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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF) ? ### Response: Supportive therapy is important in Lujo hemorrhagic fever. This includes: - maintenance of hydration - management of shock - sedation - pain relief - usual precautions for patients with bleeding disorders - transfusions (when necessary)

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF) ? ### Response: Although rodent control would be desirable, it will not be a successful strategy for preventing Lujo hemorrhagic fever cases caused by exposures outdoors. As for other hemorrhagic fevers, full barrier nursing procedures should be implemented during management of suspected or confirmed LUHF cases (no infection occurred after their implementation in South Africa).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: how vaccines prevent disease ### Response: Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important? It is always better to prevent a disease than to treat it after it occurs. Diseases that used to be common in this country and around the world, including polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), rubella (German measles), mumps, tetanus, rotavirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can now be prevented by vaccination.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for ? ? ### Response: Measles: Make Sure Your Child Is Protected with MMR Vaccine Measles starts with a fever. Soon after, it causes a cough, runny nose, and red eyes. Then a rash of tiny, red spots breaks out. Measles can be serious for young children. Learn about protecting your child from measles with MMR vaccine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Ehrlichiosis ? ### Response: Symptoms In the United States, the term “ehrlichiosis” may be broadly applied to several different infections. Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii are transmitted by the lonestar tick in the southeastern and southcentral United States.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Ehrlichiosis ? ### Response: More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of ehrlichiosis is available in Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis – United States.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Acinetobacter in Healthcare Settings ? ### Response: Acinetobacter causes a variety of diseases, ranging from pneumonia to serious blood or wound infections, and the symptoms vary depending on the disease. Acinetobacter may also “colonize” or live in a patient without causing infection or symptoms, especially in tracheostomy sites or open wounds.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Acinetobacter in Healthcare Settings? ? ### Response: Acinetobacter poses very little risk to healthy people. However, people who have weakened immune systems, chronic lung disease, or diabetes may be more susceptible to infections with Acinetobacter. Hospitalized patients, especially very ill patients on a ventilator, those with a prolonged hospital stay, those who have open wounds, or any person with invasive devices like urinary catheters are also at greater risk for Acinetobacter infection.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Acinetobacter in Healthcare Settings? ? ### Response: Acinetobacter poses very little risk to healthy people. However, people who have weakened immune systems, chronic lung disease, or diabetes may be more susceptible to infections with Acinetobacter. Hospitalized patients, especially very ill patients on a ventilator, those with a prolonged hospital stay, those who have open wounds, or any person with invasive devices like urinary catheters are also at greater risk for Acinetobacter infection.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Acinetobacter in Healthcare Settings ? ### Response: Acinetobacter is often resistant to many commonly prescribed antibiotics. Decisions on treatment of infections with Acinetobacter should be made on a case-by-case basis by a healthcare provider. Acinetobacter infection typically occurs in ill patients and can either cause or contribute to death in these patients.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Tuberculosis (TB) ? ### Response: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is spread through the air from one person to another. There are two kinds of tests that are used to determine if a person has been infected with TB bacteria: the tuberculin skin test and TB blood tests. A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only tells that a person has been infected with TB bacteria.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Tuberculosis (TB) ? ### Response: Infection Control in Health Care Settings Tuberculosis (TB) transmission has been documented in health care settings where health care workers and patients come in contact with people who have TB disease. People who work or receive care in health care settings are at higher risk for becoming infected with TB; therefore, it is necessary to have a TB infection control plan as part of a general infection control program designed to ensure the following:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tuberculosis (TB) ? ### Response: Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tuberculosis (TB) ? ### Response: The Division of Tuberculosis Elimination (DTBE) Laboratory Branch (LB) provides services for the following tests on mycobacterial cultures. Any local health department, licensed physician's office, licensed laboratory or licensed health care facility may submit cultures for testing but they must be routed through either their state health department or other authorized facility.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research is being done for Tuberculosis (TB) ? ### Response: TB Epidemiologic Studies Consortium The TB Epidemiologic Studies Consortium (TBESC) was established to strengthen, focus, and coordinate tuberculosis (TB) research. The TBESC is designed to build the scientific research capacities of state and metropolitan TB control programs, participating laboratories, academic institutions, hospitals, and both non- and for-profit organizations.