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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hydranencephaly ? ### Response: Hydranencephaly is a rare condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid. An infant with hydranencephaly may appear normal at birth. The infant's head size and spontaneous reflexes such as sucking, swallowing, crying, and moving the arms and legs may all seem normal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Hydranencephaly ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of normal brain development. The knowledge gained from these fundamental studies provides the foundation for understanding how this process can go awry and, thus, offers hope for new means to treat and prevent developmental brain disorders, including hydranencephaly.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? ### Response: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the white matter of the brain, caused by a virus infection that targets cells that make myelin--the material that insulates nerve cells (neurons). Polyomavirus JC (often called JC virus) is carried by a majority of people and is harmless except among those with lowered immune defenses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? ### Response: Currently, the best available therapy is reversal of the immune-deficient state, since there are no effective drugs that block virus infection without toxicity. Reversal may be achieved by using plasma exchange to accelerate the removal of the therapeutic agents that put patients at risk for PML.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? ### Response: Currently, the best available therapy is reversal of the immune-deficient state, since there are no effective drugs that block virus infection without toxicity. Reversal may be achieved by using plasma exchange to accelerate the removal of the therapeutic agents that put patients at risk for PML.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to PML in laboratories at the NIH, and support additional research through grants to majorresearch institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Williams Syndrome ? ### Response: Williams Syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by mild to moderate delays in cognitive development or learning difficulties, a distinctive facial appearance, and a unique personality that combines over-friendliness and high levels of empathy with anxiety.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Williams Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Williams syndrome, nor is there a standard course of treatment. Because WS is an uncommon and complex disorder, multidisciplinary clinics have been established at several centers in the United States . Treatments are based on an individuals particular symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Williams Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with WS varies. Some degree of impaired intellect is found in most people with the disorder. Some adults are able to function independently, complete academic or vocational school, and live in supervised homes or on their own; most live with a caregiver.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Williams Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), have funded many of the research studies exploring the genetic and neurobiological origins of WS. In the early 1990s, researchers located and identified the genetic mutation responsible for the disorder: the deletion of a small section of chromosome 7 that contains approximately 25 genes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypotonia ? ### Response: Hypotonia is a medical term used to describe decreased muscle tone. Normally, even when relaxed, muscles have a very small amount of contraction that gives them a springy feel and provides some resistance to passive movement. It is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypotonia ? ### Response: Treatment begins with a thorough diagnostic evaluation, usually performed by a neurologist, including an assessment of motor and sensory skills, balance and coordination, mental status, reflexes, and functioning of the nerves. Diagnostic tests that may be helpful include a CT or MRI scan of the brain, an EMG to evaluate nerve and muscle function, or an EEG to measure electrical activity in the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypotonia ? ### Response: Treatment begins with a thorough diagnostic evaluation, usually performed by a neurologist, including an assessment of motor and sensory skills, balance and coordination, mental status, reflexes, and functioning of the nerves. Diagnostic tests that may be helpful include a CT or MRI scan of the brain, an EMG to evaluate nerve and muscle function, or an EEG to measure electrical activity in the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypotonia ? ### Response: Treatment begins with a thorough diagnostic evaluation, usually performed by a neurologist, including an assessment of motor and sensory skills, balance and coordination, mental status, reflexes, and functioning of the nerves. Diagnostic tests that may be helpful include a CT or MRI scan of the brain, an EMG to evaluate nerve and muscle function, or an EEG to measure electrical activity in the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cushing's Syndrome ? ### Response: Cushing's syndrome, also called hypercortisolism, is a rare endocrine disorder caused by chronic exposure of the body's tissues to excess levels of cortisol - a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal gland. Exposure to too much cortisol can occur from long-term use of synthetic glucocorticoid hormones to treat inflammatory illnesses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Cushing's Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment of Cushing's syndrome depends on the cause of excess cortisol. If the cause is long-term use of a medication being used to treat another disorder, the physician may reduce the dosage until symptoms are under control. Surgery or radiotherapy may be used to treat pituitary adenomas.