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https://thehistoricpresent.com/2012/08/09/puritan-oligarchy-a-look-at-the-1641-body-of-liberties/

Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties

["Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nPuritan oligarchy? A look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nthehistoricpresent\t17th century America, Politics, Puritans, Truth v. Myth\t August 9, 2012 August 15, 2012 5 Minutes", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nWelcome to a short series on the first (but far from the last) codification of laws in the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony, the 1641 Body of Liberties. We\u2019re going to look through this set of 100 laws to get a better picture of what government was really like in Puritan Massachusetts, and to counter the standard mantra that the colony was an oligarchy, with no separation of church and state", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nWe will also disappoint most readers by showing that there is only one mention of witchcraft in the whole Body, and it is mentioned only in passing.", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nAn oligarchy, of course, is a system of government that keeps power in the hands of a tiny minority of the people, generally the wealthiest, who basically oppress everyone else to keep themselves wealthy and in power. The last thing an oligarch wants is democracy, or the common voice helping to shape the law.", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nAs we shall see, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was not an oligarchy at all, but a proto-democracy in which the common people not only helped shape the law, but were actually recruited by the magistrates in Boston to draft the first body of laws. Let\u2019s look at the process by which the Body was created:", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nThe MBC had as its governing document its charter of 1629, which stated that there should be a governor, deputy governor, and 18 assistants (magistrates). The assistants were to be chosen from the freemen of the colony. (One of the first acts of John Winthrop was to expand the definition of freeman to include basically all adult males in the colony.) The assistants would elect the governor and deputy governor from amongst themselves", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nThe charter also stipulated that the assistants hold a court every month (to hear cases and complaints of the people) and that a General Court be held four times a year (where the freemen from each town drafted laws).", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nBut the General Court did not meet four times a year, and the Assistants\u2019 Court was drafting laws without the oversight of the freemen\u2019s deputies, so in May 1634 at a meeting of the GC the deputies asked to see the patent. They demanded that they be allowed their proper role of drafting laws, but Winthrop said the number of freemen was too large to allow meeting\u2014the Great Migration was in full swing, and the number would indeed have been pushing 1,000", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nWinthrop suggested that the freemen should elect deputies to attend the GC; each town could send deputies to Boston. Winthrop pictured these deputies reviewing laws drafted by the Assistants\u2019 Court (like the Supreme Court reviews laws made by Congress).", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nThe freemen, however, voted on May 14 to send three deputies from each of the eight towns then existing to the General Court to vote for the assistants and to draft laws. So now the freemen of Massachusetts were voting for their representatives and drafting their own laws. This itself is fairly astonishing to the student of history, for one would be hard-pressed to find an example of this type of proto-democracy anywhere else in the world in 1634.", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nBut the people went further, and this is where the Body of Liberties comes in. The General Court made laws on an ad-hoc basis, hearing each individual case and deciding it. But many in the Court and outside it were worried that this could lead to injustice\u2014to deputies \u201cproceeding according to their discretions\u201d; that is, letting their personal opinions sway their decisions. The colony needed an objective code of law that would not change from case to case", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nIt wasn\u2019t simple, though. Who should draft it? The deputies, with their subjective opinions? The Assistants, who could possibly establish an oligarchy by writing laws that gave them more power? While these questions were ironed out, the Court voted in 1636 that any law drafted had to have the support of both the Assistants\u2019 Court and the General Court. The General Court also voted that three clergymen\u2014Cotton, Peters, and Shepherd\u2014submit drafts of laws. Why clergymen", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\n? In part, because they were seen to be objective; no minister was allowed to hold a government position, and so had nothing to gain by giving the government certain powers. In part, the colony was a religious society and valued the opinion of its ministers. That said, none of the three drafts was accepted, not even John Cotton\u2019s; as the most respectd and celebrated minister in the colony, perhaps in all New England, he might have seemed a shoo-in, but he was not.", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nIn March 1637, the GC was at an impasse, and so it drafted a letter to the freemen of the eight towns asking them to assemble in their towns and write up a code of laws they felt was just and send it to Boston by June 5. The governor and Assistants would then review them all and create \u201ca compendious abridgement of the same\u201d to give to the GC, which would have final review and approve or reject it", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nAgain, this is a pretty surprising exercise of democracy for the time, but we find in November 1639 there\u2019s still no progress. What caused the delay", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\n1. The people felt that rather than write laws to use in the future, laws should develop naturally over time and custom, as they had done in England. England never had a written constitution, of course, and the English emigrants in Massachusetts believed their laws should develop the same way.", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\n2. Following on from the lack of a written English body of laws, many Puritans felt they were breaking a key tenet of their charter if they wrote a body of laws. The charter said the colonists could govern themselves as necessary, but should make no laws \u201crepugnant\u201d to the laws of England. Even writing out a body of laws was, in a way, repugnant to English law because English law was not codified. Aside from that, the risk of codifying something that wouldn\u2019t jibe with English law was just too great.", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nSo while the people of the colony wanted an objective body of laws, they were worried about just creating one on the spot, and worried about the consequences of codifying laws that did not exist in England. In the end, the need for a code overcame this resistance, first for the govenrment and then for the people. In 1639, two different codes were drafted by two ministers, and each was sent to the towns to be read to the people, who could revise as they saw fit", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nKnowing that there would be a code of law, consequences and custom be damned, led the people to at last act. They ended up approving a draft by Rev. Ward. This was revised several times by the governor and the courts, and at last on December 10, 1641\u2014six years after the initial request to draft a code of laws\u2014the Body of Liberties was copied and sent to all the towns, \u201cand voted to stand in force.\u201d", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nIt\u2019s an amazing background for a body of laws in the 17th century, and just this lead-up to the Body puts the lie to claims of oligarchy or dictatorship, and poor citizens being oppressed by laws they did not support, which is the usual picture of Puritan Massachusetts. We\u2019ll look at a few of the 100 laws in the Body over the next few posts", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nThe original Body was given a three-year trial, after which it could be either yanked or \u201cestablished to be perpetual.\u201d It would be established, and used as the basis for later bodies of law for the colony.", "Puritan Oligarchy? A Look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\nNext time: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness\nPuritan Body of Liberties\nPuritan oligarchy\nPrevious Post What to remember about the Alamo\nNext Post Were Puritan laws harsh? A look at individual rights\nOne thought on \u201cPuritan oligarchy? A look at the 1641 Body of Liberties\u201d\nPingback: Le juste droit des puritains du Massachusetts colonial | Le Monarchomaque"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2020-08-05-competition-case-cannot-be-reinstated-once-withdrawn-appeal-court/

Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court

["Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nCompetition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nBy ERNEST MABUZA - 05 August 2020\nThe withdrawal of a matter that had earlier been referred to the Competition Tribunal means the matter cannot be referred again, the Competition Appeal Court ruled.\nImage: 123RF/SEBNEM RAGIBOGLU\nOnce the Competition Commission withdraws a referral to the Competition Tribunal, proceedings are brought to an end and cannot be reinstated or referred again to the tribunal.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nThe Competition Appeal Court made this finding on Monday when it dismissed an appeal by the commission, against a decision of the Competition Tribunal in 2019.\nThe tribunal had refused a request that a matter be heard again after it was withdrawn by the commission in 2018.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nThe commission had initiated a complaint against Beefcor and Cape Fruit Processors, which allegedly entered into a contract not to compete in the market for the processing of wet peels and citrus pulp used in the production of livestock feed.\nThe commission had contended that such conduct amounted to a division of markets or an allocation of customers in contravention of the Competition Act.\nThe case was set down to be heard by the tribunal for three days, beginning on July 2 2018.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nFood prices will fall as country's economy recovers from Covid-19, says Competition Commission\nThe Competition Commission says it expects food prices to fall and has vowed to monitor retailers to make sure savings are passed on to consumers.\nA week before the hearing, a senior investigator at the commission communicated to the two companies' attorneys a desire to engage in settlement negotiations.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nThe attorneys of both companies stated their clients were ready to proceed with the hearing, but indicated they did not have a problem discussing settlement on the morning before the hearing commencing.\nThe senior investigator then announced that he would withdraw the referral to \u201callow the settlement negotiations a fair chance\u201d.\nHe said in his view, the negotiations were likely to be long and could not be completed before the hearing.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nHe filed a notice of withdrawal, believing the commission was entitled to withdraw the case on the basis that it could be reinstated later if the negotiations did not bear fruit.\nThe matter was never heard.\nFollowing the withdrawal, the contemplated settlement negotiations never took place.\nInstead, two months later, the commission referred a fresh complaint to the tribunal dealing with the same conduct.\nData prices will fall as Competition Commission and MTN reach agreement", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nThe Competition Commission and MTN have reached an agreement on reduced data prices\nIn these new proceedings, the companies raised the point that section 67(2) of the Competition Act \u2014 which provides that a complaint may not be referred to the tribunal against a firm that had been a respondent in \u201ccompleted\u201d proceedings in relation to the same conduct \u2014 precluded the second referral.\nThey argued that proceedings became completed before the tribunal in July 2018 when they were withdrawn.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\nThe tribunal dismissed the commission's application to reinstate the referral.\nOn appeal, the Competition Appeal Court dismissed the commission's appeal.\nThe judgment found the word \u201ccompleted\u201d in its ordinary and natural meaning could be applied to proceedings which had come to an end in one way or another \u2014 whether following a trial on the merits, a consent order or an abandonment of the proceedings by way of withdrawal.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\n\u201cIn essence, on withdrawal, the respondent should be allowed the certainty of knowing that the commission regards the case as completed,\u201d the court said.\nIt added that the problem the commission found itself in was created by the fact that it stubbornly persisted in standing by its withdrawal of the proceedings.\nThis was despite the fact that neither of the companies was willing to have the case postponed and despite that at least one of the companies invited the commission to retract its withdrawal.", "Competition case cannot be reinstated once withdrawn: appeal court\n\u201cHad the commission done so, it could either have proceeded with the case on the Monday or, if it could justify same, applied for a postponement.\u201d"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://music.apple.com/us/artist/ferlin-husky/25903259?at=10lNke&uo=4&i=965081176&app=music

Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music

["Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nFerlin Husky\nWings of a Dove\nFerlin Husky: Greatest Hits\u2004\u00b7\u20041990\nWings of a Dove (Rerecorded)\nCountry's Greatest Hits of the 60's, Vol. 1\u2004\u00b7\u20041990\nCapitol Collectors Series\u2004\u00b7\u20041963\n30 Country Gospel Greats\u2004\u00b7\u20041990\nPhantom 309\nSuper 16 Hits: Keep On Truckin'\u2004\u00b7\u20041969\n30 of His Very Best\u2004\u00b7\u20041990\nSuper Hits\nWings of A Dove - Ferlin Husky\nCountry Legend: Ferlin Husky\nTruck Driver's Blues\nWings of a Dove / Gone - Single\nWings of a Dove - Single\nFerlin Husky: Greatest Hits\nThere Goes My Everything\nDrunken Driver", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nFerlin Husky had three separate careers. Out of the three, the best known is his country-pop career, which brought him to the top of the charts in the late '50s, but he was also known as a honky tonk singer called Terry Preston and a country comic named Simon Crum. Of course, Preston and Crum are just footnotes to Husky's very popular career, even though Crum nearly became a household name as well", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nDuring the late '50s and early '60s, he had a string of Top 40 country hits, highlighted by two number one hits \u2014 \"Gone\" and \"Wings of a Dove\" \u2014 which each spent ten weeks at the top of the charts. Husky wasn't able to sustain that momentum, but both of the songs became country classics.", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nBorn and raised on a Missouri farm, Husky became infatuated with music and began to play guitar as a child. During World War II, he enlisted in the Merchant Marines, where he occasionally entertained the troops on board his ship. Following the war, he became a DJ in Missouri, then in Bakersfield, California. While he was in California, Husky began using the name Terry Preston, because he believed his given name sounded too rural. He also began singing in honky tonks, using the Preston name", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nAt one of his gigs, Tennessee Ernie Ford's manager Cliffie Stone heard Husky and took him under his wing. Stone helped Husky secure a record contract at Capitol Records in 1953. As soon as he signed with Capitol, he reverted to using Ferlin Husky as his performing name.", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nHusky's first records were generally ignored. It wasn't until he sang on Jean Shepard's \"A Dear John Letter\" that he had a hit. \"A Dear John Letter\" became a number one hit, but Husky wasn't able to follow it immediately with a solo hit, although the duo had a sequel, \"Forgive Me John,\" later that year. Husky didn't have a solo hit until 1955, when \"I Feel Better All Over (More Than Anywhere's Else)\" and its flip side, \"Little Tom,\" climbed into the country Top Ten", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nAround the same time, he developed his comic alter ego, Simon Crum. Husky signed Crum to a separate record contract with Capitol and began releasing records under that name.", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nHusky racked up a consistent string of hits during the late '50s, reaching his peak in 1957, when \"Gone\" spent ten weeks at number one; the song crossed over into the pop charts, climbing to number four. That same year, he began an acting career, starting with a spot on the Kraft Television Theatre program and the film Mr. Rock & Roll. In 1958, Crum had a number two hit with \"Country Music Is Here to Stay.\" Though he had several hits in 1959, none of his songs broke the Top Ten", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nIn 1960 he had his biggest hit, the gospel song \"Wings of a Dove,\" which was number one for a total of ten weeks and reached number 12 on the pop charts.", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nDespite the massive success of \"Wings of a Dove,\" Husky wasn't able to sustain a presence on the country charts during the '60s. He remained a popular concert attraction, but he had no Top Ten hits between \"Wings of a Dove\" and \"Once,\" which hit number four in 1966", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nA year after \"Once,\" he had his final Top Ten hit with \"Just for You.\" In the late '60s, Husky managed to incorporate the slicker, heavily produced sounds of contemporary country-pop into his music, which resulted in his brief career revitalization. Husky kept racking up minor hits until 1975. In 1977, he had heart surgery and briefly retired from performing. During the '80s and '90s, he performed regularly at the Grand Ole Opry, as well as Christy Lane's Theater in Branson, Missouri", "Ferlin Husky: Country Legend, Top Hits, and Albums | Apple Music\nDuring the 2000s Husky suffered from severe cardiac problems, and was hospitalized for congestive heart failure and pneumonia in 2009. He died of cardiac arrest at a hospital in the Nashville area on March 17, 2011; Ferlin Husky was 85 years old."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://friendsofalbanyhistory.wordpress.com/tag/prussia/

"The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Kościuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution"

["The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nTag: Prussia\nWhy is the twin bridge on the Northway over the Mohawk River named after a Polish guy?\nSeptember 8, 2018 September 30, 2021 albanymuskratLeave a comment\nThe Polish guy is Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko a Polish/Lithuanian immigrant and a largely unsung hero of the American Revolution. The Bridge, connecting Albany and Saratoga Counties, commemorates a remarkable man who played a critical role, serving as an engineer, in the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga, the \u201cturning point\u201d of the Revolution.", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nHe was an extraordinary man, a citizen of the world, who fought for the rights and liberty of all men and women against the tyranny of oppressive governments and institutions. (He found slavery of any kind, from African-Americans to feudal peasants in Europe, a particularly malignant evil.)\nAct I \u2013 Early Life", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nKosciuszko was born in 1746 in a small village, the youngest son of a poor noble family. He received training at the royal military academy and became an Army captain. Shortly thereafter a civil war arose in his country \u2013 his brother fought for insurgents; rather than take sides, Kosciuszko emigrated to France. He wanted to join the French Army, but couldn\u2019t because he wasn\u2019t French, so he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Sculpture in Paris", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nIn his spare time he studied in the libraries of the French military academies, learning economics, engineering, and military science. After 5 years he returned to home, but found there was no place in the Army for him. Ultimately he returned to Paris, where he learned about the nascent American Revolution.", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nAct 2 -The American Revolution\nIn 1776 Kosciuszko appeared one day at the print shop of Ben Franklin in Philadelphia (everyone, even the French, knew about Franklin). Franklin spent time with the young man, assessing his abilities and sent him off with a letter of introduction to the Continental Congress. Congress gave him an appointment as a colonel in the Continental Army and his work began \u2013 building fortifications around and near Philadelphia and along the Delaware River.", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nIn summer 1777 he went north with General Horatio Gates, Commander of the Northern Department of the Continental Army, to Albany and then on to Fort Ticonderoga. Kosciuszko proposed placement of a battery on higher ground, on Sugar Loaf Mt. (now Mt. Defiance), overlooking the Fort; his recommendation was ignored. Subsequently the Fort was lost to General Burgoyne and the British army who laid siege, using the higher ground to their advantage", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nThe Americans abandoned the Fort, slipping away using a flotilla of small boats and an ingenious floating log bridge of Kosciuszko\u2019s design.", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nAs the Americans fled, Albany\u2019s own General Philip Schuyler adopted a \u201cscorched earth\u201d policy to cover the American escape and delay Burgoyne\u2019s Army. Kosciuszko led the effort to destroy bridges and causeways, dam streams to cause flooding and fell trees. He was then ordered to survey the area north of Albany to find the best site to build defensible fortifications against the British. He selected Saratoga and began construction of defenses that proved impenetrable. Burgoyne was forced to surrender", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nGeneral Gates, said after the battle \u201c\u2026the great tacticians of the campaign were hills and forests, which a young Polish engineer was skillful enough to select for my encampment.\u201d", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nAfter Saratoga, Kosciuszko was dispatched to improve fortifications at West Point. (Benedict Arnold was going to pass Kosciuszko\u2019s plans to Major Andre.) He remained at West Point until he requested a transfer to the Southern Army in 1780 where the battle for the country had moved. Again, Kosciuszko distinguished himself through his brilliant engineering skills and his bravery.", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nIn 1783 he was appointed Brigadier General, granted American citizenship and given property. By now he was 37, a man of middle age at the time. But the remarkable life of Thaddeus Kosciuszko had only just begun. The next year he returned home to Poland.\nAct 3 \u2013 Back to Poland and the Ko\u015bciuszko Uprising", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nIn the late 1780s he was appointed a Major General in the Army. Kosciuszko joined his country\u2019s reform movement that produced the first Constitution in Europe. But the democratic ideals were viewed as a threat to the surrounding feudal countries. In 1792, the Russian army (with help from the Prussians) invaded. Kosciuszko proved a brilliant military strategist, winning several great battles against formidable Russians troops", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nBiding his time, Kosciuszko planned how to free his country. Several years later Kosciuszko led troops determined to oust the Russians. After a number of great victories Kosciuszko was wounded, captured by the Russians and taken to St. Petersburg. (The uprising was soon over.) Ultimately he was pardoned by Tsar Paul, who also agreed to release 20,000 Polish freedom fighters (and gave him some money) if he took a loyalty oath and agreed never to return to Poland", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nAfter his release Kosciuszko returned to Philadelphia, catching up with old friends, collecting his back military pay and forming a lasting friendship with then Vice-President Thomas Jefferson*. It appears he meant to remain in America, but events on the other side of the Atlantic intervened. He learned his nephews and other Poles were fighting in France under Napoleon and the new French government of the Revolution was seeking his support in taking the fight to the Prussians occupying his beloved Poland", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nHe was eager to go to Europe, but concerned he could be a target of the new Alien and Sedition Act (1798) which could be used strip him of his American citizenship and prevent his re-entry into the U.S. (This was an era of un-declared hostilities between America and France.) Jefferson secured Kosciuszko a false passport and he left for France as a secret envoy", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nHe later wrote: \u201cJefferson considered that I would be the most effective intermediary in bringing an accord with France, so I accepted the mission even if without any official authorization.\u201d", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nAct V -Return to Europe\nBy the time Ko\u015bciuszko arrived in June 1798, plans had changed. While involved in Polish \u00e9migr\u00e9 circles in France, he refused command of Polish troops serving with the French. He had several testy meetings with Napoleon; there was mutual dislike. Ko\u015bciuszko withdrew from political and military life to the French countryside, not being permitted to leave France.", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nYears later when Napoleon did reach Poland Kosciuszko mistrusted his intentions and refused an alliance. After Napoleon was deposed Tsar Alexander I approached him, trying to broker a political deal involving Russian control of part of Poland. Kosciusko demanded political and social reforms which the Tsar was not willing to grant. Kosciuszko finally went to live in free Switzerland where he remained until his death in 1817", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\nA great life well-lived in the defense of ideals freedom and equality for all.\n*Upon leaving America, Kosciuszko wrote a will leaving his American property to Jefferson in order to purchase the freedom of slaves and to educate them. After Kosciuszko\u2019s death in 1817, Jefferson said he was unable to act as executor. The case of Ko\u015bciuszko\u2019s American estate went three times to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court eventually ruled that the property belonged to Kosciuszko\u2019s heirs in the 1850s.", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\n\u201cI Thaddeus Kosciuszko being just in my departure from America do hereby declare and direct that should I make no other testamentary disposition of my property in the United States I hereby authorise my friend Thomas Jefferson to employ the whole thereof in purchasing Negroes from among his own or any others and giving them liberty in my name, in giving them an education in trades or otherwise and in having them instructed for their new condition in the duties of morality which may make them good neighbours, good fathers or mothers, husbands or wives and in their duties as citizens teaching them to be defenders of their liberty and Country and of the good order of society and in whatsoever may make them happy and useful and I make the said Thomas Jefferson my executor of this", "The Twin Bridge over the Mohawk River: A Tribute to Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, the Unsung Hero of the American Revolution\n~ Last Will and Testament\nPosted in Revolutionary WarTagged 1700s, 18th century, Albany NY, American Revolution, Battle of Saratoga, Ben Franklin, Catherine the Great, Emancipation, Engineer, Fort Ticonderoga, General Horatio Gates, General Philip Schuyler, Napoleon Bonaparte, Northway, Prussia, Russia, Seige of Ticonderoga, slavery, Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, Thomas Jefferson, Tsar, Twin Bridges"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://visitdunkeld.com/crathes-castle-aberdeenshire-scotland.html

Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire

["Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\nCrathes Castle\nCrathes Castle, 16th century tower house, well-known gardens, near Banchory, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Photographic Print of Crathes Castle from Robert Harding .", "Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\nThe castle, on which work began in 1553, was built as a tower house, a style that was common in northeast Scotland, and like other houses of the period it included fortifications. Some 40 years, and three generations, after building had started Alexander Burnett and his wife Katherine moved in. Alexander created much that has since taken its place in the heritage of Scotland", "Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\nHe ordered the painting of the ceilings, a striking and popular feature, and supervised the building of the magnificent turreted top storey, with its fine Long Gallery and unusual oak panelled ceiling.", "Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\nAlexander's grandfather had already completed the splendid High Hall, a communal room full of fine furniture, which is still in use today. Thomas, the third baronet, had a wife who bore him 21 children in 23 years. Not surprisingly they decided to build a new wing to increase the accommodation. In the 18th century came the first mention of the ghost, the Green Lady of Crathes, and sightings have been reported ever since", "Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\nThe 13th baronet, Sir James, fought with distinction in both the Boer War and the First World War, reaching the rank of Major General. Tragically, both his sons died young and although his grandson became heir to the estate of Crathes, the title, which passes only", "Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\nthrough the male line, went to Sir Alexander William Burnett Ramsay, who made his home in New South Wales. In 1952 Sir James decided to give Crathes Castle into the keeping of the National Trust for Scotland. However, the family continued to live in the castle\nuntil 1966, when a fire destroyed both the Queen Anne and Victorian wings and the Burnetts were finally obliged to leave.", "Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\nIn addition to the castle, the other splendid attraction is the walled garden. This covers nearly four acres and dates from the early 17th century, when the first garden was laid out. The yew hedges, truly unforgettable examples of the precise art of topiary, were planted in", "Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire\n1702. Thereafter developments continued until in 1926 Sir James and his wife Sybil began the work that transformed Crathes into the beautiful and internationally renowned garden it is today. Crathes is an herbaceous garden with an enormous plant range. It also has many rare and unusual small trees and shrubs, and a glasshouse full of colour. The second and third floor bedrooms have colourful ceilings that were uncovered in 1877 after many years encrusted with plaster"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://blog.gracesguide.co.uk/index.php?title=George_Willoughby_Hemans&oldid=985195

George Willoughby Hemans

["George Willoughby Hemans\nGeorge Willoughby Hemans\nRevision as of 15:08, 10 November 2017 by PaulF (talk | contribs)\nGeorge Willoughby Hemans (1814-1885)\n1837 George Willoughby Hemans of St. Martins Place, became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.[1]\n1845 Appointed Chief Engineer of the Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland\n1869 of 1 Westminster Chambers, Victoria Street, London. [2]", "George Willoughby Hemans\nGEORGE WILLOUGHBY HEMANS bore a name that must ever find a home in the hearts of those who love to see exquisite fancy, beautiful feeling, and pure thought clothed in the language of poesy. He was the son of the poetess Felicia Hemans, his father being an officer in the 4th (King\u2019s Own) Regiment, who, having served with distinction in the Peninsular War and the Walcheren Expedition, had settled in the romantic district of St. Asaph, in North Wales", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn 1818 his father, Captain Alfred Hemans, whose health had been long impaired, was induced to try the effects of a southern climate, and became domiciled at Rome, the education of his children being arranged for by their mother, who continued to reside at St. Asaph. Notwithstanding the unceasing exercise of her mental gifts, Mrs. Hemans devoted many hours each day to the labour, so dear to a woman of elevated mind, of instructing her children", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIt was a childish question of George Hemans, or one of his brothers, which gave birth to those most favourite and oft-quoted lines, 'The Better Land.'", "George Willoughby Hemans\nOn leaving his mother\u2019s care, young Hemans, after passing some short time with his father in Italy, entered the Military College of Sareze, in France, where he passed three years. During his sojourn at this school he exhibited all the promise of the distinction he afterwards attained, bearing away every prize, both in foreign languages, science, and drawing, and leaving the establishment with no less than six medals.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nMr. Hemans was next placed under the guardianship and care of his uncle, Colonel Browne, C.B., an excellent and popular magistrate of Dublin, who placed him, after filling some appointment under the Ordnance Survey with much credit, as a pupil under Sir John Macneill, M. Inst. C.E., then practising in London", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn this position he was employed on several Irish and Scotch lines of railway, and on the completion of his time of pupilage was given charge, as Resident Engineer, of the Dublin end of the railway to Drogheda, the works of which were entirely confided to him by Sir John Macneill.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nThe first two iron lattice bridges built in this country were on this line, and were constructed under Mr. Hemans's superintendence. One was a foot-bridge, of considerable span, over a deep cutting; the other a bridge of 140-feet span, carrying the railway over the Royal Canal at Dublin", "George Willoughby Hemans\nAfter the opening of the Dublin and Drogheda line he was immediately placed in charge of a more extended division of the railway then commencing between Dublin and Cork (Great Southern and Western), and was ultimately appointed by Sir John Macneill District Engineer over 50 miles of those works.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nAt this juncture, however, the directors of the Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland, having obtained an Act of Parliament enabling them to construct their line to Mullingar and Longford, applied to Mr. Hemans, in August 1845, to take charge of their works as Chief Engineer. This offer he accepted, and was immediately engaged in preparing plans for the construction of their line, and for its branches and proposed extensions.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nDuring the great depression that all railways laboured under, subsequent to the mania of 1846, but slow progress was made with the works to Mullingar; but on the 28th of June, 1817, the first portion, to Enfield, 26.5 miles, was opened to the public.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn the meantime, by the issue of a severe Parliamentary contest, the company had been put in possession of the line to Athlone, and in 1847 these powers were further extended to Galway. In the same year a further portion of the line to Mullingar was opened, on the 6th of December, to the public. It was not until the 2nd of October, 1848, considerable financial difficulties having much retarded the works, that Mr", "George Willoughby Hemans\nHemans could enable the directors to open their line to the public the whole way to Mullingar, and there for a considerable period all further progress was stopped.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn the following May, the extreme distress in the west of Ireland having induced the Government to consider the advantages of giving employment, by the extension of the rail to Galway, a loan was advanced to the company of half a million, to be spent on the line between Athlone and Galway, the company themselves guaranteeing to find the means of construction from Mullingar to Athlone.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nA further condition, which then appeared rather startling, was annexed, which was that the whole line from Mullingar to Galway, 77 miles, must be completed by the end of December, 1851.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nAs the works could not be commenced until land was obtained, in the beginning of 1850, this was considered a difficult task, and was not undertaken without hesitation. Two great rivers, the Shannon and the Suck, and an arm of the sea, were to be bridged over, and some deep bogs to be crossed, besides tolerably heavy earthworks were necessary in the county Westmeath.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn the latter end of the year, the directors, at Mr. Hemans\u2019 strong recommendation, secured the services of Mr. Dargan, the eminent contractor, and early in 1850 the works were actually commenced by him, with a large staff of plant and assistants. From this time, Mr. Hemans devoted all his energies to the arrangements necessary for the completion of the line in due time", "George Willoughby Hemans\nDesigns were prepared for the numerous bridges, stations, &c., and for the viaducts over the Shannon, river Suck, and the estuary of Lough Athalia. All these works were put in active operation during the summer of 1850; and the result was, that, on the 1st of August, 1851, five months before the stipulated time, and at a cost, it has been stated, considerably under the estimate, the whole line from Mullingar to Galway was opened to the public.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nHemans was entertained by the directors of the company at a public banquet, when a large handsome claret-jug and salver were presented to him, bearing the following inscription :- 'Presented by the Chairman and Directors of the Midland Great Western Railway to George Willoughby Hemans, Esq., C.E., in testimony of their just appreciation of the talents, energy, and judgment displayed by him in conducting the engineering works of the company to a speedy and most efficient completion MDCCCLI.'", "George Willoughby Hemans\nDuring the construction of the Midland Great Western, Mr. Hemans was connected with the engineering of several other lines in Ireland, e.g., the Portadown, Dungannon and Omagh Junction; the Newry and Warrenpoint, the Newry and Armagh, the Enniskillen and Bundoran, the Athenry and Tuam, and the Athenry and Ennis Junction, the Waterford and Limerick, the Limerick and Kilkenny, and the Kilkenny Junction Railways", "George Willoughby Hemans\nMany of these lines were constructed under extreme difficulties for want of capital, and had it not been for Mr. Hemans\u2019s extraordinary energy and perseverance they would probably never have got beyond the initial stage. As it was he constructed more railways in Ireland than any engineer of his time.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn 1854 Mr. Hemans came to reside in London, and speedily attained a high reputation as a parliamentary engineer. He constructed several railways in England and Wales, namely, the Vale of Clywd, the East Grinstead and Groombridge and Tunbridge Wells, and the Tewkesbury and Malvern lines.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn 1865 Mr. Hemans, jointly with Mr. Bateman (Past President Inst. C.E.), deposited plans for the great scheme for the utilization of the sewage of London proposed by the Metropolitan Sewage and Essex Reclamation Company. These works were actually commenced, but consequent upon the monetary panic of 1866, and the severe depression that ensued, they were abandoned", "George Willoughby Hemans\nThis proposed undertaking caused much interest when before Parliament, and was the first occasion of the Prince of Wales voting in the House of Lords, when His Royal Highness supported the second and third readings of the Bill.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nIn 1870 Mr. Hemans was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the Government of the Province of Canterbury, New Zealand, and subsequently to the Government of New Zealand. Afterwards G. B. Bruce (V.P. Inst. C.E.) was appointed joint engineer with him, for the New Zealand Government.\nIn September 1872, while staying at Ben Rhydding, Mr. Hemans was seized with a terrible attack of paralysis.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nHe never recovered from this attack, nor even ever spoke again, and died on the 29th of December 1885, the last thirteen years of his life being passed in retirement in the bosom of his family.\nFor a man of his activity of mind and body a sadder fate than this death in life could scarcely be imagined, but he bore his trouble with the utmost fortitude and even cheerfulness.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nThe form of paralysis was that by which the nerves of the brain were so affected as to deprive him of the power of speech and writing, but otherwise leaving the brain active and clear. He was able to take interest in politics, delighted in being read to, played an excellent game of whist and backgammon. Strange to say, he would copy a letter when written for him, or an etching, but he had no powers left of composition. He could not even write 'yes' or 'no' without assistance. Owing to the kindness of Mr", "George Willoughby Hemans\nMr. Hemans\u2019s connection with the Institution was a highly honourable and advantageous one on both sides. At the time of his death he was within eighteen months of completing half a century of membership, having been elected an Associate on the 2nd of May, 1837. On the 9th of January following he was transferred to Graduate, and on the 18th of May, 1845, he became a full Member", "George Willoughby Hemans\nHe was a most regular attendant of the meetings, frequently taking part in the discussions, and being the Author of four Papers printed in the Minutes of Proceedings, namely 'On the Brick Beam at Nine Elms,' i. (1838), 16; 'Description of a Wrought-iron Lattice Bridge lately erected on the line of the Dublin and Drogheda Railway,' iii. 63; 'Description of the Rails, Sleepers, and Fastenings on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway,' v", "George Willoughby Hemans\n233 ; 'On the Railway System in Ireland, the Government aid afforded, and the Nature and Results of County Guarantees,' xviii. 24.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nFor the second of these communications he received a Walker Premium. His Paper on the railway system of Ireland would also have been rewarded, but for the fact of his being himself a Member of Council. In such cases it is not customary to notice Papers otherwise than by a vote of thanks.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nHe was elected a Member of Council in 1856. When his lamentable seizure occurred he was a Vice-President, a position which, in the ordinary course, would have in due time secured his nomination for the Presidency. He was annually re-elected until 1875, when, being the senior Vice-President, his name was, at his own request, withdrawn from nomination to the Presidency. On receiving this intimation the Council unanimously recorded their sense of the services of Mr. Hemans in the following terms.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nResolved- That the Council hear, with the deepest possible regret, of the continued indisposition of their esteemed colleague, Mr. Hemans.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nThat, having regard to the marked attention Mr. Heman invariably showed, and the deep interest he uniformly took in all the details of the administration of the Society, the Council had looked forward with satisfaction to the period now approaching, when Mr. Hemans might have been elected President, the duties of which office, they feel assured, would have been discharged with honour and credit to himself, and with signal advantage to the Institution.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nThat, in receiving his resignation, the Council desire to record how deeply they deplore the temporary loss of Mr. Hemans\u2019s distinguished services; and how earnestly they hope that at no distant date he may be restored to health, and be enabled to assume the highest office the profession has the power to bestow.\nIn person Mr. Hemans was slightly below the middle height, possessed of a well-built dapper form, betokening great activity, and with a handsome winning face, and most pleasant manners.", "George Willoughby Hemans\nHe was fond of athletic exercise, and was a fearless rider, in winter mostly devoting his Saturdays to hunting, even after he came to London, and he took almost daily exercise in the park. As might be expected from his descent, Mr. Hemans was a man of the highest moral character professionally and socially; indeed his sense of honour was almost too keen for the present day", "George Willoughby Hemans\nHe was an open-hearted, generous and faithful friend, a favourite with all his fellow-pupils in early days, and afterwards with all who worked with him or under him, and it will ever be matter for regret that his name was not destined to be included among the list of Presidents of the Institution."]

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"Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution"

["Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nTag: Catherine the Great\nWhy is the twin bridge on the Northway over the Mohawk River named after a Polish guy?\nSeptember 8, 2018 September 30, 2021 albanymuskratLeave a comment", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nThe Polish guy is Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko a Polish/Lithuanian immigrant and a largely unsung hero of the American Revolution. The Bridge, connecting Albany and Saratoga Counties, commemorates a remarkable man who played a critical role, serving as an engineer, in the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga, the \u201cturning point\u201d of the Revolution.", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nHe was an extraordinary man, a citizen of the world, who fought for the rights and liberty of all men and women against the tyranny of oppressive governments and institutions. (He found slavery of any kind, from African-Americans to feudal peasants in Europe, a particularly malignant evil.)\nAct I \u2013 Early Life", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nKosciuszko was born in 1746 in a small village, the youngest son of a poor noble family. He received training at the royal military academy and became an Army captain. Shortly thereafter a civil war arose in his country \u2013 his brother fought for insurgents; rather than take sides, Kosciuszko emigrated to France. He wanted to join the French Army, but couldn\u2019t because he wasn\u2019t French, so he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Sculpture in Paris", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nIn his spare time he studied in the libraries of the French military academies, learning economics, engineering, and military science. After 5 years he returned to home, but found there was no place in the Army for him. Ultimately he returned to Paris, where he learned about the nascent American Revolution.", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nAct 2 -The American Revolution\nIn 1776 Kosciuszko appeared one day at the print shop of Ben Franklin in Philadelphia (everyone, even the French, knew about Franklin). Franklin spent time with the young man, assessing his abilities and sent him off with a letter of introduction to the Continental Congress. Congress gave him an appointment as a colonel in the Continental Army and his work began \u2013 building fortifications around and near Philadelphia and along the Delaware River.", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nIn summer 1777 he went north with General Horatio Gates, Commander of the Northern Department of the Continental Army, to Albany and then on to Fort Ticonderoga. Kosciuszko proposed placement of a battery on higher ground, on Sugar Loaf Mt. (now Mt. Defiance), overlooking the Fort; his recommendation was ignored. Subsequently the Fort was lost to General Burgoyne and the British army who laid siege, using the higher ground to their advantage", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nThe Americans abandoned the Fort, slipping away using a flotilla of small boats and an ingenious floating log bridge of Kosciuszko\u2019s design.", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nAs the Americans fled, Albany\u2019s own General Philip Schuyler adopted a \u201cscorched earth\u201d policy to cover the American escape and delay Burgoyne\u2019s Army. Kosciuszko led the effort to destroy bridges and causeways, dam streams to cause flooding and fell trees. He was then ordered to survey the area north of Albany to find the best site to build defensible fortifications against the British. He selected Saratoga and began construction of defenses that proved impenetrable. Burgoyne was forced to surrender", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nGeneral Gates, said after the battle \u201c\u2026the great tacticians of the campaign were hills and forests, which a young Polish engineer was skillful enough to select for my encampment.\u201d", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nAfter Saratoga, Kosciuszko was dispatched to improve fortifications at West Point. (Benedict Arnold was going to pass Kosciuszko\u2019s plans to Major Andre.) He remained at West Point until he requested a transfer to the Southern Army in 1780 where the battle for the country had moved. Again, Kosciuszko distinguished himself through his brilliant engineering skills and his bravery.", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nIn 1783 he was appointed Brigadier General, granted American citizenship and given property. By now he was 37, a man of middle age at the time. But the remarkable life of Thaddeus Kosciuszko had only just begun. The next year he returned home to Poland.\nAct 3 \u2013 Back to Poland and the Ko\u015bciuszko Uprising", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nIn the late 1780s he was appointed a Major General in the Army. Kosciuszko joined his country\u2019s reform movement that produced the first Constitution in Europe. But the democratic ideals were viewed as a threat to the surrounding feudal countries. In 1792, the Russian army (with help from the Prussians) invaded. Kosciuszko proved a brilliant military strategist, winning several great battles against formidable Russians troops", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nBiding his time, Kosciuszko planned how to free his country. Several years later Kosciuszko led troops determined to oust the Russians. After a number of great victories Kosciuszko was wounded, captured by the Russians and taken to St. Petersburg. (The uprising was soon over.) Ultimately he was pardoned by Tsar Paul, who also agreed to release 20,000 Polish freedom fighters (and gave him some money) if he took a loyalty oath and agreed never to return to Poland", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nAfter his release Kosciuszko returned to Philadelphia, catching up with old friends, collecting his back military pay and forming a lasting friendship with then Vice-President Thomas Jefferson*. It appears he meant to remain in America, but events on the other side of the Atlantic intervened. He learned his nephews and other Poles were fighting in France under Napoleon and the new French government of the Revolution was seeking his support in taking the fight to the Prussians occupying his beloved Poland", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nHe was eager to go to Europe, but concerned he could be a target of the new Alien and Sedition Act (1798) which could be used strip him of his American citizenship and prevent his re-entry into the U.S. (This was an era of un-declared hostilities between America and France.) Jefferson secured Kosciuszko a false passport and he left for France as a secret envoy", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nHe later wrote: \u201cJefferson considered that I would be the most effective intermediary in bringing an accord with France, so I accepted the mission even if without any official authorization.\u201d", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nAct V -Return to Europe\nBy the time Ko\u015bciuszko arrived in June 1798, plans had changed. While involved in Polish \u00e9migr\u00e9 circles in France, he refused command of Polish troops serving with the French. He had several testy meetings with Napoleon; there was mutual dislike. Ko\u015bciuszko withdrew from political and military life to the French countryside, not being permitted to leave France.", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nYears later when Napoleon did reach Poland Kosciuszko mistrusted his intentions and refused an alliance. After Napoleon was deposed Tsar Alexander I approached him, trying to broker a political deal involving Russian control of part of Poland. Kosciusko demanded political and social reforms which the Tsar was not willing to grant. Kosciuszko finally went to live in free Switzerland where he remained until his death in 1817", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\nA great life well-lived in the defense of ideals freedom and equality for all.\n*Upon leaving America, Kosciuszko wrote a will leaving his American property to Jefferson in order to purchase the freedom of slaves and to educate them. After Kosciuszko\u2019s death in 1817, Jefferson said he was unable to act as executor. The case of Ko\u015bciuszko\u2019s American estate went three times to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court eventually ruled that the property belonged to Kosciuszko\u2019s heirs in the 1850s.", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\n\u201cI Thaddeus Kosciuszko being just in my departure from America do hereby declare and direct that should I make no other testamentary disposition of my property in the United States I hereby authorise my friend Thomas Jefferson to employ the whole thereof in purchasing Negroes from among his own or any others and giving them liberty in my name, in giving them an education in trades or otherwise and in having them instructed for their new condition in the duties of morality which may make them good neighbours, good fathers or mothers, husbands or wives and in their duties as citizens teaching them to be defenders of their liberty and Country and of the good order of society and in whatsoever may make them happy and useful and I make the said Thomas Jefferson my executor of this", "Twin Bridge over Mohawk River: Thaddeus Kosciuszko, the Unsung Hero of American Revolution\n~ Last Will and Testament\nPosted in Revolutionary WarTagged 1700s, 18th century, Albany NY, American Revolution, Battle of Saratoga, Ben Franklin, Catherine the Great, Emancipation, Engineer, Fort Ticonderoga, General Horatio Gates, General Philip Schuyler, Napoleon Bonaparte, Northway, Prussia, Russia, Seige of Ticonderoga, slavery, Thaddeus Ko\u015bciuszko, Thomas Jefferson, Tsar, Twin Bridges"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/226/226mass262.html

Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)

["Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nMARY A. BULLARD vs. BOSTON ELEVATED RAILWAY COMPANY. JANE W. BULLARD vs. SAME. FRANCES CURTIS vs. SAME. NELSON CURTIS, administrator, vs. SAME.\nNovember 22, 1916 - March 5, 1917\nPresent: RUGG, C.J., LORING, DECOURCY, CROSBY, & CARROLL, JJ.", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nA guest being transported in the inside of a limousine motor car, who is separated from the chauffeur by a partition with closed windows, when the car is being driven on a crowded city street by a chauffeur of presumed skill and experience, can do little for his own safety and practically is compelled to trust everything to the driver, so that his doing so cannot be treated as a voluntary surrender by him to the driver of the duty of exercising due care, and the negligence of the driver cannot be imputed to him.", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nIn an action by such a guest against a corporation operating a street railway for personal injuries caused by a collision of the limousine with an electric street railway car of the defendant, the provision of St. 1914, c. 553, is applicable and such guest is \"presumed to have been in the exercise of due care.\"", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nIn an action by an administrator against a street railway corporation for causing the death of the plaintiff's intestate, a married woman, by injuries sustained in a collision with a car of the defendant when the intestate, with her daughter and two other women guests, was inside a limousine motor car belonging to her husband, with the windows of the partition closed, and the car was being driven by a chauffeur in the employ of the intestate's husband, the presiding judge, after instructing the jury that, if the intestate exercised authority or control over the chauffeur, then whatever negligence there was on his part was imputable to her, and that, if he was negligent or she herself was negligent there could be no recovery by the administrator of her estate, further instructed the jury, as bear-", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\ning upon the question whether the chauffeur was under the control of the intestate in such a sense as to warrant the imputation of his negligence to her, that they might \"consider the position she occupied in the car and whether she was in a situation to give orders to Dim] at the time.\" Held, that the further instruction was not erroneous, because, as bearing upon the question whether the intestate had the authority of an employer over the chauffeur, the indications by and inferences from her conduct could not be said to be irrelevant.", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\n553, which provides that \"in all actions, civil or criminal, to recover damages for injuries to the person or property or for causing the death of a person, the person injured or killed shall be presumed to have been in the exercise of due care, and contributory negligence on his or her part shall be an affirmative defence to be set up in the answer of, and proved by the defendant,\" the due care that is presumed is only that of the \"person injured or killed\" and no presumption of due care on the part of such person's servants or agents is created by the statute", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nStill less is a presumption created of due care on the part of one temporarily under the control of the person injured or killed.", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nFOUR ACTIONS OF TORT, the first three respectively by two guests and a daughter of Genevieve Curtis, the wife of Nelson Curtis, and the fourth by Nelson Curtis, as the administrator of his wife's estate, the first three for personal injuries and the fourth for causing conscious suffering and death by alleged negligence of the defendant's servants and agents in running a street railway car of the defendant against a limousine motor car belonging to Nelson Curtis, and driven by his chauffeur, containing the four persons injured or killed", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nIn the Superior Court the cases were tried together before Bell, J. The essential facts are stated in the opinion, where also the material instructions of the judge are stated. The portions of the instructions in regard to the relative rights of vehicles on a highway, referred to in the opinion as being correct and in accordance with Carraher v. Boston & Northern Street Railway, 198 Mass", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\n549, 552, were as follows: \"Ordinarily where two men are driving vehicles upon the street, the one who, pursuing his course and not increasing his rate of speed or changing his direction, would naturally reach an intersecting point first, would naturally have the right of way, and the one who, not changing his rate of speed or his direction, would naturally reach a point last ought to, give way to the rights of the one who would reach there first,\" and \"'when the motorman of a car sees a' vehicle 'ahead which is being driven in a straight line' toward the track upon which he is operating his car, 'so that if both keep on a collision will ensue, it is the duty of the motorman to stop his car if he sees", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nThe jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in each case, in the ease of Mary A. Bullard in the sum of $4,000, in the case of Jane W. Bullard in the sum of $500, in the case of Frances Curtis in the sum of $6,500, and in the case of Nelson Curtis, administrator, in the sum of $6,000 for the death of the intestate and in the sum of $3,000 for conscious suffering, which last named sum afterwards was reduced by order of the judge to $1,500", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nRUGG, C. J. These are actions of tort to recover damages for personal injuries and a death resulting from a collision on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston between an automobile and a car of the defendant. The automobile was owned by Nelson Curtis. It was being driven by one Kaulback, a chauffeur in his employ. It was a limousine, and the glass partition separating tile chauffeur from the people in the inside was up. The three first named plaintiffs and Mrs", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nNegligence on the part of the chauffeur was not imputable to the first three plaintiffs. Two of them were guests of Mrs. Curtis. The third was her daughter, and there was not sufficient evidence to support a finding that in the presence of her mother the daughter undertook to exercise any authority over the chauffeur", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nThere was no voluntary surrender on their part of all care for themselves and absolute reliance on the caution of the chauffeur in such sense as to charge them with responsibility for his conduct. There is little that a guest, in the inside of a limousine driven on a crowded city street by a chauffeur of presumed skill and experience, can do for his own safety even in the exercise of a high degree of care", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nThe circumstances are quite different from those of a guest in a small horse drawn vehicle, where there is considerable range for the exercise of one's own faculties and where a complete abandonment of effort toward due care and blind dependence on the driver might be fraught with disastrous consequences. There is nothing in the cases at bar to show such conduct on their part", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nas would impute to them responsibility for the negligence of Kaulback. Shultz v. Old Colony Street Railway, 193 Mass. 309. This is a close approach to the illustration put in Ingalls v. Lexington & Boston Street Railway, 205 Mass", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\n73, 76, where the guests are \"so situated as to be obliged to trust everything to the driver of the vehicle in which they are riding.\" Where the facts show such compulsion there is in the absence of special contract no voluntary and unconstrained surrender of all care by the guest to the caution of the driver.", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nNo negligence being imputable to them, the words of St. 1914, c. 553, became applicable. According to its terms each plaintiff was \"presumed to have been in the exercise of due care,\" and contributory negligence became an affirmative defence, as to which the burden of proof rested on the defendant. There was no evidence sufficient to support a finding that either of these three plaintiffs was negligent in any respect conducing to the injury", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nThere was no evidence tending to show that the presumption of due care was met and controlled by evidence to the contrary. There was nothing to indicate that they distrusted or ought to have doubted the skill or attention of the chauffeur, or that there was any duty resting on them to act. They were required to be in the exercise of due care. But they also were presumed by the statute to be thus careful", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nWhen the burden of proof rests upon a defendant, it becomes a matter of law whether there is sufficient evidence to warrant the submission of the question to the jury. The cases at bar do not raise any point as to the effect of the statute where there is conflicting evidence and the whole case is thrown open to be decided on all the evidence. See Turner v. Williams, 202 Mass. 500, 505, and Chandler v. Prince, 217 Mass. 451, 455", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nThe presiding judge instructed the jury in substance that, if Mrs. Curtis exercised authority or control over the chauffeur, then whatever negligence there was on his part was imputable to her, and that if he was negligent or if she was herself negligent, there could be no recovery by the administrator of her estate. The defendant has no ground for complaint in this respect. Miller v. Boston & Northern Street Railway, 197 Mass. 535, 538, 539. In conjunction with these unequivocal instructions,", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nto the jury to make a presumption in favor of a person over whom the person injured was exercising a temporary control. The instruction given upon this point read into the statute a provision which is not there either by express terms or fair intendment.", "Bullard v. Boston Elevated Railway Co. 226 Mass. 262 (1917)\nAll the exceptions of the defendant have been considered. So far as they have not been dealt with specifically, it is enough to say that the others do not require discussion in detail. The defendant fails to show other reversible error. The result is that the exceptions must be overruled in all the cases except that of Nelson Curtis, administrator, in which the exceptions must be sustained.\nSo ordered."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.publicationstudio.biz/books/the-olive-tree/

The Olive Tree and the Old Woman

["The Olive Tree and the Old Woman\nHere is the work of Parwana Amiri. She spent more than a year migrating from Iran to Turkey and finally to Greece, before arriving in the notorious Moria Camp on Lesvos Island, as a teenager in 2019. She moved from Moria to Ritsona Camp shortly before Moria was destroyed by fire in September, 2020. Since her arrival in Greece in 2019, Parwana has written a blog she calls \u201cBirds of Immigrants,\u201d comprised mostly of her first-person telling of the stories of many different migrants in the camp", "The Olive Tree and the Old Woman\nShe favours the stories of women and children, but uses her \u201cI\u201d voice to speak for all, for every kind of person and stranger, male or female, young or old, migrant or European, also trees. In 2019 she wrote a fable called \u201cThe Olive Tree and the Old Woman,\u201d which she showed to a Greek woman, Marily Stroux. Marily drew illustrations and helped Parwana turn it into a small pamphlet."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://mypoeticside.com/poets/ernst-toller-poems

"Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism"

["Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nErnst Toller was a German-Jewish poet and playwright who was well known for his plays written in a style of writing known as Expressionism, a movement popular especially in Germany during the early part of the 20th century. His poetry often portrayed his anger at the senseless slaughter of men during the First World War, with stark titles such as Corpses in the Woods", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nLeft-wing in his political outlook, he served a five year period of imprisonment in 1919 after helping to form the Bavarian Soviet Republic, a splinter group that sought autonomy from the newly-proclaimed Weimar Republic.", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nHe was born on the 1st December 1893 in the then Prussian town of Samotschin (Szamocin) which lay in the Province of Posen, now in Poland. His first language was Yiddish but he also spoke German and, later on, he was fluent in English. His father was a successful businessman, dealing in the wholesale grain trade, and Ernst was sent to a boarding school in Bromberg at the age of 12. This was not a happy time for him and he later described it as a \u201cschool of miseducation and militarisation\u201d", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nHe was already showing signs of becoming a writer with a number of his articles appearing in a local newspaper called the Ostdeutsche Rundschau.", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nIn order to further his education he studied at the University of Grenoble in 1914 but this was interrupted by the outbreak of war. He was on one of the last trains allowed across the French/Germany border as he found himself on his way back to Bavaria where he enlisted in the army. He felt it was his patriotic duty to defend the Fatherland but soon became disillusioned by the open victimisation of Jews in the ranks. He requested a transfer to the front line trenches to escape this.", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nWithin two years, severely traumatised by the mechanical slaughter that he witnessed daily, he had suffered a mental and physical breakdown and was discharged, unfit for military service. Toller decided to head for Heidelberg to resume his studies at the university. He wrote poetry and was engaged in fierce debates about the ongoing war with, amongst others, the sociologist Max Weber. Toller was very much against the continuation of hostilities", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nHe had witnessed at first hand appalling scenes of death and destruction and his poetry took on a despairing, often angry tone, as evidenced in the following piece called Corpses in the Woods.", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nHis plays were often based on his wartime experiences as well, his first production being Transformation (Die Wandlung, which was written in 1919. Hoping to make a better post-war Germany he teamed up with a number of anarchists and communists to form the Bavarian Soviet Republic and he was President for six days, but it was a short-lived affair. Right wing forces defeated them before the movement had time to get properly established.", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nThe period of imprisonment that followed proved productive from a literary perspective. Toller finished his play Transformation and it was staged in Berlin towards the end of 1919. He penned several more plays and a good number of poems while incarcerated. His reputation as a great Expressionist writer was cemented with this work. As the years went by life became intolerable for a Jew in Germany and he went to the United States in 1933", "Ernst Toller: German-Jewish Poet and Playwright of Expressionism\nHe spent the rest of his days on lecture tours and on writing projects but he sank into depression when he heard that the Nazis had sent family members to concentration camps. This, and severe financial problems, led to his death by hanging. He was found in a New York hotel room, having apparently committed suicide but others later suggested that he had been murdered."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://sweating-help.com/Autogenic-training.html

Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating

["Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nThe relaxation technique of autogenic training (AG for short) is probably the best-known procedure for achieving physical well-being with only minimal expenditure. Much has been reported and written about the subject in the past, which at the same time can be seen as an indicator of an undeniable healing effect of this self-training", "Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nOn the other hand, the increasing awareness and interest in autogenic training also symbolizes the inflationary expansion of stress and tension in work and everyday life today.", "Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nAutogenic training against sweating\nThe process of AG counters stress and anxiety with a high degree of effectiveness, which is why the hyperhidrotic should also definitely deal with this relaxation technique, because anxiety and stress can, as is well known, be main causative factors for excessive sweating.", "Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nAutogenic training represents a kind of art of deep relaxation, similar in effect to a healthy sleep state, but which is consciously felt and perceived by autogenic trainees. The sleep process, on the other hand, with its peculiar processes of dreaming, runs more on an unconscious level.", "Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nThe AG serves primarily prophylactic purposes. With a quick \"switching off on command\" it is possible to be prepared for appealing and very often overstraining tasks of everyday life and the professional world, to put a stop to the demands and expectations of civilizing activity and to protect and stabilize the highest good of man, his health, with only minor expenses.", "Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nThe founder of this revolutionary instrument of self-therapy, I.H. Schulz, developed the AG based on already well-founded and empirical findings from hypnosis research. According to the founder, the healing suggestions conveyed by a hypnotherapist in a treatment could be achieved independently by the patient himself with minor modifications.", "Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nThis study was at the same time the birth of autogenic training, initiated and stimulated by the process of hypnosis-related autosuggestion, a kind of introspective influencing of the human mental state through words or their mental imagination.", "Autogenic Training Against Hyperhidrosis - The Best Way to Cope with Excessive Sweating\nAll the readings, auditory aids such as videos or music cassettes offered on the market allow a general insight into the technique and application of AG, but by means of a book or video course the learning of the relaxation methodology, with the aim of everyday application and usability, seems to be a long way off. Autogenic training can and should be trained only on the part of a competent mediator equipped with expertise, whether in groups, individual sessions, seminars or elsewhere."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nps.gov/perl/learn/historyculture/sterling-cale.htm

Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story

["Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nNational Memorial Hawai'i\nSterling Cale\nOn the morning of December 7, 1941, Sterling Cale had just finished up a long night of work. He was a pharmacist's mate in the Navy, a self-proclaimed \"farm boy from Illinois.\" He worked at the dispensary, where Sailors got their medicine. Just after signing out, he noticed planes flying over Battleship Row.\n\"Why are planes over at Battleship Row? That's a lot of activity for Sunday,\" he said.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nHe noticed the red circles on the planes. They were Japanese, and this was a real attack. He ran back inside to break out some guns. Outside, he saw and heard planes dropping bombs just over the water. He and his friends knew the men at Battleship Row needed their help. They headed toward the USS Oklahoma. Before they got there, it rolled over.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nSailors filled the waters of Pearl Harbor, swimming for their lives in T-shirts and shorts. The top of the water was burning. The oil leaking from the ships was on fire. Sterling and his friends had to swim underwater as much as possible to avoid getting burned. It was their job to help rescue people from the water. He was right there in the water when the USS Arizona blew up. No one who heard that deafening sound would ever forget it. After the initial explosion, it burned for two-and-a-half days.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nSterling remembers, \"In four hours, I picked up about 45 people. Some were dead, some were badly burned, some were just tired. We would get them in a boat going by.\" He still tears up when remembering what it was like.\nFunny story: When he first returned to his duty station, he was scolded for breaking into the armory during \"peacetime.\" (War wasn't declared until the next day.) Instead of getting in trouble at captain's mast, he was awarded with a carton of cigarettes and an award!", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nWhen final numbers were tallied, it became clear that the USS Arizona had been hit the hardest. Of the 2,390 lives lost from the attack, 1,177 belonged to Arizona's crew. It was Sterling's job, along with a detail of 10 men, to remove bodies from the burning battleship. They did their best, but it was difficult work. Besides being emotionally draining, it was physically challenging. There weren't many identifiable bodies to recover.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nFor three weeks, the detail kept track of the condition and location of the remains they found. Sterling tearfully remembers seeing ashes blowing across the deck of the ship. It took him a minute to realize that they were the cremains of young men. They had burned to ashes when the ship exploded. The fire was so intense that it even melted ID tags and guns. Overall, Sterling's work team removed about 107 identifiable bodies and a number of unknowns. Their families would never know exactly what happened.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nHe can still picture the scene like it was yesterday. It was a trying time in his life and career, but it did not discourage him from serving the United States with pride.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nSterling later served at Guadalcanal before going \"blue to green\" and joining the Army. He served as the head of the pharmacy at Tripler Hospital and a medical company at Schofield Barracks. He then served over a year on the front lines in Korea in 1950. Eventually, after more service on Oahu, the mainland, and in Vietnam, Sterling retired from the Army as a sergeant major.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nIt is not surprising that his service didn't end there! After his military service, he enjoyed a long and successful civilian career. He used the linguistic and medical skills he gained during his years in the military. He also raised a family with his wife of over 70 years. They have two children and four grandchildren.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nEven though some consider him \"retired,\" he may argue otherwise. He stays active and volunteers three mornings a week at the Pearl Harbor Visitor Center. He also participates in videoconference programs, speaking to students all across the country.\n\"Instead of doing things I have to do, I'll do things I want to do,\" he says. And what he wants to do is to share his story and honor the lives lost and lessons learned along the way.", "Sterling Cale: Pearl Harbor Survivor Story\nSterling can be found at the Pearl Harbor Visitor Center at various times throughout the week, as he is able. He loves to greet visitors, shake hands, take photos, and share his stories so the lessons will not be forgotten.\n1 Arizona Memorial Place"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/artists/4576/annie-ross

Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese

["Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nAnnie Ross\nANNIE ROSS has been an abundant contributor to the art of jazz for over 50 years. Born in the UK, she has been a permanent resident of the USA for many years and a U.S. citizen since 2001. The following are some highlights of what has been a long and illustrious career in jazz:", "Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nShe is one of the pioneers of vocalese and the composer of \"Twisted,\" one of the most well known examples of that art, as well as \"Farmers Market, Jackie\" and many others. A founding member of Lambert, Hendricks and Ross, considered the greatest jazz vocal ensemble of all time, her influence is present in all subsequent practitioners of vocalese. \"Twisted\" has been recorded by a host of vocalists, including some not normally associated with jazz, including Joni Mitchell and Bette Midler.", "Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nRoss toured in the 1950s with the extraordinary Lionel Hampton band that included Art Farmer, Clifford Brown, Gigi Gryce, and Quincy Jones. Ross has recorded with James Moody, Kenny Clarke, Milt Jackson, Harry Sweets Edison, the Count Basie band, Louis Armstrong, Gerry Mulligan, Art Farmer, Chet Baker, and many more", "Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nIn this variety of settings, she became known as a great jazz singer, masterful at ballads and up tempos, with the ability to swing hard, improvise, and make every lyric meaningful and revealing.", "Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nAs a child, Ross entered a talent show on the radio accompanied by the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, which resulted in a six-month contract with MGM. She went to Hollywood at age eight where she appeared in The Little Rascals singing a jazz version of \"Loch Lomond.\" At age eleven she appeared as Judy Garland's sister in Presenting Lily Mars. At age 14 she composed the song \"Let's Fly,\" which was subsequently recorded by Johnny Mercer and Jo Stafford.", "Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nIn Paris in the late '40s, she met up with musicians involved in modern jazz, including James Moody, Kenny Clarke, Charlie Parker, Coleman Hawkins, and Billy Strayhorn, and she displayed an unerring ear and savvy sense of harmony, which was much appreciated. At 19, she recorded \"Le Vent Vert\" with Moody. Back in the U.S. at age 21, she recorded for Savoy, along with Clarke, Milt Jackson, and Percy Heath. She worked on 52nd St", "Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nwith Max Roach, Tommy Potter, and George Wallington and subbed for Billie Holiday at the Apollo Theater. The original recordings of \"Twisted\" and \"Farmer's Market\" were done in 1952 with Wallington on piano and Art Blakey on drums.", "Annie Ross - Jazz Vocalist, Composer, and Pioneer of Vocalese\nAnnie Ross has continued to bring the essence of jazz to a broad spectrum of listeners internationally, by touring, through her recordings, conducting workshops, writing, and appearances in film, television, and radio.\nCurrently, Ross is living in New York and is still active as a jazz performer, having recently performed in New York, Scotland, and Spain as well as having recorded a new CD, Let Me Sing."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://moodle.fct.unl.pt/mod/glossary/showentry.php?eid=4913

