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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease)? ? ### Response: Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection is most commonly acquired through contact with the feces of an infected triatomine bug (or "kissing bug"), a blood-sucking insect that feeds on humans and animals.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ? ### Response: The diagnosis of Chagas disease can be made by observation of the parasite in a blood smear by microscopic examination. A thick and thin blood smear are made and stained for visualization of parasites. However, a blood smear works well only in the acute phase of infection when parasites are seen circulating in blood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ? ### Response: Treatment for Chagas disease is recommended for all people diagnosed with an acute infection, congenital infection, and for those with suppressed immune systems, and for all children with chronic infection. Adults with chronic infection may also benefit from treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - American Trypanosomiasis (also known as Chagas Disease) ? ### Response: In endemic areas of Mexico, Central America, and South America improved housing and spraying insecticide inside housing to eliminate triatomine bugs has significantly decreased the spread of Chagas disease. Further, screening of blood donations for Chagas is another important public health tool in helping to prevent transfusion-acquired disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Nocardiosis? ? ### Response: The bacteria that cause nocardiosis are commonly found in soil and water. You could become sick with nocardiosis if: - You inhale (breathe in) the bacteria - Bacteria gets into an open wound or cut In rare cases, infection can occur during surgical procedures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Nocardiosis? ? ### Response: People with very weak immune (body defense) systems are at risk for getting nocardiosis. Several diseases and circumstances can cause the immune system to be weak. These include: - Diabetes - Cancer - HIV/AIDS - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (an illness that causes the air sacs of the lungs to become plugged)

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Nocardiosis ? ### Response: The symptoms of nocardiosis vary depending on which part of your body is affected. Nocardiosis infection most commonly occurs in the lung. If your lungs are infected, you can experience: - Fever - Weight loss - Night sweats - Cough

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Nocardiosis ? ### Response: If you think you might be sick with nocardiosis, talk to your doctor. He or she can help find out if you have the disease by performing tests that can identify the bacteria that causes nocardiosis. Testing may involve taking tissue samples from the part of the body that is infected.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF)? ? ### Response: Like all arenaviruses, Chapare virus has a rodent host as its reservoir. Humans can contract CHHF through contact with an infected rodent. Contact can be direct or through inhalation of aerosolized Chapare virus from the urine or feces of infected rodents.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? ### Response: The symptoms of CHHF, as reported in the only described patient, resemble those of other South American hemorrhagic fevers, such as Argentine HF or Bolivian HF. The incubation period is unknown, but for Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is 6 to 16 days.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? ### Response: CHHF virus has been successfully isolated from both blood and serum during the acute febrile phase of illness. Although not undertaken at the time of the initial cluster, virus can certainly be isolated from tissue obtained post-mortem if available. A subsequent complete genomic analysis of Chapare virus facilitated the development of specific molecular detection (RT-PCR) assays.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? ### Response: Supportive therapy is important in CHHF. This includes: - maintenance of hydration - management of shock - sedation - pain relief - usual precautions for patients with bleeding disorders - transfusions (when necessary)

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever (CHHF) ? ### Response: Although rodent control would be desirable, it will not be a successful strategy for preventing Chapare hemorrhagic fever cases caused by exposures outdoors. As for other hemorrhagic fevers, full barrier nursing procedures should be implemented during management of suspected or confirmed CHHF cases.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what is yersiniosis for Yersinia ? ### Response: Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Yersinia. In the United States, most human illness is caused by one species, Y. enterocolitica. Infection with Y. enterocolitica can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the age of the person infected.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: how common is infection with y. enterocolitica for Yersinia ? ### Response: Y. enterocolitica is a relatively infrequent cause of diarrhea and abdominal pain. Based on data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which measures the burden and sources of specific diseases over time, approximately one culture-confirmed Y.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: how can y. enterocolitica infections be diagnosed for Yersinia ? ### Response: Y. enterocolitica infections are generally diagnosed by detecting the organism in the stools. Many laboratories do not routinely test for Y. enterocolitica,so it is important to notify laboratory personnel when infection with this bacterium is suspected so that special tests can be done.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: how can y. enterocolitica infections be treated for Yersinia ? ### Response: Uncomplicated cases of diarrhea due to Y. enterocolitica usually resolve on their own without antibiotic treatment. However, in more severe or complicated infections, antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or fluoroquinolones may be useful.