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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Shaken Baby Syndrome ? ### Response: Emergency treatment for a baby who has been shaken usually includes life-sustaining measures such as respiratory support and surgery to stop internal bleeding and bleeding in the brain. Doctors may use brain scans, such as MRI and CT, to make a more definite diagnosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Shaken Baby Syndrome ? ### Response: In comparison with accidental traumatic brain injury in infants, shaken baby injuries have a much worse prognosis. Damage to the retina of the eye can cause blindness. The majority of infants who survive severe shaking will have some form of neurological or mental disability, such as cerebral palsy or cognitive impairment, which may not be fully apparent before 6 years of age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Shaken Baby Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research related to shaken baby syndrome in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease ? ### Response: Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) is an extremely rare, neurodegenerative brain disorder. It is almost always inherited and is found in only a few families around the world. Onset of the disease usually occurs between the ages of 35 and 55. In the early stages, patients may experience varying levels of ataxia (lack of muscle coordination), including clumsiness, unsteadiness, and difficulty walking.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease ? ### Response: GSS is a slowly progressive condition usually lasting from 2 to 10 years. The disease ultimately causes severe disability and finally death, often after the patient goes into a coma or has a secondary infection such as aspiration pneumonia due to an impaired ability to swallow.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease ? ### Response: The NINDS supports and conducts research on TSEs, including GSS. Much of this research is aimed at characterizing the agents that cause these disorders, clarifying the mechanisms underlying them, and, ultimately, finding ways to prevent, treat, and cure them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Syringomyelia ? ### Response: Surgery is usually recommended for individuals with syringomyelia, with the type of surgery and its location dependent on the type of syrinx. In persons with syringomyelia that is associated with the Chiara I malformation, a procedure that removes skulll bone and expands the space around the malformation usually prevents new symptoms from developing and results in the syrinx becoming smaller.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Syringomyelia ? ### Response: Symptoms usually begin in young adulthood, with symptoms of one form usually beginning between the ages of 25 and 40. If not treated surgically (when needed), syringomyelia often leads to progressive weakness in the arms and legs, loss of hand sensation, and chronic, severe pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Syringomyelia ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. NINDS investigators are studying how syrinxes first form, as well as the mechanisms of the disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dandy-Walker Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for individuals with Dandy-Walker Syndrome generally consists of treating the associated problems, if needed. A surgical procedure called a shunt may be required to drain off excess fluid within the brain, which will reduce pressure inside the skull and improve symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dandy-Walker Syndrome ? ### Response: The effect of Dandy-Walker Syndrome on intellectual development is variable, with some children having normal cognition and others never achieving normal intellectual development even when the excess fluid buildup is treated early and correctly. Longevity depends on the severity of the syndrome and associated malformations.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dandy-Walker Syndrome ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of normal brain development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spina Bifida ? ### Response: Spina bifida (SB) is a neural tube defect (a disorder involving incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or their protective coverings) caused by the failure of the fetus's spine to close properly during the first month of pregnancy. Infants born with SB sometimes have an open lesion on their spine where significant damage to the nerves and spinal cord has occurred.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Spina Bifida ? ### Response: There is no cure for SB because the nerve tissue cannot be replaced or repaired. Treatment for the variety of effects of SB may include surgery, medication, and physiotherapy. Many individuals with SB will need assistive devices such as braces, crutches, or wheelchairs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Spina Bifida ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with SB depends on the number and severity of abnormalities. Prognosis is poorest for those with complete paralysis, hydrocephalus, and other congenital defects. With proper care, most children with SB live well into adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Spina Bifida ? ### Response: The NINDS supports a broad range of research on neural tube defects such as SB aimed at finding ways to treat, prevent, and, ultimately, cure these disorders. Recent studies have shown that the addition of folic acid to the diet of women of child-bearing age may significantly reduce the incidence of neural tube defects.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Back Pain ? ### Response: Acute or short-term low back pain generally lasts from a few days to a few weeks. Most acute back pain is the result of trauma to the lower back or a disorder such as arthritis. Pain from trauma may be caused by a sports injury, work around the house or in the garden, or a sudden jolt such as a car accident or other stress on spinal bones and tissues.