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research is being done for Tuberculosis (TB) ? ### Response: TB Epidemiologic Studies Consortium The TB Epidemiologic Studies Consortium (TBESC) was established to strengthen, focus, and coordinate tuberculosis (TB) research. The TBESC is designed to build the scientific research capacities of state and metropolitan TB control programs, participating laboratories, academic institutions, hospitals, and both non- and for-profit organizations.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Pubic "Crab" Lice ? ### Response: Pubic ("crab") lice most commonly are spread directly from person to person by sexual contact. Pubic lice very rarely may be spread by clothing, bedding, or a toilet seat. The following are steps that can be taken to help prevent and control the spread of pubic ("crab") lice:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Pubic "Crab" Lice ? ### Response: Pubic ("crab") lice most commonly are spread directly from person to person by sexual contact. Pubic lice very rarely may be spread by clothing, bedding, or a toilet seat. The following are steps that can be taken to help prevent and control the spread of pubic ("crab") lice:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection)? ? ### Response: Several species of Paragonimus cause most infections; the most important is P. westermani, which occurs primarily in Asia including China, the Philippines, Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. P. africanus causes infection in Africa, and P. mexicanus in Central and South America.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) ? ### Response: The infection is usually diagnosed by identification of Paragonimus eggs in sputum. The eggs are sometimes found in stool samples (coughed-up eggs are swallowed). A tissue biopsy is sometimes performed to look for eggs in a tissue specimen. Specific and sensitive antibody tests based on P.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) ? ### Response: The infection is usually diagnosed by identification of Paragonimus eggs in sputum. The eggs are sometimes found in stool samples (coughed-up eggs are swallowed). A tissue biopsy is sometimes performed to look for eggs in a tissue specimen. Specific and sensitive antibody tests based on P.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Paragonimiasis (also known as Paragonimus Infection) ? ### Response: The infection is usually diagnosed by identification of Paragonimus eggs in sputum. The eggs are sometimes found in stool samples (coughed-up eggs are swallowed). A tissue biopsy is sometimes performed to look for eggs in a tissue specimen. Specific and sensitive antibody tests based on P.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? ### Response: Transmission to humans may occur after a tick bite or contact with an infected animal, most importantly a sick or recently dead monkey. No person-to-person transmission has been described. Large animals such as goats, cows, and sheep may become infected with KFD but play a limited role in the transmission of the disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) ? ### Response: After an incubation period of 3-8 days, the symptoms of KFD begin suddenly with chills, fever, and headache. Severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems may occur 3-4 days after initial symptom onset. Patients may experience abnormally low blood pressure, and low platelet, red blood cell, and white blood cell counts.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? ### Response: KFD has historically been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. However, in November 2012, samples from humans and monkeys tested positive for KFDV in the southernmost district of the State which neighbors Tamil Nadu State and Kerala State, indicating the possibility of wider distribution of KFDV.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? ### Response: KFD has historically been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. However, in November 2012, samples from humans and monkeys tested positive for KFDV in the southernmost district of the State which neighbors Tamil Nadu State and Kerala State, indicating the possibility of wider distribution of KFDV.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? ### Response: KFD has historically been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. However, in November 2012, samples from humans and monkeys tested positive for KFDV in the southernmost district of the State which neighbors Tamil Nadu State and Kerala State, indicating the possibility of wider distribution of KFDV.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? ### Response: KFD has historically been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. However, in November 2012, samples from humans and monkeys tested positive for KFDV in the southernmost district of the State which neighbors Tamil Nadu State and Kerala State, indicating the possibility of wider distribution of KFDV.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)? ? ### Response: KFD has historically been limited to the western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. However, in November 2012, samples from humans and monkeys tested positive for KFDV in the southernmost district of the State which neighbors Tamil Nadu State and Kerala State, indicating the possibility of wider distribution of KFDV.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection)? ? ### Response: People become infected with Cyclospora by ingesting sporulated oocysts, which are the infective form of the parasite. This most commonly occurs when food or water contaminated with feces is consumed. An infected person sheds unsporulated (immature, non-infective) Cyclospora oocysts in the feces.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection) ? ### Response: Clinical Diagnosis Health care providers should consider Cyclospora as a potential cause of prolonged diarrheal illness, particularly in patients with a history of recent travel to Cyclospora-endemic areas. Testing for Cyclospora is not routinely done in most U.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection) ? ### Response: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), sold under the trade names Bactrim*, Septra*, and Cotrim*, is the usual therapy for Cyclospora infection. No highly effective alternative antibiotic regimen has been identified yet for patients who do not respond to the standard treatment or have a sulfa allergy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection) ? ### Response: On the basis of the currently available information, avoiding food or water that may have been contaminated with feces is the best way to prevent cyclosporiasis. Treatment with chlorine or iodine is unlikely to kill Cyclospora oocysts. No vaccine for cyclosporiasis is available.