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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research related to GAN through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure inherited neurological disorders such as GAN.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment begins with exercise programs and physical therapy to strengthen chest muscles, restore normal posture, and relieve compression by increasing the space of the area the nerve passes through. Doctors will often prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as naproxen or ibuprofen) for pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ? ### Response: The outcome for individuals with TOS varies according to type. The majority of individuals with TOS will improve with exercise and physical therapy. Vascular TOS, and true neurogenic TOS often require surgery to relieve pressure on the affected vessel or nerve.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes at the National Institutes of Health support research in TOS through grants to major medical research institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to diagnose and treat TOS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Angelman Syndrome ? ### Response: Angelman syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes developmental delay and neurological problems. The physician Harry Angelman first delineated the syndrome in 1965, when he described several children in his practice as having "flat heads, jerky movements, protruding tongues, and bouts of laughter.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Angelman Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no specific therapy for Angelman syndrome. Medical therapy for seizures is usually necessary. Physical and occupational therapies, communication therapy, and behavioral therapies are important in allowing individuals with Angelman syndrome to reach their maximum developmental potential.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Angelman Syndrome ? ### Response: Most individuals with Angelman syndrome will have severe developmental delays, speech limitations, and motor difficulties. However, individuals with Angelman syndrome can have normal life spans and generally do not show developmental regression as they age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Angelman Syndrome ? ### Response: Most individuals with Angelman syndrome will have severe developmental delays, speech limitations, and motor difficulties. However, individuals with Angelman syndrome can have normal life spans and generally do not show developmental regression as they age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Inclusion Body Myositis ? ### Response: Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is one of a group of muscle diseases known as the inflammatory myopathies, which are characterized by chronic, progressive muscle inflammation accompanied by muscle weakness. The onset of muscle weakness in IBM is generally gradual (over months or years) and affects both proximal (close to the trunk of the body) and distal (further away from the trunk) muscles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Inclusion Body Myositis ? ### Response: There is no cure for IBM, nor is there a standard course of treatment. The disease is generally unresponsive to corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Some evidence suggests that intravenous immunoglobulin may have a slight, but short-lasting, beneficial effect in a small number of cases.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Inclusion Body Myositis ? ### Response: There is no cure for IBM, nor is there a standard course of treatment. The disease is generally unresponsive to corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Some evidence suggests that intravenous immunoglobulin may have a slight, but short-lasting, beneficial effect in a small number of cases.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Inclusion Body Myositis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research relating to IBM in laboratories at the NIH and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ? ### Response: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurological disorder of children and young adults that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is a slow, but persistent, viral infection caused by defective measles virus. SSPE has been reported from all parts of the world, but it is considered a rare disease in developed countries, with fewer than 10 cases per year reported in the United States.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ? ### Response: Currently, there is no cure for SSPE. Clinical trials of antiviral (isoprinosine and ribavirin) and immunomodulatory (interferon alpha) drugs have suggested that these types of therapies given alone or in combination halt the progression of the disease and can prolong life, but their long-term effects on individuals, and eventual outcome, are unknown.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ? ### Response: Most individuals with SSPE will die within 1 to 3 years of diagnosis. In a small percentage of people, the disease will progress rapidly, leading to death over a short course within three months of diagnosis. Another small group will have a chronic, slowly progressive form, some with relapses and remissions.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes at the National Institutes of Health conduct research related to SSPE in their clinics and laboratories and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hemifacial Spasm ? ### Response: Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by frequent involuntary contractions (spasms) of the muscles on one side (hemi-) of the face (facial). The disorder occurs in both men and women, although it more frequently affects middle-aged or elderly women.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hemifacial Spasm ? ### Response: Surgical treatment in the form of microvascular decompression, which relieves pressure on the facial nerve, will relieve hemifacial spasm in many cases. This intervention has significant potential side-effects, so risks and benefits have to be carefully balanced.