id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
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57376828c3c5551400e51ebd | Force | Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quant... | How do you determine the acceleration of a rope when two people are pulling it? | {
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"text": [
"Associating forces with vectors",
"Associating forces with vectors",
"adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other",
"knowing the direction of the forces",
"it is impossible"
]
} | How do you determine the acceleration of a rope when [MASK] people are pulling it? | [
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-0.43487265706... | The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlie... | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Associating forces with vectors | 98,017 |
57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | In what conditions were forces first measured historically? | {
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} | In what conditions were forces first measured historically? | [
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-0.014445... | Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006. Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinatio... | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | static equilibrium | 98,018 |
57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | What do forces have with regard to additive quantities? | {
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"magnitude and direction",
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} | What do forces have with regard to additive quantities? | [
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0.0746765434... | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, wh... | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are co... | magnitude and direction | 98,019 |
57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | What is the resultant force called when two forces act on a particle? | {
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],
"text": [
"net force",
"net force",
"the resultant (also called the net force)",
"net force",
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} | What is the resultant force called when [MASK] forces act on a particle? | [
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0.35908612... | Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim... | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | net force | 98,020 |
57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | When forces are acting on an extended body, what do you need to account for motion effects? | {
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"respective lines of application",
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} | When forces are acting on an extended body, what do you need to account for motion effects? | [
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-0.3904299736... | On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving t... | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | respective lines of application | 98,021 |
57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | What geometric shape is used in equations to determine net force? | {
"answer_start": [
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413,
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413
],
"text": [
"parallelogram",
"parallelogram",
"parallelogram",
"parallelogram",
"parallelogram"
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} | What geometric shape is used in equations to determine net force? | [
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0.05183114856481... | Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings (including APNs and carrier branding), and reduce its internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks. Windows 8 also adds ... | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | parallelogram | 98,022 |
57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | Whwn forces are at right ngles to each other what can they be broken down to? | {
"answer_start": [
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57,
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"independent components",
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0.132359907031... | Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indicatio... | Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (... | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | independent components | 98,023 |
57376c50c3c5551400e51ece | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | If a force is pointing horizontally to the northeast, how many forces can you split the force into? | {
"answer_start": [
177,
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177,
177
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"two",
"two",
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} | If a force is pointing horizontally to the northeast, how many forces can you split the force into? | [
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0.0405082181096... | At the University of Arizona, where records have been kept since 1894, the record maximum temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995, and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 150.1 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an ... | Recall that a current will reflect when there are changes in the electrical properties of the material. In order to efficiently send the signal into the transmission line, it is important that the transmission line has the same impedance as the elements, otherwise some of the signal will be reflected back into the ante... | The phase of reflection of electromagnetic waves depends on the polarization of the incident wave. Given the larger refractive index of the ground (typically n=2) compared to air (n=1), the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection (a phase shift of radians or 180°). On the other hand, the ... | two | 98,024 |
57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | What do you get when you figure the sum of forces with vector addition? | {
"answer_start": [
292,
292,
292,
292
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"text": [
"the original force",
"the original force",
"the original force",
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} | What do you get when you figure the sum of forces with vector addition? | [
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-0.05371496081... | Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technolo... | Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (... | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | the original force | 98,025 |
57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0 | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | What are the independant components of a vector sum that has been determined by scalar addition of individual vectors? | {
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557,
497,
497
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"uniquely determined",
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} | What are the independant components of a vector sum that has been determined by scalar addition of individual vectors? | [
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0.22985774278... | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. Th... | Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (... | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | orthogonal | 98,026 |
57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1 | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | What can orthogonal forces be when there are three components with two at right angles to each other? | {
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1134,
1134,
1134
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"three-dimensional",
"three-dimensional",
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} | What can orthogonal forces be when there are [MASK] components with [MASK] at right angles to each other? | [
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57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7 | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | What can keep an object from moving when it is being pushed on a surface? | {
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"text": [
"static friction",
"static friction",
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} | What can keep an object from moving when it is being pushed on a surface? | [