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Trichinellosis (also known as Trichinosis)? ? ### Response: People acquire trichinellosis by consuming raw or undercooked meat infected with the Trichinella parasite, particularly wild game meat or pork. Even tasting very small amounts of undercooked meat during preparation or cooking puts you at risk for infection.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Trichinellosis (also known as Trichinosis) ? ### Response: A diagnosis of trichinellosis is made in patients whose signs and symptoms are compatible with trichinellosis, have a positive laboratory test for Trichinella, and who can recall eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game meat. Laboratory diagnosis of Trichinella infection is most often made by a Trichinella antibody test.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Trichinellosis (also known as Trichinosis) ? ### Response: Safe and effective prescription drugs are available to treat both Trichinella infection and the symptoms that occur as a result of infection. Treatment should begin as soon as possible; a doctor will make the decision to treat based upon symptoms, exposure to raw or undercooked meat, and laboratory test results.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Trichinellosis (also known as Trichinosis) ? ### Response: - Wash your hands with warm water and soap after handling raw meat. - Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat alone does not consistently kill infective worms; homemade jerky and sausage were the cause of many cases of trichinellosis reported to CDC in recent years.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Striatonigral Degeneration ? ### Response: Striatonigral degeneration is a neurological disorder caused by a disruption in the connection between two areas of the brain-the striatum and the substantia nigra. These two areas work together to enable balance and movement. Striatonigral degeneration is a type of multiple system atrophy (MSA).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Striatonigral Degeneration ? ### Response: There is no cure for striatonigral degeneration, and treatments for the disorder have variable success. Treatments used for Parkinson's disease are recommended. However, unlike Parkinson's disease, striatonigral degeneration is not responsive to levodopa. Dopamine and anticholinergics provide some benefit.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Striatonigral Degeneration ? ### Response: There is no cure for striatonigral degeneration, and treatments for the disorder have variable success. Treatments used for Parkinson's disease are recommended. However, unlike Parkinson's disease, striatonigral degeneration is not responsive to levodopa. Dopamine and anticholinergics provide some benefit.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Striatonigral Degeneration ? ### Response: There is no cure for striatonigral degeneration, and treatments for the disorder have variable success. Treatments used for Parkinson's disease are recommended. However, unlike Parkinson's disease, striatonigral degeneration is not responsive to levodopa. Dopamine and anticholinergics provide some benefit.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Empty Sella Syndrome ? ### Response: Empty Sella Syndrome (ESS) is a disorder that involves the sella turcica, a bony structure at the base of the brain that surrounds and protects the pituitary gland. ESS is often discovered during radiological imaging tests for pituitary disorders. ESS occurs n up to 25 percent of the population.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Empty Sella Syndrome ? ### Response: Unless the syndrome results in other medical problems, treatment for endocrine dysfunction associated with pituitary malfunction is symptomatic and supportive. Individuals with primary ESS who have high levels of prolactin may be given bromocriptine. In some cases, particularly when spinal fluid drainage is observed, surgery may be needed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Empty Sella Syndrome ? ### Response: Unless the syndrome results in other medical problems, treatment for endocrine dysfunction associated with pituitary malfunction is symptomatic and supportive. Individuals with primary ESS who have high levels of prolactin may be given bromocriptine. In some cases, particularly when spinal fluid drainage is observed, surgery may be needed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Empty Sella Syndrome ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS supports and conducts fundamental studies that explore the complex mechanisms of normal brain development and to better understand neurological conditions such as ESS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Primary Lateral Sclerosis ? ### Response: Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular disease with slowly progressive weakness in voluntary muscle movement. PLS belongs to a group of disorders known as motor neuron diseases. PLS affects the upper motor neurons (also called corticospinal neurons) in the arms, legs, and face.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Primary Lateral Sclerosis ? ### Response: Treatment for individuals with PLS is symptomatic. Muscle relaxants such as baclofen, tizanidine, and the benzodiazepines may reduce spasticity. Other drugs may relieve pain and antidepressants can help treat depression. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and rehabilitation may prevent joint immobility and slow muscle weakness and atrophy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Primary Lateral Sclerosis ? ### Response: Treatment for individuals with PLS is symptomatic. Muscle relaxants such as baclofen, tizanidine, and the benzodiazepines may reduce spasticity. Other drugs may relieve pain and antidepressants can help treat depression. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and rehabilitation may prevent joint immobility and slow muscle weakness and atrophy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Primary Lateral Sclerosis ? ### Response: Treatment for individuals with PLS is symptomatic. Muscle relaxants such as baclofen, tizanidine, and the benzodiazepines may reduce spasticity. Other drugs may relieve pain and antidepressants can help treat depression. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and rehabilitation may prevent joint immobility and slow muscle weakness and atrophy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dystonias ? ### Response: The dystonias are movement disorders in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. The movements, which are involuntary and sometimes painful, may affect a single muscle; a group of muscles such as those in the arms, legs, or neck; or the entire body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dystonias ? ### Response: No one treatment has been found to be universally effective. Instead, doctors use a variety of therapies (medications, surgery, and other treatments such as physical therapy, splinting, stress management, and biofeedback) aimed at reducing or eliminating muscle spasms and pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dystonias ? ### Response: The initial symptoms can be very mild and may be noticeable only after prolonged exertion, stress, or fatigue. Dystonias often progress through various stages. Initially, dystonic movements are intermittent and appear only during voluntary movements or stress.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dystonias ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to dystonia in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports additional dystonia research through grants to major research institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Farber's Disease ? ### Response: Farbers disease, also known as Farber's lipogranulomatosis, describes a group of inherited metabolic disorders called lipid storage diseases, in which excess amounts of lipids (oils, fatty acids, and related compounds) build up to harmful levels in the joints, tissues, and central nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Farber's Disease ? ### Response: Currently there is no specific treatment for Farbers disease. Corticosteroids may help relieve pain. Bone marrow transplants may improve granulomas (small masses of inflamed tissue) on individuals with little or no lung or nervous system complications. Older persons may have granulomas surgically reduced or removed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Farber's Disease ? ### Response: Most children with the classic form of Farbers disease die by age 2, usually from lung disease. Children born with the most severe form of the disease usually die within 6 months, while individuals having a milder form of the disease may live into their teenage years or young adulthood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Farber's Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. Research funded by the NINDS focuses on better understanding of how neurological deficits arise in lipid storage diseases and on the development of new treatments targeting disease mechanisms, including gene therapies, cell-based therapies and pharmacological approaches.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Familial Periodic Paralyses ? ### Response: Familial periodic paralyses are a group of inherited neurological disorders caused by mutations in genes that regulate sodium and calcium channels in nerve cells. They are characterized by episodes in which the affected muscles become slack, weak, and unable to contract.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Familial Periodic Paralyses ? ### Response: Treatment of the periodic paralyses focuses on preventing further attacks and relieving acute symptoms. Avoiding carbohydrate-rich meals and strenuous exercise, and taking acetazolamide daily may prevent hypokalemic attacks. Attacks can be managed by drinking a potassium chloride oral solution.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Familial Periodic Paralyses ? ### Response: Treatment of the periodic paralyses focuses on preventing further attacks and relieving acute symptoms. Avoiding carbohydrate-rich meals and strenuous exercise, and taking acetazolamide daily may prevent hypokalemic attacks. Attacks can be managed by drinking a potassium chloride oral solution.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Familial Periodic Paralyses ? ### Response: Treatment of the periodic paralyses focuses on preventing further attacks and relieving acute symptoms. Avoiding carbohydrate-rich meals and strenuous exercise, and taking acetazolamide daily may prevent hypokalemic attacks. Attacks can be managed by drinking a potassium chloride oral solution.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spinal Cord Injury ? ### Response: A spinal cord injury usually begins with a sudden, traumatic blow to the spine that fractures or dislocates vertebrae. The damage begins at the moment of injury when displaced bone fragments, disc material, or ligaments bruise or tear into spinal cord tissue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Spinal Cord Injury ? ### Response: Improved emergency care for people with spinal cord injuries and aggressive treatment and rehabilitation can minimize damage to the nervous system and even restore limited abilities. Respiratory complications are often an indication of the severity of spinal cord injury About one-third of those with injury to the neck area will need help with breathing and require respiratory support.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Spinal Cord Injury ? ### Response: Spinal cord injuries are classified as either complete or incomplete. An incomplete injury means that the ability of the spinal cord to convey messages to or from the brain is not completely lost. People with incomplete injuries retain some motor or sensory function below the injury.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Spinal Cord Injury ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts spinal cord research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Todd's Paralysis ? ### Response: Todd's paralysis is a neurological condition experienced by individuals with epilepsy, in which a seizure is followed by a brief period of temporary paralysis. The paralysis may be partial or complete but usually occurs on just one side of the body. The paralysis can last from half an hour to 36 hours, with an average of 15 hours, at which point it resolves completely.