id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
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572973ccaf94a219006aa44d | Chloroplast | Plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response, in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence. Chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purpos... | What does damaging photosynthesis systems create? | {
"answer_start": [
372,
372,
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"text": [
"reactive oxygen species",
"reactive oxygen species",
"reactive oxygen species"
]
} | What does damaging photosynthesis systems create? | [
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0.2806350588798... | Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat... | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immun... | reactive oxygen species | 96,511 |
57297427af94a219006aa453 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | What molecules act as defense signals? | {
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"text": [
"salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species",
"salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species",
"reactive oxygen species"
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} | What molecules act as defense signals? | [
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0.17684251070022... | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plan... | salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species | 96,512 |
57297427af94a219006aa454 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | When do chloroplasts produce defense signals? | {
"answer_start": [
44,
44,
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"text": [
"After detecting stress in a cell",
"After detecting stress in a cell",
"After detecting stress in a cell"
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} | When do chloroplasts produce defense signals? | [
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0.1028240844607... | In the city, 24.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males. | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes, preventing their thylakoids from stacking. Some contain pyrenoids. Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is... | After detecting stress in a cell | 96,513 |
57297427af94a219006aa455 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | What happens to reactive oxygen species signals since they don't leave the chloroplast? | {
"answer_start": [
391,
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],
"text": [
"pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule",
"pass on their signal",
"pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule"
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} | What happens to reactive oxygen species signals since they don't leave the chloroplast? | [
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0.0969468057155... | Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. B... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bac... | pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule | 96,514 |
57297427af94a219006aa456 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | What is retrograde signaling? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus",
"signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression",
"signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus"
]
} | What is retrograde signaling? | [
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0.043645001... | In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While o... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interacti... | signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus | 96,515 |
572974923f37b3190047840b | Chloroplast | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | What is the most important role of chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"photosynthesis",
"photosynthesis",
"its role in photosynthesis"
]
} | What is the most important role of chloroplasts? | [
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0.1861759722232... | When a person is non-verbal and cannot self-report pain, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status ch... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to i... | photosynthesis | 96,516 |
572974923f37b3190047840c | Chloroplast | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | What is the process of changing light into chemical energy? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"photosynthesis",
"photosynthesis",
"photosynthesis"
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} | What is the process of changing light into chemical energy? | [
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0.276707112789154... | In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting s... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | photosynthesis | 96,517 |
572974923f37b3190047840d | Chloroplast | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | What is chemical energy used to produce in plants? | {
"answer_start": [
164,
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],
"text": [
"food in the form of sugars",
"light",
"food in the form of sugars"
]
} | What is chemical energy used to produce in plants? | [
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0.19970... | The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song "Killing Time" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black. The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first m... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diff... | food in the form of sugars | 96,518 |
572974923f37b3190047840e | Chloroplast | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | What are the molecular inputs for photosynthesis? | {
"answer_start": [
192,
192,
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],
"text": [
"Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)",
"Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)",
"Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)"
]
} | What are the molecular inputs for photosynthesis? | [
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-0.02876707352... | The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreas... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division. Spinach leaves grown under green light have be... | Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) | 96,519 |
572974923f37b3190047840f | Chloroplast | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | What are the molecular outputs for photosynthesis? | {
"answer_start": [
261,
261,
261
],
"text": [
"sugar and oxygen (O2)",
"sugar and oxygen (O2)",
"sugar and oxygen (O2)"
]
} | What are the molecular outputs for photosynthesis? | [
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0.0339945703... | The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labe... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost ... | sugar and oxygen (O2) | 96,520 |
572975073f37b31900478415 | Chloroplast | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | What do chloroplasts do like mitochondria? | {
"answer_start": [
102,
32,
32
],
"text": [
"generate ATP energy",
"use the potential energy stored in an H+",
"use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy"
]
} | What do chloroplasts do like mitochondria? | [
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0.0319... | In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | generate ATP energy | 96,521 |
572975073f37b31900478416 | Chloroplast | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | Where do chloroplasts pump hydrogen? | {
"answer_start": [
347,
356,
347
],
"text": [
"into the thylakoid space",
"thylakoid space",
"into the thylakoid space"
]
} | Where do chloroplasts pump hydrogen? | [
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-0.102729290723... | Education in Israel is highly valued in the national culture with its historical values dating back to Ancient Israel and was viewed as one fundamental blocks of ancient Israelite life. Israeli culture views higher education as the key to higher mobility and socioeconomic status in Israeli society. The emphasis of educ... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | into the thylakoid space | 96,522 |
572975073f37b31900478417 | Chloroplast | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | How concentrated do the hydrogen ions get in the thylakoid space? | {
"answer_start": [
433,
433,
432
],
"text": [
"up to a thousand times",
"up to a thousand times as many",
"(up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma"
]