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what are public health agencies doing to prevent or control yersiniosis for Yersinia ? ### Response: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors the frequency of Y. enterocolitica infections through the foodborne disease active surveillance network (FoodNet). In addition, CDC conducts investigations of outbreaks of yersiniosis to control them and to learn more about how to prevent these infections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what are public health agencies doing to prevent or control yersiniosis for Yersinia ? ### Response: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors the frequency of Y. enterocolitica infections through the foodborne disease active surveillance network (FoodNet). In addition, CDC conducts investigations of outbreaks of yersiniosis to control them and to learn more about how to prevent these infections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis? ? ### Response: There are three different filarial species that can cause lymphatic filariasis in humans. Most of the infections worldwide are caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. In Asia, the disease can also be caused by Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. The infection spreads from person to person by mosquito bites.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? ### Response: The standard method for diagnosing active infection is the identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic examination. The microfilariae that cause lymphatic filariasis circulate in the blood at night (called nocturnal periodicity). Blood collection should be done at night to coincide with the appearance of the microfilariae, and a thick smear should be made and stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? ### Response: Patients currently infected with the parasite Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is the drug of choice in the United States. The drug kills the microfilaria and some of the adult worms. DEC has been used world-wide for more than 50 years. Because this infection is rare in the U.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? ### Response: The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite between the hours of dusk and dawn. If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis: - at night - sleep in an air-conditioned room or

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis ? ### Response: The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite between the hours of dusk and dawn. If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis: - at night - sleep in an air-conditioned room or

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Loiasis? ? ### Response: Loa loa parasites are found in West and Central Africa. Ten countries have areas where there are high rates of infection (i.e., where more than 40% of the people who live in that area report that they have had eye worm in the past). An estimated 14.4 million people live in these areas of high rates of infection.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Loiasis ? ### Response: In people who have been bitten by the flies that carry Loa loa in areas where Loa loa is known to exist, the diagnosis can be made in the following ways: - Identification of the adult worm by a microbiologist or pathologist after its removal from under the skin or eye

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Loiasis ? ### Response: Decisions about treatment of loiasis can be difficult and often require advice from an expert in infectious diseases or tropical medicine. Although surgical removal of adult worms moving under the skin or across the eye can be done to relieve anxiety, loiasis is not cured by surgery alone.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Loiasis ? ### Response: There are no programs to control or eliminate loiasis in affected areas. Your risk of infection may be less in areas where communities receive regular treatment for onchocerciasis or lymphatic filariasis. There are no vaccines that protect you from loiasis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF)? ? ### Response: Humans can become infected through tick bites or through contact with the blood, feces, or urine of an infected, sick, or dead animal – most commonly, rodents. Occupational and recreational activities such as hunting or trapping may increase human risk of infection.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) ? ### Response: After an incubation period of 3-8 days, the symptoms of OHF begin suddenly with chills, fever, headache, and severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems occurring 3-4 days after initial symptom onset. Patients may experience abnormally low blood pressure and low platelet, red blood cell, and white blood cell counts.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF)? ? ### Response: In areas where rodent reservoirs and tick species are prevalent, people with recreational or occupational exposure to rural or outdoor settings (e.g., hunters, campers, forest workers, farmers) are potentially at increased risk for OHF by contact with infected ticks and animals.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF)? ? ### Response: In areas where rodent reservoirs and tick species are prevalent, people with recreational or occupational exposure to rural or outdoor settings (e.g., hunters, campers, forest workers, farmers) are potentially at increased risk for OHF by contact with infected ticks and animals.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) ? ### Response: There is no specific treatment for OHF, but supportive therapy is important. Supportive therapy includes the maintenance of hydration and the usual precautions for patients with bleeding disorders. Though rare, OHF can cause hearing loss, hair loss, and behavioral or psychological difficulties associated with neurological conditions and long term supportive case may be needed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever (OHF) ? ### Response: There is no vaccine currently available for OHF, but vaccines for tick-borne encephalitis disease (TBE) have been shown to confer some immunity and may be used for high-risk groups. Additionally, utilizing insect repellents and wearing protective clothing in areas where ticks are endemic is recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? ### Response: A pinworm ("threadworm") is a small, thin, white roundworm (nematode) called Enterobius vermicularis that sometimes lives in the colon and rectum of humans. Pinworms are about the length of a staple. While an infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestine through the anus and deposit their eggs on the surrounding skin.