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Todd's Paralysis ? ### Response: Todd's paralysis is a neurological condition experienced by individuals with epilepsy, in which a seizure is followed by a brief period of temporary paralysis. The paralysis may be partial or complete but usually occurs on just one side of the body. The paralysis can last from half an hour to 36 hours, with an average of 15 hours, at which point it resolves completely.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Todd's Paralysis ? ### Response: Todd's paralysis is a neurological condition experienced by individuals with epilepsy, in which a seizure is followed by a brief period of temporary paralysis. The paralysis may be partial or complete but usually occurs on just one side of the body. The paralysis can last from half an hour to 36 hours, with an average of 15 hours, at which point it resolves completely.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Todd's Paralysis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to Todd's paralysis in its clinics and laboratories at The National Institutes of Health (NIH), and supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Syncope ? ### Response: Syncope is a medical term used to describe a temporary loss of consciousness due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain. Syncope is commonly called fainting or passing out. If an individual is about to faint, he or she will feel dizzy, lightheaded, or nauseous and their field of vision may white out or black out.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Syncope ? ### Response: The immediate treatment for an individual who has fainted involves checking first to see if their airway is open and they are breathing. The person should remain lying down for at least 10-15 minutes, preferably in a cool and quiet space. If this isnt possible, have the individual sit forward and lower their head below their shoulders and between their knees.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Syncope ? ### Response: Syncope is a dramatic event and can be life-threatening if not treated properly. Generally, however, people recover completely within minutes to hours. If syncope is symptomatic of an underlying condition, then the prognosis will reflect the course of the disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Syncope ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to syncope in laboratories at the NIH and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cerebral Palsy ? ### Response: The term cerebral palsy refers to a group of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement, muscle coordination, and balance.CP affects the part of the brain that controls muscle movements. The majority of children with cerebral palsy are born with it, although it may not be detected until months or years later.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Cerebral Palsy ? ### Response: Cerebral palsy cant be cured, but treatment will often improve a child's capabilities. In general, the earlier treatment begins the better chance children have of overcoming developmental disabilities or learning new ways to accomplish the tasks that challenge them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Cerebral Palsy ? ### Response: Cerebral palsy doesnt always cause profound disabilities and for most people with CP the disorder does not affect life expectancy. Many children with CP have average to above average intelligence and attend the same schools as other children their age. Supportive treatments, medications, and surgery can help many individuals improve their motor skills and ability to communicate with the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cerebral Palsy ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tuberous Sclerosis ? ### Response: Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. It usually affects the central nervous system. In addition to the benign tumors that frequently occur in TSC, other common symptoms include seizures,impaired intellectual development, behavior problems, and skin abnormalities.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tuberous Sclerosis ? ### Response: There is no cure for TSC, although treatment is available for a number of the symptoms. Rapamycin and related drugs are not yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any purpose in individuals with TSC. The FDA has approved the drug everolimus (Afinitor) to treat subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA brain tumors) and angiomyolipoma kidney tumors.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Tuberous Sclerosis ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with TSC depends on the severity of symptoms. Individuals with mild symptoms generally do well and live long productive lives, while individuals with the more severe form may have serious disabilities. In rare cases, seizures, infections, or tumors in vital organs such as the kidneys and brain can lead to severe complications and even death.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Tuberous Sclerosis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts TSC research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports TSC research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Scientists in one study are learning more about the genes that can cause TSC and the function of the proteins those genes produce.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Batten Disease ? ### Response: Batten disease is a fatal, inherited disorder of the nervous system that begins in childhood. In some cases, the early signs are subtle, taking the form of personality and behavior changes, slow learning, clumsiness, or stumbling. Symptoms of Batten disease are linked to a buildup of substances called lipopigments in the body's tissues.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Batten Disease ? ### Response: As yet, no specific treatment is known that can halt or reverse the symptoms of Batten disease. However, seizures can sometimes be reduced or controlled with anticonvulsant drugs, and other medical problems can be treated appropriately as they arise. Physical therapy and occupational therapy may help patients retain functioning as long as possible.