} | How concentrated do the hydrogen ions get in the thylakoid space? | [
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0.156639754772... | Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as "Gooners", the name derived from the team's nickname, "The Gunners". The fanbase is large and generally loyal, and virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99.5% of available ... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | up to a thousand times | 96,523 |
572975073f37b31900478418 | Chloroplast | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | What does ATP synthase change into ATP? | {
"answer_start": [
725,
725,
684
],
"text": [
"phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate",
"phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate",
"energy from the flowing hydrogen ions"
]
} | What does ATP synthase change into ATP? | [
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0.1689700... | Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called "New College" or "the college at New Towne". In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. In 1639, the college was renamed Ha... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate | 96,524 |
572975073f37b31900478419 | Chloroplast | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | What does ATP mean? | {
"answer_start": [
766,
766,
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],
"text": [
"adenosine triphosphate",
"adenosine triphosphate",
"adenosine triphosphate"
]
} | What does [MASK] mean? | [
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0.317564845085... | Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a p... | The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplas... | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | adenosine triphosphate | 96,525 |
572975511d046914007794a7 | Chloroplast | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | What usually takes reenergized electrons? | {
"answer_start": [
220,
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"text": [
"NADP+",
"photosystem I",
"NADP+"
]
} | What usually takes reenergized electrons? | [
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572975511d046914007794a8 | Chloroplast | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | In what process are electrons recycled? | {
"answer_start": [
404,
404,
404
],
"text": [
"cyclic photophosphorylation",
"cyclic photophosphorylation",
"cyclic photophosphorylation"
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} | In what process are electrons recycled? | [
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0.03275494650006294... | Swiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the 'Nati'. The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Zürich. Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the Euro 2008 tournament. The ... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | cyclic photophosphorylation | 96,527 |
572975511d046914007794a9 | Chloroplast | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | Where is cyclic photophosphorylation common? | {
"answer_start": [
506,
506,
506
],
"text": [
"in C4 plants",
"in C4 plants",
"in C4 plants"
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} | Where is cyclic photophosphorylation common? | [
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0.07174076... | The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | in C4 plants | 96,528 |
572975511d046914007794aa | Chloroplast | While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transpo... | What do C4 plants need? | {
"answer_start": [
531,
531,
531
],
"text": [
"more ATP than NADPH",
"more ATP than NADPH",
"more ATP than NADPH"
]
} | What do C4 plants need? | [
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0.108620047569... | All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because t... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O
2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content. Water polluted with plant nutrients such a... | more ATP than NADPH | 96,529 |
572975a3af94a219006aa465 | Chloroplast | The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA. The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to co... | What cycle starts with rubisco? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
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"text": [
"The Calvin cycle",
"The Calvin cycle",
"Calvin cycle"
]
} | What cycle starts with [MASK]? | [
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0.178049... | Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP), with studios in Fort Lee... | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting wi... | The Calvin cycle | 96,530 |
572975a3af94a219006aa466 | Chloroplast | The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA. The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to co... | What is the result of the Calvin cycle? | {
"answer_start": [
134,
134,
134
],
"text": [
"unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down",
"unstable six-carbon molecules",
"unstable six-carbon molecules"
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} | What is the result of the [MASK] cycle? | [
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0.16224622... | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down | 96,531 |
572975a3af94a219006aa467 | Chloroplast | The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA. The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to co... | What do unstable 6-carbon molecules become? | {
"answer_start": [
197,
197,
197
],
"text": [
"three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid",
"three-carbon molecules",
"three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA"
]
} | What do unstable [MASK]- carbon molecules become? | [
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0.23935694... | In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937). | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors. | three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid | 96,532 |
572975a3af94a219006aa468 | Chloroplast | The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA. The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to co... | How many G3P molecules leave the cycle? | {
"answer_start": [
479,
483,
479
],
"text": [
"one out of every six",
"out of every six",
"one out of every six"
]
} | How many G3P molecules leave the cycle? | [
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0.0314260870... | The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from... | Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and elect... | H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids. | one out of every six | 96,533 |
572976183f37b31900478431 | Chloroplast | Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast. Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids. The starch granules dis... | What is an alternate way to make starch? | {
"answer_start": [
15,
15,
15
],
"text": [
"glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together",
"glucose monomers",
"glucose monomers in the chloroplast"
]
} | What is an alternate way to make starch? | [
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0.159494057297... | Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 197... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy am... | glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together | 96,534 |
572976183f37b31900478432 | Chloroplast | Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast. Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids. The starch granules dis... | When might starch grains become overly large? | {
"answer_start": [
157,
182,
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],
"text": [
"Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations",
"high atmospheric CO2 concentrations",
"Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations,"
]
} | When might starch grains become overly large? | [
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0.5793535113... | In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the S... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting wi... | Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations | 96,535 |
572976183f37b31900478433 | Chloroplast | Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast. Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids. The starch granules dis... | What happens when starch grains become overly large? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"distorting the grana and thylakoids",
"distorting the grana and thylakoids",
"displace the thylakoids, but leave them intact."