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Cushing's Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for those with Cushing's syndrome varies depending on the cause of the disease. Most cases of Cushing's syndrome can be cured. Many individuals with Cushing's syndrome show significant improvement with treatment, although some may find recovery complicated by various aspects of the causative illness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Cushing's Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for those with Cushing's syndrome varies depending on the cause of the disease. Most cases of Cushing's syndrome can be cured. Many individuals with Cushing's syndrome show significant improvement with treatment, although some may find recovery complicated by various aspects of the causative illness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Moyamoya Disease ? ### Response: Moyamoya disease is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder caused by blocked arteries at the base of the brain in an area called the basal ganglia. The name moyamoya means puff of smoke in Japanese and describes the look of the tangle of tiny vessels formed to compensate for the blockage.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Moyamoya Disease ? ### Response: There are several types of surgery that can restore blood flow (revascularization) to the brain by opening narrowed blood vessels or by bypassing blocked arteries. Children usually respond better to revascularization surgery than adults, but the majority of individuals have no further strokes or related problems after surgery.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Moyamoya Disease ? ### Response: Without surgery, the majority of individuals with Moyamoya disease will experience mental decline and multiple strokes because of the progressive narrowing of arteries.Without treatment,Moyamoya diseasecan be fatal as the result ofintracerebral hemorrhage (bleeding within the brain).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Moyamoya Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports neurological research aimed at understanding why diseases develop in the brain, and that focus on finding ways to prevent, treat, or cure them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Pituitary Tumors ? ### Response: The pituitary is a small, bean-sized gland that is below the hypothalamus, a structure at the base of the brain, by a thread-like stalk that contains both blood vessels and nerves. It controls a system of hormones in the body that regulate growth, metabolism, the stress response, and functions of the sex organs via the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, and testes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Pituitary Tumors ? ### Response: Generally, treatment depends on the type of tumor, the size of the tumor, whether the tumor has invaded or pressed on surrounding structures, such as the brain and visual pathways, and the individuals age and overall health. Three types of treatment are used: surgical removal of the tumor; radiation therapy, in which high-dose x-rays are used to kill the tumor cells; and drug therapy to shrink or destroy the tumor.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Pituitary Tumors ? ### Response: If diagnosed early enough, the prognosis is usually excellent. If diagnosis is delayed, even a non-functioning tumor can cause problems if it grows large enough to press on the optic nerves, the brain, or the carotid arteries (the vessels that bring blood to the brain).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Pituitary Tumors ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to brain tumors, including pituitary tumors, in their laboratories at the NIH and also support research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Foot Drop ? ### Response: Foot drop describes the inability to raise the front part of the foot due to weakness or paralysis of the muscles that lift the foot. As a result, individuals with foot drop scuff their toes along the ground or bend their knees to lift their foot higher than usual to avoid the scuffing, which causes what is called a steppage gait.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Foot Drop ? ### Response: Treatment depends on the specific cause of foot drop. The most common treatment is to support the foot with light-weight leg braces and shoe inserts, called ankle-foot orthotics. Exercise therapy to strengthen the muscles and maintain joint motion also helps to improve gait.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Foot Drop ? ### Response: The prognosis for foot drop depends on the cause. Foot drop caused by trauma or nerve damage usually shows partial or even complete recovery. For progressive neurological disorders, foot drop will be a symptom that is likely to continue as a lifelong disability, but it will not shorten life expectancy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Foot Drop ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to the neurological conditions that cause foot drop in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Central Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: Central cord syndrome is the most common form of incomplete spinal cord injury characterized by impairment in the arms and hands and to a lesser extent in the legs. The brain's ability to send and receive signals to and from parts of the body below the site of injury is reduced but not entirely blocked.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Central Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for central cord syndrome although some people recover near-normal function. There is no standard course of treatment, although drug therapy, surgery, and rest are often part of the program. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to indicate the degree of spinal cord compression and vertebral instability.