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https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/611571

Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race

["Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nZimbabwean former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nBy ANGUS SHAW, Associated Press\nZimbabwe's former finance minister Simba Makoni held his first presidential election rally Saturday and celebrated the defection of a respected member of President Robert Mugabe's ruling party inner circle to his side.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nDumiso Dabengwa, a former government minister and current member of the ZANU-PF politburo, announced his support for Makoni at a rally attended by 4,000 people in the second city of Bulawayo.\nThe defections were a blow to Mugabe, whose once iron grip on his party has weakened since Makoni announced last month that he would stand as an independent in presidential elections March 29.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\n\"It is time they give way to a new leadership that can face up to the challenges facing our country,\" said Dabengwa, who was flanked by a former speaker of parliament and another top local official who also proclaimed their support for Mukoni.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nEven so, the 84 year-old Mugabe is the clear favorite to win the elections, despite being blamed for the world's highest inflation rate _ more than 100,000 percent. The main opposition Movement for Democratic Change is divided and hampered by Mugabe's total control of all state organs and election machinery, including the media.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nThe main bloc of the MDC on Saturday announced that it would would contest the results of the elections _ even before they have taken place _ and declared that South African-mediated talks to ease the political and economic crisis had ended in failure.\nOpposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai said he was only taking part in the elections with a \"heavy heart\" and disputed claims by southern African leaders that the elections would be free and fair.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\n\"We hold the firm view that the 2008 elections .. cannot by any stretch of the imagination yield a legitimate outcome,\" the party said in a statement. \"Tragically, the results of the 29 March 2008 elections will be contested.\" .\nIt said that mediator South African President Thabo Mbeki's reports to the South African Development Community, which declared the negotiations a success _ barring minor procedural issues _ were mere whitewash.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nThe announcement by Mukoni last month that he would contest the electionsa as an independent injected new competition into a race that was a foregone conclusion. It is unclear how much support Makoni has from the ZANU-PF elite, although analysts say he enjoys the backing of other senior figures. He was due to hold a rally in Harare on Sunday and hoped to announce that other senior figures have joined his campaign.\nThe police presence at Saturday's rally was low-key and the rally dispersed without incident.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nDabengwa said he dropped his allegiance to Mugabe after many years of unquestioning loyalty because the December party congress, which nominated Mugabe as the only candidate, was manipulated.\nDabengwa, a former guerrilla leader in the bush war that swept Mugabe to power in 1980, was mobbed by supporters as he left the stadium. He now faces expulsion from the ruling party.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nDabengwa was not present when Mugabe launched his re-election campaign Friday. Mugabe acknowledged deep divisions in his party and vowed to defeat \"sell-outs, political prostitutes, political charlatans and two-headed political creatures\" in the national polls.\nMugabe recently likened Makoni to a prostitute seeking clients.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nMugabe told some 4,000 supporters Friday that opponents in the MDC received support from Britain, the former colonial ruler, and other \"enemies\" in the West seeking regime change in Zimbabwe.\nHe said that divisions in the ZANU-PF party during its internal primary polls to select candidates for the election had been resolved.\nMakoni has called for reform in the ruling party and said the nation needed a \"new beginning\" with a younger generation tackling the worst economic crisis since independence in 1980.", "Zimbabwe's former finance minister woos ruling party dissidents in presidential race\nOpponents blame Mugabe and his close colleagues for chronic economic hardships, shortages of gasoline and most basic goods and by far the world's highest official inflation of more than 100,500 percent. Iraq has the second highest inflation of just 60 percent.\nElections will also be held on March 29 for parliamentary and local council seats."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v16/n14/keith-kyle/if-not-in-1997-soon-after

If Not in 1997, Soon After

["If Not in 1997, Soon After\nIf not in 1997, soon afterKeith Kyle\nVol. 16 No. 14 \u00b7 21 July 1994\nIf not in 1997, soon after\nThe Rise, Corruption and Coming Fall of the House of Saud\nby Said Aburish.\nBloomsbury, 326 pp., \u00a320, April 1994, 0 7475 1468 2Show More", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nIt was one of the more gratuitous blunders of John Foster Dulles when he was Secretary of State to respond to a question about the unwillingness of Saudi Arabia to allow any American Jew to set foot on Saudi soil by alluding to the Saudi conviction that a Jew had been responsible for the murder of the Prophet Muhammad", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nAlthough based on an aberration, the story illustrates the extraordinary tangles that democratic countries generally, and the United States in particular, get into as a consequence of their commitment to this strange desert country named after its dynasty and ruled almost entirely by a quite numerous upper class wholly generated from the loins of its founding father, King Abdul Aziz, better known in the West as Ibn Saud", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nSaudi Arabia was said in the Senate to be \u2018scorning basic American interests\u2019, which meant both human rights and Israel. Americans then and since have been obliged to explain that the weapons they were supplying to the Saudis would not work against, for example, Israel yet would come in handy to deter the Soviet Union.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nSaid Aburish, a Palestinian of English domicile and American citizenship, writes about the Desert Kingdom, in his early chapters especially, in a tone reminiscent of Private Eye. It is not necessary to be a complete cultural relativist to find the repeated parallels between Abdul Aziz and Adolf Hitler rather absurd. The Saudis were a tribe from the interior of the Arabian peninsula who belonged to the strict Wahhabi sect of Islam", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nThey had fallen on bad times at the end of the 19th century and the ruling family, having lost its base at Riyadh, had been given shelter by the Emir of Kuwait. (Memories of this came in for much mention at the time of the Gulf War.) From there in 1902 the Saudi heir, Abdul Aziz, carried out a kind of commando raid on Riyadh. In the ensuing scuffle he got badly kicked in the groin, which seems to have done him no lasting damage, and his enemies were put to the sword", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nFrom this start he went on to conquer the whole of Nejd, to which, in 1925, he added the somewhat more sophisticated Hejaz, which includes Mecca and Medina and where the Arab revolt against Turkish rule had originated.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nTo Aburish, Abdul Aziz is a man without merit or virtue and his assessment of the King\u2019s achievements is the reverse of the romantic, hero-worshipping portrait painted in several books by \u2018the famous distorter of truth Harry St John Philby, whose spy son Kim must have inherited similar unendearing characteristics\u2019. The truth is that Aburish cannot account for the success of such a degraded and insignificant barbarian as he has made lbn Saud out to be except by blaming the British", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nIt is the case that certain individuals \u2013 Shakespear, Glubb, Philby \u2013 had some influence with the King and there is no doubt that, like many Arab rulers of his generation, Abdul Aziz saw Britain as his entr\u00e9e to the Western world, until the Second World War, when he began to complain that he had been neglected by London", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nBritain provided small but useful amounts of cash and paid due regard to Abdul Aziz\u2019s royal susceptibilities: for example, the diplomat appointed Minister to Jeddah received a knighthood prematurely, because the King expected it. It is also true, as Aburish points out with some distaste, that certain types of Englishman have a yen for the pure and simple life of the desert-dweller, but this doesn\u2019t of itself make Ibn Saud a British creation.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nBefore the Second World War Britain exercised the degree of desultory influence on the King appropriate to a man who had shown such superior skills at small-scale desert warfare. But, by the early Fifties, it was the American oil companies, operating through their joint subsidiary Aramco, who had the dominant influence: Britain by contrast saw the Saudis as a major threat to its own position", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nKing Saud\u2019s assumption that where the desert flowed there ran his writ (an assumption fortified by Aramco\u2019s glossy brochures) came into collision with the British protection guaranteed to two Gulf sheikhs, the Ruler of Abu Dhabi and the Sultan of Muscat, over possession of the oasis of Buraimi and its eight adjoining villages", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\n\u2018We cannot allow this primitive, irresponsible and expansionist power to seize control of sources from which we draw an essential part of our fuel,\u2019 Anthony Eden remarked when he was prime minister.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nThe monotonously hostile tone of Aburish\u2019s opening chapters is rather a pity since he has excellent contacts in the Arab world, has been to Saudi Arabia some twenty times (but, hardly surprisingly, is able to go there no more), and has much that is interesting to say in the rest of the book, which must have taken some courage to write", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nAlmost by definition a great deal of what he says cannot be attributed, but some of it does fit in with the periodic bursts of information that come from this underreported country", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nThe underreporting, it should be noted, is largely the doing of the regime, which discourages the presence of independent journalists, subsidises journalists far and wide who are less than independent and threatens to treat the occasional adverse-story which escapes into the outside world rather in the fashion of the Malaysian Prime Minister.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nWhen Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and left his kingdom to his 42 sons (four of whom have since been king), the United States had completely replaced Britain as the principal Western influence, and the Kingdom, and therefore the Saud family, were beginning to experience what it meant to roll in wealth. In Saudi Arabia, unlike almost anywhere else in the world, the most complete self-indulgence on the part of certain of the rulers co-exists with the most severe moral order, imposed by the Wahhabi religious police", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nThe old King always regarded the oil revenue as money to be used by him as a source of munificence and the new King Saud even more so. The conflict with Britain, which began over the oasis at Buraimi, spread to the whole Middle East, with King Saud financing any anti-British activity around and claiming the benefits of anti-colonialism (whether from the United States or from President Nasser)", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nSince the wherewithal came from Aramco, which paid the King advances on all his royalties, Harold Macmillan, when Foreign Secretary, was given to complaining about American money \u2018being spent on a vast scale to promote Communism in the Middle East\u2019 \u2013 an opinion that ranks with Crown Prince (later King) Faisal\u2019s ineradicable conviction that Communism and Zionism were identical.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nStrategically, President Eisenhower\u2019s judgment that the House of Saud was an important part of the solution to Middle East policy turned out to be sounder than Britain\u2019s assessment that it was a major part of the problem. Saudi Arabia has been on the side of the West for fifty years", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nBut tactically Britain was right about King Saud: his rudderless thrashing around, ladling out his cash to all and sundry (including a \u00a32 million cheque to the Syrians for assassinating his recent ally Nasser) was so damaging that the family had to do something about it. America helped, mainly by patching up the problematic health of Saud\u2019s more capable sibling Faisal.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nAs both the wealth of the country and the size of the Saudi royal family grew exponentially, the organisation of the country became more complex but the key positions were always (or nearly always) filled by royals, of whom there are now something like seven thousand available. They are accustomed to siphoning off very large portions of the country\u2019s income for their personal use, since there is still a certain vagueness as to where the Saudi state ends and the House of Saud begins", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nAburish describes in considerable detail how the approval of princes has to be obtained at each stage of a contract (and not just any prince: it has to be the right one) and how \u2018intermediaries\u2019 and \u2018skimmers\u2019 are brought into play in the fierce competition for Saudi patronage. As the contracts are large, especially for the Saudi Air Force, even quite small commission percentages can amount to very substantial sums", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nThe United States and Saudi Arabia are bound by ties of reciprocal embarrassment. Since the signing of the enormous Yamama contracts, the same applies to Britain \u2013 whose journalists Aburish considers more corruptible than those of the United States", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nSaudi Arabia\u2019s persistent pro-Western stance in the face of America\u2019s championship of Israel and, most recently, of the West\u2019s behaviour towards the Bosnian Muslims can be set against the Western democracies\u2019 astonishing acquiescence in Saudi Arabia\u2019s attitude to human rights whereby it applies the strictest Islamic punishments with a Henry VIII-like capriciousness.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nAt the same time it should not be forgotten, though a reader of this book might be inclined to do so, that the consensus of Saudi opinion and stability of Saudi society are not myths created by eccentric Englishmen and the recipients of Saudi bribes", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nSaudi Arabia has not been held together by accident; the fact that the universities are turning out thousands of graduates does not necessarily mean that they are turning out that many potential opponents of the regime, though the excessive number of graduates in religious studies may spell future trouble. There are many Saudis, with experience of the wider world, who yet value the conventions, restraint and discipline, made sweeter of course by the luxuries of Saudi living", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nThis no doubt is one of the reasons that the rule of the House of Saud has lasted so long and why it may last a good deal longer than its exiled critics think.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nThe author ensures that his book will provoke the maximum resentent by reserving his most pungent criticism for the current ruler, King Fahd. On the one hand, he describes him as \u2018not only the criminal equal\u2019 of Saddam Hussein and Colonel Gaddafi but \u2018much worse in important aspects of his personal conduct and in his support for despotic regimes\u2019", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nOn the other, he confesses that \u2018to me and many others the man is a mystery, almost beyond analysis,\u2019 adding that the only things people who know him are agreed on are \u2018his appalling laziness\u2019 and the \u2018total laxity\u2019 with which he is said to view his family\u2019s, friends\u2019 and officials\u2019 \u2018misdeeds\u2019. A more generous assessment, that of his present ambassador in London, Ghazi Algosaibi, in his little book on The Gulf Crisis,* is that Fahd \u2018is by nature pacific, to an extent bordering on meekness", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nHe is cautious to the point of hesitation.\u2019 While conceding that \u2018the cheque-book has played a clear role in his foreign policy,\u2019 Algosaibi asserts that \u2018the King\u2019s main foreign policy objective is for himself and his kingdom to be left in peace.\u2019", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nIt is certainly true that Fahd bankrolled Saddam Hussein to a fabulous extent during Iraq\u2019s war against Iran. But it does not necessarily follow, as Aburish contends, that Fahd incited the Iraqi aggression which began the war. This seems at odds both with the Aburish and the Algosaibi versions of his personality. Algosaibi, more plausibly, suggests that Saddam told Fahd in advance and Fahd counselled caution", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nFor a man who has often been portrayed as having difficulty making decisions, King Fahd was decisive enough in calling in the Americans and their allies, women drivers and all, when Saddam attacked Kuwait. He has since created the Majlis al-Shura, or consultative assembly, which Faisal only talked about.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nIt is Said Aburish\u2019s contention that the House of Saud is headed for a fall. He even gives a date for it: \u2018if not in 1997, soon after.\u2019 His reasoning is fundamentally economic. The whole superstructure of the Saudi system is underpinned by an assumption of almost limitless funds; it is thanks to this assumption that luxury-loving princes, austere imams and thousands of university graduates have been able to co-exist", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nBut the Saudi budget was already in considerable deficit when the Gulf War started because the drastic fall in oil prices had not been accompanied by any change in the massive system of subsidies for every form of economic activity, or by any move to impose direct or indirect taxes \u2013 the absence of which may help to explain the acceptance of the Al Saud", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nTo this deficit was added the immense cost of the war, including handsome grants to the United States and other allies, and, for many years to come, the burden of the greatly expanded armaments programme. By 1997, Aburish calculates, the Saudi debt will have reached $100 billion and the country will face a financial crisis, the Government will be crippled and the House of Saud will have become radically unpopular", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nHe cites the petitions which originated during the Gulf War, one from intellectuals and businessmen demanding greater freedom for the media, equality of all citizens, a greater role for women and a flexible approach to the Sharia, and the other from Islamic scholars and preachers, who also wanted \u2018full equality among citizens, not favouring the nobles\u2019, as well as a purge of all government officials of proven \u2018corruption or dereliction\u2019, media which \u2018serve Islam\u2019, and all laws, regulations and foreign alliances to be \u2018sanctioned by the Sharia\u2019", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nBy 1997 the royal family will be larger, but, according to Aburish, no more interested in economising than it is now. In these circumstances the per capita income will fall further, the people will want to know why the enormous reserves that existed in 1982 have been frittered away, the West will be discredited because of Bosnia and militant Islam will be ready to break with the monarchy.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nAburish sees only one way out: heavy Western intervention. This does not sound a very likely runner. The West, he says, should force King Fahd to install a proper parliament, compel the royal family to give up their monopoly of political power, and enforce a new line of succession (for which the author makes a couple of suggestions). This is the only hope, we are told, of preventing a militant regime like that of Khomeini from coming to power", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nAnd, realising perhaps that it might be objected that it was just when the United States started to pressure the Shah for reforms that Khomeini\u2019s success became inevitable, he concludes that if the attempt to force reform opens the floodgates and brings about the end of the House of Saud, then the West would still be in a better position for having tried. When Fred Halliday published a book about Iran, prophesying a mullah-led revolution, the revolution promptly took place", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nSo it would perhaps be tempting fate to write off Aburish\u2019s scenario for Saudi Arabia. But it is worth remembering the state the Kingdom was in forty years ago when few would have given it many years to survive.", "If Not in 1997, Soon After\nKeith Kyle is on the staff of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.\nThe Forty Years\u2019 Peace\nLacking in style\nMore by Keith Kyle\nKegan Paul International, 170 pp., \u00a319.95, 7 January 1993, 0 7103 0459 5."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://dromoscopen.nl/websites-that-offer-a-physical-experience/

Websites That Offer a Physical Experience

["Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nWe may define a food to be any substance\nWebsites That Offer a Physical Experience\nemiluzelac - Posted in General, Uncategorized on apr 09,2016\nWe may define a food to be any substance which will repair the functional waste of the body, increase its growth, or maintain the heat, muscular, and nervous energy.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nIn its most comprehensive sense, the oxygen of the air is a food; as although it is admitted by the lungs, it passes into the blood, and there re-acts upon the other food which has passed through the stomach. It is usual, however, to restrict the term food to such nutriment as enters the body by the intestinal canal. Water is often spoken of as being distinct from food, but for this there is no sufficient reason.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nMany popular writers have divided foods into flesh-formers, heat-givers, and bone-formers. Although attractive from its simplicity, this classification will not bear criticism. Flesh-formers are also heat-givers. Only a portion of the mineral matter goes to form bone.\nMineral Matter or Salts, is left as an ash when food is thoroughly burnt. The most important salts are calcium phosphate, carbonate and fluoride, sodium chloride, potassium phosphate and chloride, and compounds of magnesium, iron and silicon.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nMineral matter is quite as necessary for plant as for animal life, and is therefore present in all food, except in the case of some highly-prepared ones, such as sugar, starch and oil. Children require a good proportion of calcium phosphate for the growth of their bones, whilst adults require less. The outer part of the grain of cereals is the richest in mineral constituents, white flour and rice are deficient", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nWheatmeal and oatmeal are especially recommended for the quantity of phosphates and other salts contained in them. Mineral matter is necessary not only for the bones but for every tissue of the body.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nWhen haricots are cooked, the liquid is often thrown away, and the beans served nearly dry, or with parsley or other sauce. Not only is the food less tasty but important saline constituents are lost. The author has made the following experiments:\u2014German whole lentils, Egyptian split red lentils and medium haricot beans were soaked all night (16 hours) in just sufficient cold water to keep them covered", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nThe water was poured off and evaporated, the residue heated in the steam-oven to perfect dryness and weighed. After pouring off the water, the haricots were boiled in more water until thoroughly cooked, the liquid being kept as low as possible. The liquid was poured off as clear as possible, from the haricots, evaporated and dried. The ash was taken in each case, and the alkalinity of the water-soluble ash was calculated as potash (K2O)", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nThe quantity of water which could be poured off was with the German lentils, half as much more than the original weight of the pulse; not quite as much could be poured off the others.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nThe essential part of every living cell\nProteids or Albuminoids are frequently termed flesh-formers. They are composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and a small quantity of sulphur, and are extremely complex bodies. Their chief function is to form flesh in the body; but without previously forming it, they may be transformed into fat or merely give rise to heat. They form the essential part of every living cell.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nJellies are of little use as food; not only is this because of the low nutritive value of gelatin, but also on account of the small quantity which is mixed with a large proportion of water.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nThe Vegetable Kingdom is the prime source of all organic food; water, and to a slight extent salts, form the only food that animals can derive directly from the inorganic kingdom. When man consumes animal food\u2014a sheep for example\u2014he is only consuming a portion of the food which that sheep obtained from grass, clover, turnips, &c. All the proteids of the flesh once existed as proteids in the vegetables; some in exactly the same chemical form.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nA comparatively small quantity of proteid matter, such as is easily obtained from vegetable food, is ample for the general needs of the body.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nThere is reciprocity between the teeth and digestive organs of animals and their natural food. The grasses, leaves, &c., which are consumed by the herbivora, contain a large proportion of cellulose and woody tissue. Consequently, the food is bulky; it is but slowly disintegrated and the nutritious matter liberated and digested. The cellulose appears but slightly acted upon by the digestive juices. The herbivora possess capacious stomachs and the intestines are very long", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nThe carnivora have simpler digestive organs and short intestines. Even they consume substances which leave much indigestible residue, such as skin, ligaments and bones, but civilised man, when living on a flesh dietary removes as much of such things as possible. The monkeys, apes, and man (comprised in the order Primates have a digestive canal intermediate in complexity and in length to the herbivora and carnivora", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nA certain quantity of indigestible matter is necessary for exciting peristaltic action of the bowels. The carnivora with their short intestinal canal need the least, the frugivora more, and the herbivora a much larger quantity. The consumption by man of what is commonly called concentrated food is the cause of the constipation to which flesh-eating nations are subject", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nMost of the pills and other nostrums which are used in enormous quantities contain aloes or other drugs which stimulate the action of the intestines.", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nHighly manufactured foods, from which as much as possible of the non-nutritious matter has been removed is often advocated, generally by those interested in its sale. Such food would be advantageous only if it were possible to remove or modify a great part of our digestive canal (we are omitting from consideration certain diseased conditions, when such foods may be useful)", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nThe eminent physiologist and bacteriologist, Elie Metchnikoff, has given it as his opinion that much of man\u2019s digestive organs is not only useless but often productive of derangement and disease. In several cases where it has been necessary, in consequence of serious disease, to remove the entire stomach or a large part of the intestines, the digestive functions have been perfectly performed. It is not that our organs are at fault, but our habits of life differ from that of our progenitors", "Websites That Offer a Physical Experience\nIn past times, when a simple dietary in which flesh food formed little or no part, and to-day, in those countries where one wholly or nearly all derived from vegetable sources and simply prepared is the rule, diseases of the digestive organs are rare. The Englishman going to a tropical country and partaking largely of flesh and alcohol, suffers from disease of the liver and other organs, to which the natives and the few of his own countrymen, living in accordance with natural laws are strangers."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://punditweb.com/taylor-lautners-roles-that-had-him-dumped-by-hollywood/

Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood

["Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nTaylor Lautner\u2019s roles that had him dumped by Hollywood\nTaylor Lautner\u2019s involvement in the Twilight series caused for him to become type cast over the years, and he has arguably failed to secure any other roles that best showcase his acting skills.", "Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nTaylor Lautner\u2019s career began in his pre-teens, when he took on a supporting role in Cheaper By The Dozen 2 in 2005, which led him to the lead role in The Adventures of Sharkboy And Lavagirl later that year. Starting off strongly allowed for Taylor to take some time to focus on his schooling, before he returned for his career-defining role in 2008\u2019s Twilight.", "Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nAt just 17 years old, Taylor sported a smaller physique in the first film, which went along with his character, Jacob Black. For the second instalment, New Moon, author, Stephenie Meyer intended to recast for the role, as Jacob was expected to have had a drastic body transformation, which production staff believed could only be achieved if they replaced Taylor", "Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nRefusing to accept his fate, Taylor underwent intense training to build muscle, subsequently making him known as one of the most notable teen heartthrobs of the decade.", "Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nWhilst his roles in Twilight were considered his big break, Taylor was type cast as a jock or action star, with directors noticing him for his looks and not his acting ability. His first role outside the franchise saw him making a cameo in the star-studded movie, Valentine\u2019s Day, in 2010, where he played the stereotypical football player. His first lead role outside of the franchise came in 2011, where Taylor was portrayed as a typical action star.", "Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nAt the peak of his success, Taylor reportedly begun gaining a bad reputation for his exorbitantly high rates, which he felt were justified. The actor took the lead roles in Stretch Arm Strong and Goliath, where he would have reportedly been paid over $5 million for each, only for both of the movies to be shelved due to a lack of interest and poor budgeting.", "Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nAs offers began to dwindle, Taylor attempted to branch out and take on comedy roles. In 2013, he took on a small role in Grown Ups 2, which received major criticism, as many believed he did not have comedic timing or stage presence. In an attempt to break away from Hollywood, Taylor joined the British sitcom, Cuckoo, which, once again, was not received well by the audience.", "Taylor Lautner's Roles That Had Him Dumped by Hollywood\nTaylor went on to take on roles in different capacities, but has ultimately been unable to achieve a fraction of the success he received with Twilight. As at 2021, Taylor has been relatively reclusive on social media, and is believed to be spending much of his time with his friends and family.\nDo YouTube tags matter?\nDo Twitch mods get paid?"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://hasenchat.net/a-short-biography-of-some-of-europes-most-loved-and-hated-monarchs-pt-1-vlad-tepes-dracula/

A Short Biography of Some of Europe’s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs – Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)

["A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nA short biography of some of Europe\u2019s most loved and hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1 Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nVlad Tepes or Dracula was born in 1431, in the fortress of Sighisoara, Romania. His father was the military governor of Transylvania and a member of the Order of the Dragon. The order was created in 1387 by the Holy Roman Emperor and his second wife, Barbara Cilli.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nIn the winter of 1436-1437, Vlad(Dracul) became prince of Wallachia and took up residence at the palace of Tirgoviste, the princely capital. In 1442, he and his younger brother Radu were taken hostage by the Turkish Sultan Murad II. Dracul was held in Turkey until 1448, while his brother Radu decided to stay there until 1462.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nAt 17 years old, Vlad, supported by troops lent to him by pasha Mustafa Hassan, tried to seize the Wallachian throne but was defeated by Vladislav II (who had earlier assassinated his father and oldest brother ) after two months or armed conflict. Vlad had to wait until 1456, when he was able to seek retribution against his father\u2019s assassin.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nVlad\u2019s first act of vengeance was aimed at the boyars of Tirgoviste for the killing of his father and older brother Mircea. Around Easter of 1459, Vlad had all the boyar families arrested and impaled the elder members on stakes while forcing the others to march from the capital to the town of Poenari. He then ordered them to build him a fortress on the ruins of an older outpost overlooking the Arges River. Many nobles died in the construction of this castle, the ruins of which can still be seen today.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nVlad became known for his brutal punishment techniques; often ordering people to be skinned, decapitated, blinded, roasted, hacked, buried alive, stabbed and blinded to name a few. He also liked to cut off his victim noses, ears and sexual organs. But his favourite form of torture was impalement on stakes, hence the surname \u201cTepes\u201d which means \u201cThe Impaler\u201d in the Romanian language. It was this form of punishment that he used against Transylvanian merchants who ignored his trade laws.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nThere are many tales about the psyche of Vlad Tepes. He was known throughout the country for his fierce adherence to honesty and order. Almost any crime, from lying and stealing to killing, could be punished by impalement. Being so confident in the efficiency of his law, Dracula placed a golden cup on display in the central square of Tirgoviste. The cup could be used by thirsty travellers, but had to remain on the square. It was never stolen and remained entirely untouched throughout Vlad\u2019s reign", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nHe looked upon the poor, vagrants and beggars as thieves. Consequently, he invited all the poor and sick of Wallachia to his court in Tirgoviste for a magnificent feast. After his guests had eaten and drunk their fill, Dracula ordered the hall boarded up and set on fire. There were no survivors.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nAt the beginning of 1462, Vlad launched a campaign against the Turks along the Danube River which was very successful, managing several victories. In retaliation for these losses, the Sultan decided to launch a full-scale invasion of Wallachia with an army three times larger than Dracula\u2019s. Vlad was forced to withdraw towards Tirgoviste, burning villages and poisoning wells along the way.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nThese acts were designed to hinder the Turkish army in their search for food and water. When the Sultan\u2019s armies finally reached the capital city, exhausted and hungry, they were confronted by a horrific sight: thousands of stakes held the bodies of some 20,000 Turkish captives, which came to be known as \u201cForest of the Impaled.\u201d The scene which was laid out before them had an immediate effect; the Sultan hungry and worn out retreated", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nThe Sultan Mehmed left the next phase of the battle to Vlad\u2019s younger brother Radu who pursued his brother and wife to Poenari castle on the Arges River.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nDracula\u2019s wife, in order to escape Turkish capture, committed suicide by hurling herself from the upper walls, her body falling down the cliff face into the river below.\nVlad managed to escape the siege and made his way to hungry with the help of local peasants. Upon his arrival the Hungarian king Matthias arrested Dracula and imprisoned him at the Hungarian capital of Visegrad.", "A Short Biography of Some of Europe\u2019s Most Loved and Hated Monarchs \u2013 Pt 1: Vlad Tepes (Dracula)\nIn 1475, Vlad Tepes again became prince of Wallachia where he enjoyed a very short third reign. He was assassinated towards the end of 1476.\nI hope you have enjoyed reading about Vlad Tepes or as he was better known-Dracula.\nIn my next article will learn about the life of(Mad)King George III.\nUnitl then,\nBest wishes and have a great day\nStuart Bazga\nwww.guide-to-castles-of-europe.com\nCategoriesEnglish\nPrevious PostPrevious What\u2019s Better Than Plastic Surgery"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/foy/revelation-2.html

The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)

["The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThese are the only documents of Christ. They were directed to churches facing a crisis, in the period of that crisis, which fact, together with the contents of the letters, show the period of history to which the Book Of Revelation belongs. The assignment of events to the wrong period of history is anachronistic; and the theory that switches the events of Revelation to the future is the greatest anachronism of all time.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe messages of Christ to the seven churches contain unmistakable indications that Revelation is the symbolic history of the struggle and triumph of the early church in conflict with the Jewish and pagan persecuting powers, written in signs and symbols which were fulfilled in the experiences of the churches of that era.\nThe letter to the church at Ephesus--2:1-7.\n1. \u201cHe that holdeth the seven stars . . . who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks\u201d--2:1.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe text says, these things saith he, not John, not the Holy Spirit, not God, but Christ Himself, the Head of the church, to whom was given all authority, and who, as Paul wrote to the same Ephesian church, was made \u201cthe head over all things to the church.\u201d\n2. \u201cI know thy works\u201d--2:2.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe works here mentioned were not described as either good or bad, but simply works, and it rather refers to the divine omniscience of Christ than to the character of the works mentioned; that nothing escapes his eye or his attention-- he knows the works of every church of his own, of which he is the head.\n3. \u201cThy labor and thy patience\u201d--2:2.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThese words set forth the active and the passive sides to the relationship between the church and its divine head. The use of the word works would indicate that which is outward; but labor is a deeper word, it is underlying, a working at the price of toil. And patience denotes the inward grace of faithful continuance and endurance. Hence, the active and the passive elements in the life a church.\n4. \u201cThou canst not bear them that are evil: and thou has tried them\u201d--2:2.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThis is a retrospective reference to a crisis in the Ephesian church, to an experience of the congregation somewhere in the past. The evil men were detected, convicted and expelled.\n5. \u201cWhich say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars\"--2:2.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe teaching of these pretenders was found to be false when tried, as John had exhorted the members of the church to do in respect to the claims of strolling teachers. It is good advice to follow even today. The imposters were tried by what Paul and John, the inspired apostles, had taught the Ephesian church in their own labors among them. It connects with Paul\u2019s own charge to the Ephesian elders in Act_20:29 , warning them against the \u201cwolves that would enter in\u201d among them", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nWhat Paul said there that would occur, Jesus said here that it had occurred. It is also retrospective of the reason why Paul left Timothy in Ephesus, as mentioned in 1Ti_1:3 : \u201cAs I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine.\u201d", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nHere is the evidence of the necessary inference that the other apostles were living at the time John composed Revelation, as has been previously mentioned, for on no other supposition could such a claim by these imposters have even appeared plausible", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nDoubtless the men who made this claim, like most promoters of religious cults, appeared as wise and venerable persons in outward mien and manner; and they carried weight and influence enough to set up such a claim, and to make it so effective as to precipitate a crisis of such proportions that required the action of a trial for their conviction and expulsion. It was not a mere passing incident, but of sufficient importance that it rated the mention in this message of Christ to this church", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\n6. \u201cHast borne, hast patience, hast labored . . . hast not fainted\u201d--2:3.\nHere is the sphere of tolerance, what to bear and what not to bear. Infirmities and weaknesses can be shared with tolerance, but never to the point of condoning false doctrine, or of upholding false teachers. Of that class Paul said, in Gal_2:5 : \u201cTo whom we gave place by subjection, no, not for an hour; that the truth of the gospel might continue with you.\u201d", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nIn verse 6, they were commended for hating something; some graces had decayed, as in verses 5 and 6, but the hatred of evil had remained, and was extolled.\n7. \u201cRemember . . . and repent, and do the first works\u201d - -2:5.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThis divine injunction goaded the memory in reference to the things of the past; it commanded the will with respect to the present determination; and it exhorted obedience in the restitution of the first works-- not in quantity, but in quality. It meant to do the first works in the spirit of first love.\n8. \u201cBut this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate\u201d--2:6.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe claim that this designation of a sect or a party derived its name from Nicolas, of Act_6:5 , rests on assertion. There is no historical or factual evidence of it. It is more consistent with the code language of Revelation to regard the term Nicolaitanes as a symbolic expression, along with the use of the word Balaam", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe two words actually are similar in meaning, one meant a \u201cvictor of the people\u201d and the other a \u201cdevourer of the people.\u201d These meanings of the two words significantly unite the two symbols as signs of the religious seductions of the Libertine party in the Ephesian church.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\n9. \u201cHe that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the churches\u201d--2:7.\nLet him hear: As the eye is the organ of light to lighten the body ( Mat_5:1-48 ), the ear is the organ of spiritual discernment.\nWhat the Spirit saith: The Spirit is here identified with Christ, since the phrase these things saith he represents Christ as the speaker.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nTo the churches: What Jesus Christ said to each of the seven churches, he said in substance to all of the churches, and to every church of his own thereafter and now.\n10. \u201cTo him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life\"--2:7.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nTo him that overcometh: This condition attached to the promise that followed was a specific reference to the impending persecutions, thus adding evidence that the book belongs to the period of their own experiences; they were expected to be the overcomers of these persecutions and the conquerers of the persecutors.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nTo eat of the tree of life: The expression give to eat, had reference to distribution and reward, and it meant that the promise was as sure as the One who gave it was true. The phrase to eat meant to participate in the life that is the fruit of the tree of life", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe tree of life is an allusion to the tree that disappeared in Eden, but did not perish; it is now in the paradise of God, instead of the paradise of man where it once was enjoyed by the first man and his mate; it consists, in this symbolic presentation, in the reward given to the overcomers of the persecutions, which comes only from above--from God.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe warnings to the Ephesian church surround the two elements--the false apostles and the Nicolaitanes. The first formed a parallel with the warning of Christ in Mat_24:1-51 concerning the false prophets that should arise to disturb the disciples after the establishment of the church and before and during the siege of Jerusalem; and the latter was parallel to the warnings of Paul against the parties of Judaism that would develop within the churches.\nThe letter to the church at Smyrna--2:8-11.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\n1. \u201cThese things saith the first and the last, which was dead and is alive\u201d--2:8.\nThis sublime language repeats the eternity of the One who addresses this church, whom death could not vanquish, and it was intended for the encouragement of the Smyrna members to follow him even unto death, or martyrdom, with no fear of the consequences.\n2. \u201cThe blasphemy of the Jews\u201d--2:9.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThis phraseology is not addressed to the true Jews, but to the pseudo-Jews, and had regard to the Jewish persecutions, which the calumnious and bitter opposition of the fanatical Jews waged against their own kinsmen who had accepted Christ. Again, it finds parallel in the Jewish persecutions foretold by the Lord in Mat_24:1-51 .\n3. \u201cYe shall have tribulation ten days\u201d--2:10.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThis cannot mean a literal ten days, but rather to the ten persecutors, the number of which is historically factual. As there were five fallen imperial rulers before Nero--from Nero to Diocletian there were ten persecuting emperors. This era of persecution reached its crescendo in Diocletian\u2019s reign of terror, in which he vowed to obliterate the name Christian from the Roman empire.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe indications are too plain for doubt that this ten days tribulation had immediate reference to the era or epoch of the ten persecuting emperors. Their succession is symbolized in Rev_17:8-11 , which describe the ebbing and the flowing of the tide of persecution, in the expressions was, is not and yet is", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nIn the verses 10 and 11 the succession of these emperors is so plainly indicated that the mention of them by name could not have been plainer to the members of the churches to whom this code language was addressed. The history of these apocalyptic facts is verified in Gibbon\u2019s History Of The Fall And Decline Of The Roman Empire.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe death of this admonition predicted the martyrdom of some of their number. It does not refer to ordinary death as related to the usual span of life, not merely until one dies; it was a warning to them with specific reference to martyrdom", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nIt was an exhortation to be faithful even unto martyrdom, a consequence of loyalty to Christ in the persecutions, and apocalyptic forecast fulfilled in the experiences of these churches in their own time, the trials of the immediate conflict, not prophecies of remote centuries.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThis passage finds its apocalyptic fulfillment within the vision itself, in chapter 20:6, in the description of the culmination of all of the imagery of these scenes with the victory of the saints in the conflicts that come to end. The first law of the higher mathematics is that \u201cthings equal to the same thing are equal to each other.\u201d This law applied to the comparison between these two passages, chapter 2:11 and chapter 20:6, yields the following conclusion: 1", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nOvercoming the persecutions equaled exemption from the second death; 2. Part in the first resurrection equaled exemption from the second death; 3. These two things being equal to the same thing were equal to each other. Therefore, the result of overcoming the persecutions was pictured as the first resurrection of the apocalypse, and was prerequisite to the living and the reigning with Christ in the triumphant state of victory that is described.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe sword is an instrument of war, hence Christ threatened to wage war against the church in Pergamos, because of the evils within it, with the weapon designated \u201cthe sword of my mouth.\u201d A sword of the mouth would necessarily be the spoken word, and it meant the employment of the two-edged sword of his word ( Heb_4:12 ), as a dual condemnation of the outside espionage of Satan\u2019s seat in Pergamos, and the inside sabotage of Balaam\u2019s doctrine within the church itself--the combined infiltration of pagan secular practices on one hand, and the Nicolaitane spiritual contaminations of erroneous doctrines on the other hand.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe stronghold of Satan consisted in the pagan and Jewish oppositions, which were combined in Pergamos into deadly threats against the church. The Pergamos church had been weakened by the heathen surroundings of Mysia, known for its famous temples, dedicated to Zeus, Minerva, Apollo, Venus, Bacchus, and Aesculapius. The figure, Satan\u2019s seat, denotes the wickedness of these idolatrous temples and the nuptials to these gods", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThere is a traditional claim that Antipas was once a bishop of the Pergamos church, but history does not identify him. In this book of symbols and code, the same reason for not mentioning other persons by name, such as Nero, the emperor, would also argue against the reality of these names. It is more consistent with the character of the book for Antipas to be a symbolic designation and representative for martyrdom", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe word Antipas is derived from antipater: \u201canti,\u201d against; and \"pater,\" father, or paternal--and its meaning was, against the gods: hence, symbolic of faithfulness to Christ to the extent of \u201cagainst all\u201d gods of paganism. It therefore stood for all who would become victims of martyrdom in the persecutions to follow.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe mongrel prophet of the Old Testament contrived the evil scheme to destroy the purity of the Israelites by a twofold seduction: first, seducing Israel into the worship of Baal; and second, tempting the men of Israel into lewdness by fornication. This doctrine of Balaam in the Pergamos church referred to apostate teaching", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nAnd the association of the Nicolaitanes with Balaam, in the teaching of immorality with the outward profession of Christianity, is a strong indication that the Nicolaitanes were identical with those who held the doctrine of Balaam, and it was a dual symbol of one party in the Pergamos church. Actually, then Balaam and the Nicolaitanes stood for the same things.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nIt is significant to mention here that the term Nicolaitane is the Greek equivalent of the name Balaam in the Hebrew, and they both meant \u201cthe destroyer of the people.\u201d There is no factual authority for the view that the Nicolaitanes were the degenerate followers of a depraved and anonymous Nicolas, who is supposed to have demoralized and corrupted the Pergamos church. It is rather the symbolic association between Balaamism and Nicolaitanism. It seems too significant not to be true.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe letter to the church at Thyatira.--2:18-29.\n1. \u201cThese things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire\"--2:18.\nThe reader is requested to turn back to the notes on chapter one for the incisiveness of this description.\n2. \u201cThou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess\u201d--2:20.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe name Jezebel is the symbol of the powerful heathen influences and applied to the same defections designated by the doctrine of Balaam and the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes. The expression that woman Jezebel was a gradation of the same evil Jewish parties in the Pergamos and the Thyatira churches", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nShe was representative of a pseudo-prophetess in the person of a female Judaizer, a sort of the Lady Macbeth, of the Shakespearean play; a representation of an added source of opposition and seduction to the already existing Balaams and Nicolaitanes.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe Lord had given this leader of degenerates in the Thyatira church \u201ca place to repent,\u201d that is, a respite, or period of probation, as he had done for the antediluvians in the days of Noah--but instead of accepting this suspension of sentence and repenting, they proceeded in their degeneracy from bad to worse, and the Lord said: \u201cI will cast her into a bed,\u201d that is, of pain, instead of the sensuality which represented spiritual fornication in the corruptions of doctrine and practice", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThis symbolic Jezebel would be cast into a bed of retribution for her sins, referring to the judgment that would be brought upon the followers of these apostate teachers in the churches. And the Lord added: \u201cI will kill her children\u201d--that is, by exterminating the seeds of wickedness and false doctrine, thus preventing its offspring.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\n4. \u201cThe rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine\u201d--2:24.\nThis word of approval was directed to those in Pergamos who had not accepted the philosophy and practices of the libertine degenerates, who had not corrupted their minds with the depths of their degenerates and depraved philosophy--he would not lay upon them further duties than they were faithfully performing, nor burden them with the condemnations of the evil things in which they had not participated.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nIt seems evident that the depths of the degenerate philosophies of paganism which endangered these churches, and apparently taking root in them, were symbolized in the condemnations of the Balaams, the Nicolaitanes and the Jezebels within their midst.\n5. \u201cBut that which ye have already hold fast till I come\u201d --2:25.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThe mention of the \u201crest\u201d in Pergamos referred to those of their number who were holding to the truth against the Jezebel pagan philosophies and Nicolaitane doctrines, and they were exhorted to hold fast to these truths until the rendering of the judgment against the evil elements in the church, and the execution of the judgments pronounced, in the events that were to follow. The statement \u201ctill I come\u201d has no reference to the second advent of Christ", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nJesus did not deceive the church at Thyatira into believing that his Second Advent and the Judgment Day would occur during their life time. The admonition referred to his coming in the events of judgment against the Jezebel paramours there. Again, it is solid proof that the things mentioned had fulfillment in the period of their own lives, the time to which the apocalypse belonged.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThis is not a future millennium text. It is plainly the imagery of the irresistible force of the gospel. It compares with Jer_1:10 ; Isa_11:9 ; Psa_2:9 ; Psa_110:2 , and 1Co_6:2 . The figure of the rod is used to denote the chastening of the truth, and for the power and authority of Jesus Christ transferred in a figure to his followers who proclaim it. It is used to denote the power of the gospel published in the new dispensation, as previewed in the prophetic psalms-- Psa_2:9 ; Psa_110:2", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nIt is used for censure and discipline in 1Co_4:21 . In Rev_2:26 it refers to the impact of the gospel on the pagan world through the victory of the church emerging from persecution.", "The Seven Messages (Chapters 2-3)\nThese files are a derivative of an electronic edition available at BibleSupport.com. Public Domain.\nWallace, Foy E. \"Commentary on Revelation 2\". \"Wallace's Commentary on the Book of Revelation\". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/foy/revelation-2.html. 1966."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://rebelswithavision.com/johnqadams.com/jamesmadison.info/AndrewJackson.net/

Andrew Jackson

["Andrew Jackson\nYou are in: Virtual War Museum >> Hall of American Wars and Conflicts >> Andrew Jackson\nThe Seven Flags of the New Orleans Tri-Centennial\nFor More Information go to New Orleans 300th Birthday", "Andrew Jackson\nAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829\u20131837). He was military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. He was a polarizing figure who dominated American politics in the 1820s and 1830s", "Andrew Jackson\nHis political ambition combined with widening political participation, shaping the modern Democratic Party.[1] Renowned for his toughness, he was nicknamed \u201cOld Hickory.\u201d As he based his career in developing Tennessee, Jackson was the first president primarily associated with the frontier..", "Andrew Jackson\nJACKSON, Andrew, seventh president of the United States, born in the Waxhaw settlement on the border between North and South Carolina, 15 March, 1767; died at the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tennessee, 8 June, 1845. His father, Andrew Jackson, came over from Carrickfergus, on the north coast of Ireland, in 1765. His grandfather, Hugh Jackson, had been a linen-draper. His mother's name was Elizabeth Hutchinson, and her family were linen-weavers", "Andrew Jackson\nThe log cabin in which the future president was born was situated within a quarter of a mile of the boundary between the two Carolinas, and the people of the neighborhood do not seem to have had a clear idea as to which province it belonged", "Andrew Jackson\nIn a letter of 24 December, 1830, in the proclamation addressed to the nullifiers, in 1832, and again in his will, General Jackson speaks of himself as a native of South Carolina; but the evidence adduced by Patton seems to show that the birthplace was north of the border. Three weeks after the birth of her son Mrs. Jackson moved to the house of her brother-in-law, Mr. Crawford, just over the border in South Carolina, near the Waxhaw creek, and there his early years were passed", "Andrew Jackson\nHis education, obtained in an \"old-field school,\" consisted of little more than the \"three R's,\" and even in that limited sphere his attainments were but scanty. He never learned, in the course of his life, to write English correctly.", "Andrew Jackson\nHis career as a fighter began early. In the spring and early summer of 1780, after the disastrous surrender of Lincoln's army at Charleston, the whole of South Carolina was overrun by the British. On 6 August, Jackson was present at Hanging Rock when Sumter surprised and destroyed a British regiment. Two of his brothers, as well as his mother, died from hardships sustained in the war", "Andrew Jackson\nIn after years he could remember how he had been carried as prisoner to Camden and nearly starved there, and how a brutal officer had cut him with a sword because he refused to clean his boots; these reminiscences kept alive his hatred for the British, and doubtless gave unction to the tremendous blow dealt them at New Orleans.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn 1781, left quite alone in the world, he was apprenticed for a while to a saddler. At one time he is said to have done a little teaching in an \"old field school.\" At the age of eighteen he entered the law-office of Spruce McCay, in Salisbury. While there he was said to have been \"the most roaring, rollicking, game-cocking, horse-racing, card-playing, mischievous fellow\" that had ever been seen in that town", "Andrew Jackson\nMany and plentiful were the wild-oat crops sown at that time and in that part of the country; and in such sort of agriculture young Jackson was much more proficient than in the study of jurisprudence. He never had a legal tone of mind, or any but the crudest knowledge of law; but in that frontier society a small amount of legal knowledge went a good way, and in 1788 he was appointed public prosecutor for the western district of North Carolina, the district since erected into the state of Tennessee.", "Andrew Jackson\nThe emigrant wagon-train in which Jackson journeyed to Nashville carried news of the ratification of the Federal constitution by the requisite two thirds of the states. He seems soon to have found business enough. In the April term of 1790, out of 192 cases on the dockets of the county court at Nashville, Jackson was employed as counsel in 42; in the year 1794, out of 397 cases he acted as counsel in 228; while at the same time he was practicing his profession in the courts of other counties", "Andrew Jackson\nThe great number of these cases is an indication of their trivial character. As a general rule they were either actions growing out of disputed land-claims or simple cases of assault and battery.", "Andrew Jackson\nCourt day was a great occasion in that wild community, bringing crowds of men into the county town to exchange gossip, discuss politics, drink whiskey, and break heads. Probably each court day produced as many new cases as it settled. Amid such a turbulent population the public prosecutor must needs be a man of nerve and resource. It was a state of chronic riot, in which he must be ever ready to court danger", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson proved himself quite equal to the task of introducing law and order in so far as it depended on him. \"Just inform Mr. Jackson,\" said Governor Blount when sundry malfeasances were reported to high: \"he will be sure to do his duty, and the offenders will be punished.\" Besides the lawless-ness of the white pioneer population, there was the enmity of the Indians to be reckoned with. In the immediate neighborhood of Nashville the Indians murdered, on the average, one person every ten days.", "Andrew Jackson\nFrom 1788 till 1795 Jackson performed the journey of nearly two hundred miles between Nashville and Jonesboro twenty-two times; and on these occasions there were many alarms from Indians, which sometimes grew into a forest campaign. In one of these affairs, having nearly lost his life in an adventurous feat, Jackson made the characteristic remark: \"A miss is as good as a mile; you see how near I can graze danger.\" It was this wild experience that prepared the way for Jackson's eminence as an Indian-fighter", "Andrew Jackson\nIn the autumn of 1794 the Cherokees were so thoroughly punished by General Robertson's famous Nickajack expedition that henceforth they thought it best to leave the Tennessee settlements in peace. With the rapid increase of the white population which soon followed, the community became more prosperous and more orderly. In the general prosperity Jackson had an ample share, partly through the diligent practice of his profession, partly through judicious purchases and sales of land.", "Andrew Jackson\nWith most men marriage is the most important event of their life; in Jackson's career his marriage was peculiarly important. Rachel Donelson was a native of North Carolina, daughter of Colonel John Donelson, a Virginia surveyor in good circumstances, who in 1780 migrated to the neighborhood of Nashville in a very remarkable boat-journey of 2,000 miles down the Holston and Tennessee rivers and up the Cumberland", "Andrew Jackson\nDuring an expedition to Kentucky some time afterward, the blooming Rachel was wooed and won by Captain Lewis Robards. She was an active, sprightly, and interesting girl, the best horsewoman and best dancer in that country; her husband seems to have been a young man of tyrannical and unreasonably jealous disposition. In Kentucky they lived with Mrs", "Andrew Jackson\nRobards, the husband's mother; and, as was common in a new society where houses were too few and far between, there were other boarders in the family--among them the late Judge Overton, of Tennessee, and a, Mr. Stone. Presently Robards made complaints against his wife, in which he implicated Stone. According to Overton and the elder Mrs. Robards, these complaints were unreasonable and groundless, but the affair ended in Robards sending his wife home to her mother in Tennessee.", "Andrew Jackson\nThis was in 1788. Colonel Donelson had been murdered, either by Indians or by white desperadoes, and his widow, albeit in easy circumstances, felt it desirable to keep boarders as a means of protection against the Indians. To her house came Andrew Jackson on his arrival at Nashville, and thither about the same time came Overton, also fresh from his law studies. These two young men were boarded in the house and lodged in a cabin hard by", "Andrew Jackson\nAt about the same time Robards became reconciled with his wife, and, having bought land in the neighborhood, came to dwell for awhile at Mrs. Donelson's. Throughout life Jackson was noted alike for spotless purity and for a romantic and chivalrous respect for the female sex. In the presence of women his manner was always distinguished for grave and courtly politeness. This involuntary homage to woman was one of the finest and most winsome features in his character. As unconsciously rendered to Mrs", "Andrew Jackson\nRobards, it was enough to revive the slumbering demon of jealousy in her husband. According to Overton's testimony, Jackson's conduct was irreproachable, but there were high words between him and Robards, and, not wishing to make further trouble, he changed his place of abode.", "Andrew Jackson\nAfter some months Captain Robards left his wife and went to Kentucky, threatening by and by to return and \"haunt her\" and make her miserable. In the autumn of 1790 rumors of his intended return frightened Mrs. Robards, and determined her to visit some friends at distant Natchez in order to avoid him. In pursuance of this plan, with which the whole neighborhood seems to have concurred, she went down the river in company with the venerable Colonel Stark and his family", "Andrew Jackson\nAs the Indians were just then on the war-path, Jackson accompanied the party with an armed escort, returning to Nashville as soon as he had seen his friends safely deposited at Natchez. While these things were going on, the proceedings of Captain Robards were characterized by a sort of Machiavelian astuteness.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn 1791 Kentucky was still a part of Virginia, and, according to the code of the Old Dominion, if a husband wished to obtain a divorce on account of his wife's alleged unfaithfulness, he must procure an act of the legislature empowering him to bring the case before a jury, and authorizing a divorce conditionally upon the jury's finding a verdict of guilty. Early in 1791 Robards obtained the preliminary act of the legislature upon his declaration, then false, that his wife had gone to live with Jackson", "Andrew Jackson\nRobards deferred further action for more than two years. Meanwhile it was reported and believed in the west that a divorce had been granted, and, acting upon this report, Jackson, whose chivalrous interest in Mrs. Robards's misfortunes had ripened into sincere affection, went, in the summer of 1791, to Natchez and married her there, and brought her to his home at Nashville.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn the autumn of 1793 Captain Robards, on the strength of the facts that undeniably existed since the act of the Virginia legislature, brought his case into court and obtained the verdict completing the divorce. On hearing of this, to his great surprise, in December, Jackson concluded that the best method of preventing future cavil was to procure a new license and have the marriage ceremony performed again and this was done in January", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson was certainly to blame for not taking more care to ascertain the import of the act of the Virginia legislature. By a carelessness peculiarly striking in a lawyer, he allowed his wife to be placed in a false position. The irregularity of the marriage was indeed atoned by forty years of honorable and happy wedlock, ending only with Mrs. Jackson's death in December, 1831 and no blame was attached to the parties in Nashville, where the circumstances were well known", "Andrew Jackson\nBut the story, half understood and maliciously warped, grew into scandal as it was passed about among Jack on s personal enemies or political opponents; and herein some of the bitterest of his many quarrels had their source. His devotion to Mrs. Jackson was intense, and his pistol was always ready for the rash man who should dare to speak of her slightingly.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn January, 1796, we find Jackson sitting in the convention assembled at Knoxville for making a constitution for Tennessee, and tradition has it that he proposed the name of the \"Great Crooked River\" as the name for the new state", "Andrew Jackson\nAmong the rules adopted by the convention, one is quaintly significant; \"He that digresseth from the subject to fall on the person of any member shall be suppressed by the speaker.\" The admission of Tennessee to the Union was effected in June, 1796, in spite of earnest opposition from the Federalists, and in the autumn Jackson was chosen as the single representative in congress. When the house had assembled, he heard President Washington deliver in person his last message to congress", "Andrew Jackson\nHe was one of twelve who voted against the adoption of the address to Washington in approval of his administration. Jackson's chief objections to Washington's government were directed against two of its most salutary and admirable acts--the Jay Treaty with Great Britain, and Hamilton's financial measures. His feeling toward the Jay Treaty was that of a man who could not bear to see anything but blows dealt to Great Britain", "Andrew Jackson\nHis condemnation of Hamilton's policy was mingled with the not unreasonable feeling of distrust which he had already begun to harbor against a national bank.", "Andrew Jackson\nThe year 1797 was a season of financial depression, and the general paralysis of business was ascribed --no doubt too exclusively--to the over-issue of notes by the national bank. Jackson's antipathy to such an institution would seem to have begun thus early to show itself. Of his other votes in this congress, one was for an appropriation to defray the expenses of Sevier's expedition against the Cherokees, which was carried \"three others were eminently wise and characteristic of the man\" 1", "Andrew Jackson\nFor finishing the three frigates then building and destined to such renown--the \"Constitution,\" \"Constellation,\" and \"United States.\" 2. Against the further payment of blackmail to Algiers. 3", "Andrew Jackson\nAgainst removing \"the restriction which confined the expenditure of public money to the specific objects for which each sum was appropriated.\" Another vote, silly in itself, was characteristic of the representative from a rough frontier community it was against the presumed extravagance of appropriating $14,000 to buy furniture for the newly built White House.", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson's course was warmly approved by his constituents, and in the following summer he was chosen to fill a vacancy in the Federal senate. Of his conduct as senator nothing is known beyond the remark, made by Jefferson in 1824 to Daniel Webster, that he had often, when presiding in the senate, seen the passionate, Jackson get up to speak and then choke with rage so that he could not utter a word", "Andrew Jackson\nAs Parton very happily suggests, one need not wonder at this if one remembers what was the subject chiefly before the senate during the winter of 1797-'8. The outrageous insolence of the French Directory was enough to arouse the wrath of far tamer and less patriotic spirits than Jackson's. Yet in a letter written at that time he seems eager to see the British throne overturned by Bonaparte.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn April, 1798, he resigned his seat in the senate, and was appointed judge in the supreme court of Tennessee. He retained this office for six years, but nothing is known of his decisions, as the practice of recording decisions began only with his successor, Judge Overton. During this period he was much harassed by business troubles arising from the decline in the value of land consequent upon the financial crisis of 1798", "Andrew Jackson\nAt length, in 1804, he resigned his judgeship in order to devote his attention exclusively to his private affairs. He paid up all his debts and engaged extensively both in planting and in trade. He was noted for fair and honorable dealing, his credit was always excellent, and a note with his name on it was considered as good as gold. He had a clear head for business, and was never led astray by the delusions about paper money by which American frontier communities have so often been infested", "Andrew Jackson\nBut while genial and kind toward his inferiors, he was among his fellow-citizens apt to be rough and quarrelsome. In 1795 he fought a duel with Avery, an opposing counsel, over some hasty words that had passed in the court-room. Next year he quarreled with John Sevier, governor of Tennessee, and came near shooting him \"at sight.\" Sevier had alluded to the circumstances of his marriage", "Andrew Jackson\nTen years afterward, for a similar offence, though complicated with other matters in the course of a long and extremely silly quarrel, he fought a duel with Charles Dickinson. The circumstances were revolting, but showed Jackson's wonderful nerve and rare skill in \"grazing danger.\" Dickinson was killed, and Jackson received a wound from the effects of which he never recovered", "Andrew Jackson\nIn later years, when he was a candidate for the presidency, the number of his violent quarrels was variously reckoned by his enemies at from a dozen to a hundred.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn 1805 Jackson was visited by Aaron Burr, who was then preparing his mysterious southwestern expedition. Burr seems to have wished, if possible, to make use of Jackson s influence in raising troops, but without indicating his purpose. In this he was unsuccessful, but Jackson appears to have regarded the charge of treason brought against Burr as ill-founded. At Richmond, while Burr's trim was going on, Jackson made a speech attacking , Jefferson", "Andrew Jackson\nHe thus made himself obnoxious to Madison, then secretary of state, and afterward, in 1808, he declared his preference for Monroe over Madison as candidate for the presidency. He was known as unfriendly to Madison's administration, but this did not prevent him from offering his services, with those of 2,500 men, as soon as war was declared against Great Britain in 1812.", "Andrew Jackson\nSince 1801 he had been commander-in-chief of the Tennessee militia, but there had been no occasion for him to take the field. Late in 1812, after the disasters in the northwest, it was feared that the British might make an attempt upon New Orleans, and Jackson was ordered down to Natchez at the head of 2,000 men. He went in high spirits, promising to plant the American eagle upon the ramparts of Mobile, Pensacola, and St. Augustine, if so directed", "Andrew Jackson\nOn 6 February, as it had become evident that the British were not meditating a southward expedition, the new secretary of war, Armstrong, sent word to Jackson to disband his troops. This stupid order reached the general at Natchez toward the end of March, and inflamed his wrath. He took upon himself the responsibility of marching his men home in a body, an act in which the government afterward acquiesced and reimbursed Jackson for the expense involved", "Andrew Jackson\nDuring this march Jackson became the idol of his troops, and his sturdiness won him the nickname of \"Old Hickory,\" by which he was affectionately known among his friends and followers for the rest of his life.", "Andrew Jackson\nShortly after his arrival at Nashville there occurred an affray between Jackson and Thomas H. Benton, growing out of an unusually silly duel in which Jackson had acted as second to the antagonist of Benton's brother. In a tavern at Nashville, Jackson undertook to horsewhip Benton, and in the ensuing scuffle the letter was pitched down-stairs, while Jackson get a bullet in his left shoulder which he carried for more than twenty years. Jackson and Benton had formerly been friends", "Andrew Jackson\nAfter this affair they did not meet again until 1823, when both were in the United States senate. Their friendship was then renewed. Click Here for an illustration of Jackson as US Senator - Copyright \u00a9 2001 by Virtualology\u00ae.", "Andrew Jackson\nThe war with Great Britain was complicated with an Indian war which could not in any case have been avoided. The westward progress of the white settlers toward the Mississippi river was gradually driving the red man from his hunting-grounds; and the celebrated Tecumseh had formed a scheme, quite similar to that of Pontiac fifty years earlier, Of uniting all the tribes between Florida and the Great Lakes in a grand attempt to drive back the white men", "Andrew Jackson\nThis scheme was partially frustrated in the autumn of 1811 while Tecumseh was preaching his crusade among the Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles. During his absence his brother, known as the Prophet, attacked General Harrison at Tippecanoe and was overwhelmingly defeated. The war with Great Britain renewed Tecumseh's opportunity, and his services to the enemy were extremely valuable until his death in the battle of the Thames", "Andrew Jackson\nTecumseh's principal ally in the south was a half-breed Creek chieftain named Weathersford. On the shore of Lake Tensaw, in the southern part of what is now Alabama, was a stockaded fortress known as Fort Mimms. There many of the settlers had taken refuge. On 30 August, 1813, this stronghold was surprised by Weathersford at the head of 1,000 Creek warriors, and more than 400 men, women, and children were massacred. The news of this dreadful affair aroused the people of the southwest to vengeance.", "Andrew Jackson\nMen and money were raised by the state of Tennessee, and, before he had fully recovered from the wound received in the Benton affray, Jackson took the field at the head of 2,500 men. Now for the first time he had a chance to show his wonderful military capacity, his sleepless vigilance, untiring patience, and unrivalled talent as a leader of men. The difficulties encountered were formidable in the extreme", "Andrew Jackson\nIn that frontier wilderness the business of the commissariat was naturally ill managed, and the men, who under the most favorable circumstances had little idea of military subordination, were part of the time mutinous from hunger. More than once Jackson was obliged to use one half of his army to keep the other half from disbanding. In view of these difficulties, the celerity of his movements and the force with which he struck the enemy were truly marvellous", "Andrew Jackson\nThe Indians were defeated at Talluschatches and Talladega. At length, on 27 March, 1814, having been re-enforced by a regiment of United States infantry, Jackson struck the decisive blow at Tohopeka, otherwise known as the Horseshoe Bend or the Tallapoosa river. In this bloody battle no quarter was given, and the strength of the Creek nation was finally broken", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson pursued the remnant to their place of refuge called the Holy Ground, upon which the medicine-men had declared that no white man could set foot and live. Such of the Creek chieftains as had not fled to Florida now surrendered. The American soldiers were ready to kill Weathersford in revenge for Fort Mimms; but Jackson, who was by no means wanting in magnanimity, spared his life and treated him so well that henceforth he and his people remained on good terms with the white men.", "Andrew Jackson\nAmong the officers who served under Jackson in this remarkable campaign were two who in later years played an important part in the history of the southwest--Samuel Houston and David Crockett. The Creek war was one of critical importance. It was the last occasion on which the red men could put forth sufficient power to embarrass the United States government. More than any other single battle that of Tohopeka marks the downfall of Indian power", "Andrew Jackson\nIts immediate effects upon the war with Great Britain were very great. By destroying the only hostile power within the southwestern territory it made it possible to concentrate the military force of the border states upon any point, however remote, that might be threatened by the British. More specifically, it made possible the great victory at, New Orleans", "Andrew Jackson\nThroughout the whole of this campaign, in which Jackson showed such indomitable energy, he was suffering from illness such as would have kept any ordinary man groaning in bed, besides that for most of the time his left arm had to be supported in a sling. The tremendous pluck exhibited by William of Orange at Neerwinden, and so justly celebrated by Macaulay, was no greater than Jackson showed in Alabama. His pluck was equaled by his thoroughness", "Andrew Jackson\nMany generals after victory are inclined to relax their efforts. Not so Jackson, who followed up every success with furious persistence, and whose admirable maxim was that in war \"until all is done, nothing is done.\"", "Andrew Jackson\nOn 31 May, 1814, Jackson was made major-general in the regular army, and was appointed to command the Department of the South. It was then a matter of dispute whether Mobile belonged to Spain or to the United States. In August, Jackson occupied the town and made his headquarters there. With the consent of Spain the British used Florida as a base of operations and established themselves at Pensacola", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson wrote to Washington for permission to attack them there; but the government was loth to sanction an invasion of Spanish territory until the complicity of Spain with our enemy should be proved beyond cavil. The letter from Sec. Armstrong to this effect did not reach Jackson. The capture of Washington by the British prevented his receiving orders and left him to act upon his own responsibility, a kind of situation from which he was never known to flinch", "Andrew Jackson\nOn 14 September the British advanced against Mobile; but in their attack upon the outwork, Fort Bowyer, they met with a disastrous repulse. They retreated to Pensacola, whither Jackson followed them with 3,000 men. On 7 November he stormed the town.", "Andrew Jackson\nHis next move would have been against Fort Barrancas, six miles distant at the mouth of the harbor. By capturing this post he would have entrapped the British fleet and might have forced it to surrender; but the enemy forestalled him by blowing up the fort and beating a precipitate retreat", "Andrew Jackson\nBy thus driving the British from Florida--an act for which he was stupidly blamed by the Federalist press--Jackson now found himself free to devote all his energies to the task of defending New Orleans, and there, after an arduous journey, he arrived on 2 December The British expedition directed against that city was more formidable than any other that we had to encounter during that war. Its purpose was also more deadly", "Andrew Jackson\nIn the north the British warfare had been directed chiefly toward defending Canada and gaining such a foothold upon our frontier as might be useful in making terms at the end of the war.", "Andrew Jackson\nThe burning of Washington was intended chiefly for all insult and had but slight military significance; but the expedition against New Orleans was intended to make a permanent conquest of the lower Mississippi valley and to secure for Great Britain the western bank of the river", "Andrew Jackson\nThe fall of Napoleon had set, free Some of Wellington's finest troops for service in America, and in December a force of 12,000 men, under command of Wellington's brother-in-law, the gallant Sir Edward Pakenham, was landed below New Orleans. To oppose these veterans of the Spanish peninsula, Jackson had 6,000 of that sturdy race whose fathers had vanquished Ferguson at King's Mountain, and whose children so nearly vanquished Grant at Shiloh", "Andrew Jackson\nAfter considerable preliminary maneuvering and skirmishing, Jackson entrenched himself in a strong position near the Bienvenu and Chalmette plantations and awaited the approach of the enemy. His headquarters, the McCarte mansion, is shown below.", "Andrew Jackson\nOn 8 January, Pakenham was unwise enough to try to overwhelm him by a direct assault. In less than half an hour the British were in full retreat, leaving 2,600 of their number killed and wounded. Among the slain was Pakenham. The American loss was eight killed and thirteen wounded. Never, perhaps, in the history of the world has a battle been fought between armies of civilized men with so great a disparity of loss", "Andrew Jackson\nIt was also the most complete and overwhelming defeat that any English army has ever experienced. News traveled so slowly then that this great victory, like the three last naval victories of the war, occurred after peace had been made by the commissioners at Ghent. Nevertheless, no American can regret that the battle was fought. The insolence and rapacity of Great Britain had richly deserved such castigation", "Andrew Jackson\nMoreover, if she once gained a foothold in the Mississippi valley, it might have taken an armed force to dislodge her in spite of the treaty, for in the matter of the western frontier posts after 1783 she had by no means acted in good faith.", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson's victory decided that henceforth the Mississippi valley belonged indisputably to the people of the United States. It was the recollection of that victory, along with the exploits of Hull and Decatur, Perry and McDonough, which caused the Holy Alliance to look upon the Monroe doctrine as something more than an idle threat. All over the United States the immediate effect of the news was electric, and it was enhanced by the news of peace which arrived a few days later", "Andrew Jackson\nBy this \"almost incredible victory,\" as the \"National Intelligencer\" called it, the credit of the American arms upon land was fully restored. Not only did the administration glory in it, as was natural, but the opposition lauded it for a different reason, as an example of what American military heroism could do in spite of inadequate support from government", "Andrew Jackson\nThus praised by all parties, Jackson, who before the Creek war had been little known outside of Tennessee, became at once the foremost man in the United States. People in the north, while throwing up their hats for him, were sometimes heard to ask: \"Who is this General Jackson", "Andrew Jackson\nAfter his victory Jackson remained three months in New Orleans, in some conflict with the civil authorities of the town, which he found it necessary to hold under martial law. In April he returned to Nashville, still retaining his military command of the southwest. He soon became involved in a quarrel with Mr. Crawford, the secretary of war, who had undertaken to modify some provisions in his treaty with the Creeks", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson was also justly incensed by the occasional issue of orders from the war department directly to his subordinate officers; such orders sometimes stupidly thwarted his plans. The usual course for a commanding general thus annoyed would be to make a private representation to the government; but here, as ordinarily, while quite right in his position, Jackson was violent and overbearing in his methods", "Andrew Jackson\nHe published, 22 April, 1817, all order forbidding his subordinate officers to pay heed to any order from the war department unless issued through him.", "Andrew Jackson\nMr. Calhoun, who in October succeeded Crawford as secretary of war, gracefully yielded the point; but the public had meanwhile been somewhat scandalized by the collision of authorities. In private conversation General Scott had alluded to Jackson's conduct as savoring of mutiny. This led to an angry correspondence between the two generals, ending in a challenge from Jackson, which Scott declined on the ground that dueling is a wicked and unchristian custom.", "Andrew Jackson\nAffairs in Florida now demanded attention. That country had become a nest of outlaws, and chaos reigned supreme there. Many of the defeated Creeks had found a refuge in Florida, and runaway Negroes from the plantations of Georgia and South Carolina were continually escaping thither. During the late war British officers and adventurers, acting on their own responsibility upon this neutral soil, committed many acts which their government would never have sanctioned", "Andrew Jackson\nThey stirred up Indians and Negroes to commit atrocities on the United States frontier. The Spanish government was at that time engaged in warfare with its revolted colonies in South America, and the coasts of Florida became a haunt for contraband traders, privateers, and filibusters. One adventurer would announce his intention to make Florida a free republic; another would go about committing robbery on his own account; a third would set up an agency for kidnapping Negroes on speculation.", "Andrew Jackson\nThe disorder was hideous. On the Appalachicola river the British had built a fort, and amply stocked it with arms and ammunition, to serve as a base of operations against the United States. On the departure of the British, the fort was seized and held by Negroes. This alarmed the slave-owners of Georgia, and in July, 1816, United States troops, with permission from the Spanish authorities, marched in and bombarded the Negro fort", "Andrew Jackson\nA hot shot found its way into the magazine, three hundred Negroes were blown into fragments, and the fort was demolished. In this case the Spaniards were ready to leave to United States troops a disagreeable work, for which their own force was incompetent. Every day made it plainer that Spain was quite unable to preserve order in Florida, and for this reason the United States entered upon negotiations for the purchase of that country. Meanwhile the turmoil increased", "Andrew Jackson\nWhite men were murdered by Indians, and United States troops, under Colonel Twiggs, captured and burned a considerable Seminole village, known as Fowltown. The Indians retorted by the wholesale massacre of fifty people who were ascending the Appalachicola river in boats; some of the victims were tortured with firebrands.", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson was now ordered to the frontier, he wrote at once to President Monroe: \"Let it be signified to me through any channel (say Mr. John Rhea) that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished.\" Mr. Rhea was a representative from Tennessee, a confidential friend of both Jackson and Monroe. The president was ill when Jackson's letter reached him, and does not seem to have given it due consideration", "Andrew Jackson\nOn referring to it a year later he could not remember that he had ever seen it, before. Rhea, however, seems to have written a letter to Jackson, telling him that the president approved of his suggestion. As to this point the united testimony of Jackson, Rhea, and Judge Overton seems conclusive. Afterward Mr. Monroe, through Rhea, seems to have requested Jackson to burn this letter, and an entry on the general's letter-book shows that it was accordingly burned, 12 April, 1819", "Andrew Jackson\nThere can be no doubt that, whatever the president's intention may have been, or how far it may have been correctly interpreted by Rhea, the general honestly considered himself authorized to take possession of Florida on the ground that the Spanish government had shown itself incompetent to prevent the denizens of that country from engaging in hostilities against the United States. Jackson acted upon this belief with his accustomed promptness.", "Andrew Jackson\nHe raised troops in Tennessee and neighboring states, invaded Florida in March, 1818, captured St. Marks, and pushed on to the Seminole headquarters on the Suwanee river. In less than three months from this time he had overthrown the Indians and brought order out of chaos. His measures were praised by his friends as vigorous, while his enemies stigmatized them as high-handed. In one instance his conduct was open to serious question. At St", "Andrew Jackson\nMarks his troops captured an aged Scotch trader and friend of the Indians, flamed Alexander Arbuthnot; near Suwanee, some time afterward, they seized Robert Ambrister, a young English lieutenant of marines, nephew of the governor of New Providence. Jackson believed that these men had incited the Indians to make war upon the United States, anti were now engaged in aiding and abetting them in their hostilities. They were tried by a court-martial at St. Marks", "Andrew Jackson\nOn very insufficient evidence Arbuthnot was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. Appearances were somewhat more strongly against Ambrister. He did not make it clear what his business was in Florida, and threw himself upon the mercy of the court, which at first condemned him to be shot, put on further consideration commuted the sentence to fifty lashes and a year's imprisonment. Jackson arbitrarily revived the first sentence, and Ambrister was accordingly shot", "Andrew Jackson\nA few minutes afterward Arbuthnot was hanged from the yardarm of his own ship, declaring with his last breath that his country would avenge him", "Andrew Jackson\nIn this lamentable affair Jackson doubtless acted from a sense of duty, as he himself said, \"My God would not have smiled on me, had I punished only the poor ignorant savages, and spared the white men who set them on.\" Here, as elsewhere, however, when under the influence of strong feeling, he showed himself utterly incapable of estimating evidence the ease against both the victims was so weak that a fair-minded and prudent commander would surely have pardoned them; while the interference with the final sentence of the court, in Ambrister's ease, was an act that can hardly be justified", "Andrew Jackson\nThroughout life Jackson was perpetually acting with violent energy upon the strength of opinions hastily formed and based upon inadequate data. Fortunately, his instincts were apt to be sound, and in many most important instances his violent action was highly beneficial to his country; but a man of such temperament is liable to make serious mistakes.", "Andrew Jackson\nOn his way home, hearing that some Indians had sought refuge in Pensacola, Jackson captured the town, turned out the Spanish governor, and left a garrison of his own there. He bad now virtually conquered Florida, but he had moved too fast for the government at Washington. He had gone further, perhaps, than was permissible in trespassing upon neutral territory; and his summary execution of two British subjects aroused furious excitement in England", "Andrew Jackson\nFor a moment we seemed on the verge of war with Great Britain and Spain at once. Whatever authority President Monroe may have intended, through the Rhea letter, to confer upon Jackson, he certainly felt that the general had gone too far. With one exception, all his cabinet agreed with him that it would be best to disavow Jackson's acts and make reparation for them", "Andrew Jackson\nBut John Quincy Adams, secretary of state, felt equal to the task of dealing with the two foreign powers, and upon his advice the administration decided to assume the responsibility for what Jackson had done. Pensacola and St. Marks were restored to Spain, and an order of Jackson's for the seizing of St. Augustine was countermanded by the president", "Andrew Jackson\nBut Adams represented to Spain that the American general, in his invasion of Florida, was virtually assisting the Spanish government in maintaining order there; and to Great Britain he justified the execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister on the ground that their conduct had been such that they had forfeited their allegiance and become virtual outlaws.", "Andrew Jackson\nSpain and Great Britain accepted the explanations; had either nation felt in the mood for war with the United States, it might have been otherwise. As soon as the administration had adopted Jackson's measures, they were for that reason attacked in congress by Clay, and this was the beginning of the bitter and lifelong feud between Jackson and Clay. In 1819 the purchase of Florida from Spain was effected, and in 1821 Jackson was appointed governor of that territory", "Andrew Jackson\nIn 1823 he was elected to the United States senate. Some of his friends, under the lead of William 13. Lewis, had already conceived the idea of making him president. At first General Jackson cast ridicule upon the idea. \"Do they suppose,\" said he, \"that I am such a damn fool as to think myself fit for president of the United States", "Andrew Jackson\n? No, sir, I know what I am fit for. I can command a body of men in a rough way, but I am not fit to be president.\" Such is the anecdote told by H. M. Brackenridge, who was Jackson's secretary in Florida.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn 1821 the general felt old and weak, and had made up his mind to spend his remaining days in peace on his farm. Of personal ambition, as ordinarily understood, Jackson had much less than many other men. But he was, like most men, susceptible to flattery, and the discovery of his immense popularity no doubt went far to persuade him that he might do credit to himself as president. On 20 July, 1822, he was nominated for that office by the legislature of Tennessee", "Andrew Jackson\nOn 22 February, 1824, he was nominated by a Federalist convention at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and on 4 March following by a Republican convention at the same place, the regular nominee of the congressional caucus was W. H. Crawford, of Georgia. The other candidates were J. Q. Adams and Henry Clay. There was a general agreement upon Calhoun for the vice presidency. All the candidates belonged to the Republican party, which had kept the presidency since Jefferson's election in 1800.", "Andrew Jackson\nThe Federalists were hopelessly discredited by their course in the war of 1812-'15. Of the four candidates, Adams and Clay were loose constructionists, while Crawford and Jackson were strict constructionists, and in this difference was foreshadowed a new division of parties. At the election in November, 1824, there were 99 electoral votes for Jackson, 84 for Adams, 41 for Crawford, and 37 for Clay", "Andrew Jackson\nAs none of the candidates had a majority, it was left for the house of representatives to choose a president from the three highest names on the list, in accordance with the twelfth amendment to the constitution. As Clay was thus rendered ineligible, there was naturally some scheming among the friends of the other candidates to secure his powerful co-operation", "Andrew Jackson\nClay and his friends quite naturally supported the other loose-constructionist candidate, Adams, with the result that 13 states voted for Adams, 7 for Jackson, and 4 for Crawford. Adams thus became president, and Jackson's friends, in their disappointment, hungered for a \"grievance\" upon which they might vent their displeasure, and which might serve as a \"rallying cry\" for the next campaign", "Andrew Jackson\nBenton, who was now one of Jackson's foremost supporters, went so far as to maintain that, because Jackson had a greater number of electoral votes than any other candidate, the house was virtually \"defying the will of the people\" in choosing any name but his", "Andrew Jackson\nTo this it was easily answered that in any case our electoral college, which was one of the most deliberately framed devices of the constitution, gives but a very indirect and partial expression of the \"will of the people\"; and furthermore, if Benton's argument was sound, why should the constitution have provided for an election by congress, instead of allowing a simple plurality in the college to decide the election?", "Andrew Jackson\nThe extravagance of Benton's objection, coming from so able a source, is an index to the bitter disappointment of Jackson's followers. The needed \"grievance\" was furnished when Adams selected Clay as his secretary of state", "Andrew Jackson\nMany of Jackson's friends interpreted this appointment as the result of a bargain whereby Clay had made Adams president in consideration of obtaining the first place in the cabinet, carrying with it, according to the notion then prevalent, a fair prospect of the succession to the presidency. It was natural enough for the friends of a disappointed candidate to make such a charge. It was to Benton's credit that he always scouted the idea of a corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay", "Andrew Jackson\nMany people, however, believed it. In congress, John Randolph's famous allusion to the coalition between Blifil and Black George --\"the Puritan and the blackleg\" -- led to a duel between Randolph and Clay, which served to impress the matter upon the popular mind without enlightening it; the pistol is of small value as an agent of enlightenment. The charge was utterly without support and in every way improbable", "Andrew Jackson\nThe excellence of the appointment of Clay was beyond cavil, and the sternly upright Adams was less influenced by what people might think of his actions than any other president since Washington. But the appointment was no doubt ill-considered. It made it necessary for Clay, in many a public speech, to defend himself against the cruel imputation", "Andrew Jackson\nTo mention the charge to Jackson, whose course in Florida had been censured by Clay, was enough to make him believe it; and he did so to his dying day.It is not likely that the use made of this \"grievance\" had much to do with Jackson's victory in 1828.", "Andrew Jackson\nThe causes at work lay far deeper. The population west of the Alleghenies was now beginning to count for much in politics. Jackson was our first western president, and his election marks the rise of that section of our country. The democratic tendency was moreover a growing one. Heretofore our presidents had been men of aristocratic type, with advantages of wealth, or education, or social training. A stronger contrast to them than Jackson afforded cannot well be imagined", "Andrew Jackson\nA man with less training in statesmanship would have been hard to find. In his defects he represented average humanity, while his excellences were such as the most illiterate citizen could appreciate. In such a man the ploughboy and the blacksmith could feel that in some essential respects they had for president one of their own sort", "Andrew Jackson\nAbove all, he was the great military hero of the day, and as such he came to the presidency as naturally as Taylor and Grant in later days, as naturally as his contemporary Wellington became prime minister of England. A man far more politic and complaisant than Adams could not have won the election of 1828 against such odds. He obtained 83 electoral votes against 178 for Jackson. Calhoun was re-elected vice president", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson came to the presidency with a feeling that he had at length succeeded in making good his claim to a violated right, and he showed this feeling in his refusal to call on his illustrious predecessor, who he declared had got the presidency by bargain and sale.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn Jackson's cabinet, as first constituted, Martin Van Buren, of New York, was secretary of state; Samuel D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, secretary of the treasury; John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, secretary of war; John Branch, of North Carolina, secretary of the navy; John M. Berrien, of Georgia, attorney-general; William T. Barry, of Kentucky, postmaster-general. As compared with earlier cabinets--not merely with such men as Hamilton, Madison, or Gallatin, but with Pickering", "Andrew Jackson\nWolcott, Monroe, or even Crawford--these were obscure names. The innovation in the personal character of the cabinet was even more marked than the innovation in the presidency. The autocratic Jackson employed his secretaries as clerks. His confidential advisers were a few intimate friends who held no important offices. These men--W. B", "Andrew Jackson\nLewis, Amos Kendall, Duff Green, and Isaac Hill--came to be known as the \"kitchen cabinet.\" Lewis had had much to do with bringing Jackson forward as a candidate for the presidency in 1821. Green and Hill were editors of partisan newspapers. Kendall was a man of considerable ability and many good qualities, but a \"machine politician\" of the worst sort. He was on many occasions the ruling spirit of the administration, and the cause of some of its most serious mistakes", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson's career as president cannot be fully understood without taking into account the agency of Kendall; yet it is not always easy to assign the character and extent of the influence which he exerted.", "Andrew Jackson\nA yet more notable innovation was Jackson's treatment of the civil service. The earlier presidents had proceeded upon the theory that public office is a public trust, and not a reward for partisan services. They conducted the business of government upon business principles, and as long as a postmaster showed himself efficient in distributing the mail they did not turn him out of office because of his vote", "Andrew Jackson\nBetween 30 April, 1789, and 4 March, 1829, the total number of removals from office was seventy-four, and out of this number five were defaulters. Between 4 March, 1829, and 22 March, 1830, the number of changes made in the civil service was about 2,000. This was the inauguration upon a national scale of the so-called \"spoils system.\" The phrase originated with William L. Marcy, of New York, who in a speech in the senate in 1831 declared that \"to the victors belong the spoils.\"", "Andrew Jackson\nThe system had been perfected in the state politics of New York and Pennsylvania, and it was probably inevitable that it should sooner or later be introduced into the sphere of national politics. The way was prepared in 1820 by Crawford, when he succeeded in getting the law passed that limits the tenure of office to four years. This dangerous measure excited very little discussion at the time. People could not understand the evil until taught by hard experience", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson did not understand that he was laying the foundations of a gigantic system of corruption, which within a few years would develop into the most serious of the dangers threatening the continuance of American freedom, he was very ready to believe ill of political opponents, and to make generalizations from extremely inadequate data", "Andrew Jackson\nDemocratic newspapers, while the campaign frenzy was on them, were full of windy declamation about the wholesale corruption introduced into all parts of the government by Adams and Clay. Nothing was too bad for Jackson to believe of these two men, and when the fourth auditor of the treasury was found to be delinquent in his accounts it was easy to suppose that many others were, in one way or another, just as bad", "Andrew Jackson\nThe immediate consequence of this demoralizing policy was a struggle for control of the patronage between Calhoun and Van Buren, who were rival aspirants for the succession to the presidency. A curious affair now came in to influence Jackson's personal relations to these men. Early in 1829 Eaton, secretary of war, married a Mrs. Timberlake, with whose reputation gossip had been busy. It was said that he had shown her too much attention during the lifetime of her first husband", "Andrew Jackson\nJackson was always slow to believe charges against a woman. His own wife, who had been outrageously maligned by the Whig newspapers during the campaign, had lately died, and there was just enough outward similarity between Eaton's marriage and his own to make him take Mrs. Eaton's part with more than his customary vehemence. Mrs. Calhoun and the wives of the secretaries would not recognize Mrs. Eaton. Mrs", "Andrew Jackson\nDonelson, wife of the president's nephew, and mistress of ceremonies at the White House, took a similar stand. Jackson scolded his secretaries and sent Mrs. Donelson home to Tennessee; but all in vain. He found that vanquishing Wellington's veterans was a light task compared with that of contending against the ladies in an affair of this sort.", "Andrew Jackson\nForemost among those who frowned Mrs. Eaton out of society was Mrs. Calhoun. On the other hand, Van Buren, a widower, found himself able to be somewhat more complaisant, and accordingly rose in Jackson's esteem. The fires were fanned by Lewis and Kendall, who saw in Van Buren a more eligible ally than Calhoun. Presently intelligence was obtained from Crawford, who hated Calhoun, to the effect that the latter, as member of Monroe's cabinet, had disapproved of Jackson's conduct in Florida", "Andrew Jackson\nThis was quite true, but Calhoun had discreetly yielded his judgment to that of the cabinet led by Adams, and thus had officially sanctioned Jackson's conduct. These facts, as handled by Eaton and Lewis, led Jackson to suspect Calhoun of treacherous double-dealing, and the result was a quarrel which broke up the cabinet.", "Andrew Jackson\nIn order to get Calhoun's friends--Ingham, Branch, and Berrien--out of the cabinet, the other secretaries began by resigning. This device did not succeed, and the ousting of the three secretaries entailed further quarrelling, in the course of which the Eaton affair and the Florida business were beaten threadbare in the newspapers, and evoked sundry challenges to deadly combat", "Andrew Jackson\nIn the spring and summer of 1831 the new cabinet was formed, consisting of Edward Livingston, secretary of state; Louis McLane, treasury; Lewis Cass, war; Levi Woodbury, navy; Roger B. Taney, attorney-general; in post office no change. On Van Butch's resignation, Jackson at once appointed him minister to England, but there was a warm dispute in the senate over his confirmation, and it was defeated at length by the casting-vote of Calhoun", "Andrew Jackson\nThis check only strengthened Jackson's determination to have Van Buren for his successor in the presidency. The progress of this quarrel entailed a break in the \"kitchen cabinet,\" in which Duff Green, editor of the \"Telegraph\" and friend of Calhoun, was thrown out. His place was taken by Francis Preston Blair, of Kentucky, a man of eminent ability and earnest patriotism", "Andrew Jackson\nTo him and his sons, as energetic opponents of nullification and secession, our country owes a debt of gratitude which can hardly be overstated. Blair's indignant attitude toward nullification brought him at once into earnest sympathy with Jackson. In December, 1830, Blair began publishing the \"Globe,\" the organ henceforth of Jackson's party. For a period of ten years, until the defeat of the Democrats in 1840, Blair and Kendall were the ruling spirits in the administration", "Andrew Jackson\nDuring Jackson's administration there came about a new division of parties. The strict constructionists, opposing internal improvements, protective tariff, and national banks, retained the name of Democrats, which had long been applied to members of the old Republican party. The term Republican fell into disuse", "Andrew Jackson\nThe loose constructionists, under the lead of Clay, took the name of Whigs, as it suited their purposes to describe Jackson as a kind of tyrant; and they tried to discredit their antagonists by calling them Tories, but the device found little favor. On strict constructionist grounds Jackson in 1829 vetoed the bill for a government subscription to the stock of the Maysville turnpike in Kentucky, and two other similar bills he disposed of by a new method, which the Whigs indignantly dubbed a \"pocket veto.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/04/usa

US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law

["US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nUS shocked by spate of abandoned children\n14 given up by parents under new Nebraska law\nState to reconsider age limit of 19 after criticism\nPress conference following eleven children having been left at hospitals in Nebraska, Sept 24 2008. Photograph: Nati Harnik\nEd Pilkington in New York\n@edpilkington\nFri 3 Oct 2008 19.01 EDT", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nAuthorities in the United States are reeling from a sudden spate of children being abandoned by their parents and guardians under a new law that allows caregivers to leave any child up to the age of 19 at hospitals without fear of prosecution.", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nIn Nebraska in September alone, 14 children were abandoned in hospitals and another was mistakenly taken to a police station, which is not covered under the law. In a further case, an 18-year-old presented himself for safe keeping, but was not placed in foster care because he was too old.", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nThe case that has caused most attention has been that of a father who handed over nine of his 10 children aged 20 months to 17 years to hospital carers. They have been placed with two sets of relatives before their fate is decided.", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nIn July Nebraska became the last of the 50 states to pass legislation designed to take criminality out of the abandonment of babies and infants, following a reported rise in such incidents. The process began with Texas, which enacted the law in 1999, and since then about 2,000 babies are thought to have been handed over nationwide.", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nThe Nebraska law, however, went further than that of any other state in keeping loose the definition of those who could be relinquished by their carers. In most states, it was restricted to the early months of life, but in Nebraska it has been left open as any age up to 19.", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nThe first to make use of the law was a woman in Omaha who tried on September 1 to part company with her 14-year-old son, saying she did not want to care for him any more. She made the mistake, under the terms of the legislation, of presenting him at Omaha police department.", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nOn September 13 a woman took her 11-year-old grandson to a hospital in Omaha complaining he was violent and destructive and saying he would be better off in a group home. The boy is now in foster care. The same day a boy aged 15 was abandoned in Lincoln by his aunt, who said he was disobedient and a possible gang member. \"I didn't abandon him,\" she told the Omaha World Herald. \"I wanted help for him so when he hits 18 he's not a menace to society.\"", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nTwo further cases occurred on September 20 and 23 involving a girl aged 13 and the 18-year-old who presented himself. The next day, in two incidents, relatives walked away from a boy aged 11 and another of 15.\nThe same day Gary Staton turned up at Creighton University medical centre with all but the eldest of his 10 children. The children's mother, his wife, had died after childbirth in February 2007. Staton said he had felt overwhelmed and unable to cope since his wife's death.", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nNebraska residents have been shocked by the surge of abandonments. Corie Russell, a columnist with the Papillion Times, wrote: \"Birth certificates aren't receipts. This isn't a store refund. And I'm definitely not giving these parents any credit for their irrational and cruel decisions.\"\nThe safe haven law has also been criticised by the courts. One judge presiding over some of the cases lambasted it as \"state-sanctioned abandonment\".", "US shocked by spate of abandoned children under new Nebraska law\nThe state's assembly members are now considering revising the legislation to narrow the definition of children that can be given away."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.turkeyculturaltour.com/tr/turkiye/6/istanbul-heritages/hagia-sophia-church-of-holy-wisdom.html

Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul

["Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nTurkey Cultural Tour HOME|ABOUT US|CONTACT\nTURKEY TOURS HOTELSTAILOR MADEHERITAGES OF TURKEYABOUT TURKEYPICTURES OF TURKEYTESTIMONIALSCUSTOMER CARE\nTurkey Cultural Tour\nMENU HOME ABOUT US CONTACT TURKEY TOURS HOTELS TAILOR MADE HERITAGES OF TURKEY ABOUT TURKEY PICTURES OF TURKEY TESTIMONIALS CUSTOMER CARE\nPrivate and Small Group Tours\nOutdoors Walking Tours\nDaily City Tours and Sightseeings\nTours From Symirna-Izmir\nGallipoli-ANZACS Memorial Tours\nFood, Wine and Historical Tours\nMulti-Day and Extended Tours", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nSailing Yatch Cruise Tours\nBiblical Tours\nGreek Islands and Turkey Tours\nVideoes of Turkey\nIstanbul Old City, Museums\nEphesus and Ionia Reagion\nCappadocia Naturel Wonders\nAnzac and Gallipoli Memorials\nGobeklitepe First Temple\nZeugma Mosaic Museum\nCultural Heritages Of Turkey\nBlue Cruise \u0130n Marmaris-Fethiye\nCentral Turkey Heritages\nTroy and Pergamum Environs\nStatues of Mount Nemrut\nHighlights Of Eastern Turkey\nHighlights of Black Sea Region\nAntalya and St. Nicolas Church\nAntioch St. Peter's Church", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nAphrodisias Museum\nPamukkale Cotton Castles\nMardin and Hasankeyf City\nAtaturk, Famous Personalities\nCrusing Greece And Turkey\nHagia Sophia_ Church Of Holy Wisdom Istanbul\nCultural Interactions Tour To Turkey", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nHagia Sophia, which is considered as one of the eight wonders of the world, also occupies a prominent place in the history of art and architecture. It is one of the rare works of this size and age that has survived to our day. The church (called Ayasofya in Turkish) is erroneously known as Saint Sophia in the west. The basilica was not dedicated to a saint named Sophia, but to Divine Wisdom which is in Istanbul Turkey. It is in the UNESCO Haritage list.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThis was the site of a pagan temple, and the three separate basilicas built here in different times were all called by the same name. Although no churches were built during the reign of Constantine the Great, some sources maintain that the first Hagia Sophia basilica was built by him", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nActually, the first small basilica with a wooden roof was constructed in the second half of the 4th century by Constantinius, the son of Constantine the Great.This church burnt during the riots in 404, and a second and larger basilica that replaced it was inaugurated in 415", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nDuring the bloody uprising of 532 that broke out at a chariot race in the Hippodrome, ten thousands of the inhabitants of the city were killed and numerous building destroyed.The Hagia Sophia church was among the structures burnt during this so-called \"Nika\" revolt which was directed against Emperor Justinian.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nWhen Justinian finally suppressed the revolt, he decided to build a house of worship \"the like of which has not been seen since Adam, nor will it be seen in the future.\" Construction started in 532 over the remains of the previous basilica and it was completed in five years. In the year 537, elaborate ceremonies were organized for the dedication of this largest church of Christendom", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe emperor spared no expense for his church and placed the state treasury at the disposal of the architects, Antheius of Tralles and mathematician Isidorus of Miletus. The design of the dome followed in the tradition of Roman architecture, and the plan of the basilica was even older. Round buildings had been successfully covered with domes before", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nBut in Hagia Sophia, Justinian was attempting for the first time in the history of architecture to build a gigantic central dome over a rectangular plan.Priests kept intoning prayers throughout the construction. Marbles and columns taken from the remains of earlier eras from almost all parts of the empire were used for building material", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nLater many esoteric stories were invented to explain the origin of these materials, particularly the columns, which were gathered from such far ranging sources.During the reign of Justinian, Hagia Sophia was a manifestation of refinement and pomp, but in later eras it turned into a legend and a symbol.Because of its dimensions which could not be surpassed for the next thousand years and the financial and technical difficulties involved in its construction, people believed that such a building could not have been achieved without the assistance of supernatural powers", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nAlthough Hagia Sophia is a 6th century Byzantine work, it is an \"experiment\" in the Roman architectural tradition that has neither a predecessor nor a duplicate. The contrast between the interior and the exterior and the large dome are legacies of Rome. The outer appearance is not elegant; it was built as a shell, without much care for proportions. On the other hand, the interior is as splendid and captivating as a palace. As a whole, it is an \"imperial\" structure.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nDuring the dedication ceremony, the emperor could not suppress his excitement. He entered the church in a chariot, thanked God, and shouted that he had outdone King Solomon.The basilica developed into a large religious center with tall buildings surrounding it. The scene was now set for the clashes between the Byzantine emperors and the Eastern Church that would last for centuries.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nDespite its uniqueness and magnificence, the structure has some vital faults. The most important problem was the enormous size of the dome and the pressure it exerted on the side walls. The architectural elements necessary for transmitting the weight of such a dome to the foundations were not fully developed at that time.in time the side walls kept leaning outwards and the original low dome collapsed in 558", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe second dome to be constructed was much higher and reduced in diameter, but almost half of this dome also collapsed twice, in the 10th and 14th centuries. Vast sums were spent in all ages for the upkeep of Hagia Sophia. The immediate restorations undertaken after the Turkish conquest in 1453 to convert it into a mosque saved this beautiful building", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nAmong the major restorations at later times were the buttresses built by Turkish architect Sinan in the 16th century, the restoration by the Fossafi brothers in mid-19th century, and the repairs including the fortification of the dome with iron bands after 1930. Existing modern portable metal scaffolding will make future restoration work easier.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nAfter serving two different religions with the same god, 916 years as a church and 477 years as a mosque, Hagia Sophia was converted into a museum on Ataturk's orders. Between 1930 and 1935 the whitewash on the walls was cleaned to reveal mosaics, which are among the most important examples of Byzantine art.\nA TOUR OF SAINT SOPHIA MUSEUM", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nA guided tour for Istanbul and Hagia Sophia is recommanded.The entrance to the museum from the courtyard is the original west gate, which has now been put to use again after centuries. Next to the entrance is the remains of the earlier (the second) basilica. Those who were not baptized could only enter to the outer nartexs, from which five doors give entrance to the inner narthex (porch), and from here nine more doors lead into the nave.The tall door in the middle was the Imperial Entrance", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe mosaic panel above the door dates to end-9th century. In the center of the panel Christ the Pantocrator (Almighty) sits on a throne and an emperor pleads him for divine mercy. One of the two roundels on both sides depicts Virgin Mary and the other Archangel Gabriel. The non-figurative mosaics on the ceiling of the inner narthex and the side naves are from the time of Justinian.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nAn overwhelmingly magnificent nave welcomes the visitor. The dome makes itself felt from the very first step. It gives the impression of being suspended in the air and covers the entire space. The walls and the ceilings are covered with marble and mosaics, creating a colorful appearance. The three different tones of color observed in the mosaic decorations of the dome indicate three different restorations. It is still one of the largest domes in the world with its height and diameter", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nDue to later restorations, the 55.60 meter high dome is not perfectly round. Its diameter measures 31.87 m from north to south and 30.87 m from east to west. Four winged angels with their faces covered decorate the four pendentives which support the dome. The wide rectangular central space, measuring 74.67 x 69.80 m, is divided from the dark side naves by columns. There are altogether 107 columns on the ground floor and the galleries", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe marble column capitals of Hagia Sophia are the most characteristic and distinctive examples of the 6th century classical Byzantine decorative art in the building. The deep carvings on the marble, in typical medieval style, produce impressive effects of light and shadow. In the center there are imperial monograms.The antique porphyry columns in the corners, the central columns of green Salonika marble, and the richly decorated white marble capitals on all columns take the visitor back to ancient times.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nTo appreciate Hagia Sophia fully, one should try to look at it not just as an empty museum, but as the magnificent and mystical church or mosque it once was. While it was the mother church of a great empire, the section in front of the apse, the altar, the ambo (pulpit) and the ceremonial objects were all plated in gold and silver and decorated with ivory and jewels. Even some of the doors were covered with such precious metals", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe Latin invaders of the 4th Crusade tore all of these down and carried them to Europe, together with some architectural fragments.A mosaic panel depicting the Christ-Child and the Virgin decorates the conch of the apse. Another angels figure on the opposite wall has not survived intact", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe huge leather medallions, 7.5 in in diameter, hanging from the walls at gallery level and the inscriptions on the dome remind us of its days as a mosque.These are the works of master calligraphers of the mid-19th century. The medallions contain the word \"Allah\" and the names of Prophet Mohammed, the first four caliphs, and Hasan and Huseyin, the grandchildren of the prophet", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe mihrab in the apse, the stained glass windows over the mihrab and minber, the raised platform for the chanters are Turkish additions.On the floor of the nave, there is a square area paved with colored marble pieces. Emperors used to be crowned here and it dates probably to the 12th century.Two round urns made of high quality marble are placed on each side of the entrance to the central nave", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThese antique urns were brought from Pergamum in the 16th century.In the northern corner of the church is the \"sweating column\". A bronze belt encircles the lower section and there is a hole big enough to insert a finger. There are many legends and stories about the column. A ramp inside the first northern buttress gives access to the upper galleries", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe magnificent central nave looks completely different when seen trom the galleries surrounding the three sides.In the galleries there were sections reserved for the ladies of the imperial family and the meetings of the church council. In the northern wing there is a mosaic panel, and there are three panels, each with groups of three figures, in the southern wing.In the southern gallery the light from a window nearby illuminates a masterpiece of Byzantine mosaic art", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe panel, called \"Deesis\", represents the last judgment and is a composition of three figures: Jesus is seen in the center, flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. The unusual arrangement of the mosaics in the background highlights the beauty of the figures, and the facial expressions are extremely realistic.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nAt the far end of the southern gallery a panel from the 12th century depicts the Virgin Mary and Christ-Child, the Emperor Comnenus II, and the Empress Eirene, while the panel on the side wall portrays the ailing Prince Alexius. The racial features of the Empress, who was of Hungarian origin, i.e. her light complexion and hair, can be clearly distinguished.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\na second panel here, Christ is seated on the throne and beside him stand the Empress Zoe and her third husband Constantine Monomachos. The mosaic originally depicted the first husband of Zoe, but the face and the inscription above were redone to suit Constantine. In this panel, the offerings of the members of the royal family, a pouch and a scroll symbolize their donations to the church.The large panel seen while leaving the inner narthex is from the 10th century", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nThe figures with distorted perspectives represent the Virgin and the Christ-Child in the center, with Constantine the Great offering a model of the city on the right, and Justinian offering a model of Hagia Sophia on the left. The huge bronze doors at the exit that are partially embedded in the floor are from the 2nd century BC and were probably brought here from a pagan temple in Tarsus.The minarets on the eastern side were added in the 15th century and those on the west side in the 16th century.", "Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom in Istanbul\nZincirlidere Cd.Sisli-Istanbul/Turkey\n\u2022 Tel: +90 532 3163653 \u2022 Tel: +90 212 2893252 \u2022 Fax: +90 212 2893252\n\u2022 tours@turkeyculturaltour.com, \u2022 http://www.turkeyculturaltour.com"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.ramc-ww1.com/ramc_in_war.php?osCsid=8vlk02s4n32ujglvoi1thof1g1

The Royal Army Medical Corps in War

["The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nThe Royal Army Medical Corps was formed on the 23rd June 1898. The formation was the merger of the former Medical Staff with the Medical Staff Corps thus uniting the Senior Officers with the lower ranks. There was an element of the new Corps at the Boxer Rebellion in China, but the first warfare experience was in the South African War of 1899-1902 where the embryo of modern warfare took place, and the first results of high velocity rifle fire were found", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nThe experiences of that war set up the organisation that took the field in France in 1914, but by 1918 it was a vastly different service indeed.", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nAt the outbreak of the Great War, just 16 years after its formation, there were 9,000 Warrant Officers and Men of the RAMC; this grew to 113,000 by 1918. The British Army had never before fielded a field ambulance in conflict, the last of the great armies to have understood the importance of medical discipline, and hold medical science in high esteem, within their fighting forces were the old civilisations, such as the ancient empires of Greece and Rome.", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nEven today there is a general misconception that the function of the Medical Services in war is to just bind up wounds, but for centuries all knowledge had become lost. This resulted in medical affairs going way down on the list of priorities in the face of the enemy, and throughout this time Doctors and Physicians ranked below washerwomen", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nThe management of care and welfare for the sick and the wounded was, therefore, inadequate, and many men were left neglected or were treated by untrained and unskilled individuals. Several were left in the hands of the enemy, and it has even been recorded that many, who appeared helpless or unlikely to make a recovery, were killed by their own troops to put them out of their misery", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nAs each war ended, the implication was always to improve better care for the sick and the wounded, it was eventually realised that during active service the majority of medical personnel not only lacked medical, but also military training. One important creation of this war was the formation of RAMC Sanitary Sections that checked the sanitation of all barrack areas, billets, cookhouses, washing facilities, waste disposal, incineration, water conservation etc", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nIt was also realised that a man's chances of survival depended on how quickly his wound was treated; modern warfare was now producing vast numbers of casualties requiring treatment at the same time. It was impossible for surgeons to evaluate and practice successfully on the front lines. Efficient and rapid movement away to what was sufficient was, therefore, the only way to achieve success. For this reason a system was set up and became known as the Chain of Evacuation", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nEach section of the chain had it's own agenda but the objective was the same - to deal with all medical matters, and to treat the sick and the wounded to get them back into the fighting force.", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nIt has been documented that on the Western front alone, the wounded that returned to the firing line, represented a manpower saved of 1,600,000. It has been acknowledged that this enormous amount of men conserved to fight again was almost enough to turn the scale of war in the British Armies favour. This was also achieved through RAMC personnel worked along side drivers of the Army Service Corps and carpenters of the Royal Engineers in all units", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nAlso in the CCS`s and the General Hospitals there were Sisters of the QAIMNS, and nurses of the Joint Red Cross and St, John, and VAD`s of the Red Cross. There was no Army Dental Corps at first but Dentists acted as anaesthetists as well as performing dental work as RAMC officers.", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nThe RAMC was not a fighting force but its members saw the full horror of the war, this is justified in a poem entitled \"The R.A.M.C.\" written by Cpl W H Atkins (A. Coy, 1/8th Worcs). It must be remembered that Warrant Officers and men performed their duties unarmed and the Corps lost themselves no less than 6,873 personnel; of these an estimated 470 officers and 3,669 other ranks were either killed in action or died of wounds", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\nThroughout the war RAMC personnel were praised over and over again in despatches. By 1929 the Corps could proudly boast ownership of many foreign orders and various foreign medals, along with -\n1,111 Meritorious Service Medals including one extra bar\n3,002 Military Medals including 95 with one extra bar, and 4 with 2 extra bars\n395 Distinguished Conduct Medals including 9 with one extra bar\n3 Albert Medals\n1,484 Military Crosses including 61 with one extra bar, 22 with 2 extra bars and 1 with 3 extra bars.", "The Royal Army Medical Corps in War\n499 Distinguished Service Orders including 25 with 1 extra bar\nAnd 7 Victoria Crosses, two of which included 1 extra bar.\nInformation researched and compiled by Barbara Janman (Courtesy of Reginald Leonard Barrett-Cross)\nInformation sources:\nA Short History of the Royal Army Medical Corps by Colonel Fred Smith, C.B., C.M.G., LL.D., M.B.\nCentenary History of the Medical Corps (1898-1998) by J.S.G. Blair"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781476736945?aff=baen

Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan

["Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan\nWorlds in Chaos\nJames P. Hogan\nTWO EPIC NOVELS BY A NEW YORK TIMES BEST-SELLING AUTHOR TOGETHER IN ONE VOLUME: Cradle of Saturn and The Legend That Was Earth. Earth is in danger from cosmic catastrophe and alien overlords.\nTwo classic novels from a best-selling master of SF.\nCradle of Saturn", "Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan\nDiscoveries made by colonists on the moons of Saturn show that the Solar System has undergone repeated cataclysms and the last was only a few thousand years. This flies in the face of accepted scientific dogma, and is dismissed by Earth's authorities--until the planet Jupiter suddenly emits a white-hot Earth-sized protoplanet that hurtles sunward on a collision course with Earth.\nThe Legend That Was Earth", "Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan\nThe alien Hyadeans have showered high-tech gifts on the population of Earth and are offering to make a paradise of the planet. But when wealthy socialite Roland Cade discovers the dark underbelly of the alien presence, and learns that his ex-wife is one of the so-called terrorists who are fighting against the alien takeover, he's forced to choose sides. Soon, he's caught up in a terrifying conflict that threatens the very existence of the Earth.\nAbout Cradle of Saturn:", "Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan\n\"Hogan's clearly explained scientific hypotheses presents intriguing questions, and his characters are real and likable . . . the suspenseful plot will keep readers strapped in for this ride.\" --Publishers Weekly\n.\" . . there's no denying Hogan's] ability to tell a story. . . . The reader who felt that films such as Deep Impact, Armageddon and When Worlds Collide were for wimps might want to jump on this one.\" --Starlog\nAbout The Legend That Was Earth:", "Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan\n\"Hard SF readers will] appreciate Hogan's energetic narrative, engaging characters and stirkingly real presentation of a plausible immediate future.\" --Publishers Weekly\n.\" . . on the cutting edge of technology . . . Hogan's talent carries the reader from peak to peak in the story.\" --Booklist\n.\" . . fascinating notions and nonstop plot twists in a taut, gripping narrative.\" --Kirkus Reviews\nBaen, 9781476736945, 880pp.", "Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan\nJames P. Hogan was a science fiction writer in the grand tradition, combining informed and accurate speculation from the cutting edge of science and technology with suspenseful story-telling and living, breathing characters. Born in London in 1941, he worked as digital system engineer and sales executive for several major computer firms before turning to writing full-time in 1979. His first novel, Inherit the Stars was greeted by Isaac Asimov with the rave, \"Pure science fiction . .", "Worlds in Chaos: Two Epic Novels by James P. Hogan\nArthur Clarke, move over!\" and his subsequent work quickly consolidated his reputation as a major SF author. He wrote over thirty novels, non fiction works, and mixed collections, including the New York Times bestsellers The Proteus Operation and Endgame Enigma and the Prometheus Award Winning novels Voyage from Yesteryear and The Multiplex Man. He lived in the U.S.A. for twenty years in the USA, then moved to the west coast of Ireland, where he died in 2010."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.gr/books?pg=PA82&vq=%22a+gift+of+an+aggregate+sum+to+a+body+of+persons+uncertain+in+number+at+the+time+of+the+gift,%22&dq=editions:LCCN19018339&lr=&id=i-gKAAAAYAAJ&hl=el&output=html_text

Case of Smith v. Gould.

