np ,/, Ohio/np ,/, is/bez a/at quiet/jj but/cc impressive/jj man/nn ./. His/pp$ eyes/nns are/ber steady/jj anchors/nns of/in the/at deepest/jjt brown/jj ./. His/pp$ movements/nns and/cc speech/nn are/ber precise/jj ,/, clear/jj and/cc quick/jj ./. No/at question/nn ruffles/vbz him/ppo or/cc causes/vbz him/ppo to/to hesitate/vb ./. Wisman/np ,/, who/wps has/hvz had/hvn the/at chief/jjs controller's/nn$ job/nn for/in four/cd years/nns ,/, calls/vbz the/at signals/nns for/in a/at team/nn operating/vbg three/cd rows/nns of/in dull-gray/jj consoles/nns studded/vbn with/in lights/nns ,/, switches/nns and/cc buttons/nns ./. At/in least/ap a/at dozen/nn men/nns ,/, some/dti armed/vbn ,/, are/ber never/rb far/ql away/rb from/in him/ppo ./. In/in front/nn of/in him/ppo is/bez a/at gold/jj phone/nn ./. In/in emergencies/nns the/at SAC/nn commander/nn ,/, Gen./nn-tl Thomas/np Power/np ,/, or/cc his/pp$ deputies/nns and/cc their/pp$ staff/nn would/md occupy/vb a/at balcony/nn that/wps stretches/vbz across/in the/at length/nn of/in the/at room/nn above/in Wisman/np and/cc his/pp$ staff/nn ./. At/in General/nn-tl Power's/np$ seat/nn in/in the/at balcony/nn there/ex is/bez also/rb a/at gold/jj phone/nn ./. General/nn-tl Power/np would/md participate/vb in/in the/at decision/nn making/nn ./. Wisman/np ,/, below/rb ,/, would/md listen/vb in/rp and/cc act/vb ./. His/pp$ consoles/nns can/md give/vb him/ppo instant/jj contact/nn with/in more/ap than/in seventy/cd bases/nns around/in the/at world/nn and/cc with/in every/at SAC/nn aircraft/nn ./. He/pps need/md only/rb pick/vb up/rp one/cd of/in the/at two/cd red/jj telephone/nn receivers/nns at/in his/pp$ extreme/jj left/nr ,/, right/ql next/rb to/in the/at big/jj red/jj button/nn marked/vbn alert/nn ./. (/( There/ex are/ber two/cd receivers/nns in/in case/nn one/cd should/md be/be dropped/vbn and/cc damaged/vbn ./. )/) But/cc Wisman/np ,/, too/rb ,/, does/doz not/* know/vb the/at go/vb code/nn ./. He/pps must/md take/vb it/ppo from/in ``/`` the/at red/jj box/nn ''/'' ./. In/in point/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, this/dt is/bez a/at beige/jj box/nn with/in a/at bright/jj red/jj door/nn ,/, about/rb one/cd and/cc a/at half/abn feet/nns square/jj and/cc hung/vbd from/in the/at wall/nn about/rb six/cd feet/nns from/in the/at door/nn to/in Wisman's/np$ right/nr ./. The/at box/nn is/bez internally/rb wired/vbn so/cs the/at door/nn can/md never/rb be/be opened/vbn without/in setting/vbg off/rp a/at screeching/vbg klaxon/nn (/( ``/`` It's/pps+bez real/ql obnoxious/jj ''/'' )/) ./. Now/rb we/ppss must/md become/vb vague/jj ,/, for/cs we/ppss are/ber approaching/vbg one/cd of/in the/at nation's/nn$ most/ql guarded/vbn secrets/nns ./. The/at codes/nns in/in the/at red/jj box/nn --/-- there/ex are/ber several/ap of/in them/ppo covering/vbg various/jj contingencies/nns --/-- are/ber contained/vbn in/in a/at sealed/vbn X-ray-proof/nn ``/`` unique/jj device/nn ''/'' ./. They/ppss are/ber supplied/vbn ,/, a/at batch/nn at/in a/at time/nn ,/, by/in a/at secret/jj source/nn and/cc are/ber continually/rb changed/vbn by/in Wisman/np or/cc his/pp$ staff/nn ,/, at/in random/jj intervals/nns ./. But/cc even/rb the/at contents/nns of/in Wisman's/np$ box/nn cannot/md* start/vb a/at war/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber mere/jj fragments/nns ,/, just/rb one/cd portion/nn of/in preprepared/vbn messages/nns ./. What/wdt these/dts fragments/nns are/ber and/cc how/wrb they/ppss activate/vb the/at go/vb order/nn may/md not/* be/be revealed/vbn ./. The/at pieces/nns must/md be/be placed/vbn in/in the/at context/nn of/in the/at prepared/vbn messages/nns by/in Wisman's/np$ staff/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at authentication/nn and/cc acknowledgment/nn procedures/nns which/wdt precede/vb and/cc follow/vb the/at sending/nn of/in the/at go/vb messages/nns ,/, again/rb in/in special/jj codes/nns ,/, each/dt message/nn also/rb contains/vbz an/at ``/`` internal/jj authenticator/nn ''/'' ,/, another/dt specific/jj signal/nn to/to convince/vb the/at recipient/nn that/cs he/pps is/bez getting/vbg the/at real/jj thing/nn ./. I/ppss asked/vbd Wisman/np what/wdt would/md happen/vb if/cs he/pps broke/vbd out/rp the/at go/vb codes/nns and/cc tried/vbd to/to start/vb transmitting/vbg one/cd ./. ``/`` I'd/ppss+md wind/vb up/rp full/jj of/in bullet/nn holes/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at question/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz talking/vbg about/in bullets/nns fired/vbn by/in his/pp$ coworkers/nns ./. Now/rb let/vb us/ppo imagine/vb a/at wing/nn of/in B-52's/nn ,/, on/in alert/jj near/in their/pp$ ``/`` positive/jj control/nn (/( or/cc fail-safe/jj )/) points/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at spots/nns on/in the/at map/nn ,/, many/ap miles/nns from/in Soviet/np territory/nn ,/, beyond/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber forbidden/vbn to/to fly/vb without/in specific/jj orders/nns to/to proceed/vb to/in their/pp$ targets/nns ./. They/ppss ,/, too/rb ,/, have/hv fragments/nns of/in the/at go/vb code/nn with/in them/ppo ./. As/cs Wisman/np put/vb it/ppo ,/, ``/`` They/ppss have/hv separate/jj pieces/nns of/in the/at pie/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss have/hv the/at whole/jj pie/nn ./. Once/cs we/ppss send/vb out/rp the/at whole/jj pie/nn ,/, they/ppss can/md put/vb their/pp$ pieces/nns into/in it/ppo ./. Unless/cs we/ppss send/vb out/rp the/at whole/jj pie/nn ,/, their/pp$ pieces/nns mean/vb nothing/pn ''/'' ./. Why/wrb does/doz Wisman's/np$ ever-changing/jj code/nn always/rb mesh/vb with/in the/at fragments/nns in/in possession/nn of/in the/at button/nn pushers/nns ?/. ?/. The/at answer/nn is/bez a/at cryptographic/jj secret/nn ./. At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, three/cd men/nns out/in of/in a/at six-man/jj B-52/nn crew/nn are/ber required/vbn to/to copy/vb down/rp Wisman's/np$ go-to-war/jj message/nn ./. Each/dt must/md match/vb Wisman's/np$ ``/`` pie/nn ''/'' with/in the/at fragment/nn that/wpo he/pps carries/vbz with/in him/ppo ./. All/abn three/cd must/md compare/vb notes/nns and/cc agree/vb to/to ``/`` go/vb ''/'' ./. After/in that/dt ,/, it/pps requires/vbz several/ap minutes/nns of/in concentrated/vbn work/nn ,/, including/in six/cd separate/jj and/cc deliberate/jj actions/nns by/in a/at minimum/nn of/in three/cd men/nns sitting/vbg at/in three/cd separate/jj stations/nns in/in a/at bomber/nn ,/, each/dt with/in another/dt man/nn beside/in him/ppo to/to help/vb ,/, for/in an/at armed/vbn bomb/nn to/to be/be released/vbn ./. Unless/cs all/abn gadgets/nns are/ber properly/rb operated/vbn --/-- and/cc the/at wires/nns and/cc seals/nns from/in the/at handles/nns removed/vbn first/rb --/-- no/at damage/nn can/md be/be done/vbn ./.

cg04

cg04 |@word suddenly:3 however:2 posture:1 change:2 game:2 end:1 go:5 rigid:1 black:3 statuary:1 six:2 figure:2 lean:2 tall:2 angular:1 still:2 head:4 air:2 sniff:1 swing:3 instant:2 direction:3 see:9 even:3 binocular:1 nothing:6 tiny:3 distant:1 rain:7 squall:7 dull:1 gray:2 sheet:1 reach:2 layer:2 cloud:2 earth:2 360:1 degree:2 horizon:2 obscure:1 white:2 man:11 would:5 aborigine:13 fasten:1 upon:3 concentration:1 beyond:1 pathos:1 watch:3 wait:1 thicken:1 begin:1 move:5 long:5 drifting:1 slant:1 across:4 dry:4 burn:1 land:7 whole:1 band:1 set:1 lope:2 chase:1 mercilessly:1 wolf:1 pack:1 abandon:1 cow:1 follow:3 jeep:1 care:1 life:3 occasionally:2 reason:1 could:2 alter:1 angle:1 trot:2 sometimes:2 guess:1 skirt:1 gulley:1 gait:2 impossible:1 convey:1 word:2 proud:1 stride:1 train:1 runner:1 style:1 verve:1 human:2 must:2 run:4 live:4 arm:3 dangle:1 leg:2 barely:2 swinge:2 ground:8 hang:1 target:1 loose:1 motion:1 short:1 stumble:1 yet:2 wonderfully:1 graceful:1 control:1 skimming:1 three:2 hour:2 finally:4 avoid:1 hummock:1 seek:1 low:2 intercept:1 ten:3 minute:1 beneath:1 raise:1 first:2 time:5 shout:2 caper:1 wind:2 die:4 hold:2 steady:1 study:1 one:7 foot:3 bent:2 forward:2 put:2 mouth:2 find:1 depression:1 water:4 bend:1 cranelike:1 lordly:1 generous:1 gesture:2 discoverer:1 stand:2 beckon:1 close:2 fellow:1 swoop:1 puddle:1 suck:1 cruel:1 ever:1 mean:1 ugly:1 part:2 course:2 thousand:1 square:2 mile:7 salt:1 pan:1 hideous:1 huge:2 area:3 sweep:1 many:2 century:1 soil:1 leave:1 deep:3 bare:1 ridge:2 fifty:1 sixty:1 yard:1 apart:1 ravine:1 thirty:1 forty:1 thing:3 scuttle:1 sand:1 stretch:1 inhuman:1 moonlike:1 quality:2 much:2 wander:2 look:3 hospitable:1 soften:1 saltbush:1 bluebush:1 peaceful:1 hill:1 roll:2 softly:1 malignancy:1 landscape:3 beautifully:1 describe:1 australian:7 charles:1 bean:1 tell:1 start:2 trip:1 single:1 paddock:1 sheep:1 grazer:1 well:2 equip:1 everything:2 except:1 knowledge:2 outback:3 country:1 countryside:1 like:7 beautiful:2 open:1 park:1 gentle:1 slope:1 soft:1 tree:3 clump:2 appalling:1 horrible:1 rush:1 happen:1 may:3 pool:1 cool:1 behind:1 fence:1 house:1 next:1 rise:1 lie:2 bird:1 hop:1 branch:2 bright:2 sky:1 peep:1 come:7 countless:1 today:2 range:1 rider:1 mummified:1 body:7 attempt:1 difficult:3 twenty:1 hike:1 slowly:1 lose:1 torture:1 heat:1 drive:3 mad:1 constant:1 unfulfilled:1 promise:1 deceive:1 know:5 hard:1 pitiless:1 economy:1 awful:1 room:1 error:1 waste:1 organism:1 falter:1 misperceive:1 signal:1 weaken:1 way:3 self:1 conscious:1 challenge:1 suspect:1 perhaps:1 give:3 odd:2 dignity:1 family:4 boulder:6 drift:1 city:1 town:2 seaport:1 confine:1 vast:1 reservation:2 government:1 justifiably:1 wish:1 view:1 exhibit:1 zoo:1 extremely:1 fugitive:1 shun:1 camp:2 together:1 corroboree:2 strange:2 culture:1 high:3 pitch:1 indeed:1 persuade:1 friend:1 year:1 take:3 bush:2 ambiguous:1 kind:1 negotiation:1 though:1 rancher:4 say:6 expert:1 language:1 arrangement:1 make:5 rover:3 asphalt:1 road:4 onto:2 small:3 two:6 tire:1 mark:1 big:2 red:1 glance:1 toward:2 instrument:1 panel:2 moment:2 realize:3 gimbaled:1 compass:2 weld:1 rock:3 gently:1 back:1 forth:1 bounce:1 navigate:2 flatland:1 always:1 ask:2 damned:1 right:2 get:2 flat:1 chap:1 landmark:2 wash:1 place:2 palm:1 hand:1 better:1 use:1 speedometer:1 northeast:1 five:1 southwest:1 sort:1 simple:1 keep:2 repeat:1 try:2 memorize:1 half:2 hopeless:1 approach:2 bivouac:1 beside:1 large:1 column:1 shape:2 lubra:2 child:2 sun:2 shade:4 cast:2 also:4 dog:4 dingo:1 rib:1 show:2 yellow:1 nondescript:1 color:1 suffer:1 variety:1 sore:1 hair:2 scabbe:1 patch:1 paw:1 eye:9 carefully:1 strike:1 malnourished:1 pat:1 pet:1 worker:1 bugger:1 love:1 suppose:2 save:1 loss:1 around:2 day:2 hot:1 straight:1 stop:2 walk:2 gaze:1 away:1 thin:3 narrow:1 every:4 bone:1 muscle:1 appearance:1 starve:1 wispy:1 beard:1 eyelid:2 shut:1 something:2 face:2 disturb:1 several:1 second:4 merely:1 fly:4 crawl:3 narrowed:1 blink:3 socket:2 bulge:1 forehead:1 along:1 lash:1 wet:1 surface:1 eyeball:1 wear:2 insect:2 repellent:1 badly:1 bother:1 turn:1 remain:1 squat:2 heel:2 entirely:1 naked:1 slow:1 rhythmical:1 possession:1 front:1 rub:2 stick:1 fire:1 stone:1 roughly:1 knife:1 weave:1 root:1 container:1 pound:1 worm:1 dead:2 rodent:1 wooden:1 spear:3 woomera:1 throw:1 device:1 enormous:1 velocity:1 accuracy:1 boomerang:1 elaborately:1 carve:2 burnish:1 sweat:4 grease:1 object:1 seem:1 material:1 ageless:1 boy:3 return:1 work:1 far:1 inch:1 locate:1 runway:1 colony:1 ant:2 pick:1 pinch:1 drop:1 leaf:1 pile:1 apple:1 odor:3 powerful:1 surround:1 smell:7 surprising:1 unpleasant:2 subtly:1 familiar:1 multiply:1 innumerable:1 fact:1 never:1 bathe:1 impulse:1 stink:2 cliche:1 dishonest:1 sexual:1 powerfully:1 civilized:1 nose:1 deny:1 skin:4 cover:1 coating:2 dirt:2 almost:1 consistency:1 night:1 ashe:2 warm:1 light:1 dusty:1 spot:1 elbow:1 knee:1 dark:2 appear:1 cosmetic:1 unlike:1 father:1 brush:1 constantly:1 eh:1 mate:1 swear:1 person:1 different:2 dance:1 specially:1 good:1 idje:3 nod:1 great:1 really:1 think:1 another:1 blindfold:1 fella:1 tabac:1 sharply:1 stare:1 shoulder:1 talk:1 pidgin:1 understand:1 speak:1 chest:1

Suddenly/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, their/pp$ posture/nn changed/vbd and/cc the/at game/nn ended/vbd ./. They/ppss went/vbd as/ql rigid/jj as/cs black/jj statuary/nn six/cd figures/nns ,/, lean/jj and/cc tall/jj and/cc angular/jj ,/, went/vbd still/rb ./. Their/pp$ heads/nns were/bed in/in the/at air/nn sniffing/vbg ./. They/ppss all/abn swung/vbd at/in the/at same/ap instant/nn in/in the/at same/ap direction/nn ./. They/ppss saw/vbd it/ppo before/cs I/ppss did/dod ,/, even/rb with/in my/pp$ binoculars/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at tiny/jj distant/jj rain/nn squall/nn ,/, a/at dull/jj gray/jj sheet/nn which/wdt reached/vbd from/in a/at layer/nn of/in clouds/nns to/in the/at earth/nn ./. In/in the/at 360/cd degrees/nns of/in horizon/nn it/pps obscured/vbd only/rb a/at degree/nn ,/, no/at more/ap ./. A/at white/jj man/nn would/md not/* have/hv seen/vbn it/ppo ./. The/at aborigines/nns fastened/vbd upon/in it/ppo with/in a/at concentration/nn beyond/in pathos/nn ./. Watching/vbg ,/, they/ppss waited/vbd until/cs the/at squall/nn thickened/vbd and/cc began/vbd to/to move/vb in/in a/at long/jj drifting/vbg slant/nn across/in the/at dry/jj burning/vbg land/nn ./. At/in once/rb the/at whole/jj band/nn set/vbd off/rp at/in a/at lope/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed chasing/vbg a/at rain/nn cloud/nn ./. They/ppss went/vbd after/in the/at squall/nn as/ql mercilessly/rb as/cs a/at wolf/nn pack/nn after/in an/at abandoned/vbn cow/nn ./. I/ppss followed/vbd them/ppo in/in the/at jeep/nn and/cc now/rb they/ppss did/dod not/* care/vb ./. The/at games/nns were/bed over/rp ,/, this/dt was/bedz life/nn ./. Occasionally/rb ,/, for/in no/at reason/nn that/cs I/ppss could/md see/vb ,/, they/ppss would/md suddenly/rb alter/vb the/at angle/nn of/in their/pp$ trot/nn ./. Sometimes/rb I/ppss guessed/vbd it/pps was/bedz because/cs the/at rain/nn squall/nn had/hvd changed/vbn direction/nn ./. Sometimes/rb it/pps was/bedz to/to skirt/vb a/at gulley/nn ./. Their/pp$ gait/nn is/bez impossible/jj to/to convey/vb in/in words/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz nothing/pn of/in the/at proud/jj stride/nn of/in the/at trained/vbn runner/nn about/in it/ppo ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* a/at lope/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* done/vbn with/in style/nn or/cc verve/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at gait/nn of/in the/at human/jj who/wps must/md run/vb to/to live/vb :/: arms/nns dangling/vbg ,/, legs/nns barely/ql swinging/vbg over/in the/at ground/nn ,/, head/nn hung/vbd down/rp and/cc only/ql occasionally/rb swinging/vbg up/rp to/to see/vb the/at target/nn ,/, a/at loose/jj motion/nn that/wps is/bez just/rb short/jj of/in stumbling/vbg and/cc yet/rb is/bez wonderfully/ql graceful/jj ./. It/pps is/bez a/at barely/rb controlled/vbn skimming/nn of/in the/at ground/nn ./. They/ppss ran/vbd for/in three/cd hours/nns ./. Finally/rb ,/, avoiding/vbg hummocks/nns and/cc seeking/vbg low/jj ground/nn ,/, they/ppss intercepted/vbd the/at rain/nn squall/nn ./. For/in ten/cd minutes/nns they/ppss ran/vbd beneath/in the/at squall/nn ,/, raising/vbg their/pp$ arms/nns and/cc ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, shouting/vbg and/cc capering/vbg ./. Then/rb the/at wind/nn died/vbd and/cc the/at rain/nn squall/nn held/vbd steady/rb ./. They/ppss were/bed studying/vbg the/at ground/nn ./. Suddenly/rb one/cd of/in them/ppo shouted/vbd ,/, ran/vbd a/at few/ap feet/nns ,/, bent/vbd forward/rb and/cc put/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn to/in the/at ground/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd found/vbn a/at depression/nn with/in rain/nn water/nn in/in it/ppo ./. He/pps bent/vbd down/rp ,/, a/at black/jj cranelike/jj figure/nn ,/, and/cc put/vbd his/pp$ mouth/nn to/in the/at ground/nn ./. With/in a/at lordly/jj and/cc generous/jj gesture/nn ,/, the/at discoverer/nn stood/vbd up/rp and/cc beckoned/vbd to/in the/at closest/jjt of/in his/pp$ fellows/nns ./. The/at other/ap trotted/vbd over/rp and/cc swooped/vbd at/in the/at tiny/jj puddle/nn ./. In/in an/at instant/nn he/pps had/hvd sucked/vbn it/ppo dry/jj ./. The/at aborigine/nn lives/vbz on/in the/at cruelest/jjt land/nn I/ppss have/hv ever/rb seen/vbn ./. Which/wdt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez ugly/jj ./. Part/nn of/in it/ppo is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ./. There/ex are/ber thousands/nns of/in square/jj miles/nns of/in salt/nn pan/nn which/wdt are/ber hideous/jj ./. They/ppss are/ber huge/jj areas/nns which/wdt have/hv been/ben swept/vbn by/in winds/nns for/in so/ql many/ap centuries/nns that/cs there/ex is/bez no/at soil/nn left/vbn ,/, but/cc only/rb deep/jj bare/jj ridges/nns fifty/cd or/cc sixty/cd yards/nns apart/rb with/in ravines/nns between/in them/ppo thirty/cd or/cc forty/cd feet/nns deep/jj and/cc the/at only/ap thing/nn that/wps moves/nns is/bez a/at scuttling/vbg layer/nn of/in sand/nn ./. Such/jj stretches/nns have/hv an/at inhuman/jj moonlike/jj quality/nn ./. But/cc much/ap of/in the/at land/nn which/wdt the/at aborigine/nn wanders/vbz looks/vbz as/cs if/cs it/pps should/md be/be hospitable/jj ./. It/pps is/bez softened/vbn by/in the/at saltbush/nn and/cc the/at bluebush/nn ,/, has/hvz a/at peaceful/jj quality/nn ,/, the/at hills/nns roll/vb softly/rb ./. The/at malignancy/nn of/in such/abl a/at landscape/nn has/hvz been/ben beautifully/rb described/vbn by/in the/at Australian/np Charles/np Bean/np ./. He/pps tells/vbz of/in three/cd men/nns who/wps started/vbd out/rp on/in a/at trip/nn across/in a/at single/ap paddock/nn ,/, a/at ten-by-ten-mile/jj square/nn owned/vbn by/in a/at sheep/nn grazer/nn ./. They/ppss went/vbd well-equipped/jj with/in everything/pn except/in knowledge/nn of/in the/at ``/`` outback/jj ''/'' country/nn ./. ``/`` The/at countryside/nn looked/vbd like/cs a/at beautiful/jj open/jj park/nn with/in gentle/jj slopes/nns and/cc soft/jj gray/jj tree-clumps/nns ./. Nothing/pn appalling/jj or/cc horrible/jj rushed/vbn upon/in these/dts men/nns ./. Only/rb there/ex happened/vbd --/-- nothing/pn ./. There/ex might/md have/hv been/ben a/at pool/nn of/in cool/jj water/nn behind/in any/dti of/in these/dts tree-clumps/nns :/: only/rb --/-- there/ex was/bedz not/* ./. It/pps might/md have/hv rained/vbn ,/, any/dti time/nn ;/. ;/. only/rb --/-- it/pps did/dod not/* ./. There/ex might/md have/hv been/ben a/at fence/nn or/cc a/at house/nn just/ql over/in the/at next/ap rise/nn ;/. ;/. only/rb --/-- there/ex was/bedz not/* ./. They/ppss lay/vbd ,/, with/in the/at birds/nns hopping/vbg from/in branch/nn to/in branch/nn above/in them/ppo and/cc the/at bright/jj sky/nn peeping/vbg down/rp at/in them/ppo ./. No/at one/pn came/vbd ''/'' ./. The/at white/jj men/nns died/vbd ./. And/cc countless/jj others/nns like/cs them/ppo have/hv died/vbn ./. Even/rb today/nr range/nn riders/nns will/md come/vb upon/in mummified/vbn bodies/nns of/in men/nns who/wps attempted/vbd nothing/pn more/ql difficult/jj than/cs a/at twenty-mile/jj hike/nn and/cc slowly/rb lost/vbn direction/nn ,/, were/bed tortured/vbn by/in the/at heat/nn ,/, driven/vbn mad/jj by/in the/at constant/jj and/cc unfulfilled/jj promise/nn of/in the/at landscape/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps finally/rb died/vbd ./. The/at aborigine/nn is/bez not/* deceived/vbn ;/. ;/. he/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at land/nn is/bez hard/jj and/cc pitiless/jj ./. He/pps knows/vbz that/cs the/at economy/nn of/in life/nn in/in the/at ``/`` outback/nn ''/'' is/bez awful/jj ./. There/ex is/bez no/at room/nn for/in error/nn or/cc waste/nn ./. Any/dti organism/nn that/wps falters/vbz or/cc misperceives/vbz the/at signals/nns or/cc weakens/vbz is/bez done/vbn ./. I/ppss do/do not/* know/vb if/cs such/abl a/at way/nn of/in life/nn can/md come/vb to/to be/be a/at self-conscious/jj challenge/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs it/pps can/md ./. Perhaps/rb this/dt is/bez what/wdt gives/vbz the/at aborigine/nn his/pp$ odd/jj air/nn of/in dignity/nn ./. The/at-hl family/nn-hl at/in-hl the/at-hl boulder/nn-hl seeing/vbg an/at aborigine/nn today/nr is/bez a/at difficult/jj thing/nn ./. Many/ap of/in them/ppo have/hv drifted/vbn into/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns and/cc seaports/nns ./. Others/nns are/ber confined/vbn to/in vast/jj reservations/nns ,/, and/cc not/* only/rb does/doz the/at Australian/jj government/nn justifiably/rb not/* wish/vb them/ppo to/to be/be viewed/vbn as/cs exhibits/nns in/in a/at zoo/nn ,/, but/cc on/in their/pp$ reservations/nns they/ppss are/ber extremely/ql fugitive/jj ,/, shunning/vbg camps/nns ,/, coming/vbg together/rb only/rb for/in corroborees/fw-nns at/in which/wdt their/pp$ strange/jj culture/nn comes/vbz to/in its/pp$ highest/jjt pitch/nn --/-- which/wdt is/bez very/ql low/jj indeed/qlp ./. I/ppss persuaded/vbd an/at Australian/jj friend/nn who/wps had/hvd lived/vbn ``/`` outback/rb ''/'' for/in years/nns to/to take/vb me/ppo to/to see/vb some/dti aborigines/nns living/vbg in/in the/at bush/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at difficult/jj and/cc ambiguous/jj kind/nn of/in negotiation/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at rancher/nn was/bedz said/vbn to/to be/be expert/jj in/in his/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in the/at aborigines/nns and/cc their/pp$ language/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at arrangements/nns were/bed made/vbn and/cc we/ppss drove/vbd out/rp into/in the/at bush/nn in/in a/at Land/nn-tl Rover/nn-tl ./. We/ppss followed/vbd the/at asphalt/nn road/nn for/in a/at few/ap miles/nns and/cc then/rb swung/vbd off/rp onto/in a/at smaller/jjr road/nn which/wdt was/bedz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs two/cd tire/nn marks/nns on/in the/at earth/nn ./. The/at rancher/nn went/vbd a/at mile/nn down/in this/dt road/nn and/cc then/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps reached/vbd a/at big/jj red/jj boulder/nn ,/, swung/vbd off/in the/at road/nn ./. At/in once/cs he/pps started/vbd to/to glance/vb toward/in the/at instrument/nn panel/nn ./. It/pps took/vbd me/ppo a/at moment/nn to/to realize/vb what/wdt was/bedz odd/jj about/in that/dt panel/nn :/: there/ex was/bedz a/at gimbaled/jj compass/nn welded/vbn to/in it/ppo ,/, which/wdt rocked/vbd gently/rb back/rb and/cc forth/rb as/cs the/at Land/nn-tl Rover/nn-tl bounced/vbd about/rb ./. The/at rancher/nn was/bedz navigating/vbg his/pp$ way/nn across/in the/at flatland/nn ./. ``/`` Do/do you/ppss always/rb navigate/vb like/cs this/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss asked/vbd ./. ``/`` Damned/vbn right/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` Once/cs I/ppss get/vb out/rp on/in the/at flat/jj I/ppss do/do ./. Some/dti chaps/nns that/wps know/vb an/at area/nn well/rb can/md make/vb their/pp$ way/nn by/in landmarks/nns ,/, a/at tree/nn here/rb ,/, a/at wash/nn here/rb ,/, a/at boulder/nn there/rb ./. But/cc if/cs you/ppss don't/do* know/vb the/at place/nn like/cs the/at palm/nn of/in your/pp$ hand/nn ,/, you'd/ppss+hvd better/rbr use/vb a/at compass/nn and/cc the/at speedometer/nn ./. Two/cd miles/nns northeast/nr ,/, then/rb five/cd miles/nns southwest/nr that/dt sort/nn of/in thing/nn ./. Very/ql simple/jj ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz right/jj ./. The/at landscape/nn kept/vbd repeating/vbg itself/ppl ./. I/ppss would/md try/vb to/to memorize/vb landmarks/nns and/cc saw/vbd in/in a/at half-hour/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz hopeless/jj ./. Finally/rb we/ppss approached/vbd the/at bivouac/nn of/in the/at aborigines/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed camped/vbn beside/in a/at large/jj column-shaped/jj boulder/nn :/: a/at man/nn ,/, his/pp$ lubra/fw-nn ,/, and/cc two/cd children/nns ./. The/at sun/nn was/bedz not/* yet/rb high/jj and/cc all/abn of/in them/ppo were/bed in/in the/at small/jj area/nn of/in shade/nn cast/vbn by/in the/at boulder/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at dog/nn ,/, a/at dingo/nn dog/nn ./. Its/pp$ ribs/nns showed/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at yellow/jj nondescript/jj color/nn ,/, it/pps suffered/vbd from/in a/at variety/nn of/in sores/nns ,/, hair/nn had/hvd scabbed/vbn off/in its/pp$ body/nn in/in patches/nns ./. It/pps lay/vbd with/in its/pp$ head/nn on/in its/pp$ paws/nns and/cc only/rb its/pp$ eyes/nns moving/vbg ,/, watching/vbg us/ppo carefully/rb ./. It/pps struck/vbd me/ppo as/cs a/at very/ql bright/jj and/cc very/ql malnourished/jj dog/nn ./. No/at one/pn patted/vbd the/at dog/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* a/at pet/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at worker/nn ./. ``/`` The/at buggers/nns love/vb shade/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at rancher/nn said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb because/cs it/pps saves/vbz them/ppo some/dti loss/nn of/in body/nn water/nn ./. They'll/ppss+md move/vb around/in that/dt rock/nn all/abn day/nn ,/, following/vbg the/at shade/nn ./. During/in the/at hottest/jjt part/nn of/in the/at day/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, the/at sun/nn comes/vbz straight/ql down/rp and/cc there/ex isn't/bez* any/dti shade/nn ''/'' ./. We/ppss drove/vbd close/rb to/in the/at boulder/nn ,/, stopped/vbd the/at Land/nn-tl Rover/nn-tl ,/, and/cc walked/vbd over/rp toward/in the/at family/nn ./. The/at man/nn was/bedz leaning/vbg against/in the/at rock/nn ./. He/pps gazed/vbd away/rb from/in us/ppo as/cs we/ppss approached/vbd ./. He/pps was/bedz over/rp six/cd feet/nns tall/jj and/cc very/ql thin/jj ./. His/pp$ legs/nns were/bed narrow/jj and/cc very/ql long/jj ./. Every/at bone/nn and/cc muscle/nn in/in his/pp$ body/nn showed/vbd ,/, but/cc he/pps did/dod not/* give/vb the/at appearance/nn of/in starving/vbg ./. He/pps had/hvd long/jj black/jj hair/nn and/cc a/at wispy/jj beard/nn ./. The/at ridges/nns over/in his/pp$ eyes/nns were/bed huge/jj and/cc his/pp$ eyelids/nns were/bed half/ql shut/vbn ./. There/ex was/bedz something/pn about/in his/pp$ face/nn that/wps disturbed/vbd me/ppo and/cc it/pps took/vbd several/ap seconds/nns to/to realize/vb what/wdt ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* merely/rb that/cs flies/nns were/bed crawling/vbg over/in his/pp$ face/nn but/cc his/pp$ narrowed/vbn eyelids/nns did/dod not/* blink/vb when/wrb the/at flies/nns crawled/vbd into/in his/pp$ eye/nn sockets/nns ./. A/at fly/nn would/md crawl/vb down/in the/at bulging/vbg forehead/nn ,/, into/in the/at socket/nn of/in the/at eye/nn ,/, walk/vb along/in the/at man's/nn$ lashes/nns and/cc across/in the/at wet/jj surface/nn of/in the/at eyeball/nn ,/, and/cc the/at eye/nn did/dod not/* blink/vb ./. The/at Australian/np and/cc I/ppss both/abx were/bed wearing/vbg insect/nn repellent/nn and/cc were/bed not/* badly/ql bothered/vbn by/in insects/nns ,/, but/cc my/pp$ eyes/nns watered/vbd as/cs we/ppss stood/vbd watching/vbg the/at aborigine/nn ./. I/ppss turned/vbd to/to look/vb at/in the/at lubra/fw-nn ./. She/pps remained/vbd squatting/vbg on/in her/pp$ heels/nns all/abn the/at time/nn we/ppss were/bed there/rb ;/. ;/. like/cs the/at man/nn ,/, she/pps was/bedz entirely/ql naked/jj ./. Her/pp$ long/jj thin/jj arms/nns moved/vbd in/in a/at slow/jj rhythmical/jj gesture/nn over/in the/at family/nn possessions/nns which/wdt were/bed placed/vbn in/in front/nn of/in her/ppo ./. There/ex were/bed two/cd rubbing/vbg sticks/nns for/in making/vbg fire/nn ,/, two/cd stones/nns shaped/vbn roughly/rb like/cs knives/nns ,/, a/at woven-root/jj container/nn which/wdt held/vbd a/at few/ap pounds/nns of/in dried/vbn worms/nns and/cc the/at dead/jj body/nn of/in some/dti rodent/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at long/jj wooden/jj spear/nn and/cc a/at woomera/nn ,/, a/at spear-throwing/jj device/nn which/wdt gives/vbz the/at spear/nn an/at enormous/jj velocity/nn and/cc high/jj accuracy/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at boomerang/nn ,/, elaborately/ql carved/vbn ./. Everything/pn was/bedz burnished/vbn with/in sweat/nn and/cc grease/nn so/cs that/cs all/abn of/in the/at objects/nns seemed/vbd to/to have/hv been/ben carved/vbn from/in the/at same/ap material/nn and/cc to/to be/be ageless/jj ./. The/at two/cd children/nns ,/, both/abx boys/nns ,/, wandered/vbd around/in the/at Australian/np and/cc me/ppo for/in a/at few/ap moments/nns and/cc then/rb returned/vbd to/in their/pp$ work/nn ./. They/ppss squatted/vbd on/in their/pp$ heels/nns with/in their/pp$ heads/nns bent/vbn far/ql forward/rb ,/, their/pp$ eyes/nns only/rb a/at few/ap inches/nns from/in the/at ground/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd located/vbn the/at runway/nn of/in a/at colony/nn of/in ants/nns and/cc as/cs the/at ants/nns came/vbd out/in of/in the/at ground/nn ,/, the/at boys/nns picked/vbd them/ppo up/rp ,/, one/cd at/in a/at time/nn ,/, and/cc pinched/vbd them/ppo dead/jj ./. The/at tiny/jj bodies/nns ,/, dropped/vbd onto/in a/at dry/jj leaf/nn ,/, made/vbd a/at pile/nn as/ql big/jj as/cs a/at small/jj apple/nn ./. The/at odor/nn here/rb was/bedz more/ql powerful/jj than/cs that/dt which/wdt surrounded/vbd the/at town/nn aborigines/nns ./. The/at smell/nn at/in first/rb was/bedz more/ql surprising/jj than/cs unpleasant/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz also/rb subtly/ql familiar/jj ,/, for/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at odor/nn of/in the/at human/jj body/nn ,/, but/cc multiplied/vbn innumerable/jj times/nns because/rb of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at aborigines/nns never/rb bathed/vbd ./. One's/pn$ impulse/nn is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs the/at smell/nn was/bedz a/at stink/nn and/cc unpleasant/jj ./. But/cc that/dt is/bez a/at cliche/nn and/cc a/at dishonest/jj one/cd ./. The/at smell/nn is/bez sexual/jj ,/, but/cc so/ql powerfully/rb so/rb that/cs a/at civilized/vbn nose/nn must/md deny/vb it/ppo ./. Their/pp$ skin/nn was/bedz covered/vbn with/in a/at thin/jj coating/nn of/in sweat/nn and/cc dirt/nn which/wdt had/hvd almost/rb the/at consistency/nn of/in a/at second/od skin/nn ./. They/ppss roll/vb at/in night/nn in/in ashes/nns to/to keep/vb warm/jj and/cc their/pp$ second/od skin/nn has/hvz a/at light/jj dusty/jj cast/nn to/in it/ppo ./. In/in spots/nns such/jj as/cs the/at elbows/nns and/cc knees/nns the/at second/od skin/nn is/bez worn/vbn off/rp and/cc I/ppss realized/vbd the/at aborigines/nns were/bed much/ql darker/jjr than/cs they/ppss appeared/vbd ;/. ;/. as/cs if/cs the/at coating/nn of/in sweat/nn ,/, dirt/nn ,/, and/cc ashes/nns were/bed a/at cosmetic/nn ./. The/at boys/nns had/hvd beautiful/jj dark/jj eyes/nns and/cc unlike/in their/pp$ father/nn they/ppss brushed/vbd constantly/rb at/in the/at flies/nns and/cc blinked/vbd their/pp$ eyes/nns ./. ``/`` That/dt smell/nn is/bez something/pn ,/, eh/uh ,/, mate/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at Australian/np asked/vbd ./. ``/`` They/ppss swear/vb that/cs every/at person/nn smells/vbz different/jj and/cc every/at family/nn smells/vbz different/jj from/in every/at other/ap ./. At/in the/at corroborees/fw-nns ,/, when/wrb they/ppss get/vb to/in dancing/vbg and/cc sweating/vbg ,/, you'll/ppss+md see/vb them/ppo rubbing/vbg up/rp against/in a/at man/nn who's/wps+bez supposed/vbn to/to have/hv a/at specially/rb good/jj smell/nn ./. Idje/np ,/, here/rb ''/'' ,/, and/cc he/pps nodded/vbd at/in the/at man/nn ,/, ``/`` is/bez said/vbn to/to have/hv great/jj odor/nn ./. The/at stink/nn is/bez all/ql the/at same/ap to/in me/ppo ,/, but/cc I/ppss really/rb think/vb they/ppss can/md make/vb one/cd another/dt out/rp blindfolded/vbn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Here/rb ,/, Idje/np ,/, you/ppss fella/nn like/vb tabac/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps said/vbd sharply/rb ./. Idje/np still/rb stared/vbd over/in our/pp$ shoulders/nns at/in the/at horizon/nn ./. The/at Australian/np stopped/vbd trying/vbg to/to talk/vb a/at pidgin/nn I/ppss could/md understand/vb ,/, and/cc spoke/vbd strange/jj words/nns from/in deep/jj in/in his/pp$ chest/nn ./.