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Central Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for central cord syndrome varies, but most people whose syndrome is caused by trauma have some recovery of neurological function. Evaluation of abnormal signals on MRI images can help predict he likelihood that neurological recovery may occur naturally.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Central Cord Syndrome ? ### Response: Our understanding of central cord syndrome has increased greatly in recent decades as a result of research funded conducted by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure neurological disorders such as central cord syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anencephaly ? ### Response: Anencephaly is a defect in the closure of the neural tube during fetal development. The neural tube is a narrow channel that folds and closes between the 3rd and 4th weeks of pregnancy to form the brain and spinal cord of the embryo. Anencephaly occurs when the "cephalic" or head end of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anencephaly ? ### Response: Anencephaly is a defect in the closure of the neural tube during fetal development. The neural tube is a narrow channel that folds and closes between the 3rd and 4th weeks of pregnancy to form the brain and spinal cord of the embryo. Anencephaly occurs when the "cephalic" or head end of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anencephaly ? ### Response: Anencephaly is a defect in the closure of the neural tube during fetal development. The neural tube is a narrow channel that folds and closes between the 3rd and 4th weeks of pregnancy to form the brain and spinal cord of the embryo. Anencephaly occurs when the "cephalic" or head end of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Anencephaly ? ### Response: Research supported by the NINDS includes studies to understand how the brain and nervous system normally develop. These studies contribute to a greater understanding of neural tube disorders, such as anencephaly, and open promising new avenues to treat and prevent neurological birth defects.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neurological Consequences of Cytomegalovirus Infection ? ### Response: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus found throughout the world that infects between 50 to 80 percent of all adults in the United States by the age of 40. CMV is in the same family of viruses that causes cold sores (herpes simplex virus), infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), and chickenpox/shingles (varicella zoster virus).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurological Consequences of Cytomegalovirus Infection ? ### Response: For most people CMV infection is not a problem. However, two groups of people are at high risk of neurological or other severe symptoms that may lead to long-term effects: - Unborn infants whose mothers have CMV infection. CMVis the most common congenital infection in the U.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurological Consequences of Cytomegalovirus Infection ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research related to CMV infection in laboratories at the NIH, and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Muscular Dystrophy ? ### Response: The muscular dystrophies (MD) are a group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. Some forms of MD are seen in infancy or childhood, while others may not appear until middle age or later.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Muscular Dystrophy ? ### Response: There is no specific treatment to stop or reverse any form of MD. Treatment may include physical therapy, respiratory therapy, speech therapy, orthopedic appliances used for support, and corrective orthopedic surgery. Drug therapy includes corticosteroids to slow muscle degeneration, anticonvulsants to control seizures and some muscle activity, immunosuppressants to delay some damage to dying muscle cells, and antibiotics to fight respiratory infections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Muscular Dystrophy ? ### Response: The prognosis for people with MD varies according to the type and progression of the disorder. Some cases may be mild and progress very slowly over a normal lifespan, while others produce severe muscle weakness, functional disability, and loss of the ability to walk.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Muscular Dystrophy ? ### Response: The NINDS supports a broad program of research studies on MD. The goals of these studies are to understand MD and to develop techniques to diagnose, treat, prevent, and ultimately cure the disorder. The NINDS is a member of the Muscular Dystrophy Coordinating Committee (MDCC).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tourette Syndrome ? ### Response: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. The first symptoms of TS are almost always noticed in childhood. Some of the more common tics include eye blinking and other vision irregularities, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, and head or shoulder jerking.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tourette Syndrome ? ### Response: Because tic symptoms do not often cause impairment, the majority of people with TS require no medication for tic suppression. However, effective medications are available for those whose symptoms interfere with functioning. There is no one medication that is helpful to all people with TS, nor does any medication completely eliminate symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Tourette Syndrome ? ### Response: Although TS can be a chronic condition with symptoms lasting a lifetime, most people with the condition experience their worst symptoms in their early teens, with improvement occurring in the late teens and continuing into adulthood. As a result, some individuals may actually become symptom free or no longer need medication for tic suppression.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Tourette Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research in laboratories at the NIH and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypertonia ? ### Response: Hypertonia is a condition in which there is too much muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move. Muscle tone is regulated by signals that travel from the brain to the nerves and tell the muscle to contract. Hypertonia happens when the regions of the brain or spinal cord that control these signals are damaged.