["Case of Smith v. Gould.\nthe contract was executed. It certainly could make no possible difference to the defendant or to what was contemplated by the parties when the sale was made, whether a subcontract had been actually made, or whether one would be made immediately upon the execution of the contract with the defendant. We have seen that the fact that the price at which the goods had been sold by the subcontract was not mentioned to the vendor was not controlling", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nWhat the parties did understand was that the plaintiffs were purchasing these goods to resell in England, and that as soon as the contract in suit was executed the plaintiffs would make a contract in England to resell the goods; and certainly the parties must have had in contemplation that the plaintiffs would sustain as damages occasioned by a breach of the contract with the defendant just the difference between the contract price and the price at which they would be able to sell the goods in England", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nSuch was the proximate and necessary injury that would be occasioned to the plaintiffs by a breach of the contract by the defendant, and for that, it seems to me, the plaintiffs were clearly entitled to a verdict", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nIt is hardly necessary to again state that, if there had been a market here at which the plaintiffs could have purchased the merchandise and so fulfilled their contract with their English vendees, the general rule would have applied, and the plaintiffs be restricted to the difference between the market price here or at San Francisco, where the merchandise was to be delivered, and the contract price", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nBut as it appears from the evidence that there was no market either here or at San Francisco at which these goods could be purchased except from the association\u2014as whose agent the defendant had made the contract with the plaintiffs\u2014and the association had absolutely refused to sell this merchandise to the plaintiffs, it is clear that there was no market in which the merchandise could be purchased; and the only other method that has been suggested which would indemnify the plaintiffs is that before mentioned, which I think I have established is sustained by both principle and authority.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nThe court in its charge to the jury submitted to them the questions of fact which they were to pass upon, to which, as before stated, no exception was taken, and in which the questions at issue were clearly submitted for their determination. The court then stated to the jury the general rule in relation to the measure of damages in actions for a breach of contract for the sale of merchandise. He thus formulated the rule that the jury applied:", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\n\u201cBut there is another rule of damages, and that is, where a person sells goods to another with the knowledge that the purchaser is to use them in a certain way, for certain purposes, and the understanding between the par", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nties at the time of the contract of purchase and sale was that the purchaser did intend to use them in a certain way, and if by the act of the seller the purchaser is prevented from using them in that way, and he afterwards is not in a position to get the goods, he is entitled also to special damages, because the law says that a man must get the damages that is within the contemplation of the parties, and such damages as one can find would rea", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nThe court then left it to the jury to say whether this contract so made between the parties was made in contemplation of a resale in Great Britain, and that such a condition of the market in America was\n116 N.Y.S.-6", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nshown that the plaintiffs were unable to procure goods of that character as were subsequently sold to purchasers in Great Britain as would enable them to complete their contract; that if the facts are established in favor of the plaintiffs, then the plaintiffs would be entitled to recover such damages as the jury find would flow by reason of that situation, and they would be measured by the price at which they sold the goods to the Great Britain firm of Hooper & Co., less expenses", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\n\"Suppose I put that this way: That where a sale is made of goods with knowledge that the goods are being purchased for a particular purpose, then, in case of breach of such a contract of purchase and sale, the purchaser is entitled to such damages as naturally would flow from the breach of the contract, and which he or any reasonable person might expect would flow from the breach. And you may use as a basis of reaching that the sale which it is alleged was made to Hooper & Co", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nIt seems to me that this was an admirable statement of the principle which, as I think I have shown, is the settled law both in England and in this country, and the jury, finding the facts in favor of the plaintiffs, were fully justified in awarding the plaintiffs the verdict which they subsequently rendered.\nThere are no other questions that I think require consideration, and it therefore follows that the judgment appealed from must be affirmed, with costs. All concur except HOUGHTON, J., who dissents.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nHOUGHTON, J. (dissenting). The defendant, by its contract to act as sales agent for the Alaska Packers\u2019 Association, was prohibited from selling canned salmon for export to Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. The packers' association had established an agency in England, and agreed to protect those sales agents from invasion of their territory", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nSo far as appears, the defendant was anxious to sell to the plaintiffs the 28,000 cases of the specified brands of salmon, provided they were not to be exported to England. The plaintiffs insisted that they had purchased that quantity for the sole purpose of exporting it to England for sale, to the knowledge of the defendant, and demanded that the contract be fulfilled for that purpose", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nThe defendant insisted, on the contrary, that they could not and would not and did not agree to sell for export to England, and would not sell at all unless the sale was restricted for domestic consumption. The plaintiffs refused to recognize any restriction, and the defendant refused to deliver.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nIn view of the decision of this court on a former appeal (99 App. Div. 622, 90 N. Y. Supp. 998), I acquiesce in the finding of the jury in the present case, to the effect that the plaintiffs held an unlimited contract of purchase, and that defendant's agent, Stubbs, was authorized to make the erasure which he did, and deliver the contract to the plaintiffs so referred.\nI am of the opinion, however, that an erroneous rule of damages", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nmake sufficient proof of the nonexistence of a market for the various brands of salmon contracted for to entitle them to recover as their measure of damages the profits which they might have made on a resale", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nThe jury were instructed that the ordinary rule of damages on breach of contract of sale was the difference between the contract price and the market price, but that such rule had certain exceptions, one of which was that where the buyer, to the knowledge of the seller, purchases the goods for the purpose of fulfilling a contract, the buyer may on breach recover the profit which he would have made", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nThe jury were told that they could not assess plaintiffs' damages under this rule, because plaintiffs had no contract for resale when they made the contract of purchase from the defendant; but that another rule existed, to wit, that where the goods are purchased for a particular purpose, to be used in a certain way, to be dealt with in a certain manner to the knowledge of the seller, on breach the buyer might recover the profits which he would have made on a resale", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nIt was upon this latter theory that the plaintiffs recovered the full amount of the profits which they would have made on a resale to their English buyers.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nThe learned trial court was entirely correct in instructing the jury that the plaintiffs could not recover under the second rule of damages which he explained to them. An existing contract and a purchase for the purpose of fulfilling it, all to the knowledge of the seller, are necessary to charge him as damages on breach with the profits which the buyer would have made. Messmore v. N. Y. Shot & Lead Co., 40 N. Y. 422; Booth v. Spuyten Duyvil Rolling Mill Co., 60 N. Y. 487, 492; Griffin v. Colver, 16 N. Y", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\n489, 493, 69 Am. Dec. 718. This rule was recognized in Laird v. Townsend, 5 Hun, 107, and the judgment was reversed on the express ground that the plaintiff had failed to establish the existence of a contract of resale at the time of his purchase.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nThe plaintiffs entered into their contract with the defendant on the 30th day of August. On the following day their representatives in London submitted an offer of sale of the entire 28,000 cases to English jobbers, and a contract for such resale was signed on the following day, September 1st. So there can be no question that the plaintiffs did not have a contract of resale when they purchased from the defendant, and did not buy the goods for the purpose of fulfilling an existing contract.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nI cannot see how the third rule, as it is denominated, and which was the rule upon which the jury were permitted to assess damages against the defendant, can be applicable in any case to the purchase of goods. It is possible that it might be applied to a contract for the manufacture of a certain article to be used for a certain purpose, if such article was not procurable elsewhere. Every jobber who buys goods in quantity buys them for the purpose of reselling, and not for individual consumption", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nEvery seller who sells goods in quantity to jobbers knows that they are bought for the purpose of resale. Such purpose and such knowledge, however, do not make the defaulting seller liable for loss of profits. In Thol v. Henderson, 8 Q. B. Div. 457, knowledge on the part of the seller that goods were bought for resale was held not to be sufficient to charge him with", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nloss of profits, and it was expressly said that such knowledge did not bring the seller within the rule established in the leading English case of Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch, 341. The case of France v. Gaudet, L. R. 6 O. B. 190, cited as to the contrary in the prevailing opinion herein, was in tort and not on contract, and in the opinion that distinction is pointed out and given as the reason for not requiring notice to be served of an existing contract of resale.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nI do not understand the majority of the court to hold that the mere purchase of goods by a jobber for the purpose of resale, to the knowledge of the seller, entitles the buyer to recover the profits which he would have made; but they say no other rule of damages than loss of profits could have been applied in the present case, because the Alaska Packers' Association, the principals of the defendant, controlled the output of the particular brands of salmon contracted for, and, therefore, there was no market", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nIf there be a market, it is clear that unless the goods be purchased to fulfill an existing contract, to the knowledge of the seller, the buyer must go into the market and replace the goods, or rely upon the difference in market price for his damages. When the buyer can go into the market and buy the article which the seller has failed to deliver, this is the only rule to be applied, as it affords the buyer full indemnity. Special damages are allowed only when this rule will not furnish full indemnity", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nI think the plaintiffs failed to prove that there was no market in which they could repurchase. The fact that the Alaska Packers' Association produced and controlled all of the brands which the plaintiffs contracted for did not take those brands from the market. The general market might be, and not infrequently is, flooded with an article produced by only one producer. The 28,000 cases which the plaintiffs contracted for were still for sale", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nBalfour, Guthrie & Co., the English selling agents of the packers' association, dealt in the same brands, and they maintained an office in San Francisco as well as in London. One of the plaintiffs testified that he did not make any effort to buy through these agents, because he knew he was competing with them on the other side. For all that appears, there was an ample market in which the goods might be purchased in London, or a market price by which plaintiffs' loss might be measured", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nWhile technical delivery of the 28,000 cases was to be made in San Francisco, the ultimate place of delivery and sale was Liverpool and London. The plaintiffs did not intend, if they could avoid it, to even break packages at San Francisco or New York, but the goods were to be shipped in bulk direct to the English market. If the plaintiffs' theory of the contract of purchase with the defendant is correct, the defendant knew that the ultimate place of delivery and sale of the entire lot was England", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nSo far as the plaintiffs themselves were concerned, they had no intention of selling them at any other place. I see no reason, therefore, why, if the goods could not be purchased in this country, the market price at the place of ultimate delivery and sale, which was England, was not competent and necessary proof, or, in the alternative, proof of the", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nIn Durst v. Burton, 47 N. Y. 167, 7 Am. Rep. 428, cheese was sold and delivered at Frankfort, N. Y., to be shipped to New York City for sale. Church, C. J., says:\n\"The place of delivery was Frankfort, but by the terms of the contract New York was the market to which it was to be forwarded and where it was to be sold, and the market price there may be regarded as within the contemplation of the parties.\"", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nHarris v. Panama Railroad Company, 58 N. Y. 660, was an action to recover the value of a horse being transported over the defendant's road, and proof of the value of the horse at San Francisco, the place of its ultimate destination, was held to be competent. And the court intimated in Heinemann v. Heard, 50 N. Y. 27, that proof of the market price of silk in New York City, purchased in China, destined for the New York market, was not an improper rule upon which to base damages for nondelivery. In Lyles v", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nHasy, 15 Wkly. Dig. 456, it was held that if there be no market at the place of delivery, and the goods are purchased for transportation and sale at another place, the market price of the latter place controls, and it is competent to prove value at the place of sale, with the cost of transportation added. To like effect are Vanstone v. Hopkins, 49 Mo. App. 386; Johnson v. Allen, 78 Ala. 387, 56 Am. Rep. 34; Campbellsville Lumber Co. v. Bradlee, 96 Ky. 494, 29 S. W. 313; Cockburn v", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nIt is held in some of the above cases that the fact that the defaulting seller controlled the market did not change the rule. Nor does it change the rule that the defendant claimed that it did not make a contract of sale for resale in England. The whole theory of plaintiff's case is that the defendant did make such contract, and the jury has so found", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nNotwithstanding the defendant's position, therefore, it stands that the plaintiffs' theory is correct, and that the goods were in fact purchased with technical delivery at San Francisco, but for ultimate delivery and sale in England", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nI think, under such a state of facts, it was incumbent upon the plaintiffs to prove lack of market in England, and that in the absence of such proof the plaintiffs could not recover profits which they would have made on a resale to their English buyers by way of special damages.", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nI, therefore, vote for a reversal of the judgment.\nKORKEMAS V. MACKSOUD. (Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department. April 8, 1909.) BILLS AND NOTES (8 437*) \u2014 PAYMENT OF POSSESSION \u2013 \"HOLDER IN His Own\nRIGHT.\"\nWhere defendant, the maker of a note, on the day it fell due, requested plaintiff, the second indorser, to take it up at the bank, and that defendant would pay plaintiff in a few days, and defendant thereafter in some manner acquired possession of the note without having paid it, he was", "Case of Smith v. Gould.\nnot a \u201cholder in his own right,\" within Negotiable Instruments Law (Laws For other cases see same topic & & NUMBER 10 Dec. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, & Rep'r Indexes"]

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http://www.come-and-hear.com/talmud/kodashim.html

Introduction to Seder Kodashim

["Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n[page xvii] The Hebrew term Kodashim means Holy Things. This term, in the Biblical context, applies to the sacrifices, the Temple and its appurtenances, as well as its officiating priests; and it is with these holy things, places and persons that the Seder Kodashim is mainly concerned", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nIts position between Nezikin (Torts) and Tohoroth (Cleannesses) is determined, according to Maimonides,1 by the sequence in which the laws dealt with in these three orders appear in the Bible.2 This Seder contains also the Tractate Hullin which, although it treats of non-holy things, is included because the rules it prescribes regarding the slaughter of animals and birds, and their ritual fitness for use, constitute an integral part of the law of Holiness3 of which, as will be seen, the sacrificial cult was designed as vehicle of the highest religious expression.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe 'Order' comprises eleven tractates4 arranged in the separate printed editions of the Mishnah in the following sequence:\nZEBAHIM (Animal-offerings): Regulates the procedure for the offering of animal-sacrifices through its various stages, and lays down the conditions which render them acceptable or otherwise. 14 Chapters.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nMENAH0TH (Meal-offerings): Prescribes the rules regarding the preparation and presentation of meal and drink offerings; the bringing of the sheaf of barley (Lev. XXIII, 10); the two loaves [page xviii] (Lev. XXIII, 17); and the shewbread (Lev. XXIV, 5). 13 Chapters.\nHULLIN (Non-holy): Prescribes the rules for the slaughtering of animals and birds for normal consumption, and treats of the whole body of the dietary laws. 12 Chapters.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nBEKOROTH (Firstlings): Deals with the laws concerning the firstborn of men, animals, laid down in Ex. XIII, 12-13, Num. XVIII, 15-17, and Deut. XV, 19-23, and the tithing of cattle (Lev. XXVII, 32-33). 9 Chapters.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n'ARAKIN (Estimations): Gives the rules for determining the amount which must be paid in fulfilment of a vow to dedicate to the Temple the 'market-value' or 'worth' of a person or a thing according to Lev. XXVII, 2-27; and sets forth the laws relating to the jubilee year (Lev. XXV, 8ff). 9 Chapters.\nTEMURAH (Substitution): Sets forth the rules governing the substitution of one offering for another in accordance with the law prescribed in Lev. XXVII, 10. 7 Chapters.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nKERITHOTH (Excisions) : Deals with offences which carry with them the penalty of Kareth (v. Glos.), if committed wilfully, and of a sin-offering if committed in error; and discusses the cases in which an 'unconditional' or a 'suspensive guilt-offering' is due. 6 Chapters.\nME'lLAH (Trespass): Treats of the laws of Sacrilege or making unlawful use of consecrated things, in accordance with Lev. V, 15-16. 6 Chapters.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nTAMID5 (the Continual [Offering]) : Describes the Temple service, in connection with the daily morning and evening sacrifice, prescribed in Ex. XXIX, 38-41, and Num. XXVIII, 2-8. 7 Chapters.\nMIDDOTH (Dimensions): Contains the measurements and descriptions of the Temple, its courts, gates and halls and the Altar, and includes an account of the service of the priestly watches in the Temple. 5 Chapters.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nKINNIM ([Bird-]nests): Gives the regulations for the offering of birds prescribed in expiation of certain offences and certain conditions of uncleanness (see Lev. I, 14; V, 7 and XII, 8) and discusses the case in which birds belonging to different persons or to different [page xix] offerings have become mixed up with one another. 3 Chapters.\nThis sequence is also followed in the six volume first edition of Seder Kodashim in which the tractates appear as follows:\nVol. I Zebahim.\nVol. II Menahoth.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nVols. III and IV Hullin.\nVol. V Bekoroth and 'Arakin.\nVol. VI Temurah, Kerithoth, Me'ilah, Tamid, Middoth and Kinnim.\nFor the edition de luxe it was found necessary to publish the 'Order' in 9 volumes.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nOf the eleven tractates that constitute the 'Order', all, except Middoth and Kinnim, have Gemara in the Babylonian version of the Talmud.6 No Gemara is extant in the Palestinian version. Maimonides, however, speaks of the existence of a Palestine Gemara to Kodashim.7 That this 'Order' was a subject of study in the Palestinian no less than in Babylonian schools is seen from the many statements contained in the Babylonian Gemara emanating from Palestinian Amoraim", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThere are indeed few pages in the Babylonian Gemara on Kodashim in which Palestinian Amoraim do not figure in discussions relevant to the 'Order'. The only conclusion to be arrived at is that there was once a Palestinian Gemara to Kodashim but that it has been lost to us as have many other literary products of the past.8", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe Gemara on the 'Order' Kodashim is a testimony to the strong interest which the teachers of the Palestinian and Babylonian schools continued to take in the sacrificial cult even after its cessation with the destruction of the Temple. This interest was more than merely historical and academic. It was based on strictly practical considerations. There were in fact two motives that kept alive the study of [page xx] the Seder Kodashim even after its laws had fallen into disuse", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nOne sprang from the unquenchable hope that the Temple would sooner or later be rebuilt, involving the restoration of the sacrificial cult, so that the knowledge of its laws would once again become essential", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe other was the belief that the study of the sacrificial laws could serve as a surrogate for the Temple cult and was no less efficacious than the actual offering of the sacrifice itself.9 These motives lay behind the unceasing intellectual activity that centred round the Seder Kodashim throughout the intervening centuries to the present day, and which has crystallised itself in a mass of commentaries on the 'Order'; and in our own times the conviction that has seized many minds that we are witnessing the Athhalta di-Geulah ('beginning of the redemption') has led to the assiduous study of Seder Kodashim in many of the higher schools of learning in the Holy Land.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe sacrificial laws of the Torah, discussed and elaborated in this 'Order', are interspersed throughout the Pentateuch, but the main collection of them is to be found in the Book of Leviticus. The sacrifices set forth were varied in character. There were obligatory sacrifices, and there were voluntary sacrifices", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThere were collective sacrifices brought in the name of the entire community: the early morning and afternoon sacrifices, and the additional sacrifices on Sabbaths, New Moons, Festivals, and the Day of Atonement; and there were besides individual sacrifices", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nSome sacrifices were honorific in character and were offered in worship or as an expression of homage to God; others were piacular and were brought in expiation of sin; others again were tributary and presented in recognition of God as bestower of the gifts of Nature. To the honorific belong the peace-offering (shelem, plur. shelamim), the thank-offering (todah), and the burnt-offering ('olah)", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe sin-offering (hattath) and guilt-offering (asham) belong to the piacular; and included in the tributary are the firstlings (bekoroth) and the cattle tithes (ma'aser behemah).10 [page xxi]", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe sacrificial material was drawn from the animal and vegetable kingdoms. The animal sacrifice came from the herd or flock and in some cases from among birds. The vegetable offerings (minhah) consisted either of plain unbaked flour, baked cakes, or parched corn. There were in addition liquid offerings (nesakim) brought in conjunction with sacrifices, and there was also an incense-offering (ketoreth) compounded of several odoriferous vegetable products.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe sacrifices involved a series of acts of which the sprinkling of the blood was the most important in the case of animal sacrifices, and the burning of the handful (Komez) in the case of vegetable offerings.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe origin of sacrifices is wrapped in obscurity. Many widely differing theories have been propounded in explanation, but all are highly conjectural. All that can be said with certainty is that sacrifices are found to have formed a universal element of worship from the earliest times, and that there are traces among the precursors of Israel of sacrificial practices anterior to those instituted in the Torah", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis admission does not detract from the claim of the sacrificial laws of the Torah to divine origin, any more than the fact that religious belief did not begin with the Sinaitic Revelation affects the validity of the Religion of Israel. On the contrary, the universality and antiquity of sacrifices only serve to testify to a deep-rooted sacrificial instinct in the human heart which seeks to respond to the claims of God upon man, and which like all other instincts needs correcting, purifying and directing.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe need for a reconciliation of man with the higher power on whom his welfare depends lies after all at the heart of all religion", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nReligious consciousness has been defined by William James as consisting in a sense (a) of uneasiness 'that there is something wrong about us as we naturally stand', and (b) of a solution for that uneasiness \u2014 of a sense 'that we are saved from the wrongness by making proper [page xxii] connection with the higher powers'.11 In mythology and polytheism the gods are filled with envy, anger and hatred, and sacrifices are brought in order to effect a reconciliation and re-establish connection with them", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nBut the God of Israel can be angry only on account of injustice, and cannot be reconciled otherwise than by the doing justly, loving mercy, and walking humbly with Him. It was therefore essential to transform the crude ideas and desires concerning man's approach to God by filling them with a spiritual ethical content; and it was for securing this end that the sacrifices instituted in the Torah were designed as a most effective means.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n? In considering the Jewish sacrificial system, we are impressed by two unique features which characterise it. First, sacrifices were ordained exclusively for ritual or religious sins, and not for social sins.12 Second, no sacrifice could be offered in expiation of the deliberate transgressions but only for such offences as had been committed in error or under constraint.13 These two reservations, which have no parallel in other sacrificial systems, affect the whole quality of the sacrifices of the Torah", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nNot the needs of God are the sacrifices intended to satisfy, but the needs of man.14 They are no [page xxiii] longer conceived as gifts to an offended Deity in appeasement of its anger, or in reparation for a wrong done to fellowman. Their aim is essentially man's spiritual regeneration and perfection. They are designed, in all their parts, to foster in the mind of the worshipper a sense of the awfulness of ritual sin,15 in that it creates an estrangement alike between man and God and between man and man.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe grave view which the Bible takes of ritual sins is bound up with the significance of the ritual law. It is almost a truism that the ritual law of the Torah has for its purpose the religious and moral perfection of man. Have not the sages of the Talmud already declared that the precepts have been given only to ennoble mankind?16 This is true of the negative religious precepts no less than of the positive ones. Both sets of precepts have one common aim \u2014 the perfection of man", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nWhile the positive precepts have been ordained for the cultivation of virtue and for the promotion of those finer qualities which distinguish the truly religious and ethical being, the negative precepts are designed to combat vice and suppress other evil tendencies, and instincts that stand athwart man's strivings towards perfection.17", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThus conceived, the ritual law is charged with a moral and religious dynamism capable of transforming the individual and, through the individual, the society of which he forms a unit. The disregard of a ritual precept is accordingly no longer a private affair; in so far as it lowers man's moral fibre and his power of resistance to evil, every ritual offence is in a sense a social offence", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nViewed in this light, the insistence of the Torah on the need of sacrifices in expiation of ritual sin becomes readily intelligible. The purpose is twofold. They serve to bring home to the offender the seriousness of ritual sins even if committed unwillingly, and at the same time they guard him from lapsing through force of habit into wilful transgression.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis appreciation of the sacrificial laws of the Torah has already been stressed by Maimonides in Book III, Chapter 46 of his Guide, [page xxiv] which is devoted to the application of this idea to various offerings. 'Do not consider this', he writes, 'a weak argument, for it is the object of all these ceremonies to impress on the mind of every sinner and transgressor the necessity of continually remembering and mentioning his sin'", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n'When this theory', he continues, 'has been well established in the minds of people they must certainly be led by it to consider disobedience to God as a disgraceful thing. Everyone will thus be careful that he should not sin'.18", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis explanation of sacrifices by Maimonides will appear contradictory to the view advanced by him in the thirty-second chapter of the same book where he regards the institution as a concession to a people still hankering after the idolatrous practices of their environment and age", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n'It was in accordance with the wisdom and plan of God,' he declares, 'that He did not command us to discontinue all these manners of service; for to obey such a commandment would have been contrary to the nature of man who generally cleaves to that which he is used", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nIt would in these days have made the same impression as a prophet would make at present if he called to the service of God and told us in His name that we should not pray to Him nor fast, nor seek His help in time of trouble, that we should serve Him in thought and not by any action.'19", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nNo part of Maimonides' Guide has aroused more controversy than his theory regarding sacrifices. Most outspoken and unsparing among his critics was Nahmanides, who prefers to see in sacrifices a moral symbolism founded on a psychological analysis of conduct.20 His staunchest defender is Abrabanel,21 who quotes a Midrash in support of the Maimonidean view. In reality, both the critics and the defenders of Maimonides misconstrued his attitude to the problem", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nTo obtain a full insight into Maimonides' interpretation of sacrifices, it is not sufficient to limit our study to one particular chapter in his Guide. We must of necessity extend our investigation to other parts of his work and include in our survey his great Halachic masterpiece, the Mishneh Torah, where he presents to us the [page xxv] independent Jewish view which his philosophic speculations and critical enquiries served to confirm and strengthen.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nTurning to the Mishneh Torah, we find Maimonides adopting an entirely different attitude. Sacrifices, he there declares, belong to the class of divine commandments designated as hukkim (statutes), for which no reason is ascertainable (Me'ilah, VIII, 8)", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis assertion, sufficiently categorical, appears in turn to be modified in his Guide, Book III, 26, where he distinguishes between the sacrificial institution in itself and its detailed rules: sacrifices in general have a reason, but no reason can be given for its details.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThus, we see Maimonides adopting four distinct attitudes in regard to sacrifices which, summarised, are as follows:\nSacrifices have no reason (Mishneh Torah, Me'ilah VIII, 8).\nSacrifices are a concession to the idolatrous propensities of the early Israelites (Guide III, 3 2).\nSacrifices are designed as prevention of sin and as consequent safeguard of the ritual Law (Guide III, 46).\nSacrifices have a reason in general, but not as to their detailed rules (Guide, III, 26).", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThese apparent clashings and crossings of Maimonides' views have their explanation, it is here submitted, in the distinction which must be drawn between voluntary sacrifices and obligatory sacrifices.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nObligatory sacrifices have been ordained by God. They form accordingly an integral part of revealed religion. Their reason may be unknown. But the fact that God had commanded them imparts to them a spiritual and moral quality making for human perfection; and this may be after all the best explanation that can be given for them. Voluntary sacrifices on the other hand have not been enjoined by God", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThey cannot therefore lay claim to the elevating tendency inherent in divine commands; and in consequence would not have been included in the Torah, but for some definite purpose, which must be understandable and clear to the human mind.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis distinction between obligatory and voluntary sacrifices accounts for the difference of Maimonides' approach to the problem in the Mishneh Torah and his Guide, III, 32. A careful reading of that [page xxvi] Chapter in his Guide, where he traces the root of sacrifices to idolatrous instincts makes it evident that Maimonides was concerned there only with voluntary sacrifices. Honorific in character, voluntary sacrifices would be brought only as tokens of worship and homage", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nAs such they were under the best of circumstances inferior to prayer which is the 'service of the heart'.22 But that is not all. Through their idolatrous origin and by their very nature, voluntary sacrifices were not without lurking dangers", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nUnlimited in number, and unattended by confession and the repentance which are fundamental to expiatory offerings, or by the mental preparation that is inseparable from other obligatory offerings, voluntary sacrifices were liable to become a source of inner injury to righteous life", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe reality of this danger was exemplified in later Jewish history; and it was against the abuse of this type of sacrifices that the prophets launched their scathing denunciations.23 Yet far from being suppressed by the Torah, they received, paradoxically enough, divine approval", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe only feasible explanation, in the opinion of Maimonides, was that they were to be considered in the light of a concession, because of their inestimable value as a road through which primitive Israel could travel, albeit slowly and gradually, from idolatrous superstition to the highest service of the one and only God.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nBut whatever perils voluntary sacrifices might involve, there were no such dangers lurking in obligatory sacrifices ordained by [page xxvii] God.24 They could accordingly, irrespective of their reason, serve as means to righteous life. The difficulty, however, of finding a rational explanation for them gave them the character of statutory Jaws; and it is with reference to obligatory offerings therefore that Maimonides asserts in his Code that they belong to the hukkim of the Torah.25", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nObligatory offerings form also, as is to be seen from the context, the subject of discussion in the Guide, Book III, 46, where Maimonides ascribes to them a practical motive \u2014 the prevention of sin. This is not inconsistent with his classification in the Mishneh Torah of the obligatory sacrifices among the hukkim", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nEven hukkins, it is well to remember have, according to Maimonides, a cause and serve a practical purpose, though their reason is not so evident nor their object so generally clear as those of other precepts.26 There is therefgre in Maimonides' attempts to present a rationale of obligatory offerings nothing incompatible with his assertion of their statutory character", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nWhile the modus operandi for the effectiveness of the sacrificial rites must elude natural explanation, it is still possible to detect in them certain aspects, the value of which is discernable by the human mind.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nActually, however, Maimonides' treatment of obligatory sacrifices in his Guide, III, 46, while accounting for the main outlines, leaves much of the detailed rules unexplained. This is in conformity with his insistence in III, 26, of the same work that details call for no explanation, as they have been ordained for no other purpose than as tests for man's obedience. Details, he argues, are a necessary part of the structure of anything 'which can receive different forms, but receives one of them'", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n'Those who therefore trouble themselves [page xxviii] to find a cause for any of these detailed rules are in my eyes void of sense.' 'You ask,' he continues by way of illustration, 'why must a lamb be sacrificed and not a ram, and the same question would be asked why a ram had been commanded instead of a lamb\u2026 the same is to be said as to the question why were seven lambs sacrificed and not eight; the same question might have been asked if they were eight, ten or twenty lambs, so long as some definite number of lambs were sacrificed.'27 This does not mean to imply that the details are altogether arbitrary", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThey may be arbitrary as far as man is concerned. Having been given as tests of obedience one set of details could have served the same purpose as well as any other. But they are certainly not arbitrary as far as the divine law-giver is concerned. They have in the words of Maimonides been 'dictated by his will'. They have their source in the will of God and as such can admit nothing of the fortuitous or adventitious.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nWhat Maimonides means to convey, in deprecating all attempts to discover a reason for the details, is that their value is derived not from their content but from the fact that they are grounded in the will of God. All that matters here is that they have been ordained by God, and this is sufficient to compel their observance. This may appear a blind, irrational attitude running counter to the whole trend of Maimonidean thought", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe fact, rejoins Maimonides, is that in whatever we do in life we cannot avoid making our decision in favour of one of many possible forms without necessarily having to rationalise about our choice.28 As against the details, however, stand the commandments in themselves. These have their source, according to Maimonides, in the wisdom of God. As such they have a definite purpose. This purpose, as he conceives it, is primarily [page xxix] educative", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nTheir aim is the highest perfection of man \u2014 intellectual and moral. They are designed to infuse right knowledge, inculcate truths and train man to righteous life and action. They cannot, however, produce these effects unless the ideals and principles they enshrine are properly understood", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe explanation of them thus becomes an important religious need and duty; and in regard to sacrifices in particular the appreciation of their significances and meaning, as far as their general character is concerned, constitutes an integral part of their fulfilment.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThus the varying interpretations of sacrifices given by Maimonides, far from conflicting with each other, supplement and complement each other. Voluntary sacrifices are a concession to the hankering after ancient idolatrous forms and practices of worship. Obligatory sacrifices belong to the hukkim, the reason for which though not so evident, it is proper for man to investigate", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis, however, applies to the laws in their broad outline, but not to the details, for which no explanation need be sought, except that they were. prescribed as mere tests of obedience.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis somewhat lengthy exposition of Maimonides' views on sacrifices may appear to be out of place in an Introduction to a Talmudic 'Order'. It is, however, included here because it presents the classical rabbinic tradition from which Maimonides, despite foreign guidance and system, never departed", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nEssentially rabbinic is the idea of the statutory character of obligatory sacrifices.29 'The sacrificial institutions,' writes Moore 'were an integral part of revealed religion and had the obligation of statutory law. It was not for the interpreters of the law to narrow their scope or substract from their authority. Nor was it of any practical concern to enquire why the divine law-giver had ordained thus and not otherwise or indeed ordained them at all", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nIt was enough that he had enjoined upon Israel the observance of them.'30 Likewise rabbinic in origin is the theory as to the idolatrous associations of voluntary sacrifices, being found in a Midrash which, as already mentioned, Abrabanel31 cites in his support. Commenting on the verse, What man soever [page xxx] there be of the house of Israel that killeth an ox \u2026 and hath not brought it unto the door of the Tent of Meeting\u2026 he hath shed blood (Lev. XVII, 3). R. Phinehas in the name of R", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nLevi says: The matter may be compared to the case of a king's son who thought he could do what he liked and habitually ate the flesh of nebeloth32 and terefoth.32 Said the king: 'I will have him always at my own table, and he will automatically be hedged round.' Similarly, because Israel were passionate followers after idolatry in Egypt and used to bring their sacrifices to the satyrs, the Holy One, blessed be He, said: 'Let them offer their sacrifice at all times in the Tent of Meeting and thev will be separated from idolatry, etc.'33 The words, 'let them offer their sacrifices at all times' make it evident that the reference is to voluntary sacrifices since obligatory sacrifices were strictly circumscribed in point of time and circumstance", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nNor is the practical motive of sacrifices advanced by Maimonides absent from rabbinic thought. 'What,' says the Midrash,'is the meaning of the words 'he offered it up for a burnt-offering instead of his son' (Gen. XXII, 13)", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n? At every sacrificial act Abraham performed with the ram, he prayed, 'May it be Thy will that this service be regarded as if I performed it with my son, as if he had been slaughtered, as if his blood had been sprinkled, and as if he had been made ashes.'34 Here we have a significance ascribed by the Rabbis to sacrifices which is but a vivid formulation of the practical motive given by Maimonides", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nIt was also a Midrashic dictum to which Maimonides appealed in support of his view that the details of the sacrifices have been given to serve only as tests of obedience.35 [page xxxi]", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nBut whatever theory the Rabbis of the Talmud may have held as to the sacrificial cult, there is little doubt that they had an appreciation of its fundamentally educational value. This is shown by the designation Hokmah which they came to give to this 'Order' . Hokmah means wisdom; and wisdom in the Jewish conception was not theoretical but practical. It was not an intellectual pursuit, but essentially a religious ethic", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThrough this designation, the Talmudic conception of the sacrifices as educative becomes unmistakably clear. Their object was conceived of as being to instil in the heart of the devoteee that wisdom whose mainspring and motive was the 'fear of the Lord', and to which the observance of the ritual law was designed as an aid.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe observance of the ritual law which the sacrificial cult inspired made it a vehicle of Holiness of the highest expression. Whatever its root meaning, Kodesh,36 the Hebrew term for Holiness, denotes both that which pertains to God and that which is recognised to be the character of God. This character has from the earliest days in Jewish teaching been associated with ideals of righteousness", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe pursuit of Holiness involved for man a self-surrender to God accompanied by a resolve to make the divine pattern of righteousness his own. This is the Holiness which the sacrificial cult was divinely designed to foster. Its contribution to Holiness was both of a negative and posttive character. On the negative side, by safeguarding the observance of the ritual law, the sacrifices served to strengthen what the Torah regarded as the only available defences against the forces inimical to Holiness", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nOn the positive side, through the confession and repentance which accompanied them, as well as the solemnity of their setting, the sacrifices helped to draw man near to God in close communion than which there is no greater power making for Holiness.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe view of the sacrifices outlined above has much bearing on the [page xxxii] question of their restoration in the future \u2014 a restoration which Maimonides in his Mishneh Torah includes among the tenets of traditional Judaism.37 Here, too, the distinction may have to be drawn between voluntary offerings and obligatory offerings. In fact the prayers for the restoration of sacrifices that figure so largely in our Liturgy are specifically restricted to obligatory sacrifices", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nGranted that with the disappearance of the 'passion for idol worship' (yizra di abodah zarah)38 there could be little, if any, religious value in the restoration of voluntary offerings; it is otherwise with obligatory offerings. As a safeguard for the observance of the ritual law, the obligatory sacrifices have lost none of their validity", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe sickness and distress of the modern world is derived in the last resort from the lack of correspondence between man's moral progress and his intellectual and scientific achievements. Indeed, the terrific power of evil at the command of man leads a modern writer, Lewis Mumford,39 to advocate a moral tightening by the introduction of all kinds of inhibitions and renunciations in order to train man in the habit of that inner check and self-restraint so essential to human survival", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nBut surely no humanly contrived restrictions and restraints can take the place of those divinely ordained in the ritual law of the Torah", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThus do the grim and tragic experiences of our time only serve to confirm the attitude of traditional Judaism to the ritual law as an indispensable aid to moral law; and the restoration of the obligatory offerings in the days to come40 can only serve to strengthen and safeguard the ritual law for the regeneration and perfection of Israel and, through Israel, of the whole of humanity", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nWell, then, may the disciple of the Law in delving into the intricacies of the Seder Kodashim re-echo, in no narrow spirit, the words of that ancient prayer, 'May it be Thy will that the Temple be rebuilt speedily in our days and grant us our portion in Thy Law.'41 [page xxxiii]", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nMETHOD AND SCOPE\nTEXT. The Text used for this edition is in the main that of the Wilna Romm Edition. Note has, however, been taken of the most important variants of manuscript and printed editions some of which have been adopted in the main body of the translation, the reason for such preference being generally explained or indicated in the Notes. All the censored passages appear either in the text or in the Notes.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nTRANSLATION. The translation aims at reproducing in clear and lucid English the central meaning of the original text. It is true some translators will be found to have been less literal than others, but in checking and controlling every line of the work, the Editor has endeavoured not to lose sight of the main aim of the translation. Words and passages not occurring in the original are placed in square brackets.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nNOTES. The main purpose of these is to elucidate the translation by making clear the course of the arguments, explaining allusions and technical expressions, thus providing a running commentary on the text", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nWith this in view resort has been made to the standard Hebrew commentators, Rashi, the Tosafists, Asheri, Alfasi, Maimonides, Maharsha, the glosses of BaH, Rashal, Strashun, the Wilna Gaon, etc.42 Advantage has also been taken of the results of modern scholarship, such as represented by the names of Graetz, Bacher, Weiss, Halevy, Levy, Kohut, Jastrow, Obermeyer, and \u2014 happily still with us \u2014 Krauss, Buchler, Gmzberg, Klein and Herford among others, in dealing with matters of general cultural interest with which the Talmud teems \u2014 historical, geographical, archaeological, philological and social.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nGLOSSARY AND INDICES. Each Tractate is equipped with a Glossary wherein recurring technical terms are fully explained, thus obviating the necessity of explaining them afresh each time they appear in the text. To this have been added a Scriptural Index and a General Index of contents. [page xxxiv]\nIn the presentation of the tractates the following principles have also been adopted:\nThe Mishnah and the words of the Mishnah recurring and commented upon in the Gemara are printed in capitals.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n[H] introducing a Mishnah cited in the Gemara, is rendered we have learnt'.\n[H] introducing a Baraitha, is rendered 'it has been (or was) taught'.\n[H] introducing a Tannaitic teaching, is rendered 'Our Rabbis taught'.\nWhere an Amora cites a Tannaitic teaching the word 'learnt' is used, e.g., [H], 'R. Joseph learnt'.\nThe word tanna designating a teacher of the Amoraic period (v. Glos.) is written with a small 't'.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nA distinction is made between \u2026: [H] referring to a Tannaitic ruling and \u2026: [H] which refers to the ruling of an Amora, the former being rendered 'the halachah is \u2026' and the latter, 'the law is \u2026'\nR. stands either for Rabbi designating a Palestinian teacher or Rab designating a Babylonian teacher, except in the case of the frequently recurring Rab Judah where the title 'Rab' has been written in full to distinguish him from the Tanna of the same name.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n[H], lit., 'The Merciful One', has been rendered 'the Divine Law' in cases where the literal rendering may appear somewhat incongruous to the English ear.\nBiblical verses appear in italics except for the emphasized word or words in the quotation which appear in Roman characters.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nNo particular English version of the Bible is followed, as the Talmud has its own method of exegesis and its own way of understanding Biblical verses which it cites. Where, however, there is a radical departure from the English versions, the rendering of a recognized English version is indicated in the Notes. References to chapter and verse are those of the Massoretic Hebrew text.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nAny answer to a question is preceded by a dash ( \u2014 ), except [page xxxv]where the question and the answer form part of one and the same argument.\nInverted commas are used sparingly, that is, where they are deemed essential or in dialogues.\nThe archaic second person 'thou', 'thee' etc. is employed only in Haggadic passages or where it is necessary to distinguish it from the plural 'you', 'yours', etc.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe usual English spelling is retained in proper names in vogue like Simeon, Isaac, Akiba, as well as in words like halachah, Shechinah, shechitah, etc. which have almost passed into the English language. The transliteration employed for other Hebrew words is given at the end of each tractate.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nIt might also be pointed out for the benefit of the student that the recurring phrases 'Come and hear:' and 'An objection was raised:' or 'He objected:' introduce Tannaitic teachings, the two latter in contradiction, the former either in support or contradiction of a particular view expressed by an Amora.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nFor technical reasons this set of six volumes, comprising the fifth of the six 'Orders' of the Talmud, appears last, and with its publication the Soncino edition of the Babylonian Talmud is brought to completion. The moment has thus arrived for bidding farewell to a task which has absorbed the best energies of myself and a number of fellow-workers for over fifteen years", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nSurveying this monumental work, all those who had a share in its production may well, in no spirit of boastfulness, congratulate themselves on an achievement which promises to be of abiding value", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis translation of the Talmud with its accompanying expository and cultural notes makes accessible for the first time to the English-reading student that part of the heritage of Israel to which more than to anything else, the Jewish people owes its preservation, and from which humanity as a whole has drawn no little sustenance for its religious and moral life", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nTo bring the knowledge of this ancient treasure to many to whom it has hitherto been terra incognita, and thus enable it more [page xxxvi] and more to exert its potent and benign influence, has been the aim of this undertaking, the successful conclusion of which is itself the best reward for the faithful toil bestowed upon it", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThose of us who have been associated with this publication from the beginning to the end cannot better express our gratitude for being privileged to witness this consummation than in the age-honoured formula of thanksgiving:", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nFINISHED AND COMPLETED:\nPRAISE TO THE CREATOR OF THE UNIVERSE\nAll who have taken part can thank God that to them has been granted the opportunity to apply their powers, whether great or small, to a work which should serve to communicate abroad the religious faith and wordly wisdom enshrined in the pages of the Talmud, for the inspiration and guidance of this generation and the generations to come.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis, too, is a fitting occasion for the Editor to pay the warmest of tributes to the several translators and other contributors for all the learning and industry they brought to bear on their work, as well as the skill with which they discharged the respective tasks committed to them. Where each one gave of his best, it would be invidious to single out names. Special mention must however be made of Mr Maurice Simon, M.A", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nfor his helpfulness in many directions, especially in the matter of style and diction, and to Mr Eli Cashdan, M.A. for his careful attention to proofs and other valuable assistance. Thanks are also due to my wife for'looking well after the ways of her household', and thus making it possible for me to engage in this work.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe driving force behind this gigantic work was of course Mr. J. Davidson, the Governing Director of the Soncino Press. His was the vision that inspired it, the energy that produced it, and the courage that enabled him to carry it through to the end, notwithstanding difficulties and obstacles that at times seemed insurmountable. Jewish learning has long been under a deep obligation to [page xxxvii] Mr", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nDavidson for his fine publications, but the debt owed to him for the splendid array of beautiful volumes that comprise the Soncino edition of the complete Babylonian Talmud in English passes all calculation.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nAnd now to conclude on a more personal note, I tender my humble thanks to Almighty God for having granted me life and strength to perform this most exacting and strenuous task, and to witness its completion. May it be His will that these volumes should help to spread the knowledge of His Torah among an overgrowing circle of disciples, and to foster an appreciation of Jewish teachings in an ever-increasing measure in English-speaking Jewries and beyond.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nWith this prayer I take leave of my editorial task, a task which covered the whole of the Talmud, commonly known as Shass. It is a solemn occasion which, in accordance with Jewish custom, calls for a celebration. Such a celebration would be marked by the recital of what is called a Hadran, in which the hope is expressed that the ending of the study of the Talmud shall prove but the prelude to a new beginning", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis is the note on which, I feel, all those who have contributed to the preparation of this version of the Babylonian Talmud would like this work to conclude. And so in response to their wishes and the promptings of my own heart, I say au revoir to this Talmudic work, to the accompaniment, in an abbreviated form, of the traditional Hadran:", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nMay it be Thy will, O Lord our God, that Thy Torah be our occupation in this world and be with us in the world to come \u2026\nMake pleasant, we beseech Thee, O Lord our God, the words of Thy Torah in our mouth and in the mouth of Thy people, so that we all with our offspring and the offspring of the offspring of Thy people, the House of Israel, may all know Thy Name and learn Thy Torah for its own sake \u2026", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nWe give thanks before Thee, O Lord our God, and the God of our ancestors, that Thou hast set our portion with [page xxxviii] those that sit in the House of Study and not with those (idlers) who sit at streetcorners \u2026", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nMay it be Thy will, O Lord our God, even as Thou bast helped to complete Seder Kodashim and the whole of Six Sedarim of the Talmud, so to help us to begin other books and to complete them, to learn, to teach, to heed, to do and to fulfil in love all the words of instruction in Thy Torah \u2026 and may there be fulfilled in us (the promise): When thou walkest it shall lead thee; when thou liest down it shall watch over thee; and when thou awakest it shall talk with thee (Proverbs, VI, 2 2).", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nFor by me thy days shall be multiplied, and thy years of life shall be increased (Proverbs, IX, 11 ). Length of days is in its right hand; in its left are riches and honours (Proverbs, III, 16). The Lord will give strength unto His people; the Lord will bless His people with peace. (Psalms, XXIX, 11 ).\nI. EPSTEIN\nJews' College\n13th Nisan. 5708\n22nd April, 1948\nIntroduction to Seder Zera'im.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nNezikin has its basis in Exodus; Kodashim, in Leviticus I-X; Tohoroth, in Leviticus XI-XV. For another explanation, see Z. Frankel, Darke ha-Mishneh, p. 262.\nFor the place of the dietary laws in the Jewish scheme of Holiness, see I. Epstein, The Jewish Way of Life, pp. 161-164.\nAccording to all editions of the Mishnah, with the exception of the Riva di Trento 1559 edition in which Hullin and Bekoroth appear in Tohoroth.\nIn the Naples 1492 edition Middoth is placed before Tamid.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nIn Tamid only chapters 1, 2, 4 have Gemara.\nSee Maimonides, loc. cit. Whether he had ever seen it, is very doubtful, since he is not known to have made citation of it anywhere.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe Palestine Gemara on Kodashim, claimed to have been discovered by Solomon Leb Friedlander and of which he published several tractates under the title Talmud Yerushalmi Seder Kodashim (Szinervaralja 1907-8), has been proved a forgery. See H. L. Strack, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (English ed.), Philadelphia, 1931, pp. 68 and 266, n. 16.\nSee e.g. Men. 110a; Ta'an. 27b; Midrash Ex. Rab. XXXVIIII; Midrash, Lev, Rab. IX.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe Paschal Lamb seems also to have belonged to the tributary, the lamb being offered vicariously by the household in recognition of God's deliverance of the houses of Israel in Egypt. See Ex. XII, 2]. It is not without significance that the Paschal Lamb is often bracketed with the firstlings and cattle tithe, and that, except for what concerns their consumption, they are governed by the same sacrificial regulations. See Zeb. 56b.\nVarieties of Religious Experience, p. 508.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe guilt-offering entailed by the social offences enumerated in Lev. V, 21ff, was required only if the offender had denied his guilt on oath, his offering being in expiation of his sin against God rather than his fellow. As for the sin he had committed against his fellow, 'even if he were to bring all the \"rams of Nebaioth\" (Isaiah, LX, 7) in the world, he would not be forgiven until he obtains pardon from his fellow' (B.K. 92a); see also Yoma 856.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThe wrongs enumerated in Lev. V, 21ff (see previous note), for which even wilful offenders were to bring a guilt-offering, contained in them a certain element of constraint which brought them into the category of unwilful offences. The man who, for example, denied that he had misappropriated the property of his fellow and, on being adjured, takes a false oath, may have done so because he lacked the moral courage to admit his guilt after having once tried to conceal it; cf", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nAaron ha-Levi, Sefer ha-Hinnuk, Precept 123, with reference to the 'oath of testimony', for which the offering prescribed (Lev. V, 1ff) applies to 'witting' as well as 'unwitting' cases. Otherwise for deliberate offences, unless the penalty is committed to an earthly tribunal, repentance secures divine forgiveness. See Yoma 86a, and Tosefta, Yom ha-Kippurim V (Zuckermandel's ed.), p. 190.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nCf. Midrash Num. Rab. XXI, 16-17, and Pesikta Rabbathi (ed. Friedmann) p. 80a. xxii\nThe term 'ritual' is used throughout in a comprehensive sense, and denotes all the religious precepts of the Torah concerning the relations between man and God.\nMidrash Gen. Rab. XLIV, 1.\nSee I. Epstein op. cit. p. 161.\nFriedlander's translation, pp. 364-5.\nOp. cit. p. 322.\nSee Nahmanides' commentary on the Pentateuch, Leviticus, I, 9.\nIn the preface to his commentary on Leviticus; see infra, p. xxix.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nCf. also David Kimhi on Jer. VII, 2;. This is an important distinction which, strange to say, appears to have been overlooked by all those writers who deal with the attitude of the prophets to the sacrifices. Yet it is fundamental and must be taken into consideration before we can speak of an antagonism of the prophets to the sacrifical cult. In fact a reference to the prophetic utterances, cited by the critical school in support of their views on the problem, i.e. I Sam", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nXV, 22; Hosea VI, 6; Amos V, 21ff; Isaiah I, 11ff; Micah VI, 6ff; Jeremiah VII, 21ff, shows that they are all concerned with voluntary sacrifices. This is a subject which deserves to be treated at length, but space here forbids a full discussion. The literature on the problem of the attitude of the prophets to sacrifices is too extensive to be listed. Among the most recent, however, might be mentioned H. H. Rowley, The Rediscovery of the Old Testament (1946); and to go back earlier, J", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nAll obligatory sacrifices, public and private (except the few tributary ones), were piacular or had at least in them a piacular element. See Sheb. 2a-b, and Tosefta Menahoth, X 12. See also G. F. Moore, Judaism, 1. p. 497 and 111, p. 151-2.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nIn support of his view that the sacrifices belong to the hukkim, Maimonides in his Code (loc. cit.) quotes a dictum 'By the merit of the sacrifices the world stands'. This dictum is but an extension of the idea mentioned in Ta'an. 27a where this is said in his reference to the Ma'amadoth, the attendances at the Daily Offering which is the obligatory offering par excellence.\nGuide, III, 29.\nFriedlinder, op. cit. pp. 311, 312.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThis is how the difficult chapter in the Guide (111, 26) is to be understood. While rejecting the view of those theologians who, following the Mohammedan Ashariyah (see Guide 111, 17), hold that the commandments have no object at all and that they had been dictated only by the will of God, Maimonides accepts their position as far as the detailed rules are concerned. His assertion that the details have no ulterior object can only mean that they have their source in the will of God", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nA similar notion that the commandments have no reason is found in Ber. 33b. See Maimonides Guide, 111, 48; and I. Epstein, Judaism of Tradition, pp. 42-43.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nSee supra p. xxvii, n. 2.\nG.F. Moore op. cit. I, 504.\nSee supra, p. xxiv.\nMidrash Lev. Rab. XXIII, 5. See D. Hoffmann, Leviticus, p. 88, and W. Bacher, Die Aggada der palastinensischen Amoraer, II, p. 316.\nMidrash quoted by Bahya b. Asher in his commentary on the Pentateuch, Lev. I, 9. For the various versions of this Midrash, see M. Kasher, Torah Shelemah, III (2), p. 903.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\n? Surely the commandments are only intended as a means of trying man' (Midrash Gen. Rab. XLIV, 1). This Midrashic dictum is generally understood in the sense that the commandments are educative, ennobling in character, see supra p. xxiii. Maimonides evidently gave the Midrash a different interpretation, and while not accepting the illustration drawn from slaughtering, as the rules of slaughtering have in his view a definite educative value, he applies the Midrashic principles to sacrifices.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nEither (i) 'bright', or (ii) 'separation'; see N.H. Snaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the Old Testament, pp. 26ff.\nSee Maimonides, Yad, Melakim, XI, 1.\nSee Sanh. 64a.\nProgramme for Survival, pp. 60ff.\nThe enormous legal difficulties involved in the restoration of sacrifices within our present social and political framework places the whole question outside the realm of practical halachah. Compare A. I. Kook, Mishpat Kohen, Responsa, 89ff.\nAboth, V 23.", "Introduction to Seder Kodashim\nThese names are referred to more fully in the list of Abbreviations at the end of each tractate.\nDirectory of Sedarim and Tractates\nAn educational forum for the examination of religious truth and religious tolerance."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://opac2.mdah.state.ms.us/stone/SV35I7.php?referer=https://noithatduongdai1.wixsite.com/mysite/post/find-out-why-we-offer-100-design-free

A Friend in the North, The South: A Letter from a Friend in the North.

["A Friend in the North, The South: A Letter from a Friend in the North.\n7.\tA Friend in the North, The South: A Letter from a Friend in the North. With Special Reference to the Effects of Disunion upon Slavery (Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Son, 1856). (45 p.)", "A Friend in the North, The South: A Letter from a Friend in the North.\nOpen letter defending slavery and prophesying an economic disaster for the South should the nation go to war. \u201cI say nothing of the courage, endurance, or military skill of the respective parties. There is not a doubt they could do each other incalculable injury, and that in a few years the actual cost of the war, its ravages, its interruption of industry, would be equal in value to the whole of the able-bodied slaves", "A Friend in the North, The South: A Letter from a Friend in the North.\nThe free states would have double the population along the boundary that the States of the South have, and are therefore doubly as strong, without taking into account the paralyzing effect of the slave population, which would have to be watched in the rear, with a powerful enemy in the front.\u201d"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ksut.org/2013-09-04/social-media-erupt-on-news-of-ariel-castros-death

Social Media Erupt On News Of Ariel Castro's Death

["Social Media Erupt On News Of Ariel Castro's Death\nSocial Media Erupt On News Of Ariel Castro's Death\nBy Mark Memmott\nIt took neighbors' help for Amanda Berry to escape through the bolted storm door of the Cleveland home where authorities say she and two other women were held captive for nearly a decade. After she emerged, the women and Berry's daughter were rescued. Later, the home was destroyed.\nAs Americans wake up Wednesday to the news that Ariel Castro is dead, many are turning to Twitter and other social media to share their thoughts.", "Social Media Erupt On News Of Ariel Castro's Death\nCastro, who held three young women captive in his home for about a decade \u2014 raping and torturing them over the years, fathering a child with one and forcing another to miscarry \u2014 is being roundly condemned both for what he did and for the way he apparently chose to end his own life. He had served only a little more than one month of the sentence he received for the crimes that were discovered in May \u2014 life in prison plus 1,000 years.\nHere's a sampling of typical Twitter messages:", "Social Media Erupt On News Of Ariel Castro's Death\n-- \"What a coward Ariel Castro is.\"\n-- \"So Ariel Castro is dead in jail, hanged himself. Oops, my sympathy bag appears to be empty.\"\n-- \"Ariel Castro kept those girls captive for 10 years, he couldn't even spend 5 weeks in jail. #pathetic.\"\nCleveland's WKYC-TV has posted some of the messages from its Facebook page. They include:\n-- \"Rest in hell.\"\n-- \"He took the easy way out.\"\n-- \"Coward.\"", "Social Media Erupt On News Of Ariel Castro's Death\nFrom Cleveland, Nick Castele of member station WCPN reports that the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction is investigating the circumstances of Castro's death.\nThe 53-year-old prisoner was alone in his cell, officials say. Guards were assigned to check on him every 30 minutes.\nMark Memmott", "Social Media Erupt On News Of Ariel Castro's Death\nMark Memmott is NPR's supervising senior editor for Standards & Practices. In that role, he's a resource for NPR's journalists \u2013 helping them raise the right questions as they do their work and uphold the organization's standards.\nSee stories by Mark Memmott"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.armstronglegal.com.au/criminal-law/act/court-processes/human-rights-act/

"Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT"

["Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nThe Human Rights Act 2004 can be drawn on to improve your position in a criminal law case. All legislation in the ACT must comply with the Act, which includes many provisions in relation to the rights of those caught up in the criminal justice system. The main ways the Act can be called upon is in issues surrounding arrest, detention, bail and delay before trial, but it can be drawn on also throughout a hearing or trial and at sentence.", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nThe Act enshrines many long-held legal principles and embraces various declarations and United Nations conventions. The ACT and Victoria are the only jurisdictions in Australia that have enacted human rights legislation.\nRight to Liberty and Security of Person\nThe Act declares that everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained, or deprived of liberty, except on the grounds and in accordance with procedures established by law.", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nAnyone arrested in the ACT must be told, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for the arrest and must be promptly told about any charges against them. Further, anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge must be promptly brought before a judge or magistrate; and they have the right to be tried within a reasonable time or released. Anyone awaiting trial must not be detained in custody as a general rule, but their release may be subject to certain guarantees to appear.", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nAnyone who is deprived of their liberty by arrest or detention is entitled to apply to a court so that the court can decide, without delay, the lawfulness of the detention and order the person\u2019s release if the detention is not lawful. Anyone who has been unlawfully arrested or detained has the right to compensation for the arrest or detention. No one can be imprisoned only because of the inability to carry out a contractual obligation.\nHumane Treatment When Deprived of Liberty", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nAnyone deprived of liberty must be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. An accused person must be segregated from convicted people, except in exceptional circumstances, and an accused child must also be segregated from accused adults. An accused person must be treated in a way that is \u201cappropriate for a person who has not been convicted\u201d.", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nEveryone has the right to have criminal charges decided by a competent, independent and impartial court or tribunal after a fair and public hearing (though the media and public may be excluded from all or part of some trials).\nRights in Criminal Proceedings\nThe Act enshrines one of the most basic principles of the law: everyone charged with a criminal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nFurther, anyone charged with a criminal offence is entitled to the following minimum guarantees, equally with everyone else:\nto be told promptly and in detail, in a language that they understand, about the nature and reason for the charge;\nto have adequate time and facilities to prepare their defence and to communicate with lawyers or advisors chosen by them;\nto be tried without unreasonable delay;\nto be tried in person, and to defend themselves personally, or through legal assistance chosen by them;", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nto be told, if they do not have legal assistance, about the right to legal assistance chosen by them;\nto have legal assistance provided to them, if the interests of justice require that the assistance be provided, and to have the legal assistance provided without payment if they cannot afford to pay for it;\nto examine prosecution witnesses, or have them examined, and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on their behalf under the same conditions as prosecution witnesses;", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nto have the free assistance of an interpreter if they cannot understand or speak the language used in court;\nnot to be compelled to testify against themselves or to confess guilt.\nA child who is charged with a criminal offence has the right to a procedure that takes account of the child\u2019s age and the desirability of promoting the child\u2019s rehabilitation.\nAnyone convicted of a criminal offence has the right to have the conviction and sentence reviewed by a higher court in accordance with law.", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nCompensation for Wrongful Conviction\nIf a person\u2019s conviction is reversed, or he or she is pardoned, on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person has the right to be compensated according to law.\nHowever, this does not apply if it is proved that the nondisclosure of the unknown fact in time is completely or partly the person\u2019s own doing.\nRight Not to Be Tried or Punished More Than Once", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nNo one may be tried or punished again for an offence for which he or she has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with law.\nRetrospective Criminal Laws\nNo one may be held guilty of a criminal offence because of conduct that was not a criminal offence under Territory law when it was engaged in.", "Understanding the Human Rights Act 2004 in Criminal Law Cases in the ACT\nA penalty may not be imposed on anyone for a criminal offence that is heavier than the penalty that applied to the offence when it was committed. If the penalty for an offence is reduced after anyone commits the offence, they benefit from the reduced penalty.\nIn the ACT, juries are only used to decide criminal trials in the Supreme Court. Juries in the ACT are\u2026\nIf you are attending court in the ACT, it is important to respect the rules of court etiquette. This includes\u2026"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/vancouver-island-makes-list-of-world-s-best-island-getaways-1.6257258?cache=yes%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue%3FclipId%3D89531%3FclipId%3D89925%3FclipId%3D263414%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue%3FclipId%3D89750

Vancouver Island named among world's best island getaways

["Vancouver Island named among world's best island getaways\nVancouver Island makes list of world's best island getaways\nBeaches on the west coast of Vancouver Island, near Tofino and Ucluelet, B.C. (iStock)\nVancouver Island is the only Canadian destination to make this year's list of top island vacations in the world, according to travel website Conde Nast Traveler.", "Vancouver Island named among world's best island getaways\nVancouver Island was chosen as a top vacation spot alongside other islands in Vietnam, Hawaii, Spain, Ecuador and beyond, according to Conde Nast's list of \"16 Best Island Vacations in the World, According to Our Travel Specialists.\"\nThe travel website is quick to point out that the island has a range of activities to offer beyond spending time in B.C.'s capital city.", "Vancouver Island named among world's best island getaways\n\"Many people don\u2019t realize, however, that Victoria is at the southern tip of the island and that the island is nearly 300 miles long,\" writes travel editor Sheri Doyle, who contributed to the list and owns travel website Pacific Northwest Journeys.\n\"One of my favorite places on the island is Tofino, a small town on the far west coast about halfway up the island that\u2019s a great destination for outdoor adventures with fantastic food and lodging,\" she wrote.", "Vancouver Island named among world's best island getaways\nOther classic island activities include visiting Butchart Gardens and watching whales off Victoria or Tofino, as well as black bear watching in some of the more remote areas of the island, according to Doyle.\nWhile not mentioned on Conde Nast's list, another Vancouver Island community has been growing into an up-and-coming whale-watching spot.\nResidents of Port Alice on northern Vancouver Island have been watching a family of humpback whales visit the village year after year.", "Vancouver Island named among world's best island getaways\nThe whales spend much of their time in the village's sheltered inlet and can be seen from the shoreline.\n\"The whole community gets excited,\" said Port Alice resident Jacqueline Mackenzie in late January.\n\"You see people coming down to the marina, coming down along the sea walk and just checking it out \u2013 it's great,\" she said.\nThe frequent visits have even brought tourists to the small village, with visitors coming from as far afield as Europe, according to resident Marnie Chase."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.lawfox.in/companies-act-2013/Section-295-%3A-Payment-of-Debts-by-Contributory-and-Extent-of-Set-off.

Payment of Debts by Contributory and Extent of Set-off - Section 295 of the Companies Act 2013

["Payment of Debts by Contributory and Extent of Set-off - Section 295 of the Companies Act 2013\n295. (1) The Tribunal may, at any time after passing of a winding up order, pass an order requiring any contributory for the time being on the list of contributories to pay, in the manner directed by the order, any money due to the company, from him or from the estate of the person whom he represents, exclusive of any money payable by him or the estate by virtue of any call in pursuance of this Act.\n(2)The Tribunal, in making an order, under sub-section (1), may,\u2014", "Payment of Debts by Contributory and Extent of Set-off - Section 295 of the Companies Act 2013\n(a) in the case of an unlimited company, allow to the contributory, by way of setoff, any money due to him or to the estate which he represents, from the company, on any independent dealing or contract with the company, but not any money due to him as a member of the company in respect of any dividend or profit; and\n(b) in the case of a limited company, allow to any director or manager whose liability is unlimited, or to his estate, such set-off.", "Payment of Debts by Contributory and Extent of Set-off - Section 295 of the Companies Act 2013\n(3) In the case of any company, whether limited or unlimited, when all the creditors have been paid in full, any money due on any account whatever to a contributory from the company may be allowed to him by way of set-off against any subsequent call."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://visitbucharest.today/statue-iuliu-maniu/

Statue of Iuliu Maniu

["Statue of Iuliu Maniu\nStatue of Iuliu Maniu\nLocated in Revolution Square, the Statue of Iuliu Maniu is shown as a broken man with an unbreakable spirit.", "Statue of Iuliu Maniu\nIuliu Maniu was the prime minister of Romania on three occasions between 1928 and 1933. Because he was an opponent of Soviet influence in Romania, after the Second World War, in 1947, he was sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labor by the Communist Regime. As it was expected according to his age and to the prison conditions, he died in prison six years later. He was buried without ceremony in a common grave in the prison courtyard.", "Statue of Iuliu Maniu\nOn the 1st of December 1918, he engaged in an intensive unionist campaign in Alba Iulia. During this campaign, Romanians demanded separation from Austro-Hungary. In 1930, Iuliu Maniu maneuvered against the Constitution. Together with Gheorghe Mironescu, at that time the President of the Council of Ministers of Romania brought about Carol's return and deposition of his son, Michael. Carol did not respect the terms of his agreement with Iuliu Maniu and refused marriage to Queen Elena.", "Statue of Iuliu Maniu\nAfter the loss of Northern Transylvania, Basarabia, and Southern Dobrogea, in 1940 Carol conceded power and exiled himself. This led to the creation of the National Legionary State, a regime which aligned Romania with Nazi Germany and The Axis. In this period of time, Maniu started to talk with general Antonescu and asked for an end to the persecution of the Jews and transports of them to Transnistria.", "Statue of Iuliu Maniu\n\"The Department well knows that Maniu has stood out boldly as a champion of pro-Allied action and sentiment in Rumania even during the dark days of the Antonescu dictatorship. He has an enormous political following in the country and I believe the respect in which all Rumanians hold him eclipses that held for any other Rumanian", "Statue of Iuliu Maniu\nBecause of what he has been and what he is, it seems important that he be preserved from slipping into sharing the general conviction that the dissolution of the Rumanian state is now in progress\"."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ABb3LV5Uo38C&pg=PA129&focus=viewport&vq=%22Whoso+would+be+a+man+must+be+a+nonconformist.+He+who+would+gather+immortal+palms+must+not+be+hindered+by%22&dq=editions:OCLC10054007&hl=zh-TW&output=html_text

The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors

["The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nis biting at one cheese after the other, and looking at the balance as it alternately tips a little to either side. We have not thriven because water was poured into our milk, and we are to see if we can make a better drink by pouring the milk into the water", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nBut yet something must be done to prevent persons from presenting the fruits of their labour to the first knave or fool who asks for them; and we must therefore have recourse to the slow, but sure, method of distributing a knowledge of the subject among the people. This may be done in two ways,-both good, but neither quite complete by itself", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nThe general principles of the subject may be widely taught, but this is not enough; the number of those who can apply them rigorously to the questions which arise must be greatly increased", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nTo this end, books of sound mathematical learning on the subject, accompanied by tables which will remove the necessity of much calculation, must be made attainable in a comparatively cheap form ; and one of the sort is so made attainable in the work before us, which not only provides at least four times as much help to calculation as any of its predecessors, but will be sold at a price unprecedentedly low, for such a mass of table matter.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nWe see with great pleasure that in many different quarters popular essays on life assurance and annuities are making their appearance. We do not know whether these are good or bad, nor does it so much matter; all are friends in the present attempt. The worst of them will show many that there is more in the subject than can be mastered by taking a few shares in a new company, and will impress on the mind of its readers the necessity for some little inquiry", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nThis much would be a great step gained, if it were universally gained. The smallest investigation, a mere pause till a friend or two could be consulted, would have saved many of those who were miserably taken in by the West Middlesex swindlers, from their disastrous fate. A very little knowledge of the subject, the mere idea that there is knowledge on the subject, would, if it were general, prevent the class of desperate rogues from combining for the mere purpose of plunder", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nBut more must be done; for there are plenty of schemes, which, without being criminal, are most blameably rash. It is not a slight knowledge of principles which will serve to detect these; figures must be applied, and properly applied. It has been said that there is nothing which may not be proved by figures; this means that there is nothing which may not be shown from figures to those who only look at the figures. It was", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nthe proverb of those who were always frightened by calculation, and silenced by a show of figures ; so, in like manner, among savage nations, there is nothing which may not be gained by firearms, until they have got firearms for themselves. Arithmetical calculation is not now so much of a bugbear as it was; there are many who can not only endure, but practise it, and they must be shown how to do it.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nAs soon as the science of life contingencies had been successively licked into shape by Halley, De Moivre, Simpson, Dodson, and some others, and the exertions of Dr. Price had presented tables which appeared to represent the value of life in England, and the establishment of several assurance offices had given hopes of stability to its practical application, a succession of writers took upon themselves the charge of providing elementary instruction on the subject", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nUntil the appearance of the work before us, the principal writings which were notorious as combining both instruction and tables, were the works of the late Mr. Morgan, of Mr. Baily, and of Mr. Milne. The well-known work of Dr. Price contained indeed the tabular matter connected with the Northampton tables, and a full account of their construction, but no elementary treatise on the application of the tables", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nEach of the preceding works had a merit of its own, and it will explain our remarks on the work particularly before us if we give a few words to each.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nMr. Morgan, a relation of Dr. Price, was introduced by the influence of the latter to the management of the affairs of the Equitable Society. He was of a cautious temperament, and, which is more to our present purpose, was a well-informed mathematician. He was the first who applied mathematical reasoning to the solution of the more complicated class of questions, on the assumption of a table of mortality, properly so called", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nThe distinction is this : preceding writers had used what was called De Moivre's hypothesis; a mathematical assumption which superseded the use of a table of mortality, and assigning a simple (but not very accurate) law of life, made it possible to give tolerably simple formul\u00e6 for the most complicated problems. Mr. Morgan, in various papers published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, solved these problems in what is now called the usual method", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nLater writers have given conciseness and elegance to these solutions, but it was Mr. Morgan who led the way in this path. In his work on assurances (the second edition of which was published in 1821, the first having preceded it by more than forty years) Mr.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nMorgan gives, 1. The principles of the subject and the solution of questions expressed in words at length, the algebraical part being reserved for the notes. The tables added to the work are mostly those which Dr. Price had already given in his well-known treatise founded on the Northampton tables. This idea of expressing the formul\u00e6 by verbal rules was not a happy one", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nIt was afterwards adopted by Baron Maseres (in 1783), in that most prolix of all possible works, his Treatise on the Principles of Life Annuities. The shortest way to comprehend this subject is to learn a very little of algebra; the time spent in doing without algebra must always be longer than that necessary to learn the requisite amount of it. Mr. Morgan's work, though the first elementary treatise, must not be called the first algebraical treatise, on the modern methods.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nMr. Baily's Doctrine of Life Annuities and Assurances was published in 1810, and obtained a popularity among actuaries which not only soon put it out of print, but has, even up to the present time, made its second-hand price greatly exceed that at which it was published.* This celebrity it owed mostly to its being a clear and systematic algebraical treatise, most emphatically superior to that of Mr. Morgan in the notation employed; and in some measure to a larger range of tables", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nIt was published at the period in which the defects of the Northampton tables began to be seen, and the want of others giving a longer duration to life began to be felt. The tables of Deparcieux, and the Swedish tables, then appearing for the first time in so extensive a form, were not demonstrated to be particularly applicable to English life; but they were valuable, in the absence of others, as giving longer life, it being known that the life of the Northampton was too short. Mr", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nMr. Milne published, in 1815, his Treatise on the Valuation of Annuities and Assurances, which has, since the disappearance of Mr. Baily's work as a book on sale, been the great authority in algebraical matters connected with life contingencies; and of late years has also taken that post with reference to its tables", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nIn the mathematical part it combines a general account of the method of constructing tables of mortality, with a full investigation of the formul\u00e6 for their use, carried completely through all problems involving one,", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\ntwo, or three lives. To the algebraical symmetry which Mr. Baily had introduced, is added the first general attempt to institute a distinct notation for the representation of life contingencies; the results of which, though somewhat cumbrous in appearance, and strange in their symbols, will in all probability lead to some general agreement on the subject; more than one writer having been led to the consideration of this branch of expression by the route traced out by Mr. Milne", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nThe defect of the work to a learner, is too great a generalization at the commencement. With regard to the tables, Mr. Milne, by aid of observations on the value of life at Carlisle, presented a new table (the Carlisle), which subsequent verifications have shown to represent more accurately than any other the state of life among the middle classes in England.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nDr. Price and Mr. Morgan set the example of making the fundamental tables to consist in the values of annuities on one life for every age, and of two lives for every pair of ages in which the difference is five years, or any multiple of five years. Other differences of age must be supplied by interpolation,-a process which gives results sufficiently accurate in most cases, but which sometimes does not admit of so much being said", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nIn the construction of these tables, which is a work of tolerable labour, much valuable material is thrown away, and the results of it only presented. The want of the rejected part is very severely felt in many problems, which are tediously long when the answers are to be deduced from the tables of complete annuities. Mr", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nBarrett, of whom no more is known than that he linked his name inseparably to this subject, proposed a very ingenious modification of the tables, which, stopping short of the final results, leaves it in the power of the calculator to proceed as if he had before him all the raw material of the old tables in its easiest form. This method was first published by Mr. Baily, in an appendix to his own work,\u2014which appendix was, we believe, subsequent to the treatise of Mr", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nMilne: it was thrown into a more convenient form, and extended in power, by Mr. G. Davies, and is now the most valuable instrument of which the actuary is possessed; and, what is more to our present purpose, it is the form in which knowledge of the modes of calculation will be diffused among arithmeticians in general.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nAt the appearance then of the work before us, the state of the science, as to points now under consideration, may be briefly summed up as follows: The superiority of the Carlisle Table was admitted ;-the old methods, depending upon\nVOL. XI.-NO. XXI.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\ncomplete annuity tables, were the ones in general use ;\u2014the practical correctness of results was somewhat lessened, and the trouble of obtaining them increased, by the incompleteness of the published tables of two lives; many tables of simplification had been computed by actuaries for themselves, but none were published ;-Barrett's method was impeded by the want of published tables, though many private persons had them in manuscript for their own purposes ;\u2014the number of persons, not actuaries, who could work a simple question, was very small.", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nThe treatise published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge began to be issued some years ago, and is not yet quite completed; but as the whole of the explanation has been some time before the public, and a mass of tables very much exceeding those of Mr. Milne has now appeared, a review of the whole will not be premature. The author is Mr. David Jones, actuary of the Universal Life Office", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nHis preface (yet to appear) will, we hope, point out in detail the methods employed in the calculation of the several tables. The work consists of a treatise on interest ; forty-three pages of tables to accompany this treatise (usually mixed up with the life tables); a treatise on life annuities, as to all cases in which not more than two lives are concerned ; six hundred and thirty pages of lifetables, plus some yet to come", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nThe treatise on life annuities, which belongs to this mass of tables, is only of one hundred and twenty-six pages. With regard to the treatise, independently of the tables, we have examined it (for a particular purpose) much more closely than we should have thought it necessary to do, previously to expressing a general opinion ; and we can give our strongest testimony, both to the soundness of the writer's methods, and the accuracy of the printer", "The Dublin Review, Volume 11 by Various Contributors\nThere is, however, no occasion to enlarge upon a question of fact, which must be established; for those who work questions of this kind must have the tables, and will therefore in most cases find out the merit of the work. The great defect is a badly chosen notation,-inferior, in our opinion, to Mr. Milne's. Its symbols are too small, and there is the defect of double indices; thus an annuity on joint lives of the ages m and n, to last k years, is denoted by"]

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The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology

["The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nWhat role did Ares - the Greek God of War - play in Greek Mythology\nFrom DailyHistory.org\nRevision as of 13:20, 6 August 2020 by Ewhelan (talk | contribs)", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThe Greeks had a polytheistic religion and they personified the great forces and powers that shaped and influenced their lives. In this way, they tried to control their world. The Greeks and the Romans believed that they could influence impersonal forces and powers, by sacrifices and rituals. One of the most powerful phenomena in Ancient life was war. In Greek religion the God Ares was the deity of war, specifically, he embodied the bravery, prowess, and physical force, required in battle", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nHe was an especially important God in the pantheon and in Greek mythology. Ares can teach modern people a great deal about Ancient Greek views on war.", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAres was the son of Zeus and Hera and regarded as one of the Twelve Olympians and was seen as one of the most powerful gods. The name Ares is believed to have derived from the word for curse or ruin. He was the representative of destruction caused by war and he was the personification of war in its most destructive form. Like so many other Greek deities it is believed that he was first worshipped by the Mycenaean Greeks", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThey were the Greeks who are recorded in the Iliad and whose vast palaces have been unearthed by archaeologists. References to Ares was found on tablets written in the Archaic Greek known as Linear-B [1]. Once the Greeks had another war God, known as Enyalius, but in later myths, he became a byname for Ares. According to some, Ares originated in Thrace, which was traditionally inhabited by fearsome warriors", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nMany experts have observed that Ares had many of the characteristics of the Indo-European war-god and is similar to deities such as the Germanic God Wotan. Ares was never popular and there were very few temples and shrines to him in the Hellenic World. There was a shrine to the god on a hill near Athens and this was later the site of the courts, which dealt with capital cases. Ares was mainly worshipped by soldiers and by armies on campaigns[2].", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAres had a sister named Eris, who was the divine personification of discord and disorder. The character of Ares was not an attractive one. Another sister was Artemis the virgin Goddess who was also the deity of strategy and generalship. Ares was arrogant and vengeful and loved violence and war. In the myths, he is often shown as angry and his roars were likened to \u2018ten thousand men shouting\u2019 [3]He had many other half-siblings because of Zeus many adulterous affairs with demi-gods and humans", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nDuring war, Ares always favored those who displayed the greatest courage on the field of battle. Ares usually favored the strongest and was often portrayed as merciless. In one version of the Sisyphus myth, he frees death, because battles were no longer enjoyable if men did not die. Ares support did not always ensure victory, however, as is shown in the surviving corpus of myths[4]. This was because he like the other Gods had to accept the commands of Zeus, who in turn was acting in accordance with fate", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nZeus and Hera, the parents of Ares did not like him and the Father of the Gods, told him that he was detestable, because he was so blood-thirsty. This was because he enjoyed battle and bloodshed. The god of war never married but his consort was Aphrodite the Goddess of Love. Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of smiths, metalworkers, and craft persons. They carried out their affair in public, much to the anger of Hephaestus", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAres and Aphrodite had a number of children, one was Eros the God of Sex and erotic love, who embodied the characteristics of both his parents. Another son was Phobos who was the embodiment of fear and terror. Ares was not faithful to Aphrodite and he had relationships with a long litany of lovers. They included some of the Muses, a Titan, and even one of the Furies. He had countless children and in some myths\u2019 he was the father of the first Amazon", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThe Amazons were the race of warrior-women who were probably based on Scythian female warriors and they later took part in the Trojan War.", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThere are relatively few myths about the war-god, an indication of his unpopularity with the Greeks. He does play a role in the Foundation Myth of Thebes. He created a dragon that terrorized people and it was killed by the hero Cadamus. These grew from the earth and became the first Theban warriors who were as martial as the Spartans. Ares came into conflict with the God of the Sea Poseidon because his son had raped one a daughter of his", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThis story may be the origin myth of some festival which was marked by a general truce. In, another story, Ares is humiliated by Hercules, when Athena intervenes on the side of the demi-god. This occurred when Hercules killed Kyknos the son of the God of War. Kynos had been killing pilgrims on the way to the oracles at Delphi and had been building a mountain out of their skills. Ares fought in the war against the giants", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nTwo of them Otos and Ephialtes plotted revenge against the Olympian gods and they decided to abduct Hera and Artemis. However, they had to remove Ares first and they lured him into a trap and captured him. The giants then stuffed him into a bronze jar for thirteen months (a lunar year). He was rescued by Artemis, who cleverly played off the giants against each other.", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThe God who personified strength and courage in war played an important role in the Trojan War. Usually in war he favored the strongest and helped them to victory and was not concerned with justice, for Ares, might was always right. However, in the Iliad, he is shown by Homer as fighting on the side of the Trojans. He abandoned his usual impartial approach due to the persuasion of Aphrodite, who favored Troy. He may also have done this because some of his sons were fighting with the Trojans", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nHomer describes the war-cry of Ares as like the thunder from a storm cloud. He intervened on the side of the Trojans and when the Greeks saw this they retreated and almost left Troy. Athena, the sister of Ares, saw this and asked Zeus could she intervene. The Goddess of strategy was able to save the day for the Greeks. This was not the end of Ares's involvement when he heard that one of his sons had been killed, he let out a roar that shook the world", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAthena did not want the War-God to help the Trojans and possibly lead them to victory. She stole his helmet and lance, so he could not enter the fray between the Greeks and the Trojans. In one episode, Athena and Ares fought and his sister wounded him with a massive rock, during the brutal struggle. On another occasion, Ares did enter the fray on the side of the Trojans. Athena once again outfoxed him and had the Achaean hero Diomedes, hit him with a spear and drew blood", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThe Greeks did not revere Ares in the same way as many other of the Olympian Gods. They valued restrained and harmony and demanded reasonableness. Ares was tempestuous and violent and was every eager to engage in mindless violence. He represented the dangers of unrestrained passion. The Greeks recognize that the violence and lack of restraint embodied by the God of War were dangerous it was necessary for war. This is why the god was mainly honored by warriors on the campaign", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThe Greeks in peacetime did not value Ares. Even in war, Ares was of limited importance. In many myths, including those recounted by Homer he is shown to be humiliated by Athena, the goddess of strategy and leadership, or outfoxed by Hephaestus [5]. This demonstrated that the values represented by Athena were superior in a battle to those represented by Ares. The Goddess was often shown with Nike, the Goddess of Victory, and Ares was never shown with this deity", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAll the Ancient Greeks rate strategy and cleverness in war above all, else, especially in battle. The various humiliations inflicted by Athena on Ares demonstrated that in war, strategy and skill were more important than brute force and power. Moreover, the myths demonstrate\u2019 the superiority of reason over brute force. Athena represents reason and restraint and Ares unrestrained power and thoughtless violence", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nIt would be wrong to see in the habitual humiliations of Ares in myths as proving that the Greeks despised war, in fact, they saw it as an inevitable part of life [6]. The Greeks valued strategy and guile in war and this was one of the reasons why they were able to defeat the Persians and later, enabled Alexander the Great to conquer most of the known world.", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThe cult of Ares in Sparta and Thebes which were much more militarized societies than Athens was different. This is indicated in the prominence that they bestowed on the God of War in their civil religion. We see here that there was no uniform interpretation of the Greek Gods and their worship varied from state-to-state. While the majority of the Greeks were ambivalent about this deity, there were exceptions", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nSparta was a society that was based on martial principles and the goal of the state was to produce great warriors and invincible armies. Ares was more popular with the Spartans and they regarded him as the ultimate warrior. Spartan citizens were expected to model their conduct in battle on the god, who was the embodiment of war and conflict. It is believed that Sparta\u2019s worship of Ares was a conscious effort to distinguish themselves from other Hellenes.", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAres was very influential in the development of the Roman God, Mars. As part of the Hellenization of Roman civic religion, Mars was transformed from an agricultural god to the deity of war. Mars assumed many of the characteristics and features of Ares. However, the Romans valued the qualities of Ares more than the Greeks. They appreciated his power and his ruthlessness qualities and they adopted his cult wholesale from Greece", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThe frequent depictions of Mars in Latin Literature are all based on their interpretation of the Ancient Greek deity. Down the centuries, Mars eclipsed Ares. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the Greek god of War. He has appeared as a character in the animated Disney movie Hercules and in the TV series Xenia. Ares was also the villain in the recent Hollywood blockbuster, Wonder Woman. Interestingly, the modern versions of Ares are largely negative", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nThis may indicate the modern age\u2019s dislike of war and conflict. This is a good example of how ancient myths can be reinterpreted by different societies and represent different values and truths.", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAres represented a specific facet of war. He was the personification of the violence of war and its brutal nature. The Greeks did not regard him highly because they disliked the emotion and irrational forces that he represented. This god never achieved the status of other deities, with the exception of Sparta and Thebes. In the myths told about Ares, he is often humiliated and defeated. This was to indicate that valor and physical brawn was not enough for success", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nAres is often shown as being bested by Athena. This symbolized for the Greeks the superiority of reason and strategy over courage and brute force. Moreover, the myths of Ares can also provide insights, to modern people, on how to succeed in conflict and even the nature of leadership.", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\nMillington, Alexander. \"Iyarri at the Interface: The Origins of Ares.\" In Luwian Identities, pp. 543-565. Brill, 2013.\nKostuch, L. (2011). Pantes theoi, Polemos and Ares on the Battlefield. The Greek Concept of the War Deity.\n\u2191 Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion (Harvard, Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 134\n\u2191 Graves, Robert. The Greeks Myths (London, Pelican, 1990), p. 45\n\u2191 Homer, The Iliad, vi\n\u2191 Graves, p 116\n\u2191 Homer. The Odyssey. Translated by A.T. Murray. Theoi Classical Texts Library, p. 115", "The Role of Ares in Greek Mythology\n\u2191 Burkert, p. 119\nRetrieved from \"https://www.dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_role_did_Ares_-_the_Greek_God_of_War_-_play_in_Greek_Mythology&oldid=20806\"\nPage contributors"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.all-art.org/Visual_History/436.htm