cg05

cg05 |@word fortunate:1 time:5 build:4 seventeenth:2 century:3 great:8 period:1 persian:13 art:2 architect:1 tile:8 carpet:3 maker:1 potter:1 painter:1 calligrapher:1 metalsmith:1 work:1 abbas:3 reign:1 successor:1 enrich:1 city:11 traveler:3 enter:1 desert:2 confound:1 must:1 seem:3 illusion:1 garden:5 fill:1 nightingale:1 rose:1 cut:2 canal:1 terrace:7 promenade:4 stud:1 water:9 tank:1 turquoise:2 reflect:1 glisten:1 blue:2 curve:1 hundred:3 dome:3 heart:1 square:2 one:8 declare:1 spacious:2 pleasant:1 aromatick:1 market:1 universe:1 isfahan:4 come:5 know:7 half:3 world:3 nisf:1 jahan:1 early:1 eighteenth:1 fantastic:1 size:1 london:2 start:1 decline:1 afghans:1 invade:1 safavid:1 fall:2 power:1 capital:1 go:5 elsewhere:1 encroach:1 become:1 legend:1 place:6 many:4 people:5 simply:3 name:1 attach:1 notion:1 old:6 persia:4 sometimes:1 east:2 think:1 kind:4 spooky:2 museum:4 may:4 see:4 imagine:2 splendor:1 actually:1 get:1 find:1 brilliant:1 sunlight:1 even:1 remain:1 perhaps:4 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vintner:1 vintage:1 natural:2 plus:1 receive:1 deal:2 attention:1 line:6 eyebrow:1 color:1 skin:1 ghazal:2 hafiz:2 purity:1 afternoon:1 among:1 bough:1 crowd:2 upper:1 story:2 notice:1 judge:1 nowhere:1 rich:1 show:1 probably:1 always:1 sort:1 southeastern:1 corner:1 belt:1 rock:1 across:2 bed:1 another:4 caravan:2 route:1 provide:1 safe:1 crossing:1 pleasance:1 1657:1 sun:1 bake:1 brick:2 stone:2 upstream:2 look:1 box:1 lay:1 downstream:2 level:2 low:1 high:1 elaborately:1 facade:1 top:2 contain:3 thirty:1 alcove:5 separate:1 spandrel:1 yellow:1 either:1 bay:1 nine:1 frescoed:1 capacious:1 church:1 apse:1 moon:2 display:1 firework:1 sit:2 king:1 court:1 priest:1 soldier:1 member:1 party:1 lounge:1 twenty:1 vault:6 tunnel:1 understructure:1 traverse:1 thus:1 four:1 side:2 axis:1 diminish:1 vista:1 visual:1 echo:1 pier:1 front:1 frame:1 sunset:1 sunrise:1 mountain:1 hot:1 cool:1 beneath:1 fresh:1 sluice:1 bottom:2 give:1 onto:2 twice:1 wide:1 eighteen:1 broad:1 flight:1 step:3 descend:1 still:1 barely:1 far:2 evening:2 leave:1 shop:1 walk:2 spectacle:1 light:1 flared:1 enormous:1 outdoor:1 set:1 epic:1 opera:1 press:1 mass:1 though:2 fortress:1 siege:1 merchant:2 bicker:1 bakhtiari:1 khan:1 cap:1 hack:1 jacket:1 dervish:1 stillness:1 eye:2 film:1 rheum:1 vision:1 kajar:1 arrive:1 ancient:1 limousine:1 student:1 civil:1 servant:1 beggar:1 musician:1 hawker:1 clown:1 family:1 edge:1 around:1 bleacher:1 watch:1 tiled:1 proscenium:1 boy:3 sing:3 saadi:1 blade:1 hoot:1 bang:1 drum:1 arak:1 dice:1 enjoy:1 beautiful:1 face:1 stranger:1 delight:1 paradoxical:1 chase:1 golden:1 calf:1 moreover:1 begin:1 complain:1 scarcity:1 western:3 amusement:1 ridicule:1 mullah:1 peasant:1 nonetheless:1 game:1 grab:1 new:1 experiment:1 riverbank:2 stop:1 middle:1 anything:1 anywhere:1 hear:1 quote:1 common:1 ground:1 society:1 deeply:1 fissure:1 antagonism:1 fact:1 whole:1 outlook:1 express:1 least:1 perfect:1 nothing:1 less:1 truth:1 beauty:1 culture:1 today:1 twin:2 send:1 away:1 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It/pps was/bedz a/at fortunate/jj time/nn in/in which/wdt to/to build/vb ,/, for/cs the/at seventeenth/od century/nn was/bedz a/at great/jj period/nn in/in Persian/jj art/nn ./. The/at architects/nns ,/, the/at tile/nn and/cc carpet/nn makers/nns ,/, the/at potters/nns ,/, painters/nns ,/, calligraphers/nns ,/, and/cc metalsmiths/nns worked/vbd through/in Abbas's/np$ reign/nn and/cc those/dts of/in his/pp$ successors/nns to/to enrich/vb the/at city/nn ./. Travelers/nns entering/vbg from/in the/at desert/nn were/bed confounded/vbn by/in what/wdt must/md have/hv seemed/vbn an/at illusion/nn :/: a/at great/jj garden/nn filled/vbn with/in nightingales/nns and/cc roses/nns ,/, cut/vbn by/in canals/nns and/cc terraced/vbn promenades/nns ,/, studded/vbn with/in water/nn tanks/nns of/in turquoise/jj tile/nn in/in which/wdt were/bed reflected/vbn the/at glistening/vbg blue/jj curves/nns of/in a/at hundred/cd domes/nns ./. At/in the/at heart/nn of/in all/abn of/in this/dt was/bedz the/at square/nn ,/, which/wdt one/cd such/jj traveler/nn declared/vbd to/to be/be ``/`` as/ql spacious/jj ,/, as/ql pleasant/jj and/cc aromatick/jj a/at Market/nn-tl as/cs any/dti in/in the/at Universe/nn-tl ''/'' ./. In/in time/nn Isfahan/np came/vbd to/to be/be known/vbn as/cs ``/`` half/abn the/at world/nn ''/'' ,/, Isfahan/np nisf-i-jahan/fw-nn-nc ./. In/in the/at early/jj eighteenth/od century/nn this/dt fantastic/jj city/nn ,/, then/rb the/at size/nn of/in London/np ,/, started/vbd to/to decline/vb ./. The/at Afghans/nps invaded/vbd ;/. ;/. the/at Safavids/nps fell/vbd from/in power/nn ;/. ;/. the/at capital/nn went/vbd elsewhere/rb ;/. ;/. the/at desert/nn encroached/vbd ./. Isfahan/np became/vbd more/ap of/in a/at legend/nn than/cs a/at place/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb it/pps is/bez for/in many/ap people/nns simply/rb a/at name/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss attach/vb their/pp$ notions/nns of/in old/jj Persia/np and/cc sometimes/rb of/in the/at East/nr-tl ./. They/ppss think/vb of/in it/ppo as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in spooky/jj museum/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss may/md half/rb see/vb and/cc half/rb imagine/vb the/at old/jj splendor/nn ./. Those/dts who/wps actually/rb get/vb there/rb find/vb that/cs it/pps isn't/bez* spooky/jj at/in all/abn but/cc as/ql brilliant/jj as/cs a/at tile/nn in/in sunlight/nn ./. But/cc even/rb for/in them/ppo it/pps remains/vbz a/at museum/nn ,/, or/cc perhaps/rb it/pps would/md be/be more/ql accurate/jj to/to say/vb a/at tomb/nn ,/, a/at tomb/nn in/in which/wdt Persia/np lies/vbz well/ql preserved/vbn but/cc indeed/rb dead/jj ./. Everyone/pn is/bez ready/jj to/to grant/vb the/at Persians/nps their/pp$ history/nn ,/, but/cc almost/rb no/at one/pn is/bez willing/jj to/to acknowledge/vb their/pp$ present/nn ./. It/pps seems/vbz that/cs for/in Persia/np ,/, and/cc especially/rb for/in this/dt city/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber only/rb two/cd times/nns :/: the/at glorious/jj past/in and/cc the/at corrupt/jj ,/, depressing/jj ,/, sterile/jj present/nn ./. The/at one/cd apparent/jj connection/nn between/in the/at two/cd is/bez a/at score/nn of/in buildings/nns which/wdt somehow/rb or/cc other/ap have/hv survived/vbn and/cc which/wdt naturally/rb enough/qlp are/ber called/vbn ``/`` historical/jj monuments/nns ''/'' ./. However/rb ,/, just/rb as/cs all/abn the/at buildings/nns have/hv not/* fallen/vbn and/cc flowed/vbn back/rb to/in their/pp$ original/jj mud/nn ,/, so/rb the/at values/nns which/wdt wanted/vbd them/ppo and/cc saw/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed built/vbn have/hv not/* all/abn disappeared/vbn ./. The/at values/nns and/cc talents/nns which/wdt made/vbd the/at tile/nn and/cc the/at dome/nn ,/, the/at rug/nn ,/, the/at poem/nn and/cc the/at miniature/nn ,/, continue/vb in/in certain/jj social/jj institutions/nns which/wdt rise/vb above/in the/at ordinary/jj life/nn of/in this/dt city/nn ,/, as/cs the/at great/jj buildings/nns rise/vb above/in blank/jj walls/nns and/cc dirty/jj lanes/nns ./. Often/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at social/jj institutions/nns are/ber housed/vbn in/in these/dts pavilions/nns and/cc palaces/nns and/cc bridges/nns ,/, for/in these/dts great/jj structures/nns are/ber not/* simply/rb ``/`` historical/jj monuments/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber the/at places/nns where/wrb Persians/nps live/vb ./. The/at promenade/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, continues/vbz to/to take/vb place/nn on/in the/at Chahar/np Bagh/np ,/, a/at mile-long/jj garden/nn of/in plane/nn and/cc poplar/nn trees/nns that/wps now/rb serves/vbz as/cs the/at city's/nn$ principal/jjs street/nn ./. It/pps takes/vbz place/nn as/ql well/rb along/in the/at terraces/nns and/cc through/in the/at arcades/nns of/in the/at Khaju/np bridge/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb in/in the/at gardens/nns of/in the/at square/nn ./. On/in Fridays/nrs ,/, the/at day/nn when/wrb many/ap Persians/nps relax/vb with/in poetry/nn ,/, talk/nn ,/, and/cc a/at samovar/nn ,/, people/nns do/do not/* ,/, it/pps is/bez true/jj ,/, stream/vb into/in Chehel/np Sotun/np --/-- a/at pavilion/nn and/cc garden/nn built/vbn by/in Shah/nn-tl Abbas/np 2/cd-tl ,/, in/in the/at seventeenth/od century/nn --/-- but/cc they/ppss do/do retire/vb into/in hundreds/nns of/in pavilions/nns throughout/in the/at city/nn and/cc up/in the/at river/nn valley/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber smaller/jjr ,/, more/ql humble/jj copies/nns of/in the/at former/ap ./. And/cc of/in course/nn religious/jj life/nn continues/vbz to/to center/vb in/in the/at more/ql famous/jj mosques/nns ,/, and/cc commercial/jj life/nn --/-- very/ql much/rb a/at social/jj institution/nn --/-- in/in the/at bazaar/nn ./. Those/dts three/cd other/ap great/jj activities/nns of/in the/at Persians/nps ,/, the/at bath/nn ,/, the/at teahouse/nn ,/, and/cc the/at zur/fw-nn khaneh/fw-nn (/( the/at latter/ap a/at kind/nn of/in club/nn in/in which/wdt a/at leader/nn and/cc a/at group/nn of/in men/nns in/in an/at octagonal/jj pit/nn move/vb through/in a/at rite/nn of/in calisthenics/nns ,/, dance/nn ,/, chanted/vbn poetry/nn ,/, and/cc music/nn )/) ,/, do/do not/* take/vb place/nn in/in buildings/nns to/in which/wdt entrance/nn tickets/nns are/ber sold/vbn ,/, but/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo occupy/vb splendid/jj examples/nns of/in Persian/jj domestic/jj architecture/nn :/: long/jj ,/, domed/vbn ,/, chalk-white/jj rooms/nns with/in daises/nns of/in turquoise/nn tile/nn ,/, their/pp$ end/nn walls/nns cut/vbn through/rp to/in the/at orchards/nns and/cc the/at sky/nn by/in open/jj arches/nns ./. But/cc more/ql important/jj ,/, and/cc the/at thing/nn which/wdt the/at casual/jj traveler/nn and/cc the/at blind/jj sojourner/nn often/rb do/do not/* see/vb ,/, is/bez that/cs these/dts places/nns and/cc activities/nns are/ber often/rb the/at settings/nns in/in which/wdt Persians/nps exercise/vb their/pp$ extraordinary/jj aesthetic/jj sensibilities/nns ./. Water/nn ,/, air/nn ,/, fruit/nn ,/, poetry/nn ,/, music/nn ,/, the/at human/jj form/nn --/-- these/dts things/nns are/ber important/jj to/in Persians/nps ,/, and/cc they/ppss experience/vb them/ppo with/in an/at intense/jj and/cc discriminating/vbg awareness/nn ./. I/ppss should/md like/vb ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, to/to make/vb it/ppo clear/jj that/cs I/ppss am/bem not/* using/vbg the/at word/nn ``/`` Persians/nps ''/'' carelessly/rb ./. I/ppss don't/do* mean/vb a/at few/ap aesthetes/nns who/wps play/vb about/rb with/in sensations/nns ,/, like/cs a/at young/jj prince/nn in/in a/at miniature/nn dabbling/vbg his/pp$ hand/nn in/in a/at pool/nn ./. These/dts things/nns are/ber important/jj to/in almost/ql all/abn Persians/nps and/cc perhaps/rb most/ql important/jj to/in the/at most/ql ordinary/jj ./. The/at men/nns crying/vbg love/nn poems/nns in/in an/at orchard/nn on/in any/dti summer's/nn$ night/nn are/ber as/ql often/rb as/cs not/* the/at lutihaw/fw-nns ,/, mustachioed/jj toughs/nns who/wps spend/vb most/ap of/in their/pp$ lives/nns in/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at local/jj prisons/nns ,/, brothels/nns ,/, and/cc teahouses/nns ./. A/at few/ap months/nns ago/rb it/pps was/bedz a/at fairly/ql typical/jj landlord/nn who/wps in/in the/at dead/jj of/in night/nn lugged/vbd me/ppo up/in a/at mountainside/nn to/to drink/vb from/in a/at spring/nn famous/jj in/in the/at neighborhood/nn for/in its/pp$ clarity/nn and/cc flavor/nn ./. Not/* long/rb ago/rb an/at acquaintance/nn ,/, a/at slick-headed/jj water/nn rat/nn of/in a/at lad/nn up/rp from/in the/at maw/nn of/in the/at city/nn ,/, stood/vbd on/in the/at balcony/nn puffing/vbg his/pp$ first/od cigarette/nn in/in weeks/nns ./. The/at air/nn ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, was/bedz just/ql right/jj ;/. ;/. a/at cigarette/nn would/md taste/vb particularly/ql good/jj ./. I/ppss really/rb didn't/dod* know/vb what/wdt he/pps meant/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at nice/jj day/nn ,/, granted/vbn ./. But/cc he/pps knew/vbd ;/. ;/. he/pps sniffed/vbd the/at air/nn and/cc licked/vbd it/ppo on/in his/pp$ lip/nn and/cc knew/vbd as/cs a/at vintner/nn knows/vbz a/at vintage/nn ./. The/at natural/jj world/nn then/rb ,/, plus/cc poetry/nn and/cc some/dti kinds/nns of/in art/nn ,/, receives/vbz from/in the/at most/ql ordinary/jj of/in Persians/nps a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in attention/nn ./. The/at line/nn of/in an/at eyebrow/nn ,/, the/at color/nn of/in the/at skin/nn ,/, a/at ghazal/fw-nn from/in Hafiz/np ,/, the/at purity/nn of/in spring/nn water/nn ,/, the/at long/jj afternoon/nn among/in the/at boughs/nns which/wdt crowd/vb the/at upper/jj story/nn of/in a/at pavilion/nn --/-- these/dts things/nns are/ber noticed/vbn ,/, judged/vbn ,/, and/cc valued/vbn ./. Nowhere/rb in/in Isfahan/np is/bez this/dt rich/jj aesthetic/jj life/nn of/in the/at Persians/nps shown/vbn so/cs well/rb as/cs during/in the/at promenade/nn at/in the/at Khaju/np bridge/nn ./. There/ex has/hvz probably/rb always/rb been/ben a/at bridge/nn of/in some/dti sort/nn at/in the/at southeastern/jj corner/nn of/in the/at city/nn ./. For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at natural/jj belt/nn of/in rock/nn across/in the/at river/nn bed/nn ;/. ;/. for/in another/dt ,/, it/pps was/bedz here/rb that/cs one/cd of/in the/at old/jj caravan/nn routes/nns came/vbd in/rp ./. It/pps was/bedz to/to provide/vb a/at safe/jj and/cc spacious/jj crossing/nn for/in these/dts caravans/nns ,/, and/cc also/rb to/to make/vb a/at pleasance/nn for/in the/at city/nn ,/, that/wpo Shah/nn-tl Abbas/np 2/cd-tl ,/, in/in about/rb 1657/cd built/vbd ,/, of/in sun-baked/jj brick/nn ,/, tile/nn ,/, and/cc stone/nn ,/, the/at present/jj bridge/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at splendid/jj structure/nn ./. From/in upstream/rb it/pps looks/vbz like/cs a/at long/jj arcaded/jj box/nn laid/vbn across/in the/at river/nn ;/. ;/. from/in downstream/rb ,/, where/wrb the/at water/nn level/nn is/bez much/ql lower/jjr ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at high/jj ,/, elaborately/ql facaded/jj pavilion/nn ./. The/at top/jjs story/nn contains/vbz more/ap than/in thirty/cd alcoves/nns separated/vbn from/in each/dt other/ap by/in spandrels/nns of/in blue/jj and/cc yellow/jj tile/nn ./. At/in either/dtx end/nn and/cc in/in the/at center/nn there/ex are/ber bays/nns which/wdt contain/vb nine/cd greater/jjr alcoves/nns as/ql frescoed/vbn and/cc capacious/jj as/cs church/nn apses/nns ./. Here/rb ,/, in/in the/at old/jj days/nns --/-- when/wrb they/ppss had/hvd come/vbn to/to see/vb the/at moon/nn or/cc displays/nns of/in fireworks/nns --/-- sat/vbd the/at king/nn and/cc his/pp$ court/nn while/cs priests/nns ,/, soldiers/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap members/nns of/in the/at party/nn lounged/vbd in/in the/at smaller/jjr alcoves/nns between/in ./. Below/rb ,/, twenty/cd vaults/nns tunnel/vb through/in the/at understructure/nn of/in the/at bridge/nn ./. These/dts are/ber traversed/vbn by/in another/dt line/nn of/in vaults/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb rooms/nns ,/, arched/vbn on/in all/abn four/cd sides/nns ,/, are/ber formed/vbn ./. Down/rp through/in the/at axis/nn of/in the/at bridge/nn there/ex is/bez a/at long/jj diminishing/vbg vista/nn like/cs a/at visual/jj echo/nn of/in piers/nns and/cc arches/nns ,/, while/cs the/at vaults/nns fronting/vbg upstream/rb and/cc down/rp frame/vb the/at sunset/nn and/cc sunrise/nn ,/, the/at mountains/nns and/cc river/nn pools/nns ./. Here/rb ,/, on/in the/at hottest/jjt day/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez cool/jj beneath/in the/at stone/nn and/cc fresh/jj from/in the/at water/nn flowing/vbg in/in the/at sluices/nns at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at vaults/nns ./. On/in the/at downstream/jj ,/, or/cc ``/`` pavilion/nn ''/'' ,/, side/nn these/dts vaults/nns give/vb out/rp onto/in terraces/nns twice/rb as/ql wide/jj as/cs the/at bridge/nn itself/ppl ./. From/in the/at terraces/nns --/-- eighteen/cd in/in all/abn --/-- broad/jj flights/nns of/in steps/nns descend/vb into/in the/at water/nn or/cc onto/in still/ql more/ap terraces/nns barely/ql above/in the/at level/nn of/in the/at river/nn ./. Out/in of/in water/nn ,/, brick/nn ,/, and/cc tile/nn they/ppss have/hv made/vbn far/ql more/ap than/cs just/rb a/at bridge/nn ./. On/in spring/nn and/cc summer/nn evenings/nns people/nns leave/vb their/pp$ shops/nns and/cc houses/nns and/cc walk/vb up/rp through/in the/at lanes/nns of/in the/at city/nn to/in the/at bridge/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at great/jj spectacle/nn ./. The/at bridge/nn itself/ppl rises/vbz up/rp from/in the/at river/nn ,/, light-flared/jj and/cc enormous/jj ,/, like/cs the/at outdoor/jj set/nn for/in an/at epic/jj opera/nn ./. Crowds/nns press/vb along/in the/at terraces/nns ,/, down/in the/at steps/nns ,/, in/in and/cc out/in of/in the/at arcades/nns ,/, massing/vbg against/in it/ppo as/cs though/cs it/pps were/bed a/at fortress/nn under/in siege/nn ./. All/abn kinds/nns come/vb to/to walk/vb in/in the/at promenade/nn :/: merchants/nns from/in the/at bazaar/nn bickering/vbg over/in a/at deal/nn ;/. ;/. a/at Bakhtiari/np khan/nn in/in a/at cap/nn and/cc hacking/vbg jacket/nn ;/. ;/. dervishes/nns who/wps stand/vb with/in the/at stillness/nn of/in the/at blind/jj ,/, their/pp$ eyes/nns filmed/vbn with/in rheum/nn and/cc visions/nns ;/. ;/. the/at old/jj Kajar/np princes/nns arriving/vbg in/in their/pp$ ancient/jj limousines/nns ;/. ;/. students/nns ,/, civil/jj servants/nns ,/, beggars/nns ,/, musicians/nns ,/, hawkers/nns ,/, and/cc clowns/nns ./. Families/nns go/vb out/rp to/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at terraces/nns to/to sit/vb on/in carpets/nns around/in a/at samovar/nn ./. Below/rb ,/, people/nns line/vb the/at steps/nns ,/, as/cs though/cs on/in bleachers/nns ,/, to/to watch/vb the/at sky/nn and/cc river/nn ./. Above/rb ,/, in/in the/at tiled/vbn prosceniums/nns of/in the/at alcoves/nns ,/, boys/nns sing/vb the/at ghazals/fw-nns of/in Hafiz/np and/cc Saadi/np ,/, while/cs at/in the/at very/ap bottom/nn ,/, in/in the/at vaults/nns ,/, the/at toughs/nns and/cc blades/nns of/in the/at city/nn hoot/vb and/cc bang/vb their/pp$ drums/nns ,/, drink/vb arak/nn ,/, play/vb dice/nns ,/, and/cc dance/vb ./. Here/rb in/in an/at evening/nn Persians/nps enjoy/vb many/ap of/in the/at things/nns which/wdt are/ber important/jj to/in them/ppo :/: poetry/nn ,/, water/nn ,/, the/at moon/nn ,/, a/at beautiful/jj face/nn ./. To/in a/at stranger/nn their/pp$ delight/nn in/in these/dts things/nns may/md seem/vb paradoxical/jj ,/, for/cs Persians/nps chase/vb the/at golden/jj calf/nn as/ql much/ap as/cs any/dti people/nns ./. Many/ap of/in them/ppo ,/, moreover/rb ,/, are/ber beginning/vbg to/to complain/vb about/in the/at scarcity/nn of/in Western/jj-tl amusements/nns and/cc to/to ridicule/vb the/at old/jj life/nn of/in the/at bazaar/nn merchant/nn ,/, the/at mullah/nn ,/, and/cc the/at peasant/nn ./. Nonetheless/rb ,/, they/ppss take/nn time/nn out/rp --/-- much/ap time/nn --/-- from/in the/at game/nn of/in grab/nn and/cc these/dts new/jj Western/jj-tl experiments/nns to/to go/vb to/in the/at gardens/nns and/cc riverbanks/nns ./. Above/in all/abn ,/, they/ppss will/md stop/vb in/in the/at middle/nn of/in anything/pn ,/, anywhere/rb ,/, to/to hear/vb or/cc quote/vb some/dti poetry/nn ./. Poetry/nn in/in Persian/jj life/nn is/bez far/ql more/ap than/cs a/at common/jj ground/nn on/in which/wdt --/-- in/in a/at society/nn deeply/rb fissured/vbn by/in antagonisms/nns --/-- all/abn may/md stand/vb ./. It/pps contains/vbz ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, their/pp$ whole/jj outlook/nn on/in life/nn ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez expressed/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap to/in their/pp$ taste/nn ,/, in/in a/at perfect/jj form/nn ./. Poetry/nn for/in a/at Persian/np is/bez nothing/pn less/ap than/cs truth/nn and/cc beauty/nn ./. In/in most/ap Western/jj-tl cultures/nns today/nr these/dts twins/nns have/hv been/ben sent/vbn away/rb to/in the/at libraries/nns and/cc museums/nns ./. In/in Persia/np ,/, where/wrb practically/rb speaking/vbg there/ex are/ber no/at museums/nns or/cc libraries/nns or/cc ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, hardly/rb any/dti books/nns ,/, the/at twins/nns run/vb free/jj ./. It/pps is/bez perhaps/rb difficult/jj to/to conceive/vb ,/, but/cc imagine/vb that/cs tonight/nr on/in London/np bridge/nn the/at Teddy/np boys/nns of/in the/at East/jj-tl End/nn-tl will/md gather/vb to/to sing/vb Marlowe/np ,/, Herrick/np ,/, Shakespeare/np ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb some/dti lyrics/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj ./. That/cs ,/, at/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, is/bez what/wdt happens/vbz at/in the/at Khaju/np bridge/nn ./. Boys/nns and/cc men/nns go/vb along/in the/at riverbank/nn or/cc to/in the/at alcoves/nns in/in the/at top/jjs arcade/nn ./. Here/rb in/in these/dts little/ap rooms/nns --/-- or/cc stages/nns arched/vbn open/jj to/in the/at sky/nn and/cc river/nn --/-- they/ppss choose/vb a/at few/ap lines/nns out/in of/in the/at hundreds/nns they/ppss may/md know/vb and/cc sing/vb them/ppo according/in to/in one/cd of/in the/at modes/nns into/in which/wdt Persian/jj music/nn is/bez divided/vbn ./. Each/dt mode/nn is/bez believed/vbn to/to have/hv a/at specific/jj attribute/nn --/-- one/cd inducing/vbg pleasure/nn ,/, another/dt generosity/nn ,/, another/dt love/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ,/, to/to include/vb all/abn of/in the/at emotions/nns ./. The/at singer/nn simply/rb matches/vbz the/at poem/nn to/in a/at mode/nn ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, the/at mode/nn of/in bravery/nn to/in this/dt anonymous/jj folk/nn poem/nn :/: ``/`` They/ppss brought/vbd me/ppo news/nn that/cs Spring/nn-tl is/bez in/in the/at plains/nns And/cc Ahmad's/np$ blood/nn the/at crimson/jj tulip/nn stains/vbz ;/. ;/. Go/vb ,/, tell/vb his/pp$ aged/vbn mother/nn that/cs her/pp$ son/nn Fought/vbd with/in a/at thousand/cd foes/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz one/cd ''/'' ./. Or/cc the/at mode/nn of/in love/nn to/in this/dt fragment/nn by/in a/at recent/jj poet/nn :/: ``/`` Know/vb ye/ppss ,/, fair/jj folk/nn who/wps dwell/vb on/in earth/nn Or/cc shall/md hereafter/rb come/vb to/in birth/nn ,/, That/dt here/rb ,/, with/in dust/nn upon/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, Iraj/np ,/, the/at sweet-tongued/jj singer/nn ,/, lies/vbz ./. In/in this/dt true/jj lover's/nn$ tomb/nn interred/vbn A/at world/nn of/in love/nn lies/vbz sepulchred/vbn ./. ''/'' These/dts songs/nns (/( practically/ql all/abn Persian/jj music/nn ,/, for/in that/dt matter/nn )/) are/ber limited/vbn to/in a/at range/nn of/in two/cd octaves/nns ./. Yet/cc within/in this/dt limitation/nn there/ex is/bez an/at astonishing/jj variety/nn :/: design/nn as/ql intricate/jj as/cs that/dt in/in the/at carpet/nn or/cc miniature/nn ,/, with/in the/at melodic/jj line/nn like/cs the/at painted/vbn or/cc woven/vbn line/nn often/rb flowing/vbg into/in an/at arabesque/nn ./.