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection)? ? ### Response: Risk Factors The people most likely to be infected with pinworm are children under 18, people who take care of infected children and people who are institutionalized. In these groups, the prevalence can reach 50%. Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? ### Response: A person infected with pinworm is often asymptomatic, but itching around the anus is a common symptom. Diagnosis of pinworm can be reached from three simple techniques. The first option is to look for the worms in the perianal reqion 2 to 3 hours after the infected person is asleep.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? ### Response: The medications used for the treatment of pinworm are mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and albendazole. All three of these drugs are to be given in 1 dose at first and then another single dose 2 weeks later. Pyrantel pamoate is available without prescription.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Enterobiasis (also known as Pinworm Infection) ? ### Response: Washing your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food is the most successful way to prevent pinworm infection. In order to stop the spread of pinworm and possible re-infection, people who are infected should bathe every morning to help remove a large amount of the eggs on the skin.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: how is hps diagnosed and treated for Hantavirus ? ### Response: Diagnosing HPS Diagnosing HPS in an individual who has only been infected a few days is difficult, because early symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, and fatigue are easily confused with influenza. However, if the individual is experiencing fever and fatigue and has a history of potential rural rodent exposure, together with shortness of breath, would be strongly suggestive of HPS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what are the symptoms for Hantavirus ? ### Response: Due to the small number of HPS cases, the "incubation time" is not positively known. However, on the basis of limited information, it appears that symptoms may develop between 1 and 5 weeks after exposure to fresh urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: how can hps be prevented for Hantavirus ? ### Response: Eliminate or minimize contact with rodents in your home, workplace, or campsite. If rodents don't find that where you are is a good place for them to be, then you're less likely to come into contact with them. Seal up holes and gaps in your home or garage. Place traps in and around your home to decrease rodent infestation.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what is the history of hps for Hantavirus ? ### Response: The "First"Outbreak In May 1993, an outbreak of an unexplained pulmonary illness occurred in the southwestern United States, in an area shared by Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah known as "The Four Corners". A young, physically fit Navajo man suffering from shortness of breath was rushed to a hospital in New Mexico and died very rapidly.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Q Fever ? ### Response: Q fever can cause acute or chronic illness in humans, who usually acquire infection after contact with infected animals or exposure to contaminated environments. The acute symptoms caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii usually develop within 2-3 weeks of exposure, although as many as half of humans infected withC.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Q Fever ? ### Response: More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of Q fever is available in other sections of this web site and in the materials referenced in the section titled “Further Reading”. How to Contact the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch at CDC

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Q Fever ? ### Response: In the United States, Q fever outbreaks have resulted mainly from occupational exposure involving veterinarians, meat processing plant workers, sheep and dairy workers, livestock farmers, and researchers at facilities housing sheep. Prevention and control efforts should be directed primarily toward these groups and environments.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Hendra Virus Disease (HeV)? ? ### Response: Transmission of Hendra virus to humans can occur after exposure to body fluids and tissues or excretions of horses infected with Hendra virus. Horses may be infected after exposure to virus in the urine of infected flying foxes. To date, no human-to-human transmission has been documented.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? ### Response: After an incubation of 9-16 days, infection with Hendra virus can lead to respiratory illness with severe flu-like signs and symptoms. In some cases, illness may progress to encephalitis. Although infection with Hendra virus is rare, the case fatality is high: 4/7 (57%).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Hendra Virus Disease (HeV)? ? ### Response: Australia’s “Flying fox” bats (genus Pteropus) are the natural reservoir of Hendra virus. Serologic evidence for HeV infection have been found in all fours species of Australian flying foxes, but spillover of the virus in horses is limited to coastal and forested regions in Australia (Queensland and New South Wales states) (see Henipavirus Distribution Map).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? ### Response: Laboratory tests that are used to diagnose Hendra virus (HV) and Nipah virus (NV) include detection of antibody by ELISA (IgG and IgM), real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus isolation attempts. In most countries, handling Hendra virus needs to be done in high containment laboratories.