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Batten Disease ? ### Response: Over time, affected children suffer cognitive impairment, worsening seizures, and progressive loss of sight and motor skills. Eventually, children with Batten disease become blind, bedridden, and demented. Batten disease is often fatal by the late teens or twenties.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Batten Disease ? ### Response: The biochemical defects that underlie several NCLs have recently been discovered. An enzyme called palmitoyl-protein thioesterase has been shown to be insufficiently active in the infantile form of Batten disease (this condition is now referred to as CLN1).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Holoprosencephaly ? ### Response: Holoprosencephaly is a disorder caused by the failure of the prosencephalon (the embryonic forebrain) to sufficiently divide into the double lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. The result is a single-lobed brain structure and severe skull and facial defects.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Holoprosencephaly ? ### Response: Holoprosencephaly is a disorder caused by the failure of the prosencephalon (the embryonic forebrain) to sufficiently divide into the double lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. The result is a single-lobed brain structure and severe skull and facial defects.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Holoprosencephaly ? ### Response: Holoprosencephaly is a disorder caused by the failure of the prosencephalon (the embryonic forebrain) to sufficiently divide into the double lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. The result is a single-lobed brain structure and severe skull and facial defects.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Holoprosencephaly ? ### Response: The NINDS supports and conducts a wide range of studies that focus on identifying and learning more about the factors involved in normal brain development. Recent research has identified specific genes that cause holoprosencephaly. The knowledge gained from these fundamental studies provides the foundation for understanding how to develop new ways to treat, and potentially prevent, this disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Bell's Palsy ? ### Response: Bell's palsy is a form of temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to the 7th cranial nerve, one of the facial nerves. It is the most common cause of facial paralysis. Generally, Bell's palsy affects only one side of the face, however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Bell's Palsy ? ### Response: Steroids such as prednisone -- used to reduce inflammation and swelling -- are an effective treatment for Bell's palsy. Antiviral drugs may have some benefit in shortening the course of the disease. Analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen may relieve pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Bell's Palsy ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with Bell's palsy is generally very good. The extent of nerve damage determines the extent of recovery. With or without treatment, most individuals begin to get better within 2 weeks after the initial onset of symptoms and recover some or all facial function within 3 to 6 months.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Bell's Palsy ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports an extensive research program of basic science to increase understanding of how the nervous system works and circumstances that lead to nerve damage.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Multiple System Atrophy ? ### Response: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by symptoms of autonomic nervous system failure such as fainting spells and bladder control problems, combined with motor control symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and loss of muscle coordination.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multiple System Atrophy ? ### Response: There is no cure for MSA. Currently, there are no treatments to delay the progress of neurodegeneration in the brain. But there are treatments available to help people cope with some of the more disabling symptoms of MSA. In some individuals, levodopa may improve motor function, but the benefit may not continue as the disease progresses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multiple System Atrophy ? ### Response: There is no cure for MSA. Currently, there are no treatments to delay the progress of neurodegeneration in the brain. But there are treatments available to help people cope with some of the more disabling symptoms of MSA. In some individuals, levodopa may improve motor function, but the benefit may not continue as the disease progresses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Multiple System Atrophy ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research about MSA through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Researchers hope to learn why alpha-synuclein buildup occurs in MSA and Parkinsons disease, and how to prevent it. Drugs that reduce the abnormal alpha-sy

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? ### Response: Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a rare inherited genetic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The majority of children with GAN will begin to show symptoms of the disease sometime before five years of age. Signs of GAN usually begin in the peripheral nervous system, which controls movement and sensation in the arms, legs, and other parts of the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? ### Response: Treatment is symptomatic. Children with GAN and their families usually work with a medical team that includes a pediatric neurologist, orthopedic surgeon, physiotherapist, psychologist, and speech and occupational therapists. The major goals of treatment are to maximize intellectual and physical development and minimize their deterioration as time passes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Giant Axonal Neuropathy ? ### Response: GAN generally progresses slowly as neurons degenerate and die. Most children have problems with walking in the early stages of the disorder. Later they may lose sensation, coordination, strength, and reflexes in their arms and legs. As time goes on, the brain and spinal cord may become involved, causing a gradual decline in mental function, loss of control of body movement, and seizures.