cg06

cg06 |@word die:1 frist:1 ist:1 um:1 und:1 wiederum:1 verstrichen:1 sind:1 sieben:1 jahr:1 maestro:3 quote:1 fly:1 dutchman:1 tell:1 career:5 wandering:1 explain:2 number:1 seven:2 significantly:1 recur:1 life:4 several:1 time:5 music:9 director:4 pittsburgh:4 symphony:7 orchestra:10 william:1 steinberg:12 mold:1 group:1 prominent:1 musical:6 organization:2 add:4 commitment:1 directorship:1 london:2 philharmonic:3 1958:1 conduct:8 one:8 hundred:2 fifty:1 concert:6 within:1 nine:1 month:1 commute:1 two:5 city:3 schedule:1 become:9 strenuous:1 even:5 energetic:1 conscientious:1 mr:1 contract:1 rescind:1 cheerfully:1 bright:1 smile:2 lighten:1 intense:1 mobile:1 face:1 twenty:4 meeting:1 take:1 place:2 may:5 1961:1 stop:1 new:3 york:2 leave:2 europe:3 begin:6 converse:1 lounge:1 fifth:2 avenue:1 hotel:1 restlessness:1 sensitivity:1 light:1 sound:2 immediately:1 apparent:1 seek:1 obscure:1 dark:1 relatively:1 quiet:1 corner:1 airy:1 room:3 otherwise:1 suffuse:1 afternoon:1 sunshine:1 ask:5 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Die/fw-at Frist/fw-nn ist/fw-bez um/fw-rb ,/, und/fw-cc wiederum/fw-rb verstrichen/fw-vbn sind/fw-ber sieben/fw-cd Jahr/fw-nns ,/, the/at Maestro/nn-tl quoted/vbd The/at-tl Flying/vbg-tl Dutchman/np-tl ,/, as/cs he/pps told/vbd of/in his/pp$ career/nn and/cc wanderings/nns ,/, explaining/vbg that/cs the/at number/nn seven/cd had/hvd significantly/rb recurred/vbn in/in his/pp$ life/nn several/ap times/nns ./. The/at music/nn director/nn of/in the/at Pittsburgh/np-tl Symphony/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, William/np Steinberg/np ,/, has/hvz molded/vbn his/pp$ group/nn into/in a/at prominent/jj musical/jj organization/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez his/pp$ life/nn ./. When/wrb he/pps added/vbd to/in his/pp$ Pittsburgh/np commitments/nns the/at directorship/nn of/in the/at London/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl in/in 1958/cd ,/, he/pps conducted/vbd one/cd hundred/cd fifty/cd concerts/nns within/in nine/cd months/nns ,/, ``/`` commuting/vbg ''/'' between/in the/at two/cd cities/nns ./. This/dt schedule/nn became/vbd too/ql strenuous/jj ,/, even/rb for/in the/at energetic/jj and/cc conscientious/jj Mr./np Steinberg/np ./. His/pp$ London/np contract/nn was/bedz rescinded/vbn ,/, and/cc now/rb ,/, he/pps explains/vbz cheerfully/rb ,/, as/cs a/at bright/jj smile/nn lightens/vbz his/pp$ intense/jj ,/, mobile/jj face/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss conduct/vb only/rb one/cd hundred/cd and/cc twenty/cd concerts/nns ''/'' !/. !/. Our/pp$ meeting/nn took/vbd place/nn in/in May/np ,/, 1961/cd ,/, during/in one/cd of/in the/at Maestro's/nn$-tl stop-overs/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, before/cs he/pps left/vbd for/in Europe/np ./. As/cs we/ppss began/vbd to/to converse/vb in/in the/at lounge/nn of/in his/pp$ Fifth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl hotel/nn ,/, his/pp$ restlessness/nn and/cc sensitivity/nn to/in light/nn and/cc sound/nn became/vbd immediately/ql apparent/jj ./. Seeking/vbg an/at obscure/jj ,/, dark/jj ,/, relatively/ql quiet/jj corner/nn in/in the/at airy/jj room/nn otherwise/rb suffused/vbn with/in afternoon/nn sunshine/nn ,/, he/pps asked/vbd if/cs the/at soft/jj background/nn music/nn could/md be/be turned/vbn off/rp ./. Unfortunately/rb ,/, it/pps was/bedz Muzak/np ,/, which/wdt automatically/rb is/bez piped/vbn into/in the/at public/jj rooms/nns ,/, and/cc which/wdt nolens/fw-vbg volens/fw-vbg had/hvd to/to be/be endured/vbn ./. As/cs he/pps talked/vbd about/in himself/ppl ,/, time/nn and/cc again/rb stuffing/vbg and/cc dragging/vbg on/in his/pp$ pipe/nn ,/, Steinberg/np began/vbd to/to relax/vb and/cc the/at initial/jj hurried/vbn feeling/nn grew/vbd faint/jj and/cc was/bedz dispelled/vbn ./. Did/dod he/pps come/vb from/in a/at musical/jj family/nn ?/. ?/. Yes/rb :/: though/cs not/* professional/jj musicians/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed a/at music-loving/jj family/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ native/jj Cologne/np ,/, where/wrb his/pp$ mother/nn taught/vbd him/ppo to/to play/vb the/at piano/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to read/vb notes/nns before/cs he/pps learned/vbd the/at alphabet/nn ./. She/pps even/rb devised/vbd a/at system/nn of/in colors/nns ,/, whereby/wrb the/at boy/nn could/md easily/rb distinguish/vb the/at different/jj note/nn values/nns ./. When/wrb he/pps started/vbd school/nn at/in the/at age/nn of/in five-and-a-half/cd ,/, he/pps could/md not/* understand/vb why/wrb the/at alphabet/nn begins/vbz with/in the/at letter/nn A/at-tl ,/, instead/rb of/in C/np ,/, as/cs in/in the/at scale/nn ./. Because/cs ,/, like/cs many/ap other/ap children/nns ,/, he/pps intensely/rb disliked/vbd practicing/vbg Czerny/np Etudes/nps ,/, he/pps composed/vbd his/pp$ own/jj studies/nns ./. When/wrb he/pps was/bedz eight/cd he/pps began/vbd violin/nn lessons/nns ./. Soon/rb he/pps was/bedz playing/vbg in/in the/at Cologne/np-tl Municipal/jj-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, and/cc during/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, when/wrb musicians/nns were/bed scarce/jj ,/, he/pps joined/vbd the/at opera/nn orchestra/nn as/ql well/rb ./. Steinberg/np claims/vbz that/cs these/dts early/jj years/nns of/in orchestra/nn participation/nn were/bed of/in invaluable/jj help/nn to/in his/pp$ career/nn ./. ``/`` By/in observing/vbg the/at conductor/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz with/in a/at twinkle/nn in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, ``/`` I/ppss learned/vbd how/wrb not/* to/to conduct/vb ''/'' ./. The/at musician/nn ran/vbd away/rb from/in school/nn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz fifteen/cd ,/, but/cc this/dt escapade/nn did/dod not/* save/vb him/ppo from/in the/at Gymnasium/nn-tl ./. Simultaneously/rb ,/, he/pps pursued/vbd his/pp$ musical/jj studies/nns at/in the/at conservatory/nn ,/, receiving/vbg sound/jj training/nn in/in counterpoint/nn and/cc harmony/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb in/in the/at violin/nn and/cc piano/nn ./. His/pp$ professional/jj career/nn began/vbd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz twenty/cd ;/. ;/. he/pps became/vbd Otto/np Klemperer's/np$ personal/jj assistant/nn at/in the/at Cologne/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, and/cc a/at year/nn later/rbr was/bedz promoted/vbn to/in the/at position/nn of/in regular/jj conductor/nn ./. Wasn't/bedz* this/dt an/at unusually/rb young/jj age/nn to/to fill/vb such/abl a/at responsible/jj post/nn ?/. ?/. Yes/rb ,/, the/at Maestro/nn-tl assented/vbd ./. Had/hvd he/pps always/rb wished/vbd to/to be/be a/at conductor/nn ?/. ?/. No/rb ,/, originally/rb he/pps had/hvd hoped/vbn to/to become/vb a/at concert/nn pianist/nn and/cc had/hvd even/rb performed/vbn as/cs such/jj ./. However/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps assumed/vbd the/at duties/nns of/in a/at conductor/nn ,/, he/pps relinquished/vbd his/pp$ career/nn as/cs a/at pianist/nn ./. Five/cd years/nns were/bed spent/vbn with/in the/at Cologne/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, after/in which/wdt he/pps was/bedz called/vbn to/in Prague/np by/in Alexander/np von/np Zemlinsky/np ,/, teacher/nn of/in Arnold/np Schonberg/np and/cc Erich/np Korngold/np ./. In/in 1927/cd he/pps succeeded/vbd Zemlinsky/np as/cs opera/nn director/nn of/in the/at German/jj-tl Theater/nn-tl at/in Prague/np ./. During/in his/pp$ tenure/nn he/pps also/rb fulfilled/vbd guest/nn engagements/nns at/in the/at Berlin/np-tl State/nn-tl Opera/nn-tl ./. Two/cd years/nns later/rbr he/pps became/vbd director/nn of/in the/at Frankfurt/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps remained/vbd until/cs he/pps lost/vbd this/dt position/nn in/in 1933/cd through/in the/at rise/nn of/in the/at Hitler/np regime/nn ./. During/in these/dts years/nns the/at youthful/jj conductor/nn had/hvd contributed/vbn greatly/rb to/in the/at high/jj level/nn of/in musical/jj life/nn in/in Germany/np ./. He/pps had/hvd presented/vbn the/at first/od German/jj performances/nns of/in Puccini's/np$ Manon/np-tl Lescaut/np-tl and/cc De/np Falla's/np$ La/np Vida/np Breve/np ./. The/at Frankfurt/np years/nns were/bed particularly/ql noteworthy/jj for/in his/pp$ performance/nn of/in Berg's/np$ Wozzek/np soon/rb after/in the/at Berlin/np premiere/nn under/in Erich/np Kleiber/np ,/, and/cc the/at world/nn premiere/nn of/in Schonberg's/np$ Von/fw-in-tl heute/fw-nr-tl auf/fw-in-tl morgen/fw-nr-tl ./. At/in the/at outset/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn ,/, Steinberg/np had/hvd dedicated/vbn himself/ppl to/in the/at advancement/nn of/in contemporary/jj music/nn by/in vowing/vbg to/to do/do a/at Schonberg/np work/nn every/at year/nn ./. In/in Frankfurt/np ,/, too/rb ,/, he/pps directed/vbd the/at Museum/nn-tl and/cc Opera/nn-tl House/nn-tl concerts/nns which/wdt ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in the/at standard/jj repertoire/nn ,/, featured/vbd novelties/nns like/cs Erdmann's/np$ Piano/nn-tl Concerto/nn-tl and/cc Mahler's/np$ Sixth/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl ./. Because/rb of/in the/at political/jj upheaval/nn in/in Germany/np in/in the/at 1930's/nns ,/, Steinberg/np was/bedz forced/vbn to/to restrict/vb his/pp$ activities/nns to/in the/at Jewish/jj community/nn ./. Through/in the/at Frankfurt/np-tl Jewish/jj-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl he/pps began/vbd to/to give/vb sonata/nn recitals/nns in/in synagogues/nns ,/, with/in Cellist/nn-tl Emanuel/np Feuermann/np ./. As/cs more/ap and/cc more/ap Jewish/jj musicians/nns lost/vbd their/pp$ jobs/nns with/in professional/jj organizations/nns Steinberg/np united/vbd them/ppo into/in the/at Frankfurt/np-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt also/rb gave/vbd guest/nn performances/nns in/in other/ap German/jj cities/nns ./. In/in 1936/cd he/pps accepted/vbd the/at leadership/nn of/in the/at Berlin/np-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl ./. In/in the/at fall/nn of/in that/dt year/nn the/at best/jjt musicians/nns of/in the/at Berlin/np and/cc Frankfurt/np-tl Kulturbund/fw-nn-tl orchestras/nns joined/vbd under/in the/at combined/vbn efforts/nns of/in Bronislaw/np Hubermann/np and/cc Steinberg/np to/to become/vb the/at Palestine/np-tl Orchestra/nn-tl --/-- now/rb known/vbn as/cs the/at Israel/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl --/-- with/in Steinberg/np as/cs founder-conductor/nn ./. In/in 1938/cd ,/, at/in the/at insistence/nn of/in Arturo/np Toscanini/np ,/, Steinberg/np left/vbd Germany/np for/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, by/in way/nn of/in Switzerland/np ./. After/cs he/pps had/hvd spent/vbn the/at first/od three/cd years/nns in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl as/cs associate/jj conductor/nn ,/, at/in Toscanini's/np$ invitation/nn ,/, of/in the/at NBC/nn-tl Orchestra/nn-tl ,/, he/pps made/vbd numerous/jj guest/nn appearances/nns throughout/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl ./. In/in 1945/cd he/pps became/vbd conductor/nn of/in the/at Buffalo/np-tl Philharmonic/nn-tl ./. Seven/cd years/nns later/rbr he/pps was/bedz asked/vbn to/to become/vb director/nn of/in the/at Pittsburgh/np-tl Symphony/nn-tl ./. Since/in 1944/cd he/pps has/hvz also/rb conducted/vbn regularly/rb at/in the/at San/np-tl Francisco/np-tl Opera/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb he/pps made/vbd his/pp$ debut/nn with/in a/at memorable/jj performance/nn of/in Verdi's/np$ Falstaff/np-tl ./. In/in recent/jj years/nns he/pps has/hvz traveled/vbn widely/rb in/in Europe/np ,/, conducting/vbg in/in Italy/np ,/, France/np ,/, Austria/np ,/, and/cc Switzerland/np ./. He/pps returned/vbd to/in Germany/np for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in 1953/cd ,/, where/wrb he/pps has/hvz since/rb conducted/vbn in/in Cologne/np ,/, Frankfurt/np ,/, and/cc Berlin/np ./. Where/wrb in/in Europe/np was/bedz he/pps going/vbg now/rb ?/. ?/. First/od of/in all/abn ,/, to/in Italy/np for/in a/at short/jj vacation/nn --/-- Forte/np Dei/np Marmi/np ,/, a/at place/nn he/pps loves/vbz ./. Since/cs it/pps is/bez not/* far/rb from/in Viareggio/np ,/, he/pps will/md visit/vb Puccini's/np$ house/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps never/rb fails/vbz to/to do/do ,/, to/to pay/vb his/pp$ respects/nns to/in the/at memory/nn of/in the/at composer/nn of/in La/np-tl Boheme/np-tl ,/, which/wdt he/pps considers/vbz one/cd of/in Puccini's/np$ masterpieces/nns ./. Steinberg/np spoke/vbd with/in warmth/nn and/cc enthusiasm/nn about/in Italy/np :/: ``/`` Rome/np is/bez my/pp$ second/od home/nn ./. I/ppss consider/vb it/ppo the/at center/nn of/in the/at world/nn and/cc make/vb it/ppo a/at point/nn to/to be/be there/rb once/rb a/at year/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps will/md conduct/vb two/cd concerts/nns at/in the/at Accademia/np Di/np Santa/np Cecilia/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs concerts/nns in/in Munich/np and/cc Cologne/np ./. ``/`` Then/rb I/ppss return/vb to/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl for/in engagements/nns at/in the/at Hollywood/np-tl Bowl/nn-tl and/cc in/in Philadelphia/np ''/'' ,/, he/pps added/vbd ./. The/at forthcoming/jj season/nn in/in Pittsburgh/np also/rb promises/vbz to/to be/be of/in unusual/jj interest/nn ./. There/ex will/md be/be premieres/nns of/in new/jj works/nns ,/, made/vbn possible/jj through/in Ford/np-tl Foundation/nn-tl commissions/nns :/: Carlisle/np Floyd's/np$ Mystery/nn-tl ,/, with/in Phyllis/np Curtin/np as/cs soprano/nn soloist/nn ./. Other/ap world/nn premieres/nns will/md be/be Gardner/np Read's/np$ Third/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl and/cc Burle/np Marx's/np$ Samba/fw-nn-tl Concertante/fw-jj-tl ./. ``/`` And/cc next/ap year/nn we/ppss will/md do/do --/-- also/rb a/at Ford/np commission/nn --/-- a/at piano/nn concerto/nn by/in Elliott/np Carter/np ,/, with/in Jacob/np Lateiner/np as/cs soloist/nn ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, I/ppss shall/md conduct/vb Mahler/np and/cc Bruckner/np works/nns in/in the/at coming/vbg season/nn ,/, as/cs usual/jj ./. We'll/ppss+md play/vb Bruckner's/np$ Fifth/od-tl Symphony/nn-tl in/in the/at original/jj version/nn ,/, and/cc Mahler's/np$ Seventh/od-tl --/-- the/at least/ql accessible/jj ,/, known/vbn ,/, and/cc played/vbn of/in Mahler's/np$ works/nns ./. My/pp$ Pittsburghers/nps have/hv become/vbn real/jj addicts/nns to/in Mahler/np and/cc Bruckner/np ''/'' ./. He/pps added/vbd that/cs he/pps also/rb stresses/vbz the/at works/nns of/in these/dts favorite/jj masters/nns on/in tour/nn ,/, especially/rb Mahler's/np$ First/od-tl and/cc Fourth/od-tl symphonies/nns ,/, and/cc Das/fw-at-tl Lied/vbd-tl Von/fw-in-tl der/fw-at-tl Erde/fw-nn-tl ,/, and/cc Bruckner's/np$ Sixth/od-tl --/-- which/wdt is/bez rarely/rb played/vbn --/-- and/cc Seventh/od-tl ./. Bruckner's/np$ Eighth/od-tl he/pps refers/vbz to/in as/cs ``/`` my/pp$ travel/nn symphony/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps recalled/vbd that/cs in/in California/np after/cs a/at critic/nn had/hvd attacked/vbn him/ppo for/in ``/`` still/rb trying/vbg to/to sell/vb Bruckner/np to/in the/at Americans/nps ''/'' ,/, the/at public's/nn$ response/nn at/in the/at next/ap concert/nn was/bedz a/at standing/vbg ovation/nn ./. ``/`` Now/rb that/cs Bruno/np Walter/np is/bez virtually/rb in/in retirement/nn and/cc my/pp$ dear/jj friend/nn Dimitri/np Mitropoulos/np is/bez no/ql longer/rbr with/in us/ppo ,/, I/ppss am/bem probably/rb the/at only/ap one/pn --/-- with/in the/at possible/jj exception/nn of/in Leonard/np Bernstein/np --/-- who/wps has/hvz this/dt special/jj affinity/nn for/in and/cc champions/vbz the/at works/nns of/in Bruckner/np and/cc Mahler/np ''/'' ./. Since/cs he/pps introduces/vbz so/ql much/ap modern/jj music/nn ,/, I/ppss could/md not/* resist/vb asking/vbg how/wrb he/pps felt/vbd about/in it/ppo ./. ``/`` There/ex was/bedz always/rb and/cc at/in all/abn times/nns a/at contemporary/jj music/nn and/cc it/pps expresses/vbz the/at era/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps was/bedz created/vbn ./. But/cc I/ppss usually/rb stick/vb to/in the/at old/jj phrase/nn :/: '/' Ich/fw-ppss habe/fw-hv ein/fw-at Amt/fw-nn ,/, aber/fw-cc keine/fw-at Meinung/fw-nn (/( I/ppss hold/vb an/at office/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss do/do not/* feel/vb entitled/vbn to/to have/hv an/at opinion/nn )/) ./. I/ppss consider/vb it/ppo to/to be/be my/pp$ job/nn to/to expose/vb the/at public/nn to/in what/wdt is/bez being/beg written/vbn today/nr ''/'' ./. With/in all/abn his/pp$ musical/jj activities/nns ,/, did/dod he/pps have/hv the/at time/nn and/cc inclination/nn to/to do/do anything/pn else/rb ?/. ?/. He/pps had/hvd just/rb paid/vbn a/at brief/jj visit/nn to/in the/at Frick/np-tl Collection/nn-tl to/to admire/vb his/pp$ favorite/jj paintings/nns by/in Rembrandt/np and/cc Franz/np Hals/np ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* enthusiastic/jj over/in the/at newly/rb acquired/vbn Claude/np Lorrain/np ,/, but/cc reminisced/vbd with/in pleasure/nn over/in a/at Poussin/np exhibit/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben able/jj to/to see/vb in/in Paris/np a/at year/nn ago/rb ./. And/cc how/wrb did/dod he/pps feel/vb about/in modern/jj art/nn ?/. ?/. Again/rb Steinberg/np was/bedz cautious/jj and/cc replied/vbd with/in a/at smile/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* exposed/vbn to/in it/ppo enough/rb to/to hazard/vb comments/nns ./. ``/`` As/cs my/pp$ wife/nn puts/vbz it/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, again/rb with/in a/at twinkle/nn in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, ``/`` all/abn you/ppss know/vb is/bez your/pp$ music/nn ./. But/cc after/in all/abn ,/, you/ppss never/rb learned/vbd anything/pn else/rb ''/'' !/. !/. What/wdt did/dod he/pps do/do for/in relaxation/nn ?/. ?/. Like/cs his/pp$ late/jj colleague/nn ,/, Mitropoulos/np ,/, he/pps reads/vbz mystery/nn stories/nns ,/, in/in particular/jj Sir/np Arthur/np Conan/np Doyle/np ./. He/pps cited/vbd Heine/np and/cc Stendhal/np as/cs favorites/nns in/in literature/nn ./. But/cc his/pp$ prime/jj interest/nn ,/, apart/rb from/in music/nn ,/, he/pps insisted/vbd seriously/rb ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ family/nn --/-- his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, daughter/nn and/cc son/nn ./. At/in the/at moment/nn he/pps was/bedz excited/vbn about/in his/pp$ son's/nn$ having/hvg received/vbn the/at Prix/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in-tl Rome/np-tl in/in archaeology/nn and/cc was/bedz looking/vbg forward/rb to/to being/beg present/rb this/dt summer/nn at/in the/at excavation/nn of/in an/at Etruscan/jj tomb/nn ./. ``/`` Both/abx children/nns are/ber musical/jj and/cc my/pp$ wife/nn is/bez a/at music/nn lover/nn of/in unfailing/jj instinct/nn and/cc judgement/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Is/bez the/at attitude/nn of/in German/jj youth/nn comparable/jj to/in that/dt of/in ``/`` the/at angry/jj young/jj men/nns '/' of/in England/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. Was/bedz the/at topic/nn for/in a/at round-table/nn discussion/nn at/in the/at Bayerische/fw-jj-tl Rundfunk/fw-np-tl in/in Munich/np ./. I/ppss was/bedz chairman/nn ,/, the/at only/ap not/* youthful/jj participant/nn ./. Since/cs attack/nn serves/vbz to/to stimulate/vb interest/nn in/in broadcasts/nns ,/, I/ppss added/vbd to/in my/pp$ opening/vbg statement/nn a/at sentence/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss claimed/vbd that/cs German/jj youth/nn seemed/vbd to/to lack/vb the/at enthusiasm/nn which/wdt is/bez a/at necessary/jj ingredient/nn of/in anger/nn ,/, and/cc might/md be/be classified/vbn as/cs uninterested/jj and/cc bored/vbn rather/in than/in angry/jj ./. I/ppss was/bedz far/rb from/in convinced/vbn of/in the/at truth/nn of/in my/pp$ statement/nn ,/, but/cc could/md not/* think/vb of/in anything/pn that/wps might/md evoke/vb responses/nns more/ql quickly/rb ./. ``/`` It/pps is/bez easy/jj for/cs you/ppss to/to talk/vb ''/'' ;/. ;/. countered/vbd a/at twenty/cd year/nn old/jj law/nn student/nn ,/, ``/`` you/ppss travel/vb around/in the/at world/nn ./. We/ppss would/md like/vb to/to do/do that/dt too/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` But/cc you/ppss want/vb a/at job/nn guaranteed/vbn when/wrb you/ppss return/vb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss continued/vbd my/pp$ attack/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss must/md have/hv some/dti security/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd a/at young/jj clerk/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss mentioned/vbd that/cs for/in my/pp$ first/od long/jj voyage/nn I/ppss did/dod not/* even/rb have/hv the/at money/nn for/in the/at return/nn fare/nn ,/, but/cc had/hvd trusted/vbn to/in luck/nn that/cs I/ppss would/md earn/vb a/at sufficient/jj amount/vb ,/, the/at young/jj people/nns looked/vbd at/in me/ppo doubtingly/rb ./. One/cd girl/nn expressed/vbd what/wdt was/bedz obviously/rb in/in their/pp$ minds/nns ./. ``/`` Would/md you/ppo advise/vb us/ppo to/to act/vb the/at same/ap way/nn ?/. ?/. You/ppss might/md have/hv failed/vbn ./. I/ppss think/vb it/pps is/bez rather/ql foolhardy/jj to/to trust/vb to/in luck/nn ''/'' ./. Others/nns mentioned/vbd that/cs I/ppss might/md have/hv had/hvn to/to ask/vb friends/nns or/cc even/rb strangers/nns for/in help/nn and/cc that/cs to/to be/be stranded/vbn in/in a/at foreign/jj country/nn without/in sufficient/jj funds/nns did/dod not/* contribute/vb to/in international/jj understanding/nn ./. The/at debate/nn needed/vbd no/at additional/jj controversy/nn and/cc soon/rb I/ppss could/md ask/vb each/dt individually/rb what/wdt he/pps expected/vbd from/in life/nn ,/, what/wdt his/pp$ hopes/nns were/bed and/cc what/wdt his/pp$ fears/nns ./. Though/cs the/at four/cd boys/nns and/cc two/cd girls/nns ,/, the/at youngest/jjt nineteen/cd years/nns of/in age/nn ,/, the/at oldest/jjt twenty-four/cd ,/, came/vbd from/in varying/vbg backgrounds/nns and/cc had/hvd different/jj professional/jj and/cc personal/jj interests/nns ,/, there/ex was/bedz surprising/vbg agreement/nn among/in them/ppo ./. What/wdt they/ppss wished/vbd for/in most/rbt was/bedz security/nn ;/. ;/. what/wdt they/ppss feared/vbd most/rbt was/bedz war/nn or/cc political/jj instability/nn in/in their/pp$ own/jj country/nn ./. The/at ideal/jj home/nn ,/, they/ppss agreed/vbd ,/, would/md be/be a/at small/jj private/jj house/nn or/cc a/at city/nn apartment/nn of/in four/cd to/in five/cd rooms/nns ,/, just/rb enough/ap for/in a/at family/nn consisting/in of/in husband/nn ,/, wife/nn ,/, and/cc two/cd children/nns ./. No/at one/pn wanted/vbd a/at larger/jjr family/nn or/cc no/at children/nns ,/, and/cc none/pn hoped/vbd for/in a/at castle/nn or/cc said/vbd that/cs living/vbg in/in less/ql settled/vbn circumstances/nns would/md be/be satisfactory/jj ./. All/abn expressed/vbd interest/nn in/in world/nn affairs/nns but/cc no/at one/pn offered/vbd to/to make/vb any/dti sacrifices/nns to/to satisfy/vb this/dt interest/nn ./.