The Age of World Wars

["The Age of World Wars\nThe first half of the 20th century saw the world entangled in two global wars, conducted with an unprecedented brutality. The First World War developed from a purely European affair into a conflict involving the colonies and the United States. It altered Europe's political landscape and shifted the power balance worldwide. In World War II, the nations of Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa were drawn into the conflict through the aggressive policies of an ambitious Nazi Germany", "The Age of World Wars\nThe war was conducted with the most up-to-date weapons technology and cost the lives of more than 55 million people. The Holocaust, the systematic annihilation of the European Jews, represented an unparalleled moral catastrophe for modern civilization.", "The Age of World Wars\nPablo Picasso \"Weeping Woman\", 1937\nMODERNIST LITERATURE\nCLASSICAL MUSIC-The Modern Age\nThe Age of World Wars\n1 The end of the European monarchs, caricature, 1918\n2 British geographers change the map of Europe\n3 Parade in the Red Square, Moscow, 1927\n4 Paying out unemployment money, 1930\nRampant nationalism and an international arms race made European politics potentially explosive at the beginning of the 20th century.", "The Age of World Wars\nIt took only the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir apparent in July 1914 to ignite a world war that tore apart the 1 old state structures.\nTotalitarian political forces emerged, strengthened by the social and economic crises of the postwar period. In 1939, German Nazism plunged the world into the most devastating war in history. At the war's end in 1945, Europe lay in ruins.\nConsequences of World War I: Reorganization of States", "The Age of World Wars\nThe First World War, waged with all the resources then available, shifted worldwide power relationships and redrew the 2 map of Europe.", "The Age of World Wars\nEven the militarily victorious nations Great Britain and France were economically weakened by the war. The United States profited most from the war. replacing Great Britain as the dominant world power, and it sought to bring peace to Europe based on the principle of the right to national self-determination. The postwar order created in Paris by the victorious powers was contradictory, however. It became the source of new conflicts and thereby set the stage for the next war", "The Age of World Wars\nThe military losers bristled at being assigned sole responsibility for the war and saw the reparations that they had been saddled with as greatly unjust. Germany in particular, which was forced to cede its colonies and large parts of its empire, sought revisions in the treaty from the start. The breakup of the multicultural empires of Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans created unstable nation-states in Eastern and Central Europe with strong ethnic minorities.", "The Age of World Wars\nIn the 5 Near East, the victorious powers broke their promise to grant national independence.\n5 Jews demonstrate for the right of free\nimmigration to Palestine, New York, 1920s\nThe former territories of the Ottoman Empire were divided into British, French, and international mandates. Great Britain's inconsistent posture toward Jewish immigration into Palestine set the groundwork for the Arab-Israeli conflict that would erupt after 1945.\nTotalitarianism: Communism and Fascism", "The Age of World Wars\nWorld War I mobilized and politicized whole nations for the first time. It shook up the established social order in many countries and led to revolts and revolutions. Centuries-old monarchies collapsed in Russia. Germany, Austria, and Hungary. Parliamentary democracies were established, with mixed success, in many places.\nThe most momentous development proved to be the 3 Bolsheviks' victory in Russia in 1917.", "The Age of World Wars\nThe founding of the Soviet Union in 1922 influenced the internal development of the whole of Europe.\nThe Soviet goal of a communist world revolution stirred up fears of left-wing communist uprisings by broad sections of the populace in the unstable European democracies of the 4 postwar period.", "The Age of World Wars\nIn response, new right-wing fascist factions gained strength everywhere. Although these varied greatly from country to country, they all had a militarily nationalist, radical antidemocratic and anticommunist position in common. These movements gained the upper hand in Germany and Italy against the backdrop of the worldwide economic depression. In Spain a fascist regime was establsihed only after a bloody civil war", "The Age of World Wars\nAuthoritarian systems also established themselves in South America, and a nationalist military leadership in Japan sought to establish a colonial empire in Asia. In China, the most populous nation of the world, nationalist and communist factions fought for control. Among the leading powers, only France, the United States and Great Britain retained their liberal democratic systems despite economic crises.", "The Age of World Wars\n6 Destroyed German city after a bombardment, 1944\n7 Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of penicillin, 1940\n8 Assembly of cars on a production line, US, ca. 1940\n9 Albert Einstein, ca. 1930\nTerror and Total War\nAn aggressive fascist movement gained power in Germany in the form of Hitler's National Socialist party.\nThe German Reich started 6 World War II in 1939 with the goal of reorganizing Europe according to Nazi racial theory.", "The Age of World Wars\nAn extermination campaign was begun against entire ethnic groups in Eastern Europe, which culminated in the mass murder of millions of European Jews. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union formed an alliance that finally put an end to the Nazis' rule of terror and occupied Germany in 1945. Germany's ally Japan surrendered only after the first atomic bombs had been dropped", "The Age of World Wars\nWorld War II, which was waged with highly developed technology and an enormous numbers of soldiers, cost the lives of more than 55 million people. The carpet bombing by the air forces claimed appalling numbers of victims and destroyed complete cities. As a result of the war, the Soviet Union and the United States rose to become the two world superpowers. After 1945, the differences between them, however, led to the ideological division of both Europe and the entire world.", "The Age of World Wars\nThe Dawning of Modern Mass Culture\nThe development of science and technology in the industrialized nations between the wars fundamentally altered daily life.\nIn 1915, physicist 9 Albert Einstein published his General Theory of Relativity and revolutionized the concept of time and space.\nIn 1929, bacteriologist 7 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the medical use of penicillin.\nThanks to the 8 assembly line, the car became the means of transport for the masses.", "The Age of World Wars\nLife in the cities became more hectic and dynamic, as new and more efficient technology led to an increase in the pace of everyday life. Communication over further distances and within a shorter amount of time was made possible, and increasing numbers of people began to move further away from their place of origin in the search of work and happiness, aided by the new mobility given them by the car.\nAmerican physicist\nborn March 14, 1879, Ulm, W\u00fcrttemberg, Ger.\ndied April 18, 1955, Princeton, N.J., U.S.", "The Age of World Wars\nGerman-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein\ufffds parents were secular, middle-class Jews. His father, Hermann Einstein, was originally a featherbed salesman and later ran an electrochemical factory with moderate success. His mother, the former Pauline Koch, ran the family household. He had one sister, Maja, born two years after Albert.", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein would write that two \ufffdwonders\ufffd deeply affected his early years. The first was his encounter with a compass at age five. He was mystified that invisible forces could deflect the needle. This would lead to a lifelong fascination with invisible forces. The second wonder came at age 12 when he discovered a book of geometry, which he devoured, calling it his \ufffdsacred little geometry book.\ufffd", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein became deeply religious at age 12, even composing several songs in praise of God and chanting religious songs on the way to school. This began to change, however, after he read science books that contradicted his religious beliefs. This challenge to established authority left a deep and lasting impression. At the Luitpold Gymnasium, Einstein often felt out of place and victimized by a Prussian-style educational system that seemed to stifle originality and creativity", "The Age of World Wars\nYet another important influence on Einstein was a young medical student, Max Talmud (later Max Talmey), who often had dinner at the Einstein home. Talmud became an informal tutor, introducing Einstein to higher mathematics and philosophy. A pivotal turning point occurred when Einstein was 16", "The Age of World Wars\nTalmud had earlier introduced him to a children\ufffds science series by Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher (1867\ufffd68; Popular Books on Physical Science), in which the author imagined riding alongside electricity that was traveling inside a telegraph wire. Einstein then asked himself the question that would dominate his thinking for the next 10 years: What would a light beam look like if you could run alongside it", "The Age of World Wars\n? If light were a wave, then the light beam should appear stationary, like a frozen wave. Even as a child, though, he knew that stationary light waves had never been seen, so there was a paradox. Einstein also wrote his first \ufffdscientific paper\ufffd at that time (\ufffdThe Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields\ufffd).", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein\ufffds education was disrupted by his father\ufffds repeated failures at business. In 1894, after his company failed to get an important contract to electrify the city of Munich, Hermann Einstein moved to Milan, Italy, to work with a relative. Einstein was left at a boarding house in Munich and expected to finish his education. Alone, miserable, and repelled by the looming prospect of military duty when he turned 16, Einstein ran away six months later and landed on the doorstep of his surprised parents", "The Age of World Wars\nHis parents realized the enormous problems that he faced as a school dropout and draft dodger with no employable skills. His prospects did not look promising.", "The Age of World Wars\nFortunately, Einstein could apply directly to the Eidgen\u00f6ssische Polytechnische Schule (\ufffdSwiss Federal Polytechnic School\ufffd; in 1911, following expansion in 1909 to full university status, it was renamed the Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule, or \ufffdSwiss Federal Institute of Technology\ufffd) in Z\u00fcrich without the equivalent of a high school diploma if he passed its stiff entrance examinations. His marks showed that he excelled in mathematics and physics, but he failed at French, chemistry, and biology", "The Age of World Wars\nBecause of his exceptional math scores, he was allowed into the polytechnic on the condition that he first finish his formal schooling. He went to a special high school run by Jost Winteler in Aarau, Switz., and graduated in 1896. He also renounced his German citizenship at that time. (He was stateless until 1901, when he was granted Swiss citizenship.) He became lifelong friends with the Winteler family, with whom he had been boarding", "The Age of World Wars\n(Winteler\ufffds daughter, Marie, was Einstein\ufffds first love; Einstein\ufffds sister Maja would eventually marry Winteler\ufffds son Paul; and his close friend Michele Besso would marry their eldest daughter, Anna.)", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein would recall that his years in Z\u00fcrich were some of the happiest years of his life. He met many students who would become loyal friends, such as Marcel Grossmann, a mathematician, and Besso, with whom he enjoyed lengthy conversations about space and time. He also met his future wife, Mileva Maric, a fellow physics student from Serbia.\nIndependent scholar and special relativity", "The Age of World Wars\nAfter graduation in 1900, Einstein faced one of the greatest crises in his life. Because he studied advanced subjects on his own, he often cut classes; this earned him the animosity of some professors, especially Heinrich Weber. Unfortunately, Einstein asked Weber for a letter of recommendation. Einstein was subsequently turned down for every academic position that he applied to. He later wrote,\nI would have found [a job] long ago if Weber had not played a dishonest game with me.", "The Age of World Wars\nMeanwhile, Einstein\ufffds relationship with Maric deepened, but his parents vehemently opposed the relationship. His mother especially objected to her Serbian background (Maric\ufffds family was Eastern Orthodox Christian). Einstein defied his parents, however, and he and Maric even had a child, Lieserl, in January1902, whose fate is unknown. (It is commonly thought that she died of scarlet fever or was given up for adoption.)", "The Age of World Wars\nIn 1902 Einstein reached perhaps the lowest point in his life. He could not marry Maric and support a family without a job, and his father\ufffds business went bankrupt. Desperate and unemployed, Einstein took lowly jobs tutoring children, but he was fired from even these jobs.", "The Age of World Wars\nThe turning point came later that year, when the father of his lifelong friend, Marcel Grossman, was able to recommend him for a position as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern. About then Einstein\ufffds father became seriously ill and, just before he died, gave his blessing for his son to marry Maric. For years, Einstein would experience enormous sadness remembering that his father had died thinking him a failure.", "The Age of World Wars\nWith a small but steady income for the first time, Einstein felt confident enough to marry Maric, which he did on Jan. 6, 1903. Their children, Hans Albert and Eduard, were born in Bern in 1904 and 1910, respectively. In hindsight, Einstein\ufffds job at the patent office was a blessing. He would quickly finish analyzing patent applications, leaving him time to daydream about the vision that had obsessed him since he was 16: What will happen if you race alongside a light beam", "The Age of World Wars\n? While at the polytechnic school he had studied Maxwell\ufffds equations, which describe the nature of light, and discovered a fact unknown to James Clerk Maxwell himself\ufffdnamely, that the speed of light remained the same no matter how fast one moved. This violated Newton\ufffds laws of motion, however, because there is no absolute velocity in Isaac Newton\ufffds theory. This insight led Einstein to formulate the principle of relativity: \ufffdthe speed of light is a constant in any inertial frame (constantly moving frame).\ufffd", "The Age of World Wars\nDuring 1905, often called Einstein\ufffds \ufffdmiracle year,\ufffd he published four papers in the Annalen der Physik, each of which would alter the course of modern physics:", "The Age of World Wars\n1. \u00dcber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt (\ufffdOn a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light\ufffd), in which Einstein applied the quantum theory to light in order to explain the photoelectric effect. If light occurs in tiny packets (later called photons), then it should knock out electrons in a metal in a precise way.2", "The Age of World Wars\n\u00dcber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der W\u00e4rme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Fl\u00fcssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen (\ufffdOn the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat\ufffd), in which Einstein offered the first experimental proof of the existence of atoms", "The Age of World Wars\nBy analyzing the motion of tiny particles suspended in still water, called Brownian motion, he could calculate the size of the jostling atoms and Avogadro\ufffds number (see Avogadro\ufffds law).3. Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K\u00f6rper (\ufffdOn the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\ufffd), in which Einstein laid out the mathematical theory of special relativity.4. Ist die Tr\u00e4gheit eines K\u00f6rpers von seinem Energieinhalt abh\u00e4ngig", "The Age of World Wars\n? (\ufffdDoes the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?\ufffd), submitted almost as an afterthought, which showed that relativity theory led to the equation E = mc2. This provided the first mechanism to explain the energy source of the Sun and other stars.", "The Age of World Wars\nOther scientists, especially Henri Poincar\u00e9 and Hendrik Lorentz, had pieces of the theory of special relativity, but Einstein was the first to assemble the whole theory together and to realize that it was a universal law of nature, not a curious figment of motion in the ether, as Poincar\u00e9 and Lorentz had thought. (In one private letter to Mileva, Einstein referred to \ufffdour theory,\ufffd which has led some to speculate that she was a cofounder of relativity theory", "The Age of World Wars\nHowever, Mileva had abandoned physics after twice failing her graduate exams, and there is no record of her involvement in developing relativity. In fact, in his 1905 paper, Einstein only credits his conversations with Besso in developing relativity.)", "The Age of World Wars\nIn the 19th century there were two pillars of physics: Newton\ufffds laws of motion and Maxwell\ufffds theory of light. Einstein was alone in realizing that they were in contradiction and that one of them must fall.\nAt first Einstein\ufffds 1905 papers were ignored by the physics community. This began to change after he received the attention of just one physicist, perhaps the most influential physicist of his generation, Max Planck, the founder of the quantum theory.", "The Age of World Wars\nSoon, owing to Planck\ufffds laudatory comments and to experiments that gradually confirmed his theories, Einstein was invited to lecture at international meetings, such as the Solvay Conferences, and he rose rapidly in the academic world", "The Age of World Wars\nHe was offered a series of positions at increasingly prestigious institutions, including the University of Z\u00fcrich, the University of Prague, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and finally the University of Berlin, where he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics from 1913 to 1933 (although the opening of the institute was delayed until 1917).", "The Age of World Wars\nEven as his fame spread, Einstein\ufffds marriage was falling apart. He was constantly on the road, speaking at international conferences, and lost in contemplation of relativity. The couple argued frequently about their children and their meager finances. Convinced that his marriage was doomed, Einstein began an affair with a cousin, Elsa L\u00f6wenthal, whom he later married", "The Age of World Wars\n(Elsa was a first cousin on his mother\ufffds side and a second cousin on his father\ufffds side.) When he finally divorced Mileva in 1919, he agreed to give her the money he might receive if he ever won a Nobel Prize.", "The Age of World Wars\nOne of the deep thoughts that consumed Einstein from 1905 to 1915 was a crucial flaw in his own theory: it made no mention of gravitation or acceleration. His friend Paul Ehrenfest had noticed a curious fact. If a disk is spinning, its rim travels faster than its centre, and hence (by special relativity) metre sticks placed on its circumference should shrink. This meant that Euclidean plane geometry must fail for the disk", "The Age of World Wars\nFor the next 10 years, Einstein would be absorbed with formulating a theory of gravity in terms of the curvature of space-time. To Einstein, Newton\ufffds gravitational force was actually a by-product of a deeper reality: the bending of the fabric of space and time.", "The Age of World Wars\nIn November 1915 Einstein finally completed the general theory of relativity, which he considered to be his masterpiece. In the summer of 1915, Einstein had given six two-hour lectures at the University of G\u00f6ttingen that thoroughly explained general relativity, albeit with a few unfinished mathematical details", "The Age of World Wars\nMuch to Einstein\ufffds consternation, the mathematician David Hilbert, who had organized the lectures at his university, then completed these details and submitted a paper in November on general relativity just five days before Einstein, as if the theory were his own. Later they patched up their differences and remained friends. Einstein would write to Hilbert,", "The Age of World Wars\nI struggled against a resulting sense of bitterness, and I did so with complete success. I once more think of you in unclouded friendship, and would ask you to try to do likewise toward me.\nToday physicists refer to the equations as the Einstein-Hilbert action, but the theory itself is attributed solely to Einstein.", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein was convinced that general relativity was correct because of its mathematical beauty and because it accurately predicted the perihelion of Mercury\ufffds orbit around the Sun (see Mercury: Mercury in tests of relativity). His theory also predicted a measurable deflection of light around the Sun. As a consequence, he even offered to help fund an expedition to measure the deflection of starlight during an eclipse of the Sun.\nDelayed confirmation", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein\ufffds work was interrupted by World War I. A lifelong pacifist, he was only one of four intellectuals in Germany to sign a manifesto opposing Germany\ufffds entry into war. Disgusted, he called nationalism \ufffdthe measles of mankind.\ufffd He would write, \ufffdAt such a time as this, one realizes what a sorry species of animal one belongs to.\ufffd", "The Age of World Wars\nIn the chaos unleashed after the war, in November 1918, radical students seized control of the University of Berlin and held the rector of the college and several professors hostage. Many feared that calling in the police to release the officials would result in a tragic confrontation. Einstein, because he was respected by both students and faculty, was the logical candidate to mediate this crisis. Together with Max Born, Einstein brokered a compromise that resolved it.", "The Age of World Wars\nAfter the war, two expeditions were sent to test Einstein\ufffds prediction of deflected starlight near the Sun. One set sail for the island of Principe, off the coast of West Africa, and the other to Sobral in northern Brazil in order to observe the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919. On Nov. 6, 1919, the results were announced in London at a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society.\nNobel laureate J.J. Thomson, president of the Royal Society, stated:", "The Age of World Wars\nThis result is not an isolated one, it is a whole continent of scientific ideas.\ufffdThis is the most important result obtained in connection with the theory of gravitation since Newton\ufffds day, and it is fitting that it should be announced at a meeting of the Society so closely connected with him.", "The Age of World Wars\nThe headline of The Times of London read, \ufffdRevolution in Science\ufffdNew Theory of the Universe\ufffdNewton\ufffds Ideas Overthrown\ufffdMomentous Pronouncement\ufffdSpace \ufffdWarped.\ufffd\ufffd Almost immediately, Einstein became a world-renowned physicist, the successor to Isaac Newton.", "The Age of World Wars\nInvitations came pouring in for him to speak around the world. In 1921 Einstein began the first of several world tours, visiting the United States, England, Japan, and France. Everywhere he went, the crowds numbered in the thousands. En route from Japan, he received word that he had received the Nobel Prize for Physics, but for the photoelectric effect rather than for his relativity theories", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein also launched the new science of cosmology. His equations predicted that the universe is dynamic\ufffdexpanding or contracting. This contradicted the prevailing view that the universe was static, so he reluctantly introduced a \ufffdcosmological term\ufffd to stabilize his model of the universe. In 1929 astronomer Edwin Hubble found that the universe was indeed expanding, thereby confirming Einstein\ufffds earlier work", "The Age of World Wars\nIn 1930, in a visit to the Mount Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles, Einstein met with Hubble and declared the cosmological constant to be his \ufffdgreatest blunder.\ufffd Recent satellite data, however, have shown that the cosmological constant is probably not zero but actually dominates the matter-energy content of the entire universe. Einstein\ufffds \ufffdblunder\ufffd apparently determines the ultimate fate of the universe.", "The Age of World Wars\nDuring that same visit to California, Einstein was asked to appear alongside the comic actor Charlie Chaplin during the Hollywood debut of the film City Lights. When they were mobbed by thousands, Chaplin remarked, \ufffdThe people applaud me because everybody understands me, and they applaud you because no one understands you.\ufffd Einstein asked Chaplin, \ufffdWhat does it all mean?\ufffd Chaplin replied, \ufffdNothing.\ufffd", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein also began correspondences with other influential thinkers during this period. He corresponded with Sigmund Freud (both of them had sons with mental problems) on whether war was intrinsic to humanity. He discussed with the Indian mystic Rabindranath Tagore the question of whether consciousness can affect existence. One journalist remarked,", "The Age of World Wars\nIt was interesting to see them together\ufffdTagore, the poet with the head of a thinker, and Einstein, the thinker with the head of a poet. It seemed to an observer as though two planets were engaged in a chat.", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein also clarified his religious views, stating that he believed there was an \ufffdold one\ufffd who was the ultimate lawgiver. He wrote that he did not believe in a personal God that intervened in human affairs but instead believed in the God of the 17th-century Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza\ufffdthe God of harmony and beauty. His task, he believed, was to formulate a master theory that would allow him to \ufffdread the mind of God.\ufffd He would write,", "The Age of World Wars\nI\ufffdm not an atheist and I don\ufffdt think I can call myself a pantheist. We are in the position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many different languages.\ufffdThe child dimly suspects a mysterious order in the arrangement of the books but doesn\ufffdt know what it is. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of even the most intelligent human being toward God.", "The Age of World Wars\nInevitably, Einstein\ufffds fame and the great success of his theories created a backlash. The rising Nazi movement found a convenient target in relativity, branding it \ufffdJewish physics\ufffd and sponsoring conferences and book burnings to denounce Einstein and his theories. The Nazis enlisted other physicists, including Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark, to denounce Einstein. One Hundred Authors Against Einstein was published in 1931", "The Age of World Wars\nWhen asked to comment on this denunciation of relativity by so many scientists, Einstein replied that to defeat relativity one did not need the word of 100 scientists, just one fact.", "The Age of World Wars\nIn December 1932 Einstein decided to leave Germany forever (he would never go back). It became obvious to Einstein that his life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine with Einstein\ufffds picture and the caption \ufffdNot Yet Hanged\ufffd on the cover. There was even a price on his head. So great was the threat that Einstein split with his pacifist friends and said that it was justified to defend yourself with arms against Nazi aggression", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein settled at the newly formed Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, N.J., which soon became a mecca for physicists from around the world. Newspaper articles declared that the \ufffdpope of physics\ufffd had left Germany and that Princeton had become the new Vatican.\nPersonal sorrow", "The Age of World Wars\nThe 1930s were hard years for Einstein. His son Eduard was diagnosed with schizophrenia and suffered a mental breakdown in 1930. (Eduard would be institutionalized for the rest of his life.) Einstein\ufffds close friend, physicist Paul Ehrenfest, who helped in the development of general relativity, committed suicide in 1933. And Einstein\ufffds beloved wife, Elsa, died in 1936.", "The Age of World Wars\nTo his horror, during the late 1930s, physicists began seriously to consider whether his equation E = mc2 might make an atomic bomb possible. In 1920 Einstein himself had considered but eventually dismissed the possibility. However, he left it open if a method could be found to magnify the power of the atom. Then in 1938\ufffd39 Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Lise Meitner, and Otto Frisch showed that vast amounts of energy could be unleashed by the splitting of the uranium atom", "The Age of World Wars\nIn July 1939 physicist Leo Szilard asked Einstein if he would write a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urging him to develop an atomic bomb. Following several translated drafts, Einstein signed a letter on August 2 that was delivered to Roosevelt by one of his economic advisers, Alexander Sachs, on October 11. Roosevelt wrote back on October 19, informing Einstein that he had organized the Uranium Committee to study the issue", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein was granted permanent residency in the United States in 1935 and became an American citizen in 1940, although he chose to retain his Swiss citizenship. During the war, Einstein\ufffds colleagues were asked to journey to the desert town of Los Alamos, N.M., to develop the first atomic bomb for the Manhattan Project. Einstein, the man whose equation had set the whole effort into motion, was never asked to participate", "The Age of World Wars\nVoluminous declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files, numbering several thousand, reveal the reason: the U.S. government feared Einstein\ufffds lifelong association with peace and socialist organizations. (FBI director J. Edgar Hoover went so far as to recommend that Einstein be kept out of America by the Alien Exclusion Act, but he was overruled by the U.S. State Department.) Instead, during the war Einstein was asked to help the U.S. Navy evaluate designs for future weapons systems", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein also helped the war effort by auctioning off priceless personal manuscripts. In particular, a handwritten copy of his 1905 paper on special relativity was sold for $6.5 million. It is now located in the Library of Congress.", "The Age of World Wars\nEinstein was on vacation when he heard the news that an atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. Almost immediately he was part of an international effort to try to bring the atomic bomb under control, forming the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.", "The Age of World Wars\nThe physics community split on the question of whether to build a hydrogen bomb. J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the atomic bomb project, was stripped of his security clearance for having suspected leftist associations. Einstein backed Oppenheimer and opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb, instead calling for international controls on the spread of nuclear technology. Einstein also was increasingly drawn to antiwar activities and to advancing the civil rights of African Americans.", "The Age of World Wars\nIn 1952 David Ben-Gurion, Israeli\ufffds premier, offered Einstein the post of president of Israel. Einstein, a prominent figure in the Zionist movement, respectfully declined.\nIncreasing professional isolation", "The Age of World Wars\nAlthough Einstein continued to pioneer many key developments in the theory of general relativity\ufffdsuch as wormholes, higher dimensions, the possibility of time travel, the existence of black holes, and the creation of the universe\ufffdhe was increasingly isolated from the rest of the physics community. Because of the huge strides made by quantum theory in unraveling the secrets of atoms and molecules, the majority of physicists were working on the quantum theory, not relativity", "The Age of World Wars\nIn fact, Einstein would engage in a series of historic private debates with Niels Bohr, originator of the Bohr atomic model. Through a series of sophisticated \ufffdthought experiments,\ufffd Einstein tried to find logical inconsistencies in the quantum theory, particularly its lack of a deterministic mechanism. Einstein would often say that \ufffdGod does not play dice with the universe.\ufffd", "The Age of World Wars\nIn 1935 Einstein\ufffds most celebrated attack on the quantum theory led to the EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) thought experiment. According to quantum theory, under certain circumstances two electrons separated by huge distances would have their properties linked, as if by an umbilical cord. Under these circumstances, if the properties of the first electron were measured, the state of the second electron would be known instantly\ufffdfaster than the speed of light", "The Age of World Wars\nThis conclusion, Einstein claimed, clearly violated relativity. (Experiments conducted since then have confirmed that the quantum theory, rather than Einstein, was correct about the EPR experiment. In essence, what Einstein had actually shown was that quantum mechanics is nonlocal; i.e., random information can travel faster than light. This does not violate relativity, because the information is random and therefore useless.)", "The Age of World Wars\nThe other reason for Einstein\ufffds increasing detachment from his colleagues was his obsession, beginning in 1925, with discovering a unified field theory\ufffdan all-embracing theory that would unify the forces of the universe, and thereby the laws of physics, into one framework. In his later years he stopped opposing the quantum theory and tried to incorporate it, along with light and gravity, into a larger unified field theory. Gradually Einstein became set in his ways", "The Age of World Wars\nHe rarely traveled far and confined himself to long walks around Princeton with close associates, whom he engaged in deep conversations about politics, religion, physics, and his unified field theory. In 1950 he published an article on his theory in Scientific American, but because it neglected the still-mysterious strong force, it was necessarily incomplete. When he died five years later of an aortic aneurysm, it was still unfinished.", "The Age of World Wars\nIn some sense, Einstein, instead of being a relic, may have been too far ahead of his time. The strong force, a major piece of any unified field theory, was still a total mystery in Einstein\ufffds lifetime. Only in the 1970s and \ufffd80s did physicists begin to unravel the secret of the strong force with the quark model. Nevertheless, Einstein\ufffds work continues to win Nobel Prizes for succeeding physicists. In 1993 a Noble Prize was awarded to the discoverers of gravitation waves, predicted by Einstein", "The Age of World Wars\nIn 1995 a Nobel Prize was awarded to the discoverers of Bose-Einstein condensates (a new form of matter that can occur at extremely low temperatures). Known black holes now number in the thousands. New generations of space satellites have continued to verify the cosmology of Einstein. And many leading physicists are trying to finish Einstein\ufffds ultimate dream of a \ufffdtheory of everything.\ufffd", "The Age of World Wars\nSir Alexander Fleming\nScottish bacteriologist\nborn Aug. 6, 1881, Lochfield Farm, Darvel, Ayrshire, Scot.\ndied March 11, 1955, London, Eng.", "The Age of World Wars\nScottish bacteriologist best known for his discovery of penicillin. Fleming had a genius for technical ingenuity and original observation. His work on wound infection and lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme found in tears and saliva, guaranteed him a place in the history of bacteriology. But it was his discovery of penicillin in 1928, which started the antibiotic revolution, that sealed his lasting reputation", "The Age of World Wars\nFleming was recognized for this achievement in 1945, when he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Australian pathologist Howard Walter Florey and British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain, both of whom isolated and purified penicillin.", "The Age of World Wars\nFleming was the seventh of eight children of a Scottish hill farmer (third of four children from the farmer\ufffds second wife). His country upbringing in southwestern Scotland sharpened his capacities for observation and appreciation of the natural world at an early age. He began his elementary schooling at Loudoun Moor and then moved on to a larger school at Darvel before enrolling in Kilmarnock Academy in 1894", "The Age of World Wars\nIn 1895 he moved to London to live with his elder brother Thomas (who worked as an oculist) and completed his basic education at Regent Street Polytechnic.", "The Age of World Wars\nAfter working as a London shipping clerk, Fleming began his medical studies at St. Mary\ufffds Hospital Medical School in 1901, funded by a scholarship and a legacy from his uncle. There he won the 1908 gold medal as top medical student at the University of London. At first he planned to become a surgeon, but a temporary position in the laboratories of the Inoculation Department at St. Mary\ufffds Hospital persuaded him that his future lay in the new field of bacteriology", "The Age of World Wars\nThere he came under the influence of bacteriologist and immunologist Sir Almroth Edward Wright, whose ideas of vaccine therapy seemed to offer a revolutionary direction in medical treatment.", "The Age of World Wars\nBetween 1909 and 1914, Fleming established a successful private practice as a venereologist, and in 1915 he married Sarah Marion McElroy, an Irish nurse. Fleming\ufffds son, Robert, born in 1924, followed his father into medicine. Fleming was one of the first doctors in Britain to administer arsphenamine (Salvarsan), a drug effective against syphilis that was discovered by German scientist Paul Ehrlich in 1910", "The Age of World Wars\nDuring World War I, Fleming had a commission in the Royal Army Medical Corps and worked as a bacteriologist studying wound infections in a laboratory that Wright had set up in a military hospital housed in a casino in Boulogne, France. There he demonstrated that the use of strong antiseptics on wounds did more harm than good and recommended that the wounds simply be kept clean with a mild saline solution. Returning to St", "The Age of World Wars\nMary\ufffds after the war, Fleming was promoted to assistant director of the Inoculation Department. Years later, in 1946, he succeeded Wright as principal of the department, which was renamed the Wright-Fleming Institute.", "The Age of World Wars\nIn November 1921 Fleming discovered lysozyme, an enzyme present in body fluids such as saliva and tears that has a mild antiseptic effect. This was the first of his major discoveries. It came about when he had a cold and a drop of his nasal mucus fell onto a culture plate of bacteria. Realizing that his mucus might have an effect on bacterial growth, he mixed the mucus into the culture and a few weeks later saw signs of the bacteria having been dissolved", "The Age of World Wars\nFleming\ufffds study of lysozyme, which he considered his best work as a scientist, was a significant contribution to the understanding of how the body fights infection. Unfortunately, lysozyme had no effect on the most pathogenic bacteria.", "The Age of World Wars\nOn Sept. 3, 1928, shortly after his appointment as professor of bacteriology, Fleming noticed that a culture plate of Staphylococcus aureus he had been working on had become contaminated by a fungus. A mold, later identified as Penicillium notatum (also called P. chrysogenum), had inhibited the growth of the bacteria. He at first called the substance \ufffdmould juice\ufffd and then \ufffdpenicillin,\ufffd after the mold that produced it", "The Age of World Wars\nFleming decided to investigate further, because he thought that he had found an enzyme more potent than lysozyme. In fact, it was not an enzyme but an antibiotic\ufffdone of the first to be discovered. By the time Fleming had established this, he was interested in penicillin for itself. Very much the lone researcher with an eye for the unusual, Fleming had the freedom to pursue anything that interested him", "The Age of World Wars\nWhile this approach was ideal for taking advantage of a chance observation, the therapeutic development of penicillin required multidisciplinary teamwork. Fleming, working with two young researchers, failed to stabilize and purify penicillin. However, he did point out that penicillin had clinical potential, both as a topical antiseptic and as an injectable antibiotic, if it could be isolated and purified.", "The Age of World Wars\nPenicillin eventually came into use during World War II as the result of the work of a team of scientists led by Howard Florey at the University of Oxford. Though Florey, his coworker Ernst Chain, and Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize, their relationship was clouded due to the issue of who should gain the most credit for penicillin. Fleming\ufffds role was emphasized by the press because of the romance of his chance discovery and his greater willingness to speak to journalists.", "The Age of World Wars\nFleming was knighted in 1944. In 1949 his first wife, who had changed her name to Sareen, died. In 1953, two years prior to his death, Fleming married Greek microbiologist Amalia Coutsouris-Voureka, who had been involved in the Greek resistance movement during World War II and had been Fleming\ufffds colleague since 1946, when she enrolled at St. Mary\ufffds Hospital on a scholarship", "The Age of World Wars\nFor the last decade of his life, Fleming was feted universally for his discovery of penicillin and acted as a world ambassador for medicine and science. Initially a shy, uncommunicative man and a poor lecturer, he blossomed under the attention he received, becoming one of the world\ufffds best-known scientists.", "The Age of World Wars\nNew technology also revolutionized the entertainment industry: Radio and 10 film sprung up as the dominant entertainment media.\n10 Myrna Loy and William Powell,\nfilm stars of the thirties\nMyrna Loy and William Powell", "The Age of World Wars\nA consumer and leisure-oriented culture that set new fashions developed. Daily newspapers, made possible through cost-efficient technology that facilitated the mass production of the printed word, courted the favor of a growing number of readers. Neon advertising and oversize billboards established a new aspect of consumer-orientated commercialization on the streets.", "The Age of World Wars\nThe entertainment industry with its 11 nightclubs and dance halls came to define a lifestyle associated with the mystique of the \"Roaring Twenties.\"\n11 The dancer Josephine Baker,\nstar of the interwar period, ca. 1930\nsee collection:\nVintage Photography Gallery (Retro)", "The Age of World Wars\nJosephine Baker (June 3, 1906 \ufffd April 12, 1975) was an American expatriate entertainer and actress. She became a French citizen in 1937. Most noted as a singer, Baker also was a celebrated dancer in her early career. She was given the nicknames the \"Bronze Venus\" or the \"Black Pearl\", as well as the \"Cr\u00e9ole Goddess\" in anglophone nations. In France, she has always been known as \"La Baker\".", "The Age of World Wars\nBaker was the first African American female to star in a major motion picture, to integrate an American concert hall, and to become a world-famous entertainer", "The Age of World Wars\nShe is also noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States (she was offered the leadership of the movement by Coretta Scott King in 1968 following Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, but turned it down), for assisting the French Resistance during World War II and being the first American-born woman to receive the French military honor, the Croix de Guerre.", "The Age of World Wars\n12 Geography students survey\nland, United States, 1920\nAccess to consumer goods and the spread of lifestyles through the media began to blur the lines between the middle class and the working class. The roles of the sexes began to change. The feminist movement achieved political emancipation: women's rights to vote and run for office were introduced in most of the industrial nations after 1918.", "The Age of World Wars\nWomen also increasingly 12 entered paid employment, although they often-remained blocked from positions of responsibility for a long time to come.\nThese changes took place primarily in the industrialized United States and Europe. Much of the rest of the world took little part in this revolution, sometimes even countering the modern Western lifestyle with more traditional cultural beliefs and practices."]

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0.13793103], [40422, 40792, 0.00810811], [40792, 40941, 0.02013423], [40941, 40972, 0.09677419], [40972, 41010, 0.0], [41010, 41026, 0.0], [41026, 41062, 0.11111111], [41062, 41455, 0.05089059], [41455, 42010, 0.04864865], [42010, 42039, 0.03448276], [42039, 42065, 0.07692308], [42065, 42408, 0.00874636], [42408, 42555, 0.00680272], [42555, 42813, 0.02325581]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 42813, 0.9830389]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 42813, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 42813, 0.88489866]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 42813, 226.00389909]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 42813, 735.01554549]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 42813, 1348.46873425]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 42813, 379.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.courtenaybaptist.com/pages/our-history

The History of Courtenay Baptist Church

["The History of Courtenay Baptist Church\nThe History of Courtenay Baptist Church\nThe seed thought for a Baptist work to begin in the Comox Valley was found in two ladies by the names of Mrs. Leah Evans and Mrs. Mary Morson in 1953.", "The History of Courtenay Baptist Church\nIn the February of 1953, visitors from out of town came to our valley to survey the possibilities of starting a Baptist Mission here. The three men saw that their was an interest in starting a Baptist church and immediately Mary Morson and Leah Evans saw the good hand of God at work; Their prayers were being answered. Soon, there were others interested in this new mission.", "The History of Courtenay Baptist Church\nMr. Norman Scott was asked to come to the Comox Valley to Pastor the Baptist Mission. At times, Pastor Scott preached to just three ladies, but always believed that the Lord would increase the numbers and he worked to that end. It wasn\u2019t long before others were interested in the new Baptist Mission.\nThen on November 16, 1953, the new Baptist Mission held its first organized meeting as a church. It was to be known as the Courtenay Regular Baptist Church. They had a total of eight charter members", "The History of Courtenay Baptist Church\nMeetings were held in various halls until the erection of the first real church building in May 1958 on the corner of Piercy Avenue and Cumberland Road. In 1972, and several pastors later, a new building (our present location) was erected on Lake Trail Road.", "The History of Courtenay Baptist Church\nOver the years, and a few building expansions later, the Lord has certainly answered the prayers of those two faithful women. The vision for Courtenay Baptist Church remains the same: that the people of the Comox Valley would grow in their love for God, for each other and for the people in this community.", "The History of Courtenay Baptist Church\nTo accommodate the needs of our growing attendance, we began a building project to renovate the front entrance of the church, adding an elevator, and build an addition to the sanctuary. This expansion was completed after two years and was fully opened for use in June of 2016."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://marxism.halkcephesi.net/M&E/1845/09/30.htm

Telegraph für Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year

["Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nArticles by Frederick Engels in Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland\nHistory of the English Corn Laws [236]\nSource: MECW Volume 4, p. 656;\nWritten in the autumn of 1845;\nFirst published: in Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland Nos. 193 and 194, December 1845.\nTelegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland No. 193, December 1845", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nUntil the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year and very seldom needed to import this foodstuff from abroad. Since that time, however, the situation has been reversed", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nUnder these circumstances the price of grain, on the one hand, was necessarily low and that of meat, on the other, was high, much arable land was converted into cattle pasture, while at the same time industry, and with it the population, owing to the invention of important machines, experienced an unprecedented growth. Hence England was first compelled to give up exporting corn and later had to import it from abroad", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe twenty-five years\u2019 war against France during the revolution, which made imports difficult, compelled England more or less to restrict itself to its own soil. The obstacles which the war put in the way of imports had the same effect as a protective tariff. Grain prices rose, ground-rents likewise rose, in most cases to double the previous figure, and in some cases even fivefold. The result was that a large part of the area that had recently been converted into pasture was again used for corn", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThis increase in their incomes tempted the English landowners, who, incidentally, consist of a few hundred lords and some 60,000 baronets and squires not belonging to the nobility, to adopt an extravagant mode of living and a mutual emulation in luxury for which very soon even their increased rents no longer sufficed. Before long the estates were encumbered with a heavy burden of debt", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nWhen in 1814 peace removed the obstacles to import, the price of corn fell and the tenant-farmers, in view of the high rents, could no longer cover the cost of producing their corn. Only two ways out were possible: either that the landowners should reduce the rent or that a real protective tariff should be imposed instead of the nominal one", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe landowners, who not only dominated the Upper House and the Ministry but also (prior to the Reform Bill [237]) possessed fairly unrestricted power in the Lower House, naturally chose the latter course and in 1815 introduced the Corn Laws amid the furious outcry of the middle classes and the people, at that time still guided by the latter, and under the protection of bayonets", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe first Corn Law of 1815 prohibited import of corn altogether as long as the price of corn in England remained under 80 shillings g quarter. At this price or over, foreign corn could be imported freely. But this law was not in accord with the interests of either the industrial or the agricultural population, and in 1822 it was somewhat modified", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nHowever, this modification never came into practical effect, for during the next few years prices always remained low and never reached the level at which the import of foreign corn was allowed. Despite all the improvements in the law and despite the investigations of several parliamentary committees, the tenant-farmers were unable to cover their production costs. Finally, therefore, Huskisson and Canning invented their famous sliding scale, which their successors in the Ministry embodied in the law", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\n[238] By this scale, the import duty rose as the price of home-produced corn fell and vice versa. By this means the English farmer was to be ensured a high and constant price for his corn, so that he could comfortably cope with his high ground-rent. But this measure was of no avail either", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe system became increasingly untenable; the middle classes, whose representatives were predominant in the Lower House after the Reform Bill, became more and more opposed to the Corn Laws, and within a year after Sir Robert Peel\u2019s entry into the Ministry he found himself compelled to lower the import tariff.", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nMeanwhile, opposition to the Corn Laws had become organised. The industrial middle class, which had to pay its workers higher wages because of the increase in the price of corn, resolved to do its utmost to secure at any cost the abolition of these hated laws \u2014 the last survivals of the old dominance of the agricultural interests, which at the same time facilitated foreign competition against English industry", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nTowards the end of 1838, some of the leading Manchester manufacturers founded an anti-Corn Law association, which soon spread in the neighbourhood and in other factory districts, adopted the name of Anti-Corn law League, started a subscription fund, founded a journal (the Anti-Bread-Tax Circular), sent paid speakers from place to place and set in motion all the means of agitation customary in England for achieving its aim", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nDuring its first years, which coincided with a four-years\u2019 slump in business, the Anti-Corn-Law League was extremely active. When, however, at the beginning of 1842, the business slump turned into a downright commercial crisis which threw the working class into the most atrocious poverty, the Anti-Corn-Law League became definitely revolutionary", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nIt took as its motto the saying of Jeremiah: \u201cThey that be slain with the sword are better than they that be slain with hunger.\u201d [Lamentations of Jeremiah, 4:9] Its journal in clear language called on the people to revolt and threatened the landowners with the \u201cpick-axe and the torch\u201d. Its itinerant agitators ranged the whole country and preached in a language no way less forceful than that of the journal", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nMeeting after meeting was held, petition after petition to Parliament was circulated, and when Parliament opened its session, a Congress of League representatives assembled simultaneously in the immediate neighbourhood of the Houses of Parliament. When, in spite of all this, Peel failed to abolish the Corn Laws, but only modified them, the Congress declared:", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\n\u201cThe people has nothing more to expect from the government; it must rely only on itself; the wheels of the government machinery must be halted all at once and on the spot; the time for talking is over, the time has come for action", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nIt is to t>e hoped that the people will no longer he willing to starve for the benefit of an aristocracy living in luxury; and if naught else avails, there is still a means by which the government can be compelled to give way: we must\u201d (stated this Congress of leading manufacturers and municipal officials of the great factory towns) \u201cwe must throw the people on to the agricultural districts which have produced all the pauperism; but the people must not go there like a crowd of humble \u2018paupers\u2019, but as if they had to \u2018quarter themselves on a mortal enemy\u2019.\u201d", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThis great means in the hands of the manufacturers, by which they wished in 24 hours to bring together a meeting of 500,000 persons on the Manchester racecourse and to raise an insurrection against the Corn Laws, consisted in closing down their factories.", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nIn July, business began to improve. The manufacturers received increased orders and they noted that the crisis was coming to an end. The people was still in a highly excited state and distress was universal; but if anything was to happen, it was high time for action", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nAnd so, when an increase in wages was to be expected owing to the improvement in business a manufacturer in Stalybridge suddenly reduced the wages of his workers, thereby compelling them to strike in order to maintain their wages at the previous level", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe workers, to whom the signal for an insurrection was thus given, brought all the factories in the town and its environs to a standstill, which was easy for them to do since the manufacturers (all members of the Anti-Corn Law League), contrary to their custom, offered no resistance at all. The workers held meetings presided over by the manufacturers themselves, who tried to draw the people\u2019s attention to the Corn Laws", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nOn August 9, 1842, four days after the outbreak of the insurrection, the workers marched to Manchester, where they met with no resistance at all, and brought all the factories to a standstill. The only manufacturer who opposed them was a conservative and hostile to the League", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe insurrection spread to all the factory districts; nowhere did the urban authorities (on whom everything depends in England in such cases, as is well known), who were all members of the Anti-Corn [Law] League, offer any resistance. So far everything proceeded as the League wanted. But in one respect it had miscalculated. The people, whom it had driven into insurrection in order to. force the abolition of the Corn Laws, did not care in the least about these laws", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThey demanded the wages of 1840 and the People\u2019s Charter. [239] As soon as the League noticed this, it turned against its allies. All its members were sworn in as special constables and formed a new army for the suppression of the insurrection, at the service of the government that was hostile to them", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe involuntary insurrection of the people, who were not yet at all prepared for anything of the sort, was soon suppressed; the Corn Laws remained in force, and both the middle class and the people were given a profitable lesson", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe Anti-Corn Law League, in order to furnish conspicuous proof that it had not been defeated by the failure of the insurrection, started a new large-scale campaign in 1843, with the demand for contributions from its members amounting to \u00a350,000, and it amassed more than this sum in the course of a year. It began its agitation afresh, but it soon found itself compelled to seek a new audience", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nIt always made a great boast that it found nothing more to do in the factory districts after 1843 and could therefore turn to the agricultural districts. But there was a snag to this. After the insurrection of 1842 it could no longer hold any public meetings in the factory districts without its representatives being most ignominiously driven from the platform and literally beaten up by the angry people whom it had so shamefully betrayed", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nConsequently, if it wanted to propagate its doctrines, it was compelled to go to the agricultural districts. Here the League was of some real service by arousing among the tenant-farmers a certain feeling of shame at their dependence hitherto on the landowners, and by making the agricultural class aware of more general interests. In 1844, encouraged by its success with previous contributions, the League opened a new subscription list of \u00a3100,000", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nOn the following day the manufacturers in Manchester assembled and within half an hour had subscribed \u00a312,000. By November 1844, \u00a382,000 had been collected, of which \u00a357,000 had already been spent. A few months later the League opened an exhibition in London, which also must have brought in enormous sums", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nIf now one asks what has been the motive of this colossal movement, which has spread from Manchester to the whole of England and has carried with it the vast majority of the English middle class, but which \u2014 we repeat \u2014 has not received an atom of sympathy from the working class, it must be acknowledged that this motive is the private interest of the industrial and commercial middle class of Great Britain", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nFor this class it is of the greatest importance to have a system which, as it believes at least, ensures it for all time a world monopoly of trade and industry by enabling it to pay just as low wages as its competitors and to exploit all the advantages that England possesses as a result of its 80 years\u2019 start in the development of modern industry. From this point of view the middle class alone, and not the people, benefits from. the abolition of the Corn Laws", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nSecondly, the middle class demands this measure as a supplementary law to the Reform Bill. Through the Reform Bill, which introduced suffrage based on a property qualification and abolished the old electoral privileges of particular individuals and corporations, the monied middle class had come, in principle, to power", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nIn reality, however, the landowning class still retained a considerable preponderance in Parliament since it sends there directly 143 members for the counties and indirectly almost all the members representing small towns, and is represented in addition by the Tory members from the towns. In 1841, this majority of the agricultural interest brought Peel and the Tories into the cabinet", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nThe abolition of the Corn Laws would deal a fatal blow to the political power of the landowners in the Lower House, and hence in fact in the whole English legislature, since it would make the tenant-farmers independent of the landowners. It would proclaim capital to be the supreme power in England, but at the same time it would shake the English Constitution to its foundations; it would rob an essential constituent of the legislative body, viz", "Telegraph f\u00fcr Deutschland: Until the middle of the last century England exported grain almost every year\nthe landed aristocracy, of all wealth and all power, and thereby exert a different and greater influence on the future of England than many other political measures. Once again, however, we find that from this aspect too the abolition of the Corn Laws\u2019 offers no advantage to the people."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-dictionary/meningitis

Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment

["Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment\nWhat is meningitis?\nMeningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.\nThere are different types of meningitis but the most common is viral meningitis. It occurs when a virus enters the body through the nose or mouth and travels to the brain.\nBacterial meningitis is rare but can be very serious, even lethal. Although it can be contracted by anybody, it usually affects children and in people who have difficulties in fighting infections.", "Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment\nAll types of meningitis are characterised by the presence of a meningeal syndrome, which includes symptoms such as headache, vomiting, high fever, neck stiffness and general feeling of discomfort. These symptoms usually appear three to six days after exposure to the bacteria or virus.\nCauses of meningitis", "Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment\nMeningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection, the former being more common and much less serious than bacterial meningitis. Several different types of virus and bacteria can cause meningitis, and they can be spread through coughing, sneezing, kissing, and sharing utensils such as toothbrushes or knives and forks.\nCan it be prevented?\nMeningitis can be prevented in some cases with vaccines.\nWhat is the treatment of meningitis?", "Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment\nBacterial meningitis can be treated with antibiotics, and patients are kept in hospital in all cases. In viral meningitis, hospitalisation is only necessary in serious cases. In mild cases of viral meningitis, the meningitis generally gets better on its own.", "Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment\nIn bacterial meningitis, in addition to antibiotics, oxygen may be provided in cases where the patient is having difficulty breathing. Fluids may be administered intravenously to prevent dehydration, and if there is swelling on the brain, steroid medication may be administered in some cases. Treatment can go on for several weeks.\nTaste disorders\nSmell disorders"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.kz/books?id=7ZMZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA46&focus=viewport&vq=Gallery&dq=editions:HARVARD32044108411158&output=html_text

The Works of Peter Paul Rubens

["The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nthe Netherlands, profitting greatly by the work of the artist. Woodcarving also was greatly benefitted by the reproduction of his ideas; so that from this period works appear of real artistic merit in that branch of art.", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nIf we look for dates on Rubens' pictures we may find a mythological painting of Jupiter and Callisto in the Gallery at Cassel, dated 1613; and another delicious little night-piece, representing the Flight into Egypt in the same collection, dated 1614. This latter much recalls a picture by Adam Elsheimer, whose acquaintance Rubens made in Rome. The same date 1614 is also attached to a small and highly finished Piet\u00e0 in the Museum at Vienna", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nThe shoulders of the dead Christ, much foreshortened, rest against the knees of the Madonna, who, with loving care, closes the glazing eyes of her dead Son. His right arm is supported by Mary Magdalen,\u2014the favourite female Saint of the painter,\u2014whilst in the foreground kneel the other Maries", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nFig. 36. HEAD OF A CHILD (Rubens' eldest daughter). In the Liechtenstein Gallery at Vienna.\nAfter a photograph from the original by Braun, Cl\u00e9ment & Co , Dornach, Paris and New-York.", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nweeping bitterly. Beside the Holy Mother stands the impressive figure of St. John (Fig. 28). The Museum at Antwerp possesses a larger replica of this picture with a landscape background by the \u201cvelvet\" Breughel. As a rule, however, inscribed dates are very rare on pictures by Rubens. Moreover, they do not tell us much; for the master's power, when settled in Antwerp", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nIn the Pinakothek at Munich. After a photograph from the original by Franz Hanfst\u00e4ng), Munich. (To page 48.) Fig. 37. THE VIRGIN MARY WITH THE INFANT CHRIST IN A WREATH OF FLOWERS. (The flowers painted by Jan Breughel.)\nwas so fully developed, and, throughout the whole of his artistic career, he remained so true to himself, that it is very difficult \u2014 almost impossible in fact with most of his works, to fix even approximately the period of their execution.", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nMythology always seemed to give him new ideas: and he enjoyed representing wild scenes, such as the Abduction of Orithyia by Boreas, the North-Wind, now in the Academy of Vienna, or the Rape of the Daughters\nFig. 38. THE BOAR HUNT. In the Pinakothek at Munich,", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nIt was on rarer occasions that he approached subjects of the Old Testament. Amongst these are the sketches of Ahasverus and Esther, designs for the decoration of a ceiling, and the splendid painting of Samson and Delilah, both in the Pinakothek at Munich (Fig. 33).", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nIn 1614 his eldest son was born. He was named after the Archduke Albrecht, who stood sponsor for him. In spite of the coat of arms at the back of the composition, we may recognise in the fascinating portrait in the Dresden Gallery of a lady with a baby on her lap (Fig. 35), Frau Isabella, her face somewhat thin and worn, and her infant son", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nThe head of a child in the Liechtenstein Collection at Vienna, is, no doubt, a likeness of Rubens' eldest daughter who, with her clear almond-shaped eyes and amiably expressive mouth, seems the very image of her mother (Fig. 36). The charming", "The Works of Peter Paul Rubens\nFig. 39. STUDY OF A Horse. Drawing in the Albertina at Vienna.\nMadonna surrounded by Cupids and enclosed in a wreath of flowers, \u2014 the latter a masterpiece of Breughel, \u2014 is unmistakeably also a portrait of Isabella and the infant Albrecht (Fig. 37)."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.doonbleisce.com/cooga_bog.htm

Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland

["Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nThe study of Townland names as a source of local history is a fascinating activity. We live in townlands and their names are in every day use, sometimes we are surprised to see a townland name crop up in an advertisement for a piece of land or a house, which is new to us. Townlands were created at different times and for different purposes, mainly in the Middle Ages. The Irishman, P.W. Joyce, did much to put on record the place names of Ireland in his famous three volume work \"Place Names of Ireland\"", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nTheir primary purpose was to distinguish landed interests, that is their ownership and relationship of one unit of land to another.\nAbout 15% are named after natural features, such as Hill - Cnoc-lios, Ridge or Drom, Cathair, Baile and so on.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\n70% are named after trees, woods, plots, bog and marshes. Thus we have Ceapac na bFaoiteac, the plot of enclosure of the Whites; Kilbeg - Coillbeag, the small wood; Cooga, the fifth part; Lisowen, the Fort of Owen; Bilboa, Beal Atha B\u00f3 or the Ford of the Cow Mouth, which seems a clumsy way of putting it. 19% are called after units of land, such as fields, river banks, lakes and their shores", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\n8,800 townland names are in English and those names in Irish, whether pure or corrupted survived the death of Irish as a spoken language, as a matter of fact Irish placenames are the only remnants of the language in everyday use. We freely talk of Toher, Reenavanna, Clonlusk or Curraghamakeen, without thinking in what language it is spoken in. Curraghamakeen, which incidentally means \"The Moor of the Captive\".", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nCastlegarde townland contains 500 acres of which one fifth is bog and rough ground and the rest pasture and meadowland. It was owned by Waller O'Grady. Bilboa contains 847 acres of which 50 acres were bog and the rest pasture. It was then owned by Lord Stradbroke and let to seventeen tenants at \u00a31 to \u00a31.8 shillings per acre, Tithe included. This Tithe or tenth part was a cause of a lot of friction between tenant and the Tithe Collector, who was the local Protestant Rector. It was the Tithe that started Fr", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nCooga Bog was owned by Lord Stanley and let to ten tenants at \u00a31 per acre and the Tithe was l/6d. per acre. The townland contains 540 acres of which half is bogland and that Bog is the real reason for writing this article. In the year 1708 the Bog moved along a valley called Poulevard (which was another name for Castlegarde) and buried three houses containing twenty one persons. The flow of liquid turf was one mile long and a quarter of a mile broad and the mass of turf was 20 feet deep on some places", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nThe flood of wet turf ran for several miles, crossed several roads, demolished several bridges and eventually flowed into the lake at Coolpish or Cool na Pisha. This account of the Bog Burst at Cooga is taken from the Dublin Evening Telegraph of 2nd January, 1897 and is discussed in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy by a Mr. Ouseley. From 1702 until 1896 there were fifteen similar Bog Bursts in Ireland, the last one was in Kerry at Owenaree, seven miles from Killarney on 27th December 1896", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nScientists have long argued over the causes of a bog erupting and flowing a distance.\nOn March 27th, 1788, a large bog of 500 acres at Ballymore, near Knockavilla, began to be agitated for three days before it burst on the 30th March and flowed towards Ballygriffin, Golden, burying 4 houses and covering a large tract of land.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nVarious reasons were put forward as to the cause of such an upheaval of heavy wet mobile turf. One theory was a build-up of methane gas, another was a build-up of water after heavy rain. It must be remembered that a bog lies in what is really a saucer-shaped depression in land. That is why that type of land becomes a bog, there is no place for the water to drain out of the saucer shaped depression in the land.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nOne thing that must be remembered is that over the thousands of years that takes to develop a bog, the upper surface of the bog becomes dome shaped, which adds to the pressure on the captive mass of wet turf held in place by the rim of non-bog land all round it.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nA team of experts led by Dr. Lloyd Praeger spent some time in Kerry trying to find out the cause of the eruption of turf that took place. Dr. Praeger had visited Cooga Bog in 1900, accompanied by a Mr. R.D. O'Brien. This time the visit was to study the Botany of Cooga and the Glen of the Bilboa River. They were pleased with what they saw. A great many wild plants were found including, The Royal Fern and The Sundew, which traps insects to supplement its diet", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nPraeger remarked that the bog was cut away then over one hundred years ago. Cooga Bog provided large amounts of turf during the years 1944 - 1948, when turf was very welcome as fuel.\nIn 1946 on 12th August the Bilboa river over-flowed and flooded the most of the bog, taking away quantities of turf and hay - a big loss to the local people.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nThe bog today is covered in vegetation, bracken fern, rushes and bushes and wild plants of all kinds making what one Dutch visitor described as a paradise of naturally occurring plants without any help from man.\nThe liquid turf that flowed out of the bog in 1708 spread out over the land southwards and after some time it dried out and was all cut away as turf, by then almost saved and in some way compensated for the devastation caused by the Bog Burst.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nThe surface of the Bog was covered in vegetation including a few trees and a lot of bushes, mainly willow, this cover also moved with the liquid turf and were scattered over a wide area. When released from its confines the liquid turf covers a much wider area than it originally occupied.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nEast of the Bog is Kilmoylan House, the former home of the White Family. They are credited with adding the name White to Cappawhite. The Whites lived in Lisowen and at Cappawhite before moving to Kilmoylan. The last White to live in Kilmoylan was Newport White, who died in 1924. He is interred in the Churchyard of the Church of Ireland in Doon. He was married to Prudence Browne, daughter of Hawtrey Browne, the Rector of Donohill, who retired to Kilbeg House, Cappawhite.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nWestward from Cooga Bog is Knock-na-Carraige Glebe, which O'Donovan, in his survey, says is not a Townland but a Glebe or Church Property. The Glebe was originally 41 acres, including the limestone quarry, now filled in. The Glebe House, once occupied by Rev. Thomas Atkinson, was built in 1808 by a Rev. Richard Chadwick at cost of \u00a3700 and a further \u00a31,000 was spent on it in 1831.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nMr. Atkinson gave his name to the nearby Cross Road. He was Treasurer of the Doon Famine Relief Fund in 1846. \u00a3139.17s.6d. was collected from only 33 subscribers. Lord Lismore headed the list with \u00a325 followed by \u00a320 from a minor name, Marshall of Toomaline. Waller O'Grady gave \u00a310. Thos. Atkinson gave \u00a310 and Erasmus Smith, who later owned the Glebe, gave \u00a315. The smallest subscription was five shillings.", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nCooga Bog and the surrounding pasture and meadow land is the largest stretch of land in the area that is not built over or developed in any way and in future years will be looked upon as a very great environmental asset and as such it should be preserved as it is. All the Continental bogs have disappeared. The authorities in Holland are actually trying to restore a bog to its former state. Bogs grow very slowly, about half an inch or less of turf is deposited in a wet year", "Cooga Bog - Townland Names and History in Ireland\nAt one time it seemed as if bogs were unlimited in Ireland but reclamation and mechanical turf cutting is slowly but surely eroding the great mass of Irish Bogland, which is a vast reservoir of wild life,, from the lark singing high in the sky to all the other Fauna and Flora that goes to make up Cooga Bog. The song \"The Old Bog Road\", will in the future, take on a new meaning and significance."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.fact-index.com/w/wi/william_king.html

William King (poet)

["William King (poet)\nWilliam King (1663 - 1712) was an English poet.\nHe was born in London, the son of an Ezekiel King. He was related to the family of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. From Westminster School, where he was a scholar under the care of Dr. Busby, at the age of eighteen he was elected to Christ Church College, Oxford in 1681. There he is said to have dedicated himself so completely to his studies that after eight years he had read over twenty-two thousand books and manuscripts.", "William King (poet)\nIn 1688, the same year in which he was made Master of Arts, he published a confutation of Varillas's account of Wickliffe; and, engaging in the study of the civil law, became Doctor in 1692, and was admitted an advocate at Doctors' Commons. He had already made some translations from the French language, and written some humorous and satirical pieces and in 1694, Molesworth published his \"Account of Denmark,\" in which he treated the Danes and their monarch with great contempt", "William King (poet)\nIn 1699 he published \"A Journey to London,\" after the method of Dr. Martin Lister, who had published \"A Journey to Paris\". And in 1700 he satirised the Royal Society -- or at least, Sir Hans Sloane, their president -- in two dialogues, entitled \"The Transactioner.\" In 1702, having moved to Ireland, he was made Judge of the Admiralty, Commissioner of the Prizes, Keeper of the Records in Birmingham's Tower, and Vicar-General to Dr. Marsh, the primate", "William King (poet)\nKing soon found a friend in Upton, one of the judges, who had a house called Mountown, near Dublin, where King frequently stayed; It was here he wrote the poem \"Mully of Mountown\".", "William King (poet)\nIn 1708, when Lord Wharton was sent to govern Ireland, King returned to London and published some essays, called \"Useful Transactions.\" His \"Voyage to the Island of Cajamai\" is particularly commended. He then wrote the \"Art of Love,\" a poem remarkable, notwithstanding its title, for purity of sentiment; and in 1709 imitated Horace in an \"Art of Cookery,\" which he published with some letters to Dr. Lister.", "William King (poet)\nIn 1710 he became a supporter of the Church, on the side of Henry Sacheverell; and was supposed to have concurred at least in the projection of the Examiner. His eyes were open to all the operations of Whiggism; and he bestowed some strictures upon Dr. Kennet's adulatory sermon at the funeral of the Duke of Devonshire. \"The History of the Heathen Gods,\" a book composed for schools, was written in 1711", "William King (poet)\nThe same year he published \"Rufinus,\" an historical essay; and a poem intended to dispose the nation to think as he thought of the Duke of Marlborough and his adherents."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://news.aut.ac.nz/news/mysterious-victoria-cross-decision-unearthed

Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed

["Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\nHome AUT News Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\nMysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\nAUT historian Professor Paul Moon's book about Haane Manahi is set to put to bed some long- held myth and rumour.\nTo be recommended for a Victoria Cross for bravery is an achievement reserved for few but to never have been awarded it, even after extraordinary documented bravery, is a mystery that AUT\u2019s Professor Paul Moon has solved in his latest book about Lance Sergeant Haane Manahi.", "Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\nVictoria Cross at Takrouna: The Haane Manahi story is the story of Manahi and his exceptional bravery in Tunisia during the Second World War. At the Battle of Takrouna the Sergeant from Te Arawa led a small group of M\u0101ori soldiers who captured a fortress on a 200-metre pinnacle that was being held by at least 200 enemy soldiers.", "Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\nManahi was recommended for a Victoria Cross by seven officers, including Generals Freyberg and Montgomery in 1943, but the award was mysteriously downgraded to a Distinguished Conduct Medal. Until now, little has been known about who made this decision or for what reasons.\nProfessor Moon was approached by Manahi\u2019s son to write the book which uncovers the man, his life, his courageous feats during the war, and the events surrounding the downgrading of the award for his exemplary act of bravery.", "Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\n\u201cI accepted the challenge to write the book because I was aware there was a much bigger story behind this man than had ever been revealed,\u201d Moon says.\nRecent allegations have suggested that Manahi, as part of the Maori Battalion, was allegedly involved in war crimes, an accusation Moon hotly refutes.\nAllegations of war crimes are very easy to make, he says, and once they enter the historical bloodstream, they are almost impossible to remove.", "Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\n\u201cI was fully aware of the allegation that Manahi was involved in war crimes before writing the book, and this is something that intrigued me. So I put the accusation under the microscope, and found that there was no documented or circumstantial evidence to support the charge. I also managed finally to track down the source of the allegation. There is no question, Manahi is definitely innocent of the allegations made against him.\u201d", "Mysterious Victoria Cross decision unearthed\nMoon says an informal quota system for Victoria Cross medals was in place around that time. As another member of the 28th Maori Battalion had received a Victoria Cross for events which took place a few weeks earlier, it was decided in London that Manahi's award should be downgraded."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Mottershaw

English Locational Surname: Mottershaw

["English Locational Surname: Mottershaw\nThis is an English locational surname which may have some association with the similar name of Mottershead. Both relate to places which once existed, but apparently do not any longer and are therefore classed as 'lost' medieval villages. It is estimated that some five thousand such places have disappeared in the past six centuries as a result of changing farming practices, land enclosures and in particular creeping urbanisation", "English Locational Surname: Mottershaw\nMottershead was in early Victorian times a hamlet within the town of Mottram in Cheshire, and it is possible that Mottershaw, the name refers to a 'mott' or council meeting place by a wood, was in the same area as it is well recorded in Cheshire. Locational surnames are usually 'from' names. That is to say names given to people after they left their original village, usually in search of work, and thereafter were most easily identified by being called after their former home", "English Locational Surname: Mottershaw\nEarly examples of the surname recordings in the county of Cheshire include Thomas Mottershaw who married Martha Guring at St John the Baptist, Chester, on February 3rd 1638, and Ann Mottershaw who married George Steel at Sandbach, on Christmas Day, 1778."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://coffeewithken.blogspot.com/2013/07/luck-in-politics-ask-nick-longworth-r.html

Luck in Politics?

["Luck in Politics?\nLuck in politics? Ask Nick Longworth (R-Ohio), Speaker of the House,1925-1931.\nPage from 1887 Longworth scrapbook, Manuscript Room, Library of Congress.\n-- Alice and Nick's engagement photos\n-- More photos from Alice Longworth's scrapbook", "Luck in Politics?\n\"I'd rather be lucky than good.\" That's what NY Yankee pitching ace \"Lefty\" (Vernon Louis) Gomez famously said about baseball back in the 1930s, but it goes just as well with politics. And when a politician is both lucky and good, it takes real skill to see it and recognize which is which.\nLongworth and soon-to-be-future bride Alice Rosevelt in 1905.", "Luck in Politics?\nTake Nicholas Longworth, Speaker of the US House from 1925 to 1931. People today in Washington, D.C. remember Longworth mostly because his name is attached to one of its most familiar buildings, the Longworth House Office Building on Capitol Hill. Beyond that, he's mostly a blank, which is a shame.\nAll you need to know about Longworth is this:", "Luck in Politics?\nLike too many politicians of his day, Longworth got that stupid twinge of guilt when he was about to die in April 1931. He ordered his family to destroy all his personal papers. The only things saved (available today in the Manuscript Room of the Library of Congress) were a few scrapbooks, speeches, and letters from famous people.", "Luck in Politics?\nOne of these old scrapbooks, though, contained a gem. It was from 1887 when Longworth was an 18 year-old junior at Harvard. Nick loved playing poker with friends, and, in his scrapbook, he actually saved the five cards he drew in a game one night that December: a royal straight flush.\nLongworth as the well-dress House Speaker.", "Luck in Politics?\nToday, a century and a quarter later, that royal straight flush is enshrined as Nick Longworth's permanent monument, more fitting than any building, statue, or round of boring speeches.", "Luck in Politics?\nLongworth understood his luck. \"Suave.\" \"Polished.\" \"Affable.\" \"Easygoing.\" That's how people usually described him. \"Longworth is a gregarious creature who loves his friends and who can find loveableness in his most pronounced political enemies,\" one newsman wrote. He wore morning suits, spats, and often carried a gold-handled cane. That, and, according to the same reporter, he could \"wear spats and look as if he had been born into them.\" Partly, this is because he was.", "Luck in Politics?\nNick Longworth's luck started early. His parents were scions of one of the richest, oldest families in Cincinnati. They sent him to Harvard, then Harvard Law School, then had him finish his law degree back in Ohio. They helped him launch a political career that sent him to Washington, D.C. as a Congressmen just four years out of school. There, young Nick Longworth managed to win the heart of the city's most sought-after bride, Alice Roosevelt, the vivacious oldest daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt", "Luck in Politics?\nLongworth House Office Building, opened in 1933.\nLongworth lost his House seat in 1912. He had broken a cardinal rule that year by siding against his own father-in-law, Roosevelt, in that year's Presidential election. Alice never forgave him. But Nick re-gained his seat two years later and resumed his climb as if nothing had happened.", "Luck in Politics?\nCombine luck with charm and some skill, and by 1923 Longworth had risen to become the House Republican Majority Leader, the most effective in years, then Speaker in 1925. Calvin Coolidge reigned in Washington back then, and Longworth, a staunch conservative, fit right in. He reasserted the powers of the Speaker in ways unseen since the fall of Joe Cannon in 1910, and also forged a close friendship with Democratic leader John Nance Garner, himself a future Speaker and Vice President", "Luck in Politics?\nGarner, Longworth, and a floating clique of friends met regularly in a secluded Capitol hideaway office they called the \"Board of Education\" where booze flowed freely despite Prohibition. \"I was the heathen and Nick was the aristocrat,\" Garner liked to joke. It resulted in a Congress that got its work done.", "Luck in Politics?\nMany House Speakers are utterly forgotten after they leave office, but, even here, Nick Longworth got lucky. In his final years as Speaker, he had the good fortune to preside over planning of what would become the second House Office building, which would bear his name until today. He died in 1931, shortly after losing the Speakership to his Democratic friend John Nance Garner. His wife Alice would live another 50 years, a favorite Washington solon until 1980.", "Luck in Politics?\nLuck is good. Enjoy it when you have it. And if you happen to draw a royal straight flush, save it. Don't be stupid and throw it away.\nLabels: Nicholas Longworth"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://c4909627.myzen.co.uk/bookreviews/r/ehrman-2.html

Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

["Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nBart D.Ehrman\nLOST CHRISTIANITIES\nThe battle for scripture and the faiths we never knew\nBook review by Anthony Campbell. The review is licensed under a Creative Commons License.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nEvangelical Christians take their stand on the inerrancy of the scriptures that make up the New Testament, yet most probably know little about the origins of these texts or how the books of the New Testament emerged in the early years of the Christian era. Ehrman provides a fascinating account of this largely forotten history and shows how easily the dominant religion of much of the modern world might have been quite different or might not have existed at all.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nIt will doubtless come as a surprise to many to find that there were groups calling themselves Christian who believed in two Gods, thirty Gods, or 365 Gods. There was also a huge range of disagreement about the nature of Jesus: was he human, divine, or a mixture of the two? Some believed that his death had ensured the salvation of the world, others that it had had nothing to do with the world, and still others that he had not died at all.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nA major reason for our ignorance about all this is that the writings of those who held such views were suppressed by the group that ultimately became dominant and bequeathed to us the scriptures we have today. Ehrman refers to these as the proto-orthodox. What knowledge we have of the rival views comes largely from summaries and quotations from their writings in refutations by the proto-orthodox, but there is also valuable material from recent discoveries of lost manuscripts such as those of Nag Hammadi.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nEhrman identifies a pair of polar opposites in early Christianity. The Ebionites emphasized the Jewish roots of the faith and held that to be a Christian required adherence to the Jewish Law. The Marcionites, in contrast, regarded Christianity as an entirely new dispensation. Marcion, the founder of the movement, taught that there were two Gods: the God of the Old Testament and the God of Jesus", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nThe Old Testament God had created the world and was wrathful and vengeful because he demanded impossibly strict adherence to his Laws. The God of Jesus had never had anything to do with the world until the advent of Jesus; he came to save us from the wrath of the Old Testament God. Jesus was divine and only appeared to be human; he did not have a material body like other people.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nA third, and important, strand in early Christianity was provided by the Gnostics. Unfortunately we have rather limited knowledge of their beliefs though light has been shed on them by the Nag Hammadi texts. Gnosticism seems to have been a deeply esoteric teaching, which sought for truth beneath the surface of scripture. I get the impression that Ehrman has a good deal of sympathy for Gnosticism.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nFor the proto-orthodox, the most important criterion in deciding the validity of a text and its suitability for inclusion in the official canon was the correctness of its theological teaching. If it was incorrect it \"obviously\" could not be authentic (written by an apostle or at least by a companion of an apostle) and it could not be ancient (it must have been forged recently). In the ancient world, novelty was not considered a merit in an idea; on the contrary, to be true it ought to be ancient", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nForgery, in fact, was an important issue in the ancient world. It was indulged in by all sides in the argument and it receives a correspondingly large amount of attention from Ehrman. Although it has not ceased to happen today, in most cases the fraudulent nature of this modern material is pretty obvious. A notable exception is the alleged discovery in 1958 of a letter supposed to have been written by Clement of Alexandria, a prominent theologian, in about 200 CE", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nThe letter purportedly refers to alternative versions of Mark's Gospel, one of which contains rather strange material about Jesus. The discoverer was a highly respected academic called Morton Smith, who claimed to have found it in a Greek Orthodox monastery near Jerusalem. Ehrman discusses this case at some length but he does not commit himself finally on the genuineness of the document.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nMost Christians today doubtless think that the emergence of the New Testament as it now exists was the more or less inevitable result of a winnowing out of what was genuine and valuable from a mass of irrelevant or misleading material. Ehrman makes it clear that this is the view of the victors; things could easily have turned out differently", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nIf one of the alternative views had prevailed, he believes, the modern world would be very different from how it is today; whether it would be better or worse is open to conjecture. One of the casualties of the proto-orthodox triumph was tolerance; subsequent Christianity was characterized by an insistence on the vital importance of correct belief and a willingness to persecute anyone who held different (\"heretical\") views", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nEhrman thinks that we have lost much that was of value, though he gives little indication of how his own view of Christianity has been altered by this realization.", "Book Review: Lost Christianties - The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew\nSee also Ehrman's Misquoting Jesus and Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the Millennium.\n%T Lost Christianities\n%S The battles for the faiths we never knew\n%A Ehrman, Bart D.\n%I Oxford University Press\n%C Oxford\n%G ISBN 0-19-518249-9\n%P xv + 294 pp\n%K religion\n%O paperback edition"]

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https://freshessay.net/essays/history-essay/honesty-is-the-best-policy

The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance

["The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nBeth woke up to an early morning. Yellow petals shown in the air shone like gold in the sun. The day seemed to be promising, and Beth could not imagine it would turn out the way it did. She was aware of the hard task ahead of her, and she was determined to complete it in time. Beth and her family belonged to the Chumash tribe. The Chumash are the Native American individuals who historically occupied the southern and central coastal area of California", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThis location is in lots of what is currently San Luis Obispo, Ventura, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara counties ranging from Morro Bay located in northern Malibu. They also inhabited the three Channel Islands that are Santa Cruz, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa; the minor Anacapa Island was occupied. Modern location designations with Chumash roots comprise Malibu, Ojai, Lompoc, Pismo Beach, Port Hueneme, Point Mugu, Piru, Saticoy, Simi Valley, and Lake Castaic", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nArchaeological study establishes that the Chumash have deep origins in the area of Santa Barbara Channel. The clan has lived along the coast of southern California for millennia. The culture and customs of the Chumash allowed people to remarry if their spouse died.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nIt was only one of the finest days that showed hoped to enjoy together with her stepsister, Clare. Since her mother passed away five years ago, Beth had been coping with a tough and hard life. Her father decided to marry another wife so that they could move on together. Unfortunately, Beths new mother was not comfortable with her brightness. Beth was always organized and worked hard in everything she did. She always obeyed her father and gained appreciation from him", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nHer father promised to ensure Beth inherited all his properties after his death. On the other hand, Clare was not as hard-working as Beth. She was always disorganized and rude to adults. The most annoying difference between the two sisters was that Beth was the most beautiful girl in the village. Every person who saw her commented about her beauty. All the parents admired her character and wished their daughters were as beautiful as Beth", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThey told their daughters to emulate Beth as she was the role model in the village. In fact, it was ironic that the two sisters from the same mother could be so different in character and looks.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe differences in character and appearance between Beth and Clare made their mother jealous. She was uncomfortable with Beth and planned to eliminate her. However, the two sisters loved each other too much. Beth encouraged her step sister to work hard and trained her how to be organized. They played together and slept together. However, Beth was supposed to do all home chores alone. Her step mother had cautioned Clare never to help Beth", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nTherefore, Beth woke up early, prepared breakfast, cleaned utensils, fed the goats, and did everything else that the mother would command. Beth worked hard and with determination. She never regretted her mothers death as she knew that everything happened with a purpose.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nFortunately, Clare was not comfortable with how her mother was treating her sister. She would be always helping her secretly to complete the chores. If the mother had a chance to find Clare helping Beth, Beth would be beaten and ordered to sleep hungry. Therefore, she requested her sister to stop helping her as she was going through tough punishment from her mother. During the day, Beth could not eat anything. Clare and her mother would eat food and give her nothing", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nHistorically, foods that were eaten by the Chumash comprised numerous marine species like the Appeasing littleneck clam, black abalone, butternut clam, bent-nosed clam, red abalone, ostrea lurida oysters, angular unicorn snails, and Pacific littleneck clams. They as well manufactured flour from the dehydrated laurel sumac fruits.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nBeth was not supposed to report to her father as her step mother promised to kill her in case she reported her. Additionally, the Chumash tribe was a hunter and gatherer community. They were skilled at fishing activities in the period of Spanish foundation. They made one of the comparatively few Current World persons who regularly explored the ocean. Another one was the Tongva that was the neighboring tribe positioned to the south", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nSome communities built plank boats known as tomols that provided good distribution. They could also be utilized for whaling. In this case, Beths father was not at home during the day. He would only come in the evening tired and hungry. Her step mother took advantage of the situation and ensured that Beth never had time to talk with her father privately. Therefore, she could not manage to communicate with him and tell him how she was mistreated", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nTherefore, Beth could go to her mothers grave and cry the whole day. She wept and wished her mother was alive, so she could be eating and playing like other girls of her age. In the evening, Beth would go back to the house and pretend that everything was alright. The step mother behaved as if she loved the two daughters as her own.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe greatest mistake occurred when the richest young man in the village reported to Beths father early in the morning. This was the man that every parent admired and wished he could marry their daughter. Surprisingly, the young man had been admiring little Beth without her notice. He wanted to ask her father for his daughters hand in marriage. When the man got into the compound accompanied by his father and two elders, Clares mother hoped that they had come for her daughters marriage", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nShe had done everything in her capability to ensure that Clare looked beautiful. She bought expensive clothes and jewels for her. She did not want her to do any work as she could get dirty and tired. In fact, she ensured that the young man saw her daughter every time she wore beautiful clothes. She befriended the young mans family and visited them regularly with her daughter so that the young man could meet her. Unfortunately, the young man was never interested in Clare", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nIn fact, he did not even notice her mothers concentration that was directed at him. The young man was an anthropologist who used to collect long Chumash bags. The two of the premium assortments were in Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution and the Mankind Museum in Paris, France. The Natural History Museum located at the Santa Barbara was supposed to have the biggest Chumash baskets collection. Therefore, he had enough money to woo any girl of his choice. He chose Beth and was determined to marry her.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe mother could not imagine that Beth was the one to be married by her dream son-in-law. To make matters worse, the rich man promised to bring dowry that would satisfy the entire Chumash tribe. This was bitter in the eyes of Clares mother to hear that her enemy would be prominent in future. In her heart, she had preserved that man for her own daughter. She despised Mother Nature for its cruel nature. She was not ready to witness Beths wedding", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nSince her husband loved Beth more than Clare, she knew that all concentration would be taken to her daughters home when she got married to the rich man. Therefore, something needed to be done quickly.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nOn this important day, Clares mother had an evil plan. She had been thinking of a plan that would help her eliminate Beth. She called her daughter and asked her where she slept on the bed. Innocently, Clare told her mother that she slept on the entrance while Beth slept next to the wall. Surprisingly, mother told Clare they should exchange sleeping positions for that night only. Beth was the one to sleep on the bed entrance while Clare was to sleep next to the wall", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nClare asked her mother why they had to exchange sleeping positions as they had been sleeping that way for a long time. Her mother was not ready to answer that question, but reminded her daughter that it was an order that had to be obeyed.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nWhen the two sisters went to bed, Clare requested her sister to exchange sleeping positions with her. Beth asked her why she preferred sleeping near the wall and she was always afraid of spiders. Clare was not ready to say that it was her mothers order. Therefore, she told her sister that she just felt like sleeping there. Beth did not argue. She comfortably agreed with her sister and they exchanged the positions. Clares mother put some herbs in the house to prevent her husband from waking up", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nHerbs utilized in the Chumash traditional medicine comprising dense leave Yerba Santa were to maintain airways exposed to suitable breathing. The laurel sumac is the bark root that was utilized to create a tisane for discussing dysentery black sageand . Stems and Leaves of the plant made a robust sun tea. This was scrubbed on the sore area or utilized to immerse one's bases. The plant has diterpenoids like the aethiopinoneursolic and acid , which are pain relievers", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe evil-minded woman used home herbs that made the family sleep without waking up. This way, she could implement her plan without being noticed.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nAt midnight, the cruel mother woke up and ignited a fire in the house. She made a strong fire and put a large pot of water. She waited patiently for the water to boil so that she could accomplish her evil plan. Fortunately to Beth and unfortunately to Clare and her mother, the house became very warm and hot. In this case, Beth in her sleep felt too hot. She unconsciously exchanged the sleeping positions that their mother had dictated", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nAfter boiling the water, Clares mother went to the bedroom to check whether her husband was still asleep. Luckily, she found him deep asleep as a result of the herbs she had used.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nHappily, the cruel woman moved to the daughters room. She first confirmed whether they were asleep. She was as happy as a king when she found they had migrated to the dream land. They were in deep sleep and snoring loudly. The woman looked at the girls with joy as she knew that her daughter would inherit her fathers property. She would also be married by the richest man in the village. Everyone would look at her with admiration. This was all she had desired since she was married", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe long struggle was soon coming to an end. A person who was expected to be a mother to a girl whose mother had died was just about to do something unbelievable.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nWithout wasting time, the woman took the girl that was sleeping at the bed entrance. She did not take time to check her face as she believed that her daughter had followed her instructions. Additionally, she feared that the girl would wake up if she uncovered her face. In a fraction of a minute, the merciless woman threw the sleeping girl in the pot. She covered the pot and comfortably allowed the girl to taste the boiling water. The poor girl had no time to scream", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nShe immediately succumbed to the pain and died instantly. The vindictive woman kept adding firewood as if she was preparing a meal for an extended family. After two hours, she was convinced that the enemy was dead. She knew that she has saved her daughter and given her the best she could. Therefore, she removed the dead body and quickly went out and buried it in a deep grave that she had dug two days ago. She then returned to the house, put off the fire, and went to sleep", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nAt dawn, Clares mother woke up earlier than usual. She prepared breakfast and served for the four members of her family that included her husband, her two daughters, and herself. She prepared sweet potatoes and sour porridge that was Beths favorite. The main aim was to pretend to be innocent and that she cared for her daughters taste. However, she did not go to the girls room to wake Beth to do her chores. Usually, the lazy woman was not preparing breakfast", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nInstead, she shouted to Beth while still in bedroom. Beth had to wake up early, prepare breakfast, and get ready to go to work immediately after her father left.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe most shocking thing in the womans life appeared when the breakfast was ready. It was about seven in the morning and her husband woke up. Coincidentally, the girl in the bedroom woke up and could not believe her eyes when she saw sunrays in their room. She used to wake up early before the sun rose. Therefore, she quickly discharged her night dress and moved to the table room. Clares mother could not believe her eyes. She stood up to confirm what she was seeing", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nInnocently, Beth went to her and bowed to apologize for waking up that late. Her father was already enjoying the palatable breakfast that his wife had prepared for him. He was shocked to see her wife stand up in disbelief. The shocked woman called out her daughters name, Clare! There was no one to answer. Beth started to explain how sorry she was for not waking up to prepare breakfast. She apologized to her step mother for oversleeping and promised never to do it again", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nHowever, the traumatized mother did not recognize any of the apologies. She hoped that she was in a dream that would immediately end so that she could wake up and face the reality. It was hard to imagine that she was seeing Beth. In her mind, it was not possible to have Beth in front of her eyes. She had already boiled Beth dead and buried her under the bananas in the banana plantation. How then could she be standing next to her apologizing?", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe traumatized woman turned to her husband and daughter. At this time, Beth and her father were worried about her behavior. Beths father asked her where she had left her sister. In response, Beth said that they slept together, but she had not seen her in the bedroom. However, she apologized to her father for waking up that late and said that maybe Clare had already gone to the river to fetch water. The traumatized woman had not said a word since Beth appeared", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nHer husband was surprised that she was not even asking about her daughter. Therefore, he went to the bedroom and checked on her. Clare was nowhere to be seen. He sent Beth to go to the river and check whether she was there. It was all in vain. Clare was not there. Tension was raised in the whole family. Beth and her father continued to search for Clare in the neighboring homestead, but did not find her.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nAll of a sudden, Clares mother broke the silence with a loud cry. She said that she wanted to kill Beth, but she had killed her own daughter. The villagers could not believe their ears. This was the most horrifying confession they had ever heard in their lives. Everybody thought that the woman had lost her mind because of her lost daughter. However, the traumatized woman took them to the banana plantations where she had buried her daughter in the name of the enemy", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nShe cried and cried for her stupidity and jealousy. She boiled her daughter for two hours unknowingly. Her plan had overturned. Her step daughter was left to inherit her fathers property, while Clare, her own daughter, laid in the grave dead. It was all her fault.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe elders quickly met under the holy fig tree to decide on the matter. They had to think quickly before the entire village got into chaos. One of the wise men stood up and said that Clares mother should follow her daughter to the land of no return. All the other elders agreed with that decision as they could not allow a murderer of her own daughter to disgrace their village forever. They called upon the warriors to get the killer and bring her to custody", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nThe warriors obeyed the orders and went for the woman. The whole village was called for an urgent meeting so that they could witness the brutal punishment that the murderer would face. The woman was brought and commanded to explain why she did that. The warriors gave her thorough beatings provoking her to speak the truth quickly. She narrated how she was jealous of her step daughter from the time she had married. She disliked her because she was hardworking, beautiful, and likeable", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nShe broke into tears when narrating how she had tried to make the young rich man fall in love with her daughter, but it was all in vain. This is why, she decided to eliminate Beth and get Clare joy. She could not explain how she ended up killing her own daughter.", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nEveryone in the meeting started crying. They were ready to have the woman stoned to death. What she had done was not bearable. Therefore, they blamed her for the death of an innocent girl and for mistreating Beth. The woman was ready to be stoned to death. She was not ready to be forgiven as she could be unable to face the world with that shame. Fortunately, the elders said that the woman should not be killed. She was sent out of the village as an outcast", "The Chumash Tribe: A History of Honesty and Perseverance\nDon't lose time, order now!\nChoose the best topic, set the deadline and get any of your papers written according to all of your demands with perfect timing. We provide individual approach to each client.\nAnemia In Teens In America\nIslam, Judaism and Christianity"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.victoriamooreportfolio.com/corinthian-hall.html

Corinthian Hall Symbology

["Corinthian Hall Symbology\npon arriving on the second floor, one encounters the Meeting place of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania: Corinthian Hall. The features of this magnificent room, finished in 1903, are in strict conformity with the principles of Grecian classical architecture, and the best known examples of the Greek Corinthian Order. Columns and capitals are modeled after the perfect ones found in the monument of Lysicrates in Athens", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nThe paneled ceiling in the apse at the east end of the room together with the Caryatides supporting it, depict the Portico of the Caryatides of the Erectheum, a building on the Acropolis, in Athens. Seats on the platform in the East are in accordance with those in the ancient Theatre of Dionysus, also in Athens. Various subjects for the bas-relief medallions over the entrance hall and on the pilasters on the north and south walls were taken from ancient Greek coins and medallions", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nPictorial representations in the panels on the large frieze running around the four enclosing walls of the room are copies of historical fragments from Greek mythology relating mostly to spiritual life. The general color scheme of the architectural motif, from floor to ceiling, is dull ivory with gold to accentuate all relief and figure details. The large cove and ceiling are treated in shades of deep blue, studded with gold stars", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nThis creates a sky effect above the line of lattice balustrade, and gives an atmosphere of an open hall in an ancient Greek temple.", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nIn the east wall, the inscription in the frieze below the pediment is \"Fiat Lux\" (Let there be light). There are five murals, of which the one on the pediment depicts the Rising of the Sun. Hellos, young, beardless and with radiant head, rises from the waves in a chariot drawn by four horses. To the right, the first panel shows Aurora pouring dew upon the Earth", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nAlso known as Eos (Aos), the Dawn, she is clad in a long chiton, or tunic, strewn with stars, and hovers in the air holding the jars whence she pours the dew. In the second panel to the right is Psychotasia, the weighing of souls. Hermes holds the balance of the scales, where the souls of two warriors are seen. Two witnesses stand by: Zeus, on the left, is armed with his thunderbolt and leans on his scepter", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nEos, on the right, is the mother of Memnon, who was slain by Achilles while aiding his uncle, Priam, during the Trojan War. Eos, inconsolable, weeps for him every morning, whence also the dew. In the first panel on the left is Apollo, god of the various Fine Arts and reputed originator of Music, Poetry and Eloquence. Apollo is seated on a high tripod that has broad wings bearing him gently over the waves. Dolphins, springing out of the water, accompany him. The god is also called Delphinos", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nHe wears a wreath of laurel; his left hand touches the cithara; and a bow and quiver of arrows are on his shoulder. The voyages of the god upon his tripod are doubtless allusions to the colonies founded by order of the Delphic Oracle. On the second panel to the left is Triptolemus, holding a patera (a broad, flat saucer used for pouring libations) in his right hand and heads of grain in his left. He is seated on a winged chariot from which dart two serpents", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nIn front of him, Proserpine, daughter of Zeus and Demeter, holds a torch in her left hand, and in her right, a wine jug, which she inclines toward the patera of Triptolemus. Behind the chariot is Demeter, goddess of grain, with a torch and some heads of grain in her hand. The hero is preparing to journey through the world and instruct the human race in agriculture.", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nThe west wall bears the inscription \"Fide et Fiducia\" (By Fidelity and Confidence) in the frieze of the cornice. There are three murals on this wall. In the center, Jason and Hercules, with the help of Medea, are attacking the dragon. A tree is in the center of the scene, dividing it into two equal parts. Upon the branches is suspended the Golden Fleece. Above the trunk is coiled the dragon which guards it", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nJason, on the left, and Hercules, on the right, are preparing to strike the monster, one with a lance, the other with a club. Behind the heroes, and ready for combat, are three of the Argonauts, their companions. In the upper division of the panel on the left, the winged Calais (another Argonaut), son of Boreas (\"north wind\") and the nymph Oreithyia, come to take part in the combat. To the right, Medea, clothed in splendid Asiatic garments, aids the combatants by her magic power", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nIn her left hand she holds a casket. With her right, she is preparing to throw some leaves on the dragon. Behind her, and corresponding to the figure of Calais, is a winged Love. He is sitting on a rock holding a mirror in his left hand. In the right panel is Orestes (who, with sister Electra's help, had killed their mother, Clytemnestra, to avenge his father, whom she had killed) in shelter at Delphi and protected by Apollo", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nOrestes is seated on the altar of Apollo, who stands beside him holding over his head a pig, the expiatory victim. Artemis, Apollo's sister, stands in front of Orestes. In the left panel Eumolpus, seated with a scepter in his hand, a swan at his side, is an allusion to the King's name. Amphitrite, a goddess of the sea, has a fish in her right hand. Dionysus (or Bacchus, god of wine) is holding a vine-stock as a scepter.", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nMedallions over doors and on pedestals on either side of the niche were taken from antique coins and medallions. Above the door to the left, looking toward the west wall: center, taken from a bronze coin, are the eight Phoenician Kabeiroi. Left, from a bronze coin of Ephesus, is the effigy of Marcus Aurelius. Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius stand at the lighted altar before the statue of Artemis of Ephesus. Right, from a coin of Ariathes, is the Baal of Gazioura", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nSeated, his left hand resting on a scepter, he holds an eagle in his right hand. Above the door to the right: center, from a bronze medallion, is the Temple of Zeus at Pergamos. Under the portico is Zeus, before him is a priest holding a patera, about to sacrifice a bull. Left, from a coin of Chios, Dionysus, crowned with ivy, stands holding a thyrsus (a staff or spear tipped with an ornament)", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nRight, from a gold coin of Alexander, is a winged Victory; in a field is a thunderbolt, also a letter, which is a mint mark. On the pedestal to the right: from an Athenian coin, A.O.E., the names of magistrates. The owl is a symbol of wisdom; the lion of strength.", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nOn the south wall, in the frieze on the cornice, is the inscription \"Labore et Honore\" (By Labor and Honor). In the center panel is a depiction of the birth of Pallas Athena. Zeus, thunderbolt and scepter in hand, is seated on a throne. Hephaestus (or Vulcan, the god of fire and patron of workmen) has cleft the skull of the god and Pallas Athena is springing, full-armed, into the light of day. On each side of Zeus are the divinities usually associated with Pallas", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nTo the right, before her, is Ilithyia, who presides over birth; as well as Hercules, the most famous of Greek heroes, celebrated for his strength and courage; and Ares (Mars) the god of war. To the left are first, Apollo, playing the seven-stringed lyre; Poseidon, god of the sea, fountains and rivers; Hera, wife of Zeus; and Hephaestus (who flees in alarm). Behind Hera, a bird of augury is in the air. On the first panel to the right, looking toward the south wall is the ancient Scheme to Sacrifice", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nNike, the goddess of victory and success, pours wine for libation into a cup. At the right, are two assistants, each carrying a wand. A flute player is last. The inscription above him indicates that he will share in the sacred repast. In the second panel to the right is the Judgement of Paris, who was the son of Priam. Paris has awarded the apple to Helen of Troy as the most beautiful woman. She is seated on a throne and is attended by a winged Victory", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nTo the right stands Hermes (Mercury), the messenger of the gods. In the first panel on the left are Odysseus (Ulysses) and the Sirens. Odysseus is standing tied to the mast of his vessel, while his companions, urged by the helmsman, are rowing. Three Sirens, in the form of birds with women's heads, seek to attract them. On the second panel is Greece personified by Hellas, who stands between Zeus and Pallas Athena and is attended by a Victory. Zeus is on the throne", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nThe medallions on the pilaster supporting the center panel were taken from coins and a carved stone. The first (top), from a silver coin from Corinth, is a bridled Pegasus, flying beneath the kappa, the initial letter, in Greek, of Corinth. The second, taken from a Corinthian coin, shows the hero Isthmos, the personified isthmus, holding a rudder in each hand", "Corinthian Hall Symbology\nThe third, also from a Corinthian coin, is the round temple of Polaimon, the cupola of which, adorned with dolphins that form the akroteria, is supported by six columns. Before the temple is a bull about to be sacrificed and a tree. On the fourth, from an engraved stone, are the laws of Triptolemus."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://ckphysiciantribute.ca/doctors/frederick-harold-wilson/

Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.

["Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nDr. Frederick Harold Wilson was born in Stouffville, Ontario on the 22nd of September, 1895. He was the 3rd of 4 children born to Frederick Theodore Wilson and the former Fannie Lehman. His father was a mason and his siblings were; John \u201cArthur\u201d Bruce Wilson who was born on the 28th of November, 1890 and died on the 13th of December, 1890. His sister Rhea Bernice Wilson was born on the 31st of July, 1893. She died of ammonia poisoning on the 10th of October, 1894", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nHis younger brother Murray Cecil Wilson was born on the 8th of May, 1897 and died on the 10th of July, 1900. All of the children were buried at the Stouffville Cemetery. Dr. Wilson was the only child to survive into adulthood.", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nDr. Wilson was educated in Stouffville and matriculated at Stouffville Continuation School. He entered The University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, but his studies were interrupted by WWI. Dr. Wilson enlisted in Toronto on the 13th of October, 1917. He was described as being 5\u20196\u2033 tall, 148 pounds with a fair complexion, blue eyes and brown hair. Dr. Wilson was attached to the 1st Depot Battalion of the 1st Central Ontario Regiment", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nHe was discharged from the army and joined the Royal Canadian Navy on the 14th of May, 1918 where he held the rank of Lieutenant Commander.", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nAfter the war, Dr. Wilson returned to Toronto and he completed medical school graduating from The University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1921.", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nDr. Wilson married Ethel Gertrude McRorie in Timiskaming, Ontario on the 13th of August, 1923. Mrs. Wilson was born on the 8th of February, 1894 in Chesley, Ontario. She was the eldest of 6 children born to John McRorie and the former Margaret Alice Fortune. Her father was listed as a blacksmith when she was born but he would also work as a mason until he moved his family to Durban, Manitoba and took up farming. Mrs", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nWilson\u2019s siblings were, Albert John McRorie, Stuart James McRorie and Evelyn Marguerite McRorie, Ruby Elizabeth McRorie and Dorothy Harriett McRorie. Mrs. Wilson was a nurse.", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nDr. and Mrs. Wilson had a son Murray Stewart Wilson who was born in Toronto on the 24th of October, 1924. Dr. Murray Stewart Wilson graduated from The University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1948.\nMrs. Wilson died on the 2nd of November, 1928 in Englehart, Ontario. She was buried at the Birchwood Cemetery in Swan River, Manitoba. She was 33 years old.", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nDr. Wilson married Gertrude Mary Hodgson in the Village of Swansea (now part of Toronto) on the 15th of June, 1937. At the time of their marriage, Dr. Wilson lived on Cockshutt Street in Englehart and Mrs. Wilson was a nurse at the Red Cross Hospital in Englehart. Mrs. Wilson was born in Preston-Patrick, Westmoreland, England in 1898. She was the youngest of 12 children born to Joseph Hodgson and the former Isabelle Philips", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nHer father was a cooper and her siblings were; Thomas Earl Hodgson, George Herbert Hodgson, Joseph Clarkson Hodgson, Frederick James Hodgson, Robert, Walter, Sarah, John, Adam, Edward and Victor. Her father died in 1901.", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nDr. Wilson practiced medicine as a general practitioner in Englehart until the summer of 1946 when he moved to Shelburne to assume the responsibilities as the Medical Officer of Health for Dufferin County. While living in Shelburne, Dr. Wilson was also the Head of the Health Department.\nDr. Wilson was a member of the Rotary Club and the Masonic Order.", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nIn early December of 1950, Dr. Wilson was appointed as the Medical Officer of Heath for Kent County. He died suddenly of a heart attack at his residence located at 111 St Clair Street (in Chatham) on the 23rd of January, 1951. An article that appeared in the Chatham Daily News on the 24th of January, 1952 indicated the Dr. Wilson was a \u201cfine, energetic and co-operative man\u201d and that he \u201chad the ability of applying good common sense.\u201d", "Frederick Harold Wilson, MD - CK Physician Tribute.\nMrs. Wilson died in 1992. Dr. and Mrs. Wilson were buried at the Stouffville Cemetery.\nDr. Wilson\u2019s son, Dr. Murray Stewart Wilson M.D. died in 2009 and he was buried with his grandparents and his father\u2019s siblings at the Stouffville Cemetery.\n*Mrs. Ethel Wilson\u2019s brother\u2019s Albert John McRorie and Stuart James McRorie both served with the Canadian Armed Services during WWI. Pte. Albert John McRorie, was killed in action at Vimy Ridge in France on the 11th of April, 1917. He was 21 years old."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.romeartlover.it/Anemurium.html

Anemurium (Kizkalesi)

["Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nPage revised in January 2021.\n- Anemurium\n(Kizkalesi)\nYou may wish to read a short introduction to this section with a map of the region first.\nCape Anamur (western side)", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nOn the morning of the 27th to the great surprise of the pilot we found ourselves in open sea and out of sight of any land. A calm overtook us, the consternation was general. Where were we? Were we within or without the island of Cyprus? The whole day passed in this extraordinary dispute. To have talked of taking the reckoning or the altitude would have been Hebrew to our sailors. When the breeze sprung up towards evening they were thrown into a new embarrassment. On what tack were we to steer", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\n? The pilot who imagined that we were between the north coast of Cyprus and the gulf of Satalia (Attalia) proposed to keep the ship's head to the south to get sight of the former, but the consequence would have been that, had we passed the island we should have gone by following that point of the compass right to Egypt. (..) My opinion was asked for in all cases of any difficulty the Greeks and Turks invariably have recourse to the Franks", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nMy advice was that we should steer to the eastward for an obvious reason: we were either within or without the island of Cyprus; now in either case by standing to the east we should be making progress. Besides if we were within the island we could not fail to see land to the larboard or starboard in a very short time: either at Cape Anemur in Caramania or at Cape Conachitti (Kormakitis) on Cyprus.", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nFran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9, vicomte de Chateaubriand - Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary, During the Years 1806 and 1807 - Translation by F. Shoberl\nViews from the tip of the cape: (above) coast of Cyprus near Girne; (below-left) Mamure Kalesi; (below-right) Sofra Kalesi, a medieval castle on a hill east of Mamure Kalesi; (inset) detail of \"Tabula Peutingeriana\", a Vth century map of the roads of the Roman Empire, showing Anemurium, Phaselis, Side and Paphos", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nCape Anamur (Lat. Promontorium Anemurium), because of its position at the southernmost point of the Anatolian peninsula, was bound to attract the attention of seamen from the earliest ages of navigation, but the ruins of the town we see today are dated after Pompey's campaign against the pirates (67 BC). Anemurium was a flourishing port until the end of the VIIth century when it became a target for Arab raids and it was eventually abandoned", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nCape Anamour terminates in a high bluff knob one side of which is inaccessible; the other has been well fortified by a castle and outworks placed on the summit from whence a flanked wall with towers descends to the shore and separates it from the rest of the promontory. Two aqueducts that wind along the hill for several miles supplied this fortress with water. Within the walls are the remains of some large buildings and two theatres and outside a vast number of tombs. The city is now altogether deserted.", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nFrancis Beaufort, Captain of HMS Frederikssteen, a frigate of 32 guns: Karamania; or a brief description of the South Coast of Asia Minor, and of the Remains of Antiquity collected during a survey of that coast, under the orders of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, in the years 1811 & 1812 - Published in 1817\nThe Large Baths, the apse of a basilica and other buildings seen from the theatre. In the background the coastline where modern Anamur is situated", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nThe first archaeological excavations at the site of Eski Anamur (Old Anamur) were undertaken in the late 1960s and they focussed on its large necropolis. They eventually included the main monuments of the rich Roman town which stood on the eastern side of the cape. The buildings were mainly made of bricks and were most likely decorated with marbles and columns, but by and large very few fragments of them have been found", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nTheatre: (above) site of the cavea; (below) wall supporting the seats\nYet there are no buildings in the neighbourhood for which the stones could have been purloined; and the only alternative is, that everything worth the removal has been transported to the island of Cyprus, which is at no great distance, and where arts and commerce flourished long after this coast had become the prey of a succession of ruffian conquerors. Beaufort", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nThe entire seating area of the theatre as well as its stage and the decorated wall behind it have disappeared. Their stones were most likely removed to build Mamure Kalesi or carried to Cyprus. The huge walls supporting the seats were less useful because they were only faced with stones. It is difficult to assess the audience the theatre could house, but it must have exceeded 3,000 at the least.", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nThe citizens of Anemurium could gather in a large odeon to listen to music or poetry (see that at Philadelphia /Amman). This type of buildings was usually roofed, but that at Anemurium might have had a removable roof, because summers are extremely hot in the region and the building is exposed to the sun all day. The economy of modern Anamur is based on growing bananas, strawberries and tropical fruits. Today anamur in Turkish is a synonym for domestically-produced bananas.", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nBaths near the Theatre and aqueduct\nThe construction techniques (use of arches/vaults, fired bricks, mortar, etc.) employed at Anemurium have proved very effective, in particular at a bath complex near the theatre, which retains most of its original structure. It was supplied by one of the two aqueducts of Anemurium. The other aqueduct runs at a higher level to provide water to the citadel. Archaeologists have identified other smaller baths.", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nIn 260 Sassanid King Shapur invaded the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire and his troops stormed Anemurium. In the following period frequent civil wars weakened the power of the Roman Emperors and the town was subject to raids by the Isaurians, tribesmen who lived in a valley beyond the high mountains which run along the coast", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nAnemurium regained some peace in the Vth century, but its main buildings were no longer used for their original purpose, as archaeologists have found evidence of workshops and dwellings inside their walls.", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nWe then hastened to examine a wide field of ruins outside of the walls, which at first sight had appeared like the remains of a large city. It was indeed a city - but a city of tombs - a true Necropolis. (..) The care and skill bestowed by the ancients, to render durable the abodes of the dead, is more than ordinarily impressed upon the mind at this place; for though all the tombs have been long since opened and ransacked, the walls are still sound. Beaufort", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nnecropolis means \"city of the dead\" and Anamur lives up to this translation with more than 350 individual tombs built next to each other along a grid of streets. They are all very similar with a lower room which housed sarcophagi or cinerary urns and an upper room for periodical funerary ceremonies (see a page on this topic). You may wish to see the Great Necropolis of Porto near Rome or that of Tyre in Lebanon.", "Anemurium (Kizkalesi)\nNecropolis Church (built in the early Vth century): (left) apse; (right-above) side chapel; (right-below) cross carved on a stone\nThe image used as background for this page shows a vaulted room of the Baths near the Theatre.\nThe Lonely Warden of the Necropolis\nMove along the Coast of the Pirates:\nIntroduction and Alanya\nMamure Kalesi\nSilifke\nOlba (Uzuncabur\u00e7)\nKorykos and Kizkalesi\nElaiussa"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://capcentral.org/case_summaries/people-v-shelmire/

People v. Shelmire: Withdrawal Defense Not Supported by Substantial Evidence

["People v. Shelmire: Withdrawal Defense Not Supported by Substantial Evidence\nA defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on an affirmative defense only where the defense theory is supported by substantial evidence. The court here considered the continued viability of the first prong of the disjunctive test articulated in People v. Sedeno (1974) 10 Cal.3d 703, which suggested that a defendant was entitled to an instruction on a defense on which the defendant was \u201crelying,\u201d even if no substantial evidence supported the instruction", "People v. Shelmire: Withdrawal Defense Not Supported by Substantial Evidence\nThe Third District concluded that more recent Supreme Court authority had overruled this portion of the Sedeno test. In this appeal the defendant argued that the trial court had erred prejudicially in failing to give a sua sponte instruction on the defendant\u0092s burden of proof on his defense of withdrawal", "People v. Shelmire: Withdrawal Defense Not Supported by Substantial Evidence\nThe People argued that the defendant was not entitled to an instruction on the withdrawal defense because that defense was not supported by substantial evidence, so that any error in failing to instruct on the burden of proof was necessarily harmless. The Court of Appeal agreed with the People", "People v. Shelmire: Withdrawal Defense Not Supported by Substantial Evidence\nNoting that the test for a withdrawal defense is an objective one, the court found that the lack of substantial evidence to show that the defendant communicated his withdrawal to the other parties involved in the offense or took any steps to prevent the crime was fatal to his ability to raise the defense."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.funtrivia.com/trivia-quiz/People/A-Few-Red-Hot-Russians-Walked-Into-A-Bar-391187.html

A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...