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Hemifacial Spasm ? ### Response: The prognosis for an individual with hemifacial spasm depends on the treatment and their response. Some individuals will become relatively free from symptoms with injection therapy. Some may require surgery. In most cases, a balance can be achieved, with tolerable residual symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Hemifacial Spasm ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts and supports research related to hemifacial spams through grants to major research institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure neurological disorders, such as hemifacial spasm.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy ? ### Response: There is no specific treatmentfor OPCA. Physicians may try different medications to treat the ataxia, tremor, and rigidity that are associated with the disorder. Other treatments are directed at specific symptoms. Stiffness, spasms, sleep disorders, depression, and tremor may be improved with medication.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy ? ### Response: There is no specific treatmentfor OPCA. Physicians may try different medications to treat the ataxia, tremor, and rigidity that are associated with the disorder. Other treatments are directed at specific symptoms. Stiffness, spasms, sleep disorders, depression, and tremor may be improved with medication.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy ? ### Response: The NINDS supports and conducts a broad range of basic and clinical research on cerebellar degeneration, including work aimed at finding the cause(s) of OPCA and ways to treat, cure, and, ultimately, prevent the disease. There has been great progress recently since the genes for several of the hereditary forms of OPCA have been found.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Multifocal Motor Neuropathy ? ### Response: Multifocal motor neuropathy is a progressive muscle disorder characterized by muscle weakness in the hands, with differences from one side of the body to the other in the specific muscles involved. It affects men much more than women. Symptoms also include muscle wasting, cramping, and involuntary contractions or twitching of the leg muscles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy ? ### Response: Treatment for multifocal motor neuropathy varies. Some individuals experience only mild, modest symptoms and require no treatment. For others, treatment generally consists of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy ? ### Response: Treatment for multifocal motor neuropathy varies. Some individuals experience only mild, modest symptoms and require no treatment. For others, treatment generally consists of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy ? ### Response: Treatment for multifocal motor neuropathy varies. Some individuals experience only mild, modest symptoms and require no treatment. For others, treatment generally consists of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Occipital Neuralgia ? ### Response: Occipital neuralgia is a distinct type of headache characterized by piercing, throbbing, or electric-shock-like chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head, and behind the ears, usually on one side of the head. Typically, the pain of occipital neuralgia begins in the neck and then spreads upwards.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Occipital Neuralgia ? ### Response: Occipital neuralgia is a distinct type of headache characterized by piercing, throbbing, or electric-shock-like chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head, and behind the ears, usually on one side of the head. Typically, the pain of occipital neuralgia begins in the neck and then spreads upwards.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Occipital Neuralgia ? ### Response: Occipital neuralgia is not a life-threatening condition. Many individuals will improve with therapy involving heat, rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and muscle relaxants. Recovery is usually complete after the bout of pain has ended and the nerve damage repaired or lessened.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Occipital Neuralgia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes at the National Institutes of Health conduct research related to pain and occipital neuralgia in their clinics and laboratories and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Arachnoiditis ? ### Response: Arachnoiditis describes a pain disorder caused by the inflammation of the arachnoid, one of the membranes that surround and protect the nerves of the spinal cord. The arachnoid can become inflamed because of an irritation from chemicals, infection from bacteria or viruses, as the result of direct injury to the spine, chronic compression of spinal nerves, or complications from spinal surgery or other invasive spinal procedures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Arachnoiditis ? ### Response: Arachnoiditis remains a difficult condition to treat, and long-term outcomes are unpredictable. Most treatments for arachnoiditis are focused on pain relief and the improvement of symptoms that impair daily function. A regimen of pain management, physiotheraphy, exercise, and psychotheraphy is often recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Arachnoiditis ? ### Response: Arachnoiditis is adisorder that causes chronic pain and neurological deficits and does not improve significantly with treatment.Surgery may only provide temporary relief. The outlook for someone witharachnoiditis iscomplicated by the fact that the disorder has no predictable pattern or severity of symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Arachnoiditis ? ### Response: Within the NINDS research programs, arachnoiditis is addressed primarily through studies associated with pain research. NINDS vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments for pain and nerve damage with the ultimate goal of reversing debilitating conditions such as arachnoiditis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Craniosynostosis ? ### Response: Craniosynostosis is a birth defect of the skull characterized by the premature closure of one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull (called the cranial sutures) before brain growth is complete. Closure of a single suture is most common.