cg07

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Once/rb again/rb ,/, as/cs in/in the/at days/nns of/in the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ,/, America/np faces/vbz a/at stern/jj test/nn ./. That/dt test/nn ,/, as/cs President/nn-tl Kennedy/np forthrightly/rb depicted/vbd it/ppo in/in his/pp$ State/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Union/nn-tl message/nn ,/, will/md determine/vb ``/`` whether/cs a/at nation/nn organized/vbn and/cc governed/vbn such/jj as/cs ours/pp$$ can/md endure/vb ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez well/jj then/rb that/cs in/in this/dt hour/nn both/abx of/in ``/`` national/jj peril/nn ''/'' and/cc of/in ``/`` national/jj opportunity/nn ''/'' we/ppss can/md take/vb counsel/nn with/in the/at men/nns who/wps made/vbd the/at nation/nn ./. Incapable/jj of/in self-delusion/nn ,/, the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl found/vbd the/at crisis/nn of/in their/pp$ time/nn to/to be/be equally/ql grave/jj ,/, and/cc yet/rb they/ppss had/hvd confidence/nn that/cs America/np would/md surmount/vb it/ppo and/cc that/cs a/at republic/nn of/in free/jj peoples/nns would/md prosper/vb and/cc serve/vb as/cs an/at example/nn to/in a/at world/nn aching/vbg for/in liberty/nn ./. Seven/cd Founders/nns-tl --/-- George/np Washington/np ,/, Benjamin/np Franklin/np ,/, John/np Adams/np ,/, Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, Alexander/np Hamilton/np ,/, James/np Madison/np and/cc John/np Jay/np --/-- determined/vbd the/at destinies/nns of/in the/at new/jj nation/nn ./. In/in certain/jj respects/nns ,/, their/pp$ task/nn was/bedz incomparably/ql greater/jjr than/cs ours/pp$$ today/nr ,/, for/cs there/ex was/bedz nobody/pn before/in them/ppo to/to show/vb them/ppo the/at way/nn ./. As/cs Madison/np commented/vbd to/in Jefferson/np in/in 1789/cd ,/, ``/`` We/ppss are/ber in/in a/at wilderness/nn without/in a/at single/ap footstep/nn to/to guide/vb us/ppo ./. Our/pp$ successors/nns will/md have/hv an/at easier/jjr task/nn ''/'' ./. They/ppss thought/vbd of/in themselves/ppls ,/, to/to use/vb Jefferson's/np$ words/nns ,/, as/cs ``/`` the/at Argonauts/nps ''/'' who/wps had/hvd lived/vbn in/in ``/`` the/at Heroic/jj-tl Age/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, they/ppss took/vbd special/jj pains/nns to/to preserve/vb their/pp$ papers/nns as/cs essential/jj sources/nns for/in posterity/nn ./. Their/pp$ writings/nns assume/vb more/ap than/in dramatic/jj or/cc patriotic/jj interest/nn because/rb of/in their/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs the/at struggle/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed involved/vbn was/bedz neither/cc selfish/jj nor/cc parochial/jj but/cc ,/, rather/rb ,/, as/cs Washington/np in/in his/pp$ last/ap wartime/nn circular/nn reminded/vbd his/pp$ fellow/nn countrymen/nns ,/, that/cs ``/`` with/in our/pp$ fate/nn will/md the/at destiny/nn of/in unborn/jj millions/nns be/be involved/vbn ''/'' ./. Strong/jj men/nns with/in strong/jj opinions/nns ,/, frank/jj to/in the/at point/nn of/in being/beg refreshingly/ql indiscreet/jj ,/, the/at Founding/vbg-tl Seven/cd-tl were/bed essentially/rb congenial/jj minds/nns ,/, and/cc their/pp$ agreements/nns with/in each/dt other/ap were/bed more/ql consequential/jj than/cs their/pp$ differences/nns ./. Even/rb though/cs in/in most/ap cases/nns the/at completion/nn of/in the/at definitive/jj editions/nns of/in their/pp$ writings/nns is/bez still/rb years/nns off/rp ,/, enough/ap documentation/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben assembled/vbn to/to warrant/vb drawing/vbg a/at new/jj composite/jj profile/nn of/in the/at leadership/nn which/wdt performed/vbd the/at heroic/jj dual/jj feats/nns of/in winning/vbg American/jj independence/nn and/cc founding/vbg a/at new/jj nation/nn ./. Before/cs merging/vbg them/ppo into/in a/at common/jj profile/nn it/pps is/bez well/rb to/to remember/vb that/cs their/pp$ separate/jj careers/nns were/bed extraordinary/jj ./. Certainly/rb no/at other/ap seven/cd American/jj statesmen/nns from/in any/dti later/jjr period/nn achieved/vbd so/ql much/ap in/in so/ql concentrated/vbn a/at span/nn of/in years/nns ./. Eldest/jjt of/in the/at seven/cd ,/, Benjamin/np Franklin/np ,/, a/at New/jj-tl Englander/np-tl transplanted/vbn to/in Philadelphia/np ,/, wrote/vbd the/at most/ql dazzling/vbg success/nn story/nn in/in our/pp$ history/nn ./. The/at young/jj printer's/nn$ apprentice/nn achieved/vbd greatness/nn in/in a/at half-dozen/nn different/jj fields/nns ,/, as/cs editor/nn and/cc publisher/nn ,/, scientist/nn ,/, inventor/nn ,/, philanthropist/nn and/cc statesman/nn ./. Author/nn of/in the/at Albany/np-tl Plan/nn-tl Of/in-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt ,/, had/hvd it/pps been/ben adopted/vbn ,/, might/md have/hv avoided/vbn the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, he/pps fought/vbd the/at colonists'/nns$ front-line/nn battles/nns in/in London/np ,/, negotiated/vbd the/at treaty/nn of/in alliance/nn with/in France/np and/cc the/at peace/nn that/wps ended/vbd the/at war/nn ,/, headed/vbd the/at state/nn government/nn of/in Pennsylvania/np ,/, and/cc exercised/vbd an/at important/jj moderating/vbg influence/nn at/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Convention/nn-tl ./. On/in a/at military/jj mission/nn for/in his/pp$ native/jj Virginia/np the/at youthful/jj George/np Washington/np touched/vbd off/rp the/at French/jj-tl and/cc-tl Indian/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, then/rb guarded/vbd his/pp$ colony's/nn$ frontier/nn as/cs head/nn of/in its/pp$ militia/nn ./. Commanding/vbg the/at Continental/jj-tl Army/nn-tl for/in six/cd long/jj years/nns of/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz the/at indispensable/jj factor/nn in/in the/at ultimate/jj victory/nn ./. Retiring/vbg to/in his/pp$ beloved/jj Mount/nn-tl Vernon/np-tl ,/, he/pps returned/vbd to/to preside/vb over/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Convention/nn-tl ,/, and/cc was/bedz the/at only/ap man/nn in/in history/nn to/to be/be unanimously/rb elected/vbn President/nn-tl ./. During/in his/pp$ two/cd terms/nns the/at Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz tested/vbn and/cc found/vbn workable/jj ,/, strong/jj national/jj policies/nns were/bed inaugurated/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at traditions/nns and/cc powers/nns of/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl office/nn firmly/rb fixed/vbn ./. John/np Adams/np fashioned/vbd much/ap of/in pre-Revolutionary/jj radical/jj ideology/nn ,/, wrote/vbd the/at constitution/nn of/in his/pp$ home/nn state/nn of/in Massachusetts/np ,/, negotiated/vbd ,/, with/in Franklin/np and/cc Jay/np ,/, the/at peace/nn with/in Britain/np and/cc served/vbd as/cs our/pp$ first/od Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl and/cc our/pp$ second/od President/nn-tl ./. His/pp$ political/jj opponent/nn and/cc lifetime/nn friend/nn ,/, Thomas/np Jefferson/np ,/, achieved/vbd immortality/nn through/in his/pp$ authorship/nn of/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, but/cc equally/ql notable/jj were/bed the/at legal/jj and/cc constitutional/jj reforms/nns he/pps instituted/vbd in/in his/pp$ native/jj Virginia/np ,/, his/pp$ role/nn as/cs father/nn of/in our/pp$ territorial/jj system/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ acquisition/nn of/in the/at Louisiana/np-tl Territory/nn-tl during/in his/pp$ first/od term/nn as/cs President/nn-tl ./. During/in the/at greater/jjr part/nn of/in Jefferson's/np$ career/nn he/pps enjoyed/vbd the/at close/jj collaboration/nn of/in a/at fellow/nn Virginian/np ,/, James/np Madison/np ,/, eight/cd years/nns his/pp$ junior/jj ./. The/at active/jj sponsor/nn of/in Jefferson's/np$ measure/nn for/in religious/jj liberty/nn in/in Virginia/np ,/, Madison/np played/vbd the/at most/ql influential/jj single/ap role/nn in/in the/at drafting/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl and/cc in/in securing/vbg its/pp$ ratification/nn in/in Virginia/np ,/, founded/vbd the/at first/od political/jj party/nn in/in American/jj history/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs Jefferson's/np$ Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl and/cc his/pp$ successor/nn in/in the/at Presidency/nn-tl ,/, guided/vbd the/at nation/nn through/in the/at troubled/vbn years/nns of/in our/pp$ second/od war/nn with/in Britain/np ./. If/cs Franklin/np was/bedz an/at authentic/jj genius/nn ,/, then/jj Alexander/np Hamilton/np ,/, with/in his/pp$ exceptional/jj precocity/nn ,/, consuming/vbg energy/nn ,/, and/cc high/jj ambition/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at political/jj prodigy/nn ./. His/pp$ revolutionary/jj pamphlets/nns ,/, published/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz only/rb 19/cd ,/, quickly/rb brought/vbd him/ppo to/in the/at attention/nn of/in the/at patriot/nn leaders/nns ./. Principal/nn author/nn of/in ``/`` The/at-tl Federalist/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps swung/vbd New/jj-tl York/np-tl over/rp from/in opposition/nn to/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl to/in ratification/nn almost/ql single-handedly/rb ./. His/pp$ collaboration/nn with/in Washington/np ,/, begun/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz the/at general's/nn$ aide/nn during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz resumed/vbn when/wrb he/pps entered/vbd the/at first/od Cabinet/nn-tl as/cs Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ./. His/pp$ bold/jj fiscal/jj program/nn and/cc his/pp$ broad/jj interpretation/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl stand/vb as/cs durable/jj contributions/nns ./. Less/ql dazzling/vbg than/cs Hamilton/np ,/, less/ql eloquent/jj than/cs Jefferson/np ,/, John/np Jay/np commands/vbz an/at equally/ql high/jj rank/nn among/in the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ./. He/pps served/vbd as/cs president/nn of/in the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress/np-tl ./. He/pps played/vbd the/at leading/vbg role/nn in/in negotiating/vbg the/at treaty/nn with/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl that/wps ended/vbd the/at Revolution/nn-tl ,/, and/cc directed/vbd America's/np$ foreign/jj affairs/nns throughout/in the/at Confederation/nn-tl period/nn ./. As/cs first/od Chief/jjs-tl Justice/nn-tl ,/, his/pp$ strong/jj nationalist/jj opinions/nns anticipated/vbd John/np Marshall/np ./. He/pps ended/vbd his/pp$ public/jj career/nn as/cs a/at two-term/jj governor/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. These/dts Seven/cd-tl Founders/nns-tl constituted/vbd an/at intellectual/jj and/cc social/jj elite/nn ,/, the/at most/ql respectable/jj and/cc disinterested/jj leadership/nn any/dti revolution/nn ever/rb confessed/vbd ./. Their/pp$ social/jj status/nn was/bedz achieved/vbn in/in some/dti cases/nns by/in birth/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Washington/np ,/, Jefferson/np and/cc Jay/np ;/. ;/. in/in others/nns by/in business/nn and/cc professional/jj acumen/nn ,/, as/cs with/in Franklin/np and/cc Adams/np ,/, or/cc ,/, in/in Hamilton's/np$ case/nn ,/, by/in an/at influential/jj marriage/nn ./. Unlike/in so/ql many/ap of/in the/at power-starved/jj intellectuals/nns in/in underdeveloped/jj nations/nns of/in our/pp$ own/jj day/nn ,/, they/ppss commanded/vbd both/abx prestige/nn and/cc influence/nn before/cs the/at Revolution/nn-tl started/vbd ./. As/ql different/jj physically/rb as/cs the/at tall/jj ,/, angular/jj Jefferson/np was/bedz from/in the/at chubby/jj ,/, rotund/jj Adams/np ,/, the/at seven/cd were/bed striking/jj individualists/nns ./. Ardent/jj ,/, opinionated/jj ,/, even/rb obstinate/jj ,/, they/ppss were/bed amazingly/ql articulate/jj ,/, wrote/vbd their/pp$ own/jj copy/nn ,/, and/cc were/bed masters/nns of/in phrasemaking/nn ./. Capable/jj of/in enduring/vbg friendships/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed also/rb stout/jj controversialists/nns ,/, who/wps could/md write/vb with/in a/at drop/nn of/in vitriol/nn on/in their/pp$ pens/nns ./. John/np Adams/np dismissed/vbd John/np Dickinson/np ,/, who/wps voted/vbd against/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ,/, as/cs ``/`` a/at certain/jj great/jj fortune/nn and/cc piddling/vbg genius/nn ''/'' ./. Washington/np castigated/vbd his/pp$ critic/nn ,/, General/nn-tl Conway/np ,/, as/cs being/beg capable/jj of/in ``/`` all/abn the/at meanness/nn of/in intrigue/nn to/to gratify/vb the/at absurd/jj resentment/nn of/in disappointed/vbn vanity/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc Hamilton/np ,/, who/wps felt/vbd it/ppo ``/`` a/at religious/jj duty/nn ''/'' to/to oppose/vb Aaron/np Burr's/np$ political/jj ambitions/nns ,/, would/md have/hv been/ben a/at better/jjr actuarial/jj risk/nn had/hvd he/pps shown/vbn more/ap literary/jj restraint/nn ./. The/at Seven/cd-tl Founders/nns-tl were/bed completely/rb dedicated/vbn to/in the/at public/jj service/nn ./. Madison/np once/rb remarked/vbd :/: ``/`` My/pp$ life/nn has/hvz been/ben so/ql much/ap a/at public/jj one/cd ''/'' ,/, a/at comment/nn which/wdt fits/vbz the/at careers/nns of/in the/at other/ap six/cd ./. Franklin/np retired/vbd from/in editing/vbg and/cc publishing/vbg at/in the/at age/nn of/in 42/cd ,/, and/cc for/in the/at next/ap forty-two/cd years/nns devoted/vbd himself/ppl to/in public/jj ,/, scientific/jj ,/, and/cc philanthropic/jj interests/nns ./. Washington/np never/rb had/hvd a/at chance/nn to/to work/vb for/in an/at extended/vbn stretch/nn at/in the/at occupation/nn he/pps loved/vbd best/rbt ,/, plantation/nn management/nn ./. He/pps served/vbd as/cs Commander/nn-tl in/in-tl Chief/nn-tl during/in the/at Revolution/nn-tl without/in compensation/nn ./. John/np Adams/np took/vbd to/in heart/nn the/at advice/nn given/vbn him/ppo by/in his/pp$ legal/jj mentor/nn ,/, Jeremiah/np Gridley/np ,/, to/to ``/`` pursue/vb the/at study/nn of/in the/at law/nn ,/, rather/in than/in the/at gain/nn of/in it/ppo ''/'' ./. In/in taking/vbg account/nn of/in seventeen/cd years/nns of/in law/nn practice/nn ,/, Adams/np concluded/vbd that/cs ``/`` no/at lawyer/nn in/in America/np ever/rb did/dod so/ql much/ap business/nn as/cs I/ppss did/dod ''/'' and/cc ``/`` for/in so/ql little/ap profit/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb the/at Revolution/nn-tl broke/vbd out/rp ,/, he/pps ,/, along/rb with/in Jefferson/np and/cc Jay/np ,/, abandoned/vbd his/pp$ career/nn at/in the/at bar/nn ,/, with/in considerable/jj financial/jj sacrifice/nn ./. Hamilton/np ,/, poorest/jjt of/in the/at seven/cd ,/, gave/vbd up/rp a/at brilliant/jj law/nn practice/nn to/to enter/vb Washington's/np$ Cabinet/nn-tl ./. While/cs he/pps was/bedz handling/vbg the/at multi-million-dollar/jj funding/vbg operations/nns of/in the/at Government/nn-tl he/pps had/hvd to/to resort/vb to/in borrowing/vbg small/jj sums/nns from/in friends/nns ./. ``/`` If/cs you/ppss can/md conveniently/rb let/vb me/ppo have/hv twenty/cd dollars/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd one/cd friend/nn in/in 1791/cd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Treasury/nn-tl ./. To/to support/vb his/pp$ large/jj family/nn Hamilton/np went/vbd back/rb to/in the/at law/nn after/in each/dt spell/nn of/in public/jj service/nn ./. Talleyrand/np passed/vbd his/pp$ New/jj-tl York/np-tl law/nn office/nn one/cd night/nn on/in the/at way/nn to/in a/at party/nn ./. Hamilton/np was/bedz bent/vbn over/in his/pp$ desk/nn ,/, drafting/vbg a/at legal/jj paper/nn by/in the/at light/nn of/in a/at candle/nn ./. The/at Frenchman/np was/bedz astonished/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv just/rb come/vbn from/in viewing/vbg a/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd made/vbn the/at fortune/nn of/in his/pp$ country/nn ,/, but/cc now/rb is/bez working/vbg all/abn night/nn in/in order/nn to/to support/vb his/pp$ family/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps reflected/vbd ./. All/abn seven/cd combined/vbd ardent/jj devotion/nn to/in the/at cause/nn of/in revolution/nn with/in a/at profound/jj respect/nn for/in legality/nn ./. John/np Adams/np asserted/vbd in/in the/at Continental/jj-tl Congress'/nn$-tl Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Rights/nns-tl that/cs the/at demands/nns of/in the/at colonies/nns were/bed in/in accordance/nn with/in their/pp$ charters/nns ,/, the/at British/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl and/cc the/at common/jj law/nn ,/, and/cc Jefferson/np appealed/vbd in/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in Independence/nn-tl ``/`` to/in the/at tribunal/nn of/in the/at world/nn ''/'' for/in support/nn of/in a/at revolution/nn justified/vbn by/in ``/`` the/at laws/nns of/in nature/nn and/cc of/in nature's/nn$ God/np ''/'' ./. They/ppss fought/vbd hard/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed forgiving/vbg to/in former/ap foes/nns ,/, and/cc sought/vbd to/to prevent/vb vindictive/jj legislatures/nns from/in confiscating/vbg Tory/np property/nn in/in violation/nn of/in the/at Treaty/nn-tl of/in 1783/cd ./. This/dt sense/nn of/in moderation/nn and/cc fairness/nn is/bez superbly/rb exemplified/vbn in/in an/at exchange/nn of/in letters/nns between/in John/np Jay/np and/cc a/at Tory/np refugee/nn ,/, Peter/np Van/np Schaack/np ./. Jay/np had/hvd participated/vbn in/in the/at decision/nn that/wps exiled/vbd his/pp$ old/jj friend/nn Van/np Schaack/np ./. Yet/cc when/wrb ,/, at/in war's/nn$ end/nn ,/, the/at ex-Tory/np made/vbd the/at first/od move/nn to/to resume/vb correspondence/nn ,/, Jay/np wrote/vbd him/ppo from/in Paris/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps was/bedz negotiating/vbg the/at peace/nn settlement/nn :/: ``/`` As/cs an/at independent/jj American/np I/ppss considered/vbd all/abn who/wps were/bed not/* for/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc you/ppo amongst/in the/at rest/nn ,/, as/cs against/in us/ppo ,/, yet/cc be/be assured/vbn that/cs John/np Jay/np never/rb ceased/vbd to/to be/be the/at friend/nn of/in Peter/np Van/np Schaack/np ''/'' ./. The/at latter/ap in/in turn/nn assured/vbd him/ppo that/cs ``/`` were/bed I/ppss arraigned/vbd at/in the/at bar/nn ,/, and/cc you/ppss my/pp$ judge/nn ,/, I/ppss should/md expect/vb to/to stand/vb or/cc fall/vb only/rb by/in the/at merits/nns of/in my/pp$ cause/nn ''/'' ./. All/abn seven/cd recognized/vbd that/cs independence/nn was/bedz but/rb the/at first/od step/nn toward/in building/vbg a/at nation/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss have/hv now/rb a/at national/jj character/nn to/to establish/vb ''/'' ,/, Washington/np wrote/vbd in/in 1783/cd ./. ``/`` Think/vb continentally/rb ''/'' ,/, Hamilton/np counseled/vbd the/at young/jj nation/nn ./. This/dt new/jj force/nn ,/, love/nn of/in country/nn ,/, super-imposed/vbn upon/in --/-- if/cs not/* displacing/vbg --/-- affectionate/jj ties/nns to/in one's/pn$ own/jj state/nn ,/, was/bedz epitomized/vbn by/in Washington/np ./. His/pp$ first/od inaugural/jj address/nn speaks/vbz of/in ``/`` my/pp$ country/nn whose/wp$ voice/nn I/ppss can/md never/rb hear/vb but/in with/in veneration/nn and/cc love/nn ''/'' ./. All/abn sought/vbd the/at fruition/nn of/in that/dt nationalism/nn in/in a/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl with/in substantial/jj powers/nns ./. Save/in Jefferson/np ,/, all/abn participated/vbd in/in the/at framing/nn or/cc ratification/nn of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl ./. They/ppss supported/vbd it/ppo ,/, not/* as/cs a/at perfect/jj instrument/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs the/at best/jjt obtainable/jj ./. Historians/nns have/hv traditionally/rb regarded/vbn the/at great/jj debates/nns of/in the/at Seventeen/cd-tl Nineties/nns-tl as/cs polarizing/vbg the/at issues/nns of/in centralized/vbn vs./in limited/vbn government/nn ,/, with/in Hamilton/np and/cc the/at nationalists/nns supporting/vbg the/at former/ap and/cc Jefferson/np and/cc Madison/np upholding/vbg the/at latter/ap position/nn ./. The/at state's/nn$ rights/nns position/nn was/bedz formulated/vbn by/in Jefferson/np and/cc Madison/np in/in the/at Kentucky/np and/cc Virginia/np-tl Resolves/vbz-tl ,/, but/cc in/in their/pp$ later/jjr careers/nns as/cs heads/nns of/in state/nn the/at two/cd proved/vbd themselves/ppls better/jjr Hamiltonians/nps than/cs Jeffersonians/nps ./. In/in purchasing/vbg Louisiana/np ,/, Jefferson/np had/hvd to/to adopt/vb Hamilton's/np$ broad/jj construction/nn of/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ,/, and/cc so/rb did/dod Madison/np in/in advocating/vbg the/at rechartering/nn of/in Hamilton's/np$ bank/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps had/hvd so/ql strenuously/rb opposed/vbn at/in its/pp$ inception/nn ,/, and/cc in/in adopting/vbg a/at Hamiltonian/jj protective/jj tariff/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, the/at old/jj Jeffersonians/nps were/bed far/ql more/ql atune/jj to/in the/at Hamilton-oriented/jj Whigs/nps than/cs they/ppss were/bed to/in the/at Jacksonian/jj Democrats/nps ./. When/wrb ,/, in/in 1832/cd ,/, the/at South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl nullifiers/nns adopted/vbd the/at principle/nn of/in state/nn interposition/nn which/wdt Madison/np had/hvd advanced/vbn in/in his/pp$ old/jj Virginia/np-tl Resolve/nn-tl ,/, they/ppss elicited/vbd no/at encouragement/nn from/in that/dt senior/jj statesman/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ political/jj testament/nn ,/, ``/`` Advice/nn-tl To/in-tl My/pp$-tl Country/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, penned/vbn just/ql before/in his/pp$ death/nn ,/, Madison/np expressed/vbd the/at wish/nn ``/`` that/cs the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl States/nns-tl be/be cherished/vbn and/cc perpetuated/vbn ./. Let/vb the/at open/jj enemy/nn to/in it/ppo be/be regarded/vbn as/cs a/at Pandora/np with/in her/pp$ box/nn opened/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at disguised/vbn one/cd ,/, as/cs the/at serpent/nn creeping/vbg with/in his/pp$ deadly/jj wiles/nns into/in Paradise/nn-tl ''/'' ./.