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypertonia ? ### Response: Muscle relaxing drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and dantrolene may be prescribed to reduce spasticity. All of these drugs can be taken by mouth, but baclofen may also be injected directly into the cerebrospinal fluid through an implanted pump. Botulinum toxin is often used to relieve hypertonia in a specific area of the body because its effects are local, not body-wide.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Hypertonia ? ### Response: The prognosis depends upon the severity of the hypertonia and its cause. In some cases, such as cerebral palsy, the hypertonia may not change over the course of a lifetime. in other cases, the hypertonia may worsen along with the underlying disease If the hypertonia is mild, it has little or no effect on a person's health.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Hypertonia ? ### Response: The prognosis depends upon the severity of the hypertonia and its cause. In some cases, such as cerebral palsy, the hypertonia may not change over the course of a lifetime. in other cases, the hypertonia may worsen along with the underlying disease If the hypertonia is mild, it has little or no effect on a person's health.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Friedreich's Ataxia ? ### Response: Friedreich's ataxia is a rare inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system and movement problems. Neurological symptoms include awkward, unsteady movements, impaired sensory function, speech problems, and vision and hearing loss. Thinking and reasoning abilities are not affected.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Friedreich's Ataxia ? ### Response: There is currently no effective cure or treatment for Friedreich's ataxia. However, many of the symptoms and accompanying complications can be treated to help individuals maintain optimal functioning as long as possible. Diabetes and heart problems can be treated with medications.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Friedreich's Ataxia ? ### Response: Generally, within 15 to 20 years after the appearance of the first symptoms, the person is confined to a wheelchair, and in later stages of the disease, individuals may become completely incapacitated. Friedreich's ataxia can shorten life expectancy; heart disease is the most common cause of death.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Friedreich's Ataxia ? ### Response: Friedreich's ataxia is caused by a mutation in the protein frataxin, which is involved in the function of mitochondriathe energy producing power plants of the cell. Frataxin controls important steps in mitochondrial iron metabolism and overall cell iron stability.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Wilson Disease ? ### Response: Wilson disease (WD) is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism in which excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the body. The buildup of copper leads to damage in the liver, brain, and eyes. Although copper accumulation begins at birth, symptoms of the disorder only appear later in life.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Wilson Disease ? ### Response: WD requires lifelong treatment, generally using drugs that remove excess copper from the body and prevent it from re-accumulating. Zinc, which blocks the absorption of copper in the stomach and causes no serious side effects, is often considered the treatment of choice.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Wilson Disease ? ### Response: Early onset of the disease may foretell a worse prognosis than later onset. If the disorder is detected early and treated appropriately, an individual with WD can usually enjoy normal health and a normal lifespan. If not treated, however, WD can cause brain damage, liver failure, and death.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Wilson Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and/or support research related to Wilson disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebral Aneurysms ? ### Response: A cerebral aneurysm is a weak or thin spot on a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and fills with blood. An aneurysm can press on a nerve or surrounding tissue, and also leak or burst, which lets blood spill into surrounding tissues (called a hemorrhage).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Cerebral Aneurysms ? ### Response: For unruptured aneurysms, treatment may be recommended for large or irregularly-shaped aneurysms or for those causing symptoms. Emergency treatment for individuals with a ruptured cerebral aneurysm may be required to restore deteriorating respiration and reduce abnormally high pressure within the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Cerebral Aneurysms ? ### Response: The prognosis for a individual with a ruptured cerebral aneurysm depends on the location of the aneurysm, extent of bleeding or rebleeding, the person's age, general health, pre-existing neurological conditions, adn time between rupture and medical attention.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cerebral Aneurysms ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions. The NINDS supports a broad range of basic and clinical research on intracranial aneurysms and other vascular lesions of the nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? ### Response: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders, affecting approximately 1 in 2,500 people in theUnited States. CMT, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) or peroneal muscular atrophy, comprises a group of disorders caused by mutations in genes that affect the normal function of the peripheral nerves.