["A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nA Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar... Quiz\nAs a spy you have gathered intelligence that prominent Russians are meeting at a private cocktail party near the Kremlin on a bitter Moscow night. You bribe the doorman with some roubles, slip into the party inconspicuously, to observe...\nA multiple-choice quiz by Team Phoenix Rising. Estimated time: 5 mins.\nPeople Trivia\nPeople by Country\n1nn1", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n1. A ruthless Georgian dictator born in 1878 went up to a tall girl balancing a screwdriver on a tennis racquet and demanded to know her name. She just grunted in reply. Who were these two people? Hint\nBoris Yeltsin / Victoria Azarenka\nNikita Krushchev / Anna Kournikova\nJosef Stalin / Maria Sharapova\nVladimir Lenin / Hana Mandlikova", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n2. While sipping a Cosmopolitan (she was after all from St Petersburg), a prima ballerina in costume twirls swanned her way over to a man cracking nuts and mixing them with sweets on top of a grand piano. She strikes up a conversation with him about her work, and surprisingly he seems to know a lot about swans particularly dying ones. Who might this pair be? Hint\nValentina Tereshkova and Boris Pasternak\nMargarita Levieva and Yuri Gagarin\nYuko Kavaguti and Fyodor Dostoyevsky", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nAnna Pavlova and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\n3. Making your way to the canapes you spy an elderly gentleman looking to hand a Pink Flirtini to a young lady. \"I'm a composer\" you hear him say, \"I'm sure you've heard of me, my \"Piano Concerto 2\" was all the rage in 1901\". \"Ganieva\", she replied, \"Alisa Ganiev. You've been dead for over 60 years now, shouldn't you be decomposing?\" Whose advances did Alisa reject? Hint\nSerge Rachmaninoff", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n4. A gentleman in conductor's garb ordered a Gunfire cocktail for himself and a Fluffy Duck for the replete-looking wolf accompanying him. The military man seated next to him, distinguished by his small arms, looked up from his drink and said 'I have just the thing for you.' The conductor automatically rifled through his wallet, paid for the drinks and the two left. Who were these men? Hint\nSerge Diaghilev and Tsar Nicholas II\nAnton Rubinstein and Pavel Datsyuk\nReinhold Gli\u00e8re and Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n5. A prominent Russian scientist replete with black dog at his side and White Russian in his hand (well, he was born near the Belarus border), marched over to an attractive blond woman, pausing every few feet to mop up the dog's drool off the floor, finally reaching her, \"You are not Russian, you are English. You are a prime suspect\"", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n\"Au Contraire,\" replied the women cooly, reaching behind her to pick up one of her Oscars or Tonys , ready to clobber him if he became ruder, \"My Grandfather fought in the Russo-Japanese war in 1904 and my father anglicised our surname. My real name is Helen Lydia Mironoff. Who were these two people", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nMikhail Kalashnikov and Vera Famiga\nIvan Pavlov and Naomi Watts\nErwin Schr\u00f6dinger and Natalie Wood\nIvan Pavlov and Helen Mirren\n6. Quietly conversing over Long Island Iced Teas in a corner reserved for nobility, a gentleman begged a favour from his companion to craft one of his famous jewelled eggs for the former's wife, who has lived through War and Peace with him and is the source of his Family Happiness. Who are these two? Hint\nVladimir Putin and Anton Chekhov\nYul Brynner and Rudolf Nureyev", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nSergei Yesenin and Nikita Khrushchev\nLeo Tolstoy and Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9\n7. She was intensely self-interested, pensively sipping from a copper mug and pretending to read an ancient atlas. Black Russian in hand, a bona fide dynamo, he reeked of calm, impregnable certainty. He crawled up to her and said, \"They call me the Black Spider\", by way of introduction. The lady merely shrugged. Which pair did you observe? Hint\nOleg Salenko and Maria Sharapova\nFyodor Dostoyevsky and Milla Jovovich", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nLev Yashin and Ayn Rand\nPavel Datsyuk and Regina Spektor\n8. Peter and Catherine sat in a corner arguing over who truly was Great. Peter sipped a Red Russian while Catherine drank a Pompanski Martini. Peter finally exclaimed, \"I am the only true Russian here!\" Using your skills of deduction, who was Catherine and where was she born? Hint\nA Prussian princess born in what is now Poland\nAn English princess from England\nAn Austrian princess born in what is now the Czech Republic", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nA French princess from what is now Belgium\n9. An athletic type in a sports jacket vaulted over to a rather small man sipping a regulation 40% alcohol vodka.\n\"That wasn't a leap of 6.15 meters\" said the small man.\n\"I thought I would jump over and talk to you because you look like a square peg in a round hole\" said, Sporty-type, hoping he might be taken for a Pole.\n\"Just the opposite, I like putting elements in nice square compartments, periodically\", Small Man precisely replied.\nWho were these two men? Hint", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nVladimir K. Zworykin & Youri Egorov\nSergey Bubka & Dmitri Mendeleev\nVyacheslav Molotov & Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov\nEfrem Zimbalist & Nikita Mikhalkov\n10. In the corner it looked like there'd be bad blood in the Red Carpet soon. The Bishop, condescendingly, spat \"Deep Blue... you let a machine beat you\". The Chess Player replied, murderously, \"Easiest way to get rid of a Bishop is to move him onto C4\". Who were these two antagonists? Hint\nBoris Spassky and Rudolf Nureyev\nAlexander Grischuk and Anna Pavlova", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nGarry Kasparov and Clemens Pickel\nAnatoly Karpov and Anna Kournikova\n1. A ruthless Georgian dictator born in 1878 went up to a tall girl balancing a screwdriver on a tennis racquet and demanded to know her name. She just grunted in reply. Who were these two people?\nAnswer: Josef Stalin / Maria Sharapova", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nAlong with Lenin, Stalin was a ruthless Soviet dictator who governed the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until he died in 1953. He was a Marxist and a Leninist, and in turn his polices became known as Stalinism. Stalin's role was controversial. While he achieved many great accomplishments for the Soviet Union, he also was responsible for many, many Soviet civilian deaths.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nMaria Sharapova was a former world number one ranked Russian professional tennis player. She was the first Russian to achieve the career Grand Slam.\nWhile all the tennis players listed are all former world number ones only Ms Sharapova and Ms Kournikova are Russian.\nThis question was devised in secrecy by Komrade 1nn1.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n2. While sipping a Cosmopolitan (she was after all from St Petersburg), a prima ballerina in costume twirls swanned her way over to a man cracking nuts and mixing them with sweets on top of a grand piano. She strikes up a conversation with him about her work, and surprisingly he seems to know a lot about swans particularly dying ones. Who might this pair be?\nAnswer: Anna Pavlova and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nAnna Pavlova was a famous ballerina around the turn of the 20th century. She was a gifted dancer though she often disregarded conventional ballet rules. Pavlova became interested in ballet after watching Marius Petipa's \"The Sleeping Beauty\" as a child. She enrolled at the Imperial Ballet School. Her early training was difficult because her arched feet, weak ankles and long limbs were not suited to classical ballet", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nShe made improvisations such as modifying her pointe shoes for better support, and focused instead on her assets, which were daintiness and fragility. Her most famous role was The Dying Swan (Swan Lake), which depicts the last moments of the bird.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was a 19th-century composer. Although he demonstrated a talent for music at a young age he was trained for a career in civil service and worked at the Ministry of Justice for a short time. When the Saint Petersburg Conservatory was founded he pursued an education in music there. He merged what he learnt of Western European music with Russian music and created a style that was uniquely his. Among his works are \"The Nutcracker\" and \"Swan Lake\".", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nA cosmopolitan cocktail is a drink made with vodka, cranberry juice, triple sec (an orange-flavoured liqueur) and lime juice.\nThis question was mixed by Phoenix Rising team member purelyqing.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n3. Making your way to the canapes you spy an elderly gentleman looking to hand a Pink Flirtini to a young lady. \"I'm a composer\" you hear him say, \"I'm sure you've heard of me, my \"Piano Concerto 2\" was all the rage in 1901\". \"Ganieva\", she replied, \"Alisa Ganiev. You've been dead for over 60 years now, shouldn't you be decomposing?\" Whose advances did Alisa reject?\nAnswer: Serge Rachmaninoff", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nRachmaninoff was a highly skilled pianist and it is little wonder then that the instrument featured prominently in his work. Whilst he may have been influenced by the likes of Tchaikovsky and Mussorgsky, Serge's work was full of expression and song-like melodies and, as one historian noted, \"orchestral colour\". Born in 1873, he started playing piano at the age of four and, at age 19, had graduated from the Moscow Conservatory with a number of his own compositions already under his belt", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nStung by criticism in 1897 to his piece \"Symphony Number 1\" he became depressed and virtually ceased writing for four years. He resumed after therapy and produced the wonderful \"Piano Concerto 2\". His work continued to develop in the ensuing years, but the outbreak of the Russian Revolution saw him emigrate to the United States. Here, the demands on him as a concert pianist saw his output of compositions slow dramatically. He passed away in 1943.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nIn 2015, at age 30, Alisa Ganieva, who has also used the pseudonym of Gulla Khirachev, was listed by The Guardian as one of the Top Ten most influential young people living in Moscow. This arrived on the back of her success with novels, the award winning, \"Salaam, Dalgat!\" (2009) and \"Holiday Mountain\" (2012). Her 2015 novel \"The Bride and The Bridegroom\" was short-listed for the Russian Booker Prize but missed out on the award.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nThe Flirtini, made from vodka, champagne and pineapple juice, became famous after it featured regularly on the television series \"Sex and the City\". The pineapple juice is replaced with cranberry juice and raspberries to make a Pink Flirtini.\nThis question was composed and edited by Phoenix Rising team member pollucci19.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n4. A gentleman in conductor's garb ordered a Gunfire cocktail for himself and a Fluffy Duck for the replete-looking wolf accompanying him. The military man seated next to him, distinguished by his small arms, looked up from his drink and said 'I have just the thing for you.' The conductor automatically rifled through his wallet, paid for the drinks and the two left. Who were these men?\nAnswer: Sergei Prokofiev and Mikhail Kalashnikov", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nSergey Sergeyevich Prokofiev was a prolific composer, accomplished pianist and conductor, born in Sontsovka (Ukraine) in the late nineteenth century. He is probably best known for his work \"Peter and Wolf\" though his seminal work, \"Piano Concerto No.1 in D-flat Major\", earned him the Anton Rubinstein award in 1914. He travelled widely both in Europe and America, and worked across many genres.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nFamous for developing the AK-47 (\"Kalashnikov's Automatic Rifle\") and other rapid fire weapons, Mikhail Kalashnikov was born in 1919 in Altai, Russia. He was drawn from a young age to all things mechanical, possibly because his father was a farmer; he became a tank mechanic and was fascinated with and developed small arms of all sorts.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nA Fluffy Duck, like many cocktails, has numerous alternative recipes. It always contains advocaat; but this is combined variously with rum or gin. Cream and orange juice are added, and lastly lemonade, which fizzes to create the 'fluff'. A Gunfire cocktail is much simpler; it consists of a mug of strong black tea and a shot of dark rum, and has its origins in the British Army.\nThis questions was concocted by Phoenix Rising member VegemiteKid.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n5. A prominent Russian scientist replete with black dog at his side and White Russian in his hand (well, he was born near the Belarus border), marched over to an attractive blond woman, pausing every few feet to mop up the dog's drool off the floor, finally reaching her, \"You are not Russian, you are English. You are a prime suspect\"", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n\"Au Contraire,\" replied the women cooly, reaching behind her to pick up one of her Oscars or Tonys , ready to clobber him if he became ruder, \"My Grandfather fought in the Russo-Japanese war in 1904 and my father anglicised our surname. My real name is Helen Lydia Mironoff. Who were these two people?", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nIvan Pavlov 1849-1936, became the first Russian Nobel laureate in 1904 when he won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. His research on physiological conditioning is one of the most admired pieces of scientific research admired. Pavlov noticed dogs would salivate in anticipation of food coming. So he rang a bell just before a dog was given food. After several repeats he just rang the bell - The dog still salivated", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nAll actresses listed have Russian connections but are not Russian themselves.\nThis question contributed by Phoenix team member 1nn1 who has mopped up his fair share of dog drool in his time but has never tried Vodka nor met Helen Mirren and he would like to achieve one of these two latter items.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n6. Quietly conversing over Long Island Iced Teas in a corner reserved for nobility, a gentleman begged a favour from his companion to craft one of his famous jewelled eggs for the former's wife, who has lived through War and Peace with him and is the source of his Family Happiness. Who are these two?\nAnswer: Leo Tolstoy and Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nPeter Carl Faberg\u00e9 was a Russian jeweller of the 1800s. During his Grand Tour of the European continent as a youth, he trained under several renowned jewellers. Faberg\u00e9 later took over the running of his father's jewellery business. His superb craftmanship soon caught the eye of the Tsar and he was commissioned to craft a jewelled Easter egg for the Tsar's wife. And thus the famous Faberg\u00e9 eggs were born", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nCount Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, or simply Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian author. He started writing after he joined the Imperial Russian Army in 1851. Among his works are \"War and Peace\", \"Family Happiness\" and \"Anna Karenina\". Tolstoy is widely regarded, even by his contemporaries, as one of the greatest writers of all time. His \"War and Peace\", in particular, is noted for its visual detail and seamless portrayal of the characters' points of view", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nThe Long Island Iced Tea is commonly mixed from vodka, tequila, light rum, triple sec and cola. The cola imbues the drink with an amber colour resembling iced tea, hence its name.\nThis question was crafted by Phoenix Rising team member purelyqing.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n7. She was intensely self-interested, pensively sipping from a copper mug and pretending to read an ancient atlas. Black Russian in hand, a bona fide dynamo, he reeked of calm, impregnable certainty. He crawled up to her and said, \"They call me the Black Spider\", by way of introduction. The lady merely shrugged. Which pair did you observe?\nAnswer: Lev Yashin and Ayn Rand", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nLev Yashin has been called the greatest goalkeeper in the history of football. He played his entire senior career (1950-1970) with Dynamo Moscow making 326 appearances. He also made 74 appearances for the Soviet Union between 1954 and 1970. Yashin won a gold medal at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, and he is the only goalkeeper in the history of the game to have received the prestigious Ballon d'Or (in 1963)", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nTestifying to his greatness, the FIFA World Cup award for best goalkeeper of the tournament was known as the \"Lev Yashin Award\" from 1994 until 2006. Yashin, distinctively dressed all in black, was a commanding presence in goal. He was known to his fans as the \"Black Panther\", and to the world as the \"Black Spider\".", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nAyn Rand was born in St. Petersburg and emigrated to the United States in her early twenties, arriving in New York City. She developed an 'Objectivist' philosophy. Her magnum opus, \"Atlas Shrugged\", was published in 1957. In it, she promoted a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nThe Moscow Mule is a cocktail of vodka, spicy ginger beer, and lime juice typically served in a copper mug. It was created in New York City in the early 1940s. A Black Russian is a cocktail of vodka and coffee liqueur.\nThis question was mixed by Phoenix Rising member JCSon.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n8. Peter and Catherine sat in a corner arguing over who truly was Great. Peter sipped a Red Russian while Catherine drank a Pompanski Martini. Peter finally exclaimed, \"I am the only true Russian here!\" Using your skills of deduction, who was Catherine and where was she born?\nAnswer: A Prussian princess born in what is now Poland", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nAs Catherine and Peter continued to argue she reminded him that although she may have married into the Romanov Dynasty and was actually born a Prussian princess from Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia (now Szczecin, Poland) named Sophia, her lineage traced back to the Rurik Dynasty (862 to 1610) that ruled Russia before the Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917). Sophia was born into the Lutheran tradition but converted to Eastern Orthodoxy when she moved to Russia in her teens", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nHer name was changed to Catherine when she was accepted into the Russian Orthodox Church. Catherine married Peter III and soon overthrew him to become Empress. She was the longest serving female leader in Russian history. Catherine the Great ruled from 1762 to 1796. Her time has been characterized as the Golden Age of the Russian Empire.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nPeter I or Peter the Great ruled from 1682 to 1721. Peter instituted many changes inspired by the Enlightenment. Many of the reforms and institutions he put in place are seen as the origin of current Russian government institutions.\nA Red Russian is made with equal parts vodka and either cherry liqueur or strawberry schnapps. It is served on the rocks (with ice). The Pompanski Martini is made with Polish vodka, dry vermouth, triple sec, and grapefruit juice.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n9. An athletic type in a sports jacket vaulted over to a rather small man sipping a regulation 40% alcohol vodka. \"That wasn't a leap of 6.15 meters\" said the small man. \"I thought I would jump over and talk to you because you look like a square peg in a round hole\" said, Sporty-type, hoping he might be taken for a Pole. \"Just the opposite, I like putting elements in nice square compartments, periodically\", Small Man precisely replied. Who were these two men?\nAnswer: Sergey Bubka & Dmitri Mendeleev", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nSergey (sometimes spelled Serhii) Bubka was a Olympic gold medallist in Seoul in 1988 for the Pole Vault. He broke his own record 35 times and his world record of 6.15m set in 1993 stood for 21 years. Born in what is now Ukraine, Bubka originally competed under the USSR name until 1991.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nDmitri Mendeleev (1834-1902) was a Russian who formulated the Periodic Law, created the periodic table of elements, then utilised this to correct aspects of incorrectly described elements and also used his own table predict the properties of eight elements not yet discovered.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nPurportedly Mr Mendeleev's dissertation \"A Discourse on the combination of alcohol and water\" contained information that 38% is the ideal strength of vodka. Rounded up to 40%. Dr Mendelleev was wrongly attributed as to being the person who recommended that Vodka alcohol content must attain 40%.\nThis question contributed by Phoenix team member 1nn1 who had more success with pole vaulting (in his prime) than drinking vodka (at any time).", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n10. In the corner it looked like there'd be bad blood in the Red Carpet soon. The Bishop, condescendingly, spat \"Deep Blue... you let a machine beat you\". The Chess Player replied, murderously, \"Easiest way to get rid of a Bishop is to move him onto C4\". Who were these two antagonists?\nAnswer: Garry Kasparov and Clemens Pickel", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nPlease note that \"in\" the Red Carpet rather than \"on\" the Red Carpet is correct. In this case, the Red Carpet represents a rather elegant cocktail built on vodka, bergamot juice, syrup, pear jam, ginger and egg white. To this a dash of bitters is added and the whole thing is garnished with some gold leaf.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nGarry Kasparov was a chess grandmaster who was, possibly, the greatest chess player of all time. His list of achievements in the sport is astounding. In 1985, at the age of 22, he became the youngest undisputed world champion. He became the world's number one ranked player in 1986 and held that position for 225 months (out of a possible 228) until his retirement in 2005. In 1997, in a highly publicised event, he took on IBM's supercomputer, Deep Blue, and was defeated under standard time control conditions", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nSince his retirement he turned his hand to politics, forming the United Civil Front and became a member of The Other Russia, an organisation that sits in opposition to the policies instigated by Russia's President Vladimir Putin.", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nBorn in Colditz, Germany, in 1961, Clemens Pickel was ordained a deacon in 1987 and then a priest in 1988. He first moved to Russia to perform pastoral duties in 1990. Ordained a Bishop by Pope John Paul in 1998, which made him the youngest Bishop in Europe at the time. He received his residency in 2003 and is currently the Bishop of Saratov, Russia.\nThis question was moved and blessed by Phoenix Rising team member pollucci19.\nSource: Author 1nn1", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\nThis quiz was reviewed by FunTrivia editor bloomsby before going online.\nThis quiz is part of series A Fancy Sampler:\nA selection of quizzes that took my fancy when I played them.\n1. You Know More Poetry Than You Think! Average\n2. Murder by Poison Tough\n3. Hitchcock Movies Average\n4. Bambi Go Home! Tough\n5. The Anti-'Simpsons' Quiz Average\n6. 'Rocky and Bullwinkle' Quiz or...Make Mine Mousse Average\n7. An Easy Quiz On Just The FaQs Average\n8. Clich\u00e9s Taken Literally Tough", "A Few Red Hot Russians Walked Into A Bar...\n9. The Life Cycle of a Little Red Balloon Difficult\n10. Unofficial FunTrivia Symbols: A Trivial Proposal Average\n11. The TAO of Mark Twain Tough\n12. Boston to Berkeley: American Musical Protests Average\nTeam Quizzes Television Music Sports History World People English Food & Drink Government European Geography People by Country Wild Birds Australian Geography Names New York Philosophy Chess Scientists Achievements Russians: Famous & Historical\nExplore Other Quizzes by 1nn1\nGo to People by Country Quizzes"]

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21662, 0.1], [21662, 21735, 0.04109589], [21735, 21780, 0.08888889], [21780, 21842, 0.03225806], [21842, 21890, 0.16666667], [21890, 21916, 0.11538462], [21916, 21944, 0.10714286], [21944, 21968, 0.16666667], [21968, 22004, 0.13888889], [22004, 22065, 0.1147541], [22065, 22106, 0.2195122], [22106, 22139, 0.12121212], [22139, 22191, 0.13461538], [22191, 22252, 0.13114754], [22252, 22284, 0.21875], [22284, 22342, 0.10344828], [22342, 22587, 0.12244898], [22587, 22617, 0.1], [22617, 22649, 0.125], [22649, 22670, 0.14285714]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 22670, 0.76284707]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 22670, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 22670, 0.84863168]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 22670, 15.3462251]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 22670, 140.47726565]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 22670, 304.4671509]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 22670, 252.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

http://extension.usu.edu/htm/publications/by=author/char=B/author=69

Page Not Found | Utah State University

["Page Not Found | Utah State University\nAll | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z Browse by AUTHOR: Wade Bitner View Details\nBeets in the Garden\nCarrots in the Garden\nCorn Earworm\nParsnips in the Garden\nRadishes in the Garden\nRutabagas and Turnips in the Garden\nSprinklers, Crop Water Use, and Irrigation Time - Salt Lake County\nWater Wise Plants for Utah Landscapes"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/1998/19981106.htm

FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998

["FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nRemarks by Governor Edward M. Gramlich\nAt Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania\nExamining Community Reinvestment\nThe Federal Reserve does many things, some well known and some not so well known. Our well known function is to set monetary policy, or the overall level of interest rates. That is not what I plan to talk about today. What I would like to talk about is one of the lesser known things we do, which is to administer the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA).", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThis act was passed back in 1977 with relatively little fanfare. Based on the charters of banks and savings associations, which say that these financial institutions should meet the convenience and needs of the communities they serve, the CRA encourages these financial institutions to help meet the credit needs of their entire communities, including low and moderate income borrowers.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nWhile for many years the CRA was little known to those outside the banking business, recently it has become the source of much more attention and controversy. Some see CRA as one way to aid low and moderate income groups living or working in poor areas. Others see the same act as an overly-bureaucratic and distortionary credit allocation scheme", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nProvisions involving CRA became a major source of contention in this year's political debates on credit union membership, financial modernization, and regulatory relief. What I would like to do today is provide a summary of evidence to date regarding CRA issues and propose several avenues of further study", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThe CRA is administered by the regulatory agencies already responsible for the relevant financial institutions --the Federal Reserve Board (FRB), the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) for banks and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) for savings and loan associations", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThese agencies give financial institutions performance ratings ranging from \"outstanding\" to \"substantial noncompliance,\" based on their provision of lending, investment, and retail banking services to low and moderate income groups in their assessment areas. The agencies administer common CRA regulations and meet periodically to try to standardize their examination criteria, and indeed the distribution of ratings looks remarkably similar across the regulatory agencies", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nAll ratings are made public and the ratings are an important component of regulatory assessments of proposed mergers and acquisitions. It is this possibility that forms the real teeth of the CRA law.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nSome evidence shows that CRA appears to be a highly effective federal government program in dealing with the credit needs of low and moderate income groups. For small business loans, in 1997 the 1,900 large banks and savings and loan associations subject to detailed CRA reporting requirements made $159 billion worth of new small business loans, two-thirds of the national total for such loans. A significant share of these loans went to low and moderate income areas or groups", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThere were another $11 billion for small farm loans, one-fifth of the national total for these loans, and another $18 billion for community development loans.1 While many of these loans would presumably have been made without CRA, the size of the gross loan numbers and their distribution across geographical areas suggest the importance of CRA in the process", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThere is also a great deal of anecdotal evidence, contained in periodic reports of the Federal Reserve Banks, of the success of various CRA community lending programs.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nCRA also covers mortgage lending and there is evidence that it contributed to a big increase in mortgage lending to low and moderate income groups in recent years. Mortgage lending has its own detailed government reporting requirements. Most major mortgage lenders are subject to these requirements, and they can be prosecuted for persistent patterns of discrimination under the fair lending laws", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThe Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) requires financial institutions to report the race, income, gender, and census tract of all applicants and borrowers, along with details of the disposition of the application. Using these and other data, the Justice Department can bring discrimination suits. In addition, the institution's mortgage lending practices are considered in its CRA exam.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIn 1997, the 8,000 banks and savings and loan associations subject to these more detailed mortgage lending reporting requirements made over 700,000 mortgage loans to low and moderate income individuals. For a time in the early 1990s, the growth in mortgage loans to low and moderate income homeowners and in low and moderate income areas was far greater than for other mortgage loans", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIn recent data the differences in growth rates have narrowed, but there has still been a sizeable upward shift in the share of mortgage loans received by low and moderate income groups and by minority groups.2 As with small business lending, it is likely that CRA played an important role in bringing about this shift.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nBut CRA does have its critics. Banks have complained about getting \"held up\" by community groups when they try to merge or acquire other banks. In the early 1990s a Senate Task Force named CRA as one of the ten most burdensome regulations", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nOne observer has detailed the case, arguing that the program consists of a costly set of regulatory procedures that seem unwarranted in terms of basic lending discrimination, and that impose big reporting and other costs on financial institutions, whether they discriminate or not.3 While many CRA critics would not go this far, even the strongest advocates of the program admit that systematic evaluative evidence on CRA is very thin.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThere are at least four important evaluation questions that could be raised\nabout CRA.\nSince the law is designed to remedy discriminatory patterns in lending, a first question is how serious and pervasive these discriminatory patterns are, by income (the specific focus of CRA) and by race. There is a longstanding debate in the economic literature on this issue.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nA second question involves the operation of the law. If there is lending discrimination, would it not make more sense to find and prosecute this\tdiscrimination directly, rather than to impose CRA requirements on a great many financial institutions? Indeed, does it make sense to impose CRA requirements only on those financial institutions contemplating mergers, as the law effectively does at present, as opposed to on all institutions, or on noncompliant institutions?", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nA third question involves properties of the loans. Are these loans incremental or not, caused by CRA or not? Are the loans repaid at normal rates, are the\ninterest rates on the loans subsidized, and to what degree? Exactly who gains and loses how much from these loans?", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nA last question looks at even broader implications of the program - did the small business lending and the community development lending stimulate neighborhood economic development in low income areas? Did the mortgage loans improve neighborhood housing integration?\nIs there Systematic Lending Discrimination?", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIt is generally agreed that if credit markets worked perfectly and all loans were made on the basis of objective information that was clearly relevant to the loan repayment prospects, there would be no rationale for CRA. The law would represent a distortionary impediment to the free workings of credit markets, and as such involve some combination of needless bureaucracy, displacement of worthier borrowers and/or a contraction of overall loans for businesses and homeowners", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nBut there could be several different types of distortions in credit markets. There could be plain old lending discrimination against racial groups, ethnic groups, women, or lower income groups", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThere could also be what is known as statistical discrimination against these groups, under which lenders without full information on the repayment prospects of borrowers use racial, gender, or income information as proxies for loan repayment possibilities, hence inappropriately denying credit to some worthwhile minority or low income borrowers. There could be what are known as cultural affinity problems, under which loan officers are less likely to approve loans to minorities or low income groups", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nOr, there could be redlining and other forms of geographical discrimination under which lenders feel that loans in certain neighborhoods will racially \"tip\" the neighborhoods, lower property values, and lower repayment prospects for these and other loans, thereby reducing access to credit in these neighborhoods.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIf the problems in credit markets were based on outright discrimination, cultural affinities, or some kind of misinformation, either about the repayment prospects of borrowers or the tipping propensities of neighborhoods, the CRA could in principle help remove these distortions by encouraging financial institutions to make loans they otherwise would not", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIn this event both the equity and efficiency of credit markets would improve, the latter because both lenders and borrowers might benefit from the removal of arbitrary but misinformed distortions. Similarly, if there were externalities that impeded lending in certain areas, CRA might also generate joint benefits to borrowers in these neighborhoods, others with a stake in the neighborhoods, and to the creditors themselves", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nCRA might ensure that many lenders would lend to an area, keeping the area economically viable and assuring any one financial institution that its own loans would have reasonable repayment prospects. The business lending reported under CRA might do likewise, opening up new business possibilities in urban or rural areas that otherwise would have remained blighted, raising property values, and creating new jobs.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nA necessary condition for CRA to prove beneficial is the existence of some or all of these types of distortions, either in mortgage lending or in business development lending. Due to the paucity of data, a point I will discuss shortly, very little is known about business lending. For mortgage lending, most existing information is about racial discrimination, which raises slightly different questions than the income discrimination that is the predominant focus of CRA", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nOn racial discrimination, Ladd summarizes many years' past work that finds substantial evidence of such discrimination, though with large uncertainties and research gaps.4 A great deal of attention was given to a study organized by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston that supplemented the normal HMDA data with a series of other variables on the characteristics of mortgage applicants and neighborhoods", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThis study found mortgage denial rates in 1990 that were higher for minority groups than for whites, though gross disparities in denial rates are cut substantially when researchers control for a long list of applicant characteristics not reported under HMDA, and also for interactions between financial characteristics and race.5 The most recent HMDA data continue to show large disparities in denial rates", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThe 1997 data give a ten point racial disparity in denial rates for conventional home purchase loan applications. For prime lenders such as banks, denial rates are on the order of 20 percent for blacks and 10 percent for whites. For subprime lenders, denial rates are on the order of 65 percent for blacks and 55 percent for whites.6 Presumably controlling for other characteristics would cut into, but perhaps not eliminate, these disparities", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIt is also possible to identify discrimination through repayment records. As the theory of discrimination suggests, if only the more qualified minority borrowers get credit, minority repayment records should exceed those of whites", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nOn a cross section basis, minority repayment records are not quite as good as for whites, though the disparities are small and are again cut further by careful controls for the characteristics of borrowers.7 Because it does not suggest that only the most worthy minority borrowers receive credit, these cross section results do not provide much evidence of discrimination", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nBut time series evidence may argue the other way, since the rapid growth in loans to minority borrowers has not been accompanied by a rise in delinquency rates or a drop in lender profit rates. This time series evidence suggests that CRA or other mortgage lending restrictions may have broken down some discriminatory distortions in credit markets without hurting lenders.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nAs noted above, the CRA works mainly through the merger process. Banks and savings and loan associations are rated according to their CRA performance. The financial institution can be rated \"outstanding\" (which occurs in about 20 percent of the cases), \"satisfactory\" (about 75 percent of the cases), \"needs to improve\" (about 3 percent), or \"substantial noncompliance\" (about 2 percent)", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIf the institution is given either of the latter two grades, the regulatory agency can use the rating to deny the institutions' application to expand through a merger or acquisition.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThe proof of the pudding is in the eating. How much leverage does this provision give the regulatory agencies?\nOver the 1993-97 period, one regulatory agency, the Federal Reserve Board, considered an average of 1,100 merger cases a year where a merging institution was subject to CRA. Based on the above ratings data, one would expect about 90 percent of these mergers to pass (the square of the above implied pass rate) without a detailed CRA review. In fact about 93 percent passed.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nBut in about 70 cases per year, potential CRA problems were raised. Sometimes there were CRA protests raised in writing or at public meetings held by the Fed to discuss these mergers. Sometimes the issue involved the CRA ratings themselves. Occasionally the issue was an alleged fair lending problem or some other compliance matter.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThe Board staff analyzed the cases, submitted a recommendation to the Board, and the merger was either approved or denied. During this period there was an average of only one denial per year based primarily on CRA, but in another seven cases per year, the merger application was withdrawn, sometimes for CRA related reasons. In still other cases indifferent CRA ratings could have been a contributing factor to a merger blockage. On the surface it seems like this CRA test is not very strict", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIn less than ten of 1,100 cases was a merger disapproved because of CRA. But this superficial impression may be incorrect. Many banks with low CRA ratings might not even have applied for a merger, and CRA could have contributed in subtle ways to other blockages. Beyond that, the CRA law might be very effective in turning the attention of financial institutions to serving their low and moderate income groups in a way that can never be captured by statistics", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nCombining these numbers with the significant loan figures given earlier, this method for enforcing the CRA law might in fact be very effective, at least for the large number of banks intending to participate in mergers.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThe Properties of CRA Loans\nThe large loan numbers cited earlier suggest that CRA may be responsible for a large volume of lending activity. But how much is there really? It is possible that very few apparent CRA loans are incremental--over and above the loans financial institutions would have made in the absence of CRA. It is also possible that there is not much subsidy in CRA loans, so that again banks might have made loans available on similar terms even in the absence of CRA.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nTo investigate the first question, it would be desirable to have time series data for a series of financial institutions. The growth of a particular bank's lending to low and moderate income individuals could then be measured before and after the introduction of CRA, or in comparison to lending patterns of institutions not subject to CRA. There are no data for conducting such studies, but LaCour-Little has an approach that comes close", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nHe analyzed confidential data for one large but anonymous mortgage lender.8 This lender engaged in credit scoring, a statistical method for screening loan applicants, and this enabled LaCour-Little to tell, with reasonable precision, what loans would have been made with and without CRA", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nHis analysis indicated that just about half of the mortgage loans to low and moderate individuals living in low and moderate income census tracts would not have been made under the more rigorous credit-scoring standards used for other mortgage loans. In this sense about half of the loans credited to CRA should in fact be so credited", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nWere this propensity to be applied to other lenders, it suggests that the gross loan figures that might be attributed to CRA are overestimates, but that the law may still be quite important in breaking down discriminatory distortions.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nLaCour-Little can also measure other magnitudes with the same data. He finds a slightly higher foreclosure rate for likely CRA mortgage loans than for non-CRA mortgage loans with similar loan-to-value ratios, 2.3 percent for CRA loans as opposed to 0.4 percent for non-CRA mortgage loans", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThis finding echoes that from a survey of its members conducted by the Consumer Bankers Association.9 It is consistent with earlier evidence against wide-scale discrimination, but not very emphatically because these foreclosure rates are still low and not dissimilar racially.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nOther relevant data come from a survey given by the Consumer Bankers Association. The survey shows that an average of 93 percent of respondents had Affordable Mortgage (AM) programs in the 1992-95 period. Of those financial institutions that had AM programs, 93 percent worked through lower downpayments than would otherwise be required, 72 percent waived mortgage points and 46 percent subsidized the mortgage rate", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nTo the extent that these reported implicit subsidies lowered mortgage loan profitability, 79 percent of the institutions said that the subsidies were funded internally. These data suggest pretty strongly that many of these mortgage loans would not have been made without CRA. A final way of checking these results is by asking banks explicitly about the profitability of CRA mortgage loans", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThis was done by Meeker and Myers who conducted a survey of large residential mortgage lenders.10 Considering everything, the higher risk of nonperformance, the lower risk of prepayment, and the higher administrative costs, the Meeker-Myers survey indicates that 98 percent of mortgage lenders found CRA loans profitable, though only 2 percent of mortgage lenders found CRA loans more profitable than other mortgage loans and another 22 percent found CRA loans as profitable as other loans", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThus while not all lenders found CRA profitable in an opportunity cost sense, virtually all found it profitable in an absolute sense. There remain the sizable community relations benefits for banks in participating in CRA loans. The upshot of all of this information is that CRA does seem to have generated a large amount of new loans, though less than those officially recorded", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nLenders report that there does seem to be some subsidy on some CRA loans, partly because of the slightly worse repayment rate, partly through explicit subsidy terms such as lower downpayments but they also say that these loans are profitable in an absolute sense. There seems to be little doubt that most of these outcomes would not have occurred in the absence of CRA and other fair lending laws", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nAll of these conclusions, however, are based on fragmentary data, and it would certainly be productive to conduct some new surveys to verify the results.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nThe Long Term Impact of CRA This is the most important question of all, and the one least answered by presently available data and analysis. We would like to know about the ultimate impact of CRA lending. There is plenty of anecdotal evidence, often contained in reports of the Federal Reserve Banks, that particular projects in particular cities have been very successful in turning around the process of urban decay and degeneration", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nBut there is very little rigorous evidence, of the sort that might be reported in economics journals. One can imagine several ways of attacking the issue. For one thing, some lenders are subject to CRA and some not. It should be possible to compare time series data for the different types of lenders, to measure gross differences in loans", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nSchwartz has conducted this type of test, by looking for differences between banks that have and have not signed CRA agreements with local community groups.11 While this test may suggest especially good performance by banks that have gone beyond minimal CRA requirements, it is not a true test of the CRA requirements themselves because all banks are subject to CRA, whether or not they have signed loan agreements.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nMoreover, the fundamental evaluative questions do not involve gross loans, which seem to be substantial for CRA, but the true economic impact of the loans. For urban development loans many CRA projects have followed the practice of saturating particular areas with loans. Visually, urban areas with many CRA investments simply look different from other areas, with nicer living quarters, more commerce, better parks. But these superficial impressions are just that", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nIt would be desirable to buttress them with formal comparisons of property values or other measures of urban vitality, across census tracts that have and do not have CRA exposure.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nSimilar comments could be made about mortgage lending. The HMDA data could be studied and expanded on further, as was done in the Boston study. There could also be a tighter geographical examination of mortgage data, to see whether CRA and other mortgage-inducement programs have had an impact on the distribution of mortgages by neighborhood or census tract.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nAnother potential area of inquiry involves financial strategies. One of the welcome innovations with CRA is that the various financial institutions and community groups have devised new lending arrangements, featuring lending consortia, loan pools, specialized lending units, micro-enterprise loan funds, and many other types of arrangements. Each of these types of arrangements differs in the responsibilities of entrepreneurs and the risks borne by lenders", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nUndoubtedly some arrangements are more successful than other types of arrangements. One could study these arrangements, their strengths and weaknesses, and perhaps learn about more and less successful ways of intervening. Summary", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nAs I review the evidence, CRA looks like a highly successful program, producing lots of new loans. But there are important research questions that could be asked, even about this apparently successful program. How badly was the program needed in its early days, and now? Are the administrative and enforcement structures of the program optimal? Is there a strong subsidy component to the loans, or are these loans the sort that the private sector will now make since initial barriers seem to have been lowered", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\n? Are some lending arrangements more successful than other types of arrangements? And most important, what is the true economic impact of these loans? There is much scope for improving our knowledge about this interesting law, and I hope we can generate more scholarly interest.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nPress release on the availability of 1997 Reinvestment Act data, Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC), August 24, 1998.\nMemorandum, Robert Avery and others to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, August 21, 1997.\nGeorge J. Benston, \"Discrimination in Mortgage Lending: Why HMDA and CRA Should be Repealed,\" Journal of Retail Banking Services, vol. 19 (Autumn 1997), pp. 47-57.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nHelen F. Ladd, \"Evidence on Discrimination in Mortgage Lending, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 12 (Spring 1998), pp. 41-62.\nRaphael W. Bostic, \"The Role of Race in Mortage Lending: Revisiting the Boston Fed Study,\" Finance and Economic Discussion Series 1997-2 (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Divisions of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs, January 1997). 6\nPress release on availability of data on 1997 mortgage lending activity, FFIEC, August 6, 1998.\nLadd, 1998.", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nMichael LaCour-Little, \"Does the CRA Make Mortgage Credit More Widely Available? Some New Evidence Based on the Performance of CRA Mortgage Credits\" (unpublished paper, Citicorp Mortgage, Inc., May 4, 1998).\nConsumer Bankers Association, Affordable Mortgage Program: An Analysis of the July 1995 Survey (1995).\nLarry Meeker and Forest Myers, \"Community Reinvestment Act Lending: Is it Profitable?\" Journal of Financial Industry Perspectives (December 1996), pp. 13-35. 11", "FRB: Speech, Gramlich -- Examining Community Reinvestment -- November 6, 1998\nAlex Schwartz, \"Bank Lending to Minority and Low-Income Households and Neighborhoods: Do Community Reinvestment Agreements Make a Difference? Journal of Urban Affairs, vol. 20 (1998), pp. 269-301. Return to top\n1998 Speeches\nHome | News and events\nLast update: November 6, 1998, 1:00 PM"]

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-509.68396604]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 25179, 263.6222241]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 25179, -56.23567091]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 25179, 192.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.law.msu.edu/news/2008/releases/CSLSA-conf.html

MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law

["MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law\nMSU Law Home\nApply | Donate | Site Index | Contact\nMSU College of Law News\nCONTACT: KRISTEN FLORY\n517/432-6959, florykri@law.msu.edu\nMSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference\nEAST LANSING, MI \u2013 Michigan State University College of Law professors Susan Bitensky, Frank Ravitch, and Daniel Barnhizer attended and lectured at the 2008 Central States Law School Association (CSLSA) Annual Conference held at the Southern Illinois University School of Law on October 24-25, 2008.", "MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law\nThe CSLSA is a regional organization of law schools dedicated to providing a supportive forum for conversation and collaboration with respect to scholarly activity by law school academics. Each year, CSLSA hosts an annual meeting and conference to bring legal scholars together to share their works in progress.", "MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law\nProfessor Bitensky presented, Whether the Thirteenth Amendment should be read to: 1) empower Congress, under Section 2 of the Amendment, to enact a statute banning all corporal punishment of children as a badge and incident of slavery, and 2) require the judiciary to hold that all corporal punishment of children violates the prohibition on slavery in Section 1 of the Amendment", "MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law\nProfessor Ravitch presented, Marketing Creationism: The Law and Intelligent Design, and Professor Barnhizer presented, Myth and The Rule of Law.", "MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law\nProfessor Bitensky joined the MSU College of Law faculty in 1988 and teaches Constitutional Law, Evidence, International Human Rights,and Jurisprudence. Professor Ravitch joined the College faculty in 2002 and teaches Constitutional Law, Law and Religion, Professional Responsibility, Torts, and Law and Interpretation. Professor Barnhizer joined the MSU Law faculty in 2001 and teaches American Legal History Seminar, Business Enterprises, and Contracts.", "MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law\nThe MSU College of Law was founded in 1891 and is a private institution of higher learning devoted exclusively to professional education in law. The Law College is one of only a few private law schools to be affiliated with a research university, enabling it to provide a comprehensive interdisciplinary legal education program. Classes offered in its state-of-the-art facilities provide students the benefits of a Big Ten campus while maintaining a small school culture", "MSU Law Faculty Presented at 2008 CSLSA Annual Conference: Michigan State University College of Law\nIts 2007 graduates achieved a 93 percent bar examination passage rate nationwide. The Law College is one of the oldest continuously operating independent law colleges in the nation. For more information about the Law College, visit www.law.msu.edu."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.ndep.nih.gov/resources/diabetes-healthsense/index.aspx?terms=35,40,111,12

Clearinghouses & Health Information Center - NIDDK

["Clearinghouses & Health Information Center - NIDDK\nSPARKPE\nSPARK PE offers evidence-based physical activity programs that provide curriculum and staff development to teachers of Pre-K through 12th grade students."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.paintingmania.com/autumn-landscape-170_14300.html

Autumn Landscape by Robert Lewis Reid

["Autumn Landscape by Robert Lewis Reid\nRobert Lewis Reid\nJul 29, 1862 - Dec 2, 1929\nAutumn Landscape - Robert Lewis Reid was an American Impressionist painter and muralist. Reid was the youngest and, in terms of palette, the brightest of The Ten, the earliest of the two groups of American painters to rebel against the \"stacked\" exhibitions of the National Academy at the turn of the century. Around 1905, his work was more naturalistic, even though his palette trended toward soft pastels.", "Autumn Landscape by Robert Lewis Reid\nHome > All Categories > Shop by Artist > Robert Lewis Reid Paintings\nAutumn Landscape\nPrivate collection.\nAdd Autumn Landscape to\nOther paintings by Robert Lewis Reid:\nA Woodland Stream\nAutumn Sunlight\nBlue and Yellow", "Autumn Landscape by Robert Lewis Reid\nRobert Reid was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston under Otto Grundmann, where he was also later an instructor. In 1884 he moved to New York City, studying at the Art Students League, and in 1885 he went to Paris to study at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian under Gustave Boulanger and Jules Joseph Lefebvre. His early pictures were figures of French peasants, painted at \u00c9taples.", "Autumn Landscape by Robert Lewis Reid\nUpon returning to New York in 1889, he worked as a portraitist and later became an instructor at the Art Students League and Cooper Union. Much of his work centered on the depiction of young women set among flowers. His work tended to be very decorative, and he became known for mural decoration and designs for stained glass. He contributed with others to the frescoes of the dome of the Liberal Arts Building at the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in 1893.", "Autumn Landscape by Robert Lewis Reid\nIn 1897, Reid was a member of the Ten American Painters, who seceded from the Society of American Artists. In 1906 he became a full member of the National Academy of Design. Around the turn of the century, Reid worked on several mural projects and when he returned to paintings, around 1905, his work was more naturalistic, even though his palette trended toward soft pastels.", "Autumn Landscape by Robert Lewis Reid\nHe has work in the Congressional Library, Washington, D.C., the Appellate Court House, New York, and the State House, Boston, where are his three large panels, \"James Otis Delivering his Speech against the Writs of Assistance,\" \"Paul Revere's Ride\" and the \"Boston Tea Party.\" He executed a panel for the American Pavilion at the Paris Exhibition, 1900, and in 1906 he completed a series of ten stained glass windows for the Unitarian Memorial Church at Fairhaven, Mass.. Reid's \"The Martyrdom of St"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://odishanewstune.com/2019/09/27/when-the-naga-sadhus-ruled-the-roost/

When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost

["When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nWhen the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nSeptember 27, 2019 September 28, 2019 Odisha News TuneLeave a Comment on When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nAnil Dhir", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe open site of the Bada Akhada Mutt is a welcome sight for the sore eyes of those who support the Mutt demolishing being done in Puri. As promised, the small temple, the Gadi of the Mahant, and the kitchen inside the mutt were left intact. Mahant Harinarayan Das has been incommunicado since the demolition, a few of the initiates and disciples were wandering around with lost expressions. I met Atmatatvananda, who told me that they had no option other than surrendering", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe Bada Akhada Mutt was set up in 1352 CE by Guru Gopal Das on the advice of the council of the Panch Akhada of the Naga Sadhus. Odisha faced the wrath of the Muslim invaders from 1568 CE, when Kalapahar, the Afghan ruler of Bengal defeated Mukunda Deva at Gohiratikiri. The Mughals replaced the Afghans and continued to rule for about two centuries. From 1402 CE onwards the mutt had a contingent of Naga Sadhus who took it upon themselves to protect the Shree Jagannath Temple", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nLike in the other Naga Mutts, the images of Sita and Ram were kept inside the temple. A statue of the founder Guru Gopal Das has been spared. The Mahant of the Mutt has always been appointed by an 18 member Naga Akhada, which usually took place during the Kumbh Mela.", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe annual Rath Yatra had acquired fame by the late 17th Century. Many Sadhus of different sects could make their slow way to Puri along with their entourages, which comprised of elephants, horses, camels and mules. Most of them stayed in the wayside mutts and temples, but the Nagas were not welcome due to their fierce tempers and aggressive nature. They were heavily armed with swords, sticks, spears and tridents and were the most militant of all Hindu Akhadas", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe Langali Mutt at Katak was one such place for the Naga Sadhus. It was built sometime in the 1870\u2019s, on the embankment of the Kathjori, just off the Puri Ghat. Today, the only visible sign of this old Mutt is a small arched entrance about 100 metres away from the Puri Ghat Police Station. It is a simple small mutt like the ones found in north India.", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThere are two temples inside the mutt. One is the Shesnag temple and the other of Lord Ram. A marble statue of Lord Ram is kept inside the main temple. In the other temple, there is a big copper vessel hanging on top of the Shivaling, from which drops of water fall. The other rooms are the quarters for the Sadhus and the Mahant. Half the mutt was demolished in the 1960\u2019s and an apartment block has been built on the land. Even the present Mutt has been encroached upon from three sides", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe entrance archway has an interesting depiction of two Sadhus engaged in performing havan. One of the two lions at the entrance has been half destroyed. The roof beams of the temples have rotted and half the roof has collapsed. The plaster has peeled off from the walls. The roofs and walls are on the verge of collapse.", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe arrival of the Nagas sent the city into a tizzy each year. Newspapers would announce their arrival, and people would flock to see them. They would enter the city in a colourful and musical parade with drums beating, bells ringing, horns blowing, and the head of the sect atop an elephant, followed by decorated horses and a large group of excited naked Naga Sadhus on foot. The Nagas looked fierce and formidable with their ash-smeared body, long matted hair and intense eyes", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe locals used to keep a safe distance, the Nagas had quick tempers and there were many cases of skirmishes. Their nudity, chillums and aggressive behavior instilled fear and bewilderment among the people of the old City. They would smoke cannabis and indulge in mock fights amongst themselves.", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe Marwari and Gujarati traders of the city used to arrange food for them. The Nagas would perform their \u2018Dhuni\u2019 puja and then romp in the sands of the river just across the mutt. The Naga Sadhus would bury their heads in the sand and go on meditating for hours. They would sleep on the sand of the river bank. Old timers still remember their annual appearance. They would stop on the way back too.", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nAnother Naga Mutt on the Old Jagannath Sadak was the Lacchman Mutt in Balkati, on the banks of the Daya River, the remains of which can still be seen. The Nagas were unwelcome in the Mutts of Puri, so they left for the Rath Yatra just a couple of days earlier, to reach just in time. The Nabakalebara of 1950 witnessed violent clashes between the Naga Sadhus and the police. In the struggle, two hundred Sadhus and 14 policemen were injured", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nIt is also believed that a dozen Nagas were killed; the bodies were removed and buried. In 1954, during the Rath Yatra, a wheel of Lord Jagannath\u2019s chariot gave way, and the chariots were stranded midway. The next day, a group of armed Nagas forcefully climbed the Chariot of Lord Balabhadra and attacked the policemen of duty. In the clash, 190 Nagas were injured and hospitalised and many priests and policemen too were injured. Since then, the entry of the Nagas has been banned in Puri.", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nThe Langali Mutt at Katak is under disputed ownership. The section which has the two temples is in a very bad condition. The entire complex is on the verge of collapse. The Lacchman Mutt at Balkati is an abandoned structure near the bank of the River. It is used to store cow-dung patties by the nearby locals. These important vestiges of the Old Jagannath Sadak should be properly restored.\nTagged Anil DhirBada Akhada MuttDemolition driveNaga SadhusPuriShree Jagannath Temple", "When the Naga Sadhus ruled the roost\nFive middlemen arrested from VIMSAR\nPresident presents Colours to Corps of Army Air Defence at Gopalpur\nSpecial drive launched against heavy vehicles in Odisha\nApril 8, 2022 April 10, 2022 Odisha News Tune\nOdisha: 115 vehicles penalised in 12-hour special drive for MV Act violations\nApril 28, 2022 May 2, 2022 Odisha News Tune\nChandrasekhar Hota receives Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award\nOctober 17, 2021 October 18, 2021 Odisha News Tune"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.citychurch.ee/80-years-later-the-names-of-the-killers-of-the-victims-of-babi-yar-became-known/

"80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known"

["80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nThe Holocaust Memorial Center \u201cBabi Yar\u201d named the first 159 Nazi soldiers who killed Jews in Babi Yar. Despite a large amount of evidence gathered after the war, criminals were never prosecuted for 80 years. The Memorial Center began collecting evidence and testimonies of the terrible tragedy and, on the 80th anniversary of the Babi Yar tragedy, published the first part of an extensive study of those who killed Ukrainian Jews on September 29 and 30, 1941", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nAlthough the commanders of the Nazi units who carried out the murders are well known to historians, the new information published by the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial describes the life stories and testimonies of Babi Yar\u2019s Jews, women and children, both young and old, and murderers: commanders and soldiers.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nDespite confessions, evidence and testimonies given by some Nazi soldiers who committed murders in the 1960s, only a small number of those involved were prosecuted for horrific crimes. The Holocaust Memorial Center formed a scientific team to identify those indirectly or directly involved in the shooting of Jews in Babi Yar.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nThe participants not only identified the fact that hundreds of German soldiers and SS police officers took part in the shooting of Babi Yar, but also revealed to the world the names of the 159 Nazis involved in the murder.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nThese were people from all over Germany and other Nazi-controlled countries. They were 20-60 years old. Some were educated, others were not. These included engineers and teachers, drivers and salesmen. Some were married. The vast majority returned to normal life after the war. The soldiers who committed the terrible massacre testified in court and were not convicted, with the exception of a few commanders and linemen.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\n\u201cSome murdered, others brought Jews from their homes, and still others took their belongings and luggage. Some gave weapons, while others offered sandwiches, tea and vodka to the murderers. They are all guilty of mass crimes. Anyone who was directly or indirectly involved in any way should be convicted, \u201csaid Father Patrick Debois, head of the academic council at the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center, founder of Yahad-in Unum.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nHe referred to the record of the testimony of a German murderer: from morning until five in the evening, executions continued, in which thousands after thousands were shot and soldiers were taken for a walk, where they were given alcohol and women were brought to them. Debois noted that one of the killers described in the testimony given during the investigation about how the unit was sent to \u201crecover\u201d in the resort town before returning to the front", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nPatrick Debois added that the memorial center\u2019s research gives out a signal: \u201cIf you are involved in genocide or mass crimes against humanity today, you will be prosecuted.\u201d", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\n\u201cFew of these men were disturbed by the justice system after World War II,\u201d explained Andrei Umansky, a historian and deputy head of the academic council at the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. \u2013 \u201dOf the SS children, only Blobel, Kuno Kallsen, August Hefner, Adolf Jansen and Christian Schulte were convicted of Babi Yar\u2019s crime. Engelbert Kreuzner was the only police officer convicted of murder. No other SS, policeman or Wehrmacht soldier has ever been convicted", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nAlthough many acknowledged their involvement in post-war testimony. All these men lived a peaceful and normal life after the war. \u201d", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nGrafgorst, Bernhard. Born in 1913. Studied at a national and administrative school and worked as a rural municipality employee. In 1933 he joined the NSNRP and the SS. He served in the SS unit called \u201cAdolf Hitler\u201d, later joined the SS cadet corps, and after graduating in 1938 he was promoted to the 3rd Standard of the \u201cThuringian\u201d SS in the \u201cDeadhead\u201d subdivision and was later promoted to SS Untersturmf\u00fchrer", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nIn 1941, in the rank of SS-obersturmf\u00fchrer, he commanded the third company of the 1st Battalion of the 14th SS Infantry Regiment. At the end of July 1941, Task Force C was merged with his company. The various groups of the company were divided among the groups and took part in \u201cJewish actions.\u201d The first such activity of the group took place on August 7, 1941. in Zhitomir, where 402 Jews were executed.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nFormer SS Obersturmf\u00fchrer August Hefner, together with the German Security Service\u2019s 4a Sonderkommando, inspected the killings for two days on Blobel\u2019s orders. November 7, 1967 At the hearing in Darmstadt, he described the involvement of the SS forces in the execution: \u201cThe SS forces had a section of road about 30 meters long. The Grafgorst told me that the Jews should lie close to each other. The Jews lay in about 4-6 items. Consequently, they lay until the bottom of the entire landscape front was filled", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nDuring 2 days 6-7 layers of Jews formed. Initially, the SS troops carried out executions in two teams. The whole activity was called a \u201cbullet in the neck\u201d. In fact, this was not the case. The way the SS soldiers fired could in no way be called a \u201cbullet in the neck\u201d. I watched it all for a long time and went up the plateau. What else could I have done if Grafgorst was there", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\n? .. The next morning the matter continued. I had to go again. 12-15 people arrived from the SS forces. Only one group of soldiers fired. The next day was the same shift. Grafgorst left in the middle of the day. I heard that he went to Berlin that day to get permission to take his squad out. \u201d", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nHeinrich Geyer, a former SS reservist in Sonderkommando 4a, recalled during the interrogation after the war that \u201ca whole company of young SS soldiers\u201d arrived at the end of September 1941: \u201cI believe there was a mass execution of Jews in Kiev at that time. Otherwise, these people would not have been needed. I know these SS soldiers were sent to shoot the Jews, because at night they wandered around and shouted something like \u201cNakolino or Nagolino\u201d (on your knees)", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nI did not witness the madness of these people; companions told me about it. This SS company was here for a maximum of 8 days and then left Kiev. Where to, I can\u2019t say. \u201d", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nViktor Trill was born on November 22, 1905 in the Czech Republic. He was an electrician and later became a truck driver. In 1939, his hometown was occupied by the Wehrmacht. Shortly afterwards, he was called to the Gestapo and began to work for them. In 1941, at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, he was assigned to Blobel-led Sonderkommando 4a (Sk 4a). It was a subsidiary of Einsatzgroup C operating in Ukraine", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nWhen he arrived in Kiev, he was ordered to take part in the execution of Babi Yar on the second day and ordered to shoot dozens of Jews at the bottom of the landscape front. He was allowed to rest for a while before continuing this terrible work. Viktor Trill was one of those convicted of involvement in the Babi Yar massacre and other crimes in Darmstadt from 1967 to 1968, but was acquitted because investigators failed to prove the \u201cmain motives\u201d for his involvement in the killings.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nTestimony of Viktor Trill: \u201cWe moved to Kiev, I was part of the main unit at that time and had to take part in the great execution of Jews. We had three drivers who drove to Kiev. The next morning, very early, we, all members of the unit, were loaded onto a truck and taken to a place outside Kiev. The trip lasted maybe half an hour. At the place where we were staying, I noticed huge piles of clothes. After we left, we were first given alcohol. It was grok or rum", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nThen I saw a giant ditch that looked like a dry riverbed. Several layers of corpses lay in it. The shooting was first started by several members of our unit who descended into the abyss. At the same time, about 20 Jews were brought along the road that led to the abyss. Other security police officers were sitting next to the dingle with ammunition and filling stockpiles with ammunition. The Jews had to lie down on the bodies and then they shot them in the neck", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nThe assassins came out of the abyss and then another group of security police had to descend, including myself. Then I also had to shoot for about 10 minutes, and during that time I personally shot about 30-50 Jews. I remember men and women of all ages being shot. Do not remember whether there were children among them now. Maybe there were mothers among them who held their children in their arms. Most Jews were naked", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nI think they shot until about 3:00 that day, then they took us to our building and we had lunch. On that day, I had to shoot five or six times during the executions, ten minutes each time. It is quite possible that on that day I shot 150 to 250 Jews. All shootings took place without incident. The Jews accepted their fate like lambs. \u201d", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nEdgar Lind was born on November 25, 1915 in Odessa, southwestern Ukraine. He was an ethnic German. Edgar worked as a teacher. In April 1941, Edgar Lind was recruited into the Red Army. He was imprisoned in Germany in early July 1941 and about two weeks later was interrogated by a German security officer (SD). Because Edgar spoke flawless German, he was recruited into the security service", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nAt first he was dressed in civilian clothes, but soon got the same uniform as the men of the security service, but without a rank. He then served in Sonderkommando 4a, moving to Kiev and then to Kharkov, and working as an interpreter. In Babi Yar his task was to tell to the Jewish victims (in Russian) to take off their outerwear and go into the holes. From where he stood, he heard shots but could not see the mass execution.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nEdgar Lind\u2019s testimony on January 20, 1964: \u201cI know that there was a very large execution in Kiev, in which thousands of Jews (women and children) were killed. All the Jews were expelled from the city, where they had to hand over their luggage and valuables in a certain place, and it seems to me that they had to hand over their outerwear at the same time. I stood in that place and saw a pile of luggage and clothes.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nIn the case of, for example, it may be used as a means of transport. For the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, there are no such persons.\nIn addition, I had to tell them to take off their outerwear, and then go to the ravine. I heard shooting, but did not see it in the hole.", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nGeorg Leichtmann was born on September 30, 1915. In 1939 he joined the police force. At the start of the \u201cRussian campaign,\u201d his unit, now known as Police Battalion 303, advanced into Ukraine and arrived in Kiev. In Babi Yar, Leikhtman was assigned to watch along the road leading to the execution site. He was ordered not to allow Jews to return or flee. At first he thought that the Jews were being resettled, but after a while he heard shots", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nDuring interrogations on October 13, 1966, Leichtman added: \u201cShortly before I was released, I walked in the direction of the execution site. I stood on the edge of the ravine about 80 meters from the execution site. I saw a lot of people in the ravine. I don\u2019t know. who shot. The dead were lying in rows to each other. I think I remember that they were still dressed \u2026 \u201d", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\nOne Year Later \u2013 Myanmar\u2019s Christians Endure Burkina Faso widow whose family was shot by jihadists prays for the killers to be saved Excavations in the death camp: archaeologists have returned the names of children who died in Sobibor Should We Name Names When Calling Out Error", "80 Years Later: The Names of the Killers of the Victims of Babi Yar Became Known\n? On the Life and Strategies of Francis Asbury, the \u201ctraveling preacher\u201d known throughout America Well-known Christian Website in China Closes Permanently Well-known and unknown Albert Schweitzer. Theologian, doctor, philosopher, musician and Nobel Laureate Victims of modern popular Calvinism Easter Bombings Victims Rejoice in Marriage \u2013 New Assaults Threaten Adopting the Victims of Persecution"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://novusordowatch.org/2021/07/23/

SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes

["SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nYesterday, on July 22, 2021, the headquarters of the Lefebvrist Society of Saint Pius X (FSSPX or SSPX) in Menzingen, Switzerland, released an official Letter from its Superior General, Fr. Davide Pagliarani, in response to the recent \"Apostolic Letter\" issued motu proprio by \"Pope\" Francis, Traditionis Custodes, which severely limits the use of the Roman Missal of 1962 (\"Traditional Latin Mass\") and eventually phases it out completely. It can be found here:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nUnlike the polemical article \"From the Reserve to the Zoo\" which the SSPX news team had released on July 17, this more formal reaction from the Superior General is quite different in tone, yet just as stern on the issues. In what follows, we will provide a sedevacantist critique of Fr. Pagliarani's reaction in light of traditional Roman Catholic theology, the very theology, we must never forget, the Lefebvrists claim to uphold and defend", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nWe will not quote the entire letter here but focus only on the more significant claims the SSPX superior makes. Before we do so, however, we will give a little bit of background on the SSPX for those who may not be so familiar with this organization. The Society of St. Pius X was founded in 1970 by the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre (1905-91) to preserve the traditional Roman Catholic priesthood and Mass in the wake of the revolutionary Second Vatican Council (1962-65)", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nAlthough the SSPX at first enjoyed the approval of the Novus Ordo hierarchy, the retired archbishop began to run into trouble when he continued to ordain priests without permission in defiance of what he recognized to be the lawful ecclesiastical authority", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nKnowing that his work would not be able to continue without bishops, on June 30, 1988, after long but eventually unsuccessful negotiations with the \"Holy See\", the 82-year-old Lefebvre took the bold step of consecrating four bishops without the necessary \"papal\" mandate, which canon law, both in its traditional form and in its Novus Ordo revision, punishes with automatic excommunication. On July 1, 1988, the Vatican declared that Abp. Lefebvre and his co-consecrator, the Brazilian Bp", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nAntonio de Castro-Mayer, as well as the four bishops consecrated -- the French Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, the Spanish Alfonso de Galarreta, the English Richard Williamson, and the Swiss Bernard Fellay -- had incurred the punishment of automatic excommunication, and that this act of defiance against the \"Roman Pontiff\" constituted a schismatic act. On Jan. 21, 2009, the excommunications against the still-living bishops were rescinded at the order of \"Pope\" Benedict XVI. We will now examine what Fr", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nPagliarani, the current SSPX superior, wrote in response to \"Pope\" Francis' suppression of the Traditional Mass. We begin with the third paragraph:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n? The answer is simple and increasingly clear. After fifty years, the various elements that confirm the answer have become obvious to all well informed Catholics: the Tridentine Mass expresses and conveys a conception of Christian life \u2013 and consequently, a conception of the Catholic Church \u2013 that is absolutely incompatible with the ecclesiology that emerged from the Second Vatican Council. The problem is not simply liturgical, aesthetic or purely technical", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThe problem is simultaneously doctrinal, moral, spiritual, ecclesiological and liturgical. In a nutshell, it is a problem that affects all aspects of the Church\u2019s life, without exception. It is a question of faith. (Rev. Davide Pagliarani, \"Letter from Father Pagliarani about the motu proprio 'Traditionis custodes'\", FSSPX.news, July 22, 2021)", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nWe concur in essence with Fr. Pagliarani's assessment, and have said more or less the same thing in our very informative podcast on the topic, TRADCAST EXPRESS 136. People who have not yet listened to it can do so here:\nMore of our podcasts can be found here", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nHaving said that, it seems that Fr. Pagliarani is not quite aware of the implications and consequences of what he is saying, for he is preaching a defected Church, which is both blasphemy and heresy. We will return to this thought later. Father continues:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nOn one side is the Mass of All Times. It is the standard of a Church that defies the world and is certain of victory, for its battle is nothing less that [sic] the continuation of the battle that Our Blessed Lord waged to destroy sin and to destroy the kingdom of Satan. It is by the Mass and through the Mass that Our Lord enlists Catholic souls into His ranks, by sharing with them both His Cross and His victory", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nFrom all this follows a fundamentally militant conception of Christian life that is characterised by two elements: a spirit of sacrifice and an unwavering supernatural hope.", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nSo the SSPX superior here first speaks of \"the Mass of All Times\" in particular but then proceeds to speak about the Holy Mass in general. But the Holy Catholic Mass, which was instituted by our Blessed Lord and Savior Jesus Christ directly and passed on and safeguarded by His Holy Catholic Church, admits of various rites, not only of the Roman rite as codified by Pope St. Pius V in 1570", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nFor example, there are numerous Eastern liturgical rites the Catholic Church recognizes, such as the Maronite, the Syro-Malabar, the Melkite, and the Byzantine rites. Even in the Latin branch of the Church, the Dominican rite is permitted for the Order of Preachers, approved by Popes Clement IV and Pius V. Taking this into consideration, Fr. Pagliarani's message reveals itself as rather confusing. Does he mean to include all approved liturgical rites before 1963 under the umbrella term \"Mass of All Times\"", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n? Only then would it make sense for him to move from speaking about the \"Mass of All Times\" to the Mass in general. Yet, this does not seem to be the case, for in the preceding paragraph he speaks of the \"Tridentine Mass\" specifically, which is a moniker used exclusively for the Roman rite after the Council of Trent (hence \"Tridentine\"). Moreover, Abp. Lefebvre, who coined the term \"Mass of All Time\", seems to have had only the Roman rite in mind, not any of the Eastern rites (see Abp", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nMarcel Lefebvre, The Mass of All Time [Kansas City, MO: Angelus Press, 2007], pp. 288-289). It is incontrovertible that the Catholic theology regarding the Holy Mass applies not to any specific rite exclusively but pertains to all rites approved by the Holy See because it pertains to the Mass as such:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nWhatever the difference of rites, unique is the flame of the faith that illuminates and guides all members of the Church of Jesus Christ: \"One Lord, one faith, one baptism\" (Eph 4:5). Truth has not two faces, even though presented in different ways. There is not one truth of the Latins and another for the Greeks; there is but one truth, which Jesus Christ announced for the world, that which all His Church, the \"pillar and mainstay of the truth\" (1 Tim 3:15) professes", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nPagliarani and his SSPX would agree that the Eastern rites and the traditional Roman rite are equal in that regard, the Lefebvrists do not -- cannot -- admit the principle enunciated in Canon 1257 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law: \"It belongs only to the Apostolic See to order [the] sacred liturgy and to approve liturgical books.\" The reason is simple: The entity they believe to be the Apostolic See approved also Paul VI's Novus Ordo Missae (\"New Mass\") in 1969 and thereafter, the most recent example of which is Francis' Traditionis Custodes", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nOn the other side stands the Mass of Paul VI. It is an authentic expression of a Church that wants to live in harmony with the world and that lends an ear to the world\u2019s demands. It represents a Church that, in the final analysis, no longer needs to fight against the world because it no longer has anything to reproach the world. Here is a Church that no longer has anything to teach the world because it listens to the powers of the world", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nIt is a Church that no longer needs the Sacrifice of Our Blessed Lord because, having lost the notion of sin, it no longer has anything for which to atone. Here is a Church that no longer has the mission of restoring the universal kingship of Our Lord Jesus Christ, because it wants to make its contribution to the creation on this earth of a better world that is freer, more egalitarian and more eco-responsible \u2013 and all this with purely human means", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThis humanist mission that the men of the Church have given themselves must necessarily be matched by a liturgy that is equally humanist and emptied of any notion of sacredness.", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nWhat the SSPX Superior General says here is spot on. There is only one slight problem for the Lefebvrists, and that is: They believe that this defected humanistic-secular church described in the above quote is the Roman Catholic Church. Since saying so openly in the given context would expose the preposterousness of the Lefebvrist position for all to see, Fr. Pagliarani leaves it unsaid. This is the \"defected church\" thesis we touched upon earlier", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nIn addition, the encyclical letter Quartus Supra (1873) of Pope Pius IX is a veritable \"Syllabus of Lefebvrist Errors\". Please see the following post about that:\nPope Pius IX condemns the Society of St. Pius X and Bp. Fellay\nWe return to Fr. Pagliarani's letter:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThis battle that has been waged for the past fifty years, which has just seen a highly significant event on July 16th, is not a simple war between two rites: it is indeed a war between two different and opposing conceptions of the Catholic Church and of Christian life \u2013 conceptions that are absolutely irreducible and incompatible with each other", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nIn paraphrasing Saint Augustin, one could say that the two Masses have built two cities: the Mass of All Times has built a Christian city; the New Mass seeks to build a humanist and secular city.", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nAgain, Father is entirely right in his critique, but what throws a theological monkey wrench into it all is that he believes that the Roman Catholic Church can offer such a defective, heretical, blasphemous rite of Mass to her children -- a rite that perverts their Faith and makes them lose their souls! How does the SSPX Superior General think he can square this with the traditional doctrine he claims to adhere to?", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThe sacred liturgy is, consequently, the public worship which our Redeemer as Head of the Church renders to the Father, as well as the worship which the community of the faithful renders to its Founder, and through Him to the heavenly Father. It is, in short, the worship rendered by the Mystical Body of Christ in the entirety of its Head and members. (Pope Pius XII, Encyclical Mediator Dei, n", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n20) As We have said in the encyclical Mediator Dei, the liturgy is a vital function of the Church as a whole, and not of a single group or \u201cmovement\u201d only: \u201cThe sacred liturgy is the public worship of the Mystical Body of Jesus Christ in the entirety of its Head and members.\u201d The Mystical Body of Christ lives on the truth of Christ and graces which are diffused in its members, giving them life and unity within themselves and with their Head. This is the thought of St", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nPaul when he says in his first epistle to the Corinthians: \u201cAll things belong to you, and you to Christ and Christ to God\u201d (1 Cor. 3:23). Therefore everything is directed towards God, His service and His glory. The Church, filled with the gifts and the life of God, devotes itself with an interior and spontaneous movement to the adoration and praise of the infinite God, and through the liturgy, renders Him, as from a society, the worship that is due to Him", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n? Would anyone dare to utter -- even just think -- such a blasphemy?! Perhaps Fr. Pagliarani should concern himself not only with the Tridentine Mass but also the Tridentine Council, which declared infallibly: \"If anyone says that the ceremonies, vestments, and outward signs, which the Catholic Church uses in the celebration of Masses, are incentives to impiety rather than the services of piety: let him be anathema\" (Council of Trent, Session 22, Canon 7; Denz. 954)", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nBy acknowledging the Modernists in Rome as the lawful authorities of the Roman Catholic Church, the Lefebvrists are ensuring that their theological position receives the Tridentine anathema. Accepting a Modernist hierarchy as Catholic has consequences! Returning to the letter of the head of the Lefebvrists:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThis Mass \u2013 our Mass \u2013 must really be for us like the pearl of great price in the Gospel, for which we are ready to renounce everything, for which we are ready to sell everything. He who is not prepared to shed his blood for this Mass is not worthy to celebrate it! He who is not prepared to give up everything to protect it is not worthy to attend it!", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nHow much the Roman Catholic Mass is \"our Mass\" -- that is, that of the Society of St. Pius X -- is a question that could be debated at length, but we shall gloss over it. What Fr. Pagliarani says here sounds extremely pious, yet it is quite dangerous. The pearl of great price in the Holy Gospel is the Kingdom of Heaven, that is, salvation (see Mt 13:45-46). It is the salvation of our souls for which we are to give up anything that could be an obstacle to it", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nNow certainly, the Holy Catholic Mass is indeed of tremendous benefit to souls; however, even the Mass itself is only availing unto salvation if offered or attended inside the Catholic Church. One can attend valid Masses outside the Church, but those are not, objectively considered, to anyone's spiritual benefit. They are, in fact, sinful to attend", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThis means that, yes, one can sin mortally by attending the Tridentine Mass! The Holy Catholic Mass is not the be-all and end-all of Catholic existence in the sense implied by Fr. Pagliarani. Anyone who is validly ordained has the power to offer it, but only to those who offer it within the Roman Catholic Church -- under the lawful hierarchy, and certainly not under a non-Catholic one -- will it be of spiritual advantage", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nSchismatics, heretics, and apostes that offer it are only adding to their sins by doing so. Fr. Pagliarani ignores that inconvenient fact because he refuses submission to the man he recognizes as Pope, namely, Jorge Bergoglio (Francis). The Lefebvrists are a textbook case of schism (explained at greater length here and here). Quoting St", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nJerome, Pope Pius VIII taught that \"he who eats the lamb [=Holy Eucharist] outside this house [=the Church] will perish as did those during the flood who were not with Noah in the ark\" (Encyclical Traditi Humilitati, n. 4). In the 15th century, the Council of Florence taught quite emphatically and infallibly that", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n...those not living within the Catholic Church, not only pagans, but also Jews and heretics and schismatics cannot become participants in eternal life, but will depart \"into everlasting fire which was prepared for the devil and his angels\" [Matt", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n25:41], unless before the end of life the same have been added to the flock; and that the unity of the ecclesiastical body is so strong that only to those remaining in it are the sacraments of the Church of benefit for salvation, and do fastings, almsgiving, and other functions of piety and exercises of Christian service produce eternal reward, and that no one, whatever almsgiving he has practiced, even if he has shed blood for the name of Christ, can be saved, unless he has remained in the bosom and unity of the Catholic Church", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThus, Fr. Pagliarani is giving not only the wrong but also quite a dangerous impression by claiming, in effect, that the Holy Mass is the greatest possible spiritual good, for which one ought to forsake even communion with (the man one believes to be) the Roman Pontiff and endanger one's very salvation. WRONG! Nor would such a step ever be necessary", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nHe who has the Catholic Faith knows that the Roman Catholic Church is the ultimate custodian of the Holy Mass, and, by the promises of our Blessed Lord (see Mt 16:18-19; Lk 22:32; 1 Tim 3:15), it is she, the Church, who guarantees the Holy Mass, not some independent priestly society that has appointed itself to the task. A bit further on, Fr. Pagliarani states:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThe latest measures taken against the Mass will force these souls to draw all the consequences of what they have discovered: they must now choose \u2013 with all the elements of discernment that are at their disposal \u2013 what is necessary for every well-informed Catholic conscience. Many souls will find themselves faced with an important choice that will affect their faith, because \u2013 and let us say it once more \u2013 the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass is the supreme expression of a doctrinal and moral universe", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nIt is therefore a question of choosing the Catholic faith in its entirety and through it, choosing Our Lord Jesus Christ, with His Cross, His Sacrifice and His universal kingship. It is a matter of choosing His Precious Blood, of imitating the Crucified One and of following Him to the end, by a complete, rigorous and coherent fidelity.", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nGiven everything we have stated so far, it is ironic that it should be the head of the SSPX, of all people, who exhorts people to a \"well-informed Catholic conscience.\" Pagliarani's comments in that letter are simply a scandal considered in light of all the Catholic teaching already quoted. He speaks of \"choosing the Catholic faith in its entirety\", yet apparently forgets that part of that Catholic Faith is unswerving fidelity to the Roman Pontiff:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nIndeed one simple way to keep men professing Catholic truth is to maintain their communion with and obedience to the Roman Pontiff. For it is impossible for a man ever to reject any portion of the Catholic faith without abandoning the authority of the Roman Church. In this authority, the unalterable teaching office of this faith lives on. It was set up by the divine Redeemer and, consequently, the tradition from the Apostles has always been preserved", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nSo it has been a common characteristic both of the ancient heretics and of the more recent Protestants \u2014 whose disunity in all their other tenets is so great \u2014 to attack the authority of the Apostolic See. But never at any time were they able by any artifice or exertion to make this See tolerate even a single one of their errors. (Pope Pius IX, Encyclical Nostis et Nobiscum, n", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n17) Let Us remind all that they must generously and faithfully obey their holy pastors who possess the right and duty of regulating the whole life, especially the spiritual life, of the Church. \"Obey your prelates and be subject to them. For they watch as being to render an account of your souls; that they may do this with joy and not with grief\" (Heb 13:17). (Pope Pius XII, Encyclical Mediator Dei, n", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n208) And since the Roman Pontiff is at the head of the universal Church by the divine right of apostolic primacy, We teach and declare also that he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases pertaining to ecclesiastical examination recourse can be had to his judgment; moreover, that the judgment of the Apostolic See, whose authority is not surpassed, is to be disclaimed by no one, nor is anyone permitted to pass judgment on its judgment", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nTherefore, they stray from the straight path of truth who affirm that it is permitted to appeal from the judgments of the Roman Pontiffs to an ecumenical Council, as to an authority higher than the Roman Pontiff", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nIf anyone thus speaks, that the Roman Pontiff has only the office of inspection or direction, but not the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the universal Church, not only in things which pertain to faith and morals, but also in those which pertain to the discipline and government of the Church spread over the whole world; or, that he possesses only the more important parts, but not the whole plenitude of this supreme power; or that this power of his is not ordinary and immediate, or over the churches altogether and individually, and over the pastors and the faithful altogether and individually: let him be anathema", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nDoes Fr. Pagliarani believe this? Do the other members of the Priestly Fraternity of St. Pius X? And do they follow it? Hardly! So much for that \"complete, rigorous and coherent fidelity\"! Father continues: \"The Society of Saint Pius X has the duty to assist all those souls who are currently in dismay and are confused.\" Oh, really", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n? That's not what their \"Catholic hierarchy\" has been saying all these years about the SSPX. It is, rather, the Lefebvrist opinion, or thesis, but nothing more. Father continues further: \"Firstly, we have the duty to offer them the certitude that the Tridentine Mass can never disappear from the face of the earth. This is an absolutely necessary sign of hope.\" One wonders whether the SSPX Superior General is suggesting here that it is the Society of St. Pius X that establishes this certainty", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nAt any rate, it must be some entity other than the (supposed) Pope, since the Modernist-occupied Vatican has long done all it could to suppress and eliminate the Traditional Latin Mass, especially between 1970 and 1984. However, it is to the Pope, to the lawful successor of St. Peter, and not to anyone else -- not even Abp. Lefebvre -- that Catholic dogma says Christ's guarantees were promised:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nNow you know well that the most deadly foes of the Catholic religion have always waged a fierce war, but without success, against this Chair [of St. Peter]; they are by no means ignorant of the fact that religion itself can never totter and fall while this Chair remains intact, the Chair which rests on the rock which the proud gates of hell cannot overthrow and in which there is the whole and perfect solidity of the Christian religion", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nTherefore, because of your special faith in the Church and special piety toward the same Chair of Peter, We exhort you to direct your constant efforts so that the faithful people of France may avoid the crafty deceptions and errors of these plotters and develop a more filial affection and obedience to this Apostolic See", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nBe vigilant in act and word, so that the faithful may grow in love for this Holy See, venerate it, and accept it with complete obedience; they should execute whatever the See itself teaches, determines, and decrees. (Pope Pius IX, Encyclical Inter Multiplices, n. 7; underlining added.)", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nIt is interesting, is it not, that Pope Pius IX not only underscores the promises Christ made to the Papacy, but also draws the consequences that follow from the special divine protection: Fidelity to the true religion of Jesus Christ is assured by means of strict obedience and fidelity to the Holy See, that is, to the Pope. There is no other way! Once again, we ask: Do the Lefebvrists believe this? Do they act accordingly", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n? Thus it can be seen how badly Fr. Pagliarani misrepresents the true traditional Catholic doctrine. He may think that by preserving the Traditional Catholic Roman Mass, he is guaranteed to be preserving also the Roman Catholic Faith, but that is not the case: \"The sacred liturgy ..", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\ndoes not decide or determine independently and of itself what is of Catholic faith\", Pope Pius XII says, adding that the liturgy is \"subject, as such, to the supreme teaching authority of the Church...\" (Encyclical Mediator Dei, n. 48)", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nNow if the SSPX were correct in its recognition of the Novus Ordo hierarchy (that is, in their acceptance of the false popes from John XXIII in 1958 to Francis in the present day), then the \"revision\" of the Roman Missal by Paul VI in 1969 would be guaranteed by God Himself to be legitimate, orthodox, holy, safe, and binding -- for that is what Catholic doctrine requires and guarantees:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n...[T]he Sovereign Pontiff alone enjoys the right to recognize and establish any practice touching the worship of God, to introduce and approve new rites, as also to modify those he judges to require modification. Bishops, for their part, have the right and duty carefully to watch over the exact observance of the prescriptions of the sacred canons respecting divine worship", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nPrivate individuals, therefore, even though they be clerics, may not be left to decide for themselves in these holy and venerable matters, involving as they do the religious life of Christian society along with the exercise of the priesthood of Jesus Christ and worship of God; concerned as they are with the honor due to the Blessed Trinity, the Word Incarnate and His august mother and the other saints, and with the salvation of souls as well", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nFor the same reason no private person has any authority to regulate external practices of this kind, which are intimately bound up with Church discipline and with the order, unity and concord of the Mystical Body and frequently even with the integrity of Catholic faith itself", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThe Church is without question a living organism, and as an organism, in respect of the sacred liturgy also, she grows, matures, develops, adapts and accommodates herself to temporal needs and circumstances, provided only that the integrity of her doctrine be safeguarded. This notwithstanding, the temerity and daring of those who introduce novel liturgical practices, or call for the revival of obsolete rites out of harmony with prevailing laws and rubrics, deserve severe reproof", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n...The liturgy of the early ages is most certainly worthy of all veneration. But ancient usage must not be esteemed more suitable and proper, either in its own right or in its significance for later times and new situations, on the simple ground that it carries the savor and aroma of antiquity. The more recent liturgical rites likewise deserve reverence and respect. They, too, owe their inspiration to the Holy Spirit, who assists the Church in every age even to the consummation of the world", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThey are equally the resources used by the majestic Spouse of Jesus Christ to promote and procure the sanctity of man. (Pope Pius XII, Encyclical Mediator Dei, n", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n58-59,61; underlining added.) Certainly the loving Mother [the Church] is spotless in the Sacraments, by which she gives birth to and nourishes her children; in the faith which she has always preserved inviolate; in her sacred laws imposed on all; in the evangelical counsels which she recommends; in those heavenly gifts and extraordinary graces through which, with inexhaustible fecundity, she generates hosts of martyrs, virgins and confessors. (Pope Pius XII, Encyclical Mystici Corporis, n", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n66; underlining added.) \u2026[T]he discipline sanctioned by the Church must never be rejected or be branded as contrary to certain principles of natural law. It must never be called crippled, or imperfect or subject to civil authority. In this discipline the administration of sacred rites, standards of morality, and the reckoning of the rights of the Church and her ministers are embraced. (Pope Gregory XVI, Encyclical Mirari Vos, n", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n9) \u2026as if the Church which is ruled by the Spirit of God could have established discipline which is not only useless and burdensome for Christian liberty to endure, but which is even dangerous and harmful and leading to superstition and materialism. (Pope Pius VI, Bull Auctorem Fidei, n. 78; Denz. 1578)", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nGame over, Fr. Pagaliarani. If Paul VI and his successors are true Popes, as you believe, your goose is cooked. Shortly before his Novus Ordo missal became mandatory, the false pope Paul VI (r. 1963-78) said:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nNothing has been changed of the substance of our traditional Mass. Perhaps some may allow themselves to be carried away by the impression made by some particular ceremony or additional rubric, and thus think that they conceal some alteration or diminution of truths which were acquired by the Catholic faith for ever, and are sanctioned by it. They might come to believe that the equation between the law of prayer, lex orandi, and the law of faith, lex credendi, is compromised as a result. It is not so", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nAbsolutely not. Above all, because the rite and the relative rubric are not in themselves a dogmatic definition. Their theological qualification may vary in different degrees according to the liturgical context to which they refer. They are gestures and terms relating to a religious action\u2014experienced and living\u2014of an indescribable mystery of divine presence, not always expressed in a universal way", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nOnly theological criticism can analyze this action and express it in logically satisfying doctrinal formulas. The Mass of the new rite is and remains the same Mass we have always had. If anything, its sameness has been brought out more clearly in some respects. (Antipope Paul VI, Address at General Audience, Nov. 19, 1969, nn. 10-11; underlining added.)", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\n? Of course it is. But the only possible conclusion, given the traditional Catholic doctrine, is that Paul VI was not a true Pope. The fact that the Lefebvrists use all kinds of arguments to make the case that the New Mass of Paul VI is not legitimate and not binding, although it came from a true Pope, is irrelevant. For it is not up to the Society of St. Pius X to judge its own arguments, it is for the Holy See to do so. Yet the SSPX continually judges its own case", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nAlthough they may deny it in words, the fact of the matter is that the Lefebvrists are their own final authority: They determine what is and isn't legitimate; what is and isn't valid; what is and isn't to be done or believed. In this they are not ashamed to contradict and overturn, as it were, even the judgments of the (supposed) Apostolic See, which, according to Catholic dogma, cannot be judged by anyone. In the words of Pope St", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nPius X, we can say that the Lefebvrists, not unlike the Modernists, \"with a system of sophisms and errors ... falsify the concept of obedience inculcated by the Church; they arrogate to themselves the right of judging the actions of authority even to the extent of ridiculing them; they attribute to themselves ... a mission which they have received neither from God nor from any authority\" (Address Con Vera Soddisfazione). How ironic that the SSPX's own patron, St", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nPius X, condemns them! As the erstwhile SSPX member Fr. Anthony Cekada (1951-2020), himself ordained by Abp. Lefebvre in 1977, used to say in one of his sermons: \"You can be saved without the Traditional Latin Mass. But you cannot be saved without the traditional Catholic Faith.\" The Lefebvrists under Fr. Pagliarani may have the Traditional Latin Mass, but they do not have the traditional Roman Catholic Faith", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nThat is a most serious matter, since without that Faith, \"it is impossible to please God\" (Heb 11:6). Image source: fsspx.news (cropped) License: fair use", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nSSPX Superior General blasts \u2018Traditionis Custodes\u2019: A Sedevacantist Critique\nTop Lefebvrist contradicts traditional Catholic doctrine\nSSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes:\nA Sedevacantist Critique", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nYesterday, on July 22, 2021, the headquarters of the Lefebvrist Society of Saint Pius X (FSSPX or SSPX) in Menzingen, Switzerland, released an official Letter from its Superior General, Fr. Davide Pagliarani, in response to the recent \u201cApostolic Letter\u201d issued motu proprio by \u201cPope\u201d Francis, Traditionis Custodes, which severely limits the use of the Roman Missal of 1962 (\u201cTraditional Latin Mass\u201d) and eventually phases it out completely. It can be found here:", "SSPX Superior General blasts Traditionis Custodes\nUnlike the polemical article \u201cFrom the Reserve to the Zoo\u201d which the SSPX news team had released on July 17, this more formal reaction from the Superior General is quite different in tone, yet just as stern on the issues.\u2026 READ MORE\nin Novus Ordo Wire Davide Pagliarani, Indult Mass, Marcel Lefebvre, New Mass, Paul VI, Pope Pius XII, SSPX, Traditionis Custodes 0"]

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https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GentlemanThief