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Craniosynostosis ? ### Response: Treatment for craniosynostosis generally consists of surgery to improve the symmetry and appearance of the head and to relieve pressure on the brain and the cranial nerves. For some children with less severe problems, cranial molds can reshape the skull to accommodate brain growth and improve the appearance of the head.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Craniosynostosis ? ### Response: Treatment for craniosynostosis generally consists of surgery to improve the symmetry and appearance of the head and to relieve pressure on the brain and the cranial nerves. For some children with less severe problems, cranial molds can reshape the skull to accommodate brain growth and improve the appearance of the head.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Craniosynostosis ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of brain development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cavernous Malformation ? ### Response: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions comprised of clusters of tightly packed, abnormally thin-walled small blood vessels (capillaries) that displace normal neurological tissue in the brain or spinal cord. The vessels are filled with slow-moving or stagnant blood that is usually clotted or in a state of decomposition.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Cavernous Malformation ? ### Response: The primary treatment option for a CCM is surgical removal. Radiation therapy has not been shown to be effective. The decision to operate is made based upon the risk of approaching the lesion. For example, symptomatic lesions close to the brain surface in non eloquent brain (areas for example, those areas not involved with motor function, speech, vision, hearing, memory, and learning) are very likely to be candidates for removal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Cavernous Malformation ? ### Response: Rebleeding from a cavernous angioma is common, it is not predictable, and individuals frequently have multiple CCMs found via magnetic resonance imaging. Individuals with CCM are faced with a diagnosis that imparts risk of multiple future hemorrhages that occur seemingly at random and without any preventative therapy except surgical removal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cavernous Malformation ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. Studies of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) show that alterations in the function of structural proteins may also give rise to vascular malformations.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Locked-In Syndrome ? ### Response: Locked-in syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by complete paralysis of voluntary muscles in all parts of the body except for those that control eye movement. It may result from traumatic brain injury, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases that destroy the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells, or medication overdose.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Locked-In Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for locked-in syndrome, nor is there a standard course of treatment. A therapy called functional neuromuscular stimulation, which uses electrodes to stimulate muscle reflexes, may help activate some paralyzed muscles. Several devices to help communication are available.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Locked-In Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for locked-in syndrome, nor is there a standard course of treatment. A therapy called functional neuromuscular stimulation, which uses electrodes to stimulate muscle reflexes, may help activate some paralyzed muscles. Several devices to help communication are available.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Locked-In Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for locked-in syndrome, nor is there a standard course of treatment. A therapy called functional neuromuscular stimulation, which uses electrodes to stimulate muscle reflexes, may help activate some paralyzed muscles. Several devices to help communication are available.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Machado-Joseph Disease ? ### Response: Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial organism that is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected tick. Most people with Lyme disease develop a characteristic skin rash around the area of the bite. The rash may feel hot to the touch, and vary in size, shape, and color, but it will often have a "bull's eye" appearance (a red ring with a clear center).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Machado-Joseph Disease ? ### Response: Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial organism that is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected tick. Most people with Lyme disease develop a characteristic skin rash around the area of the bite. The rash may feel hot to the touch, and vary in size, shape, and color, but it will often have a "bull's eye" appearance (a red ring with a clear center).