]
} | What happens when starch grains become overly large? | [
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0.60555857... | Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot. Often, the high-altitude long-range missile systems force aircraft to fly at low level, where anti-aircraft guns can bring t... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archae... | distorting the grana and thylakoids | 96,536 |
572976183f37b31900478434 | Chloroplast | Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast. Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids. The starch granules dis... | What root problem can cause starch buildup? | {
"answer_start": [
365,
365,
365
],
"text": [
"Waterlogged roots",
"Waterlogged",
"Waterlogged roots"
]
} | What root problem can cause starch buildup? | [
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0.39906007051467896... | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | Apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function, and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids. They are bounded by four membranes, but the membranes are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. The fact that apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chlor... | Waterlogged roots | 96,537 |
572976183f37b31900478435 | Chloroplast | Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast. Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana and thylakoids. The starch granules dis... | What might starch grains be a side effect of? | {
"answer_start": [
835,
835,
835
],
"text": [
"another photosynthesis-depressing factor",
"another photosynthesis-depressing factor",
"another photosynthesis-depressing factor"
]
} | What might starch grains be a side effect of? | [
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0.30946543... | Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the ... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes... | another photosynthesis-depressing factor | 96,538 |
572976791d046914007794af | Chloroplast | Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | What can rubisco do by mistake? | {
"answer_start": [
165,
165,
165
],
"text": [
"add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP",
"add O2 instead of CO2",
"add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP"
]
} | What can [MASK] do by mistake? | [
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-0.397874861955... | Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice. | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | Lithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be used by methanotr... | add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP | 96,539 |
572976791d046914007794b0 | Chloroplast | Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | When does photorespiration happen? | {
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"when the oxygen concentration is too high",
"when the oxygen concentration is too high"
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} | When does photorespiration happen? | [
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0.06561654061... | On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants telling them: "It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial". Reporting the dec... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | when the oxygen concentration is too high | 96,540 |
572976791d046914007794b1 | Chloroplast | Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | Why is using O2 instead of CO2 less efficient? | {
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"it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar",
"it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar",
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} | Why is using O2 instead of CO2 less efficient? | [
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572976791d046914007794b2 | Chloroplast | Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | How much carbon gets wasted by using O2 instead of CO2? | {
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} | How much carbon gets wasted by using O2 instead of CO2? | [
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572976791d046914007794b3 | Chloroplast | Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | What is unusual about C4 plants' chloroplasts? | {
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"text": [
"they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism",
"exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism",
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} | What is unusual about C4 plants' chloroplasts? | [
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572976cfaf94a219006aa493 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get ... | Where do chloroplasts make amino acids? | {
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572976cfaf94a219006aa494 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get ... | Which amino acids contain sulfur? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"cysteine and methionine",
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} | Which amino acids contain sulfur? | [
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0.069617666304... | Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to ... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes. Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reti... | cysteine and methionine | 96,545 |
572976cfaf94a219006aa495 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get ... | What is the problem with cysteine? | {
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"text": [
"it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed",
"it has trouble crossing membranes",
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} | What is the problem with cysteine? | [
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572976cfaf94a219006aa496 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get ... | What are we unsure of about how chloroplasts make methionine precursors? | {
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"whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol",
"whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway",
"whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens i... | What are we unsure of about how chloroplasts make methionine precursors? | [
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0.2385331392... | Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people. Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan, which are Tibetic languages, as well as various Qiangic languages. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | These chloroplasts, which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary plastids ("plastid" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal... | whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol | 96,547 |
57297725af94a219006aa49b | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | What is sometimes used interchangeably with 'plastids'? | {
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"Chloroplasts",
"Chloroplasts",
"Chloroplasts"
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} | What is sometimes used interchangeably with 'plastids'? | [
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57297725af94a219006aa49c | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | What do a plant's chloroplasts descend from? | {
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"text": [
"undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg",
"undifferentiated proplastids",
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} | What do a plant's chloroplasts descend from? | [
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0.2722936868667... | Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust’s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of pr... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg | 96,549 |