Gentleman Thief

["Gentleman Thief\nhttp://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/GentlemanThief\nGentleman Thief\nImageLinks\nCreate New - Create New - Analysis Characters FanficRecs FanWorks Fridge Haiku Headscratchers Recap ReferencedBy Synopsis Timeline Trivia WMG YMMV\nHello, Monsieur. I'm just borrowing your jewels. Oh, and your wife. Don't mind if I don't shake hands before departure, I'd hate to take your watch... the last thing you have.\n\"You have nice manners, for a thief, and a liar.\"\n\u2014Smaug to Bilbo, The Hobbit", "Gentleman Thief\nThe male version of the Classy Cat-Burglar may lack the cat jokes and themes, but he makes up for it with roguish good looks coupled with a breeding and style that manifests as a suave and debonair manner. He's usually a charmer, too\u2014think James Bond without the government authorization.", "Gentleman Thief\nHe steals for the challenge/pleasure of the job and generally avoids violence while restricting his targets to those who can afford the loss. More importantly for plots, the character will often go out of their way to stop more serious crimes\u2014especially with lives at stake\u2014either on their own or with the help of the police. As such they often adhere to Thou Shalt Not Kill and/or are Technical Pacifists. Murdering your target or stealing from them at gunpoint is not very gentlemanly", "Gentleman Thief\nIt's not uncommon for the GT to give at least a part of the goods he steals to the poor, often while very cynically commenting on social injustice and how the rich surely got their wealth with dirty methods, so it's only fair to steal from them and then give to those who need it.", "Gentleman Thief\nLike the Classy Cat-Burglar, the Gentleman Thief usually regards the police with a certain amount of disdain and condescension, and frequently leaves behind \"calling cards\" announcing who performed the crime; especially confident versions may announce their targets in advance to ensure a challenge", "Gentleman Thief\nWith a Worthy Opponent such as a Sympathetic Inspector Antagonist chasing him, they may have a less adversarial relationship, verging at times on friendship (and, sometimes, fraught with UST of the Dating Catwoman variety), where they do things such as leaving Big Bad crooks behind for their rival to take the credit for arresting. They're usually a Badass in a Nice Suit, occasionally doing the Tuxedo and Martini look", "Gentleman Thief\nAs he may not enjoy actual risks, the Gentleman Thief may decide that gambling is beneath him and cheat instead. Expect him to do so with sophistication. If he does gamble, expect him to be almost supernaturally lucky, or a tournament-grade player without peers. In many cases, they steal because they can and for the thrill, not out of an actual monetary need (since they are often rich)\u2014though it may be a way to stave off Rich Boredom. This is also why they will never give up thievery for simple gambling.", "Gentleman Thief\nThey do exist in Real Life, yet their most usual technique is not stealing per se, but more like conning the victim.\nSometimes overlaps with Phantom Thief or Karmic Thief. Sister trope to Venturous Smuggler. See also Scoundrel Code.\nA commercial for Casillero del Diablo wine has a suave thief (played by Pedro Pascal) show off several valuables he acquired through lavish heists. However, he admits legally obtaining his wine, due to legends of the devil protecting Casillero del Diablo's cellar.", "Gentleman Thief\nBlack Rose, aka Keith Harcourt, from Ashita no Nadja, is the perfect example of the GT with social leanings as he snarks at the idea of philanthropy and noblesse obligue which Nadja and his twin brother Francis supports. Later, however, he decides to give up stealing\u2014because Francis has been mistaken as him and is willing to go to jail for his sake.", "Gentleman Thief\nIjyuin Akira, the Man of Twenty Faces, in CLAMP School Detectives: a young gentleman thief, he steals according to the direction of his two mothers. This character is based on Japanese mystery author Edogawa Ranpo's \"Fiend With Twenty Face\".\nThis character also reappears as \"Twenty Faces\" in The Daughter of Twenty Faces, who, among other things, steals national treasures that have been mislocated due to war to return them to their rightful place.", "Gentleman Thief\nDark from D.N.Angel is called a Phantom Thief, but he's definitely an example of a Gentleman Thief as well. He steals only works of art, sends a warning letter before every steal, and definitely thinks less of the cops. It's also later revealed that he has a reason for why he steals.\nThe title character in From Eroica with Love; the title is actually what he leaves on his calling cards.", "Gentleman Thief\nLunlun meets one of these in the Egypt episode of Hana Noko Lunlun, a charming and stylish middle-aged man who plans to commit quite the robbery of Ancient Egyptian jewels/relics/etc. and tries to use her as his Unwitting Pawn. Uncommonly for this type of character, he is captured by his Inspector Javert\u2014but by that time Lunlun's innocence and kindness has touched his heart, and is last seen keeping flowers in his cellar.", "Gentleman Thief\nPhoenix, the male lead in Honey Honey. Also the Jerk with a Heart of Gold to the female lead's Tsundere Plucky Girl.\nGentle Criminal from My Hero Academia patterns himself as one: he dresses in a fancy suit, drinks expensive tea before each \"job\", only steals from the rich and/or corrupt, and brazenly posts videos of his exploits on the Internet. He will resort to (non-lethal) violence if he has to, but isn't fond of doing so and cuts it out of his videos.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe titular Lupin III is usually portrayed as a chivalrous thief, who only targets those who can afford it, or simply have it coming. But it usually isn't long before he ends up revealing his playful side. Though when it comes to women, he ranges from a chivalrous perv, to a Handsome Lech. Depending on the Writer, that is", "Gentleman Thief\nIn general, he's most distinctly a gentleman in The Castle of Cagliostro and the more iconic TV shows, while in the original manga and most adaptations to pull from it, he's more distinctly a huge asshole.", "Gentleman Thief\nAnd, on a related note, we have the Lupin III vs. Detective Conan anime special, where Conan chases after Lupin and Co. and they have to team up to rescue Ran, who's been caught in a massive conspiracy.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe illustrious Magic Kaito (if he isn't too perverted to count) that sometimes appears also in Case Closed. He actually has a justifiable cause: his main target is a gemstone that hides a secret that can be seen under moonlight, a secret that cost his father's life as it's also the target of a criminal organization. That's why he almost always targets famous gemstones.", "Gentleman Thief\nHikaru from the Medabots anime parodies the trope with his secret identity of Phantom Renegade, to the point that his Japanese name is actually Kaitou (literally \"Phantom Thief/Bandit\") Retort. He dresses up in a Tuxedo Kamen-esque suit, top hat and mask ensemble, and he's a thief who goes around preemptively stealing rare Medabot Medals in order to keep them out of the hand of the evil Rubberrobos gang... however, he's very much not a cool character", "Gentleman Thief\nHe's clumsy, bungling, has a daytime job as a lowly shopkeeper, and gets no respect, to the point he frequently tries to desperately hype up his own alter-ego to the main characters, who couldn't care less.", "Gentleman Thief\nMamoru \"Tuxedo Kamen\" Chiba in the manga and Live-Action version of Sailor Moon, though only to find the Silver Crystal so he can recover his long-lost memories, and he stops when they do find it and becomes solely a superhero. Sailor Moon even comments \"He's just like Lupin the Thief! He's hot!\" when she first sees him in the manga. It causes severe friction between him and the Senshi in the live-action version.", "Gentleman Thief\nCobra from Space Adventure Cobra is a gentleman thief in a Space Opera setting. Despite being one of the most wanted criminals of the galaxy, he ends up helping the Space Police and battling the Space Mafia more often than not.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Mexican comic version of Fant\u00f4mas, going so far as to wear a top hat, opera cape, and cane while performing his second-story jobs. (He eventually stopped doing that, however.) Not to be confused with the original French character of the same name (see below), who is an utterly evil serial murderer and terrorist-for-no-particular-reason.\nModesty Blaise and Willie Garvin.\nZagar, by the Italian comic artist Jacovitti. This thief, master of disguises, is a parody of this trope.", "Gentleman Thief\nCasanova Quinn from Matt Fraction's Casanova was one of these for a while... until he became a Martini-and-Absinthe-flavoured superspy.\nThe DCU:\nBatman:\nThe Riddler, occasionally. His personality varies, actually.\nThe Penguin started out this way but eventually settled into a role as a semi-legit restauranteur/arms dealer.\nMichael Baffle was a one-shot Golden Age foe (and obvious Expy of Raffles).", "Gentleman Thief\nHawkman: Subverted with the Gentleman Ghost. He may put on airs at times, but he's a highwayman through and through. Being the bastard son of an English noble that was treated like a peasant all his life, he tries to invoke the image wherever he can, but it's clearly an act.\nThe anti-villain/anti-hero named The Shade has been presented this way since the 1994 Starman series, though he hasn't done much thieving recently.", "Gentleman Thief\nAs of Wonder Woman (1987) Angle Man has gotten a revamp that includes a nice suit and hat and become a friendly if more unpredictable thief who always does his best to compliment the ladies. He also pays back his debts when Donna helps save his life.\nFrom Disney Ducks Comic Universe\nThe Black Knight from Don Rosa's comics who is a rather obvious Captain Ersatz of Arsene Lupin.", "Gentleman Thief\nPaperinik (Donald Duck superhero alter-ego) started out as this, and his first heist was to steal Scrooge's money-filled mattress as he was sleeping on it. Even now, as a superhero, he's capable of stealing anything, as shown that time he decided to track down the local kingpin of crime by faking an amnesia-motivated Face\u2013Heel Turn to get approached and literally stole half of Duckburg single-handedly (he later gave everything back).", "Gentleman Thief\nHis in-universe inspiration lord Quackett/Fantomius (of whom Paperinik uses a modified version of the costume and took the gadgets used in the first story) was one in the Duckburg of the Roaring Twenties, to the point the trope name is present on both the title of his own series and the Calling Cards he leaves at every heist", "Gentleman Thief\nHis love for the challenge is so great that, in the second story of his series, his answer to the chief of the police proclaiming he wouldn't be able to break out of prison once he succeeded in arresting him was to let himself get arrested and unmasked as lord Quackett, tell the guard that night he was supposed to burgle a safe, break out without anyone noticing, burgle the safe, get back to jail from the main gate and break out again in a way that convinced everyone he wasn't lord Quackett, being extremely polite and gentlemanly all the time (after all, as the second son of an English duke, he actually is a gentleman).", "Gentleman Thief\nSubverted with Hunter Rose in Grendel, who has all the usual hallmarks (stealthy, cultured, literary, over-educated, has been known to wear a tuxedo at times) but is actually a ruthless organised-crime boss who kills huge numbers of sometimes completely innocent people.", "Gentleman Thief\nFingers from the Lucky Luke story by the same name is an odd example that seems to fit but not really represent the same idea... perhaps a parody or deconstruction. He's an impeccably dressed magician with superficial good manners and suave charm that the ladies automatically love, and as skilled a thief as only a magician can be. He steals things for the sake of doing it and isn't really all that greedy", "Gentleman Thief\nYet what he really is is a kleptomaniac with no goal in life who keeps getting into trouble for stealing. One of his problems compared to more straight examples is that he can't help stealing petty things openly.", "Gentleman Thief\nMarvel Universe:\nSpider-Man:\nThe elderly criminal, the Black Fox. (His schemes usually revolved around making a big score so he could retire from crime.)", "Gentleman Thief\nThere's also Walter Hardy, father of the Black Cat. Unfortunately, he's something of a subversion in that he keeps retiring because he causes more harm than he intends to. In regular comics continuity and the '90s cartoon, he's tricked into working for Nazis and nearly gets them a Super Soldier formula. In The Spectacular Spider-Man, he became The Atoner after killing Uncle Ben in a moment of weakness.", "Gentleman Thief\nShen Kuei, aka \"The Cat\" (he even has a tattoo of a cat on his chest), who is both this trope and a rare male example of the Classy Cat-Burglar at times. He's not only a skilled thief, but he also has martial arts skills that rival his arch-enemies Shang-Chi and Iron Fist.\nGambit from X-Men is a master thief and king of the Thieves Guild of New Orleans.\nFantomex, also from X-Men and the X-Force, who Grant Morrison based on the classic pulp characters Fant\u00f4mas and Diabolik.", "Gentleman Thief\nIn the first issue of Uncanny X-Force, he raids the Tower of London on a wager with Wolverine and, upon losing (Logan beat him to the vault), agrees to pay Logan with a case of cognac, worth \"two million dollars a bottle\". It's not about the money, but rather, it's simply \"his poison\".\nThis was heavily implied to be a bet between the two where the loser had to buy a case of alcohol for the winner.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Rogue from The Maze Agency (who never actually appears on stage). His Calling Card is a note informing his victims that their stolen paintings have been selected for his 'Rogue's Gallery' and 'signed' with a cartoon figure (a la The Saint's haloed stick figure).\nThe Phantom Blot of the '40s, a villain from Mickey Mouse Comic Universe.", "Gentleman Thief\nNikolai Dante becomes one after joining the Romanov Dynasty. After being wounded in a duel, he took to the Hotel Yalta to recuperate and held a massive party. Unfortunately for him, he discovers that in order to pay the extravagant bill he's run up, he would be forced to bankrupt the province that he just saved. So, he decides to rob several wealthy guests while masked, seducing several women in the process, which causes him to be referred to as the Gentleman Thief.", "Gentleman Thief\nSteve Ditko deconstructed this trope in the Mr. A story \"Count Rogue\". The titular Count Rogue acted Affably Evil toward his marks (while insulting all of them in his head) as part of a complicated plan to embarrass a rival at his day job who had been promoted before him. Mr", "Gentleman Thief\nA is the only person who doesn't buy into the mystique of the Count as a noble thief, except for a burglar who randomly breaks into the Count's home at the end of the story, and gives an oddly on-the-nose \"Not So Different\" Remark while trying to blackmail his way into a \"partnership\".", "Gentleman Thief\nDeconstructive Parody in the Viz strip \"Raffles the Gentleman Thug\", in which the titular character is a well-spoken, aristocratic Jerkass who goes around beating people up for no reason.\nThe title character of The Brothers Grimm version of \"The Master Thief\" is implied to be one. He surprises his parents by driving up to their old house in a fine carriage, and they mistake him for a nobleman at first.", "Gentleman Thief\nIn Pok\u00e9mon Reset Bloodlines, the Black Arachnid is re-imagined as one of these. He and an Officer Jenny made a promise of becoming famous one day when they were kids, and he chose this path by stealing from horrible people and leaving behind evidence to expose their crimes.\nFlynn Rider from Tangled starts out as this.\nDavid Niven used to play this type of character frequently.\nA.J. Raffles in the 1939 film adaptation of Raffles.", "Gentleman Thief\n\"Sir Charles Lytton, the Notorious Phantom\", David Niven's (or Christopher Plummer's) character in The Pink Panther movies.\nNiven also plays Colonel Matthews, the titular character of The Brain (1969), where he, two petty crooks, and the mafia attempt to hijack a train transporting the NATO millions to the new NATO headquarters. Hilarity ensues.", "Gentleman Thief\nAlfred Hitchcock's To Catch a Thief follows John Robie (Cary Grant), a reformed Gentleman Thief, as he attempts to discover who has been framing him for a new spate of burglaries. It turns out to be a Classy Cat-Burglar.\nThe titular character of Jean-Pierre Melville's gangster movie Bob Le Flambeur (Bob the Gambler) is incredibly well-dressed, stylish, debonair, and gentlemanly.\nCobb and Eames from Christopher Nolan's later and slightly more expensive feature, Inception.", "Gentleman Thief\nCobb from Christopher Nolan's low budget feature debut, Following. Although this is later revealed to be a cover for his real plan, which was to murder the Woman and implicate the Writer.\nIn Death Walks on High Heels, Nicole's father was one. He is murdered by someone searching for his last score : a million dollars worth of diamonds.", "Gentleman Thief\nSean Connery's character in Entrapment is just the bearded Scottish version of Pierce Brosnan's Irish Thomas Crown. Except Connery shares his screen time with a Classy Cat-Burglar and the infamous Laser Hallway.\nBaron von Geigern in Grand Hotel is a partial subversion. He actually fits the trope quite well\u2014urbane, sophisticated, suave gentleman hotel thief\u2014except for the fact that he's apparently being forced to be a hotel thief due to being deep in debt to bad people.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe protagonist of Headhunters is an art burglar who refuses to invade occupied homes, moves quickly, and leaves a replica for the owner.\nRobert De Niro's character in Heat, Neil McCauley, is a somewhat more realistic version of the Gentleman Thief.\nSimon Dermott in How to Steal a Million.\nSubverted\u2014he is actually an art expert working to uncover a forgery.\nHudson Hawk in Hudson Hawk, who sings show tunes to synchronize his robberies.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe film version of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen boasts the cheeky Cockney rogue Rodney Skinner, 'Genn'lemun Thief', as the Invisible Man, in lieu of the psychopathic rapist original Invisible Man, Dr. Hawley Griffin. Skinner apparently stole Griffin's invisibility formula. He kind of fails at the whole \"gentleman\" part. But he's adorable anyway", "Gentleman Thief\nHe's kind of a Composite Character; he has the powers of Dr Griffin, who was a Sociopathic Hero at best and would have made it nigh-impossible to avoid an M-rating without toning down his character a bit,note and yes, we know trying to adapt one of Alan Moore's works to the screen while keeping it PG-13 or under is missing the point, but what can you do", "Gentleman Thief\nBasically every protagonist in Ocean's 11, Ocean's 12, and Ocean's 13, as well as the antagonist \"Night Fox\" Toulour, though to a lesser extent.\nThe Old Man & the Gun: A biopic of Forrest Tucker, a career criminal bank robber who robbed banks for the thrill of it and was known for his dapper and gentlemanly bearing during robberies. In the film, it's his behavior that helps investigators link his various crimes throughout the midwest to the same man.", "Gentleman Thief\nFrank of Robot and Frank is not particularly classy or refined, but still shows aspects of this archetype, such as his meticulous research before each job and his insistence that only \"those insurance company crooks\" will get hurt from his heists.\nNick Wells (Robert De Niro) in The Score. He even owns a jazz club.", "Gentleman Thief\nMiles Cullen from The Silent Partner is a downplayed version of this trope, being more affable and down-to-earth than polite and gentlemanly. He also always dresses in a suit, but only because he's a bank teller and his job requires him to do so.\nPierce Brosnan plays a millionaire trying to be a Gentleman Thief in The Thomas Crown Affair (1999). \"It's just a game, love; it's just a game.\" Complete with a literal calling card: a pencil with the name of his firm left plainly at the scene of the final caper!", "Gentleman Thief\nAnd, of course, the original 1968 film starring Steve McQueen.\nTwenty Bucks: Gentleman Jimmy (Christopher Lloyd) always wears a suit and tie to knock over liquor stores, with lines like: \"Good evening, we were just robbing the store, will you both lie down on the floor, please? Right now, please.\" \"Thank you, have a nice evening.\"\nThe nameless Robber (played by William Powell) from Jewel Robbery. He's dressed well and treats his victims with respect.", "Gentleman Thief\nAs a matter of fact, I'm opposed to the American school of banditry. I studied in Paris. You have to work harder but you do acquire a certain finesse that is missing from the stick-em-up and shoot-them-down school.\nIn the French comedic World War II movie Gramps Is in the Resistance, the Super-R\u00e9sistant takes his inspiration from the Gentleman Thief rather than American superheroes \u2014 including the tuxedo, top hat and cape \u2014 to fight the Germans in Nazi-occupied France, mostly by ridiculing them.", "Gentleman Thief\nFant\u00f4mas is a literary and cinematic Gentleman Thief from France. He's also kind of a psycho-murderer as well. Crazy name, crazy guy.\nSubverted to pieces in the essay Memoirs of a Private Detective by Dashiell Hammett:", "Gentleman Thief\nSecond only to Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is Raffles in the affections of the daily press. The phrase \"gentleman crook\" is used on the slightest provocation. A composite portrait of the gentry upon whom the newspapers have bestowed this title would show a laudanum-drinker, with a large rhinestone-horseshoe aglow in the soiled bosom of his shirt below a bow-tie, leering at his victim, and saying: \"Now don't get scared, lady, I ain't gonna crack you on the bean. I ain't a rough-neck!\"", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Saint, AKA Simon Templar, was such a Gentleman Thief in the original stories (and also Ambiguously Brown as well, unusual in those days) that the TV series cleaned him up a lot, though not entirely. He doesn't always quite adhere to the code, though, in that he did not shrink from murdering criminals as well as taking their money. On one occasion, he tied the villains of the story up in an abandoned house, to which he then set fire, leaving them to burn alive", "Gentleman Thief\nPhilip Collin, aka Professor Pelotard, from the various books and short stories by Frank Heller. One thing that helps make Collin into one of the more memorable gentleman thieves is the fact that his first crimes are the same as his creator's, who, before becoming an author, was a swindler who went into a self-imposed exile in order to escape the Swedish police.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Thieves Guild in Discworld is said to run special courses for Gentleman Thieves. It's one thing being robbed, but it's annoying to learn that your possessions were stolen by a man in a borrowed suit.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Discworld Assassins' Guild has a large proportion of gentleman members; this is because the Guild runs one of the best schools on the Disc, specialist subjects aside, and many upper-class boys get their education there before going on to other careers. It's not all upper-class males, though; the school now has two all-girls houses, and offers scholarships to prospective students who are too poor to pay the fees but show potential to be really good at killing people", "Gentleman Thief\nMoist von Lipwig may have scammed people out of all their money, but he has never committed a violent crime. Plus, after the challenge of his new job wore off, he turns to breaking into his own building. But the trope is somewhat deconstructed, when Mr. Pump states that, despite Moist's rules and gentlemanly nature, he's still killed 2.338 people, albeit indirectly, by the damage he's done to people's lives.", "Gentleman Thief\nIn Men at Arms, though, Edward D'Eath seems to think there could be no such thing as a gentleman thief: \"If he had trained as a Fool, he would have invented satire and made jokes about the Patrician. If he had trained as a Thief (of course, no gentleman would dream of being trained as a Thief) he would have broken into the palace and stolen something very valuable from the Patrician.\"", "Gentleman Thief\nHugenay (Huganay?), the art thief from the kid detective series \"The Three Investigators\" is a borderline case. Began as Faux Affably Evil and choose to drop the faux later (even co-working with the heroes sometimes). In any case, he's still at large.\nQuinn/Alex from Kay Hooper's Once a Thief and Always a Thief novels fits this to a T, though he prefers the term \"cat burglar\".", "Gentleman Thief\nSeveral already mentioned on this page appear in the Massive Multiplayer Crossover that is Anno Dracula. In Daikaiju, Jeperson sardonically reflects that \"Anthony Peak\" (named, incidentally, after a species of lupin) is the sort of chap who steals a Formal Full Array of Cutlery in the correct order.", "Gentleman Thief\nArs\u00e8ne Lupin, titular thief of the series of short stories and books written by Maurice Leblanc between 1905 and 1939, and five additional volumes written by Boileau-Narcejac in the 1970s. This Gentleman Thief moonlights as a detective. He was the precursor of Ars\u00e8ne Lupin III, and is pretty much the Trope Namer, as the first collection of short stories on the character is called Ars\u00e8ne Lupin: Gentleman Cambrioleur (Ars\u00e8ne Lupin: Gentleman Burglar)", "Gentleman Thief\nHe's also the Trope Codifier, exhibiting many of the tropes associated with this trope and Phantom Thief: Calling Cards, being a Master of Disguise, announcing his crimes ahead of time, fighting evil criminals, and displaying a general romantic attitude.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Baron was John Creasy's version of The Saint.\nSilk, also known as Prince Kheldar, from The Belgariad and the Malloreon, is an excellent example of this. Of course, he is also a spy. And a successful entrepreneur to the point that he can get away with the Mallorean government being aware of him being this trope and a spy (well, an important and very good spy. All Drasnian merchants are assumed to be spies), simply by being so integral to their economy that it'd crash if he withdrew.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Crimson Shadow: Oliver deBurrows, a charming and chivalrous \"highway halfling\".\nDinotopia: Journey to Chandara has a highwayman who robs travelers of all their possessions and gives them all of their loot from the previous victim.\nDrenai saga:\nBowman, a Robin Hood-esque outlaw from Legend.\nScaler from its sequel.", "Gentleman Thief\nJack Foley, an Elmore Leonard character (from Out of Sight and Road Dogs). While he worked as a bank robber, he made a point of never using a gun while robbing more banks than anyone else in the FBI databanks. In the film version of Out of Sight, we get to see him in action, using only the suggestion of violence to rob a bank teller: he even talks politely with the stressed-out girl during the whole ordeal, to the point where she reflexively wishes him a good day when he leaves", "Gentleman Thief\nIt's only when he's dealing with genuine thugs that Foley gets violent. In the follow-up novel, Road Dogs, an FBI agent desperate to arrest Foley is only obsessed with the ex-con because he's worried that the media will some day find out about Foley's story and turn him into a Gentleman Thief anti-hero.", "Gentleman Thief\nFlambeau is a clever, strong, joking, and very tall jewel thief of the Father Brown series by G. K. Chesterton. His name means \"torch\" in French. He liked to use paradoxical disguises (as in The Queer Feet)", "Gentleman Thief\nAfter several encounters with Father Brown, the trope was deconstructed in \"The Flying Stars\", in which Father Brown pointed out that he had thoughtlessly left a situation where an innocent person was likely to be blamed for the crime he committed and persuaded him that it was impossible to remain a honourable outlaw without Slowly Slipping Into Evil. He then reformed and became a private detective.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe series title of Scott Lynch's Gentleman Bastard (The Lies of Locke Lamora, Red Seas Under Red Skies) gives a nod to this trope and to the nature of the central protagonists", "Gentleman Thief\nLocke is actually pretty much a deconstruction of this trope: his deeds inspired the legend of the \"Thorn of Camorr\", who is a gentleman thief, but the real Locke Lamora will not hesitate to kick a few dogs to reach his goals, even if he still have his standards (after all, he is also a priest of the 13th), hence the bastard (singular) in the series title. Because of his intelligence and education, people may expect this of him, even knowing that he is a thief", "Gentleman Thief\nHe speculates about this at one point, after he punches out his elderly woman captor, who apparently never considered that he would do such a thing, to gain an antidote to her poisoning and escape.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe In Death series: you can be sure that Roarke became this as he became an adult. He is as suave as they come and is certainly an expert at stealing.\nIn The Iron Teeth web serial, the Robin Hood-like bandit leader the White Raven is an example of this trope. He was apparently honorable, charming, and rarely killed anyone.\nNobby Cranton from the Lord Peter Wimsey novel The Nine Tailors pretends to be a Gentleman Thief. The only impediment is that he isn't a gentleman.", "Gentleman Thief\nNicholas Valiarde (Donatien), a recurring character in Martha Wells's Ile-Rien series and the hero of the novel The Death of the Necromancer, is a master art thief from whom no wealthy collector's mansion is safe.\nKelsier and his crew from Mistborn by Brandon Sanderson. Breeze however is the culmination of this trope in the group. He lives the fine wines and finer suits, and is the most larcenous of the team, whereas the others are usually a little more hands-on and prone to mingling with the skaa.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe titular character in the Montmorency series is an interesting twist on this. He is a gentleman and a thief, but not both at the same time at first. He often struggles about which one is his real self and ends up progressing from a common pickpocket to a spy for the British government, at which point he truly becomes a Gentleman Thief.", "Gentleman Thief\nNick Velvet (from a series of short stories by Edward D. Hoch) is a professional thief for hire, with a peculiar specialty: for a flat fee, he steals only objects of negligible apparent value. Since his first appearance in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in September 1966, he has stolen such things as an old spiderweb (which he was then obliged to replace), a day-old newspaper, and a used teabag. His original fee for a theft was $20,000", "Gentleman Thief\nIn 1980, he raised it to $25,000 at the urging of his long-time girlfriend Gloria (who met Nick in 1965 when he was burgling her New York apartment); in the 21st century, his fee has risen to $50,000. Unlike many fictional thieves, Nick usually works alone on his thefts\u2014in fact, until 1979, Gloria believed that Nick worked for the U.S. government.", "Gentleman Thief\nSeregil and, later, Alec in Lynn Flewelling's Nightrunner books.\nThe Jackal, in Catherine Fisher's The Oracle Trilogy, is a pretty good example.\nPsmith, prone to occasional petty theft under the guise of \"practical socialism\", goes full-blown gentleman thief in his last installment, Leave It to Psmith, wherein he's hired to steal a diamond necklace. He's hindered by the fact that some rather less-gentlemanly characters have been put onto the same job...", "Gentleman Thief\nJean le Flambeur from The Quantum Thief is a transhuman version of the character archetype, closely based on Ars\u00e8ne Lupin. He's a master thief in a day and age when upload-collectives rule the Solar System, and minds are a dominant currency.", "Gentleman Thief\nRaffles: Raffles is a character who has been around in literary form since the 1890s. Invented by E. W. Hornung, who meant him to be a subversion of the trope: definitely not a nice guy, and stealing for profit rather than for fun or altruism. (See further discussion under Depraved Bisexual.) It was no use, though; Hornung's readers saw Raffles as glamorous anyway, and later incarnations of the character invariably make him into a hero.", "Gentleman Thief\nSee the other Wiki for a list of works featuring Raffles. He has also appeared as a minor character in the webcomic Scary Go Round (see below).\nThe difference between Raffles as created by Hornung, and Raffles as developed by others was parodied by Jon L. Breen in \"Ruffles versus Ruffles\", where the no-good crook and the heroic adventurer are brothers: A.J. Ruffles and R.J. Ruffles.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Scarlet Pimpernel: Although Sir Percy Blakeney is only a \"thief\" in that he \"steals\" people sentenced to the guillotine during the Reign of Terror - nonetheless most aspects of his character and methods conform to this trope, right down to leaving a calling card at the scene.", "Gentleman Thief\nShadows of Self (second book of Wax and Wayne, sequel to Mistborn): The Marksman sets himself up as this, which is why Wax was willing to leave him to the city watch. But then the Marksman started killing people in the course of his robberies.", "Gentleman Thief\nEli Monpress of The Spirit Thief is this, and also a wizard. His \"light\" (it's hard to explain, you have to see it, say all the spirits) makes it so that most spirits will do as he asks without a servant or a slave bond (as the good guys and the bad guys use, respectively), letting him pull off blatantly impossible acts of wizardry. His goal in life is to increase his bounty to one million golden standards (an insane amount, quoted as being more money than exists in the world).", "Gentleman Thief\n\"Slippery\" Jim diGriz, the protagonist of The Stainless Steel Rat. Living in a future where only a genius could ever make it as a crook, diGriz considers himself a public benefactor who spices up the lives of local police and keeps money in circulation.", "Gentleman Thief\nGary Karkofsky a.k.a Merciless: The Supervillain without Mercy TM in The Supervillainy Saga is this without the gentleman part. Described by the author as \"Hudson Hawk with magic\", he's someone who wishes he could rob banks and museums with impunity but constantly gets roped into fighting worse villains instead.", "Gentleman Thief\nPanamon Creel from The Sword of Shannara Trilogy does an amazing impression of one of these, yet at the core, he's far more of an Affably Evil highwayman than he is one of these, and he knows it, putting on the act in an attempt at convincing himself that he hasn't wasted his life.\nLeighton, the villain of The Thinking Machine story \"The Missing Necklace\", is a master jewel thief that Scotland Yard has been pursuing for years.\nTortall Universe:", "Gentleman Thief\nGeorge Cooper of Song of the Lioness is King of the Thieves and keeps \"court\", which has rules that he follows. He's a Worthy Opponent to the Lord Provost and has no problem befriending a couple of pages.\nRosto the Piper in the Beka Cooper books is sometimes speculated to have been a Scanran noble or similar because he's clearly well-educated and considered to be a very sensible Rogue.\nJohn Smythe Tregarth from Elizabeth Peters' Vicky Bliss series.", "Gentleman Thief\nWalter Jon Williams's Drake Maijstral series is entirely based on this trope. Drake is an \"allowed burglar\", which is actually a legal profession in the far future galactic empire. You may legally ply burglary as your trade if and only if you are a gentleman thief. You must always behave as a gentleman (or woman). Violence is forbidden. When you steal something, it doesn't become yours for 24 hours, and if you do get caught during that time, you must surrender politely or risk losing your license", "Gentleman Thief\nAnd the thing you stole must stay under your control or that of a subordinate for the full 24 hours\u2014no hiding it in a drainpipe and hoping nobody finds it. You are also expected to steal classy things. Which is not to say that you can't steal cash from a bank vault. But if that's all you steal, you may be in trouble. Allowed burglars are literally judged on style.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Pontiac Bandit in Brooklyn Nine-Nine isn't technically a gentleman, but he's pretty much this trope in almost every other respect (or at least as close as a car thief who only ever jacks Pontiacs can get). He's an incredibly affable, friendly, and likeable guy who clearly likes Detective Peralta, the police officer trying to catch him... but who clearly likes playing mind-games with Peralta and outwitting him to get away scot-free even more.", "Gentleman Thief\nJerry Fagin, an international jewel thief who made a single appearance in Cagney & Lacey solely to challenge Cagney to a duel of wits. His first action is to pull a heist and plant evidence all over the scene that points to the police department itself. When this becomes clear, Cagney immediately says, \"Jerry Fagin! Nobody else would do this with such unmitigated . . . style!\"\nCarlton Dial from Fortune Hunter was a gentleman thief on the side of the angels.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Cat from the Funky Squad episode \"Diamonds Are a Cat's Best Friend\".\nAutolycus, the King of Thieves of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess fame.\nHustle likes to play with this one. It's Albert's favourite character, despite him being a former cobbler. Mickey tends to be suave and debonair, as well. The others, not so much...", "Gentleman Thief\nIt Takes a Thief was about a second-generation Gentleman Thief who was caught and given the choice of prison or helping the government. He chose helping the government. Inspired by, though not based upon, the 1955 Cary Grant motion picture To Catch a Thief (see above). Notable for starring Robert Wagner as the thief and Fred Astaire!!! as his father, who says at the start of every third season episode, \"I've heard of stealing from the government, but stealing for the government?\".", "Gentleman Thief\nSteve McBride, James McAvoy's character in Series 1-2 of Shameless (UK), who is also known as a middle-class thief. His American counterpart also counts, though it's also deconstructed some as his criminal connections also give him (and by extension, the Gallagher family) trouble.\nThe Lupinrangers from Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger are essentially this, being ordered to reclaim the items once stolen from Arsene Lupin aptly collectively named the \"Lupin Collection\".", "Gentleman Thief\nArchie Leach, played by Richard Chamberlain was Parker's mentor and appears to still be effective despite being retired. He is almost never without his canes, one has a 6-inch stiletto blade and the other is a taser capable of delivering 10,000 volts. He once stole an ancient Chinese artifact by getting into a fancy party dressed as a waitstaff pushing a cake, which is hollow, past security before putting on his suit and walking about", "Gentleman Thief\nA simple swap, after using the taser cane to make the lights go off, real sword into the cake and fake handle in the place, and he walks out without a second glance.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe main crew plays with this idea. While they always are the Brains, Grifter, Hitter, Hacker, and Thiefnote respectively Nathan Ford, Sophie, Elliot Spencer, Hardison, and Parker, the victims they are helping never know their roles, and the bad guys are sometimes made to believe that the roles have been switched. Sometimes that's the plan, and sometimes it's in response to a thrown curveball. Nathan, as the Brains, does play Gentleman Thief at times, as have the rest of them every so often", "Gentleman Thief\nMission: Impossible: In \"For Art's Sake\", the IMF have to shut down a murderous gentleman thief and recover his store of stolen art.", "Gentleman Thief\nDennis Stanton, a Recurring Character in Murder, She Wrote, was a Gentleman Thief in his first appearance, although, in later appearances, he used his skills as an insurance investigator. He worked by three rules: he never steals from anyone who can't afford it, he never steals anything with sentimental value, and he makes sure that everything he steals is insured by the company who refused to pay for his late wife to have a life-saving operation.", "Gentleman Thief\nAnother episode featured an art thief who eventually proved to be this: once exposed by Jessica he quite politely and affably admitted to his crimes, explained his motive, noted that he only stole insured works and he even returned the last work that he'd stolen (he'd fenced the rest). Of course, there was the matter of the murder committed during one of the thefts of which he was innocent.\nAssane Diop of Netflix's Lupin. He based his thieving style on Ars\u00e8ne Lupin.", "Gentleman Thief\nSubverted in the Psych episode, \"Extradition: British Colombia.\" Pierre Despereaux seems to be one of these, but as it turns out it's actually an elaborate art-insurance scam: the owners let Desperaux steal the art (who then presumably sells it on the black market or perhaps keeps some of it himself), so the cash-strapped owners can collect the insurance money rather than having to sell the art themselves (which is rather embarrassing).", "Gentleman Thief\nPlayed straight when he comes back in later episodes. He lives up to his previously fake legacy, and really is an amazing thief and escape artist.\nRemington Steele was this kind of character before taking over his role as a private investigator.\nNeal Caffrey from White Collar presents himself like this but comes from a blue-collar background and a large payout is his primary motivation for committing crimes. Flashbacks also show that if he is low on funds, he is not above doing basic street-level cons.", "Gentleman Thief\nWonder Woman: Evan Robley in \"The Queen and the Thief\". He charms the Queen, is hired to steal the crown jewels, is clearly uncomfortable with guns or violence (although he does beg off from confronting Wonder Woman, so it may just be pragmatism), and joins forces with Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor to foil the evil plot of Ambassador Orrick. And is appointed an ambassador for doing so.", "Gentleman Thief\nFrench singer Jacques Dutronc has a song called \"Gentleman Cambrioleur\" about such a guy. A cambrioleur is a burglar, by the way.\nIn Woody Guthrie's \"Pretty Boy Floyd\", the titular outlaw pays off the mortgages of farmers facing eviction, leaves a $1,000 bill under a hungry stranger's napkin, and drops off a carload of groceries for families on relief. Near the end, Woody muses that some rob with a gun and others rob with a fountain pen, yet an outlaw would never drive a family from their home.", "Gentleman Thief\nMythology and Legend\nRobin Hood, in his usual classic portrayals, robs from the rich and gives to the poor. In some versions, he is a former Noble, making him more literally a Gentleman Thief.\nThe point of the indie solo RPG ''Gentleman Bandit , to the point where the mechanics aren't about actually doing crime; they're focused on writing a poem about why you're doing crime.\nYou're a highwayman of the old guard, possessed of a fine suit and even finer elocution.", "Gentleman Thief\nMutants & Masterminds has Magpie, who has the added advantage of being able to teleport (though he's still a skilled-enough acrobat, athlete, contortionist and escape artist to not need that ability). His main foe was the sceond Raven, whom he shamelessly flirted with note after her retirement, he left a calling card in the headquarters of her replacement. Said replacement wasn't amused, and his \"barely restrained temper\" has since been exploited by Magpie on a number of occasions", "Gentleman Thief\nHe \"admires beauty in all its forms\", leaves a calling card at the scene of each theft, and his code of honor forbids him from stealing from those who have very little, or engaging in crimes with the potential to turn violent (i.e, kidnapping, murder, drug-running). As of 3e, he's taking on apprentices.", "Gentleman Thief\nTrilby , from the Chzo Mythos and its platformer Gaiden Game, Trilby: The Art of Theft, all by Ben \"Yahtzee\" Croshaw, of Zero Punctuation fame, who stole his hat. This is most pronounced in The Art Of Theft: He only steals from the rich or other criminals, doesn't like resorting to lethal force, leaves his calling card with a picture of his hat, and anonymously donates one of his prizes to science. He'll even abandon heists if he's done too much damage (e.g. knocked out too many guards)", "Gentleman Thief\nCarmen Sandiego of the self-titled gaming franchise is a female variant. She's cultured and suave but is the world's best thief nevertheless. Her fashion tastes are conservative though (it is a children's series), always in a full-length trench coat and wide-brimmed fedora, which is why she isn't under Classy Cat-Burglar. She was one of the best a star ACME agents until she took a Face\u2013Heel Turn due to boredom.", "Gentleman Thief\nRoguefort Cookie from Cookie Run, while not confirmed to be male, is pretty masculine presenting and otherwise fits the criteria. They dress in a fancy suit, top hat, and monocle and carry a Classy Cane. They steal almost exclusively jewls, leave calling cards, and are know for being very charming. They are also very friendly towards their two main rivals, Walnut Cookie and Almond Cookie.", "Gentleman Thief\nRisque the thief, from Dokapon Kingdom. He acts similarly to Boo in the Mario Party series, but instead of a ghostly cackle, he has a roguish laugh and a nice hat.\nDragon Age II has Varric, a Merchant-Prince. He's even introduced stopping a pickpocket from robbing Hawke, pinning the thief to the wall with a crossbow bolt, then while he's trapped casually offers some advice on how to rob people;", "Gentleman Thief\nVarric: You know, I once knew a guy once who could take every coin out of your pockets just by smiling at you! But you, you don't have the style to work Hightown, let alone the Merchants' Guild! [takes the coin back] You might want to find yourself a new line of work? [punches him and pulls out the bolt] Off you go!", "Gentleman Thief\nHawke also falls into this role, at least in Act I where they're doing mercenary work, and in the \"Mark of the Assassin\" DLC where s/he assists a beautiful assassin in stealing a priceless jewel. Well, not really, but they are trying to recover something valuable.\nThe Elder Scrolls:", "Gentleman Thief\nThroughout the series, when playing the Thieves' Guild quest line, it is often encouraged for the Player Character to be one. The Guild is generally violence averse, and several of the games offer greater rewards when Thieves Guild quests are completed without bloodshed, encouraging Actual Pacifism", "Gentleman Thief\nYou can also choose to dress in fancy clothing and rob only the rich outside of your quests and, since you generally make a lot of money easily in these games, you'll rarely ever have to steal for an actual living.", "Gentleman Thief\nIn Morrowind, Thieves Guild Master Thief Gentleman Jim Stacey is one. He dresses in a full suit of \"extravagant\" clothing, speaks tactfully, and wants to revive the Bal Malogmer, an ancient group of Just Like Robin Hood thieves practice Karmic Thievery.\nIn Oblivion, the Gray Fox serves as leader of the Thieves Guild. Once the curse on his Gray Cowl is lifted, he is revealed to be a literal example: Count Corvus Umbranox, Lord of Anvil.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe late former Guildmaster Gallus in Skyrim definitely counted when he was alive \u2014 he once formed a steadfast friendship with a guy while he was robbing him. This is especially noticeable when contrasted with the Arc Villain of the Thieves Guild storyline, Mercer Frey, who's revealed to be nothing but a treacherous cutthroat with zero class.", "Gentleman Thief\nSomewhat subverted with Loxley from Fallout who deliberately styles himself after Robin Hood, giving himself an exaggerated British accent and a \"jolly-good\" attitude that makes him stick out like a sore thumb against the gritty post-apocalyptic American landscape", "Gentleman Thief\nHe claims to not like killing, hates the cops and Water Merchants in the Hub, and has the others in his Thieves Circle donate part of their winnings to the poor, but his highly condescending nature make him less altruistic than he wants to appear as.", "Gentleman Thief\nBalthier from Final Fantasy XII is the embodiment of this trope.\nLocke from Final Fantasy VI (though he prefers the term 'treasure hunter').\nZidane from Final Fantasy IX, who is one of the nicest and well-adjusted heroes of the entire Final Fantasy series despite being a Casanova Wannabe.\nWhat Colm from Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones grows into in his solo ending. If you get him to marry Neimi through supports, he gives it up to protect his new family.", "Gentleman Thief\nChat Noir from Granblue Fantasy loves the thrill of the challenge and never acts maliciously towards his opponents. He generally tries to play fair by using a calling card to tip off his victims to see if they can beat him. And he looks the appearance right down to the monocle, top hat, and jewel tipped cane.\nSky Pirate Johnny from Guilty Gear.", "Gentleman Thief\nSkye from Harvest Moon DS has\u2014are you ready for this?\u2014a \"Maiden Chick Beam\" that freezes women so that he can steal from them (of course, they're usually too busy swooning to stop him anyways). He also leaves a note before he steals, informing his targets of when he will arrive.\nDaroach, leader of the eponymous gang of thieves in Kirby: Squeak Squad, certainly gives off this vibe, what with the nice hat and scepter. It's lampshaded in a few of his hints in Mass Attack.\nThe Phantom class from MapleStory.", "Gentleman Thief\nIn Mass Effect 3 Citadel DLC's casino mission, you come across a self-professed turian \"con artist\" on the prowl. He insists he is not a \"con man\", as those leave their marks angry. He, like other con artists, leave their marks smiling.\nP.B. Winterbottom from The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom. It's always pie but still, he never paid for it.\nIn Monaco: What's Yours Is Mine this role is filled (Naturally) by The Gentleman.", "Gentleman Thief\nInvoked by the heroes of Persona 5, who moonlight as fancily dressed thieves who leave Calling Cards and target the wealthy and powerful who have exploited their positions to hurt others. Further, the Protagonist wields an Anthropomorphic Personification of his own psyche styled after Ars\u00e8ne Lupin, the Trope Codifier.", "Gentleman Thief\nMask\u2606DeMasque, from Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney \u2013 Trials and Tribulations, who carries out his thieving with Don Quixote-esque enthusiasm. The personality is not there, however, as Ron DeLite is a Nervous Wreck Cowardly Lion who steals primarily to support his wife's shopping habit.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Yatagarasu in Investigations, except the calling card is always sent after the theft...and what the Yatagarasu steals is the \"truth\". In other words, they (yes, they) uncover, steal, and deliver to the media incriminating information regarding people who otherwise can't be touched by the law, so that they'll actually be forced to pay for their crimes. The Yatagarasu's signature music is even CALLED Gentleman Thief.", "Gentleman Thief\nSly Cooper is a cartoonish, raccoon, video game equivalent. He even has his own Worthy Opponent in the form of Carmelita Fox, with whom UST is a pronounced, recurring theme.\nMr. L, Luigi's Brainwashed and Crazy alter-ego from Super Paper Mario.\nThe Silver Zephyr in Wario: Master of Disguise as the titular main character from the Show Within a Show Wario stumbles into (in more ways than one). At least until Wario stole the sentient magic cane which powered his transformations into his alter ego.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Gentleman Thief from Zork I, naturally.\nMonsieur in Bandette is a highly-cultured, impeccably-mannered antiquarian book dealer, who is also a cat burglar who steals antiques and art objects from people who don't appreciate them enough.\nMr. Hyde robs banks, stores, and the rich, but he also takes pride in being well dressed and he even has a chivalrous side in MK's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde.", "Gentleman Thief\nScary Go Round occasionally features \"Raffles\", who lives the trope so determinedly that he may well be designed as an Intercontinuity Crossover from the original Raffles stories (see above under Literature), despite the different time period.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Hourglass of Wake of the Clash is a thief of substantial popularity, rivaling that of Airstrike, whose fans can be seen right beside his, sporting themed merch during heists. He often spouts off cutting one-liners and clever insults at the heroes he faces and deftly maneuvers his heists to be as flashy as possible. It has been mentioned by the author that Hourglass will often play up their fights to make their escapades more entertaining to onlookers.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe Onion: Bad Boy Fencing Star Implicated In Daring Jewel Heist .\nRoman Torchwick of Rooster Teeth's RWBY has the looks and attitude, though he's a straight-up gangster rather than the burglar or pickpocket associated with the trope. He's well-dressed in a white jacket and ascot, with a cigar and derby hat completing the look, full of snappy witticisms with a cane/RPG for a weapon.", "Gentleman Thief\nJeremy Archer from Shadow of the Templar. He uses non-lethal weapons to avoid killing people during his thefts, has sexual tension with Simon, the FBI agent chasing after him in the first novel (which stops being tension soon after), and acts as an occasional consultant for Simon's team on cases involving more dangerous criminals or that involve his area of expertise.", "Gentleman Thief\nThe trope is kind of subverted in that, while he's extremely charming, any time he charms a woman, he does it with tongue firmly in cheek. It's implied that basically everyone knows he's gay (the team doesn't know because Jeremy doesn't want to mess up Simon's life). According to Word of God, he's bisexual with a preference toward men.\nIt's also played with in that he falls pretty well under Classy Cat-Burglar (what with the Spy Catsuit and the Dating Catwoman with Simon), despite being male.", "Gentleman Thief\nIn Episode 53 of Kaeloo, Kaeloo and Stumpy pretend to be Gentleman Thieves.\nMy Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic: Pinkie Pie describes Donut Joe as a Gentleman Thief expy of James Bond when she accuses him of eating the desserts on the train. It Makes Sense in Context. Twilight Sparkle is very quick to correct her.\nTwilight Sparkle: Joe is not sleek, stealthy Con Mane! He's big, gruff, and messy!\nPopeye encounters one of these in \"Choose Yer Weppins\".", "Gentleman Thief\nThe one-shot character Malloy from The Simpsons. After being caught at the end of the episode, he graciously returns the items he has stolen\u2014immediately followed by tricking the entire town of Springfield into searching for his buried stash while he escapes their jail.\nBarack Obama, John McCain, and the rest of the thief club in the South Park episode \"About Last Night\". Trey and Matt mention that Ocean's Eleven was their inspiration for their theft plot, so that helps.", "Gentleman Thief\nRed X from Teen Titans (2003). He also has a bit of a Worthy Opponent relationship with Robin that occasionally delves into Friendly Enemy at certain points, with Red X deliberately placing himself in situations where he might be caught in order to help Robin (and, by extension, the rest of the Titans)", "Gentleman Thief\nIt's made most obvious in the episode \"Revved Up\" when the two are racing on their motorcycles (and against other villains) in order to be the first to steal an already once-stolen case that is incredibly important to Robin. After a stray bomb throws Red X from his bike, Robin saves Red X's life by grabbing him out of mid-air and pulling him onto Robin's own motorcycle.", "Gentleman Thief\nRed X: The briefcase really means that much to you?\nRobin: [grimly] You have no idea.\nRed X: Then go get it.\n[Red X leaps off the back of the R-Cycle, then proceeds to effortlessly take out every other villain in the race, along with their vehicles, in about five seconds]\nPhantom Limb from The Venture Bros. is another example. It is canon that Phantom Limb is the descendant of Fant\u00f4mas.", "Gentleman Thief\nIn his memoirs, badass early-1900s detective Frederick Porter Wensley refers to the Spider, a brilliant Gentleman Thief who turned to a life of crime for a sense of adventure.\nThe \"Dean of American Bank Robbers\", Harvey Bailey.\nSon'ka the Golden Hand (\u0421\u043e\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0447\u043a\u0430) was a famous lady thief and con artist of Imperial Russia during the late 19th century, who casually robbed the rich bourgeoisie of tens of thousands of rubles, posing as an aristocrat.\nJohn Dillinger counted.", "Gentleman Thief\nThere was a period when the fashion for stage magicians included exploiting this image. When performing for wealthier groups, part of the act would usually include mingling with and pick-pocketing from the audience (and ostentatiously returning the loot).", "Gentleman Thief\nSamuel Bellamy, better known as \"Black Sam\", achieved a reputation for being known as the \"Prince of Pirates\", and he even likened himself to Robin Hood, and his crew called themselves \"Robin Hood's Men\" and sometimes called their captain the \"Robin Hood of the Sea\". His appearance was that of a tall, strong, well-mannered, and very tidy man, by which time he was known as \"Black Bellamy\". He captured more than 50 ships, and his accumulated wealth is estimated today to be worth $120 million in 2008 dollars", "Gentleman Thief\nHis leadership style was democratic, and he was well-liked by his men. Sadly, his life was cut short when he was killed at age 28 in a shipwreck off the Massachusetts coast.", "Gentleman Thief\nStede Bonnet was known as the \"Gentleman Pirate\" due to having been moderately wealthy before turning to his life of crime, which was instigated by a desire to get away from his nagging wife (and possible mental illness). He treated his crew like employees and paid them regular wages, as opposed to splitting whatever plunder they got. He even served under Blackbeard for a time, at least until Blackbeard ditched him and ran off with his share of the loot", "Gentleman Thief\nUnlike Black Sam, Bonnet wasn't well-respected by his men as his lack of experience led to him making asinine decisions like challenging a Spanish man-o'-war.", "Gentleman Thief\nForrest Tucker , who spent his whole life up to his late 70s robbing banks with a gentlemanly manner.\nBlack Bart the stagecoach robber earned notoriety for his courtesy during robberies. He never swore, never fired his shotgun, and left behind whimsical poems after two of his robberies.", "Gentleman Thief\nWinona Ryder, oddly enough. She had an infamous event where she was arrested for shoplifting, but generally has a reputation for being a Nice Girl, and even the cops who arrested and interrogated her described her as a \"nice lady\".", "Gentleman Thief\nMatthew Brady , AKA \"Gentleman Brady\". A servant, probably a groom, who stole a few small food items and a basket in England and was transported to Australia, he became a bushranger after escaping and was known for his courtesy, especially towards women", "Gentleman Thief\nHe also had a reputation for quick wit, responding to the governor posting a price on his head by offering a reward for the governor's! One article on his career reported that when robbing a reverend's house, the priest begged them not to disturb his wife, so the gang plundered the house in dead silence", "Gentleman Thief\nWhen Brady's luck ran out and he was sentenced to hang, his cell was full of gifts sent by admirers, there were multiple petitions to spare his life, and while he did complain at having to share the gallows with a cannibalistic serial killer, he was reported to Face Death with Dignity.", "Gentleman Thief\nFriendly Enemy\nNl/Anti-Schurk\nHarmless Villain\nGentleman Snarker\nAn Index of Ladies and Gentlemen\nGentleman Wizard\nGeneric Ethnic Crime Gang\nGetaway Driver\nTimeImmemorial/Tropes A to G\nGeorge Jetson Job Security\nGreat Gazoo\nFive-Finger Discount\nSteal This Index\nGive Me Back My Wallet\nGood All Along\nGentleman Detective\nAlways Male\nWeAreNotAlone/Tropes E to L\nGermans Love David Hasselhoff\nImageSource/Literature\nPhantom Thief\nEvil Overlord\nGambit Index\nGuile Hero\nFriendly Pirate\nAnti-Villain\nDragon Tropes"]

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[58379, 58408, 0.17241379], [58408, 58435, 0.14814815], [58435, 58447, 0.16666667], [58447, 58468, 0.14285714], [58468, 58485, 0.17647059], [58485, 58508, 0.2173913], [58508, 58523, 0.2], [58523, 58543, 0.1], [58543, 58555, 0.16666667], [58555, 58583, 0.25], [58583, 58613, 0.13333333], [58613, 58636, 0.13043478], [58636, 58650, 0.14285714], [58650, 58664, 0.14285714], [58664, 58677, 0.15384615], [58677, 58688, 0.18181818], [58688, 58704, 0.125], [58704, 58717, 0.15384615], [58717, 58731, 0.14285714], [58731, 58754, 0.13043478], [58754, 58791, 0.16216216], [58791, 58818, 0.14814815]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 58818, 0.92591822]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 58818, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 58818, 0.87999183]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 58818, 323.35828036]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 58818, 1071.27453306]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 58818, 560.68754042]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 58818, 521.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.frontnews.ge/en/news/details/42206

Iran rejects Ukraine's accusations of selling drones to Russia

["Iran rejects Ukraine's accusations of selling drones to Russia\nIran rejected Ukraine's accusations of supporting the Russian Federation and declared \"the influence of third countries\"\nIran has rejected Ukraine's accusations of selling kamikaze drones to Russia. Tehran declared the \"influence of third countries\". This was reported by the publication Tasnim.\nSpokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nasser Kanani said that he regrets the deterioration of diplomatic relations between Iran and Ukraine.", "Iran rejects Ukraine's accusations of selling drones to Russia\n\"This decision is based on unconfirmed reports and is caused by the creation of media space by foreign parties,\" he said.\nAt the same time, Iran was assured that it would supposedly maintain neutrality in the war unleashed by Russia, and the head of the Foreign Ministry held a series of meetings with the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs to \"help resolve the crisis.\"", "Iran rejects Ukraine's accusations of selling drones to Russia\n\"Kanani advised the government of this country (Ukraine) to avoid the influence of third countries, which seek to destroy relations between the two countries,\" the message reads.\nIran threatened a \"firm\" response to EU sanctions\nIran announced the creation of the first hypersonic ballistic missile\nISW: Iranian media reported that Patrushev had arrived in Iran: he can talk about supplying missiles\nTehran claims that it supplied drones before the start of Russia's war against Ukraine", "Iran rejects Ukraine's accusations of selling drones to Russia\nIran has raised the \"flag of revenge\": the Air Force said what this means for Ukraine\nIran declared its readiness for negotiations with Ukraine in order to refute the accusations\n'); a.document.write(divContents); a.document.write('\n'); a.document.close(); a.print(); }"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.biblestudytools.com/csb/judges/1-34.html

Judges 1:34 - The Amorites forced the Danites into the hill country

["Judges 1:34 - The Amorites forced the Danites into the hill country\nJudges 1:34\n34 The Amorites forced the Danites into the hill country and did not allow them to go down into the valley.\nPREVIOUS Judges 1:33 NEXT Judges 1:35\nJudges 1:34 Meaning and Commentary\nAnd the Amorites forced the children of Dan into the", "Judges 1:34 - The Amorites forced the Danites into the hill country\nInto the mountainous part of the tribe of Dan; the most noted mountains in it were Sear and Baalah, which lay on the border of Judah, ( Joshua 15:10 Joshua 15:11 ) ; Joppa in this tribe was built on an high rock, and so Gibbethon, as its name seems to import, perhaps was built on a hill or mountain, as were the cities after mentioned:\nfor they would not suffer them to come down to the valley;", "Judges 1:34 - The Amorites forced the Danites into the hill country\nwhich lay between Joppa and Caesarea, the plain of Sharon, in which were Lydda, Jamnia which belonged to their tribe, and they afterwards enjoyed; (See Gill on Joshua 19:48).\nJudges 1:34 In-Context\n32 The Asherites lived among the Canaanites who were living in the land, because they failed to drive them out.", "Judges 1:34 - The Amorites forced the Danites into the hill country\n33 Naphtali did not drive out the residents of Beth-shemesh or the residents of Beth-anath. They lived among the Canaanites who were living in the land, but the residents of Beth-shemesh and Beth-anath served as their forced labor.\n35 The Amorites refused to leave Har-heres, Aijalon, and Shaalbim. When the house of Joseph got the upper hand, the Amorites were made to serve as forced labor.\n36 The territory of the Amorites extended from the ascent of Akrabbim, that is from Sela upward."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.teamtto.org/index.php/international-games/olympic-games/tokyo-2020/8500-from-tokyo-to-tokyo-it-has-been-57-years-of-change-for-the-olympic-games

"From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games"

["From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nTeam TTO Trinidad and Tobago Olympic Committee\nCANOEING/ROWING\nCONTRACT BRIDGE\nCUE SPORTS\nDRAUGHTS / CHECKERS\nPIGEON RACING\nRUGBY FOOTBALL\nTTCGA\nTTO ANTI-DOPING\nWADA ANTI-DOPING E-LEARNING\nTT ANTI-DOPING\nTHERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION\nDOPING CONTROL PROGRESS\nRESULTS MANAGEMENTS\nWHEREABOUT INFORMATION\nQueen's Baton Relay Workshop\n#FUTUREISFEMALE\nSPORT BUSINESS TT\nOLYMPIC ACADEMY\nINTERNATIONAL MARATHON\nCANOC 9th Annual Workshop\nFrom Tokyo to Tokyo, it has been 57 years of change for the Olympic Games", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThe Olympic Flame dies here in Tokyo after an Olympic Games that have, for all sorts of reasons, been like no other.\nThe Olympic movement itself has seen many changes since the last time Tokyo hosted the Olympics in 1964. It has dealt with political boycotts, come to terms with the entry of professionalism, developed a greater awareness of gender equality and also confronted the problems of doping.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nDrugs, of course, have haunted the Games for much of the intervening years, the problem so severe that it was necessary to create a world anti-doping agency, but from this distance, the 1964 Games sometimes seem like a beacon of innocence -- they were the first to be beamed by satellite and heralded the transformation of the Games into a truly global phenomenon.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn 1964, the changing political world was reflected in microcosm at the ceremonies. At the opening, marathoner Trevor Haynes was the proud flagbearer for Northern Rhodesia. When the Flame was extinguished a fortnight later, his nation had independence and a new identity.\nIt was a time when many new nations were achieving independence. The green, gold, black and red flag of Zambia was seen on an international stage for the first time.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThere was the growth of African sport, especially in distance running. Ethiopia\u2019s marathon champion Abebe Bikila was the only athlete from Africa to win gold. Mohammed Gammoudi took silver for Tunisia in the 10,000 metres. Four years later, every gold from 1500m and above was won by an athlete from an African nation.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nKipchoge Keino, emblematic of Kenya's success, had carried the Kenyan flag in Tokyo. He went on to win 1500m gold and 5000m silver in Mexico, before winning steeplechase gold in Munich. His countryman Eliud Kipchoge won the men's marathon in Sapporo at Tokyo 2020 as the latest in a distinguished Kenyan roll of honour.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn the 1960s, the newly independent African nations lobbied for the exclusion of South Africa as a protest against the apartheid system that discriminated on the grounds of skin colour. Although the International Olympic Committee (IOC) did not formally expel South Africa from the Olympic movement until its Amsterdam session in 1970, the Republic\u2019s Olympic isolation effectively began at Tokyo. They did not return to the Olympic fold until 1992.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThen in 1980 came the most serious threat to the future of the Games yet seen. American President Jimmy Carter called for a boycott of the Moscow Olympics to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It was a move that caused bitterness as Canada, Japan and Germany supported Carter\u2019s position and stayed away. Amongst many athletes to miss out were Japanese judoka Yasuhiro Yamashita, now Japanese Olympic Committee President and IOC President Thomas Bach.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThe future of the Olympic movement looked bleak.\nLos Angeles had been the only candidate for the 1984 Olympics. With the exception of Romania, the Soviet bloc boycotted the Games in what many saw as retaliation for the American-led boycott of 1980.\nIn 1988, only two cities bid to host the Olympics. The South Korean capital Seoul won convincingly against the Japanese city of Nagoya, but many predicted disaster as Seoul was still an authoritarian military regime.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nAnd yet, despite the looming doom, an unprecedented 140 nations competed in Los Angeles and the profits were estimated to be around $232 million (\u00a3167million/\u20ac197million). In the years that followed LA's success, there was no shortage of candidate cities, although more recently that trend has receded -- Paris and Los Angeles were originally rivals for the 2024 Games before the IOC decided on a double award.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nAnother significant change in the Olympic landscape was the country that hosted the 1964 and 2020 Games. Japan\u2019s Olympians have won over 50 medals here but it was at the 1964 Games that they first emerged onto the world stage.\nTheir women\u2019s volleyball team, originally drawn from workers at an Osaka factory, were known at the time as the \"Oriental Witches\". They were heavily favoured for gold and performed superbly to become the first Olympic champions in the sport.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThe Japanese also had their wish as judo made its Olympic entry, though gold in the open category went to the Dutchman Anton Geesink. Judo, while missing the 1968 Games, has since become a regular Olympic sport.\nSince then, the sports programme has been transformed. By Tokyo 2020, karate, surfing, skateboarding and sport climbing had all taken their place and more traditional sports such as fencing, shooting and archery have adapted their formats to remain on the programme.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThere has also been evolution in gender equality. At the 1964 Games, women took part in athletics, swimming, diving, equestrianism, fencing and gymnastics, but women\u2019s events in rowing and cycling were not included until 1976 and hockey had to wait until 1980.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nAt the athletics competitions in 1964, the longest distance open to women was the 800m, won by British runner Ann Packer. Not until 1984 was the marathon introduced for women and even then, there were some who were hesitant. Then again, all the IOC members at that time were men. Monique Berlioux, who became a senior official in Lausanne in the late sixties wrote those \"who consider that the sports field is no place for a woman\" are \"still too numerous\".", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nWhen women were belatedly allowed to compete at longer distances, runners from Africa and Asian countries began to dominate. By 2000, Sydney organisers were keen to recognise the contribution of women to the Olympics. All the Torchbearers in the stadium were women and Cathy Freeman lit the cauldron.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThe Olympic charter now explicitly forbids discrimination on the grounds of sexuality, but in the sixties, the idea of gender verification was by no means as sophisticated. To start with, the test was a physical examination, though later swab tests were introduced.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nPoland\u2019s 4x100 relay gold medallist Ewa K\u0142obukowska failed a gender test in 1967. It showed unusual genetic patterns and she was stripped of her world records although allowed to retain her medals. Later research showed the tests had been inaccurate.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nAlthough explicit gender tests were discontinued in the late nineties, sports authorities have more recently wrestled with the conundrum of female athletes with hyperandrogenism, meaning they have elevated levels of testosterone in their bodies. The case of South African runner Caster Semenya thrust the question of gender identity into the international Olympic spotlight, and transgender weightlifter Laurel Hubbard has raised trans issues in Olympic sport, too.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nAnother major shift is the professionalisation of sport. The majority of champions at Tokyo 2020 are full-time athletes. Back in 1964, the rules of the Olympics insisted that competitors be strictly amateur.\nThere was no more ardent advocate than IOC President Avery Brundage. He saw himself as the high priest of amateurism and never missed an opportunity to promote the evils of those who were paid for playing sport. Even then, many saw him as an anachronism in a changing world.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nMany Eastern bloc nations were already defacto professionals in everything but name. It was a similar story with collegiate athletes in the United States. Brundage waged a bitter war on professionalism, with the Winter Olympics the target of much of his anger -- he might well have cheerfully abolished them and made a point of not attending the alpine skiing events at the 1968 Games in Grenoble.\nThen in 1972, the case of Karl Schranz, the supreme Austrian skier at that time proved a flashpoint.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\n\"Brundage had a little black book,\" Schranz told insidethegames in 2014. He stood accused of using his likeness for commercial purposes. This was strictly against the rules and Brundage insisted that Schranz be thrown out of the 1972 Sapporo Games. When Schranz attempted to put his case to the IOC, he claimed he was told, \"we do not talk to athletes.\" While Schranz returned to a hero\u2019s welcome in Austria, effigies of Brundage were displayed.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nBy the end of the 1972 Munich Olympics, there was a significant change at the head of the IOC. After 20 years -- and to the relief of many -- Brundage finally stood down as president. Many believed that his obduracy held back the Olympic movement. In his place came the Irish aristocrat Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn the early years of the IOC, in addition to the annual sessions, there had been regular congresses. These were gatherings with a much wider remit than the annual session. They embraced IOC members, representatives of National Olympic Committees and International Federations.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn 1973, the IOC held a congress for the first time since 1930 in the Bulgarian resort of Varna. It seemed like progress, but many criticised the fact that although athletes were at least present at the congress, none had a speaking part.\nThe following years were headlined by political unrest, with boycotts afflicting Montreal and Moscow. Such was the stress caused, Killanin himself suffered a heart attack and stood down after serving only an eight-year term.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nHe was followed by Spanish diplomat Juan Antonio Samaranch as IOC President. An official in Spain during Francisco Franco\u2019s time, he had been posted to Moscow as Spanish ambassador. Samaranch joined the IOC two years after the 1964 Tokyo Games. Rather cruelly, one newspaper described him as \"the kind of man who might emerge from an empty taxi.\"", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn 1981, Samaranch invited a group of high profile athletes to participate at the IOC Congress in Baden-Baden, Germany. These included Bach and current World Athletics President Sebastian Coe, who both took to the stage to address the IOC membership. Coe spoke of \"the support and confidence in the youth of the movement.\"\nHis speech made headlines around the world when he described doping as \"the most shameful abuse of the Olympic idea.\"", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nHe added: \"We call for a life ban of offending athletes, we call for a life ban of coaches and the so called doctors who administer this evil.\"", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn the wake of the Baden-Baden session, an Athlete's Commission was formed, though it was not until 1996 that representatives were chosen by the athletes themselves. That year, the Daily Olympian, the newspaper produced for athletes in the village, carried a message from IOC member Anita de Frantz, herself a rowing bronze medallist. \"Starting today, every candidate will have the right to vote on a slate of 35 candidates,\" De Frantz said. \"Each voting athlete can select up to seven people from that slate", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nHer message said athletes \"will have an important role in defining and resolving issues important to them\" and will be \"important, not only on the field of play but in the administration of sport as well.\"", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn 1999, as part of the reforms which followed the Salt Lake City scandal, membership of the athlete commission carried with it a term as an IOC member for the first time. The two most recent IOC Presidents have also been Olympians. Jacques Rogge was a sailor at three Olympic Games, while Bach won team gold in fencing at the Montreal Games.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nBy this point, the IOC had female members in its ranks. The first two were equestrian administrator Flor Isava Fonseca from Venezuela and 400m runner Pirjo Haggman of Finland. Now 47 per cent of IOC members are female and Finnish ice hockey player Emma Terho has become the third successive woman to lead the IOC Athlete's Commission.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nIn reality, it wasn\u2019t until the 1980s that the Olympics became effectively open to all. Even then, the regulations differed from sport to sport. In 1984, downhill gold medallist Bill Johnson was asked what significance the medal held for him. \"Millions!\" was his immediate response to the camera. Had he been around in Brundage\u2019s time, he might well have been frogmarched from the village there and then.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThe \"Dream Team\" basketballers, millionaires all, made their appearance at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. In men\u2019s football, there had been an uneasy agreement with FIFA to accommodate the professionals where only amateurs had previously been permitted. The regulations for the men\u2019s tournament restricted the event to under-23 players, but in the years which followed, Pep Guardiola, Jurgen Klinsman, Lionel Messi and Neymar all became Olympians.", "From Tokyo to Tokyo: 57 Years of Change for the Olympic Games\nThe Olympics, then, has changed immeasurably. From politics, gender, equality, the influx of the professional and the universality of success, the Games have evolved endlessly. From Tokyo to Tokyo, this was a very Olympics to the one 57 years ago.\nSource: https://www.insidethegames.biz\nThomas Bach The International Olympic Committee (IOC) 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games Kenya\nPAM AM 2019\nCYG 2021\nTEAM TTO TV\nSite developed and maintained by Business Bridges\n\u30b9\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u30b3\u30d4\u30fc \u9db4\u6a4b\u30d6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30b3\u30d4\u30fc"]

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https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1966/10/20/the-great-assassination/

The Great Assassination

["The Great Assassination\nThe Great Assassination\nA.J.P. Taylor\nOctober 20, 1966 issue\nThe Road to Sarajevo\nby Vladimir Dedijer\nSimon & Schuster, 544 pp., $11.95\nFranz Ferdinand; drawing by David Levine", "The Great Assassination\nPolitical assassinations have been common throughout history. Professor Dedijer lists ninety major ones between 1792 and 1914. Many were senseless\u2014the work of a madman or of someone with a private grievance. Some have sought to demonstrate a general principle, such as anarchism. Some\u2014one is tempted to say, the most justified\u2014have been tyrannicide, the traditional weapon of the helpless against their oppressors", "The Great Assassination\nMost assassins have been lone operators, but sometimes they have been agents in a wide conspiracy, and often men have suspected a conspiracy where none existed. American citizens hardly need to be reminded at the moment that it is hard to discover the full truth about a political assassination, even with the resources of modern publicity.", "The Great Assassination\nWhere much is doubtful, one fact is certain. When the Bosnian student Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne, at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, he committed an assassination unrivaled in its consequences, both political and literary. Princip fired the first shot in a world war. He also touched off a historical controversy which rumbles to the present day", "The Great Assassination\nDedijer says that over three thousand books and pamphlets were written on the subject up to 1939, and fresh ones are still appearing. Almost everyone has been accused of complicity: the Serbian government of course most of all, but also the Russian government, the Bolsheviks, the British Intelligence Service, the Hungarian government, and the German government. Even American anarchists, who had clearly nothing to do with it, tried to claim the credit", "The Great Assassination\nYet despite all this stir there has been singularly little study of a detached historical nature. Nearly all the writers had an axe to grind of one sort or another and, since most historians are men of conservative mind, respectful of authority, they have usually taken the Austrian side. One German historian has confessed that during the Second World War he forged documents to prove Serb complicity, and yet this has not damaged his reputation for scholarly integrity", "The Great Assassination\nIt would have been very different if the forgery had been the other way round. Professor Dedijer\u2019s book can be described without exaggeration as the first to treat the Sarajevo assassination with complete scholarly impartiality and, as often happens when a truly honest historian goes to work, it is likely also to be the last word on the subject.", "The Great Assassination\nDedijer has all the right qualities, beginning with access to much Serb evidence previously unused. He is by birth a Bosnian Serb, like Princip, and understands the emotional background of the assassins. He is a democrat by heredity and experience. He is a Yugoslav, not a Serb nationalist, and is not committed either to Pasic, the Serbian prime minister, or to Apis, the head of the Black Hand (though he was once dandled on Apis\u2019s knee as a little boy). Dedijer has also strong links with the west", "The Great Assassination\nHe was educated in England during the First World War\u2014hence his deep knowledge of association football. He has recently taught at Oxford and Manchester, Harvard, and Cornell. To crown all, he is an experienced journalist who knows how to write well. No other man in the world could have written this book with such competence, such mastery of sources, and such profound detachment.", "The Great Assassination\nMORE THAN HALF the book is background: to explain why young Bosnians turned to political assassination in the years before 1914. Some of the background is essentially Balkan: the five hundred years of Turkish oppression, when Serb national consciousness was kept alive by folk-ballads, and particularly by the Kosovo legend of how a Serb nobleman assassinated Sultan Murad on the eve of battle", "The Great Assassination\nNot for nothing did one of the Sarajevo assassins exclaim, when arrested: \u201cI am a Serb hero.\u201d The background has also a wider European context. The national enthusiasms which had inspired western Europeans in the nineteenth century spread by the twentieth into the Balkans. Serb nationalists aspired to emulate the deeds of the Italians and of the Irish. The Bosnians in particular had a hard fate. In 1875 they had risen against the Turks, but they did not achieve liberation", "The Great Assassination\nIn 1878 the Congress of Berlin transferred them to the rule of Austria-Hungary, and their struggle had to begin anew. Princip came of a family which had repeatedly fought for freedom. He sought confidently to follow the example of his forebears.", "The Great Assassination\nPrincip challenged Habsburg rule in Bosnia, and indeed the existence of the Habsburg Monarchy, in the name of national freedom. It is irrelevant therefore to argue whether Bosnia was well-governed. The Austrians ruled Northern Italy competently; the British made great claims for their rule of Ireland; and I daresay that the mainland settlements in North America have never been so well-governed as before 1776", "The Great Assassination\nBut the supporters of nationalism want freedom, not good government, and no one who enjoys national freedom is entitled to dispute their claim. In any case, Bosnia was governed in a heavy, bureaucratic fashion, and the reforms which Franz Ferdinand is supposed to have contemplated for the Monarchy would have brought little benefit to its subjects. In any case, his only importance in the story is as victim", "The Great Assassination\nFranz Ferdinand had come to believe that war against Serbia was the only way out for the Monarchy, even at the risk of general war in Europe. Ironically this was the solution for which his assassination provided the excuse.", "The Great Assassination\nThis background discussion is done with the greatest literary skill and in itself makes the book remarkable. But of course our thoughts are on the \u201cwhodunit,\u201d just as during the playing of a string quartet our eyes stray to the champagne and caviar at the buffet. The technical answer is a matter of no dispute. Six young Bosnians were the assassins of Sarajevo. We call Princip their leader because he fired the fatal shot and was perhaps the strongest personality, but in rank they were equal", "The Great Assassination\nOnly accident brought them together: the accident that they all happened to be in Belgrade, completing the work for their pre-university examinations, just before Franz Ferdinand visited Sarajevo. The idea of the assassination was theirs, and theirs alone. No conspiratorial leader inspired them or gave them orders. They were not members of the Black Hand or of any other Serbian secret society, though they may have had contacts with half-a-dozen ramshackle bodies in their own Bosnia", "The Great Assassination\nThis makes futile the prolonged discussion whether Franz Ferdinand was killed for some reason of Serbian policy. No Serb politician or conspirator started it off.", "The Great Assassination\nThe six however needed arms. They turned to \u201ca certain gentleman,\u201d Major Tankosic, who was in fact a member of the Black Hand. But Tankosic does not seem to have consulted the Black Hand or anyone else. For years past, he had undertaken the supply of arms to Serbian conspirators in Macedonia and, to a lesser extent, in Bosnia", "The Great Assassination\nNow Macedonia had been liberated from the Turks, and all that remained there was a conflict between the civil and military authorities\u2014Pasic, the Prime Minister, backing the civilians, and Apis, a prominent member of the Black Hand, backing the military. Tankosic had cooled off on Bosnia also after repeated failures, but he thought that the six meant business and in any case were worth one last try", "The Great Assassination\nLater he gave the explanation that he had encouraged them in order to embarrass Pasic, but this may have been an excuse which he thought up after the event. At any rate, the six got some antiquated bombs and revolvers. Tankosic also enabled them to cross the frontier by the \u201ctunnel,\u201d so as to escape examination by the Serb or Austro-Hungarian police. The \u201ctunnel\u201d did not work with much secrecy. Most of those involved in it were arrested later by the Austrians and imprisoned or executed.", "The Great Assassination\nTHE SERBIAN GOVERNMENT also learned that some arms had passed the frontier, though they did not know what the arms were intended for. They did not want trouble just after the Balkan wars and with turmoil at home. They therefore did what they could. They tightened the frontier controls, and this is perhaps the reason why no more efficient conspirators were present at Sarajevo on 28 June. They did not give any formal warning at Vienna", "The Great Assassination\nThey did not know precisely what warning to give, and in any case the Austro-Hungarian government resented any interference in Bosnian affairs. Franz Ferdinand had received many warnings of a general nature. A Serbian warning would only have made him more determined than ever. The Serbian government however undertook a step which has previously not been made clear. They ordered an investigation of Apis and brought pressure to bear, in a roundabout way, on the Black Hand.", "The Great Assassination\nIt was only now that Tankosic admitted what he had done. Apis at first accepted responsibility and associated himself with the supply of arms. But on 15 June the central committee of the Black Hand met. They overruled Apis and ordered him to stop the conspirators. He obeyed. An emissary of the Black Hand was sent to Sarajevo with instructions that the attempt should not be made", "The Great Assassination\nOther representatives were sent on behalf of the Serbian government, and warnings were also sent to the leading Serb members of the Bosnian assembly. However, the activities do not seem to have been only one way. Just before 28 June, Apis\u2019s chief intelligence officer in Austria-Hungary appeared in Sarajevo, and there are hints that he instructed the conspirators to proceed. On whose behalf was he acting\u2014his own, Tankosic\u2019s, or Apis\u2019s", "The Great Assassination\n? There are no means of knowing. In any case, it seems clear that Princip was determined to proceed, whatever the warnings and orders from Belgrade.", "The Great Assassination\nThis part of the story is confused by what happened later. In 1917 Apis, still at odds with Pasic and also with Alexander, the Prince Regent, was framed on a charge of plotting Alexander\u2019s death. He was tried along with a number of associates. To save their lives and also his own, he confessed that he and they had organized the Sarajevo assassination. He also declared that he had done this in cooperation with the Russian military attache, which was certainly untrue", "The Great Assassination\nIn fact the entire confession was untrue, though it has often been hawked round the world as containing the secret of the assassination. Nor did it serve the purpose which Apis had hoped for. He and his associates were shot on 26 June 1917. The confessions of his associates have not been preserved, which suggests that they did not confirm Apis\u2019s story. Though he was no doubt a fanatical Serb patriot, he did not organize the assassination at Sarajevo, however much he would have liked to do so", "The Great Assassination\nThe six acted on their own. They did not in fact act for the cause which Apis believed in. He was a Serb. They were South Slavs\u2014a difference which the Serbian government later tried to conceal.", "The Great Assassination\nTHE REST OF THE STORY is well-known. One conspirator threw a bomb while the Archduke\u2019s procession was on its way to the Town Hall. He missed. The route for the return was changed, so as to avoid the old town. But the chauffeur did not receive instructions of the change. He began to turn into the old town, was ordered to stop, and began to back the car. Princip, standing gloomily on the sidewalk, saw the almost stationary car before him", "The Great Assassination\nHe stepped on to the running board and killed the Archduke with one shot. He then fired at the governor of Bosnia in the front seat by the driver and hit the Archduchess sitting at the back. Clearly he was not a good shot. It is also characteristic of the old Habsburg Monarchy that bureaucratic slovenliness played its part: if the chauffeur had been given instructions about the change of route, there would have been no murder.", "The Great Assassination\nAll the conspirators were arrested. They were given a reasonably fair trial. Princip declared: \u201cI am a South Slav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all South Slavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria.\u201d Another said: \u201cI was not led by Serbia but solely by Bosnia.\u201d The conspirators who were of legal age were sentenced to death. The others, including Princip, received long terms of imprisonment", "The Great Assassination\nSome survived the war and were liberated afterwards, when they returned to their academic careers. One became a university professor, and another a museum curator. Princip died in prison of tuberculosis. He left on his prison wall these lines:", "The Great Assassination\nIt was altogether a perfectly simple story, despite the many mysteries which have accumulated around it. The six of Sarajevo belonged, in Dedijer\u2019s words, \u201camong that lofty group of primitive rebels which includes Sand and Orsini, Zasulich and Perovskaya, Connolly and Pearse.\u201d They wanted national freedom for all South Slavs and did their best for the cause that they believed in. They were not the agents of any secret society or of any foreign government. They were on their own", "The Great Assassination\nHere is a warning for historians. Ninetenths of what has been written about the Sarajevo assassination turns out to be unnecessary rubbish, vitiated by the determination to discover an elaborate conspiracy somewhere. Historians apparently find it difficult to believe that some men are prepared to die, without orders or reward, for their beliefs, So it was here. The simplest explanation proves to be the true one. This is often the case.", "The Great Assassination\nI cannot resist a frivolous epilogue. In the 1920s, some journalists in Berlin amused themselves by a competition for the most sensational headline. This was the winner:\nARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND NOT DEAD. FIRST WORLD WAR FOUGHT IN VAIN.\nMore by A.J.P. Taylor\nA Great Place to Visit\nMay 12, 1983 issue\nYoung Churchill\nPictures from an Expedition\nA.J.P. Taylor (1906\u20131990) was a British diplomatic historian.\nThe Opening Editorial\na poem\nJason Epstein\nFebruary 1, 1963 issue\nRichmond Lattimore\nThe She-Pharaoh"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://saltlakesymphony.org/john-eckstein/

John Eckstein - Cello

["John Eckstein - Cello\nJohn Eckstein\nCellist John Eckstein joined the Utah Symphony in June, 1990. Previously Associate Principal Cello of the New Orleans Symphony and Principal Cello of the Omaha Symphony, he enjoys a varied musical life of orchestral, chamber, and solo playing, in addition to his teaching duties at the University of Utah.", "John Eckstein - Cello\nAfter graduating from the Interlochen Arts Academy, Mr. Eckstein received his Bachelor of Music degree from the Eastman School of Music. He completed his Master of Music under the tutelage of famed cellist Raya Garbousova. Other teachers have included Steven Doane, Ralph Kishbaum, Ron Leonard, Richard Kapuschinski, and Dennis Brott.\nMr. Eckstein was a founding member of the Abramyan String Quartet. With the Abramyan he concertized extensively throughout the US as well as Japan on six occasions.", "John Eckstein - Cello\nIn 2004, he served as Principal Cellist with the Auckland Philharmonia in New Zealand. In addition to his orchestral duties there, he was featured soloist on several occasions. Mr. Eckstein is also a member of the Grand Teton Music Festival and has appeared repeatedly on virtually every chamber music series in Utah.\nWhen he isn\u2019t playing the cello, he can be found skiing, golfing, or playing with his two children Nina and Jamie.\nMonika Jalili\nRalph Matson"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.chaiisrael.org/en/compassion/rituals/heritage_rituals_kapparot.htm

Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot

["Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nCompassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThe Use of Animals in Rituals:\nThe Custom of Kapparot in the Jewish Tradition\nby Richard Schwartz, PhD\nUse of Animals\nin Rituals\nKapparot\nJudaism & Animals\nEvery year, before Yom Kippur, some Jews perform the ceremony of kapparot. The following, in question and answer form, is a discussion of the ritual and its relation to the treatment of animals.\nWhat is kapparot? (in Ashkenazic Hebrew or Yiddish, kapporos or shluggen kapporos)", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nKapparot is a custom in which the sins of a person are symbolically transferred to a fowl. It is practiced by some Jews shortly before Yom Kippur", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nFirst, selections from Isaiah 11:9, Psalms 107:10, 14, and 17-21, and Job 33:23-24 are recited; then a rooster (for a male) or a hen (for a female) is held by the feet above the person's head and swung in a circle three times, while the following is spoken: \"This is my exchange, my substitute, my atonement; this rooster (or hen) shall go to its death, but I shall go to a good, long life, and to peace.\" The hope is that the fowl, which is then donated to the poor for food, will take on any misfortune that might otherwise occur to the one who has taken part in the ritual, in punishment for his or her sins.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nWhat is the history of this rite?\nKapparot is not mentioned in the Torah or in the Talmud. The custom is first discussed by Jewish scholars in the ninth century. They explain that since the Hebrew word gever means both \"man\" and \"rooster\", punishment of the bird can be substituted for that of a person.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nAccording to the Encyclopedia Judaica (Volume 10, pages 756-757), several Jewish sages strongly opposed kapparot. Rabbi Solomon ben Abraham Aderet, one of the foremost Jewish scholars during the 13th century, considered it a heathen superstition. This opinion was shared by the Ramban (Nachmanides) and Rabbi Joseph Caro, who called it \"a foolish custom\" that Jews should avoid", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThey felt that it was a pagan custom that mistakenly made its way into Jewish practice, perhaps because when Jews lived among pagans this rite seemed like a korban (sacrifice) to some extent.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nHowever, the Kabbalists (led by mystics such as Rabbi Isaac Luria and Rabbi Isaiah Horowitz) perceived in this custom mystical significance. Rabbi Moshe Isserlis (major 16th century scholar, known as the RaMA), whose glosses on the Shulchan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law) are authoritative for all Jews of Eastern European descent, also endorsed the custom of kapparot as valid and proper. This greatly enhanced the popularity of the kapparot ritual down to the present day", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThe Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism, also practiced kapporot, and most Hasidic communities are still in favor of keeping the custom as part of their traditions. Some Jews also feel that, although this is not officially a sacrifice, it keeps the concept of sacrifice alive in preparation for the rebuilding of the Temple.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nWhy did some Jewish sages oppose kapparot?\nSome Jewish leaders felt that people would misunderstand the significance of the ritual. The belief that the ceremony of kapparot can transfer a person's sins to a bird, and that his or her sins would then be completely eradicated, is contrary to Jewish teachings. For if the ritual could remove a person's sins, what would be the need for Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement? What would be the need for soul-searching and repentance?", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThe Mishneh Brurah, an eminent contemporary commentary on Rabbi Joseph Caro's classical codification of Jewish law written by the respected Chafetz Chaim at the beginning of the 20th century, explains the significance of the ritual. Although he did not forbid it outright, the Chofetz Chaim stressed that a person can't obtain purity from sin, and thus obtain higher levels of perfection, without repenting", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThrough God's mercy, we are given the Divine gift of repentance, so that we might abandon our corrupt ways, thereby being spared from the death that we deserve for our violation of the Divine law. By substituting the death of a fowl, one will (hopefully) be reminded of our mortality and appreciate God's mercy in not killing us for our sins, and thereby be stirred to repentance", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nBy no means, however, do the ritual and the slaughter of the bird eradicate one's misdeeds, even though the bird is donated to the poor.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nIn the past, when Jews lived in rural areas and raised their own chickens, it was a very simple matter to choose a hen or rooster from a local flock for this ritual. Nowadays, however, most Jews are urban, and the chickens must be trucked in over great distances, often crammed into cages on open trucks exposed to the weather, and sometimes without adequate food or water. The birds also suffer while they are being handled for sale", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nIn some places in Israel and the United States, chickens are sold on street corners for this ceremony, and not every merchant takes proper care of his chickens during this period. The birds are frequently cooped up in baskets, and some merchants neglect to give them sufficient food or water.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nAlthough Rabbi Isaac Luria supported this ritual in his day, he was also against the unnecessary suffering of animals. In Shivchei Ha-Ari, there is a story of him telling a student that he had lost his place in the World to Come for failing to feed and water his chickens properly. The cries of those suffering chickens were canceling out all the prayers and Torah learning of that student", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThis is based on the general principle that one cannot commit a sin \u2013 in this case, cruelty to animals \u2013 in order to do a mitzvah.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nIn addition, it should be noted that in some recent cases in New York City, the meat was not actually given to the poor, but simply discarded in the trash at the site of the ceremony, because there was no time to properly kasher and distribute it. This is a violation of ba\u2019al tashchit, the principle that we should not waste or needlessly destroy things. Again, one cannot do a sin in order to fulfill a mitzvah.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nSo we must ask ourselves, what is the spiritual impact of this ceremony in modern times? Does the suffering of the chickens outweigh any benefit that might be derived from it?", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nWhile the Jewish tradition is filled with concepts, prayers, and actions during the Rosh Hashanah-Yom Kippur period that relate to the importance of rahamim (compassion and sensitivity), the message of kapparot to those who take part and those who view it (including children) may be just the opposite, a lesson of insensitivity to the feelings of other living creatures.\nHow should Jews who are concerned about the treatment of animals respond to this issue?", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nJews who are concerned about the treatment of animals should try to engage courteously and respectfully with Jews who perform kapparot. It should be recognized that they are performing what they regard as an important religious act. Some of the points that can be brought up include:", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThere is a substitute ceremony that is widely practiced by many Torah-observant Jews. Money, perhaps equal to the monetary value of the fowl, is substituted for the rooster or hen", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThe money is put into a handkerchief which the person swings three times around his or her head while reciting a modified saying: \"This money shall go to charity, and I shall go to a good, long life, and to peace.\" Hence, the heightened sense of repentance can be kept, and perhaps even enhanced, since no bird has to lose its life or suffer for our sake", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThis substitution, which maintains the tradition of giving charity (the substituted money) to the poor, has been endorsed by many rabbis and is mentioned in many prayer books, including the Artscroll Siddur which is used in many Orthodox synagogues.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nWe should attempt to increase the knowledge of Jews with regard to Judaism's beautiful and powerful teachings with regard to showing compassion to animals. The following are a few examples:", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nMoshe Rabbenu, (our great teacher, Moses) and King David were considered worthy to be leaders of the Jewish people because of their compassionate treatment of animals, when they were shepherds. Rebecca was judged suitable to be a wife of the patriarch Isaac because of her kindness in watering the ten camels of Abraham's servant Eliezer.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nMany Torah laws involve proper treatment of animals. One may not muzzle an ox while it is working in the field nor yoke a strong and a weak animal together. Animals, as well as people, must be permitted to rest on the Sabbath day. The importance of this concept is indicated by the fact that it is in the Ten Commandments and by its recitation every Sabbath morning by many Jews, as part of the Kiddush ceremony.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThe psalmist indicates God's concern for animals, for \"His compassion is over all of His creatures\" (Psalms 145:9). And there is a mitzvah-precept in the Torah to emulate the Divine compassion, as it is written: \"And you shall walk in His ways\" (Deuteronomy 28:9. Perhaps the Jewish attitude toward animals is best summarized by Proverbs 12:10: \"The righteous person considers the soul (life) of his or her animal.\"", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nIn summary, the Torah prohibits Jews from causing tsa'ar ba'alei hayim, any unnecessary pain to living creatures, even psychological pain", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nRabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, an outstanding 19th century philosopher, author, and Torah commentator, eloquently summarizes the Jewish view on treatment of animals: \"Here you are faced with God's teaching, which obliges you not only to refrain from inflicting unnecessary pain on any animal, but to help and, when you can, to lessen the pain whenever you see an animal suffering, even through no fault of yours.\" (Horeb, Chapter 60, #416)", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nIn view of the above, it can be argued that one way that Jews can accomplish repentance and other goals of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur is by moving away from the exploitation of animals. For many of the values of this holiday period are more consistent with practicing mercy toward all of God's creatures:", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nPrayers on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur for God's compassion during the coming year are most consistent with acts of kindness to both other people and animals. The following story reinforces this idea: Rabbi Israel Salanter, one of the most distinguished Orthodox Rabbis of the nineteenth century, failed to appear one Yom Kippur eve to chant the sacred Kol Nidre Prayer. His congregation became concerned, for it was inconceivable that their saintly rabbi would be late or absent on this very holy day", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThey sent out a search party to look for him. After much time, their rabbi was found in the barn of a Christian neighbor. On his way to the synagogue, Rabbi Salanter had come upon one of his neighbor's calves, lost and tangled in the brush. Seeing that the animal was in distress, he freed it and led it home through many fields and over many hills. His act of mercy represented the rabbi's prayers on that Yom Kippur evening.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nConsistent with Rosh Hashanah as a time when Jews are to \"awaken from slumber\" and mend our ways, using money for the kapparot ritual shows that we are putting Torah teachings about compassion into practice.\nActs of kindness and charity are consistent with God's \"delighting in life\" on Rosh Hashanah, since, unlike the kapparot ceremony, it doesn't involve the cruel treatment and death of animals.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nFinally, and perhaps most important, we should remind others that kapparot is not biblically or talmudically ordained (as is tsa'ar ba'alei hayim), that the custom arose at a later period in Jewish history, that it has been condemned by many Jewish sages, and that the important goal of increasing our sensitivity to the importance of repentance and charity can be accomplished as well or better by substituting money for a bird.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nUPDATE: In September 2007, a court in Petah Tikvah ruled that the slaughter of chickens as part of the kapparot ritual, without the required license for animal slaughter, is a violation of state regulations.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nNevertheless, the ritual continues. In September 2012, with Yom Kippur approaching, Michal Volansky-Atias, the professional manager of Hakol Chai, was interviewed about Kapparot for the local news. The interview was conducted in the neighborhood market of Hatikva, in the southern part of Tel Aviv, where a high concentration of sellers and chicken slaughterers for kapparot can be found", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nMichal noted the that there are alternatives to this practice, and that there is no reason to use a living creature to express penance when, for example, money can be donated to the poor instead. Michal also pointed out that it is a paradox to atone for sin by creating another through the terrible violation of a living being \u2014 a chicken.", "Compassionate Living Our Heritage: The Use of Animals in Rituals Kapparot\nThe Alliance to End Chickens as Kaporos is a coalition of groups and individuals who seek to replace the use of chickens in Kaporos ceremonies with money or other non-animal symbols or objects of atonement."]

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http://ibizalawyers.com/en/especial-covid-19.php

Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance

["Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nCovid-19 Newsletter\nCovid-19: Ibiza Lawyers defends your rights.\nThere are many, and very varied, consequences derived from the declaration of the State of Alarm and the subsequent crisis caused by the COVID-19. In Ibiza Lawyers we are at your full disposal to help you in any of them. You can click on the following topics for more information, and contact us at info@ibizalawyers.com\nBusiness premises and company rentals, etc.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nThe closure of the majority of businesses, as well as restaurants, bars, leisure venues, etc. has had very serious consequences, especially in the Balearic Islands. In cases where there is a lease contract the consequences are even more visible, both for the lessor (difficulty in collecting rent) and the lessee (difficulty in paying rent)", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nAt Ibiza Lawyers we offer personalized advice, paying attention to all the circumstances of the case, we study the possible application of force majeure to negotiate the amount and form of payment of the rent, we mediate to find an amicable solution between the parties, and if this is not possible, we defend you before the Courts of Justice with the utmost professionalism and dedication.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nHousing rentals\nThe economic consequences of the coronavirus crisis are causing many tensions in the housing rental market, a market that in recent years in Ibiza has suffered a great increase, both in prices and in demand. Faced with this situation, we defend your interests, both as a landlord and a tenant. We also advise you on applying for government approved grants.\nSales contracts, deposit, purchase options, etc. signed before the declaration of the State of Alarm", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nThere are many contracts signed before the declaration of the State of Alarm, contracts that are affected by the current health crisis. Is it possible to cancel a contract already signed in response to the crisis of Covid-19? is it possible to demand compliance with contracts already signed? what happens with the deadlines for the exercise of a right of option to purchase", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\n? All these questions must be analyzed in detail. Our team is a specialist in real estate law issues, with over 35 years of experience, so your case will be treated with the utmost professionalism and efficiency.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nThe Royal Decree approving the State of Alarm establishes a general prohibition of circulation except in a series of assessed cases. In the event of non-compliance, it provides for the imposition of the penalties laid down in the Public Safety Act (commonly known as the Gag Law). These measures have been adopted to ensure the safety of all persons. However, the end does not justify the means, and much less in a state of law", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nThe actions of law enforcement officials remain subject to the principle of legality, and sanctions to the principle of criminality. Moreover, Royal Decree 463/2020 itself, which declares the state of alarm due to the Coronavirus, could even be contrary to the Organic Law 4/1981, which regulates the states of alarm, exception and siege", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nAccording to this rule, which is a superior law than the Royal Decree, in the states of alarm the circulation or permanence of people or vehicles can be limited at certain times and places, or conditioned to the fulfilment of certain requirements. However, under the Royal Decree currently in force, the limitation on circulation is not limited to certain times and places, but applies to the entire national territory, and at all times, which raises serious doubts about its legality.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nLikewise, when imposing sanctions, it is necessary to analyze on a case-by-case basis whether the principles of proportionality, the nature of the offences, the prohibition of arbitrariness, etc. have been correctly applied or whether the circulation in question within the confinement was justified.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nAt Ibiza Lawyers we appeal to the responsibility of people to stay at home and respect the measures of confinement and quarantine. Respecting the confinement is necessary for the safety of all. However, there are situations in which the authorities have imposed sanctions contrary to the law", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nIn these cases we defend you, whether at the stage of allegations, administrative appeals and/or before the Courts of Justice, courts that will have the last word due to the chaos caused by the divergence of criteria applied by the authorities and regulatory uncertainty.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nCrimes arising from confinement: disobedience to authority, assault, crimes against public health, etc.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nThe most serious consequences of breaching confinement may be of a criminal nature. Specifically, we are referring to three behaviors typified by the Criminal Code: a) Resistance to authority or its agents, always understood as serious resistance (if it were slight, it would remain an administrative infraction)", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nIn some of the cases, public agents may consider it to be aggression, violence or intimidation, which would raise the criminal category to assault; (b) Serious disobedience to authority, its agents or cooperating private security personnel; (c) Lack of respect and due consideration for authority. The Criminal Code classifies this conduct as a minor offence. Disrespect and disregard for authority, when they are exercising their functions, is punishable by a fine of one to three months.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nAll these cases must be duly prosecuted before the courts of justice, in a procedure in which all the rights of the person under investigation must be respected and guaranteed, and it is therefore essential to have a legal defense of the utmost confidence.\nBankrupcy proceeding, bad debt, etc.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nThe consequences derived from the closure of establishments, businesses, loss of work, difficulties experienced by the self-employed, etc. may result in the unfeasibility of a company, or the impossibility of meeting all debts, both in the case of individuals and companies. In these cases, it is advisable, and in some cases, mandatory, to initiate bankruptcy proceedings", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nAt Ibiza Lawyers we advise you, both prior to the application (preparation of documentation, analysis of assets, viability), and throughout the whole insolvency procedure, either until the signing of the insolvency agreement, or until the liquidation of the company, always defending the interests of our clients with the utmost professionalism.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nOn the other hand, the economic crisis derived from the coronavirus can lead, among other consequences, to the non-payment of debts. From our office we advise you by means of the extrajudicial claim, and if it is necessary, by means of the Courts of Justice, with claim of the interests and of all legal fees.\nCustody of minors, separations, etc", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nThe situation derived from Covid-19 is causing serious consequences in those families that are separated and have children in common. Balancing, on the one hand, the right of children to be attended to and cared for by both parents and a certain normalization of family relations and, on the other hand, contemplating the right to health and the prevention of transmission of the virus, is a real challenge", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nStrict compliance with the regulatory agreement on separation or divorce, or, where appropriate, provisional measures, can be extremely complicated. In these situations we offer you, from the experience and professionalism of our firm, comprehensive legal advice, in order to adapt to the current situation, but in which your rights are always respected.", "Ibiza Lawyers: Covid-19 Newsletter and Legal Assistance\nOur office combines the singularity of the island and its international projection\ninfo@ibizalawyers.com\nBartolom\u00e9 Vicente Ram\u00f3n, 1-1\u00ba,1\u00aa\n07800 Ibiza \u00b7 Baleares\nSee on Google Maps\n\u00a9 2023 Link inform\u00e1tica. All rights reserved Privacy Policy | Terms of use | Cookies policy | Sitemap | Castellano | Deutsche | Fran\u00e7ais"]

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https://www.mexicanist.com/l/david-alfaro-siqueiros-murals-at-the-antiguo-colegio-de-san-ildefonso/

David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso

["David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nDavid Alfaro Siqueiros Murals at the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nNov 5, 2022 6 min\nAt the Old San Ildefonso College, you may learn about the murals painted by David Alfaro Siqueiros.\nArtwork by David Alfaro Siqueiros on display at the historic Colegio de San Ildefonso. Credit: UNAM", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nDuring his stay in Barcelona, Spain, where he held the position of the first chancellor of the Mexican Consulate, Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros published in May 1921, in the only issue of the magazine Vida Americana -of which he was editor-in-chief and artistic director-, the manifesto Three appeals of current orientation to the painters and sculptors of the new American generation, in which, among other things, he wrote: \"Let us painters superimpose the constructive spirit over the solely decorative spirit; color and line are second-order expressive elements; what is fundamental, the basis of the work of art, is the magnificent geometrical structure of the form with the conception, meshing and architectural materialization of the volumes and the perspective of the same, which by making 'terms' create the depth of the 'environment' [...]\"", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nA little more than a year later, Siqueiros returned to Mexico and joined the group of plastic artists that Jos\u00e9 Vasconcelos, then Secretary of Public Education in the government of President \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n, had called together to paint the walls of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, then converted into the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (National Preparatory School).", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nDiego Rivera was already working on his first mural, La creaci\u00f3n, in the school's amphitheater, and Jos\u00e9 Clemente Orozco, Ferm\u00edn Revueltas, Jean Charlot, and Ram\u00f3n Alva de la Canal already had their own spaces where they could give free rein to their talent and creativity.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\n\"Siqueiros, who at the time was 26 years old, was assigned the walls surrounding the staircase of the so-called Colegio or Patio Chico del Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso because they were the only ones available,\" says Dafne Cruz Porchini, a researcher at the Institute of Aesthetic Research dedicated to the study of modern art in Mexico.\nDetail of the mural by David Alfaro Siqueiros on display at the historic Colegio de San Ildefonso.\nA vaulted and dark place", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nSiqueiros painted in the stairwell, a vaulted and dark place, The Elements and The Myths; and in the upper part, whose walls are higher, The Burial of the Sacrificial Worker and The Call to Freedom.\nAll these works, created between 1923 and 1924, were his first murals and, according to the university professor, already announced in some way what Siqueiros would later paint in other public spaces such as the Palace of Fine Arts.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\n\"While the subject matter of the first two, in encaustic, is rather allegorical, that of the other two, in fresco, is political and coincides with the publication of the first issue of El Machete, the official organ of the Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors Union (SOTPE), in whose foundation Siqueiros himself participated,\" she adds.\nThe old Colegio de San Ildefonso features a mural by David Alfaro Siqueiros, and this is a detail from the artwork.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nWhen he began painting these murals, Siqueiros was overwhelmed by various technical problems. He was facing an architecture that was certainly complex, and it cannot be forgotten that muralism also implied adapting to a pre-existing architectural space.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nBut thanks to the communication established between him and the other painters working at the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, who had never faced a wall before, he was finally able to solve them. In addition, he collaborated with Xavier Guerrero and Roberto Reyes, two plastic artists who had already experimented with mural painting.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nAs for The Elements, Siqueiros intended to present a new proposal that did not look like anything else. However, Jean Charlot evoked in it the spirit of the West falling on the New World and Diego Rivera understood it as an angel of \"Syrian-Lebanese Michelangelo\" (in allusion to the supposed origin of the painter from Chihuahua).", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nAs for the Entierro del obrero sacrificado, Siqueiros began it -but did not finish it- as a tribute to Felipe Carrillo Puerto, politician, journalist, revolutionary leader, and governor of Yucat\u00e1n who had just been assassinated (January 3, 1924).", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\n\"In this mural, which highlights the use of volumes and colors, and the handling of the human body with evident indigenous features, as well as in El llamado a la libertad, also unfinished, the hammer and sickle appear as symbols of the left and popular demands. It can be said that these two works are the synthesis of what Siqueiros was living and thinking at the time,\" says Cruz Porchini.\nDavid Alfaro Siqueiros's historic mural in the Colegio de San Ildefonso depicts a scene.\nClashes with bullets", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nAs was to be expected, Siqueiros and Jos\u00e9 Vasconcelos drifted apart, since the latter was convinced that art and culture were, per se, tools that helped to achieve social change, but that they should not be contaminated with political issues (later, on July 27, 1924, he would resign from his post as Secretary of Public Education).", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nAs if that were not enough, the students of the National Preparatory School, \"under the influence of many of their old reactionary teachers, both in politics and in art,\" began to attack Siqueiros and his colleagues for what they were painting on the walls of the school.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nIn his memoir Me llamaban el Coronelazo, Siqueiros refers, \"So serious was the situation, that we painters had to defend ourselves with bullets from the shots frequently fired by the students, undoubtedly more against our works than against ourselves, since their aim need not have been so bad.\"\n\"There is no doubt that this fact influenced the painter from Chihuahua to stop painting at the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso,\" says the researcher.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nIn those days, Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Zuno, who was governor of Jalisco, had contacted him and Amado de la Cueva to invite them to paint a mural at the Ibero-American Library of the University of Guadalajara. \"Of course, this invitation also played a defining role in Siqueiros abandoning his work at the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nIn the mural at the Ibero-American Library of the University of Guadalajara, titled Agrarian and Labor Ideals of the Revolution of 1910, we can appreciate a greater mastery of technique, but also of the themes, which allowed him to continue with his political militancy,\" concludes Cruz Porchini.", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nThe Murals by David Alfaro Siqueiros in the Old College of San Ildefonso.\nThe Murals by David Alfaro Siqueiros in San Ildefonso's Old College.\nMuyil, in the midst of the mysterious Mayan forest\nThe original name of the site is unknown. Muyil is the name given since colonial times to one of the lagoons adjacent to the site. It is also known as Chunyaxch\u00e9.\nMexicanist Sep 5, 2021\nThe Remarkable Life and Career of Angela Peralta, \"The Mexican Nightingale\"", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nLearn about Angela Peralta, also known as \"the Mexican nightingale\", and her extraordinary talent as a soprano opera singer. She defied social prejudice and captivated audiences with her beautiful voice throughout Europe and America.\nMexicanist Mar 2, 2023\nMexico's Treasured Ceramics Through Time and Artistry", "David Alfaro Siqueiros and the Murals of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso\nExplore the rich history and diverse artistic expression of Mexican ceramics. Learn about the techniques, materials, and influences that have shaped this indigenous craft and where to find the best examples in cities.\nMexicanist Jan 31, 2023"]

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0.06741573], [4803, 4824, 0.04761905], [4824, 5157, 0.02402402], [5157, 5429, 0.01838235], [5429, 5725, 0.01689189], [5725, 5877, 0.03947368], [5877, 6505, 0.0477707], [6505, 6579, 0.12162162], [6579, 6648, 0.13043478], [6648, 6699, 0.03921569], [6699, 6862, 0.02453988], [6862, 6885, 0.08695652], [6885, 6961, 0.11842105], [6961, 7195, 0.02991453], [7195, 7218, 0.08695652], [7218, 7272, 0.11111111], [7272, 7490, 0.01376147], [7490, 7513, 0.08695652]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 7513, 0.95726597]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 7513, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 7513, 0.90027541]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 7513, 136.0424918]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 7513, 152.32453441]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 7513, 295.55561482]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 7513, 38.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.slashfilm.com/678818/the-matrix-resurrections-trailer-confirms-who-jonathan-groff-and-playing-and-boy-that-sure-is-interesting/

The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith

["The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nThe Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Who Jonathan Groff Is Playing, And Boy, That Sure Is Interesting\nBy Danielle Ryan/Updated: Dec. 6, 2021 1:58 pm EST", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nThe second \"The Matrix Resurrections\" trailer is here, and it answers some big questions while raising a whole bunch more. While the first trailer gave us a glimpse of some of the returning characters, the second trailer dives a bit deeper into some of the new cast members", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nWhile we already knew that Yahya Abdul Mateen II would somehow be playing Morpheus, made famous by Laurence Fishburne, the new trailer makes it clear that another major character has been recast, this time with \"Hamilton\" and \"Mindhunter\" star Jonathan Groff.", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nGroff, who showed his incredible range by playing the King of England in the musical \"Hamilton\" and serial killer whisperer Holden Ford in David Fincher's \"Mindhunter\" series, is going to be portraying a new version of Agent Smith, the ultimate baddie of the \"Matrix\" franchise. In 2020, Hugo Weaving, who played the character in the first three films, confirmed that he would not be reprising the role due to scheduling conflicts", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nAgent Smith is arguably the most important character in the franchise besides Keanu Reeves' Neo, because Smith provides the primary conflict. Without Agent Smith working for the interests of the machines, Neo would be able to take over the Matrix the moment he awakened to his true nature. Then again, without Smith targeting him, would he have ever awakened to his true nature in the first place?", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nGroff taking over for Weaving is a fun bit of casting that should work in the movie's favor. After all, Groff has the chops to be absolutely terrifying and deliciously silly, much like Weaving. It's also great that Agent Smith is back, because he's a great villain and the perfect foil to Neo.\nAgent Smith's Role in the New Movie", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nWhile the plot of \"The Matrix Resurrections\" has been kept firmly under wraps, it's safe to say that it's going to be a strange meta-examination of the \"Matrix\" universe. There's no telling exactly where in the timeline the new movie takes place, but it seems like maybe Neo is going to be forced to be The One again, though under decidedly different circumstances", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nIn the second film, \"The Matrix Reloaded,\" the Architect who helped create the Matrix explained to Neo that The One has existed many times before, and will always return as part of an ongoing cycle.", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\nOne interesting thing to note is that both Smith and Morpheus are being played by younger actors, while many of the original cast are reprising their roles. While that could mean a trip to the past, it's important to remember that appearances can be very deceiving in the digital world. Any hints writer/director Lana Wachowski has slipped into these trailers could be misdirection, set to blow our minds just like Neo's when he first takes the red pill.", "The Matrix Resurrections Trailer Confirms Jonathan Groff as New Agent Smith\n\"The Matrix Resurrections\" releases in theaters and on the HBO Max paid plan on December 22, 2021."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/law/id/4517/rec/5

Loading content ... Description Title E.P. Campbell. Creator Levin, H. (editor) Contributors Lewis Publishing Company (publisher) Description Edward P. Campbell was born in Caldwell County, Kentucky, in 1832. He was reared on a farm and attended Cumberlan

["d College, graduating in 1854. In 1855, he read law under Judge George B. Cook, of Princeton, Kentucky, and in 1856, was admitted to practice", "\nIn 1860 he was elected commonwealth attorney for the second judicial circuit, serving in that capacity for eight years. He was elected in 1871 to represent Christian and Muhlenberg counties in the Kentucky Senate. He served as president of the Bank of Hopkinsville from 1894-1895. He died in Hopkinsville in 1896. Subject Lawyers Legislators Portraits People Pictured Campbell, Edward Peter Date Original 1897 Object Type Book illustrations Source 28 x 22 cm. b&w plate. Opposite p. 451 in H", "\nLevin, The Lawyers and Lawmakers of Kentucky. Chicago: Lewis Pub. Co, 1897. In Law Library Rare Book Collection. Citation Information Levin, H. The Lawyers and Lawmakers of Kentucky. Chicago: Lewis Pub. Co, 1897. Collection Law Library Collection Collection Website http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/law/ Digital Publisher Law Library of the Louis D. Brandeis School of Law, University of Louisville Format image/jpeg Rating Tags Add tags for E.P. Campbell."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2019/5/1/baz-luhrmanns-untitled-elvis-project-to-be-filmed-in-queensland

Baz Luhrmann’s Untitled Elvis Project to be filmed in Queensland Premier and Minister for Trade The Honourable Annastacia Palaszczuk Baz Luhrmann will produce and direct his next film in Queensland. Luhrmann will explore the life and music of Elvis Presle

["y, including his rise to fame, his unprecedented stardom, and his impact on the world at large, while also delving into his complicated relationship with his manager, Colonel Tom Parker.", "\nPremier Annastacia Palaszczuk secured the project, a Warner Bros. Pictures film, during a recent meeting with the legendary Australian director in London.\nLuhrmann stated, \u201cAustralia continues to be one of the great filmmaking locations in the world, where we\u2019ve created everything from Paris cabarets to the Jazz Age in New York.\n\u201cSince shooting significant portions of the film Australia in Queensland, I\u2019ve been excited to get back to such a conducive creative environment to realize this film.", "\n\u201cAlong with CM and my entire team, I am committed to not only making the film, but also developing Queensland\u2019s creative culture and supporting filmmakers, storytellers and artists of all kinds, in the same manner that we ourselves were supported and mentored early in our careers.\u201d\nTom Hanks is set to play the part of Colonel Tom Parker, Presley\u2019s lifelong manager. The filmmaker is casting a wide net for the actor to play Elvis.", "\nThe production alone is expected to employ 900 Queenslanders in behind-the-scenes roles, including set construction, catering and transportation, and inject more than $105 million into the local economy.\nThe film, which is yet to be titled, will be the latest in a string of high-profile films produced in Australia\u2019s Queensland, following on the heels of the hugely successful Aquaman and Thor: Ragnar\u00f6k, the upcoming Dora the Explorer, and the 2020 release Godzilla vs Kong.", "\nThe Premier said she was looking forward to welcoming the Warner Bros. production to their world-class facilities, Village Roadshow Studios (VRS), on the Gold Coast.\n\u201cMy government\u2019s strategy to attract major feature productions continues to deliver for Queensland\u2019s screen industry, bringing some of the biggest filmmakers in Hollywood to our shores,\u201d the Premier said.", "\n\u201cThe continuous pipeline of major productions means the talented people working in Queensland\u2019s screen industry have an opportunity to work with a legend like Baz Luhrmann.\u201d\nThe Premier also noted the benefits of hosting major international productions extended well beyond the screen industry itself.\n\u201cThe succession of Queensland-made films continues to showcase our unmatched and pristine tourism destinations to the world, bringing thousands of visitors to our shores,\u201d she said.", "\nLuhrmann, partnering again with production and costume designer Catherine Martin, has an enviable pedigree, with films including The Great Gatsby, Australia, Moulin Rouge, Romeo + Juliet and Strictly Ballroom collectively taking in over $1.2 billion AUD in box office receipts.\nPremier\u2019s Office Geoff Breusch 0417 272 875"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www2.cuny.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/?title=newyorkstructuralbiologycenternysbc

CUNY Institute for Demographic Research Established in 2007 as part of a commitment to launch NY’s first demographic research and training program. Gotham Center for New York City History View Gotham Center’s archives and list of upcoming forums and event