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Machado-Joseph Disease ? ### Response: Most individuals with Lyme disease respond well to antibiotics and have full recovery. In a small percentage of individuals, symptoms may continue or recur, requiring additional antibiotic treatment. Varying degrees of permanent joint or nervous system damage may develop in individuals with late-stage Lyme disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Acid Lipase Disease ? ### Response: Acid lipase disease or deficiency occurs when the enzyme needed to break down certain fats that are normally digested by the body is lacking or missing, resulting in the toxic buildup of these fats in the bodys cells and tissues. These fatty substances, called lipids, include fatty acids, oils, and cholesterol.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Acid Lipase Disease ? ### Response: Enzyme replacement therapy for both Wolman's and cholesteryl ester storage disease is currently under investigation. Certain drugs may be given to help with adrenal gland production, and children may need to be fed intravenously. Individuals with CESD may benefit from a low cholesterol diet.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Acid Lipase Disease ? ### Response: Enzyme replacement therapy for both Wolman's and cholesteryl ester storage disease is currently under investigation. Certain drugs may be given to help with adrenal gland production, and children may need to be fed intravenously. Individuals with CESD may benefit from a low cholesterol diet.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Acid Lipase Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge abut the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological diseaset. The NINDS conducts and supports research to understand lipid storage diseases such as acid lipase deficiency.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum ? ### Response: Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of several disorders of the corpus callosum, the structure that connects the two hemispheres (left and right) of the brain. In ACC the corpus callosum is partially or completely absent. It is caused by a disruption of brain cell migration during fetal development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum ? ### Response: There is no standard course of treatment for ACC. Treatment usually involves management of symptoms and seizures if they occur. Associated difficulties are much more manageable with early recognition and therapy, especially therapies focusing on left/right coordination.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of normal brain development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Trigeminal Neuralgia ? ### Response: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also called tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that causes extreme, sporadic, sudden burning or shock-like face pain. The painseldomlasts more than a few seconds or a minute or twoper episode. The intensity of pain can be physically and mentally incapacitating.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Trigeminal Neuralgia ? ### Response: Because there are a large number of conditions that can cause facial pain, TN can be difficult to diagnose. But finding the cause of the pain is important as the treatments for different types of pain may differ. Treatment options include medicines such as anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants, surgery, and complementary approaches.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Trigeminal Neuralgia ? ### Response: Because there are a large number of conditions that can cause facial pain, TN can be difficult to diagnose. But finding the cause of the pain is important as the treatments for different types of pain may differ. Treatment options include medicines such as anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants, surgery, and complementary approaches.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Trigeminal Neuralgia ? ### Response: Within the NINDS research programs, trigeminal neuralgia is addressed primarily through studies associated with pain research. NINDS vigorously pursues a research program seeking new treatments for pain and nerve damage with the ultimate goal of reversing debilitating conditions such as trigeminal neuralgia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuronal Migration Disorders ? ### Response: Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of birth defects caused by the abnormal migration of neurons in the developing brain and nervous system. In the developing brain, neurons must migrate from the areas where they are born to the areas where they will settle into their proper neural circuits.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuronal Migration Disorders ? ### Response: Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of birth defects caused by the abnormal migration of neurons in the developing brain and nervous system. In the developing brain, neurons must migrate from the areas where they are born to the areas where they will settle into their proper neural circuits.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuronal Migration Disorders ? ### Response: Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of birth defects caused by the abnormal migration of neurons in the developing brain and nervous system. In the developing brain, neurons must migrate from the areas where they are born to the areas where they will settle into their proper neural circuits.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neuronal Migration Disorders ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex systems of brain development. These studies include the identification of the mechanism of action of the known causes of NMD as well as studies to identify further causes of disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Autism ? ### Response: Autistic disorder (sometimes called autism or classical ASD) is the most common condition in a group of developmental disorders known as the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Autistic children have difficulties with social interaction, display problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and exhibit repetitive behaviors or narrow, obsessive interests.