An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life

["An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nAn Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\n(Last edited: domingo, 18 dezembro 2005, 2:16 )\nThe Saturday Profile\nBy LARRY ROHTER\nPublished: December 17, 2005, NYT\nAdriana Zehbrauskas for The New York Times\nI pressed the button, and suddenly we were floating. It was an incredible feeling.\n- ANDREAS PAVEL", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nIN the late 1960's, Andreas Pavel and his friends gathered regularly at his house here to listen to records, from Bach to Janis Joplin, and talk politics and philosophy. In their flights of fancy, they wondered why it should not be possible to take their music with them wherever they went.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nInspired by those discussions, Mr. Pavel invented the device known today as the Walkman. But it took more than 25 years of battling the Sony Corporation and others in courts and patent offices around the world before he finally won the right to say it: Andreas Pavel invented the portable personal stereo player.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\n\"I filed my first patent a complete innocent, thinking it would be a simple matter, 12 months or so, to establish my ownership and begin production,\" he said at the house where he first conceived of the device. \"I never imagined that it would end up consuming so much time and taking me away from my real interests in life.\"", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nIn person, Mr. Pavel seems an unlikely protagonist in such an epic struggle. He is an intellectual with a gentle, enthusiastic, earnest demeanor, more interested in ideas and the arts than in commerce, cosmopolitan by nature and upbringing.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nBorn in Germany, Mr. Pavel came to Brazil at age 6, when his father was recruited to work for the Matarazzo industrial group, at the time the most important one here. His mother, Ninca Bordano, an artist, had a house built for the family with a studio for her and an open-air salon with high-end audio equipment, meant for literary and musical gatherings.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nExcept for a period in the mid-1960's when he studied philosophy at a German university, Mr. Pavel, now 59, spent his childhood and early adulthood here in South America's largest city, \"to my great advantage,\" he said. It was a time of creative and intellectual ferment, culminating in the Tropicalist movement, and he was delighted to be part of it.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nWhen TV Cultura, a Brazilian station, was licensed to go on the air, Mr. Pavel was hired to be its director of educational programming. After he was forced to leave because of what he says was political pressure, he edited a \"Great Thinkers\" book series for Brazil's leading publishing house in another effort to \"counterbalance the censorship and lack of information\" then prevailing.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nIn the end, what drove Mr. Pavel back to Europe was his discontent with the military dictatorship then in power in Brazil. By that time, though, he had already invented the device he initially called the stereobelt, which he saw more as a means to \"add a soundtrack to real life\" than an item to be mass marketed.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\n\"Oh, it was purely aesthetic,\" he said when asked his motivation in creating a portable personal stereo player. \"It took years to discover that I had made a discovery and that I could file a patent.\"\nMR. PAVEL still remembers when and where he was the first time he tested his invention and which piece of music he chose for his experiment.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nIt was February 1972, he was in Switzerland with his girlfriend, and the cassette they heard playing on their headphones was \"Push Push,\" a collaboration between the jazz flutist Herbie Mann and the blues-rock guitarist Duane Allman.\n\"I was in the woods in St. Moritz, in the mountains,\" he recalled. \"The snow was falling down. I pressed the button, and suddenly we were floating. It was an incredible feeling, to realize that I now had the means to multiply the aesthetic potential of any situation.\"", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nOver the next few years, he took his invention to one audio company after another - Grundig, Philips, Yamaha and ITT among them - to see if there was interest in manufacturing his device. But everywhere he went, he said, he met with rejection or ridicule.\n\"They all said they didn't think people would be so crazy as to run around with headphones, that this is just a gadget, a useless gadget of a crazy nut,\" he said.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nIn New York, where he moved in 1974, and then in Milan, where he relocated in 1976, \"people would look at me sometimes on a bus, and you could see they were asking themselves, why is this crazy man running around with headphones?\"\nIgnoring the doors slammed in his face, Mr. Pavel filed a patent in March 1977 in Milan. Over the next year and a half, he took the same step in the United States, Germany, England and Japan.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nSony started selling the Walkman in 1979, and in 1980 began negotiating with Mr. Pavel, who was seeking a royalty fee. The company agreed in 1986 to a limited fee arrangement covering sales only in Germany, and then for only a few models.\nSo in 1989 he began new proceedings, this time in British courts, that dragged on and on, eating up his limited financial resources.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nAt one point, Mr. Pavel said, he owed his lawyer hundreds of thousands of dollars and was being followed by private detectives and countersued by Sony. \"They had frozen all my assets, I couldn't use checks or credit cards,\" and the outlook for him was grim.\nIn 1996, the case was dismissed, leaving Mr. Pavel with more than $3 million in court costs to pay.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nBut he persisted, warning Sony that he would file new suits in every country where he had patented his invention, and in 2003, after another round of negotiations, the company agreed to settle out of court.\nMr. Pavel declined to say how much Sony was obliged to pay him, citing a confidentiality clause. But European press accounts said Mr. Pavel had received a cash settlement for damages in the low eight figures and was now also receiving royalties on some Walkman sales.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nTHESE days, Mr. Pavel divides his time between Italy and Brazil, and once again considers himself primarily a philosopher. But he is also using some of his money to develop an invention he calls a dreamkit, which he describes as a \"hand-held, personal, multimedia, sense-extension device,\" and to indulge his unflagging interest in music.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nRecently, he has been promoting the career of Altamiro Carrilho, a flutist whom he regards as the greatest living Brazilian musician. He is also financing a project that he describes as the complete discography of every record ever released in Brazil.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\nSome of his friends have suggested he might have a case against the manufacturers of MP3 players, reasoning that those devices are a direct descendant of the Walkman. Mr. Pavel said that while he saw a kinship, he was not eager to take on another long legal battle.", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\n\"I have known other inventors in similar predicaments and most of them become that story, which is the most tragic, sad and melancholic thing that can happen,\" he said. \"Somebody becomes a lawsuit, he loses all interest in other things and deals only with the lawsuit. Nobody ever said I was obsessed. I kept my other interests alive, in philosophy and music and literature.\"", "An Unlikely Trendsetter Made Earphones a Way of Life\n\"I didn't have time to pursue them, but now I have reconquered my time,\" he continued. \"So, no, I'm not interested anymore in patents or legal fights or anything like that. I don't want to be reduced to the label of being the inventor of the Walkman.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.azusaca.gov/679/Renewable-Energy

Renewable Energy | Azusa, CA - Official Website

["Renewable Energy | Azusa, CA - Official Website\nWhat is renewable energy?\nRenewable energy is energy generated from nearly inexhaustible sources such as the sun, the wind, the ocean, and the Earth's core, or from sources that can be quickly replenished such as biomass and biogas.\nWhat are Renewable Portfolio Standards?\nCalifornia's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), one of the most ambitious renewable energy standards in the country was initially established in 2002 under Senate Bill 1078 further accelerated in 2006 under Senate Bill 107.", "Renewable Energy | Azusa, CA - Official Website\nFollowing Senate Bill 107, SBX 1-2, required all California's electric utilities to progressively reach an aggressive 20%-33% RPS target from year 2011 to year 2020. The latest target established by Senate Bill 100 in 2018 requires Azusa to serve a minimum of 60% of electricity sales from renewable energy resources by 2030", "Renewable Energy | Azusa, CA - Official Website\nIn order to achieve compliance with past and present statutes, Azusa has been actively augmenting its renewable portfolio and has procured requisite amounts of renewable portfolio standard compliance products, including renewable energy and \u201cunbundled\u201d Renewable Energy Credits (REC\u2019s).", "Renewable Energy | Azusa, CA - Official Website\nAzusa has been at the forefront of renewable energy procurement and utilization since the passage of first California renewable energy legislation - SB1078. The City is making extensive strides to meet the California\u2019s current renewable energy goals through Azusa Light & Water. The City was one of the first electric utilities to sign a long term agreement for 6 MW of wind power from High Winds Project in northern California in 2003", "Renewable Energy | Azusa, CA - Official Website\nIn addition to the High Winds Project the City signed a long term agreement for 6.5 MW of wind generation from Garnet Wind in Palm Springs, California. The City has also contracted hydropower from local small hydro power plants owned by San Gabriel Valley Municipal Water District and Metropolitan Water District, providing approximately 4.7 MW of capacity. Since 2013 Azusa has entered into multiple photovoltaic projects and has recently entered into a long term wind agreement.", "Renewable Energy | Azusa, CA - Official Website\nThe City is meeting the statutory RPS targets and continues to look ahead and plan its future renewable resources as needed with the expectation to meet its renewable energy goals.\nPower System Status\nResource Adequacy and Reliability\nPower Content Label"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://aahvs.duke.edu/people/profile/david-morgan?qt-faculty_profile_tabs=1&amp%3Bamp%3Bqt-scholars_professional_activities=3&amp%3Bamp%3Bqt-scholars_publications_mla=1&amp%3Bqt-scholars_professional_activities=0&qt-scholars_professional_activities=0&qt-s

David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile

["David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nProfessor of Art, Art History and Visual Studies\nPh.D., The University of Chicago 1990\nM.A., University of Arizona 1984\nB.A., Concordia College 1980", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nDavid Morgan is Professor of Religious Studies with a secondary appointment in the Department of Art, Art History, and Visual Studies at Duke. He chaired the Department of Religious Studies from 2013 to 2019. Morgan received the Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1990. He has published several books and dozens of essays on the history of religious visual culture, fine art, and art theory. Images at Work: The Material Culture of Enchantment, was published in 2018 by Oxford University Press", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nThe Forge of Vision: A Visual History of Modern Christianity, based on the 2012 Cadbury Lectures delivered at the University of Birmingham, UK, appeared in 2015 from the University of California Press", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nPrevious books include The Embodied Eye: Religious Visual Culture and the Social Life of Feeling (California, 2012), The Lure of Images: A History of Religion and Visual Media in America (Routledge, 2007) and two that he edited and contributed to: Religion and Material Culture: The Matter of Belief (Routledge, 2010) and Key Words in Religion, Media, and Culture (Routledge, 2008)", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nEarlier works: The Sacred Gaze (California, 2005), Protestants and Pictures (Oxford, 1999), and Visual Piety (University of California Press, 1998). Morgan is co-founder and co-editor of the international scholarly journal, Material Religion, and co-editor of a book series entitled \"Bloomsbury Studies in Material Religion,\" published by Bloomsbury, London", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nHe is currently at work on a new book under contract with the University of North Carolina Press, entitled \"The Thing about Religion: An Introduction to the Material Study of Religions.\"", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nHistory of religious visual culture, art history and critical theory, religion and media\nDepartment of Religious Studies, Durham, NC 27708\ndavid.morgan@duke.edu\nThe Sacred Heart of Jesus:...\nFrom its origins in the mid-seventeenth century visions of the French nun Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647\u201390) to its continuing employment in worship today, the Devotion to the... read more \u00bb\nReligion and Material...", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nReligious belief is rooted in and sustained by material practice, and this book provides an extraordinary insight into how it works on the ground. David Morgan has brought... read more \u00bb\nThe Embodied Eye: Religious...\nDavid Morgan builds on his previous groundbreaking work to offer this new, systematically integrated theory of the study of religion as visual culture. Providing key tools... read more \u00bb", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, D. Images at work: The material culture of enchantment. 2018, pp. 1\u2013230. Scopus, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190272111.001.0001. Full Text\nVan Rompay, L., et al. The long shadow of vatican II: Living faith and negotiating authority since the second vatican council. 2015, pp. 1\u2013165.\nMorgan, D. The Forge of Vision: A Visual History of Modern Christianity. University of California Press, 2015.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. The Embodied Eye: Religious Visual Culture and the Social Life of Feeling. University of California Press, 2012.\nMorgan, D. Key words in religion, media and culture. 2008, pp. 1\u2013240. Scopus, doi:10.4324/9780203894071. Full Text\nMorgan, David. The Sacred Heart of Jesus: The Visual Evolution of a Devotion. Amsterdam University Press, 2008.\nMorgan, D., and J. Elkins, editors. Re-enchantment. Vol. 7, Routledge, 2008.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. The Lure of Images: A History of Religion and Visual Media in America. Routledge, 2007.\nMorgan, D. The sacred gaze: Religious visual culture in theory and practice. 2005.\nMorgan, D., and S. Promey, editors. The Visual Culture of American Religions. Taylor & Francis US, 2001.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nNeal, M. B., et al. \u201cUsing mixed methods in research related to work and family.\u201d The Work and Family Handbook: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives and Approaches, 2015, pp. 587\u2013606. Scopus, doi:10.4324/9780203885383-38. Full Text\nVan Rompay, L., et al. \u201cEpilogue.\u201d The Long Shadow of Vatican II: Living Faith and Negotiating Authority Since the Second Vatican Council, 2015, pp. 128\u201337.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, D. \u201cThe Senses in Religion: Migrations of Sacred and Sensory Values.\u201d A Cultural History of the Senses, edited by Jerry P. Toner et al., Berg, 2014, pp. 89\u2013111.\nMorgan, D. \u201cThe Image of the Protestant Bible in America.\u201d The Bible in the Public Square, edited by Mark A. Chancey et al., Society of Biblical Literature, 2014, pp. 93\u2013120.\nMorgan, D. \u201cReflection: Religious tracts in the eighteenth century.\u201d Media, Religion and Culture: An Introduction, 2014, pp. 84\u201385.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cKimsooja and the Art of Place.\u201d Kimsooja: Unfolding, Vancouver Art Gallery, 2013, pp. 115\u201323.\nMorgan, David. \u201cArt, Material Culture, and Lived Religion.\u201d The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts, edited by Frank Burch Brown, Oxford University Press, 2013.\nMorgan, David. \u201cRhetoric of the Heart: Figuring the Body in Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.\u201d Things: Material Religion and the Topography of Divine Spaces, Fordham University Press, 2012, pp. 90\u2013111.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cThe Look of the Sacred.\u201d Cambridge Companion to Religious Studies, edited by Robert A. Orsi, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 296\u2013318.\nMorgan, David. \u201cReligion and Visuality in America: Material Economies of the Sacred.\u201d Cambridge History of Religions in America, 3 Vols., edited by Stephen Stein, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 748\u201380.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cRoberta Gilchrist. 2020. Sacred heritage: monastic archaeology, identities, beliefs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 978-1-108-49654-7 hardback \u00a375.\u201d Antiquity, vol. 94, no. 375, Antiquity Publications, June 2020, pp. 814\u201316. Crossref, doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.69. Full Text\nMorgan, David. \u201cImage Acts: A Systematic Approach to Visual Agency.\u201d Material Religion, vol. 15, no. 5, Informa UK Limited, 20 Oct. 2019, pp. 641\u201342. Crossref, doi:10.1080/17432200.2019.1633085. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cReligion: Material Dynamics.\u201d Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol. 34, no. 3, Informa UK Limited, 2 Sept. 2019, pp. 571\u201372. Crossref, doi:10.1080/13537903.2019.1661610. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cAesthetics of Religion: A Connective Concept, edited by Alexandra K. Grieser and Jay Johnston, Berlin and Boston, De Gruyter, 2017, xi\u2009+\u2009497 pp., US$114.99 (hardback), ISBN 978 3 1104 6101 5.\u201d Religion, vol. 49, no. 2, Informa UK Limited, 3 Apr. 2019, pp. 311\u201314. Crossref, doi:10.1080/0048721x.2019.1578942. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cHow pictures complete us: the beautiful, the sublime, and the divine.\u201d Material Religion, vol. 14, no. 1, Informa UK Limited, 2 Jan. 2018, pp. 135\u201336. Crossref, doi:10.1080/17432200.2017.1418228. Full Text Open Access Copy\nMorgan, David. \u201cSaints and Sacred Matter: the Cult of Relics in Byzantium and Beyond.\u201d Material Religion, vol. 12, no. 4, Informa UK Limited, 27 Oct. 2016, pp. 524\u201325. Crossref, doi:10.1080/17432200.2016.1237748. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cCommun(icat)ing Bodies: Body as a Medium in Religious Symbol Systems.\u201d Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol. 31, no. 2, Informa UK Limited, 3 May 2016, pp. 292\u201394. Crossref, doi:10.1080/13537903.2016.1152696. Full Text\nMorgan, David. \u201cMissionaries and Idols in Polynesia.\u201d Material Religion, vol. 12, no. 2, Informa UK Limited, 2 Apr. 2016, pp. 248\u2013248. Crossref, doi:10.1080/17432200.2016.1172774. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cJay N. Price Temples for a Modern God: Religious Architecture in Postwar AmericaTemples for a Modern God: Religious Architecture in Postwar America. By Jay N. Price. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. ix+256.\u201d History of Religions, vol. 54, no. 3, University of Chicago Press, Feb. 2015, pp. 380\u201382. Crossref, doi:10.1086/678997. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cThe Sensuous in the Counter-Reformation Church. Edited by Marcia B. Hall and Tracy E. Cooper. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xv + 339 pp. $99.00 cloth.\u201d Church History, vol. 83, no. 4, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Dec. 2014, pp. 1037\u201338. Crossref, doi:10.1017/s0009640714001395. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cSensual Religion: Religion and the Five Senses.\u201d Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol. 35, no. 2, Informa UK Limited, May 2020, pp. 364\u201366. Crossref, doi:10.1080/13537903.2020.1766230. Full Text\nMorgan, David. \u201cA Generative Entanglement: Word and Image in Roman Catholic Devotional Practice.\u201d Entangled Religions, vol. 11, no. 3, Feb. 2020, pp. 1\u201321. Manual, doi:10.13154/er.11.2020.8443. Full Text Open Access Copy", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nLobe, B., and D. L. Morgan. \u201cAssessing the effectiveness of video-based interviewing: a systematic comparison of video-conferencing based dyadic interviews and focus groups.\u201d International Journal of Social Research Methodology, Jan. 2020. Scopus, doi:10.1080/13645579.2020.1785763. Full Text\nLobe, B., et al. \u201cQualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing.\u201d International Journal of Qualitative Methods, vol. 19, Jan. 2020. Scopus, doi:10.1177/1609406920937875. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, D. L., and K. Hoffman. \u201cSearching for qualitatively driven mixed methods research: a citation analysis.\u201d Quality and Quantity, Jan. 2020. Scopus, doi:10.1007/s11135-020-01025-2. Full Text\nGilchrist, R., and D. Morgan. \u201cArchaeology, Heritage, And The Material Study Of Religion.\u201d Material Religion, Jan. 2020. Scopus, doi:10.1080/17432200.2020.1794596. Full Text Open Access Copy", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, D. \u201cSoldier Statues and Empty Pedestals: Public Memory in the Wake of the Confederacy.\u201d Material Religion, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 153\u201357. Scopus, doi:10.1080/17432200.2017.1418231. Full Text Open Access Copy\nMorgan, D. \u201cThe subject in question.\u201d Journal of Material Culture, vol. 22, no. 4, Dec. 2017, pp. 476\u201384. Scopus, doi:10.1177/1359183517740008. Full Text Open Access Copy", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, D. \u201cDefining the sacred in fine art and devotional imagery.\u201d Religion, vol. 47, no. 4, Oct. 2017, pp. 641\u201362. Scopus, doi:10.1080/0048721X.2017.1361587. Full Text Open Access Copy\nMorgan, D. \u201cThe Visual Piety of the Sacred Heart.\u201d Material Religion, vol. 13, no. 2, Apr. 2017, pp. 233\u201336. Scopus, doi:10.1080/17432200.2017.1302127. Full Text Open Access Copy\nMorgan, D. \u201cViolence and Memory.\u201d The Revealer, 12 May 2011.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMeyer, B., et al. \u201cThe origin and mission of Material Religion.\u201d Religion, vol. 40, no. 3, 1 July 2010, pp. 207\u201311. Scopus, doi:10.1016/j.religion.2010.01.010. Full Text\nMorgan, D. Liberty and Liberty Together. 10 June 2009.\nMorgan, D. \u201cThe Materiality of Cultural Construction.\u201d Material Religion, vol. 4, no. 2, July 2008, pp. 228\u201329.\nMorgan, D. \u201cMateriality.\u201d Encyclopedia of Missions and Missionaries, Routledge, 2007.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cKimsooja and the Discipline of Looking.\u201d Curator: The Museum Journal, vol. 49, no. 3, Wiley, July 2006, pp. 295\u2013300. Crossref, doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.2006.tb00223.x. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cReformed Theology and Visual Culture: The Protestant Imagination from Calvin to Edwards. By William A. Dyrness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xv + 342 pp. $85.00 cloth; $29.99 paper.\u201d Church History, vol. 74, no. 2, Cambridge University Press (CUP), June 2005, pp. 384\u201385. Crossref, doi:10.1017/s0009640700110492. Full Text", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMorgan, David. \u201cReviews of Books:From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History Anne C. Loveland, Otis B. Wheeler.\u201d The American Historical Review, vol. 110, no. 1, Feb. 2005, pp. 124\u2013124. Manual, doi:10.1086/531151. Full Text\nMorgan, D. \u201cThe Image of the Image of the Image.\u201d Image, vol. 42, June 2004.\nMorgan, D. \u201cAntigone\u2019s Wall: Magadalena Abakanowicz and the Allure of Images.\u201d Image, vol. 43, 2004, pp. 25\u201333.", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nMatter on the Move: The Plasticity of Things in Shifting Taxonomies. international conference on \"Christianity and the Limits of Materiality\". University of Turku, Finland. September 25, 2014 - September 26, 2014\n\u201cVisual Riffing: The Circulation of Images in Modern Media\u201d and \u201cTeaching with the Visual Arts in the Religious Studies Classroom\u201d. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion. November 21, 2014 - 2014", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\n\u201cThe Subject of Modern Art: Spiritualizing Art, Secularizing Religion\u201d . Department of Religious Studies. Brown University. April 14, 2015\n\u201cFraming Matter and Embodying Words: The Plasticity of Sacred Things in Shifting Taxonomies\". Rice University. February 24, 2015\nThe Likeness of Jesus. Lipscomb University, Nashville. November 3, 2014\nThe Look of Things to Come. 35th Arthur G. Keough Lectureship. Washington Adventist University, Tacoma Park, Maryland. October 22, 2014", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nEmotion and Imagination in Ritual Mediation. International Conference on Media, Religion, and Culture. University of Kent, Canterbury, England. August 9, 2014\nPhenomenology and Network Theory: A Collaborative Model. Boardman Lecture, and key note address for conference on \u201cReligion and Material Culture\u201d . University of Pennsylvania, Department of Religious Studies. April 4, 2014\nPhenomenology & Network Theory: A Collaborative Approach to the Study of Religion. April 4, 2014", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nThe Social Assemblage of Vision. April 9, 2013\nMember, Editorial Board, \"Religions in the Americas,\" Religion Compass. 2008 - May 2011\nMember, International Advisory Board of VISOR. 2008 - 2011\nBook manuscript evaluation. January 7, 2012\nJournal article evaluation. January 7, 2012\nJournal proposal evaluation. January 7, 2012\n2005 Elected Life Member, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge. Unknown. December 2008\n2008 Elected Member, American Antiquarian Society. American Antiquarian Society. December 2008", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nAnnual award in Professional and Scholarly Publishing for 1999. Association of American Publishers. 1999\nMaterial Religion: State of the Art awarded by Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. (Principal Investigator). 2015\nResearch & Travel Grant awarded by Stichting Porticus, Amsterdam (2004 to 2005)\nNEH Humanities Fellowship awarded by National Endowment for the Humanities (2001 to 2002)\nPostdoctoral Fellowship in the History of Art and Humanities awarded by J. Paul Getty (1996 to 1997)", "David Morgan | Scholars@Duke profile\nPew Postdoctoral Fellowship in Religion and American History awarded by Yale University (1994 to 1995)\nReligious Material Culture (ARTHIST 911.01)\nOnline ON, F 01:45 PM-04:15 PM\nCatholic Visual Piety (ARTHIST 859.01)\nGray 094, F 01:25 PM-03:55 PM"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://agriculture.ny.gov/news/part-15-million-fund-dairy-promotion-order-advisory-board-announces-request-proposals-projects

As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State’s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets

["As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nPet Dealers\nPlants & Natural Resources\nHoney Bee Health\nSoil & Water Conservation Committee\nWood Products Council\nNourish NY\nAs Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry\nDPO Funding Will Support Marketing and Promotion Projects Focused on Increasing Consumer Demand for New York Dairy Products\nApplications Due September 7, 2020", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\n2019-2020 DPO Awards Funded Seven Research and Promotion Projects, Including a New Competition to Develop an Innovative Dairy Product", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nThe New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets today announced that the Dairy Promotion Order (DPO) Advisory Board has issued a Requests for Proposals (RFP) for dairy promotion projects, as part of its $15 million checkoff fund. The RFP solicits proposals for projects that market and promote New York-produced fluid milk and dairy products with the goal of increasing consumer demand for and consumption of New York\u2019s many dairy products.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nEligible applicants include non-profit entities, research institutions, and private businesses that are not affiliated with the DPO Advisory Board. Project proposals may not promote a specific brand or trade name.\nTo be considered for funding, applications are due September 7, 2020. Applications and additional information can be found on the Department\u2019s website.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nFunding is made available directly from New York State dairy producers through the New York State Dairy Promotion Order Act, and is intended to help dairy farmers and processors further their reach to both domestic and international markets.\nAn RFP focusing on dairy research projects was released on July 24.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nThe DPO Advisory Board met on July 27 to discuss its priorities and goals for 2021 and to receive updates on previously funded projects. The Board identified six goals to guide its work in boosting the dairy industry in New York State. The goals are:\nIncrease the consumption of New York milk and dairy products by youth (lunches, breakfasts, and other offerings)", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nPromote uniqueness of, and increase sales of, New York milk, dairy products and/or ingredients throughout the entire food supply chain through various distribution channels, including but not limited to, retail stores, e-commerce, curb-side sales, etc.\nImprove the image of dairy products and/or dairy producers among consumers, improving the acceptance and consumption of New York milk and dairy products.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nImprove communication to dairy producers to inform them how they can highlight their sustainability story to help increase the consumption of New York milk and dairy products.\nIncrease the sales and consumption of milk and dairy products produced in the US and exported to other countries.\nParticipate in national programs influencing increased consumption of milk and dairy products.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nAs part of the project overview, the Board was briefed on the status of the 2020 research and promotion projects to date. Last year, the Board approved funding for seven research and promotion projects, which are all underway:\nVentureFuel: $475,000 to launch a competition among start-up firms to create an innovative new dairy product.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nAmerican Dairy Association North East: $10,500,000 for a comprehensive youth initiative to enlist and train dairy farmers to tell their stories of production, animal care, and more to consumers, as well as to enhance the image of New York State dairy through traditional and social media.\nNew England Dairy Promotion Board: $1,650,000 to increase dairy consumption among young people, improve the image of dairy, and oversee the 2020 Annual Dairy Checkoff Unified Marketing Plan for National Programming.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nCornell University: $1,500,111 to research new dairy products and improve product food safety procedures.\nMilk for Health: $450,000 to develop dairy-themed cooking classes and to create advertisements marketing New York dairy. The ads will be placed on television and radio, in movie theaters and schools, and at fairs, as well as on social media.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nNew York Animal Agriculture Coalition: $150,000 to document farmers\u2019 stories and promote New York\u2019s producers in their local communities through multiple media outlets. Funding will also support the expansion of the Dairy Cow Birthing Center at the Great New York State Fair and the production of a 20/20 Vision project, which consists of 10 short films, highlighting New York dairy producers.\nU.S. Dairy Export Council: $100,000 to increase overall dairy exports, including cheese and other products.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nAbout the Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board\nThe DPO Advisory Board advises the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets Commissioner on the disposition of approximately $15 million a year in funds collected from milk producers under the producer-approved New York Dairy Promotion Order. The DPO Advisory Board also makes recommendations on promotion and dairy product and research projects.", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nThe Advisory Board consists of ten New York milk producers appointed by the Commissioner who serve a three-year term. The first New York State Dairy Promotion Advisory Board was appointed in May 1972 at the request of dairy producers. More information about the Board can be found at https://agriculture.ny.gov/dairy/dairy-promotion-order.\nAbout Dairy in New York State", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nNew York State has nearly 4,000 dairy farms that produce nearly 15 billion pounds of milk annually, making New York the nation\u2019s fourth largest dairy state. The dairy industry is the State\u2019s largest agricultural sector, contributing significantly to the State\u2019s economy by generating nearly half of the State\u2019s total agricultural receipts, and providing some of the highest economic multipliers in the State.\nAlbany Press Office (518) 457-0752\nState Fair Press Office (315) 487-7711", "As Part of $15 Million Fund, Dairy Promotion Order Advisory Board Announces Request for Proposals for Projects Promoting New York State\u2019s Dairy Industry | Agriculture and Markets\nThe New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets\n10B Airline Drive\nThe Great New York State Fair\n581 State Fair Boulevard"]

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null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 5933, 0.68746698]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 5933, -462.70147744]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 5933, -10.76663276]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 5933, 37.41472917]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 5933, 37.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/850/

"Why We Write: Reflections on Legal Scholarship" by Emily Sherwin

["Why We Write: Reflections on Legal Scholarship by Emily Sherwin\nWhy We Write: Reflections on Legal Scholarship\nEmily Sherwin, Cornell Law SchoolFollow\nLegal scholarship, Theodore Eisenberg, Yale Kamisar, Jonathan Macey, Steven Smith, Kimberly Yuracko\nIntroduction to a collection of essays that are based on a panel discussion held by the American Association of Law Schools Section on Scholarship on January 4, 2004.\nSherwin, Emily, \"Why We Write: Reflections on Legal Scholarship\" (2004). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. 850."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.coastexplorermagazine.com/features/1577-mystery-of-the-nehalem-bay-beeswax-wreck-full-version

Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]

["Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nVISIT DESTINATIONS\nMystery of the \"Beeswax Wreck\" in Nehalem Bay\nBy Robert Lewis Knecht\nPublished: 02/03/2012\tUpdated: 06/21/2019\nRobert Lewis Knecht, Cannon Beach Treasure Company\n[full-length version] Beeswax, porcelain and teak timbers, among other artifacts, have been found along Manzanita's beaches and the adjacent Nehalem Spit and Bay.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nAhh, shipwreck treasure... perhaps no other subject is quite as magical, and I grew up with that magic. I was born just six miles from the wreck of Gold Rush paddle steamer Brother Jonathan, which took $500,000 in gold to the bottom just off Crescent City, California in 1865, and grew up listening to Dad spin tales of lost gold mines, sunken ships and, with the fire glowing bright and a glass of sweet wine in his hand, the fables of treasures to satiate desire.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nWhen I landed in Key Largo, Florida as a teen, I jumped in the water and never looked back. After hundreds of dives on Spanish galleons and other historic shipwrecks around the world, the question I'm most often asked these days is: Are there any Spanish galleon shipwrecks off the Oregon coast?", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nHad I been asked that question in the Keys, I would have said, \"No.\" But when I moved back to the Oregon coast in 2010, it wasn't long before I heard the intriguing story of the \"beeswax wreck\" reputed to lie somewhere in the surf beyond the sleepy seaside town of Manzanita, just south of Cannon Beach", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nThese stories told of large blocks of beeswax (some weighing 175 lbs.) with strange markings on them, teak wood timbers and delicate Chinese porcelains which had been washing up on the beach for the last several hundred years. My first thought", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\n? A Manila galleon! These Spanish trade ships sailed from Acapulco, New Spain (present day Mexico) to Manila, the Spanish capital of the Philippines, for 250 years, delivering silver from New World mines in exchange for the fabled silks and spices of the East.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nAmong the many shipwreck and lost treasure stories of the Pacific Northwest, this single wreck has left a legacy shrouded in mystery, conjecture and over 200 years of the telling and retelling of tales.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nAnd just like it did when I was six and seven, my head began to swim with the magical euphoria one gets when hearing a \"mysterious shipwreck\" or \"lost gold mine\" story for the first time. But there was a problem. What was a Manila galleon doing so far north? You see, Manila Galleons had to sail with the \"trade winds\" and were aiming to make sight of land no farther north than present day San Francisco \u2013 if they came in north of there, something was most likely wrong.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nFor the ship that wrecked off present day Manzanita, apparently there were survivors, as Native American oral histories and legends tell of \"white men\" coming ashore from a boat near Manzanita and burying a chest on nearby Neahkahnie Mountain, or of a shipwreck just off shore, whose boney ribs could once be seen, clawing out of the sand at low tide. Explorers and early pioneers dating back to Lewis and Clark recorded fair-haired and light-skinned \"tribesmen\" in the region.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nAnd the artifacts are real. Beeswax, porcelain and teak timbers, among other artifacts, have been found along Manzanita's beaches and the adjacent Nehalem Spit and Bay.\nSome folks over the years have claimed the ship was a Chinese Junk lost in a storm, or perhaps a Portuguese or Dutch trader. Others felt sure the wreck was a Manila galleon. There were even those who said it was a British pirate ship \u2013 maybe even One Eyed Willie's vessel!", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nBut as romantic as a pirate wreck sounds, the facts, gleaned from thousands of hours of research, geomorphology, advanced electronics surveys, and get-on-your-knees-and-dig-in-the-dirt-archaeology, tell us a true-life tale harkening back to the Age of Discovery; a tale, that, perhaps, may even rewrite Oregon history.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nFor the last seven years, archaeologist Scott Williams has been the principle investigator for what has become known as the Beeswax Wreck Project Group which boasts nearly two dozen volunteers: archaeologists, historians, geologists, divers, curators, students, and community members, some of whom have been searching for and gathering clues to the wreck for over 50 years.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nTheir combined work culminated in an astounding paper published in the March/April 2011 edition of Geoarchaeology (available on-line from www.wiley.com.) The paper, Geoarchaeology of the Nehalem spit: Redistribution of beeswax galleon wreck debris by Cascadia earthquake and tsunami (A.D. 1700), strongly suggests that the \"beeswax wreck\" is a Spanish Manila galleon returning to Acapulco from Manila", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nShe had just traded tens of thousands of silver \"pieces of eight\" minted in New Spain (Mexico) and Peru for a hold full of silks, spices, porcelains and, of course, beeswax.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nAn old diving buddy of mine once told me the Spanish were the inventors of paperwork \u2013 they kept a record of just about everything. These records tell us that out of the hundreds of Manila galleons that sailed between 1565 and 1815, some were shipwrecked, a few were commandeered by enemies, and approximately five were lost and never heard from again.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\n? Most Manila galleons were built in the Philippines and were constructed of teak timbers. Literally tons of beeswax blocks, chunks and even candles have been recovered from the area beaches. The blocks had markings that indicated they were owned by the Spanish and may have been headed for one of the missions in New Spain", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nI have dived on Spanish treasure galleons and have recovered pieces of Chinese \"blue and white,\" just like the pieces that have washed up on the beach; some had been worked into arrowheads and were found in former Native American settlements throughout Nehalem Bay.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nBy painstaking study of the designs on nearly 1,200 ceramic sherds, the team was able to narrow the date of the wreck to the late 1600s. And Spanish records revealed that only two ships which left Manila during that time were never seen again: Santo Christo de Burgos lost in 1693, and San Francisco Xavier lost in 1705; both would have carried the style of blue and white found throughout the Nehalem area.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\n? Over 300 years has passed, and countless beach combers and storms have scattered the clues for miles, and many were still irretrievably buried under tons off sand. The probable answer was discovered when examining the effects of the Cascadia earthquake and tsunami of 1700. On January 26 a wall of water, from British Columbia to northern California, reshaped parts of the Northwest coast", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nAccording to Williams and members of the team specializing in geomorphology, ground penetrating radar and magnetometer surveys, this colossal event is the \"mechanism\" that redistributed pieces of the beeswax wreck into Nehalem Bay \u2013 an event that occurred five years before San Francisco Xavier left port.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\n\"I am convinced that the wreck is that of Santo Christo de Burgos,\" Williams told me recently. \"The only thing that would be 100% proof is if we could find a piece of the wreck in the tsunami sediment layer; that would clinch it.\"", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nBut the most enduring legacy of this treasure tale is best stated in Geoarchaeology: \"Perhaps the greatest significance of the Beeswax wreck is that it represents the earliest archaeological evidence of contact between Euroamericans and Native Americans on the northern Oregon coast.\"", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nThanks to the Spanish scribes on the docks in Manila 319 years ago, and to the curiosity, diligence and talent of those who followed them, we now have a good idea what happened to that lost galleon so long ago. And I can't help but wonder, sipping some sweet wine by the fire on that lonely stretch of beach, are the descendants of those long-ago Spanish sailors still walking amongst us today?\nWhat is a Manila galleon?", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nBy the Age of Discovery in the early 15th Century, trade between the Far East and Europe had been going on for over 1,500 years. Some goods came by land, others by a combination of land and sea, through the Mediterranean; but both routes were subject to interruption due to wars, ever changing political boundaries, and of course, the weather. And since every merchant who touched the trade goods on their journey charged a \"tax\" or \"transport fee,\" this often made them very expensive.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nOne of the biggest obstacles mariners of that period encountered was ocean currents and wind directions; one couldn't just use the wind to sail east, then return west by the same route \u2013 wind and currents weren't that simple. The \"Trade Winds\" we just starting to be discovered.\nBy the time Columbus headed west in search of the Indies, the Portuguese had been exploring and developing trade with Africa, but they hadn't made it to India, or the \"Spice Islands.\"", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nIn 1494, with the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Spanish and the Portuguese agreed to divide the recently discovered lands outside of Europe. The line of demarcation ran about half way between the Cape Verde Islands (Portuguese owned, off the coast of West Africa) and the islands discovered by Columbus (present day Bahamas)", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nWith that, Portugal wound up with the eastern route to the Indies around the tip of Africa, and four years later, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gamma was the first to sail directly from Europe to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nBy the early 1500s the Spanish realized that the \"New World\" was not the Indies, but it wasn't until 1521 that the route was discovered. Another Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, convinced Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire) to help finance his expedition, and he was the first European to sail across the Pacific to what is now the Philippines. While he was killed in a battle there, his expedition continued west and was the first to circumnavigate the world.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nNow that a westward route had been discovered, all that remained was to find a way to return heading east. Spanish ships that continued west back to Spain had to sail through dangerous waters prowled by pirates and the ever expanding Portuguese and Dutch fleets. On the other hand, if they found a way to get back heading east, that would be a secret worth more than ten galleons filled to the gunwales with gold doubloons!", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nSeveral attempts were made. Then in 1665 the return route was discovered by Andr\u00e9s de Urdaneta. Urdaneta reasoned that if a \"gyre\" (a large rotating body of ocean currents and winds created by the Earth's rotation) existed in the Pacific as it did in the Atlantic, then by sailing north, past Japan, he should pick up \"trade winds\" which would push him back east across the Pacific", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nThe hunch paid off, and while his \"expedition\" was ill-provisioned for such a long voyage, and he lost most of his crew to hunger and scurvy, he sighted what is now Cape Mendocino, California (about 300 miles north of San Francisco), then followed the coast down to Acapulco.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nFor the next 250 years, the Galeones de Manila-Acapulco (Manila Galleons) would sale from Acapulco to Manila, in the Philippines, carrying hundreds of thousands of silver \"pieces of eight.\" They returned with the \"riches of the Orient,\" silks, spices, porcelains, ivory. They sold some of this to the colonies in New Spain and Peru, but most of it was carried across Mexico to Veracruz, where they were loaded on the Spanish treasure fleets heading back to Spain.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nMost of the galleons were built in the Philippines, and they were massive compared to the Spanish treasure fleet galleons in the Atlantic. Atlantic galleons averaged less than 500 tons; Manila galleons ran between 1,700 and 2,000 and could carry nearly 1,000 passengers.", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nWhile it was no pleasant voyage, and it took an average of two and a half months to sail from the New World back to Spain, the Acapulco to Manila route took about three and a half months. But the return trip was far more perilous; a good trip was four to five months, but they sometimes lasted up to seven months. Quarters were mindbogglingly cramped, and everyone shared their spaces with thousands of sea going rats, of which even the cats on board were afraid", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nDeath was always present, from disease to scurvy, and sometimes starvation. If you boarded a galleon in the Philippines with five other family members, it was not uncommon that less than four of you would disembark in Acapulco. In some cases less than 50 percent of the passengers and crew survived the return voyage, and in 1657 the galleon San Jose sailed on past Acapulco, failing to stop", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\n(A modified version of this story was originally published in Coast Explorer Magazine's Spring 2012 issue.)\nStarfish Luxury Rentals\nOur luxurious oceanfront and oceanview homes are the perfect choice for your next vacation.\nThe Eight Best Places for Wave Watching on the Oregon Coast\nSea meets the shore with unfathomable force along the 363-mile Oregon Coast. Travelers can catch the excitement at dozens of prime viewpoints, from the... [read more]\nABOUT | SUBSCRIBE | ADVERTISE | RECEIVE OUR E-NEWSLETTER", "Mystery of the Beeswax Wreck [FULL VERSION]\nABOUT | SUBSCRIBE\nADVERTISE | RECEIVE OUR E-NEWSLETTER\nExplorer Media Group, Inc.\nThe Destination Marketing Resource\n(888) 609-6051 | info@coastexplorermagazine.com\nAll materials on this website are copyrighted and may not be reproduced in any form without written consent of Explorer Media Group, Inc.\n\u00a9 2020 EXPLORER MEDIA GROUP, INC.\nExplorer Media Group, Inc. | The Destination Marketing Resource | (888) 609-6051 | info@coastexplorermagazine.com"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol1no1/teach-islamic.html

jmmh

["jmmh\nThe Journal for MultiMediaHistory\nVolume 1 Number 1 ~ Fall 1998\nTeaching Islamic Civilization with Information Technology\nCorinne Blake", "jmmh\nNew types of information technology such as the Internet and CD-ROM can be used to enhance courses in colleges and universities. A large amount of primary material about Islam and Islamic civilizations, for example, is available to students through the Internet, including full texts of the Qur'an in various translations, several collections of Hadith (records of the Prophet Muhammad\ufffds words and deeds), Shi`i and Sufi religious texts, and classics works of Islamic literature", "jmmh\nSince this material is mostly translated, it is of limited interest to advanced graduate students, but it is appropriate for undergraduate courses on Islamic religion, history, and civilization as well as for survey courses in world history. Using material from the Internet provides students with access to primary sources and research material that is often unavailable at smaller institutions. It can also expose students to different points of view within the Muslim community", "jmmh\nThe challenge for already overextended professors is figuring out how to locate these materials and incorporate them into courses. After reviewing primary source material for teaching Islamic civilization that is available online, I'll discuss methods and issues related to incorporating Internet material into courses.", "jmmh\nA photograph of the Hala Masque,\nfrom the www.cco.caltech.edu site.\nPrimary Materials for Teaching Islamic Civilization\nThe Qur'an online\nHadith and Fiqh online\nMaterial about Shi`ism\nMaterial about Sufism\nIncorporating Internet Material into Courses\nInternet Assignments\nThe Qur'an. Graphic image from\nthe www.quran.org.uk/ Web site.", "jmmh\nStudents can access several translations, or interpretations, of the Qur'an through the Internet. Reading Qur'an on the Internet, rather than (or in addition to) buying a copy, enables students to read and compare different interpretations, use search functions to quickly locate passages on topics of interest, view the Arabic text, read it in transliteration, and/or hear Qur'an recitation", "jmmh\nNot surprisingly, most of the material related to the Qur'an and other religious material was put on the Internet by Muslim groups, especially Muslim Student Associations at various universities. As a result, most of these sites contain pamphlets on a wide variety of topics related to the Qur'an and Islam in general in addition to primary source material.", "jmmh\nSearchable, full text interpretations of the Qur'an by reputable scholars are available through the Internet in hypertext format. Perhaps the easiest way to locate this material is to go to a site that includes links to several different interpretations. A Muslim group in the U.K. maintains a site at http://www.quran.org.uk/ that provides links to eight different English interpretations of the Qur'an, including widely used versions by Marmaduke Pickthall, M.H. Shakir, and Yusuf Ali", "jmmh\nThe Quran Browser home page, at http://goon.stg.brown.edu/quran_browser/pqform.shtml, provides links to five translations, with a sophisticated search function. Clicking on the highlighted name of the translator, then on one of the surahs listed, brings up the passages on a line by line basis. To bring up the whole surah at once, type the name of the surah into the form at the top of the page", "jmmh\nAnother site at http://islam.org/Mosque/Quran.htm, part of the Islami City Web page, includes links to interpretations by Yusuf Ali and T.B. Irving. The T.B. Irving version includes a short introduction to each surah (chapter), with information about when the surah was revealed.", "jmmh\nSince the links in these sites don't always work, it is helpful to list alternative sites where students can find the assigned interpretation. The Yusuf Ali version with a subject list is available at yet another site, http://www.umr.edu/~msaumr/Quran/, maintained by the M.S.A. at the University of Missouri-Rolla. Other copies of Shakir\ufffds interpretation are located at http://etext.virginia.edu/koran.html, http://info.uah.edu/msa/quranShakir.html and http://www.hti.umich.edu/relig/koran/", "jmmh\nThe latter site allows students to use several different methods to search the text for passages of interest. The T.B. Irving version is available at http://www.islam-usa.com/quran.html. A different interpretation by Muhammad Taqi ud-Din al-Hilani and Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan with a glossary and introductions to each surah is available from the U.N.N. Islamic Society in the United Kingdom at http://www.unn.ac.uk/societies/islamic/quran/neindex.htm", "jmmh\nThe M.S.A. at U.S.C. maintains a helpful site that enables students to compare different interpretations of the Qur\ufffdan on a line by line basis. To access this site, go to the address http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran, scroll down to \"Chapters of the Qur'an,\" and chose a surah. Translations of each line of the surah by three different scholars, Shakir, Pickthall, and Ali, appear listed together line by line. The site includes a comprehensive index as well as a search function", "jmmh\nThe Quran Browser home page, at http://goon.stg.brown.edu/quran_browser/pqform.shtml also permits comparisons of different translations. Students can bring up a passage, then click on \"all\" to see the passage displayed in a table showing five different interpretations. It is also possible to read a passage or surah at this site, then click on one of four other translations of the same passage.", "jmmh\nThe M.S.A. at the University of Southern California provides another useful source at the same address; they have put excerpts from Syed Abu-Ala\ufffd Maududi\ufffds noted commentary, The Meaning of the Qur\ufffdan, online. Though severely abridged, the online version includes useful introductions to each surah, with information about the surah's name, a discussion of historical events related to the text, and exegesis of the surah's themes", "jmmh\nMaududi\ufffds commentary can also be accessed through the Islamic Society\ufffds site in the U.K. at: http://www.unn.ac.uk/societies/islamic/quran/intro/iindex.htm.", "jmmh\nStudents who want to read what the Qur\ufffdan has to say about women\ufffds issues without spending hours leafing through an index can go to a home page that contains a collection of ayahs (verses) related to women", "jmmh\nTo access this site, visit the Muslim Sister\ufffds home page at https://www.albany.edu/~ha4934/sisters.html, scroll down the first section, and click on the article entitled \"177 Ayahs about Women in the Qur\ufffdan.\" Students should be cautioned that only verses containing the word \"women\" are listed; the Qur'an includes information about divorce laws, for example, that does not appear in this collection. Information about a specific issue is best located by performing a search.", "jmmh\nSometimes it is helpful to have students read the Bible for comparative purposes. Since there are a number of sites on the Internet with full text versions of the Bible as well as search functions, students can easily locate assigned passages. Students could be asked to read the story of Noah in the Qur'an and the Bible, for example, or compare the story of Joseph in these texts. Or each student could chose a topic and search the Qur'an and the Bible to compare their viewpoints", "jmmh\nPerhaps the easist way to locate these translations is through the Bible Gateway at http://bible.gospelcom.net/bible?. This site, sponsored by Gospel Communication Networks, includes links to six translations of the Bible with a variety of search options. A site at Princeton University, http://www.music.princeton.edu/chant_html/bibles.html, contains a number of links to Bible translations", "jmmh\nThe King James Version and the Revised Standard Version can also be accessed through a site at the University of Virginia, at http://etext.virginia.edu/relig.browse.html. Full text versions of the King James edition of the Bible with search capabilities are available at http://www.hti.umich.edu/relig/kjv and at http://estragon.uchicago.edu/ Bibles/. The Revised Standard edition of the Bible with search capabilities is also available online at http://www.hti.umich.edu/relig/rsv", "jmmh\nStudents could also be asked to read specific passages in the Torah, which is available online at http://bible.ort.org/bible/index/inx_pent.htm, with hyperlinked commentary.", "jmmh\nStudents can also read (or at least see!) the Qur'an written in Arabic through the Internet. There are several sites which include full text versions of the Qur'an in Arabic. Perhaps the easiest way to access these sites is through Ibrahim Shafi's comprehensive \"Islam Page,\" which includes links to three sites with Qur'ans in Arabic. Go to this page at http://www.islamworld.net/ and click on the section \"Qur'an.\" The Islam Page also includes a link to the Muslim Society site in the U.K", "jmmh\nwhere each verse is written both in Arabic and in an English translation. To reach this site directly, go to http://www.unn.ac.uk/societies/islamic/quran/naeindex.htm.", "jmmh\nThe \"Qur'an\" section of the Islam Page includes links to sites where one can hear the Qur'an recited by various shaykhs. To hear these recitations, one needs a computer with multimedia capabilities; it is also necessary to download audio software such as RealAudio player or True Speech player. The Islami City Web site has put a recitation of the entire Qur'an by renowned reciter Shaykh Khalil al-Husari online at http://www.islamicity.org/radio/ch100.htm; one can also download Real Audio from this site", "jmmh\nOther recitations are available through a site in the U.K. at http://www.almanar.org/qs/allqs.html and through the Islamic Center of Blacksburg at http://www.bev.net/community/sedki/icb_huth.htm. Students can also listen Qur\ufffdan recitations on CD-ROMs such as Alim and Islamic Scholar (see below for more discussion of these CD ROMs).", "jmmh\nA large amount of material from various Hadith collections, records of the Prophet Muhammad\ufffds words and deeds, is available through the Internet. The M.S.A. at U.S.C. has put reputable, full text translations of Hadith collections by al-Bukhari and Malik\ufffds al-Muwatta online through the following address: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah", "jmmh\n(Bukhari\ufffds hadith is also available at http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~calmsa/sahih.html.) This site also contains partial translations of Hadith collections by two other Hadith scholars, Muslim and Abu-Dawud. Since these collections are arranged by topic\u2014revelation, ablutions, Friday prayer, witnesses, manumission of slaves, and so on\u2014students can easily locate sections of interest; there is also a search function. Other interesting primary source material is available through the U.S.C", "jmmh\nTo my knowledge, extensive collections of Sunni fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence, are not yet available online. In addition to Malik\ufffds al-Muwatta mentioned above, one can access a readable translation of a book written by the thirteenth century Shafi`i scholar, al-Imam Nawawi, at (http://www.nbic.org/isru/Resources/Maqasid)", "jmmh\nThis book, entitled al-Maqasid: Ma Yajibu Ma`rifatuhu min al-Din (The Objectives: What is Necessary to Know of the Religion), includes three sections: \"Fundamentals of Faith and Sacred Law,\" \"Purification,\" and \"Prayer.\" It also contains text notes drawn from commentary translated from `Umdat al-Salik (Reliance of the Traveler) by Ahmed ibn Naqib al-Misri.", "jmmh\nThanks to the efforts of the Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project, a lot of primary source material related to Shi'ism is available on the Internet", "jmmh\nAhlul Bayt\ufffds homepage, at http://www.al-islam.org/organizations/dilp contains links to reputable translations of many full-length classic texts such as Nahjul Balagha, a collection of over two hundred sermons, letters, and sayings by 'Ali ibn-Abu-Talib and Sahifa al-Kamilah, a collection of supplications by `Ali ibn Husayn, considered to be one of the oldest Islamic prayer manuals", "jmmh\nA separate translation of the Supplication of Kumayl, one of the best-known prayers, includes extensive commentary, a recitation of the supplication, and an Arabic-English version. In addition to classical material, the Ahlul Bayt site includes links to full text translations of more contemporary material, from Peshawar Nights to legal rulings by Ayatallah 'Ali al-Sistani", "jmmh\nA page on Islamic laws according to the fatawa (legal decisions) of Ayatallah `Ali al-Sistani, for example (at http://www.al-islam.org/laws/index.html), contains a fascinating discussion of issues such as purity and the concept of filth in Shi`ite law. This well-organized and comprehensive site also contains information about pilgrimage, with maps, information, and pictures of Shi`i shrines and graves in a number of Middle Eastern countries", "jmmh\nClick on the section entitled \"The Infallibles,\" for example, then click on \"Writings and Sermons.\" There are a number of useful links here, including translations of Nahjul Balagha, al-Sahifa al-Kamila, and Du`a Kumayl (with a recitation), and Imam Husayn\ufffds \"Sermon of Mina.\" The \"Biography\" section in \"The Infallibles\" includes links to lists of the Imams, biographies of the Imams, information about the graves and shrines of the Imams, and a geneology of the Quraysh and the Imams", "jmmh\n\"Sayings\" has selections (but not the full text) of Hadith from various Imams, such as selections from Usul al-Kafi; \"Pearls of Wisdom\" includes stories of the infallibles and their companions", "jmmh\nThe Shiite Encyclopedia, which is available at this site, http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia, includes a lot of legal information which may be of interest to students, such as a long discussion about the institution of mut'a, or temporary marriage (scroll down to chapter 6), and comparisons of laws about prayer, modesty, fasting, etc. in the five different law schools.", "jmmh\nMost of the material on the Internet related to Sufism, Islamic mysticism, that I have located is more contemporary in nature; nonetheless, there are still a few sites and sources that could be used in courses or segments on Islamic civilization. Several Sufi orders have Web pages with lots of information about their order, including biographies of their current shaykh and information about the order's history, philosophy, practices, dhikrs, (mantras) etc", "jmmh\nSome of these sites are extremely elaborate, with the homepage including recitation of the order's dhikr, flashing pictures of the order's shayks, etc., and are worth visiting for that reason as well. The Haqqani Foundation has an extensive homepage with a large amount of information about Sufism and the Naqshbandi order at http://www.naqshbandi.net/haqqani/haqqani_english.html. The Naqshabandi order has another large site at http://www.naqshbandi.org/", "jmmh\nOther Sufi orders that have developed Web pages including the Nimatullahi order, which has a site at http://www.nimatullahi.org and the Qadiri-Rifa`i order, which has a site at http://www.qadiri-rifai.org/index.html. A Web page at http://www.armory.com/~thrace/sufi/index.html includes translations of a number of poems by Mevlana Jamal al-Din al-Rumi, a few pictures from Konya, and links to a number of selections of Mevlevi music music (you need access to Real Audio to hear these).", "jmmh\nSince there are many older translations of classic works of Islamic literature, where copyright is not an issue, one can also access translations of Islamic literature that might be of use for courses on Islamic civilization", "jmmh\nOne of the best ways to find translations is through a Web page maintained by Columbia University's library at http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/area/MiddleEast/literatures.html, which includes links to a large amount of classic and contemporary literature and poetry, including Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Kurdish literature. There are several sites that contain translations of individual classes, such as 1001 Nights", "jmmh\nA hypertext version of Sir Richard Burton\ufffds translation is available at http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/techfak/ags/ti/personen/mfreeric/m/an/a_index.html and a hypertext version of Andrew Lang\ufffds turn of the century translation is available at the same site, http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/techfak/ags/ti/personen/mfreeric/m/an/lang/lang_index.html", "jmmh\nProject Gutenberg, which puts full-text versions of works without copyright online, has links to translations of 1001 Nights at http://tom.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/book/lookup?num=128.", "jmmh\nScholars seem to have been most active in putting classics of Persian literature and poetry online, both in Persian and in translation. A site entitled \"Treasures of Persian Literature,\" at a university in Japan, http://www.cit.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp/hobbies/iran includes links to full text originals and classic translations of an impressive number of Persian classics, including Ferdowsi's Shahname, The Gulistan of Saadi, Ghazels by Hafiz, and the Rubiat of Omar Khayyam", "jmmh\nThe main page of this site, at http://www.cit.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp/hobbies/iran/farsi.html, also contains other useful material, such as a collection of Persian miniatures and links to pictures of modern cities in Iran. Some of these Persian classics, along with examples of modern Persian poetry, can be accessed through another site, the Persian Literature Page, at http://www.iranonline.com/literature/index.html.", "jmmh\nTurkish scholars have put some material online, but most of what I have found is contemporary poetry. A Turkish poetry homepage at http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~sibel/poetry contains mostly modern poems, but they have also put a poem from Walter Andrew's book on Ottoman lyric poetry online. A partial (but extensive) translation from The Book of Dede Korkut, a legend about the origins of the Turks written down in the fourteenth century, is available at http://hcgl.eng.ohio-state.edu/~hoz/myth/dede.html", "jmmh\nAs mentioned above, a site at http://www.armory.com/~thrace/sufi/index.html includes translations of a number of poems by Mevlana Jamal al-Din Rumi.", "jmmh\nIn addition to the written texts listed above, there is information and graphic material about Islamic arts and architecture that can be accessed over the Web. A site entitled \"Islamic Arts and Architecture\" at http://www.islamicart.com/ includes information and pictures about coins, calligraphy, carpets, and architecture. There are also sites with pictures and information about various Islamic cities", "jmmh\nA site on Isfahan at http://isfahan.anglia.ac.uk:8200/ provides a \"virtual tour\" through Isfahan, with photographs and descriptions of its incredible art and architecture, including mosques and shrines. Other sites provide pictures and information about specific buildings. A site at http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/topkapi.html focuses on the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul", "jmmh\nThis site provides historical information about the palace, a floor plan, and pictures of artifacts and rooms from different sections of the palace. The \"On-line Guide to al-Haram ash-Sharif\" at http://www.al-aqsa.com/index.html contains pictures and information about al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock, drawn from a CD-ROM sold through this site.", "jmmh\nIn addition to the primary source material listed above, a variety of tools that may be useful for courses on Islam can be accessed through the Internet. The Internet Islamic History Sourcebook, at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/islamsbook.html, is an invaluable site that contains links to a large amount of material useful for courses on Islamic history", "jmmh\nThis site, which is drawn from the Ancient, Medieval, and Modern History Sourcebooks, includes material about Islamic religion, art, culture, and history from pre-Islamic Arabia to the modern period. There are links to articles by prominent scholars such as Bernard Lewis, Oleg Grabar, Phillip Hitti, Montgomery Watt, etc., as well as extensive translations of primary source material", "jmmh\nThe site contains excerpts from material such as A Description of Africa by Leo Africanus, Ibn Battuta's travels, writings of Ibn Rushd, and Muslim accounts of the Crusades. There are also links to Qur'an translations and historical maps of the Middle East.", "jmmh\nOther sites with maps of the Middle East include a collection of historical maps through the University of Pennsylvania at http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~rs143/map.html. This site includes links to about fifteen clear, color maps, including maps of Muslim expansion to 661 A.D., the Umayyad Dynasty ca. 750, the Abbasid Empire in 900, the Muslim world in 1300 and 1500, the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, etc", "jmmh\nThe Perry Castanda map collection at the University of Texas has a collection of maps of the Middle East at http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/middle_ east.html. Most of these maps are contemporary; the section entitled \"Historical maps\" mostly includes maps from the Middle East and the Fertile Crescent from the early twentieth century.", "jmmh\nA site at Princeton University, al-Khazina, \"the Treasury,\" at http://www.princeton.edu/~humcomp/alkhaz.html, contains links to other useful information. There is a link to a page about the Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, with pictures and detailed information about Hajj rituals. This site also contains links to a chronology of Islamic history and dynasties, as well as a collection of historical maps reprinted from published historical atlases such as Roolvink's and Brice's atlases of the Middle East.", "jmmh\nIf you want your students to compare the Hijri and Gregorian calenders, look at a site at http://www.assirat.org/Hcal/hdate_gr.cgi, where you can type in any day-month-year and find the equivalent date in the Hijri or Gregorian calender. Biographies of Muhammad\ufffds companions are available through the U.S.C. page at http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/history/. Although these biographies contain useful, detailed information drawn from Muslim sources, they should still be used with caution", "jmmh\nThe biography of `Aishah, for example, states that she was married at the age of fourteen or fifteen, several years older than conventional historiography.", "jmmh\nIn addition, most of the sites listed in the previous sections include essays and pamphlets written by Muslim scholars on numerous topics in addition to primary source material. Pamphlets are available on almost any topic related to Islam: the etiquette of handling the Qur'an, marriage in Islam, women's rights in Islam, instructions on how to pray, embryology in the Qur'an, and more. Some of these essays are well argued, while others are more polemical", "jmmh\nNonetheless, I think these pamphlets and essays provide valuable source material; students can be asked to read several essays on any topic, for example, and write a critical review comparing the articles. In addition, while some of the views presented may differ from Western scholarly interpretations, using this material exposes students to different points of view and gives them a sense of the wide range of opinions and diversity within the Muslim community", "jmmh\nSites that list links to lots of general information about Islam, including pamphlets and articles, include the Islam Page, at http://www.islamworld.net/, and a site at the University of Georgia entitled \"Islamic Studies, Islam, Arabic, and Religion\" at http://www.arches.uga.edu/~godlas.", "jmmh\nTo find other useful material about virtually any topic related to Islam, Islamic history, the Middle East, and Middle Eastern countries, try looking at three well-designed and well-organized sites that serve as gateways to massive amounts of information about Islam and the Middle East: http://menic.utexas.edu/mes.html, maintained by the Middle East Center at the University of Texas; http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/area/MiddleEast, maintained by Columbia University; and http://www.assr.org/vlibrary/source.html, the new home page of Arab Social Science Research.", "jmmh\nI have tried to demonstrate that there is a lot of material on Islam and Islamic history available to students through the Internet. When I first began using these materials, I directed students to the various sites by typing Web addresses in the syllabus. Students often had difficulty reaching the sites; they would not understand all the symbols, type the address incorrectly and in general, became very frustrated", "jmmh\nA better approach is to develop a Web page for the course, with links to the required readings, or sites. From this page, which can be a complete online syllabus as well, students simply click to reach the sites.", "jmmh\nDeveloping a Web page used to be a complicated process that required knowledge of HTML. With the Web authoring programs available now, such as Microsoft Word 97 or AOL Press, anyone who can use a word processor can author a Web page. The time-consuming part, as always, is locating materials to use and developing assignments based on those materials", "jmmh\nEven with the help of a course Web page, for example, it is still sometimes difficult for students to access sites; the university\ufffds system could be overloaded, there could be problems at the site itself, or there could be a traffic jam on the Internet \"superhighway.\" When the same material is available at several sites or through several entry points, as is often the case, you could include links to different locations in hopes that at least one of them will be working", "jmmh\nYou could also put back up copies of the material on reserve in the library for students who are having trouble accessing the sites, or who prefer to read the material in print.", "jmmh\nSome of the material discussed in the first section is available through CD-ROM. A CD-ROM entitled \"Alim,\" published by the ISL Software Corporation (http://www.netspective.com/web-islsw/index.cfm, phone: 800-443-3636) includes the Qur'an in Arabic and in three translations, with simultaneous translations for comparative purposes; M", "jmmh\nMaududi's introductions to the Surahs; complete texts of Hadith from al-Bukhari, Muslim, and others; biographies of Muhammad's companions; a chronology of Islamic history; and more. It also includes thirty hours of Qur'an recitation. Another CD-ROM entitled \"The Islamic Scholar,\" distributed in the United States through Sharaaz & Associates (phone: 1-800-628-6427), includes similar material: the Qur'an in Arabic and in four translations, Qur'an recitation, Hadith, biographies, and so on", "jmmh\nThe Islamic Computing Center in London, at http://www.salaam.co.uk/icc/products/ilawbase.htm, carries a Windows and Mac product on disc entitled \"Islamic Law Base\" that purportedly contains volumes of fiqh about different law schools and translations of other legal material.", "jmmh\nThe problem with CD-ROMs is deciding how to make them available to students. You can put them in the computer lab, but it may not be convenient for commuting students to come to the lab, and the CD-ROM could be lost or stolen. One CD-ROM is not adequate for a large survey class, and it may be expensive to purchase more", "jmmh\nAt some universities, it is possible to put CD-ROMs on a university-wide server, often through the library, but not all companies allow their CD-ROMs to be networked and others charge extremely high fees. Because of these problems, I tend to assign students material from the Internet, and list Alim and The Islamic Scholar in my online syllabus (available through the computer lab) as a backup for students who are having difficulty accessing sites.", "jmmh\nAs I mentioned above, creating a Web page is a simple task; the real challenge, as always, is deciding which material to use and creating assignments based on the text. Since most of the material listed above is primary source material, it can be used like printed texts", "jmmh\nWith the Qur'an translations listed in the Qur'an section above, for example, students could be asked to read specific surahs in the Qur'an and note what these surahs reveal about issues such as the nature of God, heaven and hell, righteous behavior, etc. in Islam. They could search an assigned topic or a topic of their own choice and read all relevant passages. They could compare different translations of a specific surah (using the U.S.C", "jmmh\nsite), or compare Qur'anic and Biblical treatments of particular stories or prophets. They could listen to different recitations of the same surahs of the Qur'an to compare reciters.", "jmmh\nWith the Hadith material, students could read hadith on specific topics, or compare hadiths in different collections. They could choose hadith about any topic they found interesting and discuss what they learned with the class. They could choose one pillar of Islam\u2014prayer, fasting, hajj, and so on\u2014or any other topic, and read relevant passages in Qur'an and Hadith about that pillar or topic to demonstrate how Hadith material compliments and elaborates on information from the Qur'an", "jmmh\nSimilarly, students could compare laws or ideas about specific topics in Sunni Hadith collections and Shiite legal material. (For examples of these types of assignments, see the syllabus for my course on Islamic civilization at http://spider.rowan.edu/history/BLAKE/Islami~1.htm).", "jmmh\nSome of the sites listed in previous sections serve as reference material: students can use the chronologies, maps, biographies, etc. to enrich their understanding of topics treated in class. Some of the information can be used to complement other material used in the course. After learning about Sufism, for example, students could be asked to go to one of the Sufi sites, \"explore it\" (i.e", "jmmh\nfollow a specified minimum number of links) and write a short essay or journal article about what they learned about Sufism from the site. They also could explore some of the sites about art and architecture for a class on Islamic culture. Another approach is to ask students to write critical reviews of relevant sites, determining who sponsors the site and writes the articles, looking at references, assessing biases, etc", "jmmh\nIn my experience, most students react positively to Internet assignments: with a few clicks of the mouse, they can access material that would take hours to locate in the library. Nonetheless, the unreliable nature of technology can give some students more\u2014or at least different\u2014excuses not to complete assignments (the system was down, the link didn't work, the lab was full, etc.). I have tried a number of approaches to ensure that students actually read the material", "jmmh\nSometimes students are required to develop short essays based on the assignments, or give class presentations about material or texts located on the Internet. Students could also be asked to keep a journal based on their Internet assignments, recording the sites visited, their reactions and critiques of material at different sites, ideas about questions posed in the assignments, etc.", "jmmh\nIn short, the Internet can provide undergraduate students with primary sources and other material that used to be available only at larger institutions with developed research libraries. Students not only gain access to massive amounts of information about Islam and Islamic history, they also become aware of the wealth of information (and misinformation) about almost any topic that can be found through the Internet.", "jmmh\nCorinne Blake is an assistant professor at Rowan University in New Jersey, where she teaches courses on Islam and the Middle East as well as world history. She received her Ph.D", "jmmh\nin Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University in 1991; her dissertation topic was \"Training Arab-Ottoman Bureaucrats: Syrian Graduates of the Mulkiye Mektebi, 1890-1920.\" She became interested in using the Internet while teaching at Rowan, and presented a paper entitled \"Sources for Middle Eastern Historians on the Internet\" at the Middle Eastern Studies Association Conference in 1995. Last fall, she organized a panel on \"Teaching with Technology: Middle East History and Politics\" at the M.E.S.A", "jmmh\nconference in San Francisco, and presented an earlier version of \"Teaching Islamic Civilization with Technology\" at the conference. Currently, she is working on incorporating more Internet material into her courses on the Modern Middle East and the Arab-Israeli Conflict.", "jmmh\n~ End ~\nCopyright \u00a9 1998 by The Journal for MultiMedia History.\nComments to: jmmh@csc.albany.edu\nContents: JMMH, Volume 1 Number 1 ~ Fall 1998"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.onbunkerhill.org/tag/war-memorial/