cg08

cg08 |@word tobacco:5 road:4 dead:3 long:1 live:2 nostalgic:1 yankee:2 reader:2 erskine:1 caldwell:2 today:4 inform:1 proud:1 georgian:1 bury:1 beneath:1 four:1 lane:2 super:1 highway:1 travel:1 day:1 suburbanite:1 businessman:1 concerned:2 dow:1 jones:1 average:1 cotton:2 crop:2 thus:2 compel:1 face:4 urbanization:7 south:29 despite:2 dramatic:1 overwhelming:1 effect:2 upon:4 southern:28 culture:1 utterly:1 ignore:1 bulk:1 writer:18 indeed:3 seem:4 fiction:3 traditional:2 trimming:1 sowbelly:1 cornbread:1 mint:2 julep:2 continue:1 weary:1 overexploited:1 phantom:1 know:1 collectively:1 school:2 receive:1 accolade:1 even:11 critic:2 least:2 prone:1 eulogize:1 accord:1 many:5 fact:2 lead:3 north:2 literature:3 since:3 civil:2 war:2 quantitatively:1 qualitatively:1 william:4 faulkner:9 robert:2 penn:2 warren:2 field:3 somewhat:2 less:1 important:1 sort:1 post:2 bellum:3 renaissance:1 interesting:1 however:1 strong:1 upsurge:1 write:4 almost:2 none:1 forsake:1 firmly:2 entrenched:1 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Tobacco/nn-tl-hl Road/nn-tl-hl is/bez-hl dead/jj-hl ./.-hl Long/rb-hl live/vb-hl Tobacco/nn-tl-hl Road/nn-tl-hl ./.-hl Nostalgic/jj Yankee/jj readers/nns of/in Erskine/np Caldwell/np are/ber today/nr informed/vbn by/in proud/jj Georgians/nps that/cs Tobacco/nn-tl Road/nn-tl is/bez buried/vbn beneath/in a/at four-lane/jj super/jj highway/nn ,/, over/in which/wdt travel/vb each/dt day/nn suburbanite/jj businessmen/nns more/ql concerned/vbn with/in the/at Dow-Jones/np average/nn than/cs with/in the/at cotton/nn crop/nn ./. Thus/rb we/ppss are/ber compelled/vbn to/to face/vb the/at urbanization/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl --/-- an/at urbanization/nn which/wdt ,/, despite/in its/pp$ dramatic/jj and/cc overwhelming/jj effects/nns upon/in the/at Southern/jj-tl culture/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben utterly/rb ignored/vbn by/in the/at bulk/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl writers/nns ./. Indeed/rb ,/, it/pps seems/vbz that/cs only/rb in/in today's/nr$ Southern/jj-tl fiction/nn does/doz Tobacco/nn-tl Road/nn-tl ,/, with/in all/abn the/at traditional/jj trimmings/nns of/in sowbelly/nn and/cc cornbread/nn and/cc mint/nn juleps/nns ,/, continue/vb to/to live/vb --/-- but/cc only/rb as/cs a/at weary/jj ,/, overexploited/vbn phantom/nn ./. Those/dts writers/nns known/vbn collectively/rb as/cs the/at ``/`` Southern/jj-tl school/nn ''/'' have/hv received/vbn accolades/nns from/in even/rb those/dts critics/nns least/ql prone/jj to/to eulogize/vb ;/. ;/. according/in to/in many/ap critics/nns ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz led/vbn the/at North/nr-tl in/in literature/nn since/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, both/abx quantitatively/rb and/cc qualitatively/rb ./. Such/jj writers/nns as/cs William/np Faulkner/np and/cc Robert/np Penn/np Warren/np have/hv led/vbn the/at field/nn of/in somewhat/ql less/ql important/jj writers/nns in/in a/at sort/nn of/in post-bellum/jj renaissance/nn ./. It/pps is/bez interesting/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs despite/in this/dt strong/jj upsurge/nn in/in Southern/jj-tl writing/nn ,/, almost/rb none/pn of/in the/at writers/nns has/hvz forsaken/vbn the/at firmly/rb entrenched/vbn concept/nn of/in the/at white-suited/jj big-daddy/nn colonel/nn sipping/vbg a/at mint/nn julep/nn as/cs he/pps silently/rb recounts/vbz the/at revenue/nn from/in the/at season's/nn$ cotton/nn and/cc tobacco/nn crops/nns ;/. ;/. of/in the/at stereotyped/vbn Negro/np servants/nns chanting/vbg hymns/nns as/cs they/ppss plow/vb the/at fields/nns ;/. ;/. of/in these/dts and/cc a/at host/nn of/in other/ap antiquated/vbn legends/nns that/wps deny/vb the/at South/nr-tl its/pp$ progressive/jj leaps/nns of/in the/at past/ap century/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* to/to say/vb that/cs the/at South/nr-tl is/bez no/ql longer/rbr agrarian/jj ;/. ;/. such/abl a/at statement/nn would/md be/be the/at rankest/jjt form/nn of/in oversimplification/nn ./. But/cc the/at South/nr-tl is/bez ,/, and/cc has/hvz been/ben for/in the/at past/ap century/nn ,/, engaged/vbn in/in a/at wide-sweeping/jj urbanization/nn which/wdt ,/, oddly/rb enough/qlp ,/, is/bez not/* reflected/vbn in/in its/pp$ literature/nn ./. In/in 1900/cd the/at South/nr-tl was/bedz only/rb 15%/nn urban/jj ;/. ;/. in/in 1950/cd it/pps had/hvd become/vbn 47.1%/nn urban/jj ./. In/in a/at mere/jj half-century/nn the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz more/ap than/in tripled/vbn its/pp$ urban/jj status/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at New/jj-tl South/nr-tl emerging/vbg ,/, a/at South/nr-tl losing/vbg the/at folksy/jj traditions/nns of/in an/at agrarian/jj society/nn with/in the/at rapidity/nn of/in an/at avalanche/nn --/-- especially/rb within/in recent/jj decades/nns ./. As/cs the/at New/jj-tl South/nr-tl snowballs/vbz toward/in further/jjr urbanization/nn ,/, it/pps becomes/vbz more/ql and/cc more/ql homogeneous/jj with/in the/at North/nr-tl --/-- a/at tendency/nn which/wdt Willard/np Thorp/np terms/vbz ``/`` Yankeefication/np ''/'' ,/, as/cs evidenced/vbn in/in such/jj cities/nns as/cs Charlotte/np ,/, Birmingham/np ,/, and/cc Houston/np ./. It/pps is/bez said/vbn that/cs ,/, even/rb at/in the/at present/jj stage/nn of/in Southern/jj-tl urbanization/nn ,/, such/abl a/at city/nn as/cs Atlanta/np is/bez not/* distinctly/ql unlike/in Columbus/np or/cc Trenton/np ./. Undoubtedly/rb even/rb the/at old/jj Southern/jj-tl stalwart/jj Richmond/np has/hvz felt/vbn the/at new/jj wind/nn :/: William/np Styron/np mentions/vbz in/in his/pp$ latest/jjt novel/nn an/at avenue/nn named/vbn for/in Bankhead/np McGruder/np ,/, a/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl general/nn ,/, now/rb renamed/vbn ,/, in/in typical/jj California/np fashion/nn ,/, ``/`` Buena/np-tl Vista/np-tl Terrace/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at effects/nns of/in television/nn and/cc other/ap mass/jj media/nns are/ber erasing/vbg regional/jj dialects/nns and/cc localisms/nns with/in a/at startling/jj force/nn ./. As/in for/in progress/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` backward/jj South/nr-tl ''/'' can/md boast/vb of/in Baton/np Rouge/np ,/, which/wdt increased/vbd its/pp$ population/nn between/in 1940/cd and/cc 1950/cd by/in two/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-two/cd percent/nn ,/, to/in 126,000/cd ,/, the/at second/od largest/jjt growth/nn of/in the/at period/nn for/in all/abn cities/nns over/in 25,000/cd ./. The/at field/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, is/bez ripe/jj for/cs new/jj Southerners/nns-tl to/to step/vb to/in the/at fore/nn and/cc write/vb of/in this/dt twentieth-century/nn phenomenon/nn ,/, the/at Southern/jj-tl Yankeefication/np-tl :/: the/at new/jj urban/jj economy/nn ,/, the/at city-dweller/nn ,/, the/at pains/nns of/in transition/nn ,/, the/at labor/nn problems/nns ;/. ;/. the/at list/nn is/bez ,/, obviously/rb ,/, endless/jj ./. But/cc these/dts sources/nns have/hv not/* been/ben tapped/vbn ./. Truman/np Capote/np is/bez still/rb reveling/vbg in/in Southern/jj-tl Gothicism/np-tl ,/, exaggerating/vbg the/at old/jj Southern/jj-tl legends/nns into/in something/pn beautiful/jj and/cc grotesque/jj ,/, but/cc as/ql unreal/jj as/cs --/-- or/cc even/rb more/ql unreal/jj than/cs --/-- yesterday/nr ./. William/np Styron/np ,/, while/cs facing/vbg the/at changing/vbg economy/nn with/in a/at certain/jj uneasy/jj reluctance/nn ,/, insists/vbz he/pps is/bez not/* to/to be/be classified/vbn as/cs a/at Southern/jj-tl writer/nn and/cc yet/rb includes/vbz traditional/jj Southern/jj-tl concepts/nns in/in everything/pn he/pps publishes/vbz ./. Even/rb the/at great/jj god/nn Faulkner/np ,/, the/at South's/nr$-tl one/cd probable/jj contender/nn for/in literary/jj immortality/nn ,/, has/hvz little/rb concerned/vbn himself/ppl with/in these/dts matters/nns ;/. ;/. such/jj are/ber simply/rb not/* within/in his/pp$ bounded/vbn province/nn ./. Where/wrb are/ber the/at writers/nns to/to treat/vb these/dts changes/nns ?/. ?/. Has/hvz the/at agrarian/jj tradition/nn become/vbn such/abl an/at addiction/nn that/cs the/at switch/nn to/in urbanism/nn is/bez somehow/rb dreaded/vbn or/cc unwanted/jj ?/. ?/. Perhaps/rb present/jj writers/nns hypnotically/rb cling/vb to/in the/at older/jjr order/nn because/cs they/ppss consider/vb it/ppo useful/jj and/cc reliable/jj through/in repeated/vbn testings/nns over/in the/at decades/nns ./. Lacking/vbg the/at pioneer/nn spirit/nn necessary/jj to/to write/vb of/in a/at new/jj economy/nn ,/, these/dts writers/nns seem/vb to/to be/be contenting/vbg themselves/ppls with/in an/at old/jj one/cd that/wps is/bez now/rb as/ql defunct/jj as/cs Confederate/jj-tl money/nn ./. An/at example/nn of/in the/at changes/nns which/wdt have/hv crept/vbn over/in the/at Southern/jj-tl region/nn may/md be/be seen/vbn in/in the/at Southern/jj-tl Negro's/np$ quest/nn for/in a/at position/nn in/in the/at white-dominated/jj society/nn ,/, a/at problem/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben reflected/vbn in/in regional/jj fiction/nn especially/rb since/in 1865/cd ./. Today/nr the/at Negro/np must/md discover/vb his/pp$ role/nn in/in an/at industrialized/vbn South/nr-tl ,/, which/wdt indicates/vbz that/cs the/at racial/jj aspect/nn of/in the/at Southern/jj-tl dilemma/nn hasn't/hvz* changed/vbn radically/rb ,/, but/cc rather/rb has/hvz gradually/rb come/vbn to/to be/be reflected/vbn in/in this/dt new/jj context/nn ,/, this/dt new/jj coat/nn of/in paint/nn ./. The/at Negro/np faces/vbz as/ql much/ap ,/, if/cs not/* more/ap ,/, difficulty/nn in/in fitting/vbg himself/ppl into/in an/at urban/jj economy/nn as/cs he/pps did/dod in/in an/at agrarian/jj one/cd ./. This/dt represents/vbz a/at gradual/jj change/nn in/in an/at ever-present/jj social/jj problem/nn ./. But/cc there/ex have/hv been/ben abrupt/jj changes/nns as/ql well/rb :/: the/at sit-ins/nns ,/, the/at picket/nn lines/nns ,/, the/at bus/nn strikes/nns --/-- all/abn of/in these/dts were/bed unheard-of/jj even/rb ten/cd years/nns ago/rb ./. Today's/nr$ evidence/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs only/rb three/cd Southern/jj-tl states/nns (/( South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, Alabama/np and/cc Mississippi/np )/) still/rb openly/rb defy/vb integration/nn ,/, would/md have/hv astounded/vbn many/ap of/in yesterday's/nr$ Southerners/nns-tl into/in speechlessness/nn ./. Other/ap examples/nns of/in gradual/jj changes/nns that/wps have/hv affected/vbn the/at Negro/np have/hv been/ben his/pp$ moving/vbg up/rp ,/, row/nn by/in row/nn ,/, in/in the/at buses/nns ;/. ;/. his/pp$ requesting/vbg ,/, and/cc often/rb getting/vbg ,/, higher/jjr wages/nns ,/, better/jjr working/vbg conditions/nns ,/, better/jjr schools/nns --/-- changes/nns that/wps were/bed slowly/rb emerging/vbg even/rb before/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl decision/nn of/in 1954/cd ./. Then/rb came/vbd this/dt decision/nn ,/, which/wdt sped/vbd the/at process/nn of/in gaining/vbg equality/nn (/( or/cc perhaps/rb hindered/vbd it/ppo ;/. ;/. only/rb historical/jj evolution/nn will/md determine/vb which/wdt )/) :/: an/at abrupt/jj change/nn ./. Since/in 1954/cd the/at Negro's/np$ desire/nn for/in social/jj justice/nn has/hvz led/vbn to/in an/at ironically/rb anarchical/jj rebellion/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz frequently/rb refused/vbn to/to move/vb from/in white/jj lunch/nn counters/nns ,/, refused/vbn to/to obey/vb local/jj laws/nns which/wdt he/pps considers/vbz unjust/jj ,/, while/cs in/in other/ap cases/nns he/pps has/hvz appealed/vbn to/in federal/jj laws/nns ./. This/dt bold/jj self-assertion/nn ,/, after/in decades/nns of/in humble/jj subservience/nn ,/, is/bez indeed/rb a/at twentieth-century/nn phenomenon/nn ,/, an/at abrupt/jj change/nn in/in the/at Southern/jj-tl way/nn of/in existence/nn ./. A/at new/jj order/nn is/bez thrusting/vbg itself/ppl into/in being/beg ./. A/at new/jj South/nr-tl is/bez emerging/vbg after/in the/at post-bellum/jj years/nns of/in hesitation/nn ,/, uncertainty/nn ,/, and/cc lack/nn of/in action/nn from/in the/at Negro/np in/in defining/vbg his/pp$ new/jj role/nn in/in the/at amorphously/rb defined/vbn socio-political/jj organizations/nns of/in the/at white/jj man/nn ./. The/at modern/jj Negro/np has/hvz not/* made/vbn a/at decisive/jj debut/nn into/in Southern/jj-tl fiction/nn ./. It/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs ,/, while/cs most/ap writers/nns enjoy/vb picturing/vbg the/at Negro/np as/cs a/at woolly-headed/jj ,/, humble/jj old/jj agrarian/nn who/wps mutters/vbz ``/`` yassuhs/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` sho'/rb nufs/nns ''/'' with/in blissful/jj deference/nn to/in his/pp$ white/jj employer/nn (/( or/cc ,/, in/in Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl terms/nns ,/, ``/`` massuh/nn ''/'' )/) ,/, this/dt stereotype/nn is/bez doomed/vbn to/to become/vb in/in reality/nn as/ql obsolete/jj as/cs Caldwell's/np$ Lester/np ./. While/cs there/ex may/md still/rb be/be many/ap Faulknerian/jj Lucas/np Beauchamps/np scattered/vbd through/in the/at rural/jj South/nr-tl ,/, such/jj men/nns appear/vb to/to be/be a/at vanishing/vbg breed/nn ./. Writers/nns openly/rb admit/vb that/cs the/at Negro/np is/bez easier/jjr to/to write/vb than/cs the/at white/jj man/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc they/ppss obviously/rb mean/vb by/in this/dt ,/, not/* a/at Negro/np personality/nn ,/, but/cc a/at Negro/np type/nn ./. Presenting/vbg an/at individualized/vbn Negro/np character/nn ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql difficult/jj assignments/nns a/at Southern/jj-tl writer/nn could/md tackle/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at success/nn of/in such/abl an/at endeavor/nn is/bez ,/, as/cs suggested/vbn above/rb ,/, glaringly/rb rare/jj ./. Just/rb as/cs the/at Negro/np situation/nn points/vbz up/rp the/at gradual/jj and/cc abrupt/jj changes/nns affecting/vbg Southern/jj-tl life/nn ,/, it/pps also/rb points/vbz up/rp the/at non-representation/nn of/in urbanism/nn in/in Southern/jj-tl literature/nn ./. The/at book/nn concerned/vbn with/in the/at Negro's/np$ role/nn in/in an/at urban/jj society/nn is/bez rare/jj indeed/qlp ;/. ;/. recently/rb only/rb Keith/np Wheeler's/np$ novel/nn ,/, Peaceable/jj-tl Lane/nn-tl ,/, has/hvz openly/rb faced/vbn the/at problem/nn ./. All/abn but/in the/at most/ql rabid/jj of/in Confederate/jj-tl flag/nn wavers/nns admit/vb that/cs the/at Old/jj-tl Southern/jj-tl tradition/nn is/bez defunct/jj in/in actuality/nn and/cc sigh/vb that/cs its/pp$ passing/vbg was/bedz accompanied/vbn by/in the/at disappearance/nn of/in many/ap genteel/jj and/cc aristocratic/jj traditions/nns of/in the/at reputedly/rb languid/jj ante-bellum/jj way/nn of/in life/nn ./. Many/ap earlier/jjr writers/nns ,/, mourning/vbg the/at demise/nn of/in the/at old/jj order/nn ,/, tended/vbd to/to romanticize/vb and/cc exaggerate/vb this/dt ``/`` gracious/jj Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ''/'' imagery/nn ,/, creating/vbg such/jj lasting/vbg impressions/nns as/cs Margaret/np Mitchell's/np$ ``/`` Tara/np-tl ''/'' Plantation/nn-tl ./. Modern/jj writers/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber supposed/vbn to/to keep/vb their/pp$ fingers/nns firmly/rb upon/in the/at pulse/nn of/in their/pp$ subjects/nns ,/, insist/vb upon/in drawing/vbg out/rp this/dt legend/nn ,/, prolonging/vbg its/pp$ burial/nn ,/, when/wrb it/pps well/rb deserves/vbz a/at rest/nn after/in the/at overexploitation/nn of/in the/at past/ap century/nn ./. Perhaps/rb these/dts writers/nns have/hv been/ben too/ql deeply/rb moved/vbn by/in this/dt romanticizing/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc they/ppss can/md hardly/rb deny/vb that/cs ,/, exaggerated/vbn or/cc not/* ,/, the/at old/jj panorama/nn is/bez dead/jj ./. As/cs John/np T./np Westbrook/np says/vbz in/in his/pp$ article/nn ,/, ``/`` Twilight/nn-tl Of/in-tl Southern/jj-tl Regionalism/nn-tl ''/'' (/( Southwest/jj-tl Review/nn-tl ,/, Winter/nn-tl 1957/cd )/) :/: ``/`` The/at miasmal/jj mausoleum/nn where/wrb an/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ,/, already/rb too/ql minutely/rb autopsied/vbn in/in prose/nn and/cc poetry/nn ,/, should/md be/be left/vbn to/to rest/vb in/in peace/nn ,/, forever/rb dead/jj and/cc (/( let/vb us/ppo fervently/rb hope/vb )/) forever/rb done/vbn with/in ''/'' ./. Westbrook/np further/rbr bemoans/vbz the/at Southern/jj-tl writers'/nns$ creation/nn of/in an/at unreal/jj image/nn of/in their/pp$ homeland/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez too/ql readily/rb assimilated/vbn by/in both/abx foreign/jj readers/nns and/cc visiting/vbg Yankees/nps :/: ``/`` Our/pp$ northerner/nn is/bez suspicious/jj of/in all/abn this/dt crass/jj evidence/nn (/( of/in urbanization/nn )/) presented/vbn to/in his/pp$ senses/nns ./. It/pps bewilders/vbz and/cc befuddles/vbz him/ppo ./. He/pps is/bez too/ql deeply/rb steeped/vbn in/in William/np Faulkner/np and/cc Robert/np Penn/np Warren/np ./. The/at fumes/nns of/in progress/nn are/ber in/in his/pp$ nose/nn and/cc the/at bright/jj steel/nn of/in industry/nn towers/vbz before/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, but/cc his/pp$ heart/nn is/bez away/rb in/in Yoknapatawpha/np-tl County/nn-tl with/in razorback/nn hogs/nns and/cc night/nn riders/nns ./. On/in this/dt trip/nn to/in the/at South/nr-tl he/pps wants/vbz ,/, above/in all/abn else/rb ,/, to/to sniff/vb the/at effluvium/nn of/in backwoods-and-sand-hill/jj subhumanity/nn and/cc to/to see/vb at/in least/ap one/cd barn/nn burn/vb at/in midnight/nn ''/'' ./. Obviously/rb ,/, such/abl a/at Northern/jj-tl tourist's/nn$ purpose/nn is/bez somewhat/ql akin/jj to/in a/at child's/nn$ experience/nn with/in Disneyland/np :/: he/pps wants/vbz to/to see/vb a/at world/nn of/in make-believe/nn ./. In/in the/at meantime/nn ,/, while/cs the/at South/nr-tl has/hvz been/ben undergoing/vbg this/dt phenomenal/jj modernization/nn that/wps is/bez so/ql disappointing/jj to/in the/at curious/jj Yankee/np ,/, Southern/jj-tl writers/nns have/hv certainly/rb done/vbn little/ap to/to reflect/vb and/cc promote/vb their/pp$ region's/nn$ progress/nn ./. Willard/np Thorp/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ new/jj book/nn ,/, American/jj-tl Writing/nn-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Twentieth/od-tl Century/nn-tl ,/, observes/vbz ,/, quite/ql validly/rb it/pps seems/vbz :/: ``/`` Certain/jj subjects/nns are/ber conspicuously/ql absent/jj or/cc have/hv been/ben only/rb lightly/rb touched/vbn ./. No/at Southern/jj-tl novelist/nn has/hvz done/vbn for/in Atlanta/np or/cc Birmingham/np what/wdt Herrick/np ,/, Dreiser/np ,/, and/cc Farrell/np did/dod for/in Chicago/np or/cc Dos/np Passos/np did/dod for/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. There/ex are/ber almost/rb no/at fictional/jj treatments/nns of/in the/at industrialized/vbn south/nr ''/'' ./. Not/* a/at single/ap Southern/jj-tl author/nn ,/, major/jj or/cc minor/jj ,/, has/hvz made/vbn the/at urban/jj problems/nns of/in an/at urban/jj South/nr-tl his/pp$ primary/jj source/nn material/nn ./. Faulkner/np ,/, for/in one/cd ,/, appears/vbz to/to be/be safe/jj from/in the/at accusing/vbg fingers/nns of/in all/abn assailants/nns in/in this/dt regard/nn ./. Faulkner/np culminates/vbz the/at Southern/jj-tl legend/nn perhaps/rb more/ql masterfully/rb than/cs it/pps has/hvz ever/rb been/ben ,/, or/cc could/md ever/rb be/be ,/, done/vbn ./. He/pps has/hvz made/vbn it/ppo his/pp$$ ,/, and/cc his/pp$$ it/pps remains/vbz ,/, irrevocably/rb ./. He/pps treats/vbz it/ppo with/in a/at mythological/jj ,/, universal/jj application/nn ./. As/cs his/pp$ disciples/nns boast/vb ,/, even/rb though/cs his/pp$ emphasis/nn is/bez elsewhere/rb ,/, Faulkner/np does/doz show/vb his/pp$ awareness/nn of/in the/at changing/vbg order/nn of/in the/at South/nr-tl quite/ql keenly/rb ,/, as/cs can/md be/be proven/vbn by/in a/at quick/jj recalling/nn of/in his/pp$ Sartoris/np and/cc Snopes/np families/nns ./. Even/rb two/cd decades/nns ago/rb in/in Go/vb-tl Down/rb-tl ,/, Moses/np-tl Faulkner/np was/bedz looking/vbg to/in the/at more/ql urban/jj future/nn with/in a/at glimmer/nn of/in hope/nn that/cs through/in its/pp$ youth/nn and/cc its/pp$ new/jj way/nn of/in life/nn the/at South/nr-tl might/md be/be reborn/vbn and/cc the/at curse/nn of/in slavery/nn erased/vbn from/in its/pp$ soil/nn ./. Yet/cc his/pp$ concern/nn even/rb here/rb is/bez with/in a/at slowly/rb changing/vbg socio-economic/jj order/nn in/in general/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps never/rb deals/vbz with/in such/jj specific/jj aspects/nns of/in this/dt change/nn as/cs the/at urban/jj and/cc industrial/jj impact/nn ./. Faulkner/np traces/vbz ,/, in/in his/pp$ vast/jj and/cc overpowering/vbg saga/nn of/in Yoknapatawpha/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, the/at gradual/jj changes/nns which/wdt seep/vb into/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, building/vbg layer/nn upon/in layer/nn of/in minute/jj ,/, subtle/jj innovation/nn which/wdt eventually/rb tend/vb largely/rb to/to hide/vb the/at Old/jj-tl Way/nn-tl ./. Thus/rb Faulkner/np reminds/vbz us/ppo ,/, and/cc wisely/rb ,/, that/cs the/at ``/`` new/jj ''/'' South/nr-tl has/hvz gradually/rb evolved/vbn out/in of/in the/at Old/jj-tl South/nr-tl ,/, and/cc consequently/rb its/pp$ agrarian/jj roots/nns persist/vb ./. Yet/cc he/pps presents/vbz a/at realm/nn of/in source/nn material/nn which/wdt may/md well/rb serve/vb other/ap writers/nns if/cs not/* himself/ppl :/: the/at problems/nns with/in which/wdt a/at New/jj-tl South/nr-tl must/md grapple/vb in/in groping/vbg through/in a/at blind/jj adolescence/nn into/in the/at maturity/nn of/in urbanization/nn ./. With/in new/jj mechanization/nn the/at modern/jj farmer/nn must/md perform/vb the/at work/nn of/in six/cd men/nns :/: a/at machine/nn stands/vbz between/in the/at agrarian/nn and/cc his/pp$ soil/nn ./. The/at thousands/nns of/in city/nn migrants/nns who/wps desert/vb the/at farms/nns yearly/rb must/md readjust/vb with/in even/ql greater/jjr stress/nn and/cc tension/nn :/: the/at sacred/jj wilderness/nn is/bez gradually/rb surrendering/vbg to/in suburbs/nns and/cc research/nn parks/nns and/cc industrial/jj areas/nns ./.