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Autism ? ### Response: There is no cure for autism. Therapies and behavioral interventions are designed to remedy specific symptoms and can bring about substantial improvement. The ideal treatment plan coordinates therapies and interventions that meet the specific needs of individual children.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Autism ? ### Response: For many children, autism symptoms improve with treatment and with age. Some children with autism grow up to lead normal or near-normal lives. Children whose language skills regress early in life, usually before the age of 3, appear to be at risk of developing epilepsy or seizure-like brain activity.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Meningitis and Encephalitis ? ### Response: Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself. Causes of encephalitis and meningitis include viruses, bacteria, fungus, and parasites. Anyone can get encephalitis or meningitis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Meningitis and Encephalitis ? ### Response: Anyone experiencing symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis should see a doctor immediately. Antibiotics for most types of meningitis can greatly reduce the risk of dying from the disease. Antiviral medications may be prescribed for viral encephalitis or other severe viral infections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Meningitis and Encephalitis ? ### Response: The prognosis for for people with encephalitis or meningitis varies. Some cases are mild, short and relatively benign and individuals have full recovery, although the process may be slow. Individuals who experience mild symptoms may recover in 2-4 weeks. Other cases are severe, and permanent impairment or death is possible.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Meningitis and Encephalitis ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) SUNCT Headache ? ### Response: SUNCT-Short-lasting, Unilateral, Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing-is a rare form of headache that is most common in men after age 50. The disorder is marked by bursts of moderate to severe burning, piercing, or throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head and around the eye or temple.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for SUNCT Headache ? ### Response: These headaches are generally non-responsive to usual treatment for other short-lasting headaches. Corticosteroids and the anti-epileptic drugs gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine may help relieve some symptoms in some patients. Studies have shown that injections of glycerol to block nerve signaling along the trigeminal nerve may provide temporary relief in some severe cases, but the headaches recurred in about 40 percent of individuals studied.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for SUNCT Headache ? ### Response: These headaches are generally non-responsive to usual treatment for other short-lasting headaches. Corticosteroids and the anti-epileptic drugs gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine may help relieve some symptoms in some patients. Studies have shown that injections of glycerol to block nerve signaling along the trigeminal nerve may provide temporary relief in some severe cases, but the headaches recurred in about 40 percent of individuals studied.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dyslexia ? ### Response: Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds), spelling, and/or rapid visual-verbal responding.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dyslexia ? ### Response: Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds), spelling, and/or rapid visual-verbal responding.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dyslexia ? ### Response: For those with dyslexia, the prognosis is mixed. The disability affects such a wide range of people and produces such different symptoms and varying degrees of severity that predictions are hard to make. The prognosis is generally good, however, for individuals whose dyslexia is identified early, who have supportive family and friends and a strong self-image, and who are involved in a proper remediation program.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Aphasia ? ### Response: Aphasia is a neurological disorder caused by damage to the portions of the brain that are responsible for language production or processing. It may occur suddenly or progressively, depending on the type and location of brain tissue involved. Primary signs of the disorder include difficulty in expressing oneself when speaking, trouble understanding speech, and difficulty with reading and writing.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Aphasia ? ### Response: In some instances, an individual will completely recover from aphasia without treatment. In most cases, however, language therapy should begin as soon as possible and be tailored to the individual needs of the person. Rehabilitation with a speech pathologist involves extensive exercises in which individuals read, write, follow directions, and repeat what they hear.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Aphasia ? ### Response: The outcome of aphasia is difficult to predict given the wide range of variability of the condition. Generally, people who are younger or have less extensive brain damage fare better. The location of the injury is also important and is another clue to prognosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Aphasia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders conduct and support a broad range of scientific investigations to increase our understanding of aphasia, find better treatments, and discover improved methods to restore lost function to people who have aphasia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Colpocephaly ? ### Response: Colpocephaly is a congenital brain abnormality in which the occipital horns - the posterior or rear portion of the lateral ventricles (cavities) of the brain -- are larger than normal because white matter in the posterior cerebrum has failed to develop or thicken.