war memorial – On Bunker Hill

["war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nOn November 5, 1898, Private George W. Swing, Company K, Seventh Regiment, United States Volunteers, sent an unusual request to the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nIdentifying himself as representing a committee of the Seventh Regiment, he requested the Chamber organize a regimental public drill later that month in Agricultural Park, now called Exposition Park, for the purpose of raising money for a monument dedicated \u201cto the memory of the dead soldiers of the Seventh\u201d who were serving during the recently concluded Spanish-American War.", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nPrivate Swing also wrote a letter to the Los Angeles City Park Commissioners, possibly on the same day he wrote to the Chamber. In his letter to the Park Commissioners, Swing stated that the Seventh Regiment requested their co-operation in placing \u201cin one of the city Parks a monument in memory of their comrades who died during service in the late war at a cost of about $3,000\u2026\u201d", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nThese two letters set in motion a process that created the city\u2019s first public monument and bequeathed to the city its oldest public art.", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nIt was not surprising that members of the 7th Regiment wanted a public expression of remembrance of their fallen comrades. The Regiment had been in the public eye from the day it marched off to war on May 6, 1898. That long hot day beginning before dawn for the Regiment\u2019s 900 young men was unlike any they had ever experienced before. When it was over, they had experienced a day filled with symbolism serving as a rite of passage that transformed them from civilians into soldiers to fight a war with Spain.", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nRising before dawn, Harry E. Goodrich, a 29 year old farm laborer made sure he was at the Riverside armory by 5:30 to join the other 83 men in his unit, Company M of the 7th Regiment. But as he walked to the armory, he discovered that other people in Riverside had also risen early that morning. The streets, according to the Riverside Daily Press \u201cwere alive with people\u201d. Goodrich remained at the armory for a short time", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nWithin a half hour of assembling, Company M began their march to the Southern Pacific station where a train was waiting to take them to Los Angeles. Their journey through the streets of Redlands was a communal effort. A squad of policemen, embodying law and order, led the parade, followed by aging members of the Grand Army of the Republic, serving as patriotic models and symbols of self-sacrifice and courage", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nThe Knights of Pythias and the Knights of the Maccabees, two of Riverside\u2019s fraternal organizations, were next in line serving as symbols of volunteer and community service. Behind them were the men who volunteered to serve in the war against Spain but were rejected for physical reasons. And bringing up the rear of the parade were the men of Company M", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nWhile marching to the station, the Riverside Concert Band joined them, providing musical support and a military cadence to the steps while \u201ca mass of humanity\u201d lined the route, cheering as they all passed by. After arriving at the train station, the men bid their last farewells to friends and loved ones, and as they boarded the train, the band gave a patriotic air to the occasion", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nWhen the train left the station and headed west, the band gave a final theatrical touch to the departure by playing \u201cAmerica\u201d as the men waved farewell from the windows and the rear platform drawing a \u201clast farewell cheer from the throats of the mass of people, assembled at the depot\u201d.", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nThe train proceeded to Riverside where it picked up Lindsey G. Wood, William Marske and the other 87 men of Company G from Redlands. Awakened at 4:30 by church bells, the men assembled at the armory. Their parade to the Southern Pacific station three blocks away was not as elaborate as the one in nearby Riverside. Marching over a foot deep carpet of flowers laid out along the route, they were accompanied only by members of the Grand Army of the Republic", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nBut this mix of raw untested volunteers and aging veterans passed under banners stretched across Orange Street that evoked godly intervention with \u201cGod bless you boys\u201d and stirred the troops, not with idealism, but with revenge by telling them to \u201cRemember the Maine\u201d.", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nLeaving Redlands, the train proceeded to San Bernardino, where 27 year old George Swing was awakened at 5:00 a.m. by a chorus of church, school and fire bells. Stirred by the wake-up call, he dressed and walked to the San Bernardino Armory where he joined Curtis Rollins, William H. Dubbs, and the other men of Company K. People as far as 10 miles away were also awake and came to the armory to say farewell, and leave flowers, flags, boxes of oranges and other objects to show their support", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nWith all the men present, at 6:15, the unit left the armory and marched to the train station, passing an honor guard of various fraternal organizations, including the Women\u2019s Relief Corps, and the Confederate and G.A.R. veterans. Patriotic music filled the air as the Cadet Band led the men to the station", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nA large crowd of men representing \u201cevery walk of life\u201d\u2014merchants, preachers, lawyers and judges, bankers, and farmers were joined at the station by an equal number of women and children to say their tearful farewells.", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nAfter picking up Company K, the train continued to Pomona, where Herman L. Hils and the other men of Company D had gathered. Company D\u2019s departure was a strikingly simple affair. Instead of a parade from the armory, the men assembled at the station, said farewell to family and friends, boarded the train with its two coaches decorated with flowers by the Fruit and Flower Mission \u201cgirls\u201d, and left for the final leg of the journey to Los Angeles.", "war memorial \u2013 On Bunker Hill\nAuthor Michael SeveralPosted on June 18, 2016 June 19, 2016 Categories BlogTags central park, pershing square, spanish-american war, war memorialLeave a comment on Pershing Square\u2019s Spanish-American War Memorial (part 1)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.physics.wisc.edu/twap/index.php?id=2566

Events | Department of Physics

["Events | Department of Physics\nSocial networking sites and adolescent health\nDate: Tuesday, February 7th\nSpeaker: Megan A. Moreno, UW School of Medicine and Public Health", "Events | Department of Physics\nAbstract: Revolutionary advances in biological and biomedical imaging over the last twenty years have brought about the development of improved methods for non-invasively imaging dynamic biological processes. Of particular significance have been optical (photonic) techniques that have allowed for the visualization and manipulation of molecular and cellular structures within living tissue with minimal perturbation", "Events | Department of Physics\nThe efforts of the multidisciplinary UW-Madison Laboratory for Optical and Social networking sites are popular among adolescents and college students. References to health behaviors and conditions, such as alcohol and depression, are frequently seen on these sites. The meaning and influence of such displays is currently under investigation and will be explored in this talk.<br>"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://aahvs.duke.edu/people/profile/mark-antliff?qt-scholars_publications_mla=0&qt-scholars_professional_activities=0&qt-faculty_profile_tabs=0

Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile

["Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nMark Antliff\nAnne Murnick Cogan Distinguished Professor of Art and Art History\nM.A., Queen's University (Canada) 1984\nB.A., McGill University (Canada) 1981", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nfrom Yale University and is author of Inventing Bergson: Cultural Politics and the Parisian Avant-Garde (Princeton University Press, 1993) and Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art and Culture in France, 1909-1939 (Duke University Press, 2007 and Les presses du r\u00e9el, Paris, 2019) as well as co-author of Fascist Visions: Art and Ideology in France and Italy (with Matthew Affron, Princeton University Press,1997), Cubism and Culture (with Patricia Leighten, Thames & Hudson, 2001), and A Cubism Reader: Documents and Criticism 1906-1914 (with Patricia Leighten, University of Chicago Press, 2008 and Les presses du r\u00e9el, Paris, 2019)", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nHe was co-curator with Vivien Greene of the major exhibition The Vorticists: Rebel Artists in London and New York, 1914-1918, which opened at the Nasher Museum of Art and traveled to the Peggy Guggenheim Collection in Venice and Tate Britain in London (ex. cat. London: Tate Publishing, 2010-11). The conference associated with this exhibition resulted in Vorticism: New Perspectives (Oxford University Press, 2013)", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nHis research and teaching interests focus on art in Europe before 1960, with special attention to cultural politics in all its permutations, as well as the interrelation of art and philosophy. His most recent scholarship, presented in numerous articles and talks, culminates in his forthcoming book, Sculptors Against the State: Anarchism and the Cosmopolitan Avant-Garde (London-Milan-Paris).", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\n19th-20th Century European Art, Theory & Criticism\nBay 9, Smith Warehouse, Room A288, Duke University, Box 90766, Durham, NC 27708\nantliff@duke.edu\nSculpture Against the State\nMy new book project, Sculpture Against the State: Anarchism and the Cosmopolitan Avant-Garde, examines how various forms of anarchism and related notions of aestheticized... read more \u00bb\nVorticism: New Perspectives", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nThe London-based avant-garde movement Vorticism, like its continental counterparts Cubism and Futurism and its English rival Bloomsbury was created by artists, poets, writers... read more \u00bb\nAntliff, M. Sculptors Against the State: Anarchism, and the Cosmopolitan Avant-Garde (London-Milan-Paris). 2021.\nAntliff, M., and P. Leighten. Le cubisme devant ses contemporains \u2013 Documents et critiques (1906-1914). Les presses du r\u00e9el, 2019.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, M., and S. Klein. Vorticism: New Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2013.\nAntliff, M., and V. Greene. The Vorticists: Rebel Artists in London and New York, 1914-1918. 2010.\nAntliff, Mark, and Patricia Leighten. A Cubism Reader: Documents and Criticism 1906-1914. University of Chicago Press, 2008.\nAntliff, M. Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art and Culture in France, 1909-1939,. Duke University Press, 2007.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, Mark, and Patricia Leighten. Cubisme et culture. Translated by C. -. M. Diebold, Thames and Hudson, 2002.\nAntliff, M., and P. Leighten. Cubism and Culture. London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 2001.\nAntliff, M. Fascist Visions: Art and Ideology in France and Italy. Edited by Matthew Affron and Mark Antliff, Princeton University Press, 1997.\nAntliff, M. Inventing Bergson: Cultural Politics and the Parisian Avant-Garde. Princeton University Press, 1993.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, Mark. \u201cHenri Matisse's Portrait of a Standing Riffian: Islam, Byzantium, and 'Aristocratic Barbarism'.\u201d Image, Object, and Text: Canadian Contributions to the Study of Islamic Art and Archaeology, edited by Marcus Milwright and Evanthia Baboula, McGill/Queen\u2019s University Press, 2021.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, Mark, and Patricia Leighten. \u201cAnarchist Modernism after Signac: Fauvism, Futurism, Cubism.\u201d Paris 1900 and Post-Impressionism: Signac and the Ind\u00e9pendants, edited by Mary-Dailey Desmarais et al., Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, 2020.\nAntliff, Mark. \u201cInto the Vortex: Ezra Pound, Anarchism, and the Ideological Project of Art Criticism.\u201d The Companion to Ezra Pound and the Visual Arts, edited by Michael Coyle and Roxana Preda, Edinburgh University Press, 2019, pp. 193\u2013213.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, M. \u201cContagious Joy: Jacob Epstein, The Tomb of Oscar Wilde, and Action d\u2019art.\u201d Anarchism and the Avant-Garde: Radical Arts and Politics in Perspective, edited by Carolin Kosuch, Brill, 2019.\nAntliff, M. \u201cPoliticizing the New Sculpture.\u201d Vorticism: New Perspectives, edited by Mark Antliff and Scott Klein, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 102\u201318.\nAntliff, Mark. \u201cIntroduction: Vorticisms.\u201d Vorticism: New Perspectives, edited by S. Klein and M. Antliff, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 1\u201311.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, M. \u201cRevolutionary Immanence: Bergson among the Anarchists.\u201d Bergson and the Art of Immanence, edited by John Mullarkey and Charlotte de Mille, Edinburgh University Press, 2013, pp. 94\u2013111.\nAntliff, M. \u201cLa sculpture contre l\u2019\u00c9tat. Gaudier Brzeska, Dora Marsden, Ezra Pound.\u201d Artistes et Partis \u2013 Esth\u00e9tique et Politique (1900-1945), edited by Maria Stavrinaki eds and Maddalena Carli, Presses du r\u00e9el, 2012.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, M. \u201cLabor, Leisure, and Dissident Socialism: Robert L. Herbert\u2019s Social History of Art.\u201d Histoire Sociale de l\u2019art: Une Anthologie Critique, edited by Philippe Bordes, Les Presses du R\u00e9el, 2011.\nAntliff, M. \u201cOrganicism among the Cubists: The Case of Raymond Duchamp-Villon.\u201d Biocentrism and Modernism, edited by Olivar Botar eds and Isabelle W\u00fcnsche, Ashgate Publishing, 2011, pp. 161\u201381.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, M. \u201cGiorgio Morandi: The art of silence.\u201d Journal of Modern Italian Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, Mar. 2006, pp. 97\u201399.\nAntliff, M. Emily Braun, Mario Sironi and Italian Modernism: Art and Politics under Facism (2000). Cambridge University Press, Nov. 2001.\nAntliff, M. \u201cModernity and nostalgia: Art and politics between the wars - Golan,R.\u201d Art History, vol. 20, no. 3, Sept. 1997, pp. 505\u201307.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, Mark. \u201cPacifism, Realism and Pathology: Alex Comfort's Neo-Romantic Anti-Fascism.\u201d Modernism/Modernity, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020.\nAntliff, M. \u201cFrom Class War to Creative Revolution: Bergson\u2019s Communist Legacy in Britain.\u201d Annales Bergsoniennes, 2014.\nAntliff, M. \u201cBergson, Politics and Religion.\u201d Symplok\u0113, 2014.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nThompson, William Forde, and Mark Antliff. \u201cBridging two worlds that care about art: psychological and historical approaches to art appreciation.\u201d The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 36, no. 2, Apr. 2013, pp. 159\u201360. Epmc, doi:10.1017/s0140525x1200180x. Full Text", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, M. \u201cContagious joy: Anarchism, censorship and the reception of Jacob Epstein's Tomb of Oscar Wilde, c. 1913.\u201d Journal of Modern Periodical Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, Jan. 2013, pp. 195\u2013225. Scopus, doi:10.5325/jmodeperistud.4.2.0195. Full Text\nAntliff, M. \u201cNasjonens kroppslighet: kubisme og keltisk nasjonalisme.\u201d Paginert Utgave I Teori & Praksis, vol. 1, 2012, pp. 1\u201319.", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nAntliff, M. \u201cBad Anarchism; Aestheticized Mythmaking and the Legacy of Georges Sorel among the European Left.\u201d Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies, no. 2, 2012, pp. 155\u201387.\nAntliff, M. \u201cFascism and Art History: A Paradigm Shift.\u201d Fascism, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan. 2012, pp. 53\u201354. Scopus, doi:10.1163/221162512X631189. Full Text\nAntliff, M. \u201cShaping duration: Bergson and modern sculpture.\u201d European Legacy, vol. 16, no. 7, Dec. 2011, pp. 899\u2013918. Scopus, doi:10.1080/10848770.2011.626194. Full Text", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nBergsonian Vitalism: Class, Soviet or Nation State?. December 12, 2013\nHenri Bergson and Cubism: Subjectivity and the Road to Abstraction. November 28, 2013\nHenri Bergson and the European Avant-Garde: Art, Politics and Communitas. June 15, 2013\nKeynote Lecture: Bergson and Modern Sculpture. January 30, 2013\nJacob Epstein's Tomb of Oscar Wilde: Anarchism and Art for Insurrection's Sake, c. 1913. January 28, 2013\nFrom Bergson to Byzantium: The Case of Henri Matisse. April 22, 2012", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nHenri Gaudier-Brzeska, Vorticism and Anti-Colonial Discourse in London. December 1, 2011\nRichard Aldington, Vorticism and Degeneration. December 1, 2011\nGaudier-Brzeska and Contemporary Politics. December 1, 2011\nThe Life and Art of Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. December 1, 2011\nFellowships Committee, Guggenheim Foundation. 2011 - 2012\nEditorial Board, Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. 2011 - December 17, 2011", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nEditorial Board, Fascism. Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. 2011 - December 18, 2010\nAdvisory Board. January 2, 2013\nInternational Center for Avant-Garde Studies : Advisory Board. 2013\nExternal Evaluator, Promotion to Associate Professor, Department of English, University of California, Berkeley. December 18, 2010\nExternal Evaluator, Promotion to Full Professor, Department of English, Dartmouth College. December 18, 2010\nJurer, Academy of Finland. December 18, 2010", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nExternal recommender for appointment to Full Professor with Tenure Stanford University; and Tenure, Associate Professor Rank at Columbia University. January 8, 2008\nSession Co-Chair with Patricia Leighten, UAAC Annual Conference, University of Toronto : \u201cExpatriate Modernists\u201d. 2008\nThe Vorticists: Rebel Artists in London and New York, 1914-1918 | at The Nasher Museum of Art, Duke University. (1918)\nThe Vorticists: Rebel Artists in London and New York, 1914-1918 | exhibition at Tate Britain, London. (1918)", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nThe Vorticists: Rebel Artists in London and New York, 1914-1918 | at The Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice. (1918)\nAnarchism and the Political Art of Les Temps nouveaux, 1895-1914 | exhibition at Nasher Museum of Art. (1914)\nSenior Fellowship. Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, London. July 2013\nMarta Sutton Weeks Fellowship. Stanford Humanities Center. July 2012\nSchool of Historical Studies/ Members. Institute for Advanced Study. 1999", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nFellowship. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. 1995\nSenior Fellow awarded by Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art (2013)\nMary Sutton Weeks Fellow awarded by Stanford Humanities Center, Stanford University (2012 to 2013)\nGould Fellow awarded by National Humanities Center (2003 to 2004)\nMember awarded by Institute for Advanced Study (1999 to 2000)\nFellow awarded by John Simon Guggenheim Foundation (1995 to 1996)", "Mark Antliff | Scholars@Duke profile\nPost-Doctoral Fellow awarded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (1990 to 1992)\nVisiting Fellow awarded by Yale University (1990 to 1992)\nMary Davis Fellow awarded by Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (1988 to 1990)\nHst of Impressionism (ARTHIST 298.01)\nEuropean Art 1900-1945 (ARTHIST 280.01)\nArthist Methodology and Theory (ARTHIST 395S.01)\nMethodology of Art Hst (ARTHIST 543S.01)\nGrant Writing and Prospectus (ARTHIST 723S.01)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/wx/

Live Weather in Columbus, Ohio | Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center at The Ohio State University

["Live Weather in Columbus, Ohio | Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center at The Ohio State University\nBPCRC Weather Station \u2013 Columbus, Ohio\nStation Location Columbus, Ohio\n(3.6 mi NW)\nCoordinates 40\u00b0 0' 13\" N, 83\u00b0 2' 19\" W\n(40.00367, -83.03883)\nElevation 787 ft (240 m)\nLast updated: 14:27:05 on 08/15/2014\n(0 seconds ago)\nWNW at 1 mph\n(-0.01 in/hr)\nRainfall Rate\nSkyCam\nOpen Live Stream", "Live Weather in Columbus, Ohio | Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center at The Ohio State University\nThe BPCRC Weather Station was made possible by a donation from Elizabeth & Jeffrey Salt in memory of their father, Charles F. Salt Jr., a meteorologist in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II. Thank you for your generous support of the Byrd Center!\nCheck out a flyover and interview about the weather station donation and installation:\nPage last updated on Thu Aug 13 2015."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.loc.gov/collections/stars-and-stripes/about-this-collection/

About this Collection  |  Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919  |  Digital Collections  |  Library of Congress

["About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nLibrary of Congress > Digital Collections > Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918 to 1919 > About this Collection\nCollection Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918 to 1919\nThe stars and stripes, April 5, 1918\nThe stars and stripes, March 21, 1919\nThe stars and stripes, January 31, 1919\nThe stars and stripes, June 13, 1919\nThe stars and stripes, August 16, 1918\nThe stars and stripes, February 8, 1918", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nThis online collection includes the complete seventy-one-week run of The Stars and Stripes World War I edition. The Stars and Stripes was published in France by the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) of the United States Army from February 8, 1918, to June 13, 1919.\n\"The Owner of the Stars and Stripes.\" Illustration by Cyrus LeRoy Baldridge.The Stars and Stripes, February 7, 1919, p. 1, col. 3..", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nGeneral John J. Pershing wanted a newspaper written by servicemen for the soldiers on the battlefront. On the front page of the first issue, Pershing endorsed the newspaper and characterized its purpose and content: \"In this initial number of The Stars and Stripes, published by the men of the Overseas Command, the Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces extends his greetings through the editing staff to the readers from the first line trenches to the base ports", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nThese readers are mainly the men who have been honored by being the first contingent of Americans to fight on European soil for the honor of their country. . . . The paper, written by the men in the service, should speak the thoughts of the new American Army and the American people from whom the Army has been drawn. It is your paper. Good luck to it.\"", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nThe newspaper's mission was to strengthen the morale of the troops and to promote unity within the American forces, then widely scattered and fulfilling many apparently unrelated functions. The venture was immediately popular with the soldiers, quickly selling out its first issue of one thousand copies. Although designated as the \"official newspaper of the AEF,\" its independent editorial voice earned the confidence and affection of common soldiers.", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nThe Stars and Stripes, published exclusively in France during its seventeen-month run, used a layout typical of American newspapers of the day, with wide columns, \"all-cap\" headlines, and lots of illustrations. The editorial staff assigned to the newspaper was composed mostly of enlisted men, including several career journalists. Second Lieutenant Guy T", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nViskniskki from the Wheeler Newspaper Syndicate, New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott, bibliophile John Winterich, and cartoonist Abian \"Wally\" Wallgren of the Washington Post were among those who contributed their experience and skill.", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\n\"First papers off the press starting for the men in hospitals. These were distributed by the American Red Cross.\" Photograph. From Harry L. Katz, A Brief History of The Stars and Stripes, Official Newspaper of the American Expeditionary Forces in France (Washington, D.C.: Columbia Publishing Co., 1921), p. 37.", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nBeginning with an initial printing of one thousand copies, The Stars and Stripes grew to a high-circulation newspaper, reaching well over half a million readers by its one-year anniversary. The newspaper's content contributed to its success, as did its distribution system. By a feat of ingenuity and perseverance, agents delivered the paper to the majority of the subscribers on the date of publication. Captain Richard H", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nWaldo, who had worked at the New York Times and Good Housekeeping before his enlistment, devised a system by which soldier distributors, or \"field agents,\" at each Army Post Office coordinated distribution by rail, truck, and automobile (including three Cadillacs)", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nFrench news dealers also delivered copies of the weekly to field agents and to hospitality centers staffed by the YMCA known as \"YMCA huts.\" In addition, distributors mailed more than two hundred thousand copies to military bases and individual subscribers back home in the United States.", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nAppearing during a pivotal period in world and American history, The Stars and Stripes is a unique type of newspaper: a military newspaper published by the United States government. Documenting the experience of American soldiers during wartime, The Stars and Stripes represents a remarkable achievement in twentieth-century journalism.", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nVery few original issues of The Stars and Stripes exist because of the difficulty in acquiring and preserving newspapers during the conflict. However, in 1920, the AEF Publishing Association in Minneapolis produced a bound volume containing facsimile reproductions of each page of the World War I edition. The library of Camp Sherman in Chillicothe, Ohio, acquired one copy of this facsimile. A training center for U.S. troops going overseas, Camp Sherman was known as \"the soldier factory\" of World War I.", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nThe Library of Congress's Serial and Government Publications Division received a commemorative facsimile volume from Camp Sherman. From this 1920 facsimile edition, the Library prepared a microfilm copy. The bound volume originally used to produce the microfilm copy had about eighty torn pages, causing the microfilmed images of those pages to be incomplete. For the online collection, these images were scanned from a second bound facsimile volume, donated to the Library in the 1990s", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nThe Library of Congress's Rare Book and Special Collections Division is custodian of two bound sets of printings of the original World War I edition of The Stars and Stripes, which are in fragile condition and were not used in preparing the digital collection.", "About this Collection \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919 \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Digital Collections \u00a0|\u00a0\n \n Library of Congress\nThe Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers' Newspaper of World War I, 1918-1919\nNewspaper & Current Periodical Reading Room\nAsk a Librarian in Serial and Government Publications Division\nNational Digital Newspaper Program\nHistoric Newspapers on Flickr External\nCollections with Newspapers"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://bismarckstate.edu/master-news/BSCVisitingWritersSeriesfeaturesMinnesotaauthor/

BSC Visiting Writers Series features Minnesota author | Bismarck State College

["BSC Visiting Writers Series features Minnesota author | Bismarck State College\nHome \u00bb Master News \u00bb BSC Visiting Writers Series features Minnesota author\nBSC Visiting Writers Series features Minnesota author\nPost Date: Oct 08 2018\nAuthor Nicole Helget will be at Bismarck State College on Thursday, Oct. 18, at 7:30 p.m. for a reading, question-and-answer session and book-signing event as part of BSC\u2019s Visiting Writers Series. The event is free and open to the public and will be held in the Basin Electric Auditorium inside the National Energy Center of Excellence on campus.", "BSC Visiting Writers Series features Minnesota author | Bismarck State College\nHelget is the author of numerous works of fiction and non-fiction, some intended for adults and some intended for children and young adults. Her latest book, \u201cThe End of the Wild,\u201d won the 2018 Minnesota Book Award for middle grade literature. Other titles include \u201cWonder at the Edge of the World,\u201d \u201cThe Turtle Catcher,\u201d \u201cStillwater,\u201d and her memoir \u201cThe Summer of Ordinary Ways.\u201d Helget has also written a number of nature books for children.", "BSC Visiting Writers Series features Minnesota author | Bismarck State College\nHelget grew up in southern Minnesota and currently lives in St. Peter, Minn., with her family. She hold a master\u2019s degree in fine arts in creative writing from Minnesota State University, Mankato, and she is currently pursuing a master\u2019s degree in public policy with a concentration in rural arts, education and environmental issues. In addition to writing, she works as a teacher, editor, and manuscript and story consultant.", "BSC Visiting Writers Series features Minnesota author | Bismarck State College\nThe Visiting Writers Series is sponsored by the BSC English discipline of the Language, Literature & Communication department with additional financial support from the BSC Foundation.\nHelget\u2019s time at BSC will also include visits to various classes on campus."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://news.math.toronto.edu/home/blog/2016/11/30/john-friedlander-and-henryk-iwaniec-to-receive-2017-ams-doob-prize/

John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize

["John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nToronto Math News\nIn-the-News\nJohn Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nNovember 30, 2016 By news_blogadmin\nThe Department is proud to announce that Professors John Friedlander (Uoft) and Henryk Iwaniec (Rutgers) have been awarded the 2017 AMS Joseph L. Doob Prize.\nThe official AMS Press Release follows:", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nProvidence, RI\u2014John Friedlander of the University of Toronto and Henryk Iwaniec of Rutgers University will receive the 2017 AMS Joseph L. Doob Prize. The two are honored for their book Opera de Cribro (AMS, 2010).", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nThe prime numbers, the building blocks of the whole numbers, have fascinated humankind for millennia. While it has been known since the time of Euclid that the number of primes is infinite, exactly how they are distributed among the whole numbers is still not understood. The Latin title of the prizewinning book by Friedlander and Iwaniec could be translated as A Laborious Work Around the Sieve, where in this context a \u201csieve\u201d is a mathematical tool for sifting prime numbers out of sets of whole numbers.", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nThe Sieve of Eratosthenes, dating from the third century BC, is a simple, efficient method to produce a table of prime numbers. For a long time, it was the only way to study the mysterious sequence of the primes. In the early 20th century, improvements came through the work of Norwegian mathematician Viggo Brun, who combined the Sieve of Eratosthenes with ideas from combinatorics. Tools from another branch of mathematics, complex analysis, came into play through the work of English mathematicians G.H", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nHardy and J.E. Littlewood, and of the iconic Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (protagonist of the 2016 film The Man Who Knew Infinity).", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nFor 30 years, Brun\u2019s method and its refinements were the main tools in sieve theory. Then, in 1950, another Norwegian mathematician, Atle Selberg, put forward a new, simple, and elegant method. As his method was independent of that of Brun, the combination of the two gave rise to deep new results.", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nThe latter part of the 20th century saw the proof of many profound results on classical prime-number questions that had previously been considered inaccessible. Among these was a formula for the number of primes representable as the sum of a square and of a fourth power, obtained by Friedlander and Iwaniec in 1998.", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nWith these developments, the time was ripe for a new book dealing with prime-number sieves and the techniques needed for their applications. Written by two of the top masters of the subject, Opera de Cribro is an insightful and comprehensive presentation of the theory and application of sieves. In addition to providing the latest technical background and results, the book looks to the future by raising new questions, giving partial answers, and indicating new ways of approaching the problems.", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nWith high-quality writing, clear explanations, and numerous examples, the book helps readers understand the subject in depth. \u201cThese features distinguish this unique monograph from anything that had been written before on the subject and lift it to the level of a true masterpiece,\u201d the prize citation says.\nThe two prizewinners collaborated on an expository article on number sieves, \u201cWhat is the Parity Phenomenon?\u201d, which appeared in the August 2009 issue of the AMS Notices.", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nBorn in Toronto, John Friedlander received his BSc from the University of Toronto and his MA from the University of Waterloo. In 1972, he earned his PhD at Pennsylvania State University under the supervision of S. Chowla. His first position was that of assistant to Atle Selberg at the Institute for Advanced Study", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nAfter further positions at IAS, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he returned to the University of Toronto as a faculty member in 1980. He was Mathematics Department Chair from 1987 to 1991 and since 2002 has been University Professor of Mathematics", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nHe was awarded the Jeffery-Williams Prize of the Canadian Mathematical Society (1999) and the CRM-Fields (currently CRM-Fields-PIMS) Prize of the Canadian Mathematical Institutes (2002). He gave an invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich in 1994. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, a Founding Fellow of the Fields Institute, and a Fellow of the AMS.", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nBorn in Elblag, Poland, Henryk Iwaniec graduated from Warsaw University in 1971 and received his PhD in 1972. In 1976 he defended his habilitation thesis at the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences and was elected to member correspondent. He left Poland in 1983 to take visiting positions in the USA, including long stays at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. In 1987, he was appointed to his present position as New Jersey State Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers University", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nHe was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1995), the US National Academy of Sciences (2006), and the Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci (2006, foreign member)", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nHe has received numerous prizes including the Sierpinski Medal (1996), the Ostrowski Prize (2001, shared with Richard Taylor and Peter Sarnak), the AMS Cole Prize in Number Theory (2002, shared with Richard Taylor), the AMS Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (2011), the Banach Medal of the Polish Academy of Sciences (2015), and the Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences (2015, shared with Gerd Faltings)", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nHe was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Helsinki (1978), Berkeley (1986), and Madrid (2006).", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nPresented every three years, the AMS Doob Prize recognizes a single, relatively recent, outstanding research book that makes a seminal contribution to the research literature, reflects the highest standards of research exposition, and promises to have a deep and long-term impact in its area. The prize will be awarded Thursday, January 5, 2017, at the Joint Mathematics Meetings in Atlanta.\nFind out more about AMS prizes and awards.\nMike Breen and Annette Emerson\nPublic Awareness Officers", "John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec to Receive 2017 AMS Doob Prize\nEmail: paoffice@ams.org\nFounded in 1888 to further mathematical research and scholarship, today the American Mathematical Society fulfills its mission through programs and services that promote mathematical research and its uses, strengthen mathematical education, and foster awareness and appreciation of mathematics and its connections to other disciplines and to everyday life.\nFiled Under: Awards, Faculty\nCopyright \u00a9 2019 Department of Mathematics \u00b7 University of Toronto"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://medium.com/@gabekleinman/madlib-tm-feedback-e0fcd1b56921

MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative… | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium

["MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nMadLib Feedback\nHow Medium is using narrative MadLibs to make feedback more relevant + actionable, and the process more human-centered.\nGabe Kleinman\nCredit: The Talented Darren Hull\nTL;DR. Performance reviews + peer feedback have been a painful box-checking exercise for decades. It\u2019s time we drastically improve the experience and outcomes. Here\u2019s a look into what we\u2019re trying at Medium.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nThe mission of People Ops at Medium is to build a world-class team and enable it to do its best work. We strive to anticipate\u200a\u2014\u200aand at the very least be lightning-fast in response to\u200a\u2014\u200aeveryone\u2019s needs.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nAs we\u2019ve been growing this past year, it\u2019s become clear that effective feedback was atop the \u2018unmet need\u2019 list for our people (i.e., they actually wanted it, believed it would improve their performance, and make our product + company better). We did a little research (primary and secondary) and quickly learned that\nfew tech companies our size\u200a\u2014\u200aand even those 10x bigger\u200a\u2014\u200afacilitate any meaningful type of feedback. Yikes.\nWe knew an off-the-shelf system wouldn\u2019t work, so we designed one ourselves.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nFive (Not-So-Surprising) Guiding Principles\nInformed by our research, personal experience, and some inspiration, we came up with five guiding principles:\nBetter Experience \u2192 Quality Input \u2192 More Meaningful Output. If the experience of reviewing people is painful and takes forever, you\u2019ll get lousy results. Make the reviewer experience better.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nExplicit Expectations. If expectations for what people are accountable for aren\u2019t explicit, how are they supposed to know what to do and be measured against? Clearly articulate expectations.\nBuild for the Long Haul. Continuity from one review to the next is necessary over time to make it relevant, credible, and truly growth-oriented. Stitch them together over time, like a narrative that unfolds.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nGuided, Not Dictated: People respect feedback from peers, while wanting guidance on what they should/shouldn\u2019t focus on from managers. Source from both peers + managers, but the manager guides.\nGoals Matter. Goal-setting is actually important, not a throw-away or something to be rigged (unless managers fear what happens when their people succeed, or their people are afraid of failure\u200a\u2014\u200ain which cases there may be bigger problems to contend with). Obvious, right?", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nOne more principle rose to the top after the fact\u200a\u2014\u200aa rather simple one\u200a\u2014\u200anamely that\npeople don\u2019t artificially separate personal and professional growth in themselves, so why shouldn\u2019t we bring them together in their feedback process?\nThe Why (+ What) of MadLibs\nFor those who don\u2019t know, MadLibs is a fill-in-the-blank game started in 1953. I used MadLibs in my time at IDEO as a tool in business development conversations and saw others at IDEO using them for ad hoc feedback.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nWe simply took it one step further, using MadLibs as the key mechanic to source feedback.\nThe fill-in-the-blank format works for two main reasons:", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nBetter Experience for Reviewers: Open-ended questions (e.g., \u201cWhat should this person start, stop, and continue doing?\u201d) can be debilitating and massively time consuming for the reviewer, and difficult to synthesize/make sense of. On the other end of the spectrum, numeric grading systems (e.g., \u201cGabe scores a 7 out of 10 on Leadership!\u201d) can be reductive, arbitrary and inactionable\u200a\u2014\u200aand often leave reviewers shrugging their shoulders.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nEasier to Synthesize Patterns + Identify Outliers: Standardized fill-in-the-blank answers enable us to line up reviewers\u2019 responses next to one another, recognize and distill patterns, and easily identify the outliers (which we are able to either dismiss or probe more deeply on).\nHere\u2019s what the first draft of our MadLib form looked like:\nI can count on Gabe for ____________.\nHe is viewed within Medium as ____________. He directs his energy toward ____________, and does so with ____________ effectiveness.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nAt his best, Gabe is ____________, ____________, and ____________. His strengths include ____________ and ____________.\nWhen things aren\u2019t going well, he does/is ____________ and ____________.\nSome areas for growth include ____________ and ____________. He could operate on a whole new level if he were to ____________.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nIn the next six months, I\u2019d like to see him explore possibilities in ____________ and ____________, and stretch his skills in ____________. Specifically, I\u2019d recommend he connect with ____________ or try ____________.\nWhat\u2019s an example of when he totally crushed it?\nWhat\u2019s an example of a situation he didn\u2019t handle well?\nIf he were an animal, he would be a ________ because ________. [metaphors can be informative + lighten things up]\nFive Steps, Three Parts: The Story of Gabe", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nOK, so how do we do this? We begin by setting up a Google Doc (or a Medium post) for everyone being reviewed, and dub it their \u201cstory.\u201d\nLet\u2019s use The Story of Gabe as the example.\nHere\u2019s the process:\nStep One / Assignment: Gabe\u2019s manager, Naureen, assigns between 4-7 reviewers (including Naureen herself) to provide MadLib feedback on him.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nStep Two / Fill-in-the-Blank + Synthesis: Frank, who fills the role of Performance Guidance (a role we have in our People Ops group), sends out the MadLibs to the reviewers, and subsequently synthesizes the responses into a coherent, compelling compilation.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nStep Three / Let\u2019s Talk About It: Naureen (manager) and Frank (People Ops) together sit down with Gabe for ~30 minutes to talk him through the feedback, get reactions, and begin to discuss what\u2019s ahead. Naureen gives her take on it (\u201cI like the suggestion to grow empathy skills, and wouldn\u2019t pay as much attention to developing your JS chops\u201d), and at the end of the conversation Frank shares the Google Doc (viewing rights only) with Gabe so he can always have access.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nStep Four / Goal-Setting Time: Gabe has the next two weeks to develop stretch goals for himself, which come in the form of personal OKR\u2019s. He needs help and looks to others (including Naureen, but also his friend Dan in engineering) to help him out.\nStep Five / Closing Out Chapter One: Naureen, Gabe and Frank sit down one more time for 15-30 minutes to tweak OKRs and finalize Chapter One of The Story of Gabe.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nSix months later we\u2019ll do it again, and add it to The Story of Gabe\u200a\u2014\u200anext time as Chapter Two. [Worth noting: in Google Docs as well as Medium posts, managers have the ability to add comments in the margins over that six-month period.]\nIn the end, what does Chapter One of the story actually look like? About three pages long, with three key elements:", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nExpectation-Setting. Atop The Story of Gabe is a list of his roles + accountabilities, so he is clear on what is expected of him. [Process Note: At Medium we use a software tool called GlassFrog to help us clearly + transparently articulate roles + accountabilities for everyone.]", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nSynthesized MadLibs. This is the meat of the matter, typically netting out at ~500-700 words. To make it constructive takes time, and this is where People Ops (typically HR, Performance Management, or Talent in other orgs) delivers real value\u200a\u2014\u200aby holding an objective perspective while saving everyone else time to synthesize a meaningful narrative.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nGoal-Setting (OKRs). Gabe sets 2-4 Objectives and 3-5 Key Results per Objective, intended to help him look ahead. They can range from personally-oriented (e.g., develop presentation skills) to more organizationally focused (e.g., develop Medium\u2019s human-centered research capability)\u200a\u2014\u200ait\u2019s up to him, with input from Naureen and anyone else whose opinion he values. Nothing groundbreaking here, but to do it well takes the right touch.\nLet Them Opt-In", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nAt Medium, everyone\u2019s manager has the autonomy to choose how they give their people feedback, if at all. And most of our managers believe in regular 1:1's in order to do it early, often and honestly. We also run debriefs after each project, which always include reflection on what worked well, where there were tensions, and what to focus on in the future. So MadLibs supplement + systematize much of what\u2019s already happening on an ongoing basis.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nSince we launched this with engineering back in April, we\u2019ve subsequently gotten full adoption at the company. All opt-in. That\u2019s exciting.\nThe responses from those on the receiving end have been overwhelmingly positive as well (from \u201cshockingly actionable\u201d to \u201cthe best feedback I\u2019ve received in the last 20 years\u201d). That\u2019s even more exciting.\nWe know we have much left to learn, and there\u2019s certainly room to tighten it up. We\u2019re going to continue working on it.", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nLooking ahead to our Chapter Twos this fall, we\u2019re hoping the sequel lives up to the hype of the original.\nPS for HR + Friends\nIf you\u2019ve read this far, and you\u2019re in HR or talent development, there\u2019s one key take-away I\u2019ll leave you with.\nStop being a process-driven administrator, and start designing action-oriented systems rooted in the needs of your people.\nWhatever you end up creating, chances are, it\u2019s better than what they\u2019ve got now.\nThanks to Kate Lee.\nMedium member since Mar 2017", "MadLib Feedback. How Medium is using narrative\u2026 | by Gabe Kleinman | Medium\nfather of daughters. portfolio services + marketing @obviousvc.\nNever miss a story from Gabe Kleinman, when you sign up for Medium. Learn more"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-72729-0_16

Growing Points in the Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease | SpringerLink

["Growing Points in the Neurobiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease | SpringerLink\nModification of Cell to Cell Signals During Normal and Pathological Aging\nModification of Cell to Cell Signals During Normal and Pathological Aging pp 213-226 | Cite as\nGrowing Points in the Neurobiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\nM. Roth\nPart of the NATO ASI Series book series (volume 9)", "Growing Points in the Neurobiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease | SpringerLink\nThe last 15 years have seen rapid expansion in scientific enquiry into the neurobiological basis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD). The new findings exhibit a promising cohesion and convergence of the evidence that has emerged from studies of different aspects of the disease and from observations during life and post mortem", "Growing Points in the Neurobiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease | SpringerLink\nIt is also significant that structural lesions and the neurochemical deficits which have come into view during the past decade have proved highly selective, consistently affecting certain systems while leaving others intact. This suggests that there may be a unitary aetiological basis for the disease, of which the diverse neurobiological lesions are different expressions.", "Growing Points in the Neurobiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease | SpringerLink\nNeurofibrillary Tangle Brodmann Area Paired Helical Filament ChAT Activity Paired Helical Filament\nArai, H., Kosaka, K. and Iizuka T. (1984). Change of biogenic amines and their metabolites in postmortem brains from patients with Alzheimer-type dementia. J. 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http://web.cortland.edu/nagelm/papers_for_web/nagel_prisons_socialism.htm