cg09

cg09 |@word another:5 element:4 concern:1 choreographer:7 visual:2 device:4 theatre:2 avant:3 garde:3 creator:3 true:3 interest:2 self:5 sufficiency:1 pure:2 movement:13 tend:2 dress:1 dancer:21 simple:1 line:5 solid:1 color:7 often:1 black:1 give:5 bare:1 cyclorama:1 setting:1 robert:1 rauschenberg:1 neo:1 dadaist:1 artist:2 collaborate:1 several:3 design:6 match:1 backdrop:1 costume:2 point:1 white:1 mr:6 cunningham:5 summerspace:1 background:1 merge:1 shimmering:1 unity:1 taylor:1 image:1 reflection:1 make:8 diaphanous:1 tent:1 alternately:1 hide:1 reveal:2 performer:4 girl:2 cape:2 grass:1 nikolais:3 distinctive:1 contribution:1 art:3 decor:1 fact:1 call:2 production:1 dance:13 work:9 motion:2 shape:6 light:5 sound:4 raise:1 personal:3 pedestrian:3 experiment:2 relate:3 large:2 environmental:1 orbit:2 begin:3 mask:1 identify:1 creature:2 appear:2 go:1 use:4 object:5 hoop:2 pole:1 employ:2 extension:1 body:2 move:4 depersonalization:1 continue:1 metamorphose:1 play:1 upon:1 figure:2 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rhythm:2 intensity:1 composer:2 reverse:1 invert:1 original:1 interval:1 dynamic:1 change:5 alter:1 pattern:3 scheme:1 random:2 number:3 either:1 rational:1 inspire:1 impersonal:3 mechanism:1 chance:8 exclude:1 control:1 formal:1 development:1 select:2 tossing:1 coin:2 perhaps:1 add:1 safeguard:1 reference:1 oracle:1 che:1 chinese:1 book:1 dictate:2 handling:1 choose:2 vocabulary:1 turn:3 similar:1 let:2 take:4 accord:1 katherine:1 litz:2 realization:2 stipulate:1 quality:4 initial:2 discover:3 rightness:1 follow:4 involve:2 sharp:1 contrast:1 example:1 quiet:1 meditative:1 sway:2 succeed:1 violent:1 leap:3 subtle:2 distinction:1 gradually:1 minimize:1 enlarge:1 rhythmic:1 emphasis:1 slightly:1 modify:1 transfer:1 arm:2 least:1 alteration:1 exploration:1 possible:1 constitute:2 thereby:1 depiction:1 analytic:1 miss:2 spontaneous:1 merle:1 marsicano:2 think:2 term:1 variation:1 spatial:2 temporal:2 emotionally:1 reach:1 spring:1 send:1 catapult:1 recklessly:1 chaos:1 confront:1 back:2 jackson:1 pollock:2 impel:1 stage:3 much:1 painting:1 violently:1 full:1 extent:1 canvas:1 conscious:1 need:2 break:1 away:1 constrict:1 midi:1 garth:1 believe:1 feeling:1 engender:1 free:5 front:1 swing:2 leg:1 sideways:1 develop:1 ground:2 prelude:1 flight:1 pervading:1 lyricism:1 building:1 close:1 towards:1 jump:2 air:1 central:1 focus:1 alwin:1 outpouring:1 emotion:1 godlike:1 sometimes:1 mars:1 consistent:1 intention:1 place:1 identity:1 metamorphosed:1 germ:1 recognition:1 first:2 revealed:1 stroke:1 existence:1 state:1 theme:2 else:1 formation:1 evolve:1 reaction:2 relation:1 kaleidescope:1 unconcerne:1 practical:1 function:1 action:2 engross:1 exclusively:1 motional:1 content:1 unfold:1 freely:1 uninhibited:1 bias:1 purposive:1 drive:1 metamorphosis:1 though:1 mode:1 activity:1 merce:1 different:2 achieve:1 aim:1 motivate:1 cause:1 effect:1 base:1 belief:1 anything:2 produce:1 bind:1 remember:1 freshness:1 individual:1 find:2 enable:1 create:1 imagination:1 cite:1 pleasure:1 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Another/dt element/nn to/to concern/vb the/at choreographer/nn is/bez that/dt of/in the/at visual/jj devices/nns of/in the/at theatre/nn ./. Most/ap avant-garde/nn creators/nns ,/, true/jj to/in their/pp$ interest/nn in/in the/at self-sufficiency/nn of/in pure/jj movement/nn ,/, have/hv tended/vbn to/to dress/vb their/pp$ dancers/nns in/in simple/jj lines/nns and/cc solid/jj colors/nns (/( often/rb black/nn )/) and/cc to/to give/vb them/ppo a/at bare/jj cyclorama/nn for/in a/at setting/nn ./. But/cc Robert/np Rauschenberg/np ,/, the/at neo-dadaist/nn artist/nn ,/, has/hvz collaborated/vbn with/in several/ap of/in them/ppo ./. He/pps has/hvz designed/vbn a/at matching/vbg backdrop/nn and/cc costumes/nns of/in points/nns of/in color/nn on/in white/jj for/in Mr./np Cunningham's/np$ Summerspace/np ,/, so/cs that/cs dancers/nns and/cc background/nn merge/vb into/in a/at shimmering/vbg unity/nn ./. For/cs Mr./np Taylor's/np$ Images/nns-tl And/cc-tl Reflections/nns-tl she/pps made/vbd some/dti diaphanous/jj tents/nns that/wps alternately/rb hide/vb and/cc reveal/vb the/at performer/nn ,/, and/cc a/at girl's/nn$ cape/nn lined/vbn with/in grass/nn ./. Mr./np Nikolais/np has/hvz made/vbn a/at distinctive/jj contribution/nn to/in the/at arts/nns of/in costume/nn and/cc decor/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, he/pps calls/vbz his/pp$ productions/nns dance-theatre/nn works/nns of/in motion/nn ,/, shape/nn ,/, light/nn ,/, and/cc sound/nn ./. To/to raise/vb the/at dancer/nn out/in of/in his/pp$ personal/jj ,/, pedestrian/jj self/nn ,/, Mr./np Nikolais/np has/hvz experimented/vbn with/in relating/vbg him/ppo to/in a/at larger/jjr ,/, environmental/jj orbit/nn ./. He/pps began/vbd with/in masks/nns to/to make/vb the/at dancer/nn identify/vb himself/ppl with/in the/at creature/nn he/pps appeared/vbd to/to be/be ./. He/pps went/vbd on/rp to/to use/vb objects/nns --/-- hoops/nns ,/, poles/nns ,/, capes/nns --/-- which/wdt he/pps employed/vbd as/cs extensions/nns of/in the/at body/nn of/in the/at dancer/nn ,/, who/wps moved/vbd with/in them/ppo ./. The/at depersonalization/nn continued/vbd as/cs the/at dancer/nn was/bedz further/rbr metamorphosed/vbn by/in the/at play/nn of/in lights/nns upon/in his/pp$ figure/nn ./. In/in each/dt case/nn ,/, the/at object/nn ,/, the/at color/nn ,/, even/rb the/at percussive/jj sounds/nns of/in the/at electronic/jj score/nn were/bed designed/vbn to/to become/vb part/nn of/in the/at theatrical/jj being/beg of/in the/at performer/nn ./. The/at dancer/nn who/wps never/rb loosens/vbz her/pp$ hold/nn on/in a/at parasol/nn ,/, begins/vbz to/to feel/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez part/nn of/in herself/ppl ./. Or/cc ,/, clad/vbn from/in head/nn to/in toe/nn in/in fabric/nn stretched/vbn over/in a/at series/nn of/in hoops/nns ,/, the/at performer/nn may/md well/rb lose/vb his/pp$ sense/nn of/in self/nn in/in being/beg a/at ``/`` finial/nn ''/'' ./. As/cs the/at dancer/nn is/bez depersonalized/vbn ,/, his/pp$ accouterments/nns are/ber animized/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at combined/vbn elements/nns give/vb birth/nn to/in a/at new/jj being/nn ./. From/in this/dt being/nn come/vb new/jj movement/nn ideas/nns that/wps utilize/vb dancer/nn and/cc property/nn as/cs a/at single/ap unit/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at avant-garde/nn choreographers/nns have/hv extended/vbn the/at scope/nn of/in materials/nns available/jj for/in dance/nn composition/nn ./. But/cc ,/, since/cs they/ppss have/hv rejected/vbn both/abx narrative/jj and/cc emotional/jj continuity/nn ,/, how/wrb are/ber they/ppss to/to unify/vb the/at impressive/jj array/nn of/in materials/nns at/in their/pp$ disposal/nn ?/. ?/. Some/dti look/vb deliberately/rb to/in devices/nns used/vbn by/in creators/nns in/in the/at other/ap arts/nns and/cc apply/vb corresponding/jj methods/nns to/in their/pp$ own/jj work/nn ./. Others/nns ,/, less/ql consciously/rb but/cc quite/ql probably/rb influenced/vbn by/in the/at trends/nns of/in the/at times/nns ,/, experiment/vb with/in approaches/nns that/wps parallel/vb those/dts of/in the/at contemporary/jj poet/nn ,/, painter/nn ,/, and/cc musician/nn ./. An/at approach/nn that/wps has/hvz appealed/vbn to/in some/dti choreographers/nns is/bez reminiscent/jj of/in Charles/np Olson's/np$ statement/nn of/in the/at process/nn of/in projective/jj verse/nn :/: ``/`` one/cd perception/nn must/md immediately/rb and/cc directly/rb lead/vb to/in a/at further/jjr perception/nn ''/'' ./. The/at creator/nn trusts/vbz his/pp$ intuition/nn to/to lead/vb him/ppo along/in a/at path/nn that/wps has/hvz internal/jj validity/nn because/cs it/pps mirrors/vbz the/at reality/nn of/in his/pp$ experience/nn ./. He/pps disdains/vbz external/jj restrictions/nns --/-- conventional/jj syntax/nn ,/, traditional/jj metre/nn ./. The/at unit/nn of/in form/nn is/bez determined/vbn subjectively/rb :/: ``/`` the/at Heart/nn-tl ,/, by/in the/at way/nn of/in the/at Breath/nn-tl ,/, to/in the/at Line/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at test/nn of/in form/nn is/bez fidelity/nn to/in the/at experience/nn ,/, a/at gauge/nn also/rb accepted/vbn by/in the/at abstract/jj expressionist/nn painters/nns ./. An/at earlier/jjr but/cc still/rb influential/jj school/nn of/in painting/vbg ,/, surrealism/nn ,/, had/hvd suggested/vbn the/at way/nn of/in dealing/vbg with/in the/at dream/nn experience/nn ,/, that/dt event/nn in/in which/wdt seemingly/ql incongruous/jj objects/nns are/ber linked/vbn together/rb through/in the/at curious/jj associations/nns of/in the/at subconscious/nn ./. The/at resulting/vbg picture/nn might/md appear/vb a/at maze/nn of/in restless/jj confusions/nns and/cc contradictions/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez more/ql true/jj to/in life/nn than/cs a/at portrait/nn of/in an/at artificially/rb contrived/vbn order/nn ./. The/at contemporary/jj painter/nn tends/vbz to/to depict/vb not/* the/at concrete/jj objects/nns of/in his/pp$ experience/nn but/cc their/pp$ essences/nns as/cs revealed/vbn in/in abstractions/nns of/in their/pp$ lines/nns ,/, colors/nns ,/, masses/nns ,/, and/cc energies/nns ./. He/pps is/bez still/rb concerned/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, with/in a/at personal/jj event/nn ./. He/pps accepts/vbz the/at accidents/nns of/in his/pp$ brushwork/nn because/cs they/ppss provide/vb evidence/nn of/in the/at vitality/nn of/in the/at experience/nn of/in creation/nn ./. The/at work/nn must/md be/be true/jj to/in both/abx the/at physical/jj and/cc the/at spiritual/jj character/nn of/in the/at experience/nn ./. Some/dti painters/nns have/hv less/ap interest/nn in/in the/at experience/nn of/in the/at moment/nn ,/, with/in its/pp$ attendant/jj urgencies/nns and/cc ambiguities/nns ,/, than/cs in/in looking/vbg beyond/in the/at flux/nn of/in particular/jj impressions/nns to/in a/at higher/jjr ,/, more/ql serene/jj level/nn of/in truth/nn ./. Rather/in than/in putting/vbg their/pp$ trust/nn in/in ephemeral/jj sensations/nns they/ppss seek/vb form/nn in/in the/at stable/jj relationships/nns of/in pure/jj design/nn ,/, which/wdt symbolize/vb an/at order/nn more/ql real/jj than/cs the/at disorder/nn of/in the/at perceptual/jj world/nn ./. The/at concept/nn remains/vbz subjective/jj ./. But/cc in/in this/dt approach/nn it/pps is/bez the/at artist's/nn$ ultimate/jj insight/nn ,/, rather/in than/in his/pp$ immediate/jj impressions/nns ,/, that/wps gives/vbz form/nn to/in the/at work/nn ./. Others/nns look/vb to/in more/ql objective/jj devices/nns of/in order/nn ./. The/at musician/nn employing/vbg the/at serial/jj technique/nn of/in composition/nn establishes/vbz a/at mathematical/jj system/nn of/in rotations/nns that/wps ,/, once/cs set/vbn in/in motion/nn ,/, determines/vbz the/at sequence/nn of/in pitches/nns and/cc even/rb of/in rhythms/nns and/cc intensities/nns ./. The/at composer/nn may/md reverse/vb or/cc invert/vb the/at order/nn of/in his/pp$ original/jj set/nn of/in intervals/nns (/( or/cc rhythms/nns or/cc dynamic/jj changes/nns )/) ./. He/pps may/md even/rb alter/vb the/at pattern/nn by/in applying/vbg a/at scheme/nn of/in random/jj numbers/nns ./. But/cc he/pps cannot/md* order/vb his/pp$ elements/nns by/in will/nn ,/, either/cc rational/jj or/cc inspired/vbn ./. The/at system/nn works/vbz as/cs an/at impersonal/jj mechanism/nn ./. Musicians/nns who/wps use/vb the/at chance/nn method/nn also/rb exclude/vb subjective/jj control/nn of/in formal/jj development/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, the/at composer/nn must/md select/vb his/pp$ own/jj materials/nns ./. But/cc a/at tossing/nn of/in coins/nns ,/, with/in perhaps/rb the/at added/vbn safeguard/nn of/in reference/nn to/in the/at oracles/nns of/in the/at I/np Ching/np ,/, the/at Chinese/jj Book/nn-tl Of/in-tl Changes/nns-tl ,/, dictates/vbz the/at handling/nn of/in the/at chosen/vbn materials/nns ./. Avant-garde/nn choreographers/nns ,/, seeking/vbg new/jj forms/nns of/in continuity/nn for/in their/pp$ new/jj vocabulary/nn of/in movements/nns ,/, have/hv turned/vbn to/in similar/jj approaches/nns ./. Some/dti let/vb dances/nns take/vb their/pp$ form/nn from/in the/at experience/nn of/in creation/nn ./. According/in to/in Katherine/np Litz/np ,/, ``/`` the/at becoming/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in realization/nn ,/, is/bez the/at dance/nn ''/'' ./. The/at process/nn stipulates/vbz that/cs the/at choreographer/nn sense/vb the/at quality/nn of/in the/at initial/jj movement/nn he/pps has/hvz discovered/vbn and/cc that/cs he/pps feel/vb the/at rightness/nn of/in the/at quality/nn that/wps is/bez to/to follow/vb it/ppo ./. The/at sequence/nn may/md involve/vb a/at sharp/jj contrast/nn :/: for/in example/nn ,/, a/at quiet/jj meditative/jj sway/nn of/in the/at body/nn succeeded/vbn by/in a/at violent/jj leap/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc it/pps may/md involve/vb more/ql subtle/jj distinctions/nns :/: the/at sway/nn may/md be/be gradually/rb minimized/vbn or/cc enlarged/vbn ,/, its/pp$ rhythmic/jj emphasis/nn may/md be/be slightly/rb modified/vbn ,/, or/cc it/pps may/md be/be transferred/vbn to/to become/vb a/at movement/nn of/in only/rb the/at arms/nns or/cc the/at head/nn ./. Even/rb the/at least/ap alteration/nn will/md change/vb the/at quality/nn ./. An/at exploration/nn of/in these/dts possible/jj relationships/nns constitutes/vbz the/at process/nn of/in creation/nn and/cc thereby/rb gives/vbz form/nn to/in the/at dance/nn ./. The/at approach/nn to/in the/at depiction/nn of/in the/at experience/nn of/in creation/nn may/md be/be analytic/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez for/in Miss/np Litz/np ,/, or/cc spontaneous/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez for/in Merle/np Marsicano/np ./. She/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez concerned/vbn with/in ``/`` the/at becoming/nn ,/, the/at process/nn of/in realization/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc she/pps does/doz not/* think/vb in/in terms/nns of/in subtle/jj variations/nns of/in spatial/jj or/cc temporal/jj patterns/nns ./. The/at design/nn is/bez determined/vbn emotionally/rb :/: ``/`` I/ppss must/md reach/vb into/in myself/ppl for/in the/at spring/nn that/wps will/md send/vb me/ppo catapulting/vbg recklessly/rb into/in the/at chaos/nn of/in event/nn with/in which/wdt the/at dance/nn confronts/vbz me/ppo ''/'' ./. Looking/vbg back/rb ,/, Miss/np Marsicano/np feels/vbz that/cs her/pp$ ideas/nns may/md have/hv been/ben influenced/vbn by/in those/dts of/in Jackson/np Pollock/np ./. At/in one/cd time/nn she/pps felt/vbd impelled/vbn to/to make/vb dances/nns that/wps ``/`` moved/vbd all/ql over/in the/at stage/nn ''/'' ,/, much/rb as/cs Pollock's/np$ paintings/nns move/vb violently/rb over/in the/at full/jj extent/nn of/in the/at canvas/nn ./. But/cc her/pp$ conscious/jj need/nn was/bedz to/to break/vb away/rb from/in constricting/vbg patterns/nns of/in form/nn ,/, a/at need/nn to/to let/vb the/at experience/nn shape/vb itself/ppl ./. Midi/np Garth/np also/rb believes/vbz in/in subjective/jj continuity/nn that/wps begins/vbz with/in the/at feeling/nn engendered/vbn by/in an/at initial/jj movement/nn ./. It/pps may/md be/be a/at free/jj front-back/jj swing/nn of/in the/at leg/nn ,/, leading/vbg to/in a/at sideways/jj swing/nn of/in the/at arm/nn that/wps develops/vbz into/in a/at turn/nn and/cc the/at sensation/nn of/in taking/vbg off/rp from/in the/at ground/nn ./. This/dt became/vbd a/at dance/nn called/vbn Prelude/nn-tl To/in-tl Flight/nn-tl ./. A/at pervading/vbg quality/nn of/in free/jj lyricism/nn and/cc a/at building/nn from/in turns/nns close/rb to/in the/at ground/nn towards/in jumps/nns into/in the/at air/nn gives/vbz the/at work/nn its/pp$ central/jj focus/nn ./. Alwin/np Nikolais/np objects/vbz to/in art/nn as/cs an/at outpouring/nn of/in personal/jj emotion/nn ./. He/pps seeks/vbz to/to make/vb his/pp$ dancers/nns more/ql ``/`` godlike/jj ''/'' by/in relating/vbg them/ppo to/in the/at impersonal/jj elements/nns of/in shape/nn ,/, light/nn ,/, color/nn ,/, and/cc sound/nn ./. If/cs his/pp$ dancers/nns are/ber sometimes/rb made/vbn to/to look/vb as/cs if/cs they/ppss might/md be/be creatures/nns from/in Mars/np ,/, this/dt is/bez consistent/jj with/in his/pp$ intention/nn of/in placing/vbg them/ppo in/in the/at orbit/nn of/in another/dt world/nn ,/, a/at world/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber freed/vbn of/in their/pp$ pedestrian/jj identities/nns ./. It/pps is/bez through/in the/at metamorphosed/vbn dancer/nn that/cs the/at germ/nn of/in form/nn is/bez discovered/vbn ./. In/in his/pp$ recognition/nn of/in his/pp$ impersonal/jj self/nn the/at dancer/nn moves/vbz ,/, and/cc this/dt self/nn ,/, in/in the/at ``/`` first/od revealed/vbn stroke/nn of/in its/pp$ existence/nn ''/'' ,/, states/vbz the/at theme/nn from/in which/wdt all/abn else/rb must/md follow/vb ./. The/at theme/nn may/md be/be the/at formation/nn of/in a/at shape/nn from/in which/wdt other/ap shapes/nns evolve/vb ./. It/pps may/md be/be a/at reaction/nn to/in a/at percussive/jj sound/nn ,/, the/at following/vbg movements/nns constituting/vbg further/jjr reactions/nns ./. It/pps may/md establish/vb the/at relation/nn of/in the/at figure/nn of/in the/at dancer/nn to/in light/nn and/cc color/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt case/nn changes/nns in/in the/at light/nn or/cc color/nn will/md set/vb off/rp a/at kaleidescope/nn of/in visual/jj designs/nns ./. Unconcerned/jj with/in the/at practical/jj function/nn of/in his/pp$ actions/nns ,/, the/at dancer/nn is/bez engrossed/vbn exclusively/rb in/in their/pp$ ``/`` motional/jj content/nn ''/'' ./. Movements/nns unfold/vb freely/rb because/cs they/ppss are/ber uninhibited/jj by/in emotional/jj bias/nn or/cc purposive/jj drive/nn ./. But/cc the/at metamorphosis/nn must/md come/vb first/rb ./. Though/cs he/pps is/bez also/rb concerned/vbn with/in freeing/vbg dance/nn from/in pedestrian/jj modes/nns of/in activity/nn ,/, Merce/np Cunningham/np has/hvz selected/vbn a/at very/ql different/jj method/nn for/in achieving/vbg his/pp$ aim/nn ./. He/pps rejects/vbz all/abn subjectively/rb motivated/vbn continuity/nn ,/, any/dti line/nn of/in action/nn related/vbn to/in the/at concept/nn of/in cause/nn and/cc effect/nn ./. He/pps bases/vbz his/pp$ approach/nn on/in the/at belief/nn that/cs anything/pn can/md follow/vb anything/pn ./. An/at order/nn can/md be/be chanced/vbn rather/in than/in chosen/vbn ,/, and/cc this/dt approach/nn produces/vbz an/at experience/nn that/wps is/bez ``/`` free/jj and/cc discovered/vbn rather/in than/in bound/vbn and/cc remembered/vbn ''/'' ./. Thus/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez freshness/nn not/* only/rb in/in the/at individual/jj movements/nns of/in the/at dance/nn but/cc in/in the/at shape/nn of/in their/pp$ continuity/nn as/ql well/rb ./. Chance/nn ,/, he/pps finds/vbz ,/, enables/vbz him/ppo to/to create/vb ``/`` a/at world/nn beyond/in imagination/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps cites/vbz with/in pleasure/nn the/at comment/nn of/in a/at lady/nn ,/, who/wps exclaimed/vbd after/in a/at concert/nn :/: ``/`` Why/uh ,/, it's/pps+bez extremely/ql interesting/jj ./. But/cc I/ppss would/md never/rb have/hv thought/vbn of/in it/ppo myself/ppl ''/'' ./. The/at sequence/nn of/in movements/nns in/in a/at Cunningham/np dance/nn is/bez unlike/in any/dti sequence/nn to/to be/be seen/vbn in/in life/nn ./. At/in one/cd side/nn of/in the/at stage/nn a/at dancer/nn jumps/vbz excitedly/rb ;/. ;/. nearby/rb ,/, another/dt sits/vbz motionless/jj ,/, while/cs still/rb another/dt is/bez twirling/vbg an/at umbrella/nn ./. A/at man/nn and/cc a/at girl/nn happen/vb to/to meet/vb ;/. ;/. they/ppss look/vb straight/rb at/in the/at audience/nn ,/, not/* at/in each/dt other/ap ./. He/pps lifts/vbz her/ppo ,/, puts/vbz her/ppo down/rp ,/, and/cc walks/vbz off/rp ,/, neither/cc pleased/vbn nor/cc disturbed/vbn ,/, as/cs if/cs nothing/pn had/hvd happened/vbn ./. If/cs one/cd dancer/nn slaps/vbz another/dt ,/, the/at victim/nn may/md do/do a/at pirouette/nn ,/, sit/vb down/rp ,/, or/cc offer/vb his/pp$ assailant/nn a/at fork/nn and/cc spoon/nn ./. Events/nns occur/vb without/in apparent/jj reason/nn ./. Their/pp$ consequences/nns are/ber irrelevant/jj --/-- or/cc there/ex are/ber no/at consequences/nns at/in all/abn ./. The/at sequence/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in chance/nn ,/, and/cc Mr./np Cunningham/np makes/vbz use/nn of/in any/dti one/cd of/in several/ap chance/nn devices/nns ./. He/pps may/md toss/vb coins/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps may/md take/vb slips/nns of/in paper/nn from/in a/at grab/nn bag/nn ./. The/at answers/nns derived/vbn by/in these/dts means/nns may/md determine/vb not/* only/rb the/at temporal/jj organization/nn of/in the/at dance/nn but/cc also/rb its/pp$ spatial/jj design/nn ,/, special/jj slips/nns designating/vbg the/at location/nn on/in the/at stage/nn where/wrb the/at movement/nn is/bez to/to be/be performed/vbn ./. The/at other/ap variables/nns include/vb the/at dancer/nn who/wps is/bez to/to perform/vb the/at movement/nn and/cc the/at length/nn of/in time/nn he/pps is/bez to/to take/vb in/in its/pp$ performance/nn ./. The/at only/ap factors/nns that/wps are/ber personally/rb set/vbn by/in the/at choreographer/nn are/ber the/at movements/nns themselves/ppls ,/, the/at number/nn of/in the/at dancers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at approximate/jj total/nn duration/nn of/in the/at dance/nn ./. The/at ``/`` approximate/jj-nc ''/'' is/bez important/jj ,/, because/cs even/rb after/cs the/at order/nn of/in the/at work/nn has/hvz been/ben established/vbn by/in the/at chance/nn method/nn ,/, the/at result/nn is/bez not/* inviolable/jj ./. Each/dt performance/nn may/md be/be different/jj ./. If/cs a/at work/nn is/bez divided/vbn into/in several/ap large/jj segments/nns ,/, a/at last-minute/nn drawing/nn of/in random/jj numbers/nns may/md determine/vb the/at order/nn of/in the/at segments/nns for/in any/dti particular/jj performance/nn ./. And/cc any/dti sequence/nn can/md not/* only/rb change/vb its/pp$ positions/nns in/in the/at work/nn but/cc can/md even/rb be/be eliminated/vbn from/in it/ppo altogether/rb ./. Mr./np Cunningham/np tries/vbz not/* to/to cheat/vb the/at chance/nn method/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps adheres/vbz to/in its/pp$ dictates/nns as/ql faithfully/rb as/cs he/pps can/md ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez always/rb the/at possibility/nn that/cs chance/nn will/md make/vb demands/nns the/at dancers/nns find/vb impossible/jj to/to execute/vb ./. Then/rb the/at choreographer/nn must/md arbitrate/vb ./. He/pps must/md rearrange/vb matters/nns so/cs that/cs two/cd performers/nns do/do not/* bump/vb into/in each/dt other/ap ./. He/pps must/md construct/vb transitions/nns so/cs that/cs a/at dancer/nn who/wps is/bez told/vbn to/to lie/vb prone/rb one/cd second/nn and/cc to/to leap/vb wildly/rb the/at next/ap will/md have/hv some/dti physical/jj preparation/nn for/in the/at leap/nn ./.