57297725af94a219006aa49d | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | Where are Proplastids usually found? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"in an adult plant's apical meristems",
"zygote",
"adult plant's apical meristems"
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} | Where are Proplastids usually found? | [
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57297725af94a219006aa49e | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | What is more often seen in root tip maristems? | {
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"text": [
"the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts",
"amyloplasts",
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} | What is more often seen in root tip maristems? | [
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0.0587122850... | Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year. | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstabl... | the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts | 96,551 |
5729779b6aef051400154f62 | Chloroplast | If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar bo... | What happens if angiosperm shoots don't get enough light? | {
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86,
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"text": [
"proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts",
"proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts",
"proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts"
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} | What happens if angiosperm shoots don't get enough light? | [
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5729779b6aef051400154f63 | Chloroplast | If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar bo... | What is an etioplast? | {
"answer_start": [
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182,
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"text": [
"a plastid that lacks chlorophyll",
"plastid that lacks chlorophyll",
"plastid that lacks chlorophyll"
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} | What is an etioplast? | [
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-0.25193837285... | 18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a le... | Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes, preventing their thylakoids from stacking. Some contain pyrenoids. Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is... | Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic an... | a plastid that lacks chlorophyll | 96,553 |
5729779b6aef051400154f64 | Chloroplast | If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar bo... | What do etioplasts' internal membranes have? | {
"answer_start": [
237,
237,
263
],
"text": [
"invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma",
"invaginations",
"lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body"
]
} | What do etioplasts' internal membranes have? | [
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-0.23113068938255... | In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Be... | Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes, preventing their thylakoids from stacking. Some contain pyrenoids. Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is... | While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much lik... | invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma | 96,554 |
5729779b6aef051400154f65 | Chloroplast | If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar bo... | What do etioplasts have instead of chlorophyll? | {
"answer_start": [
369,
371,
371
],
"text": [
"a yellow chlorophyll precursor",
"yellow chlorophyll precursor",
"yellow chlorophyll precursor"
]
} | What do etioplasts have instead of chlorophyll? | [
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-0.036691389... | Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can en... | Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes, preventing their thylakoids from stacking. Some contain pyrenoids. Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is... | Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial... | a yellow chlorophyll precursor | 96,555 |
5729779b6aef051400154f66 | Chloroplast | If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar bo... | What plants don't need light to make chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
635,
635,
635
],
"text": [
"Gymnosperms",
"Gymnosperms",
"Gymnosperms"
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} | What plants don't need light to make chloroplasts? | [
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0.06056224927... | After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of hellenization. Numismatic... | Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes, preventing their thylakoids from stacking. Some contain pyrenoids. Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is... | Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | Gymnosperms | 96,556 |
572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad | Chloroplast | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | What can chloroplasts change into? | {
"answer_start": [
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119,
119
],
"text": [
"chromoplasts",
"chromoplasts",
"chromoplasts"
]
} | What can chloroplasts change into? | [
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0.2797408699... | Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces duri... | Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the ... | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | chromoplasts | 96,557 |
572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae | Chloroplast | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | What are chromoplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
143,
143,
143
],
"text": [
"pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit",
"pigment-filled plastids",
"pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit"
]
} | What are chromoplasts? | [
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0.10420233756303... | Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing co... | Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the ... | The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit | 96,558 |
572977fbaf94a219006aa4af | Chloroplast | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | What can amyloplasts become? | {
"answer_start": [
285,
285,
285
],
"text": [
"chromoplasts",
"chromoplasts",
"chromoplasts"
]
} | What can amyloplasts become? | [
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0.1973276287317... | Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to ... | Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the ... | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide ... | chromoplasts | 96,559 |
572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0 | Chloroplast | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | What can proplastids become? | {
"answer_start": [
359,
359,
359
],
"text": [
"chromoplasts",
"chromoplasts",
"chromoplasts"
]
} | What can proplastids become? | [
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... | In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has vote... | Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the ... | Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers a... | chromoplasts | 96,560 |
572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1 | Chloroplast | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | When a plant is injured, what can become proplastids? | {
"answer_start": [
588,
588,
588
],
"text": [
"chloroplasts and other plastids",
"chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids",
"chloroplasts and other plastids"
]
} | When a plant is injured, what can become proplastids? | [