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? ### Response: The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro, but the clinical usefulness of this drug is uncertain. A post-exposure therapy with a Nipah/Hendra neutralizing antibody, efficacious in animal models is in human preclinical development stages in Australia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Hendra Virus Disease (HeV) ? ### Response: The occurrence of the disease in humans has been associated only with infection of an intermediate species such as horses. Early recognition of the disease in the intermediate animal host is probably the most crucial means of limiting future human cases.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? ### Response: There are many different species of hookworms, some are human parasites and some are animal parasites. People can be infected by larvae of animal hookworms, usually dog and cat hookworms. The most common result of animal hookworm infection is a skin condition called cutaneous larva migrans.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm? ? ### Response: Dog and cat hookworms are found throughout the world, especially in warmer climates. In the United States, zoonotic hookworms are found everywhere but more commonly along the East Coast than the West Coast. Worldwide, zoonotic hookworms are found in tropical and subtropical regions where the parasite is better able to survive because of environmental conditions.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? ### Response: Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a clinical diagnosis based on the presence of the characteristic signs and symptoms, and exposure history to zoonotic hookworm. For example, the diagnosis can be made based on finding red, raised tracks in the skin that are very itchy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? ### Response: The zoonotic hookworm larvae that cause cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) usually do not survive more than 5 – 6 weeks in the human host. In most patients with CLM, the signs and symptoms resolve without medical treatment. However, treatment may help control symptoms and help prevent secondary bacterial infections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Zoonotic Hookworm ? ### Response: Wearing shoes and taking other protective measures to avoid skin contact with sand or soil will prevent infection with zoonotic hookworms. Travelers to tropical and subtropical climates, especially where beach exposures are likely, should be advised to wear shoes and use protective mats or other coverings to prevent direct skin contact with sand or soil.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? ### Response: Chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, is a devastating and complex disorder. People with CFS have overwhelming fatigue and a host of other symptoms that are not improved by bed rest and that can get worse after physical activity or mental exertion. They often function at a substantially lower level of activity than they were capable of before they became ill.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? ### Response: Despite a vigorous search, scientists have not yet identified what causes CFS. While a single cause for CFS may yet be identified, another possibility is that CFS has multiple causes. Conditions that have been studied to determine if they cause or trigger the development of CFS include infections, immune disorders, stress, trauma, and toxins.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? ### Response: Diagnostic Challenges For doctors, diagnosing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can be complicated by a number of factors: - There's no lab test or biomarker for CFS. - Fatigue and other symptoms of CFS are common to many illnesses. - For some CFS patients, it may not be obvious to doctors that they are ill.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? ### Response: Chronic fatigue syndrome can be misdiagnosed or overlooked because its symptoms are similar to so many other illnesses. Fatigue, for instance, can be a symptom for hundreds of illnesses. Looking closer at the nature of the symptoms though, can help a doctor distinguish CFS from other illnesses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) ? ### Response: Introduction Managing chronic fatigue syndrome can be as complex as the illness itself. There is no cure, no prescription drugs have been developed specifically for CFS, and symptoms can vary a lot over time. Thus, people with CFS should closely monitor their health and let their doctor know of any changes; and doctors should regularly monitor their patients' conditions and change treatment strategies as needed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) ? ### Response: The first symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) typically begin 2-14 days after the bite of an infected tick. A tick bite is usually painless and about half of the people who develop RMSF do not remember being bitten. The disease frequently begins as a sudden onset of fever and headache and most people visit a healthcare provider during the first few days of symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) ? ### Response: More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of tickborne rickettsial diseases is available in Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis – United States.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) ? ### Response: More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of tickborne rickettsial diseases is available in Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis – United States.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness)? ? ### Response: There are two subspecies of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei that cause disease in humans. The clinical features of the infection depend on the subspecies involved. The two subspecies are found in different regions of Africa. At present, there is no overlap in their geographic distribution.