The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future

["The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future or: The Incorrigible Ethos of Incarceration[1]\nMechthild Nagel\nThe \u2018Abyss\u2019 is their word for time,\nTime in prison \u2013 any kind of prison\nThey can see time as a devouring man,\nA vortex that sucks away their lives;\nBut in that vision they assert themselves\nSeeing the abyss and themselves as separate:\nSo they take on, once more, human dignity.\n- Dennis Brutus", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nWhat lessons can be learnt from a critique of prisons for the future of a society that is socialist, radically egalitarian and espouses enhanced ideas of liberty", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n? This paper seeks to give a sketch of how to procure social peace without a punitive corrections apparatus. I wish to highlight the visionary efforts of abolitionists and organizations, which are already on the way to creating a society\u2014without prisons or even penal codes. This indeed is a monumental utopian dream at a juncture, when in many parts of the world it is still controversial to decriminalize drug use and addiction or to legalize sex work.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn this article I attempt to do the impossible. I will ask what is the end or justification of punishment, and if punishment\u2014even where it is proportional to the offence, just, etc.\u2014does not serve its expressed purpose, namely to end crime, could we imagine to end punishment altogether", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n? While I will focus on the US prison system, I also wish to take a transnational look at the practices of imprisonment. The focus of the paper will be an abolitionist approach\u2014i.e. eliminating prisons and existing penal codes. Abolitionism, whether it is conceived as a gradual or radical approach, seems to me to be the only viable way of conceptualizing a just, socialist society", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIt is time to move beyond the medieval edict \u201cCarcer enim ad continendos hominess non ad puniendos haberi debet \u2013prisons exist only in order to keep men, not to punish them.\u201d Prisons indeed already punish psychologically the men, women, and children that they contain and \u201cincapacitate\u201d, because the offenders are physically removed from their social and family networks and employment. This is also true for jails, which hold pre-trial detainees.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nWhile criminologists tend to highlight the vexing problems of deviance and recidivism, it is worth pointing out the brutalizing effects of prisons on its wardens and guards", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nFrantz Fanon\u2019s analysis of the traumatization experienced by French soldiers and torturers in the Algerian colonial prison, Zimbardo\u2019s simulation of prison life with Stanford students, and Milgram\u2019s experiment with subjects who choose to inflict pain, all have documented the banality of sadistic behavior in carceral and colonial contexts.[2] I use the term banality expressly to indicate that it does not take much effort to convince ordinary people to participate in practices against others which clearly smack of dehumanization, if not torture.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIt is fairly uncontroversial to claim that in a capitalist society prisons function as the reservoir for the lumpenproletariat, i.e. for those who are chronically under- and unemployed or those who work in illicit trades (Rusche et al. 1939/1968). During war times and decreasing unemployment, incarceration rates usually drop, and during times of relative stability, yet rising unemployment, incarceration rates rise steadily\u2014and disguise official unemployment figures (Vogel 2003)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nYet, as Richard Vogel points out in his case study on US imprisonment, beginning with the Reagan administration both military budgets and correctional budgets have risen substantially, no matter whether the US is at war against another country or not", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nGiven the recent extensive military campaigns directed against Afghanistan and Iraq, the US government can ill afford this stealth logic, since it is increasingly unable to recruit a professional army from the working class with some seven million adult citizens under correctional control (prison, parole and probation) and hundreds of thousands of its youth in disciplinary/correctional facilities.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nI am not suggesting that criminal behavior is linked to working class status, even though the US courts seem to favor prosecuting \u201cstreet crimes\u201d rather than white collar offenses. Furthermore, police and prosecutors tend to single out citizens who are high school dropouts, barely literate and citizens who don\u2019t have regular (or legal) employment or housing", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe recent Hollywood film Traffic (2000) captures the partial judicial logic of exempting white suburbia\u2019s drug addiction and trafficking while reigning in urban-and-Black drug trades.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nI will focus on the United States\u2019 penal system for a) originating the modern prison institution and b) being emblematic of the crisis of the penal system worldwide. The United States is home to the largest \u201cpenal colony\u201d in the world, at the same time that it proclaims to be the \u201cfreest\u201d country in the world", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nCuriously, most Americans do not see this glaring contradiction (even when informed about current US penal statistics); similarly, Americans refuse to see that gunshot diplomacy and carpet bombing do not produce capitalist democracy and peace in targeted countries, as witnessed in the ghastly imperial wars against Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan, to name a few", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nBasic international covenants on prisoners\u2019 human rights are routinely violated at CIA sponsored prison camps around the world\u2014the treatment of \u201cenemy combatants at Guant\u00e1namo Bay, Cuba or at Iraq\u2019s Abu Ghraib\u2019s prison being no exception. At the \u201chome front\u201d Nixon\u2019s \u201cwar against drugs\u201d took a vicious and deliberate turn of a \u201cwar against poor people,\u201d selected on the basis of certain racial identities. Much of this paper will focus on the racist capitalist underpinning of the carceral system.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn order to understand the ideological underpinnings of American imprisonment, I wish to offer a brief historical review into the development of the modern prison system, conceived in the \u201cNew World.\u201d\nJustice as Vengeance or Reforming Punishment?", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe Oxford History of Prisons introduces the modern conception of prisons with a telling title: \u201cThe Failure of Reform\u201d (Rotman 1995). As soon as prisons were implemented by the reform minded Quakers in the American correctional experiment, they were mired in controversy. Prison cells, modeled after monastical cells, were supposed to reform the fallen person, not torture her, nor rob her of her humanity, nor instill more criminal appetite in her", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPenitentiary institutions started with such exalted promise, imbued with the spirit of enlightenment: \u201cFrom . . . the gruesome public execution of Damiens in 1757, through the Norwegian Parliamentary invention in 1815 of a tariff converting branding and cutting off limbs into terms of imprisonment\u2014ten years for a hand\u2014does it not exemplify reduction in pain?\u201d (Christie 1981, 9).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nWith the rise of the industrial revolution, capitalists sought a cheap, flexible labor pool. The prototype for modern factories were the workhouses in the American penitentiaries, filled with impoverished peasants, free Blacks, and recent European immigrants. Prisons became known as \u201ccrime schools\u201d at the same time as policy makers quibbled over the virtues of the \u201cseparate\u201d Pennsylvania System vis-\u00e0-vis the \u201csilent\u201d Auburn System\u2014solitary confinement versus factory-style mass confinement", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nBoth used the Bible as a tool of submission and correction\u2014to little avail. In the end the Auburn System, where prisoners worked silently side by side, became the preferred model, because prisoners are \u2018productive\u2019 and work for their keep", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSome prisons, which operated farms, even \u2018exported\u2019 food to the local community and ran the penitentiary institution at a profit.[3] According to the separate system, the prisoner was in an isolation cell equipped only with the Bible so that she would transform into a docile and reformed penitent; in reality, she usually developed psychopathic and paranoid tendencies and even reoffended once released", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nYet the specter of the Pennsylvania System looms large vis-\u00e0-vis the \u201cincorrigible\u201d or \u201cdangerous\u201d prisoner, who is confined in the modern variant of the monastic cell: the supermax isolation room where the incarcerated suffers from almost total sensory deprivation (cf. Rhodes 2004)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe Quaker reformers, who championed the Separate System, realized that instead of finding the panacea for ending the need for punishment, they had created a revolving door policy and that repeat offenders were the rule, rather than the aberration. In the last two hundred years, progressive reforms have always been at odds with the demands of security and \u201ccustody prevailed over treatment\u201d (Rotman 1995, 164)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n? The country that invented modern corrections, via the penitentiary model, is the leading incarcerator in the world\u2014and among the leading exporters of private prisons (Sudbury 2000, W. Martin 2006). The U.S. incarcerates 25 percent of the world\u2019s prisoners, and after the events of September 11, 2001, we can expect that more men (in particular) will disappear into Guant\u00e1namo Bay, U.S. federal detention centers, as well as into federal and state prisons", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn 2003, over fifty million US residents and citizens had criminal records, and currently over six million people are in the supervisory system of corrections, parole and probation. Many activists and radical philosophers have noted the intense racial discrimination that exists in the judicial apparatus, often dubbed \u201ccriminal injustice\u201d (Rosenblatt 1997)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe zeal of politicians and prosecutors to practice \u201cmass incarceration\u201d (Mauer) is only explainable according to a logic of vengeance (retribution), not deterrence or rehabilitation\u2014to invoke some classical theories of punishment (Honderich 1971). It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss these theories in detail. However, I wish to point out the general claim that the purpose of punishment, according to Honderich (1971) and Christie (1982), is to inflict suffering. Yet, is suffering necessary", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n? Honderich comes to this utilitarian conclusion: \u201c[A]cceptable practices must prevent offences at the lowest possible cost of distress, and certainly not by causing more distress than would occur without them. Furthermore, they must not themselves give rise to excessive inequality, and must secure that more equality or less inequality obtains than would be obtain in their absence\u201d(189, Honderich\u2019s emphasis).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPunishment meted out in proportionality to the offense has its theoretical merits, i.e. that the offender might be put on notice to accept the punishment, repent his crime and refrain from inflicting further suffering upon others. However, I maintain that this \u201cjust desert,\u201d utilitarian principle is still quite crude; Honderich\u2019s advocacy for \u201cacceptable\u201d practices of inflicting suffering still operates from a model of revenge; the offender must literally feel what it is like to be a victim, i.e", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nfeel distress, in order to learn his lesson. Theories of punishment often fail to explain other social and economic factors that drive imprisonment in societies governed by a capitalist mode of production. Honderich\u2019s emphasis on equality is therefore quite abstract", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nHe cannot \u201cwish away\u201d that the utilitarian pursuit of just punishment is practically hampered by discriminatory policing, vindictive judicial verdicts and coerced plea-bargains; the socially displaced and dispossessed bear the brunt of punishment and discipline.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nI contend that theories of punishment do not give us tools to understand the economic underpinnings of the carceral system because they focus on the faults of the individual under scrutiny or on particular types of offenses, rather than on institutions and systemic discrimination. The theory of rehabilitation seems to hold out the most promise, since it argues for mercy rather than revenge for the individual offender. I shall offer a critique of this theory of punishment below", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPrison critic and activist Angela Davis understands the importance of looking at the carceral system from a macroscopic perspective. She writes, \u201c[t]he prison has become a black hole into which the detritus of contemporary capitalism is deposited. Mass imprisonment generates profits as it devours social wealth, and thus it tends to reproduce the very conditions that lead people to prison\u201d (2003, 16-17)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nA groundbreaking New York Times study (December 2003) of workers\u2019 deaths reveals the deep seated refusal of law enforcement to prosecute CEOs, even in the most egregious cases of deaths after OSHA issued safety warnings.[4] Capitalist repeat offenders, Enron executives not withstanding, tend to get rewarded with more stock options rather than facing fines or long prison terms. If capitalists were sent to prison en masse, surely we wouldn\u2019t have to wait for a socialist project to reconceptualize justice", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe New York Times study reveals that criminal justice in a capitalist system is indeed capitalist \u201cjustice.\u201d Corporate crime is reclassified as regrettable negligence, committed by none; it is not newsworthy, even if scores of workers are maimed and killed (cf. Mokhiber 1989); while street crime by indigent folks is vilified in the evening news and is prosecuted zealously.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPrisons, as conceived in capitalist countries, beginning with the debtor\u2019s jails, houses of discipline (Zuchth\u00e4user), and penitentiaries, have utterly failed to live up to their cherished ideals of social readjustment and deterrence (cf. Foucault 1977)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn fact, I have come to think\u2014perhaps due to my experiences of teaching in prisons\u2014that despite a juridical, philosophical, and sociological emphasis on four punitive modalities, namely, incapacitation, rehabilitation, deterrence and retribution, these nuanced theoretical approaches can be reduced to one in practice: vengeance. A judge intoning at sentencing of a battered woman defendant, \u201cyou must do time for killing your boyfriend\u201d\u2014even when the evidence points to self-defense (cf", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nNagel 2001), uses justice as vengeance, just as he would do by condemning a petty drug dealer to \u2018fifteen to life\u2019 imprisonment, exacting a \u201cjust desert\u201d ideology. Rehabilitation has the greatest promise to stray from a vengeance motive, but the tenor of punishment is still the main modus operandi for the offense of having aggrieved persons and/or property", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn the following sections, I shall argue that in a capitalist system, rehabilitation is a vain project given that the social, economic structural problems are not being minimized or eliminated which set up the person for prison, or \u201clife on the installment plan.\u201d Restoring the individual to a properly adjusted possessive individual rather than maintaining a deviant possessive trait seems an illusory task, at best", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe US prison experiment also has a racial underpinning, and the \u201cjustice as vengeance\u201d motif surfaces, oddly enough, in a constitutional proscription of slavery.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe birth of the modern prison in the USA cannot be separated from the other institution of dehumanization, slavery. During the colonial period, punitive measures against the \u201cgiddy multitude\u201d have been differentiated by race and ethnicity; runaway Blacks receiving the harsher sentences than rebellious indentured whites\u2014judgments against the participants of Bacon\u2019s rebellion[5] serve as a case in point (Takaki 1993)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe clearest linkage of the carceral regime and slavery perhaps is the 13th Amendment to the US constitution, also known for the abolition of slavery. \u201cNeither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party has been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction\u201d (emphasis mine). As Angela Davis, Joy James, and Assata Shakur (who herself is a fugitive of U.S", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n\u201cjustice\u201d and enjoys asylum in Cuba), among others, have noted, this reconstruction amendment actually codifies slavery in prisons after 1865: it set slaves free from private bondage at the same time that it convicts citizens as slaves of the state when found guilty of a crime. This \u201cabolition\u201d (sic) amendment was a concession to Southern slaveholders who violently opposed complete abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSo it was no accident that Black Codes were established all over the South, which continued the institution of slavery under a new name. Freed Blacks were charged for offenses, which no white person could commit and received long sentences with a punitive work assignment, also known as the contract lease system. Most prisoners sentenced to ten years hard labor did not survive their prison term (Oshinsky 1996).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nA century later, imprisoned poet Shaka N\u2019Zinga (2000) describes prison as \u201cthe slave ship that doesn\u2019t move.\u201d Jalil Muntaquim (2003) calls attention to the use of the 13th Amendment as a tool to oppress POWs and political prisoners who wage an anti-colonial and anti-racist fight against the state (54). Militant white race traitors have faced long prison sentences or even the death penalty for defying the racial caste code.[6]", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nTiyo Attallah Salah-El, an imprisoned intellectual and lifer in a Pennsylvania prison, notes that the abolition clause was not the first to proscribe citizenship upon African Americans.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nWith the Dred Scott landmark case the Supreme Court had written two new rules into the fundamental law of the nation: first, that no Black person could be a U.S. citizen or even a state citizen \u201cwithin the meaning of the Constitution;\u201d and second that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, and that accordingly all legislation embodying such prohibition, including the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n\u2026 The three principal subjects with which Taney dealt at length in his opinion were: (1) the black race generally and free Blacks in particular; (2) the institution of slavery; and (3) the territorial system. If you look closely you will see that of these the first is not mentioned at all in the Constitution; the second is referred to in three separate passages, but never by name, and the third is treated in one brief and ambiguous clause", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe textual basis for constitutional interpretation was therefore meager. As the Bard of Avon stated, \u201cA lot of Ado About Nothing\u201d (and I will add, a lot of racist bullshit!) (Salah-El 2003).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nLegal scholar Paula Johnson (2003) also points out the tortured logic of the slave codes: Supreme Court judge Roger Taney, author of the leading opinion in the infamous Dred Scott decision, writes with respect to a slave woman who was caught stealing a letter: \u201cHe [sic] is a person, and also a property. As property, the rights of [the] owner are entitled to the protections of the law", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAs a person, he is bound to obey the law, and may like any other person, be punished if he offends it\u201d (Taney, cited in Johnson 2003, 22). The notion of property is recycled into the prison codex. U.S", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nprisoner Joyce Ann Brown finds herself written up for \u201cdestroying state property\u201d when she refuses to take her meal with others at the chow hall (Johnson, 154).[7] Many prisoners have documented their status as slaves of the state\u2014even decades after the Virginia ruling in Ruffin (1871), when Woody Ruffin\u2019s appeal of the death penalty on procedural grounds was denied because the court considered him \u201ca slave of the state\u201d and subject to \u201ccivil death\u201d (quoted in Rotman, 175)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn utilizing the Ruffin decision, courts have denied prisoners\u2019 civil rights, such as suffrage and access to collective bargaining.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nNo other nation-state went as far as the US in using the 1926 League of Nations Anti-slavery Convention to make involuntary servitude the explicit law of the land. In a reservation, the US quotes verbatim the language of the 13th Amendment, in order to preserve its right to enslave those who have forfeited their humanity due to the nature of their offense.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSubject to the reservation that the Government of the United States, adhering to its policy of opposition to forced or compulsory labour except as punishment for crime of which the person concerned has been duly convicted, adheres to the Convention except as to the first subdivision of the second paragraph of Article 5, which reads as follows: \u2018(I) Subject to the transitional provisions laid down in paragraph (2) below, compulsory or forced labour may only be exacted for public purposes (March 211929a)\u2019 (emphasis added).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nNot only is slavery legal in US penal institutions, contracting out slave labor also is perfectly acceptable, under US law, whereas international law finds both instances suspect, and the UN charter encourages member states to abide by its abolitionist stance", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nForced labor exacted for private purposes has been documented vividly by Oshinsky\u2019s study Worse than Slavery (1996), where he documents that after 1865, Black Southern convicts procured by private plantation holders and industry died at a faster rate than slaves prior to 1865.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nI highlight the connections of prisons and slavery in the American justice system because a) such connection tends to be avoided in discussions about theories of punishment; and b) it is difficult to even begin a discussion about the efficacy of punishment if the slaveholders\u2019 exception clause is not disregarded. How can it be possible to conceive of reforms within a system that contends that prisoners have no rights and are considered property of the state?", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPerhaps defenders of the view that prison can rehabilitate may turn to other capitalist justice regimes for encouraging best practices. British judge Lord Wilberforce opines \u201cUnder English law a convicted prisoner, in spite of his imprisonment, retains all civil rights which are not taken away expressly or by necessary implication\u201d (Raymond v. Honey, 1983:1; quoted in Coyle 2001, 743)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSimilarly, the German penal law code attempts to minimize prisons as punishment, and it notes that prison life should resemble life in liberty:", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n(a) Life in prison is to be made as similar as possible to general living conditions;\n(b) The harmful effects of confinement are to be counteracted; and\n(c) The execution of the sentence is to be oriented towards the eventual reintegration of the prisoner in a free society. (Prison Law, section 3; quoted in D\u00fcnkel, 311)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn a recent study, the Canadian Corrections Association reports that giving prisoners keys to their own prison cells fosters better attitudes and facilitates the reintegration process of ex-prisoners (cf. Broken Chains).[8]", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nYet, many reform efforts aimed at enhancing the dignity of the prisoner have been stopped and undermined by zealous wardens and guards, who prefer disciplinary rule and a tight security apparatus to lax standards of prisoners\u2019 self-governance. Thus, the reality is of course far from the lofty language of the lawmakers and reformers", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn addition, several well publicized sex-crimes against children in European countries have raised a public desire for long term sentences and even a return to capital punishment.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nFor the first time, \u201ctough on crime\u201d judges have sent more people to prisons, causing some German prisons to be filled beyond capacity, and overcrowding clearly violates the first two principles stated above. German studies have shown that even short term incarceration affects negatively the offender, who is more likely to re-offend than those offenders sentenced to probation (Mauer 2003)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn the fall of 2003, Minister of Justice Zypries proposed a sweeping reform, which uses the tool of de-carceration, for offenders, who would be sanctioned to fines; in the past, if they failed to pay, they were imprisoned. Her key proposal is to punish offenders with community service and she justifies it mostly on utilitarian grounds, curbing overcrowding and saving scarce public resources (Averesch et al. 2003). She is silent on issues of proportionality and rehabilitation or reintegration", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nEven in the US, there are hopeful signs that \u201clockdown America\u201d (cf. Parenti) may be fiscally impractical. Several states, facing severe budget crises, have looked at geriatric release and are leaning towards judicial discretion and leniency vis-\u00e0-vis truth-in-sentencing, three strikes laws, and mandatory minimum sentences (Vera Report, 2003).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nTo make sense of this contemporary experience, we must start with the fundamental question: What is the end of punishment?\nA Critical Perspective on Criminal Law\nThe Law Commission of Canada gives the following compelling definition of criminal justice:", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nCriminal law is a punitive response to a perceived problem. \u2026 Criminal law both universalizes the problem and individualizes its causes. It universalizes the problem in the sense that it recognizes the claim of the victim as valid and sufficient enough to demand a guarantee of protection by the state. It individualizes the problem by making individuals (mainly individual offenders) responsible for the problem (Law Commission, 11).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIndeed, the ideology of the police and justice apparatus of all nation-states seems to take victim\u2019s rights into consideration and seems to be driven by fairness and impartiality. In reality, the claim of the victim will be handled differently by the state, depending on the ontological status of the victim. The social standing of the victim will come into play when prosecution is sought", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn the US, if the victim was white and was murdered, her assailant is likely to receive harsh sentences; if the offender(s) are Black, they will also be exploited and condemned by the mass media. Two of the many infamous anti Black \u201ctrials\u201d of the last fifteen years are the Willie Horton Republican media advertisements during the Dukakis-Bush presidential campaign (which effectively paved the way for the Bush, Sr", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\npresidency) and the Central Park Jogger \u201cgang rape\u201d trial\u2014ten years later, the young men were found innocent and a single white male serial rapist was found guilty (Williams 2002).[9] Barry Scheck\u2019s Innocence Project has capitalized on DNA evidence to exonerate scores of prisoners, many of them African American men", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIllinois\u2019 Governor Ryan went so far to commute all death sentences after a discovery that the system was fundamentally flawed on racial, economic and geographic grounds; scores of innocent Black men were released from death row", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe fate of the Scottsboro Boys, who served decades of time only to be released after a massive grassroots campaign, spearheaded by the Communist Party USA, to prove their innocence of raping two white women, is a grim reminder that police discretion and whites\u2019 racial fears of Black men play a huge rule in (extra)legal condemnation of innocent people (cf. also Davis 1981).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nOn the other hand, the status of the victim is open to question, especially if she is Black. She will not necessarily see her claims defended as valid and sufficient; here, the trials and tribulations of Tawana Brawley[10] come to mind", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nWith respect to sexual offenses, the defense has often cross-examined the victim in such a way that she probably brought the crime onto herself: In a New Bedford gang rape case, the defense asked the victim \u201cIf you\u2019re living with a man, what are you doing running around the streets getting raped?\u201d This accusation is loaded with assumptions about domesticity and \u201cthe streets\u201d\u2014the bar where the rape took place serves as an extension of the street (Butler 1992, 18-19).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSure enough, the victim\u2019s grievances seem to be universalizable, but race, caste/class, geographic location, gender, sexuality, cognitive ability, and age are factors, which influence the police and prosecution\u2019s determination \u201cto make a case.\u201d This practice of selective prosecution and punishment appears to be true mostly at an anecdotal level: self-report studies on recreational drug use show no difference in level of drug consumption among different racial and ethnic groups; yet, almost all drug offenders prosecuted under the draconian New York State\u2019s Rockefeller Drug Laws are Black and Latino.[11]", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAnother study introduced to the US Supreme Court focuses on racist discrimination in jury trials. The Baldus Study gives penal critics astonishing empirical evidence for launching an ideology critique of both aspects of criminal law, outlined by the Canadian commission. Prof. Baldus\u2019 findings were used in context of raising the fairness of application of death sentences.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n(1) defendants charged with killing white victims in Georgia are 4.3 times as likely to be sentenced to death as defendants charged with killing blacks; (2) six of every eleven defendants convicted of killing a white person would not have received the death sentence if their victim had been black; and (3) cases involving black defendants and white victims are more likely to result in a death sentence than cases featuring any other racial combination of defendant and victim (McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe study makes clear that (1) \u201cthe problem\u201d will be individualized in death cases, because the race of the victim and the race of the offender play a crucial role in the decision of the prosecution of seeking the death penalty, particularly, in cases involving white victims and Black defendants. (2) It is rarely the case that a Black defendant accused of killing another Black person will receive the death penalty", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPerversely, \u201cthe causes of the problem\u201d are also universalizable, in the sense that the problem is made to disappear, akin to the Georgia v. State (1859), \u201cthe crime of rape does not exist in this State between Africans\u201d (Johnson 2003, 22). In addition, Black defendants seldom have the opportunity to face a jury of their peers, even in capital cases. How did the Supreme Court respond to this evidence of a paradoxical reversal of universalization and individuation", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n? Very tellingly, the Supreme Court dismissed the Baldus findings in McCleskey v. Kemp (1987). In an emotional outburst the Court opines: \u201cMcCleskey\u2019s claim, taken to its logical conclusion, throws into serious question the principles that underlie our entire criminal justice system\u201d (cited in Abu-Jamal, 94).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAnybody who has studied criminal law procedures, especially juvenile justice, and who has worked with women offenders, knows that the offender is also a victim.[12] Psychological studies of male prisoners sentenced for murder or manslaughter have revealed a high correlation of enduring a violent, abusive childhood, including being shaken as a baby, and violent behavior of the youth who often lacks the emotion of empathy", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nHowever, whether or not the state accepts the offender as a victim depends on race and paternalistic attitudes. This point is made over and over again in the anthology Inner Lives, where incarcerated African American women discuss racial discriminatory practices: white women with the same offense get a lesser sentence or probation/counseling, whereas Black women do hard time. The state thinks that the white working class woman has a \u201cdrug problem\u201d (i.e", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nshe is a victim) and must be treated for it, whereas the Black working class woman is portrayed as \u201cdrug dealer\u201d and must be punished to 15 years to life, even if her only crime is holding drugs for her boyfriend. If a youth offender is middle class and white, he often is referred to counseling and social services rather than \u201creform school\u201d or shock treatment camps, the latter will inevitably lead to a prison term in adult men facilities (cf. Mauer 2001)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAs Angela Davis (2003) argues, whole populations and communities are being criminalized, under the ruse of the War on Drugs, or more recently, War on Terrorism", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn the US, such target groups are always people of color, particularly, youth of color: \u201cUnless the current structures of violence are eliminated from schools in impoverished communities of color\u2014including the presence of armed security guards and police\u2014and unless schools become places that encourage the joy of learning, these schools will remain the major conduits to prisons\u201d (Davis 2003, 108).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n? A recent sociological study of the life course and risk of imprisonment suggests that economic class coupled with educational attainment produced greater inequality of who is incarcerated. Black women are also arrested and booked for drug related crimes at disproportionate levels (Davis 2003). High school dropouts of African descent are at a great risk of facing imprisonment, in fact some 60 percent of men born 1965-69 (Pettit et al. 2004, 161)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nRacial patterns of incarceration, on the other hand, have remained at a constant level in the 1990s. Angela Davis notes correctly that schools do not provide safe and supportive learning environments, such that young black men drop out and turn to illicit activities with the expectation to end up in jail for their offenses", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPettit and Western (2004) state that \u201crecent birth cohorts of black men are more likely to have prison records (22.4 percent) than military records (17.4 percent) or bachelor\u2019s degrees (12.5 percent)\u201d (164).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn a post-industrial economy, where unionized manufacture jobs have moved outside the United States to maquiladora plants around the world, working class people of color and those dubbed \u201csocial junk\u201d have been increasingly policed and controlled by a private and publicly funded and coordinated security apparatus (Parenti, 1999). Cities have lost their job base and moved service-oriented jobs to the white suburbs; metropolitan cities harbor unpoliced sweatshops with undocumented slave-laborers", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nMany inner cities have youth unemployment of over seventy percent so that neighborhood or national gangs become the major source of identification for dropout youth.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe major goal of criminal justice in a capitalist society, especially the United States, seems to be a containment strategy of the \u201csocial junk\u201d or lumpenproletariat; they may be corralled into the states\u2019 and federal prisons where white working class men (and some women) receive relative job security and decent pension plans", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThis is certainly true for central New York where the manufacturing base has been completely eroded\u2014replaced by a burgeoning prison industry which houses men from seven boroughs of New York City (cf. Nagel 2002a).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nI teach courses on discrimination and often include prison literature (e.g. Mumia Abu-Jamal, Jalil Muntaquim, and Joy James). Their radical analyses on the US prison system confronts students with their own perceptions about imprisonment. One of the white male students writes in his research paper on prisons: \u201cA policy that should be changed is the amount of education that they can receive in prison. They should be able to learn on their own but not be given a college education at the taxpayers' expense", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nI have to bust my butt to pay for my education and they have it given to them, that isn't right. We are educating the people of society. We should educate the people who want to learn to make a contribution to society.\u201d", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIt should be noted that this opinion was written long after college programs in US prisons were defunded in the 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill. Only a handful programs have remained, funded by private corporations or private colleges. The student\u2019s apparent retributivist sentiment is familiar to volunteers who teach college courses in US state prisons because guards very quickly complain about the free, undeserved education that prisoners receive", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nOften, they seem to lament their own lack of college education, and some even ask to sit in the classes for prisoners. However, the student\u2019s grievance is important in so far as all members of society should be able to benefit from a free college education.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAt a time, when many more people find themselves pulled into the tentacles of the surveillance system of criminal justice, it still seems difficult for the majority of Americans to rethink the system and favor more innovative reform approaches. Even family members of incarcerated people often adopt an attitude of social discipline, i.e", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nthat the uncle, brother, or aunt should \u201cpay for their crime.\u201d They may underestimate the social, economic ramifications that also have a dampening effect on one\u2019s choices, sense of self worth and civic responsibility, and chime in the choir of blaming the victim. As one African American prisoner explained to me, \u201cI saw that my dad with his B.A", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\ncould only find a menial job, so I went into the drug trade because it promised a good living.\u201d Jonathan Kozol\u2019s apt term of \u201csavage inequalities\u201d underscores the marginalization experienced by many poor communities of color and the desperate acts that may follow from such experiences", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPrison has become the biggest social welfare experiment of the government, and it is profoundly anti-family; it will foster negative sentiments of family members towards the incarcerated person; this is especially true for children of incarcerated mothers who themselves are more likely to go to prison", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nDonna Hubbard Spearman describes her situation in the following telling way: \u201cWe have the stigma of going back into a community where African American men are almost made martyrs and heroes when they come out of prison and go back into the community", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nBut when we go back into our community, we are not only unfit people, now we\u2019re unfit mothers, and it\u2019s hard to trust us.\u201d She likens prisons to slave plantations: \u201cI felt very much like I was on a plantation many times when I was talking in a prison system to my counselors and others about being a mother again and about taking responsibility for my children\u201d (Johnson, 203)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSpearman often was pressured to give up her children for adoption, whereas white women prisoners, according to her, were never asked to consider adoption.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIt is difficult to mobilize against prisons in the US, when its ideological underpinnings are not clearly understood, e.g. of its economic and racial dimensions, and where ex-convicts are stigmatized in their respective communities", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nYet, some churches are beginning to question the \u201challs of shame,\u201d as have youth of color (e.g., No More Prisons!) and a movement against the prison industrial complex, as powerfully displayed by Oakland students and Brooklyn students who walked out of classes and demanded \u201cEducation, not Incarceration!\u201d The well-attended Critical Resistance conferences, have also begun to turn the tide", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe International Conference on Penal Abolition (ICOPA) attracts activists and lawmakers from all over the world, including Africa and Latin America, to rally behind the notion that abolition of the current penal regime is a possibility.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nHowever, nothing short of a World Social Forum is needed to tackle global incarceration practices and lay out visions of transformative justice models as deemed necessary in a socialist, egalitarian society. Pursuing Lenin\u2019s dream of the withering away of the state, where, surely he meant its coercive institutions had to be relinquished first, we must boldly envision a society, indeed a global government, which takes seriously the abolition of rent, penal systems and a capitalist mode of production", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nA capitalist system is ill equipped to safeguard the sanctity of human needs and rights, whereas a radical and systematic redistribution of wealth is needed to address savage inequalities which all too often lead to lives of crime and despair. Redistribution of resources also requires that attention is paid to social welfare and public goods, such as universal health care; clean environment; free education; publicly owned media, etc. (Anton, et al, 2000).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAlternatives to incarceration and other reform models often universalize in a different, compelling way. They focus on community-based accountability. Such models have worked rather effectively in the context of spiritually grounded Sentencing Circles or Healing Lodges of Aboriginals in Canada. The measure of success is often discussed in terms of averting recidivism and pursuing reintegration of the offender into the community", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn the US, various communities and cities have utilized aspects of sentencing or healing circles in community dispute resolution/ mediation circles. Some of the commonalities of these approaches are 1) getting conflicting parties to talk directly to each other; 2) focusing less on the individual offender than the social context of the situation; 3) forgiveness and healing. Interestingly, in such models, the notion of punishment is minimized and reconciliation is emphasized (Sullivan et al", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n2001, Morris 1995).[13] One issue that is \u201crestored\u201d for the victim in such participatory, community-based circles is the sense of \u201cowning the conflict\u201d (Christie, 93). Her grievances are not relegated away to some representative body, which stages the conflict abstractly (through wigs, uniforms, guards in the court room, elevated seating for the judge, etc.). Importantly, these circles stay away from an adversarial approach", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nBoth parties bring their own advocates and families to the circle and the focus is on finding a solution and not on winning the case. What is interesting is that the offense often reveals a deeper-seated conflict, say an intergenerational family feud, that involves more parties than the accused and the victim. Circles do a great service in contextualizing and historicizing the problem. Since nothing is to be \u201cwon,\u201d there is no appeal to a higher instance", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe circle is the final arbiter of the case and the people involved. Face-to-face conversation brings about meaningful visceral responses, which is encouraged rather than silenced, as in the traditional (sterile) court. It may even be the case that in the end both parties apologize to each other for the transgression.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThe challenge of meting out justice is, in the words of Nils Christie (1982), \u201c[i]nflict as little pain as possible. Look for alternatives to punishments, not only alternative punishments\u201d (11). Christie also cautions that if one abolishes prisons, one should take pains not to turn towards a disciplinary society in which the Panopticon gaze is omnipresent (Christie, 86; Foucault 1977)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn part, the state\u2019s omnipresence has already been accomplished with the increased use of electronic surveillance of parolees. An alarm goes off once the person ventures into the proscribed area. In a post September 11 world, surveillance at a global scale (collecting gene data, banking accounts, gambling records, etc", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nof millions of unsuspecting, law-abiding people) has in part become the shocking reality for many subaltern selves, especially those who think they have no truck with terrorism\u2014and it is interesting to note that a movie, Enemy of the State, has become the blue print for fantastic schemes by the state to root out animal liberationists, plowshare activists, constitutional lawyers and advocates of political prisoners, and the peace movement, broadly speaking (Dreyfuss 2003)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nDreyfuss reports that the FBI has practically abandoned the hot pursuit of the drug war and organized crime in favor of the new war on terrorism (cf. also Parenti 2003).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn this climate of fear, we hear that giving up civil liberties is a small price to pay for overall improvement of security. Therefore, it is all the more important to press forward\u2014not only with critiques of the capitalist penal system, but with abolitionist strategies, which focus on the redistribution of wealth, living wage jobs, meaningful education, clean air and water\u2014in short, with substantive appeals made by a World Social Forum and other progressive venues.\nEnding Punishment", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAlthough abolitionists find ourselves outnumbered by advocates for reform of the penal institution and codes, we have to keep in mind, foremost, the abolition of all systems of oppression. A 1970s anti-prison collective highlights decarceration and excarceration strategies in A Handbook for Abolitionists, which are still relevant for the prison moratorium and abolitionist activists of today (Knopp et al. 1976)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThey also express their hope that \u201cgradual reductions in the degree and type of punishments can, in the long range, lead toward the total elimination of sanctions\u201d (101). They hold out the hope for universalizing compassion and understanding, rather than revenge. Yet, even restitution has had transformative impact on wrongdoers and wronged alike:", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn Tucson, Arizona, the Pima County attorney has established a pretrial diversion program for first offense felons considered \"eligible,\" utilizing a restitution and victim/offender confrontation procedure. The victim must consent to the diversion. In many cases this is achieved by bringing the victim and offender together with a facilitator, each relating his/her side of the story and negotiating the terms of understandings that will become the basis of the diversion arrangement.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nOne anecdote shows the potential of this procedure. A young man stole a color television set. At the diversion hearing he found that his victim was an invalid woman; the television set was one of her few links to the outside world. He was able to grasp the full consequences of his act-he had not just ripped off a T.V., he had materially hurt the quality of the woman's life. In addition to returning the T.V. set, he agreed to paint her house, mow her lawn and drive her to the doctor for her weekly checkup.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nMany victims have entered into the process reluctantly, only to find themselves later offering to serve as volunteer probation officers for other offenders. After one year's operation, the program has been successful in all but nine of the 204 cases which it accepted. The project calculates its costs at $304 per case, compared to $1,566 required to process an average felony case (Knopp 1976)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nOnce offenders agree to the diversion model (with face-to-face interaction with the victim), they give up the possibility of appeal through the conventional judicial system. The example of the robber\u2019s offense illustrates that the practice of restitution, i.e. of repairing the damage and doing community service beneficial to the victim, is more meaningful to the victimized woman than if had been punished to \u201cdoing time\u201d for many years.[14]", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nA society, which enshrines greed and possessive individualism into its governance, as the appeal to the \u201cpursuit of happiness\u201d in the US constitutional preamble clearly indicates, has little to offer in terms of correcting behaviors of its citizens. As long as the social and economic conditions, such as unemployment, which bring forth violent, corrupt and other unwanted behaviors, are not addressed, it is nearly impossible to pursue the dream of rehabilitation. Prisoners often ask: \u2018What rehabilitation", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nA Florida philanthropist, Harris Rosen, has done just that: in 1993 he walked into a poor neighborhood, Tangelo Park, with a 25 percent high school drop out rate. He announced to a local community group that all high school graduates of Tangelo Park could attend a Florida public institute of their choice for free regardless of scholastic merit", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSince that bold move which has cost him about $500,000 a year, the crime rate in that area has decreased 67 percent, whereas overall crime in Orange County has increased slightly. Importantly, only 6 percent of Tangelo Park students drop out of high school. Rosen also pays for the area\u2019s preschool and kids are able to read by the time they enroll in elementary school which certainly did not happen before", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nTeens are now focused on school and getting good grades in order to enroll in the college of their choice (Basinger 2004). Of course, I am not suggesting that college education makes one automatically an upstanding citizen, but it certainly provides many with self-worth and opportunities, where the excitement or necessity of illicit street and gang life may no longer be an issue", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nResearch of ex-prisoners who obtained a BA while incarcerated shows that they are far less likely to return to prison than those who did not get a higher education. Nothing short of a comprehensive socialist system, of state-supported free day care and a commitment to \u201ccradle to post-graduate schooling\u201d available to all is needed to tackle a meaningful habilitation program.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n? Giving up punishment also means one has to give up on judgment of another human being altogether, because one wishes to stop the energy of separateness (i.e. anger, hatred, and rage), which fueled the offender\u2019s actions. Judgments inspired by sentiments of retribution or deterrence accomplish nothing, because it feeds off the same energy of the offense committed (Walsch 2000, 42). This is an important reason why I wish to argue against the logic of revenge that is embedded in any form of punishment.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAs Christie puts it poignantly, prisons ought to be called \u201cpain-inflicting institutions\u201d and judges, those \u201cwho deliver pain\u201d (15-16). Clearly, a socialist society would shy away from inflicting pain deliberately", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nUnlike the judges in a Swedish study, who were found to pay more attention to the offense committed than to take pains to understand the offender\u2019s personal and social circumstances (Bondeson 2002, 64), a socialist healing circle would provide a compassionate approach to the individuals and focus on the greater good for the community. Once social injustices are holistically addressed at the systemic and societal level, individual transgressions can be addressed in a radically different way", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIt requires an acceptance of an organic, spiritual worldview which affirms that everyone is connected to the other; in fact, the other qua other is sublated: the self discovers herself in communion with other selves. To transgress against another would really mean to hurt oneself", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nActs of transgression will not be seen as \u201coffenses\u201d in need to be \u201cpunished,\u201d but the person who is taken mis-steps is told about the consequences of such steps and it is left to him to see that he is not acting in accordance to the Whole; and he will then volunteer to take steps to correct his behavior", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nPunishment will then seem to be an absurd approach because if one is connected to all others, as Buddhists claim, then it would make little sense to hurt oneself even further: \u201cIt\u2019s like stubbing one\u2019s toe, then kicking twice as hard to retaliate\u201d (Walsh, 151). This sounds of course hopelessly utopian, and perhaps we can only imagine a society, which lacks willful criminal activity, where heavy social sanctions exist.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nHowever, surprisingly, in several postcolonial countries in Africa, individual responsibility is seen within the context of group-based liability. In Mali, for instance, crime is quite low, in part because people are clan-based. If a Mr. Diallo commits an offense (robbery, rape, etc.) against a member of another clan, e.g. Diabate, not only will he be fined, but so will every member of the Diallo clan and the restitution will be turned over to the elders of the Diabate clan", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nThis will bring great shame onto him among Diallo members, and might brand him as being unmarriagable and untrustworthy. He has also soiled the good name of Diallo, a clan name with a long history of extraordinary political leaders. A Diallo member will therefore take great care to live a virtuous life and not upset the existing social order (Nagel 2002b). An important point here is that criminal offenses are treated as tort action (cf. Comaroff and Comaroff 2004)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn the global North, we are reminded that prior to Christianization of Europe, adjudication of a variety of offenses used to be group-based and restricted to fines, in order to avoid war and feuds. With the Norman conquest of England (1066), the legal codes were permanently altered so that it was the individual sinner who transgressed against the king\u2019s peace and had to face individualized punishment", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIndividual responsibility displaced group responsibility.[15] These cross-cultural and historical examples illustrate, I think, that another justice approach is conceivable of being implemented in the post-industrial global North. But first, such a radical approach would have to decenter individual responsibility, and it would have to put into relief a critique of the capitalist system with its implicit Christian malediction (or damnation) of the individual who erred against the state (a k a the king).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIn their chapter \u201cA Radical Perspective on Crime and Social Harm\u201d they note the harm-based approach of conventional justice, driven by state and market interests and elites: \u201cHow ironic that when our collective response to harm seeks retribution for harms done, when it rewards people for relating to each other at a distance, and when it acts to thwart the needs-meeting of those denied voice, the human community puts itself to sleep\u201d (140-41)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nInstead of hierarchical deserts-based and rights-based economies, they call for a \u201cneeds-based\u201d economy, which eliminates personal and structural forms of violence. In order to create restorative communities, which foster compassion, nurture creativity, and educate people in justice literacy, one\u2019s own needs, desires and actions will have to be changed", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nFeelings of superiority, detachment from others, and ideals of possessive individualism have to be replaced by sense of solidarity and ultimately, with the abandonment of the self (166). \u201cAt the highest level, this self is moved to live among others in a way that it neither seeks something in return for its efforts nor even thinks in this reciprocal or accounting manner\u201d (167). Abandonment of the ego encourages the self to transcend judgments, which are (often) merciless reactions to fear and guilt.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nWe can learn our lessons from communally based practices in the 19th Century Oneida community, Dineh Peacemaking circles, and Kpelle Moot adjudications in Liberia which do not dwell on guilt and innocence but rather on restoring harmony in the community. Conflict resolution may be brought forth by compromise (Knopp et al. 1976, Nagel 2002b)", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nIt might seem just as utopian to us to rid ourselves of prisons and punishment, as it might have been for radical abolitionists to free US society of chattel slavery during the 19th Century.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nAbu-Jamal, Mumia. Live from Death Row. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995.\nAnton, Anatole, Milton Fisk and Nancy Holmstrom, eds. Not for Sale: In Defense of Public Goods. Boulder: Westview Press, 2000.\nAveresch, Sigrid and Bettina Vestring. \u201cZypries will die \u00fcberf\u00fcllten Gef\u00e4ngnisse entlasten.\u201d Berliner Zeitung, 23 June 2003: 6.\nBarstow, David. \u201cWhen Workers Die: U.S. Rarely Seeks Charges for Deaths in Workplace.\u201d New York Times. 23 December, 2003.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nBasinger, Julianne. \u201cMoney Listens. A Maverick University Trustee Works to Meet the Needs of a Blighted Neighborhood.\u201d The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 4, 2004: A20-21.\nBondeson, Ulla. Alternatives to Imprisonment. Intentions and Reality. New Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction Publishers, 2002.\nBroken Chains, 2001. <noprisons.org>\nBrutus, Dennis. \u201cOn Prison and Exile - Poems.\u201d The Word Behind Bars and the Paradox of Exile, edited by Kofi Anyidoho. Evanston, IL.: Northwestern U Press, 1997.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nButler, Judith. \u201cContingent Foundations.\u201d Feminists Theorize the Political, edited by J. Butler and J. Scott (eds.). New York: Routledge, 1992.\nComaroff John and Jean Comaroff. \u201cCriminal Justice, Cultural Justice. The Limits of Liberalism and the Pragmatics of Difference in the New South Africa.\u201d American Ethnologist, 31(2), 2004: pp.188-204.\nChristie, Nils. Limits to Pain. Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1982.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nCoyle, Andrew. \u201cNon-Governmental Organizations.\u201d Imprisonment Today and Tomorrow. International Perspectives on Prisoners\u2019 Rights and Prison Conditions, 2nd edition, edited by Dirk van Zyl Smit and Frieder D\u00fcnkel. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.\nDavis, Angela Y. Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003.\n\u2014. \u201cThe Prisoner Exchange: The Underside of Civil Rights.\u201d Not for Sale: In Defense of Public Goods, A. Anton, M. Fisk, N. Holmstrom (eds.), pp. 131-143. Boulder: Westview, 2000.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n\u2014. Women, Race, and Class. New York: Random House, 1981.\nDreyfuss, Robert. The Watchful and the Wary. Mother Jones, July/August 2003: 57-61.\nFoucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage, 1977.\nFanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1982.\nFanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, 1968.\nHonderich, Ted. Punishment: The Supposed Justifications. Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1971.\nInternational Centre for Prison Studies. World Prison Brief. 2004.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n<http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/world_brief.html> (27 June 2004).\nJames, Joy, ed. Imprisoned Intellectuals. America\u2019s Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.\nJames, Wilmot and Linda van de Vijver, eds. After the TRC: Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa. Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2001.\nJohnson, Paula C. ed. Inner Lives. Voices of African American Women in Prison. New York: NYU Press, 2003.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nKnopp, Faye Honey et al. Instead of Prisons. A Handbook for Abolitionists. Syracuse, NY: Prison Research Education Action Project, 1976.\nLaw Commission of Canada. What is a Crime? Challenges and Alternatives. Discussion Paper, 2003.\nMartin, William G. \u201cThe Prison Industrial Complex Goes to Africa and beyond: Branch Plant or Apartheid Plant?\u201d Prisons and Punishment: Reconsidering Global Penality, edited by Mechthild Nagel and Seth Asumah. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2006 (forthcoming).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nMauer, Marc. Comparative International Rates of Incarceration. 2003 <http://sentencingproject.org/pdfs/pub9036.pdf> (20 Aug. 2004).\nMauer, Marc. \u201cGive Vouchers to Rehab Poor Juvenile Delinquents.\u201d The Christian Science Monitor, 30 January 2001: 11.\n\u2014. The Race to Incarcerate. New York: New Press, 1999.\nMauer, Marc and Medea Chesney-Lind, eds. Invisible Punishment: The Politics of Mass Imprisonment. New York: The New Press, 2002.\nMilgram, Stanley. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nMokhiber, Russell. Corporate Crime and Violence: Big Business Power and the Abuse of the Public Trust. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989.\nMorris, Ruth. A Practical Path to Restorative Justice. Toronto: Rittenhouse, 1994.\nMutanquim, Jalil Abdul. We are Our Own Liberators. Montreal: Abraham Guillen Press, 2003.\nNagel, Mechthild. \u201cAfrican Approaches to Penal Abolition.\u201d Institute for African Development, Cornell University, February 28, 2002b. (unpublished ms).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n\u2014. \u201cPrisons, Big Business, and Profit: Whither Social Justice?\u201d Diversity, Multiculturalism, and Social Justice, edited by Seth N. Asumah and Ibipo Johnston-Anumonwo. Binghamton: Global Publications, 2002a.\n\u2014. \u201cJustice for Qiana Allen\u201d. The Cobbler, 2001.\nN\u2019Zinga, Shaka. a disjointed search for the will to live. Baltimore: SexPol editions, 2000.\nOshinsky, David.\u201cWorse than Slavery\u201d: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York: Free Press, 1996.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nParenti, Christian. The Soft Cage: Surveillance in America from Slavery to the War on Terror. New York: Basic Books, 2003.\nParenti, Christian. Lockdown America. New York: Verso, 2000.\nPettit, Becky and Bruce Western. \u201cMass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration.\u201d American Sociological Review, 69, April 2004: 151-159.\nRhodes, Lorna A. Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison. Los Angelos: University of California Press, 2004.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nRotman, Edgardo. \u201cThe Failure of Reform: United States, 1865-1965.\u201d The Oxford History of the Prison. The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.\nRusche, Georg, and Otto Kirchheimer. Punishment and Social Structure. New York: Russell & Russell, 1939/1968.\nSalah-El, Tiyo Attallah. 2003. Personal correspondence.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nSchreiner, Barbara, ed. A Snake with Ice Water. Prison Writings by South African Women. Johannesburg: COSAW, 1992.\nSudbury, Julia. \u201cResisting the Globalization of Mass Incarceration.\u201d Social Justice, 27(3), 2000: 133-149.\nSullivan, Dennis, and Larry Tifft. Restorative Justice. Healing the Foundations of Our Everyday Lives. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press, 2001.\nTakaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nVera Institute. \u201cDollars and Sentences. A Roundtable Discussion.\u201d 2003. <www.vera.org>.\nVogel, Richard D. \u201cCapitalism and Incarceration Revisited.\u201d Monthly Review Press 55(4) 2003.\nWa Wamwere, Koigi. Negative Ethnicity. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003.\nWalsch, Neale D. Communion with God. New York: Penguin, 2000.\nWilliams, Patricia. Reasons for Doubt. The Nation, December 2002: 10.\nZimbardo, Philip. \u201cThe Stanford Prison Experiment.\u201d 2004. <http://www.prisonexp.org/> (12 Sept. 2004).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[1] For critical comments and discussion of earlier drafts I wish to thank Anatole Anton, Richard Schmitt, Tiyo Attallah Salah-El and Tim Bogdan.\n[2] Cf. Frantz Fanon (1952/1982 and 1961/1968); http://www.prisonexp.org/ for a discussion of Zimbardo\u2019s 1971 study; and Stanley Milgram (1974) for a discussion of obedience and authority.\n[3] Today Auburn Correctional Facility produces the state\u2019s license plates and office furniture for state institutions, such as universities and schools.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[4] The Times article begins thus: \u201cEveryone of their deaths was a potential crime. Workers decapitated on assembly lines, shredded in machinery, burned beyond recognition, electrocuted, buried alive\u2014all of them killed, investigators concluded, because their employers willfully violated workplace safety laws\u201d (Barstow, 2003).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[5] Poor whites and Blacks were promised freedom from indentured servitude for joining a wealthy English Nathanial Bacon\u2019s war against the Governor of Virginia and against Native Americans (1675-6). The rebellion\u2019s defeat spearheaded Southern planters\u2019 desire to institute a racialization of slavery.\n[6] I have in mind abolitionist John Brown and Weather Underground member Marilyn Buck.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[7] Apparently, it\u2019s not uniquely American to be considered state property as a prisoner. Ex-political prisoner Barbara Hogan reports of prison experiences during the Apartheid era in South Africa. She notes that women who refused to eat were sent to solitary \u201cas punishment because you\u2019re not allowed to commit suicide. You\u2019re state property, you can\u2019t damage yourself\u201d (Schreiner 1992, 29).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[8] Yet ironically, giving prisoners their own keys might have other motives: Koigi wa Wamwere (2003) charges that Kalenjin officers give keys to Kalenjin prisoners rather than their own fellow officers, who are of a different ethnicity.\n[9] Cf. Dennis Sullivan and Larry Tifft (2001) on the demonization strategy utilized by the Reagan-Bush governments (144).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[10] 16 year old Tawana Brawley had been found on Nov. 27, 1987, in a plastic bag in front of her apartment building in upstate New York. Feces were smeared on her hair, and racist slurs had been written on her shirt. Brawley said that one of six white men who brutally tortured her had flashed a badge. A grand jury later found that her account was a hoax and ordered her lawyers to pay civil damages to accused law enforcement.", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[11] For further documentation of racial bias in prosecution and sentencing, see www.sentencingproject.org and droptherock.org.\n[12] I am grateful to Katie Williams for helping me to question the analytical distinctions of \u201cvictim\u201d and \u201coffender.\u201d", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[13] South African\u2019s Truth and Reconciliation Commission had such potential to account for the crimes committed during the Apartheid regime", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\nBut many observers have noted that little was accomplished with respect to gaining genuine forgiveness and reconciliation between perpetrators and victims; in part, this had to do with the structural set up of the process, where perpetrators and victim/victim\u2019s families did not face each other during their respective testimony and in part because reparations were slow or not forthcoming at all (James, et al., 2001).", "The Role of Prisons in a Socialist Future\n[14] Most pre-colonial African societies had established practices of restitution, even for offenses, such as murder. When the colonial masters established prisons and prosecutors stepped in to accuse the offender of offending the state or Crown, the victimized parties were deeply dissatisfied because they received no compensation for the loss of property or life of a loved one.\n[15] Thanks to Anatole Anton for this important historical reference."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.law.buffalo.edu/history.html

Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo

["Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nThe first Buffalo Law Review editorial board (1951-52). The Law Review's inaugural issue was published by a group of law students under the guidance of Professor Charles W. Webster. The issue was 350 pages and had an initial run of 100 copies without having any subscribers. The lead article in Volume 1 was written by Charles S. Desmond who was then an Associate Judge on the New York Court of Appeals and would later become the Chief Judge of New York's highest court.", "Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nThe School of Law marked its 130th anniversary as a path-breaking provider of legal education in Western New York and nationwide. Join us as we recognize the many prominent people and events that have helped forge our path.\nTen Milestones in Our Intellectual History", "Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nWe turned to our in-house legal historians who compiled a list of 10 events and movements that have made a difference \u2013 in the Western New York legal community, but also increasingly, as the Law School has gained in regional, national and global reputation, in ways that reached far beyond Buffalo.\nLaw School Deans from 1876 to 2017", "Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nFrom Hon. Charles Daniels, a working New York State Supreme Court judge, to Aviva Abramovsky, our first female dean, the School of Law has been led by some of the greatest legal minds in history.\nNotable Faculty from Years Past", "Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nOver a century and a quarter, a long parade of distinguished teachers have brought both wisdom and knowledge to their students. Many have riveting life stories \u2013 experiences that intersected with their teaching and scholarship in sometimes surprising ways. Here are a few of the notable faculty from years past.\nJaeckle Award Winners through the Years", "Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nThe Edwin F. Jaeckle Award is the highest honor the School of Law and its Law Alumni Association can bestow. These men and women have exemplified the highest ideals of the law school and been recognized for their significant contributions to the school and the legal profession.\nA Focus on Diversity", "Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nIt has been said repeatedly and emphatically: The University at Buffalo School of Law must \"look like America\" by our supporters and leaders. The goal is simple but never easy \u2013 to identify and recruit academically promising students and accomplished faculty of color, and to take advantage of the cultural and academic richness that a diverse population provides.", "Our History - School of Law - University at Buffalo\nIn the beginning, men dominated the bench and bar. Only with the advent of the women\u2019s liberation movement in the 1970s did the law school see more than a handful of women in any one class. But a look back over 135 years of innovative legal education shows that accomplished and pioneering women have been the rule, not the exception, at Buffalo\u2019s School of Law."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/basic/?query=None

NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)

["NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nHome Studies Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children\nBiliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nStudy Design: Cohort\nConditions: Biliary Atresia, Liver Diseases\nDuration: 2006 \u2013 Present\n# Recruitment Centers: 16\nTreatment: None, observational only\nAvailable Genotype Data: No\nImage Summary: No\nTransplant Type: Liver Transplant\nDoes it have dialysis patients: No", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nAccess to samples for Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC) is currently only available via collaboration. Please contact the parent study to ask about ancillary study opportunities.\nClinical Trials URL:\nhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00345553", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nThe Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network (ChiLDREN) is a consortium of 16 clinical sites and a data-coordinating center that is committed to research into the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of rare pediatric liver diseases. Biliary atresia, one disorder studied by the consortium, is characterized by destruction or discontinuity of the extrahepatic biliary system, which results in obstruction to bile flow", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nLittle is known about either the cause of biliary atresia or the factors that influence disease progression. The Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC) is a prospective, observational study that was established by ChiLDREN to collect pertinent clinical information and biospecimens to aid in the understanding of the disorder", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nSpecific aims of the study include identifying the gene(s) implicated in the etiology of biliary atresia, identifying the polymorphisms that may influence disease progression, and characterizing the natural history of the older, non-transplanted patients with biliary atresia.", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nPatients between the ages of 1 and 25 years with a confirmed diagnosis of biliary atresia are eligible to participate in the study. Following enrollment, participants are separated into two cohorts: those who have their native liver and those who have received a liver transplant. Clinical information, including medical history, and biospecimens are collected at baseline. Those with their native liver will have clinical information collected annually for 10 years", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nGenetic analyses are performed on the biospecimens provided to identify the gene(s) and polymorphisms implicated in the etiology and progression of biliary atresia.", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\nThis study is ongoing.\nSpecific aims of the study include indentifying the gene(s) implicated in the etiology of biliary atresia, identifying the polymorphisms that may influence disease progression, and characterizing the natural history of the older, non-transplanted patients with biliary atresia.\nPatients between the ages of 1 and 25 years who meet the following criteria are eligible for enrollment:", "NIDDK Central Repository - Biliary Atresia Study in Infants and Children (BASIC)\n- Have a confirmed diagnosis of biliary atresia determined chart review, including review of pertinent diagnostic biopsy reports, radiologic reports and surgical reports.\n- Greater than or equal to one year of age\n- Have their native liver or have a confirmed liver transplantation\nExclusion criteria are documented in the study protocol.\nResources Available\nSpecimens Only\nMaterials Available\nPlasma 8475\nSerum 8369\nDNA 6112\nUrine 5727\nWedge Bx 1444\nTissue 1156\nEBV Transformed Cell Lines 1080\nCells 137"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://money.cnn.com/video/smallbusiness/2013/06/11/smb-la-gear-today.cnnmoney/index.html

Business News - Latest Headlines on CNN Business | CNN Business

["Business News - Latest Headlines on CNN Business | CNN Business\nWhatever happened to L.A. Gear?\nby LAMOTHE, KEISHA @KeishaLamothe\nThe sneakers with the flashing lights were everywhere in the 90s. And even though the company fell on hard times, the brand is still with us today."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://fi.yamaha.com/fi/artists/a/angelo_bearpark.html

Angelo Bearpark - Brass Player

["Angelo Bearpark - Brass Player\nAngelo Bearpark was born in Oldham, England. At the age of 7 he began his musical career as a member of the Dobcross band. In the English solo championships 1976 he won the title in all categories. In the same year, he joined the famous Black Dyke Mills band, with whom he won several titles such as the British Open, the National Championships of Great Britain and the European Brass Band Championships", "Angelo Bearpark - Brass Player\nDuring this time, Angelo Bearpark had the privilege of taking lessons at the famous James Shepherd and played with him in the James Shepherd Versatile Brass Ensemble.", "Angelo Bearpark - Brass Player\nIn 1982, Angelo Bearpark moved to Switzerland. He is a member of the Fanfare C\u00e9cilia de Chermignon and founded his own music school. He also played with various bands such as the Brass Band Biel, the Brass Band Berner Oberland and the Brass Band \"treize \u00e9toiles\".", "Angelo Bearpark - Brass Player\nIn 1986, he founded the Angelo Bearpark Brass Ensemble and took part in numerous concerts in Switzerland and on several tours abroad, including Japan and Australia. Currently, Angelo Bearpark teaches in his music school and works as a music consultant with a variety of ensembles."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://bhsblueandwhite.com/1048/features/university-of-idaho-murders/

University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation

["University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nA disturbing murder scene in the early morning of November 13th, 2022 shook the nation with its tragic and odd occurrence in Moscow, Idaho. Kaylee Goncalves, Madison Mogen, Xana Kernodle, and Ethan Chapin were all brutally stabbed to death between 4:00-4:30 AM on November 13th. They were all students that attended the University of Idaho. The three girls had lived in the home that they were all found in; Chapin was spending his night with his girlfriend, Kernodle", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nIt was an off-campus residence for the three girls; two other roommates besides the deceased lived there. The two other roommates were not harmed during the events.", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nJust before the murders, the four were out and about around 1 AM grabbing food in downtown Moscow. There was footage of this occurring through a Twitch livestream. From there, the four proceed to get an Uber ride back to their home. An affidavit was provided as evidence through the case from one of the surviving roommates. It said they thought Goncalves was playing around with her dog, until later on they thought they heard Goncalves (later changed to Kernodle) say someone was there in the house", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nLater on, whimpering was heard and altogether, the affidavit said that the man, who was dressed in all black, had entered their house calmly walked out of it. Despite 911 calls being made later into the day, the students were pronounced dead at noon the same day.", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nBut the real question isn\u2019t simply just why. It\u2019s a curiosity to delve into the mind of the accused murderer: Bryan Kohberger. Kohberger is a college student that attended Washington State University, almost 7 miles away from the University of Idaho. He studies criminology and was considered aloof, off-putting, and intense while in classes. He had just earned his PhD in criminology in December in his first semester. Kohberger seems to be a temperamental man", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nHe argued a lot with his classmates about strange topics when discussing serial killers and/or murders. Most of those he argued with were women. However, enough with Kohberger\u2019s cold personality in school surroundings. What is his connection with these four UI students and what were his motive(s)?", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nIt is noted that throughout the night, footage was found in surrounding homes near the scene that a white Hyundai Elantra went around the home several times before and after the murders. That wasn\u2019t the first night a white Hyundai Elantra was spotted near there before, however. Spottings can date as far back as August, with around a total of 12 visits before the murders happened", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nIt was ruled that it was a quadruple homicide and that Kohberger was charged with four counts of first-degree murder and one count of felony burglary, noting that the murders were premeditated with malice aforethought. However, the connection between the students and this man isn\u2019t well known as of yet. Recent news of the event show Kohberger is scheduled to have a preliminary court hearing in June for trial-proceeding evidence.", "University of Idaho Murders: A Disturbing Tragedy That Shocked the Nation\nStar Gonzales is a writer for the Blue and White's Entertainment and Campus sections. When they are not writing, they spend their time drawing and listening...\nSchool Sports!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/165/168/

Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)

["Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nJustia \u203a U.S. Law \u203a U.S. Case Law \u203a U.S. Supreme Court \u203a Opinions by Volume \u203a Volume 165 \u203a Clarke v. McDade\nClarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nClarke v. McDade\nSubmitted January 13, 1897\nDecided January 25, 1897", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nA general statement that the decision of a state court is against the constitutional rights of the objecting party, or against the Fourteenth Amendment, or that it is without due process of law, particularly when these objections appear only in specifications of error, so called, will not raise a federal question, even where the judgment is a final one within Rev.Stat. \u00a7 709.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nIn these cases there was no final judgment, such as is provided for in Rev.Stat. \u00a7 709, and there does not appear to have arisen any federal question whatever.\nPage 165 U. S. 169\nThe case is stated in the opinion.\nClarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897) Clarke v. McDade\nERROR TO THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE CITY\nAND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA\nMR. JUSTICE PECKHAM delivered the opinion of the Court.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThe records in the above numbers, 158 and 159, relate to proceedings in habeas corpus. Those records are printed. Nos. 161 and 165 also relate to proceedings in habeas corpus. The records in those cases are not printed. No. 160 relates to a writ of error in what is termed in the record an \"action.\"", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nAll the records now before us, both printed and unprinted, are such a mass of confusion as to render it difficult to determine what has been done in the court below. The records relating to the proceedings taken upon habeas corpus show applications for that writ to various judges of the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco, State of California", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nFrom a perusal of the series of papers variously denominated \"orders,\" \"objections,\" \"demurrers,\" \"motions to vacate,\" \"answers,\" \"specifications of errors,\" and \"petitions for reversal,\" which are mixed up in inextricable confusion, we are able to gather that the plaintiff in error, Clarke, was proceeded against in the Superior Court of San Francisco as an alleged insolvent, and that such court, after a hearing, adjudged that he was insolvent; that he appealed from the adjudication, and his appeal was heard in the Supreme Court of California, which court affirmed the adjudication, and remitted the record to the Superior Court of San Francisco", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThese facts are discovered from the perusal of a paper appearing to be an order signed by one of the judges of the superior court, which shows that there had been an appeal, and that the remittitur had come down to that court, affirming its judgment adjudging Clarke an insolvent.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThe order containing such recitals then directs the insolvent to file an inventory of his property, and it is signed by one of the judges of the court. An appeal was taken from the order, but no disposition of it appears to have been made, so far as the record shows. He failed to obey the order by filing the inventory as directed, and, an order to show cause why he should not be punished for contempt having been made, he appeared and offered various objections to such adjudication", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nHe was finally adjudged guilty of the contempt charged, and was committed to the jail in San Francisco until he should obey the order of the court and file an inventory as directed. After his commitment to the jail, he commenced a series of proceedings, by habeas corpus, to obtain his release. It is the decision of the judge rendered in each proceeding of which he complains", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nHe applied to one judge of the superior court after another for the writ which was granted him, and when the writ was served, and the petitioner produced in obedience to the writ, after a hearing the writ was discharged, and the petitioner was remanded by the judge who granted the writ. This was repeated three or four times before different judges, with the same result", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nHe also applied to Judge Morrow, United States District Judge, for a writ of habeas corpus, and that writ was applied for after he had applied to the state judge for the same kind of a writ which had been allowed, but before a decision was given by the state judge in that particular proceeding; and, upon a hearing before the state judge upon the return of the writ sued out by himself, he objected that the judge had no right to hear the case, as he had applied to a United States district judge for a writ of habeas corpus, and that, under the provisions of \u00a7\u00a7 763, 766 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, there was no power in the state judge to proceed with the hearing upon a return of the writ.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nIt does not appear what (if any) action was taken by the federal judge on the application for the habeas corpus, and it is upon the decisions made by the state judges on these various applications for writs of habeas corpus that the questions arise which plaintiff in error claims that this Court has the jurisdiction to decide.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nAll his objections to the proceedings are to be found in documents set forth in the records, signed by himself, and which he describes as \"specifications of error\" and \"prayers for reversal.\" In these specifications, he sets up numerous objections to the order adjudging him an insolvent, and to the order adjudging him in contempt, and to the alleged refusal of the various judges to admit him to bail pending an examination of his case under the writs issued", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nWhat these various decisions were can only be determined from these specifications of error and other descriptions and allegations contained in affidavits and alleged answers to petitions signed by the plaintiff in error.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nHe objects that the order adjudging him an insolvent, as well as various of the other orders made by the court, were not signed by the clerk and sealed with the seal of the court assuming to grant them; that they were not served by the sheriff; that he was denied a trial by jury upon the question of insolvency, and upon the question of contempt, that he was denied bail, and generally that the Fourteenth Amendment was violated in his person, and that all of the various orders were made in violation of the sections of the Revised Statutes, \u00a7\u00a7 1977, 763-766.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThere is not one judgment of any court to be found in the record. There is a statement in each of the records relating to the habeas corpus proceedings, following the writ and return thereto, as follows: \"Court order, October 26, 1893. Writ dismissed. Prisoner remanded. Register 2 of departments 1 to 10, page 249.\ufffd", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nIn one of the records, four petitions for writs of habeas corpus are contained, one after the other, and no action shown in regard to any petition, excepting at the end of the fourth there is a statement similar to that which is above set forth as to the dismissal of the writ.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThere is no record of any appeal's being taken to any state appellate tribunal, or of any review's being had or attempted of the various so-called court orders remanding the prisoner after a hearing upon the returns to the various writs, but the writs of error from this Court are directed to the judges of the\nSuperior Court of the City and County of San Francisco, and they have been allowed by one of the judges of that court.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThe fatal objection appears in each case that the so-called court orders, made upon the returns to the several writs of habeas corpus which were granted by a judge and returnable before him, do not constitute that final judgment or decree in a suit in the highest court of a state in which a decision in the suit could be had which may be reviewed on writ of error from this Court, under section 709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nIf these various orders did constitute such a final judgment, it does not appear in the record that any question arose in such a manner as would give this Court jurisdiction to review the same under the above-named section.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nA general statement that the decision of a court is against the constitutional rights of the objecting party, or against the Fourteenth Amendment, or that it is without due process of law, particularly when these objections appear only in specifications of error, so called, will not raise a federal question even where the judgment is a final one within the section of the Revised Statutes above mentioned. There must be at least some color of a federal question. Hamblin v. Western Land Co., 147 U. S. 531.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nAlfred Clarke, in the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco, Department 10, the record opens with what is termed \"Specifications of Error and Prayer for Reversal,\" in which it is stated that the action was commenced on the second of October, 1891, by filing a petition in the court, and that, on the same day, a mutilated portion of an attachment bond was filed in the same case, but that the bond was never approved by the judge, and that on the 6th of October, 1891, the respondent, Alfred Clarke, filed and served an objection to the bond, which objection is set forth", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThen it is stated that no other bond was ever filed. An order to show cause then follows, ordering Clarke to show cause why he should not be adjudged an insolvent debtor and restraining his transfer of any property in the meantime. This order is signed by one of the judges of the superior court. It would", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nappear that the order was served on the respondent personally, and after such service it was filed, and was not served upon him after filing. The respondent thereafter objected to the jurisdiction of the court on the ground of absence of summons. The objection was overruled, subsequent proceedings were had, and on May 18, 1892, the respondent was adjudged an insolvent", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThe respondent claims that in the above proceedings he has been deprived of liberty and property without due process of law and denied by the state the equal protection of the laws. He specifies the errors on which he will rely:", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\n\"(1) That the judgment complained of is null and void for want of jurisdiction, and the court never obtained jurisdiction of his person, and therefore he has not been accorded due process of law.\"\n\"(2) That said judgment is made in violation of the fourteenth article, United States Constitution, and section 1979 of Revised Statutes of United States.\"\n\"Wherefore respondent prays that the said judgment may be reversed.\"", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\n\"This paper is made and filed nunc pro tunc as of May 10, 1894, by leave of court, for good cause shown.\"\n\"(Signed) Alfred Clarke\"\n\"Respondent and Plaintiff in Error\"", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nIt is then stated that the foregoing bill of exceptions is allowed and authenticated as and for the transcript on writ of error from the United States Supreme Court to the superior court as provided by law. It is signed by a judge of the superior court. Upon such a record, a writ of error is allowed, and the citation and return of the judges of the foregoing matters follows.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nThis is everything that is in the record. No pleadings, no judgment, other than an allegation, in what is called a \"bill of exceptions,\" of an adjudication in insolvency, and the recital in such bill of objections taken of the character above set forth, and from this proceeding in insolvency before one of the judges of the Superior Court of San Francisco, the plaintiff in error sues out a writ of error from this Court, and claims the", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nright to review the proceedings (whatever they were) of the Superior Court of San Francisco County. The same objection, among others, applies to this that we have stated in regard to the other records.\nThere is no final judgment, such as is provided for in section 709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and there does not appear to have arisen any federal question whatever.", "Clarke v. McDade, 165 U.S. 168 (1897)\nWe have carefully looked through these entire records, notwithstanding the mass of confusion which appears in all of them. We find nothing which shows that we have jurisdiction in the cases, and for these reasons, the various writs of error must be\nDismissed."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://minutemirror.com.pk/revolt-against-rulers-only-option-left-for-people-pti-46184/

Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI

["Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nHome National Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nRevolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nParty workers protest on Karachi\u2019s roads against fuel price hike\nHanif Samoon\nOn the call of former prime minister Imran came, a large number of PTI workers came on the roads and in the streets in the city to register their protest against the steep rise in the prices of petroleum products by the federal government for the second time in two weeks.", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nSpeaking to the protesters, former Sindh governor Imran Ismail said that \u201cimporter\u201d rulers have broken the back of the people of the country by raising the prices of petroleum products and food items. \u201cIt is a cruel joke with the people of the country to raise the prices of POL,\u201d he added", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nThe former governor claimed that the rulers imposed on the country through a conspiracy against the people of the country, who according to him, from every day of the move to change the government, had been protesting against the rulers.", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nHe alleged that the current rulers, as per their agenda, have pushed the country towards chaos and confusion and the people of the country were not being provided with the required essential commodities at adequate rates", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\n\u201cEveryone has been left unbridled to rob the consumers and there is no law to prevent the shopkeepers from charging the rates of their own choice,\u201d he said and added that all claims by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif to provide the flour at the subsided rates to the people through the Utility Stores had gone in the air and all untitled stores in Karachi and other cities and towns of the province had not been provided with the essential commodities.", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nAddressing the charged workers of PTI, Syed Ali Zaidi, a former federal minister and the provincial chief of PTI in Sindh, said that the people of the country are left with no other option but to revolt against the rulers, who according to him, had become a liability for the country. Zaidi said that the people by coming on the roads over the rise of the petroleum products had proved that they were ready to fight with imported rulers for anti-people policies.", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nAli Zaidi said that the PTI chairman Imran Khan was the true and committed leader of the people of the country and he could only steer the country out of the current mess created by the rulers to please their masters. He said that fresh elections across the country were the not way out to get rid of the inefficient imported rulers, who could go to any length to make the lives of the people miserable", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nBilal Ghaffar, Dr Seema Zia, Khuram Sher Zaman and other PTI leaders and lawmakers also lashed out at the rulers \u201cfor the ill-conceived policies\u201d.", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nMeanwhile, people from different walks of life came on the roads in all the big and small towns of the province to register their protest against the steep rise in petroleum products", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nThe people came on the roads in Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Sukkur Larkana, Badin, Dadu, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Umerkot, Ghotki, Qambar-Shahdadkot, Jamshoro, Tando Mohammad Khan, Matari, Tando Allahyar, Khairpur, Shikarpur, Mithi and another town on Friday to register their protest against the decision of the federal government to raise the POL prices.", "Revolt against rulers only option left for people: PTI\nHanif Samoon is a senior journalist based at Thar/Badin and contributes reports from different districts of Sindh to Minute Mirror. He has won a number of awards, including the Agahi Award twice for his stories on health and child rights. He tweets @HanifSamoon1 and can be reached through email at hanifsamoon@gmail.com"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.pt/books?id=qM-woTJ92XAC&pg=RA3-PA377&vq=%22His+head+and+his+hairs+were+white+like+wool,+as+white+as+snow+%3B+and+his+eyes+were+as+a%22&dq=editions:STANFORD36105007790749&lr=&hl=pt-PT&output=html_text

Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...

["Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\n? And I said unto him, Sir, thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they which came out of the great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them 15 white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore are they before the throne of God, and serve him day and night in his temple; and he that sitteth 16 on the throne shall dwell among them. They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; neither 17 shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. For", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nthe Lamb, which is the midst of the throne, shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living fountains of waters: and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes.\nCONTINUATION OF PART II\nSECTION VIII.\nSeventh Stage of the Manifestation of the Mystery.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nThe religion of Jesus is at length accepted, being conpletely made known to the Roman world for the obedience of faith; the anger of God is appeased; there is no more occasion for divine judgments; and the earth may experience repose, however short, so long as it can preserve the truth, which it has gained, immaculate. Be silent, O all flesh, before the Lord: for he is raised up out of his holy habitation. Zech. ii. 13.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nVIII. 1. And when he had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour.\nPART III.\nTHE SEVEN STAGES OF THE PUBLIC SOUNDING OF\nCHRISTIANITY.\nSECTION I.\nThe Accession of our Lord to the High-Priesthood of the Empire.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nBy the overthrow of Paganism our Lord at length accedes to the high-priesthood of the Empire, which had been hitherto filled by the Pagan Imperial Pontiffs; and in that capacity He is seen standing as Mediator between God and man, offering the prayers of the church, which through him are accepted. But most probably through its subsequent corruptions, instead of sending peace, he sends fire on the earth by the Council of Nice, which was held A.D", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\n325, in which the doctrine of the Trinity was first imposed upon the church as a necessary article of faith, concerning which, for 300 years past, every one had been left to his own private opinion. By this council, much bitterness was occasioned between the so-called orthodox and the dissentients", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nFour distinct systems existed concerning the nature of the Trinity, that of the Arians, that of the Tritheists, that of the Sabellians, and that of the Orthodox; and eighteen creeds were formed out of the Arian opinion. A counter-revolution of religion also happened in the Empire, the restoration of Paganism by the Emperor Julian, A.D. 361-363.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\n3 And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all the saints upon the golden 4 altar which was before the throne. And the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God 5 out of the angel's hand", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nAnd the angel took the censer, and filled it with the fire of the altar, and cast it upon the earth; and there were voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nAnd the seven angels which had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound.\nSECTION II.\nFirst Stage of the Public Sounding of the Mystery.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nThe four Pr\u00e6torian Pr\u00e6fects were by this time no longer able to restrain the Northern Barbarians from invading the Empire-the 144,000, or first-fruits, were all sealed-and the first public sounding of Christianity brought with it Alaric and his Goths to ROME, then containing 1,200,000 inhabitants, who made a cruel slaughter of them, and filled the streets of the city with dead bodies, which remained without burial during the general consternation", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nWhenever the Barbarians were provoked by opposition, they extended the promiscuous massacre to the feeble, the innocent, and the helpless. They pillaged and set fire to the city, and gratified their sensual appetites without discrimination upon their female captives. Whatever might be the numbers, of equestrian or plebeian rank, who perished in the massacre of Rome,", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nit is confidently affirmed that only one senator lost his life by the sword of the enemy. But it was not easy to compute the multitudes, who from an honourable station, and a prosperous fortune, were suddenly reduced to the miserable condition of captives and exiles. This awful catastrophe of Rome filled the astonished Empire with grief and terror", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nSo interesting a contrast of greatness and ruin, disposed the fond credulity of the people to deplore, and even to exaggerate, the afflictions of the queen of cities. The clergy, who applied to recent events the lofty metaphors of Oriental prophecy, were sometimes tempted to confound the destruction of the capital, and the dissolution of the globe. A.D. 410. Gibbon, v. xxxi.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\n7 The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and fire mingled with blood, and they were cast upon the earth: and the third part of the trees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up.\nSECTION III.\nSecond Stage of the Public Sounding of the Mystery.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nAttila and his warlike nation of Huns were cast, like a volcano, into the Roman Empire, carrying fire and sword wherever they went. Five or seven hundred thousand the Barbarian was able to bring into the field. Illyricum, Gaul, Italy felt the fierceness of the Scourge of God. But of the three pr\u00e6fectures into which the Roman Empire was divided, it was Illyricum upon which the whole weight of his fury fell", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nThe whole breadth of Europe, as it extends above five hundred miles from the Euxine to the Hadriatic, was at once invaded, and occupied, and desolated, by the myriads of his Barbarians. From the Hellespont to Thermopyla and the suburbs of Constantinople, he ravaged, without resist", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nance, and without mercy, the provinces of Thrace and Macedonia; and seventy cities were totally extirpated and erased. And such was the concomitant of the second public sounding of Christianity. A.D. 433-452.\n8 And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea and the third part of the sea became 9 blood; and the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed.\nSECTION IV.", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nOf the ten nations who eventually settled themselves in the Empire, the Ostrogoths, the Visigoths, the Burgundians, and the Vandals, about a third part, with some lesser tribes, as the Heruli, and Suevi, were imbued with the doctrine of the Arian church, who, being driven from the Empire by persecution, sought refuge among these barbarians, and taught them persecution in return. The celebrated Bishop Ulphilas introduced Arianism among them", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\nThe irreconcileable difference of religion between the invaders and the invaded was a perpetual source of jealousy and hatred; and the reproach of Barbarian was embittered by the more odious epithet of Heretic. Euric, king of the Visigoths, suspended the Catholics of his dominions from the exercise of ecclesiastical, or, at least, episcopal functions; exiled or imprisoned the bishops of Aquitain, and confiscated their estates. Genseric, king of the Vandals, A.D", "Theory of Prophecy; as it Respects ... Civil Establishments of ...\n429-477, oppressed his Catholic subjects by intolerant laws and arbitrary punishments. His palace and dominions were stained with frequent executions of the Catholics. Hunneric,"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche

Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki

["Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nTulku Urgyen Rinpoche\nFrom Rigpa Wiki\nTulku Urgyen Rinpoche (Tib. \u0f66\u0fa4\u0fb2\u0f74\u0f63\u0f0b\u0f66\u0f90\u0f74\u0f0b\u0f68\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f92\u0fb1\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f0b, Wyl. sprul sku o rgyan rin po che) (1920\u20131996) was one of the greatest teachers of Dzogchen and Mahamudra in recent times, whose lineage is now continued by his sons, including Ch\u00f6kyi Nyima Rinpoche, Tsikey Chokling Rinpoche, Tsoknyi Rinpoche and Mingyur Rinpoche.\n3 Publications of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche's Teachings\n4 Internal Links", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nTulku Urgyen Rinpoche was born in Nangchen, in the province of Kham, eastern Tibet, in 1920. He began meditation practice at the early age of four, when he attended the teachings his father, Chime Dorje, would give to his many students. Already at four he had what is called a recognition of the nature of mind. Later he studied with his uncle Samten Gyatso, his root master, as well as with many other lamas of both Kagy\u00fc and Nyingma schools of Tibetan Buddhism", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nAmong the lineage masters from whom he drew his inspiration were Milarepa and Longchen Rabjam\u2014on merely hearing their names, tears would come to his eyes.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nIn his youth he practised intensively, and stayed in retreat for a total of twenty years. He had four sons, each of whom is now an important Buddhist master in his own right: Ch\u00f6kyi Nyima Rinpoche, Tsikey Chokling Rinpoche, Tsoknyi Rinpoche and Mingyur Rinpoche.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nWhen he left Tibet he went to Sikkim and then settled in Nepal at Nagi Gompa Hermitage, in the mountains above the Kathmandu valley. He was the first lama to spread the Tibetan Buddhist teachings to Malaysia. In 1980 Tulku Urgyen went on a world tour encompassing Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Holland, Great Britain, the USA, Hong Kong and Singapore. In his later years, however, he did not travel much and his many students, both Eastern and Western, would go to Nepal to visit him.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nTulku Urgyen accomplished a great deal in his life. He constructed and restored many temples, and established six monasteries and retreat centres in the Kathmandu region. He had over three hundred monks and nuns under his guidance. In particular he built a monastery and three-year retreat centre at the site of the sacred cave of Asura, the site of Padmasambhava\u2019s famous retreat. He also re-established some traditional annual prayer gatherings in exile.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nIn his childhood he had been recognized by the Fifteenth Karmapa Khakhyap Dorje, as the reincarnation of the master Ch\u00f6wang Tulku, and he was also an emanation of Nupchen Sangye Yeshe, one of the twenty-five main disciples of Padmasambhava. He was the lineage holder of many teaching transmissions, especially that of the terma teachings of his great grandfather Chokgyur Lingpa", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nHe transmitted the Dzogchen Desum teachings to such masters as Sixteenth Karmapa, Dudjom Rinpoche, and Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche as well as thousands of other disciples. Tulku Urgyen was especially close to the Karmapa\u2014one of his root teachers\u2014and to Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, with both of whom there was a powerful bond of mutual respect.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nTulku Urgyen is the author of several books in English, including Repeating the Words of the Buddha and Rainbow Painting. He also supervised many English translations of Tibetan texts and teachings carried out by his Western students, and gave the name Rangjung Yeshe to the publishing imprint established to make these and other Dharma works available in the West.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nHe was famed for his profound meditative realization and for the concise, lucid and humorous style with which he imparted the essence of the teachings. Using few words, he would point out the nature of mind, revealing a natural simplicity and wakefulness that enables the student to actually touch the heart of the Buddha\u2019s wisdom mind. In this method of instruction, he was unmatched.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nTulku Urgyen passed away peacefully on 13th February 1996 (the 24th day of the 12th month of the Wood Pig year), at Nagi Gompa. At that time the sky overhead was clear and completely cloudless for two days, which is traditionally seen as a sign that a highly realized master is passing on.\nThe yangsi of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, named Urgyen Jigme Rabsel Dawa, was born in 2001.", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nNyoshul Khenpo, A Marvelous Garland of Rare Gems: Biographies of Masters of Awareness in the Dzogchen Lineage (Junction City: Padma Publications, 2005), page 435.\nTulku Urgyen Rinpoche, Blazing Splendor: The Memoirs of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, North Atlantic Books, 2005, ISBN 9-62-734156-8\nView, Issue 7, 1996, Special Feature on Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche.\nPublications of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche's Teachings", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nVajra Speech: A Commentary on The Quintessence of Spiritual Practice, The Direct Instructions of the Great Compassionate One, North Atlantic Books, 2004\nRainbow Painting: A Collection of Miscellaneous Aspects of Development and Completion, North Atlantic Books, 2004\nAs It Is, Vol. I and II, North Atlantic Books, 2004\nQuintessential Dzogchen: Confusion Dawns as Wisdom, North Atlantic Books, 2006\nRepeating the Words of the Buddha, North Atlantic Books, 2006\nChokling Tersar", "Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki\nTulku Urgyen Series on Lotsawa House\nTBRC profile\nRetrieved from \"https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche&oldid=84306\"\nContemporary Teachers\nKagy\u00fc Teachers\nNyingma Teachers"]

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0.03392569], [1049, 1312, 0.04942966], [1312, 1815, 0.06560636], [1815, 2272, 0.01969365], [2272, 2989, 0.041841], [2989, 3355, 0.04371585], [3355, 3741, 0.01036269], [3741, 4031, 0.02758621], [4031, 4118, 0.09195402], [4118, 4281, 0.09815951], [4281, 4407, 0.13492063], [4407, 4470, 0.11111111], [4470, 4520, 0.1], [4520, 4673, 0.11111111], [4673, 4787, 0.09649123], [4787, 4839, 0.19230769], [4839, 4918, 0.10126582], [4918, 4980, 0.09677419], [4980, 4996, 0.125], [4996, 5033, 0.13513514], [5033, 5046, 0.30769231], [5046, 5139, 0.04301075], [5139, 5161, 0.09090909], [5161, 5176, 0.13333333], [5176, 5192, 0.125]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 5192, 0.84320825]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 5192, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 5192, 0.50316542]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 5192, 14.67716463]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 5192, 52.17154343]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 5192, 177.45205609]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 5192, 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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://graduateway.com/issac-newton-paper/

Isaac Newton: A Brief Overview of His Life and Contributions

["Isaac Newton: A Brief Overview of His Life and Contributions\nHome Science Isaac Newton\nIsaac Newton,\nIssac Newton \u2013 Paper\nMy report is on Isaac Newton, who is considered one of the most influential mathematicians there ever was.\nI am going to go over not only the main ideas and theories that he came up with but his life story. Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642, in England on The Wools Thorpe Manor. He was born prematurely and was a small child. His mother said that he was so small he could have fit inside a quart pot.", "Isaac Newton: A Brief Overview of His Life and Contributions\nSir Isaac Newton was born three months after the death of his father. Newton was not always someone that was looking for knowledge like Albert Einstein, Newton did poorly at school until he reached his upper years and became finally passionate about school. Isaac Newton attended the Free Grammar School in Grantham after moving away from his mother and stepfather who he did not get along with. It was known that he had a hate for his parents in the list of sins that he left behind", "Isaac Newton: A Brief Overview of His Life and Contributions\nAfter doing poorly in school, his mother finally brought him home to manage her finances until his uncle convinced her that he needed to attend a university in order to move ahead in life. This is when Newton finally started to think and opened his mind in which he discovered the ideas and theories that we use today.", "Isaac Newton: A Brief Overview of His Life and Contributions\nNewton did not start to take an interest in mathematics until 1663. Newton threw himself into the teachings of Oughtred\u2019s Clavis Mathematica and Descartes La Geometrie. He studied algebra and geometry based on the teachings of Viete. Continuing to study the books for mathematics, Newton made most of his progress lying at home away from school after the plague shut it down for a few years.", "Isaac Newton: A Brief Overview of His Life and Contributions\nWhile here, he came up with the foundations of differential and integral calculus, several years before its independent discovery by Leibniz.\nThe method of fluxions, as he called it, was based on his essential understanding that the integration of a function is simply the inverse procedure on separating it. Taking differentiation as the basic operation, Newton produced simple.\nScience and Technology \u2013 Short\nNeeds Can Be Learned", "Isaac Newton: A Brief Overview of His Life and Contributions\nIssac Newton \u2013 Paper. (2018, Aug 10). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/issac-newton-paper/\nOne of the Greatest Scientists in the History of Science: Sir Issac Newton\nIssac Singer Biography and Impact\nCopernicus, Newton and the Scientific Revolution\nTopic about Isaac Newton\nIsaac Newton: God in a Scientific Universe\nNewton: The Man Who Changed the Way We See the World\nEssay Sir Isaac Newton\nFamous Scientist \u2013 Sir Isaac Newton\nIsaac Newton \u2013 the Product of Time and Circumstance"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.spiderkerala.net/forum/3826-Justice-V-R-Krishna-Iyer-enters-his-centenary-year.aspx.aspx

Justice V R Krishna Iyer enters his centenary year - Spider Kerala

["Justice V R Krishna Iyer enters his centenary year - Spider Kerala\nJustice V R Krishna Iyer enters his centenary year\nJustice V R Krishna Iyer turned HUNDRED on 15.11.2014. Kerala had and have several illustrious leaders in various fields. Some of them are like international leaders. There is a living legendary person, Justice V R Krishna Iyer who entered into his 100th year of existence. It is not just an existence like the millions of us, the common man, but the existence with contribution to the Sate and the Nation throughput his adult life.", "Justice V R Krishna Iyer enters his centenary year - Spider Kerala\nJustice Krishna Iyer was elected to Kerala Assembly in 1957 and was a minister in the first Communist government in Kerala holding the portfolios of law, power, prisons, irrigation and social welfare. He was sworn in as a Judge of the Supreme court In 1973. In 1999 he was conferred with several awards including the title of 'Padma Vibhushan'. He has published 105 books. Even now he is active in social sphere.\nLet us all WISH JUSTICE V R KRISHNA IYER A HAPPY PEACEFUL AND WORTHY LIFE.", "Justice V R Krishna Iyer enters his centenary year - Spider Kerala\nIwish the centurion Dr.V.R.Krishna Iyer happy birthday. Though he was sick many celebrities arrived at his residence to wish him on his birthday. I feel proud that we as Indian citizens have the opportunity to live a life during the period when such a legend is living. He has done many sacrifices during his life time and as Mr. Ramanathan stated he has lead a life not like a common man but the existence with the existence to the state and Nation throughout his life", "Justice V R Krishna Iyer enters his centenary year - Spider Kerala\nHe was the first law minister of the state and his contributions to our country cannot be expressed in words. I once again wish him many many happy returns of the day and a healthy life ahead."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.southsudannewsagency.org/the-mummified-mummy-of-a-golden-boy-covered-with-49-precious-amulets-was-found/

"Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets"

["Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nThe mummified mummy of a \u201cgolden boy\u201d covered with 49 precious amulets was found\nAygen 1 week ago 4 min read\nSign up for CNN\u2019s Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news of amazing discoveries, scientific advances, and more.\nWhen a teenage boy died 2,300 years ago in Egypt, he was embalmed and decorated with 49 protective amulets and a golden mask to guide him in the afterlife.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nResearchers discovered the amulets placed on and inside the mummified body of the \u201cGolden Boy\u201d when they used computed tomography to digitally decode the remains without disturbing them.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nThe remains were first discovered in 1916 in a tomb called Nag al-Hasay which was used between about 332 BC and 30 BC in southern Egypt. Thousands of preserved bodies, many still inside their original coffins, were excavated in Egypt in the 19th and early 20th centuries before being transferred to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.\nLike many others, the mummy remained unexamined upon its discovery and was removed to the museum\u2019s vault.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nAlthough researchers are interested in learning more about ancient human health, as well as the death rituals and beliefs of the ancient Egyptians, decoding mummy remains is a devastating process. In recent years, researchers have used computed tomography to look under the casings while leaving the carcasses completely intact.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nThe golden boy\u2019s remains were stored in two overlapping coffins. The outer coffin was simple and written in Greek letters, while the inner wooden coffin bore patterns and a gilded face.\nWhen researchers scanned the mummy, they discovered 49 amulets of 21 different designs, including a golden tongue placed inside the mouth and a golden heart scarab located in the chest, which the ancient Egyptians believed could help transition to the afterlife.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nThe young man, who is believed to have been between 14 and 15 years old, also wore a gilded, stone-studded head mask and a protective cap called a cartonnage on his torso. All of his organs were removed except for his heart, and his brain was replaced with resin.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nThe ancient Egyptians believed that another life awaits them after death, but to reach the afterlife requires a dangerous journey through the underworld. The embalmers made sure to prepare the bodies for this passage, and the golden boy was well equipped for the journey, according to a study published Tuesday in the journal. frontiers in medicine.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\n\u201cWe show here that the body of this mummy was extensively decorated with 49 amulets, in beautiful style in a unique arrangement of three columns between the folds of the sheaths and within the body cavity of the mummy. These include the Eye of Horus, the scarab, the amulet of Akhet in sight, the placenta, the knot of Isis, And others. Many of them were made of gold, while some were made of semi-precious stones, fired clay, or faience", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nWhite sandals were placed on his feet, while his body was crowned with ferns.\n\u201cThe sandals were probably meant to enable the boy to get out of the coffin. According to the book of rituals of the ancient Egyptians, the deceased had to wear white sandals to be pious and clean before reciting his verses.\u201d The ancient Egyptians were fascinated by plants and flowers and believed they had sacred and symbolic effects. Bouquets of plants and flowers were placed next to the deceased at the time of burial.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nAlthough the scans did not explain the cause of his death, they revealed that the boy was 4.2 feet (128 cm) tall and had an oval-shaped face with a small nose and narrow chin.\nHis identity remains unknown, but his good dental hygiene, and the high quality of his mummification and amulets indicate that he was in a high socioeconomic status, according to the study.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nThe golden tongue amulet placed in the boy\u2019s mouth was supposed to help him speak in the afterlife. The Isis Nut amulet denotes that the goddess Isis will protect his body. The hawk and ostrich plume amulets represent the spiritual and material aspects of life.\nA two-fingered amulet, shaped like the index and middle fingers of the right hand, was found in his lower torso to protect his mummification incision. And the golden scarab beetle was believed to help in the hard world of crime.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nSelim said: \u201cThe scarab of the heart is mentioned in Chapter 30 of the Book of the Dead: It was important in the afterlife when judging the dead and weighing the heart on the feathers of the goddess Maat.\u201d \u201cThe scarab heart silenced the heart on Judgment Day so that it would not bear witness to the dead. It was placed inside the cavity of the torso during mummification to replace the heart if the body was deprived of this organ.\u201d", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nBy gathering data using CT scans, the researchers were able to 3D print a heart scarab.\nThe golden boy has been moved to the main exhibition hall of the Egyptian Museum and will be surrounded by cross sectional images and a copy of a scarab heart to provide more information about the mummification process, and the death rituals of the ancient Egyptians.\n\u201cThe show was meant to humanize this individual from the past to teach modern people about life in ancient times,\u201d the study researchers wrote.", "Ancient Egyptian Golden Boy Mummy Discovered with 49 Precious Amulets\nSee also Japanese government approves date for Abe's state funeral, plan sparks protests\nPrevious New Zealand\u2019s Ardern bids an emotional farewell on her final day as prime minister\nNext The Russo-Ukrainian War at a Glance: What We Know on Day 336 of the Invasion | Ukraine"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://armcool.ru/it-was-this-that-occurred-to-a-diver-who-had-the-extraordinary-pleasure-of-witnessing-a-huge-shark-up-close-and-personal-2/

A diver who had the extraordinary pleasure of witnessing a huge shark up-close and personal.

["A diver who had the extraordinary pleasure of witnessing a huge shark up-close and personal.\nIt was this that occurred to a diver who had the extraordinary pleasure of witnessing a huge shark up-close and personal\nOn Instagram, a picture of a predatory guy was shared. John Moore was swimming with a variety of sharks, but the bull shark was the star of the show for him.\nHe speculates that the predator may be the father of a kid. He came to the conclusion that she was guilty of the crime due to her actions.", "A diver who had the extraordinary pleasure of witnessing a huge shark up-close and personal.\nBecause she hadn\u2019t skipped a meal, this woman was clearly pregnant. On the dive, her self-assuredness in swimming up to me showed that she was a very dominant shark,\u00bb said John.\nBull sharks are among the slowest swimmers in the shark family.\nSmall sharks, various fish, and dolphins make up the bulk of their food. Emissions from the meal are also eaten.", "A diver who had the extraordinary pleasure of witnessing a huge shark up-close and personal.\nThe most common length is 60 centimeters. \u2013 An adult\u2019s normal height ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 meters. Ten to eleven months after mating, the female produces three to thirteen eggs.\nAs a man, any potential foe may be perceived as a threat to your power.\nBecause they have the greatest testosterone levels of any vertebrate, they tend to be more aggressive.\n78 animals interestingnews Life nature wateranimal"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ttuhsc.edu/Health.edu/(S(bi4nvf45r4itrgy0ttnn35zp))/about/military.aspx

Through our partnership with Swank Healthcare, continuing education is delivered to participants in all branches of the U.S. military located throughout the world. For more information, please visit Swank Healthcare at www.swankhealth.com or contact them

["at mail@swankhealth.com or call 1-800-950-4248."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/haws/searchterm/Richard

sutcliffe, daniel (1) thomas haweis (1734-1820) (1) thomas, richard (1) thoresby, ralph (1658-1725) (1) Author hannaford, richard ash (1787 or 8-1865) (2) clayton, sir richard (1745-1828) (1) crosley, david (1669 or 70-1744) (1) fry, thomas (1774-1860) (1

[")\ngriffin, william (1)\nsmith, richard (1)\nstretton, richard (1)\nwilliam griffin (1)", "\n20 50 100 200 Thumbnail Title Post Date Recipient Notes February 7, 1701/2 letter from Richard Stretton to Ralph Thoresby, merchant February 7, 1701 Thoresby, Ralph (1658-1725) Date is listed as 1701-2. Ralph Thoresby is credited with being the first historian of Leeds. He was also a antiquary and toporapher, as well as a merchant, and that is how he is addressed by Richard Stretton in this letter", "\nMarch 11, 1743/4 Letter from David Crosley to Richard Thomas \"with care\" March 11, 1743/4 Thomas, Richard On the address panel: \"For his esteemed friend Richd Thomas, with care, These\"", "\nEndorsed: \"Baptist Church at Bacup; he died in 1744, aged 75.\" May 1, 1751 letter from Richard Smith to Daniel Sutcliffe May 1, 1751 Sutcliffe, Daniel November 17, 1794 letter from Sir Richard Clayton to Thomas Haweis November 17, 1794 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820) March 31, 1795 letter from E[dward] Kilvington to Thomas Haweis March 31, 1795 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820) Henry Venn (1724-97) was born in Surrey, the son of the distinguished Anglican clergyman Richard Venn", "\nHe was educated privately and at Jesus College Cambridge. After graduation, Venn was ordained into the Church of England and in 1749, was elected..", "\nNovember 5, 1799 letter from Thomas Fry to Thomas Haweis November 5, 1799 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820) July 20, 1811 letter from William Griffin to Thomas Haweis July 20, 1811 Thomas Haweis (1734-1820) Also a copy of William Griffin's letter to Miss Emilia Powys, Thrapston, July 19, 1811 August 28, 1812 letter from William Griffin to Thomas Haweis August 28, 1812 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820) Endorsed: L[lewellyn] and F[rederic] Powys, [Richard Ash] Hannaford, etc", "\nWilliam Griffin may have been a parish official at Aldwincle. Frederic Powys was the son of a former Rector of St Peter, Aldwincle, and Curate of the parish of Titchmarsh. October 11, 1813 letter from Richard Ash Hannaford to Thomas Haweis October 11, 1813 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820) January 4, 1814 letter from Richard Ash Hannaford to Thomas Haweis January 4, 1814 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820) Hannaford was the curate at Aldwincle. Later served as Vicar of Irthlingborough and as a Rural Dean", "\nMay 4, 1819 letter from W. Alers Hankey to Thomas Haweis May 4, 1819 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820) William Alers Hankey was the second treasurer of the London Missionary Society QuickView"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/bibliography?page=2&q=&q_exact=&q_author=&q_keyword=&sorter=year-DESC&year_start=1840&year_end=2013&lid=24503

» Assessing the influence of "standard" and "culturally specific" risk factors on the prevalence and frequency of offending: the case of Indigenous Australians Assessing the influence of "standard" and "culturally specific" risk factors on the prevalence

["and frequency of offending: the case of Indigenous Australians\nby Ferrante AM\nRace and Justice", "\nLinks\tView abstract: Assessing the influence of \"standard\" and \"culturally specific\" risk factors on the prevalence and frequency of offending: the case of Indigenous Australians View article: Assessing the influence of \"standard\" and \"culturally specific\" risk factors on the prevalence and frequency of offending: the case of Indigenous Australians (PDF - 258.4 KB)View website: Race and Justice Tools"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://athens.edu/foundation/ways-to-give.php

University Advancement Home Give to Athens State Campaign for Beaty Mason Home Campaign for McCandless Hall Gift Club/ Society Recognition Foundation Scholarship List Athens State Foundation > Ways to Give Gifts of Cash/Credit Card The easiest and most im

["mediately usable gift is contributions using cash through a check written by the donor. The Foundation also accepts gifts through major credit cards including Visa, Mastercard and Discover. Beneficiary Designations", "\nContinue supporting Athens State University even after your lifetime by naming the University Foundation as a beneficiary of your retirement plan, life insurance policy, or insurance annuity. It also is possible to name the Foundation the owner and beneficiary of a new or existing policy, which may offer immediate or estate tax deduction opportunities. Gifts of Securities or Appreciated Property", "\nA gift of appreciated property \u2013 such as stocks, mutual funds, or real estate \u2013 allows you to receive an income tax deduction on the fair market value of the property. It also permits you to avoid paying tax on the appreciation or increase in value of the property or security.\nYou can establish a bequest in your will by simply naming the Foundation as a beneficiary. If you already have a will prepared, your attorney can assist you in adding a statement called a codicil to include the Foundation.", "\nTrust Agreements\nA trust agreement offers the opportunity to give a substantial gift while allowing the donor or loved ones to receive income from the trust. A trust can be established with cash, securities or other property. It permits you to receive an income tax deduction at the time the gift is made for a portion of the gift and avoids capital gains tax on appreciated property used to fund the trust.\nThe Foundation offers Charitable Gift Annuities, Remainder Trusts, and Lead Trust options.", "\nMany employers match employee gifts to higher education. Companies may match dollar-for-dollar or more. Simply talk with your company's personnel office to see if your company participates in a matching gift program. The process is easy and usually requires filing out a short application. It is a simple way to increase your giving power to Athens State University.", "\nThe Foundation has established two types of scholarship opportunities. Endowed Scholarships \u2013 A minimum $15,000 investment paid in a lump sum or over a 3-5 year period and held as a restricted corpus and only a percentage (up to 5%) of earnings is awarded each year. Annual Scholarships \u2013 A minimum of $500 gifted each year and the entire amount is awarded for the scholarship.", "\nAn endowment consists of funds that are kept intact and invested. A portion of the earnings from the endowment are applied to purposes designated at the outset by the donor(s); the proportion of earnings applied in this manner is set in accordance to the endowment spending policies determined annually by the Foundation. Prior to the initiation of any endowment, a set of guidelines shall be established through a Letter of Agreement in coordination with the donor(s) and the designated campus unit", "\nThe minimum amount required to establish an endowment fund is $15,000, unless previously established though a bequest,", "\nRestricted gifts\nThese gifts have definite restrictions for their purposes or the conditions for which they may be disbursed. Acceptance of a restricted gift imposes a legal obligation to comply with the terms established by the donor. Unrestricted Gifts\nUnrestricted gifts are those gifts upon which the donor has not placed definite restrictions as to the method or purpose of expenditure and allows the Foundation to use the gifts in the most appropriate manner.\nTax Exempt Status of Gifts", "\nIn addition to philanthropic motivation for gifts to the Foundation, donors are permitted to take charitable contribution deductions (deductions allowed with respect to a charitable contribution) on Federal tax returns to the extent permitted by Treasury Department regulations. The Foundation is recognized as a non-profit corporation under the Internal Revenue Services\u2019 501c3 guidelines and as such, gifts are tax deductable as allowed by law", "\nFor the transfer of funds to the Foundation to qualify as a gift, the funds must be for the exclusive use of, and under the control of, the Foundation. For more information about the Athens State University Foundation contact the Foundation Office at 256-233-8215 or email: rick.mould@athens.edu."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=65,1251,0,0,1,0

Obon season marks time to honor the dead with dance and tradition

["Obon season marks time to honor the dead with dance and tradition\nSpirit-filled tradition\nBy Pat Gee, Honolulu Star Bulletin, May 28, 2005\nHonolulu, Hawaii (USA) -- Starting next week, colorful lanterns will light the way, and reverberating drumbeats will usher in three months of the Buddhist celebration honoring the dead.\nWhy is the obon season so long, with weekly festivals of dance and music held from June through August?\nThere are so many bon dance clubs in Hawaii that they have to take turns every weekend at the various temples and mission houses.", "Obon season marks time to honor the dead with dance and tradition\nThere are many versions of how the Japanese bon dance tradition started.\nAgnes Kameko Higa, 88, an Okinawan-style bon dance teacher for more than 50 years in Hawaii, said the bon dance is based on a tale of a \"boy looking for his mother.\"\nThe boy's mother died when he was very young, and when his father remarried, the little boy was unhappy and wondered where his mother was. He left home \"looking for his mother's grave. He sees an old man on the side of the road and asks him for help.", "Obon season marks time to honor the dead with dance and tradition\n\"He told the boy: On the evening of the seventh day of the seventh month until the 13th, you will see a glimpse of your mother under your sleeve,\" Higa said, lifting her arm in an oft-repeated motion in bon dancing.", "Obon season marks time to honor the dead with dance and tradition\nSo from July 7 to 13, the Japanese go to clean the grave sites and \"make everything in the house spick and span, put fruit on the altar, to make it ready for their ancestors to come home to visit,\" she said. On the 13th these spirits leave their graves to visit their families, and return to them on the 15th, Higa added."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.tmj4.com/news/national/more-unrest-friday-in-sacramento-in-the-wake-of-police-shooting-of-stephon-clark

More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark

["More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\n<p>SACRAMENTO, CA - MARCH 23: Black Lives Matter protesters hold signs as they march during a demonstration on March 23, 2018 in Sacramento, California. For a second day, dozens of protesters marched through Sacramento to demonstraate against the Sacramento police department after two officers shot and killed Stephon Clark, an unarmed black man, in the backyard of his grandmother's house following a foot pursuit on Sunday evening. (Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)</p>", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nDemonstrators in Sacramento marched for hours Friday through California's capital and called for justice in the contentious police shooting death of Stephon Clark, an unarmed black man.\nDuring a second day of protests, activists marched about a mile from the city's Tower Bridge to the steps of state Capitol building.", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nThey chanted \"Black lives matter\" and called out Clark's name. One of the march leaders told people to hold up their cellphones; police have said Clark had an object in his hand, but no weapon was found.\n\"It's just a cellphone,\" the man yelled out. \"I don't know how the hell it looks like a gun to anybody else.\"", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nThe shooting incident began Sunday after 9 p.m., when Sacramento officers responded to a report that a man had broken car windows and was hiding in a backyard. They pursued a man identified as Clark, who hopped a fence into his grandmother's property.\nOfficials said two officers fired when they thought they saw a weapon.\nMayor Darrell Steinberg said the city will wait for the outcome of an investigation.", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nThe city will take a close look at police training and protocols, he said, because the way Clark died was \"just plain wrong.\"\n\"Isn't there a better way (for police to handle those type of situations)?\" he said. \"There is a better way. There must be a better way.\"\nRally at the Capitol\nThe crowd Friday stood on the steps outside the Capitol, decrying a police force the protesters called racist. They said there was no reason for police to open fire.\n\"Cells up, don't shoot,\" they screamed.", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nAfter spending about a half hour at the Capitol, demonstrators took to the streets, occasionally disrupting traffic downtown and at times confronting police officers. Several people, including one member of the clergy, would get the growing crowd moving again as the protesters eventually went to an area where there were several courthouses.\nAt times, members of the crowd shouted \"murderers\" at law enforcement officers and yelled, \"F--- the police.\"", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nTensions began rising after demonstrators held a vigil Friday night. Some protesters were seen surrounding a police vehicle and climbed on it, CNN affiliate KCRA reported.\nPolice blocked the road as protesters continued chanting and shouting at the officers for at least an hour, news footage showed.\nIt's unclear whether there were any arrests.\n'A phone is not a gun'", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nProtesters the day before had marched into City Hall and onto an interstate highway as the mayor called for calm. They also went to an NBA arena and kept many fans from attending the Kings game against the Atlanta Hawks.\nAt City Hall, demonstrators called for the arrest of the two officers and demanded to see police Chief Daniel Hahn as they marched into the building.\nThe protest, which was organized by Black Lives Matter Sacramento, briefly spilled onto Interstate 5 after the group left City Hall.", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\n\"A phone is not a gun,\" protesters chanted.\nThe mayor on Friday called it a good night.\n\"There were no arrests, there was no violence, and there was no one hurt,\" Steinberg said.\nProtesters twice tried to get on I-5 on Friday night but were blocked by California Highway Patrol officers wearing helmets.\nPolice: Clark had an object\nThe shooting was captured by the two officers' body cameras and a police helicopter; that footage was released on Wednesday in an effort to be transparent.", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nOn Sunday, officers fired 20 times at Clark, hitting him multiple times, police told CNN Sacramento affiliate KOVR. The two officers have since been placed on paid administrative leave amid a use of force investigation.\nThe body camera videos show the brief encounter between police and Clark, lasting less than a minute, from the moment one of the officers yelled: \"Hey, show me your hands. Stop. Stop.\"", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nPolice said the officers entered the front yard and saw the suspect along the side of the home. Police said the man \"turned and advanced toward the officers while holding an object\" extended in front of him.\n\"Show me your hands!\" one of the officers yelled. \"Gun, gun, gun.\"\nSeconds later, officers opened fire as they took cover near a wall.\nAs more police arrived at the scene, someone is heard asking, \"What did he have on him?\"", "More unrest Friday in Sacramento in the wake of police shooting of Stephon Clark\nAn officer responded \"... something in his hands. It looked like a gun from our perspective.\"\nClark's family members have disputed the police account.\nClark's grandmother said she was inside the house when the shots were fired, and saw her grandson with an iPhone."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://bitarajournal.com/index.php/bitarajournal/about/privacy

Privacy Policy - BITARA The International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences

["Privacy Policy - BITARA The International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences\nSubmission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher", "Privacy Policy - BITARA The International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences\nThe Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.", "Privacy Policy - BITARA The International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences\nCopyrights for articles published in BITARA The International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://tgreybirds.com/Pages/BoattailedGracklep.html

Boat-tailed Grackle

["Boat-tailed Grackle\nBoat-tailed is the only very large blackbird in Florida, where all these pictures were taken; along the Texas and Louisiana gulf coast its range overlaps with that of the similar Great-tailed Grackle, and distinguishing the species can be difficult. In Florida, these raucous and aggressive birds seem to be everywhere, and until they wear you down, they can be a treat to watch, especially in spring when they are throwing their whole bodies into vigorous singing from a prominent perch, as above.", "Boat-tailed Grackle\nFemale Boat-tails can be a rich cinnamon color like the bird above, which would distinguish it from the colder brown of the female Great-tail, if it were in the area where the species overlap.\nThis is the \"bill-up,\" a combative or territorial display given throughout the year by birds of both sexes; including elevation of a food item like the fish shown above in this display is said to be \"rare\" in the species account in Birds of North America Online."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://heritagepost.org/american-history/siege-of-fort-motte-south-carolina/

Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina

["Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nThe homestead that would become known as Fort Motte was originally owned by Miles Brewton, a wealthy slave trader whom perished at sea in 1775 while sailing to Philadelphia to serve as a delegate at the Second Continental Congress. Upon his death, his sister, Rebecca Brewton Motte, inherited a large portion of his estate, including the mansion at Mount Joseph Plantation. Rebecca was wife to Jacob Motte, a local patriot who served at Fort Moultrie in 1776", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nThe family used their resources to help the American Cause. Jacob died of illness in 1780, and Rebecca, who had been living at her late brother\u2019s home in Charleston, was forced to evacuate the city. The British later used this home as their headquarters during the occupation of Charleston. Rebecca and her young family were living at the Mount Joseph Plantation when the British arrived in January 1781", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nOriginally staked out at nearby Belleville Plantation, they now saw an opportunity to seize Mount Joseph and its better access to the Congaree River. The Motte family remained on the plantation, now residing in an old farmhouse.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nThe plantation\u2019s location proved to be a welcoming opportunity for the British to establish a supply depot on the critical juncture point near McCord\u2019s Ferry for the convoys moving supplies up from Charleston to Camden. The British had 80 regulars from the 84th Regiment of Foot under the command of Lieutenant Donald McPherson, along with a troop of 59 Hessian dragoons, 45 Loyalist militia and a single field piece, garrisoned the mansion situated atop the 245 foot Buckhead Hill", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nIt soon became known as Fort Motte. Opposite Buckhead Hill stood a smaller slope with the farmhouse occupied by Mrs. Motte. The British surrounded the structure with abatis, a deep ditch, palisades and a wooden parapet. Two blockhouses covered the flanks.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nThe Americans took interest in Fort Motte as Major General Nathanael Greene shifted his focus away from British General Lord Cornwallis for a moment, and saw opportunity in South Carolina and Georgia. Greene had just lost Guilford Court House to Cornwallis in March 1781, and for a time remained committed to shadowing the enemy army as it limped through North Carolina. Lt", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nColonel Henry Lee was tasked with keeping an eye on Cornwallis as Greene moved his main forces back into South Carolina with the intention of retaking the area from British control. With Cornwallis in no condition to return \u2014 and instead making way for Virginia to link up with the promise of reinforcements there \u2014 Greene now saw opportunity", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nHe ordered Lee, with a force of about three hundred light infantry, cavalry, and a field piece, to return to South Carolina and link with Brigadier General Francis Marion and his militia force. After a string of successful attacks on British posts, they turned their attention to Fort Motte, arriving on May 7.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nOnly four hours after British Captain Neil Campbell\u2019s supply convoy had arrived on May 8, Marion, along with Lee and Major Pinketham Eaton\u2019s 1st Regiment of North Carolina Continentals, began their siege operations. Lee, equipped with a 6-pounder cannon, positioned it to fire just over the defensive works while his Legion occupied the ground around the farmhouse", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nHe instructed a party of soldiers and slaves from local plantations, working in four-hour relays, to dig a zig-zag trench towards the fort\u2019s abatis at a distance of four hundred yards. The vale between the two hills admitted some safety. Once completed on the 10th, Lee summoned British Lt. McPherson demanding surrender. McPherson declined and continued to defend the fort, hoping that a relief column from Camden would come in his aid. He wasn\u2019t wrong to assume reinforcements were close by.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nBritish General Lord Rawdon\u2019s forces were returning through the South Carolina country, having won a victory at Hobkirk\u2019s Hill on April 25, and evacuated Camden on May 10; by nightfall on May 11, his army\u2019s campfires could be seen in the northeast distant High Hills of the Santee by the defenders of Fort Motte. While the British presence within South Carolina outnumbered Greene\u2019s forces, Rawdon presided over no more than ten garrisons that were thinly stretched throughout the state", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nAnd without Cornwallis readily near to assist, the British would have to retain these posts in a hostile country. Marion calculated that Rawdon would be able to reach Fort Motte within forty-eight hours. The British troops cheered the sight of Rawdon on the horizon. Since McPherson\u2019s refusal to surrender meant they were running out of time before Rawdon arrived, Marion or Lee (accounts differ on who) approached Mrs. Rebecca Motte with a drastic request", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nThey wanted to know if she would let them burn down her home, effectively destroying the supply depot. Mrs. Motte, still the patriot at heart, readily agreed.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nLee wrote, \u201cOrders were instantly issued to prepare bows and arrows, with missive combustible matter.\u201d Waiting until noon when the wood roof had become hot and dry, Lee ordered the house to be set on fire. What happened next is debated by historians. Some, including Lee in his memoirs, claim that Mrs. Motte lent Lee and Marion a bow and \u201cAfrican arrows.\u201d Another account states that muskets fired the \u201cAfrican arrows\u201d onto the roof", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nAccording to William Dobein James, who was present, \u201cThe house was not burnt, nor was it fired by an arrow from an African bow. Nathan Savage, a private in Marion\u2019s brigade, made up a ball of rosin and brimstone, to which he set fire, slung it on the roof of the house.\u201d Modern archaeological evidence suggests ramrods shaped like \u201carrows\u201d were fired at the fort. Whatever the method that was used, the roof caught fire. McPherson immediately sent troops scrambling up the roof to rip off the burning shingles", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nCaptain Finley fired upon the British defenders with grapeshot from Lee\u2019s 6-pounder and the troops jumped away from the burning house. Soon, McPherson raised the white flag in capitulation. At the sight of the British dropping their arms to the ground, Marion sent everyone to the house to help put the fire out. The Americans then destroyed the surrounding fortifications. Fort Motte had been taken with only two American losses.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nDespite these continued successes, tensions had been building between the militia under Marion and the regulars under Greene and Lee. Marion had threatened to resign prior to the siege because he thought Greene had slighted him on matters of logistics. News had trickled into camp the day Marion arrived at Fort Motte that a militia colonel had been murdered by Tories in North Carolina. Marion wanted to avenge his death, but could not leave Fort Motte", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nThen, he received a letter from Greene asking why he would not send horses to the main army. Apparently, Lee had told Greene in a prior letter that Marion had plenty of horses and was keeping the best for his own men. What neither Greene nor Lee may have considered was that Marion wanted these horses for his men in order for them to be as effective as they were. Marion responded with his intentions to resign or request a transfer to the Northern theatre", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nRealizing his blunder, Greene apologized for any slight towards Marion \u2014 someone Greene could not afford to lose in the field. Marion only had a force of 150 mounted militia, and desertions were a problem before news of these requests spread through the American camp. Friction between the Continentals and Marion\u2019s militia was evident when the British marched out to surrender Fort Motte", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nLee accepted the surrender of the British regulars and Hessians and Marion accepted the surrender of the Loyalist militia. Further tensions boiled over the night of the surrender while both American and British officers dined at the farmhouse table of Mrs. Rebecca Motte. Cornet William Butler Harrison, one of Lee\u2019s men, ordered three loyalists hanged. McPherson was seated among Marion and Lee when receiving the news", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nMarion abruptly left the house and found two of the loyalists dead and a third hanging from a noose. He had the man cut down, and promptly threatened the Americans present that he was the commanding officer, and would kill the next soldier who harmed a prisoner. Thus this affair nearly ruined what eyewitnesses remarked were \u201csmiles and cheerful chat\u201d among the Americans and British captives.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nGreene reported to the Continental Congress Marion and his militia deserved great credit in the reduction of this exceedingly strong post. Lee\u2019s Legion and the detachments serving with him under Major Pinkertham Eaton, Captains Ebenezer Finley of the artillery, and Edward Oldham and John Smith of the infantry \u201cwere indefatigable in prosecuting the Siege.\u201d Their firing of the fort had produced one carronade, 140 stands of arms, salt, provisions, and other stores", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nGreene, obsessed with the reduction of British strongholds in South Carolina, continued to attack British supply posts at Augusta and Ninety Six in the weeks ahead.", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nThe burnt mansion at Mount Joseph Plantation was not reoccupied by the Motte family. Today, the site of Fort Motte along the Congaree River has long since been lost to time, though the grounds are recognized by the National Register of Historic Places. Using modern GPS, one can distinguish Buckhead Hill and the open low hills where the siege occurred", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nA town using the name Fort Motte became established and briefly thrived with railroad access and a post office into the twentieth century until the installation of Highway 26 and the nearby town of St. Matthews caused much of the town to be abandoned", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nOur knowledge and understanding of the American attack against Fort Motte shows us that the British garrisons and supply chains remained a noticable presence within the South Carolina countryside, and their removal was paramount to combating London\u2019s \u2018southern strategy\u2019 with the American version, i.e. removing the British army from the United States of America entirely", "Siege of Fort Motte, South Carolina\nExamples like Fort Motte help us see what military leaders like Nathanael Greene, Francis Marion, and Henry Lee saw in the uncertain days of 1781."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wunc.org/2017-04-08/at-versailles-palace-an-american-looks-for-clues-to-family-history

At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History

["At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nAt Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nBy Eleanor Beardsley\nCourtesy of Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum\nGen. Dwight D. Eisenhower's driver, Pearlie Hargrave, and Sgt. Michael McKeogh, his orderly, were married at Versailles during World War II. The Battle of the Bulge broke out the same day, so Eisenhower had to leave the reception early.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nWhen Maureen Hargrave, a 71-year-old American who lives in San Diego, wrote an email to the chateau of Versailles in January, she wasn't sure she would hear back.\n\"I went to the Versailles website,\" she says, \"and pulled down the link, and just wrote, 'On December 16th, 1944, [Pearlie] Hargrave, my aunt, married Michael McKeogh, Eisenhower's aide de camp. She was Eisenhower's driver, and they were married in Marie Antoinette's chapel. Can I come see it, please?' \"", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nHargrave is referring to Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during the Second World War. And Marie Antoinette, of course, was the last queen of France \u2014 the ill-fated, Austrian-born wife of France's 18th century monarch, Louis XVI.\nHargrave's email was forwarded to Versailles archivist Karine McGrath, who responded immediately.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\n\"I thought, this is incredible,\" says McGrath. \"It's a lovely story and a historical story and so I wrote her back, saying, 'We never heard this story, what can you tell us?' \"", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nTwo months later, the native Midwesterner and the palace historian are standing side by side in that same Versailles chapel, built in 1710 by Louis XVI's great-great-grandfather, Louis XIV. It rises in splendor on two tiers of sculpted marble columns and arches, with light pouring in through tall windows, illuminating ornate paintings on the ceiling. An altar and pipe organ are covered in gold.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nHargrave's aunt and uncle may have been the most recent couple to marry here. But the most famous marriage took place 174 years earlier, on May 16, 1770, between Louis XVI, France's final monarch, and Marie Antoinette. Until Hargrave's email arrived, the palace thought the royal nuptials were the last to be celebrated in the palace's Chapelle Royale.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\n\"We knew of the wedding of Eisenhower's aide de camp and driver, but we thought it was held in the Trianon Palace,\" says McGrath, referring to an early 20th century luxury hotel near the palace grounds.\n/ Courtesy of U.S. Army Women's Museum\nCourtesy of U.S. Army Women's Museum\nPearlie Hargrave was one of Eisenhower's drivers during World War II.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nMcGrath says Hargrave's visit has helped reveal unknown details about this period. \"She's piecing together family history,\" McGrath says, \"and I'm piecing together the history of a very special moment at Versailles.\"\nAmerican troops liberated the town and its chateau in August 1944. Eisenhower stayed on for another six months, until February 1945, running the war from the palace.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\n\"At the end of August [1944], the Germans left and the Americans arrived, and bombs fell in the chateau gardens that summer,\" says McGrath. \"So this is a momentous time in the palace's history and there are still many things we don't know.\"\nMcGrath says the palace, now one of France's major tourist attractions, was closed to the public during the war, but American soldiers came to visit, just as the German soldiers had.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\n\"Not at the same time, of course,\" she says with a laugh. \"But they did the same things and their offices were in the same places.\"\nEven after the Germans left, a fear of spies remained. Both women talk about the fact that Eisenhower was locked down and kept out of sight for a few weeks in December 1944, due to fears that Germans were parachuting spies in to kill him.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nHargrave says that Eisenhower wrote during this period to his wife, Mamie, saying, \"'They let me walk outside today and I'm finally able to breathe!'\"\n/ Courtesy of Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum\nGen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, shown here sitting at his desk in Versailles on Feb. 1, 1945, had to give the couple permission to marry \"because they were in a war,\" says Hargrave.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nVersailles curators wanted to give Eisenhower the very best furnishings for his office, McGrath says. \"But he didn't want them,\" she says. \"He didn't want to have to be careful. He just wanted to work normally.\"\nShe says the Americans showed particular concern about conserving the palace's art and furnishings and conducted a full inventory when they arrived after the four-year German occupation.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nPearlie Hargrave was serving at the time in the Women's Army Corps or WAC, and met Sgt. Michael McKeogh, Eisenhower's aide, in North Africa, where they began their courtship.\n\"My uncle had to ask for Eisenhower's permission to marry my aunt because they were in a war,\" says Hargrave.\nThe couple adored Eisenhower and considered him the perfect boss, she says.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nMcKeogh oversaw Eisenhower's personal affairs \u2014 \"like clothing, food and getting him settled in a new place,\" Hargrave says \u2014 so he could concentrate on the war. \"He loved to read Western novels and would read through the night,\" she says.\nEleanor Beardsley / NPR", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nMaureen Hargrave (left) and Versailles archivist Karine McGrath met last month at the palace and visited the royal chapel where Hargrave's aunt and uncle were married. McGrath says Hargrave's visit has helped reveal unknown details about this period. \"She's piecing together family history,\" McGrath says, \"and I'm piecing together the history of a very special moment at Versailles.\"\nHargrave says her uncle wrote to Mamie Eisenhower requesting \"more socks and more novels\" for the general.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nHer aunt \u2014 Hargrave's father's youngest sister, in a family of 10 \u2014 was part of a team of drivers serving Eisenhower. She wasn't the only woman.\nMcGrath says palace records show Eisenhower gave the newlyweds $100 as a wedding gift, but he had to leave their reception early. He had a good excuse: The Battle of the Bulge broke out on the same day.\n\"He didn't have much time to socialize,\" says McGrath. \"He was there to win the war.\"", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nThe Battle of the Bulge was the last major German offensive, fought in the Ardennes forest in eastern France.\nFor her visit to Versailles in March, Hargrave brings a few old family photos and a copy of her uncle's memoir, Sgt. Mickey and General Ike, which he wrote right after the war ended.\nMcGrath opens the palace archives, which include photos of Fred Astaire and Dinah Shore performing for the troops in the palace gardens, and the guest book from the Hargrave-McKeogh wedding, signed by Eisenhower.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nThe two women pore over an unknown signature in the guest book just beneath Eisenhower's. They say their next project is to figure out whose it was.\nHargrave says she only saw her Aunt Pearlie three times in her life. She died in 2005, and McKeogh died 12 years before her. Her family rarely talked about the story of their wedding.\nMaureen Hargrave looks through a guest book from her aunt's wedding at Versailles during World War II.", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nShe says the couple had a daughter, whom she's been trying to get in touch with.\n\"They must have obviously told her some of the stories about their time together in Versailles,\" says Hargrave. \"Karine [McGrath] wants to know what Versailles was like then. So I'm hoping I can get the two of them together to talk about it.\"\nCorrected: June 8, 2017 at 12:00 AM EDT", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nIn a previous version of this story, relying on information from Maureen Hargrave, we incorrectly referred to Pearlie Hargrave as Elsie Hargrave. Maureen Hargrave referred incorrectly to her aunt as Elsie in a quotation. Previously posted April 9: A previous version of this story incorrectly noted the lineage and relationship between Louis XIV and Louis XVI. Louis XIV was the great-great-grandfather of Louis XVI, and Louis XVI's grandfather was Louis XV.\nEleanor Beardsley", "At Versailles Palace, An American Looks For Clues To Family History\nEleanor Beardsley began reporting from France for NPR in 2004 as a freelance journalist, following all aspects of French society, politics, economics, culture and gastronomy. Since then, she has steadily worked her way to becoming an integral part of the NPR Europe reporting team.\nSee stories by Eleanor Beardsley"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-v-hymes-19-891827513

State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses

["State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\nState v. Hymes, 19 MA 0130\nCourt United States Court of Appeals (Ohio)\nWriting for the Court ROBB, J.\nParties STATE OF OHIO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JASON HYMES, Defendant-Appellant.\nDocket Number 19 MA 0130\n2021-Ohio-3439\nSTATE OF OHIO, Plaintiff-Appellee,\nJASON HYMES, Defendant-Appellant.\nNo. 19 MA 0130\nCourt of Appeals of Ohio, Seventh District, Mahoning\nCriminal Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio Case No. 19 CR 157", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\nAtty. Paul J. Gains, Mahoning County Prosecutor, Atty. Ralph M. Rivera, Assistant Chief, Criminal Division, Mahoning County Prosecutor's Office, for Plaintiff-Appellee and\nAtty. Louis DeFabio, for Defendant-Appellant.\nBEFORE: Carol Ann Robb, Gene Donofrio, Cheryl L. Waite, Judges.\nOPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY\nROBB, J.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b61} Defendant-Appellant Jason Hymes Sr. appeals his conviction entered in the Mahoning County Common Pleas Court after a jury found him guilty of murder, felonious assault, and two offenses which were merged with these counts", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\nHe sets forth arguments on: the admissibility of other acts evidence; sufficiency and weight of the evidence on the element of purpose for the murder charge in count one; prosecutorial misconduct in closing arguments; the denial of a mistrial after a spectator's outburst during closing arguments; and whether the court should have merged felonious assault with murder. For the following reasons, Appellant's convictions are affirmed.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b62} On February 13, 2019, Ryan Weaver Hymes (the victim) went to a bar with her husband (Appellant) in Youngstown. A video obtained from the bar's outdoor surveillance system showed Appellant's lengthy assault on the victim in the parking lot. Appellant's truck was parked directly in front of the door of the bar with the rear of the vehicle facing the door; the bar's camera was pointed at the passenger side. The victim exited the bar and got in the passenger side of the truck", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b63} The victim kicked her door open in an attempt to exit. Appellant can be seen on the passenger side facing the victim. He reached his left hand out in an attempt to close the door, but hit the victim's foot with the door and ripped the interior panel off the door. He lifted the victim's legs and pressed her body into the seat; her foot was lifted all the way to the top of the door frame. He again tried to close the door from the passenger side while facing the back of the truck.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b64} At this point, the victim exited the vehicle from the back door; this placed her in a position between the two doors as the back door was hinged at the rear. Appellant grabbed the victim and forcefully pressed her backward into the truck by her hair. He then picked her legs up and shoved her into the front seat. She attempted to latch her feet onto the edge of the truck.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b65} The victim was able to step out of the vehicle again, but Appellant pushed her back by the face multiple times. Appellant's brother approached and tried to hold Appellant back while Appellant continued pressing the victim's legs into the vehicle. Appellant seemed to pause as his brother talked to him.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b66} When the victim stepped out of the truck again, Appellant roughly grabbed her and seemed to hit her face as he pressed her against the open door. Appellant's brother again attempted to intervene, but Appellant knocked the victim to the ground, grabbed her by the hair and by the circular scarf around her neck, and began pulling her around. Another bystander intervened as the victim struggled to pull the scarf over her head.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b67} Appellant punched his way out of the truck as the men attempted to push him into it. He maintained his grip on the victim's hair and brought the victim to the ground while seemingly hitting her in the face. He threatened to hit his brother while the bystander seemed to scold him and the victim sat on the ground holding her nose. After the victim stood up, Appellant pushed her hard causing her to fly backwards onto the passenger seat. She exited the vehicle again.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b68} Appellant then can be clearly seen punching the victim hard in the face as she was pinned against the open door. He picked her up and threw her in the air toward the passenger area, causing her head/face to slam into the truck's door frame. He retrieved her from the ground and shoved her into the front seat, repeatedly slamming down her legs, which were in the air.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b69} Appellant continued to press the victim into the vehicle. When she stopped resisting, he tried to get the broken passenger door to close. A third bystander ran to the scene from across the street. Appellant appeared to threaten to fight his brother while the second bystander intervened. The victim then exited the truck and held a napkin to her nose. She approached Appellant and walked with him toward the driver's side of the truck", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\nHe then pushed her toward the vehicle, and she entered the truck through the driver's door followed by Appellant. She shut the passenger door, and they immediately drove away (approximately six minutes after his rampage began).", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b610} In addition to the surveillance video, the state presented the testimony of Appellant's brother. He testified he exited the bar to calm Appellant. He described the argument he witnessed as \"somewhat physical.\" He claimed he did not see Appellant hit the victim, but he also said he was struck by Appellant in the mouth during his attempts to intervene. (Tr. 257-258). Appellant's brother phoned his wife so she could accompany him to the hospital as to have his tooth and bleeding lip evaluated. (Tr", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b611} The victim's twelve-year-old daughter, who called Appellant \"dad\" her entire life, was present when Appellant returned to their house in Youngstown after the bar incident. She described his demeanor as \"mad\" and \"panicking.\" He told her to stay at the house and said he would return shortly. (Tr. 310).", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b612} Appellant returned with the victim who appeared hurt: her face and eyes were red; she was limping; and she was speaking in a low tone. (Tr. 311-312). Appellant descended to the basement with the victim. The child heard \"breaking, and boom, boom * * * a lot of noise.\" (Tr. 312). Both were yelling at the same time with Appellant telling the victim, \"You need to stop having a smart mouth\" while the victim screamed, \"stop, Jason, stop.\" (Tr. 313). The child was scared.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b613} When the victim ascended from the basement, she appeared \"Hurt more, like then she had a little more bruises on her.\" The child told the victim she was departing for a cousin's house across the street. (Tr. 314). Before she left, the child witnessed Appellant punch the victim in the face. (Tr. 320). The child ran across the street in a panic and called 911 at 10:20 p.m. and again at 10:36 p.m. (Tr. 315-316, 333, 500); (St.Ex. 2). She very quietly reported her dad was beating her mom.", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b614} Officers were dispatched to the residence for a report of a fight; they conducted a welfare check and left. (Tr. 512-513). The child stayed at the cousin's house that night. Before going to sleep, the child called Appellant's phone and spoke to her mother, asking her to go to the hospital. The victim said she was fine and was going to sleep. (Tr. 316). Appellant told the child, \"you don't call the police on me. Tomorrow I'm taking that phone.\" (Tr. 317).", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b615} As it approached midnight, Appellant's brother arrived home from his emergency room visit and received a call from Appellant, who insisted he come over for some issue related to the victim. (Tr. 261, 280). Appellant's brother and his wife arrived to find Appellant in the kitchen while the victim was on her back on the floor in the child's bedroom", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\nAppellant's brother said it seemed as if the victim was having a seizure as she was shaking, her eyes were open (but not really looking at him), and she was unresponsive. (Tr. 263). Appellant reported the victim had no history of seizures. (Tr. 507).", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b616} Appellant's sister-in-law testified Appellant appeared very nervous and scared when they arrived at his house. He told them: he was arguing with the victim in the kitchen; she said she was leaving and was going to get her clothes; she ran into the child's room; and he heard a noise like someone fell. (Tr. 266, 283-284). Appellant's sister-in-law called 911 at 12:08 a.m. (on February 14, 2019), reporting the victim and her husband had been fighting and the victim was unconscious. (Tr. 264, 500)", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b617} The victim was still unconscious when she arrived at the emergency room. CAT scans showed bilateral acute subdural hematoma (blood clots on both sides of her brain). (Tr. 423, 456). The bleeding compressed the brain restricting blood flow. (Tr. 457). A neurosurgeon arrived at the hospital and found the victim comatose with minimal brain function", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\nHer recovery chances were \"very, very small,\" but the family wanted everything done, the trauma was recent, and she was young; so, the neurosurgeon performed surgery to remove the clots along with a craniectomy (bone removal from the sides of the skull) to relieve swelling. (Tr. 424, 426). He opined the victim's condition was caused by \"a lot of trauma\" and not by a simple slip-and-fall from a standing height, noting the clots were large and on both sides of the head. (Tr. 428-429).", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b618} After a few hours at the hospital, Appellant visited the victim's sister to tell her about the victim's condition. He was shaking as he reported the victim was \"messed up\" and \"something bad happened.\" (Tr. 240). The victim's sister testified her husband grabbed Appellant and Appellant insisted he \"never touched her\" (while Appellant's brother agreed). (Tr. 241).", "State of Ohio v. Hymes: Affirming Convictions for Murder, Felonious Assault, and Related Offenses\n{\u00b619} After the victim arrived at the hospital, the police began investigating Appellant for felonious assault on the victim. They took photographs of her in the hospital bed (while a nurse pointed out various injuries). (Tr. 342)..."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.grunge.com/240213/the-insane-way-cleopatra-flaunted-her-wealth/

The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth

["The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nThe Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nBy Richard Milner/Aug. 26, 2020 10:01 am EST\nFlaunt it if you got it, baby. This tagline could have easily belonged not only to the modern age, as a mantra of body positivity or exhibiting one's talents, but it could have been the catchphrase of the one of history's most famous rulers, Cleopatra of Egypt, who reigned from 69-30 BCE, per the BBC.", "The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nIn today's world, it's easy to get annoyed at someone who, say, parks their Lotus on top of a parking line to ensure that other, mere mortal cars and their dusty denizens don't brush up against the fine gloss of such overstated opulence. At the same time, the lifestyles of the rich and famous are a source of constant fascination for us underclass-dwellers. Cleopatra, though, as an historical symbol of womanly power, fascinates above many others.", "The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nNot only was Cleopatra an astute politician and savvy diplomat, she was a nightly partier who would rove the streets of Alexandria after-hours with her boyfriend, the Roman general Mark Antony, and play pranks on commoners after getting trashed at their elite \"feasts and wine-binges\" club, \"Inimitable Livers\" (that's \"live,\" as in: to be alive, not \"liver,\" the organ that helps break down alcohol)", "The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nThe first time she was heading out to meet Marc Antony, in fact, she doused the sails of her ship in perfume from her personal perfume factory-slash-day spa so that the wind would announce her presence before she even arrived. This was the kind of money and power Cleopatra wielded.", "The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nThere was one instance, in particular, that demonstrated precisely how much wealth Cleopatra had, and the lengths she was willing to go through to make the statement that she would not be outdone. According to NBC News, Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) once recounted a story about a bet placed between Marc Antony and Cleopatra. It's important to note that there are no firsthand accounts of Cleopatra's goings on, and Pliny (and other historians like him) lived generations after Cleopatra's death", "The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nIt seems, though, that this tale is actually scientifically possible, which would be apropos for the alchemy-and-chemistry-fascinated Cleopatra.", "The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nIt seems Antony bet Cleopatra that she couldn't spend 10 million sesterces in one meal (about $10-20 million in the modern day). In response, rather than order an enormous banquet with tons of alcohol, entertainment, and such, Cleopatra simply ordered a small, simple meal. For the second course she ordered her servants only to bring her a cup of vinegar. Once she received it, she took off one of her pearl earrings, dropped it in the vinegar, watched it dissolved, then drank the entire cup", "The Insane Way Cleopatra Flaunted Her Wealth\nAccording to Pliny the pearl was \"the largest in the whole of history,\" and a \"remarkable and truly unique work of nature.\" It was, in fact, worth about 10 million sesterces. Apparently, nothing more complex than everyday white wine vinegar would have done the trick."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.worldjewishtravel.org/listing/37471/