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0.331663966178... | Many popular museums, such as the San Diego Museum of Art, the San Diego Natural History Museum, the San Diego Museum of Man, the Museum of Photographic Arts, and the San Diego Air & Space Museum are located in Balboa Park, which is also the location of the San Diego Zoo. The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD... | Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the ... | Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into se... | chloroplasts and other plastids | 96,561 |
5729784b1d046914007794c9 | Chloroplast | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | What do FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 combine into? | {
"answer_start": [
76,
76,
76
],
"text": [
"filaments",
"filaments",
"filaments"
]
} | What do [MASK] and [MASK] combine into? | [
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0.4606518745422... | The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well int... | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely... | filaments | 96,562 |
5729784b1d046914007794ca | Chloroplast | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | What are FtsZ1 and FtsZ2? | {
"answer_start": [
37,
37,
37
],
"text": [
"proteins",
"proteins",
"proteins"
]
} | What are [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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0.1489622... | During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow... | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar bo... | proteins | 96,563 |
5729784b1d046914007794cb | Chloroplast | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | What do FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 plus ARC6 form? | {
"answer_start": [
129,
148,
150
],
"text": [
"a structure called a Z-ring",
"a Z-ring",
"Z-ring"
]
} | What do [MASK] and [MASK] plus [MASK] form? | [
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0.0358558297157... | The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps t... | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | a structure called a Z-ring | 96,564 |
5729784b1d046914007794cc | Chloroplast | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | Where is the Z-ring? | {
"answer_start": [
157,
157,
157
],
"text": [
"within the chloroplast's stroma",
"within the chloroplast's stroma",
"within the chloroplast's stroma"
]
} | Where is the Z-ring? | [
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0.2805959284... | Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations. | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | within the chloroplast's stroma | 96,565 |
5729784b1d046914007794cd | Chloroplast | The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | What gets the Z-ring in the right place? | {
"answer_start": [
190,
190,
194
],
"text": [
"The Min system",
"The Min system",
"Min system"
]
} | What gets the Z-ring in the right place? | [
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0.17961618304252... | The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolishe... | In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, ... | Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone, studded wi... | The Min system | 96,566 |
5729789b6aef051400154f6c | Chloroplast | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | What are PD rings? | {
"answer_start": [
14,
14,
14
],
"text": [
"plastid-dividing rings",
"plastid-dividing rings",
"plastid-dividing rings"
]
} | What are [MASK] rings? | [
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0.005968228... | Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day a... | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | The most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast, characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2. Peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts. The peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes (occasionally ... | plastid-dividing rings | 96,567 |
5729789b6aef051400154f6d | Chloroplast | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | How many PD rings are there? | {
"answer_start": [
10,
10,
10
],
"text": [
"two",
"two",
"two"
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} | How many [MASK] rings are there? | [
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0.091845326125621... | On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches. The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces. In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the Perpend... | In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfasc... | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | two | 96,568 |
5729789b6aef051400154f6e | Chloroplast | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | How large are the outer PD ring's filaments? | {
"answer_start": [
288,
288,
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"text": [
"about 5 nanometers across",
"about 5 nanometers across",
"5 nanometers across"
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} | How large are the outer PD ring's filaments? | [
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0.01466019451... | Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the Danube have m... | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base ... | about 5 nanometers across | 96,569 |
5729789b6aef051400154f6f | Chloroplast | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | How far apart are the outer PD ring's filaments? | {
"answer_start": [
332,
332,
332
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"text": [
"6.4 nanometers",
"6.4 nanometers",
"6.4 nanometers"
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} | How far apart are the outer PD ring's filaments? | [
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5729789b6aef051400154f70 | Chloroplast | Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form. The inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across, arran... | What is different about Cyanidioschyzon merolæ? | {
"answer_start": [
486,
486,
486
],
"text": [
"chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring",
"chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring",
"chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space"
]
} | What is different about Cyanidioschyzon merolæ? | [
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0.2614671885967... | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 t... | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring | 96,571 |
572978e66aef051400154f76 | Chloroplast | Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division. Spinach leaves grown under green light have be... | What is necessary for chloroplasts to replicate? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
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"text": [
"Light",
"Light",
"Light"
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} | What is necessary for chloroplasts to replicate? | [
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0.3300923407... | Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre con... | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so lig... | Light | 96,572 |
572978e66aef051400154f78 | Chloroplast | Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division. Spinach leaves grown under green light have be... | What kind of light is important for chloroplasts to divide? | {
"answer_start": [
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240,
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"text": [
"bright white light",
"white light",
"bright white light"
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} | What kind of light is important for chloroplasts to divide? | [
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0.28256297111... | The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu... | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants that do not ... | bright white light | 96,573 |
572978e66aef051400154f79 | Chloroplast | Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division. Spinach leaves grown under green light have be... | What do chloroplasts look like in spinach grown in green light? | {