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Back Pain ? ### Response: Most low back pain can be treated without surgery. Treatment involves using over-the-counter pain relievers to reduce discomfort and anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce inflammation. The goal of treatment is to restore proper function and strength to the back, and prevent recurrence of the injury.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Back Pain ? ### Response: Most patients with back pain recover without residual functional loss, but individuals should contact a doctor if there is not a noticeable reduction in pain and inflammation after 72 hours of self-care. Recurring back pain resulting from improper body mechanics or other nontraumatic causes is often preventable.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Back Pain ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct pain research in laboratories at the NIH and also support pain research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ? ### Response: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ? ### Response: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ? ### Response: Early identification of and treatment for individuals with neuroleptic malignant syndrome improves outcome. If clinically indicated, a low potency neuroleptic can be reintroduced very slowly when the individual recovers, although there is a risk that the syndrome might recur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ? ### Response: Early identification of and treatment for individuals with neuroleptic malignant syndrome improves outcome. If clinically indicated, a low potency neuroleptic can be reintroduced very slowly when the individual recovers, although there is a risk that the syndrome might recur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Antiphospholipid Syndrome ? ### Response: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder caused when antibodies -- immune system cells that fight off bacteria and viruses -- mistakenly attack healthy body tissues and organs. In APS, specific antibodies activate the inner lining of blood vessels, which leads to the formation of blood clots in arteries or veins.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Antiphospholipid Syndrome ? ### Response: The main goal of treatment is to thin the blood to reduce clotting. At present, the recommended treatment is low-dose aspirin. For individuals who have already had a stroke or experience recurrent clots, doctors recommend treatment with the anticoagulant warfarin.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Antiphospholipid Syndrome ? ### Response: APS improves significantly with anticoagulation therapy, which reduces the risk of further clots in veins and arteries. Treatment should be lifelong, since there is a high risk of further clots in individuals who stop warfarin treatment. Doctors often recommend that individuals stop smoking, exercise regularly, and eat a healthy diet to prevent high blood pressure and diabetes, which are diseases that increase the risk for stroke.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Antiphospholipid Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research on APS through grants to major medical institutions across the country.NINDS-funded research is looking at ways to reduce clotting and prevent stroke.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kearns-Sayre Syndrome ? ### Response: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually before the age of 20 years. It is the result of abnormalities in the DNA of mitochondria - small rod-like structures found in every cell of the body that produce the energy that drives cellular functions.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Kearns-Sayre Syndrome ? ### Response: There is currently no effective way to treat mitochondria abnormalities in KSS. Treatment is generally symptomatic and supportive. Management of KSS involves multiple specialties depending on the organs involved. The most essential is a regular and long-term follow-up with cardiologists.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Kearns-Sayre Syndrome ? ### Response: KSS is a slowly progressive disorder. The prognosis for individuals with KSS varies depending on the severity and the number of organs involved. Early diagnosis and periodic electrocardiogram (ECG) are important since heart block can cause death in 20 percent of patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Kearns-Sayre Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on neuromuscular disorders such as KSS. The goals of this research are to increase understanding of these disorders, and to find ways to prevent, treat, and, ultimately, cure them. The most promising approach for treatment in the future will be to alter replication or destroy abnormal mitochondria.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Restless Legs Syndrome ? ### Response: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs and an uncontrollable, and sometimes overwhelming, urge to move them for relief. Individuals affected with the disorder often describe the sensations as throbbing, polling, or creeping.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Restless Legs Syndrome ? ### Response: For those with mild to moderate symptoms, many physicians suggest certain lifestyle changes and activities to reduce or eliminate symptoms. Decreased use of caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco may provide some relief. Physicians may suggest that certain individuals take supplements to correct deficiencies in iron, folate, and magnesium.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Restless Legs Syndrome ? ### Response: RLS is generally a life-long condition for which there is no cure. Symptoms may gradually worsen with age. Nevertheless, current therapies can control the disorder, minimizing symptoms and increasing periods of restful sleep. In addition, some individuals have remissions, periods in which symptoms decrease or disappear for days, weeks, or months, although symptoms usually eventually reappear.