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? ### Response: There is no cure for CMT, but physical therapy, occupational therapy, braces and other orthopedic devices, and orthopedic surgery can help people cope with the disabling symptoms of the disease. In addition, pain-killing drugs can be prescribed for patients who have severe pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? ### Response: Onset of symptoms of CMT is most often in adolescence or early adulthood, however presentation may be delayed until mid-adulthood. Progression of symptoms is very gradual. The degeneration of motor nerves results in muscle weakness and atrophy in the extremities (arms, legs, hands, or feet), and the degeneration of sensory nerves results in a reduced ability to feel heat, cold, and pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts CMT research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports CMT research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Ongoing research includes efforts to identify more of the mutant genes and proteins that cause the various disease subtypes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Alternating Hemiplegia ? ### Response: Alternating hemiplegia is a rare neurological disorder that develops in childhood, most often before the child is 18 months old. The disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis that involve one or both sides of the body, multiple limbs, or a single limb.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Alternating Hemiplegia ? ### Response: Alternating hemiplegia is a rare neurological disorder that develops in childhood, most often before the child is 18 months old. The disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis that involve one or both sides of the body, multiple limbs, or a single limb.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Alternating Hemiplegia ? ### Response: Children with the benign form of alternating hemiplegia have a good prognosis. Those who experience the more severe form have a poor prognosis because intellectual and mental capacities do not respond to drug therapy, and balance and gait problems continue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Alternating Hemiplegia ? ### Response: Children with the benign form of alternating hemiplegia have a good prognosis. Those who experience the more severe form have a poor prognosis because intellectual and mental capacities do not respond to drug therapy, and balance and gait problems continue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Meralgia Paresthetica ? ### Response: Meralgia paresthetica is a disorder characterized by tingling, numbness, and burning pain in the outer side of the thigh. The disorder is caused by compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, a sensory nerve to the skin, as it exits the pelvis. People with the disorder often notice a patch of skin that is sensitive to touch and sometimes painful.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Meralgia Paresthetica ? ### Response: Treatment for meralgia paresthetica is symptomatic and supportive. The majority of cases improve with conservative treatment by wearing looser clothing and losing weight. Medications used to treat neurogenic pain, such as anti-seizure or anti-depressant medications, may alleviate symptoms of pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Meralgia Paresthetica ? ### Response: Treatment for meralgia paresthetica is symptomatic and supportive. The majority of cases improve with conservative treatment by wearing looser clothing and losing weight. Medications used to treat neurogenic pain, such as anti-seizure or anti-depressant medications, may alleviate symptoms of pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Meralgia Paresthetica ? ### Response: Within the NINDS research programs, meralgia paresthetica is addressed primarily through studies associated with pain research. NINDS vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments for pain and nerve damage with the ultimate goal of reversing these debilitating conditions.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neurosyphilis ? ### Response: Neurosyphilis is a disease of the coverings of the brain, the brain itself, or the spinal cord. It can occur in people with syphilis, especially if they are left untreated. Neurosyphilis is different from syphilis because it affects the nervous system, while syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease with different signs and symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neurosyphilis ? ### Response: Penicillin, an antibiotic, is used to treat syphilis. Individuals with neurosyphilis can be treated with penicillin given by vein, or by daily intramuscular injections for 10 14 days. If they are treated with daily penicillin injections, individuals must also take probenecid by mouth four times a day.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurosyphilis ? ### Response: Prognosis can change based on the type of neurosyphilis and how early in the course of the disease people with neurosyphilis get diagnosed and treated. Individuals with asymptomatic neurosyphilis or meningeal neurosyphilis usually return to normal health. People with meningovascular syphilis, general paresis, or tabes dorsalis usually do not return to normal health, although they may get much better.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurosyphilis ? ### Response: Prognosis can change based on the type of neurosyphilis and how early in the course of the disease people with neurosyphilis get diagnosed and treated. Individuals with asymptomatic neurosyphilis or meningeal neurosyphilis usually return to normal health. People with meningovascular syphilis, general paresis, or tabes dorsalis usually do not return to normal health, although they may get much better.