"answer_start": [
348,
354,
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"text": [
"large dumbbell-shaped",
"dumbbell-shaped",
"dumbbell-shaped"
]
} | What do chloroplasts look like in spinach grown in green light? | [
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572978e66aef051400154f77 | Chloroplast | Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light, but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division. Spinach leaves grown under green light have be... | What kind of light is inadequate for chloroplasts to divide? | {
"answer_start": [
148,
161,
148
],
"text": [
"poor quality green light",
"green light",
"poor quality green light"
]
} | What kind of light is inadequate for chloroplasts to divide? | [
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0.3365209996700... | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called "sputum"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Nee... | poor quality green light | 96,575 |
57297991af94a219006aa4b7 | Chloroplast | Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivatio... | Why are chloroplasts of interest in GMO crops? | {
"answer_start": [
176,
123,
176
],
"text": [
"transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen",
"chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent",
"transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen"
]
} | Why are chloroplasts of interest in GMO crops? | [
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57297991af94a219006aa4b8 | Chloroplast | Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivatio... | What is reduced by using plastid transformation for gene modification? | {
"answer_start": [
418,
418,
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"text": [
"environmental risks",
"environmental risks",
"environmental risks"
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} | What is reduced by using plastid transformation for gene modification? | [
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0.14003364... | Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel... | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, in... | environmental risks | 96,577 |
57297991af94a219006aa4b9 | Chloroplast | Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivatio... | What was the containment failure rate in a tobacco plant study using plastid transformation? | {
"answer_start": [
778,
778,
778
],
"text": [
"3 in 1,000,000",
"3 in 1,000,000",
"3 in 1,000,000"
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} | What was the containment failure rate in a tobacco plant study using plastid transformation? | [
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0.0671781... | The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon... | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | 3 in 1,000,000 | 96,578 |
57297991af94a219006aa4ba | Chloroplast | Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivatio... | What are plants with plastid gene transformations called? | {
"answer_start": [
753,
62,
325
],
"text": [
"transplastomic",
"genetically modified crops",
"genetically modified plants"
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} | What are plants with plastid gene transformations called? | [
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0.080861046... | A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party... | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product... | transplastomic | 96,579 |
57296d571d04691400779413 | Prime_number | A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it ... | What is the only divisor besides 1 that a prime number can have? | {
"answer_start": [
110,
110,
110,
110,
110
],
"text": [
"itself",
"itself",
"itself",
"itself",
"itself"
]
} | What is the only divisor besides [MASK] that a prime number can have? | [
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57296d571d04691400779414 | Prime_number | A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it ... | What are numbers greater than 1 that can be divided by 3 or more numbers called? | {
"answer_start": [
189,
189,
189,
439
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"text": [
"composite number",
"composite number",
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} | What are numbers greater than [MASK] that can be divided by [MASK] or more numbers called? | [
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0.3279894590... | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | Giuga's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime. Another consequence of Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1. The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in ... | composite number | 96,581 |
57296d571d04691400779415 | Prime_number | A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it ... | What theorem defines the main role of primes in number theory? | {
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"The fundamental theorem of arithmetic",
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} | What theorem defines the main role of primes in number theory? | [
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57296d571d04691400779416 | Prime_number | A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it ... | Any number larger than 1 can be represented as a product of what? | {
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} | Any number larger than [MASK] can be represented as a product of what? | [
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57296d571d04691400779417 | Prime_number | A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it ... | Why must one be excluded in order to preserve the uniqueness of the fundamental theorem? | {
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"because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization",
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"... | Why must one be excluded in order to preserve the uniqueness of the fundamental theorem? | [
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57296f293f37b319004783a3 | Prime_number | The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the pri... | What is the name of the property that designates a number as being prime or not? | {
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57296f293f37b319004783a4 | Prime_number | The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the pri... | What is the name of the process which confirms the primality of a number n? | {
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57296f293f37b319004783a5 | Prime_number | The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the pri... | What is the name of one algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers? | {
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"the Miller–Rabin primality test",
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} | What is the name of [MASK] algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers? | [
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57296f293f37b319004783a6 | Prime_number | The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the pri... | What is the name of another algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers? | {
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"the AKS primality test",
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} | What is the name of another algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers? | [
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57296f293f37b319004783a7 | Prime_number | The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the pri... | As of January 2016 how many digits does the largest known prime consist of? | {
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724,
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"22,338,618",
"22,338,618",
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} | As of [MASK] how many digits does the largest known prime consist of? | [