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Restless Legs Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support RLS research in laboratories at the NIH and at major medical institutions across the country. The goal of this research is to increase scientific understanding of RLS, find improved methods of diagnosing and treating the syndrome, and discover ways to prevent it.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Infantile Refsum Disease ? ### Response: Infantile Refsum disease (IRD) is a medical condition within the Zellweger spectrum of perixisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), inherited genetic disorders that damage the white matter of the brain and affect motor movements. PBDs are part of a larger group of disorders called the leukodystrophies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Infantile Refsum Disease ? ### Response: The primary treatment for IRD is to avoid foods that contain phytanic acid, including dairy products; beef and lamb; and fatty fish such as tuna, cod, and haddock. Although this prevents the accumulation of phytanic acid, it does not address the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, and the deficiency of bile acids and plasmalogens.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Infantile Refsum Disease ? ### Response: The primary treatment for IRD is to avoid foods that contain phytanic acid, including dairy products; beef and lamb; and fatty fish such as tuna, cod, and haddock. Although this prevents the accumulation of phytanic acid, it does not address the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, and the deficiency of bile acids and plasmalogens.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Infantile Refsum Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to IRDin its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Reye's Syndrome ? ### Response: Reye's syndrome (RS) is primarily a children's disease, although it can occur at any age. It affects all organs of the body but is most harmful to the brain and the liver--causing an acute increase of pressure within the brain and, often, massive accumulations of fat in the liver and other organs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Reye's Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for RS. Successful management, which depends on early diagnosis, is primarily aimed at protecting the brain against irreversible damage by reducing brain swelling, reversing the metabolic injury, preventing complications in the lungs, and anticipating cardiac arrest.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Reye's Syndrome ? ### Response: Recovery from RS is directly related to the severity of the swelling of the brain. Some people recover completely, while others may sustain varying degrees of brain damage. Those cases in which the disorder progresses rapidly and the patient lapses into a coma have a poorer prognosis than those with a less severe course.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Reye's Syndrome ? ### Response: Much of the research on RS focuses on answering fundamental questions about the disorder such as how problems in the body's metabolism may trigger the nervous system damage characteristic of RS and what role aspirin plays in this life-threatening disorder. The ultimate goal of this research is to improve scientific understanding, diagnosis and medical treatment of RS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? ### Response: Cerebral arteriosclerosis is the result of thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries in the brain. Symptoms of cerebral arteriosclerosis include headache, facial pain, and impaired vision. Cerebral arteriosclerosis can cause serious health problems.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? ### Response: Treatment for cerebral arteriosclerosis can include medications or surgery. Physicians also may recommend treatments to help people control high blood pressure, quit cigarette smoking, and reduce cholesterol levels, all of which are risk factors for cerebral arteriosclerosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? ### Response: Treatment for cerebral arteriosclerosis can include medications or surgery. Physicians also may recommend treatments to help people control high blood pressure, quit cigarette smoking, and reduce cholesterol levels, all of which are risk factors for cerebral arteriosclerosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ? ### Response: Treatment for cerebral arteriosclerosis can include medications or surgery. Physicians also may recommend treatments to help people control high blood pressure, quit cigarette smoking, and reduce cholesterol levels, all of which are risk factors for cerebral arteriosclerosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Schizencephaly ? ### Response: Schizencephaly is an extremely rare developmental birth defect characterized by abnormal slits, or clefts, in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Babies with clefts in both hemispheres (called bilateral clefts) commonly have developmental delays, delays in speech and language skills, and problems with brain-spinal cord communication.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Schizencephaly ? ### Response: Treatment generally consists of physical therapy and drugs to prevent seizures. In cases that are complicated by hydrocephalus, a surgically implanted tube, called a shunt, is often used to divert fluid to another area of the body where it can be absorbed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Schizencephaly ? ### Response: Treatment generally consists of physical therapy and drugs to prevent seizures. In cases that are complicated by hydrocephalus, a surgically implanted tube, called a shunt, is often used to divert fluid to another area of the body where it can be absorbed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Schizencephaly ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the mechanisms of normal brain development. The knowledge gained from these fundamental studies provides the foundation for understanding how to prevent or treat developmental brain defects such as schizencephaly.