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuromyelitis Optica ? ### Response: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. It is sometimes also referred to as NMO spectrum disorder.In NMO, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and proteins in the body, must often those in the spinal cord and eyes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neuromyelitis Optica ? ### Response: There is no cure for NMO and no FDA-approved therapies, but there are therapies to treat an attack while it is happening, to reduce symptoms, and to prevent relapses.NMO relapses and attacks are often treated with corticosteroid drugs and plasma exchange (also called plasmapheresis, a process used to remove harmful antibodies from the bloodstream).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neuromyelitis Optica ? ### Response: Most individuals with NMO have an unpredictable, relapsing course of disease with attacks occurring months or years apart. Disability is cumulative, the result of each attack damaging new areas of the central nervous system. Some individuals are severely affected by NMO and can lose vision in both eyes and the use of their arms and legs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neuromyelitis Optica ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tay-Sachs Disease ? ### Response: Tay-Sachs disease is a inherited metabolic disease caused by the harmful buildup of lipids (fatty materials such as oils and acids) in various cells and tissues in the body. It is part of a group of genetic disorders called the GM2 gangliosidoses. Tay-Sachs and its variant form are caused by a deficiency in the enzyme hexosaminidase A.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tay-Sachs Disease ? ### Response: Presently there is no specific treatment for Tay-Sachs disease. Anticonvulsant medicine may initially control seizures. Other supportive treatment includes proper nutrition and hydration and techniques to keep the airway open. Children may eventually need a feeding tube.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tay-Sachs Disease ? ### Response: Presently there is no specific treatment for Tay-Sachs disease. Anticonvulsant medicine may initially control seizures. Other supportive treatment includes proper nutrition and hydration and techniques to keep the airway open. Children may eventually need a feeding tube.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Tay-Sachs Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica ? ### Response: Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica refers to a collection of rare, degenerative, neurological disorders characterized by epilepsy, cognitive impairment, myoclonus, and progressive ataxia. Symptoms include seizures, tremor, and reduced muscle coordination. Onset of the disorder generally occurs in early adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica ? ### Response: Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica refers to a collection of rare, degenerative, neurological disorders characterized by epilepsy, cognitive impairment, myoclonus, and progressive ataxia. Symptoms include seizures, tremor, and reduced muscle coordination. Onset of the disorder generally occurs in early adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica ? ### Response: Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica refers to a collection of rare, degenerative, neurological disorders characterized by epilepsy, cognitive impairment, myoclonus, and progressive ataxia. Symptoms include seizures, tremor, and reduced muscle coordination. Onset of the disorder generally occurs in early adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica ? ### Response: Dyssynergia Cerebellaris Myoclonica refers to a collection of rare, degenerative, neurological disorders characterized by epilepsy, cognitive impairment, myoclonus, and progressive ataxia. Symptoms include seizures, tremor, and reduced muscle coordination. Onset of the disorder generally occurs in early adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Encephalopathy ? ### Response: Treatment is symptomatic and varies, according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Your physician can provide specific instructions for proper care and treatment. Anticonvulsants may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Encephalopathy ? ### Response: Treatment is symptomatic and varies, according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Your physician can provide specific instructions for proper care and treatment. Anticonvulsants may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Encephalopathy ? ### Response: Treatment is symptomatic and varies, according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Your physician can provide specific instructions for proper care and treatment. Anticonvulsants may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sturge-Weber Syndrome ? ### Response: Sturge-Weber syndrome is a neurological disorder indicated at birth by a port-wine stain birthmark on the forehead and upper eyelid of one side of the face. The birthmark can vary in color from light pink to deep purple and is caused by an overabundance of capillaries around the trigeminal nerve just beneath the surface of the face.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Sturge-Weber Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for Sturge-Weber syndrome is symptomatic. Laser treatment may be used to lighten or remove the birthmark. Anticonvulsant medications may be used to control seizures. Persons with drug-resistant seizures may be treated by surgical removal of epileptic brain tissue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Sturge-Weber Syndrome ? ### Response: Although it is possible for the birthmark and atrophy in the cerebral cortex to be present without symptoms, most infants will develop convulsive seizures during their first year of life. There is a greater likelihood of intellectual impairment when seizures start before the age of 2 and are resistant to treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Sturge-Weber Syndrome ? ### Response: Although it is possible for the birthmark and atrophy in the cerebral cortex to be present without symptoms, most infants will develop convulsive seizures during their first year of life. There is a greater likelihood of intellectual impairment when seizures start before the age of 2 and are resistant to treatment.