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0.0288894623... | The ownership of the Spectre organisation—originally stylised "SPECTRE" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion—and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the ... | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequ... | static friction | 98,028 |
57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8 | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | What is generated between a surface and an object that is being pushed? | {
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147,
147,
147,
147,
147
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"text": [
"static friction",
"static friction",
"static friction",
"static friction",
"static friction"
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} | What is generated between a surface and an object that is being pushed? | [
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2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction: | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | static friction | 98,029 |
57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9 | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | Static friction balances what force when there is no movement of an object on a surface? | {
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119,
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} | Static friction balances what force when there is no movement of an object on a surface? | [
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-0.035422377288... | Tourism accounts for much of Uruguay's economy. Tourism in Montevideo is centered in the Ciudad Vieja area, which includes the city's oldest buildings, several museums, art galleries, and nightclubs, with Sarandí Street and the Mercado del Puerto being the most frequented venues of the old city. On the edge of Ciudad V... | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | In each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be "underslung" below a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab. The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a... | applied | 98,030 |
57376df3c3c5551400e51eda | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | What makes static friction go up or down in responce to contact characteristics between an object and the surface it is on? | {
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} | What makes static friction go up or down in responce to contact characteristics between an object and the surface it is on? | [
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57377083c3c5551400e51edf | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | What can scales and spring balances measure between two forces by using static equilibrium? | {
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57377083c3c5551400e51ee0 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | What force acts on an object suspended on a spring scale in addition to gravity? | {
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0.19719789922... | English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There w... | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Newton's Second Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep qu... | spring reaction force | 98,033 |
57377083c3c5551400e51ee1 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | What equals the spring reaction force on an object suspended on a spring reaction scale? | {
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0.01065203... | The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for less than a month, ... | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | gravity | 98,034 |
57377083c3c5551400e51ee2 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | Objects of constant density are proportional to volume by what force to define standard weights?. | {
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57377083c3c5551400e51ee3 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | Who expounded the Three Laws of Motion? | {
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"Isaac Newton",
"Isaac Newton",
"Isaac Newton",
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} | Who expounded the [MASK] Laws of Motion? | [
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573776eec3c5551400e51ee9 | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | Who first described dynamic equilibrium? | {
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0.043797854334... | The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the ... | The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, accord... | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Galileo | 98,037 |
573776eec3c5551400e51eea | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | What does motion at a constant velocity equal? | {
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0.05792224779725... | Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agen... | The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, accord... | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | rest | 98,038 |
573776eec3c5551400e51eeb | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | Who had the idea of a natural state for objects at rest? | {
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} | Who had the idea of a natural state for objects at rest? | [
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573776eec3c5551400e51eec | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | Where will a canonball dropped from the crow's nest of a ship land according to Aristotle? | {
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753,
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"behind the foot of the mast",
"straight down",
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} | Where will a canonball dropped from the crow 's nest of a ship land according to [MASK]? | [
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573776eec3c5551400e51eed | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | Where does a canonball dropped from the crow's nest of a ship actually land? | {
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} | Where does a canonball dropped from the crow's nest of a ship actually land? | [
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57377862c3c5551400e51ef3 | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | What occurs when traveling across a surface at a constant velocity with regard to friction? | {
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} | What occurs when traveling across a surface at a constant velocity with regard to friction? | [
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57377862c3c5551400e51ef4 | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | What directly opposes the force applied to move an object across a surface? | {
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57377862c3c5551400e51ef5 | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | What has to accounted for that causes no net force being the cause of constant velocity motion? | {
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293,
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"text": [
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"object started with a non-zero velocity",
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57377862c3c5551400e51ef6 | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | Who thought that applied force caused movement of an object regardless of non-zero velocity? | {
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"Aristotle",
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} | Who thought that applied force caused movement of an object regardless of [MASK] velocity? | [
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0.077139541506... | The Pocitos district, near the beach of the same name, has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940, with a mixture of styles. Other landmarks in Pocitos are the "Edificio Panamericano" designed by Raul Sichero, and the "Positano" and "El Pilar" designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis García Pardo... | The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Eins... | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | Aristotle | 98,045 |
57377aac1c45671900574479 | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What equation currently decribes the physics of force. | {
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0.39029416441... | In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creati... | The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure... | Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on ... | Schrödinger | 98,046 |
57377aac1c4567190057447a | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What equation desribed the physics of force before the current Schrodinger equation? | {
"answer_start": [
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210,