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0.31931030750... | Loge continued during October. According to German sources, 9,000 short tons (8,200 t) of bombs were dropped in that month, of which about 10 percent of which was dropped in daylight. Over 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) was aimed at London during the night. Attacks on Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 500 short tons ... | For any prime number p, there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p. Its elements are the integers 1 to p − 1. The group operation is multiplication modulo p. That is, the usual product is divided by p and the remainder of this division is the result of modular multiplication. For example, if p = 5, the... | are prime for any natural number n. Here represents the floor function, i.e., largest integer not greater than the number in question. The latter formula can be shown using Bertrand's postulate (proven first by Chebyshev), which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2, for any n... | 22,338,618 decimal digits | 96,589 |
572970c11d04691400779463 | Prime_number | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is t... | How many prime numbers exist? | {
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} | How many prime numbers exist? | [
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572970c11d04691400779464 | Prime_number | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is t... | Who established the amount of prime numbers in existence? | {
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53,
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53
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"Euclid",
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} | Who established the amount of prime numbers in existence? | [
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572970c11d04691400779465 | Prime_number | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is t... | What type of behavior in primes is it possible to determine? | {
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"the statistical behaviour",
"distribution",
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} | What type of behavior in primes is it possible to determine? | [
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572970c11d04691400779466 | Prime_number | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is t... | What theorem states that the probability that a number n is prime is inversely proportional to its logarithm? | {
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"the prime number theorem",
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} | What theorem states that the probability that a number n is prime is inversely proportional to its logarithm? | [
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572970c11d04691400779467 | Prime_number | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is t... | When was the prime number theorem proven? | {
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"at the end of the 19th century",
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} | When was the prime number theorem proven? | [
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5729727baf94a219006aa437 | Prime_number | Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various br... | What is the name of the supposition that any number larger than 2 can be represented as the sum of two primes? | {
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],
"text": [
"Goldbach's conjecture",
"Goldbach's conjecture",
"Goldbach's conjecture",
"Goldbach's conjecture",
"Goldbach's conjecture"
]
} | What is the name of the supposition that any number larger than [MASK] can be represented as the sum of [MASK] primes? | [
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0.3934053778648... | Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into "unsafe" or "unsound" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensi... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | are prime for any natural number n. Here represents the floor function, i.e., largest integer not greater than the number in question. The latter formula can be shown using Bertrand's postulate (proven first by Chebyshev), which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2, for any n... | Goldbach's conjecture | 96,595 |
5729727baf94a219006aa438 | Prime_number | Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various br... | What is the name of the supposition that there are infinite pairs of primes whose difference is 2? | {
"answer_start": [
170,
174,
174,
174,
174
],
"text": [
"the twin prime conjecture",
"twin prime conjecture",
"twin prime conjecture",
"twin prime conjecture",
"twin prime conjecture"
]
} | What is the name of the supposition that there are infinite pairs of primes whose difference is [MASK]? | [
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0.326092660427... | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers. For example, the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function: if there were only finitely many primes then ζ(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges (i.e., ... | the twin prime conjecture | 96,596 |
5729727baf94a219006aa439 | Prime_number | Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various br... | Besides the analytic property of numbers, what other property of numbers does number theory focus on? | {
"answer_start": [
369,
369,
369,
369,
369
],
"text": [
"algebraic aspects",
"algebraic",
"algebraic",
"algebraic",
"algebraic aspects"
]
} | Besides the analytic property of numbers, what other property of numbers does number theory focus on? | [
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5729727baf94a219006aa43a | Prime_number | Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various br... | What is the application of prime numbers used in information technology which utilizes the fact that factoring very large prime numbers is very challenging? | {
"answer_start": [
470,
470,
470,
481,
470
],
"text": [
"public-key cryptography",
"public-key cryptography",
"public-key cryptography",
"cryptography",
"public-key cryptography"
]
} | What is the application of prime numbers used in information technology which utilizes the fact that factoring very large prime numbers is very challenging? | [
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0.051585525274... | A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-aš) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter, perhaps related to Hurrian (and certainly the Etruscan) Aplu, a god of plague, in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply "the son of Enlil", a titl... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | public-key cryptography | 96,598 |
5729727baf94a219006aa43b | Prime_number | Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various br... | What is the name of one algebraic generalization prime numbers have inspired? | {
"answer_start": [
726,
707,
707,
707
],
"text": [
"prime ideals",
"prime elements",
"prime elements",
"prime elements"
]
} | What is the name of [MASK] algebraic generalization prime numbers have inspired? | [
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0.29137396812... | Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime numb... | prime ideals | 96,599 |
572973f76aef051400154f0a | Prime_number | Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime numb... | Any even number larger than what cannot be considered prime? | {
"answer_start": [
120,
120,
120,
120,
120
],
"text": [
"2",
"2",
"2",
"2",
"2"
]
} | Any even number larger than what cannot be considered prime? | [
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0.41032335162162... | In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to co... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | The concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics. Generally, "prime" indicates minimality or indecomposability, in an appropriate sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q... | 2 | 96,600 |