cg10

cg10 |@word north:2 south:2 great:4 agreement:1 sovereignty:10 dispute:1 found:1 father:1 truth:8 conflicting:1 concept:9 expound:1 statesman:1 calibre:1 webster:1 calhoun:1 defend:2 end:6 leader:2 nobility:1 lincoln:12 lee:1 people:15 everywhere:1 grow:1 meanwhile:1 devotion:3 basic:1 democratic:2 principle:1 understanding:1 belief:1 federal:15 balance:7 love:2 union:23 repeat:1 effort:1 begin:4 missouri:1 compromise:3 1821:1 make:10 master:1 moderate:1 clay:1 douglas:1 resolve:2 difference:10 peacefully:1 rather:4 clear:3 thought:2 timely:1 action:2 even:5 confusion:2 period:1 gain:2 strength:1 factor:1 lead:2 bloody:1 war:10 nineteenth:2 century:2 nothing:2 show:1 immensity:1 danger:3 lie:2 relatively:1 slight:1 deviation:1 true:2 present:1 issue:5 atlantica:1 whether:3 transform:1 alliance:1 sovereign:13 nation:1 citizen:8 resemble:1 american:1 one:10 1787:3 89:2 civil:3 would:5 touch:1 upon:1 much:5 long:2 want:1 write:2 book:1 think:1 essential:4 however:2 pinpoint:1 two:8 go:1 1861:4 see:8 better:1 imperative:1 need:1 today:2 clarify:1 completely:1 far:1 bad:3 subject:1 come:4 southern:7 state:32 insist:1 united:5 states:4 last:2 analysis:1 name:1 imply:1 constitution:23 compact:2 therefore:2 retain:1 right:17 secede:10 upholder:1 contend:1 maintain:4 protect:1 liberty:11 centralize:1 power:4 government:6 champion:1 form:4 fundamentally:1 america:5 among:3 though:6 could:3 speed:1 august:1 24:1 1855:1 latter:2 point:3 homely:1 term:2 whose:2 timeliness:1 startle:1 thus:2 declare:2 man:10 create:4 equal:4 practically:1 read:2 except:2 negro:2 know:1 get:1 control:1 foreigner:1 catholics:1 shall:1 prefer:1 emigrate:1 country:1 pretence:1 russia:1 instance:1 despotism:2 take:1 pure:1 without:1 base:1 alloy:1 hypocrisy:1 emphasis:1 exercise:1 officially:1 style:1 confederate:5 dictionary:1 still:2 cite:1 along:1 article:1 confederation:3 1781:1 example:1 confederacy:6 fact:6 differ:3 early:1 almost:1 copy:1 verbatim:1 rest:1 substance:1 operate:1 individually:1 substantially:1 division:1 central:1 executive:1 legislative:1 judicial:1 branch:1 many:4 believe:3 understandably:1 former:1 recognize:4 member:1 assert:2 final:1 sign:1 march:1 11:1 nearly:1 month:1 hostility:1 include:1 explicit:1 provision:1 authorize:1 drafter:1 discuss:1 vital:2 leave:2 president:2 jefferson:1 davis:1 interpret:2 mean:1 admit:1 coerce:1 association:3 remain:4 doubtful:1 frequent:1 demand:1 put:2 important:3 respect:1 openly:1 defiantly:1 slavery:4 institution:1 southerner:3 continue:4 find:1 impossible:1 reconcile:1 freedom:6 carefully:1 avoid:1 mention:1 word:2 moral:1 merely:1 economic:1 interest:1 explicitly:2 explosive:1 contradiction:1 set:1 forth:1 declaration:1 1776:1 endow:1 creator:1 certain:1 unalienable:1 life:6 pursuit:1 happiness:2 hold:1 office:1 six:1 instead:1 four:1 year:1 limit:1 structure:1 standpoint:1 preamble:4 act:5 whereas:1 express:1 clearly:1 language:1 opposite:1 directly:2 1789:1 order:3 perfect:1 establish:4 justice:3 insure:2 domestic:2 tranquility:2 provide:1 common:1 defence:1 promote:1 general:1 welfare:1 secure:2 blessing:2 posterity:2 ordain:2 independent:1 character:1 permanent:1 invoke:1 favor:2 guidance:1 almighty:1 god:1 tempt:1 say:3 fight:6 draft:1 unite:1 narrow:1 fine:1 omit:1 already:1 compose:2 primarily:2 concede:4 must:2 whenever:1 fit:1 destroy:1 sacrifice:3 secession:1 live:2 fall:1 prey:1 either:1 anarchy:2 abhor:1 always:1 willing:1 slave:5 decide:1 independently:1 election:1 forerunner:1 dangerous:1 shift:1 propose:1 change:1 give:8 refuse:1 permit:1 emancipation:2 border:1 stay:1 proclamation:1 feel:1 necessity:1 way:2 save:1 message:1 december:1 2:1 1862:1 purpose:1 policy:1 call:1 law:1 assure:1 free:2 preserve:2 side:3 win:2 americans:7 uphold:1 keep:2 securely:1 antithesis:1 individual:3 conflict:2 grimmer:1 ordeal:1 emerge:1 new:1 birth:1 promise:1 battle:1 decisive:1 battlefield:1 distinguish:1 pay:1 tribute:1 brave:1 dead:1 understand:2 fault:1 reach:1 height:1 second:1 inaugural:1 knowledge:1 head:1 commander:1 chief:1 fearful:1 doubt:1 proved:1 enough:1 publicly:1 foe:2 benefit:1 human:1 error:5 thing:2 move:1 opponent:1 attack:1 mar:1 less:2 difficult:1 day:1 delegate:1 supreme:1 served:1 fundamental:1 depend:1 limitation:1 aspect:1 involve:1 full:1 measure:3 prevent:1 disunion:1 inherent:1 throughout:1 history:1 prove:1 fatal:2 oppose:1 serve:2 appeal:1 ballot:2 bullet:2 fort:1 sumter:1 cost:1 compatible:1 near:1 wrong:3 method:1 lose:3 since:3 force:1 military:1 divine:1 undo:1 another:2 also:1 lesson:1 ever:2 turn:1 yet:1 case:1 forestall:1 encroachment:1 reserve:1 safeguard:1

The/at North/nr-tl and/cc the/at South/nr-tl were/bed in/in greater/jjr agreement/nn on/in sovereignty/nn ,/, through/in all/abn their/pp$ dispute/nn about/in it/ppo ,/, than/cs were/bed the/at Founding/vbg-tl Fathers/nns-tl ./. The/at truth/nn in/in their/pp$ conflicting/vbg concepts/nns was/bedz expounded/vbn by/in statesmen/nns of/in the/at calibre/nn of/in Webster/np and/cc Calhoun/np ,/, and/cc defended/vbn in/in the/at end/nn by/in leaders/nns of/in the/at nobility/nn of/in Lincoln/np and/cc Lee/np ./. The/at people/nns everywhere/rb had/hvd grown/vbn meanwhile/rb in/in devotion/nn to/in basic/jj democratic/jj principles/nns ,/, in/in understanding/nn of/in and/cc belief/nn in/in the/at federal/jj balance/nn ,/, and/cc in/in love/nn of/in their/pp$ Union/nn-tl ./. Repeated/vbn efforts/nns --/-- beginning/vbg with/in the/at Missouri/np-tl Compromise/nn-tl of/in 1821/cd --/-- were/bed made/vbn by/in such/jj master/jjs moderates/nns as/cs Clay/nn-tl and/cc Douglas/np to/to resolve/vb the/at difference/nn peacefully/rb by/in compromise/nn ,/, rather/in than/in clear/jj thought/nn and/cc timely/jj action/nn ./. Even/rb so/rb ,/, confusion/nn in/in this/dt period/nn gained/vbd such/jj strength/nn (/( from/in compromise/nn and/cc other/ap factors/nns )/) that/cs it/pps led/vbd to/in the/at bloodiest/jjt war/nn of/in the/at Nineteenth/od-tl century/nn ./. Nothing/pn can/md show/vb more/ap than/cs this/dt the/at immensity/nn of/in the/at danger/nn to/in democratic/jj peoples/nns that/wps lies/vbz in/in even/ql relatively/ql slight/jj deviation/nn from/in their/pp$ true/jj concept/nn of/in sovereignty/nn ./. The/at present/jj issue/nn in/in Atlantica/np --/-- whether/cs to/to transform/vb an/at alliance/nn of/in sovereign/jj nations/nns into/in a/at federal/jj union/nn of/in sovereign/jj citizens/nns --/-- resembles/vbz the/at American/jj one/cd of/in 1787-89/cd rather/in than/in the/at one/cd that/wps was/bedz resolved/vbn by/in Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ./. And/cc so/rb I/ppss would/md only/rb touch/vb upon/in it/ppo now/rb (/( much/rb as/cs I/ppss have/hv long/rb wanted/vbn to/to write/vb a/at book/nn about/in it/ppo )/) ./. I/ppss think/vb it/pps is/bez essential/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to pinpoint/vb here/rb the/at difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd concepts/nns of/in sovereignty/nn that/wps went/vbd to/in war/nn in/in 1861/cd --/-- if/cs only/rb to/to see/vb better/rbr how/wql imperative/jj is/bez our/pp$ need/nn today/nr to/to clarify/vb completely/rb our/pp$ far/ql worse/jjr confusion/nn on/in this/dt subject/nn ./. The/at difference/nn came/vbd down/rp to/in this/dt :/: The/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl insisted/vbd that/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl was/bedz ,/, in/in last/ap analysis/nn ,/, what/wdt its/pp$ name/nn implied/vbd --/-- a/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl States/nns-tl ./. To/in their/pp$ leaders/nns the/at Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz a/at compact/nn made/vbn by/in the/at people/nns of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ,/, who/wps therefore/rb retained/vbd the/at right/nn to/to secede/vb from/in it/ppo ./. This/dt right/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl ,/, its/pp$ upholders/nns contended/vbd ,/, was/bedz essential/jj to/to maintain/vb the/at federal/jj balance/nn and/cc protect/vb the/at liberty/nn of/in the/at people/nns from/in the/at danger/nn of/in centralizing/vbg power/nn in/in the/at Union/nn-tl government/nn ./. The/at champions/nns of/in the/at Union/nn-tl maintained/vbd that/cs the/at Constitution/nn-tl had/hvd formed/vbn ,/, fundamentally/rb ,/, the/at united/vbn people/nns of/in America/np ,/, that/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at compact/nn among/in sovereign/jj citizens/nns rather/in than/in states/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs therefore/rb the/at states/nns had/hvd no/at right/nn to/to secede/vb ,/, though/cs the/at citizens/nns could/md ./. Writing/vbg to/in Speed/np on/in August/np 24/cd ,/, 1855/cd ,/, Lincoln/np made/vbd the/at latter/ap point/nn clear/jj ./. In/in homely/jj terms/nns whose/wp$ timeliness/nn is/bez startling/jj today/nr ,/, he/pps thus/rb declared/vbd his/pp$ own/jj right/nn to/to secede/vb ./. ``/`` We/ppss began/vbd by/in declaring/vbg that/cs all/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj ./. We/ppss now/rb practically/rb read/vb it/ppo ,/, all/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj except/in Negroes/nps ./. When/wrb the/at Know-nothings/nps get/vb control/nn ,/, it/pps will/md read/vb ,/, All/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj except/in Negroes/nps and/cc foreigners/nns and/cc Catholics/nps ./. When/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in this/dt ,/, I/ppss shall/md prefer/vb emigrating/vbg to/in some/dti country/nn where/wrb they/ppss make/vb no/at pretence/nn of/in loving/vbg liberty/nn --/-- to/in Russia/np ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, where/wrb despotism/nn can/md be/be taken/vbn pure/jj ,/, without/in the/at base/jj alloy/nn of/in hypocrisy/nn ''/'' (/( His/pp$ emphasis/nn )/) ./. When/wrb the/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl exercised/vbd their/pp$ ``/`` right/nn to/to secede/vb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss formed/vbd what/wdt they/ppss officially/rb styled/vbd ``/`` The/at-tl Confederate/jj-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ''/'' ./. Dictionaries/nns ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, still/rb cite/vb this/dt government/nn ,/, along/rb with/in the/at Articles/nns-tl of/in-tl Confederation/nn-tl of/in 1781/cd ,/, as/cs an/at example/nn of/in a/at confederacy/nn ./. The/at fact/nn is/bez that/cs the/at Southern/jj-tl Confederacy/nn-tl differed/vbd from/in the/at earlier/jjr one/cd almost/ql as/ql much/rb as/cs the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl did/dod ./. The/at Confederate/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl copied/vbd much/ap of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl verbatim/rb ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at rest/nn in/in substance/nn ./. It/pps operated/vbd on/in ,/, by/in and/cc for/in the/at people/nns individually/rb just/rb as/cs did/dod the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl ./. It/pps made/vbd substantially/rb the/at same/ap division/nn of/in power/nn between/in the/at central/jj and/cc state/nn governments/nns ,/, and/cc among/in the/at executive/jj ,/, legislative/jj and/cc judicial/jj branches/nns ./. The/at-hl difference/nn-hl between/in-hl confederacy/nn-hl and/cc-hl federal/jj-hl union/nn-hl in/in-hl 1861/cd-hl Many/ap believe/vb --/-- and/cc understandably/rb --/-- that/cs the/at great/jj difference/nn between/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl Confederacy/nn-tl and/cc the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl was/bedz that/cs the/at former/ap recognized/vbd the/at right/nn of/in each/dt state/nn to/to secede/vb ./. But/cc though/cs each/dt of/in its/pp$ members/nns had/hvd asserted/vbn this/dt right/nn against/in the/at Union/nn-tl ,/, the/at final/jj Constitution/nn-tl which/wdt the/at Confederacy/nn-tl signed/vbd on/in March/np 11/cd --/-- nearly/rb a/at month/nn before/cs hostilities/nns began/vbd --/-- included/vbd no/at explicit/jj provision/nn authorizing/vbg a/at state/nn to/to secede/vb ./. Its/pp$ drafters/nns discussed/vbd this/dt vital/jj point/nn but/cc left/vbd it/ppo out/in of/in their/pp$ Constitution/nn-tl ./. Their/pp$ President/nn-tl ,/, Jefferson/np Davis/np ,/, interpreted/vbd their/pp$ Constitution/nn-tl to/to mean/vb that/cs it/pps ``/`` admits/vbz of/in no/at coerced/vbn association/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc this/dt remained/vbd so/ql doubtful/jj that/cs ``/`` there/ex were/bed frequent/jj demands/nns that/cs the/at right/nn to/to secede/vb be/be put/vbn into/in the/at Constitution/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at Constitution/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Southern/jj-tl ``/`` Confederation/nn-tl ''/'' differed/vbd from/in that/dt of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Union/nn-tl only/rb in/in two/cd important/jj respects/nns :/: It/pps openly/rb ,/, defiantly/rb ,/, recognized/vbd slavery/nn --/-- an/at institution/nn which/wdt the/at Southerners/nns-tl of/in 1787/cd ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss continued/vbd it/ppo ,/, found/vbd so/ql impossible/jj to/to reconcile/vb with/in freedom/nn that/cs they/ppss carefully/rb avoided/vbd mentioning/vbg the/at word/nn in/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Constitution/nn-tl ./. They/ppss recognized/vbd that/cs slavery/nn was/bedz a/at moral/jj issue/nn and/cc not/* merely/rb an/at economic/jj interest/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs to/to recognize/vb it/ppo explicitly/rb in/in their/pp$ Constitution/nn-tl would/md be/be in/in explosive/jj contradiction/nn to/in the/at concept/nn of/in sovereignty/nn they/ppss had/hvd set/vbn forth/rb in/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in 1776/cd that/cs ``/`` all/abn men/nns are/ber created/vbn equal/jj ,/, that/cs they/ppss are/ber endowed/vbn by/in their/pp$ Creator/nn-tl with/in certain/jj unalienable/jj rights/nns ,/, that/cs among/in them/ppo are/ber life/nn ,/, liberty/nn and/cc the/at pursuit/nn of/in happiness/nn ./. ''/'' The/at other/ap important/jj difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd Constitutions/nns-tl was/bedz that/cs the/at President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Confederacy/nn-tl held/vbd office/nn for/in six/cd (/( instead/rb of/in four/cd )/) years/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz limited/vbn to/in one/cd term/nn ./. These/dts are/ber not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, differences/nns in/in federal/jj structure/nn ./. The/at only/ap important/jj differences/nns from/in that/dt standpoint/nn ,/, between/in the/at two/cd Constitutions/nns-tl ,/, lies/vbz in/in their/pp$ Preambles/nns-tl ./. The/at one/cd of/in 1861/cd made/vbd clear/jj that/cs in/in making/vbg their/pp$ government/nn the/at people/nns were/bed acting/vbg through/in their/pp$ states/nns ,/, whereas/cs the/at Preamble/nn-tl of/in 1787-89/cd expressed/vbd ,/, as/ql clearly/rb as/cs language/nn can/md ,/, the/at opposite/jj concept/nn ,/, that/cs they/ppss were/bed acting/vbg directly/rb as/cs citizens/nns ./. Here/rb are/ber the/at two/cd Preambles/nns-tl :/: Federal/jj-tl-hl Constitution/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl 1789/cd-hl ``/`` we/ppss the/at People/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, in/in order/nn to/to form/vb a/at more/ql perfect/jj Union/nn ,/, establish/vb Justice/nn ,/, insure/vb domestic/jj Tranquility/nn ,/, provide/vb for/in the/at common/jj Defence/nn ,/, promote/vb the/at general/jj Welfare/nn ,/, and/cc secure/vb the/at Blessings/nns of/in Liberty/nn to/in ourselves/ppls and/cc our/pp$ Posterity/nn ,/, do/do ordain/vb and/cc establish/vb this/dt Constitution/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl of/in America/np ''/'' ./. Confederate/jj-tl-hl Constitution/nn-tl-hl ,/,-hl 1861/cd-hl ``/`` We/ppss the/at people/nns of/in the/at Confederate/jj-tl States/nns-tl ,/, each/dt state/nn acting/vbg in/in its/pp$ sovereign/jj and/cc independent/jj character/nn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to form/vb a/at permanent/jj federal/jj government/nn ,/, establish/vb justice/nn ,/, insure/vb domestic/jj tranquility/nn ,/, and/cc secure/vb the/at blessings/nns of/in liberty/nn to/in ourselves/ppls and/cc our/pp$ posterity/nn --/-- invoking/vbg the/at favor/nn and/cc the/at guidance/nn of/in Almighty/np God/np --/-- do/do ordain/vb and/cc establish/vb this/dt Constitution/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Confederate/jj-tl States/nns-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ''/'' ./. One/pn is/bez tempted/vbn to/to say/vb that/cs ,/, on/in the/at difference/nn between/in the/at concepts/nns of/in sovereignty/nn in/in these/dts two/cd preambles/nns ,/, the/at worst/jjt war/nn of/in the/at Nineteenth/od-tl century/nn was/bedz fought/vbn ./. But/cc though/cs the/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl ,/, when/wrb drafting/vbg a/at constitution/nn to/to unite/vb themselves/ppls ,/, narrowed/vbd the/at difference/nn to/in this/dt fine/jj point/nn by/in omitting/vbg to/to assert/vb the/at right/nn to/to secede/vb ,/, the/at fact/nn remained/vbd that/cs by/in seceding/vbg from/in the/at Union/nn-tl they/ppss had/hvd already/rb acted/vbn on/in the/at concept/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz composed/vbn primarily/rb of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ./. If/cs the/at Union/nn-tl conceded/vbd this/dt to/in them/ppo ,/, the/at same/ap right/nn must/md be/be conceded/vbn to/in each/dt remaining/vbg state/nn whenever/wrb it/pps saw/vbd fit/jj to/to secede/vb :/: This/dt would/md destroy/vb the/at federal/jj balance/nn between/in it/ppo and/cc the/at states/nns ,/, and/cc in/in the/at end/nn sacrifice/vb to/in the/at sovereignty/nn of/in the/at states/nns all/abn the/at liberty/nn the/at citizens/nns had/hvd gained/vbn by/in their/pp$ Union/nn-tl ./. Lincoln/np saw/vbd that/cs the/at act/nn of/in secession/nn made/vbd the/at issue/nn for/in the/at Union/nn-tl a/at vital/jj one/cd :/: Whether/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at Union/nn-tl of/in sovereign/jj citizens/nns that/wps should/md continue/vb to/to live/vb ,/, or/cc an/at association/nn of/in sovereign/jj states/nns that/wps must/md fall/vb prey/nn either/cc to/in ``/`` anarchy/nn or/cc despotism/nn ''/'' ./. Much/rb as/cs he/pps abhorred/vbd slavery/nn ,/, Lincoln/np was/bedz always/rb willing/jj to/to concede/vb to/in each/dt ``/`` slave/nn state/nn ''/'' the/at right/nn to/to decide/vb independently/rb whether/cs to/to continue/vb or/cc end/vb it/ppo ./. Though/cs his/pp$ election/nn was/bedz interpreted/vbn by/in many/ap Southerners/nns-tl as/cs the/at forerunner/nn of/in a/at dangerous/jj shift/nn in/in the/at federal/jj balance/nn in/in favor/nn of/in the/at Union/nn-tl ,/, Lincoln/np himself/ppl proposed/vbd no/at such/jj change/nn in/in the/at rights/nns the/at Constitution/nn-tl gave/vbd the/at states/nns ./. After/cs the/at war/nn began/vbd ,/, he/pps long/rb refused/vbd to/to permit/vb emancipation/nn of/in the/at slaves/nns by/in Union/nn-tl action/nn even/rb in/in the/at Border/nn-tl States/nns-tl that/wps stayed/vbd with/in the/at Union/nn-tl ./. He/pps issued/vbd his/pp$ Emancipation/nn-tl Proclamation/nn-tl only/rb when/wrb he/pps felt/vbd that/cs necessity/nn left/vbd him/ppo no/at other/ap way/nn to/to save/vb the/at Union/nn-tl ./. In/in his/pp$ Message/nn-tl of/in December/np 2/cd ,/, 1862/cd ,/, he/pps put/vbd his/pp$ purpose/nn and/cc his/pp$ policy/nn in/in these/dts words/nns --/-- which/wdt I/ppss would/md call/vb the/at Lincoln/np-tl Law/nn-tl of/in-tl Liberty-and-Union/nn-tl :/: ``/`` In/in giving/vbg freedom/nn to/in the/at slave/nn ,/, we/ppss assure/vb freedom/nn to/in the/at free/jj ''/'' ./. What/wdt Lincoln/np could/md not/* concede/vb was/bedz that/cs the/at states/nns rather/in than/in the/at people/nns were/bed sovereign/jj in/in the/at Union/nn-tl ./. He/pps fought/vbd to/in the/at end/nn to/to preserve/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at ``/`` government/nn of/in the/at people/nns ,/, by/in the/at people/nns ,/, for/in the/at people/nns ''/'' ./. The/at-hl truth/nn-hl on/in-hl each/dt-hl side/nn-hl won/vbd-hl in/in-hl the/at-hl civil/jj-hl war/nn-hl The/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Americans/nps who/wps upheld/vbd the/at sovereignty/nn of/in their/pp$ states/nns did/dod this/dt in/in order/nn to/to keep/vb many/ap of/in their/pp$ people/nns more/ql securely/rb in/in slavery/nn --/-- the/at antithesis/nn of/in individual/jj liberty/nn --/-- made/vbd the/at conflict/nn grimmer/jjr ,/, and/cc the/at greater/jjr ./. Out/in of/in this/dt ordeal/nn the/at citizen/nn emerged/vbd ,/, in/in the/at South/nr-tl as/cs in/in the/at North/nr-tl ,/, as/cs America's/np$ true/jj sovereign/nn ,/, in/in ``/`` a/at new/jj birth/nn of/in freedom/nn ''/'' ,/, as/cs Lincoln/np promised/vbd ./. But/cc before/cs this/dt came/vbd about/rb ,/, 214,938/cd Americans/nps had/hvd given/vbn their/pp$ lives/nns in/in battle/nn for/in the/at two/cd concepts/nns of/in the/at sovereign/jj rights/nns of/in men/nns and/cc of/in states/nns ./. On/in their/pp$ decisive/jj battlefield/nn Lincoln/np did/dod not/* distinguish/vb between/in them/ppo when/wrb he/pps paid/vbd tribute/nn to/in the/at ``/`` brave/jj men/nns ,/, living/vbg and/cc dead/jj ,/, who/wps fought/vbd here/rb ''/'' ./. He/pps understood/vbd that/cs both/abx sides/nns were/bed at/in fault/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps reached/vbd the/at height/nn of/in saying/vbg so/rb explicitly/rb in/in his/pp$ Second/od-tl Inaugural/nn-tl ./. To/in my/pp$ knowledge/nn ,/, Lincoln/np remains/vbz the/at only/ap Head/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl and/cc Commander-in-Chief/nn-tl who/wps ,/, while/cs fighting/vbg a/at fearful/jj war/nn whose/wp$ issue/nn was/bedz in/in doubt/nn ,/, proved/vbd man/nn enough/ap to/to say/vb this/dt publicly/rb --/-- to/to give/vb his/pp$ foe/nn the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs in/in all/abn human/jj truth/nn there/ex is/bez some/dti error/nn ,/, and/cc in/in all/abn our/pp$ error/nn ,/, some/dti truth/nn ./. So/ql great/jj a/at man/nn could/md not/* but/in understand/vb ,/, too/rb ,/, that/cs the/at thing/nn that/wps moves/vbz men/nns to/to sacrifice/vb their/pp$ lives/nns is/bez not/* the/at error/nn of/in their/pp$ thought/nn ,/, which/wdt their/pp$ opponents/nns see/vb and/cc attack/vb ,/, but/cc the/at truth/nn which/wdt the/at latter/ap do/do not/* see/vb --/-- any/dti more/ap than/cs they/ppss see/vb the/at error/nn which/wdt mars/vbz the/at truth/nn they/ppss themselves/ppls defend/vb ./. It/pps is/bez much/ql less/ql difficult/jj now/rb than/cs in/in Lincoln's/np$ day/nn to/to see/vb that/cs on/in both/abx sides/nns sovereign/jj Americans/nps had/hvd given/vbn their/pp$ lives/nns in/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl to/to maintain/vb the/at balance/nn between/in the/at powers/nns they/ppss had/hvd delegated/vbn to/in the/at States/nns-tl and/cc to/in their/pp$ Union/nn-tl ./. They/ppss differed/vbd in/in the/at balance/nn they/ppss believed/vbd essential/jj to/in the/at sovereignty/nn of/in the/at citizen/nn --/-- but/cc the/at supreme/jj sacrifice/nn each/dt made/vbd served/vbd to/to maintain/vb a/at still/ql more/ql fundamental/jj truth/nn :/: That/cs individual/jj life/nn ,/, liberty/nn and/cc happiness/nn depend/vb on/in a/at right/jj balance/nn between/in the/at two/cd --/-- and/cc on/in the/at limitation/nn of/in sovereignty/nn ,/, in/in all/abn its/pp$ aspects/nns ,/, which/wdt this/dt involves/vbz ./. The/at 140,414/cd Americans/nps who/wps gave/vbd ``/`` the/at last/ap full/jj measure/nn of/in devotion/nn ''/'' to/to prevent/vb disunion/nn ,/, preserved/vbd individual/jj freedom/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl from/in the/at dangers/nns of/in anarchy/nn ,/, inherent/jj in/in confederations/nns ,/, which/wdt throughout/in history/nn have/hv proved/vbn fatal/jj in/in the/at end/nn to/in all/abn associations/nns composed/vbn primarily/rb of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ,/, and/cc to/in the/at liberties/nns of/in their/pp$ people/nns ./. But/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs 70,524/cd other/ap Americans/nps gave/vbd the/at same/ap measure/nn of/in devotion/nn to/in an/at opposing/vbg concept/nn served/vbd Liberty-and-Union/nn-tl in/in other/ap essential/jj ways/nns ./. Its/pp$ appeal/nn from/in ballots/nns to/in bullets/nns at/in Fort/nn-tl Sumter/np-tl ended/vbd by/in costing/vbg the/at Southerners/nns-tl their/pp$ right/nn to/to have/hv slaves/nns --/-- a/at right/nn that/wps was/bedz even/ql less/ql compatible/jj with/in the/at sovereignty/nn of/in man/nn ./. The/at very/ap fact/nn that/cs they/ppss came/vbd so/ql near/rb to/in winning/vbg by/in the/at wrong/jj method/nn ,/, war/nn ,/, led/vbd directly/rb to/in their/pp$ losing/vbg both/abx the/at war/nn and/cc the/at wrong/jj thing/nn they/ppss fought/vbd for/in ,/, since/cs it/pps forced/vbd Lincoln/np to/to free/vb their/pp$ slaves/nns as/cs a/at military/jj measure/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at divine/jj justice/nn in/in one/cd wrong/nn thus/rb undoing/vbg another/dt ./. There/ex was/bedz also/rb a/at lesson/nn ,/, one/cd that/dt has/hvz served/vbn ever/rb since/rb to/to keep/vb Americans/nps ,/, in/in their/pp$ conflicts/nns with/in one/cd another/dt ,/, from/in turning/vbg from/in the/at ballot/nn to/in the/at bullet/nn ./. Yet/rb though/cs the/at Southern/jj-tl States/nns-tl lost/vbd the/at worst/jjt errors/nns in/in their/pp$ case/nn ,/, they/ppss did/dod not/* lose/vb the/at truth/nn they/ppss fought/vbd for/in ./. The/at lives/nns so/ql many/ap of/in them/ppo gave/vbd ,/, to/to forestall/vb what/wdt they/ppss believed/vbd would/md be/be a/at fatal/jj encroachment/nn by/in the/at Union/nn-tl on/in the/at powers/nns reserved/vbn to/in their/pp$ states/nns have/hv continued/vbn ever/rb since/rb to/to safeguard/vb all/abn Americans/nps against/in freedom's/nn$ other/ap foe/nn ./.