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Inflammatory Myopathies ? ### Response: The inflammatory myopathies are a group of diseases, with no known cause, that involve chronic muscle inflammation accompanied by muscle weakness. The three main types of chronic, or persistent, inflammatory myopathy are polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis (IBM).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Inflammatory Myopathies ? ### Response: The chronic inflammatory myopathies cant be cured in most adults but many of the symptoms can be treated. Options include medication, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy (including microwave and ultrasound), orthotics and assistive devices, and rest. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are first treated with high doses of prednisone or another corticosteroid drug.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Inflammatory Myopathies ? ### Response: Most cases of dermatomyositis respond to therapy. The prognosis for polymyositis varies. Most individuals respond fairly well to therapy, but some people have a more severe disease that does not respond adequately to therapies and are left with significant disability.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Inflammatory Myopathies ? ### Response: The National Institutes of Health (NIH), through the collaborative efforts of its National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), conducts and supports a wide range of research on neuromuscular disorders, including the inflammatory myopathies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Stiff-Person Syndrome ? ### Response: Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder with features of an autoimmune disease. SPS is characterized by fluctuating muscle rigidity in the trunk and limbs and a heightened sensitivity to stimuli such as noise, touch, and emotional distress, which can set off muscle spasms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Stiff-Person Syndrome ? ### Response: People with SPS respond to high doses of diazepam and several anti-convulsants, gabapentin and tiagabine. A recent study funded by the NINDS demonstrated the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment in reducing stiffness and lowering sensitivity to noise, touch, and stress in people with SPS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Stiff-Person Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment with IVIg, anti-anxiety drugs, muscle relaxants, anti-convulsants, and pain relievers will improve the symptoms of SPS, but will not cure the disorder. Most individuals with SPS have frequent falls and because they lack the normal defensive reflexes; injuries can be severe.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Stiff-Person Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to SPS in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? ### Response: Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also called familial spastic paraparesis (FSP), refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity (stiffness) of the legs. Early in the disease course, there may be mild gait difficulties and stiffness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? ### Response: Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also called familial spastic paraparesis (FSP), refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity (stiffness) of the legs. Early in the disease course, there may be mild gait difficulties and stiffness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? ### Response: Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also called familial spastic paraparesis (FSP), refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity (stiffness) of the legs. Early in the disease course, there may be mild gait difficulties and stiffness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on genetic disorders such as HSP. More than 30 genes that are responsible for several forms of HSP have been identified, and many more will likely be identified in the future. These genes generally encode proteins that normally help maintain the function of axons in the spinal cord.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: Leukodystrophy refers to progressive degeneration of the white matter of the brain due to imperfect growth or development of the myelin sheath, the fatty covering that acts as an insulator around nerve fiber. Myelin, which lends its color to the white matter of the brain, is a complex substance made up of at least ten different chemicals.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: Treatment for most of the leukodystrophies is symptomatic and supportive, and may include medications, physical, occupational, and speech therapies; and nutritional, educational, and recreational programs. Bone marrow transplantation is showing promise for a few of the leukodystrophies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: Treatment for most of the leukodystrophies is symptomatic and supportive, and may include medications, physical, occupational, and speech therapies; and nutritional, educational, and recreational programs. Bone marrow transplantation is showing promise for a few of the leukodystrophies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Leukodystrophy ? ### Response: Treatment for most of the leukodystrophies is symptomatic and supportive, and may include medications, physical, occupational, and speech therapies; and nutritional, educational, and recreational programs. Bone marrow transplantation is showing promise for a few of the leukodystrophies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Canavan Disease ? ### Response: Canavan disease is a gene-linked neurological disorder in which the brain degenerates into spongy tissue riddled with microscopic fluid-filled spaces. Canavan disease has been classified as one of a group of genetic disorders known as the leukodystrophies. Recent research has indicated that the cells in the brain responsible for making myelin sheaths, known as oligodendrocytes, cannot properly complete this critical developmental task.