210,
210
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"Newtonian",
"Newtonian equations",
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} | What equation desribed the physics of force before the current [MASK] equation? | [
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0.321259498596... | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure... | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Newtonian | 98,047 |
57377aac1c4567190057447b | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | How are the forces derived from fields treated similarly to? | {
"answer_start": [
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544,
544,
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544
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"classical position variables",
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} | How are the forces derived from fields treated similarly to? | [
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0.18110562860... | During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murra... | The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure... | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | classical position variables | 98,048 |
57377aac1c4567190057447c | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What type of measurements result under Schrodinger equations when using operators instead of Newtonian variables? | {
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-0.1220940425... | Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953. In 1956, Conkling left Columbia, he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. Records, and Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company... | The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure... | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | quantized | 98,049 |
57377aac1c4567190057447d | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What notion keeps it's meaning through both Netonian and Schrodinger physics equations? | {
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"force",
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} | What notion keeps it 's meaning through both [MASK] and [MASK] physics equations? | [
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0.323105752468109... | The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing. | The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure... | According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict glo... | force | 98,050 |
57377c98c3c5551400e51efb | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | What is the intrisic angular variable called when particles act upon one another? | {
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} | What is the intrisic angular variable called when particles act upon one another? | [
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57377c98c3c5551400e51efc | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | What is the principle about relating spin and space variables? | {
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0.46042090654373... | In 1984, each league had two divisions, East and West. The divisional winners met in a best-of-5 series to advance to the World Series, in a "2–3" format, first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage. Then the last three games were played at the home of the team, with home f... | Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on ... | Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angul... | Pauli | 98,052 |
57377c98c3c5551400e51efd | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | What value does the seperating into fermions and bosons depend? | {
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0.5755084156990... | Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Pé... | Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on ... | With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means ... | spin | 98,053 |
57377c98c3c5551400e51efe | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | If the apparant force of two fermions is attractive, what is the spin function? | {
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"antiparallel spins",
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} | If the apparant force of [MASK] fermions is attractive, what is the spin function? | [
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57377c98c3c5551400e51eff | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | If the apparant force of two fermions is repulsive, what is the spin function? | {
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464
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"antisymmetric",
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} | If the apparant force of [MASK] fermions is repulsive, what is the spin function? | [
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0.3242389261722... | The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumpt... | Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on ... | This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently... | parallel | 98,055 |
57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05 | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | How are the particle forces and accelerations explained as by gauge bosons exchange? | {
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88,
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88
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"mathematical by-product",
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} | How are the particle forces and accelerations explained as by gauge bosons exchange? | [
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57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06 | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | What is the redundant concept coming from momentum conservation? | {
"answer_start": [
249,
317,
249
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"text": [
"force",
"4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics",
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} | What is the redundant concept coming from momentum conservation? | [
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57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07 | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | What is more fundamental than force in quanton field theory? | {
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409,
409,
409,
580
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"conservation of momentum",
"conservation of momentum",
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} | What is more fundamental than force in quanton field theory? | [
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57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08 | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | What diagrams are used to simplify particle interactions on a fundamental level? | {
"answer_start": [
1199,
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"Feynman",
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} | What diagrams are used to simplify particle interactions on a fundamental level? | [
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57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09 | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | Matter particles are shown as what kind of lines in a Feynman diagram? | {
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1280,
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"straight",
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} | Matter particles are shown as what kind of lines in a [MASK] diagram? | [
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0.2612553834915... | When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from thei... | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | straight | 98,060 |
5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | How many interactions are all of the universal forces based on? | {
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47,
47,
47,
47
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"four",
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} | How many interactions are all of the universal forces based on? | [
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5737804dc3c5551400e51f10 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What nuclear forces only act at short distances? | {
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82,
82,
82,
82
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"strong and weak forces",
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} | What nuclear forces only act at short distances? | [