"Kutaisi: A Brief History of its Jewish Community"

["Kutaisi: A Brief History of its Jewish Community\nKutaisi is the legislative capital of Georgia, and a current municipal center of the Imereti region. It is the 3rd most populous city and is considered to be one of the most important cities in Georgia. Jewish inhabitants have been living in Kutaisi starting from ancient times, but we do not have any official sources until the year 1644. Jews lived mainly in the north-east of the city \u2013 Kutaisi, on the left bank of the river Rioni. This place was called street Shaumyani", "Kutaisi: A Brief History of its Jewish Community\nThis area was settled more compactly by Jews than the other ones. The number of Jewish residents showed an apparent growth at the end of the 18th century but as time passed, most of the Jews left Kutaisi for their historic homeland.", "Kutaisi: A Brief History of its Jewish Community\nA small number of the remaining Jewish families do not live compactly, and you can rarely hear that particular speech characterizing Georgian Jews. But it can be heard in the speech of Georgians who continue to live on the street Shaumyani and will continue to be heard for many years in this area. In the year 1871 there were 4702 Jews living in Kutaisi, which was the third biggest Jewish community in Georgia", "Kutaisi: A Brief History of its Jewish Community\nAlso in the 19th century the emigration of Jews in Kutaisi caused the rise of anti-sematism, which ended with blood slander in Surami and Sachkhere. It is assumed that Moshe Montefiore was involved in it even though there is no concrete evidence that there was any connection between Georgian Jews and Moshe Monrefiore.", "Kutaisi: A Brief History of its Jewish Community\nIn 1937-1938 fighting against Judaism and Jewish culture spread around Kutaisi just like many other cities in the Soviet Union. The leaders of Jewish community such as: G. Deberashvili, the Rabbi of Kutaisi during 1927-1955, and the Rabbi during 1955-1965, were arrested. After World War II Jewish refugees went to Kutaisi, some stayed there, Dov Gaponov", "Kutaisi: A Brief History of its Jewish Community\nThe Jews of Kutaisi made a great contribution to the development of the city, for instance in the 19th century the Jewish inhabitants, who mostly were merchants and craftsmen, played a big role in Kutaisi\u2019s economy. In 1919 many Jews in Kutaisi were working in the local silk factory. In 1969-1984 thousands of Jews left Kutaisi and inhabited Israel. According to Jewish agency in 1993 there were 2300 Jews living in Kutaisi, this number fell to 600 by 1999."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.stkittsnevishcuk.gov.kn/about-st-kitts-and-nevis/

About St. Kitts and Nevis

["About St. Kitts and Nevis\nHome/About St. Kitts and Nevis\nAbout St. Kitts and Nevisstkittshcukegov2017-10-04T18:55:23+00:00\nThe National flag of St. Kitts & Nevis features green for our fertile lands, yellow for our year-round sunshine, black for our African heritage, and red for our struggle from slavery through colonialism to independence. It also displays two white stars on a black diagonal bar, symbols of hope and liberty.", "About St. Kitts and Nevis\nThe centre of the coat of arms is dominated by a shield at the base of which is a lighter in full sail. A red chevron is highlighted by two Poinciana flowers. At the top of the shield is the head of a Caribe, supported by the fleur-de-lis and a rose. These symbols represent the early inhabitants of the islands, and the influences of the French and English.\nNATIONAL FLOWER", "About St. Kitts and Nevis\nThe national flower is the Poinciana or flamboyant, named after Monsieur de Poincy, the first French Governor of St. Kitts, who is said to have introduced it to the region. Its scientific name is Delonix Regia and it is said to have originated in Madagascar. The flamboyant is one of the most striking trees of the tropics, with its umbrella-shaped crown, and its compound deciduous leaves, and red and yellow scalloped flowers followed by long, black seedpods. It blooms from May to August.\nNATIONAL BIRD", "About St. Kitts and Nevis\nThe national bird is the brown pelican, Pelecanus Occidentalis. In its youth, it is brown on the head, neck and upper parts of the body, and mostly white below. As it matures, the majority of the body becomes dark brown while the upper part of the head turns white. During the postnuptial molt the adult\u2019s neck turns white. The neck and head are not extended during flight", "About St. Kitts and Nevis\nBrown pelicans are sometimes solitary feeders but may also be found in small flocks as they feed on schools of fish near the surface of the sea. They can be found throughout the West Indies and in the sub-tropic regions of the Americas. They nest in colonies along the coast in low trees and in bushes."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://republicmonews.com/2022/10/17/after-the-deaths-of-a-great-waldingfield-mother-and-her-daughter-peter-nash-was-accused-of-two-murder-charges/

Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic

["Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nAfter the deaths of a Great Waldingfield mother and her daughter, Peter Nash was accused of two murder charges.\nSiya Rajpoot\nImage Credit by Dailymail\nToday, a man is set to appear behind judges on accusations that he murdered his wife and his daughter, whose bodies were discovered at the Suffolk residence. This just took the heart and served the top in the news headlines.\nWho killed the mother and daughter?", "Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nOn September 8, Jillu Nash, who was found to have reached the age of 44, and her daughter Louise, who is just 12 years, were discovered dead at a household near Great Waldingfield.\nA 46-year-old man was taken into police custody on the scene after being found to have serious injuries. The place was investigated properly.", "Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nHe subsequently spent five weeks in a hospital while still being detained by the police before being brought on Saturday to a Martlesham Public Inquiry Centre for questioning, where all the questions related to the brutal murder of a mother and a little daughter were asked.\nPeter Nash, of Great Wednesfield, is accused of two counts of committing murder, Suffolk Police announced on Sunday.", "Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nJillu and Peter Nash, a husband and wife lived just at the property \u201cwith the 12-year-old child named Louise who already had severe learning difficulties,\u201d in accordance with the investigation into the deaths, which started on October 7. As soon as the dead body recovered, the police just got serious and tried to reach every possibility.", "Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nThus, according to Home Office post-mortem examinations, Jillu Nash died due to compression just on the neck. The evidence says the same, which was caught during the investigation.\nHer daughter received an abdomen stab wound and sadly died. She was a very, very innocent little girl who was just unaware of what was going to happen.\nPeter Nash has been remanded on remand and will face Ipswich Magistrates\u2019 Court at a later point in time.", "Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nOn Thursday, September 8, at just after 9.55 a.m, Officers were called to a home in Heath Estate in response to reports of concerns for the welfare of inhabitants.\nThe news spread faster:\nThis heartbreaking news took the heart of many. As soon as this news came into account, it took a wide space on the social media side, and people shouted to get the man under custody and punished as badly as possible.", "Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nPeople started posting comments and tweets, which led to an increase the hatred towards the father of the 12-year little girl, who got murdered by his own father.\nPeople wish that the soul may rest in the piece as the two innocent people were murdered.\nAim of murder:", "Father of two killed his wife and daughter in Suffolk home | Republic\nThe investigation is going on. The man was taken to the hospital but under police surveillance. The aim of this murder was caused due to neck choke, as the post-modem report said, which is still unknown. It will be uploaded as soon as more information regarding this pops up.\nRead Also \u2013 Are Caterina and Germ\u00e1n still alive?\nIn this article:Jillu Nash,Peter Nash,Who is Jillu Nash,Who is Peter Nash"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.pgtimes.in/2016/07/aiims-student-saravanans-family-suspect.html

AIIMS student Saravanan’s family suspect murder

["AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nAIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nThe Ganesan family is in a state of shock and disbelief. Their 26-year-old son Dr Saravanan Ganesan, an AIIMS student was found dead, lying on his bed in his South Delhi apartment on July 10. The Delhi police suspect his death to be suicide after they found one cannula inserted in his right hand which had been plastered for support and two syringes. The police suspect that the injection that was administered was possibly potassium chloride.", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nBut his grieving family want answers, refusing to believe that he committed suicide. Saravanan\u2019s brother-in-law Saravana Kumar, who went to Delhi to receive his body, said, \u201cEven the most experienced right-handed doctor cannot inject a cannula (or venflon) in his right arm perfectly. The cap of the syringe was missing. There was no empty vial in the room", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nWhile the police claims to have broken into the room, there were no signs of that having done because all the locks were in place when I had come to collect his belongings.\u201d", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nKumar alleged that after the police inspected the crime-scene, they had left the room unattended. \u201cAny crucial evidence could have gone missing right?\u201d he asked.\nHe asserted that someone like Saravanan, who had aced the medical exam and was a meritorious student could not have killed himself.", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nSaravanan grew up in Vellingadu, a village near Tiruppur, the textile and knitwear hub of India. While his father is a tailor at a private garment factory, Saravanan\u2019s ambition had been clear from a young age. He had set his heart and mind to becoming a doctor. \u201cHis goal was to get into General Medicine and he worked towards it. I have known him for only a few years but I am witness to the dedication and hard work he put into this, despite being a son of a tailor,\u201d said Kumar.", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nAfter completing his MBBS from Madurai Medical College, he secured 73rd rank in the AIIMS entrance exam, qualifying for Pathology. But Saravanan decided to quit the programme in March 2016 as his first choice had been General Medicine. He returned to Tiruppur and spent three months preparing for the AIIMS entrance exam once again.", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\n\u201cImagine what level of confidence one would need to quit a course in a prestigious institution. But he was clear about what he wanted and dedicated too. In fact, even while he was pursuing pathology, he would go to the general medicine ward during his free hours and see what his friends were doing. He would observe and learn. This time he scored 47th rank,\u201d he said.", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nSaravanan last spoke to his family on Saturday afternoon, while he was on duty at AIIMS. \u201cHe only spoke a little and said he was busy. However, Saravanan was an open person and never had anything to hide from us. He spoke to his parents often and was as normal as any person. He also had a good rapport with his friends be it north Indian or south Indian friends,\u201d he said.", "AIIMS student Saravanan\u2019s family suspect murder\nWhile Saravanan\u2019s friends have already launched a \u201cJustice for Saravanan\u201d campaign on social media, the family submitted a letter to the Tiruppur district administration on Friday, citing inconsistencies in the investigation. Kumar said the family strongly believes that there is an ulterior motive and that the government should push for a strong probe in the case."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.bookdepot.com/Store/Details/9781538729656B

Alone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force

["Alone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force\nAlone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force\nAuthor: Longfritz, Lori Chapman\nSchilling, Dan\nQty Avail: 0\nBiography & Autobiography Military\nHistory & Geography Military\nThe New York Times bestselling true account of John Chapman, Medal of Honor recipient and Special Ops Combat Controller, and his heroic one-man stand during the Afghan War, as he sacrificed his life to save the lives of twenty-three comrades-in-arms.", "Alone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force\nIn the predawn hours of March 4, 2002, just below the 10,469-foot peak of a mountain in eastern Afghanistan, a fierce battle raged. Outnumbered by Al Qaeda fighters, Air Force Combat Controller John Chapman and a handful of Navy SEALs struggled to take the summit in a desperate bid to find a lost teammate.", "Alone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force\nChapman, leading the charge, was gravely wounded in the initial assault. Believing he was dead, his SEAL leader ordered a retreat. Chapman regained consciousness alone, with the enemy closing in on three sides.", "Alone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force\nJohn Chapman's subsequent display of incredible valor -- first saving the lives of his SEAL teammates and then, knowing he was mortally wounded, single-handedly engaging two dozen hardened fighters to save the lives of an incoming rescue squad -- posthumously earned him the Medal of Honor. Chapman is the first airman in nearly fifty years to be given the distinction reserved for America's greatest heroes.", "Alone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force\nAlone at Dawn is also a behind-the-scenes look at the Air Force Combat Controllers: the world's deadliest and most versatile special operations force, whose members must not only exceed the qualifications of Navy SEAL and Army Delta Force teams but also act with sharp decisiveness and deft precision -- even in the face of life-threatening danger.", "Alone at Dawn: Medal of Honor Recipient John Chapman and the Untold Story of the World's Deadliest Special Operations Force\nDrawing from firsthand accounts, classified documents, dramatic video footage, and extensive interviews with leaders and survivors of the operation, Alone at Dawn is the story of an extraordinary man's brave last stand and the brotherhood that forged him."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.racctrusted.com/c/gene-simmons/biography/

Gene Simmons Biography: Early Life and Career

["Gene Simmons Biography: Early Life and Career\nGene Simmons Biography\nGene Simmons /\nBorn Aug. 25, 1949\n1 autograph collector reviews\nGene Klein, known professionally as Gene Simmons, is an Israeli-American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur, actor, author, and television personality. Also known by his stage persona The Demon, he is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, the rock band he co-founded with lead singer and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in the early 1970s.", "Gene Simmons Biography: Early Life and Career\nSimmons was born as Chaim Witz on August 25, 1949, at Rambam Hospital, in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish emigrants from Hungary. His mother, Florence Klein (originally Fl\u00f3ra Kov\u00e1cs), was born in J\u00e1nd, and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps. She and her brother, Larry Klein, were the only members of the family to survive the Holocaust. His father, Ferenc \"Feri\" Yehiel Witz, was a carpenter. Simmons spent his early childhood in Tirat Carmel, and was raised in a Jewish household", "Gene Simmons Biography: Early Life and Career\nHe practiced playing his guitar for hours on end. He has said that his family was \"dirt poor,\" scraping by on rationed bread and milk. At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on roadsides together with a friend.", "Gene Simmons Biography: Early Life and Career\nAt age eight, he immigrated to the United States with his mother and settled in New York City. His father remained in Israel, where he had one other son and three daughters. In the United States, Simmons changed his name to Eugene Klein (later Gene Klein), adopting his mother\\'s maiden name. At age nine, he briefly attended a Jewish religious school, Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, before transferring to a public school. Before his musical career began, Simmons worked a variety of jobs in the city", "Gene Simmons Biography: Early Life and Career\nAn \"excellent typist\", he served as an assistant to an editor of the fashion magazine Vogue, and also spent several months as a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/150/460/

Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn

["Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nJustia \u203a U.S. Law \u203a U.S. Case Law \u203a U.S. Supreme Court \u203a Opinions by Volume \u203a Volume 150 \u203a Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nColumbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn, 150 U.S. 460 (1893)\nColumbia Mill Company v. Alcorn\nDecided December 4, 1893\nA person cannot acquire a right to the exclusive use of the word \"Columbia\" as a trademark.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nTo acquire a right to the exclusive use of a name, device, or symbol as a trademark, it mast appear that it was adopted for the purpose of identifying the origin or ownership of the article to which it is attached, or\nPage 150 U. S. 461\nthat such trademark points distinctively to the origin, manufacture, or ownership of the article on which it is stamped, and is designed to indicate the owner or producer of the commodity and to distinguish it from like articles manufactured by others.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIf a device, mark, or symbol is adopted or placed upon an article for the purpose of identifying its class, grade, style, or quality, or for any purpose other than a reference to or indication of its ownership, it cannot be sustained as a valid trademark.\nThe exclusive right to the use of a mark or device claimed as a trademark is founded on priority of appropriation, and it must appear that the claimant of it was the first to use or employ it on like articles of production.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nA trademark cannot consist of words in common use as designating locality, section, or region of country.\nIn the case of an alleged violation of a valid trademark, the similarity of brands must be such as to mislead ordinary observers in order to justify a restraining injunction.\nIn equity to restrain an alleged violation of a trademark. Decree dismissing the bill, from which complainant appealed. The case is stated in the opinion.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nColumbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn, 150 U.S. 460 (1893) Columbia Mill Company v. Alcorn\nAPPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED\nSTATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA\nMR. JUSTICE JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe complainant, a corporation or Minnesota, engaged in the manufacture of flour at Minneapolis in that state, brought this bill to restrain the defendants from using the word \"Columbia\" in a brand placed on flour sold by them. The complainant alleged that it had selected this word as a fanciful and arbitrary name or trademark at least five years prior to the filing of the bill, for the use and purpose of identifying a certain quality of flour of its own manufacture", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe complainant's brand, printed on sacks and stenciled on the heads of barrels, was in the form of a circle, in the upper arc of which were the words \"Columbia Mill Co.,\" and in the lower arc, \"Minneapolis, Minn.\" These words were printed in blue. On a horizontal line and in the middle of the circle was the", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nBelow this word, on separate lines, and in smaller letters, were the words \"Roller Process\" and \"Patent.\" The bill also alleged that the brand of flour on which the trademark was affixed obtained an extensive sale, and became generally known throughout the country, but that in the years 1887 and 1888 purchasers and consumers thereof were misled and deceived by the defendants, who put up in similar packages an imitation of the flour manufactured by the complainant, which was thus sold by them under the name, brand, and trademark \"Columbia.\" It was further alleged that the flour thus sold, although inferior in quality to the complainant's article, caused a great diminution in the business of the complainant", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe bill prayed for a injunction and an accounting of the profits on all the flour sold by the defendants under the brand of \"Columbia.\"", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe defendants answered that they carried on in Philadelphia a general business of buying outright, and of selling on commission, flour consigned to them, and that, in accordance with the custom of the trade, they had their own brands put on the sacks and barrels of flour handled by them. They admit that one of the brands so used was in the form of a circle, having the words \"High Grade\" in the upper arc, and under those words \"No", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\n1;\" then, on the next line, \"Hard Wheat,\" under which, in large letters, was the word \"Columbia,\" and below that, in letters of the same size, was the word \"Patent,\" and the figures \"196\" in another line below. On the lower arc of the circle were the words \"Minneapolis, Minn.\" The answer stated that the whole of the brand was printed in black ink. The defendants further averred that", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\n\"they have never sold any flour not manufactured by the complainant as being the flour of the complainant; that they have not knowingly or actually used, or caused to be used, any brand for flour in imitation of any brand used by the complainant, nor have they ever sold any flour branded in imitation of complainant's flour; that they have never come in competition with complainant's flour, nor has anyone ever purchased the respondent's flour believing it to be of the", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\ncomplainant's manufacture; that they deny any claim on the part of the complainant to any right to the name 'Columbia' as a trademark, averring that the same was used by these respondents and other parties long before the said complainant commenced to use it, and that other mills beside the complainant's manufacture and sell flour branded 'Columbia.'\"", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nUpon the pleadings and proofs, the court below held that the complainant had not established its exclusive right to the use of the word \"Columbia\" in a brand for flour, and dismissed the bill. From this decree the present appeal is prosecuted.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nWe are clearly of opinion that there is no error in the judgment of the court below. The general principles of law applicable to trademarks, and the conditions under which a party may establish an exclusive right to the use of a name or symbol, are well settled by the decisions of this Court in the following cases: Canal Co. v. Clark, 13 Wall. 311; McLean v. Fleming, 96 U. S. 245; Manufacturing Co. v. Trainer, 101 U. S. 51; Goodyear Co. v. Goodyear Rubber Co., 128 U. S. 598; Corbin v. Gould, 133 U. S", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThese cases establish the following general propositions: (1) that to acquire the right to the exclusive use of a name, device, or symbol as a trademark, it must appear that it was adopted for the purpose of identifying the origin or ownership of the article to which it is attached or that such trademark must point distinctively, either by itself or by association, to the origin, manufacture, or ownership of the article on which it is stamped; it must be designed, as its primary object and purpose, to indicate the owner or producer of the commodity, and to distinguish it from like articles manufactured by others; (2) that if the device, mark, or symbol was adopted or placed upon the article for the purpose of identifying its class, grade, style, or quality, or for any purpose other than a reference to or indication of its ownership, it cannot be sustained as a valid trademark; (3) that the exclusive right to the use of the mark or device claimed as a trademark is", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nfounded on priority of appropriation -- that is to say, the claimant of the trademark must have been the first to use or employ the same on like articles of production; (4) such trademark cannot consist of words in common use as designating locality, section, or region of country.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe alleged trademark cannot, for many reasons, be made the subject of an exclusive private property -- first because it is clearly shown from the proof in the cause that the word \"Columbia,\" as a brand upon sacks or barrels of flour, was in use long before its appropriation by the complainant.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIt is established by the evidence that as early as 1865 or 1866, a brand was made for Lee & Hollingsworth, owners of the Columbia Mills of Brooklyn, New York, which was placed upon their sacks or barrels of flour in the form of circle", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe upper part of the circle was formed of the words \"Columbia Mills.\" In the middle of the circle, in large letters, was the word \"Columbia,\" and above and below this word were placed, respectively, \"196\" and \"XXX.\" In the lower arc of the circle were the words \"Family Flour.\" The whole brand was printed in black, and was encompassed by a black circular border.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIt is further shown by the proof that the word \"Columbia,\" before its adoption by the complainant, was used by the Columbia Mill Company, of Columbia, Brown County, Dakota; by the Columbia Elevator and Grain Mills, of Providence, Rhode Island; by the Columbia Mill Company of Oakland, Indiana, and by S. S. Sprague & Company of Providence, Rhode Island", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe word \"Columbia,\" having been thus previously appropriated and used upon barrels and sacks of flour, was not subject to exclusive appropriation thereafter by the complainant so as to make it a valid trademark such as the law will recognize and protect.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nSecond, the word \"Columbia\" is not the subject of exclusive appropriation, under the general rule that the word or words in common use as designating locality or section of a country cannot be appropriated by any one as his exclusive trademark.\nIn Canal Co. v. Clark, 13 Wall. 311, it was held that the", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nword \"Lackawanna,\" which is the name of a region of country in Pennsylvania, could not be, in combination with the word \"coal,\" constituted a trademark because everyone who mined coal in the valley of Lackawanna had a right to represent his coal as Lackawanna coal. Speaking for the Court, MR. JUSTICE Strong said:", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\n\"The word 'Lackawanna' was not devised by the complainants. They found it a settled and known appellative of the district in which their coal deposits, and those of others, were situated. At the time they began to use it, it was a recognized description of a region, and, of course, of the earths and minerals in the region. . .", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIt must be then considered as sound doctrine that no one can apply the name of a district of country to a well known article of commerce and obtain thereby such an exclusive right to the application as to prevent others inhabiting the district, or dealing in similar articles coming from the district, from truthfully using the same designation.\"", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIn Koehler v. Sanders, 122 N.Y. 65, it was held that the word \"international\" could not be exclusively appropriated by anyone as a part of a tradename, because the word was a generic term in common use, and in its nature descriptive of a business to which it pertains, rather than to the origin or proprietorship of the article to which it might be attached.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIn Connell v. Reed, 128 Mass. 477, it was held that the words \"East Indian\" in connection with \"Remedy,\" placed upon bottles of medicine, were not the subject of a trademark. In that case, Mr. Chief Justice Gray, speaking for the court, said\n\"that it was at least doubtful whether words in common use as designating a vast region of country and its products could be appropriated by anyone as his exclusive trademark, separately from his own or some other name in which he has a peculiar right.\"", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIn Glendon Iron Co. v. Uhler, 75 Penn.St. 467, a corporation adopted the trademark \"Glendon,\" which was placed upon their iron. The place where their furnace was located was afterwards erected into a borough by the name of Glendon. Another company, engaged in business in the same place, afterwards used the word \"Glendon\" on their iron. It", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nwas held that the second company had a right so to do. The ruling of the court was rested on the ground that the name \"Glendon\" was common to the whole world, and that the previous appropriation of it by the complainant did not prevent any other manufacturer of pig iron in its limits from using the same word.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIn Laughman's Appeal, 128 Penn.St. 1, it was held that the word \"Sonman,\" being the name of a large boundary of land containing a number of separate private estates owned by a number of different persons engaged in the business of mining and shipping coal, could not be adopted as a tradename by one party to the exclusion of others.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIn the leading case of Amoskeag Mfg. Co. v. Spear, 2 Sandf. 599, it is laid down that no one has a right to appropriate a sign or symbol which, from the nature of the fact it is used to signify, others may employ with equal truth, and therefore have an equal right to employ for the same purpose.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIt is upon these principles that a person may put his own name upon his own goods, notwithstanding another person of the same name may, in that name, manufacture and sell the same or similar articles. Brown Chemical Co. v. Meyer, 139 U. S. 540.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe appellant was no more entitled to the exclusive use of the word \"Columbia\" as a trademark than he would have been to the use of the word \"America,\" or \"United States,\" or \"Minnesota,\" or \"Minneapolis.\" These merely geographical names cannot be appropriated and made the subject of an exclusive property", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThey do not, in and of themselves, indicate anything in the nature of origin, manufacture, or ownership, and in the present case the word \"Columbia\" gives no information on the subject of origin, production, or ownership", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nThe upper part of the brand or label of the trademark discloses the full name of the complainant as the manufacturer of the article, and is in no way supplemented or made clearer by the word \"Columbia.\" It can no more be said that it was intended to designate origin or ownership than to denote the quality of the flour on which the brand was placed, and the proof tends strongly to show that the whole label was", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIt is further shown by the proof that, for the particular grade of flour on which the brand including the alleged trademark \"Columbia\" was used, the complainant had at least three other tradenames, such as \"Golden Rod,\" \"Best,\" and \"Superlative,\" which were used indiscriminately, and for different sections of the country, with the word \"Columbia.\" The quality and process of manufacture were identically the same, and all made from spring wheat, whether one tradename or the other was used thereon.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nIt is also shown by the testimony in this case that the flour manufactured from spring wheat, such as that dealt in both by the complainant and the defendants, is never sold or bought simply on the brand, but usually, if not always, by actual sample, and the proof fails to establish that the brand of the appellees was calculated to mislead, or did actually deceive or mislead, anyone into supposing that the flour of the complainant was being bought", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nSo it cannot be said that the defendants were personating the complainant's business by using such a description or brand as to lead customers to suppose that they were trading with the appellant. Even in the case of a valid trademark, the similarity of brands must be such as to mislead the ordinary observer.", "Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn\nFor the foregoing reasons, we are clearly of opinion that there was no error in the court below in dismissing the bill, and the same is accordingly affirmed."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.kwarareporters.com/2022/10/ilorin-court-jails-man-for-issuing-dud.html

Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque

["Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nHome / Crime / Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nIlorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nEditor Sunday, October 16, 2022 Crime\nBy Adeshina Precious\nA Kwara State High Court, sitting in Ilorin, has convicted one Sunday Adeniyi Olusegun, of Safe Trip Transport Company for issuing dud cheques in a bid to defray his indebtedness to one Alhaja Kudirat Ibiyeye, an Ilorin-based businesswoman.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nAccording to the judgement delivered by Justice A. O. Akinpelu, the convict was found guilty of the said offence and was consequently sentenced to a suspended two years imprisonment pursuant to Section 451(1) of the Kwara State Administration of Criminal Justice Law with some conditions.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nThe conditions according to the judgement was that the convict shall within a period of three weeks engage in Community Service of cleaning or clearing the Court premises as assigned to him by the Chief Registrar between the hours of 8.00am and 12noon daily, and that the service of the convict shall be monitored and supervised by the Registry of the High Court.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\n\u201cNeither has he shown by any iota of evidence that at times material, he had sufficient funds in his account to enable the cheques in issue to be funded when presented for payment as agreed.\n\u201cPW4, who went on investigation to the bank and was told that the cheques were dud cheques was not confronted with the fact that the bank was ordered not to cashback the cheques as claimed.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\n\u201cOn this premise, it was found that at the time that there was no sufficient fund in the account of the defendant,\u201d the court noted.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nIt is long settled by judicial authorities according to the judgment that when a cheque is dishonoured upon presentment for reason of lack of sufficient funds in the bank account from which it is to be paid, this provides a reasonable basis for a criminal complaint against the drawer for issuing a dud or dishonoured cheque, irrespective of the fact that the cheque was initially issued as a post-dated cheque in discharge of a written contractual obligation to secure or guarantee the payment of a loan.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nSpeaking on the judgement, the counsel to Alhaja Kudirat Ibiyeye, who is also the Head of chambers, Yusuf Ali (SAN) and Co., Mr. Yakub Dauda, said that the matter was in two folds.\n\u201cOne has to do with civil, which its judgement was delivered on July 6, 2022 in which N200 million was awarded against Mr. Sunday Adeniyi Olusegun, who happens to be the alter ego of Safe Trip Nigeria Limited.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\nThe judgement was awarded in favour of Alhaja Kudirat Ibiyeye, who happens to be the person who loaned money to the said Adeniyi Olusegun. The money which he was unable to pay back and from all indications several demands were made in respect of the money owed but the man was not forthcoming.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\n\u201cAt the end of the day, the matter was taken to court where the said matter was supposed to commence with summary judgement, but the learned trial judge, Justice S.T. Umar of the High Court sitting in Ilorin was of the opinion that the counter affidavit to our affidavit in support of summary judgment disclosed an iota of defence as a result of which the matter was transferred to what we call general cause list.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\n\u201cSo, we went to a full blown trial where evidence was led and documents tendered in support of each party\u2019s position in respect of the case. And at the end of the day, the trial court found in favour of Alhaja Kudirat Ijaya Ibiyeye. Mr. Sunday Adeniyi Olusegun was ordered to pay back the money owed Alhaja Kudirat Ibiyeye.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\n\u201cThe second stanza of the case has to do with issuance of 16 dud post-dated cheques in the sum of N10 million each and it has to do for same day of the month. Now, the person in favour of whom the cheques were issued presented the cheques on the day they were to be presented. She presented about six or seven which were all returned not honoured by the bank.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\n\u201cSo, the man was prosecuted. He was defended by his lawyer, Mr. Tafa Ahmed Esq. At the end of the day, the court found that the prosecution in that matter, Mr. J.A. Mumini (SAN) of the Ministry of Justice Kwara state, proved the case against Mr. Sunday Adeniyi Olusegun beyond reasonable doubt as expected and he was convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment.", "Ilorin Court Jails Man For Issuing Dud Cheque\n\u201cBut it is a suspended sentence. And he was also ordered to observe community service by cleaning up the high court premises, which include sweeping and cutting of grass\u201d.\nAlso speaking, the counsel to the convict, Mr. Tafa Ahmed Esq., who said that appeal against the judgement has been filed, argued that his client had ordered the bank to stop payment of the cheques, explaining that one of the cheques was for another transaction aside the loan repayment."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://onlyfunfacts.com/life/human/poon-lim-survived-at-sea/

Poon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea

["Poon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea\nPoon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea\nWritten by Robby in Human,War\nWith 133 days at sea, the Chinese Poon Lim holds the record for the longest time a shipwrecked person has spent alone on a raft on the high seas. During his time on the ocean, he even managed to kill a shark.\nAn unbelievable record", "Poon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea\nPoon Lim from China was working as a steward on the British merchant ship Ben Lomond when it was sunk by torpedoes fired from the German submarine U 172 on 23 November 1942, roughly 1,200 kilometers east of the Amazon Delta in the Atlantic Ocean on its way from Cape Town to Suriname. Lim was the only one of the 53 crew members to survive and to hold himself above water during the first hours in the water thanks to his life jacket", "Poon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea\nAfter floating for several hours, he managed to climb into one of the Ben Lomond\u2019s lifeboats which had torn loose during the torpedo bombardment.", "Poon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea\nPoon Lim on his boat when being rescued after 133 days at sea. Source: Wikipedia/National Geographic\nOnboard he found dry bread and water \u2013 too little to not go crazy on the open sea. So at some point, Lim decided to catch a small shark, which he actually did. Later he would tell the story that he even drank the shark liver\u2019s blood immediately, as he hadn\u2019t had any liquids for days. He cut the remaining shark meat into slices and let it dry in the sun.", "Poon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea\nLim must have despaired, especially as three ships passed him by during his odyssey without taking him on board. He fought alternately against the effects of sunburn and seasickness \u2013 and with every ship, he sighted also against the anguish that seized him.", "Poon Lim: A Man Who Survived 133 Days At Sea\nIt would be 133 days before his odyssey came to a happy end. Brazilian fishermen discovered Lim\u2019s raft and saved him. He had lost nine kilograms of body weight, but soon made a full recovery in hospital. Even on his deathbed, Lim said he hoped no one would ever have to break his record. He died in January 1991 in New York, where he had emigrated after his fateful odyssey."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofhistory/hallofusa/declarationofindependence/LewisMorris.com/george-Washington.org/andrewjackson.org/george-washington.org/franklinroosevelt.net/peytonrandolph.com/patrickhenry/revolutionarywarhall/rideofpaulrevere.com

Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere

["Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nREVERE, Paul, patriot, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 1 January, 173; died there, 10 May, 1818. His grandfather, a Huguenot, emigrated from Sainte-Foy France, to the island of Guernsey, whence his, father removed to Boston, and there learned the trade of a goldsmith", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nThe son was trained in this business, and became skilful in drawing and engraving designs on silver plate, lie took part in the expedition of 1756 to capture Crown Point from the French, being appointed a lieutenant of artillery, and stationed at Fort Edward, near Lake George.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nOn his return to Boston he married, and began business for himself as a goldsmith. He also practiced cop-per-plate engraving, in which he was self-taught, and produced a portrait of Reverend Dr. Jonathan Mayhew, followed in 1766 by a picture emblematical of the repeal of the stamp-act, and next by a caricature entitled \"A Warm Place --Hell,\" in which are represented the seventeen members of the house of representatives who voted for rescinding the circular of 1768 to the provincial legislatures", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nIn 1770 he published a print representing the Boston massacre, and in 1774 one representing the landing of British troops in Boston. He was one of the grand jurors that refused to serve in 1774 in consequence of the act; of parliament that made the supreme court judges independent of the legislature in regard to their salaries.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nIn 1775 he engraved the plates for the paper-money that had been ordered by the Provincial congress of Massachusetts, made the press, and printed the bills. He was sent to Philadelphia to learn the process of making gunpowder, and the proprietor of the mill there would only consent to show him the works in operation, but not to let him take memoranda or drawings. Nevertheless, on his return, he constructed a mill, which was soon put into successful operation", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nHe was one of the prime movers of the \"tea-party\" that destroyed the tea in Boston harbor. In the autumn of 1774 he and about thirty other young men, chiefly mechanics, formed a secret society for the purpose of watching the movements of the British soldiers and detecting the designs of the Tortes, which they reported only to John Hancock, Dr. Charles Warren, Samuel Adams, and two or three others, one of whom was the traitor, Dr", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nBenjamin Church, who communicated the transactions of the society to General Thomas Gage. They took turns in patrolling the streets, and several days before the, battle of Lexington they observed suspicious preparations in the British barracks and on the ships in the harbor.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nOn the evening of 18 April they apprised the Whigs that the troops had begun to move. Dr. Warren, sending for Revere, desired him to set out at once for Lexington in order to warn Hancock and Adams in time. Crossing to Charlestown by boat, he procured a horse, and rode through Medford, rousing the minute-men on the way, and, after barely escaping capture by some British officers, reached Lexington and delivered his message. With Dr", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nSamuel Prescott and William Dawes he pushed on for the purpose of rousing the people of Concord and securing the military stores there. They awakened the minutemen on the route, but at Lincoln they were stopped by a party of British officers, excepting Prescott, who escaped capture by leaping a wall, and rode on to Concord, where he alarmed the inhabitants, while Revere and Dawes were taken by their captors back to Lexington, and there released.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nHenry W. Longfellow has made the midnight ride of Paul Revere the subject of a narrative poem. Revere was the messenger that was usually employed on difficult business by the committee of safety, of which Joseph Warren was president. He repaired the cannon in Fort Independence, which the British, on leaving Boston, had sought to render useless by breaking the trunnions, but which he made serviceable by devising a new kind of carriage", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nAfter the evacuation a regiment of artillery was raised in Boston, of which he was made major, and afterward lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the unsuccessful Penobscot expedition of 1779.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nAfter the war he resumed the business of a gold and silver-smith, and subsequently erected a foundry for casting church-bells and bronze cannon. When copper bolts and spikes began to be used, instead of iron, for fastening the timbers of vessels, he experimented on the manufacture of these articles, and when he was able to make them to his satisfaction he built in 1801 large works at Canton, Massachusetts, for rolling copper, which are still carried on by the Revere copper company", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nAs grand-master of the masonic fraternity he laid the corner-stone of the Boston state-house in 1795. In that year he aided in the establishment of the Massachusetts charitable mechanic association, of which he was the first president. He was a munificent contributor to enterprises of benevolence, and at the time of his death was connected with numerous charities.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\n--His grandson, Joseph Warren Revere, soldier, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 17 May, 1812; died in Hoboken, New Jersey, 20 April, 1880. He was made a midshipman in the United States navy. 1 April, 1828, became a passed midshipman on 4 June, 1834, and lieutenant on 25 February, 1841, took part in the Mexican war, and resigned from the navy on 20 September, 1850. He then entered the Mexican service. For saving the lives of several Spaniards he was knighted by Queen Isabella of Spain", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nHe was made colonel of the 7th regiment of New Jersey volunteers on 31 August, 1861, and promoted brigadier-general of United States volunteers on 25 October. 1862. He led a brigade at Fredericksburg, was then transferred to the command of the Excelsior brigade in the 2d division, fought with it at Chancellorsville, and after the engagement fell under the censure of his superior officer.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nIn May, 1863, he was tried by court-martial, and dismissed from the military service of the United States. He defended his conduct with great earnestness, and on 10 September, 1864, his dismissal from the army was revoked by President Lincoln, and his resignation was accepted. His \"Keel and Saddle\" (Boston, 1872) relates many of his personal adventures.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\n--Another grandson, Edward Hutchinson Robbins, physician, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 23 July, 1827; died near Sharpsburg, Maryland, 17 September, 1862, entered Harvard, but left in 1846, pursued the course in the medical school, and received his diploma in 1849. He practiced in Boston, and on 14 September, 1861, was appointed assistant surgeon of the 20th Massachusetts volunteers", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nAt Bali's Bluff he was captured by the enemy's cavalry, and was kept as a prisoner at Leesburg, and afterward at Richmond, Virginia, till 22 February. 1862, when he was released on parole. He was exchanged in April, 1862, and served with his regiment through the peninsular campaign and General John Pope's campaign on the Rappahannock, was present at Chantilly, and was killed at the battle of Antietam.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\n--A brother of Edward H. R., Paul Joseph, soldier, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 10 September, 1832\" died in Westminster, Maryland, 4 July, 1863, was graduated at Harvard in 1852, and at the beginning of the civil war entered the National army as major of the 20th Massachusetts volunteers", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nAt Bali's Bluff he was wounded in the leg and taken prisoner, and he was confined in Libby prison until he and six other officers were selected as hostages to answer with their lives for the safety of Confederate privateers men who had been convicted of piracy in the United States court. They were transferred to the Henrico county prison, and confined for three months in a felon's cell. Major Revere was paroled on 22 February, 1862, and in the beginning of the following May was exchanged", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nHe was engaged in the peninsular campaign until he was taken sick in July. On 4 September, 1862, he was made a lieutenant-colonel, and served as assistant inspector-general on the staff of General Edwin V. Sumner. At Antietam, where he displayed great gallantry, he received a wound that compelled him to retire to his home. On his recovery he was appointed colonel of his old regiment, 14 April, 1863, and returned to the field in May", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nHe was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for bravery at Gettysburg, where he received a fatal wound in the second day's battle.", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nThe Paul Revere House\n... Lexington Green. \"Paul Revere's Ride\" by Henry Wadsworth\nLongfellow. Images of Paul Revere's Ride. ...\nSeacoast NH History - Revolution Era - Paul Revere's Other ...\n... By J. Dennis Robinson 1997 SeacoastNH.com. All rights reserved. Primary source:\nPaul Revere's Ride by David Hacket Fischer, Oxford University Press, 1994.\nMidnight Ride of Paul Revere\nMidnight Ride of Paul Revere by Grant Wood Copyright\nEstate of Grant Wood/Licensed by VAGA, New\nPaul Revere's Ride", "Revolutionary War Hall: Ride Of Paul Revere\nThe Globe Corner Bookstore. Go to Boston Area Browse other History Paul Revere's\nRide by David Hackett Fischer. ... ZT8315 Paul Revere's Ride $16.95\nStart your search on Ride Of Paul Revere."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.iflscience.com/catastrophic-erosion-cut-britain-off-from-europe-nearly-half-a-million-years-ago-41125

Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago

["Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nCatastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nThe view would have been magnificent, but anyone using the ridge across what is now the English Channel from the continent to Britain was in for a shock when it collapsed. Imperial College, London/ Chase Stone", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nBritain might currently be going through a separation from Europe politically, but geographically it split from it almost half a million years earlier. According to a paper in Nature Communications, this was caused by water sweeping out of a glacial lake in what is now the North Sea. Unlike previous theories of the process, however, the study claims it took at least two major events to complete the separation.", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nDuring the ice ages, seas fell as vast quantities of water became locked up in polar ice sheets. This exposed the land beneath the English Channel, along with many other areas that are now shallow seas, so that it was possible to walk from Calais to Dover.", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nHistory books often imply that all it took for Britain to separate from mainland Europe was rising sea levels, but the truth was more complex. During an interglacial period 450,000 years ago, a ridge of land running from southeast England to France stood above the waves providing a walkway. It was only when this ridge collapsed that separation occurred.", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nThis collapse was clearly a significant event \u2013 think how different European history might have been without it. Consequently, geologists have puzzled over how and why it occurred. First author Professor Sanjeev Gupta of Imperial College, London, thinks he has answered those questions.\nLike predecessors, Gupta claims that what is now the southern North Sea filled with water from melting glaciers as the ice sheets retreated.", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\n\u201cWhile it is widely held that initial opening of the Strait was a consequence of spillover of a proglacial lake that existed in the southern North Sea basin \u2026 direct evidence for this spillover process has up to now been lacking,\u201d the paper notes. By mapping the sea floor beneath the channel in unprecedented detail, Gupta has revealed the presence of a string of sediment-filled plunge pools at the base of chalk escarpments", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nThese falls wore the rock away as water rushed from the glacial lake to the North Atlantic. Eventually the ridge collapsed, isolating Britain. Subsequent ice ages saw the seas retreat and Britain connected to the mainland again several times. With the ridge's higher ground gone, however, each time sea levels rose, there was nothing to maintain Britain's geographical connection to the continent.", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nHowever, a feature of the Channel's seafloor, known as the Lobourg Channel, cross-cuts these pools. Gupta concluded this could only have occurred if the pools formed and filled with sediments first, before a subsequent catastrophic flood carved the Lobourg Channel, determining that each subsequent melting would isolate Britain again.", "Catastrophic Erosion Cut Britain Off From Europe Nearly Half A Million Years Ago\nThe depth of the sea floor across the Dover Straight, showing the deep channel carved in a catastrophic flood. The chalk ridge once connected France to Britain. Imperial College London/Professor Sanjeev Gupta and Dr Jenny Collier\nfloods,\nInterglacial,\nEnglish Channel,"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://bible.usccb.org/bible/2kings/16?15

The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem

["The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\nReign of Ahaz of Judah.* 1In the seventeenth year of Pekah, son of Remaliah, Ahaz, son of Jotham, king of Judah, became king. 2Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem.", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\nHe did not do what was right in the sight of the LORD his God, as David his father had done. 3He walked in the way of the kings of Israel; he even immolated his child by fire, in accordance with the abominable practices of the nations whom the LORD had dispossessed before the Israelites.a 4Further, he sacrificed and burned incense on the high places, on hills, and under every green tree.b", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n5Then Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, son of Remaliah, king of Israel, came up to Jerusalem to attack it. Although they besieged Ahaz, they were unable to do battle. 6(In those days Rezin, king of Aram, recovered Elath for Aram, and drove the Judahites out of it. The Edomites then entered Elath, which they have occupied until the present.)", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n7Meanwhile, Ahaz sent messengers to Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, with the plea: \u201cI am your servant and your son. Come up and rescue me from the power of the king of Aram and the king of Israel, who are attacking me.\u201d 8Ahaz took the silver and gold that were in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king\u2019s house and sent them as a present to the king of Assyria", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n9The king of Assyria listened to him and moved against Damascus, captured it, deported its inhabitants to Kir, and put Rezin to death.", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n10King Ahaz went to Damascus to meet Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria. When he saw the altar in Damascus, King Ahaz sent to Uriah the priest a model of the altar and a detailed design of its construction. 11Uriah the priest built an altar according to the plans which King Ahaz sent him from Damascus, and had it completed by the time King Ahaz returned from Damascus", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n12On his arrival from Damascus, the king inspected the altar; the king approached the altar, went up 13and sacrificed his burnt offering and grain offering, pouring out his libation, and sprinkling the blood of his communion offerings on the altar. 14The bronze altar that stood before the LORD he brought from the front of the temple\u2014that is, from the space between the new altar and the house of the LORD\u2014and set it on the north side of his altar", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n15c King Ahaz commanded Uriah the priest, \u201cUpon the large altar sacrifice the morning burnt offering and the evening grain offering, the king\u2019s burnt offering and grain offering, and the burnt offering and grain offering of the people of the land.* Their libations you must sprinkle on it along with all the blood of burnt offerings and sacrifices. But the old bronze altar shall be mine for consultation.\u201d 16Uriah the priest did just as King Ahaz had commanded", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n17King Ahaz detached the panels from the stands and removed the basins from them; he also took down the bronze sea from the bronze oxen that supported it, and set it on a stone pavement. 18In deference to the king of Assyria he removed the sabbath canopy that had been set up in the house of the LORD and the king\u2019s outside entrance* to the temple.", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n19The rest of the acts of Ahaz, with what he did, are recorded in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah. 20Ahaz rested with his ancestors; he was buried with his ancestors in the City of David, and his son Hezekiah succeeded him as king.", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n* [16:1\u201320] Firmly dated events bearing on chaps. 16\u201320 are: the fall of Damascus (16:9) in 732 B.C., the fall of Samaria (18:9\u201311) in 722/721 B.C., and Sennacherib\u2019s invasion of Judah (18:13) in 701 B.C., which both in Kings and in Is 36:1 occurs in the fourteenth year of Hezekiah", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\nThese data make it possible to connect the chronology of Israel and Judah to the larger chronology of ancient Near Eastern history, but they also complicate further the already vexed problem of inconsistencies in the biblical data about accession years and lengths of reign.", "The Reign of Ahaz of Judah and the Siege of Jerusalem\n* [16:15] People of the land: see note on 11:14. For consultation: perhaps the introduction into Judah of the Babylonian practice of reading omens from animal sacrifices; cf. Ez 21:26.\n* [16:18] Sabbath canopy\u00e2\u20ac\u00a6outside entrance: the Hebrew is obscure, but as a vassal Ahaz must have had to divest himself of signs of sovereignty.\na. [16:3] Lv 18:21; Dt 18:10.\nb. [16:4] Dt 12:2.\nc. [16:15] Ex 29:38\u201341; Nm 28:3\u20138."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.ae/books?id=1CmRaax3iH0C&pg=PA72-IA2&focus=viewport&vq=death&dq=editions:LCCN08000088&lr=&hl=ar&output=html_text

A Copper-plate Grant from Bandú.

["A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe Society is indebted to Mr. A. Cadell, Asst. Magistrate, Band\u00e1, in the N. W. Provinces, for the sight of a Copper-plate found in Parganah Aug\u00e1si of the Band\u00e1 district. The plate measures 16 inches by 10%, and is in an excellent state of preservation. (See plate VI.) It is a hammered one; very rough on the outer face, but moderately smooth on the inscribed side", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nRound its edges slips of metal have been very roughly and clumsily rivetted on to form a raised rim for the purpose of preventing the inscription from being easily rubbed off. At the middle of the lower edge, close by the rim, is a round hole, half an inch in diameter. It was intended for a ring which bore the seal of the donor, and perhaps also held together two plates, one of which is missing", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nIf a second plate did once exist, it was intended only as a cover for the first and bore no inscription, for the latter contains the whole of a deed of conveyance, with a colophon giving the name of the writer and engraver of the record, and hitherto no document of the kind has been found which contains any thing after the name of the engraver", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe record is inscribed longitudinally, and comprises nineteen lines, the first four of which have a break in the middle, caused by an outline figure of the goddess R\u00e1jalakshmi with two elephants standing on expanded lotuses, and pouring water on her head. The writing is of the Kutila type, but slender in body, and verging to the modern N\u00e1gari character", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nIt records the grant of 'ten ploughs' of land in the village of Ramura\u1e0d\u00e1, which is situated in the circle of Sud\u00e1li, to a Brahmana named Gabhanta S'arman, the son of J\u00e1ta, the grandson of S\u00e1tti, and great-grandson of Vapana, a member of the V\u00e1jasaneyi school of the Bh\u00e1radv\u00e1ja gotra, having the threefold Pravara of Bharadv\u00e1ja, Angirasa, V\u00e1rhaspatya, and an inhabitant of the village of Dhakari", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe boundary of the plot is given in detail, and the date of the gift was Monday, the 5th of the waxing moon in the month of M\u00e1gha, Samvat 1190 = A. C. 1135. The donor was Madanavarma Deva, a devout follower of S'iva. His immediate predecessor was Prithvivarma Deva, who had succeeded Kirtivarma Deva.", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe first monument of this line of princes was brought to the notice of the Society by Lieutenant William Price, in 1813. It was a large inscribed stone found on a rocky hill in the vicinity of the town of Mau, about ten miles from Chhattarpur. The record was in a bad state of preservation, and the transcript and translation of it published in the Asiatic Researches'* * Vol. XII, pp. 359 el seq.\nare full of lacun\u00e6. It comprises the history of nine princes with the names of their ministers.", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe second record was found by Capt. T. S. Burt in 1838. It too was an inscribed slab, which had been detached from one of several temples at Khajr\u00e1ha, nine kos from Chhattarpur, which is on the high road from Saiyar and Hamirpur, close by the fortified town of R\u00e1jgarh, on the right bank of the K\u00e1m river, S. W from Chhattarpur. It gives the names of six predecessors of Dh\u00e1nga.*", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe third was communicated to me by Major-General Cunningham, who found it at Khajr\u00e1ha.\u2020 It was a short record of 13 lines, but it was of value in settling the date of the dynasty on a sure footing. In commenting upon it I pointed out the relation it bore to the two preceding monuments, and the results deducible from a reading of the three inscriptions together", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe conclusion I then arrived at regarding the date of Madanavarma, the last prince of the line, was, that he must have lived about the middle of the twelfth century. The exact date given by the copper-plate now under notice is Samvat 1190 A. D. 1135. A. D. 1135. The name of the immediate predecessor of Prithvivarma, the father of Madana, in Lieutenant Price's inscription, is Sallakshanavarma; but this appears to be an alias or title, the real name being Kirtivarma in the copper-plate", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nPutting the names found in the four inscriptions together with such corrections as the several records have helped me to make, I arrive at the following genealogy. Altogether we have sixteen names. Of these, documentary evidence exists for the dates of three; the 7th king, Dh\u00e1nga, being assigned by two records to Samvat 1011 and 1019 respectively; the 13th by one to Samvat 1173; and the 16th by another to 1190. For the rest we have to depend upon averages", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nFor reasons assigned in my paper on the Khajr\u00e1ha inscriptions, the earlier reigns may be taken to have been long, but some of the later must have been very short. Dh\u00e1nga is said to have lived 109 summers, and then to have resigned his life at the confluence of the Yamuna and the Ganges, and this led Mr. Sutherland and those who wrote after him to suppose that the prince had committed suicide. Such is, however, not the inevitable meaning of the passage", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nTo this day the ordinary civil way of announcing a death is to say, so-and-so has surrendered his life to the holy river so-and-so or the sacred pool (Kshetra) so-and-so, and the inscription has probably adopted the same mode of expression.", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nV. Sriharsha, son of IV,.......\nVI. Yasodharma, son of V, by Kankut\u00e1,\nVII. Dh\u00e1nga,\nVIII. Ganda Deva, Minister-Prabh\u00e1\u0219a,\nIX. Vidyadhara Deva, Minister-Sivan\u00e1ma, son of last,\nX. Viyayyap\u00e1la, Minister-Mahip\u00e1la, son of last,\nXI. Kirtivarma Deva, Minister-Ananta,\nXII. Varma Deva, Minister-Yoge\u015bvara, son of last,.......\nXIII. Jayavarma Deva, Minister\u2014ditto,...\nXIV. Kirtivarma Deva alias Sallakshana, Minister-\nVatsa and other sons of Ananta,.\nXV. Prithvivarma Deva, ditto,..", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nXVI. Madanavarma Deva, Minister-Gad\u00e1dhara,\nThe annexed translation of the record has been prepared for me by my young friend B\u00e1bu Durg\u00e1r\u00e1ma Basu, Pleader, High Court of Calcutta. Translation of an inscription from Parganah Aug\u00e1si, Band\u00e1.\nson of VI, by Narmadevi, Minister\n-Prabh\u00e1sa,\nMay this be auspicious!", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nThe dynasty of the kings of the lunar race, glorious as the moon on the forehead of the god of the universe, (Vi\u015bve\u015bvara) gladdening the universe, prospers", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nIn that noble and flourishing dynasty, rendered resplendent by heroes like Jaya\u015bakti and Vijayasakti, the king of K\u00e1lanjara, the fortunate Madanavarma Deva, the highly revered, the great king over great kings, the supreme lord, the devout worshipper of Siva, successor of the highly revered, the great king over great kings, the supreme lord, the fortunate Prithvivarma Deva, who was the successor of the highly revered, the great king over great kings, the supreme lord, the fortunate Kirti varma Deva, reigns supreme", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nHe, having subdued his enemies by his irresistible majesty, untroubled holds the earth like a married wife, and thereby keeps his intellect unclouded, and his conscience unsullied", "A Copper-plate Grant from Band\u00fa.\nHe commands all his relatives, K\u00e1yasthas, and other great men inhabiting the village of R\u00e1mura\u1e0d\u00e1 within the district of Sud\u00e1li :--\"Be it known unto you that, on Monday, on the day of the full moon, in the month of M\u00e1gha, of the Samvat year eleven hundred and ninety (in figures 15th Sudi, Magh, Samvat 1190) I have, after having duly bathed in holy water, after offering oblations to the gods, having worshipped the sun and the lord of Bhav\u00e1n\u00ed (Siva) and after offering oblations to the fire, for the promotion of virtue of my parents and of myself, with water held in my hand and consecrated with kusa grass, and having pronounced the word Svasti (let this be auspicious), bestowed, for the period of the duration of the sun and the moon, on the Brahmana Gabhanta S'arm\u00e1, son of J\u00e1\u021ba, grandson of S\u00e1tti, great-grandson of B\u00e1pan, of the V\u00e1jasaneya branch (S\u00e1kh\u00e1) of the Bharadv\u00e1ja gotra having Bharadv\u00e1ja, An"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://rhodeislandradio.org/williams.shtml

Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager

["Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nAlonzo R Williams was a direct decendant of Roger Williams the founder of Rhode Island 1. His claim to fame in Rhode Island Radio history was an article in the Providence Journal titled\nCONTROLLING FACTOR IN RADIO RECEPTION FOUND\nTWO-YEAR STUDY SHOWS BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MOST IMPORTANT INFLUENCE\nProvidence Journal May 9, 1926\nThe 1924 Providence Street Directory shows Alonzo living at 102 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 2", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nAlonzo R. Williams, 70, general manager of the United Electric Railway Railway and operating head of that system since 1928, died March 14, 1948 3 in his home, 102 Meeting Street.\nDeath came during his sleep before 4 a.m. His physician, Dr. William L. Legit, said death was the result of a coronary thrombosis.\nMr. Williams, although suffering from a heart ailment for several weeks and under constant surveillance, of a nurse, remained active in directing United Electric Railway operations", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nBorn, October 20, 1877 3, he had been associated with the United Electric Railway since early in this centu4y, first as a member of the company's legal staff and then as vice-president and general manager, but his broad interests and enthusiasms encompassed many fields remote from railroading.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHe was well known as an amateur weather forecaster\u2014in fact, he alone of the weathermen in Rhode Island predicted the devastating hurricane and title wave in 1938. He was also an authority on the early history of this region, particularly the history of the Pequot Trail", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nIn addition, he was-an expert on medico-legal subjects and-was considered at one time the most competent cross=examiner practicing in Rhode Island courts. He was s pubic speaker much sought after, had an active part in Rhode Island\u2019s military organizations, was a freelance sketcher of some competence and was an enthusiastic shot-wave radio listener in the early days of radio.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHis direction of the United Electric Railway was distinguished by his progressive policies. Almost alone among traction men in the country, Mr. Williams sensed 20 years 'ago the rising desire of the public to \u201cride on rubber'', and he pushed the conversion of the United Electric Railway to busses and trackless trolleys while other lines clung to steel-wheeled street cars.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nIn directing the retirement-of the street cars, he bucked the opinion of many traction company officials across the country that busses never would supersede trolleys as vehicles for mass transportation. Mr", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nWilliams realized in 1928, when the changeover to busses for outlying sections was begun here, that the bus had not then been developed to the point that it was a threat to the ro11ey, but he foresaw that Its utility would increase with the years and that, sooner than many expected the public would demand that it be carried on rubber wheels,", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nMr. Williams was a direct decedent-of Roger Williams in the eighth generation. His name --Alonzo Roger Williams \u2014 recalled his descent from the founder of Providence.\nHe was a son of the late Alonzo Williams and Sarah E (Phelps) Williams. His father, son of a Foster farmer, had served as a sergeant in the Civil War and then had worked way through Brown University, an institution where he served for many years as a professor of modern languages.\nStudied In France, Germany", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nThe elder Alonzo Williams insisted that his son have a fine education as was available. The boy attended-the-University Grammar School and Providence High School. Then he had three years of study in France and Germany during which. He became proficient in the language of both countries.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nMr. Williams returned to this country and entered Brown University, but his college career was interrupted by service in the Spanish-American war. He had taken an interest in military affairs for some time before the war and was adjutant of the Brown University battalion", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nAs a member of the student military organization, he had taken part in a competition with students from Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Agricultural College and had won gold medals in the manual of arms and in firing and a silver medal in bayonet work.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHe left the University at the start of the war and was commissioned a first lieutenant in Company A, First Regiment, United States Volunteers. Later he became battalion adjutant.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nWhen he was mustered out of Federal. Service at the end of the war, Mr. Williams was named captain of Company A. First Regiment of In-Infantry, a unit of the Rhode Island Militia. He had been a wrestler in college, so there may be truth in the story, often told that he announced he would relinquish command of the company to any who could put him on his back. No man ever did. Apparently, for he continued as captain until he resigned on April 23, 1906.\nLight Infantry Colonel", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nIn January, 1911, Mr. Williams became a major in the First Light Infantry, one the Rhode Island chartered commands. He retired in that rank on May 17, 1916, but, was recalled to duty as captain of Company B. First Light Infantry, in April 1917, soon being promoted to major. About a year later he transferred as a major to the State Guard and served with it until the end of World War I.\nHe returned to the First Light infantry after the war, serving as a lieutenant colonel until he retired in 1924.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nDuring the years just after the Spanish-American War, Mr. Williams became \"Cap\" -Williams to his friends and to the city. He remained '\"Cap\" .Williams until his death preferring to be known by the rank-he held during a period of his military career he enjoyed -remembering.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nMr. Williams resumed his studies at Brown after the war and graduated with an A. B. degree in 1900, with the Class of 1899. He studied at Harvard Law School and was admitted to the Rhode. Island Bar in 1902. After several months of .practicing, he became associated in July of 1903, with the Law department of the Rhode Island Company, then operating the street car lines subsequently taken over by the United Electric Railway.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nAlmost immediately Mr. Williams made his ability as a trial lawyer apparent. Through a quarter of a century during which he represented the traction company in hundreds of suits his reputation grew.\nSkilled Cross Examiner\nHe became known as an expert at cross-examination, so skilled in drawing testimony from reluctant witnesses that few could surpass him. Lawyers frequently came to the court room in which if he was practicing to watch him in action.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nOne of the cases he argued early in his career \u2013\u201cWilcox vs. the Rhode Island Company \u2014 established the rule that the decision of a trial justice on a motion for a new trial will be upheld, by the Supreme Court unless it is clearly wrong. In this decision, cited more widely than almost ah other in Rhode Island jurisprudence, the Supreme Court refused to substitute its judgment for that of a justice who had heard a case in. Superior. Court", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nBecause many of the cases he tried involved injuries, Mr. Williams made, himself an expert on anatomy. He acquired this knowledge by studying scores of medical books he collected as reference guides. Many a doctor discover uncomfortably on the stand that defense attorney knew as much about injuries and anatomy as he did -- if not more. At this period Mr. Williams taught himself shorthand", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHe was keeping a voluminous diary and practicing free-and sketching at every opportunity, but his chief hobby was growing flower -- and following the. Weather.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nIt was as an amateur weather prophet that many persons knew him. For years he lunched at the Turks Head Club and he made it a practice to stop at the weather bureau office, then in that building to Study the weather trends before returning to the United Electric Railway-offices each after-noon,\nFirst Headed United Electric Railway In 1928", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHis accurate prediction of the course and intensity of the 1938 hurricane was probably his most spectacular prognostication, but the weather advices to the United Electric Railway were a constant source of invaluable assistance to the company, and indirectly to the public", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nWinter after Winter, Mr. Williams unfailingly predicted the onset of snowstorms sometimes giving information accurate almost to the minute. As a result, the United Electric Railway had fore-warning of storms and had its plows and snow crews mobilized when they were needed.\nMr. Williams became general manager of the United Electric Railway on January 26, 1928 and was named vice-president of operations of July 28 of that year.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHis associated in the company, in speaking of him, frequently have used the word \u201cHumanist.\u201d One of the first announcements to the employees after he became general manager informed them that the system of penalties for infractions of the rules we being set aside and that henceforth each would be on his honor.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nDuring the years he headed the company his office always was open to the employees. He was consulted by motormen, bus drivers, officers of the company, stenographers and employees from all levels. Often they were seeking his advice on personal matters or problems from their homes rather than about the company business.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nMr. Williams was well aware of the peculiar problems imposed on a traction company by the street pattern of Providence. He decided that the public vehicles had no place in the middle of the city\u2019s narrow thoroughfares and this decision, coupled with his sensing of the public\u2019s growing demand for rubber-tires vehicles influenced the programming of the changeover from trolleys to busses and trackless trolleys.\nInaugurated Express Systems", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nThe first busses were put on the lines to the outlying communities. Mr. Williams worked out a system by which they would run as expresses through the first fane zone, a system now being studies 30 years later \u2013 by other street railway companies.\nThe United Electric Railway was one of the first lines to employ trackless trolleys and was the first in the country to use them in any numbers.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nAs the first trolleys were retired in 1928 and the last are currently scheduled for retirement. Mr. Williams\u2019 services as general manager almost exactly coincided with the period during which the company was changing over to the more modern types of vehicles.\nMr. Williams introduced other progressive policies. He insisted that the vehicles be painted every six months when other companies let theirs go a long as two years. The one-man safety cars were introduced during his managership.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHis associates recalled recently that Mr. Williams was the only company officer ever invited to address the drivers\u2019 union. This was in 1932, in the depth of the depression, and his subject was a difficult one to present \u2013 a reduction in wages.\nMr. Williams spoke publicly many times under other circumstances. A brilliant raconteur, he possessed unusual oratorical ability and was called on frequently as a public speaker or a toastmaster.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nOnce we was invited to address the Society of Colonial Wars and chose to speak on the Indians of this region. He plunged into research on the subject with the energy he customarily brought to any undertaking. Before long he had become an authority on Indian lore and probably knew more about the Pequot Trail than any other individual.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nIn the early 30\u2019s he bought a radio set which covered the shortwave bands. Thereafter he spent many hours at the set. Picking up conversations and programs from stations from many parts of the world. He became state manager of Rhode Island Chapter of the international DX\u2019ers Alliance, a worldwide organizations of short-wave listeners.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nThe diversity of his interests was demonstrated in the clubs to which he belonged, These included the Turks Head Club, the Providence Athenaeum, the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Providence Art Club, the Shakespeare Head Association, the Providence Engineering Society, the Automobile Club of Rhode Island and the New England Transit Club.\nOther Affiliations", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nHe held membership also in Providence Royal Arch Chapter No. 1, and What Cheer Loge No. 21, the Rhode Island Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, the Spanish War Veterans, the Society of Colonial Wars, the Sons of the American Revolution and Providence Post of the American Legion.\nHe was a member of St. Stephen\u2019s Builders Church.\nAt one time he was a member of St. Johns Commandery, Knights Templers and Palestine Temple Shriners.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nFor a number of years he had been a member of the Veteran Firemen\u2019s Association. His interest in fire-fighting stemmed from his boyhood when he spent many hours in fire stations and sometimes had been honored by being permitted to ride the apparatus or even to hold the reins of the spirited horses. His military background was of value later when he was drillmaster of the Providence police department.", "Alonzo R Williams - Pioneer Radio Listener and United Electric Railway General Manager\nOn April 13, 1902, Mr. Williams married the former Mary Butler. They had one son who survives with his mother, Alonzo Butler Williams. Also surviving are three grand-children and a sister, Mrs. Robert Vose of Brookline, Mass.\nA Mass will be celebrated in St. Stephen\u2019s Church Wednesday at 11:30 a.m. by the Rev. Paul Van K. Thompson. Burial will be in Swan Point Cemetery.\n1 The Pittsburgh Press\n2 1924 Providence Street Directory\n3 Ancestry.com"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.isbi.com/story/1896/oundles-ccf-marching-band-play-at-saints-match.php

Oundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match

["Oundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match\nOundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match\nPublished by Oundle School on Tuesday 15th of April 2014\nOn 19 March, Oundle School CCF Marching Band had the honour of playing at Franklin Gardens at the annual Mobbs Memorial Match between Northampton Saints and the British Army.", "Oundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match\nEdgar Mobbs was a rugby legend and a hero of the Great War. He was the first Northampton Saint to captain England and inspired hundreds of men to join the Army with him at the outbreak of war, in what became known as the Sportsman's Battalion. Mobbs was killed in the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 while attempting to storm a German machine gun nest: the match celebrated his legacy and commemorated the centenary of the outbreak of WWI.", "Oundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match\nThe CCF Band was invited to play before the match, marching proudly on to the pitch to Men of Harlach, and then to join to the Band of the Parachute Regiment to play the National Anthem.\nCCF Band Captain, Cadet Colour Sergeant Dan Bateson, said, 'This was an amazing evening; I will remember marching onto Franklin Gardens alongside The Band of the Parachute Regiment for years to come.", "Oundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match\nRehearsing, with the Para's band was arguably one of the highlights of the day as they were exceptional yet they did not lower their standards in any way to help us and many of them commented on how well we integrated with their band, making the hours of preparation worthwhile.", "Oundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match\nBefore the start of the match Drum Major Charlie Dowdeswell led the Oundle CCF Marching Band on to the pitch for a display involving the pieces 'Men of Harlech' and 'Napoleon's March'. This was followed by a display by the Para's Band. Both bands then played 'The National Anthem' after a minutes silence to remember Edgar Mobbs. At half time, both bands were integrated and this was a true honour as it showed the confidence that the Para's had in the Oundle pupils to uphold their standards of performance", "Oundle's CCF Marching Band play at Saints Match\nDuring half-time the bands came together to form a Massed Band, giving the Cadets a unique opportunity to play alongside the professional musicians of one of the Army's most famous Bands.\nThe Contingent Commander, Major Andrew Mansergh RM said, 'It is an honour to have been invited to play at the Memorial Match and the Band has worked tremendously hard to reach the standard required to do so; every Cadet should be very proud of the performance that they gave'."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://ndquarterly.org/2020/02/20/war-influenza-and-the-university/

War, Influenza, and the University

["War, Influenza, and the University\nSubscribe!!\nThe First Series\nThe Second Series\nThe Third Series\nThe Fourth Series\nThe Fifth Series\nHemingway in the Quarterly\nNorth Dakota and the Great War\nMcGrath in the Quarterly\nElwyn Robinon\u2019s History of North Dakota\nSnichimal Vayuchil\nNDQ Reader: Volume 1\nSearch for NDQ Content\nPoetry from Kathy Z. Price March 29, 2023\nPoetry by Dana Curtis March 19, 2023\nFiction: The End March 9, 2023\nWar, Influenza, and the University", "War, Influenza, and the University\nLike many people, I\u2019ve been watching the spread of coronavirus with a combination of fascination and shock. Watching a virus traverse the world via our dense network of travel, community, and institutions is a remarkable reminder of the vital global flows that make our situation possible. It seems to speak to something fundamental to the late 20th and early 21st century.", "War, Influenza, and the University\nAt the same time, the spread of the virus draws me back to an article in the NDQ archive that describes the onset of the influenza epidemic on the campus of the University of North Dakota in 1918. In the waning months of World War I, influenza ripped through the Student Army Training Corp stationed at UND. By the time it ended, 29 student cadets had died.\nBelow is an excerpt from O.G. Libby\u2019s article on the work of North Dakota\u2019s colleges and universities during the Great War published by NDQ in 1919.", "War, Influenza, and the University\nYou can read more from NDQ\u2019s archive here. Remember that NDQ relies on our outstanding contributors, editors, and subscribers to thrive. Please consider submitting to NDQ, subscribing, or downloading our previous volume. For some content from from our most recent issue, NDQ 86.3/4, click here. For a preview from our next issue, 87.1/2, go here.\nO.G. Libby, \u201cThe Work of the Institutions of Higher Education\u201d NDQ 10, Number 1 (January 1919), 61-80.", "War, Influenza, and the University\nThe work of the S.A.T.C [Student Army Training Corp] unit had hardly begun when the student body was overtaken by an epidemic of influenza which caused suspension of all classes by quarantine October 8, and finally of all but the most necessary of camp duties", "War, Influenza, and the University\nFollowing the establishment of the quarantine in Grand Forks as well as at the University the street cars were stopt at Hamline avenue and guards were stationed at every University entrance for the control of traffic and the exclusion of the public from the University campus. On the thirteenth of October, Sunday, a large number of the students reported as sick of the influenza at the base hospital establisht in the Phi Delta Theta house and at the emergency hospital on the third floor of Budge Hall", "War, Influenza, and the University\nThe number of patients increast so fast that by the following Tuesday the military headquarters were removed to Davis Hall and all the students rooming in this dormitory were transferred elsewhere as rapidly as possible. By the end of the week pneumonia began to develop among the patients and the University found itself in the grip of the worst epidemic in its history. Lieutenant Jesse H. McIntosh was camp physician during the existence of the S.A.T.C. unit. During the epidemic he was assisted by Dr", "War, Influenza, and the University\nJames Grassick, University physician, who had his headquarters at Budge hall. The women patients at the University were cared for, principally, at a temporary hospital in a nearby cottage. Dr. H. E. French, Dean of the University School of Medicine, had charge of all these cases and was able to deal so successfully with the epidemic that he lost none of his patients.", "War, Influenza, and the University\nLack of adequate hospital facilities on the University campus led to undesirable overcrowding, and since no provision for this contingency had been made in advance the most fatal consequences followed. The largest number of patients was cared for in Budge Hall, and that the mortality there did not run higher is due solely to the professional skill and untiring devotion of the head nurse, Miss Mae McCullough", "War, Influenza, and the University\nImmediately on being placed in charge of the nurses at this hospital, near the close of the first week of the epidemic, she introduced every device that her long experience had shown her to be useful in such emergencies. The hospital record of every patient was kept at his bedside accessible to the nurses and doctors. Every patient had abundance of fresh air, but screens were placed over the windows so as to avoid dangerous draughts", "War, Influenza, and the University\nThe cots were raised on specially made blocks so as to render the care of the patients easier for the attendants. A diet kitchen was installed where proper food could be prepared under the most favorable circumstances. Relays of Grand Forks women, chosen from those most able to assist her, workt day and night under her directions to save the worst cases and to prevent further development of the most dangerous phase of the epidemic. The citizens of Grand Forks responded to every call for help", "War, Influenza, and the University\nThe day and night shifts at Budge Hall were conveyed to and from their homes in autos even during the worst weather. Meals were brought out every night to those who went on duty in the evening. When the head nurse called for volunteer doctors from the city to serve at the hospital during the night, at which time the regular physicians were not on duty, there was no lack of response. The services of the Red Cross were placed at the service of the University by its representative, Mr. C.C", "War, Influenza, and the University\nGowran, while the chairman of the University War Committee, acting as his volunteer assistant, helpt to discover the needs of every one and to fill them promptly. With all the care that could have been lavisht upon them, the patients would have fared badly but for the medical supplies and other material daily brought from the Red Cross headquarters at Grand Forks. Within the S.A.T.C", "War, Influenza, and the University\nunit itself the medical students gave freely of their utmost as nurses\u2019 aides while the details of military orderlies did their work loyally under the most trying circumstances. The remarkable severity of the epidemic in every part of the country makes the record of its ravages of special interest. How a number of other institutions met and combatted the scourge is given in brief at the close of this sketch", "War, Influenza, and the University\nNear the close of the epidemic the War Committee sent the follow communication to the President:\nIn view of the severity of the recent epidemic and the constant danger of a renewal of its ravages, in view of the trust reposed in us by the parents of the students in attendance at the University and for the purpose of more fully utilizing the service of the medicalmen of Grand Forks City and County, it is recommended by the University War Committee:", "War, Influenza, and the University\n1. That a joint medical committee be formed by voluntary association for the purpose of taking into consideration the special problems arising from the spread of the epidemic at the University S.A.T.C camp, this committee to consist of the medical army officer of the camp, the Dean of the University School of Medicine, the Grand Forks County Health Officer, the City Health Officer, and the chairman of the Commercial Club Health committee.", "War, Influenza, and the University\n2. While, from the military situation, it is recognized that the function of this committee must be purely advisory, it is strongly urged that the committee, acting for the whole state constituency of the University, consider every phase of the public health situation connected with the S.A.T.C. camp life, and to that end it is suggested that the committee be subject to call by any one of its members.", "War, Influenza, and the University\nAs events turned out, there was no renewal of the epidemic but it was felt that there was now a well-digested plan on file so that any future emergency might not again find us wholly unprepared. S.A.T.C. class work was gradually resumed during the first week in November. The general quarantine on the city and University", "War, Influenza, and the University\nwas not removed, however, and the outside student body did not return for work. As only six weeks remained of the first quarter, the class work was altered so as to cover, as far as possible, the courses for the entire quarter. The signing of the armistice on November 11 and the subsequent order for demobilization put an end to the S.A.T.C. organization and opened the way for a resumption of regular University work.\nOne Reply to \u201cWar, Influenza, and the University\u201d\nspearman3004 says:", "War, Influenza, and the University\nThis brings back memories considering as a kid I delivered papers to Budge & Davis Hall for about 3 years, 59-62. I didn\u2019t know this history of these buildings that I was in every day."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.aliens-everything-you-want-to-know.com/CattleMutilations.html

Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?

["Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nIt appears that Aliens routinely beam up livestock for some kind\nof research.\nWARNING - THIS PAGE CONTAINS GRAPHIC IMAGES!\n10 Secrets of Alien Science Holograms\nStars The Universe\nCattle Mutilation Photos P1", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nCattle mutilations are instances where a domestic farm animal has been butchered with surgical precision. Although this is done mostly to cows it also happens to horses. In fact, the first case on record was a horse. The characteristics are such that they rule out a kill by wild predators such as coyotes and wolves.\nTHE FIRST CATTLE MUTILATION?", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nOn April 21, 1897, Alexander Hamilton, the noted statesman, was awakened at night by loud humming noises coming from his cattle yard. He and two other men went outside and saw an \"airship\" slowly come down and hover over the yard. Here is how Hamilton described it:", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\n\"It consisted of a great cigar-shaped portion possibly 300 feet long, with a carriage underneath. The carriage was made of glass or some other transparent substance alternating with a narrow strip of some material. It was brilliantly lighted within and everything was plainly visible. It was occupied by six of the strangest beings I ever saw. They were jabbering together, but we could not understand a word they said", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nIt seemed to pause and hover directly over a two -year old heifer, which was bawling and jumping, apparently fast in the fence. Going to her, we found a cable about a half-inch in thickness made of some red material, fastened in a slip knot around her neck, one end passing up to the vessel, and the heifer tangled in the wire fence. We tried to get it off but could not, so we cut the wire loose and stood in amazement to see the ship, heifer and all, rise, slowly, disappearing in the northwest", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nNeighbor Thomas Link (four miles away) found the hide, legs, and head in his field the next day and no tracks in the soft ground, which mystified him.\"", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nThe first modern case on record occurred in 1967 in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado. A horse owned by the King family named Lady was found dead in a pasture. Its flesh had been stripped completely from the skull, exposing the bare bones. The bones were so clean of flesh that the skull looked as if it had been sitting out exposed to the sun for weeks. However, the family had just seen the horse alive two days earlier", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nSeveral organs of the horse were missing and the cuts were made more precisely than the sharpest knife could have made. Remember, this was 1967, a good twenty years before surgical lasers were available.\nPhoto of a classic 'Cattle Mutilation'\n(Photo courtesy of Linda Moulton Howe)\nLady, Not Snippy", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nSince this case is the first, I want to keep the facts straight for you. The original reports stated the horse's name was Snippy. Those reports were incorrect. The horse's name was Lady. Snippy was Lady's mother and she was not harmed. Just to keep the record straight.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nDuring the time when this mutilation occurred many people in the area saw UFOs and strange lights. Several other animals were found mutilated the same way. They were also found lying in the middle of a perfectly outlined circle cut or burned into the surrounding vegetation.\nUnmarked Black Helicopters and Flying Saucers are\noften seen in the vicinity of recent cattle mutilations\nMore Black Helicopters", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nAlso seen in the area were black unmarked helicopters, which were extremely rare in 1967. Low-flying jets appeared in the area, which was also uncommon.\nNative American Connection\nThe San Luis Valley is known to be a place of special significance to many Native American tribes. Among other things, it was the one place where many different tribes would gather each spring and there would be no conflict among them. It is said that this is the valley \"where man was created.\"", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nRemains of a mutilated cow carcass. Notice how clean\nedges of the wound are. Very different from an animal attack\nYour Basic Mutilation\nA standard mutilation exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:\n* Usually occurs with cattle, horses, or sheep.\n* Jaw cut: A precision, surgical-like cut of surrounding flesh to completely expose the jaw bone and teeth. The tongue and surrounding glandular tissue has been removed.\n* The sex organs, navel, and nipples have been surgically removed.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\n* The anus and surrounding glandular tissues have been surgically removed.\n* No evidence of any blood, despite the severity of the procedures.\n* No footprints of any kind leading to or from the animal.\n* The animal is often found in the middle of a perfectly created circle.\n* The cuts are made so precisely that a surgeon with a full operating room and a steady hand with the laser would have a difficult time matching these field cuts.\n* The precision of the cuts and lack of blood rule out predator kills.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nThe edges of the wound appear to have been cauterized,\nleaving a hard smooth edge along the cut line. The tongue\nwas also taken. Note that there is no blood and the surrounding\nground appears to have been heated or burned.\nWhy Are Certain Organs Taken?", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nWhile there is no way to know for sure, a good bet is the fact that organ tissue retains things picked up in the environment like minerals, pesticides, etc. If you wanted to check the condition of the animal and what it is being exposed to, these organs would be the place to start.\nWhat about Cults, Pranksters, and Coyotes?", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nWithout a doubt, many so-called mutilations fall under these categories. However, there have been far more of these mutilations than you probably realize. In the urban areas of the major cities in the country, cow news of any kind is no news. In the Midwest, though, it's a different story. Thousands of cattle have been lost over the years since 1967 in unexplained or strange circumstances. It just didn't make the big city papers.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nAlthough many of these kills are explainable, about 40 to 50 percent are not, and this group fits the classic pattern of a cattle mutilation. For example, between 1975 and 1977 nearly two thousand cattle were mutilated in twenty-two states. If this had been accomplished by a group of people, individuals would have had to surgically attend to two cows a day for two years, over an area of twenty-two states. This is not likely.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nPredator kills are easily identified by experienced ranchers and veterinarians. Most of these kills could not have been done by a wild predator, especially since these kills involved the removal of only select organs.\nNo Flies are around the carcass\nNo Flies, No Coyotes\nInvestigators report that when a \"true\" cattle mutilation has occurred, flies will not land on the carcass and coyotes won't touch it either. The carcass can lie out in the sun for weeks and never be touched by flies or coyotes.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nResearcher Linda Moulton Howe\nA Strange Harvest\nThe existence of cattle mutilations was brought to the attention of the public by Linda Moulton Howe. Howe researched and produced a documentary called A Strange Harvest. It was the first work that connected cattle mutilations to UFOs. The documentary won an Emmy Award in 1980. Her work concluded that animal mutilations appear to emanate from two places:\n1. UFOs\n2. Unmarked helicopters and large vans seemingly owned by branches of the U.S. government.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nLinda Moulton Howe has continued her research and adds more documentation in her follow-up book An Alien Harvest: Further Evidence Linking Animal Mutilations and Human Abductions to Alien Life Forms.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nIn her most recent book, Glimpses of Other Realities, Vol. II, Howe tells of discussions she had with military intelligence operatives. They told her that the mutilations were in fact being done by the aliens, who were testing the animals for high levels of toxins that we humans have put into the atmosphere. They also told her that the black helicopters were a ruse to cover up the alien involvement in mutilations. 5. They didn't want the farmers to panic", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nIt appears to be working, because most farmers when interviewed said they thought it was the government doing some kind of secret testing.", "Cattle Mutilations - Aliens and Livestock Research?\nLinda Moulton Howe is a regular contributor and can be heard live on the 'Coast to Coast' syndicated radio show hosted by Art Bell and George Noory.\nMissing Space Probes"]

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0.04481793], [7301, 7309, 0.375], [7309, 7400, 0.03296703], [7400, 7600, 0.08], [7600, 8199, 0.02003339], [8199, 8348, 0.06040268], [8348, 8368, 0.15]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 8368, 0.90878415]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 8368, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 8368, 0.51031172]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 8368, 89.97163322]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 8368, 150.00596699]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 8368, 49.85593414]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 8368, 92.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.crusaders-for-christ.com/saint-of-the-day/category/isadore-of-seville

Saint of the Day: Isadore of Seville

["Saint of the Day: Isadore of Seville\nSaint Benedict the Moor - April 4th\nSt. Benedict's forefathers were brought in chains from Africa to Sicily. His parents were Negro slaves on a farm. Benedict spent his youth working on this farm.\nWhen he was eighteen, Benedict was given his freedom. He always helped the poor with whatever money he had. This led the people to call him \" Il Santo Moro\"\u2014the Holy Negro. But there were also jealous people who made fun of Benedict. They insulted him because his parents had been slaves.", "Saint of the Day: Isadore of Seville\nOne day, a holy man was passing by and heard these men insulting Benedict. Turning to them, he said: \"You make fun of this poor black man, but before long he will be famous.\"", "Saint of the Day: Isadore of Seville\nSoon Benedict joined a group of hermits and was so virtuous that they chose him as their leader. When the Pope advised all hermits to join monasteries, Benedict became a Franciscan brother. He was made the cook in his monastery, but he also went out to visit sick people and prisoners. He comforted everyone in trouble and worked many miracles for the people of the surrounding villages.", "Saint of the Day: Isadore of Seville\nWhen he was elected Superior, he guided the Community for three years with great wisdom, even though he could not read or write. They wanted to reelect him, but Benedict was so humble that he said he was not fit to remain in such a high office. His brothers had to give in to his humble request, so they made him Assistant Superior. He was asked to teach all the young men who joined the community how to become good Franciscans", "Saint of the Day: Isadore of Seville\nEven though he could not even read, Benedict could explain the Bible and the catechism in a wonderful way, because of his great love for God.", "Saint of the Day: Isadore of Seville\nAfter several years, Benedict asked if he might become cook again. When he was given permission, he went peacefully and happily back to his kitchen. There he spent the rest of his life, serving others with works of charity and prayer.\nLet us remind ourselves that if so many became saints, we can become saints, too. It is up to us! To become saints, we do not need to have special qualities. So let us start now."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.katedra-wawelska.pl/en/historia-katedry/katedra-swietych/swiety-waclaw/

The History of Wawel Cathedral

["The History of Wawel Cathedral\nHistory of Wawel Cathedral\nBrief History of Wawel Cathedral\nThe Cathedral of Saints\nSt Stanislaus\nSt Wenceslaus\nSt Jadwiga\nBlessed Wincenty Kad\u0142ubek\nThe Cathedral of John Paul II\nThe Cathedral of Cracow Bishops\nThe Royal Cathedral\nThe Cathedral of National Poets and Heroes\nThe Virtual Wawel Royal Cathedral\nWawel Cathedral\nCathedral Bells and Towers\nThe Royal Sigismund Bell\nSigismund Bell-Ringers\nSigismund Tower\nSilver Bells\u2019 Tower\nThe Clock Tower\nCracow Cathedral Chapter", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nCanons of the Cracow Cathedral Chapter\nThe Archives of the Cracow Cathedral Chapter\nThe Wawel Cathedral Museum\nMusic in the Cathedral\nThe History of Music in the Cathedral\nThe Cathedral Organ and Organists\nConservation Workshop\nTextile Conservation Workshop\nArchcathedral Parish\nThe Wawel Royal Cathedral of St Stanislaus B. M. and St Wenceslaus M.\nThe Cathedral of Saints \u00bb The History of Wawel Cathedral", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nWenceslaus \u2013 Vaclav \u2013 is a Slav name of Czech origin. The saint of this name and the one who contributed to its popularisation, is the patron saint, national hero and leader of Bohemia. The phrase \u201cSvaty Vaclav\u201d has become a motto of our southern neighbours as an expression of a patriotic spirit. In the olden times, and in particular during the era of the Czech national revival, many projects have been branded with this name", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nOn the contrary, quite early it became very popular in the neighbouring countries. It was equally popular in Poland. It is enough to say that there were several early churches of St Wenceslaus in Poland, among which is the Wawel Basilica. Despite the widely spread worship of St Wenceslaus, he is not a well-defined historic figure", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nIt is not known why, after the death of his father Vratislav in 920, he was brought up by his grandmother St Ludmila rather than his mother, Drahomira of Stodory, who was more strongly attached to his brother Boleslav, the murderer and the successor of Wenceslaus.", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nThe nature and the development of internal conflicts which marked the short reign of St Wenceslaus and were probably the reason of the fratricide remain unknown, as is their impact on the policy towards neighbouring countries. There is even no certainty about whether his rule began immediately after his father\u2019s death or whether there was any regency period, and, if so, for how long. He is said to have been well-educated and learnt Latin in Budec", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nPerhaps in the times when the Slavic rite was popular in Bohemia, he was the follower of Western trends and opted for an agreement with the strong German neighbours.", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nHe was probably backed by some Czech magnates, while strongly opposed by some circles that longed for decentralisation and supported pagan traditions. However, it is possible that some wanted to remove him because of his weakness as a ruler, which goes well with his image of a young man, almost exclusively devoted to piety and works of charity. However, these are only hypotheses. Some see Wenceslaus as an extremely pious man, while others as a ruler and a brave knight.", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nThe death of Wenceslaus in Star\u00e1 Boleslav on the 28th of September, 929 (according to Cosmas) or 935 (according to Widukind of Corvey) was considered martyrdom. Almost immediately afterwards, he began to be venerated as a saint. His body was soon transferred to the Church of St Vitus which had been founded by Wenceslaus. The worship of St Wenceslaus has been reflected in writings. The literature devoted to him is very extensive and covers chronicle accounts, songs, liturgical texts and hagiography.", "The History of Wawel Cathedral\nSt Wenceslaus \u2013 a painting in St Wenceslaus\u2019 Altar\nCopyright \u00a9 2007-2015 Parafia Archikatedralna \u015bw. Stanis\u0142awa BM i \u015bw. Wac\u0142awa | All Rights Reserved"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://travelers24.work/the-restaurant-is-decorated-with-more-than-300-animal-heads

Bighorn Restaurant: A Creepy Experience with Hundreds of Animal Heads

["Bighorn Restaurant: A Creepy Experience with Hundreds of Animal Heads\nThe restaurant is decorated with more than 300 animal heads\nEating in a restaurant with hundreds of eyes from real animal heads in an American restaurant makes visitors feel creepy.\nBighorn is a famous restaurant and pub in California, USA founded by Bill Foster in 1931. With the purpose of displaying to the world's wildlife, he decorated the restaurant with more than 300 heads of animals hunted by themselves.\nPhotos of restaurants displaying animal heads", "Bighorn Restaurant: A Creepy Experience with Hundreds of Animal Heads\nEverywhere in the restaurant are heads of all kinds of wildlife.\nThe author of this idea for Bill Foster is Henry Snow, who has a passion for hunting African wildlife and is the founder of the Snow Museum, now called the Oakland Museum in California.", "Bighorn Restaurant: A Creepy Experience with Hundreds of Animal Heads\nThen, from the 1920s to 1930s, Foster made eight trips to Europe on his own and 10 hunting trips to Canada and Alaska with the vast wealth of fortune gained from the liquor trade. He collected more than 300 heads of all kinds from these trips and decided to display them in his own restaurant.", "Bighorn Restaurant: A Creepy Experience with Hundreds of Animal Heads\nAcross the walls in the restaurant are giant animal heads, arranged with the species name tag as a true museum. Among these specimens, the most prominent is the adult African elephant head with a pair of tusks up to 1.5 meters long that are placed separately in the main dining room. There is also a specimen of a dead walrus with a bow still in its head, and some deer and antlers with antlers nearly 2 meters long.\nDiners eat normally in the dining room decorated with animal heads.", "Bighorn Restaurant: A Creepy Experience with Hundreds of Animal Heads\nFoster has died since 1963, but his wife has taken over and developed the whole animal restaurant ever since and died in 1975. Although this restaurant is like a nightmare for animal lovers, where It almost serves vegetarian dishes again. Customers come here, eating and talking with hundreds of eyes from the heads on the wall makes them feel horrible.", "Bighorn Restaurant: A Creepy Experience with Hundreds of Animal Heads\nWith prices ranging from 9 to 25 USD and watching the top of the wildlife in the world, Bighorn restaurant is attracting a large number of customers from all over."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://centenary.bahai.us/talk/investigation-essential-underlying-basis-reality

Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bahá at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality

["Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nInvestigation of the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nTalk at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey\n575 Riverside Drive, New York\nNotes by Esther Foster", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.1 I offer thanks to God for this meeting with you. From the outer standpoint such meetings are inconceivable, for we are orientals whereas you are occidentals. Between us there is no patriotic, linguistic, racial, commercial nor political relation. No worldly bond nor connection of any kind exists between us that would justify such a gathering as this. The love of God has brought us together, and this is the best of means and motive", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nEvery other bond of friendship is limited in effectiveness, but fellowship based upon the love of God is unlimited, everlasting, divine and radiant. Therefore, we must be thankful to God for uniting us in love and agreement, praise Him for creating such affinity between us that those from the faraway Orient may associate with the beloved ones of the West in the utmost fragrance.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.2 Surely for everything there is an all-comprehending wisdom, especially for the great and important affairs of life. The supreme and most important happening in the human world is the Manifestation of God and the descent of the law of God. The holy, divine Manifestations did not reveal themselves for the purpose of founding a nation, sect or faction. They did not appear in order that a certain number might acknowledge Their Prophethood", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nThey did not declare Their heavenly mission and message in order to lay the foundation for a religious belief. Even Christ did not become manifest that we should merely believe in Him as the Christ, follow Him and adore His mention. All these are limited in scope and requirement, whereas the reality of Christ is an unlimited essence. The infinite and unlimited Reality cannot be bounded by any limitation", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nNay, rather, Christ appeared in order to illumine the world of humanity, to render the earthly world celestial, to make the human kingdom a realm of angels, to unite the hearts, to enkindle the light of love in human souls, so that such souls might become independent, attaining complete unity and fellowship, turning to God, entering into the divine Kingdom, receiving the bounties and bestowals of God and partaking of the manna from heaven", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nThrough Christ they were intended to be baptized by the Holy Spirit, attain a new spirit and realize the everlasting life. All the holy precepts and the announcements of prophetic laws were for these various and heavenly purposes. Therefore, we offer thanks to God that although no earthly relation obtains among us, yet \u2014 praise be to God! \u2014 ideal and divine bonds blend us together. We have gathered here in this meeting, eagerly anticipating the showing forth of the divine bestowals.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.3 In past centuries the nations of the world have imagined that the law of God demanded blind imitation of ancestral forms of belief and worship. For example, the Jews were captives of hereditary racial religious observances. The Muslims, likewise, have been held in the bondage of traditionary forms and ceremonials. The Christians also have been implicit followers of ancient tradition and hereditary teaching", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nAt the same time the basic foundation of the religion of God, which was ever the principle of love, unity and the fellowship of humanity, has been forsaken and cast aside, each religious system holding tenaciously to imitations of ancestral forms as the supreme essential. Therefore, hatred and hostility have appeared in the world instead of the divine fruitage of unity and love. By reason of this it has been impossible for the followers of religion to meet together in fellowship and agreement", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nEven contact and communication have been considered contaminating, and the outcome has been a condition of complete alienation and mutual bigotry. There has been no investigation of the essential underlying basis of reality. One whose father was a Jew invariably proved to be a Jew, a Muslim was born of a Muslim, a Buddhist was a Buddhist because of the faith of his father before him, and so on", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nIn brief, religion was a heritage descending from father to son, ancestry to posterity, without investigation of the fundamental reality; consequently, all religionists were veiled, obscured and at variance.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.4 Praise be to God! We are living in this most radiant century wherein human perceptions have developed and investigations of real foundations characterize mankind. Individually and collectively man is proving and penetrating into the reality of outer and inner conditions. Therefore, it has come to pass that we are renouncing all that savors of blind imitation, and impartially and independently investigating truth. Let us understand what constitutes the reality of the divine religions", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nIf a Christian sets aside traditionary forms and blind imitation of ceremonials and investigates the reality of the Gospels, he will discover that the foundation principles of the teachings of Christ were mercy, love, fellowship, benevolence, altruism, the resplendence or radiance of divine bestowals, acquisition of the breaths of the Holy Spirit and oneness with God", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nFurthermore, he will learn that Christ declared that the Father \u201cmaketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.\u201d The meaning of this declaration is that the mercy of God encircles all mankind, that not a single individual is deprived of the mercy of God, and no soul is denied the resplendent bestowals of God. The whole human race is submerged in the sea of the mercy of the Lord, and we are all the sheep of the one divine Shepherd", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nWhatever shortcomings exist among us must be remedied. For example, those who are ignorant must be educated so that they may become wise; the sick must be treated until they recover; those who are immature must be trained in order to reach maturity; those asleep must be awakened. All this must be accomplished through love and not through hatred and hostility", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nFurthermore, Jesus Christ, referring to the prophecy of Isaiah, spoke of those who having eyes, see not, having ears, hear not, having hearts, understand not; yet they were to be healed. Therefore, it is evident that the bounties of Christ transformed the eye which was blind into a seeing one, rendered the ear which was formerly deaf, attentive, and made the hard, callous heart tender and sensitive", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nIn other words, the meaning is that although the people possess external eyes, yet the insight, or perception, of the soul is blind; although the outer ear hears, the spiritual hearing is deaf; although they possess conscious hearts, they are without illumination; and the bounties of Christ save souls from these conditions. It is evident, then, that the manifestation of the Messiah was synonymous with universal mercy. His providence was universal, and His teachings were for all", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nHis lights were not restricted to a few. Every Christ came to the world of mankind. Therefore, we must investigate the foundation of divine religion, discover its reality, reestablish it and spread its message throughout the world so that it may become the source of illumination and enlightenment to mankind, the spiritually dead become alive, the spiritually blind receive sight and those who are inattentive to God become awakened.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.5 The teachings and ordinances of the divine religions are of two kinds. The first are spiritual and essential in nature \u2014 such as faith in God, faith in Christ, faith in Moses, faith in Abraham, faith in Muhammad, the love of God and the oneness of the world of humanity. These divine principles shall be spread throughout the world. Strife and enmity shall disappear, ignorance, hatred and hostility cease and all the human race be bound together", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nThe second kind of ordinances and teachings concern the outer conditions and transactions of the world of mankind. They are the nonessential, accidental or temporary laws of human affairs which are subject to change and transformation according to the exigencies of time and place. For instance, during the time of Moses divorce was permitted, but in the time of Christ it was made unlawful", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nIn the Torah there are ten commandments concerning retribution for murder, which would not be possible to enforce at the present time and under existing conditions of the world. Therefore, these nonessential, temporary laws are superseded and abrogated to suit the exigencies and requirements of successive periods.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.6 But the followers of the divine religions have turned away from the principles and ordinances which are essential and unchanging in the Word of God, forsaking those fundamental realities which have to do with the life of the human world, the eternal life \u2014 such as the love of God, faith in God, philanthropy, knowledge, spiritual perception, divine guidance \u2014 holding these to be contingent and nonessential while wrangling and disagreeing over such questions as whether divorce is lawful or unlawful, or whether this or that observance of a minor law is orthodox and true", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nThe Jews consider divorce lawful; the Catholic Christians deem it unlawful; the outcome is discord and hostility between them. If they would investigate the one fundamental reality underlying the laws revealed by Moses and Christ, this condition of hatred and misunderstanding would be dispelled and divine unity prevail.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.7 Christ commanded that if we are smitten upon the right cheek, we should turn the other cheek also. Consider what is happening now in the Balkans. What conformity with the teachings of Christ do we witness in that deplorable picture? Has not man absolutely forgotten and forsaken the divine command of Christ", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n? In fact, such discord and warfare are evidences of disagreement upon the non-essential precepts and laws of religious belief. Investigation of the one fundamental reality and allegiance to the essential unchanging principles of the Word of God can alone establish unity and love in human hearts.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.8 Throughout the Orient in the nineteenth century spiritual darkness prevailed, and the religions were submerged in the ocean of blind imitations and adherence to hereditary forms. There was no trace of the essential foundation of divine revelation. Because of this, hostility and hatred surrounded mankind; discord, rancor and warfare afflicted humanity; blood overspread the horizons of the eastern world", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nInstead of fellowship and agreement, religion had become the cause of hatred; instead of unity, it produced discord, enmity and strife. The conditions were similar to those existing in the Balkans today, where it might appear as if the basis of divine religion were war and conflict, the adherents of one religion seeking to extirpate and destroy another, and the adherents of both imbued with the fanatical impulse to kill", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nThey consider the pathway to the good pleasure of God a pathway of blood, and the more a religionist kills, the nearer he draws to God. These are the results of blind imitations. How gloomy and destructive to humanity is such an outcome! If this be the foundation of divine religion, its absence is preferable; for even the infidels do not shed blood in this way, nor are they hostile toward each other", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nThe forces of hostility and strife are the religions of the present day, and that which should have contributed to the illumination and betterment of the world has become productive of gross darkness and degradation.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.9 To resume: Consider how similar blind imitations had made the darkness in the Orient all-encircling. At such a time Bah\u00e1\u2019u\u2019ll\u00e1h dawned from the eastern horizon like the glory of the sun. He renewed the basis of the religions of God, destroyed blind adherence to ancestral forms and established in their stead love and spiritual fellowship so that no strife, discord or hostility remained. This reconciliation of divergent sects is visible and evident. They now live together in love and unity", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nIf you should enter one of their meetings, you would realize that they have become as one race, one native land, one religion; that they associate together in brotherhood and agreement. Praise be to God! These blind imitations and this darkness have ceased to exist, and the reality of the oneness of humanity has been practically proven.", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\n131.10 I consider the American people a highly civilized and intelligent nation, a nation investigating truth and reality. It is my hope that through the efforts of this noble nation the solidarity of humanity may be continually advanced, that the illumination of the human world may become widespread, that the banner of universal peace may be held aloft, the lamp of the oneness of the human world be ignited and the hearts of the East and West be conjoined", "Talk of Dr. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 at Home of Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Moxey, 575 Riverside Drive, New York, on the Essential Underlying Basis of Reality\nThen the reality of the divine religions shall become resplendent and refulgent, indicating that they were meant to be the cause of unity and love and that through them heavenly bestowals have ever been conferring light upon the human world."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.victimsofthestate.org/CA/Brown.html

Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.

["Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nTitus Lee Brown, Jr. was convicted of the stabbing murder of Israel Guzman Rangel. The murder occurred in a South-Central Los Angeles parking lot. The chief prosecution witness was Ricardo Pimental Baldavinos. Pimental testified that he saw Guzman being attacked by two men. Pimental drew his unloaded gun and approached the assailants in an attempt to scare them away. Presented with a series of photo lineups a few days later, he identified Brown as the killer", "Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nHowever, Pimental's identification was weak: The incident occurred at night; Pimental had never seen the assailant before; he only saw the assailant briefly, though his estimates of time varied from \u201ca couple of seconds\u201d to \u201cfive minutes\u201d; he had been drinking earlier in the evening; he could not recall whether the assailant had facial hair; when first contacted by the police, Pimental denied any knowledge of the incident; and Pimental failed to identify Brown's photo when presented in a photo lineup at trial.", "Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nThe prosecution argued that robbery was the motive behind the stabbing. Although there was no eyewitness testimony that Guzman had been robbed, the prosecution offered the testimony of Detective J. D. Furr, a police officer who investigated the crime. Furr offered his expert opinion that Guzman had been killed during a robbery", "Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nFurr testified that his opinion was based on an examination of the scene of the crime, a ring found on the ground, interviews with the victim's family, and the fact that the victim's wallet and gold chains, which Furr believed the victim had been wearing on the night he was killed, were not found.", "Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nSome days after the jury returned its verdict, the prosecutor revealed to the trial court that the victim's allegedly missing wallet and gold chains had been given to Guzman's next of kin by hospital personnel, who presumably had discovered them on Guzman's person. The prosecutor had known this fact before trial, but did not inform defense counsel. Nor did she inform Detective Furr, whose expert opinion rested on the absence of those items", "Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nGiven the lack of robbery as an apparent motive, it seems likely that Guzman's killer harbored some grievance against him. Without evidence that Brown even knew Guzman much less had a grievance against him, it seems doubtful that a jury would have convicted him solely on Pimental's weak identification of Brown.", "Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nThe trial court found that the prosecutor's actions constituted prosecutorial misconduct. It, however, denied defense counsel's motion for a new trial and instead reduced the conviction from first to second-degree murder. Even though the court felt sure that the jury had convicted based on a felony murder theory, it felt there was sufficient evidence to convict Brown of second-degree murder.", "Titus Lee Brown, Jr. - California Death Row Inmates - Victims of the State.\nThe California Court of Appeals upheld the conviction, though it condemned the prosecutor's actions; the state supreme court not only refused to take Brown's side, it ordered the lower court's opinion \u201cdepublished,\u201d so as to spare the prosecutor, Wendy Widlus, any embarrassment. The case had to go to the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals before Brown received a new trial. The new trial was ordered in Dec. 1991. No information could be found on whether Brown was retried"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/976046-woman-allegedly-commits-suicide-over-harassment

Woman allegedly commits suicide over harassment

["Woman allegedly commits suicide over harassment\nWoman allegedly commits suicide over harassment\nSUKKUR: A woman has allegedly committed suicide after failing to get protection from her ex-husband in Larkana, but before committing suicide, she has exposed the lawlessness in the province through a video message.", "Woman allegedly commits suicide over harassment\nA Larkana-based woman identified as Rozina Gopang issued a video on social media in which she narrated her story that how she was being threatened and physically abused by her ex-husband Mir Muhammad, who also abducted her four-year-old son Ibrahim.", "Woman allegedly commits suicide over harassment\nShe claimed that Mir Muhammad divorced her but used to break into her house and subjected her to physical and sexual torture. In her last message, the deceased said that she went to the SSP Khairpur and SSP Larkana offices to lodge her complaint against the alleged accused but instead of taking action against the culprit, the police had blamed her. She also said that she would plead the court for getting her son\u2019s custody.", "Woman allegedly commits suicide over harassment\nAfter getting disappointments from all fronts, the body of the pleading woman was found on Thursday hanging with the ceiling fan. Sonia, sister of the deceased woman, accused that Rozina\u2019s ex-husband had murdered her as her former husband had called her sister to come to Larkana to get her child\u2019s custody, and despite her giving the child, the accused had allegedly killed her", "Woman allegedly commits suicide over harassment\nIGP Sindh Ghulam Nabi Memon has taken notice of the viral video and ordered DIGP Larkana to investigate the incident and take immediate action against the involved culprits."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://manyessays.com/essays/history/queen-elizabeth-7

Analysis Of A Motivational Speech By Queen Elizabeth I

["Analysis Of A Motivational Speech By Queen Elizabeth I\nShe also uses the words \"noble\" and \"worthy\" to describe her people's task of protecting their country against invasion. The use of such praising words makes her people see the task as important, and it will instill a sense of duty in their hearts to protect their kingdom. The queen further motivates her people by implementing the use of sentence structure", "Analysis Of A Motivational Speech By Queen Elizabeth I\nIn the beginning of her speech, she says, \"we have been persuaded.\" In the second half of her first sentence, she says, \"I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people.\" Her use of the royal \"we\" and then her transition to \"I\" symbolizes her descent from the throne literally to speak to her troops on the field and figuratively by referring to herself as I..."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://business.gmu.edu/facultyandresearch/faculty/profile/49/62/raw/?577c8d0b49a57b04855d42b0eb2fc777=1

Email:amishra6@gmu.eduAcademic Unit:Information Systems and Operations ManagementPosition:Assistant ProfessorPhone:703-993-1771Office Location:Enterprise Hall 146 Office Hours: By Appointment Research Interests: Globally Distributed Technology Projects Ph

["D - Business Administration, University of Minnesota\nMS - Statistics, University of Minnesota\nBS - Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology", "\nProfile:Anant Mishra is an assistant professor in the information systems and operations management area at the School of Business, George Mason University. He completed his doctoral degree in operations management from the Carlson School of Business, University of Minnesota. His other degrees include a master\u2019s degree in statistics from the University of Minnesota and a bachelor\u2019s degree in industrial engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (India).", "\nMishra\u2019s current research interests derive for contemporary real world issues in the areas of new product development and globally distributed technology projects. In particular, his ongoing research efforts are directed toward addressing some the key challenges that have emerged from the increasing globalization of information technology and product development projects.", "\nOne set of challenges relates to the choice of the type of project organization (e.g., Insourcing, Outsourcing, Offshoring, and Offshore-Outsourcing) that is appropriate for a particular type of project work and scope. The other set of challenges relates to the identification of actionable strategies for improving project performance, given the type of project organization", "\nTo address these challenges, Mishra carries out empirical inquiries using a comprehensive, multi-country, multi-industry dataset of information technology and product development projects.", "\nMishra\u2019s research has been published in the Journal of Operations Management. His recognitions include the INFORMS Technology Management Section Best Doctoral Dissertation Award, Honorable Mention in the Elwood Buffa Doctoral Dissertation Competition, and Outstanding PhD Student Teaching Award.\nPrior to pursuing a PhD, Mishra acquired valuable experience in software development working for Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)\u2014a premier information technology consulting firm in the world."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa_D0006-01/

The Heroes of the Civil War - Image 1 Loading Cover of album W. Duke Sons & Co. Cigarettes The Heroes of the Civil War - Image 1 W. Duke Sons & Co. Color Drawing Theme--Generals Famous People--General Ulysses S. Grant, General Robert E. Lee. Individual bo

["oklets included in the album may be found in the Short History Series under Duke's Cigarettes."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://web.unthsc.edu/info/200678/advisory_college_program/1528/elko_college

Elko College is named after Edward E. Elko, Ph.D. Dr. Elko’s career at the Health Science Center spanned more than 20 years in both faculty and administrative roles. From 1975-1978, Dr. Elko was a guest lecturer at TCOM from the University of Tennessee me

["dical school in Memphis. In 1978, Dr. Elko was hired full-time at TCOM and joined the faculty in pharmacology. While on faculty he was awarded M. L. Coleman Pre-Clinical Professor of the Year Award for 1988-89", "\nIn addition to his work as a member of faculty, he served as Associate Dean for Basic Sciences from 1981-1986 and Associate Dean for Student Affairs from 1989-1996. Upon his retirement from the institution in 1996, he was awarded the rank of Professor Emeritus. In 1997, Dr. Elko was given the Mary E. Luibel Distinguished Service Award. In his retirement, he has served as an accreditation site visitor for colleges of osteopathic medicine nationwide", "\nTo date, he has done site inspections at 26 osteopathic medical schools. Additionally, he has served as a member of the Board for the Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists. Dr. Elko continues to volunteer his time at the Patient Care Center here on campus. Elko College Faculty Director:Richard Baldwin, DO Print this page", "\nThis page last updated 30th Apr 2013\nHomepageBeyer CollegeElko CollegeEverett CollegeLuibel CollegeRichards CollegeZachary College\nTCOM Advisory College Program Links\nDeans Cup Standings\nTexas College of Osteopathic Medicine Home Page"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/06/30/mccain-campaign-clarks-comments-sad/comment-page-8/

June 30th, 2008 10:24 AM ET McCain campaign: Clark's comments 'sad' Retired Gen. Wesley Clark, who ran for president in 2004, has questioned Sen. John McCain's qualifications. (CNN) - Sen. John McCain's campaign on Monday called retired Gen. Wesley Clark'

["s remarks that McCain lacks command experience \"the lowest form of politics.\"\nClark, a military adviser for Sen. Barack Obama, questioned Sunday whether McCain's military experience qualified him to be commander in chief.", "\nThe McCain campaign has called on Obama to condemn the comments.\n\"I think it's kind of sad,\" McCain campaign manager Rick Davis said Monday on CNN's \"American Morning.\"\nFiled under: Candidate Barack Obama \u2022 John McCain\nD.Johnson", "\nIt was Bush and the republican party that long question Mccain's military records in 2000. Where was the media then? It is truth that mccain made propaganda tapes for the enemy and he said in his book he was very sad about that. Clerk said the right thing. It is truth that serving in the military is not the only qualifications to be president.\nJune 30, 2008 12:22 pm at 12:22 pm | Chuck, Democrats United We Stand", "\nAfter having served my country for nearly 22 years active duty, I must agree with the statement that having served does not qualify one to be commander in chief. If that was the fact, then there are millions of Americans that are qualifed to be the President.", "\nQaulifications include reasonable thinking, sticking to the truth no matter how much it hurts, being focused, the ability to make a stand and not flip floping because it is obvious that the American people do not agree or support your stand. The ability to refrain from pandering just to get the votes. The ability to surround your self with those that know and understand that which you do not. There are many reasons that John McCain is NOT qualified.\nJune 30, 2008 12:22 pm at 12:22 pm | Ryan", "\nFor the Obama camp to attack on John McCain' service to this country is truly pathetic. The sky over North Vietnam was one of the most heavily defended airspace in the history of warfare. It took a lot of grit to fly into that wall of steel and fire. Obama should immediately apology for the shameful comments by Clark.\nJune 30, 2008 12:23 pm at 12:23 pm | Drew, Central FL", "\nFigures. The GOP is ok with the \"swiftboating\" when they are the ones doing it. Guess they don't like how their own medicine tastes. What a bunch of wussies.\nJune 30, 2008 12:23 pm at 12:23 pm | Charles\nGood for you Jeff......then since you are not voting, kindly leave this message board. these discussion are for real americans who vote, not wine and moan. If you think you can do better, why don't you run..........................................I didn't think so", "\nJune 30, 2008 12:23 pm at 12:23 pm | Tammy - KCMO\nI think they were honest and something everyone has been thinking. No apologies necessary.\nJune 30, 2008 12:23 pm at 12:23 pm | Obama 08: Female, 60, white\nClark didn't attack his military record; he merely stated that nothing McCain has done gives him the proven leadership credentails to be commander in chief. Instead of attacking Obama, why doesn't he just lay out the decisions he has made that would dismiss Clark's comments??", "\nJune 30, 2008 12:23 pm at 12:23 pm | Rich In Seattle", "\nMcCain is such a hypocrite! Either he is stupid or just too old to know the difference. Plus, on the idea that he will be the better one to respond to a terrorist attack, may I remind everyone that Osama Bin Ladin is still out there free. Laughing at us because we did exactly what he wanted us to do. The Middle-East trains more terrorists now than they did before. We have no support in the world to deal with the threats against us", "\nI think we\u2019ve had enough of the Republicans only hiring their own over more qualified Democrats. I think we\u2019ve had enough of fear and lies. Frankly, we\u2019ve had more than enough.", "\nJune 30, 2008 12:23 pm at 12:23 pm | S. Boatman Warrensburg Mo.\nMccain Has Had Many Experiences But Still Lacks Judgement! I Agree With Clark!\nJune 30, 2008 12:24 pm at 12:24 pm | J\nClark was right on with his comments. If the guy can't take criticism then back it up with facts.\nJune 30, 2008 12:24 pm at 12:24 pm | Carnie\nBill Clinton can not come to grips with the fact that he was beaten, badly by a young upstart. Barack's campaign has been one of the most exciting campaigns I've seen in my life.", "\nI love the fact that he actually made Hillary campaign after Super Tuesday. She was all set to relax and put her feet up and watch the coronation process begin, and along comes Barack with 11 straight wins. I loved it.", "\nSo, pardon me if I laugh at the fact that now Hillary is begging for money, and of all things, my money. She had the choice to leave the campaign trail when she knew it was mathematically impossible for her to win, but she didn't. It is for that reason that I will not give any more money to the DNC, until Hillary has paid her debt, like other Americans have to.", "\nAlso, Bill is still sulking when he needs to get out there and campaign for Bararck. He's having a little trouble because unless people are campaigning for him or Hillary, he doesn't want to play. Sad.\nJune 30, 2008 12:24 pm at 12:24 pm | PS from Tennessee\nPlease Google Barack's speech regarding entering into a war with Iraq. EVERYTHING that Barack said in that speech was true, and has happened. He does have the judgement to lead this Country! \"W\" has zero judgement and McBush is not any better.", "\nJune 30, 2008 12:24 pm at 12:24 pm | Mike, Syracuse, NY\nClark's comments are more of an indictment against Obama than McCain. If McCain's expereince doesn't qualify him to be President, then how does Obama's significantly less experience? Obama has done NOTHING in his short and undistinguished time in the Senate or before to show he has any qualifications. It is amazing that so many people just buy the 'change' line without thinking about what kind of change they would get.", "\nI don't think General Clark is demeaning or questioning McCain's military service but questioning his thoughts that his military service makes him a more qualified candidate to become Commander in Chief. If that is the case, then how did George Bush, Bill Clinton, George W Bush, Ronald Reagan, Carter, Nixon and Johnson become president. I don't think because I work in the office as a Technical Lead makes me qualified to be the President of the company", "\nWhat's makes a good leader is the one who would lead us to victory and not make us victims to attacks. I want a leader who will talk with our enemies and not want to drop bombs on them and keep the hatred going on for generations to come.", "\nJune 30, 2008 12:25 pm at 12:25 pm | Ian\nIt's laughable that the Republicans are calling this the \"lowest form of politics,\" when they called Mr. Purple Heart Kerry a faker. Please. They just got their panties in bunches because Gen. Wes Clark is a proven war hero and, ahem, the former supreme allied commander of NATO. Mccain, and none of the VP possibilities for his tanking campaign can touch that, sorry.\nJune 30, 2008 12:26 pm at 12:26 pm | LaShanda", "\nMcCain's service is honorable, however, service in the military is not required to be President. There are MANY ways to serve your country. I applaud Barack's plan for college students. If you want money for college, you serve your community. I totally agree with that! That is just ONE way of helping America.\nJune 30, 2008 12:26 pm at 12:26 pm | carlo", "\nIf being a POW makes you qualified to be President, let me get on the phone and call my uncle. He was a POW and HE says that he would NEVER vote for a POW because he KNOWS that he is unstable. This is insane. McCain is NOT the only POW in America, and he wants everyone to bow down to him while he refuses to honor the veterans who are serving by voting for the GI bill. The problem with McCain is that he's so self-centered he doesn't think that anyone suffered in Vietnam more than he did", "\nAt least he returned in one piece. There are soldiers coming back severely injured, missing limbs, etc.", "\nI'm personally sick of McCain calling for Obama to constantly renounce and repudiate everything someone says, yet he proclaims that he can't \"referee\" everything someone says about Obama or his family during this campaign. What a loser.\nJune 30, 2008 12:26 pm at 12:26 pm | LATINO FOR OBAMA\nMr. Rick Davis, what Wes said is nod Sad...it's the \"TRUTH.\"\nMcLies own site is now confirming that this is true ;)\nJune 30, 2008 12:26 pm at 12:26 pm | hank", "\nThank you Clark. It's true. Someone had to say it, we all appreciate Mccain's service to his country, but just because he was a POW doesn't mean he will be POTUS. Mccain acts like no one can say a word about it, ever.\nJune 30, 2008 12:27 pm at 12:27 pm | disgusted", "\nYou know what's sad......McCains history as a pilot. I just read some pretty interesting items about the # of planes he lost as well as lives (ie: USS Forrestal), meetings that he was involved in several years ago with families of POW/MIAs when he was on the committee (it's all documented), and also his treatment while a POW (his captors nicknamed him the \"crown prince\" because of his fathers position.)Not to mention his temper......", "\nIt can't all be wrong.......and I for one wouldn't trust him with his finger on the \"red button\": Someones ticks him off...and it's all over. Experience as a POW doesn't mean anything in the big picture. He was a pilot....when you lead brigades of men and women into combat then you can say that your ready, militarily speaking, to be the commander and chief. Until then, talk about something that you know about.\nJune 30, 2008 12:28 pm at 12:28 pm | Jeff D", "\nSome you posting here are ignorant. If Obama has half a brain (which I doubt) he would condemn Clark's comments. The LAST thing Obama wants to do is get into a debate about who would make a better Commander in Chief. My 6 year old has the same credentials as Obama.\nJune 30, 2008 12:29 pm at 12:29 pm | John McCain-McFlip-Flop-McBush is no \"maverick\"", "\nSo someone finally speaks the truth about McSham's war record and NOW they want to defend it as sacrosanct? Typical Rethuglican drivel about being a soldier makes you more of a patriot and immune to any criticism. If that were the case, John Kerry should have been our president.\nJune 30, 2008 12:29 pm at 12:29 pm | don in naples, florida", "\nMy thoughts exactly, thank you Mr. Clark. Mccain seems to act like he is \"entitled\" to the presidential office simply because he has seen military service, because we are in a time of war, and because he is playing on the same old politics of old that have proven to be very effective at getting into office.\nJune 30, 2008 12:29 pm at 12:29 pm | Rob Wells", "\nHere's what's sad. Not to take anything away from McCain's amazing military record, but just because you bagged grocieries after school as a teenager, doesn't qualify you to run the store today. Executive command is a totally different ball game than kicking the tires and lighting the fires. Gen. Clark nailed this one right to the wall.\nJune 30, 2008 12:29 pm at 12:29 pm | Alice in Florida", "\nAnd just what EXACTLY qualifies Obama for the Presidency? His experience as a community organizer???????? His ability to vote \"present?\" His cowardice over debating and town hall meetings??? His ability to read a pre-written speech????? The fact that he wears a helmet when he rides a bike??????\nJune 30, 2008 12:29 pm at 12:29 pm | \u00ab Previous"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.usfca.edu/templates/catalog_inside.aspx?id=6442460465

SOC 325 - Critical Approaches to Race and Ethnicity (4) This course is a comparative inquiry into the bases and mechanisms of racial and ethnic thinking which have been used as the criteria to create social inequality. This course looks at the epistemolog

["ical ways that people have come to understand the concepts of race and ethnicity and have used those understandings to perpetuate social inequality. Offered intermittently."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.derby-guide.co.uk/jedediah_strutt.html

Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians

["Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nedediah Strutt\nJedediah Strutt\nDerby Accommodation\nDerby Attractions\nShops and Shopping\nRestaurants in Derby\nDerby Guide - Famous Derbeians - Jedediah Strutt\nJedediah Strutt, along with Richard Arkwright were the main pioneers of the cotton spinning industry in Derbyshire. Jedediah Strutt was born in Newton by Blackwell, Derbyshire, in 1726, second son of William Strutt and Martha Statham.", "Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nIn 1740 he was apprentised to Ralph Massey, a wheelwright in Findern, Derbyshire, where he met his future wife Elizabeth Woollat.", "Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nIn the 1750's several attempts had been made to improve the stocking frame that had been invented by William Lee, a century previous. Strutt with his brother in law William Wollatt, came up with the idea of an attachment that was placed in front of the stocking frame, which consisted of a set of barbed hooks operated vertically along the horizontal needle of the frame, taking the loops from the later and reversing them to make a rib stitch", "Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nThey patented the machine, called the Derby Rib, and with a new partner in Samuel Needham, Strutt's hosiery business began to grow. Raw material was purchased in London and prepared into thread at Strutt's Silk Mill in Derby. The thread was then mostly sold on to other hosiers, local and national.", "Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nIn 1769 Richard Arkwright was looking for funds to expand his business. He was introduced to Strutt and Needham, who were impressed with his waterframe and agreed to a partnership.\nThe 3 men decided to employ water as a main source of power and set up a large factory next to the River Derwent in Cromford, thus establishing the world's first water powered cotton spinning mill. As well as investing in Arkwright's mills, Strutt and Needham built Silk mills at Belper in 1778 and at Milford in 1779.", "Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nNeedham died in 1781 and Strutt and Arkwright dissolved the partnership, Arkwright keeping the cromford mill, Strutt the ones at Belper and Milford.\nAfter his wife died, Strutt built Milford House in Milford and lived there until 1795, when he bought Exeter House in Derby with his second wife, Anne Daniels.", "Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nWilliam Woollat was left to run the business in Derby and his 3 sons, William, George and Joseph were at some point in their lives, senior managers in the company. It was Joseph Strutt who later gave Derby its arboretum, Britain's first public park, in 1840.\nStrutt was considered a good employer, building quality housing and facilities for his workforce at Belper and Milford, though as in many factories throughout the land, at this time, he employed children from a very early age.", "Jedediah Strutt - Derby Guide - Famous Derbeians\nHe died in 1797 and is buried at the Unitarian Chapel he had built in Belper.\nReturn to The Derby Guide Homepage : Return to Famous Derbeians\nBelper Mill\nDerby Guide : Disclaimer : Homepage"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.kz/books?id=Bj5AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA105&vq=beautiful&dq=editions:HARVARD32044108411158&lr=&output=html_text&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4

The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.