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Canavan Disease ? ### Response: Canavan disease is a gene-linked neurological disorder in which the brain degenerates into spongy tissue riddled with microscopic fluid-filled spaces. Canavan disease has been classified as one of a group of genetic disorders known as the leukodystrophies. Recent research has indicated that the cells in the brain responsible for making myelin sheaths, known as oligodendrocytes, cannot properly complete this critical developmental task.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Canavan Disease ? ### Response: Canavan disease is a gene-linked neurological disorder in which the brain degenerates into spongy tissue riddled with microscopic fluid-filled spaces. Canavan disease has been classified as one of a group of genetic disorders known as the leukodystrophies. Recent research has indicated that the cells in the brain responsible for making myelin sheaths, known as oligodendrocytes, cannot properly complete this critical developmental task.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Alexander Disease ? ### Response: Alexander disease is one of a group of neurological conditions known as the leukodystrophies, disorders that are the result of abnormalities in myelin, the white matter that protects nerve fibers in the brain. Alexander disease is a progressive and often fatal disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Alexander Disease ? ### Response: Alexander disease is one of a group of neurological conditions known as the leukodystrophies, disorders that are the result of abnormalities in myelin, the white matter that protects nerve fibers in the brain. Alexander disease is a progressive and often fatal disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Alexander Disease ? ### Response: Alexander disease is one of a group of neurological conditions known as the leukodystrophies, disorders that are the result of abnormalities in myelin, the white matter that protects nerve fibers in the brain. Alexander disease is a progressive and often fatal disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Alexander Disease ? ### Response: Recent discoveries show that most individuals (approximately 90 percent) with Alexander disease have a mutation in the gene that makes glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP is a normal component of the brain, but it is unclear how the mutations in this genecauses the disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Narcolepsy ? ### Response: Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. At various times throughout the day, people with narcolepsy experience irresistable bouts ofsleep. If the urge becomes overwhelming, individuals will fall asleep for periods lasting from a few seconds to several minutes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Narcolepsy ? ### Response: None of the currently available medications enables people with narcolepsy to consistently maintain a fully normal state of alertness. But EDS and cataplexy, the most disabling symptoms of the disorder, can be controlled in most patients with drug treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Narcolepsy ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research into narcolepsy and other sleep disorders in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Neurological Complications of AIDS ? ### Response: AIDS is primarily an immune system disorder caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but it can also affect the nervous system. HIV does not appear to directly invade nerve cells but it jeopardizes their health and function, causing symptoms such as confusion, forgetfulness, behavioral changes, headaches, progressive weakness and loss of sensation in the arms and legs, cognitive motor impairment, or damage to the peripheral nerves.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neurological Complications of AIDS ? ### Response: No single treatment can cure the neurological complications of AIDS. Some disorders require aggressive therapy while others are treated symptomatically. Medicines range from analgesics sold over the counter to antiepileptic drugs, opiates, corticosteroids, and some classes of antidepressants.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurological Complications of AIDS ? ### Response: The overall prognosis for individuals with AIDS in recent years has improved significantly because of new drugs and treatments. AIDS clinicians often fail to recognize neurological complications of AIDS. Those who suspect they are having neurological complications should be sure to discuss these with their doctor.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurological Complications of AIDS ? ### Response: Within the Federal government, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), one part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), supports research on the neurological consequences of AIDS. The NINDS works closely with its sister agency, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which has primary responsibility for research related to HIV and AIDS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tabes Dorsalis ? ### Response: Tabes dorsalis is a slow degeneration of the nerve cells and nerve fibers that carry sensory information to the brain. The degenerating nerves are in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (the portion closest to the back of the body) and carry information that help maintain a person's sense of position.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tabes Dorsalis ? ### Response: Penicillin, administered intravenously, is the treatment of choice. Associated pain can be treated with opiates, valproate, or carbamazepine. Patients may also require physical or rehabilitative therapy to deal with muscle wasting and weakness. Preventive treatment for those who come into sexual contact with an individual with tabes dorsalis is important.