cg11

cg11 |@word cell:1 coalesce:1 organism:1 build:6 new:2 unnatural:1 internally:1 control:5 environment:4 cope:2 even:8 successfully:1 entropy:1 increase:5 property:1 external:3 world:5 useful:1 suggestion:2 professor:1 david:1 hawkins:1 consider:1 culture:1 third:1 stage:2 biological:1 evolution:1 fit:1 quite:6 beautifully:1 science:11 provide:3 rather:1 successful:3 technique:1 protective:2 artificial:1 one:10 wonder:2 applicability:1 people:10 advance:3 human:4 help:2 social:6 structure:2 government:2 enable:2 effectively:1 primitive:1 combination:1 protein:1 nucleic:1 acid:1 molecule:1 adapt:1 sea:1 molecular:1 interaction:1 answer:1 course:1 yes:1 family:1 simple:2 example:6 unit:1 compose:1 give:3 immunity:1 way:6 deal:2 invention:6 await:3 theory:2 use:4 warmth:1 fire:1 lavoisi:1 buoyant:1 protection:1 boat:1 formulation:1 archimede:1 last:1 two:1 century:6 scientific:6 revolution:2 independence:1 physical:2 make:3 rapid:1 stride:1 ample:1 light:1 sun:1 set:1 temperature:1 home:1 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knowledge:1 nature:1 regard:1 attitude:1 contain:1 close:1 analogy:1 problem:1 respect:1 formerly:1 try:1

As/cs cells/nns coalesced/vbd into/in organisms/nns ,/, they/ppss built/vbd new/jj ``/`` unnatural/jj ''/'' and/cc internally/rb controlled/vbn environments/nns to/to cope/vb even/ql more/ql successfully/rb with/in the/at entropy-increasing/jj properties/nns of/in the/at external/jj world/nn ./. The/at useful/jj suggestion/nn of/in Professor/nn-tl David/np Hawkins/np which/wdt considers/vbz culture/nn as/cs a/at third/od stage/nn in/in biological/jj evolution/nn fits/vbz quite/ql beautifully/rb then/rb with/in our/pp$ suggestion/nn that/cs science/nn has/hvz provided/vbn us/ppo with/in a/at rather/ql successful/jj technique/nn for/in building/vbg protective/jj artificial/jj environments/nns ./. One/pn wonders/vbz about/in its/pp$ applicability/nn to/in people/nns ./. Will/md advances/nns in/in human/jj sciences/nns help/vb us/ppo build/vb social/jj structures/nns and/cc governments/nns which/wdt will/md enable/vb us/ppo to/to cope/vb with/in people/nns as/ql effectively/rb as/cs the/at primitive/jj combination/nn of/in protein/nn and/cc nucleic/jj acid/nn built/vbd a/at structure/nn of/in molecules/nns which/wdt enabled/vbd it/ppo to/to adapt/vb to/in a/at sea/nn of/in molecular/jj interaction/nn ?/. ?/. The/at answer/nn is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, yes/rb ./. For/cs the/at family/nn is/bez the/at simplest/jjt example/nn of/in just/rb such/abl a/at unit/nn ,/, composed/vbn of/in people/nns ,/, which/wdt gives/vbz us/ppo both/abx some/dti immunity/nn from/in ,/, and/cc a/at way/nn of/in dealing/vbg with/in ,/, other/ap people/nns ./. Social/jj invention/nn did/dod not/* have/hv to/to await/vb social/jj theory/nn any/ql more/rbr than/cs use/nn of/in the/at warmth/nn of/in a/at fire/nn had/hvd to/to await/vb Lavoisier/np or/cc the/at buoyant/jj protection/nn of/in a/at boat/nn the/at formulations/nns of/in Archimedes/np ./. But/cc it/pps has/hvz been/ben during/in the/at last/ap two/cd centuries/nns ,/, during/in the/at scientific/jj revolution/nn ,/, that/cs our/pp$ independence/nn from/in the/at physical/jj environment/nn has/hvz made/vbn the/at most/ql rapid/jj strides/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv ample/jj light/nn when/wrb the/at sun/nn sets/vbz ;/. ;/. the/at temperature/nn of/in our/pp$ homes/nns is/bez independent/jj of/in the/at seasons/nns ;/. ;/. we/ppss fly/vb through/in the/at air/nn ,/, although/cs gravity/nn pulls/vbz us/ppo down/rp ;/. ;/. the/at range/nn of/in our/pp$ voice/nn ignores/vbz distance/nn ./. At/in what/wdt stage/nn are/ber social/jj sciences/nns then/rb ?/. ?/. Is/bez the/at future/nn of/in psychology/nn akin/jj to/in the/at rich/jj future/nn of/in physics/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in Newton/np ?/. ?/. There/ex is/bez a/at haunting/jj resemblance/nn between/in the/at notion/nn of/in cause/nn in/in Copernicus/np and/cc in/in Freud/np ./. And/cc it/pps is/bez certainly/rb no/at slight/nn to/in either/dtx of/in them/ppo to/to compare/vb both/abx their/pp$ achievements/nns and/cc their/pp$ impact/nn ./. Political/jj theoretical/jj understanding/nn ,/, although/cs almost/rb at/in a/at standstill/nn during/in this/dt century/nn ,/, did/dod develop/vb during/in the/at eighteenth/od and/cc nineteenth/od centuries/nns ,/, and/cc resulted/vbd in/in a/at flood/nn of/in inventions/nns which/wdt increased/vbd the/at possibility/nn for/cs man/nn to/to coexist/vb with/in man/nn ./. Consitutional/jj government/nn ,/, popular/jj vote/nn ,/, trial/nn by/in jury/nn ,/, public/jj education/nn ,/, labor/nn unions/nns ,/, cooperatives/nns ,/, communes/nns ,/, socialized/vbn ownership/nn ,/, world/nn courts/nns ,/, and/cc the/at veto/nn power/nn in/in world/nn councils/nns are/ber but/rb a/at few/ap examples/nns ./. Most/ap of/in these/dts ,/, with/in horrible/jj exceptions/nns ,/, were/bed conceived/vbn as/cs is/bez a/at ship/nn ,/, not/* as/cs an/at attempt/nn to/to quell/vb the/at ocean/nn of/in mankind/nn ,/, nor/cc to/to deny/vb its/pp$ force/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs a/at means/nn to/to survive/vb and/cc enjoy/vb it/ppo ./. The/at most/ql effective/jj political/jj inventions/nns seem/vb to/to make/vb maximum/jj use/nn of/in natural/jj harbors/nns and/cc are/ber aware/jj that/cs restraining/vbg breakwaters/nns can/md play/vb only/rb a/at minor/jj part/nn in/in the/at whole/jj scheme/nn ./. Just/rb as/cs present/jj technology/nn had/hvd to/to await/vb the/at explanations/nns of/in physics/nn ,/, so/rb one/pn might/md expect/vb that/cs social/jj invention/nn will/md follow/vb growing/vbg sociological/jj understanding/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber desperately/rb in/in the/at need/nn of/in such/jj invention/nn ,/, for/cs man/nn is/bez still/rb very/ql much/rb at/in the/at mercy/nn of/in man/nn ./. In/in fact/nn the/at accumulation/nn of/in the/at hardware/nn of/in destruction/nn is/bez day/nn by/in day/nn increasing/vbg our/pp$ fear/nn of/in each/dt other/ap ./. 3/cd ,/, I/ppss want/vb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, to/to discuss/vb a/at second/od and/cc quite/ql different/jj fruit/nn of/in science/nn ,/, the/at connection/nn between/in scientific/jj understanding/nn and/cc fear/nn ./. There/ex are/ber certainly/rb large/jj areas/nns of/in understanding/vbg in/in the/at human/jj sciences/nns which/wdt in/in themselves/ppls and/cc even/rb without/in political/jj invention/nn can/md help/vb to/to dispel/vb our/pp$ present/jj fears/nns ./. Lucretius/np has/hvz remarked/vbn :/: ``/`` The/at reason/nn why/wrb all/abn Mortals/nns-tl are/ber so/ql gripped/vbn by/in fear/nn is/bez that/cs they/ppss see/vb all/abn sorts/nns of/in things/nns happening/vbg in/in the/at earth/nn and/cc sky/nn with/in no/at discernable/jj cause/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts they/ppss attribute/vb to/in the/at will/nn of/in God/np ''/'' ./. Perhaps/rb things/nns were/bed even/ql worse/jjr then/rb ./. It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to reconstruct/vb the/at primeval/jj fears/nns of/in man/nn ./. We/ppss get/vb some/dti clue/nn from/in a/at few/ap remembrances/nns of/in childhood/nn and/cc from/in the/at circumstance/nn that/cs we/ppss are/ber probably/rb not/* much/ql more/ql afraid/jj of/in people/nns now/rb than/cs man/nn ever/rb was/bedz ./. We/ppss are/ber not/* now/rb afraid/jj of/in atomic/jj bombs/nns in/in the/at same/ap way/nn that/cs people/nns once/rb feared/vbd comets/nns ./. The/at bombs/nns are/ber as/ql harmless/jj as/cs an/at automobile/nn in/in a/at garage/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber worried/vbn about/in what/wdt people/nns may/md do/do with/in them/ppo --/-- that/cs some/dti crazy/jj fool/nn may/md ``/`` push/vb the/at button/nn ''/'' ./. I/ppss am/bem certainly/rb not/* adequately/ql trained/vbn to/to describe/vb or/cc enlarge/vb on/in human/jj fears/nns ,/, but/cc there/ex are/ber certain/jj features/nns of/in the/at fears/nns dispelled/vbn by/in scientific/jj explanations/nns that/wps stand/vb out/rp quite/ql clearly/rb ./. They/ppss are/ber in/in general/jj those/dts fears/nns that/wps once/rb seemed/vbd to/to have/hv been/ben amenable/jj to/in prayer/nn or/cc ritual/nn ./. They/ppss include/vb both/abx individual/jj fears/nns and/cc collective/jj ones/nns ./. They/ppss arise/vb in/in situations/nns in/in which/wdt one/pn believes/vbz that/cs what/wdt happens/vbz depends/vbz not/* only/rb on/in the/at external/jj world/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb on/in the/at precise/jj pattern/nn of/in behavior/nn of/in the/at individual/nn or/cc group/nn ./. Often/rb it/pps is/bez recognized/vbn that/cs all/abn the/at details/nns of/in the/at pattern/nn may/md not/* be/be essential/jj to/in the/at outcome/nn but/cc ,/, because/cs the/at pattern/nn was/bedz empirically/rb determined/vbn and/cc not/* developed/vbn through/in theoretical/jj understanding/nn ,/, one/pn is/bez never/rb quite/ql certain/jj which/wdt behavior/nn elements/nns are/ber effective/jj ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj pattern/nn becomes/vbz ritualized/vbn ./. Yet/cc often/rb fear/nn persists/vbz because/cs ,/, even/rb with/in the/at most/ql rigid/jj ritual/nn ,/, one/pn is/bez never/rb quite/ql free/jj from/in the/at uneasy/jj feeling/nn that/cs one/pn might/md make/vb some/dti mistake/nn or/cc that/cs in/in every/at previous/jj execution/nn one/pn had/hvd been/ben unaware/jj of/in the/at really/ql decisive/jj act/nn ./. To/to say/vb that/cs science/nn had/hvd reduced/vbn many/ap such/jj fears/nns merely/rb reiterates/vbz the/at obvious/jj and/cc frequent/jj statement/nn that/cs science/nn eliminated/vbd much/ap of/in magic/nn and/cc superstition/nn ./. But/cc a/at somewhat/ql more/ql detailed/vbn analysis/nn of/in this/dt process/nn may/md be/be illuminating/jj ./. The/at frequently/rb postulated/vbn antique/jj worry/nn that/cs the/at daylight/nn hours/nns might/md dwindle/vb to/in complete/jj darkness/nn apparently/rb gave/vbd rise/nn to/in a/at ritual/nn and/cc celebration/nn which/wdt we/ppss still/rb recognize/vb ./. It/pps is/bez curious/jj that/cs even/rb centuries/nns of/in repetition/nn of/in the/at yearly/jj cycle/nn did/dod not/* induce/vb a/at sufficient/jj degree/nn of/in confidence/nn to/to allow/vb people/nns to/to abandon/vb the/at ceremonies/nns of/in the/at winter/nn solstice/nn ./. This/dt and/cc other/ap fears/nns of/in the/at solar/jj system/nn have/hv disappeared/vbn gradually/rb ,/, first/rb ,/, with/in the/at Ptolemaic/jj system/nn and/cc its/pp$ built-in/jj concept/nn of/in periodicity/nn and/cc then/rb ,/, more/ql firmly/rb ,/, with/in the/at Newtonian/jj innovation/nn of/in an/at universal/jj force/nn that/wps could/md account/vb quantitatively/rb for/in both/abx terrestial/jj and/cc celestial/jj motions/nns ./. This/dt understanding/nn provides/vbz a/at very/ql simple/jj example/nn of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs one/pn can/md eliminate/vb fear/nn without/in instituting/vbg any/dti controls/nns ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, although/cs we/ppss have/hv dispelled/vbn the/at fear/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv not/* necessarily/rb assured/vbn ourselves/ppls that/cs there/ex are/ber no/at dangers/nns ./. There/ex is/bez still/rb the/at remote/jj possibility/nn of/in planetoid/nn collision/nn ./. A/at meteor/nn could/md fall/vb on/in San/np Francisco/np ./. Solar/jj activities/nns could/md presumably/rb bring/vb long/jj periods/nns of/in flood/nn or/cc drought/nn ./. Our/pp$ understanding/nn of/in the/at solar/jj system/nn has/hvz taught/vbn us/ppo to/to replace/vb our/pp$ former/ap elaborate/jj rituals/nns with/in the/at appropriate/jj action/nn which/wdt ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, amounts/vbz to/in doing/vbg nothing/pn ./. Yet/cc we/ppss no/ql longer/rbr feel/vb uneasy/jj ./. This/dt almost/ql trivial/jj example/nn is/bez nevertheless/rb suggestive/jj ,/, for/cs there/ex are/ber some/dti elements/nns in/in common/jj between/in the/at antique/jj fear/nn that/cs the/at days/nns would/md get/vb shorter/jjr and/cc shorter/jjr and/cc our/pp$ present/jj fear/nn of/in war/nn ./. We/ppss ,/, in/in our/pp$ country/nn ,/, think/vb of/in war/nn as/cs an/at external/jj threat/nn which/wdt ,/, if/cs it/pps occurs/vbz ,/, will/md not/* be/be primarily/rb of/in our/pp$ own/jj doing/vbg ./. And/cc yet/rb we/ppss obviously/rb also/rb believe/vb that/cs the/at avoidance/nn of/in the/at disaster/nn depends/vbz in/in some/dti obscure/jj or/cc at/in least/ap uncertain/jj way/nn on/in the/at details/nns of/in how/wrb we/ppss behave/vb ./. What/wdt elements/nns of/in our/pp$ behavior/nn are/ber decisive/jj ?/. ?/. Our/pp$ weapons/nns production/nn ,/, our/pp$ world/nn prestige/nn ,/, our/pp$ ideas/nns of/in democracy/nn ,/, our/pp$ actions/nns of/in trust/nn or/cc stubbornness/nn or/cc secrecy/nn or/cc espionage/nn ?/. ?/. We/ppss have/hv staved/vbn off/rp a/at war/nn and/cc ,/, since/cs our/pp$ behavior/nn has/hvz involved/vbn all/abn these/dts elements/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md only/rb keep/vb adding/vbg to/in our/pp$ ritual/nn without/in daring/vbg to/to abandon/vb any/dti part/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, since/cs we/ppss have/hv not/* the/at slightest/jjt notion/nn which/wdt parts/nns are/ber effective/jj ./. I/ppss think/vb that/cs we/ppss are/ber here/rb also/rb talking/vbg of/in the/at kind/nn of/in fear/nn that/wpo a/at young/jj boy/nn has/hvz for/in a/at group/nn of/in boys/nns who/wps are/ber approaching/vbg at/in night/nn along/in the/at streets/nns of/in a/at large/jj city/nn ./. If/cs an/at automobile/nn were/bed approaching/vbg him/ppo ,/, he/pps would/md know/vb what/wdt was/bedz required/vbn of/in him/ppo ,/, even/rb though/cs he/pps might/md not/* be/be able/jj to/to act/vb quickly/rb enough/qlp ./. With/in the/at group/nn of/in boys/nns it/pps is/bez different/jj ./. He/pps does/doz not/* know/vb whether/cs to/to look/vb up/rp or/cc look/vb aside/rb ,/, to/to put/vb his/pp$ hands/nns in/in his/pp$ pockets/nns or/cc to/to clench/vb them/ppo at/in his/pp$ side/nn ,/, to/to cross/vb the/at street/nn ,/, or/cc to/to continue/vb on/in the/at same/ap side/nn ./. When/wrb confronted/vbn with/in a/at drunk/nn or/cc an/at insane/jj person/nn I/ppss have/hv no/at notion/nn of/in what/wdt any/dti one/cd of/in them/ppo might/md do/do to/in me/ppo or/cc to/in himself/ppl or/cc to/in others/nns ./. I/ppss believe/vb that/cs what/wdt I/ppss do/do has/hvz some/dti effect/nn on/in his/pp$ actions/nns and/cc I/ppss have/hv learned/vbn ,/, in/in a/at way/nn ,/, to/to commune/vb with/in drunks/nns ,/, but/cc certainly/rb my/pp$ actions/nns seem/vb to/to resemble/vb more/ql nearly/rb the/at performance/nn of/in a/at rain/nn dance/nn than/cs the/at carrying/nn out/rp of/in an/at experiment/nn in/in physics/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem usually/rb filled/vbn with/in an/at uneasiness/nn that/cs through/in some/dti unwitting/jj slip/nn all/abn hell/nn may/md break/vb loose/rb ./. Our/pp$ inability/nn to/to explain/vb why/wrb certain/jj people/nns are/ber fond/jj of/in us/ppo frequently/rb induces/vbz the/at same/ap kind/nn of/in ritual/nn and/cc malaise/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber forced/vbn ,/, in/in our/pp$ behavior/nn towards/in others/nns ,/, to/to adopt/vb empirically/rb successful/jj patterns/nns in/in toto/nn because/cs we/ppss have/hv such/abl a/at minimal/jj understanding/nn of/in their/pp$ essential/jj elements/nns ./. Our/pp$ collective/jj policies/nns ,/, group/nn and/cc national/jj ,/, are/ber similarly/rb based/vbn on/in voodoo/nn ,/, but/cc here/rb we/ppss often/rb lack/vb even/rb the/at empirically/rb successful/jj rituals/nns and/cc are/ber still/rb engaged/vbn in/in determing/vbg them/ppo ./. We/ppss use/vb terms/nns from/in our/pp$ personal/jj experience/nn with/in individuals/nns such/jj as/cs ``/`` trust/vb-nc ''/'' ,/, ``/`` cheat/vb-nc ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` get/vb-nc tough/jj-nc ''/'' ./. We/ppss talk/vb about/in national/jj character/nn in/in the/at same/ap way/nn that/cs Copernicus/np talked/vbd of/in the/at compulsions/nns of/in celestial/jj bodies/nns to/to move/vb in/in circles/nns ./. We/ppss perform/vb elaborate/jj international/jj exhortations/nns and/cc ceremonies/nns with/in virtually/rb no/at understanding/nn of/in social/jj cause/nn and/cc effect/nn ./. Small/jj wonder/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs we/ppss fear/vb ./. The/at achievements/nns which/wdt dispelled/vbd our/pp$ fears/nns of/in the/at cosmos/nn took/vbd place/nn three/cd centuries/nns ago/rb ./. What/wdt additional/jj roles/nns has/hvz the/at scientific/jj understanding/nn of/in the/at 19th/od and/cc 20th/od centuries/nns played/vbn ?/. ?/. In/in the/at physical/jj sciences/nns ,/, these/dts achievements/nns concern/vb electricity/nn ,/, chemistry/nn ,/, and/cc atomic/jj physics/nn ./. In/in the/at life/nn sciences/nns ,/, there/ex has/hvz been/ben an/at enormous/jj increase/nn in/in our/pp$ understanding/nn of/in disease/nn ,/, in/in the/at mechanisms/nns of/in heredity/nn ,/, and/cc in/in bio-/jj and/cc physiological/jj chemistry/nn ./. The/at major/jj effect/nn of/in these/dts advances/nns appears/vbz to/to lie/vb in/in the/at part/nn they/ppss have/hv played/vbn in/in the/at industrial/jj revolution/nn and/cc in/in the/at tools/nns which/wdt scientific/jj understanding/nn has/hvz given/vbn us/ppo to/to build/vb and/cc manipulate/vb a/at more/ql protective/jj environment/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, our/pp$ way/nn of/in dealing/vbg directly/rb with/in natural/jj phenomena/nns has/hvz also/rb changed/vbn ./. Even/rb in/in domains/nns where/wrb detailed/vbn and/cc predictive/jj understanding/nn is/bez still/rb lacking/vbg ,/, but/cc where/wrb some/dti explanations/nns are/ber possible/jj ,/, as/cs with/in lightning/nn and/cc weather/nn and/cc earthquakes/nns ,/, the/at appropriate/jj kind/nn of/in human/jj action/nn has/hvz been/ben more/ql adequately/rb indicated/vbn ./. Apparently/rb the/at population/nn as/cs a/at whole/jj eventually/rb acquires/vbz enough/ap confidence/nn in/in the/at explanations/nns of/in the/at scientists/nns to/to modify/vb its/pp$ procedures/nns and/cc its/pp$ fears/nns ./. How/wrb and/cc why/wrb this/dt process/nn occurs/vbz would/md provide/vb an/at interesting/jj separate/jj subject/nn for/in study/nn ./. In/in some/dti areas/nns ,/, the/at progress/nn is/bez slower/jjr than/cs in/in others/nns ./. In/in agriculture/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, despite/in the/at advances/nns in/in biology/nn ,/, elaborate/jj rituals/nns tend/vb to/to persist/vb along/rb with/in a/at continued/vbn sense/nn of/in the/at imminence/nn of/in some/dti natural/jj disaster/nn ./. In/in child/nn care/nn ,/, the/at opposite/jj extreme/nn prevails/vbz ;/. ;/. procedures/nns change/vb rapidly/rb and/cc parental/jj confidence/nn probably/rb exceeds/vbz anything/pn warranted/vbn by/in established/vbn psychological/jj theory/nn ./. There/ex are/ber many/ap domains/nns in/in which/wdt understanding/vbg has/hvz brought/vbn about/rp widespread/jj and/cc quite/ql appropriate/jj reduction/nn in/in ritual/nn and/cc fear/nn ./. Much/ap of/in the/at former/ap extreme/jj uneasiness/nn associated/vbn with/in visions/nns and/cc hallucinations/nns and/cc with/in death/nn has/hvz disappeared/vbn ./. The/at persistent/jj horror/nn of/in having/hvg a/at malformed/jj child/nn has/hvz ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, been/ben reduced/vbn ,/, not/* because/cs we/ppss have/hv gained/vbn any/dti control/nn over/in this/dt misfortune/nn ,/, but/cc precisely/rb because/cs we/ppss have/hv learned/vbn that/cs we/ppss have/hv so/ql little/ap control/nn over/in it/ppo ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at recent/jj warnings/nns about/in the/at use/nn of/in X-rays/nn have/hv introduced/vbn fears/nns and/cc ambiguities/nns of/in action/nn which/wdt now/rb require/vb more/ql detailed/vbn understanding/nn ,/, and/cc thus/rb in/in this/dt instance/nn ,/, science/nn has/hvz momentarily/rb aggravated/vbn our/pp$ fears/nns ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, insofar/rb as/cs science/nn generates/vbz any/dti fear/nn ,/, it/pps stems/vbz not/* so/ql much/rb from/in scientific/jj prowess/nn and/cc gadgets/nns but/cc from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs new/jj unanswered/jj questions/nns arise/vb ,/, which/wdt ,/, until/cs they/ppss are/ber understood/vbn ,/, create/vb uncertainty/nn ./. Perhaps/rb the/at most/ql illuminating/jj example/nn of/in the/at reduction/nn of/in fear/nn through/in understanding/vbg is/bez derived/vbn from/in our/pp$ increased/vbn knowledge/nn of/in the/at nature/nn of/in disease/nn ./. The/at situation/nn with/in regard/nn to/in our/pp$ attitude/nn and/cc ``/`` control/nn ''/'' of/in disease/nn contains/vbz close/jj analogies/nns to/in problems/nns confronting/vbg us/ppo with/in respect/nn to/in people/nns ./. The/at fear/nn of/in disease/nn was/bedz formerly/rb very/ql much/ap the/at kind/nn of/in fear/nn I/ppss have/hv tried/vbn to/to describe/vb ./.