572973f76aef051400154f0b | Prime_number | Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime numb... | What are the specific divisors of all even numbers larger than 2? | {
"answer_start": [
217,
217,
217,
217,
217
],
"text": [
"1, 2, and n",
"1, 2, and n",
"1, 2, and n",
"1, 2, and n",
"1, 2, and n"
]
} | What are the specific divisors of all even numbers larger than [MASK]? | [
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0.262590169... | A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species. | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | Prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects, via the notion of the spectrum of a ring. Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic proble... | 1, 2, and n | 96,601 |
572973f76aef051400154f0c | Prime_number | Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime numb... | What name is given to any prime number larger than 2? | {
"answer_start": [
286,
286,
286,
286,
286
],
"text": [
"odd prime",
"odd prime",
"odd prime",
"odd prime",
"odd prime"
]
} | What name is given to any prime number larger than [MASK]? | [
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0.450722068... | Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | Prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects, via the notion of the spectrum of a ring. Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic proble... | odd prime | 96,602 |
572973f76aef051400154f0d | Prime_number | Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime numb... | Besides 1,3 and 7, what other number must all primes greater than 5 end with? | {
"answer_start": [
443,
443,
443,
443,
443
],
"text": [
"9",
"9",
"9",
"9",
"9"
]
} | Besides [MASK] and [MASK], what other number must all primes greater than [MASK] end with? | [
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0.33608424663... | Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combin... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | In ring theory, the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal. Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal, are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory and algebraic geomet... | 9 | 96,603 |
572973f76aef051400154f0e | Prime_number | Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime numb... | What type of numbers are always multiples of 2? | {
"answer_start": [
452,
452,
452,
452,
452
],
"text": [
"even numbers",
"even",
"even numbers",
"even",
"even"
]
} | What type of numbers are always multiples of [MASK]? | [
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0.2336949110... | The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medi... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |... | even numbers | 96,604 |
57297547af94a219006aa45b | Prime_number | Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- w... | What number did early Greeks not regard as a true number? | {
"answer_start": [
40,
40,
40,
40,
40
],
"text": [
"1",
"1",
"1",
"1",
"1"
]
} | What number did early [MASK] not regard as a true number? | [
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0.13920186... | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially ... | Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not ha... | 6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe... | 1 | 96,605 |
57297547af94a219006aa45c | Prime_number | Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- w... | Who included 1 as the first prime number in the mid 18th century? | {
"answer_start": [
220,
220,
220,
143,
143
],
"text": [
"Christian Goldbach",
"Christian Goldbach",
"Christian Goldbach",
"mathematicians",
"mathematicians"
]
} | Who included [MASK] as the [MASK] prime number in [MASK]? | [
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0.1679542... | It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du "Cubisme" (published by Eugène Figuière in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913). Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier's vast composition Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bear... | Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not ha... | From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law wa... | Christian Goldbach | 96,606 |
57297547af94a219006aa45d | Prime_number | Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- w... | In the mid 18th century, who did not concur that 1 should be the first prime number? | {
"answer_start": [
301,
301,
301,
301,
301
],
"text": [
"Leonhard Euler",
"Leonhard Euler",
"Leonhard Euler",
"Leonhard Euler",
"Leonhard Euler"
]
} | In [MASK], who did not concur that [MASK] should be the [MASK] prime number? | [
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0.21978913247585297... | Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase... | Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not ha... | In addition to the Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades: all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that ... | Leonhard Euler | 96,607 |
57297547af94a219006aa45e | Prime_number | Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- w... | How many primes were included in Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of prime numbers? | {
"answer_start": [
481,
468,
481,
481,
481
],
"text": [
"10,006,721",
"primes up to 10,006,721",
"10,006,721",
"10,006,721",
"10,006,721"
]
} | How many primes were included in [MASK] list of prime numbers? | [
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0.156779214739... | From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, ... | Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not ha... | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rul... | 10,006,721 | 96,608 |
57297547af94a219006aa45f | Prime_number | Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- w... | What type of number do modern mathematicians consider 1 to be? | {
"answer_start": [
742,
773,
770,
773,
770
],
"text": [
"its own special category as a \"unit\"",
"unit",
"a \"unit\"",
"unit",
"a \"unit"
]
} | What type of number do modern mathematicians consider [MASK] to be? | [
0.1256118267774582,
0.2872244119644165,
0.02283870242536068,
0.04179299622774124,
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0.437177062034... | Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majo... | Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not ha... | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | its own special category as a "unit" | 96,609 |
57297781af94a219006aa4a3 | Prime_number | A large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic (mentioned above) would not hold as stated. For example, the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5; if 1 were admitted as a prime, these two presentations would be considered differen... | Which theorem would be invalid if the number 1 were considered prime? | {
"answer_start": [
83,
83,
115,
83,
83
],
"text": [
"Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic",
"Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic",
"arithmetic",
"Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic",
"Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic"
]
} | Which theorem would be invalid if the number [MASK] were considered prime? | [
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0.43106269836425... | Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La Count... | Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be sh... | With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets became fully satisfactory, and the next question was whether or not it was also definitive, and not subject to improvement. A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg, in which... | Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic | 96,610 |
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