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tabes Dorsalis ? ### Response: Penicillin, administered intravenously, is the treatment of choice. Associated pain can be treated with opiates, valproate, or carbamazepine. Patients may also require physical or rehabilitative therapy to deal with muscle wasting and weakness. Preventive treatment for those who come into sexual contact with an individual with tabes dorsalis is important.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tabes Dorsalis ? ### Response: Penicillin, administered intravenously, is the treatment of choice. Associated pain can be treated with opiates, valproate, or carbamazepine. Patients may also require physical or rehabilitative therapy to deal with muscle wasting and weakness. Preventive treatment for those who come into sexual contact with an individual with tabes dorsalis is important.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Herpes Zoster Oticus ? ### Response: Herpes zoster oticus, also called Ramsay Hunt Syndrome or Ramsay Hunt Syndrome type II, is a common complication of shingles. Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the virus that causes chickenpox. Shingles occurs in people who have had chickenpox and represents a reactivation of the dormant varicella-zoster virus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Herpes Zoster Oticus ? ### Response: Herpes zoster oticus, also called Ramsay Hunt Syndrome or Ramsay Hunt Syndrome type II, is a common complication of shingles. Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the virus that causes chickenpox. Shingles occurs in people who have had chickenpox and represents a reactivation of the dormant varicella-zoster virus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Herpes Zoster Oticus ? ### Response: Herpes zoster oticus, also called Ramsay Hunt Syndrome or Ramsay Hunt Syndrome type II, is a common complication of shingles. Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the virus that causes chickenpox. Shingles occurs in people who have had chickenpox and represents a reactivation of the dormant varicella-zoster virus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Herpes Zoster Oticus ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on shingles and shingles-related conditions. Current studies focus on the relationship between the persistence of neurotropic viruses and development of neurological diseases including herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hemicrania Continua ? ### Response: Hemicrania continua is a chronic and persistent form of headache marked by continuous pain that varies in severity, always occurs on the same side of the face and head, and is superimposed with additional debilitating symptoms. on the continuous but fluctuating pain are occasional attacks of more severe pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hemicrania Continua ? ### Response: Indomethacin provides rapid relief from symptoms. Patients must take between 25 and 300 milligrams of indomethacin daily and indefinitely to decrease symptoms. Some individuals may need to take acid-suppression medicine due to a gastrointestinal side effect.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hemicrania Continua ? ### Response: Indomethacin provides rapid relief from symptoms. Patients must take between 25 and 300 milligrams of indomethacin daily and indefinitely to decrease symptoms. Some individuals may need to take acid-suppression medicine due to a gastrointestinal side effect.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Hemicrania Continua ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research related to hemicrania continua through grants to medical research institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on understanding hemicrania continua in order to finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure the disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? ### Response: Paroxysmal choreoathetosis is a movement disorder characterized by episodes or attacks of involuntary movements of the limbs, trunk, and facial muscles. The disorder may occur in several members of a family, or in only a single family member. Prior to an attack some individuals experience tightening of muscles or other physical symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? ### Response: Paroxysmal choreoathetosis is a movement disorder characterized by episodes or attacks of involuntary movements of the limbs, trunk, and facial muscles. The disorder may occur in several members of a family, or in only a single family member. Prior to an attack some individuals experience tightening of muscles or other physical symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? ### Response: Paroxysmal choreoathetosis is a movement disorder characterized by episodes or attacks of involuntary movements of the limbs, trunk, and facial muscles. The disorder may occur in several members of a family, or in only a single family member. Prior to an attack some individuals experience tightening of muscles or other physical symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis ? ### Response: Paroxysmal choreoathetosis is a movement disorder characterized by episodes or attacks of involuntary movements of the limbs, trunk, and facial muscles. The disorder may occur in several members of a family, or in only a single family member. Prior to an attack some individuals experience tightening of muscles or other physical symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ? ### Response: For several decades the term tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) has been used to describe a chronic and progressive disease of the nervous system that affects adults living in equatorial areas of the world and causes progressive weakness, stiff muscles, muscle spasms, sensory disturbance, and sphincter dysfunction.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ? ### Response: There is no established treatment program for HAM/TSP. Corticosteroids may relieve some symptoms, but arent likely to change the course of the disorder. Clinical studies suggest that interferon alpha provides benefits over short periods and some aspects of disease activity may be improved favorably using interferon beta.