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5737804dc3c5551400e51f11 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What force acts between electric charges? | {
"answer_start": [
277,
277,
277
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"text": [
"electromagnetic",
"electromagnetic force",
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} | What force acts between electric charges? | [
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5737804dc3c5551400e51f12 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What do gravitational forces act between? | {
"answer_start": [
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371,
371,
371
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"masses",
"masses",
"masses",
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} | What do gravitational forces act between? | [
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5737804dc3c5551400e51f13 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What prohibits atoms from passing through each other? | {
"answer_start": [
575,
571,
571,
575
],
"text": [
"Pauli exclusion principle",
"the Pauli exclusion principle",
"the Pauli exclusion principle",
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} | What prohibits atoms from passing through each other? | [
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5737821cc3c5551400e51f19 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | Who formed the universal theory of gravitation? | {
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125,
125,
125,
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"text": [
"Isaac Newton",
"Isaac Newton",
"Isaac Newton",
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} | Who formed the universal theory of gravitation? | [
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5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | In what century was quantum mechanics made? | {
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475,
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"text": [
"20th",
"the 20th century",
"20th",
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} | In what century was quantum mechanics made? | [
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5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | What kind of self-consistent models are physicists trying to make that would create a theory of everything? | {
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1457,
1457,
1457
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"unification",
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"unification",
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} | What kind of self-consistent models are physicists trying to make that would create a theory of everything? | [
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5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | What type of physics model did Einstein fail to make? | {
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1441,
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1441
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"self-consistent unification",
"self-consistent unification models",
"self-consistent unification",
"self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions"
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} | What type of physics model did [MASK] fail to make? | [
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573784fa1c45671900574483 | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | Who identified gravity as a force? | {
"answer_start": [
83,
83,
83,
83
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"text": [
"Isaac Newton",
"Isaac Newton",
"Isaac Newton",
"Isaac Newton"
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} | Who identified gravity as a force? | [
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573784fa1c45671900574484 | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | Who came up with the concept that falling objects fell at the same speed regardless of weight? | {
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233,
233,
233,
233
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"text": [
"Galileo",
"Galileo",
"Galileo",
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} | Who came up with the concept that falling objects fell at the same speed regardless of weight? | [
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573784fa1c45671900574485 | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | How fast do objects fall on Earth? | {
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555,
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"about 9.81 meters per second squared",
"about 9.81 meters per second squared",
"about 9.81 meters per second",
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} | How fast do objects fall on [MASK]? | [
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573784fa1c45671900574486 | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | Where was the measurment for the standard gravity on Earth taken? | {
"answer_start": [
624,
624,
624,
619
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"text": [
"sea level",
"sea level",
"sea level",
"from sea level"
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} | Where was the measurment for the standard gravity on [MASK] taken? | [
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573784fa1c45671900574487 | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | What is an object's mass proportional to at the surface of the Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
746,
742,
746,
746
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"text": [
"force of gravity",
"the force of gravity on an object",
"force of gravity",
"force of gravity"
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} | What is an object 's mass proportional to at the surface of the [MASK]? | [
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573786b51c4567190057448d | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | How might gravity effects be observed differently according to Newton? | {
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87
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"at larger distances",
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573786b51c4567190057448e | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | What could be attributed to gravity acceleration around the Earth? | {
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573786b51c4567190057448f | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | What is gravitational acceleration proportional to? | {
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573786b51c45671900574490 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | What is included along with gravitational acceration, and mass of the Earth in a formula about rotation about the Earth? | {
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57378862c3c5551400e51f21 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | What is used to figure the relative strengh of gravity? | {
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57378862c3c5551400e51f22 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Who made the first to measure value of the Newton Universal Gravitation Constant? | {
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57378862c3c5551400e51f23 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | When was the first measurement of the value of the Newton Universal Gravitation Constant? | {
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57378862c3c5551400e51f24 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Who figured out that his law of gravity had to be universal? | {
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5737898f1c45671900574495 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | What planet seemed to buck Newton's gravitational laws? | {
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5737898f1c45671900574496 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | What planet did astrophysisist predict to explain the problems with Mercury? | {
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5737898f1c45671900574497 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | What theory accounted for the Mercury problem? | {
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5737898f1c45671900574498 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Who came up with the theory of relativity? | {
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5737898f1c45671900574499 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Who first showed that Newton's Theory of Gravity was not as correct as another theory? | {
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57378b141c4567190057449f | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What theory best explains gravity? | {