["The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nFig. 85. PORTRAIT OF A LADY OF THE Boonen Family. In the Louvre at Paris. After a photograph from the original by Braun, Cl\u00e9ment & Co., Dornach, Paris and New-York.", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nmade him shun not only his home, but also his studio. Both had now become desolate for him, since his wife had died in the summer of 1626. What she had been to him is best described in his own words, written in a letter dated July 15th of that year. \"Truly,\" he says, \u201cI have lost a most exceptional companion. One could not do otherwise than love her. Nay! what do I say", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\n? one was forced to love her, for the simple reason that she had not one of the faults of her sex. No bad humour, no womanly weaknesses, nothing but loving kindness and a great sense of the fitness of things. Her virtues endeared her to everyone during her life, and after her death they caused general regret", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nSuch a loss appears to me great indeed; and as the only means of combating sorrow is to forget, \u2014 which result, however, can only be achieved after a lapse of time, \u2014 forgetting seems for me, to be the only resource. But how difficult it will be to separate the sorrow that this loss has caused me, from the sacred memory which I shall cherish of her, all my life! A longer journey perhaps would be opportune to take me away from so many things which again and again seem to renew my grief", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nThus Dido in Virgil's \u00c6neid mourned alone in her desolate home, attaching herself to objects, which were left to her as the only remembrance of the past. It is the everchanging scenes, which thrust themselves before us when travelling, that occupy the imagination and subdue the sorrow of the heart. But I shall have to travel in the society of my own lonely self, and with no company but my own sad thoughts.\"", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nThere is in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg a magnificent life-size portrait of Isabella Brant painted during the last years of her life. Attired with great elegance she is seated in a red chair. Her bodice is of rich brocade, and her red shirt is interwoven with gold. In one hand she holds a peacock's - feather fan: in the other a white", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nHer features look somewhat drawn, but her blooming complexion does not show any sign of illness. Her eyes are as bright as in the pictures painted of her in early youth, whilst a pleasant smile seems ever ready on her lips. In the background we may notice a piece of architecture, with which the master had adorned his garden (Fig. 91).\nRubens caused his wife to be interred in the same grave in the Church of St. Michael which contained the body of his mother.", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nHer two sons were the dearest memorials that she left to her husband: her little daughter had died long before while still of a tender age. One of the finest works of the artist is the full-sized portrait-group of his two boys. Judging from their age this must have been painted shortly after Isabella's death", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nAlthough the time of the much-occupied master was just then so much taken up, that, contrary to his own wishes, he had often to reduce his own work and to make over to his pupils a great part of his commissions, he painted every line of these two pictures himself, putting into them the whole-souled devotion that he cherished for his beloved ones and all the artistic enthusiasm that he was capable of. It would even", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nappear that he executed with his own hands entirely this portrait-group of his two boys twice over, since two copies exist. If the one at the Liechtenstein Gallery shows a special charm through its careful execution, the other at Dresden seems likewise so perfect that it is difficult to suppose that Rubens himself did not paint it the whole of it also", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nAlbert, the elder boy, leaning against a pillar, is dressed in black; whilst a book under his right arm marks the studious tastes, through which he acquired at an", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nearly age such remarkable knowledge that the King of Spain chose him at the age of sixteen for a high appointment. His left arm and hand, in which he holds a furred glove is lightly passed around the shoulder of his younger brother, still a mere child, dressed in paler garments. The whole attention of the younger boy is concentrated on his plaything, a chained goldfinch. This group is one of the greatest master-pieces in the art of portraiture", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nThe two boys literary live before us, and the artistic charm of the colour with its lights and shadows has been but rarely equalled in any other work of art (Figs. 92\u201493).", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nIn the autumn of 1625, when the Duke of Buckingham in the name of Charles I. had come over to negotiate with the United Provinces of the Netherlands, he had seen in Antwerp Rubens' splendid Collection of Art, and had expressed a wish to acquire it.\nAt that time the artist was unwilling", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nto part with his treasures. Later on, however, when his home had become desolate and he had lost; his greatest jewel, he at length consented to meet the urgent wishes of the Duke, and allowed his agent, a certain Le Blond, to make a selection to the value of 100,000 florins among his Antique and Renaissance marbles, his alabaster, bronze and ivory statues, his gems, and his paintings by Leonardo, Raphael, Titian, Palma Vecchio, Tintoretto, Bassano, Paolo Veronese and himself", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nIt was also agreed that the purchaser should at his own cxpense have cast made of every individual statue that he removed to occupy its empty space. Thus in 1627 the greater, part", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nof Rubens' Collection Fig. 87. PortRAIT OF A LEVANTINE. In the Cassel Gallery.\ncame to England: but, After a photograph from the original by Franz Hanfst\u00e4ng!, Munich. when in 1649 Bucking(To page 97.)\nham's possessions were\nconfiscated and many of the pictures came back for sale to Antwerp, they were bought by the Archduke Leopold of Austria, and thus they now form part of the Imperial Museum at Vienna.", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\nThe dilettante tastes of Buckingham gave Rubens a pretext for undertaking, without attracting attention, a journey to Holland, the object of which\nwas really political. He had very much at heart the completion of that \"beautiful masterwork\" as he described it in a letter to Buckingham, the Reconciliation between Spain and England. After a conference at Brussels with the Abate della Scaglia, Ambassador of the Duke of Savoy, he wrote\nFig. 88. THE RECONCILIATION OF ESAU AND JACOB. In the Pinakothek at Munich.", "The Letters of Peter Paul Rubens: A Diplomatist in the Service of the Netherlands State.\na long letter to Gerbier, dated May 1627, in which proper names are indicated by numbers only, and which he desires his correspondents to show to Buckingham alone and then to burn immediately. Therein he writes that he hopes great things from personal interviews with Gerbier himself, with Scaglia and with Lord"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/208/208mass290.html

GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.

["GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nGILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN. SAME v. SAME. SAME v. SAME.\nPresent: KNOWLTON, C. J., MORTON, LORING, BRALEY, & RUGG, JJ.\nPractice, Civil, Conduct of trial, Exceptions. Witness, Re-direct examination. Marriage and Divorce.\nIt is wholly within the discretion of a presiding judge to determine whether cumulative evidence shall be received upon a point which has been admitted by the adverse party.", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nAlthough a witness upon his re-direct examination may be allowed to correct or modify testimony given on his cross-examination, yet the libellant in a divorce trial, where there is an issue as to condonation, properly may be refused permission to explain on his re-direct examination what he meant by the words \"contemplated reconciliation\" as used in his cross-examination to describe his state of mind and purpose in several meetings between him and the libellee, after a separation growing out of her misconduct and after repeated expressions of penitence and appeals for forgiveness from her, the words as used in this connection being so plain that there can be no ambiguity or uncertainty as to their significance.", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nWhere the presiding judge at a trial excludes certain evidence, stating that it is excluded as being cumulative evidence in regard to a matter admitted by the adverse party and on which the judge has found in favor of the party offering the", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nevidence, if the party offering the evidence excepts to the exclusion generally, without suggesting any other ground on which the evidence should be admitted, his exception will be taken to be to the exclusion of the evidence upon the ground stated by the judge, and he will not be allowed to argue that the exclusion was wrong because the testimony offered was admissible for a different purpose", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nTHREE LIBELS FOR DIVORCE , between the same parties, the first filed on July 26, 1904, and the third on June 1, 1908, the papers in the second case having been lost.\nIn the Superior Court Lawton, J., in each of the three cases found for the libellee and ordered a decree dismissing the libel. The libellant alleged exceptions, raising the questions described in the opinion.\nThe cases were submitted on briefs.\nV. C. Lawrence & R. L. Mitchell, for the libellant.\nH. Parker & R. Walcott, for the libellee.", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\n1. One of the grounds alleged for divorce was adultery with one Whipple. The libellee admitted this, but alleged condonation by the libellant. In this state of the case, the libellant offered two letters written by the libellee at about the time of this admitted misconduct, tending to show an adulterous disposition on her part toward the co-respondent, which were excluded. The libellant's exception to this ruling must be overruled. It was said by Chief Justice Gray in Dorr v", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nTremont National Bank, 128 Mass. 349, at 360, \"Whether further evidence shall be received upon a point expressly admitted by the adverse party is wholly within the discretion of the judge presiding at the trial.\"", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\n2. The libellant sought to explain in re-direct examination what he meant by the words \"contemplated reconciliation\" used in cross-examination as describing his state of mind and purpose in several meetings between him and the libellee, after a separation growing out of her misconduct, and her repeated expressions of penitence and appeals for forgiveness. These words were so plain in this connection that there could be no ambiguity or uncertainty in their significance", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\ngiven, nor to complete a thought or conversation only partially stated in his evidence. Synonyms or paraphrases for perfectly comprehensible words in common use were properly excluded.", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\n3. One of the grounds alleged for divorce was cruel and abusive treatment, which, it was contended, consisted in an attempt by the libellee to poison the libellant. The libellant testified fully as to his feelings and symptoms tending to show a poisoning, which came during a severely painful illness occurring soon after some attention from the libellee while he was recovering from a surgical operation. His attending physicians testified to their opinion of its cause", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nYes.\" She was then asked, \"Did he describe to you at that time the symptoms which he felt?\" and \"What evidence of pain or otherwise did you detect in him at that time?\" These questions were excluded on objection, the presiding judge saying, \"There is no question made by the other side but that he had some sort of an upset after eating the orange, and that it injured the wound, and was a very serious thing, no question about that.\" It is not clear whether the witness was not asked to repeat a narration made to her by the libellant of sensations after they had passed from him", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nIf so they were incompetent. But passing this point, the language of the judge was a plain ruling that the evidence was rejected as being cumulative touching a fact which the opposing side admitted; and the judge had found in favor of the party proffering the evidence. This was proper practice and not open to exception. If the party offering the evidence had in mind any other ground upon which it was competent than that given by the judge, it became his duty then to offer to state it", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nHe cannot now press its admission on a ground not suggested at that time. The fair implication from these circumstances is that the exception was taken to the ground of exclusion stated in the ruling. It is urged that the testimony was competent for the reason that the libellee had endeavored to show that the symptoms were a recent fabrication, and that therefore declarations similar to his testimony made at about the time the event occurred were admissible to support his credit as", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\na witness within the exception laid down in Commonwealth v. Jenkins, 10 Gray 485, 489, and Griffin v. Boston, 188 Mass. 475, to the general rule excluding statements made by a witness at other times corroborative of his testimony. This is an extremely narrow rule, as is shown also in Commonwealth v. Tucker, 189 Mass. 457, 479-485", "GILMAN W. BROWN v. ANNA W. BROWN.\nThe present record shows no foundation for its application, because the assertion of the judge of the Superior Court, which was unchallenged, was that the other side did not dispute these facts. The only circumstance, which appears to have been asserted to have been a subsequent invention, was that the libellee was responsible for them, and this according to the record was uncontroverted by the libellant."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-were-cause-results-roman-civil-war-2262

What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?

["What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nAnnotated Text\nWhat were the causes and results of the Roman civil war?\nDownload PDF Print Page Citation Share Link\nHover for more information.\nWho are the experts?\nOur certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team.\nOlen Bruce\nEducator since 2016\n| Certified Educator\nPage Citation Share Link", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nThe Great Roman Civil War, also known as Caesar's Civil War, lasted from 49-45 BCE and involved conflicts between Caesar and his supporters (known as the Populares) and those who opposed him (known as Optimates or Boni). Caesar's opponents were supporters of Pompey.\nThe causes of the war included the...\nThis Answer Now\nStart your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more. Enjoy eNotes ad-free and cancel anytime.\nStart your 48-Hour Free Trial", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nThe causes of the war included the Senate's fear of Caesar's increasing popularity and power. While Caesar ruled with Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus in the First Triumvirate, Caesar's military conquests in Gaul made him more powerful than Pompey and Crassus. More troublingly, Caesar went around the Senate to gain governorships of the territories he conquered. In addition, he invaded Britain without the Senate's permission, and his military victories made him popular with the people", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nThe Senate, under the direction of Pompey, tried to force Caesar to give up control of the army. In 49 BC, his infamous crossing of the Rubicon started a civil war in Rome, as it was considered treasonous to enter Rome with a standing army.", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nAfter the war, during which Caesar's forces defeated their opponents, Caesar was made dictator for ten years and then for life. Fears about his growing power led in part to his assassination in 44 BC by Brutus and Cassius and allowed the ascension of Octavius (later Caesar Augustus) to the throne. Augustus became the first Roman emperor. Therefore, the result of the war was the eventual establishment of the position of Roman emperor.\nApproved by eNotes Editorial Team\nInuk Lee", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nFirst, I will assume that you mean civil wars - - Marius vs. Sulla; Caesar vs. Pompey; Octavian/Agrippa vs. Antony/Cleopatra. If we go into greater detail, there were even more. One observation is that many of these civil wars happened during the end of the republic (even if they did not know it was the end of the republic). From this perspective, something had to be done to restore peace and stability. This paved the way for Octavian to come into power", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nOne can even make an argument that it was these wars, in part, that made room for Octavian. That said, he ushered in the peace of Rome (pax romana). The people loved this peace and quite frankly needed it. The bloody civil wars ravaged the Roman people. A quick glance at Vergil's work show the ethos of civil war and the hope for peace.", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nEventually, Octavian (later to be called Augustus) introduced a new form of government - the empire. After Augustus, there would be emperors. Also from a cultural point of view, Augustus' reign would produce some of the most important works in the Latin language - Vergil, Horace and Ovid, to name a few. However, it must also be stated that civil wars would continue. In 69 AD, there was no less than four rival emperors fighting it out.\nPosted on November 9, 2009 at 12:45 pm (UTC)\nmrerick", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nIt's probably important to first note that there were several civil wars throughout Roman history. This particular one is often referred to as Caesar's Civil War. Ceasar, Pompey and Crassus, all through different avenues, formed the first triumverute. When their terms expired, Pompey remained as the sole consul. In the ensuing time, Caesar became a very powerful and popular military leader; so powerful, that Pompey became nervous and ordered JC's army to be disbanded", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nCaesar said he would if Pompey broke up his own army. Pompey did not, which first led to important figures such as Marc Antony declaring loyalty to Caesar, and eventually led to Caesar crossing the Rubicon River and declaring war on Pompey. Caesar, of course, won this battle but was eventually assassinated by the conspirators. Long story made short, as a result of Caesar's defeat of Pompey and the chaos that ensued after his assassination, the Roman Republic started an extremely quick decline", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nThis ended in Caesar's officially named heir, Octavious, being named the first emperor of Rome; thus, the end of the Republic and the beginning of the empire.", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\nWhy does Antony say that \"the evil that men do lives after them\"? Or in other words, exactly what does this statement mean?\nWhat does Cassius mean when he says that \"the fault is not in our stars but in ourselves\" in Julius Caesar?\nIn Julius Caesar, what is Mark Antony's funeral speech saying in Modern English? How does the speech relate to this particular play?\nWhich reason does Brutus give to justify killing Caesar?", "What Were the Causes and Results of the Roman Civil War?\n\"Men at some time are masters of their fates; the fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings.\" Describe...\nWhy Did Brutus Kill Caesar\nIdentify and explain the cobbler's puns in Julius Caesar.\nWhy Did Brutus Want To Kill Caesar\nWhat is an example of a person vs. supernatural conflict from Julius Caesar?\nWhat is the meaning of the following quote from Julius Caesar?: \"There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which taken at the flood, leads on the..."]

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https://www.apr.org/2022-08-23/federal-civil-rights-probe-begins-into-3-officers-seen-beating-a-man-on-video

Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video

["Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nFederal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nAndrew DeMillo\nRandal Worcester departs from the Crawford County Justice Center in Van Buren, Ark. on Monday, Aug. 22, 2022.\nMULBERRY, Ark. \u2014 Federal authorities said Monday they have started a civil rights investigation following the suspension of three Arkansas law enforcement officers after a video posted on social media showed two of them beating a man while a third officer held him on the ground.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nThe officers were responding to a report of a man making threats outside a convenience store Sunday in the small town of Mulberry, about 140 miles (220 kilometers) northwest of Little Rock, near the border with Oklahoma, authorities said.\nArkansas State Police said the agency would investigate the use of force. State police identified the suspect as Randal Worcester, 27, of Goose Creek, South Carolina.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nHowever, the attorney for the two deputies says Worcester attacked one of the deputies, giving him a concussion.\nThe video shows one officer punching the suspect with a clenched fist, while another can be seen hitting the man with his knee. The third officer holds him against the pavement.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nIn video recorded from a car nearby, someone yells at officers to stop hitting the man in the head. Two of the officers appear to look up and say something back to the person who yelled. The officers' comments could not be heard clearly on the video.\n\"The fight was escalating with those officers, and you hear that woman on that video yelling and whoever that is, I think she could have saved his life,\" said Carrie Jernigan, an attorney representing Worcester.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nHe was taken to a hospital, then released and booked into the Crawford County jail in Van Buren on multiple charges, including second-degree battery, resisting arrest and making terroristic threats, state police said.\nWorcester was released Monday on $15,000 bond. When asked how he was feeling, he said \"all right.\" An attorney who escorted him from jail declined to comment on his behalf. Worcester was pushing a bicycle as he left the jail.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nWorcester's father declined to comment when contacted Monday by The Associated Press. He referred a reporter to a law firm representing the family. That firm said it was still trying to gather information and did not immediately have a comment on the video.\nTwo Crawford County sheriff's deputies and one Mulberry police officer were suspended, city and county authorities said.\nWorcester is white, according to jail booking information, and the three officers involved also appear to be white.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nA Justice Department spokesperson said Monday that the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Arkansas, the FBI's Little Rock Field Office and the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division opened a civil rights investigation into the incident.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\n\"The FBI and the Arkansas State Police will collect all available evidence and will ensure that the investigation is conducted in a fair, thorough, and impartial manner,\" the Justice Department said in a statement. \"The federal investigation is separate and independent from the ongoing state investigation.\"", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nCrawford County Sheriff Jimmy Damante said before Worcester was arrested, an officer asked if he had any weapons on him, and he handed one over to the officer. Damante didn't specify what type of weapon.\n\"They were about to take him into custody because of part of their investigation on the scene \u2014 that's when he became violent,\" Damante said.\nThe Crawford County Sheriff's Office identified the three officers as Crawford County deputies Zack King and Levi White and Mulberry police officer Thell Riddle.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\n\"I hold all my employees accountable for their actions and will take appropriate measures in this matter,\" Damante said.\nIn a statement released Sunday evening, Mulberry Police Chief Shannon Gregory said the community and the department take the matter \"very seriously.\"", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nGov. Asa Hutchinson, a Republican, told a news conference about the Justice Department's plans to investigate. He described the beating as \"reprehensible conduct\" and said the officers' actions were \"not consistent\" with the teachings of the Arkansas Law Enforcement Training Academy.\nArkansas State Police Col. Bill Bryant said his agency's investigation would \"take some time.\"\n\"Once we get the facts and evidence, we'll prepare a case file and a summary and turn it over to the prosecutor,\" Bryant said.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nHowever, Russell Wood, a Russellville attorney for the two deputies, said in a statement Monday that White was answering a report of a terroristic threat when he encountered Worcester, who he said matched the complainant's description of her assailant. At first, Worcester gave White a false identity.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nAs White was checking that identity, Worcester \"became irate and viciously attacked Deputy White by grabbing him by the legs, lifting him up and body-slamming him, headfirst, on the concrete parking lot,\" Wood said. After White hit his head on the concrete, stunning him, Worcester climbed onto him and \"began striking him on the back of the head and face,\" the attorney said.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nAfter Worcester rained blows on his head, White said he saw the suspect turn his wrath on King and Riddle, Wood said. White then \"re-engaged and used all force necessary to get the violent suspect under control and detained.\"\nWhite suffered a concussion and continues to experience concussion symptoms, Wood said. The attorney called for the release of the full Mulberry police dash-cam video of the incident but has not yet received a response.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nJernigan said she had filed an excessive force complaint against one of the suspended officers on behalf of another client of hers about a month ago.\n\"To date, I had not heard anything back. But the description of what happened to my client in July versus that video seemed almost identical,\" Jernigan said. \"And so we're just of the position it didn't have to even take place yesterday.\"", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nCellphone video of often-violent police interactions has put a spotlight on officer conduct in recent years, particularly since the 2020 killing of George Floyd while he was being arrested by police in Minneapolis.\nThe resulting nationwide protests called attention to officer brutality that often targets Black Americans.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nThe front door at the building that serves as the Mulberry police headquarters and city hall was locked Monday. A sign on the door directed anyone with questions about \"the police investigation\" to contact Arkansas State Police.\nIt was unclear whether the officers were wearing body cameras.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nAmid public pressure for transparency and the proliferation of videos exposing police misconduct, there has been some pushback against recording officers. In July, the governor of Arizona signed a bill that makes it illegal to knowingly record officers from 8 feet (2.5 meters) or closer without permission.\nMulberry is a town of 1,600 people on the southern edge of the Ozarks in western Arkansas, right off Interstate 40, which runs from California to North Carolina.", "Federal civil rights probe begins into 3 officers seen beating a man on video\nAt Kountry Xpress, the convenience store and filling station where the beating happened, truck drivers stop frequently to fill up on fuel. Customers also buy meals, which include American and Indian cuisine.\nShasta Morse, a cashier at Kountry Xpress, said she was working when Worcester was arrested but she didn't know about it until a customer told her later.\n\"It's a little unnerving,\" she said.\nNPR National NewsNPR NewsNPR Top Stories"]

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\"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 7475, 129.71459703]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 7475, 266.98284866]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 7475, 56.66573537]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 7475, 68.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2015/04/scientology-leader-david-miscavige-spied-father-10k-week/

Scientology Leader David Miscavige Ordered Private Eyes To Spy On His Father, Planned To 'Let Him Die' –– Sensational Police Report

["Scientology Leader David Miscavige Ordered Private Eyes To Spy On His Father, Planned To 'Let Him Die' \u2013\u2013 Sensational Police Report\nScientology Leader David Miscavige Ordered Private Eyes Spy On His Father, Planned To 'Let Him Die' \u2013\u2013 Sensational Police Report\nDec. 11 2015, Updated 11:00 a.m. ET\nScientology frontman David Miscavige proved to be so concerned over his father's whereabouts and behavior that he reportedly spent ample amounts of money to have private detectives keep an eye on him.", "Scientology Leader David Miscavige Ordered Private Eyes To Spy On His Father, Planned To 'Let Him Die' \u2013\u2013 Sensational Police Report\nAccording to the LA Times, Miscavige had his father tracked for 18 months using tactics including eavesdropping, reading emails, and even planting a GPS on his car.\nRecords indicate that the Scientology leader had been spending a whopping $10,000 per week on the endeavor.\nThe famed church has been under fire with a slew of allegations in recent weeks, mostly thanks to the release of HBO's new expos\u00e9 documentary Going Clear.\nBut what would make Miscavige want to keep tabs on his father?", "Scientology Leader David Miscavige Ordered Private Eyes To Spy On His Father, Planned To 'Let Him Die' \u2013\u2013 Sensational Police Report\nRonald Miscavige Sr. had recently parted from the church and his son was reportedly worried that it would result in negative reviews to the public.\nOne report claims the detectives \"would stand behind him and take pictures of the screen\" while he checked his emails in the library and \"when he would be eating at a restaurant, they would sit nearby or at his table and listen to his conversations.\"", "Scientology Leader David Miscavige Ordered Private Eyes To Spy On His Father, Planned To 'Let Him Die' \u2013\u2013 Sensational Police Report\nInterestingly, in 2013 one hired detective, Dwayne S. Powell, was arrested near Ron's Wisconsin home, with possession of \"two rifles, four handguns, 2,000 rounds of ammunition and a homemade silencer in his rented SUV.\"", "Scientology Leader David Miscavige Ordered Private Eyes To Spy On His Father, Planned To 'Let Him Die' \u2013\u2013 Sensational Police Report\nEven worse, another allegation claims that on one occasion Powell came across Miscavige in what appeared to be a state of cardiac arrest. Though it turned out to be a false alarm, reports state that David had advised him that \"if it was Ron's time to die, to let him die and not intervene in any way.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_6289ec6a-b516-588f-9458-3b558fe4fce8.html

Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge

["Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nFire at shooting range is latest in long history of problems\nNew grocery stores not yet in the basket for Beach developments\nSouthampton prison to be demolished\nVirginia Democrats took over in Richmond and passed sweeping bills. Here\u2019s a look at what they did.\n\u2018The Talk\u2019 cancels shows amid investigation surrounding Sharon Osbourne comments\nLines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nBy The Virginian-Pilot", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nRed Coats fire at a re-enactment of the Battle of Great Bridge. (Courtsey Nancie Laing, City of Chesapeake )\nIn the bitter wind of last Sunday afternoon, as rifles and muskets boomed and gunsmoke filled the air, men and boys in red coats fell in a heap on the cold ground.\nYou could imagine, but only in part, what the real scene must have been like as the cream of Britain's army, the Grenadiers, marched shoulder-to-shoulder into the savage gunfire that awaited them on another December day at Great Bridge.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nWhy wouldn't those rebels, mostly unseasoned volunteers, turn and run at the sight of professional soldiers, as Lord Dunmore had predicted?\nInstead, the patriots stood their ground and waited until the Redcoats were 50 yards away, then mowed them down, almost to a man. The Battle of Great Bridge was one of the most one-sided contests in the Revolutionary War, with 60 to 102 British soldiers killed or wounded, while just a single American, a captain, suffered a slight wound to his thumb.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nIt was also one of the most pivotal, causing Dunmore to pull up stakes and leave Virginia for good.\nLast weekend, the Chesapeake Parks and Recreation Department sponsored the 14th annual Battle of Great Bridge, an observance of the confrontation that came on the also-chilly morning of Dec. 9, 1775.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nThere were about 60 re-enactors, more or less equally divided between British and patriot fighters. A genial Bill Blair of Gloucester portrayed Col. William Woolford, who led the Americans, and a dour, black-hatted David Pondolfino of Williamsburg stood in for Dunmore. The men make their own costumes, and sometimes switch allegiance, depending on the number on each side. They own their muskets or rifles and roll their black powder cartridges. And, yes, they make a lot of noise and smoke", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nAs Blair said in narrating the event, you don't expect re-enactors to tolerate the cold all day without blasting away at each other.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nConsidering the weather, there was a good turnout. Tents and exhibits were staffed by the Norfolk County Historical Society, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and others, as well as a few craftspeople. The Great Bridge Battlefield and Waterways History Foundation, which has an office nearby, made sure the contenders did not have to fall and die, twice each day, without benefit of cookies and hot chocolate.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nDunmore had been flush with victory from a skirmish at Kempsville a few weeks before, and he decided to show the patriot cowards a thing or two. Great Bridge, the little community at the Virginia-North Carolina crossroads, was vital to controlling goods flowing to and from Norfolk. Dunmore had built a ramshackle fort there. It was dubbed \"the pig pen\" by the patriots, but it was fortified by four-pounder cannons that effectively guarded the causeway.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nPrompted by George Washington, who thought the fate of the Revolution depended on forcing Dunmore out of Norfolk, regiments of Minutemen from around the region marched to Great Bridge. Among the contingent from Culpeper was a 20-year-old lieutenant named John Marshall, who was destined to become the most influential chief justice in the history of the Supreme Court.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nThe patriots built redoubts and for several days exchanged gunfire with Dunmore's forces, but because of the cannons, declined to attack. Fortunately, the British made the first move, marching six abreast across a narrow causeway just north of the present Great Bridge Bridge.\nCoronavirus cases across Hampton Roads\nPortsmouth police release new video of homicide suspect in death of 26-year-old woman", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nThe British were mostly using smooth-bore muskets, which are not as accurate as the rifled American guns, and the gunners' aim was true.\nThe genteel Capt. Charles Fordyce, leading about 60 Grenadiers and 120 others, fell within 15 feet of the breastworks, his body riddled with no fewer than 14 bullets.", "Lines of Redcoats fall again at Great Bridge\nOne witness told of \"a vast effusion of blood, so dreadful that it beggars description, a scene that, when the dead and wounded were bro't off, was too much. I then saw the horrors of war in perfection, worse than can be imagin'd; 10 and 12 bullets thro' many; limbs broke in 2 or 3 places; brains turning out. Good God, what a sight!\"\nSunday, after lying on the cold ground for what seemed an eternity, the vanquished soldiers sprang to their feet and went off, perhaps in search of hot chocolate."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://nanjing.guoxinhotel.com/news/6046.html

"5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World"

["5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nMysterious Beibei: 5 strange shells on the earth\nIn our world, there are a large number of lakes, but in fact, there are many unusual and inexplicable lakes in the world, and some even have very deadly natural phenomena. The following are the mysterious lakes compiled by the editor: 5 peculiar lakes that actually exist on the earth.", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nThe name is enough to tell you that this lake in Kazakhstan is far from common ordinary waters. This nearly 400-meter-long lake near the southern city of Almaty, also known as Kaindi Lake, has a long and mysterious history, including human deaths, most of which come from drowning by unfortunate tourists. The corpse lurking deep in it is not the only reason for its unforgettable name and reputation", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nDue to the rich limestone deposits and algae in its depths, the sea water maintains a vibrant cobalt color. Even in the warmest season, the sea remains low and it does not evaporate at a normal rate.\nThis lake is not only a cemetery for humans. The earthquake caused in 1911 also flooded the nearby spruce forest, submerged the roots, but retained the existing trees, which are now erected there like ghostly masts. .\n2. Lake Tahoe", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nThis lake located near Nevada and California in the United States does not seem particularly dangerous. In fact, it is a good place to escape the heat. But there are some evil secrets hidden under the surface of this lake.\nFirst, Lake Tahoe is notorious for its own water monster rumors. According to reports, an elusive monster named \"Tessie\" has been haunting the waters here. People have seen it many times, but have never photographed it.", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nHowever, Tessie may not be the only reason people lost their lives here. In the 1920s, it was considered a garbage dump for victims of the Mafia, and this theory even appeared in The Godfather 2. The corpse was well preserved at temperatures close to freezing in the deepest lake and appeared in the neighboring \"Pyramid Lake\" a few years later, which was connected by an underwater tunnel system.", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nThe French explorer Jacques Cousteau did a deep water dive in this lake in the 1970s. When he returned to the surface, he claimed that \"the world is not ready to face what is there.\"\n3. The blue lake\nThis area of water in Russia's Kakabardino-Balkaria is called the \"Blue Lake\", and it has left many unsolved mysteries. The water itself does not come from the ocean or nearby rivers, but from the largest underground cave system in the world.", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nMoreover, because the bottom contains a lot of bronze ore and hydrogen sulfide, its bright blue color will never disappear. In addition to smelling like rotten eggs, it is also one of the deepest lakes in the world. Its depth is estimated to be an astonishing 258 meters, which is still increasing due to erosion and the deep caves below.", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nDue to the extreme depth of the lake, most of this lake has not been developed. In 2012, an Israeli diver tried to explore this vast sea, but unfortunately, his body was only found a week later. Surprisingly, his scuba diving equipment is still operating mysteriously.\n4. Lake Brosno", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nAnother mysterious water monster is said to be hiding under the surface of this seemingly plain lake near Moscow, Russia. As early as the 13th century, in Russian folklore, residents living around this lake claimed to have seen monsters. Today, many witnesses still claim that they have seen beasts with their own eyes.\nOf course, according to some scientific explanations, the creature that people see may be just an unusually large beaver.\n5. Lost Lake", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nLost Lake in Oregon, USA has a unique name \"Lost Lake\" because it is almost impossible to find in the summer.\nThis lake completely disappears for half a year each year, leaving only a lush grassland with no traces of the previous water. At first, all the water seemed to have evaporated. But on the contrary, the researchers found two \"lava tubes\" behind the phenomenon that the lake \"miracle disappeared\". These pipes drain the lake water, like pulling out a huge bathtub plug.", "5 Mysterious Lakes with Unusual Phenomena and Legends Around the World\nUnder the influence of ancient volcanic lava flows, these holes are constantly emptied into the lake. In fact, their drainage capacity is enough to completely engulf the entire lake until the next rainy season.\nPrev:Yangzhou, Jiangsu, the elegance is just right\nNext:A mysterious 'water pool' was discovered in a small mountain village in Zhejiang. After the villagers drained it, they discovered a world miracle!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.kmbc.com/article/plane-makes-emergency-landing-on-liberty-highway-1/3684591

Plane makes emergency landing on Liberty highway

["Plane makes emergency landing on Liberty highway\nA small plane running low on fuel made an emergency landing on Highway 69 in Liberty early Sunday.The plane landed on a section of the highway that did not have any traffic on it. It quickly taxied away from the center of the road once it was safely on the ground.VIDEO | IMAGESThe pilot had been heading from the Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport to Roosterville Airport in Liberty. The pilot tried to flip the switches to turn the lights on at the airport but couldn't get them to come on", "Plane makes emergency landing on Liberty highway\nWhile circling the airport, he wound up running low on fuel and chose to land on the highway.The pilot later used the southbound lane of the highway to take off again.No one was injured.", "Plane makes emergency landing on Liberty highway\nLIBERTY, Mo. \u2014\nA small plane running low on fuel made an emergency landing on Highway 69 in Liberty early Sunday.\nThe plane landed on a section of the highway that did not have any traffic on it. It quickly taxied away from the center of the road once it was safely on the ground.\nVIDEO | IMAGES", "Plane makes emergency landing on Liberty highway\nThe pilot had been heading from the Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport to Roosterville Airport in Liberty. The pilot tried to flip the switches to turn the lights on at the airport but couldn't get them to come on. While circling the airport, he wound up running low on fuel and chose to land on the highway.\nThe pilot later used the southbound lane of the highway to take off again.\nNo one was injured."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.lib.miamioh.edu/multifacet/books/*?field=keyword&fn%5b%5d=lc_class&fv%5b%5d=M&fn%5b%5d=genres_facet&fv%5b%5d=Biography&sort=relevance&fn%5b%5d=authors_personal&fv%5b%5d=Pollack%252C+Howard

Featured Database Digital National Security Archive More than 63,000 of the most important declassified documents regarding critical U.S. policy decisions.

[""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/rising-from-the-ashes-77047181/

Rising From the Ashes

["Rising From the Ashes\nThe eruption of Mount St. Helens 25 years ago this month was no surprise. But the speedy return of wildlife to the area is astonishing\nDavid B. Williams\nVirginia Dale was in the first helicopter load of ecologists to land at Mount St. Helens after it erupted 25 years ago this month. \"I just remember how bizarre it was going out into that landscape,\" she says of the suddenly gray, ash-covered terrain. \"It gave the impression of total lifelessness.\"", "Rising From the Ashes\nDale, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, studies ecological succession, or how an environment recovers after a major disturbance. She jokingly calls herself a \"disturbed ecologist.\" When it comes to studying devastation, she says, \"Mount St. Helens was off the scale.\"", "Rising From the Ashes\nThe eruption on May 18, 1980, blew away the top 1,314 feet of the mountain, reducing the once symmetrical, glacier-covered summit to a horseshoe-shaped crater. An avalanche of rocks plugged the Toutle River Valley at the base of the mountain and created a 23-square-mile zone of barren, hummocky land. A 300-mile-an-hour lateral blast of hot air and debris flattened the surrounding forest. A cloud of ash climbed to 80,000 feet in 15 minutes and circled the globe in 15 days", "Rising From the Ashes\nTorrents of superheated air, gases and rocks\u2014a mixture known as a pyroclastic flow\u2014surged down the mountain's northern face for hours, destroying everything in its path. All told, the eruption blasted more than 230 square miles of forests, lakes, meadows and streams. It killed 57 people, making it the deadliest eruption in U.S. history, and millions of animals and plants. \"Death is everywhere,\" the Oregonian newspaper reported. \"The living are not welcome.\"", "Rising From the Ashes\nToday, life has returned with a vengeance. Where the avalanche obliterated everything, Dale has counted more than 150 species of wildflowers, shrubs and trees, with an average of ten new plant species gaining a foothold every year", "Rising From the Ashes\nShe has also documented five conifer species, including western hemlock and Pacific silver fir, that aren't supposed to be there yet; according to standard ecological theory, those trees should sprout only after generations of other plants have improved the soil and provided some shade. It seems life can take hold even in the most desolate landscape, and in ways no scientist could have foreseen.", "Rising From the Ashes\nCharlie Crisafulli, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist, has been watching life return to the Pumice Plain, a six-square-mile area that was buried in ash and practically sterilized by the pyroclastic flows. Today, the mossy rain-fed ground cover glows chartreuse in the low light. Dense thickets of alders and willows, many 10 to 15 feet tall, grow along new streams that flow across the plain. Frogs croak, birds call. A small herd of elk grazes in the distance", "Rising From the Ashes\nIt was these purple wildflowers, prairie lupines, that taught Crisafulli one of the key lessons of succession: the importance of chance. Lupines are not typically thought of as plants that colonize the middle of an empty landscape. They spread slowly, hug the ground, and have heavy seeds not easily borne on the wind. But in June 1982, Crisafulli and another ecologist, surveying the Pumice Plain by helicopter, spotted the first plant they'd seen for miles", "Rising From the Ashes\nThey landed and found a flowering lupine, surrounded by a ring of seedlings. The deep ash and pumice held few nutrients, but lupines, like other plants in the pea family, get nitrogen from bacteria that live on their roots. Crisafulli established a 200-square-yard study plot around that pioneering plant. Within four years, he counted 16,000 lupines in the plot; three years later, 35,000. \"People sometimes ask me how I can go back and study the exact same place year after year,\" he says", "Rising From the Ashes\nThe flourishing of life on the Pumice Plain may have begun with that lone lupine. Once the plants enriched the soil with nitrogen, adding organic material to it when they died, other plants and then animals soon followed. Within a decade of the eruption, Crisafulli had documented more than 27 plant species in the study plot. A large patch of strawberries sprang up just outside it, probably from a single seed deposited in bird or mammal feces", "Rising From the Ashes\nCrisafulli has trapped 11 species of small mammals on the Pumice Plain, including ground squirrels, mice and shrews. Each has sped up the area's recovery by caching seeds, burrowing through soil and luring predators such as raptors and weasels.", "Rising From the Ashes\nLike many other discoveries on Mount St. Helens, \"the return of these small [animal] species flies in the face of conventional wisdom,\" says Crisafulli. Ecologists once thought that many small mammals stick to tried-and-true routes amid dense vegetation that provides good hiding. But he started finding deer mice in the Pumice Plain in 1982, well before many plants had taken root", "Rising From the Ashes\nNow researchers know that even shrews weighing less than one-fifth of an ounce are hardy explorers that cross miles of barren terrain.", "Rising From the Ashes\nThe great eruption had some other surprising effects on the balance of life in the rest of the region. \"Be careful where you step as we approach the lake,\" says Crisafulli. At first I don't understand the warning; the terrain is level and we are walking on a four-foot-wide path. But then the ground seems to move. I look closer. Tiny, dark western toadlets hop everywhere. At this lake, thousands of them pulsate in piles along the water's edge.", "Rising From the Ashes\nAs luck (for the toads) would have it, the amphibians are abundant here because they happened to be hibernating underground when the volcano exploded in 1980. By the time the animals emerged a month or so later, the eruption had blasted down all the trees around the lake. More sunlight hit the water, making it unusually warm and especially rich in the aquatic organisms toads feed on. The blast also killed off most of the toads' predators", "Rising From the Ashes\nIntriguingly, the western toad is declining in most of its range beyond Mount St. Helens. \"It may be a species that prospers with disturbance,\" says Crisafulli, \"which no one had suspected.\"", "Rising From the Ashes\nToads here, shrews there\u2014the scattering of volcano survivors and opportunists suggests that the return of life occurs simultaneously in thousands of places at once, says Jerry Franklin an ecologist at the University of Washington in Seattle. The lesson applies to other damaged ecosystems, he says. Loggers shouldn't clear-cut the land, for instance, but instead leave behind \"lifeboats\" such as snags and living trees that will sustain other organisms and foster recovery.", "Rising From the Ashes\nMount St. Helens' recovery has had many setbacks since the 1980 eruption. Stream erosion washed away some of the research plots. Landslides buried emerging forests. And other eruptions unleashed devastating pyroclastic flows. This past fall, Mount St. Helens erupted for the first time since 1986, sending up a cloud of steam and ash. The rumblings have continued unabated, but Crisafulli and Dale don't mind. They welcome disturbances."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://instructomania.com/exploration-2/

The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!

["The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThe Allure of Exploration: Why explorers Did it!\nAchievements \u2013 The lasting contributions of a civilization.\nEconomy \u2013 How a Civilization makes money by the buying and selling of goods and services.\nReligion \u2013 A belief system that influences the development of a civilization.\nFame and fortune", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nDuring the Renaissance, European trade with Asia, India, and the Middle East increased. Demand for exotic items, especially spices to doctor up and preserve foods, increased. Muslims and Italians played middleman to the rest of Europe, demanding high prices. This left European leaders wondering if there was a way to get to the market and buy at a lower cost.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nMany men, especially young men, yearned for adventure and wealth in the Indies, as the other side of the world was called. Discovering new foods, resources, and people was just the ticket they needed to live well when they returned. It was this logic that led to the colonization of the Americas.\nSpread of religious beliefs", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nAnother major factor that led to the takeover of the Americas was the need to spread religion. Both the Catholic and Protestant churches felt it was their duty to convert as many people as possible. They did this in a race-like fashion, as the rift between them was recently created in Europe. Spain especially upheld Catholicism as a primary reason to return to the tribes they discovered throughout the Americas and, sometimes brutally, pushed the religion upon those they met.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThe Portuguese were the first to truly start making trips along the land they knew: Africa. Eager to open up trading relations via sea with India and Asia, Prince Henry encouraged sailors to hone their skills of mapmaking and voyaging by creating opportunities for them to do so. He created a school for such things, and funded numerous voyages. One of the most impressive of these voyages was completed by Vasco Da Gama in May 1498", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nOriginally, his father was supposed to complete the trip around Africa for precious spices, porcelain, other goods, and to open up trade with India. Unexpected delays put it off, and eventually Da Gama became the leader of four caravels, swift vessels created in that time for such trips. These ships were designed to be narrow and shallow so they could easily maneuver along the coasts of their destinations.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nWhat made Da Gama\u2019s trip so important was that he actually made it to Calcutta, India, and defeated the Moorish traders that tried hard to sabotage the relationships of the Portuguese and the Indian king. Despite losing half his men to scurvy, a disease from bad food and a lack of fresh produce in the diet, and half his fleet to a major monsoon on the return trip, Da Gama still came home with a modest amount of over-priced spices, such as cinnamon and pepper", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nDespite the hardships, he achieved great wealth and prestige for his efforts. Eventually, he made a second trip to India, this time with more ships and bent on revenge for another Portuguese leader who\u2019d been attacked by Muslim traders.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nColumbus is often painted as the Italian hero who first discovered America. The truth is that Vikings settled Canadian Islands before him circa 985-1020 CE. Another fact that most people miss is that Columbus went on his many voyages with Spanish backing after exhausting every other option. When he tried to sell his idea to reach the Indies by traveling west across the Atlantic, he also demanded riches and titles from his possible employers", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nMany scholars believed it was appealing to the pious nature of Queen Isabella that finally landed Columbus his historic job, ensuring her that he would convert many in Asia.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nHe first landed on American soil in modern day San Salvador on October 12th, 1492. He named it thus, meaning \u201cHoly Savior.\u201d Naked natives along the coast and in canoes greeted them. Columbus was convinced he\u2019d landed at the eastern most reaches of Asia, and began to ask about spices and gold. One native had a gold ring in his nose, and told Columbus where a local king had containers of it. This encouraged Columbus to sail on, believing he may have found the Great Khan of China", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nSo he took some natives that might be \u201cgood and skilled servants\u201d as captives, and let them guide him to the Bahamas and then onward to Cuba. He mistook this island for Japan. The natives here spoke of gold deposits deep in the island, but again, he and his men found nothing. The last stop he made before returning to Spain was to Hispaniola. The natives here were vastly different than other natives he\u2019d met, with charcoal on their faces and fierce looking feathered masks", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThough Columbus may have had good intentions, his \u201cdiscovery\u201d of the various Caribbean islands caused problems. The crew of his three-ship fleet held notoriously dishonorable men. At one point, Columbus feared that the captain of the Pinta, Martian Alfonso Pinzon, intended to sail ahead and take the glory of discovery for himself. Pinzon wasn\u2019t the only untrustworthy man. Columbus left some in makeshift townships with instructions to survey for gold and leave the natives alone", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nColumbus discovered on his return voyage to the Caribbean that the men he left behind did not listen, stealing blankets and food from the local tribes, and raping their women. This pattern of behavior continued throughout the Caribbean and seems overlooked in most history books.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nJohn Cabot: Glory for England!\nGeography \u2013 The physical environment and how it may influence the development culture and economy.\nBy the late 1400s, Spain and Portugal had monopolized the southern routes of the Atlantic to the Indies and gained control of the wealth of the Aztec and Inca Empires. English and French monarchs also wanted to find a way to the riches of Asia via the oceans, and perhaps find some untapped land with mineral wealth, so they funded some voyages in a northeastern direction.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThe first Englishman to do so was John Cabot. He proposed a simple mission to stay on a northerly latitude course where the longitudes stayed closer to one another, thus making it a shorter trip than those of the Spaniards. A short-lived winter journey brought him, his three sons, and his crew home before reaching new land. His second trip was in May 1497, with a single ship called Matthew of Bristol. This time, they landed in Canada on June 24th.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nJust as Columbus mistakenly thought he reached Asia, Cabot also believed he had reached that great trading continent, and immediately claimed the land for England. His crew of 18-20 men had no contact with natives, although they did find a human trail and a small camp site with fishing nets and a dead fire. They didn\u2019t venture very far into the interior before sailing along the coastlines to see the land they discovered from a distance and then returning to England", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nPortuguese-turned Spanish Ferdinand Magellan sold quite the proposition to young and wealth-seeking King Charles V, claiming that he would reach the Spice Islands south of Asia by sailing west, cutting through South America via a sea strait shortcut, and crossing the ocean on the other side of the New World. This two-year venture would open up a commercial route for Spain to the Indies", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nMagellan\u2019s request was answered heartily, and he was made Captain of five tar-covered ships, giving him absolute authority over crews of men from all over Europe, including France, Portugal, Italy, and Greece. They sailed out on September 20th, 1519.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThe fleet headed south again, hugging the shallow waters of the coast in search of the strait. Magellan reduced rations and did his best to keep his crew occupied, but the Spanish Captains and their inferiors rallied and committed mutiny late on the night on April 2nd. Magellan managed to gain control again. One ambitious Spanish Captain Luis de Mendoza, died during the fighting, and Magellan executed another as an example to the rest. Other uprisers were also marooned on land for their crimes.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nFinally, on October the 21st, the sought-after strait was discovered around the Cape of Eleven Thousand Virgins. Though it was wide, the 24-foot-high tides, wild currents, and strong winds made the 28-day navigation of the strait nearly unbearable. Their provisions were also low. At the far side of the strait, the peaceful ocean met them like a fresh breath. Magellan named it the Pacific. Expecting only a two-week journey, they ventured across it", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nNinety-eight days later, they limped into Guam, having eaten worm-filled biscuits and sawdust, and drinking rotten water for weeks. Several allies and battles later, Magellan died along with most of his crew. One ship managed to fill with cloves and provisions from their allies, and return to Spain, having been the first Europeans to circumnavigate, or go completely around, the earth. This solidified the true size of the world for makers of maps and those who used them.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nJacques Cartier An Almost Peaceful Frenchmen\nUnlike many of the explorations of the new world, several had somewhat peaceful voyages and interacted well with the natives of America. One such trip was commissioned by King Francis I in 1534. The monarch sent sailor Jacques Cartier in search of a northerly route to Asia over the Atlantic, to avoid paying the high prices demanded by Italian and Muslim travelers on roads between Europe and the Indies.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nAfter a twenty-eight day sail, Cartier entered the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, and explored the western coasts of Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Canada. Their first few meetings were with natives in the northern parts of Chaleur Bay, trading items left good will in their wake. Unfortunately, their third meeting did not go well. Cartier planted flags and proclaimed lands for the French crown, and the natives understood its meaning", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\n(See the journal excerpt below.) The natives warned that they didn\u2019t approve and attacked, but during the scrimmage, Cartier\u2019s men captured two of their chief\u2019s sons and took them back to France. These two agreed to go as long as they could bring back goods from the foreigners. This agreement was completed on his second voyage in 1535-1536.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThe return of Columbus with his treasures and tales sparked further interest for exploration out of Spain. One of the men to undertake these risky journeys was Francisco Pizarro. He\u2019d sailed on other voyages to the \u201cNueva Terra,\u201d or new land with other Spaniards, and at one point sailed south of Panama to discover the wealth of the Inca Empire. He requested backing from Panama\u2019s Spanish governor, but was denied. So he returned to Spain to request permission directly from King Charles I.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nPizarro returned to Peru in 1530, at the end of a civil war among the Incas. This crippled the once-powerful Inca army and left it ripe for destruction. An Inca prince Atahualpa ended up the victor of these domestic battles, and when he heard of Pizarro and his crew\u2019s approach, he invited them to his capital in Cuzco. Pizarro insisted that all the Incas convert to Christianity, but was refused. Seeing a great opportunity, Pizarro seized Atahualpa and charged him for various crimes", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThe Inca people filled a room with 24 tons of gold and silver as ransom for their royalty. Pizarro killed Atahualpa anyway. The Inca warriors fought to get rid of the intruders in the name of their dead leader, but the native army was already weak from civil war and couldn\u2019t best the Spanish\u2019s weapons. The Spaniards also brought small pox, which further devastated the Inca people, who had no immunity for the disease", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nA young and determined Hernan Cortes lead a small fleet of ships to Central America in 1519, and upon landing and offloading their supplies, he burned the ships, so that his men could not leave and return to Spain. His leadership and encouragement to do what they\u2019d come to do \u2013spread Christianity, find gold, and claim land for Spain\u2013 led them deep into the heart of what is known today as Mexico. They discovered a rich and powerful Aztec empire, ripe with gold and turquoise", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThe Spaniards received welcoming words and gifts of gold from the Aztec leader Montezuma II, who had mistaken them for Gods per a legend of their religion. Cortes launched a surprise attack on the capital city of Tenochtitlan, and in the process Montezuma was killed. This enraged the Aztecs, who fought hard against terrifying weapons and \u201cbeasts the golden ones rode upon\u201d that they\u2019d never seen. The Aztec army managed to push out the Spaniards despite a lack of leadership.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nDespite substantial losses following this, Cortes regrouped with another tactic. He allied with all the other tribes unhappily under Aztec rule, and again struck at the heart of the Aztec empire in 1521. In the few years in between the attacks, the Aztec city was devastated with diseases they had no immunity to that the Spanish invaders had brought across the ocean", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nThis time, he was successful because nearly 24 million natives had died from diseases, leaving a weak army unprepared to battle a strong resistance. They lost to the overwhelming odds, and became slaves and servants of the foreigners who know claimed their land.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nBy late 1500s, Spain\u2019s conquests in Central and South America made them the most wealthy and powerful country in Europe. Though other countries such as France and England had explored North America, they\u2019d not found the riches that Spain had. This lead to war between England and Spain. In 1574, Queen Elizabeth I hired English sailor France Drake as one of many Sea Dogs, or privateers, and gave him a fleet of five ships with a patent to raid Spanish ships along the Pacific coast of the Americas", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nHe happily obliged. He and his men sailed down the eastern coasts of South America, through the Magellan strait and into a terrible storm in the Pacific. Getting off course, they landed on an undiscovered island and named it after their monarch Elizabeth.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nTwo of Drake\u2019s most valuable captures were of two Spanish treasure ships carrying their cargo to Panama for transfer. The first had Peruvian gold, and the larger was Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion, piled with all manner of goods on its way to Manila. Drake continued up the coast to California, and claimed land for England against earlier Spanish proclamations. From there he sailed across the Pacific, further attacking and capturing Spanish ships in the Indies, into the Persian Gulf, and around Africa", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nHe was the second person in history to circumnavigate the world in one continuous sail from 1577-1580. His reputation as a pirate landed him the nickname El Draque.", "The Allure of Exploration: Why Explorers Did It!\nKing Philip of Spain offered massive monetary awards for his capture or death in a vain attempt to stop him. It did no good. Frances Drake was second-in-command during the battle that eventually destroyed the Spanish Armada when it was sent to invade England, and brought the wealth of Spain to its knees. Elizabeth knighted Drake in 1581."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://whiskyauctioneer.com/lot/210288/talisker-1951-gordon-and-macphail-21-year-old-edward-edward

Talisker 1951 21 Year Old Gordon & MacPhail for Edward & Edward

["Talisker 1951 21 Year Old Gordon & MacPhail for Edward & Edward\nTalisker 1951 Gordon and MacPhail 21 Year Old / Edward & Edward\nLot: 210288\nGordon & MacPhail for Edward & Edward\nThis Talisker was distilled on Skye in 1951 and bottled as 21 year old by Gordon and MacPhail \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b.\nThe black and red labelled Connoisseurs Choice labels were the very first. The range was devised for Edoardo Giaccone in Italy in the early 1970s, and became part of the main Gordon & MacPhail portfolio in 1979. It is now one of the most widely recognised independent whisky labels in the world.", "Talisker 1951 21 Year Old Gordon & MacPhail for Edward & Edward\nGiaccone was something of a trailblazer, and was importing specially bottled official single malts for his bar from the late 1960s, this is one of his earliest. He opened the famous venue in 1958, and it has been called a few different things over the years, including Garten, Edward & Edward (during the period this was imported), and La Taverna del Comandante.", "Talisker 1951 21 Year Old Gordon & MacPhail for Edward & Edward\nEdoardo set the stage for later legendary bottlers such as Silvano Samaroli, Nadi Fiori and Ernesto Mainardi. Moon Import founder, Pepi Mongiardino said, \"he was the first person I visited\" when he became the distributor for Bruichladdich in 1981. Giaccone did not have any of his own labels or series, but was the first person in Italy to have official bottlings produced exclusively for him", "Talisker 1951 21 Year Old Gordon & MacPhail for Edward & Edward\nThese particular bottlings all scored between 90 and 94 points when reviewed by Serge Valentin for WhiskyFun. Very impressive indeed!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.schoolbusfleet.com/10041531/school-bus-driver-reassigned-after-man-accused-of-jumping-on-bus

School Bus Driver Reassigned After Man Accused of Jumping on Bus

["School Bus Driver Reassigned After Man Accused of Jumping on Bus\nSchool Bus Driver Reassigned After Man Accused of Jumping on Bus\nOctober 17, 2017 \u2022 School Bus Fleet Staff \u2022 Bookmark +\nTOWSON, Md. \u2014 A school bus driver who was involved in a recent incident in which a man jumped onto the hood of his bus while he was driving has been reassigned to administrative duties, 11 News reports.", "School Bus Driver Reassigned After Man Accused of Jumping on Bus\nAs previously reported, on Oct. 5, Leverne Doran got out of his vehicle after a bottle was allegedly thrown at it from the school bus. Doran reportedly tried to board the bus, and after the driver would not open the door, he jumped onto the front of the bus and held onto it as it moved. The school bus driver drove slowly to a nearby police precinct for help. Doran was charged with counts including disorderly conduct and obstructing a school bus driver.", "School Bus Driver Reassigned After Man Accused of Jumping on Bus\nBaltimore County Public Schools issued a statement to 11 News, saying that the driver is still an employee of the district, but that it could not release any more information.\nParents are questioning the decision to reassign the driver, who they call \u201cMr. Tom,\u201d and told the news source that the driver should be given the benefit of the doubt, given the situation he was in. Parents also told 11 News that they will start a petition drive to bring the driver back if necessary.\nRead more about Maryland"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Wilsons-Foreign-Policy-31798.html

An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I

["An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\n\u2018Wilson\u2019s basic difficulty in shaping US foreign policy during and after World War I was in reconciling unity at home with effective policymaking abroad.\u2019 Discuss. During this essay I shall look at the principle issues which helped shaped Wilson's domestic and foreign policies. The historical significance of American staying neutral during World War One was important for the American public as well as for Wilson, but as the German U-Boat campaign became brutalised this neutrality was called into question", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nThe first two parts of the essay will focus on the issues of American neutrality as well as the naval strategies of Germany and Britain and the U.S response to them. I shall then look at an important aspect of the post-war environment, that of the League of Nations and the failure of Wilson to not only procure a fairer Treaty of Versailles but also the Senate defeat of the treaty and thus the league", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nThe Issue of Neutrality Wilson's use of the public relations and in particularly his open door policy with the press allowed him the opportunity to use his progressive ideas to the fullest. He would be in regular intercourse with White House reporters to the extent that he was able to persuade them of his policies before they were able to report on them. This enabled the public to see situations from a view closer to Wilson's than would have previously been possible", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nWhen war broke out in Europe in August 1914 he was able to call a press conference in which he lectured the White House reporters on the need for them to strive for complete neutrality and urging them not to fan the flames of public opinion.1 \u201cOf course, the European world is in a highly excited state of mind, but the excitement ought not to spread to the United States. So far as we are concerned, there is no cause for excitement.\u201d2 Woodrow Wilson's initial firm stance on neutrality was", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nWhy Is World War 1 Important For America\nConclusively, America entered the Great War because of a variety of reasons. They were partially influenced by the Germans to enter the war, although they were also influenced by the possibility of economic collapsed. America tried to follow Washington's advice when he said to stay out of war, but America would only be able to stay isolated for so long, and they were influenced enough to break away and enter world-wide relationships were", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nJorge Luna February 23, 2013 Period: 1 U.S Foreign Policy Change between 1920-1941 From 1920-1941 the United States foreign policy changed from being a strict isolation and neutrality policy to a more liberal policy because of the circumstances and tensions of the future world war two. This new change in the policy allowed America to help its allies and keep America safe from the totalitarian dictators of its time", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nIn 1918 after the First World War ended, the United States created a foreign policy in which they stated that they weren\u2019t going to help in any way any nation at war. Many of the reasons were because of the economic depression that was going on also, because the people of America didn\u2019t want to go to war again. For a few years America tried to isolate itself from the rest of the world trying to ignore the fight leading up to World War Two.", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nIf any of the triple alliance attacks either Russia or France, the other will send aid. Russia and France made this treaty because the triple alliance was too powerful to take them on individually. The whole thing went downhill when Russia not France began mobilizing their troops. When Russia began mobilizing, the Germans Callics of the Austro-Hungarian empire decided to declare war on both Russia and its ally France. Even after the Germans declared war, France did not wish to engage in war.", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nThis led to a decision for the king: cope with our demands, or we fight for our independence. After the king rejected the demands of the petition, Thomas Paine released an article entitled \u201cCommon Sense\u201d. By this time, the people thought they were fighting to make King George III listen to their demands, but Thomas Paine introduced the idea that independence was better fighting for, and that Britain has too much power over us", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nHe stated that Britain could drag Americans into war that they had no intention of being in, which was concluded that America is much better off on its own, and that this way of thinking was common sense. This document changed the minds of thousands of Americans to now want complete independence.", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nTo avoid war in the years 1935 to 1938, Britain and France turned a blind eye to small acts of aggression and expansion, the United States went along with this policy. Even though Roosevelt knew of the threat the Fascist proposed he was still worried about the majority of the isolationist throughout the country. Testing the waters in 1937 he spoke about the democracies teaming up and trying to \u201cquarantine\u201d the problem. The public did not take to well on this idea, and he quickly dropped the subject", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nEven though that speech failed Roosevelt somehow managed to argue for neutrality but at the same time convince Congress to start building up the arms and increase the military and naval budget by nearly two-thirds in 1938.", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nExamples Of Neutrality In The Great War: 1914-1917\nGermany responded only with the destruction of the steamer Sussex in March. At this point, Wilson threatened to end all diplomatic relations with Germany, an act that would surely bring the United States into war against Germany. To prevent this\u2013the German Emperor knew he could not defeat the combined strength of the Entente powers and the United States\u2013Germany agreed to respect certain shipping lines. War had been averted, but only for a", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nWorld History Chapter 27 Summary\nThe British did not want to have war, but after hearing about the ultimatum that was sent to Belgium, Britain sent an ultimatum to Germany asking them to respect that Belgium was neutral. Germany refused, and on August 4th Britain declared war on Germany. In late August, Japan joined in on the war on the side of the allies. Turkey soon joined the war on the side of the Central Powers. By the end of 1914 the central powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\n? 4 marks Lloyd George hoped to achieve a lasting peace at the Paris peace conference. He also needed to make Germany pay for starting the war as the British public had voted him in as Prime Minister on the promise that he would do this. He personally did not want Germany to be crippled as he feared that this would lead to resentment and could lead to them starting another war in revenge", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nHe also did not want them crippled because Germany had been Britain\u2019s leading trading partner before the war and he wanted this trade resumed so that Britain\u2019s economy could grow again.", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nIn what has since been referred to as the \u201cfour freedoms\u201d speech, Roosevelt describes the ongoing war in Europe and the United States\u2019 inevitable role in it. He calls for an end to the isolationist foreign policy that had been in effect since the end of World War I a generation earlier. He explains that our freedom and our way of life are directly threatened by the spread of fascism, and though he does not intend to immediately send American soldiers into combat, that we must be prepared for anything", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nHe states that our aid and support of European democracies (via the Lend Lease Act) are vitally important if we are to \u201cmaintain a free world.\u201d Roosevelt states, as a message to the Axis powers, that \u201csuch aid is not an act of war\u201d", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nHowever, he then clearly tells the nation that \u201cif the dictators are ready to make war upon us, they will not wait for an act of war on our part.\u201d Sensing the seemingly inevitable involvement in the war, he tells Americans that \u201cwe must all prepare to make the sacrifices that the emergency demands\u201d, meaning that we must be militarily prepared for anything, and that the nation must be mentally prepared to make significant sacrifices.", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nAs foreign minister, Trotsky saw the importance of establishing peace, and so took steps towards this in order to fulfil the Bolshevik promise (\u2018Bread, Peace, Land\u2019). However, his stance on the matter oscillated during the process, as he did not agree to the German\u2019s harsh terms. In the end, it was Lenin who finalised the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and Trotsky resigned as foreign minister following this", "An Analysis of Woodrow Wilson's Foreign Policy During World War I\nImmediately being made commissar of war, he faced the formidable task of turning the military support for the Bolsheviks into a superior \u2018Red Army\u2019, which would protect the Bolshevik government against adversaries, both foreign and home-grown, in the inevitable civil war that was becoming more of a reality as time progressed. He was ruthless and used fear as his ally, or comrade."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://dcgi.fel.cvut.cz/theses/2015/tycladis

Interactive Visualization of Sound Output

["Interactive Visualization of Sound Output\nThis thesis delves into the problematique of creation and deployment of a multimedia application, which combines techniques from the fields of computer graphics, computer vision and audio processing. The goal is to establish an interactive scene, which deepens the musical experience of the viewing subjects by employing a visual component in the form of audio visualization", "Interactive Visualization of Sound Output\nThe main focus of the projection is to create an increased spatial immersion, an illusion of a wider virtual scene, which the subject then feels to be part of. This effect is achieved by the means of projection mapping. The visual component is projected onto the walls of the room deformed in such a way, that the subject is led to perceive the scene to be far larger than the actual physical space he is situated in", "Interactive Visualization of Sound Output\nThe immersion factor of this effect is achieved by a dual camera setup, which accurately tracks the observer's position. This allows the projected image to be distorted in a certain way as to evoke an illusion of depth when viewed by the observer as he freely moves around."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2