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? ### Response: The diagnosis of African Trypanosomiasis is made through laboratory methods, because the clinical features of infection are not sufficiently specific. The diagnosis rests on finding the parasite in body fluid or tissue by microscopy. The parasite load in T.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? ### Response: All persons diagnosed with African Trypanosomiasis should receive treatment. The specific drug and treatment course will depend on the type of infection (T. b. gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense) and the disease stage (i.e. whether the central nervous system has been invaded by the parasite).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) ? ### Response: There is no vaccine or drug for prophylaxis against African trypanosomiasis. Preventive measures are aimed at minimizing contact with tsetse flies. Local residents are usually aware of the areas that are heavily infested and they can provide advice about places to avoid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccination ? ### Response: At a Glance Vaccine-preventable disease levels are at or near record lows. Even though most infants and toddlers have received all recommended vaccines by age 2, many under-immunized children remain, leaving the potential for outbreaks of disease. Many adolescents and adults are under-immunized as well, missing opportunities to protect themselves against diseases such as Hepatitis B, influenza, and pneumococcal disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? ### Response: Fascioliasis is an infectious disease caused by Fasciola parasites, which are flat worms referred to as liver flukes. The adult (mature) flukes are found in the bile ducts and liver of infected people and animals, such as sheep and cattle. In general, fascioliasis is more common in livestock and other animals than in people.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection)? ? ### Response: Fascioliasis occurs in many areas of the world and usually is caused by F. hepatica, which is a common liver fluke of sheep and cattle. In general, fascioliasis is more common and widespread in animals than in people. Even so, the number of infected people in the world is thought to exceed 2 million.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? ### Response: The standard way to be sure a person is infected with Fasciola is by seeing the parasite. This is usually done by finding Fasciola eggs in stool (fecal) specimens examined under a microscope. More than one specimen may need to be examined to find the parasite.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? ### Response: The first step is to make sure the diagnosis is correct. For more information, patients should consult their health care provider. Health care providers may consult with CDC staff about the diagnosis and treatment of fascioliasis. The drug of choice is triclabendazole.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) ? ### Response: No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Anaplasmosis ? ### Response: Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilium. This pathogen is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. The black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is the vector of A. phagocytophilum in the northeast and upper midwestern United States.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anaplasmosis ? ### Response: More detailed information on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of anaplasmosis is available in Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis – United States. *Case definitions have been updated since publication

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Parasites - Echinococcosis ? ### Response: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Cystic echinococcosis (CE) disease results from being infected with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a tiny tapeworm (~2-7 millimeters in length) found in dogs (definitive host), sheep, cattle, goats, foxes, and pigs, amongst others (intermediate hosts).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Echinococcosis? ? ### Response: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. CE is found in Africa, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Central and South America, and in rare cases, North America. The parasite is transmitted to dogs when they ingest the organs of other animals that contain hydatid cysts.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Parasites - Echinococcosis ? ### Response: The presence of a cyst-like mass in a person with a history of exposure to sheepdogs in an area where E. granulosus is endemic suggests a diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Imaging techniques, such as CT scans, ultrasonography, and MRIs, are used to detect cysts.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Echinococcosis ? ### Response: In the past, surgery was the only treatment for cystic echinococcal cysts. Chemotherapy, cyst puncture, and PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, injection of chemicals and reaspiration) have been used to replace surgery as effective treatments for cystic echinococcosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Echinococcosis ? ### Response: Cystic echinococcosis is controlled by preventing transmission of the parasite. Prevention measures include limiting the areas where dogs are allowed and preventing animals from consuming meat infected with cysts. - Prevent dogs from feeding on the carcasses of infected sheep.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Parasites - Angiostrongyliasis (also known as Angiostrongylus Infection) ? ### Response: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic worm of rats. It is also called the rat lungworm. The adult form of the parasite is found only in rodents. Infected rats pass larvae of the parasite in their feces. Snails and slugs get infected by ingesting the larvae.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Angiostrongyliasis (also known as Angiostrongylus Infection) ? ### Response: Angiostrongylus cantonensis There is no specific treatment for A. cantonensis infection. There is some evidence that certain supportive treatments may reduce the severity of headache and the duration of symptoms. Persons with symptoms should consult their health care provider for more information.