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57378b141c456719005744a0 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What space-time path is seen as a curved line in space? | {
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57378b141c456719005744a1 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What is the derivative of an object's changing momentum called? | {
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57378b141c456719005744a2 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | In what sense must you be observing the curvature of space-time? | {
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57378c9b1c456719005744a8 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | What is the time rate of change of electric charge? | {
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57378c9b1c456719005744a9 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | What magnetic and electric force acts on a charge? | {
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57378c9b1c456719005744a7 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | What is the law named that defines a charge moving through a magnetic field? | {
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57378c9b1c456719005744aa | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | Whatare the electrostatic and magnetic force awritten as the sum of? | {
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57378e311c456719005744af | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | Who first fully explained the origins of magnetic and electric fields? | {
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57378e311c456719005744b0 | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | When did the origins of magnetic and electric fields occur? | {
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57378e311c456719005744b1 | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | How many scalar equations were formed into a set by James Maxwell? | {
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57378e311c456719005744b2 | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | How many vector equations did Heaviside and Gibbs reformilate Maxwell's 20 scalar equtions into? | {
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57378e311c456719005744b3 | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | Who discovered that magnetic and electric could self-generate? | {
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88,
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573792ee1c456719005744b9 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What was dificult to reconcile the photoelectric effect and the missing ultraviolet catastrophe? | {
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573792ee1c456719005744ba | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What was used to create a new electromagnetic theory to reconcile the troubles with electromagnetic theory as it used to stand? | {
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573792ee1c456719005744bb | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What did electromagnetic theory finally lead to? | {
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573792ee1c456719005744bc | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What are the wave-particles called that mediate all electromagnetic phenomena? | {
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0.2395139634609... | Throughout the 20th century, most Bissau-Guineans practiced some form of Animism. In the early 21st century, many have adopted Islam, which is now practiced by 50% of the country's population. Most of Guinea-Bissau's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2% belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect. | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | photons | 98,104 |
573792ee1c456719005744bd | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What is QED short for? | {
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0.0473026745... | 40°48′32″N 73°57′14″W / 40.8088°N 73.9540°W / 40.8088; -73.9540 122nd Street is divided into three noncontiguous segments, E 122nd Street, W 122nd Street, and W 122nd Street Seminary Row, by Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and Morningside Park. | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter". Scientif... | quantum electrodynamics | 98,105 |
5737958ac3c5551400e51f29 | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | What is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity? | {
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"repulsion of like charges",
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0.3200872838... | In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokriés (Greek: Αποκριές, "saying goodbye to meat"), or the season of the "Opening of the Triodion", so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week. One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners; the ri... | A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. H... | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | repulsion of like charges | 98,106 |
5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | What actually causes rigidity in matter? | {
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0.3277133107185... | Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the... | A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. H... | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crys... | the Pauli exclusion principle | 98,107 |
5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | What is needed to pack electrons densely together? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | What is needed to pack electrons densely together? | [
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5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | How is the Pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world? | {
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573796edc3c5551400e51f33 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | What does stong force act upon? | {
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41,
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573796edc3c5551400e51f34 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | What can be seen between hadrons? | {
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573796edc3c5551400e51f35 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | What is the force between nucleons? | {
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"text": [
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} | What is the force between nucleons? | [
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573796edc3c5551400e51f36 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | How are nuclear forces transmitted? | {
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0.05302... | By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift ... | This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the s... | One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas below room tempe... | as gluons | 98,117 |
573796edc3c5551400e51f37 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | What is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks? | {
"answer_start": [
564,
564,
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"text": [
"color confinement",
"color confinement",
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} | What is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks? | [
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0.3901476860046... | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the s... | This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the s... | color confinement | 98,118 |
57379829c3c5551400e51f3d | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | What does the W and Z boson exchange create? | {
"answer_start": [
4,
4,
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"text": [
"weak force",
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} | What does the W and Z boson exchange create? | [
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0.300753474235... | In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cupr... | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | weak force | 98,119 |
57379829c3c5551400e51f3e | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | What is the observable effect of W and Z boson exchange? | {
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95,
95,
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"text": [
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} | What is the observable effect of W and Z boson exchange? | [
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