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Colpocephaly ? ### Response: Colpocephaly is a congenital brain abnormality in which the occipital horns - the posterior or rear portion of the lateral ventricles (cavities) of the brain -- are larger than normal because white matter in the posterior cerebrum has failed to develop or thicken.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Colpocephaly ? ### Response: Colpocephaly is a congenital brain abnormality in which the occipital horns - the posterior or rear portion of the lateral ventricles (cavities) of the brain -- are larger than normal because white matter in the posterior cerebrum has failed to develop or thicken.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Colpocephaly ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research related to colpocephaly and other cephalic disorders in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Benign Essential Blepharospasm ? ### Response: Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and spasms of the eyelid muscles. It is a form of dystonia, a movement disorder in which muscle contractions cause sustained eyelid closure, twitching or repetitive movements.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Benign Essential Blepharospasm ? ### Response: In most cases of BEB the treatment of choice is botulinum toxin injections which relax the muscles and stop the spasms. Other treatment options include medications (drug therapy) or surgery--either local surgery of the eye muscles or deep brain stimulation surgery.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Benign Essential Blepharospasm ? ### Response: With botulinum toxin treatment most individuals with BEB have substantial relief of symptoms. Although some may experience side effects such as drooping eyelids, blurred or double vision, and eye dryness, these side effects are usually only temporary. The condition may worsen or expand to surrounding muscles; remain the same for many years; and, in rare cases, improve spontaneously.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Benign Essential Blepharospasm ? ### Response: With botulinum toxin treatment most individuals with BEB have substantial relief of symptoms. Although some may experience side effects such as drooping eyelids, blurred or double vision, and eye dryness, these side effects are usually only temporary. The condition may worsen or expand to surrounding muscles; remain the same for many years; and, in rare cases, improve spontaneously.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Traumatic Brain Injury ? ### Response: Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a form ofacquired brain injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue.Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury ? ### Response: Anyone with signs of moderate or severe TBI should receive medical attention as soon as possible. Because little can be done to reverse the initial brain damage caused by trauma, medical personnel try to stabilize an individual with TBI and focus on preventing further injury.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Traumatic Brain Injury ? ### Response: Approximately half of severely head-injured patients will need surgery to remove or repair hematomas (ruptured blood vessels) or contusions (bruised brain tissue). Disabilities resulting from a TBI depend upon the severity of the injury, the location of the injury, and the age and general health of the individual.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Traumatic Brain Injury ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports TBI research through grants to major medical institutions across the country and conducts TBI research in its intramural laboratories and Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda,Maryland.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Polymyositis ? ### Response: Polymyositis is one of a group of muscle diseases known as the inflammatory myopathies, which are characterized by chronic muscle inflammation accompanied by muscle weakness. Polymyositis affects skeletal muscles (those involved with making movement) on both sides of the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Polymyositis ? ### Response: There is no cure for polymyositis, but the symptoms can be treated. Options include medication, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy (including microwave and ultrasound), orthotics and assistive devices, and rest. The standard treatment for polymyositis is a corticosteroid drug, given either in pill form or intravenously.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Polymyositis ? ### Response: The prognosis for polymyositis varies. Most people respond fairly well to therapy, but some have a more severe disease that does not respond adequately to therapies and are left with significant disability. In rare cases individuals with severe and progressive muscle weakness will develop respiratory failure or pneumonia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Polymyositis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research relating to polymyositis in laboratories at the NIH and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Wallenberg's Syndrome ? ### Response: Wallenbergs syndrome is a neurological condition caused by a stroke in the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery of the brain stem. Symptoms include difficulties with swallowing, hoarseness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, rapid involuntary movements of the eyes (nystagmus), and problems with balance and gait coordination.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Wallenberg's Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for Wallenberg's syndrome is symptomatic. A feeding tube may be necessary if swallowing is very difficult. Speech/swallowing therapy may be beneficial. In some cases, medication may be used to reduce or eliminate pain. Some doctors report that the anti-epileptic drug gabapentin appears to be an effective medication for individuals with chronic pain.