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Typhoid Fever ? ### Response: Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). They may also feel weak, or have stomach pains, headache, or loss of appetite. In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots. The only way to know for sure if an illness is typhoid fever is to have samples of stool or blood tested for the presence of Salmonella Typhi.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Ascariasis? ? ### Response: Ascaris infection is one of the most common intestinal worm infections. It is found in association with poor personal hygiene, poor sanitation, and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer. Geographic Distribution The geographic distributions of Ascaris are worldwide in areas with warm, moist climates and are widely overlapping.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Parasites - Ascariasis? ? ### Response: Ascaris infection is one of the most common intestinal worm infections. It is found in association with poor personal hygiene, poor sanitation, and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer. Geographic Distribution The geographic distributions of Ascaris are worldwide in areas with warm, moist climates and are widely overlapping.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parasites - Ascariasis ? ### Response: Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment of Ascaris infections. Infections are generally treated for 1-3 days. The drugs are effective and appear to have few side effects.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Parasites - Ascariasis ? ### Response: The best way to prevent ascariasis is to always: - Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces, including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or wastewater is used to fertilize crops. - Wash your hands with soap and warm water before handling food.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose 2009 H1N1 Flu ? ### Response: Content on this page was developed during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic and has not been updated. - The H1N1 virus that caused that pandemic is now a regular human flu virus and continues to circulate seasonally worldwide. - The English language content on this website is being archived for historic and reference purposes only.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for 2009 H1N1 Flu ? ### Response: Content on this page was developed during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic and has not been updated. - The H1N1 virus that caused that pandemic is now a regular human flu virus and continues to circulate seasonally worldwide. - The English language content on this website is being archived for historic and reference purposes only.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)? ? ### Response: Ixodid (hard) ticks, especially those of the genus, Hyalomma, are both a reservoir and a vector for the CCHF virus. Numerous wild and domestic animals, such as cattle, goats, sheep and hares, serve as amplifying hosts for the virus. Transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected ticks or animal blood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ? ### Response: The onset of CCHF is sudden, with initial signs and symptoms including headache, high fever, back pain, joint pain, stomach pain, and vomiting. Red eyes, a flushed face, a red throat, and petechiae (red spots) on the palate are common. Symptoms may also include jaundice, and in severe cases, changes in mood and sensory perception.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)? ? ### Response: Animal herders, livestock workers, and slaughterhouse workers in endemic areas are at risk of CCHF. Healthcare workers in endemic areas are at risk of infection through unprotected contact with infectious blood and body fluids. Individuals and international travelers with contact to livestock in endemic regions may also be exposed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ? ### Response: Treatment for CCHF is primarily supportive. Care should include careful attention to fluid balance and correction of electrolyte abnormalities, oxygenation and hemodynamic support, and appropriate treatment of secondary infections. The virus is sensitive in vitro to the antiviral drug ribavirin.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ? ### Response: Agricultural workers and others working with animals should use insect repellent on exposed skin and clothing. Insect repellants containing DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) are the most effective in warding off ticks. Wearing gloves and other protective clothing is recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Eastern Equine Encephalitis ? ### Response: There is no vaccine against Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) for humans. Reducing exposure to mosquitoes is the best defense against infection with EEEV and other mosquito-borne viruses. There are several approaches you and your family can use to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF) ? ### Response: The symptoms of Lujo hemorrhagic fever, as described in the five patients in the original cluster outbreak, resemble those of severe Lassa Fever. After an incubation period of 7 to 13 days, the clinical course started by a non-specific febrile illness accompanied by headache and muscle pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF)? ? ### Response: Lujo hemorrhagic fever (LUHF) occurs in southern Africa. The initial case was certainly infected in Zambia. Field workers Field workers are at greatest risk because of increased human contact with the reservoir rodent population. Sexual partners of field workers may be at greater risk as well.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF) ? ### Response: During the acute febrile phase, Lujo virus was isolated from blood from days 2 to 13 after onset. Virus was also isolated from liver tissue obtained post-mortem. A subsequent complete genomic analysis of Lujo virus facilitated the development of specific molecular detection (RT-PCR) assays.