["s.\nIf you are part of the CUNY Faculty or Staff and you see a Center or Institute that is not listed on this page, please email Web Services.", "\nCUNY is home to more than 100 research centers, institutes and consortia, which provide research opportunities for faculty and students, employment, internships, and special events. These centers focus their efforts on a wide range of areas, including aging, applied sciences, corporate integrity, transportation systems, ethnic studies, performing arts, sustainable energy and urban studies, to name a few.", "\nMany institutions reflect CUNY\u2019s support of state-of-the-art education and research, such as the Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers. Others exemplify the University\u2019s commitment to service and historic preservation, including the Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics at John Jay College and the Gotham Center for New York City History, founded by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Mike Wallace.\nSearch Center or Institute by College or Category\nCUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies", "\nAbout Center: Approved as an Institute of the City University of New York in 2003, the MMA builds on the research strength of campus-based faculty in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, and allied fields, on our inter-institutional research alliances, and on our unique laboratory capabilities", "\nSpecifically, the Institute coordinates existing and new research investigations for both natural and engineered macromolecular assemblies of biological and medical importance, integrates graduate and undergraduate training programs in these areas across CUNY, and aims to expand both public and private support for macromolecular research endeavors. The University Science", "\nCUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health", "\nAbout Center: The central mission of the CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH) is to translate research into sustainable, cost-effective population-level interventions, strategies, initiatives, and policies with the potential to improve health and reduce health disparities at scale around the world", "\nWe do this by understanding biological mechanisms, subtypes and major drivers of disease, identifying program/service/policy implementation gaps driving suboptimal health outcomes at the population level, and by designing and conducting rigorous experimental and observational studies of the impact of strategies aimed at improving population health outcomes. We rigorously assess the effectiveness of these strategies when implemented at scale", "\nGiven that many forces shape population health, including those outside the health sector (e.g., political, economic, sociologic, environmental, demographic), we seek and generate knowledge, collaboration and expertise to achieve our mission of improved population health through better implementation. CUNY SPH Health", "\nCUNY Urban Food Institute\nAbout Center: The CUNY Urban Food Policy Institute provides evidence to inform urban and municipal food policy, making equitable access to healthy, affordable food a priority; promoting intersectoral perspectives that link nutrition, health, and sustainable community and workforce development; and engaging CUNY faculty and students in food policy research and action. CUNY SPH Health\nHealthy CUNY Initiative", "\nAbout Center: This initiative is a collaboration with the University Student Senate. Designed by CUNY students, faculty and staff, the goal is to make the City University of New York the healthiest urban university in the United States. Acknowledging the strong connection between educational achievement and health, Healthy CUNY seeks to ensure that students leave college healthier, and better able to protect their future health, than when they entered. CUNY SPH Health", "\nCenter for Innovation in Mental Health at CUNY SPH\nAbout Center: The Center for Innovation in Mental Health at the City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy is designed to support the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene\u2019s Mental Health Innovation Lab on all aspects of mental health quality improvement, technical assistance, evaluation, best practices dissemination, and data development, analysis, and management.", "\nThe Center for Innovation in Mental Health is funded by New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to serve as the academic arm of the Mental Health Innovation Lab and to coordinate between the Lab and other researchers, investigators, and academic institutions. CUNY SPH Health\nCUNY Center for Systems and Community Design", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Center for Systems and Community Design seeks to serve as a hub of research excellence and innovation in health promotion and disease prevention through systems and community design. The mission of the Center is to develop and test innovative strategies for effective, sustainable systems and community change to transform health", "\nIn order to achieve this, the Center aims to understand the important interdepencencies, structures, and goals inherent in complex organizational and community systems underlying health and, is founded on the principle that a solution-oriented complex systems approach is necessary for achieving lasting, transformative health and for improving health equity within New York City and beyond. CUNY SPH Health", "\nAbout Center: A core mission of the CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH) is to shape policy and practice in public health for all, and promote and sustain healthier populations in New York City and around the world", "\nIn direct alignment with that mission, the NYU-CUNY Prevention Research Center (NYU-CUNY PRC) was established in 2014 to implement, evaluate, and disseminate community-clinical linkage interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease disparities in ethnically diverse communities in NYC. The Center emphasizes collaborative research with multi-sector stakeholders and translation of research findings into sustainable and scalable policies and programs.", "\nThe NYU-CUNY PRC draws on faculty expertise in applied public health practice and research, including implementing provider-based and community-based health interventions, as well as monitoring and evaluation of large public health initiatives and policies. A new strength of the partnership is substantive and research expertise in cardiovascular risk in Latino populations, and the promotion of physical activity through applied, community-engaged interventions.", "\nThe NYU-CUNY PRC also leverages CUNY\u2019s longstanding tradition of serving and educating New York City\u2019s racially/ethnically diverse and low-income populations. Across 5 graduate centers, 11 senior colleges and 7 community colleges, CUNY trains nearly 270,000 degree-seeking students each year", "\nThere is a sizeable Asian American and Latino student body in the MPH and DrPH programs, most of whom are committed to working in NYC, and who will serve as important resources to support PRC activities, while benefiting from PRC internships and related training opportunities.. CUNY SPH Health", "\nAbout Center: Founded in 2014 at the City University of New York (CUNY)\u2019s Graduate Center, the Center for Integrated Language Communities (CILC) focuses on language education in the community college context, on heritage language learners, and on the use of educational technology to foster intercultural connections", "\nThe research, dissemination, and materials development activities that CILC conducts serve to better integrate lingua-cultural communities of practice both small and large: from families, churches, and companies to K-12 schools, colleges, and governmental organizations. CILC is one of sixteen National Language Resource Centers (LRC) supported by the U.S. Department of Education", "\nAll centers share the common goal of developing resources that can be used broadly to improve foreign language education in the United States. CUNY Graduate Center Education", "\nInstitute for Language Education in Transcultural Context", "\nAbout Center: The mission of the Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context (ILETC) is to support and promote the teaching and learning of languages at CUNY in the context of New York City\u2019s multilingual communities. The Institute is a research and resource center for language education at CUNY", "\nAs a research center, ILETC supports projects by language scholars and instructors in the fields of language pedagogy, second language acquisition theory, and translingual and transcultural communication. As a resource center, ILETC collaborates with language programs and faculty at CUNY to cultivate opportunities for professional development and promote the production and dissemination of materials for language education", "\nILETC was founded in 2012 and is supported through university-wide funding, as well as through the individual support of Hunter College, Queens College, the College of Staten Island, and the Graduate Center. CUNY Graduate Center Education", "\nThe Documentary Forum: CCNY Center for Film, Journalism, and Interactive Media", "\nAbout Center: The Documentary Forum at CCNY is dedicated to supporting and encouraging the creation, exhibition, and study of documentary film, journalism, and non-fiction visual story-telling through multi-platform media. The Forum aims to build a bridge between the college\u2019s media-making community, the Harlem community in which it resides, and a growing international online audience", "\nThe Documentary Forum exists to foster, produce and study media-making that incorporates students, faculty, alumni and the Harlem community into the global documentary conversation. In an era of expanding commercial use of the Internet and consolidation of media ownership, the promotion of the documentary genre, with its fundamental tenets of freedom of expression and public access to information, is essential to preserving an open and informed society. City College Documentary", "\nAbout Center: The Jaime Lucero Mexican Studies Institute, based at Lehman College, is the culmination of nearly a decade of work by faculty, administrators, staff, and students to boost enrollment of Mexican and Mexican-American students, foster research with and about Mexico and Mexicans in the United States, and collaborate with community-based organizations to support and empower the Mexican immigrant community", "\nWith a special focus on Mexicans in the diaspora, especially Mexicans in New York, the Institute offers a space for the Mexican community to consider its own and an institutional location for support of scholarly and community advocacy projects. Fundamental to the Institute\u2019s foundation and success will be its ability to further new projects with community and cultural organizations, to channel projects already underway and to build on existing efforts within and outside of CUNY.", "\nYear Founded: 2012 Lehman College Other\nBCC Geospatial Center of the CUNY CREST Institute (BGCCCI)", "\nAbout Center: The Bronx Community College Geospatial Center of the CUNY CREST Institute (BGCCCI) is a collaboration between Bronx Community College and CUNY Remote Sensing Earth System (CREST) Institute (administered by City College of New York)", "\nGeospatial technology is an emerging technology that facilitates location-based analysis of geographical data acquired from a wide array of sources, including sensors mounted on platforms such as satellites and aircraft.The newly formed BGCCCI will strive to provide leadership in geospatial technology and its applications for both STEM and non-STEM disciplines", "\nThe primary function of the Center is to provide educational and research opportunities for BCC undergraduates, faculty and staff, specialized training through technical workshops and seminars for the industry, fostering international collaborations and enriching the global perspective of BCC-CUNY students. Bronx Community College Technology", "\nCUNY Startups\nAbout Center: CUNY Startups helps students launch their own startups. CUNY Startup Accelerator is a 4-month program that takes you from idea \u2013 to pilot \u2013 to ready to launch. We also run three startup competitions every year: CUNY Hackathon, SMARTPITCH challenge and IBM Watson ideation competition. The University Business\nThe CUNY Leadership Academy", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Leadership Academy is your source for leadership education, research, and opportunities at CUNY. The Academy is where students come together with faculty and other leaders to develop the skills, knowledge, and experience necessary to become global leaders. The major programs of the Academy are the Fellows Program, CUNY Ambassadors Program and CUNY Corps. The University Education\nThe CUNY Welcome Center", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Welcome Center proudly serves as a University-wide admission office, offering assistance with all your admission needs. To visit the CUNY Welcome Center, you may schedule an appointment online. A valid ID is required for entry. The University Education\nCUNY Institute for State and Local Governance", "\nAbout Center: Created in 2013 by the City University of New York, the Institute for State and Local Governance applies a data-driven approach to the challenges and opportunities confronting government. We work with government agencies, as well as nonprofit organizations, philanthropic institutions and the private sector to improve the structure, financing, delivery, measurement and evaluation of vital public services", "\nThe result: education, criminal justice, health care, housing and other government systems produce better results, worthy of public investment and trust. The University Other", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Urban Health Collaborative (UHC) was created in Spring 2000 in order to strengthen teaching, research and practice in urban health within the City University of New York. The growing urbanization of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s population, the powerful impact of city living on health, and the CUNY mission of serving New York combined to make urban health a natural focus for our institution", "\nWith more than 200,000 students who reflect the diversity of the city and more than 100 health-related academic programs, CUNY brings a wealth of resources to the study of urban health. The University Health", "\nNew York Structural Biology Center NYSBC\nAbout Center: A state-of-the-art research center being developed cooperatively by ten outstanding research centers. The Center houses the largest and most advanced cluster of high-field research magnets (NMRs) in the United States in its first phase. The University Science\nThe Wasserman Trading Floor in the Subotnick Financial Services Center", "\nAbout Center: The Wasserman Trading Floor in the Subotnick Financial Services Center is one of the largest and most technologically advanced educational facilities of its kind. The Center introduces Baruch College students to economic, financial, journalism, and technology principles using professional market data systems and analytic software. Baruch College Business & Technology\nThe Center for Study of Business and Government", "\nAbout Center: The Center for the Study of Business and Government is a research-based think tank in the School of Public Affairs of Baruch College. Its goal is to sharpen and inform public decision making on an array of social and economic issues.\nYear Founded: 1978 Baruch College Business\nLawrence N. Field Center for Entrepreneurship", "\nAbout Center: The Center brings together the extensive resources of the Zicklin School, Small Business Development Center Business Advisors, and expertise from major corporations and alumni to support the entrepreneurial endeavors of students, start-ups and small businesses. The Center provides educational programs, a networking environment, and counseling help to business from all over New York City.\nWeissman Center for International Business", "\nAbout Center: The Weissman Center for International Business is designed to enable Baruch College to respond to the global economy with programs appropriate to a preeminent school of business. Guided by an advisory council of distinguished executives, the Center\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s activities enrich Baruch Student\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s preparation for careers in global work-place by building bridges between the worlds of academia and international business.\nThe Steven L. Newman Real Estate Institute", "\nAbout Center: The Steven L. Newman Real Estate Institute provides education, conferences and research for both current practitioners and the region\u2019s next generation of real estate professionals. Created in 1995, the Newman Institute continues to be chaired by William Newman with an Advisory Board, including other nationally recognized leaders of New York\u2019s real estate community", "\nOur mission is straightforward: to directly serve the real estate industry\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s education and research needs: through professional education courses and workshops, we train current practitioners and the next generation of real estate professionals, helping them succeed in, and contribute to, an evolving marketplace; through applied multidisciplinary research and publications, we explore critical issues facing the industry; our lively public events convene industry experts to share their knowledge and advance thinking in the field.", "\nRobert Zicklin Center for Corporate Integrity\nAbout Center: The Robert Zicklin Center for Corporate Integrity (CCI), formerly the Center for Financial Integrity, was established in 2002 to keep an informed spotlight on the changing issues of governance and financial reporting confronting U.S. corporations and capital markets.", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR) was established by the City University of New York in 2007 as part of a significant commitment to launch New York\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s first demographic research and training program, thereby producing an intellectually vibrant community of scholars in that field. It is comprised of affiliates from over seven of the 23 CUNY campuses.\nYear Founded: 2009 Baruch College\nThe University Education\nThe Bernard L. Schwartz Communication Institute", "\nAbout Center: Founded in 1997 thanks to the generous support of Bernard L. Schwartz, a CUNY alumnus, the Bernard L. Schwartz Communication Institute encourages the emphasis of oral, written, and computer mediated communication across the curriculum at Baruch College. The development of the Institute was driven by a fundamental question, often asked by business leaders, alumni, faculty and our undergraduates: how can we help Baruch students become more effective communicators", "\n? We define communication as a purposeful activity imbedded in a discipline or context; it is the locus in which learning and teaching takes place. We promote a coordinated effort across the disciplines to encourage students to see themselves as communicators, to value the importance of communicating their ideas well and to gain a respect for the differences among the various modes of expression at play in academic and professional environments", "\nWe operate under the Office of the Provost, and are supported by an Academic Advisory Council and a Business Advisory Council, made up of senior faculty and leading executives, respectively.", "\nYear Founded: 1997 Baruch College Education\nThe Center on Equality, Pluralism & Policy", "\nAbout Center: The mission of the Center on Equality, Pluralism and Policy (CEPP) at Baruch College is to examine the opportunities and barriers our country\u2019s citizens and non-citizens face in a racially, ethnically, and culturally diverse society. The primary objective of CEPP is to critically examine issues of economic and social policies in our city, state and nation where the government creates and implements policies that affect all of our citizens and non-citizens", "\nBaruch students are an integral part of this examination. CEPP invites students to bring their ideas and commitment to social justice to the Center. Baruch College Ethnic Studies", "\nAbout Center: The mission of Baruch Performing Arts Center is to serve the Baruch College community by introducing the performing arts into all aspects of Baruch College life, including the interests of the students, faculty, staff and Alumni", "\nAs part of the Weissman School of Arts and Sciences, the center achieves this goal through performing arts programming and allied activities that support and enrich the educational curriculum through out the college, as well as, by opening new areas of interest to promote growth of the students as individuals educated for life as well as work, while encouraging the faculty, staff, alumni and general public to become engaged as audience and supporters. Baruch College Music & Theater", "\nAbout Center: The School of Public Affairs (SPA) at Baruch College launched the Center for Nonprofit Strategy and Management (CNSM) to address the needs of nonprofit organizations that are pivotal to the health and well-being of New York City. CNSM is a collection of outstanding professors and practitioners devoted to the nonprofit sector: its study, its practice, and its collective mission", "\nThe Center provides an environment of mutually respectful learning, research and support for professionals who work in this exciting and challenging field. Today, SPA and the CNSM offer a wide range of academic and non-credit programs and services oriented towards the different experiences among practitioners in nonprofit organizations. The Center\u2019s programs address the complex issues facing the nonprofit sector, including strengthening leadership and building a pipeline of future leaders", "\nBaruch Survey Research Unit\nAbout Center: The SRU in the School of Public Affairs designs and conducts surveys for government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and other partners on a wide range of public affairs topics. A state-of-the-art telephone center supports careful objective survey research on policy-relevant issues at both the local and national levels.\nYear Founded: 1995 Baruch College Other\nNew York Census Research Data Center", "\nAbout Center: The New York Census Research Data Center (NYCRDC) at Baruch College is one of nine secure facilities in the country that provide researchers with the opportunity to engage in approved projects that use the confidential microdata collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, the National Center for Health Statistics and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Baruch College Humanities\nCenter for Innovation and Leadership in Government", "\nAbout Center: The Center for Innovation and Leadership in Government was created to preserve continuity and institutional memory in municipal government by preparing prospective and newly elected or appointed government officials for effective public service.\nYear Founded: 2000 Baruch College Politics\nComputer Center for Visually Impaired People", "\nAbout Center: The mission of the CCVIP is to increase the freedom, independence, and productivity of people who are blind or visually impaired through the power of digital technology. We accmplish this through training, applied research, product testing and development, and community awareness initiatives. Baruch College Technology\nJewish Resource Center", "\nAbout Center: Formally established in May 1998, the Jewish Resource Center (JRC) serves as the Jewish address of Baruch College. It is called a \u201cResource Center\u201d rather than the customary Jewish Studies center or program because of its linkage to Lewis Weston\u2019s Jewish Resource Fund which served as the initial gift to endow the Center.\nYear Founded: 1998 Baruch College Ethnic Studies\nCenter for Sustainable Energy", "\nAbout Center: The mission of the Center for Sustainable Energy (CSE), located at the City University of New York\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Bronx Community College (BCC), is to promote and implement the use of sustainable and efficient energy technologies in urban communities through education, training, workforce development, research and project facilitation", "\nThe Center for Sustainable Energy supports clean energy development and energy conservation as the means to protect the environment, enhance public health and position New York City to capture emerging economic development opportunities in the energy sector. Bronx Community College Environment", "\nBMCC Tribeca Performing Arts Center\nAbout Center: Borough of Manhattan Community College Performing Arts Center, AKA BMCC Tribeca Performing Arts Center is committed to offering high caliber educational and culturally diverse arts programming to BMCC, the Downtown business and residential communities, and audiences from the greater New York Metropolitan area.\nYear Founded: 1983 Borough of Manhattan Community College Music & Theater\nThe Center for Ethnic Studies at BMCC", "\nAbout Center: The Center for Ethnic Studies offers BMCC students an opportunity to study the experiences of diverse racial and ethnic groups in North America, as well as the histories and creative expressions of Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia. Through a socially relevant curriculum, we strive to revitalize the cultural heritages of historically excluded and underrepresented groups\u2014Africans and peoples of African descent, Latinos, and Asians", "\nOur approach to the study of identities, migration, cultures, literature, arts, and politics is multi-continental and interdisciplinary. Our courses reach across myriad disciplines and continents to cultivate global, comparative, transnational, and socio-historical perspectives on race, ethnicity, gender, and class. Our dedicated professors lead Study Abroad courses to Brazil and the Dominican Republic. Borough of Manhattan Community College Ethnic Studies", "\nCenter for Child and Adult Development\nAbout Center: The center is sponsored by the M.S. in education and advanced certificate for school psychologists programs of the School of Education. The center serves the community and professionals in the fields of education and psychology by providing, through conferences and symposia, information on mental health practices and recent research relevant to child and adult development.\nYear Founded: 1972 Brooklyn College Education\nChildren\u2019s Studies Center", "\nAbout Center: The center aims to promote a unified approach to the study and teaching of children and youth across the disciplines in the arts, humanities, natural and social sciences, medicine, and law", "\nIt is the mission of the center to participate in national and international research efforts on behalf of children and youth; to help governmental and advocacy agencies, as well as community-based organizations, formulate implementation strategies for helping children and youth; to initiate interdisciplinary symposia, concerts, broadcasts, exhibitions, and films in partnership with arts institutions; and to develop resource and information materials for assisting undergraduate students in the exploration of careers related to children and youth services.", "\nCenter for Italian American Studies\nAbout Center: The center was established to stimulate interest in Italian American life and explore the social and political attitudes and behavior patterns of Italian Americans. Graduate and undergraduate students may participate in the center\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s research projects. The center sponsors conferences and cultural events. Counseling and training workshops are among the services offered.\nYear Founded: 1973 Brooklyn College Ethnic Studies\nCenter for Latino Studies", "\nAbout Center: The center is an adjunct of the Department of Puerto Rican and Latino Studies. It serves students, faculty, and the community by stimulating interest in Puerto Rican and Latino affairs. It provides opportunities to sponsor conferences, workshops, lectures, seminars, internships, and noncredit courses. It encourages curricular development and research on topics related to the Latino experience and fosters educational exhibits as well as artistic and cultural expression", "\nThe center maintains a facility for special collections, publications, and research.", "\nArchaeological Research Center\nAbout Center: The center supports excavations in the Balkans, the Mediterranean area, and the Middle East on sites dating from early Neolithic to medieval times. The center also supports and directs excavations in New York. Evidence is recovered and studied from these and other digs in which members participate. The center publishes its findings.\nAfricana Research Center", "\nAbout Center: The Center\u2019s mission is to offer a multidisciplinary curriculum devoted to in-depth study of Blacks in Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States. The Center\u2019 s goal also is to serve as a bridge between Brooklyn College and the diasporan community of New York through research, sponsored programs, and as community representatives.\nCenter for Health Promotion", "\nAbout Center: The Center for Health Promotion develops, coordinates, and centralizes a variety of outreach programs initiated by faculty members. The center organizes workshops, seminars, and conferences on health and nutrition topics. It serves as an information resource for health professionals, students, and community residents. It provides opportunities for students to learn through volunteer work and to serve the community through field work and independent studies on health promotion.", "\nYear Founded: 1983 Brooklyn College Health\nCenter for Computer Music", "\nAbout Center: The Center for Computer Music, part of the Conservatory of Music, promotes musical and interdisciplinary projects using a variety of computer platforms and software applications. Its recording studio is equipped with sixteen-track digital recording, with mixdown capabilities. A variety of high-quality microphones, mixers, tape recorders, and signal processors is available", "\nThe center\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s control room is linked to a medium-sized room for solo and chamber music recordings and to a fully equipped 500-seat theater for larger ensembles. The conservatory also offers courses in recording technology.", "\nYear Founded: 1977 Brooklyn College Music & Theater\nApplied Sciences Institute", "\nAbout Center: The Applied Sciences Institute (ASI) comprises ten research institutes at the college. The institute\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s purposes are to promote significant funded research in a broad range of applied sciences, to promote economic development through interaction with local and regional industry, and to create educational opportunities\u2013including those for women and minorities\u2013that help increase the technological and scientific work force needed for the economic health of the city.", "\nYear Founded: 1987 Brooklyn College Science\nInfant Study Center\nAbout Center: The center conducts grant-supported research studies on visual and perceptual development in infants and young children. Aspects of both normal and abnormal development are studied. A major interest of the center is the development of new methods of assessing visual functioning in infants and young children. Graduate and undergraduate students assist in research.\nEthyle R. Wolfe Institute for the Humanities", "\nAbout Center: The Wolfe Institute for the Humanities supports excellence in research, publication, teaching, and all forms of academic discourse on the campus of Brooklyn College. The Institute sponsors a varied series of lectures, seminars, colloquia, conferences, and study groups, often in collaboration with other academic programs and organizations, with the aim of keeping public conversation at Brooklyn College in touch with advances in the humanities and social sciences", "\nThe Wolfe Institute sponsors several faculty fellowships each year for research in the humanities. The Institute also works closely with the students and faculty of the Brooklyn College Honors Academy.", "\nYear Founded: 1976 Brooklyn College Humanities\nCenter for the Study of World Television\nAbout Center: The Center is affiliated with the Dept of Television and Radio. The goal is to develop a better understanding of the use of national and international policy for the constructive application of television and related media to the social, cultural, political, and economic needs of various countries and regions.\nYear Founded: 1996 Brooklyn College International Studies", "\nInstitutes for Studies in American Music\nAbout Center: The Institute for Studies in American Music at Brooklyn College is an internationally recognized center for the study and presentation of American music. ISAM enriches the educational experience of Brooklyn College students, faculty, and members of the Brooklyn community through its regular programming of annual conferences, lectures, conferences, and artist residencies.\nDominican Institute", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute is an interdisciplinary research unit of the City University of New York at City College devoted to the production, gathering, and dissemination of knowledge on Dominicans in the United States, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere.\nYear Founded: 1994 The City College of New York Ethnic Studies\nCenter for Water Resources and Environmental Research", "\nAbout Center: The Center conducts research on a considerable variety of topics in the water resources/environmental area including natural hazards, pollution movement, surface water and groundwater cleanup, wetland preservation, reservoir protection, watershed management, the hydraulics and hydrology of natural flow systems, non-point source pollution, ecology preservation, and other related subjects. Both the technical and sociopolitical issues arising from these studies are addressed", "\nThe Simon H. Rifkind Center for the Humanities\nAbout Center: The primary goal of the Center is to promote cultural activities in the Humanities connected with the College. It does so in a variety of ways, including support for faculty research, the organization and sponsorship of special events of various kinds, high school outreach programs, and the support of a number of publications associated with the College.\nYear Founded: 1986 The City College of New York Humanities", "\nHarlem Stage/Aaron Davis Hall, Inc. at City College\nAbout Center: Since 1979, Harlem Stage/Aaron Davis Hall, Inc. (Harlem Stage) has been one of the nation\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s leading organizations devoted to the creation and development of new works by performing artists of color; provides a valuable forum for culturally diverse artists, community-based performing arts organizations and regionally-significant arts groups and institutes important education programs for the metropolitan area.", "\nYear Founded: 1979 The City College of New York Music & Theater\nAdvanced Science Research Center", "\nAbout Center: The University appreciates that, in order to attract and retain top-level scientists to our faculty, compete successfully for large collaborative research grants, and expand our capacity to commercialize our intellectual property, it is essential to provide state-of-the-art science facilities. With this understanding, we are currently constructing phase one of the Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)", "\nThis first phase of a two-phase plan consists of a ~200,000 sq ft building that will support high-end research in five key and emerging science disciplines. The University Science", "\nBenjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics\nAbout Center: The broad aim of the Institute has been to investigate key problems in physico-chemical hydrodynamics, which refers to phenomena governed by the interaction of fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reactions, from a fundamental and multifaceted perspective.\nYear Founded: 1979 The City College of New York Science\nCenter for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications", "\nAbout Center: The New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Photonics Applications (CAT) at the City University of New York (CUNY) develops and disseminates knowledge in photonics technology in order to promote New York economic development for the medical, biological, industrial and military sectors.\nCenter for Advanced Engineering Design and Development", "\nAbout Center: The Center\u2019s mission is to conduct, coordinate, and promote design-oriented, applied research and development for industry. It fosters interdisciplinary engineering design and manufacturing education by the academic departments in the School of Engineering.\nCenter for Algorithms and Interactive Scientific Software (CAISS)", "\nAbout Center: CAISS is an international association of researchers in mathematics, computer science, engineering and technology, which hosts and supports a wide range of projects. These projects bridge the gap between concept and application, and include ongoing studies in computational algebra, symbolic mathematics, statistics, computational biology and scientific computation.\nCenter for Analysis of Structures and Interfaces", "\nAbout Center: CASI has two goals: to conduct exemplary research and to increase the number of minority scientists trained to conduct high-level scientific research.\nCenter for Biomedical Engineering", "\nAbout Center: The Department of Biomedical Engineering grew out of the New York Center for Biomedical Engineering (NYCBE) at the CCNY, a consortium of New York City medical institutions established in 1994 to serve as a focal center for collaborative biomedical engineering research in the New York metropolitan area.\nInstitute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers", "\nAbout Center: The Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers (IUSL) of the City University of New York (CUNY) is a world-renowned multidisciplinary research laboratory devoted to promoting research and education in photonic and laser technologies for scientific, engineering, medical, and industrial applications. The City College of New York Science\nInstitute for Transportation Systems", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Institute for Transportation Systems is a multi-disciplinary inter-college effort which addresses transportation issues affecting the economic and social life of the city, state, and region.\nYear Founded: 1985 The City College of New York Technology\nCenter for Information Networking and Telecommunication", "\nAbout Center: Telecommunication and Information Networking Group (TING) conducts research and development in the fields of high-speed, multi-media, multi-service, integrated wired/wireless networks, mobility in IP and ATM networks, secure communications, and information distribution networks. We also offer courses and labs in these areas to train undergraduate and graduate students to be the leaders of this information era", "\nThese research and educational activities have been funded by government agencies and industries including: US Army (ARL, CECOM, ARO), NSF, Telcordia (formerly Bellcore), Panasonic, NY State, NYDOT, and AT and T. The City College of New York Technology", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Institute for Urban Systems (CIUS) seeks to help urban regions shape and adapt to their changing infrastructure needs through research, education, policy advisement, and advancing the state of professional practice. CIUS actively works to bridge the professional and academic realms in its efforts to identify innovative solutions to the problems of aging infrastructure", "\nIt draws its strength and depth from the City University of New York\u2019s distinguished faculty in engineering, architecture, economics, urban planning, law and management. The City College of New York Urban Studies", "\nCenter for International Service\nAbout Center: The program hosts visiting scholars from various countries to the College of Staten Island and builds sustainable exchange and study abroad programs both for faculty and students.\nYear Founded: 2001 College of Staten Island Education\nCollege of Staten Island Center for the Arts", "\nAbout Center: The CSI Center provides arts and cultural programming to the Staten Island community on a nonprofit basis. As Staten Island\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s premier performing arts venue, The CSI Center for the Performing Arts includes five theatres under one roof. College of Staten Island Music & Theater\nCenter for Developmental Neurosciences and Developmental Disabilities", "\nAbout Center: The Center for Developmental Neuroscience and Developmental Disabilities (CDN) is supported jointly with the New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR). The Center conducts, promotes, and sponsors research, education, and training in the developmental neurosciences with special emphasis on research and educational programs in the specific field of developmental disabilities.\nYear Founded: 2001 College of Staten Island Science", "\nCenter for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics and Computational Science\nAbout Center: The Center will promote and support research focused on the applications of mathematics and computation across a broad range of scientific disciplines. College of Staten Island Technology\nAmerican Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning\nAbout Center: The Center aims to revitalize interest in history.\nYear Founded: 1999 CUNY Graduate Center Education\nCenter for Urban Education Policy", "\nAbout Center: The Center was organized to provide a mechanism for systematic study and analysis of policy issues confronting urban education.\nCenter for Advanced Study in Education (CASE)\nAbout Center: The Center (CASE) was established to conduct basic and applied research concerned with improving and upgrading the quality of education in urban areas.\nCenter for Latin American, Caribbean and Latino Studies", "\nAbout Center: The mission of the Center is to stimulate and help coordinate the study of Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latinos in the U.S. in the CUNY doctoral programs making use of the various specialists across the disciplines at CUNY\u2019s colleges.\nYear Founded: 2000 CUNY Graduate Center Ethnic Studies\nInstitute for Research on the African Diaspora in the Americas and the Caribbean (IRADAC)", "\nAbout Center: IRADAC is a major research institute concerned with the study of the history, culture, conditions, and development of people of African descent, with special attention being given to the African American and African Caribbean experience. IRADAC is a CUNY-wide Institute also associated with City College.", "\nAbout Center: The Center encourages research on Jewish life, particularly in the modern period, and brings that research to the Jewish and academic communities through conferences, publications, symposia, and lectures.\nCenter for Human Environments\nAbout Center: The Center is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization of social scientists, environmental designers, planners and educators whose research addresses the relationship between people and their physical settings.", "\nYear Founded: 1976 CUNY Graduate Center Environment\nAbout Center: Founded in 1993, The Center provides a forum for CUNY students and faculty to engage in interdisciplinary dialogue with other scholars as well as prominent journalists, artists and civic leaders.\nYear Founded: 1993 CUNY Graduate Center Humanities\nHenri Peyre French Institute", "\nAbout Center: The Institute sponsors a variety of conferences, seminars, and lectures that relate to the arts and humanities in French and Francophone culture, including exhibits, poetry readings, and artistic performances. Essentially, part of French Dept.\nBildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies", "\nAbout Center: The Bildner Center focuses on policy issues in democratic governance and human rights, development models and social policy, integration and globalization, the role of knowledge in social change and development, and relations between the United States and Latin America.\nYear Founded: 1982 CUNY Graduate Center International Studies\nMiddle East and Middle Eastern American Center", "\nAbout Center: MEMEAC\u2019s mission is to promote the study of the Middle East and Middle Eastern Americans. Established in 2001, it is the only center in the country that incorporates the Middle Eastern American experience into Middle East Studies.\nRalph Bunche Institute for International Studies", "\nAbout Center: The Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies serves as a research consortium for objective research and study of issues of concern to the global community, multilateral institutions, and world interdependence.\nResearch Center for Music Iconography (RCMI)\nAbout Center: The Center (RCMI) was established in 1972 by Barry S. Brook with an assistance of Emanuel Winternitz, to conduct research into musical subject matter represented in artworks.", "\nYear Founded: 1972 CUNY Graduate Center Music & Theater\nBarry S. Brook Center for Music Research & Documentation\nAbout Center: The Brook Center is a scholarly facility associated with the doctoral program in music at The City University of New York Graduate Center.\nMartin E. Segal Theatre Center\nAbout Center: The Martin E. Segal Theatre Center (MESTC), The Graduate Center, CUNY, is a non-profit center for theatre, dance, and film affiliated with CUNY\u2019s Ph.D. Program in Theatre.", "\nOriginally founded in 1979 as the Center for Advanced Studies in Theatre Arts (CASTA), it was renamed in March of 1999 to recognize Martin E. Segal, one of New York City\u2019s outstanding leaders of the arts.\nCenter for Lesbian and Gay Studies (CLAGS)\nAbout Center: The Center is the first and only university-based research center in the USA dedicated to the study of historical, cultural, and political issues of vital concern to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals and communities.", "\nYear Founded: 1992 CUNY Graduate Center Lesbian & Gay Studies\nCenter on Philanthropy and Civil Society\nAbout Center: The Center fosters interdisciplinary research on the role of giving and voluntarism in the United States and overseas.\nYear Founded: 1986 CUNY Graduate Center Philanthropy\nHoward Samuels State Management and Policy Center", "\nAbout Center: The Center\u2019s mission is to advance democracy by focusing on those areas of research and public policy that increase access and participation to the political process, and foster equity and quality of services for marginalized groups.\nYear Founded: 1987 CUNY Graduate Center Politics\nCenter for Place, Culture and Politics\nAbout Center: The Center is an interdisciplinary center providing an exciting intellectual forum for the discussion of a wide range of vital contemporary issues.", "\nCenter for the Study of Culture, Technology and Work\nAbout Center: The Center considers, both structurally and historically, with issues relating to knowledge and the forms of knowledge, such as scientific method, emergent discourses, and interrelationships among high, mass, popular, and everyday cultures.\nYear Founded: 2000 CUNY Graduate Center Technology\nCUNY Institute for Software Design & Development (CISDD)", "\nAbout Center: The Institute is a CUNY Consortium which aims to spur the development and commercialization of advanced software technologies and software engineering methods and toto help the NY software industry compete effectively with non-NYS regions in developing, incorporating, and bringing to market technological innovations in software functionality, performance, ease of development and maintenance.\nFrank Stanton/Andrew Heiskell Center for Public Policy in Telecommunications and Information Systems", "\nAbout Center: The Center provides a forum that brings the private and non-profit sectors together with the education community to study the impact of technology on teaching and learning in the school, the workplace, the home and the community, and its effect on school organization and change.\nAbout Center: The Center\u2019s goal is to boost the visibility-for citizens, tourists and students-of New York\u2019s badly under-appreciated and under-developed historical assets.", "\nYear Founded: 2000 CUNY Graduate Center Urban Studies\nResearch Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS)\nAbout Center: The Institute conducts research on language, literacy, and bilingualism and their development and acquisition in an urban society. The mission is to investigate research questions at the nexus between language and the NYC urban environment.\nCenter for Urban Research", "\nAbout Center: The Center organizes research on the critical issues that face NY and other large cities in the U.S. and abroad, collaborates with public agencies, nonprofit organizations, and other partners, and holds forums about urban research.\nCenter for the Study of Women & Society", "\nAbout Center: The Center promotes interdisciplinary feminist scholarship. The Center\u2019s research agenda is the study of gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, class and nation in relationship to the experiences of women and men in societies everywhere.\nYear Founded: 1976 CUNY Graduate Center Women\u2019s Studies\nLatin American Writers Institute\nAbout Center: LAWI is an organization devoted to promoting the work of Latino Writers in United States and Latin American Writers abroad.", "\nYear Founded: 1987; Revived: 2003 Hostos Community College Business\nHostos Center for the Arts and Culture\nAbout Center: The centerpiece of the new campus at Hostos Community College of The City University of New York, the Hostos Center for the Arts and Culture consists of a museum-grade art gallery, a 367-seat theater, and a 907-seat concert hall.", "\nThe Hostos Center presents artists of national and international renown. It also presents emerging and established local artists, and it offers workshops in drama, folk arts, and dance to community residents. Hostos Community College Music & Theater\nNational Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education and the Professions", "\nAbout Center: The Center serves as a clearinghouse and forum for those engaged in the study and practice of collective bargaining (and the related processes of grievance and administration and arbitration) in colleges and universities and in other professions such as medicine and journalism. The NCSCBHEP provides labor and management practitioners and scholars with the finest research about collective bargaining.\nYear Founded: 1972 Hunter College Education\nCentro de Estudios Puertorriquenos", "\nAbout Center: The Centro is a research center dedicated to the study and interpretation of the Puerto Rican experience in the United States. We are committed to making this research available and useful to those in community organizations, public policy, and academia. The Centro is also the world\u2019s only repository of archival and library materials dedicated exclusively to the Puerto Rican diaspora.\nYear Founded: 1973 Hunter College Ethnic Studies\nThe CUNY Institute for Sustainable Cities", "\nAbout Center: The CUNY Institute for Sustainable Cities seeks to create awareness and understanding of the connections between the everyday lives of urban citizens and their natural world, leading to the discovery and use of cities like New York as a learning laboratory to create a sustainable future for cities worldwide.\nYear Founded: 2006 Hunter College Environment\nCenter for Occupational and Environmental Health", "\nAbout Center: Since 1986, the Hunter College Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), formerly called the Hunter-Montefiore Health and Safety Training Program, has conducted research as well as designed and carried out training programs in occupational and environmental health", "\nIn that time, Hunter COEH has worked with international, national and local labor unions, private employers, municipal and state agencies, and community organizations promoting better understanding, access to information and improved skills in addressing workplace and environmental concerns.", "\nYear Founded: 1986 Hunter College Health\nCenter on AIDS, Drugs and Community Health\nAbout Center: The Hunter College Center for Community and Urban Health is dedicated to strengthening the capacity of individuals, families, organizations and populations to address and resolve contemporary community and urban health issues and concerns.\nCenter for Community and Urban Health", "\nAbout Center: The Hunter College Center for Community and Urban Health (formerly the Hunter College Center on AIDS, Drugs and Community Health) was founded in 1988 to respond to the growing public health crises that were devastating New York City\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s low-income communities, especially AIDS (the advanced stage of HIV infection) and problematic substance use.\nBrookdale Center for Healthy Aging and Longevity", "\nAbout Center: Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging and Longevity of Hunter College is a multi-disciplinary center of excellence dedicated to the advancement of successful aging and longevity through research, education, and evaluation of evidence-based models of practice and policy.\nBrookdale Center on Aging", "\nAbout Center: Brookdale was founded by Dr. Rose Dobrof of the Hunter College School of Social Work in 1974 as one of the country\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s first multi-disciplinary academic gerontology centers. In this role, Brookdale serves as a critical bridge between gerontological education, research, policy, practice and advocacy", "\nFor the past three decades, the Center has taken the lead in identifying the needs of older New Yorkers, developing programs to make New York a better place to grow old, training professionals and paraprofessionals who serve the elderly, and championing both the elderly and policies to promote successful aging.", "\nYear Founded: 1974 Hunter College Humanities\nAbout Center: Each season The Kaye Playhouse hosts over 200 performances in the fields of dance, music, theatre, film and children\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s programs. Bringing an eclectic mix of performing arts events to over 100,000 theatergoers annually, it has become the \u201cEast Side center for all the performing arts.\u201d\nYear Founded: 1942 Hunter College Music & Theater\nCenter for Study of Gene Structure and Function", "\nAbout Center: At the heart of the Gene Center\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s mission is an imperative to build unique collaborations among biologists, chemists, biopsychologists, biophysicists, and bioanthropologists; to recruit and equip outstanding faculty; to develop and share core research facilities; and to implement strategies for scientific networking.\nYear Founded: 1985 Hunter College Science\nCenter for Community Planning and Development", "\nAbout Center: The Center for Community Planning and Development (CCPD) promotes knowledge, applied research, and innovative practice in community planning and development throughout the New York metropolitan region. It provides technical assistance and training through partnerships with community-based organizations, non-profit corporations, and local agencies", "\nThe CCPD is committed to democratic, inclusive, and participatory approaches to planning and development that foster sustainability and economic and social justice. Hunter College Urban Studies", "\nCUNY Dispute Resolution Consortium\nAbout Center: It is a University based academic center which serves as a comprehensive coordinating mechanism to advance research and innovative program development throughout the City University as well as the New York City metropolitan area.\nYear Founded: 1993 John Jay College of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice\nInstitute for Criminal Justice Ethics", "\nAbout Center: The Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics, the only nonprofit, university-based center of its kind in the United States, was established to foster greater concern for ethical issues among practitioners and scholars in the criminal justice field. Through its diverse programs it serves both as a national clearinghouse for information and as a stimulus to research and publication", "\nIt seeks to encourage increased sensitivity to the demands of ethical behavior among those who administer and enforce our system of criminal justice, a more focused treatment of moral issues in the education of criminal justice professionals, and a new dialogue among scholars and practitioners on specific topics in criminal justice ethics.", "\nCenter on Race, Crime and Justice\nAbout Center: The Center aims to provide a systematic means for better understanding the linkages between race, crime, and justice, and for the development of sound policies to diminish racial bias in the criminal justice system.\nNational Network for Safe Communities", "\nAbout Center: The Center engages practitioners in jurisdictions around the country in the development of a portfolio of strategies aimed at preventing and controlling crime in communities. These strategies and their implementation are assessed and researched in partnership with local jurisdicitions.\nSmith Cyber Center for Crimes", "\nAbout Center: The Stephen E. Smith Center for Cyber Crime brings together financial, corporate, law enforcement, and academic institutions to create a team with the goal of understanding, preventing, detecting and responding to electronic criminal conduct.\nCenter on Terrorism\nAbout Center: The goal of the Center is to study the causes, purposes and methods of terrorism while searching for concrete ways of making that knowledge contribute to public safety.\nCenter for International Human Rights", "\nAbout Center: The Center studies the main challenges to the promotion and protection of internationally recognized human rights norms; analyze and assess the intersections between human rights violations and international crimes, and investigate genocide historically and in the contemporary world.\nForensic Psychology Research Institute", "\nAbout Center: The purpose is to create and foster research opportunities. Academic and intellectual relationships between students and faculty are strengthened through the work of the Institute.\nGerald W. Lynch Theater and John Jay College", "\nAbout Center: Since opening its doors in 1988, the Gerald W. Lynch Theater has been an invaluable cultural resource for John Jay College and the larger New York City community. The Theater is dedicated to the creation and presentation of performing arts programming of all disciplines with a special focus on how the artistic imagination can shed light on the many perceptions of justice in our society.\nYear Founded: 1988 John Jay College of Criminal Justice Music & Theater", "\nLeon M. Goldstein Performing Arts Center\nAbout Center: A dance, theater, music, and lecture space that seats 643 people and hosts 50 events per year. Kingsborough Community College Music & Theater\nInstitute for Virtual Enterprise\nAbout Center: IVE/CUNY\u2019s mission is to enhance student engagement and success by building awareness in Financial Literacy and Entrepreneurship, Leadership, and Environmental Preservation within a context of Sustainable Development. Kingsborough Community College Business", "\nAbout Center: The main purpose of the Center is to be a clearinghouse for data on the participation of people of color in the law, as well as to conduct original research, according to the Center\u2019s newly named director, Professor Pamela Edwards. The Center also will publish an e-newsletter on issues that affect the careers of people of color in the law", "\nIn addition, the Center will collaborate with other organizations that have activities designed to increase participation in the legal profession by people of color as well as by members of other communities historically under-represented in the legal profession.", "\nYear Founded: 2008 CUNY School of Law Criminal Justice\nCenter for Urban Environmental Reform", "\nAbout Center: The Center for Urban Environmental Reform (CUER) at the City University of New York School of Law was founded on the belief that environmental justice is a critical aspect of social justice and that communities are entitled to participate fully and meaningfully in environmental decisions that affect them. CUER will be a clearinghouse and focal point for the data, experts, and training needed to ensure a level playing field", "\nThe goal is to expand participation in public decision-making and to increase transparency and overall access to information in order to enhance both the legitimacy of environmental decision-making processes and the fairness of decisions reached.", "\nYear Founded: 2011 CUNY School of Law Environment\nLaGuardia Performing Arts Center", "\nAbout Center: The LaGuardia Performing Arts Center (LPAC), at LaGuardia Community College/CUNY, is committed to presenting culturally and ethnically diverse programming of the highest quality for the College community, the residents of Queens and the tri-state area", "\nWith technical features that rival those of many theaters in Manhattan, and a location, which makes it easily accessible from Midtown, LPAC-the largest theater of its kind in Western Queens-has quickly found its place within the city\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s rich array of cultural resources. LaGuardia Community College Music & Theater", "\nAbout Center: Established in 1982, the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives collects, preserves and makes available materials relating to the history of New York City in the twentieth century and beyond, with an emphasis on the Mayoralty, The Council of the City of New York and the Borough of Queens. The Archives is the repository of the Papers of Mayors Fiorello H. LaGuardia, Robert F. Wagner, Abraham D. Beame and Edward I", "\nKoch, the records of The Council of the City of New York, the New York City Housing Authority and the Steinway & Sons piano company, and a Queens Local History Collection. The Archives is also an education center, teaching students to study primary sources and producing curricula for elementary, middle school, high school and college students. It also develops an annual history calendar and website for The City University of New York. See http://www.cuny.edu/freedom", "\nLehman Center for School and College Collaboratives\nAbout Center: As a community resource, the Institute is committed to act in cooperation with other academic institutions, community groups, and organizations to develop joint projects especially those that enrich regional and national attention regarding the educational needs of Latinos who constitute the largest group of students in the Bronx Schools.\nYear Founded: 1984 Lehman College Education\nInstitute for Literacy Studies", "\nAbout Center: Our mission-reforming and improving urban education-has deep significance in our home borough of the Bronx as well as throughout New York City and the nation. We understand \u201curban education\u201d in its broadest, most inclusive meaning to comprise the complex web of systems, settings and relationships that foster learning in our cities. Our mission, therefore, includes teaching and learning in schools, colleges, community-based and adult education settings, and in homes.", "\nInstitute for Irish-American Studies\nAbout Center: The Institute serves as a clearinghouse for research opportunities in Irish-American Studies for students, staff, and faculty on all of the campuses of the City University of New York.\nYear Founded: 2000 Lehman College Ethnic Studies\nCUNY Institute for Health Equity", "\nAbout Center: The Institute will work directly with fourteen community organizations in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Brooklyn, including Mothers on the Move, African Hope Committee, and Brooklyn Young Mothers Collective", "\nIt has three core objectives: building the capacity of non-profit and community-based organizations to address health problems in their communities; providing learning opportunities for students to work toward health equity; and strengthening multidisciplinary cooperation and research on health equity issues both within and beyond CUNY.", "\nYear Founded: 2009 Lehman College Health\nAbout Center: Lehman Center for the Performing Arts at Lehman College seats 2310 people and hosts 100,000 guests at its performances every year. Lehman College Music & Theater\nThe Bronx Institute", "\nAbout Center: The mission of the Institute is to foster faculty research and leadership relevant to the improvement of education and the quality of life in the Bronx; to provide a forum to seek potential solutions to contemporary educational, social, political, cultural and economic challenges facing the Bronx and other urban areas and to disseminate research information", "\nAs a community resource, the Institute is committed to act in cooperation with other academic institutions, community groups, and organizations to develop joint projects especially those that enrich regional and national attention regarding the educational needs of Latinos, the largest group of students in the Bronx Schools.", "\nCenter for the Improvement of Education\nAbout Center: The Center forges linkages between public schools and Queens College that will allow staff from each to perform their primary functions more effectively.\nYear Founded: 1980 Queens College Education\nLabor Resource Center", "\nAbout Center: The Labor Resource Center was established to provide labor related resources and educational services to academia, the public, and the labor community. The Center\u2019s staff conducts research, develops educational materials, sponsors forums, organizes conferences, and edits and distributes publications in order to promote discourse within the labor movement and the general public. Queens College Education\nAsian-American and Asian Research Institute", "\nAbout Center: The Institute is a university-wide scholarly research and resource center that focuses on policies and issues that affect Asians and Asian Americans. It covers four areas: Asian American Studies, East Asian Studies, South Asian Studies and Trade and Technology Studies. The City University of New York (CUNY) with twenty campuses city-wide, is rich in faculty who have expertise in Asian and Asian American studies", "\nEach year CUNY enrolls over 24,000 Asian American students, who will soon emerge as a vital segment of New York City\u2019s workforce and leadership.", "\nYear Founded: 2001 Queens College Ethnic Studies\nCenter for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies", "\nAbout Center: The impetus for the center\u2019s creation was provided by the growing interest of students in the language, history, institutions, and culture of the Greek people from the late Byzantine times to the present, and by the needs of the Greek American community. The moving force behind the creation of the Center has been Professor Harry J. Psomiades who was Director of the Center from its inception in 1974 until he retired in 2003.", "\nAbout Center: Led by the Director of the Jewish Studies Program and an energetic lay advisory board, the Center for Jewish Studies is an outreach and research agent that serves as a bridge between the academic Program and the community. Queens College Ethnic Studies\nJohn D. Calandra Italian American Institute", "\nAbout Center: The overall purpose of the John D. Calandra Italian American Institute is basic to the central mission of The City University of New York. Italian-Americans represent the largest European ancestral group in New York State, New York City and at CUNY. Thus, the primary purpose of the Institute is to foster higher education among Italian-Americans.\nSelma and Max Kupferberg Center for the Visual and Performing Arts", "\nAbout Center: Mission: to create and maintain a unified yet multifaceted identity for the arts partners housed under the umbrella of the Kupferberg Center for the Arts, and to promote the excellence of the arts at Queens College to students, faculty, alumni, the Queens community, and beyond.\nYear Founded: 2006 Queens College Music & Theater\nAsian-American Center", "\nAbout Center: he Asian/American Center (A/AC) at Queens College of the City University of New York was founded in 1987, and is dedicated to the development of community-oriented research to analyze the multicultural diaspora experience of Asians in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean.\nYear Founded: 1987 Queens College Other\nThe Michael Harrington Center for Democratic Values and Social Change", "\nAbout Center: The Center exists to promote public, democratic discussion of social issues, to advocate for social change and to work in partnerships with others to build a more just, equitable and democratic society. The Center is concerned with the employment, education, health and community needs of the economically disadvantaged.\nYear Founded: 1990 Queens College Politics\nCenter for the Biology of Natural Systems", "\nAbout Center: CBNS is a research organization with considerable experience in the analysis of environmental, energy and resource problems and their economic implications. Established in 1966 at Washington University, St. Louis, CBNS moved to Queens College in 1981, where it is organized as a research institute of the City University of New York", "\nOver a period of 30 years CBNS has become known for an extensive series of pioneering studies on environmental issues such as trash disposal, agricultural sources of pollution, and environmental carcinogens; on energy issues such as conservation, cogeneration and solar energy; on resource issues such as organic farming and waste reduction; and on the relation of such issues to economic factors and social welfare.", "\nYear Founded: 1966 Queens College Science\nNeuroscience Research Center\nAbout Center: The Center seeks to promote multidisciplinary participation in the investigation of problems in the general area of neuroscience.\nQueensborough Performing Arts Center", "\nAbout Center: The Professional Performing Arts Series at the Queensborough Performing Arts Center was created to bring a higher level of live entertainment that is affordable to people living in the community from all walks of life. The Professional Performing Arts Series makes the arts a central part of life, is accessible to everyone, and is a creative and motivating force for the culturally underserved", "\nThe Queensborough Performing Arts Center is a hub for multi-cultural, multi-racial, multi-denominational entertainment. Through our programs our diverse community can experience the richness of each other\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s cultures and traditions. Queensborough Community College Music & Theater", "\nJoseph S. Murphy Institute for Worker Education and Labor Studies\nAbout Center: Part of the School of Professional Studies. Promotes worker education. Develops certificate programs and work with colleges to expand educational opportunities for union members within CUNY. Encompasses the Labor Resource Center (est. 1992) formerly at Queens College, which provides labor related resources and educational services to academia, the public, and the labor community.", "\nYear Founded: 2005 CUNY School of Professional Studies Education\nJohn F. Kennedy, Jr. Institute for Worker Education\nAbout Center: Supports workforce development initiatives in health, education and human services fields; develops collaborative, career-ladder, worker education programs including undergraduate and graduate certificates; conducts research related to the frontline workforce; sponsors demonstration projects to improve education and employment outcomes of underserved populations.", "\nCUNY Aviation Institute at York College\nAbout Center: The CUNY Aviation Institute at York College is the first CUNY institute to focus specifically on aviation studies. As an initiative funded by a major grant from The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Institute is dedicated to providing educational opportunities for faculty, students and aviation professionals that will help develop their careers in the aviation and allied industries.\nYear Founded: 2002 York College Education", "\nAbout Center: The Center offers courses in how to start a small business.\nAbout Center: One of the Finest State-of-the-Art facilities in New York City, the York College Performing Arts Center is the perfect setting for productions of any size or scope.\nThe College features a 1437 seat Main Stage theater and a 152 seat Little Theater. Our performance venues and expert production staff can accommodate the most challenging of productions as well as the most intimate. York College Music & Theater", "\nCenter for Metamaterials\nAbout Center: The mission of the center is to advance fundamental and applied metamaterials research, development and technology transfer through strong industry/University collaborations.\nYear Founded: 2011 The University Science\nThe New York Simulation Center for the Health Sciences", "\nAbout Center: The New York Simulation Center for the Health Sciences, created through a partnership of The City University of New York and NYU Langone Medical Center, is one of the nation\u2019s largest urban health science simulation training facilities. This state-of-the-art, 25,000-square foot Center, is located within Bellevue Hospital at 462 First Ave", "\nThe facility\u2019s primary mission is training the students and at the affiliated nursing, medical, dental and allied health schools of NYU and CUNY as well as the residents, and practicing physicians and nurses at the NYU Langone Medical Center. Training of those who will be first responders to disasters in NYC is also a part of the mission of the Center. The University Education/Health/Science", "\nAbout Center: The Census and Information Center (CIC) is an official repository of the Census Bureau that disseminates data and assists in understanding and use of data by the community. It has a unique relationship with members of underserved communities and has an understanding of their needs and interests. CIC provides the Census Bureau greater access to and feedback from these communities in the conduct of the Census Bureau\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s mission of data collection and dissemination", "\nThrough its agreement with the Census Bureau, the CIC has access to a wide variety of Census Bureau products, information, and services for use in data access and dissemination activities to underserved communities.", "\nYear Founded: 2001 Medgar Evers College Urban Studies\nCenter for Black Literature", "\nAbout Center: Research activities for The Center focus on mid to late 20th century and contemporary black writing within and outside of the United States \u2014 by African Americans, Caribbeans, Latin Americans, Africans and other peoples of African ancestry", "\nThe Center is designed to expand, broaden, and enrich the public\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s knowledge and aesthetic appreciation of the value of Black literature by: 1) building an audience; 2) serving as a forum for research; 3) providing opportunities for writers; 4) collecting Black literary resources; 5) providing a writer-in-residency program; 6) collaborating with literary organizations; 7) convening conferences; 8) sponsoring workshops on book-selling; and, 9) supporting college programs.", "\nYear Founded: 2003 Medgar Evers College Ethnic Studies/Humanities\nCaribbean Research Center", "\nAbout Center: From its establishment in 1985 until 1995, the Center was funded by annual appropriations from the New York State legislature, to address the concerns, problems and needs of the rapidly growing Caribbean segment of the metropolitan New York State population", "\nIts work entails research, publications, professional development, curriculum development, fellowships, graduate student mentoring, student life enrichment, internships, study abroad and inter-university exchanges, international collaborations in community empowerment through sustainable development, and local community empowerment programs and services.", "\nAbout Center: The Center is a focal point for progressive activity through its unique combination of research, public policy, advocacy, and litigation from a community-based perspective. The Center is a community based education, research, and legal organization. It provides quality advocacy, training and expert legal services in a personal manner to people of African descent and the disenfranchised", "\nIts vision is to be a resource for the liberation of African people in order to achieve a world that will equally distribute societies\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 and natures\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 wealth to everyone, such that they are able to realize their highest creative potential and enjoy their cultural, economic, political, and social right.", "\nYear Founded: 1985 Medgar Evers College Politics\nCenter for Women\u2019s Development", "\nAbout Center: The Center supports the self-actualization of students by providing services and programs of support needed by women, particularly the student/parent, in pursuit of higher education. The Center promotes equal access to higher education for women through institutionalized support, including counseling and referrals, development and implementation of forums and events, and publication of materials on women, families, and gender issues", "\nThe CWD compiles resource information and sponsors on-going individual and group counseling in issues of self-esteem, stress, family violence, parenting, and other quality-of-life issues for male and female students and community residents.", "\nYear Founded: 1982 Medgar Evers College Women\u2019s Studies\nBrooklyn International Trade Development Center", "\nAbout Center: The Brooklyn International Trade Development Center is here to help small and mid-sized companies throughout the New York metro area find overseas markets for their products and services. The Center also works with companies that wish to foster economic development in emerging markets by investing overseas, while at the same time, encouraging investment in New York City", "\nThe Center is on a mission to help Brooklyn businesses increase their presence on the global stage, promote the expansion of Brooklyn\u2019s economy through increased international trade in goods and services and related activities with the overall goal of job creation.", "\nYear Founded: 2006 Medgar Evers College Business\nCenter for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development", "\nAbout Center: Center for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development (CEED), formerly the Small Business Center in collaboration with the Community Outreach Partnership Center (COPC) has implemented activities with the School of Business and business community activities such as: a series of entrepreneurship training workshops for small business owners, collaborated with the Heart of Brooklyn (HOB): Crown Heights Economic Revitalization Project; a banking services survey in collaboration with Community Planning Board #8; and small business surveys with the LDC of Crown Heights", "\nThese activities were done with the expertise of faculty and students in the School of Business.", "\nThe DuBois Bunche Center for Public Policy\nAbout Center: The DuBois Bunche Center (DBC) comprises of scholar activists and advocates dedicated to forging solutions to the challenges confronting people of color living within urban communities in the United States and throughout the African Diaspora. DBC produces research, formulates policies, sponsors conferences and produces public affairs media programming that advances economic and social justice.\nMale Development and Empowerment Center", "\nAbout Center: Male Development and Empowerment Center (MDEC) is a service-oriented, student focused center working to create a bridge between matriculating male students and their college environment while assisting them in maximizing their involvement in academics, career exploration, personal development, family participation, leadership development and civic responsibility. At the same time, the Center aims to organize male students a vibrant, communicating, collaborative community of scholar-leaders", "\nWe establish this through academic advisement, organizing workshops, forums and lectures; creation of affinity and support groups; fostering mentoring relationships, initiating community service projects and building community partnerships.", "\nAbout Center: The Medgar Evers College Center for Teaching and Learning grew out of faculty commitment to the belief that student education is the primary purpose of a college and that teaching and learning is central to the mission of an educational institution and that the process is interconnected, collaborative and continuously evolving. The Center provides a venue for both formally structured and informal mentoring opportunities covering the range of pedagogical techniques, theories and applications", "\nThe Center through its numerous activities such as faculty discourses, workshops, master teacher demonstrations provides a vehicle through which faculty will continually challenge and examine their assumptions about teaching and student learning.", "\nYear Founded: 2004 Medgar Evers College Education\nSell to CUNY"]

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\"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 80704, -537.08058381]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 80704, 1068.59933954]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 80704, 401.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.helenhughes-hirc.com/projects/projects-in-2017/milntown-house/

Milntown House – Isle of Mann

["Milntown House \u2013 Isle of Mann\nThe building, built by the Christian family, dates from the early 16th century. Parts of the house date from that period. During the seventeenth century, extensive alterations and additions were made. After this period, the Christians moved to Cumberland and let the house out to tenants. During the 1830s Deemster John Christian returned to live in Milntown and had the house redesigned in a Victorian Gothic style", "Milntown House \u2013 Isle of Mann\nAfter the death of William Bell Christian in 1886, the house was run as a private school by his widow, Vio, and then later became a hotel. It reverted to being a family home when Charles Peel Yates bought the property in 1947. In 1963 the house became the home of Lady Edwards and her son Sir Clive. The house was redecorated during their occupancy. Since 1999 the estate has been owned by the Milntown Trust established under the terms of Sir Clive Edwards\u2019 will."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://sw.civilwar.com/official-record/988-tullahoma-campaign-part-i/180680-44-series-i-volume-xxiii-i-serial-34-tullahoma-campaign-part-i.html

44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I

["44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\n44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nPage 44 KY., MID. AND. E. TENN., N. ALA., AND SW. VA. Chapter XXXV.\nThird and Fourth Ohio Cavalry, with detachments of the Third and Fourth Indiana Cavalry, from the 3rd to the 7th of February, 1863, while attached to the command of Brigadier-General [J. J.] Reynolds.", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nJoined the command of the general on the morning of the 3rd, and proceeded in rear of the command till about 4 miles to the front of our pickets on the Liberty pike, when the cavalry, with the exception of the Fourth Indiana, were ordered to the front as advance guard, and to push on to Auburn, and, if possible, to Prosperity Church, about 3 1/2 miles beyond it", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nThe general learning that the enemy were there in strong force,w e moved carefully, with a strong advance and flank guard, without any interruption, as far as ordered. Hearing that about 30 rebel cavalrymen had moved at a rapid pace along the road toward the church half an hour ahead of us, we did not succeed in coming up with them. therefore, in compliance wit instructions, returned to Auburn and encamped one-half mile in front of the command to furnish the requisite number", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nNothing occurred during the night worthy of mentioning. Next morning, at daylight, moved on in advance toward Liberty, driving in a picket of the enemy, consisting of about 50 or 60 men. About 2 1/2 miles this side of Liberty, we passed over on the road that led to Alexandria, where also a small body of the enemy were seen and a report that the enemy were in force to our right, which was without foundation", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nPassed through Alexandria, and encamped about 3 miles from it on the Lebanon pike, throwing out strong pickets front and rear. The pickets reported hearing that small bands of rebel cavalry were in the country, consisting of from 5 to 10 in number, plundering and stealing all they could lay their hands on, and committing all manner of depredations. Moved early next morning in the advance. Received orders to send scouting parties both on rome and Gallatin pikes, to proceed about 8 miles on both these roads", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nThe Third Ohio Cavalry, consisting of 100 men, took the former, under command of Major J. W. Paramore, and made several important arrests, viz, General R. Anderson, senator; Colonel W. L. Martin, representative; W. B. Parsley and John Cox, conscript agents, and G. A. Parsley, lieutenant so-called C. S. Army, besides 3 enlisted men. The Fourth Ohio Cavalry, under command of Major [C. G.] Megrue, consisting of 100 men, took the Gallatin pike, and made several arrests", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nThe entire command, with the balance of the cavalry in advance, proceeded through Lebanon, and took the Murfreesborough pike as far as Baird's Mills, and encamped, throwing out pickets tot he front on the road and roads leading from the main road as soon as we arrived in camp", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nAbout one-half hour after the arrival of the command, reported currently there that Morgan with his command would to a certainty make a strong attack upon us at Stone's River next day, which turned out to be, like the majority of such reports, without foundation. Received orders from General Reynolds to send 50 men as an escort to an officer and 5 men, who were to carry a dispatch to General Thomas. The escort had orders to proceed to the river and see the dispatch party across and then return", "44 Series I Volume XXIII-I Serial 34 - Tullahoma Campaign Part I\nThey met with no interruption, neither say anything to indicate that any force were in that vicinity, and arrived at camp about 8 p. m. Left camp next morning in advance, and proceeded to Stone's River without the least interruption of any kind; crossed the river, the rear portion of the train being fired into by a party of rebels, supposed to number about 120 or 130"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://bible.usccb.org/bible/1maccabees/6?53=

1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah

["1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n1a As King Antiochus passed through the eastern provinces, he heard that in Persia there was a city, Elam,* famous for its wealth in silver and gold, 2and that its temple was very rich, containing gold helmets, breastplates, and weapons left there by the first king of the Greeks, Alexander, son of Philip, king of Macedon. 3He went therefore and tried to capture and loot the city. But he could not do so, because his plan became known to the people of the city 4who rose up in battle against him", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n5While he was in Persia, a messenger brought him news that the armies that had gone into the land of Judah had been routed; 6that Lysias had gone at first with a strong army and been driven back; that the people of Judah had grown strong by reason of the arms, wealth, and abundant spoils taken from the armies they had cut down; 7that they had pulled down the abomination which he had built upon the altar in Jerusalem; and that they had surrounded with high walls both the sanctuary, as it had been before, and his city of Beth-zur.b", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n8When the king heard this news, he was astonished and very much shaken. Sick with grief because his designs had failed, he took to his bed. 9There he remained many days, assailed by waves of grief, for he thought he was going to die. 10So he called in all his Friends and said to them: \u201cSleep has departed from my eyes, and my heart sinks from anxiety", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n11I said to myself: \u2018Into what tribulation have I come, and in what floods of sorrow am I now! Yet I was kindly and beloved in my rule.\u2019 12But I now recall the evils I did in Jerusalem, when I carried away all the vessels of silver and gold that were in it, and for no cause gave orders that the inhabitants of Judah be destroyed. 13I know that this is why these evils have overtaken me; and now I am dying, in bitter grief, in a foreign land.\u201d", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n14Then he summoned Philip, one of his Friends, and put him in charge of his whole kingdom. 15He gave him his diadem, his robe, and his signet ring, so that he might guide the king\u2019s son Antiochus and bring him up to be king. 16So King Antiochus died there in the one hundred and forty-ninth year.* 17When Lysias learned that the king was dead, he set up the king\u2019s son Antiochus,* whom he had reared as a child, to be king in his place; and he gave him the title Eupator.c", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\nSiege of the Citadel. 18Those in the citadel were hemming Israel in around the sanctuary, continually trying to harm them and to strengthen the Gentiles.d 19And so Judas planned to destroy them, and assembled the people to besiege them. 20So in the one hundred and fiftieth year* they assembled and besieged the citadel, for which purpose he constructed platforms and siege engines. 21But some of the besieged escaped, and some renegade Israelites joined them", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n? 23We agreed to serve your father and to follow his orders and obey his edicts. 24And for this our own people have become our enemies; they have put to death as many of us as they could find and have seized our inheritances. 25They have acted aggressively not only against us, but throughout their whole territory. 26Look! Today they have besieged the citadel in Jerusalem in order to capture it, and they have fortified the sanctuary and Beth-zur", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n28e When the king heard this he was enraged, and he called together all his Friends, the officers of his army, and the commanders of the cavalry. 29Mercenary forces also came to him from other kingdoms and from the islands of the seas. 30His army numbered a hundred thousand footsoldiers, twenty thousand cavalry, and thirty-two elephants trained for war. 31They passed through Idumea and camped before Beth-zur", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\nFor many days they attacked it; they constructed siege engines, but the besieged made a sortie and burned these, and they fought bravely.", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\nBattle of Beth-zechariah. 32Then Judas marched away from the citadel and moved his camp to Beth-zechariah,* opposite the king\u2019s camp. 33The king, rising before dawn, moved his force hastily along the road to Beth-zechariah; and the troops prepared for battle and sounded the trumpet. 34They made the elephants drunk on the juice of grapes and mulberries to get them ready to fight", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n35The beasts were distributed along the phalanxes, each elephant having assigned to it a thousand men in coats of mail, with bronze helmets on their heads, and five hundred picked cavalry. 36These accompanied the beast wherever it was; wherever it moved, they moved too and never left it. 37Each elephant was outfitted with a strong wooden tower, fastened to it by a harness; each tower held three soldiers who fought from it, besides the Indian driver", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n38The remaining cavalry were stationed on one or the other of the two flanks of the army, to harass the enemy and to be protected by the phalanxes. 39When the sun shone on the gold and bronze shields, the mountains gleamed with their brightness and blazed like flaming torches. 40Part of the king\u2019s army spread out along the heights, while some were on low ground, and they marched forward steadily in good order", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n41All who heard the noise of their numbers, the tramp of their marching, and the clanging of the arms, trembled; for the army was very great and strong.", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n42Judas with his army advanced to fight, and six hundred men of the king\u2019s army fell. 43Eleazar, called Avaran, saw one of the beasts covered with royal armor and bigger than any of the others, and so he thought the king was on it.f 44He gave up his life to save his people and win an everlasting name for himself. 45He dashed courageously up to it in the middle of the phalanx, killing men right and left, so that they parted before him. 46He ran under the elephant, stabbed it and killed it", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\nThe beast fell to the ground on top of him, and he died there. 47But when Judas\u2019 troops saw the strength of the royal army and the ardor of its forces, they retreated from them.", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\nThe Siege of Jerusalem. 48Some of the king\u2019s army went up to Jerusalem to attack them, and the king established camps in Judea and at Mount Zion. 49He made peace with the people of Beth-zur, and they evacuated the city, because they had no food there to enable them to withstand a siege, for that was a sabbath year in the land.* g 50The king took Beth-zur and stationed a garrison there to hold it", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n51For many days he besieged the sanctuary, setting up platforms and siege engines, fire-throwers, catapults and mechanical bows for shooting arrows and projectiles. 52The defenders countered by setting up siege engines of their own, and kept up the fight a long time. 53But there were no provisions in the storerooms, because it was the seventh year, and the reserves had been eaten up by those who had been rescued from the Gentiles and brought to Judea", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\nPeace Treaty. 55h Lysias heard that Philip, whom King Antiochus, before his death, had appointed to train his son Antiochus to be king, 56had returned from Persia and Media with the army that accompanied the king, and that he was seeking to take over the government. 57So he hastily decided to withdraw", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\nHe said to the king, the leaders of the army, and the soldiers: \u201cWe are growing weaker every day, our provisions are scanty, the place we are besieging is strong, and it is our duty to take care of the affairs of the kingdom.i 58Therefore let us now come to terms with these people and make peace with them and all their nation. 59Let us grant them freedom to live according to their own laws as formerly; it was on account of their laws, which we abolished, that they became enraged and did all these things.\u201d", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n60The proposal pleased the king and the leaders; he sent peace terms to the Jews, and they accepted. 61So the king and the leaders swore an oath to them, and on these terms the Jews evacuated the fortification. 62But when the king entered Mount Zion and saw how the place was fortified, he broke the oath he had sworn and gave orders to tear down the encircling wall. 63Then he departed in haste and returned to Antioch, where he found Philip in control of the city", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n* [6:1] Elam: in fact, the mountainous region north of the Persian Gulf, rather than a city. The city may have been Persepolis. This section continues the story from 3:37 and pertains to events preceding those in 4:37\u201339.\n* [6:16] The one hundred and forty-ninth year: September 22, 164, to October 9, 163 B.C. A Babylonian list of the Seleucid kings indicates that Antiochus died in November or early December of 164, about the same time as the rededication of the Temple.", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n* [6:17] The king\u2019s son Antiochus: Antiochus V Eupator (\u201cof a good father\u201d), then about nine years old. He was in Antioch, still in the charge of Lysias, who proceeded to govern and wage wars in his name. Both were put to death two years later, when Demetrius, brother of Antiochus IV, arrived to claim the kingship; cf. 7:1\u20133.\n* [6:20] The one hundred and fiftieth year: October, 163, to September, 162 B.C.\n* [6:32] Beth-zechariah: south of Jerusalem, and six miles north of Beth-zur.", "1 Maccabees 6: King Antiochus's Failed Attempt to Capture Elam and His Reaction to the Defeat in Judah\n* [6:49] A sabbath year in the land: when sowing and reaping were prohibited (Ex 23:10\u201311; Lv 25:2\u20137). The year without a harvest (autumn of 164 to autumn of 163) was followed by a food shortage.\na. [6:1\u201313] 2 Mc 1:13\u201317; 9:1\u201329; Dn 11:40\u201345.\nb. [6:7] 1 Mc 1:54; 4:41\u201361.\nc. [6:17] 2 Mc 10:10\u201311.\nd. [6:18] 1 Mc 1:33\u201336.\ne. [6:28\u201354] 2 Mc 13:1\u201326.\nf. [6:43] 2 Mc 13:15.\ng. [6:49] Lv 25:1\u20137.\nh. [6:55\u201363] 2 Mc 13:23\u201326.\ni. [6:57] 2 Mc 11:13\u201315."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://times.ky/harry-accuses-prince-william-of-screaming-at-him-his-aides-of-leaking-stories

Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories

["Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nHarry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, his aides of leaking stories\nPrince Harry and his wife Meghan piled fresh criticism on the British royals in new episodes of their documentary series released on Thursday, accusing his elder brother Prince William of screaming at him during a summit to discuss his future.", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nIn the final three episodes of the Netflix series, Harry also said aides for William, now heir to the throne, had been complicit in negative stories appearing about the couple in the media and blamed the press for Meghan having a miscarriage.\n\"It is a dirty game. There's leaking but there's also planting of stories,\" said Harry. \"So if the comms (communications) team want to be able to remove a negative story about their principal, they will trade and give you something about someone else's principal.\"", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nHe and William had seen what had happened with the office of their father King Charles, whose first marriage to their mother Princess Diana broke down in the full glare of the media amid counter-briefings from both parties, and agreed never to repeat it, Harry said.", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\n\"I would far rather get destroyed in the press than play along with this game, or this business of trading,\" Harry said. \"To see my brother's office copy the very same thing that we promised the two of us would never ever do, that was heartbreaking.\"\nThe Duke and Duchess of Sussex, as Harry and Meghan are officially known, stepped down from royal duties in March 2020, saying they wanted to forge new lives in the United States away from media harassment.", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nHe recounted details of a crisis summit held at the Sandringham estate two months earlier he attended along with the late Queen Elizabeth, Charles, and William.\n\"It was terrifying to have my brother scream and shout at me, and my father say things that just simply weren't true, and my grandmother quietly sit there and sort of take it all in,\" he said.\nBoth Buckingham Palace and William's office, Kensington Palace, have said they would not be commenting on the documentaries.", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nA royal source also said neither the palace nor representatives of William or other royals had been approached for comment for the series itself, contradicting a Netflix statement that said they had declined to comment.\nThe episodes were released just hours before Charles, his wife Camilla, William and his wife Kate, along with other royals, attend a carol service at London's Westminster Abbey, which will also be dedicated to the late queen whose funeral was held there in September.\n'IT'S YOUR BROTHER'", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nBritain's William, Prince of Wales, Catherine, Princess of Wales, Britain's Prince Harry and Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex, walk outside Windsor Castle, following the passing of Britain's Queen Elizabeth, in Windsor, Britain, September 10, 2022.\nMeghan spoke of how she had been driven nearly to suicide, while Harry said they had received incredible abuse for not serving \"our child up on a silver platter\" by showing off son Archie to the media immediately after his birth.", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nHarry said how, after a newspaper story appeared that said William's bullying was a reason why Harry and Meghan wanted to leave, a joint statement had been issued on behalf of both brothers to deny it without his approval.\n\"No one asked me permission to put my name into a statement like that,\" Harry said, saying Meghan had burst into tears when he told her. \"Within four hours, they were happy to lie to protect my brother. And yet, for three years, they were never willing to tell the truth to protect us.\"", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nIn another scene, the couple were shown talking about a former senior aide to William providing evidence in a successful privacy lawsuit Meghan had brought against the Mail on Sunday newspaper for publishing a letter she had written to her estranged father.\nIn his evidence the former aide, Jason Knauf, who had also worked for the couple, suggested Meghan had been aware at the time that the letter could leak, casting doubt on her account.", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\n\"It's your brother. Not gonna say anything about your brother, but it's so obvious,\" Meghan said.\nNetflix included a statement from a representative for Knauf that said the claims were \"entirely false\".\nHarry also said he believed the stress of the case against the paper had caused Meghan to lose their baby.\n\"I believe my wife suffered a miscarriage because of what the Mail did,\" he said. \"I can say from what I saw, that miscarriage was created by what they were trying to do to her.\"", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\nThere was no immediate comment from the paper.\nWhile the couple have won awards and plaudits from some across the Atlantic for their charitable and human rights work, back in Britain many in the press accuse them of seeking to cash in on their royal status while constantly attacking the monarchy.\nNewspapers have also cited former unnamed royal aides saying there were inaccuracies in couple's narrative in the documentaries.", "Prince Harry accuses Prince William of screaming at him, aides of leaking stories\n\"The truth is that negative stories about Harry and Meghan only began to leak out when their behaviour became so obnoxious that it was impossible to hide,\" wrote Rebecca English, the Royal Editor for the Daily Mail, who said she had never been fed stories by the Palace.\n#Prince William"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://navalmarinearchive.com/research/docs/scotch_bonnet.html

Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse

["Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nScotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nScotch Bonnet, circa 1960\nScotch Bonnet Lighthouse [also known as Egg Island Light], located offshore to the west of Prince Edward County, is located on Scotch Bonnet Island - 3.5 miles SW of Huyck Point and only seven feet above water level. The island is approximately 0.9 miles southwest of Nicholson Island. The lighthouse was built of limestone brought from shore to mark the island and it was lit for the first time in September 1856.\nTower Height: 54 feet", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nHeight of Focal Plane: 51 feet\nCharacteristic and Range: Fixed white, visible for 12 miles.\nDescription of Tower: Conical stone tower.\nJohn Giroux or Gerow (1856-1868)\nHenry Van Dusen and Wilson Bentley (1868-1878)\nRobert Pye (1878-1898) \"It is on the record that during Robert Pye's stay at the Scotch Bonnet light station, eleven lamps were used, seventy seven wicks were burned and one hundred and twenty gallons of oil. This was during one season due to seas and gales breaking the lighthouse windows.\" [1]", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nIn 1909 the light was replaced with an acetylene gas \"vapor light\". In 1912, the light was automated and became occulting rather than fixed; 1933 it is reported as occulting one second in every four; in 1948 it is reported as flashing white; a 70 foot above water steel skeleton tower was built in 1959 (43\u00b0 53' 58\"N 77\u00b0 32' 32\"W, flash 1/2 sec., eclipse 3 1/2 sec., managed by the Canadian Coast Guard)", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nCrumbling since 1959, the abandoned lighthouse keepers residence was still fairly obvious [1994], but the stone tower and attached residence are little more than ruins [only two walls of the keeper's dwelling remaining in 2001]. There are reports that the Coast Guard tried to pull the tower down at some point.", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nScotch Bonnet Island is flat and bare with a white skeleton tower 60 feet high and a spit extending 0.3 miles east of the island. 2 miles South of Scotch Bonnet Island lies Scotch Bonnet Shoal which has depths of 12 to 18 feet.\nFrom Edward M. Hodder's \"The Harbours and Ports of Lake Ontario\", 1857: [2]", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nThe Board of Works have just completed an excellent lighthouse on Egg Island, or the Scotch Bonnet, which is one mile S. S. W. of Nicholas Island. It was lighted for the first time in September, 1856. A bright fixed light, bearing S. E. of Presqu'Isle Light. Can be seen 13 miles.\nHe continued, with reference to Presqu'Isle Harbour:", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nThis nearly land locked haven of refuge, when once entered, is perfectly secure from every wind or sea; there is plenty of water with good holding ground; its dimensions are ample for the whole navy of the Lake; it is well lighted; it is easily entered with any wind, except from the N", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nW.; and when it blows from this quarter, shelter is easily obtained in many other places; yet, from the want of a few beacons or buoys, vessels often keep the open Lake, or run for much less secure places, rather than face the dangers of the shoals.", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nTo complete the background to the establishment of this light, the context of Weller's Bay, Prince Edward County, at this time (immediately prior to the \"Barley Days\") must be taken into account:", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nThe Underwriters, Forwarders, Shipmasters, and others interested in the navigation of Lake Ontario are about to petition the Government for the construction of a Harbour at Weller's Bay, in the County of Prince Edward. An opening one hundred rods wide, with a channel one hundred and fifty feet wide and fourteen feet deep, has within a few years past, been made through the beach from the Lake to Weller's Bay, which is said to be capable of sheltering all the vessels which navigate Ontario", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nThe entrance to the harbour of Presqu'Isle is difficult and frequently attended with casualties, and it is justly considered necessary to construct a harbour at the place mentioned, which the mariner can safely enter in a storm. Several vessels, as our readers know, were driven ashore within a few miles of Weller's Bay, or, rather the opening leading into it, which might have been saved, had the entrance been known to the masters.", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nThere can be no doubt that the Government will entertain the prayer of the petitioners, and immediately take proper steps to erect a Harbour of Refuge to our fresh water seamen, that will serve to encourage them in their arduous and dangerous calling.", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nIn fact, \"it is the duty of Government to render every aid in facilitating and advancing the interests of marine investments, which contribute so largely to the revenue of the Province and the convenience of the people; and we feel confident the object will be acceded to without any circumlocution or useless delays.\" Kingston News, Jan. 7, 1857.", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nIf the entrance to Weller's Bay was not rendered more dangerous than the entrance to Presqu'Isle Harbour, by the existence of the two shoals to which I have above alluded, the prayer of the petitioners would, in all probability, have the favourable consideration of the Government; but the existence of these two formidable shoals at the very entrance of the bay, exposed as they also are to the full sweep of the Lake, during a south or south-west wind, (the very winds which would render it necessary for vessels to run into Weller's Bay for shelter,) would, I conceive, be an insuperable objection to the expenditure of so large a sum of public money as it would require to make this bay an efficient harbour of refuge during a dark and stormy night.", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nFar better would it be to petition the Government to expend one fourth of the sum in improving the entrance into Presqu'Isle, and which is already well lighted. The shoals, bad as they are, are so land-locked and protected from the heavy surge of the sea, as hardly to endanger any vessel which might be so unfortunate as to get aground on them.", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\nThe shoals opposite the entrance to Weller's Bay are rocky, and have only from 3 to 5 feet water on them: they are also so exposed, that any vessel running ashore on them during a gale, must soon go to pieces.\n[1] Willis Metcalfe, \"Canvas and Steam on Quinte Waters\", Picton Gazette Publishing Company, 1968 [Back]", "Scotch Bonnet Lighthouse\n[2] Edward M. Hodder, M.D.: \"The Harbours and Ports of Lake Ontario, in a Series of Charts, Accompanied by a Description of Each; Together with the Lighthouses, Harbour Lights, Depth of Water, Courses and Distances, &c. &c. Compiled from Authentic Sources, the Charts Of Capt. Owen and Lieut. Herbert, from Recent Surveys. As well as from Personal Observations\", Toronto, Maclear and Co., 16, King Street East. 1857. See W. Lewis' transcribed edition [Back]"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.georgemason.net/george-Washington.org/presidentjohnson.com/Abraham-Lincoln.org/

Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution

["Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nYou are in: Museum of History >> Hall of USA >> US Presidents >> Abraham Lincoln\nWho was the First U.S. President?\nThere were actually four first Presidents\nof the United Colonies and States of America\n26th President of the United States\n16th under the US Constitution\nEdited Appleton's American Image Copyright\u00a9 2001 by VirtualologyTM\nClick Here to View Lincoln Oil by Franklin Courter - Virtualology Collection", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nLINCOLN, Abraham, twenty-sixth president of the United States and sixteenth under the US Constitution (For Lincoln notes on the 1st constitution go to abraham-lincoln.org/ArticlesLincoln ), born in Hardin county, Kentucky, 12 February, 1809; died in Washington, D. C., 15 April, 1865. His earliest ancestor in America seems to have been Samuel Lincoln, of Norwich, England, who settled in Hingham, Mass., where he died, leaving a son, Mordecai, whose son of the same name removed to Monmouth, N", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nJ., and thence to Berks County, Pa., dying there in 1735. He was a man of some property, which at his death was divided among his sons and daughters, one of whom, John Lincoln, having disposed of his land in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, established himself in Rockingham county, Va. The records of that county show that he was possessed of a valuable estate, which was divided among five sons, one of whom, named Abraham, emigrated to Kentucky about 1780.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAt this time Daniel Boone was engaged in those labors and exploits in the new country of Kentucky that have rendered his name illustrious; and there is no doubt that Abraham Lincoln was induced by his friendship for Boone to give up what seems to have been an assured social position in Virginia and take his family to share with him the risks and hardships of life in the new territory. The families of Boone and Lincoln had been closely allied for many years", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe pioneer Lincoln, who took with him what for the time and place was a sufficient provision in money, the result of the sale of his property in Virginia, acquired by means of cash and land-warrants a large estate in Kentucky, as is shown by the records of Jefferson and Campbell Counties. About 1784 he was killed by Indians while working with his three sons--Mordee, Josiah, and Thomas--in clearing the forest. His widow removed after his death to Washington County, and there brought up her family", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe two elder sons became reputable citizens, and the two daughters married in a decent condition of life. Thomas, the youngest son, seems to have been below the average of the family in enterprise and other qualities that command success. He learned the trade of a carpenter, and married, 12 June, 1806, Nancy Hanks, a niece of the man with whom he learned his trade", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nShe is represented, by those who knew her at the time of her marriage, as a handsome young woman of twenty-three, of appearance and intellect superior to her lowly fortunes. The young couple began housekeeping with little means. Three children were born to them; the first, a girl, who grew to maturity, married, and died, leaving no children; the third a boy, who died in infancy ; the second was Abraham Lincoln.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThomas Lincoln remained in Kentucky until 1816, when he resolved to remove to the still newer country of Indiana, and settled in a rich and fertile forest country near Little Pigeon creek, not far distant from the Ohio river. The family suffered from diseases incident to pioneer life, and Mrs. Lincoln died in 1818 at the age of thirty-five. Thomas Lincoln, while on a visit to Kentucky, married a worthy, industrious, and intelligent widow named Sarah Bush Johnston", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nShe was a woman of admirable order and system in her habits, and brought to the home of the pioneer in the Indiana timber many of the comforts of civilized life. The neighborhood was one of the roughest. The president once said of it : \"It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods, and there were some schools, so called; but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond readin', writin', and cipherin' to the rule of three", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIf a straggler supposed to understand Latin happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education.\" But in spite of this the boy Abraham made the best use of the limited opportunities afforded him, and learned all that the half-educated backwoods teachers could impart; and besides this he read over and over all the books he could find.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe practiced constantly the rules of arithmetic, which he had acquired at school, and began, even in his early childhood, to put in writing his recollections of what he had read and his impressions of what he saw about him. By the time he was nineteen years of age he had acquired a remarkably clear and serviceable handwriting, and showed sufficient business capacity to be entrusted with a cargo of farm products, which he took to New Orleans and sold.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIn 1830 his father emigrated once more, to Macon county, Illinois. Lincoln had by this time attained his extraordinary stature of six feet four inches, and with it enormous muscular strength, which was at once put at the disposal of his father in building his cabin, clearing the field, and splitting from the walnut forests, which were plentiful in that county, the rails with which the farm was fenced", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThomas Lincoln, however, soon deserted this new home, his last migration being to Goose Nest Prairie, in Coles county, where he died in 1851, seventy-three years of age. In his last days he was tenderly cared for by his son.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAbraham Lincoln left his father's house as soon as the farm was fenced and cleared, hired himself to a man named Denton Offutt, in Sangamon County, assisted him to build a flat-boat, accompanied him to New Orleans on a trading voyage, and returned with him to New Salem, in Menard county, where Offutt opened a store for the sale of general merchandise. Little was accomplished in this way, and Lincoln employed his too abundant leisure in constant reading and study", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe learned during this time the elements of English grammar, and made a beginning in the study of surveying and the principles of law. But the next year an Indian war began, occasioned by the return of Black Hawk with his bands of Sacs and Foxes from Iowa to Illinois.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nLincoln volunteered in a company raised in Sangamon county, and was immediately elected captain. His company was organized at Richland on 21 April, 1832; but his service in command of it was brief, for it was mustered out on 27 May. Lincoln immediately re-enlisted as a private, and served for several weeks in that capacity, being finally mustered out on 16 June, 1832, by Lieut. Robert Anderson, who afterward commanded Fort Sumter at the beginning of the civil war.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe returned home and began a hasty canvass for election to the legislature. His name had been announced in the spring before his enlistment; but now only ten days were left before the election, which took place in August. In spite of these disadvantages, he made a good race and was far from the foot of the poll. Although he was defeated, he gained the almost unanimous vote of his own neighborhood, New Salem giving him 277 votes against 3", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe now began to look about him for employment, and for a time thought seriously of learning the trade of a blacksmith; but an opportunity presented itself to buy the only store in the settlement, which he did, giving his notes for the whole amount involved.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe was associated with an idle and dissolute partner, and the business soon went to wreck, leaving Lincoln burdened with a debt that it required several years of frugality and industry for him to meet; but it was finally paid in full. After this failure he devoted himself with the greatest earnestness and industry to the study of law. He was appointed postmaster of New Salem in 1833, an office that he held for three years", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe emoluments of the place were very slight, but it gave him opportunities for reading. At the same time he was appointed deputy to John Calhoun, the county surveyor, and, his modest wants being, supplied by these two functions, he gave his remaining leisure unreservedly to the study of law and politics.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe was a candidate for the legislature in August, 1834, and was elected this time at the head of the list. He was re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840, after which he declined further election. After entering the legislature he did not return to New Salem, but, having by this time attained some proficiency in the law, he removed to Springfield, where he went into partnership with John T. Stuart, whose acquaintance he had begun in the Black Hawk war and continued at Vandalia", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe took rank from the first among the leading members of the legislature. He was instrumental in having the state capital removed from Vandalia to Springfield, and during his eight years of service his ability, industry, and weight of character gained him such standing among his associates that in his last two terms he was the candidate of his party for the speakership of the house of representatives.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIn 1846 he was elected to congress, his opponent being the Rev. Peter Cartwright. The most important congressional measure with which his name was associated during his single term of service was a scheme for the emancipation of the slaves in the District of Columbia, which in the prevailing temper of the time was refused consideration by congress", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe was not a candidate for re-election, but for the first and only time in his life he applied for an executive appointment, the commissionership of the general land-office. The place was given to another man, but President Taylor's administration offered Mr. Lincoln the governorship of the territory of Oregon, which he declined.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nMr. Lincoln had by this time become the most influential exponent of the principles of the Whig party in Illinois and his services were in request in every campaign. After his return from congress he devoted himself with great assiduity and success to the practice of law, and speedily gained a commanding position at the bar. As he says himself, he was losing his interest in politics when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused him again", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe profound agitation of the question of slavery, which in 1854 followed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, awakened all the energies of Lincoln's nature", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe regarded this act, in which Senator Douglas was the most prominent agent of the reactionary party, as a gross breach of faith, and began at once a series of earnest political discussions which immediately placed him at the head of the party that, not only in Illinois but throughout the west, was speedily formed to protest against and oppose the throwing open of the territories to the encroachments of slavery.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe legislature elected in Illinois in the heat of this discussion contained a majority of members opposed to the policy of Douglas. The duty of selecting a senator in place of General Shields, whose term was dosing, devolved upon this legislature, and Mr. Lincoln was the unanimous choice of the Whig members. But they did not command a clear majority of the legislature", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThere were four members of Democratic antecedents who, while they were ardently opposed to the extension of slavery, were not willing to east their votes for a Whig candidate, and adhered tenaciously through several ballots to Lyman Trumbull, a Democrat of their own way of thinking", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nLincoln, fearing that this dissension among the anti-slavery men might result in the election of a supporter of Douglas, urged his friends to go over in a body to the support of Trumbull, and his influence was sufficient to accomplish this result. Trumbull was elected, and for many years served the Republican cause in the senate with ability and zeal.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAs soon as the Republican party became fully organized in the nation, embracing in its ranks the anti-slavery members of the old Whig and Democratic parties, Mr. Lincoln, by general consent, took his place at the head of the party in Illinois; and when, in 1858, Senator Douglas sought a re-election to the senate, the Republicans with one voice selected Mr. Lincoln as his antagonist", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe had already made several speeches of remarkable eloquence and power against the pro-slavery reaction of which the Nebraska bill was the significant beginning, and when Mr. Douglas returned to Illinois to begin his canvass for the senate, he was challenged by Mr. Lincoln to a series of joint discussions.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe challenge was accepted, and the most remarkable oratorical combat the state has ever witnessed took place between them during the summer. Mr. Douglas defended his thesis of non-intervention with slavery in the territories (the doctrine known as \"popular sovereignty,\" and derided as \"squatter sovereignty\") with remarkable adroitness and energy. The ground that Mr. Lincoln took was higher and bolder than had yet been assumed by any American statesman of his time", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIn the brief and sententious speech in which he accepted the championship of his party, before the Republican convention of 16 June, 1858, he uttered the following pregnant and prophetic words: \"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect that it will cease to be divided. It will become all the one thing or all the other", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nEither the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward until it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, north as well as south.\"", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThis bold utterance excited the fears of his timid friends, and laid him open to the hackneyed and conventional attacks of the supporters of slavery; but throughout the contest, while he did not for an instant lower this lofty tone of opposition to slavery and hope of its extinction, he refused to be crowded by the fears of his friends or the denunciations of his enemies away from the strictly constitutional ground upon which his opposition was made", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe debates between him and Senator Douglas aroused extraordinary interest throughout the state and the country. The men were perhaps equally matched in oratorical ability and adroitness in debate, but Lincoln's superiority in moral insight, and especially in farseeing political sagacity, soon became apparent. The most important and significant of the debates was that which took place at Freeport. Mr. Douglas had previously asked Mr", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nLincoln a series of questions intended to embarrass him, which Lincoln without the slightest reserve answered by a categorical yes or no. At Freeport, Lincoln. taking his turn, inquired of Douglas whether the people of a territory could in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a state constitution", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nBy his reply, intimating that slavery might be excluded by unfriendly territorial legislation, Douglas gained a momentary advantage in the anti-slavery region in which he spoke, but dealt a fatal blow to his popularity in the south, the result of which was seen two years afterward at the Charleston convention. The ground assumed by Senator Douglas was, in fact, utterly untenable, and Lincoln showed this in one of his terse sentences", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nLincoln as one of the leading orators of the Republican party of the Union, and a speech that he delivered at Cooper Institute, in New York, on 27 February, 1860, in which he showed that the unbroken record of the founders of the republic was in favor of the restriction of slavery and against its extension, widened and confirmed his reputation; so that when the Republican convention came together in Chicago in May, 1860, he was nominated for the presidency on the third ballot, over William H", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe Democratic convention, which met in Charleston, S. C., broke up after numerous fruitless balloting, and divided into two sections. The southern half, unable to trust Mr. Douglas with the interests of slavery after his Freeport speech, first adjourned to Richmond, but again joined the other half at Baltimore, where a second disruption took place, after which the southern half nominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and the northern portion nominated Mr. Douglas", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nLincoln, therefore, supported by the entire anti-slavery sentiment of the north, gained an easy victory over the three other parties. The election took place on 6 November, and when the electoral college cast their votes Lincoln was found to have 180, Breckinridge 72, Bell 39, and Douglas 12. The popular vote stood: for Lincoln, 1,866,462; for Douglas, 1,375,157; for Breckinridge, 847,953; for Bell, 590,631.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe extreme partisans of slavery had not even waited for the election of Lincoln, to begin their preparations for an insurrection, and as soon as the result was declared a movement for separation was begun in South Carolina, and it carried along with her the states of Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nA provisional government, styled the \"Confederate States of America,\" of which Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was made president, was promptly organized, and seized, with few exceptions, all the posts, arsenals, and public property of the United States within their limits. Confronted by this extraordinary crisis, Mr. Lincoln kept his own counsel, and made no public expression of his intentions or his policy until he was inaugurated on 4 March, 1861.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe called about him a cabinet of the most prominent members of the anti-slavery parties of the nation, giving no preference to any special faction. His secretary of state was William H. Seward, of New York, who had been his principal rival for the nomination, and whose eminence and abilities designated him as the leading member of the administration; the secretary of the treasury was Salmon P", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nChase, of Ohio, whose pre-eminence in the west was as unquestioned as Seward's in the east ; of war, Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, the most influential politician of that state; of the navy, Gideon Welles, of Connecticut; of the interior, Caleb B. Smith, of Indiana: the border slave-states were represented in the government by Edward Bates, of Missouri, attorney-general, and Montgomery Blair, of Maryland, postmaster-general--both of them men of great distinction of character and high standing as lawyers", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nSeward, Smith, and Bates were of Whig antecedents; all the rest of Democratic. The cabinet underwent, in the course of Mr. Lincoln's term, the following modifications : Sec. Chase, after a brilliant administration of the finances, resigned in 1864 from personal reasons, and was succeeded by William P. Fessenden, of Maine ; Sec. Cameron left the war department at the close of the Russia, and his place was taken by Edwin M. Stanton, a war", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nDemocrat of singular energy and vigor, and equal ability and devotion; Sec. Smith, accepting a judgeship, gave way to John P. Usher, of Indiana; Attorney-General Bates resigned in the last year of the administration, and was succeeded by James Speed, of Kentucky; and Postmaster-General Blair about the same time gave way to William Dennison, of Ohio.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIn his inaugural address President Lincoln treated the acts of secession as a nullity. He declared the Union perpetual and inviolate, and announced with perfect firmness, though with the greatest moderation of speech and feeling, the intention of the government to maintain its authority and to hold the places under its jurisdiction", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe made an elaborate and unanswerable argument against the legality as well as the justice of secession, and further showed, with convincing clearness, that peaceful secession was impossible. \"Can aliens make treaties,\" he said, \"easier than friends can make laws", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\n? Suppose you go to war ; you cannot fight always, and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you.\" He pleaded for peace in a strain of equal tenderness and dignity, and in closing he said : \" In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nYou have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have a most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it.\" This speech profoundly affected the public opinion of the north; but in the excited state of sentiment that then controlled the south it naturally met only contempt and defiance in that section.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nA few weeks later the inevitable war began, in an attack upon Fort Sumter by the secessionists of South Carolina under General G. T. Beauregard, and after a long bombardment the fort surrendered on 13 April, 1861. The president instantly called for a force of 75,000 three-months' militiamen, and three weeks later ordered the enlistment of 64,000 soldiers and 18,000 seamen for three years", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe set on foot a blockade of the southern ports, and called congress together in special session, choosing for their day of meeting the 4th of July. The remaining states of the south rapidly arrayed themselves on one side or the other; all except Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were drawn into the secession movement, and the western part of Virginia, adhering to the Union, under the name of West Virginia, separated itself from that ancient commonwealth.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe first important battle of the war took place at Bull Run, near Manassas station, Va., 21 July, 1861, and resulted in the defeat of the National troops under General Irwin McDowell by a somewhat larger force of the Confederates under Generals Joseph E. Johnston and Beauregard", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThough the loss in killed and wounded was not great, and was about the same on both sides, the victory was still one of the utmost importance for the Confederates, and gave them a great increase of prestige on both sides of the Atlantic. They were not, however, able to pursue their advantage. The summer was passed in enlisting, drilling, and equipping a formidable National army on the banks of the Potomac, which was given in charge of General George B", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIn spite of the urgency of the government, which was increased by the earnestness of the people and their representatives in congress, General McClellan made no advance until the spring of 1862, when General Johnston, in command of the Confederate army, evacuated the position which, with about 45,000 men, he had held during the autumn and winter against the Army of the Potomac, amounting to about 177,.000 effectives", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nGeneral McClellan then transferred his army to the peninsula between the James and York rivers. Although there was but a force of 16,000 opposed to him when he landed, he spent a month before the works at Yorktown, and when he was prepared to open fire upon them they were evacuated, and General Johnston retreated to the neighborhood of Richmond.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe battle of Seven Pines, in which the Confederates, successful in their first attack, were afterward repelled, was fought on 31 May, 1862. Johnston was wounded, and the command devolved upon General Robert E. Lee, who in the latter part of June moved out from his position before Richmond and attacked McClellan's right flank, under General Fitz-John Porter, at Gaines's Mills, north of the Chickahominy", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nPorter, with one corps, resisted the Confederate army all day with great gallantry, unassisted by the main army under McClellan, but withdrew in the evening, and McClellan at once began his retreat to the James river. Several battles were fought on the way, in which the Confederates were checked; but the retreat continued until the National army reached the James", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nTaking position at Malvern Hill, they inflicted a severe defeat upon General Lee, but were immediately after withdrawn by General McClellan to Harrison's Landing. Here, as at other times during his career, McClellan labored under a strange hallucination as to the numbers of his enemy. He generally estimated them at not less than twice their actual force, and continually re-preached the president for not giving him impossible re-enforcements to equal the imaginary numbers he thought opposed to him", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe continual disasters in the east were somewhat compensated by a series of brilliant successes in the west. In February, 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant had captured the Confederate forts Henry and Donelson, thus laying open the great strategic lines of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and, moving southward, had fought (6 and 7 April) the battle of Shiloh, with unfavorable results on the first day, which were turned to a victory on the second with the aid of General D. C", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nBuell and his army, a battle in which General Albert Sidney Johnston was killed and the Confederate invasion of Kentucky baffled.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nFarragut, on 24: April, had won a brilliant naval victory over the twin forts above the mouths of the Mississippi, which resulted in the capture of New Orleans and the control of the lower Mississippi", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAfter General McClellan's retreat to the James, the president visited the army at Harrison's Landing (8 July), and, after careful consultations with the corps commanders, became convinced that in the actual disposition of the officers and the troops there was no reasonable expectation of a successful movement upon Richmond by McClellan", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAn order was therefore issued for the withdrawal of the army from the James, and, General Halleck having been appointed general-in-chief, General Pope was sent forward from Washington with a small force to delay the Confederate army under General Lee until the Army of the Potomac could arrive and be concentrated to support him", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nMcClellan's movements, however, were so deliberate, and there was such a want of confidence and co-operation on the part of his officers toward General Pope, that the National army met with a decisive defeat on the same battlefield of Bull Run that saw their first disaster", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nGeneral Pope, disheartened by the lack of sympathy and support that he discerned among the most eminent officers of the Army of the Potomac, retreated upon Washington, and General McClellan, who seemed to be the only officer under whom the army was at the moment willing to serve, was placed in command of it. General Lee, elated with his success, crossed the Potomac, but was met by the army under McClellan at South Mountain and Antietam, and after two days of great slaughter Lee retreated into Virginia.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nPresident Lincoln availed himself of this occasion to give effect to a resolve that had long been maturing in his mind in an act the most momentous in its significance and results that the century has witnessed. For a year and a half he had been subjected to urgent solicitations from the two great political parties of the country, the one side appealing to him to take decided measures against slavery, and the other imploring him to pursue a conservative course in regard to that institution", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHis deep-rooted detestation of the system of domestic servitude was no secret to any one; but his reverence for the law, his regard for vested interests, and his anxiety to do nothing that should alienate any considerable body of the supporters of the government, had thus far induced him to pursue a middle course between the two extremes. Meanwhile the power of events had compelled a steady progress in the direction of emancipation", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nSo early as August, 1861, congress had passed an act to confiscate the rights of slave-owners in slaves employed in a manner hostile to the Union, and General Fremont had seized the occasion of the passage of this act to issue an order to confiscate and emancipate the slaves of rebels in the state of Missouri", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nPresident Lincoln, unwilling, in a matter of such transcendent importance, to leave the initiative to any subordinate, revoked this order, and directed General Fremont to modify it so that it should conform to the confiscation act of congress.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThis excited violent opposition to the president among the radical anti-slavery men in Missouri and elsewhere, while it drew upon him the scarcely less embarrassing importunities of the conservatives, who wished him to take still more decided ground against the radicals. On 6 March, 1862, he sent a special message to congress inclosing a resolution, the passage of which he recommended, to offer pecuniary aid from the general government to states that should adopt the gradual abolishment of slavery", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThis resolution was promptly passed by congress; but in none of the slave-states was public sentiment sufficiently advanced to permit them to avail themselves of it. The next month, however, congress passed a law emancipating slaves in the District of Columbia, with compensation to owners, and President Lincoln had the happiness of affixing his signature to a measure that he had many years before, while a representative from Illinois, fruitlessly urged upon the notice of congress", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAs the war went on, wherever the National armies penetrated there was a constant stream of fugitive slaves from the adjoining regions, and the commanders of each department treated the complicated questions arising from this body of \"contra-bands,\" as they came to be called, in their camps, according to their own judgment of the necessities or the expediencies of each case, a discretion which the president thought best to tolerate", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nBut on 9 May, 1862, General David Hunter, an intimate and esteemed friend of Mr. Lincoln's, saw proper, without consultation with him, to issue a military order declaring all persons theretofore held as slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina forever free", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe president, as soon as he received this order, issued a proclamation declaring it void, and reserving to himself the decision of the question whether it was competent for him, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, to declare the slaves of any state or states free, and whether at any time or in any case it should have become a necessity indispensable to the maintenance of the govern-merit to exercise such supposed power, and prohibiting to commanders in the field the decision of such questions", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nBut he added in his proclamation a significant warning and appeal to the slave-holding states, urging once more upon them the policy of emancipation by state action. \"I do not argue,\" he said; \"I beseech you to make the argument for yourselves. You cannot, if you would, be blind to the signs of the times. I beg of you a calm and enlarged consideration of them, ranging, if it may be, far above personal and partisan politics", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\n? So much good has not been done, by one effort, in all past time, as in the providence of God it is now your high privilege to do. Nay the vast future not have cause to la-merit that you have neglected it.\"", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe had several times endeavored to bring this proposition before the members of congress from the loyal slave-holding states, and on 12 July he invited them to meet him at the executive mansion, and submitted to them a powerful and urgent appeal to induce their states to adopt the policy of compensated emancipation", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe told them, without reproach or complaint, that he believed that if they had all voted for the resolution in the gradual emancipation message of the preceding March, the war would now have been substantially ended, and that the plan therein proposed was still one of the most potent and swift means of ending it", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\n\"Let the states,\" he said, \"which are in rebellion see definitely and certainly that in no event will the states you represent ever join their proposed confederacy, and they cannot much longer maintain the contest.\" While urging this policy upon the conservatives, and while resolved in his own mind upon emancipation by decree as a last resource, he was the subject of vehement attacks from the more radical anti-slavery supporters of the government, to which he replied with unfailing moderation and good temper", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAlthough in July he had resolved upon his course, and had read to his cabinet a draft of a proclamation of emancipation which he had then laid aside for a more fitting occasion (on the suggestion from Mr", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nSeward that its issue in the disastrous condition of our military affairs would be interpreted as a sign of desperation), he met the reproaches of the radical Republicans, the entreaties of visiting delegations, and the persuasions of his eager friends with arguments showing both sides of the question of which they persisted in seeing only one.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nTo Horace Greeley, on 22 Aug., Mr. Lincoln said: \"My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.\" And even so late as 13 Sept. he said to a delegation of a religious society, who were urging immediate ac ton \"I do not want", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nto issue a document that the whole world will see must necessarily be inoperative, like the pope's bull against the comet . I view this matter as a practical war measure, to be decided on according to the advantages or disadvantages it may offer to the suppression of the rebellion.\" Still, he assured them that he had not decided against a proclamation of liberty to the slaves, but that the matter occupied his deepest thoughts.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe retreat of Lee from Maryland after his defeat at Antietam seemed to the president to afford a proper occasion for the execution of his long-matured resolve, and on 22 Sept. he issued his preliminary proclamation, giving notice to the states in rebellion that, on 1 Jan., 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state, the people where of should then be in rebellion against the United States, should be then, thence-forward, and forever free", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nWhen congress came together on 1 Dec. he urged them to, supplement what had already been done by constitutional action, concluding his message with this impassioned appeal \"Fellow-citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this congress and this administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance or insignificance can spare one or another of us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down in honor or dishonor to the latest generation", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nWe --even we here--hold the power and bear the responsibility. In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free--honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last, best hope of earth. Other means may succeed; this could not fail. The way is plain, peaceful, generous, just--a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud, and God must forever bless.\"", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIt was hardly to be expected, however, that any action would be taken by congress before the lapse of the hundred days that the president had left between his warning and its execution. On 1 Jan., 1863, the final proclamation of emancipation was issued. It recited the preliminary document, and then designated the states in rebellion against the United States", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThey were Arkansas, Texas, a part of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, excepting certain counties. The proclamation then continued \"I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be,\u201d free\" and that the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.\"", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe criticisms and forebodings of the opponents of emancipation had well-nigh been exhausted during the previous three months, and the definitive proclamation was received with general enthusiasm throughout the loyal states. The dissatisfaction with which this important measure was regarded in the border states gradually died away, as did also the opposition in conservative quarters to the enlistment of Negro soldiers", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nTheir good conduct, their quick submission to discipline, and their excellent behavior in several battles, rapidly made an end of the prejudice against them; and when, in the winter session of congress of 1863-'4, Mr. Lincoln again urged upon the attention of that body the passage of a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, his proposition met with the concurrence of a majority of congress, though it failed of the necessary two-third vote in the house of representatives.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nDuring the following year, however, public opinion made rapid progress, and the influence of the president with congress was largely increased after his triumphant re-election. In his annual message of 6 Dec., 1864, he once more pleaded, this time with irresistible force, in favor of constitutional emancipation in all the states", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAs there had been much controversy during the year in regard to the president's anti-slavery convictions, and the suggestion had been made in many quarters that, for the sake of peace, he might be induced to withdraw the proclamation, he repeated the declaration made the year before: \"While I remain in my present position I shall not attempt to retract or modify the emancipation proclamation; nor shall I return to slavery any person who is free by the terms of that proclamation or by any of the acts of congress", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIf the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an executive duty to re-enslave such persons, another, and not I, must be then' instrument to perform it.\"", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThis time congress acted with alacrity, and on 31 Jan., 1865, proposed to the states the 13th amendment to the constitution, providing that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe states rapidly adopted the amendment by the action of their legislatures, and the president was especially pleased that his own state of Illinois led the van, having passed the necessary resolution within twenty-four hours. Before the year ended twenty-seven of the thirty-six states (being the necessary three fourths) had ratified the amendment, and President Johnson, on 18 Dec., 1865, officially proclaimed its adoption.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nWhile the energies of the government and of the people were most strenuously occupied with the war and the questions immediately concerning it, the four years of Mr. Lincoln's administration had their full share of complicated and difficult questions of domestic and foreign concern. The interior and post-office departments made great progress in developing the means of communication throughout the country. Mr", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nChase, as secretary of the treasury, performed, with prodigious ability and remarkable success, the enormous duties devolving upon him of providing funds to supply the army at an expense amounting at certain periods to $3,000,000 a day; and Mr. Seward, in charge of the state department, held at bay the suppressed hostility of European nations. Of all his cabinet, the president sustained with Mr", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nSeward relations of the closest intimacy, and for that reason, perhaps, shared more directly in the labors of his department. He revised the first draft of most of Seward's important dispatches, and changed and amended their language with remarkable wisdom and skill. He was careful to avoid all sources of controversy or ill-feeling with foreign nations, and when they occurred he did his best to settle them in the interests of peace, without a sacrifice of national dignity", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAt the end of the year 1861 the friendly relations between England and the United States were seriously threatened by the capture of the Confederate envoys, Mason and Slidell, on board a British merchant-ship.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nPublic sentiment approved the capture, and, as far as could be judged by every manifestation in the press and in congress, was in favor of retaining the prisoners and defiantly refusing the demand of England for their return. But when the president, after mature deliberation, decided that the capture was against American precedents, and directed their return to British custody, the second thought of the country was with him", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHis prudence and moderation were also conspicuously displayed in his treatment of the question of the invasion of Mexico by France, and the establishment by military power of the emperor Maximilian in that country", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAccepting as genuine the protestations of the emperor of the French, that he intended no interference with tile will of the people of Mexico, he took no measures unfriendly to France or the empire, except those involved in the maintenance of unbroken friendship with the republican government under President Juarez, a proceeding that, although severely criticized by the more ardent spirits in congress, ended, after the president's death, in the triumph of the National party in Mexico and the downfall of the invaders", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe left no doubt, however, at any time, in regard to his own conviction that \"the safety of the people of the United States and the cheerful destiny to which they aspire are intimately dependent upon the maintenance of free republican institutions throughout Mexico.\" He dealt in a sterner spirit with the proposition for foreign mediation that the emperor of the French, after seeking in vain the concurrence of other European powers, at last presented singly at the beginning of 1863", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThis proposition, under \"the orders of the president\u201d, was declined by Mr. Seward on 6 Feb., in a dispatch of remarkable ability and dignity, which put an end to all discussion of overtures of intervention from European powers. The diplomatic relations with England were exceedingly strained at several periods during the war", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe building and fitting out of Confederate cruisers in English ports, and their escape, after their construction and its purpose had been made known by the American minister, more than once brought the two nations to the verge of war; but the moderation with which the claims of the United States were made by Mr. Lincoln, the energy and ability displayed by Sec. Seward and by Mr", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nCharles Francis Adams in presenting these claims, and, it must now be recognized, tile candor and honesty with which the matter was treated by Earl Russell, the British minister for foreign affairs, saved the two countries from that irreparable disaster: and the British government at last took such measures as were necessary to put an end to this indirect war from the shores of England upon American commerce.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIn the course of two years the war attained such proportions that volunteering was no longer a sufficient resource to keep the army, consisting at that time of nearly a million men, at its full fighting strength. Congress therefore authorized, and the departments executed, a scheme of enrolment and draft of the arms-bearing population of the loyal states", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nViolent opposition arose to this measure in many parts of the country, which was stimulated by the speeches of orators of the opposition, and led, in many instances, to serious breaches of the public peace. A frightful riot, beginning among the foreign population of New York, kept that city in disorder and terror for three days in July, 1863. But the riots were suppressed, the disturbances quieted at last, and the draft was executed throughout the country. Clement L", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nVallandigham, of Ohio, one of the most eloquent and influential orators of the Democratic party, was arrested in Ohio by General Burnside for his violent public utterances in opposition to the war, tried by a military court, and sentenced to imprisonment (luring the continuance of the war. The president changed his sentence to that of transportation within the lines of the rebellion", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThese proceedings merit among his party in Ohio, who, by way of challenge to the government, nominated him for governor of that state. A committee of its prominent politicians demanded from the president his restoration to his political rights, and a correspondence took place between them and the president, in which the rights and powers of the government in case of rebellion were set forth by him with great lucidity and force", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHis letters exercised an important influence in the political discussions of the year, and Mr. Vallandigham was defeated in his candidacy by John Brough by a majority of 100,000 votes.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe war still continued at a rate that appears rapid enough in retrospect, but seemed slow to the eager spirits watching its course. The disasters of the Army of the Potomac did not end with the removal of General McClellan, which took place in November. 1862, as a consequence of his persistent delay in pursuing Lee's retreating army after the battle of Antietam", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nGeneral Burnside, who succeeded him, suffered a humiliating defeat in his attack upon the entrenched position of the Confederates at Fredericksburg. General Hooker, who next took command, after opening his campaign by crossing the Rapidan in a march of extraordinary brilliancy, was defeated at Chancellorsville, in a battle where both sides lost severely, and then retired again north of the river", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nGeneral Lee, leaving the National army on his right flank, crossed the Potomac, and Hooker having, at his own request, been relieved and succeeded by General Meade, the two armies met in a three days' battle at Gettysburg, Pa., where General Lee sustained a decisive defeat, and was driven back into Virginia. His flight from Gettysburg began on the evening of the 4th of July, a day that in this year doubled its luster as a historic anniversary", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe had spent the early months of 1863 in successive attempts to take that fortress, all of which had failed; but on the last day of April he crossed the river at Grand Gulf, and within a few days fought the successful battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, and the Big Black river, and shut up the army of Pemberton in close siege in the city of Vicksburg, which he finally captured with about 30,000 men on the 4th of July.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nThe speech that Mr. Lincoln delivered at the dedication of the National cemetery on the battlefield of Gettysburg, 19 Nov., 1863, was at once recognized as the philosophy in brief of the whole great struggle, and has already become classic. There are slightly differing versions the one that is here given is a literal transcript of the speech as he afterward wrote it out for a fair in Baltimore :", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\n\"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIt is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we cannot hallow--this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIt is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nIt is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion --that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.\"", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAbraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 \u2013 April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. As the war was drawing to a close, Lincoln became the first American president to be assassinated", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nBefore his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAs an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States,[1][2] Lincoln won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. His tenure in office was occupied primarily with the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nHe introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress before Lincoln's death and was ratified by the states later in 1865.", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nLincoln closely supervised the victorious war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including Ulysses S. Grant. Historians have concluded that he handled the factions of the Republican Party well, bringing leaders of each faction into his cabinet and forcing them to cooperate. Lincoln successfully defused the Trent Affair, a war scare with Britain in 1861. Under his leadership, the Union took control of the border slave states at the start of the war", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nOpponents of the war (also known as Copperheads) criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on the slavery issue. Conversely, the Radical Republicans, an abolitionist faction of the Republican Party, criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. Even with these road blocks, Lincoln successfully rallied public opinion through his rhetoric and speeches; his Gettysburg Address is but one example of this", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAt the close of the war, Lincoln held a moderate view of Reconstruction, seeking to speedily reunite the nation through a policy of generous reconciliation. His successor in the White House, Andrew Johnson, also wanted reconciliation among white Americans, but failed to protect the rights of newly freed slaves. Lincoln's assassination in 1865 was the first presidential assassination in U.S. history. He has since consistently been ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.[3]", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nAbraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, two uneducated farmers, in a one-room log cabin on the 348-acre (1.4 km2) Sinking Spring Farm, in southeast\nStart your search on Abraham Lincoln.\nThe Congressional Evolution of the United States Henry Middleton", "Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States under the US Constitution\nUnauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject's entire name. Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon submission and Evisum, Inc. review.\nCopyright\u00a9 2000 by Evisum Inc.TM. All rights reserved.\nEvisum Inc.TM Privacy Policy"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://artvee.com/dl/bacchus/

Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio

["Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio\nBacchus (circa 1598)\nCaravaggio (Italian, 1571-1610)\nMichelangelo Merisi (Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi) da Caravaggio was an Italian painter active in Rome for most of his artistic life. During the final four years of his life he moved between Naples, Malta, and Sicily until his death. His paintings combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, which had a formative influence on Baroque painting.", "Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio\nCaravaggio employed close physical observation with a dramatic use of chiaroscuro that came to be known as tenebrism. He made the technique a dominant stylistic element, darkening shadows and transfixing subjects in bright shafts of light. Caravaggio vividly expressed crucial moments and scenes, often featuring violent struggles, torture, and death. He worked rapidly, with live models, preferring to forgo drawings and work directly onto the canvas", "Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio\nHis influence on the new Baroque style that emerged from Mannerism was profound. It can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Rembrandt, and artists in the following generation heavily under his influence were called the \"Caravaggisti\" (or \"Caravagesques\"), as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi (\"shadowists\").", "Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio\nCaravaggio trained as a painter in Milan before moving in his twenties to Rome. He developed a considerable name as an artist, and as a violent, touchy and provocative man. A brawl led to a death sentence for murder and forced him to flee to Naples. There he again established himself as one of the most prominent Italian painters of his generation. He traveled in 1607 to Malta and on to Sicily, and pursued a papal pardon for his sentence", "Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio\nIn 1609 he returned to Naples, where he was involved in a violent clash; his face was disfigured and rumours of his death circulated. Questions about his mental state arose from his erratic and bizarre behavior. He died in 1610 under uncertain circumstances while on his way from Naples to Rome. Reports stated that he died of a fever, but suggestions have been made that he was murdered or that he died of lead poisoning.", "Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio\nCaravaggio's innovations inspired Baroque painting, but the Baroque incorporated the drama of his chiaroscuro without the psychological realism. The style evolved and fashions changed, and Caravaggio fell out of favor. In the 20th century interest in his work revived, and his importance to the development of Western art was reevaluated. The 20th-century art historian Andr\u00e9 Berne-Joffroy stated: \"What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting.\"\nMore Artworks by Caravaggio", "Bacchus (circa 1598) by Caravaggio\nRest on the Flight into Egypt (ca 1597)\nSaint John the Baptist (1602)\nAlof de Wignacourt (1608)\nYoung Sick Bacchus (circa 1593)\nJudith Beheading Holofernes (circa 1598-1610)\nThe Cardsharps (ca 1595)\nThe Entombment of Christ (1602-1604)\nThe Martyrdom of Saint Matthew (circa 1599\u20131600)\nMartha and Mary Magdalene (ca. 1598)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history/early_choson_period.htm

Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page

["Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nHome Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Mongolia Myanmer N.Korea Philippines Singapore S.Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam --------- Bangkok Beijing Hong Kong Seoul Shanghai Tibet Tokyo\nAsian Calendar\nPublish your story on AsianInfo.org - Personal experiences, opinions, articles,\nor any information related to Asia. More Info...\nSearch for AsianInfo.org\nKorea's Main Page\nSeoul's Main Page\nKorean History - Main Page\nEARLY CHOSON PERIOD\nState Structure", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nNear the end of the Koryo Dynasty, 1389, General Yi Song-gye seized political and military power, deposing King Ch'ang (r. 1388-1389) and placing King Kongyang (r. 1389-1392) on the throne. He and capital in his fight against the declining Koryo monarchy and nobility.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe Kwajonpop (rank land law) was instituted, providing not only land for General Yi to distribute but also the power to rule the country. He and his group were well aware that the ability to bring order and to end the decadent Koryo Dynasty lay in the land tenure system.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nUnder the terms of status land system, land was ordinarily distributed for life only, on the basis of one's status or rank. Recipients were given the right to collect rents, while the peasant was given the right to cultivate. The customary rent amounted to half the crop and was usually paid as rent-tax to the state.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nSince the peasant, as tenant, was guaranteed land tenure in terms of cultivation rights, not subject to confiscation, his livelihood was improved. In addition, the accumulation of land by the yangban, or office-holding aristocrats, was strictly controlled by the stipulation that status land would be granted only in the Kyonggi areas around the capital, where the government could easily maintain supervision and surveillance.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nBy resolutely carrying out land reform, Yi Song-gye and his followers grasped economic power. King Kongyang was forced to abdicate and Yi Song-gye's followers placed Yi on the throne, bringing an end to the house of Wang. Yi Song-gye renamed the dynasty Choson and he was given the dynastic name of T'aejo. The establishment of institutions of Confucian learning was given top priority in order to institute a Confucian state", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nA college and five municipal schools were set up in Hanyang, and local schools were established in all the magistracies. From these schools, Confucian-oriented scholar-officials were recruited for government office.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe yangban class, acting in concert, had the power to interfere with the monarchial administration and decision-making procedures. Under Confucian precepts, the bureaucracy was to act as the agent of the monarch's will, since the monarch had a vested interest in benevolent rule. The monarch in turn had to heed the advice of the Confucian scholars. In this connection, the Office of Royal Lecturers and the Office of State Councilors (Uijongbu) were of prime importance", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nBelow this were the six boards of administration - civil appointment, taxation, rites, military, punishment and public works - the principal government organizations in the capital. In provincial areas administrative divisions and magistrates under provincial governors carried out local administration.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe Censorate Offices submitted memorials and remonstrances to the monarch and had the authority to ratify and rectify the monarch's appointment of officials and his renovative decrees. The court historians, who were to record daily happenings in the court and make verbatim records of the royal conversation, were empowered to criticize the monarch and keep him under close surveillance.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nIn order to enhance Confucian learning, movable metal type was cast for the printing of Confucian classics and historical literature in 1403. Typography was developed and improved by the repeated casting of new fonts as a means of promoting Confucian studies for the welfare and prosperity of the state.\nKing Sejong's Confucian Humanism", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nChoson's fourth king, King Sejong the Great (r. 1418-1450), was noted for his mastery of Confucian learning. In addition to his embrace of Confucian values, he showed himself able to successfully heal with the yangban scholars. His rule in the mid-15th century was marked by progressive ideas in administration, phonetics, national script, economics, science, music, medical science and humanistic studies", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nHe established the Chiphyonjon (Hall of Worthies) in order to promote research in institutional tradition and politico-economics.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejong showed great concern for the livelihood of the peasants, providing relief in time of drought and flood. He had Chong Ch'o compile the Nongsa chiksol (Straight Talk on Farming), a volume replete with information collected from experienced elder peasants throughout the country. The first of its kind in Korea, this became the classic work on Korean agriculture. He also put into effect a sliding tax scale which eased the peasants' burden", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejong ordered the development of the pluviometer in 1441 and distributed duplicates to the Office of Astronomy in Hanyang as well as to local magistrates to record precipitation. This preceded Gastelli's pluviometer of 1639 by almost 200 years.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nOne of his most celebrated achievements was the creation of the Korean alphabet, Han-gul. Aware that his people must have a writing system designed to express the language of their everyday speech, and desirous that all his subjects be able to learn and use it, King Sejong impelled scholars of the Hall of Worthies to devise the alphabet", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe Korean alphabet, which consists of 11 vowels and 17 consonants, posses geometric beauty, simplicity and scientific accuracy, and as such, can be learned by an uneducated man in a matter of hours.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nConfucian scholars raised considerable opposition and protested that the use of Korean script would retard Confucian studies. King Sejong persisted in this determination to promote Han-gul for the benefit of the people, and Humin Chong-um, of \"The Correct Sounds for the Instruction of the People,\" was distributed in 1446.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe official written language continued to be Chinese, as was Latin in Europe, but now the Korean people had at their disposal a means of writing in their own language. A bilingual poetic eulogy on the founding of the dynasty Yongbioch'bon-ga (Songs of Flying Dragons) was composed in Korean as well as in Chinese, and the Sokpo sangjol (Episodes From the Life of the Buddha) was translated into Korean. These works laid the foundation for the practical use of the Korean script.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejong also showed his concern for the health of the people by ordering the compilation of medical books. A 365 chapter compendium on Chinese medicine as well as the Hyang-yak chipsongbang (A Compilation of Native Korean Prescriptions) in 85 chapters, was completed in 1433. This latter included 959 entries on disease diagnoses, 10,706 prescriptions, and 1,477 items on acupuncture therapy. Another book on how to collect local medicinal material was also published in the vernacular language.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejong's interest in astronomical science was comprehensive and sun dials, water clocks, orreries of the solar system, celestial globes, astronomical maps, and atlases of the seven planets were produced at his instigation. He had a notation system for Korean as well as Chinese music devised or revised, and had on of his talented subject, Pak Yon, improve Korea's musical instruments as well as commissioned the writing of music for Korean musicians.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nIn foreign relations, King Sejong took strong measures against the Jurchen tribes. The territory in the northeastern frontier area was restored and six fortresses were established after General Kim Chong-so quelled the Jurchen invaders in 1434. In 1443, King Sejong installed four counties on the northern border, and opened three ports to the Japanese to help trade. King Sejong's land tax reform, health policy and invention of the Korean alphabet all contributed to the improvement of life of the people.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejong was able to realize the Confucian state in the true sense of the word. He also engendered a modern national consciousness in the minds of the people. Although he had earlier confiscated temple lands and bondsmen and otherwise restricted Buddhism, he later became especially devoted to that faith after the death of his beloved Queen. His health declined during that period, and he abdicated the throne to his son King Munjong (r. 1450-1452)", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nMonarchy versus Yangban\nKing Munjong's death in 1452 brought an 11-year-old Crown Prince to the throne. State affairs were left in the hands of state councilors, and monarchical power declined. In 1455, the unscrupulous Prince Suyang taegun, uncle of the child-king Tanjong, usurped the throne by murder and regicide after quelling the opposition; he also ruthlessly suppressed attempts to restore Tanjong as king.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejo (r. 1455-1468), as Prince Suyang Taegun is officially known, closed the Hall of Worthies, abolished some posts in the Censorate Offices, and crippled the Office of Royal Lecturers (Kyong-yon), all measures designed to loosen the ideological restraints on the monarchy. The Office of Study Promotion was instituted, ostensibly as a means of promoting Confucianism. In fact, it was used merely as a royal library rather than as an organization designed to promote and propagate Confucian ideals", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nFurther, he initiated the practice of giving private audiences to individual officials, flouting the regulation which made the presence of historians and censorate officials mandatory at royal audiences.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nAn attempt to raise the status of the monarchy was, however, justified, as the Korean monarch had formerly been vulnerable to inordinate yangban pressure. Yang Song-ji, a talented scholar under King Sejong, advocated the monarch's cause in his memorials. Yang stressed Korea's unique position, asserting the need to preserve indigenous traditions", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nTan-gun, according to him, was the \"Son-of-Heaven Ruler.\" He formulated the proposition that Choson, like China, was a nation upon which the \"Mandate of Heaven\" was bestowed. This argument strengthened King Sejo's hand visa-vis the bureaucracy.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nNone of the Choson kings had been strong enough to defy the yangban officials by praying in person at the Temple of Heaven, where the Song of Heaven along was qualified to converse with the Heavenly God. King Sejo, however, in his sacrificial ode to the Heavenly God at the Temple of Heaven, used the phrase \"the founder of the dynasty, the imperial great-great grandfather, T'aejo (founder king Yi Song-gye).\"", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejo ordered the compilation of a detailed map of Korea to provide further control of outlying areas. Census-taking of all soldiers and reserves in the various districts was enforced, and the Civil Register Act required all citizens to carry identification tags. He installed large military garrisons in each province and ordered every town to produce arms.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nBy arranging generous land grants and medicine, King Sejo showed his concern for the welfare of the army. He also ordered the migration of people to the sparsely populated northern border areas.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe monarch acted decisively in matters relating to the recruitment of new officials, increasing the number of military graduates to further strengthen the monarchial power. He also gave the title of \"Meritorious Subject\" to various officials on three different occasions to widen the base of loyal support. With the increase of inheritable land grants to meritorious subjects, however, land available for the newly appointed officials decreased", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nTo solve this problem and to limit the economic power of the officials and yangban, King Sejo instituted the official land system, which allowed land grants in terms of rent for office tenure only. Thus the status land system by which the yangban enjoyed lifetime tenure was discontinued, and those parties who refused to compromise lost their land holdings altogether", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThis limitation of land grants to incumbent officials meant that the old landed yangban class changed to either an employed bureaucracy with land or landless yangban with prestige only.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sejo offered interim civil and military service examinations more often, in addition to the time-honored examinations given every three years. Since the number of successful candidates in the interim examinations exceeded those from fixed examinations by a ratio of two to one, this virtually brought the civil examination system under the monarch's sway.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nTo divert the attention of the Neo-Confucian scholars, King Sejo defied Confucian orthodoxy by support Taoism and Buddhism. An Office for Publication of Buddhist Scriptures was established, where the compilation of Buddhist literature and Korean translation of such literature became active. Fifty copies of the bulky Tripitaka Koreana were printed for distribution", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nTo equip the often Sinocentric scholars with a comprehensive history of their own country, the compilation of Tonggukt'onggam (Comprehensive Mirror of the Eastern Kingdom) began in 1458 and was completed after the king's death.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nDuring this time, the compilation of the Kyongguk taejon (Grand Code for State Administration) was initiated. The Kyongguk taejon became the cornerstone of the dynastic administration and provided the monarchial system with a sory of constitutional law in a written form.\nResurgence of Neo-Confucian Rule", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe ninth King of Choson Dynasty, Songjong (r.1469-1494) ascended to the throne as a child and ruled under the regency of the dowager queen and minister-consultants. The anti-Sejo literati used the institution of the royal lecture of try to abolish Buddhist rituals and other anomalies in the life of the court, and the unfortunate child was subject to a rigorous schedule of two and four royal lectures per day", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe Office of Study Promotion was expanded to serve as a censorate in addition to providing royal lecturers. Heavy Confucian indoctrination was the order of the day, and state support of Buddhism gradually diminished. During King Songjong's reign, officials' rights to collect tax and rent from official land as personal income began to wane.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nYoung scholars were treated well and given opportunities at the newly established Hall of Leave for Study, and Confucianism once again found its place in the royal administration. An ambitious publication program was implemented, producing such works as a compendium of Korean historical geography, also issued was an anthology of Korean-Chinese literature, as well as an illustrated text on traditional music.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nSuch efforts to restore Confucian rule were not sufficient to satisfy the scholarly class in general, however. Those among them who had suffered discrimination during King Sejo's reign gained a foothold at court, but economic conditions were not greatly improved. Following the implementation of a central collection and distribution of rent policy on the officials' land, the officials and yangban sought land control for the right to farm, thereby encroaching upon the peasant's share of land ownership rights", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nMoreover, land area grew as a result of reclamation, and this contributed further to the growth of agricultural estates, a process which the dynasty attempted to prevent. Some agricultural estates gathered bondsmen and peasants, many of whom abandoned their free status in order to escape the heavy land tax, corvee, and tribute taxes that have been imposed on them.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nAs the desire to hold landed interests became more intense, those yangban who had already established themselves as the owners of meritorious subject land, special land grants, reclaimed land, or accumulated landed rights to cultivate land suddenly became targets of intense criticism.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThose literati who could not afford land became impoverished. These literati upheld the family and clan rites and etiquette prescribed by Neo-Confucian doctrine, but were impoverished by the costly rituals involved - marriages, funeral and memorial ceremonies. To maintain themselves, they depended heavily on their kinship ties, relying on assistance given by an appointed official of the same kin group", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThese mutual assistance relationships affected both officials in the capital, and landed yangban in the outlying areas as well. This was also a key factor in the politico-economic life of each yangban during the Choson Dynasty and was intensified during King Songjong's reign. Kim Chong-jik (1432-1492) was a leading scholar-official with many followers, who advocated the Neo-COnfucian rectification theory which implied condemnation of King Sejo's usurpation", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Songjong's successor in 1495 was King Yonsan-gun, whose reign was noted for his unscrupulous suppression of the literati. In the initial period, he was hard-pressed by that clamorous group which opposed Buddhist rituals observed at the death of the Queen mother. Infuriated by the hundreds of memorials and protests made by the Neo-Confucian literati, King Yonsan-gun lashed out at them", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nHis first purge was based on an accusation of state crimes because one of Kim Chong-jik's students had implicitly criticized King Sejo's usurption in his historical notes. Through this purge and another which followed in 1504, King Yonsan-gun eliminated the checks exercised by historians, the censorate, and state councilors. Confucian statecraft almost collapsed", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nHis extraordinary anti-Confucian and anti-Buddhist acts contravened the Kyongguk taejon and dismayed the yangban as a whole until he was finally deposed.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nIt fell to King Chungjong (r. 1506-1544), supported by the officials who has deposed King Yongsan-gun, to restore Confucian rule. The resurgence of the Neo-Confucian school made the enhancement of the economic status of the literati an urgent necessity. Some were rewarded with meritorious subject land, but other found a solution through securing charters for private schools endowed with some land and bondsmen. Such local private schools became the intellectual training ground for new schools of thought.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe increase of refugee peasants contributed to the ever increasing burden of taxes upon the remaining peasants. Cho Kwang-jo, an influential school official, advocated the recommendation system for the recruitment of government officials and the organization of local guilds to improve the impoverished condition of the literati. The recommendation system was implemented and his group was recruited for official posts, but this along did not satisfy them since they were not rewarded with appropriate land", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nIn 1519, the year they achieved their goal of implementing the recommendation examination system, these Neo-Confucian scholars faced a spurious charge of treason.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe ministers and the literati were often embroiled in royal succession problems, and competed among themselves for places in the bureaucracy, especially since their numbers had rapidly increased with the expansion of private schools. Their common interests based on local school and kinship organizations were bound to split them into factions, all the more bitterly divided for being within the same status", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe number of private schools exceeded one hundred in the late 16th century, and eminent scholars of the Neo-Confucian philosophy sheltered themselves in such institutions.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nAs for the people in general, they were hard-pressed by the levies of land tax, corvee, military tax, service and especially tribute tax, which was collected by authorized agents. The growth of agricultural estates accelerated, contributing further to the decline of the peasant economy. A righteous outlaw named Im Kkok-chong rose up against the greedy officials and distributed it to the poor. He seized government granaries and gave relief to hungry people in the provinces of Kyonggi-do and Hwanghae-do", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nAlthough he was caught and beheaded in 1562, his chivalry and revolutionary ideas captured the admiration of the people and inspired the popular novel, Hong Kil-tong chon, the Tale of Hong Kil-Tong.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nResistance Against Japanese\nThe founder of Choson Dynasty, King T'aejo distinguished himself in his resistance to Japanese marauders. After the latter's depredations had ceased, Korea opened three ports for trade with Japanese feudal lords, giving investiture to the Tsushima lord who had been engaged in lucrative trade with other ranking Japanese. The Japanese liaison officers staying at these ports caused trouble at times, however, and the amount of Choson's grant was reduced.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nAfter the assassination of Oda Nobunaga, who temporarily called a truce among Japan's warring lords, Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose to power in 1590. Hideyoshi's problem was to find a way to weaken the powerful feudal lords of the western part of Japan. In this explosive domestic situation, he looked abroad and decided that an invasion of China would provide the outlet needed for a peaceful solution at home", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nWhen Choson rejected Hideyoshi's request for aid in attacking China, he ordered his general to invade Ming and Choson in 1592. The Japanese army, armed with matchlock guns with which Choson soldiers were not familiar, reached Hanyang within two weeks. They had attempted to invade the granary Cholla-do province, only to meet the strong resistance of the people led by General Kim Shi=min at Chinju. They then turned back toward Hanyang.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nKing Sonjo and the royal princess fled to the northern provinces and appealed to the Ming Emperor for aid against invaders. The Japanese generals squabbled among themselves, while Choson's Admiral Yi Sun-shin conducted a brilliant series of operations in the South Sea, destroying many Japanese ships. The ironclad Kobukson (turtle ships), which Admiral Yi improved with plated armor resembling a turtle shell, protected the sailors and marines, and were more than a match for anything else afloat.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nWith the appearance of the allied Ming contingents, the Japanese were forced to fight a combined Ming-Choson allied army. Cut off from supplies and reinforcements owing to Admiral Yi's control of the sea, the Japanese were severely weakened. A Choson volunteer army organized in the southern provinces them with guerrilla tactics, while disease and malnutrition took its toll", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nPeace negotiations were held between the Ming general and the Japanese, who had by then lost the will to fight and started to retreat, stalked by volunteer peasant forces and contingents of Buddhist monks.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nPeace negotiations dragged on for five years but proved fruitless, and Hideyoshi sent his army to Choson again in 1597. The invasion this time encompassed only Kyongsang-do province and part of the Cholla-do province, as the invaders were harassed by the volunteer army.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe Japanese retreated and Hideyoshi's death forced the evacuation of his forces. Admiral Yi, in his attempt to smash the Japanese retreat, was struck by a stray bullet and killed during the climactic naval battle. The war ended at long last, with grave impact upon Choson, Ming China and Japan.\nImpact of the War", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe results of the Hideyoshi invasion brought about the destruction of government records, cultural objects, archives, historical documents and many works of art, the devastation of land, decrease in population, and the loss of artisans and technicians. Arable land amounted to only one-third of the prewar acreage, and the resulting decrease of revenue necessitated additional taxation of less devastated provinces such as Kyonggi-do or Ch'oungch'dong-do", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe government resorted to selling official titles and yangban status, and on occasion, held an examination for government service open to the bondsmen class. The loss of artisans brought a decline in handiwork quality, as well as in manufactured goods such as pottery and book printing. The Neo-Confucian norms and values were shaken, and the class distinctions which the yangban tried to uphold began to slowly crumble.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nThe Japanese, on the other hand, achieved a peaceful, centralized feudal society under Hideyoshi's successor, Tokgawa Ieyasu. Importation of the political philosophy of Neo-Confucianism and the study of medicinal materials and therapy developed in Choson also helped Japanese scholars make significant contributions to their society. The introduction of typography with moveable metal type expedited book printing, and Choson artisans captured by the Japanese army developed ceramic and textile products", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nAfter the Tokugawa takeover, Japan wanted peaceful diplomatic relations with Choson in order to benefit further from the Choson version of the Chinese culture.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nFor Ming China, however, the results were catastrophic. The economic setback suffered in the campaign later let to the collapse of the dynasty in 1644.\nSearch results will be shown at the bottom of the web page.\nAsianInfo.org was established in order to introduce Asian cultures\nand traditions to the world through\nIf you believe AsianInfo has quality, useful information and would like to help - become a Sponsor!\nIf you are a corporation and would like to place advertising on our site, click here.", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nDisclaimer: AsianInfo.org does not guarantee the complete accuracy of the information provided on this site or links. Do your own research and get a professional's opinion before adhering to advice or information contained herein. Use of the information contained herein provided by AsianInfo.org and any mistakes contained within are at the individual risk of the user.\n(We do not provide links to, or knowingly promote, any violent or pornographic sites.)", "Early Choson Period - Korean History - Main Page\nSuggestions | Organization Info | Become a Sponsor | Privacy Statement\nCopyright \u00a9 2000 AsianInfo.org - All Rights Reserved.- Copyright Policy"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2012/10/11/inenglish/1349956959_641253.html

The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification "with a design from the East"

["The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nMadridBarcelonaLatest News\nThe Troy of Murcia\nArcheologists unearth Bronze Age fortification \"with a design from the East\"\nJacinto Ant\u00f3n\nBarcelona - 11 Oct 2012 - 12:05 Updated 11 Oct 2012 - 12:09 UTC\nThe site of archeological exploration in La Bastida, near Totana in the Murcia region.ASOME / UAB", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\n\"A work conceived for combat.\" This is how the archeologists from Barcelona's Aut\u00f3nomo University (UAB) describe the impressive fortification found in the rich historical site of La Bastida, near Totana in the Murcia region. According to the recent announcement of their discovery, the structure -- about which the researchers are lavish with superlatives -- is a wonder of poliorcetics (siegecraft). Could it be that southeastern Spain was once home to a Troy of its own?", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nThe fort was built in the Bronze Age, some 4,200 years ago, with a level of skill in the art of fortification so high as to be a complete break with the past in this part of the world; and it is, the archeologists maintain, unique in continental Europe. Just what it was doing in Murcia is something that still needs explanation. It seems to reflect a time of social and political change -- possibly the emergence of a new kind of state structure -- that caused a spectacular increase in violence.", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nIt has massive three-meter-thick walls, square towers that would have had an original height of seven meters, a monumental entrance, and a postern gate with a pointed arch that remains intact, something exceptional for that epoch. The wall protected a city of some four hectares situated on a hill", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nThe archeologists -- whose dig is sponsored by Murcia's culture department, Totana town hall, the UAB and the national government -- believe that the fortification was designed by \"people with advanced military knowledge, who came from the Near East.\" The design, unknown at that period in the West, \"derives from the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean.\"", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nSpecifically, the discoverers, directed by the UAB prehistory professor Vicente Lull, allude to no less than the second city of Troy. Why the second? Well, at the site on the hill of Hisarlik in Turkey, the remains of as many as 10 Trojan cities lie superimposed on one another. The legendary Troy of The Iliad is thought to be Troy VII A. The earlier Troy II dates from between 2,600 and 2,350BC, roughly contemporary with the fortified city in Murcia (2,200BC).", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nThe fort's layout \"reveals an astute defense strategy, which involved a new style of fighting, and the installation of a violent, class-oriented power system that conditioned the development of the rest of the Peninsula during seven centuries,\" the UAB team claims", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nThe find makes it necessary to \"rethink what is known about the origin of economic and political inequalities in Europe, the formation of the military class and the role of violence in the formation of traditions of identity.\" In La Bastida innovative arms have also been found, such as halberds.", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nThe discovery confirms that the city being excavated at La Bastida -- the center of El Argar culture, which has been gradually excavated over recent years -- was in its day \"the most advanced settlement, in political and military terms, in Bronze Age Europe, comparable only to the Minoan civilization in Crete.\"", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nSo far, six towers have been found in a 70-meter stretch of wall. The perimeter of the fortification must originally have been some 300 meters. Entry to the city was by a narrow passage flanked by high thick walls, which would have been closed with heavy gates.", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nThe postern now unearthed is reminiscent of Troy II and the Near Eastern urban world, influenced by the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The archeologists think it may show that the construction, or at least its planning, involved people who came here from the East, after the crisis that laid waste to their regions 4,300 years ago", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nThe military innovation of the postern gate, which allows for an outward sally to attack besiegers by surprise, was not adopted by the Hittites and Mycenaeans until between 400 and 800 years after the Murcian fort was built.", "The Troy of Murcia: Archeologists unearth Bronze Age fortification with a design from the East\nLa Bastida was probably, the archeologists suggest, the most powerful city in continental Europe during the Bronze Age. At the site, between 2008 and 2011, dwellings of more than 70 square meters were found, and a dyke holding back a great reservoir with capacity for half a million liters of water."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://clark.dotendiaries.org/content/DU14

Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863

["Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nCOMO, December 26, 1863.\nChristmas in Como.\nVIRGINIA DAILY UNION: A pleasanter day than was yesterday, here in Como, is rarely to be seen, and was just such a day as Christmas day always should be. The town being situated on a warm sunny slope, our cheerful streets presented a genial contrast to the cold, snow covered slopes and hillsides, whose faces are inclined to the north.", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nSeveral gay cavaliers, with their fair ladies by their side, seated in fine buggies, on a Christmas visit to the place, dashed up and down the streets, visiting the mill and other points of interest", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe day before Christmas our citizens assisted in raising a splendid flag staff over the National Hotel, and, amid rousing cheers, the glorious old starry flag of the American Union was set floating in the breeze; \"Rally round the Flag,\" and the \"Star Spangled Banner,\" were then sung, and the jollity of the occasion wound up with numerous horns of Cross's \"best.\" Glory to that proud banner; a more beautiful flag never floated in the sunlight of heaven' \"long may it wave.\"", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nChristmas Eve was celebrated by a grand ball. The first \"Annual Ball,\" for we intend to have one just like it every Christmas from now henceforth through all future ages. Truly it was a grand affair, and pronounced by all who were fortunate enough to be \"thar,\" the best ball ever gotten up in this Territory. Well, anyhow, it couldn't be beat. There were some thirty ladies present, including several from Dayton and elsewhere, and all of them good looking, none of them being at all homely", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe men of Como were in clover for the time being, and all hands joined heartily in the \"gay and festive\" scene, with a zest hardly to be equaled. In fact, I never saw anything of the kind, where all the participants seemed so thoroughly to enjoy the festivities of the occasion. The weather was fine, the accommodation perfect, and nothing occurred to mar in the least the pleasures of all concerned", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe music was by the Como Quadrille Band; a combination of talent not often to be met with in this sage brush country, and the ball was held in Cross's new hall, in the third story of the National Hotel, which building, with all its perfect and elaborate accommodation, was placed at the disposal of the gay company. At midnight, all hands partook of a grand supper, gotten up in Cross's best style. Nothing more need be said of it. It was \"bully\" and no mistake. It can't be beat nowhere", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe ball was kept up with undiminished enjoyment until about daylight next morning, and was a most decided success in every point.", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nI had nearly forgotten to mention that, in the evening, before the ball commenced, there was a political meeting held at the Como Exchange, which was addressed by Judge Haydon, and F. M. Kennedy, Esq., of Dayton, and Dr. Ellis, of Carson. Of course the new Constitution for the embryo State of Nevada, was the grand subject of discussion; Haydon and Kennedy taking the right loyal Union, sound, patriotic side; while Ellis discussed it in the light in which the Copperheads view it", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nWhich side made the most convert, will be seen about the next election day. Another meeting was held this afternoon at Cross's Hall, which was addressed by F. H. Kennedy, Hon. William H. Virden, and G. A. Brier, Esq., of this town. Four delegates were chosen to attend the Union County Convention, to be held at Dayton on the 29th instant, viz: J. S. Crossman, Wm. H. Virden, G. W. Walton, and Alfred Doten", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThis evening Bryant and Case's minstrels performed at Cross's Hall, to a very full audience. This troupe comprises much fine talent, and their performance was much applauded by their delighted audience. They deserve crowded houses, and will draw then, wherever they may go. The performance was concluded, by the appearance of \"Martin,\" the celebrated \"wizard,\" who gave us specimens of his wonderful powers as magician and ventriloquist. He is closely allied to the old gentleman with the cloven feet.", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nLast Monday we had a small picnic party at White point, about two miles out from town, near the new Whitman road. Several of the ladies and gentlemen of Como took advantage of the fine warm day, and enjoyed a pleasant little time. By special invitation your correspondent composed one of the party, and enjoyed it as much as anybody\u2014at least he thinks so. The road winds on an even grade around the hill sides, among the shady pines, and is quite a romantic little walk or drive", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nAll of us, however, preferred walking. The romance and interest of the scene was not a little heightened by a comical looking turn-out, in the shape of a couple of long-eared, sober-sided jackasses, which were hitched \"tandem\" to a cart, and driven by three little boys. This \"team\" transported the eatables, &c., and preceded the expedition to the place selected for the picnic, which was a small shady grove, near the far-famed White Point ledge", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe weather was highly propitious, and all enjoyed the pleasures of the occasion to the fullest extent, even to one poor melancholy young man, who mounted a tall rock, at the imminent risk of his pantaloons, and sitting astraddle thereon, poured forth his doleful feelings in the strains of a plaintive flute, which he had brought along in his pocket for the purpose. We took a small survey of the mining operations at that point, which are as yet rather limited, the ledge being but recently discovered", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe Crossman Company is the original location on the ledge. In the cut they are running into the ledge they find some very good ore. The Lee and Weston, the first north extension, have run in with their tunnel some thirty-five feet, and have struck splendid looking rock, as has also the Roberts Company in their tunnel, which is in only some 15 or 20 feet", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nAfter eating up most of the eatables and taking a survey of the wealth and romantic scenery of the place for an hour or so, the party returned to town, well pleased with their picnic.", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nFirst Marriage in Palmyra.\nOn that day also the first wedding of the District came off at Palmyra. We had not the pleasure of being present on the interesting occasion, but we had the felicity of enjoying a piece of the wedding cake. Joy be ever with the happy pair, and may the sunshine of their wedded happiness be ever unclouded.\nThe Live Oak, etc.", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe \"Live Oak\" is a claim lately incorporated, and which promises to be one of the most important claims in the district. It is located near the mill, on the George Law ledges, Nos. 1, 2, and 3. The tunnel will strike all three of these ledges at from 150 to 200 feet below the surface, and from the mouth of the tunnel a track can be laid directly to the mill, thus saving a considerable item in the way of transportation", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe tunnel will also probably strike considerable of a stream of water, which will be very valuable of itself as a mill privilege.", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nThe proprietors of the Live Oak are poor, hard-working men, willing to go on and develop the claim and bring forth its long-hidden treasures for the benefit of the world, but they don't want their mine taxed until they can get out some silver to pay the taxes with. They are told that that mining taxation clause in the Constitution don't mean anything, and even if it did, the Legislature has all the power, and will fix the thing all right", "Christmas in Como, December 26, 1863\nSuch being the case, they think the Convention must have been fooling away their time when they got up that clause. They had better left it to the Legislature and said nothing about it. A. D."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://westminsterlincoln.org/great-east-window/

The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists

["The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nAt the head of the Church at the top of the window is shown the symbols of the Holy Trinity. You will notice that the quatrefoil design Is placed within the circle \u2013 the quatrefoil design being symbolic of the four evangelists. The circle is used as a symbol of the Eternal Father as having one beginning and ending and is considered the sign of perfection. This symbol was also used by the Jews who inscribed within the circle three Yods", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nA Yod in Hebrew means hand and is symbolic of strength and power, and as no one has ever seen God at any time, the symbol of the hand denoting power was used entirely by the early Christians in representing the Supreme Being, God.", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nOn the left is the symbol of the Lamb, representing Jesus Christ the second person of the Holy Trinity, and on the right is the Dove symbolizing the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Holy Trinity. In the lancet openings are medallions and shields whereon are placed the symbols of the Twelve Apostles and the Four Evangelists. In Medieval art there was given to each of the Apostles an emblem or an attribute symbolizing some personal or historic value.", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nAndrew was a fisherman with his brother Simon Peter. His intimate friends were James and John, who also became ardent disciples of Jesus. Andrew was bound to a cross, rather than nai led, in order to prolong his suffering. The most common symbol of St. Andrew Is a cross shaped I ike an X. Sometimes two fishes crossed to form the same design are used. At other times two fishes placed in his hands to show that he was a fisherman (Matthew 4: 18) are found in symbolism.\n2. St. James the Lesser", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nJames the Less, the son of Alphaeus, is also called The Little because of his small stature; often he is referred to as The Minor. According to tradition, James at the age of ninety-six was thrown from the Temple by the Pharisees, and an infuriated mob stoned him as he prayed God to forgive them, and someone repeatedly beat his head with a club. Ever since, James the apostle Is represented by a fuller\u2019s bat or club. He is shown in paintings as leaning on a club", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nBartholomew and Nathanael are held to be names for the same person, about whom the Bible telIs very little. Jesus said of him, \u201cBehold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile!\u201d (John I :47). According to traditional information, Bartholomew won King Polymus of Armenia for Christianity. But it happened that the brother of the king was so angry at Bartholomew that he had him flayed, crucified with his head downward, and even beheaded", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nThe symbol of Bartholomew is three flaying knives or one flaying knife, referring to his martyrdom. Sometimes he is pictured with a book (the Gospel according to Matthew) in one hand, or with an open Bible and a flaying knife.", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\n4. St. Paul\nPaul as one of the twelve apostles is sometimes symbolized instead of Jude. His usual symbol is an open Bible with a sword behind It. The Bible bears the inscription Spiritus Gladius, meaning \u201cSword of the Spirit\u201d. Sometimes he is represented by two swords crossed, the one having reference to the good fight of faith that he fought, and the other to his martyrdom by the sword. Other embIems are the armor of God and a palm tree.\n5. St. Matthew the Evangelist", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nSince it is thought that his Gospel dwells more on the human side of Jesus Christ than the other Gospel records, Matthew is usually pictured as a winged man. Sometimes, however, he Is pictured with a book or a pen, with an angel in the background dictating or pointing to heaven.\n6. St. James the Greater", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nJames the Greater, who is often referred to as Boanerges, James Major, or James the Elder, was one of the closest friends of Jesus, as we gather from the Bible when references are made to \u201cPeter, James, and John\u201d. James was the first of the apostles to suffer martyrdom, dying under the sword of Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1-2); here we find partial fulfillment of Jesus\u2019 prediction that the brothers should indeed drink of the cup. Stories abound which tell of James founding churches in Spain", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nThe symbolism of James the Greater usually consists of three scallops, referring to long pilgrimages; or the pilgrim\u2019s staff; or a pilgrim\u2019s cloak, with hat.", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\n7. St. Luke the Evangelist\nLuke Is symbolized by the winged ox because his Gospel opens with the sacrifice of Zecharias and emphasizes in the latter part the sacrificial death of the Savior. Sometimes the symbol shows the Gospel in addition to the ox.\n8. St. Matthias", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nMatthias is practically always substituted for Judas Iscariot. The story concerning the election of Matthias can be found in Acts 1:15-26. The double-edged ax, in conjunction with a stone or the open Bible, is his most common symbol. Sometimes, a lance with three stones, or a book and sword are used.\n9. St. Peter", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nPeter, the early leader of the apostles, was the first to say that Jesus is \u201cthe Christ, the Son of the living God\u201d (Matt. 16:16). It was Peter who denied three times that he knew Jesus \u201cbefore the cock crows twice\u201d (Mark 14:72), an incident memorialized by a cock pictured as crowing. Later he occasioned the first great increase in the Church through the sermon delivered at Pentecost, and he made many missionary tours. There are numerous stories concerning the death of Peter", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nThe story that is most popular relates that he was unwilling to die on the cross in the same position as his Master was crucified. Those who hold to this manner of Peter\u2019s death sometimes symbolize him by forming a cross with the horizontal bar toward the bottom of the vertical bar. WhiIe the humility of Simon Peter in this story is heartening, the manner of his death, probably as a martyr in Rome at the close of Nero\u2019s reign, is uncertain", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nSimon Peter is usually symbolized by two keys that are crossed in the form of the letter X. The keys refer to Matthew 16:19, where it is recorded that Jesus said to Peter, \u201cI will give you the keys of the kinqdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.\u201d Reference is made to heaven and earth when one key is gold and the other is siIver. The two keys represent the power to bind and absolve (loose)", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\n10. St. Mark the Evangelist\nMark is pictured as a winged lion. The lion, as king of beasts, represents the royal character of Christ, and refers to the opening verses of the Gospel which tell about \u201cthe voice of one crying in the wilderness.\u201d It may also be said that Mark\u2019s emphasis on the resurrection is indicated by the lion, for, according to an old fable, the cub of a lion is supposed to be born dead and after three days licked into life by its father.\n11. St. John the Apostle", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nIn company with Zebedee, his father, and James, his brother, John\u2019s early life consisted largely of fishing in the Sea of Galilee. John was a quiet and thoughtful man. The Bible refers to him as \u201cthe disciple whom Jesus loved.\u201d When Jesus was crucified, John took Mary, Jesus\u2019 mother, and provided a home for her through the remainder of her life. The serpent issuing from the common cup is St. John\u2019s most usual symbol", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nThere is an interesting story connected with it that an attempt was made to poison John, but the attempt was unsuccessful because the poison vanished in the form of a serpent. A more probably basis of the cup as the symbol of John is the reference of Jesus that John and James should drink of his cup", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nSometimes John is symbolized by an eagle rising from a large cauldron or kettle, referring to his miraculous deliverance without injury from the Emperor Domitian who tried to take his life by putting him in burning oil. Sometimes a book or scroll is added to the eagle because for centuries it was believed he wrote the fourth Gospel, three Epistles, and Revelation.", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\n12. St. John the Evangelist\nThe eagle denotes the evangelist John. The spirit of the Gospel of John, formerly thought to have been written by John the apostle, is like an eagle soaring to the throne of grace.\n13. St. Simon the Zealot", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nSimon was a member of the Zealot party. He was successor to James the Just as bishop of Jerusalem. A fish on the book is the symbol of Simon. The fish refers to his success in fishing for men through the gospel. Sometimes one or two oars appear on the shield with a battleax or a saw. He was another martyr of the faith, having either been \u201csawn asunder\u201d or beheaded.\n14. St. Jude", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nJude was referred to as Thaddaeus, Labbaeus, or Judas Lebbaeus. The Bible records but one question that he ever uttered, \u201cLord, how is it that you will manifest yourself to us, and not to the world?\u201d (John 12:22). Tradition has it that he traveled with Simon as a missionary. Jude is symbolized by a sailboat with a mast in the shape of a cross, or a long staff with a cross at the end, referring to his missionary journeys", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nWhere the symbol of the lance or halberd (a weapon somewhat like a long-handled dagger) Is used, reference is made to martyrdom. Sometimes the lance is combined with a club and a cross upside down.", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nThomas, the seventh apostle according to Matt. 10:3, was also known by the name of Oidymus, meaning \u201ctwin\u201d. The best known incident with which Thomas was connected is recorded in John 20:25: \u201cUnless I see in his hands the print of the naiIs, and place my finger in the mark of the naiIs, and place my hand in his side, I will not believe.\u201d The carpenter\u2019s square, a vertical spear, or a lance, or an arrow are the symbols of Thomas", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nSome writers say that Thomas built a church in India, doing much of the work himself. The square or rule refers to him as the buiIder or carpenter. The spear, lance, or arrow refers to his supposed martyrdom at the hand of Kinq Midsai for converting Queen Tertia, the king\u2019s wife, to Christianity.", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nPhillip introduced Nathanael to Jesus, advising him wisely to \u201ccome and see\u201d (John 1:43-51) if any good thing could come out of Nazareth. It was Phillip who said to Jesus, \u201cLord, show us the Father, and we shall be satisfied\u201d (John 14:8), Phillip is symbolized by a staff surmounted by a cross. Sometimes a small cross is shown in his hand. Usually two loaves of bread are pictured, one on each side of a cross, to symbolize him", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nThe staff and cross refer to his successful missionary journeys among the barbarians in upper Asia and Phrygia, where he spread knowledge of Christianity and the cross of Christ. The cross may also refer to the power of the cross over idols or to Phillip\u2019s manner of death, although there is no conclusive evidence that he was crucified. The loaves of bread recall Phillip\u2019s remark when Jesus fed the multitude: \u201cHow are we to buy bread, so that these people may eat?\u201d (John 6:5).", "The Great East Window: Symbolism of the Holy Trinity, Apostles, and Evangelists\nThe great east window was given by Mrs. Julius C. Harpham and ChiIdren,\nin loving memory of their Husband and Father, Mr. Julius C. Harpham."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://frted.wordpress.com/2022/12/18/

Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ

["Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nMelchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nOn the Sunday before the Nativity of Christ, the Orthodox Church honors the memory of the Ancestors of Christ and reads the Genealogy of Christ from Matthew 1:1-25. The Sunday commemorates all the Old Testament saints who were significant in being faithful to God or preparing the Jewish people for the coming of the Messiah, including the non-Jewish priest Melchizedek. At Vespers on the Eve of this feast one portion of the three Old Testament lessons read is Genesis 14:18-20 \u2013", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nThen Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine; he was the priest of God Most High. And he blessed him and said: \u201cBlessed be Abram of God Most High, Possessor of heaven and earth; And blessed be God Most High, Who has delivered your enemies into your hand.\u201d And he gave him a tithe of all.\nThe author of the New Testament\u2019s book, Hebrews, offers an interpretation of the Melchizedek narrative, adding some details and information not in the Old Testament text:", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nFor this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the Most High God, met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him; and to him Abraham apportioned a tenth part of everything. He is first, by translation of his name, king of righteousness, and then he is also king of Salem, that is, king of peace. He is without father or mother or genealogy, and has neither beginning of days nor end of life, but resembling the Son of God he continues a priest for ever", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nSt Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444AD) comments on the Hebrews\u2019 interpretation (with its comments not found in the Genesis text). Though the Hebrews text does not list an author, by the time of Cyril, many Patristic writers assumed St Paul was the author of Hebrews. Modern scholarship has accepted the older tradition that the author of Hebrews is anonymous rather than a work of St Paul. Cyril writes:", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nFrom the interpretation of the names, then, Paul takes hold of what serves to prefigure Christ. He makes it clear also that the manner of priesthood itself shows the same thing, for Melchizedek brought out bread and wine. That Melchizedek, however, was without father and without mother, that is, without a genealogy, and that he had no beginning of days or end of days, the sacred scripture nowhere expressly indicates. One might perhaps then say that the divine Paul has uttered a lie", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nThis is not what we say, not at all, for he is speaking the truth. Rather, the skilled instructor in mysteries holds to a spiritual interpretation, taking this as a figure of the glory of Emmanuel and as an account relating to the very matters of the divine economy. For the inspired scripture reveals to us only the fact that Melchizedek was a priest. It does not identify his descent or the origins of his father or mother", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nYet neither does it set a limit to how many years he lived, nor do we find that the kind of succession accompanying his priestly office is revealed. Consequently, the narrative of such things as outlined in figures for us, and this in a way resembles the perpetual nature of Christ that was without beginning, when he is considered as God. (GLAPHYRA ON THE PENTATEUCH Vol 1, p 127)", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nSt Paul uses the Genesis text to glean information which is not explicitly stated in the text. Whether the ideas were original with Paul (fit his theology and point he wanted to make) or whether Paul was using a tradition he was familiar with, I do not know. But Paul takes the fact that the Genesis text gives no genealogy for Melchizedek as a prefiguration of the eternal nature of the Messiah. Paul draws a conclusion from the silence in the text", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nIt was a very common way of reading the Scriptures (some would say reading into it) but Paul is looking to the Old Testament for signs of the Messiah and sees the Melchizedek narrative as being a bit of a puzzle that lends itself to being a prophecy of Christ. The genealogy of the main characters in the Old Testament\u2019s is usually given. The fact that no genealogy is offered for Melchizedek gives Paul a door to open for interpretation", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nPaul\u2019s method of reading the Old Testament will be common among the early Christian and Patristic writers who are always plumbing the depths of Scripture to see Christ. They saw the Torah as not being so much history and Law as prophecy, preparing the Jewish people for the coming of the Messiah.", "Melchizedek Prefiguring Christ\nIf you believed Moses, you would believe me, for he wrote of me. (John 5:46)\nAnd beginning with Moses and all the prophets, Jesus interpreted to them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. (Luke 24:27)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/the-history-of-the-americas/the-conquest-of-mexico/letters-from-hernan-cortes/moctezuma-killed

Letters from Hernan Cortes: Moctezuma Killed

["Letters from Hernan Cortes: Moctezuma Killed\nAHA Teaching & Learning Teaching Resources for Historians Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age The History of the Americas The Conquest of Mexico Letters from Hernan Cortes Moctezuma Killed\nNarrative Overviews\nContrast and Comparison Exercises\nImage Exercises\nFlorentine Codex\nLetters from Hernan Cortes\nHistoria Verdadera\nMoctezuma Killed\nFrom Cort\u00e9s, Second Letter, 151", "Letters from Hernan Cortes: Moctezuma Killed\nMoctezuma, who was still a prisoner, (together with his son and many other persons of distinction, who had been secured at the beginning of operations,) now came forward and requested to be taken to the terrace of the garrison, that he might speak to the leaders of his people and induce them to discontinue the contest", "Letters from Hernan Cortes: Moctezuma Killed\nI caused him to be taken up, and when he reached a battlement projecting from the fortress, and sought an opportunity to address the people who were fighting in that quarter, a stone thrown by some one of his own subjects struck him on the head with so much force that he died in three days after. I then gave his dead body to two Indians who were amongst the prisoners and taking it upon their shoulders, they bore it away to his people; what afterwards became of it I know not"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://casetext.com/case/in-re-adoption-of-margaret-nolan

In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext

["In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nIn re Adoption of Margaret Nolan\nRussell Adoption Case\nThe law of adoption in Pennsylvania being entirely statutory, strict compliance with the statutory\u2026\nMontgomery Adoption Case\nThe scope of our review in this class of cases is to determine whether there was evidence sufficient to\u2026\n4 Citing Cases\nFull title:In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan\nCourt:Superior Court of Pennsylvania\nDate published: May 8, 1934\n172 A. 477 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1934)\n172 A. 477\nSuperior Court of Pennsylvania\nMay 8, 1934.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nParent and child \u2014 Adoption \u2014 Act of May 11, 1923, P.L. 201 \u2014 Act of April 4, 1925, P.L. 127.\nA decree of adoption will be vacated where it appears from the record that the required time did not elapse between the filing of the petition and the date of hearing, that the adopting parents did not appear in person before the court, and that the opinion of the court did not recite the necessary facts at length as required by the Act of April 4, 1925, P.L. 127.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAppeal No. 84, October T., 1933, by Mary Getsy from decree of M.C., Philadelphia County, February T., 1931, No. 1204, in the case of In the Matter of The Adoption of Margaret Nolan, a female minor.\nBefore KELLER, CUNNINGHAM, BALDRIGE, STADTFELD, PARKER and JAMES, JJ. Reversed.\nRule to vacate decree of adoption. Before WALSH, J.\nThe facts are stated in the opinion of the Superior Court.\nThe court discharged the rule. Respondent appealed.\nError assigned, among others, was the decree of the court.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nWm. M. Reese, for appellant.\nAlgernon R. Clapp, and with him Richard C. Bull of White, Schnader, Maris Clapp, for appellee.\nArgued October 19, 1933.\nOPINION BY STADTFELD, J., May 8, 1934:\nThis is an appeal from a refusal of the municipal court of Philadelphia to vacate a decree of adoption.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nOn February 26, 1931, John Fenderson Kyes, Jr., and Florence Margot Kyes, his wife, filed a petition in the municipal court of Philadelphia averring their temporary residence in Philadelphia, and praying a decree of adoption of Margaret Nolan, who had been in their custody since October 11, 1930.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAttached to the petition were two affidavits executed by appellant, one of which, dated October 10, 1930, averred that she resides at New York City, State of New York, that she is the mother of the minor child, Margaret Nolan, \"whose adoption is prayed in the petition to which this affidavit is to be attached as her consent thereto,\" .....", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\n\"thereby ratifying and confirming the adoption of said child specifically waiving any and all notices or citations whatsoever.\" This affidavit was signed by her both in her right name, Mary Getsy, as well as a fictitious name, Mary Nolan. The other affidavit, dated December 10, 1930, executed in her assumed name, avers that she is \"presently\" residing at West Chester, Pennsylvania, and in which she gives a false name as that of the putative father", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nIn this affidavit she specifically authorizes any attorney to deliver her written consent to the adoption of her child \"to the adopting parents or petitioners.\" Likewise attached to the petition were two affidavits of persons acquainted with the petitioners certifying to their good moral character and financial ability to support the child, as well as their belief that the child's welfare would be promoted by the adoption prayed for", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThere was also attached a statement of the investigator, undated, to the effect that the petitioners were fully qualified to become the parents of the child and that the mother had found herself incapable of supporting the child and had consented to give her child for adoption to the petitioners.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThis petition was filed on February 26, 1931, and on the same day the court, WALSH, J., entered a decree stating that the court being satisfied that the welfare of the child would be promoted by the adoption, so found and entered a decree of adoption.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nOn June 15, 1932, appellant filed a petition in the municipal court, averring that at the time of the adoption, appellant was a resident and citizen of New York, and appellees were residents and citizens of Massachusetts; that the address of appellees, set forth in the petition for adoption as Lecomey Plaza Apartments, 58th and Cobbs Creek Boulevard, Philadelphia, was a temporary one, assumed only for the purpose of this case", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAppellant prayed that the decree of adoption be vacated and revoked and the possession of the child be awarded to her. To this petition appellees filed an answer admitting that they were not permanent residents or citizens of Pennsylvania, but averring that they were constructive and temporary residents of the county of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nHearings were held on the petition to revoke on October 14 and October 19, 1932. The court on December 28, 1932 discharged the rule to vacate the decree of adoption and refused to revoke or set aside the original order or decree of adoption.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nOn December 29, 1932, the court by WALSH, J., filed appellees' requests for findings of fact and conclusion of law, in which the court found, inter alia, that appellees at the date of filing the petition of adoption were temporary and constructive residents of Philadelphia County, such constructive residence arising through the filing of their petition; that at the time of the birth of said child and for some time thereafter, the said Mary Getsy was and continued to be, unable to support said child; that there was no evidence of any fraud, misrepresentation or coercion of said Getsy in connection with the signing of her affidavits attached to the petition for adoption, consenting to the adoption of said child; the court found from the hearings of October 14 and October 19, 1932, that said Mary Getsy on or about October 11, 1930, abandoned said child", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThe lower court found as a conclusion of law that it had jurisdiction to make the decree of adoption entered on February 26, 1931, under the provisions of the Act of May 11, 1923, P.L. 201, and that the adoption proceedings were in conformity with the provisions of said act, and of the Act of April 4, 1925, P.L", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\n127, so far as the provisions of the latter act apply to adoption proceedings in said court, and that no ground for vacating or revoking said decree had been shown and therefore dismissed the petition for the same. From that order this appeal was taken by Mary Getsy.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAppellant contends that the lower court was without jurisdiction in entering the decree of adoption, in that the petition was not filed by a citizen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, residing therein, and that the proceedings did not conform with the requirements of the Act of April 4, 1925, supra.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThis court, in a very comprehensive opinion by our former Brother GAWTHROP, reviewed the legislation in this state, relating to the law and procedure governing adoptions, in In re Adoption of Elizabeth McCann, 104 Pa. Super. 196. Quoting from that opinion: .....", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\n(205) \"Section 3 of the Act of 1925 provides, inter alia, that when the petition is presented a time for hearing shall be fixed not less than ten days from said presentation: that the adopting parent or parents and the person proposed to be adopted must appear in person and be examined under oath; and that the court or judge may make or cause to be made an investigation by some person or agency specifically designated by said court or judge to verify the statements of the petition and such other facts as will give the court full knowledge of the desirability of the proposed adoption", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nFrom these and other requirements, it is manifest that by the act the legislature intended to and did make a radical change in the requirements of the petition in adoption proceedings, as well as in prescribing the duties of the court in respect to the fixing of a time for hearing on the petition, and in prescribing the duties of the court in respect thereto.\"", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAs stated in Thompson's Adoption, 290 Pa. 586, the law of adoption in Pennsylvania is entirely statutory. And being purely statutory the statutes must be strictly followed to give the court jurisdiction \u2014 Carroll's Estate, 219 Pa. 440; Keeler's Adoption, 52 Pa. Super. 516.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThe appeal in this case is in effect a certiorari and brings up nothing but the record. While in such case we cannot review the merits, yet \u2014 \"we are entitled to inspect the whole record with regard to the regularity and propriety of the proceedings to ascertain whether the court below exceeded its jurisdiction or its proper legal discretion\" \u2014 Helen Frances Young's Adoption, 259 Pa. 573, 577, citing Robb's Nomination Certificate, 188 Pa. 212; Independent Party Nomination, 208 Pa. 108; Franklin Film Mfg", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAn examination of the record shows that the decree for adoption was made on the same day on which the petition for adoption was filed, thereby failing to comply with the provision of Section 3 of the Act of 1925, requiring time for hearing thereon shall be fixed not less than ten days from the time of presentation of the petition. The same section also provides that \"at said hearing the adopting parents or parent .....", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nmust appear in person and be examined under oath by such court or judge unless deemed unnecessary.\" The record is silent as to this requirement which apparently is mandatory", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nSection 4 of the act provides, inter alia: \"If satisfied that the statements made in the petition are true, and that the welfare of the person proposed to be adopted will be promoted by such adoption, and that all the requirements of this act have been complied with, the court or judge shall make a decree so finding and reciting the facts at length etc.\" The decree is lacking in not showing compliance with the requirements of the statute and in not reciting the same at length. (Italics supplied).", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAppellees contend that the temporary or constructive residence of appellees in Philadelphia, through the filing of their petition for adoption, was sufficient to give the court jurisdiction. It was so held in Brown's Adoption, 25 Pa. Super. 259 prior to the Act of April 4, 1925, P.L. 127 and the amendment of April 26, 1929, P.L. 822. Both of these acts provide, \"Section I", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThat it shall be lawful for any adult citizen of this Commonwealth residing therein, desirous of adopting any person, either a minor or an adult, as his or her heir, or as one of his or her heirs, to present his or her petition etc.\" (Italics supplied). As the case must go back for further proceedings we are not passing on the effect of this provision requiring the adopting parent to be a citizen of this Commonwealth, as it was not considered by the lower court in its disposition of the case.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThe case must be remanded with directions to fix a time for hearing in accordance with the provisions of the Act, at which time the petitioners must be required to be present in person and to submit to an examination under oath; the court should inquire into the truth of the statements in the petition, and whether all of the requirements of the Act have been complied with and the decree should recite the facts at length.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAttention is also called to the fact that the consent of the mother of the child to be adopted attached to the petition, does not in terms consent to the adoption of the child by the adopting parents named in the petition for adoption, and was signed and executed without any reference to the adopting parents, and apparently executed long before the date when the petition for adoption was executed.\nThe decree of the lower court is reversed and the record remitted with a procedendo.\nAMENDMENT TO ORDER", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nAND Now, to wit: July 13, 1934, the order in the opinion of this court filed in the above entitled case is amended to read as follows: The order of the lower court discharging the rule to vacate is reversed, the decree of adoption is vacated, and the record remitted for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.\nBy the Court,\nSTADTFELD.\nDISSENTING OPINION BY KELLER, J., May 8, 1934:", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThe Act of April 4, 1925, P.L. 127, was passed with the purpose of transferring jurisdiction in adoption proceedings from the common pleas to the orphans' court. It repealed all prior acts prescribing or regulating the procedure in adoption cases. Unfortunately the draftsmen of the act overlooked the fact that in 1923 the municipal court of Philadelphia County was given concurrent jurisdiction with the common pleas court in adoption proceedings", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThe repealing sections of the Act of 1925 left the municipal court with jurisdiction but no procedure acts regulating the practice to be pursued. \"Judicial legislation\" had to be resorted to", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThree courses were open: (1) To construe the Act of 1925 as repealing the jurisdiction conferred on the municipal court by the Act of 1923, as respects adoption proceedings; or (2) to extend the procedure prescribed in the Act of 1925 for proceedings in the orphans' court to the municipal court, although the latter was not mentioned therein and the evident purpose of the act was to give the orphans' court exclusive jurisdiction; or (3) to allow the municipal court to continue to use the same practice and procedure it had used before the Act of 1925 was passed", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nI thought, and still think, the first was nearest to what the legislature intended, but in McCann's Adoption, 104 Pa. Super. 196, this court decided that the jurisdiction of the municipal court was not affected. We have, then, a court having jurisdiction but no method of procedure except by implication. The municipal court evidently acted under the third course above stated and continued the practice and procedure legally used by it before the act giving jurisdiction to the orphans' court was passed.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThis appeal seeks to set aside a decree of adoption entered by the municipal court because the procedure was not strictly in accordance with that prescribed for the orphans' court", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nWere it an appeal duly entered from a decree of adoption I would be inclined to reverse the decree, for I think the logical effect of the decision in McCann's Adoption is to extend the practice prescribed in the Act of 1925 to the municipal court; but this is an appeal by one whose actions entitle her to small consideration, from an order of the court below, after a full hearing and a detailed finding of facts, (Supplemental Record, pp", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\n1a-7a), refusing to set aside the decree made prior to the decision in McCann's Adoption, on the ground that the welfare of the child was best served by allowing the decree to stand, and that this appellant was not in a position to revoke the consent upon which the decree was founded.", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nUnder the practice in force before the Act of 1925 this decree of adoption was regular and valid. I think the record will sustain the inference that the petition was presented to the court some time \u2014 perhaps ten days \u2014 before it was formally marked \"filed,\" during which time the investigator of the municipal court made his inquiries which satisfied the court of the character and responsibility of the petitioners. The child has been in the custody of her adopting parents almost since her birth", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nThe mother \u2014 this appellant \u2014 an unmarried woman, was willing, if not anxious to have the child adopted into a good home. The reversal of this decree would not, of itself, entitle the mother to regain the custody of the child; for on habeas corpus proceedings the court could still award the custody of the child to the appellees, as being for her welfare and interests: Darlington's Adoption, 69 Pa. Super. 281", "In Re: Adoption of Margaret Nolan - Casetext\nWhatever the irregularities of procedure, made at a time when the law on the subject was problematical, the lower court has, in the present proceedings, given the matter the fullest consideration and has refused to disturb the decree. This should cure the defects in procedure leading up to that decree. This appellant, at any rate, should not be permitted to attack it: Young's Adoption, 259 Pa. 573."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://fiona-midatlantic.blogspot.com/2011/01/episode-4-give-peace-chance.html

Episode 4 - Give peace a chance

["Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nFor two years following the accident, Ariitaimai withdrew into herself, consumed with grief. By this time, the French were in control of Tahiti, having expelled Pritchard, the Queen had fled to the island of Raiatea (95 miles away), and 2,000 angry Tahitians were conducting a guerrilla war against the invaders. The Salmons were maintaining an uneasy neutrality", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nThey disapproved of the methods that the French had used to seize the peaceful island, but they saw that Tahiti needed the protection of a Great Power to stabilize the country and control the lawlessness that the whaling trade had brought to the port of Papeete. And it was clear that the British government, despite all attempts to persuade them, was not interested in being that power.", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nEarly one morning in February 1846, Ariitaimai was alone in bed in her house in Papeete when an old woman came to see her in great distress. She said she'd heard a rumor that the French were planning to bombard the rebel camps from the sea, which was likely to result in massive bloodshed. She pleaded with Ariitaimai, \u201cYou\u2019re the highest person in this land \u2013 it\u2019s up to you to bring peace to Tahiti.\u201d", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nThe old woman\u2019s plea stirred Ariitaimai from the lethargy she had been in since the death of her son. She hurried to see the French Governor, Armand Joseph Bruat. Bruat was a reasonable man who had been put in an impossible position by the actions of his predecessors", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nHe had received orders from the Foreign Office in Paris to reinstate the Queen and to govern Tahiti jointly with her as a \u201cprotectorate\u201d rather than a colony of France, but the Queen was refusing to return unless the French withdrew completely. And the rebels were following the lead of their Queen.", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nBruat\u2019s attitude to Ariitaimai throughout the conflict had been ambivalent. Although the natives saw her as being firmly in the French camp, Bruat saw her continued loyalty to the Queen as subversive. In early 1845, Bruat had even considered exiling her to Raiatea because he feared the lovely 25-year-old Princess might be a rival candidate for the throne around whom the natives would rally. Yet now it was for that very reason that he recognized how uniquely useful she might prove to be as a mediator.", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nBy the end of their discussion, Bruat and Ariitaimai had agreed on a plan of action. Ariitaimai would first visit the rebel camp and ask them to call a temporary ceasefire. Then she would go to Raiatea and try to persuade the Queen to come home.", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nThe rebels agreed to a ceasefire with surprising alacrity but then began a year-long struggle to persuade Pomare to return. Together and separately, the Salmons made voyage after voyage between Tahiti and Raiatea (each voyage taking up to 20 hours one way) to transmit messages from one side to the other. Influenced by her relatives, the Queen kept making more conditions, yet, as each was met, she made more", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nAt one point when Pomare was being particularly intransigent, Governor Bruat offered to make Ariitaimai Queen of Tahiti, but she refused, convinced that peace and reconciliation would only be possible in Tahiti if the French showed that they respected Pomare\u2019s right to reign.", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nAs the Queen stayed away, the ceasefire had fallen apart. Finally, after months of bloody fighting and military stalemate, the French defeated the rebels at the Battle of Fautaua in December 1846. A deserter led a handful of French troops in a precipitous climb to a position above the Fauta\u2019ua Fort where the Tahitians thought they were safely entrenched. The French took the Tahitians utterly by surprise, and they had no option but to surrender", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nShaken by this defeat of her supporters, the Queen finally allowed Ariitaimai to persuade her to return to her kingdom and accept the French Protectorate in return for the recognition of her rights and authority.", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nAs the Queen at last set foot on Tahitian soil on February 9th 1847, the French garrisons on shore greeted her with a 21-gun salute, and Governor Bruat held a reception to welcome her home. So grateful was Bruat to Ariitaimai and Alexander Salmon for their help in bringing peace back to Tahiti that he told them he would be nominating them for the Legion of Honor, the highest civilian award in France.\nTO BE CONTINUED.........\nLabels: Children of Eden, Tahiti\nEpisode 7 - Love and Marriage", "Episode 4 - Give peace a chance\nEpisode 6 - Here comes the cavalry\nEpisode 5 - Je ne regrette rien\nEpisode 3 - Trouble in Paradise\nEpisode 2 - Love on a tropical island\nEpisode 1 - In the beginning\nElaborate Calligraphy"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://soufi-inayat-khan.org/murshid/uis/gbuis1c503.htm

The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality

["The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nThere is a sentence in the Bible : \"Knock, and there is an answer for you\". The Message is the answer to the cry of the individual and collective souls. The voice of God is speaking all the time, but no one listens. Therefore God has manifested as man, that He might speak with a yet louder voice. But then also man does not listen", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nIn the time of Christ the inspiration was there, the voice was there and the divine power, but how few were they who listened and understood! It has always been so, and it will always be so.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nIt is no wonder that Jesus had so few disciples, and even among them perhaps no one who had a true understanding of the Master. In the hour when Muhammad was passing, when hundreds of his disciples were there, he pointed out one and said : \"I am wisdom and Ali is the door.\" Great perplexity has arisen as to why this was so, when the Master had the power that could make everyone understand. It is not meant to be so. Each has his own puzzle to solve", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nWhenever the Spirit of God has come forth in its true form, the world has been against it. Why has this been so. It is because man has two sides to his nature, one false and the other real. Before the true Messenger can penetrate to the reality of man's being, he first touches the false or unreal part, and that revolts. And even in the case of a man who does not revolt, though the light reaches him, yet his heart is covered and the ligth only touches the cover. That man is attracted, yet he doubts.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nThere are egos who are not willing and ready to accept all that attracts them. The more something attracts them, the more they rebel aainst it, doubting if it were not a temptation. Even if they saw an ideal in a thing that attracted them, they consider the tendency of being attracted a weakness in them. There are egos who refuse to accept what their friend has accepted, and refuse to admire fully what that friend has admired", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nEven if they wished to take something they saw that their friend had taken, they will refuse to take it. For the tendency of that ego is to swim against the tides, it is an ego of strength. Against this strength Christ has said : \"Blessed are the poor in spirit\".", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nIt is the same strength of mentality which has in most parts stood against the Messengers, building a wall of fortification between the Messenger and the souls who long for guidance. There are those who are lighted candles, they can light other candles, they are those who can inspire others. But the other candles must be of wax; if they are of steel, they cannot be lighted. The heart must be like wax, it must melt; if it is like steel, it cannot be illumined.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nAbsence of the ideal makes it easier for the idealistic devotee to make his ideal greater, but presence of the ideal most often hinders the devotee in strengthening his ideal. For the ideal that grows and expands in the imagination of the devotee will always excel the ideal personality which is living on earth the life of limitations.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nThe souls who believe in a Messenger because of his miraculous powers, or because they see the belief of his adherents, are the followers, but the souls to whom the presence of the Messenger is the evidence and his words are a proof, and to whom their own belief is their conviction, are the foundation of the world's new Temple.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nThe disciples are to the teacher as all objects of heaven and earth to the sun. Some are responsive to te light of the sun and become hot and cold. Some grow and thrive and bring out their colour and fragrance. Some close their eyes and become blind in the light of the sun. Some begin their life's activities as the sun rises, and some await the rising of the sun during dark, depressing night, in pain and suffering. Some look forwards to the clearing of the clouds and to see the smiles of the sun", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nBut the stars and planets in heaven are still more responsive and connected with the special current of the sun, and so are the disciples who are close to the spirit of the teacher. They are his special apostles, they give out the light of the sun that is reflected in their heart.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nThere are three stages of action which the sincere followers of the Message have to pass through, and the difficulty is that each stage has the tendency to keep the followers of the Message back from going to the next stage. The reason is that in every stage, that the sincere follower of the Message has to go through in his life, there is no end of interest and happiness", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nAnother reason is that one stage is quite different from another stage, and therefore each stage is a kind of contrary action to the previous stage.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nThese three stages may be called receiving the Message - assimilating the Message - representing the Message.\nFor a sincere mureed the first stage can be so interesting that he may think it never enough : that endless knowledge. And the heart of the seeker after truth which is never full - fill it and there is still a place to fill - may receive for ages, and it is yet never enough. When the receiver of the Message is in that stage, then the activity of the further stages remains unaccomplished.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nFor the next stage, which is the stage of assimilation, is most necessary. Very few can imagine how long it takes for the spirit to assimilate knowledge of truth. One assimilates it by the power of contemplation. By pondering over the subjects that one hears, by practising the teachings in one's life, by looking at the world from the point of view which has been taught, by observing one thing in its thousand different positions, one assimilates.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nMany, before assimilating the knowledge, wish to reason it, wish to discuss it, wish to justify it and to see how it fits in with their own preconceived ideas. In this way they disturb the digestive fire of the spirit, for as the mechanism of the body is always working to help to assimilate the food, so the spirit is constantly working to assimilates all that one learns through life", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nTherefore, it is a matter of patience and it is taking life easily without troubling the mind too much over things, and allowing the knowledge, which one has received as a food of the spirit, to have time to be assimilated. By trying to assimilate before the time, man loses his normal health. It is just like taking a drug to help digest food, which is not beneficial in the end.", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nBut the third process is also necessary, and those who care little for the third stage, the stage or representing, miss a geat deal in life. A person who has seen something beautiful, who has heard something harmonious, who has tasted something delicious, who has smelt something fragrant alone, has enjoyed it, and yet not completely. The complete joy is in sharing one's joy with another", "The Message and the Voice of God: A Journey of Understanding and Spirituality\nThe selfish one who enjoys himself and does not care for others - whatever he enjoys, things of the earth or things of Heaven, his enjoyment is not complete. So it is in this third stage that the following of the Message is fulfilled : when a soul has pondered upon it and has passed the same blessing to the others."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.cnn.com/style/article/shannon-taggart-photography-seance-spiritualism/

"Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale"

["Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nFeature \u00b7 arts\nCommuning with the dead: A photographer spent 20 years documenting se\u00e1nces\nShannon Taggart began photographing the mediums of Lily Dale, New York, in 2001, curious if members of the Spiritualist community could really speak to the dead. Two decades later, her project has given her more questions than answers.\nBy Jacqui Palumbo, CNN", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nThough photographer Shannon Taggart grew up only an hour from Lily Dale, New York, the lakeside hamlet where people congregate to commune with the dead, she didn't visit until she was 26 years old. She was interested in documenting the quaint cottage town, which first formed as a summer retreat for paranormal practitioners in the late 19th century, after the Spiritualist movement took root in the state and spread around the world.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nSpiritualists believe the afterlife is all around us, perceptible to mediums who see and hear beyond. There are more than 65 churches or camps in 20 states across the US today, and more than 280 in the UK, but the Lily Dale Assembly says it is the largest community in the world, with 32 registered mediums and six more in training. Each summer, thousands of visitors \u2014 both ardent believers and the undecided \u2014 arrive for events and workshops.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nTaggart's family had had its own brush with clairvoyance in Lily Dale. In 1989, a medium singled out her cousin Rita, who occasionally visited the town, at a service, relaying to her in dramatic fashion that their grandfather had actually died by choking, not due to the brain cancer he had been battling.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"She thought that the woman was crazy, and that it was such a strange thing to tell her,\" Taggart said in a phone call. But when Rita went home, her father said it was true \u2014 someone at the hospital had left him alone with food in his mouth.\nA portrait in Lily Dale of the Fox sisters, who became famous mediums in the mid-19th century and catalyzed the Spirtualist movement in New York. Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nThe town's Women's Suffrage Day parade in 2003. Spritualism has been linked to the women's rights movement, writes Taggart in \"Se\u00e1nce.\" Credit: Shannon Taggart\nSo Taggart arrived in Lily Dale the summer of 2001 with an open mind, the medium's inexplicable knowledge filed away with a question mark.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"The stereotype is usually that psychic mediums are charlatans who like to take your money, and it's all a carnival. But what I found in Lily Dale was really the opposite,\" Taggart said. \"I found very sincere practitioners, not making a lot of money, who are called to this type of work.\"", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nTaggart soon found she loved Lily Dale's atmosphere, which seems preserved in time, she explained. There's a former one-room schoolhouse converted into a historical museum; a healing temple and a church; a wooden auditorium; and an old-growth forest where seating for medium demonstrations faces the stump of a Hemlock tree, a site of supposed spiritual energy. Paper flyers advertise community activities such as astral traveling and spoon bending, she described.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nA swan on Lake Cassadaga. As Taggart continued her body of work, she became more experimental with her images, incorportating editing techniques also used by early spirit photographers. Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nThe photographer's first visit to the town prompted what would become a two-decade-long project, \"S\u00e9ance,\" an extensive visual archive of mediums' practices and Spiritualist outposts around the world. She released a book in 2019, with a second edition featuring new images and text published late last year. A touring exhibition of \"S\u00e9ance\" is currently on view at the University of Northern Iowa Gallery of Art.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nLike Taggart, many of the people she met were drawn to Lily Dale because of an encounter they couldn't explain: a message seemingly relayed from the afterlife, or a sighting they perceived as a loved one passing over. Others come to heal from grief, or look for a new purpose.\nGretchen Clark, a fifth-generation medium in Lily Dale, laughs at a joke she said her deceased brother made. Moments later, she told Taggart she had a message from the photographer's late great aunt. Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nIn \"ghost box\" sessions, participants asks a radio questions while it flickers between live audio from different stations. \"I've heard a ghost box respond directly back with a correct answer, I found these moments generally unsettling,\" Taggart writes in \"Se\u00e1nce.\" Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nThough Taggart initially came seeking concrete answers on whether or not Spirtualists interface with another realm, she soon learned her mission would be tricky. She traveled to different countries, visiting Arthur Findlay College in the UK, which attracts international practitioners, and the home of the founders of the Scole Experiment in Spain, which set out to prove the existence of the spirit world in the 1990s", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nShe witnessed public healings, closed-door seances and mediumship classes; received psychic readings; and met famous figures in the Spiritualist worlds \u2014 including controversial practitioners ensnared in what she called \"para-drama.\"", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"I've had a lot of truly compelling experiences. I've had mysterious experiences. I've had absolutely absurd experiences,\" she said. \"I can honestly say I have more questions than answers at this point.\"\nThe influence of spirit photography\nAround 1869, the first \"spirit photographer,\" William Mumler, took a portrait of the widowed former First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln, shrouded in black, with the apparent spectral figure of Abraham Lincoln holding her shoulders protectively from behind.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nMumler's portraits of his customers seemingly accompanied by ghosts made him famous, but also notorious. He tested the boundaries of the realities photography of that era could show, though today we more easily identify his work as double exposures. After his business flourished, Mumler was put on trial \u2014 though he was later acquitted \u2014 on accusations of fraud.\nMumler's portrait of Mary Todd Lincoln shows an apparition-like image of former US President Abraham Lincoln behind her. Credit: William H. Mumler", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nWhen Taggart encountered Mumler's images for the first time, she was nonetheless moved by the grief and tenderness the portraits revealed, their subjects hoping for tangible evidence of their dead loved ones. She was also surprised to learn of photography's entwined history with Spiritualism, which she said had not been taught to her in her undergraduate imaging courses at the nearby Rochester Institute of Technology.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"I often use the example that Spiritualism is to photography as Catholicism is to painting because the Spiritualists use this new medium to try to prove their beliefs, (as well as) illustrate them,\" she said.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nOther artists of the era channeled Spiritualism into their work \u2014 the Swedish abstract painter Hilma af Klimt and British medium and artist Georgiana Houghton both believed their work was guided by visitants, but have been overlooked by art history until recently. Through her own research, Taggart identified the movement's fingerprints across wide swathes of 19th-century culture, from art and literature to politics, including the abolitionist and early women's suffrage movements.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nA student at Arthur Findlay College sits in a medium's cabinet. Taggart spent a week at the school taking and observing courses. Credit: Shannon Taggart\nMedium Sylvia Horwath conducts \"a type of energy-based mediumship that merges with the dimensions of time and space,\" writes Taggart. Horwath has practiced since she was 8 years old. Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"Spiritualism or mediumship is often framed in this anti-intellectual way...(but it's) actually deeply tied to 19th-century innovation and creativity,\" she said. \"Wherever you find 19th-century innovation, you will find spiritualism. And it's been written out of a lot of histories.\"", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nTaggart found herself struggling with traditional documentary photography as she continued to work on \"S\u00e9ance.\" Though many Spiritualist rituals can be photographed, so much of the experiences are internal or beyond an observer's perception, she explained.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"How can I show the psychological truth of these events \u2014 things that people really seem to be feeling and experiencing \u2014 but I cannot see?\" Taggart recalled thinking. She even paused the project for a few years, feeling stuck on how to show the intangible, before returning with a new outlook.\nAt Arthur Findlay College in the UK, people come from all over the world to study mediumship. The country has hundreds of Spirtualist churches. Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"(I started to) embrace the ambiguity, embrace the confusion, and tried to play with how unstable a topic it was,\" she said. She chose images with technical accidents and toyed with longer and longer exposures to see what would happen within each frame over time, echoing the techniques of early spirit photographers.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nIn one image, a glowing orange aura hangs like a halo around a swan on Lake Cassadaga in Lily Dale. In another, a flare of light levitates over the grave of Arthur Findlay. Her images of mediums in trances are blurred and distorted, heightening their eeriness.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"Those accidental pictures actually talked about reality in a way I couldn't with my conscious mind,\" she said. \"Everything in Spiritualism is about creating proof of the afterlife, and I just abandoned any desire to prove... That ended up being a lot more fruitful.\"\nSearching for the intangible", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nOut of all the things that fascinated Taggart about Spiritualism, the ghostly substance \"ectoplasm,\" eluded her the most. It has been depicted in spirit photography as a shimmering white, viscous liquid or a smoky cloud. In the 1984 movie \"Ghostbusters,\" it's a slimy green goo. (The movie's writer and co-star Dan Aykroyd, who hails from a family of Spiritualists penned the foreword in \"S\u00e8ance.\")", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"(Ectoplasm) is supposed to be a physical substance that connects this world to the next world, like it connects life and death,\" Taggart explained.\nTaggart became fascinated by medium's cabinets, where practioners conduct physical s\u00e9ances and tap into the spirit world. Credit: Shannon Taggart\nTaggart explains that cabinets have \"linked se\u00e1nces to stage magic\" for their dramatic reveals. No companies sell them today, she says, so mediums make their own. Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nWhile the popular image of the medium has become someone who can see or hear the dead \u2014 leaving others to witness a one-sided exchange \u2014 ectoplasm seances, in which mediums produce or expel the material, are meant to offer a more physical embodiment", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nPhotographer-mediums in the 19th century often depicted the phenomena \u2014 the French medium Eva Carri\u00e8re used flash photography to create images of herself vomiting so-called ectoplasm, or holding light between her hands (Like Mumler, Carri\u00e8re's images are now easily explained by simple photographic techniques).", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nThroughout \"S\u00e9ance,\" Taggart searches for evidence of ectoplasm, connecting with practitioners who do still purport to produce it. Most of the contemporary mediums she met did not work with the ambiguous material, though she said they believed in it.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nOne who does is the German medium Kai Muegge, whose techniques are contested within Spiritualist circles. In Taggart's ghostlike images of Muegge, he expels weblike and foggy white matter, taken in darkness during short intervals when the lights were turned on and off.\n\"It was totally surreal, because it was like seeing those vintage pictures jump to life right in front of my eyes,\" she said.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nTaggart traveled to Germany to meet the medium Kai Muegge, who still conducts ectoplasm se\u00e1nces. Credit: Shannon Taggart\nMuegge claims to produce ectoplasmic hands and other formations, as well as generate images of the dead. Credit: Shannon Taggart", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nThough Taggart is still ambivalent on her experiences with ectoplasm, some of the moments that moved her the most were far more subtle, such as psychic readings she received that came to pass. In 2017, a medium friend, Lauren Thibodeaux, who appears in \"S\u00e9ance,\" passed a message to her just after her mother died, and after Taggart had privately spoken to her siblings about getting tattoo tributes in her honor.", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\n\"The next morning. Lauren messaged me, she said, 'Well, your mom came to me,' and she sent me this big, long text about all this stuff that my mom said,\" Taggart recalled. At the end, Thibodeaux relayed the message: \"'Tell them no tattoos.'\"\nTaggart was bewildered \u2014 there wasn't any way Thibodeaux could have known about the conversation with her siblings. (None of them moved forward with the tattoos.)", "Photographer captures 20 years of seances and spiritualism in Lily Dale\nThroughout \"S\u00e9ance,\" Taggart's images, along with extensive interviews with Spiritualists, occupy a liminal space between truth and perception. But for Taggart, the complexity is the point.\n\"(Making the work) has changed me in a lot of ways,\" she said. \"I think it's definitely made me appreciate the ambiguity of the religious experience.\"\n'S\u00e9ance' is available now through Atelier Editions.\nAccessibility & CC\nCNN Studio Tours\nLicense Footage\nCNN Newsource"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://typemoon.org/sam-patch-book.html

Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz

["Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nSam patch book. Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz 2023-01-01\nSam patch book Rating: 8,3/10 596 reviews\nSam Patch was a famous daredevil who gained notoriety in the early 19th century for his death-defying stunts, which included jumping from great heights into bodies of water. His daredevil acts were a source of entertainment for many people and made him a popular figure in American culture.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nSam Patch was born in 1799 in Rhode Island and grew up working in the textile mills. He became interested in performing stunts at a young age and began jumping off bridges and buildings for entertainment. Patch quickly gained a reputation for his daredevil acts and started to perform for larger crowds.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nOne of Patch's most famous stunts was his jump from the Genesee Falls in Rochester, New York. This jump was particularly dangerous because the falls were over 100 feet high and the water below was turbulent and rocky. Despite the risks, Patch successfully completed the jump and became an instant celebrity.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nPatch continued to perform stunts throughout the country, jumping from bridges, buildings, and even Niagara Falls. His stunts were popular with the public and he became known as the \"King of the Daredevils.\"\nHowever, Patch's daredevil career came to an end in 1829 when he attempted to jump from a high platform into the Passaic Falls in New Jersey. Tragically, Patch drowned during the stunt and his death marked the end of an era in American entertainment.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nDespite his untimely death, Sam Patch remains an important figure in American history. His daredevil acts were a source of entertainment for many people and helped to shape the popular culture of the time. His legacy lives on through books and other works that have been written about him, including the book \"Sam Patch, the Famous Jumper,\" which tells the story of his life and career.\nSam Patch", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nHis claim to fame was jumping into pools below waterfalls. Folks say that when Sam Patch was born, he jumped right into his mother's arms. He had no relatives in Reading. The father had known that neither of his sons could make farms of these small plots, and he demanded that they share resources. The second fact was that in the late eighteenth century increasing numbers of men owned no land. About the childhood itself we know nothing. Retrieved 4 January 2012.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nThe Sam Patch is operated by Corn Hill Navigation, a nonprofit organization with the mission of fostering the appreciation, improvement, and sustainability of the Erie Canal and Genesee River for current and future generations through education, awareness, and enjoyment. Sam Patch becomes a emblem of the rights of the workers and the man's right to unfettered wilderness as a place of Really there is something else going on here", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nWithin a few years, however, he was searching beyond the neighborhood for mill hands and outworkers. The journal of James Weston, a shoemaker in Reading during these years, suggests something of the rural shoemaker's way of life. Retrieved July 7, 2009. It was the end of the line: further subdivision would make both farms unworkable. It's charmingly narrated by a black bear with a philosophical bent.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nThis story looks at the effects of industrialization on the working class in America through the life of the dare-devil of the time: Sam Patch. Although the upper and lower classes did not obtain the same rights, Patch works hard to achieve the American dream. Just interesting when he begins talking about that and how at the time it was a method for men to assert themsevles as strong people in the community. I would watch a dude jump off. Families pushing strollers along the towpath while cyclers pedal by.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nPhoto: There weremyriad ways to become famous in 19th-century America,most of them involving fightingina war, or rising to the top of the political ranks. Historical novels aren't really my forte, but I enjoyed the story of Sam Patch", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nReally, I sometimes wonder how I've never heard of these fascinating people that keep showing up in picturebook biographies! It's about his relationship with Sam Patch, a man of no particular career, who eventually falls into his life's work of jumping off tall things in front of crowds. While the rough hewn humor of the tale might seem a bit too raucous for some readers, Mr", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nIn September 1827, he made his first spectacular jump right over Paterson's Passaic Falls which he repeated the following July 4, declaring his motto: \"Some things can be done as well as others.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nJohnson details Patch's short life, his stunts, and how he grew to become an authentic American Folk hero, and the first professional daredevil in the United States. . In part due to the 2nd amendment, militias were a big thing. I don't know how many times one can use the word sublime and get away with it. I guess if you've got a pet bear, you want to do SOMETHING with it that you couldn't do with a hamster, but maybe just take pictures of it with its hand in a bee hive or something", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nGreenleaf Patch's life began badly: his father went bankrupt in the year of his birth. He was twenty-one years old and unmarried, and he owned almost nothing. That's never a bad thing! ISBN: 978-1-4299-3195-3 CHAPTER 1 PAWTUCKET Sam Patch first saw Pawtucket in 1807, when he was seven years old. Patch was no mere \"hey y'all, watch this\" sort of bigmouth; he practiced the best ways to jump and ensure that he wouldn't lose his life in the process", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nAbsolutely the dumbest, most pointless, boring, piece of trash book that my retinas have ever pained through. Faced with this early pregnancy, Archelaus McIntire determined to make the best of a bad situation.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nAs the new families struggled into Pawtucket, Slater and the other mill owners began referring to the workers as \"poor children,\" \"that description of people,\" \"those who are dependant on daily labor for support. Genre: biography Sam Patch was no one I had ever heard of. His family had come to Salem from England in 1636, and they worked a farm in nearby Wenham for more than a century. Genre: biography Sam Patch was no one I had ever heard of", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nHe therefore sought only to better his own accomplishmentsand tour his talents around a larger area. The distinguished social historian Paul E. Archelaus McIntire, Abigail's father, headed the most prosperous of those households.", "Sam Patch: Ballad of a Jumping Man by William Getz\nThe Story of Sam Patch, America's First Professional Waterfall Jumper\n. With his bags of finished shoes he went regularly to Boston, often in the company of other Reading shoemakers. Greenleaf Patch was one of them. In September Timothy relinquished twenty acres of his outlying land to satisfy a debt. He lives in Columbia, South Carolina, and Onancock, Virginia. In his mid-20s, Patch moved to Paterson, N. In this charming account, Paul E."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/education/university-of-iowa/2015/09/16/open-meetings-suit-seeks-void-ui-presidential-search/32505623/

"Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law"

["Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nOpen meetings suit seeks to void UI presidential search\nRYAN J. FOLEY\nIOWA CITY, Ia. \u2014 A retired professor has filed a lawsuit arguing that the University of Iowa presidential search committee repeatedly violated the open meetings law and that its actions should be voided.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nThe petition filed by Harrold Hammond, an emeritus professor in the College of Dentistry, adds another layer of controversy to the search, which ended earlier this month with the selection of former IBM executive Bruce Harreld. It asks a judge to void the actions of the 21-member search committee, which vetted dozens of candidates before recommending four finalists to the Iowa Board of Regents.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nFaculty, staff, students and alumni have expressed outrage over the board's decision to select Harreld despite his lack of experience in higher education administration. He was picked over the president of Oberlin College and the provosts at Tulane and Ohio State. Regents have touted Harreld's experience working in major corporations such as IBM, Boston Market and Kraft Foods.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nHammond's petition alleges the search committee held meetings that were improperly closed and in locations that were inaccessible to the public. Among other meetings, the lawsuit challenges two days of closed interviews the committee conducted with nine finalists last month at a hotel near a Chicago airport.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\n\"Meetings are supposed to be in an accessible location even if closed. Having a 7 a.m. meeting in the Chicago airport isn't very accessible,\" said Hammond's lawyer, Greg Geerdes, who filed a legal request to committee members last week seeking \"a whole variety of documents\" related to the search.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nAn assistant attorney general defending the search committee denied Hammond's allegations in an answer to the lawsuit earlier this month, saying committee members \"substantially complied with the provisions\" of the law.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nGeerdes had warned committee members in March letter that he believed out-of-state airport hotel meetings would violate the law, which requires public bodies to meet at reasonably accessible locations. He also argued that he saw no justification for the committee to close entire meetings to discuss potential candidates in executive session.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nTo justify closing those meetings, the committee cited an Iowa law that allows governmental bodies to meet privately to discuss personnel actions that may cause \"needless and irreparable injury\" to one's reputation if held publicly", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nGeerdes told committee members in his March letter that being considered for the University of Iowa presidency \"does not result in damage to a candidate's reputation, and therefore does not permit the blanket closing of all meetings at which a particular candidate is discussed.\"", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nHammond filed a similar lawsuit, which had some success, after Sally Mason was named president in 2007. In a 2009 settlement, the search committee admitted to violating the open meetings law in four different ways, including by failing to give proper notice of meetings and discussing matters in closed session that were required to be discussed openly", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nThe university promised that in the future, presidential search committees would \"take thorough and sufficient steps\" to insure compliance, including training on the requirements of the Open Meetings Law. The school also paid Hammond's legal fees of nearly $66,000.", "Retired Professor Files Lawsuit Argue UI Presidential Search Committee Violated Open Meetings Law\nHammond declined an interview request, but wrote in an email he was glad the media was taking note of his lawsuit filed a month ago in Johnson County. In a recent letter to the editor of the Iowa City Press-Citizen newspaper, Hammond said the next president was being \"bulldozed through at lightning-like speed.\"\n\"Regent President Bruce Rastetter appears to have played the Presidential Search and Selection Committee as if it were his own personal violin,\" Hammond wrote."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://virtualology.com/uspresidents/jamesmonroe.net/george-washington.org/george-washington.org/samuel-huntington.com/thomasmifflin.org/mifflinct/thomas-jefferson.net/two.thomas-jefferson.org/tadeuszkosciuszko/

Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot

["Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nYou are in: Museum of History >> Hall of North and South Americans >> Tadeusz Kosciuszko\nThe Seven Flags of the New Orleans Tri-Centennial 1718-2018\nFor more information go to New Orleans 300th Birthday", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nAppleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 and 1999. Virtualology.com warns that these 19th Century biographies contain errors and bias. We rely on volunteers to edit the historic biographies on a continual basis. If you would like to edit this biography please submit a rewritten biography in text form", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nIf acceptable, the new biography will be published above the 19th Century Appleton's Cyclopedia Biography citing the volunteer editor", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nVirtual American Biographies\nOver 30,000 personalities with thousands of 19th Century illustrations, signatures, and exceptional life stories. Virtualology.com welcomes editing and additions to the biographies. To become this site's editor or a contributor Click Here or e-mail Virtualology here.\nClick on an image to view full-sized\nTadeusz Kosciuszko\nThaddeus Kosciusko - Polish Patriot - A Klos Family Project", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nKOSCIUSZKO, Tadeusz (THADDEUS) (kos-se-us'-ko), Polish patriot, born near Novogrndek, Lithuania, 12 February, 1746; died in Solothurn, Switzerland, 15 October, 1817. He was descended from a noble Lithuanian family, studied at the military academy of Warsaw, and, completing his education in France at the expense of the state, returned to Poland, entered the army, and rose to the rank of captain", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nAn unrequited passion for the daughter of the Marquis of Lithuania induced him to leave Poland in 1775 and offer his assistance to the Americans in their war for independence. The number of foreign auxiliary officers had become numerous, and Washington had complained to congress, in October, 1776, that he was unable to employ many of them, owing to their ignorance of English.", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nKosciuszko, however, arrived with letters of recommendation from Benjamin Franklin to Washington, who inquired what he could do. \" I come to fight as a volunteer for American independence,\" answered Kosciuszko. \"What can you do?.\" asked Washington. \"Try me,\" was the reply", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nHe received his commission as a colonel of engineers on 18 October, 1776, and repaired to his post with the troops under General Gates, who described him as \"an able engineer, and one of the best and nearest draughtsmen that he ever saw.\" and selected him for the northern service, ordering him, \"after he had made himself thoroughly acquainted with the works, to point out where and in what manner the best improvements and additions could be made thereto.\"", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nKosciuszko therefore planned the encampment and post of Gates's army at Berets Heights, near Saratoga, from which, after two well-fought actions, Burgoyne found it impossible to dislodge the Americans. Kosciuszko was subsequently the principal engineer in executing the works at West Point. He became one of Washington's adjutants, and aided General Nathanael Greene in the unsuccessful siege of Ninety-Six, receiving for his services the thanks of congress and the brevet of brigadier-general, 13 October, 1783", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nOne of Washington's latest official acts was to intercede with congress for the bestowal of these honors. He was also made a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nAt the end of the war he returned to Poland, where he lived several years in retirement. When the Polish army was reorganized in 1789, he was appointed a major-general, and fought in defense of the constitution of 3 May, 1791, under Prince Poniatowski, against the Russians. He was in the battle of Zielence, 18 June, 1792, and in that of Dubienka, 17 July, 1792, where, with only 4,000 men, he kept 15,000 Russians at bay for six hours, making his retreat without great loss", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nBut the patriots were overwhelmed by numbers, and when King Stanislas submitted to the second partition of Poland, Kosciuszko resigned his commission and retired to Leipsic, where he received from the national assembly the citizenship of France. He determined to make a second effort for Poland, and a rising of his countrymen was secretly planned. Kosciuszko was elected dictator and general-in-chief.", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nOn 24 March, 1794, he suddenly appeared in Cracow, issued a manifesto against the Russians, and hastily collected a force of about 5,000 peasants, armed mostly with scythes. At Raclawice he routed a Russian corps that was almost twice as strong, and returned in triumph to Cracow. He committed the conduct of government affairs to a national council that was organized by himself, and after receiving re-enforcements moved forward in quest of the Russian army", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nThe march was opposed by the king of Prussia at the head of 40,000 men, and Kosciuszko, whose force was only 13,000, was defeated at Szczekociny, 6 June, 1794.", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nUnable to check the prevailing anarchy, Kosciuszko resigned his dictatorship and retired with his army to Warsaw, and defended it against the Prussians and Russians, whom he compelled to raise the siege. Austria now took part against him with 150,000 men, and he was routed at Maciejowice, 10 October, 1794. Kosciuszko fell covered with wounds, he was imprisoned in St. Petersburg for two years, until the death of Catherine, when the Emperor Paul gave him his liberty, with many marks of esteem", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nThe czar, in releasing him, offered him his sword, but Kosciuszko refused to accept it, saying, \"I have no need of a sword; I have no country to defend.\" Subsequently his countrymen in the French army of Italy presented him with the sword of John Sobieski.", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nOn crossing the Russian frontier he returned to the czar the patent of his pension and every testimonial of Russian favor, and passed the rest of his life in retirement. He visited the United States in 1797, where he was received with distinction, and obtained from congress a grant of land, in addition to the pension that he had received after the Revolutionary war. He then resided in Fontainebleau until 1814, engaged in agriculture", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nWhen Napoleon was about to invade Poland in 1806 he wished to employ Koseiuszko, who, being under parole not to fight against Russia, refused to enlist, and the proclamation to the Poles that appeared in the \"Moniteur\" under his name in 1806 he declared to be a forgery. In 1816 he removed to Solothurn, Switzerland, and in the following year sent a deed of manumission to all the serfs on his Polish estate. His death was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice.", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nThe Emperor Alexander had him interred beside Poniatowski and Sobieski in the cathedral of Cracow, near which city the people raised to his memory a mound 150 feet high, the earth of which was brought from every great battle-field of Poland. From a fancied resemblance to this mound the loftiest mountain in Australia has received the name of Mount Kosciuszko. A monument of white marble, designed by John H. B", "Tadeusz Kosciuszko - Polish Patriot\nLatrobe, and represented in the illustration, was erected to his memory at West Point by the United States military academy cadet corps of 1828, at a cost of $5,000. See Chodzko's \" Histoire militaire, politique et privee de Kosciuszko\" (Paris, 1837); and Falkenstein's \"Leben Kosciuszko's\" (Leipsic, 1825)."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2012/03/14/kobzon-ready-to-take-one-last-crack-at-us-a13284

Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.

["Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nKobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nBy Alexander Bratersky\nIosif Kobzon performing during a 2007 concert for State Duma deputies. Vladimir Filonov\nA crooner adored by millions around the former Soviet Union, seasoned politician Iosif Kobzon was once called \"Russia's Frank Sinatra.\"", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nBut the analogy wasn't born simply out of admiration. It is also a reference to Sinatra's legendary mob ties, a connection Kobzon shares \u2014 albeit with the Russian mafia \u2014 and which has been used as grounds to deny him a U.S. visa for more than a decade.\nBut the charismatic singer \u2014 who still occasionally sings with his trademark baritone \u2014 says he will try one last time to get a visa for a possible farewell concert tour for America's Russian population in May.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\n\"It is the main intrigue of the day whether they will let me in or not,\" Kobzon told The Moscow Times on Wednesday, a day before his scheduled appointment at the U.S. Embassy. \"It will be the last time, and I won't ask again.\"\nThe tour's promoter, the Russian-American Consulting Corp., which is headed by Andrei Shuranov, a former Russian diplomat to the United Nations, says it is optimistic, as the U.S. Department of Homeland Security has given a green light for the singer's arrival.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nIn trying to facilitate Kobzon's visa, the company even organized a petition signed by 4,000 Russian-Americans addressed to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.\nBut Doron Bard, the U.S. consular section chief in Moscow, told the organizers that Kobzon's request will still be carefully reviewed.\nKobzon's visa saga started in June 1995 when his multiple-entry visa was revoked by the U.S. Embassy on suspicion that he was connected to Russian mafia dons operating in the United States.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nA letter signed by the then-head of the U.S. consular section, Andre Goodfriend, said a visa could be denied to anyone who might enter the country to participate in \"unlawful activity\" and cited the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act.\nThe letter also cited another provision stating that it is prohibited to issue a U.S. visa to anyone believed to traffic in \"illicit\" material or aid someone else in doing so.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nThe denial came soon after U.S. media reports labeled Kobzon a \"tsar of the Russian Mafia\" because of his friendship with the late mobster Vyachaslav Ivankov, also known as Yaponchik, who died after being gunned down in 2009.\nKobzon \u2014 recently elected for the fifth time to the State Duma \u2014 has never denied that he and Ivankov were friends but insisted that he was never involved in illegal activity.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\n\"I have many gay friends. But does that mean that I am gay? I know many artists who know the same group of people,\" Kobzon said.\nKobzon said he frequently travels to Europe, including England, and he has grown used to the scrutiny at airport security checkpoints.\n\"I have gotten used to the fact that they study my passport and then run to their superiors. That's why I prefer to stand at the end of the line,\" he said.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nThe singer said he believes the mob accusations against him were part of a conspiracy by Boris Yeltsin's top bodyguard, Alexander Korzhakov, who went after the singer for supporting arch-rival Yury Luzhkov, who was then Moscow's mayor.\nIronically, Korzhakov later published a tell-all book about Yeltsin and became a United Russia party official, serving in the State Duma alongside Kobzon.\nKorzhakov was not available for comment.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nYeltsin's daughter Tatyana Dyachenko wrote on her LiveJournal blog in 2010 that Korzhakov told her father that both Luzhkov and Kobzon had ties to criminal groups.\n\"Kobzon became an involuntary victim of Korzhakov's attack,\" said Dyachenko, while insisting that the allegations against the singer were \"fake.\"\nKobzon has tried to clear his name in international courts but without success.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nHe also said Russian officials, starting with former Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov, former Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov and Sergei Lavrov have all tried to lobby their U.S. counterparts without luck.\n\"Sergei Ivanov has even played some of my songs to Colin Powell, who said such a singer couldn't be a mafia guy,\" Kobzon said, referring to the former U.S. secretary of state.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\n\"Since then, seven of my grandchildren were born, so the Kobzon family is getting larger,\" he said, noting that all of his relatives have been barred from the United States as well.\nIn 2000, Kobzon did receive a short-term visa as a member of a Duma delegation visiting Harvard University. But he said his American hosts followed his every move, so he decided to return to Moscow after a couple of days.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\n\"I don't like being dressed down. Here I am not afraid of anyone \u2014 the government, criminals or the president,\" he said.\nKobzon, who recently announced that he is battling with cancer, said he is anxious to get to the United States one more time.\n\"I don't have much time left,\" he said at a recent news conference.\nIn September 2010, Kobzon was the only senior United Russia official to defend his friend Luzhkov when he was fired by President Dmitry Medvedev for a \"lack of trust.\"", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nWith United Russia's survival in question, Kobzon is eager to leap to the party's defense, saying it is the only existing political force that \"has the resources\" to carry out reforms in the country.\n\"Maybe it has lost popularity, but there is no other party which can be competitive with United Russia. It is the only party that has material resources, control over media and television. Maybe this is wrong. But what is right?\" he said.", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nBut while Kobzon might be positive about his visa chances, he has no illusions about his daily work as a party lawmaker.\n\"I am ready to say everything, but I know that if my proposal does not agree with the party line, it will not be voted for.\" he said. \"That's why I try not to waste my time on the plenary sessions. It is useless. It is like being an artist who applauds himself.\"\nstruggling to survive", "Kobzon Ready to Take One Last Crack at U.S.\nAs the temperatures plunge in eastern Ukraine, Sergiy Khmil says he has little choice but to use the stacks of ammunition boxes left by the retreating..."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://baptistbiblehour.org/blog/elder-john-leland

Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State

["Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nElder John Leland\nJohn Leland is not often mentioned in the histories of the United States, yet he played an important role in giving this country religious freedom. Much of Leland's sixty-seven-year career as a Baptist preacher was spent in fighting to remove disabilities-not only for Baptists, but for persons of all faiths, Christian and non-Christian, and even for those who held no recognized religious faith.", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nIn 1790 Elder Leland wrote: \"No national church can in its organization, be the Gospel Church. A National church takes in the whole Nation, and no more; whereas the Gospel Church, takes in no Nation, but those who fear God, and work righteousness in every Nation. The notion of a Christian commonwealth should be exploded forever\u2026. If all the souls in a government were saints of God, should they be formed into a society by law, that society could not be a Gospel Church, but a creature of state.\"", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nOne historian points out the fact, that the Baptists in Virginia took an important part in securing the adoption of the Federal Constitution by their own state. \"They have the honor through their influence, more than any others, of having saved it to the state and country at large. Through the exertion and self-sacrifice of all a Baptist, John Leland, Virginia was led in her Convention to ratify the Federal Constitution.\"", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nToday in Leland-Madison park near Orange, Virginia stand two monuments. The earlier one, which bears an excellent profile of Leland, was erected to the memory of the Baptist preacher by a citizen of Massachusetts who is not a Baptist. On it is this inscription: \"Courageous leader of the Baptist doctrine, ardent advocate of the principles of democracy, vindicator of separation of church and state", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nNear this spot in 1788, Elder John Leland and James Madison, the Father of the American Constitution, held a significant interview which resulted in the adoption of the Constitution by Virginia. Then Madison, a member of Congress from Orange, presented the First Amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing religious liberty, free speech and free press. This satisfied Leland and his Baptist followers.\"", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nIf the researchers of the world were to be asked who was most responsible for the American guaranty for religious liberty, their prompt reply would be \"James Madison\"; but if James Madison might answer, he would no doubt reply, \"John Leland and the Baptists.\"", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nA fact, amply verified but often unrecognized, is that Madison received his chief inspiration and major support from the Baptists, without whom in all probability the United States could never have adopted a positive guarantee of separation of church and state with full religious liberty for all.", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nWe believe it to be most appropriate for us all to recall the courageous battle which was fought for religious liberty. This liberty is an outstanding blessing which all too often is taken for granted. Much sacrifice was required on the part of God-fearing men to bring it to this land and it is only through proper diligence and prayer that it can be maintained. We as Baptists are proud of our heritage", "Elder John Leland: A Champion of Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State\nWe are thankful that when our forefathers fought for religious liberty they wanted it not only for themselves but for all others as well, We continue to take a firm stand for the separation of church and state and pray that the sovereign God of heaven will continue to bless this Nation to enjoy that sacred freedom."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.poetrynook.com/poet/oliver-goldsmith?page=7&order=field_rating&sort=asc

Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure

["Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nBirth town:\nCounty Longford\nOliver Goldsmith was an Anglo-Irish writer and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1771, first performed in 1773). He also wrote An History of the Earth and Animated Nature. He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes, the source of the phrase \"goody two-shoes\".", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nGoldsmith's birth date and year are not known with certainty. According to the Library of Congress authority file, he told a biographer that he was born on 29 November 1731, or perhaps in 1730. Other sources have indicated 10 November, on any year from 1727 to 1731. 10 November 1730 is now the most commonly accepted birth date.", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nThe location of his birthplace is also uncertain. He was born either in the townland of Pallas, near Ballymahon, County Longford, Ireland, where his father was the Anglican curate of the parish of Forgney, or at the residence of his maternal grandparents, at the Smith Hill House in the diocese of Elphin, County Roscommon where his grandfather Oliver Jones was a clergyman and master of the Elphin diocesan school", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nWhen he was two years old, Goldsmith's father was appointed the rector of the parish of \"Kilkenny West\" in County Westmeath. The family moved to the parsonage at Lissoy, between Athlone and Ballymahon, and continued to live there until his father's death in 1747.", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nIn 1744 Goldsmith went up to Trinity College, Dublin. His tutor was Theaker Wilder. Neglecting his studies in theology and law, he fell to the bottom of his class. He was graduated in 1749 as a Bachelor of Arts, but without the discipline or distinction that might have gained him entry to a profession in the church or the law; his education seemed to have given him mainly a taste for fine clothes, playing cards, singing Irish airs and playing the flute", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nHe lived for a short time with his mother, tried various professions without success, studied medicine desultorily at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Leiden, and set out on a walking tour of Flanders, France, Switzerland and Northern Italy, living by his wits (busking with his flute).", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nHe settled in London in 1756, where he briefly held various jobs, including an apothecary's assistant and an usher of a school. Perennially in debt and addicted to gambling, Goldsmith produced a massive output as a hack writer for the publishers of London, but his few painstaking works earned him the company of Samuel Johnson, with whom he was a founding member of \"The Club\". The combination of his literary work and his dissolute lifestyle led Horace Walpole to give him the epithet inspired idiot", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nDuring this period he used the pseudonym \"James Willington\" (the name of a fellow student at Trinity) to publish his 1758 translation of the autobiography of the Huguenot Jean Marteilhe.", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nGoldsmith was described by contemporaries as prone to envy, a congenial but impetuous and disorganised personality who once planned to emigrate to America but failed because he missed his ship.His premature death in 1774 may have been partly due to his own misdiagnosis of his kidney infection. Goldsmith was buried in Temple Church. The inscription reads; \"HERE LIES/OLIVER GOLDSMITH\". There is a monument to him in the center of Ballymahon, also in Westminster Abbey with an epitaph written by Samuel Johnson", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nOliver Goldsmith's Works:\nThe Citizen of the World\nIn 1760 Goldsmith began to publish a series of letters in the Public Ledger under the title The Citizen of the World. Purportedly written by a Chinese traveler in England named Lien Chi, they used this fictional outsider's perspective to comment ironically and at times moralistically on British society and manners. It was inspired by the earlier essay series Persian Letters by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nGoldsmith wrote this romantic ballad of precisely 160 lines in 1765. The hero and heroine are Edwin, a youth without wealth or power, and Angelina, the daughter of a lord \"beside the Tyne.\" Angelina spurns many wooers, but refuses to make plain her love for young Edwin. \"Quite dejected with my scorn,\" Edwin disappears and becomes a hermit. One day, Angelina turns up at his cell in boy's clothes and, not recognizing him, tells him her story", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nEdwin then reveals his true identity, and the lovers never part again. The poem is notable for its interesting portrayal of a hermit, who is fond of the natural world and his wilderness solitude but maintains a gentle, sympathetic demeanor toward other people. In keeping with eremitical tradition, however, Edwin the Hermit claims to \"spurn the [opposite] sex.\" This poem appears under the title of \"A Ballad\" sung by the character of Mr. Burchell in Chapter 8 of Goldsmith's novel, The Vicar of Wakefield", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nThe Deserted Village\nIn the 1760s Goldsmith witnessed the demolition of an ancient village and destruction of its farms to clear land to become a wealthy man's garden. His poem The Deserted Village, published in 1770, expresses a fear that the destruction of villages and the conversion of land from productive agriculture to ornamental landscape gardens would ruin the peasantry.", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nThe Deserted Village gave the demolished village the pseudonym \"Sweet Auburn\" and Goldsmith did not disclose the real village on which he based it. However, he did indicate it was about 50 miles (80 km) from London and it is widely believed to have been Nuneham Courtenay in Oxfordshire, which Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt had demolished and moved 1 mile (1.6 km) away to make the park for his newly built Nuneham House.", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nIn Ireland the village described in the poem is thought to be Glasson village, nr Athlone. Signage around the village points out the association with Oliver Goldsmith. The village is also described as the \"village of the roses\" since in the poem Glasson appears as Sweet Auburn which locally means 'Roses'. Glasson was famous in the 1800s for its rose bloom and the local landlord, Robert Temple is said to have walked the village giving prizes for the best presented houses.", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nIn popular culture, the poem's first line \"Sweet Auburn, Loveliest village of the plain\" is the basis for the term \"Auburn Plainsman/Plainsmen\" which is used to refer to an Auburn University student and is also the source for the name of the University student Newspaper, The Auburn Plainsman.\nThe ironic poem, An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog was published in 1766.\nGoldsmith is also thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes.\nPoems by this Poet", "Oliver Goldsmith - Poet, Writer, and Anglo-Irish Literary Figure\nFilter poems by keywords\nThese on the mountain billows hung: to those 19 May 2014\nA Sonnet 5 September 2014\nLetter In Prose And Verse To Mrs. Bunbury 31 July 2013\nThe Tragic bard, a goat his humble prize 29 November 2013\nEpilogue Intended for Mrs. Bulkley 5 September 2014\nThe Double Transformation, A Tale 31 July 2013\nThe Sail then Boreas rends with hideous cry 29 November 2013\nEdwin and Angela, A Ballad 31 July 2013\nSweet was the sound, when oft at evening's close 5 September 2014"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.redrumrhoda.com/post/rhoda-recommends-reading-life-on-the-line-by-grant-achatz

Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz

["Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nRhoda Recommends Reading. . .\nVida Bites\nFoodie Flixs\nFast Food Favorites\nCookbook Corner\nCovid Closures\nRed Rum Rhoda\nRhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nIn the culinary world when you hear the name Grant Achatz, immediately you are hit with his trail-blazing accomplishments: Named one of the best American chefs, master of modernist, avant-garde cuisine, winner of four James Beard awards, and Alinea; named one of the 50 best restaurants in the world. All were accomplished under the age of 40.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nLife, on the Line is Grant Achatz's memoir, along with business partner Nick Kokonas. It is \"A chef's story of chasing greatness, facing death, and redefining the way we eat.\" Yes, death. In the midst of achieving great success, Achatz was diagnosed with cancer: Stage IV squamous cell carcinoma; tongue cancer.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nPublished in 2011 by Gotham Books, Life, on the Line is the story of a small-town boy living in rural Michigan and working at the family business; the towns diner, the Achatz Depot. Since he was a child, Achatz worked at the diner helping out any way he could. At 14 years old Grant graduated from dish washer to line cook. The Achatz Depot was all about razor-thin profit margins and high volume", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nThis compact, farming community wanted a huge mound of comfort food piled onto their plates at a cheap price: The result was a success.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nIn 93, when his graduating classmates were contemplating college, Achatz opted for The Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York. Highly ambitious, with a touch of naivete, Achatz scrutinized issues of Food and Wine and Gourmet Magazine. For the first time, he became conscious of the gastronomic world and was intrigued.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nAfter graduation he continued to work at his externship, until he got the call from Charlie Trotter's restaurant in Chicago. His perseverance finally paid off. Yet Achatz only lasted eight weeks at Trotter's. He felt the sterile atmosphere was making him \"worse, not better.\" He despised the competitive nature of the kitchen where the cooks would sabotage each other; they wanted to see you fail. It clearly was not for him. When Achatz confronted Chef Trotter, Trotter told him point blank : \"..", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nIf you do not stay at this restaurant for a full year, you will not exist to me. Period. That means don't ever call me. Don't ever use me as a reference.\" Working at Charlie Trotter's for such a short amount of time only managed to drain Achatz of his self-confidence and ambition. He began to second guess himself.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nAchatz felt that \"somewhere fine dining must meet with a genuinely passionate chef.\" He would find that exact essence in Thomas Keller at The French Laundry. After reading an article in Wine Spectator, Achatz wrote 14 letters to Keller in two weeks. Chef Thomas Keller would go on to become Achatz's mentor. He was dedicated to learning to cook like Keller, but The French Laundry was always meant to be a stepping stone; Achatz's dream was to have a place to call his own", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nAfter a few years, he would leave The French Laundry (with chef Keller's blessing) to head his own kitchen. A small restaurant outside of Chicago, named Trio, gave Achatz carte blanche to re-vamp the menu. Trio already had a reputation, but with Achatz's arrival and fresh ideas, it would become a complete re-conception of its old self", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nReviews began to trickle in and everyone wanted to check out the new kid in the kitchen who was blowing up Chicago with his manipulations of ingredients, and unusual flavor combinations.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nAt Trio, Achatz established his style. It was at Trio where he would meet his future business partner Nick Kokonas. Kokonas came in for lunch one day and was blown away by the kid from The French Laundry. He came back for dinner with his wife and shortly after invoked a standing reservation for the first Wednesday of every month. The food was nothing like he'd ever seen or experienced. Kokonas, who never spent a day in the restaurant industry, would become partners with Achatz", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nKokonas had the money and connections, Achatz had the talent. Together they would open Alinea in the heart of Chicago in 2005: It was victorious. Critics called it \"sci-fi cooking,\" a \"Surreal dining experience.\" The goal of Alinea was to turn the meal into an emotional experience. Achatz saw himself as an artist wherein the canvas is the tablecloth and the centerpiece becomes part of the meal; there were no rules. Achatz was pushing the envelope and setting it on fire", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nThroughout this time, Achatz was working ninety to one hundred hours per week. He began to notice a white dot on his tongue that started to cause him pain when eating and talking. Dentists chalked it up to over exertion from his busy schedule. Finally, he was referred to an oral surgeon who suggested a biopsy be taken. He was diagnosed with stage IV tongue cancer. The prognosis was bleak. Achatz was told they would have to remove 75% of his tongue along with his left mandible, and that death was imminent", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nThe University of Chicago offered an alternative treatment that could possibly preserve his life. Achatz underwent aggressive chemotherapy and radiation treatments. He rarely missed a day of work and tried to lead by example.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nThe brutal treatment would cause him to lose his sense of taste. How can I be a chef and not taste, he wondered. This is where Achatz triumphed. He couldn't taste, he couldn't talk, he couldn't swallow, yet he learned how to cook with his other senses and trained his cooks how to imitate his palate. The chef with cancer who couldn't taste, was determined to survive and show the culinary world he wasn't out of the game, that in-fact, he was at his best. And he was. His food was never better.", "Rhoda Recommends Reading: Life, On The Line by Grant Achatz\nLife, on the Line is the stirring chronicle of a culinary maestro who saw his childhood dream come true, and triumph over stage IV cancer. This inspiring memoir is filled with honesty, as well as business savvy when pertaining to the step by step development of Alinea; perfect for the burgeoning restauranteur. This fascinating look into one of the most innovative kitchens in America is invigorating, and teaches us to nurture our creativity at all costs.\n#GrantAchatz\nVIDA BITES: Marcus at NoHu Rooftop"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://vnknews.com/prince-harry-has-exhausted-the-patience-of-the-british/

"Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir"

["Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nThere is a growing social movement in Britain advocating to deprive Prince Harry and Meghan Markle of their titles. This movement already has many thousands of supporters, and the further it goes, the more they become. A particularly sharp jump in the growth of those who want King Charles to deprive Harry and Meghan of the right to be called Prince and Duchess occurred when it became known that an abstract of the Prince\u2019s memoirs had appeared and their name became known", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nAs the name implies, and the Prince titled his book, which will appear on store shelves in January 2023, with the harsh word \u201cSpare\u201d, Harry decided to tell the whole world how he was treated terribly in the royal family and what unpleasant things were going on there in general. The prince clearly decided not to limit himself to complaining that he had always been considered a \u201cspare\u201d heir, unlike his brother William.", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nAs follows from the annotation, the youngest son of the newly-made King Charles has prepared a lot of new accusations against the Royal Family. At the same time, Harry found it necessary to emphasize that he \u201cwrote this book not as the Prince he was born, but as the man he has now become.\u201d And this was perceived by many Britons as the fact that he no longer considers himself a Prince.", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nHowever, in fact, whether he considers himself a Prince or not, even the king cannot deprive him of this title: Harry is a Prince by the right of his birth. But as for the ducal title granted to him after his wedding to Megan by the late Elizabeth II, Charles has the right to deprive him without any doubt. Another thing is whether he wants to do it.", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nMeanwhile, many quite authoritative figures \u2014 such as the expert on the Royal Family Tom Bower \u2013 in their public speeches urge Charles to take away the title from his youngest son. Bower argues that Meghan and Harry have been making money for more than two years by throwing mud at members of the monarch\u2019s family", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nAccording to the expert, since the Prince and his wife, among other things, also announced that they had left the Royal Family and no longer live in Britain, it is generally unclear why they still use their titles.", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nHowever, it is still difficult to say whether King Charles will take such a radical step. Most likely, he will wait until he can read Harry\u2019s book \u2013 after all, the Prince refused to provide him with the manuscript of his memoirs before their publication. And if everything turns out to be as bad as expected \u2014 in terms of the reputation of the Royal Family and the monarchy as a whole will be damaged, then the King can go to extreme measures", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nApparently, the fate of his children, Archie and Lilibet, will depend on what William\u2019s younger brother wrote. After all, after their grandfather became king, they had to become a prince and a princess, which Meghan and Harry are so eager for. However, Charles has not yet confirmed their titles by his decree. And now he may not confirm it\u2026", "Growing Movement to Strip Prince Harry and Meghan of Their Titles Amidst Controversy Over Upcoming Memoir\nCategories ROYAL FAMILY Tags PRINCE HARRY, ROYAL FAMILY NEWS, UK NEWS\nJustin Bieber and his wife announced a new addition to the family \u2014 a white and fluffy dog\nThe lawsuits between Johnny Depp and Amber Heard are not even going to end"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://arbroath.blogspot.com/2016/06/jail-for-man-who-threatened-mechanic.html

Jail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy

["Jail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy\nJail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy\nA man who used a large rubber sex toy to threaten a mechanic from whom he'd been demanding money has been told by a sentencing judge to \"settle down\" and stop offending. Aaron Sabbah, 42, of Sydney, Australia, was on Tuesday sentenced to a maximum of 12 months' jail, more than three years after he entered the mechanic's workshop with a 45cm black dildo in the company of two \"stocky\" men.", "Jail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy\nJudge John North said there was little doubt the tradesman, who had already handed over $4,500 in an attempt to placate Sabbah, thought he was going to be assaulted. \"On the CCTV .. the offender can be seen to be carrying a large black dildo in his right hand, which he is swinging as he walks in,\" Judge John North said during his sentencing at Downing Centre District Court. \"The offender said (to the mechanic), 'come into the office'.\"", "Jail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy\nThe court heard Sabbah had a misguided belief the mechanic, who cannot be named for legal reasons, owed him money and had made threats via phone, texts, the instant messaging app Viber, and in person to cause him serious harm. The court heard Sabbah, a muscular former personal trainer, had a \"bee in his bonnet\" when his Mercedes-Benz, worth more than $167,000 and which he'd previously stolen back after it was repossessed, was seized by police while it was being driven by the mechanic.", "Jail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy\nHe previously told court he'd asked the mechanic, who cannot be named for legal reasons, not to use the car. The court heard Sabbah had a criminal history dating back to 1991 and had previously spent time in jail. In sentencing him, Judge North took into account Sabbah's guilty pleas and the fact that his financially dependent partner was due to give birth in August", "Jail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy\nHe backdated the sentence and ordered Sabbah be eligible for recognisance release after seven months in prison, meaning he could be with his partner around the time the child is born. \"It's time he gave up offending and settled down,\" Judge North said.", "Jail for man who threatened mechanic with a sex toy\n\"owed him money and had made threats via phone, texts, the instant messaging app Viber, and in person to cause him serious harm.\"\nWell, if my mechanic threatened me like that, I'd be angry, too.\n/s\nLurker111\nOther way around, Anon.\nWilliamRocket said...\nNo, that's what it says."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.worldatlas.com/feature/alfred-the-great-biography.html

Alfred the Great:

["Alfred the Great:\nKing Alfred is perhaps one of the most famous rulers in British history. Known as the King Alfred the Great, he ruled Wessex from 871 to 899. He was the first ever ruler to appoint himself as the king of all the Anglo-Saxon people, which provided him with everlasting glory. However, not only was he bold and ambitious, Alfred placed much importance to the issues of education and religion", "Alfred the Great:\nHe was so impressive, in fact, that a scholar in the 10th century, named Asser, wrote his biography from which we now know most of the historical information about him.", "Alfred the Great:\nBorn in 849. Alfred was the youngest of five sons of the King \u00c6thelwulf, the ruler of the southern region of the River Thames. No one really thought that Alfred was ever going to be a king, considering he had four older brothers all in line for the throne. However, Alfred was in for the unexpected \u2013 all four of his brothers\u2019 lives ended tragically during the Viking attacks.", "Alfred the Great:\nWhen he turned 19 years old, Alfred married a member of a neighboring royal house, Ealhswith, with whom he had five children. Alfred\u2019s successor was ultimately one of the two of his sons, who rose to the throne in 899 and continued to carry his father\u2019s legacy.\nThe Makings of a King", "Alfred the Great:\nWhen Alfred\u2019s older brother Aethelred died in 871, the crown was supposed to be given to his son. However, under the protection and endorsement of the Pope along with the agreement among the Earls of Wessex, the throne was passed to Alfred.", "Alfred the Great:\nAt the time of his crowning, West Saxons were amidst a string of heavy battles with the Vikings, some which were extremely difficult for the Saxons. In 878, Alfred and his surviving soldiers decided to switch the game and do to the invading Vikings much of the same that they have done in the past attacks. The news of this quickly reached the Saxon houses that were loyal to him and gathered in order to go into a pivotal battle under Alfred\u2019s leadership", "Alfred the Great:\nA Versatile Leader With a Love for Learning\nAs it turns out, Alfred was a man of many talents and interests. One of his more noble endeavors was to protect the poor and defenseless against those with power over them. Being a very well educated man with the love for using his knowledge for creating better conditions for those under his rule, he proclaimed a series of important laws that revamped the judicial system of the time.", "Alfred the Great:\nPlacing a lot of emphasis on religion as well as education, Alfred the Great believed that only through continuous learning are people able to live in a wise way that complies with the will of God. He also perceived the Viking attacks as God\u2019s punishment for failing to live in accordance with stipulations requiring a life of learning.", "Alfred the Great:\nViking attacks did continue in the 890s. However, by the time they decided to attack again, the king has already made important military changes and found new allies to better protect his lands from the incoming intrusions. Due to these improvements, Vikings were unable to make any significant damage.\nA Reputation That Defied Death", "Alfred the Great:\nIn 893, Alfred\u2019s famous biography was written. Due to the fact that his adviser and author of the biography, Asser, took references not only from the king\u2019s life but also from biblical idealistic constructs about rulers, it\u2019s difficult to take the work as pure historical fact.\nAlfred the Great died in 899, and his body interred in the Winchester cathedral \u2013 the Old Minster until his heir ordered the build of a New Minster cathedral where he was later moved to along with his queen.", "Alfred the Great:\nAntonia \u010cirjak October 16 2019 in Feature\nBiography of Augustus: The First Roman Emperor\nThe Great Lakes Ranked by Size\nMore in Feature\nAre Former Soviet Member Countries More Religious Today?\n5 Facts To Know About The Future Of Buddhism\nReasons Why Muslims Are The World\u2019s Fastest-growing Religious Group\nThe Uprising At Sobibor Extermination Camp\nHow Many People Have Ever Lived On Earth?\nFact Check \u2013 Are No Two Snowflakes Exactly Alike?\nThe Smithsonian Natural History Museum: Beyond The Public View"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.foxnews.com/world/gunmen-stalked-guests-through-mali-hotel-as-staff-struggled-to-save-them

Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them

["Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nPublished November 27, 2015 12:51pm EST\nGunmen stalked guests through Mali hotel as staff struggled to save them\nBAMAKO, Mali \u2013 The early breakfast crowd sipped coffee and picked at croissants in the Radisson Blu's dining room, swiping through emails and the morning headlines on their smartphones.\nOutside the luxury hotel, the dusty, red-earth streets were coming alive with traffic, the whine of motorbikes mixed with the rumble of minibus taxis amid the bustle of one of Africa's fastest-growing cities.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nFive hotel security guards were just finishing the overnight shift and about to make the handoff to their dayside colleagues. Another night, another \"Rien a signaler\" (French for \"Nothing to report\"). As one of the guards would later say, \"We weren't concentrating.\"\nThat was the precise moment the attackers were waiting for on the morning of Nov. 20.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nTwo men with Kalashnikov assault rifles and explosives ran toward the guards at 6:50 a.m., surprising them with a burst of automatic fire that felled four of them, one fatally. The only guard to escape unhurt, Cheick Dabo, took cover by diving under a four-wheel-drive vehicle.\nIt was the beginning of the bloodiest jihadi attack ever in Mali's capital, and the latest high-profile one in Africa, which has been hit by extremist violence in countries like Somalia, Nigeria, Niger, Algeria and Kenya.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nWithin the next few hours, the two attackers and 20 victims would be dead. Coming just a week after the Paris massacre, it was a shocking reminder that extremist violence haunts not only the Middle East but also Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and other lands.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nThe gunfire outside the hotel struck instant terror among the nearly 150 guests and staff members at the Radisson, considered one of Bamako's best-guarded hotels. The guests included not only Malians but Chinese, Belgians, Indians, Turks and Russians who were there for another day of meetings \u2014 some about Mali's fragile peace process, others on multibillion-dollar railway projects.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nThe attackers stormed the main entrance with weapons blazing. Just past the glass doors, staff and guests in the marble-floored lobby were overrun. With the attackers firing wildly, the body count mounted quickly.\nTambacouye \"Tamba\" Diarra, a ma\u00eetre d' in the restaurant, saw a gunman coming toward him and ran. As he fled, he grabbed a guest returning from his morning jog and dragged him to safety outside.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nOne attacker rushed the rapidly emptying breakfast dining area, while his partner stormed into the kitchen. A waitress there screamed, sparking a panic.\n\"They are attacking us! They are attacking us!\" she wailed, remembered hotel cook Mohammed Coulibaly.\nThe cook began to shepherd as many people as he could out of the kitchen and down a hallway. As they ran, they could hear gunshots behind them.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nThe gunfire echoed upstairs, the sound bouncing off the circular staircase and interior balconies facing the building's central atrium. Terrified guests cowered in many of the seven-story hotel's 190 rooms.\nBack outside, the first news alerts were flashing across TVs worldwide: a possible new slaughter, one week after the Paris attacks that killed 130 people.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nTerrified guests packed into an elevator in a bid to flee, but their weight was too much, and the doors wouldn't close. The gunmen fired mercilessly on those huddled inside.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\n\"I knelt down covering my face, then I crawled like a snake to a corner\" of the elevators, Leon Aharrh Gnama, a Togo native and guest, told the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera. \"One by one the others were falling on top of me. They were soaking me with their blood. I heard them struggle to breathe, in agony, say some words, shout. They were dying and saving my life\" at the same time.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nAt 7:45 a.m., Wu Zhiqi was hurrying downstairs for breakfast to join the three Chinese executives he worked for as a translator on a railway project, but when the doors to the elevator he was in opened, he spotted a man carrying an assault rifle and bodies on the ground.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nAlone in the elevator, he managed to close the doors, then scrambled back to his room and locked himself in the bathroom, where he tried via text message to reach his bosses, probably already dead in the dining room. He was rescued hours later.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nLocal police arrived first, between 7:30 and 7:45 a.m. Lightly armed and not trained for counterterrorism operations, they rushed into the hotel but were no match for the killers. Police tossed several flash-bang grenades to try to stun the attackers but were forced to retreat. More police arrived, advancing slowly on the hotel behind the cover of a blue armored vehicle.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nA group of six U.S. military personnel arrived shortly afterward, and by 8 a.m. they were seen entering the hotel. Meanwhile, Malian special forces wearing full battle gear and armed with Kalashnikovs sealed off the hotel and readied an assault.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nGuests dashed for the exits, one by one or in small groups. Little by little, the number trapped inside dwindled. A group of about 20 made a mass escape just before 9 a.m. Others trapped higher in the building began a torturous hours-long wait in their rooms as the attackers methodically hunted victims floor by floor.\nFrance, Mali's former colonial overlord, dispatched about 40 of its special forces based in neighboring Burkina Faso. They arrived at 2 p.m., descending in a helicopter close to the hotel.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nThe international involvement in the operation underscored how many countries have troops in Mali to help contain the jihadi threat, including the Netherlands and Germany. Despite those efforts, Mali remains a weak state with porous borders, uncontrolled spaces and a variety of extremist groups that seem to be competing to carry out spectacular attacks.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nThe 20 dead came from seven countries and included a 41-year-old American development worker and three officials from a Chinese railway company, suggesting the wide range of roles foreigners are playing in Mali as the country attempts to recover from a 2012 coup and the temporary seizure of northern Mali by jihadis over two years ago.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nThe other victims were six Russian employees of a cargo company; six Malians, including several hotel employees; two Belgians; one Israeli; and one Senegalese, said Mali's interior ministry.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nAround 3:30 p.m., Malian commandos launched an assault to capture or kill the gunmen and rescue those inside. As the commandos advanced quickly to the third floor, some with attack dogs straining at their leashes, frightened guests relied on a password \u2014 the ma\u00eetre d's nickname \u2014 confided to them by the front desk, Diarra said.\n\"We told guests who called the reception that if the person at the door said the word 'Tamba,' they can open it,\" he said.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nThe attackers' last stand came at 4 p.m. on the third floor. French commandos and Malian troops combined forces and managed to kill both gunmen. Then the troops ascended to the upper floors in a painstaking, room-to-room clearing operation.\nWearing a bulletproof vest supplied by police, Diarra helped police distinguish guests from possible attackers trying to escape.", "Gunmen storm Mali hotel, stalk guests as staff struggles to save them\nGnama, the guest from Togo who survived under a pile of bodies in the elevator, said he emerged from his gory hiding spot only after the soldiers arrived. When he saw so many corpses in front of the check-in area, he said, \"I believe I fainted.\"\nRobbie Corey-Boulet in Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Sylvie Corbet in Paris; Yu Bing in Beijing; and Frances d'Emilio in Rome contributed to this report."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.preaching.com/sermon-illustrations/folly/

The Folly of Logic: A Story of Bees and Flies

["The Folly of Logic: A Story of Bees and Flies\nAn experiment was conducted in which six bees and six flies were placed inside a bottle. The bottle was turned on its side with its base facing the light coming through the window. At the other end, the mouth of the bottle was open. In that situation it was discovered that bees will persist in trying find their way to freedom through the base-until they die of hunger or exhaustion. It seems that the bees\u2019 attraction to light is their undoing in this experiment", "The Folly of Logic: A Story of Bees and Flies\nThe light shining through the base seems to convince them that there is no other way out. And so they press up against the bottom of the bottle closing themselves off from all other possibilities. Consequently, they cannot discover the opening at the other end of the bottle. The feather brained flies, on the other hand, all get out of the bottle within two minutes. Seemingly unconcerned, they just keep buzzing all around inside until they sally forth to freedom through the neck and out the opening"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://english.radio.cz/press-review-8044536

Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East

["Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nThere's only one top story on the front pages of all the leading Czech papers today: President Havel's early return from his visit to the Middle East, due to health reasons. Doctors decided he had to cut short his stay in Kuwait, and leave out his planned visit to the United Arab Emirates, even though he himself had wanted to go through with the trip as planned.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nNot only do all the papers carry the story on their front pages, they also carry the same photograph of the President walking down the steps from the plane at Prague airport.\nBut LIDOVE NOVINY did manage to add a different angle to the otherwise obvious coverage of the event, an interview with the President's personal doctor Ilja Kotik. He told the paper that Vaclav Havel had already felt the first symptoms of pneumonia in the first country he visited, Saudi Arabia, but felt perfectly alright on Sunday.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nDuring the night, however, he started running a temperature, and Dr Kotik, together with the personal physician of the Emir of Kuwait, decided the Czech head of state should return to Prague immediately for treatment. As for the reason for this latest occurrence of the disease from which Mr Havel has repeatedly suffered, Dr Kotik told LIDOVE NOVINY that he must have caught the virus in Prague, and that the air-conditioning in the rooms he was staying had made it worse.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nFor the past two or three weeks there hasn't been a day when the papers haven't dealt with the mass criticism of the upcoming census, and today is no exception. ZEMSKE NOVINY reports on the decision reached by the local council in the small town of Jindrichovice pod Smrkem, which has joined the wave of criticism and is telling the people of their town that they don't have to answer all the questions in the census form, even though it's compulsory by law.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nThe local council says that some of the questions amount to a breach of privacy and run contrary to the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The state has no right to ask questions about people's property and other matters, and should the people of Jindrichovice pod Smrkem have any problems for refusing to give the information, the local authority intends to stand up for them, even if it means turning to the Constitutional Court.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nThe case may end there, because the district council, which is a higher authority to the town council, has declared the ruling invalid.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nMLADA FRONTA DNES reports on problems in another town, Terezin, better known to the world under its German name of Thereisenstadt, the site of the World War II concentration camp. A hotel owner in the town caused the controversy, by using a photograph of the entrance to the camp in his advertisement inviting guests - who in view of the location off the town are mostly German - to use the local shooting range", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nConnecting a concentration camp with shooting was, many felt, in extremely bad taste, and the criticism was such that the advertisement has now disappeared from the hotel's website.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nToday's PRAVO writes about the problems connected with yet another hotel, the Four Seasons, which opened in Prague on February 1st. From the very beginning the project has met with criticism from the Prague local council and from heritage officials.", "Czech papers focus on President Havel's early return from Middle East\nThe hotel, located on the banks of the Vltava River in Prague's historic center, had to meet a long list of requirements as to its shape, height, size of windows, etc. Now that it's finished, and the requirements met, many still feel that it's all wrong and doesn't belong there. The Canadian owners hope that visitors to the five star hotel will disagree.\nAuthor: Olga Szantov\u00e1"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://ncfpc.net/tag/evan/

Henry Evans, a Free Negro Shoemaker and Methodist Preacher in Fayetteville, N.C.

["Henry Evans, a Free Negro Shoemaker and Methodist Preacher in Fayetteville, N.C.\nEvans, Henry. \u2013 Founder of a Methodist Church in Fayetteville, N.C. About the close of the eighteenth century, Henry Evans, a free Negro from Virginia, on his way to Charleston, S.C., to practice the trade of shoe-making, chanced to stop at Fayetteville. He was a licensed local Methodist preacher. He was so impressed with the condition of the colored people that he decided to stop and labor among them. This he did, working at his trade during the week, and preaching on Sunday", "Henry Evans, a Free Negro Shoemaker and Methodist Preacher in Fayetteville, N.C.\nThe town council ordered him to stop preaching. The meetings were held in secret. At length, the white people became interested in the meetings and began to attend them, and a regular Methodist Church was established. Although a white minister was in the course of time sent to take charge of the congregation, Evans was not displaced. A room was built for him in the church, and there he remained till his death in 1810."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.marxist.com/classics-problems-of-the-chinese-revolution/appendix.htm

Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com

["Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n[Classics] Problems of the Chinese Revolution\nThe Chinese Revolution and the Theses of Comrade Stalin\nThe Speech of Comrade Chen Duxiu on the Tasks of the Chinese Communist Party\nFirst Speech on the Chinese Question\nSecond Speech on the Chinese Question\nThe Sure Road\nHankow and Moscow\nIs It Not Time to Understand?\nThe Canton Insurrection\nThe Chinese Question After the Sixth Congress\nWhat Is Happening in China?\nA Retreat in Full Disorder\nThe Strangled Revolution\nA Strangled Revolution and Its Stranglers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe events of recent months and especially the last events in Shanghai have finally convinced us that the present leadership of the Communist Party of China is incapable of conducting a firm Communist policy which is all the more necessary under the political conditions that have become extremely complicated", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the leadership of the party there is a group which is determinedly driving the party to the Right, on the path of liquidation, and this group and its policy are supported by the representative of the E. C. C. I. The further this goes the deeper and more extensive will become the crisis that has risen in the party and if the E. C. C. I. does not intervene immediately, it may have grave consequences for the. party as well as for the Chinese revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe reason for the crisis must be sought in the fact that the leaders of the Chinese party have considered and still consider the Chinese revolution as a bourgeois revolution from which nothing more than democratic liberties and a slight improvement in the economic situation can be expected. They do not believe in the socialist path of development of the Chinese revolution, just as they do not believe either in the Chinese proletariat or in the peasantry, in the masses or in mass action", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe conception of the leading kernel was approximately this: China is living through its national revolution which is directed against the imperialists and the feudal militarists. In this revolution all classes are participating, among them also the national bourgeoisie, the well-off gentry and the landowner, and that is why class peace must be maintained as the guarantee for the victory of the revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe give only one example of how this conception was transformed in practise into the worst kind of opportunism. The resolution on the report of the C. C. at its Plenum of December 13, 1926, speaks of dangerous tendencies in the national revolutionary movement and declares:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe greatest danger is that the mass movement is developing towards the Left, while the political and military authorities, seeing the swift growth of the mass movement, are seized with panic, and begin to incline to the Right. Should these extreme tendencies continue to develop in the future the cleavage between the masses and the government will deepen and in the end the Red united front will be demolished and the whole national movement will be endangered.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe natural conclusion from this is: the mass movement must be limited, the wave of the workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 movements, rising with an elemental force, dammed up.\n\u201cIn the practical struggle of the workers and peasants,\u201d the resolution further declares, \u201cwe must avoid illusions (exorbitant demands of the artisans and the workers, participation of the workers\u2019 guard in administrative affairs, seizure of land by the peasants, etc.), so as to eradicate the infantile disease of Leftism.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe leading circle of the party does not understand the mass movement; still more, it is afraid of it, it considers it as something out of place, at any rate, as an untimely phenomenon that hampers the united front with the bourgeoisie", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt therefore subordinates the interests of the working class and the peasantry to the interests of the bourgeoisie and trots along at the heels of the bourgeoisie; therefore, on the one hand, it curbs the mass movement and, on the other hand, enters into all sorts of combinations at the top, sinking into bargaining over crumbs, and to horse-trading which, under revolutionary conditions, are equivalent to Menshevism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSince it regards itself solely in a secondary role of assistance in the Chinese revolution, it effaces itself, the party and the mass movement, and thus plays into the hands of the Right. The last four months brought a great deal that is new into the Chinese revolution. The growth of the revolutionary movement, and the sharpening of the inner contradictions based on this growth, have created an extremely complicated situation", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe struggle for the hegemony of the proletariat in the Chinese revolution is actually the task of the day. We are of the opinion that it is just in these last months that the leadership of the Chinese party has shown that it can lead the party and the working class only to defeat and capitulation.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe last months, that is, the period beginning about the end of November, are characterized by the following facts: 1. The national revolutionary army has won a decisive victory by defeating Sun Chuan Fang; 2. In connection with this victory, a certain flirting of the imperialists with the Nationalist government and the Right Kuo Min Tang has begun; 3. The mass movement has embraced ever new strata and has swung to a height never before attained; 4", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe accentuated inner contradictions have led to an acute conflict between the Left and the Right Kuo Min Tang. This period is marked by four features. 1. The reaction in Hankow; 2. The occupation of the concessions in Hankow; 3. The conflict between the C. C. of the Kuo Min Tang and Chiang Kai-Shek on the question of the government seat; and 4. The uprising in Shanghai. Now, what were the tactics of our party in this period?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSince the departure of the government for Wuhan, the Rights, who remained in Canton, with Li Ti Sin at their head, and with the approval of Chiang Kai-Shek, have inaugurated a rabid campaign against the Communists. It was said that since the Northern Expedition had won a decisive victory in Shansi, Canton was therefore outside of the war zone and a certain stabilization had to be established, which demanded \u201cnormal\u201d conditions", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe first step towards creating these \u201cnormal\u201d conditions was the removal of the police chief for his amicable relations with the Communists, the dispersal of the Kuo Min Tang committee and the replacement of the Left by the Right, the decree forbidding strikes in the large public utilities, the prohibition of picketing in strikes, the disarming of the workers\u2019 guard, etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe new Provincial Committee of the Kuo Min Tang decided to prevent strikes, to give strikebreakers a free field, and it pronounced itself against the decreasing of rental payments by twenty-five percent. Then began the arrests of workers, the persecution of workers among the peasantry, anti-English demonstrations were forbidden and the gentry in the villages were encouraged", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe government began to subsidize and to arm the Right wing labor organization, the Mechanics Union, and the Workers Federation of Kwantung, and incited them against the Left wing labor organizations.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis \u201cstabilization\u201d mood infected the Kuo Min Tang people not only in Canton, but also in the North. In Hankow, the organized bourgeoisie came out against the workers\u2019 demands. The government wanted to follow the example of Canton and introduce compulsory arbitration. Finally, the notorious Right Kuo Min Tang speech of comrade Borodin also runs in this groove and was inspired by the same \u201cstabilization\u201d mood", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? In general, not at all, so far as one can speak of measures of struggle against the reaction. The resolution on the Kwantung question adopted by the Central Committee says literally as follows:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe reason for the recent joint attack against the Communists and the elements of the Left who stand close to them, by the Center, Right and Left is, first, that the Provincial Committee of our party in Kwantung does not recognize the Left wing, and second, that it underestimates the influence of the Left leaders.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAnd the C. C. proposes to wait until Wang Chin Wei returns. . . . We do not want to justify the standpoint of the Canton Left who, thanks to Borodin\u2019s influence, actually underestimated the Left, but we cannot understand how the leading organ of the party can throw the responsibility for the activities of the reactionaries., which are to be explained by the growth of the mass movement, on the local party organization without adopting the standpoint that this mass movement must be emasculated. The C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nof our party has showed itself helpless to begin the struggle against the reaction. The proletariat of Hankow undertook this struggle over the head of the Kuo Min Tang, and over the head of our party and its leading organs, when it occupied the English concessions on January 3, stimulated a new upsurge of the antiimperialist movement, and struck the heaviest blow at internal reaction at the same time.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNobody foresaw the events of January 3. The occupation of the concessions by the Hankow workers took place spontaneously, without any leadership or instigation either from the government, from the Kuo Min Tang, or from our party. They were all confronted by an accomplished fact, by a spontaneous act of the masses, and all of them had to reckon with it. The events in Hankow were of exceptional significance. England had its ears boxed", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe masses and the party organizations, which had succumbed to disillusionment, were again aroused, the Right wing of the Kuo Min Tang received a blow, and the national anti-imperialist movement overflowed the whole country and forced even such reactionaries as Tchang TsoLin to begin speaking a pseudo-nationalist language, to demand the return of the concessions, etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBesides this, the events in Hankow had a great revolutionizing effect upon the government and upon Borodin: against their will, they turned to the Left under the pressure and the influence of this spontaneous action of the masses; the December moods were in a certain sense destroyed and when, two weeks afterward, the conflict arose with Chiang Kai-Shek over the question of the government seat, the members of the government and Borodin adopted a Left position, which would most likely have been unthinkable without the events of January 3", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Left wing which, as many believed, hardly existed any longer, consolidated itself and this was accomplished by a certain crystallization of the Right wing around Chiang Kai-Shek in Nanking, which led to the conflict between Nanking and Hankow.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? At first, it did not want to react at all. When the question was presented at the conference of the C. C. and the Russian comrades, comrade Tchen Du-Siu exclaimed: \u201cWhy should we clamor over it and what kind of agitation should we develop when the aggressors were not the English but the Chinese?\u201d This was already on January 12 or 13. Only two or three weeks after the events did the C. C. issue an appeal on them", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAt the same time it sent a letter to the Hupeh Committee, and accused our comrades of responsibility for the fact that the workers\u2019 guard had maintained order from the first day of the occupation of the concessions. The C. C. was of the opinion that the foreigners and the petty bourgeoisie should not have been incensed.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn January began the conflict over the question of the government seat. The Wuhan group, the majority of the C. C. of the Kuo Min Tang and of the government, insisted that in conformity with a decision that had been adopted back in Canton, the government should be transferred to Wuhan. The Nanking group, however, with Chiang Kai-Shek at its head, insisted that the government seat \u201cbe left\u201d to Nanking. Naturally, this dispute was not a simple dispute over the seat of the government", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe question was whether the national revolutionary movement would go with the masses and the Communist party, or with the dictator Chiang Kai-Shek who was already steering towards a compromise with Japan and Mukden. The dispute was and is concerned with the two paths of development of the Chinese revolution. The conflict assumed an extremely sharp character. For two months already, there actually exist two governments, two Central Committees and two Political Bureaus of the Kuo Min Tang, two armies", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNanking has become the Right wing center. The Kuo Min Tang committee of Shansi, composed of a majority of Communists, was dispersed and replaced by a new one composed of seven Rights, one Centrist and one ex-Communist. Chiang Kai-Shek entered into negotiations with Yeng Yui Tin (of Mukden) without the Kuo Min Tang knowing a thing about it. Through politicians like the former minister Tuan Tsi-Choi, through Huan Fu, or Tai Tsi Tao, and also directly, he carried on secret negotiations with the Japanese", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe same is being done by his creature, Ho In-Tsin, in Futchang. Without daring to stand up openly against the U. S. S. R. and the C. I., Chiang Kai-Shek began a struggle against Borodin, Galen and others, and endeavored to invest the conflict with a personal character.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nVery characteristic is the following declaration by Chiang Rai-Shek[1] to the Commander of the Sixth Army Corps, Tchen Tchin: \u201cI am not at all opposed to the Russian Communists, I am only against the Right wing of the C. P. S. U. at whose head stands Stalin, but I know that a Left wing also exists in the C. P. S. U., led by Trotsky and Zinoviev", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nI am ready to work together with them because the Left is for the complete support of the national revolution in China and for the withdrawal of the Communists from the Kuo Min Tang, while the Right wing, represented by Borodin, Galen and others, though also for supporting the national revolution, are, however, against the withdrawal of the Communists from the Kuo Min Tang. If they would send Radek or Karachan here, I would be able to work with them.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhile Chiang Kai-Shek disguises himself as a \u201cRussian Left Communist\u201d (as Tchen Tchin expresses it), he has conducted a rabid hunt against the Communists, and finally came forward on February 21 with a veritable pogrom speech against the Communist Party of China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? One would think that it should have launched the broadest mass campaign under the slogan of support to the Wuhan government and with the demand that the Nanking group submit to the decision of the majority of the C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nC.; one would think that the party would expose the real motives behind this conflict, uncover the Right intrigants surrounding Chiang Kai-Shek and vigorously push the government and Borodin so that they would drop the personal tinge they imparted to this conflict and come forward before the masses with a political platform of social reforms, primarily of agrarian reform, and force Chiang Kai-Shek (if he would) to take up the struggle on the basis of a definite political platform, which would have created the greatest difficulties for him", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut the C. C. of the Communist Party of China, and the representative of the E. C. C. I. simply \u201cdid not notice\u201d this conflict for a long time and took no position towards it. Even up to the middle of February, that is, when the conflict had already come to an unusually sharp pass, nobody in Hankow knew what was the position of the C. C. of our party. Upon our energetic proposals to the representative of the E C. C. I. and the C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nto move immediately to Hankow so as to direct from there the party and the government of the Wuhan group, we were met with nothing but evasions. Neither the representative of the E. C. C. I., nor the C. C., wanted to participate in the struggle against the internal reaction, which the Left and Borodin (probably against his will) wanted to begin, and they were of the opinion that we can and must make concessions to Chiang Kai-Shek, even though they didn\u2019t say so openly", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis line, if it can be called a line at all, was not so much the course of the C. C. as it was of comrade V.[2] This can be seen, for example, from the fact that after he had left for Hankow and seen Chiang Kai-Shek, he made the request of Moscow to recall Borodin and supplemented this request ambiguously with the remark that otherwise Chiang Kai-Shek would not make any serious concessions. During his absence, however, the C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nadopted a more correct standpoint, when it declared that it was a question of the struggle of the proletariat for hegemony, and that any concession in the form of a recall of Borodin would be equivalent to a complete capitulation.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe do not entertain the slightest illusions about Borodin. As a Communist, we regard Borodin as one who is greatly similar to a Left Kuo Min Tang man; and like every petty bourgeois revolutionist, he is subject to very great vacillations. After March 20, 1926[3], he was for withdrawing from the Kuo Min Tang, denied the significance of the Left wing and even denied its very existence. By this, he lent support to that nihilism towards the Left Kuo Min Tang which is prevalent among the Kwantung comrades", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThen, this denial of the Left wing led him remorselessly to the Right, to that capitulationist and laggard\u2019s position which found expression in his speech of December 12, and in his idea of \u201cbuying back the land\u201d. In January, he oscillated towards the Left, came forward at a banquet with a speech against personal dictatorship, that is, against Chiang Kai-Shek, and thus became the involuntary instigator of a struggle from which he himself immediately recoiled in fright", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cI am afraid I made a mistake in this question. My standing up against Chiang Kai-Shek was provoked by the pressure of public opinion, and I do not know if I acted correctly. We will get as far as Peking with Chiang Kai-Shek, but hardly with the party [i. e., with the Kuo Min Tang].\u201d\nWith this, Borodin characterized himself excellently, and one can hardly speak of a principled difference between the position of the Right group in the C. C. of the C. P. C., of comrade V. and of Borodin.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut we are of the opinion that to recall Borodin under the present political circumstances, would be to put ourselves at the mercies of Chiang Kai-Shek, because just as Chiang Kai-Shek has by force of circumstances become the banner of reaction, so Borodin has become the banner of the revolutionary elements of the national movement and the banner of the U. S. S. R", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWith all his shortcomings, with all his wretchedness and lack of principle, Borodin today nevertheless personifies the Left wing of the Kuo Min Tang on the one hand, and the U. S. S. R. on the other. This accounts for our position on this question. But the position of the representative of the E. C. C. I. cannot be explained by any principled motives", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSince he disregards the principled content of the struggle, he has slipped down, here as everywhere else, into a combinationism which is pernicious and dangerous for the whole revolutionary movement.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe repeat: in the Nanking-Wuhan conflict, the leading core of the party took no steps for a period of two months, and if we do not count the last telegrams about Borodin, adopted on the insistence of a group of \u201cLeft\u201d comrades, the C. C. has only concealed itself and evaded an answer to the questions posed before it by the situation.\nThe local party organization in Hupeh developed a campaign on its own responsibility on this question without waiting for the decision of the C. C.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut the question of Borodin has become one of the main questions in this conflict. Chiang Kai-Shek and the Right Kuo Min Tang people have come out openly against the Communists. Our party should have answered openly every accusation brought against it with a clear and distinct political declaration. It did not do this", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Right Kuo Min Tang and the bourgeois and imperialist press conducted a rabid campaign on this occasion and the Communist Party of China was silent, hoping to liquidate the conflict by all sorts of combinations, agreements and dickering.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUnder the conditions of struggle between the Right and Left wings of the Kuo Min Tang, the Shanghai question assumes special importance. Chiang Kai-Shek needs Shanghai as a base for his further struggle against the Left wing and the Communists, as well as for his negotiations with the North and the imperialists; Chiang Kai-Shek marched against Shanghai with the idea in mind that its occupation would give him an incontestable preponderance in the struggle with the Left for the leadership of the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThrough Chiang Kai-Shek, the Chinese bourgeoisie aspires to assure its hegemony in the national revolution. There could be and there were three tactics in this connection. One group of comrades, especially the Russians and Borodin, were of the opinion that it would not hurt for Chiang Kai-Shek to break his. neck on Shanghai and Chekiang, and they egged him on; comrade Galen was of the opinion that the march on Shanghai was a hopeless military undertaking and did not participate in it", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThese comrades failed to take into consideration that not only Chiang Kai-Shek, but also the Chinese national revolution was conducting the struggle in Chekiang, and that a victory for Chiang Kai-Shek would at the same time be a victory for the revolution, while a defeat would be shared by Chiang Kai-Shek and the revolution.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe second tactic consisted of supporting, unconditionally and without circumlocution, Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019s march on Shanghai, of uniting with his representative in Shanghai itself to prepare an uprising, and thereby to help the troops of the national revolutionary army to march into Shanghai. This group of comrades, representing the Right wing of the C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nand the Shanghai Committee, failed to consider that Chiang Kai-Shek would create a Right wing government in Shanghai and would seek to convert Shanghai into a fortress of the Right wing of the Kuo Min Tang. Whether consciously or not, these comrades consented to hand over power to Chiang Kai-Shek in Shanghai, that is, to help the bourgeoisie intrench itself there.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe third tactic, which we and a part of the Chinese comrades supported, consisted, on the one hand, of supporting with all means the capture of Shanghai by the people\u2019s revolutionary army and, on the other hand, by the unleashing of a mass movement in Shanghai as a counterpoise to the Right wing, of creating a democratic people\u2019s power so that the democratic factor would predominate over the military factor and the occupation of Shanghai would simultaneously result in the victory of the national revolution, of the anti-imperialist movement, and in the defeat of Chiang Kai-Shek as the representative of the bourgeois Right wing of the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe were of the opinion that Shanghai had become the point at which the question of the hegemony of the proletariat would be decided. Moreover, the uprising of the Shanghai proletariat from February 19 to February 21 was objectively an attempt to assure its hegemony.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWith the first reports of the defeat of Sun Chuan Fang[5], the atmosphere in Shanghai became red-hot and in a couple of days a spontaneous strike of 300,000 workers broke out which just as spontaneously changed into an armed uprising and, lacking leadership, vanished into nothing.\nIn a previous letter, we have dwelled in detail upon the tactic of our party during the events in Shanghai. We therefore want only to underscore here the principal points.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Canton advance guard is twenty-five to thirty miles from Shanghai. The troops of Sun Chuan Fang, absolutely demoralized, begin pillaging and dispersing homewards. In the city, sections of the military forces waver, the fleet comes over to our side. Three hundred thousand workers go out on strike and pass over to armed struggle. The military commander executes dozens of workers. A part of the petty bourgeoisie already comes out in sympathy with the workers, intervenes in the struggle and shuts up shop", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAt the same time, the C. C. of our party, which was taken completely unawares by the strike, even though it participated in its preparation, reflects on whether the uprising should be made or not, at the very moment when the uprising is already taking place. Neither the workers, the soldiers, nor the potty bourgeoisie receive as much as a single suggestion about what is to be done", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe party confines itself to the bare slogan: \u201cDown with Sun Chuan Fang\u201d and \u201cHail the Northern Expedition\u201d (in some places even simply \u201cHail Chiang Kai-Shek\u201d). The anti-imperialist slogans disappear completely. One of the appeals to the workers, for example, declares:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBy the very separation of the struggle against Sun Chuan Fang from the struggle against the imperialists, the party cooled the ardor of the masses. Instead of speaking with the masses, the party representatives spoke with the representatives of the bourgeoisie, waited for them, put their hopes in them. The slogan of the democratic national assembly, which we had advanced shortly before the strike, was conceived of as a new means of combinations at the top, and was not launched among the masses", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAs a result, we let slip by an exceptionally favorable historical moment, a rare combination of circumstances, where power lay in the streets but the party did not know how to take it. Worse yet, it didn\u2019t want to take it; it was afraid to.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThus, the Right tendency, which has already contaminated the party for a year, found a crass and consummate expression during the Shanghai events, which can only be compared with the tactics of the German Central Committee in 1923 and of the Mensheviks during the December uprising in 1905. Yet there is a difference", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt lies in the fact that in Shanghai the proletariat had considerably more forces and chances on its side and with an energetic intervention, it could have won Shanghai for the revolution and changed the relationship of forces within the Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is not by accident that the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party committed these errors. They flowed from the Right wing conception of the revolution, the lack of understanding of the mass movement and the complete lack of attention towards it.\nThe Party and the Masses", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe upper strata of the Communist Party of China are not in touch with the masses. This is explained historically by the fact that three years ago the party was still only a small circle of intellectuals, and that the party leadership found it hard to understand that it had long ago ceased to be a circle and had been transformed into a party with 30,000 members, which enjoys influence over millions of workers and peasants and is the most powerful organized force of the Chinese revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nInstead of hastening the liquidation of this detestable spirit of a small circle, the representative of the E. C. C. I. encouraged it and gave it his blessing.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe leadership of the party, of the organizations of the workers and peasants, consists everywhere of intellectuals, students, who with all their good qualities are very little connected with the masses and do not always understand their needs. This condition persisted up to now, not, it is true, because there were no workers capable of participating in the leadership, but because the upper circles of the party organizations do not want to admit the workers into leadership", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly a short time ago, in the middle of February, a party conference took place in Shanghai. As is known, seventy percent of the Shanghai organization consists of workers, but in the newly-elected party committee, sixteen were chosen, among whom there was not a single worker; three workers did get through as candidates", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe attitude of the party leaders towards workers and peasants were best formulated by the member of the Central Committee, comrade Petrov[6], when the question of selecting students for a special course at the Communist University for the Toilers of the East was being considered. According to the arrangements, 175 workers and 100 peasants were to be named. Comrade Petrov explained to us that the C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n1. The workers cannot read, cannot write, cannot speak and cannot understand anything. Where shall we find 175 workers for the course?\n2. The workers and peasants, should they get the chance for a special course in Russia, will live tinder favorable conditions. This will have a demoralizing effect upon them and upon their return to China they will not want to work for the party.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe students, on the contrary, according to comrade Petrov\u2019s opinion, are not afflicted with this defect. What was necessary were not Communist workers and peasants, but non-party people who could read and write very little, or illiterates. When we insisted on this, the C. C., even if unwillingly, accepted our plan, but the attitude of the leaders of a workers\u2019 party towards the masses is very characteristic in this case. The attitude of the C. C. to the workers\u2019 guard in Hankow was about the same", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Old Man[7] said to us that the workers\u2019 guard in Hankow must be disbanded because it consisted of petty bourgeois and artisans, and partly of non-industrial workers. He was of the opinion that the workers\u2019 guard must consist of a small number of \u201chonest, class-conscious, irreproachable\u201d workers (it was a question of the workers\u2019 guard of Hankow).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhen we looked into the matter, it appeared that the reference to the petty bourgeois nature of the workers\u2019 guard in Hankow was simply a slander, which the representative of the E. C. C. I. had picked up. The workers\u2019 guard in Hankow consists of workers, mostly of non-industrial workers, it is true, but to call it an \u201carmed power of the petty bourgeisie\u201d is not at all correct.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe attitude of the Right wing group in the C. C. towards a people\u2019s representative assembly in Shanghai is also accounted for by this lack of faith in the masses and lack of understanding of them. When we proposed to carry through the elections to this popular national assembly in the factories and the streets, the leading comrades could not understand it for a long time", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThey decided to substitute representatives of organizations instead of elected delegates, in connection with which the Old Man said: \u201cOtherwise the workers may elect the devil knows whom.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAccording to the conception of the leading core of the party, the workers and peasants area dull, dumb mass, unconscious and inactive; this mass must be led by the Communists along a road which they themselves outline, without consulting these masses. The party leadership declares, for example, that the peasants do not want land. Still more, they would not even demand the reduction of rent payments, did not the Communists incite them to it with their agitation", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn Shanghai, the leaders declared at the very moment when the workers were in an uprising, that the workers want no uprising, and that the people of Shanghai do not want to take power", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe idea of a people\u2019s representative assembly is called by the secretary of the Shanghai Committee, Bucharov[8], an \u201cexotic idea\u201d: This complete lack of understanding of the needs, the demands, and the struggle of the masses, this disdainful and arrogant attitude leads to this: that all mass movements take place spontaneously, without the party and outside of it. It has already reached a point where events are ascertained post factum and then \u201cacknowledged\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe struggle of the peasants against the gentry, the struggle for the reduction of rent payments and the price of land, took place and still takes place spontaneously. The Hankow proletariat occupied the English concessions spontaneously. The strike in Shanghai arose and went on almost spontaneously. The Right wing group of party leaders, however, stubbornly persists in its disbelief in the masses", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAt best, the party creeps along at the tail of events, is in no position to direct them, not because its influence has been organizationally insufficiently strong, but because the heads of the party are sinking into opportunism and chvostism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Peasants\u2019 Movement\nDisbelief in the masses is reflected above all in the lack of attention to the mass movement and also in the curbing of this movement.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUp to October 1926, the question of the peasantry, the question of the struggle of the peasantry, was never raised in a more or less serious form either by the representative of the E. C. C. I. or by the C. C., if the decisions of the June Plenum of the C. C. are excepted which completely hushed up the peasants\u2019 struggle and appealed for a bloc with the \u201cgood gentry\u201d and the big landlords. In October, a program of peasants\u2019 demands was worked out, but the representative of the E. C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nI., as well as the party leaders, considered it only as a program for the party congress. For a period of three to four months, this program did not pass beyond the walls of the C. C. and only in January was it sent out to the local organizations. But up till now, nothing has been essentially changed in the tactics of the party in the peasant question. The old line of curbing the struggle in the village and applying the brakes to the peasants\u2019 movement as a whole, still prevails", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nDespite the fact that the curbing of the peasants\u2019 movement was already condemned in November and December in the report of Bucharin to the Plenum, in his speech, and furthermore, at the Plenum and in the resolution, the party has not revised this tactic to this day and has not recognized its mistakes. One should not even expect it to recognize them when the representative of the E. C. C. I. already declared in January at the session of the C. C.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cSo far as I know, (I have not any official documents yet), we were attacked a bit in the E. C. C. I. because the party has not bestowed sufficient attention upon the peasant question. There is not a kernel of truth in that ...\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe fear of the peasants\u2019 movement has existed and still remains in the party. The realization of peasant possession of the land (that is, the occupation of the land by the peasants) is called by the C. C. \u201ca dangerous infantile disease of Leftism\u201d. It continues to speak of \u201cthe united front with the good gentry and the small and middle landlord against the bad gentry and the blackguards\u201d (report from Hunan of December 30)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe expression: \u201cgood gentry\u201d, is found to this day in all party documents, in articles by leading comrades. This replacement of social categories by moral categories is essentially a suspension of the revolutionary movement in the village.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAt the December Plenum of the C. C., a resolution on the peasant question was adopted with the participation of the representative of the E. C. C. I. Not a word is to be found in this resolution on an agrarian program and on the struggle of the peasantry. The resolution does not answer a single one of the most burning questions of the day; the question of the peasants\u2019 power is answered negatively. It says, the slogan of a peasants\u2019 power must not be raised so as not to frighten away the petty bourgeoisie", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFrom the neglect of the peasants\u2019 revolution springs the suspension by the leading party organs of the arming of the peasantry. When Tan Shen Shi made a proposal to our comrades in Wuhan to recruit volunteers and members of the Peasants\u2019 Leagues for his army, the Wuhan Committee rejected it. The comrades are of the opinion that the peasants do not need to arm themselves. Typical is the declaration of the Old Man at the December Plenum where the question came up of arming the peasants in Hunan", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the villages of Hunan a genuine civil war is in progress; the gentry are murdering the peasants by the dozens and hundreds, but the Old Man says:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cIf the peasants do not need arms now, then we are not opposed to the government keeping the arms. If neither the Min Tuan nor the peasants will have weapons, then the latter will win even though the struggle should be kindled.\u201d\nThe Workers\u2019 Movement", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe tactic of the party in the workers\u2019 movement is no different from its tactic in the peasants\u2019 movement. Above all, there is an absolute underestimation and lack of attention to it. The C. C. has no trade union department. More than a million organized workers have no guiding center. The trade unions are separated from the masses and remain to a large degree organizations at the top", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe political and organizational work is replaced everywhere by compulsion, but the main thing is that reformist tendencies are growing inside as well as outside the revolutionary trade union movement.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe continual hobnobbing with employers, sharing in profits, restriction of production, participation in the raising of labor productivity, the submission of the trade unions to the employers and masters, are common phenomena.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOn the other hand, there occur refusals to support and defend the economic demands of the workers. Out of fear of the elementary growth of the labor movement, the party in Canton consented to compulsory arbitration, then it did the same thing in Hankow (the idea of compulsory arbitration itself comes from Borodin). Especially great is the fear of the party leaders of the movement of non-industrial workers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cIt is unusually difficult for us to decide our tactics in relation to the middle and petty bourgeoisie, since the strikes of non-industrial and office workers are only conflicts within the petty-bourgeoisie themselves. Both sides [i. e., the employers and the workers] being necessary for the national united front, we can support none of the two sides, neither can we be neutral ..", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe employees in concerns producing vital necessities (rice, salt, coal, fuel, etc.) must never resort to strikes if there is the slightest possibility of attaining concessions in a peaceful manner.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThus, the party abandons the defense and support of the non-industrial workers, i. e., of the majority of the Chinese working class, and covers it up with the necessity of the united front with the petty bourgeoisie. Incidentally, it is quite clear that it is not so much a question of the petty bourgeoisie, especially of the artisans, as of the commercial middle bourgeoisie.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the telegram elucidating the resolution of the C. C., adopted and signed as it was even by the representative of the E. C. C. I., and Borodin, the checking of the struggle of the non-industrial workers is spoken of", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTherein is concealed the checking of the workers\u2019 struggle in general, since the few industrial establishments existing in Central China are either closed or else belong to the state or to joint stock corporations, and as is well known, strike struggles must not be started in state establishments.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe party leadership also fears the arming of the workers. We have already spoken of the slander spread against the Hankow workers\u2019 guard and of the attitude of the C. C. towards the worker pickets who participated in the occupation of the concessions in Hankow. One solitary time was the question of arming the workers raised in the C. C., and even here it was decided that a part of the pickets must be disarmed because they are petty bourgeois elements", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nEven in the days when the uprising in Shanghai was in process, some party organizations would not so much as permit that the workers be furnished with common bamboo sticks. The party never spoke to the workers about arms or armed struggle. That is how the collapse of the Shanghai uprising came about. The Right group in the party, especially the leaders of the Shanghai organization, pictured the uprising as an action of purely military forces, as a putsch", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA characterization of the party attitude towards the army was given by comrade Tchou In Lai in his report. He said to the party members; \u201cGo into this national revolutionary army, strengthen it, raise its fighting ability, but do not carry on any independent work there.\u201d Up to recently there were no nuclei in the army. Our comrades who were political advisors, occupied themselves exclusively with military and political work for the Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe C. C. of the party staked everything on the commanding staff, not on the commanding staff coming forward from the ranks, but on the old staff. With the aid of all sorts of combinations, oppositions, etc., our comrades hoped to maintain a balance of forces in the army, but it never occurred to them to capture it. In the opinion of the party leaders and the representative of the E. C. C. I., the Canton army is not the armed people but a mercenary army in which it is impossible to do any political work", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWith particular ardor does the representative of the E. C. C. I. deny the possibility of political work in the army. The December Plenum of the C. C. adopted a decision to build nuclei in the army (only of commanders, to be sure, with the prohibition against taking in soldiers ) and in January of this year, when the other Russian comrades (not for the first time) raised the question of work in the army, Comrade V. already expressed himself sharply against the organization of nuclei", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the beginning he said (to comrade Mandalyan[9]) that Moscow has decided against the organization of nuclei, then he showed the impossibility of organizing them: first, because the military command. especially Chiang Kai-Shek, would see in it the machinations of the Communists, which would strain the relations; second, because the Cantonese Army was not susceptible to influence from below", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhen it was proposed to draw workers and Communists into the army on a mass scale (very great unemployment happened to be prevalent among the industrial workers, there were a few thousand trained worker pickets in Canton as well as in Hankow), as well as peasants and members of the Peasants\u2019 Leagues, he laid it aside with pretexts, declaring that nobody would take them into the army anyway, nothing would ever come of it, there is no recruiting going on now, etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAnd since he did not dare to appear as an opponent in principle in the question of arming the workers, he discovered a thousand difficulties, and showed that the arming of the workers is absolutely unthinkable, that we can\u2019t get weapons anywhere, etc.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBesides, there are dozens of company commanders and a few regiment commanders who are Communists and have a colossal influence, there is a Communist regiment, and through all these channels an enormous work could be conducted. But out of the fear of revolutionizing the army which pervades some party leaders, the various comrades working in the army become detached from the party, are transformed into \u201cindividual\u201d Communist commanders, and, as one of the Russian comrades in charge of military work in the C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nC. declared: \u201cthey probably refuse to take workers into their sections of the army, because the workers constitute a turbulent element.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nDespite the fact that the representative of the E. C. C. I. after a long resistance admitted to us that the work of the party in the army must be reorganized, he subsequently did nothing to carry through this reorganization. We do not even know if he spoke about it to the C. C.\nThe Petty Bourgeoisie", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe lack of faith in and understanding of the masses leads quite naturally to the fact that some party leaders regard the party as a medium between circle and clique, about like the other cliques existing in China. From this comes a special passion for negotiations at the top with military leaders and with the big bourgeoisie. The whole tactic of our party in Shanghai consisted for half a year in continuous reunions with the national bourgeoisie and its representatives", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBesides, these reunions are covered up with the formula of the necessity of a bloc with the petty bourgeoisie. The bogey of the petty bourgeoisie runs to the grotesque. No peasants\u2019 power can be reorganized, for it will frighten away the petty bourgeoisie. No demands must be raised for the workers, for they will scare away the petty bourgeoisie. No strike movement must be developed, else the petty bourgeoisie will fall away. No Communist party must be developed, for it will frighten the petty bourgeoisie", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNo actions should be taken so long as the petty bourgeoisie has not taken any. In reality, however, the party leadership interests itself very little in the petty bourgeoisie, especially in the artisans and the home workers among the petty bourgeoisie, who run into the millions, if not tens of millions. The party has never applied itself to this stratum, has conducted no work there, has not attempted to make connections with them", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt occupies itself only with parleys at the top with representatives of the small and middle commercial bourgeoisie, representatives who are closely bound up with the big bourgeoisie. By this alone, the party has sanctioned the subordination of the petty bourgeoisie to the big bourgeoisie.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe petty bourgeoisie has in reality lost and is still losing more than the other sections of the population who participate in the revolution. That is just why one would think that the Communist party would have to lend its attention especially to the fact that the petty bourgeoisie should not be ruined by the inflation, the high taxes, by an insane tax system, by usury, etc. But here the party proceeds mainly along the line of restricting the demands of the workers. In the political report of the C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cWe must raise the slogan: `Discharge of the bad and greedy officials\u2019, `honesty with the people\u2019s money\u2019, etc., but not `Reduce the burdens of the people\u2019\u2014especially not in the period of the war with Mukden.\u201d \u2018When it is a question of immediately necessary social reforms in the sense of lightening the tax burdens which fall chiefly upon the peasantry and the petty bourgeoisie, and the shifting of these burdens on to the possessing classes, the party shows a fear which, to call a spade a spade, is a fear not of the small bourgeoisie, but of the big bourgeoisie and the landed aristocracy.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the days of the Shanghai general strike, when a part of the petty bourgeoisie had already joined the strike, and another part awaited a signal and a call, the Right wing in the party sought to procure the support of the big bourgeoisie under the pretext of the passivity of the petty bourgeoisie. We speak of this in our letter on the Shanghai uprising and in the letter of Tsiu Tsiu Bo.\nThe Party, the Kuo Min Tang and the Government", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe tactic of the party in the peasants\u2019 and workers\u2019 movement, as well as in the army, is really a covert support of the bourgeois wing of the national revolutionary movement. This is an inevitable consequence of the disdainful and arrogant attitude towards the masses and the purely bourgeois conception of the revolution which the Right wing of the party possesses. Not for nothing do we frequently encounter such designations as a \u201cChiang Kai-Shek Communist\u201d, a \u201cTan Shen Shi Communist\u201d, etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nand when this tactic is accompanied by the fear of raising big political questions, by the fear of perspectives, the party must fall into a narrow, business practicalism which is not far removed from reformism. Comrades Petrov and Bucharov are the most typical representatives of this Right tendency. It is with them that this petty business spirit is mostly manifested, this striving to reduce a principle question to trifles, to technical difficulties", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is not surprising that with such a conception, the struggle of Chiang Kai-Shek against the Left elements around Wang Chin Wei appeared to many comrades less as a struggle of two tendencies than as a struggle between two cliques (comrade V. furnished the \u201ctheoretical\u201d foundation for this). From this also followed the attitude towards the return of Wang Chin Wei as the salvation from all evil, the neglect of the social content of the struggle and of the necessity of mobilizing the mass movement", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cIn our opinion the most important task that stands before us is to reestablish good relations between Wang Chin Wei, Chiang Kai-Shek, and the other generals. If we cannot solve this task then the whole national movement will be absolutely destroyed.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is now more than half a year that this campaign has been conducted and Wang Chin Wei has not returned and probably never will return; in the meantime our party has bound up all its work within the national revolutionary movement with the return of Wang Chin Wei.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAll talk of the Left Kuo Min Tang, of connections with the Left Kuo Min Tang, leads in the end to Wang Chin Wei. In the meantime, the Hankow events of January 3 have shown that the Leftward developments of the Kuo Min Tang and the formation of a Left wing is only possible on the basis of a rise of the mass movement, not only a movement of the petty bourgeoisie but also of the workers and peasants. The C. C., on the contrary, and the E. C. C. I", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nrepresentative, have sought the Left Kuo Min Tang at the other extreme, occupying themselves with fishing for Left leaders from above. In conformity with this policy, there was a theory that these Left leaders must be given a part of the masses over whom the Communists had acquired the monopoly of influence.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the resolution on the report of the C. C. at the December Plenum, it says:\n\u201cIn the mass movement, we must cling to every possibility to collaborate with the Left and help them to win the masses (the peasants and the urban petty bourgeoisie).\u201d\nIt will appear then that it is not the masses who must push the leaders of the Kuo Min Tang to the Left, but that the latter must win the masses.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the question of the government, the position of the party was ambiguous. Locally, the Communists told the workers and peasants that the government is a people\u2019s government, something very close to a workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 government; the C. C., on the contrary, is of the opinion that the government is not yet a people\u2019s government that the people are not yet free. Proceeding from this, it is against the entry of Communists into the governmental organs even on a local scale", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhen some Communists were made magistrates (that is, district chiefs) in Tsiang Si, the C. C. wrote a letter on December 2 to the party committee in Tsiang Si:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe comrades are of the opinion that the government is already a people\u2019s government, that the people are already free. Further, they forget that our party is not yet the party in power, that we must not in any way enter a government in order to take up any kind of posts. Can we, if we receive the posts of two or three district chiefs, carry through the tactic of our party", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? Everyone knows that this is absolutely impossible. This would only mean that we would lose the positions from which we can now speak to the masses, that we would lose the confidence the masses have in us. The party committee must immediately correct this serious and erroneous deviation.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAll these comrades must immediately be ordered to resign or leave the party.\u201d\nThis standpoint, was also supported by Comrade V. who, in October 1926, on the proposal that the posts of certain district chiefs in Hupeh and Honan be given to Communists, declared that this would be tantamount to covering up the Right wing policy of Tan Shen Shi, and that the Communists would take over the responsibility before the masses for this policy.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe C. C., as well as comrade V., were still more opposed to Communists entering the Canton central government, not because Communist principles would thereby be soiled, as the letter of the C. C. asserted, but because they were afraid of colliding with the Right government, for entry into a government organ would have obligated them to a struggle against the Right bourgeois tendency", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is characteristic that there was no essential difference here between the positions of Borodin and comrade V., even though Borodin was for entering the government. In actuality, the latter regarded this entry as a cover for the Right policy, as a capitulation to the Right.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSince the Right wing leadership feared the government as well as the masses and showed extraordinary caution wherever it was a question of extending and deepening the mass movement, it also came to the point of minimizing the role and the significance of our party. The party concealed itself, went deep into the underground, without daring to show its face to the masses", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nYet there was no one at all from whom the party had to hide, so far as the Right and the reactionaries were concerned, for Chiang Kai-Shek as well as Feng Yu-hsiang, Tan Shen Shi and even Wu Pei Fu were in correspondence with the C. C. of the Communist Party of China through the intermediary of the Old Man. A party of 30,000 members is fed by a little weekly sheet which, moreover, fails to appear for weeks at a time", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe party is afraid to legalize itself and gives as its motive that this would surely frighten the petty bourgeoisie. In Honan, the party organization decided not to extend its work and to close its books to new members in order not to scare the petty bourgeoisie. The party leadership says:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cSo far as the political problems on the field of the national government are concerned, we must elucidate the practical political events, but we must not conduct propaganda or raise our propaganda and agitation to the level of the Kuo Min Tang propaganda\u201d.\nThe Honan Committee says in a letter on December 30:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cOur anti-imperialist propaganda is still too far advanced, it is more advanced than that of the Kuo Min Tang, which is a big mistake. We have a Left deviation. Everywhere we hear: `Long live the Communist International!\u201dLong live the Communist party!\u2019 ...\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThat is the tactic of the party, more correctly, of its Right leaders. The revolutionary movement is rising to a higher plane, the class antagonisms grow sharper. The bourgeoisie and the possessing classes in the village are conducting, together with a part of the militarists, an active struggle against the democratic tendencies. This struggle proceeds along four basic lines: 1. Restriction of anti-imperialist propaganda; 2. Restriction of the peasants\u2019 movement through armed repressions; 3", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nRestriction of the workers\u2019 movement by direct military and administrative pressure as well as by compulsory arbitration; 4. Creation of a bureaucratic government supporting itself on the army. And the Communist Party of China is yielding its positions along all these four lines. The struggle for the democratizing of the government was not conducted by the party up to the recent events in Shanghai. Even now, the party leadership has not sufficiently understood the necessity of this struggle.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt would, however, be false to draw the conclusion from this letter that our whole party is infested with opportunism. The party masses and many of the lower organizations are, on the contrary, more than healthy. But the replacement of the leading circles, or more correctly, the Right wing, is an urgent necessity. Without this replacement and the adjustment of its tactical line, the recovery of the party is unthinkable.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe responsibility for all this lies equally with the Right wing of the leadership and the representative of the E C. C. I. In tactical questions in the past he cannot be separated from the C. C.; on the contrary, every time that the party hesitated and began to seek new paths, he forced it back into the old swamp of petty combinations, tricks, of political jugglery, which have nothing in common with revolutionary tactics", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nCompletely lacking in principle, he adapted himself to the party and frequently excelled the other leaders in his zeal. Thus, infected with a capitulationist mood, he proposed after March 20, 1926 (together with Borodin) that the Communists withdraw from the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhile he declared to us that Petrov and Bucharov were opportunists, and that Ho Sun-Lin, the chairman of the Shanghai Trade Union Council, was an adventurer, he not only made no effort to help the other Chinese comrades to remove them from leadership, but on the contrary he supported them", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nDespite the fact that he saw many shortcomings in the party, which were to be explained simply by ailments of growth (for example, its narrow \u201ccircle\u201d character, its organizational formlessness thanks to which decisions adopted by the party remain on paper), he not only made no attempt to correct them, but sanctified them by reference to \u201cspecific Chinese conditions\u201d. He sent Moscow bastardized information, held back material, and concealed the real situation in the party from the E. C. C. I", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWithout principles, as well as without political courage, he viewed everything as a functionary and did not stop at pushing the C. C. into absurd decisions. For example, when the telegram arrived from Moscow saying that the Northwestern army must return to Mongolia, that is, must traverse some 660 miles, the Central Committee and its military collaborators were of the opinion that this was absolutely impossible to realize. But comrade V. brought this decision (from Moscow) before the C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nC., without deciding to show Moscow the absurdity of such an operation. But a week later, Moscow itself reported that this decision had been adopted without a knowledge of the real situation and that it had been revised after the receipt of supplementary information.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn December, comrade V. came out against participation in the government. After receiving the resolution, he declared that it was possible to enter the government, only not right away, and when the resolution was being considered together with the C. C., he announced that we had indeed always been supporters of participation in the government, which made the Old Man indignant.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSuch a representative of the E. C. C. I. can only ruin the work. Were he not here to cover up the Right wing elements with the authority of the E. C. C. I., the party would perhaps be able to fight the Right wing successfully with its own forces. Now even this will be difficult. It is not only necessary to recall comrade V., but to send here a much stronger worker who is capable at the same time of representing the E. C. C. I. and of directing Borodin.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the Central Committee itself, which now really consists of three people, Petrov constitutes the Right wing, Tsiu Tsiu Bo the Left and the Old Man the Center. We believe that by isolating Petrov and comrade V., and by letting some fresh air into the C. C. by the introduction of a certain number of workers, the Old Man who, in spite of all his defects, is a much stronger man than comrade V. and enjoys an enormous authority, could continue to be one of the party leaders", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut outside of all this, it is necessary that the E. C. C. I. should once more confirm and concretize the tactical line presented in the Plenum resolution. It is necessary that our leading comrades accord China more attention than they have up to now.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nShanghai, March 17, 1927\nN. Nassonov\nN. Fokine\nA. Albrecht\n1. It is to this alleged statement by Chiang Kai-Shek that Trotsky refers in his reply to Stalin\u2019s theses. See page 59 \u2014Tr.\n2. The reference is evidently to Voitinsky, one of the apparatus \u201cexperts\u201d on the Far East who represented the Communist International at that time in China.\u2014Tr.\n3. The date of Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019s first reactionary overturn in Canton which was carefully hushed up in the international Communist press.\u2014Tr.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n4. The initial apparently stands for Fokine, one of the signatories to this document.\u2014Tr.\n5. A Chinese mercenary general whose defeat in the Shanghai territory finally made possible the occupation of the city by Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019s troops.\u2014Tr.\n6. Despite the Slavic name, in all probability a Chinese Communist, a number of whom adopted similar pseudonyms. \u2014Tr.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n7. Tchen Du-Siu, secretary, founder and acknowledged leader of the Chinese Communist Party during the whole revolutionary period. A respected figure in the Chinese revolutionary movement, he faithfully executed the policies of Stalin and Bucharin during 1925-1927", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn 1929, he published a letter to the Chinese Communists announcing his support of the Left Opposition led by Trotsky and explaining his own part in the defeat of the Chinese revolution as well as the part played by Stalin and Bucharin under whose direction he had worked.\u2014Tr.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n9. A representative of the Russian Communist Party in China. His agreement with the views expressed in this document among others by Nassonov, who represented the Russian Young Communist League in China, caused them both to be recalled to Moscow by Stalin.\u2014Tr.\nTheses on the Chinese Revolution\nGregory Zinoviev\nTo the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the C. P. S. U.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn view of the exceptional importance and complexity of the question of the Chinese revolution, I have formulated my views on it in writing. I considered this all the more necessary because comrades Stalin and Bucharin, at the meeting of the Moscow functionaries which was devoted to the Chinese question, attributed to me views which, in reality, I do not share. I request that my theses be distributed to the members of the Plenum, since I intend to ask that they reject the decision presented by the C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nMoscow, April 15, 1927\nG. Zinoviev\nThe events taking place in China at the present time have as great a significance as the events that occurred in October 1923 in Germany. And if at that time the entire attention of our party was turned to Germany, so this must now be done with China, all the more so because the international situation has become more complicated and more disturbing to us.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAs a result of the 1923 events in Germany, the C. C. of our party called together a special conference of representatives of the local party organizations (together with the Plenum), adopted special theses, mobilized the whole party, called a special international conference through its representatives in the E. C. C. I., etc.\nThe same thing must also be done now.\n1. The Principles of Leninism and the National Liberation Movements", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe revolution in China is of world historical importance. To comprehend and correctly estimate the Chinese events, one must be thoroughly clear on the standpoint of Leninism on the character of the national liberation movement in colonial and semi-colonial countries in general.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nLenin wrote: \u201cThe social revolution can be accomplished only in an epoch that embraces the civil war of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie in the advanced countries and a whole series of democratic and revolutionary, as well as national liberation movements in the undeveloped, backward and oppressed nations.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cWhy? Because capitalism develops unevenly and objective reality shows us, side by side with highly developed capitalist countries, a whole series of very weakly, or economically not at all developed nations.\u201d (Volume XIII, page 369-370.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe national liberation movements of the oppressed nations are, therefore, according to Lenin, a component part of the socialist world revolution, although Lenin himself defines them as democratic and revolutionary, that is, so far as their immediate aims are concerned, bourgeois movements. The national liberation movements of the oppressed peoples are an element of the international socialist revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis does not, however, mean that any national movement, at every moment, in every situation, is a revolutionary factor. It only means that in the last analysis, the national liberation movement as a whole is such a factor.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA national liberation movement can pass through various stages. When the Finnish people (the bourgeoisie included) conducted its struggle against Czarism (that is, against Russian imperialism of that time), it was a national liberation struggle. At one time, the Finnish bourgeoisie, led by Svinhufvud (he himself was exiled by Czarism), fought against the imperialist government of Kerensky", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nObjectively, this undermined the power of the Russian bourgeoisie and served to prepare the victory of the Russian proletariat in October 1917. On the morrow of the October revolution, the Svinhufvuds, to whom the Soviets had just granted independence, did no less for \u201ctheir\u201d workers, who were preparing an October revolution, than to give them the butcher Mannerheim, who drowned in blood the proletarian revolution in Finland", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Finnish bourgeoisie today still conducts, to a certain extent, a struggle for its national independence. It cannot be said that Finland is an imperialist state, it can only be a \u201ctool\u201d of imperialism. In spite of this, one cannot speak at this time of the revolutionary import of the Finnish national movement", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe national liberation movement in Finland has grown over into bourgeois reaction, because the proletariat, all things considered, did not have enough power to raise the movement to a higher plane, that is, to lead to a victorious proletarian state in Finland.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAnother example: the national liberation movement in Poland. The best spirits of Russia\u2014Herzen, Tchernichevsky\u2014sympathized with the Polish rebellion. Marx and Engels, in the period of the First International, correctly considered the national liberation movement in Poland as worthy of the support of the international proletariat. The hatred of Czarism. born in Poland out of the oppression of the Polish people by the great Russian landowners, had a revolutionary significance", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNevertheless, the Polish bourgeoisie, from the inception of the imperialist war, converted the national movement, with Pilsudski at its head, into a plaything of German imperialism, and later on, into an instrument of French and English imperialism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTurkey furnishes us with a still more interesting example. The national movement in Turkey, led by Kemal Pasha, for a long time had an indubitably revolutionary character, and thoroughly deserved to be called a national revolutionary movement. It was directed against the old feudal regime in the country, against the Sultanate, as well as against imperialism, primarily against British imperialism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis movement swept along with it a tremendous mass of the peasants and to a certain degree, the Turkish working class. The Kemalist party of that time resembled to a certain extent the Kuo Min Tang of today. (But it must not be forgotten for a single moment that the working class in Turkey was of course far weaker than in China.) The Kemalist party had its \u201ccouncil of People\u2019s Commissars\u201d, it stressed its solidarity with Soviet Russia, etc., etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn a telegram from Kemal to Chicherin, dated November 29, 1920, it says literally: \u201cI am deeply convinced that on the day that the toilers of the West, on the one side, and the oppressed peoples of Asia and Africa, on the other, will understand that international capital uses them for mutual destruction and enslavement, solely for the benefit of their masters, on the day when the consciousness of the crimes of colonial policy will imbue the hearts of the toiling masses of the world\u2014then the power of the bourgeoisie wil be at an end!\u201d This did not prevent the same Kemal from cutting the throats of the Communist leaders some time later, from driving the labor movement into illegality, from reducing agrarian reform to a minimum, and in his domestic policy, from following a road to the bourgeoisie and the rich peasants", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis happened because the Turkish proletariat was too weak to create an independent class power, and to help the peasantry, under the hegemony of the proletariat, to create a directing center of the Turkish revolution which would not depend upon the liberal bourgeoisie, upon the bourgeois officers, etc., etc. Now, Kemalism is not a national revolutionary movement, it is not a sector of the socialist world revolution. The national unification of Turkey proceeded\u2014but \u201cin the Kemalist manner\u201d, i", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\ne., in the bourgeois manner, just as the national unification of Germany was achieved in its day \u201cin the Bismarkian manner\u201d, The national movement in Turkey did not grow directly into a revolutionary movement linked up with the international proletarian movement.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn Persia, the slogans of the national liberation movement were in the beginning also given lip service by the possessing classes, but were then transformed into their opposite, into the military and fascist monarchy of Riza Shah, which to a great extent is really an instrument of England", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUnder the cloak of the slogan of \u201cnational unification\u201d and of \u201cprogress\u201d (\u201ccentralization\u201d, \u201cmodernization\u201d) a regime of serfdom is really being maintained in the village and the slightest expression of political dissatisfaction by the toilers is suppressed.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNumerous such examples could be drawn from the history of the national movements in India, Egypt, etc., especially in the period of imperialist war and in the years that immediately followed.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe history of the revolution has demonstrated that every bourgeois-democratic revolution that is not transformed into a socialist revolution, inevitably goes the way of bourgeois reaction. Either it goes forward or it goes backward, but it does not remain standing on one spot. Either a rising line or else a falling line", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis law runs like a red thread through all the great revolutions, beginning with the great French revolution, through the revolutions of 1848 and the Russian revolution of 1905, up to the German revolution of 1918.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhen Lenin raised the slogan \u201cdictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry\u201d for the first Russian revolution of 1905, and defended the view that the radical victory of the bourgeois revolution could he realized only by a revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry, he wrote at the same time that \u201cthis dictatorship will inevitably be a temporary phenomenon (namely, it is either a transition to a bourgeois dictatorship and to the defeat of the proletariat, or else to the socialist dictatorship).\u201d (Lenin Collection , Volume V, page 123.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe same law applies essentially to national liberation movements. In so far as a national liberation movement and national unification proceeds under the bourgeoisie, to that extent the national liberation movements even if they gain wide scope, will at a certain time go the way of bourgeois reaction. The national liberation movements of the last decade as a whole have contributed not a little to the shaking of the foundations of imperialism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn spite of this, the concrete course and conclusion of these national movements of the past years must bring the vanguard of the international proletariat to realize in all soberness the fact that national movements in no wise always bear the same character and that so long as they remain under the leadership of the bourgeoisie, they will absolutely play an anti-proletarian role at certain periods, that they will become instruments of imperialism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nEvery national revolutionary movement is a bourgeois movement, but not every bourgeois democratic movement is a national revolutionary movement, just as every peasants\u2019 revolution is a bourgeois revolution but not every bourgeois revolution is a peasant revolution. Lenin distinguished between \u201cbourgeois- democratic\u201d movements in backward countries and \u201cnational liberation movements\u201d in those countries", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThirdly, I should especially like to emphasize the question of the bourgeois-democratic movements in backward countries. That is the point which has aroused some differences of opinion. We debated whether it was correct theoretically and in principle to declare that the C. I. and the Communist parties should support the bourgeois-democratic movement in backward countries", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe result of the discussion was that we came to a unanimous decision to speak only of nationalist-revolutionary movements instead of \u2018bourgeois democratic\u2019 movements. There is no doubt that every national movement in the backward countries can only be a bourgeois democratic movement, since the great mass of the population there consists of peasants who represent the capitalist middle class", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt would be Utopian to think that proletarian parties, in so far as it is at all possible for them to arise in such countries, could carry out Communist tactics and Communist policies in backward countries without having a definite attitude towards the peasants\u2019 movements, without actually supporting it", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut the objections raised were that if we say bourgeois democratic, the distinction is lost between the revolutionary and the reformist movements, which have become quite clear in recent times in the backward countries and the colonies, for the imperialist bourgeoisie has done everything possible to create a reformist movement among the oppressed peoples also", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA certain understanding has been arrived at between the bourgeoisie of the exploiting and of the colonial countries, so that very often, perhaps even in most cases, the bourgeoisie of the oppressed countries, despite its support even of national movements, nevertheless fights against all revolutionary movements and revolutionary classes in agreement with the imperialist bourgeoisie, that is, together with it", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis was completely demonstrated in the Commission and we believed that the only correct thing to do would be to take this distinction into consideration and to substitute almost everywhere the words \u2018nationalist-revolutionary\u2019 for \u2018bourgeois-democratic", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe sense of it is that as Communists we will support the bourgeois liberation movements in the colonial countries only if these movements are really revolutionary, that is, if their representatives do not prevent us from educating and organizing the peasants try and the great masses of the exploited in a revolutionary sense. If this cannot be done, the Communists are obliged to fight there also against the reformist bourgeoisie, to whom the heroes of the Second International belong", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThere already exist reformist parties in the colonial countries and sometimes their representatives call themselves social democrats or socialists.\u201d (Minutes of the Second World Congress , page 139-140.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe already have in these theses of Lenin the key to all the tactical problems of the Chinese revolution. Taking advantage even of an opportunist movement of the bourgeoisie and the petty bourgeoisie in the interests of the proletariat, as Communists, we do not support every single national movement, but only those whose representatives do not hinder us from educating and organizing the peasantry and the broad masses of the exploited", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe bourgeoisie of the oppressed countries has learned very well to \u201csupport\u201d the national movement with one hand, and to fight in alliance with the imperialist bourgeoisie against all revolutionary movements of the revolutionary classes with the other hand.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf we apply this to present-day China, we must say: the Right Kuo Min Tang which has been and remains the leading Kuo Min Tang, also \u201csupports\u201d the national movement with one hand, while with the other it allies itself with the imperialists (American, Japanese, and English) against the revolutionary classes (the proletariat and the peasantry).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThese fundamental directives of Lenin, which were approved at the Second Congress of the Comintern, must be kept in mind when we proceed to the solution of the problems of the Chinese revolution.\n3. The General Perspectives of the Chinese Revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe development of capitalism in China has made tremendous progress in the last two decades. It would be wrong to believe that the native Chinese capitalist bourgeoisie owns only a very small part of Chinese industry", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSixty percent of the capital in the coal industry, twenty percent in the iron industry, sixty- seven percent in the textile industry, seventy percent in the match industry, twenty-five in the sugar industry, fifty-eight of the railroads, twenty-six of the river and sea transports, belong to Chinese capitalists. Twenty-seven Chinese banks have a capital of 250,000,000 Chinese dollars. Besides this, the trading capital of the native Chinese bourgeoisie also amounts to a large sum", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn comparison, we recall the fact that at the end of the nineteenth century Russian industry also lived chiefly on foreign capital, that only twenty- one percent of its total capital was Russian (M. N. Pokrovsky\u2019s figures). The sum total of foreign capital invested in Russian industry, trade and banks up to 1917 was estimated at approximately two and one-half billion rubles. The investment of foreign capital in China is appreciably greater.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe conquest of China by capitalism will give an impetus to the overthrow of capitalism in Europe and America,\u201d wrote Engels in 1895.\n\u201cThe next uprising of the people of Europe will in all probability depend more upon what happens in the Celestial Kingdom [that is, in China] than upon any other cause,\u201d wrote Marx even earlier.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cOne can safely prophesy that the Chinese revolution will fling a spark into the powder barrel of the present industrial system, that it will provoke an explosion of the general crisis which is being prepared and which, once it has extended over the foreign countries, will follow on the heels of the political revolution on the continent.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nMarx was generally of the opinion (cf. Class Struggles in France ) that \u201cviolent upheavals happen sooner at the extremities of the bourgeois organism than at its heart, where the regulation of its functions is easier than elsewhere\u201d, In this sense he attributed a tremendous world historical significance to the revolution in China as well as to the revolution in Russia.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe proletarian dictatorship has now triumphed in Russia, while in China the revolutionary democratic dictatorship under the leadership of the proletariat can triumph and can begin to grow into a socialist dictatorship providing a correct tactic is pursued by the Chinese proletariat and the vanguard of the international working class. Then the socialist revolution on the continent and in Europe will take a huge step forward.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn China today we have almost five million wage workers, including three million industrial workers employed in the mines, on the railroads, the textile and silk factories, in the big iron mills, etc.\nThese workers are joined by a great number of artisans and small employees who can and will go along with the working class under present conditions.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSixty-three percent of the peasantry consists of poor peasants who do not possess more than two hectares of land and are exploited and enslaved by the large landowners and the kulaks. This sixty-three percent of poor peasants possesses only one-fourth of all the cultivated land", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFive percent of the rich kulaks and large landowners has thirty percent of the total cultivated land; ten percent owns twenty percent of the landed property ; the middle peasants--twenty percent of the total\u2014have twenty-six percent of the cultivated land in their hands.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe poor and middle peasantry are burdened by taxes, by high rent payments, by the despotism of the authorities, etc. Hundreds of millions of peasants can become allies of the proletariat.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf we add to this that the national bourgeoisie of China is still relatively weak, that the compradores are hated by the people; that the usurers, gentry and kulaks in the village have repeatedly provoked outbreaks of peasant uprisings (because of their suppressive measures) ; that numerous technical petty bourgeois, tens of millions of the poor city population and small tradesmen on the one side, and an important part of the intellectuals, students, on the other, are in their overwhelming majority dissatisfied with the present situation; if we remember further what great strength the Chinese proletariat has in such decisive points as Shanghai, Hong Kong, Tientsin, Hankow, etc., it becomes clear that the hegemony of the proletariat in the developing bourgeois democratic Chinese revolution is quite possible.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese revolution will be victorious under the leadership of the working class or not at all. Otherwise, the bourgeoisie will take the whole affair in its hands, in one way or another it will come to an agreement with foreign imperialism (with one group of countries or another, or with ,a single country) and then it will lead China for a certain period of time on the bourgeois road, wiping out the vanguard of the working class more cruelly than did Kemal Pasha.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe perspective of a non-capitalist (i. e., a socialist) development of China is not excluded and has much in its favor, given a correct policy", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nImperialism has not developed the productive forces of China in recent years, and it is not inclined to do it in the next few years, because (1) its own productive apparatus at home is not being completely utilized; (2) because imperialism is afraid of the growth of the native proletariat and (3) because the whole situation in China is not \u201csecure\u201d enough for imperialism, not \u201csafe\u201d enough.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe development of the productive forces in China can follow on the non-capitalist road in the epoch of world revolution in which we live. Since the U. S. S.R. exists, covering one-sixth of the earth\u2019s surface, and already has an enormous influence on the Chinese revolution ; since the proletarian revolution in the U.S. S. R. has already existed for ten years; since the C. I", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nexists, uniting the vanguard of the world proletariat in its ranks.; since national liberation movements are growing throughout the world ; since serious contradictions still divide the camp of the imperialists and since a lusty, young, rapidly revolutionized working class, comprising millions of people, exists in China\u2014the non-capitalist road of development of China is possible.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe question was,\u201d said Lenin at the Second Congress, \u201ccan we acknowledge as correct that the capitalist development of economy is necessary for the backward peoples who are now liberating themselves, among whom progressive movements have now arisen after the war", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? We came to the conclusion that we must answer in the negative. If the revolutionary victorious proletariat organizes a systematic propaganda and the Soviet governments come to its aid with all means it is wrong to assume that the capitalist stage of development is necessary for such peoples\u201d (Minutes of the Second Congress , page 142.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n(a) the working class really becomes a class fighting for itself, an independent class force, if it builds a strong Communist party capable of drawing the masses of the peasantry behind it, if it does not permit the large and petty bourgeoisie to absorb the working class into a petty bourgeois bloc \u201ccomprising the whole nation\u201d, in short, if it understands how to become in reality the leader and director of the whole revolutionary movement in China, if it takes the leadership in the unification of China into its own hands ;", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n(b) the U. S. S. R. supports the Chinese working class with all its strength;\n(c) the proletarian revolutions in the advanced capitalist countries (England, France, Japan, America) grow to maturity and if the workers of these countries understand how to prevent their bourgeoisie from strangling the Chinese revolution with military force;\n(4) the Chinese revolution finds a favorable echo in the other oppressed countries like India, Indo-China,", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe successful struggle for the non-capitalist (socialist) road of development for China is possible only if we first of all throw aside energetically and irrevocably the basic Menshevik formula: The working class must subordinate its policy in the revolution to the consideration that the liberal bourgeoisie shall not recoil from the revolution since that would weaken the impetus of the revolution.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cFrom the fact that the content of our revolution is bourgeois,\u201d Lenin wrote in 1907, \u201cthe superficial deduction is made among us that the bourgeoisie is the motive power of the revolution, that the proletariat has only secondary tasks to fulfill in this revolution, that a proletarian leadership of the revolution is impossible.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThere is no doubt that in its present stage, the Chinese revolution is still a bourgeois-democratic revolution in a semi-colonial country", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTo complete this bourgeois-democratic revolution, to give it the greatest possible scope, to help it carry through to the end the struggle against the imperialists, and to complete a real unification of China, to lead it to the stage where the bourgeois-democratic national revolution begins to grow into a socialist revolution\u2014all this is possible only when the working class succeeds in tearing the leadership of the movement completely out of the hands of the bourgeoisie, under the slogan of the agrarian revolution and in general to draw the petty bourgeoisie with it.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn other words, all this is possible only with a radical class differentiation in the camp of the national liberation movement in China, a differentiation that has begun and will from now on move forward every day", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTo fear this differentiation, to insist on the united front with the national bourgeoisie, to endeavor \u201cnot to frighten\u201d the leaders of this bourgeoisie, to construe the tactic of the united front in the Chinese revolution as an alliance of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie, and the Kuo Min Tang as a government of the \u201cbloc of four classes\u201d (Martinov, Pravda , April 10, 1927) is to extinguish the revolutionary spirit of the masses, to restrict the program of the revolution, to force it into the Procrustean bed of bourgeois-Menshevik slogans\u2014in other words, to abandon the perspective of a non-capitalist, socialist development of China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhen Lenin, at the Second Congress of the Comintern, outlined the perspective of a non-capitalist development of the backward countries, he immediately combined the perspective with the slogan of Soviets for the Ea st, and along with it preached the creation at all costs of independent Communist organizations in these countries", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nLenin said: \u201cWe must not only build independent nuclei and parties in all colonial and backward countries, we must not only immediately propagate the idea of peasants\u2019 Soviets and seek to adapt the Soviet organization to pre-capitalist conditions, but the C. I", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nmust also explain theoretically that with the aid of the proletariat of the advanced countries, the backward countries can reach the Soviet form of organization, and through a series of stages, avoiding the capitalist system, also to Communism.\u201d (Minutes of the Second Congress , page 142.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe idea of Soviet organization is simple and can be applied not only to proletarian relationships but also to feudal and semi-feudal peasant relationships. Our experiences on this field are not yet extensive", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut the discussions in the Commission, where many representatives of colonial countries were present, very decisively showed us that we must incorporate in the principles of the Communist International that peasant Soviets, Soviets of the exploited, are not only an appropriate means for capitalist countries, but are also suitable for pre-capitalist conditions, and that it is the absolute duty of the Communist parties and of those elements ready to create Communist parties, to propagate everywhere the idea of peasant Soviets, of Soviets of the toilers, also in the backward countries and in the colonies, and to make the practical attempt to form Soviets of the toiling people as soon as the conditions allow.\u201d (Ibid ., page 141.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the theses on the national and colonial questions adopted at the Second World Congress of the Comintern, after the report of Lenin, it says literally:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cEspecially necessary is the support of the peasant movement in the backward countries against the landowners and against all forms and remnants of feudalism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAbove all, we must strive wherever possible to give the peasant movement the most revolutionary character possible, to organize the peasants and all the exploited into Soviets and thereby to establish the closest possible union between the West European Communist proletariat and the revolutionary movement of the peasants in the East, in the colonies and the backward countries.\u201d (Ibid ., page 230.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf we keep in mind this highly important directive of Lenin and the Second Congress of the C. I., and if we take into consideration the tremendous movement that has now arisen among the Chinese working masses and led to the capture of Shanghai and the unification of a territory with twenty million people under the power of the national government, it becomes immediately necessary to raise the slogan of Soviets for China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese revolution has reached the point where the slogan of Soviets becomes the essential slogan.\nWhoever speaks of a non-capitalist development of China and now (after the capture of Shanghai) rejects the slogan of Soviets, does not take seriously his own words on the non-capitalist development of China.\n4. On the Class Independence of the Proletarian Movement in the Backward Countries", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe idea of the class independence of the proletarian movement and above all the idea of the creation of independent proletarian parties in the backward countries, the colonies and the semi-colonies, is one of Lenin\u2019s basic teachings on the world revolution. It is most closely connected with the idea of the possibility for these countries to avoid the stage of capitalist development under favorable conditions", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe struggle of the backward countries, colonies and semi- colonies against imperialism, which has of course a tremendous significance for the general balance of forces of the revolutionary world movement, creates for a certain time the conditions for common action of the proletariat with the non-proletarian sections of the population, for certain blocs and agreements against the common imperialist enemy", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut just because of that, the Communists must underline with special emphasis the need for the complete independence of the proletarian movement or of the proletarian elements in the movement , to say nothing of the independence of the Communist party. In Lenin\u2019s thesis approved by the Second Congress of the C. I., which retains its full force to the present day, it says on the question:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cIt is necessary to wage a determined war against the attempt to cloak the not really Communist revolutionary liberation movements in the backward countries with a Communist mantle", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is the duty of the Communist International to support the revolutionary movement in the colonies and the backward countries for the sole purpose of assembling the units of the future proletarian parties\u2014Communist in reality and not only in name\u2014in all the backward countries and of educating them to the consciousness of their specific tasks, that is, to the tasks of the struggle against the bourgeois democratic tendencies within their own countries", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Communist International should establish a temporary agreement, even an alliance, with the revolutionary movement of the colonies and the backward countries, it must not however fuse with it but must absolutely preserve the independent character of the proletarian movement\u2014even if it is still in embryonic form.\u201d (Minutes of the Second Congress of the Communist International [German edition], page 231.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe basis of the dispute between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, in the last analysis, proceeded for a long time from the question: Should a completely independent Marxian proletarian party be created in backward Czarist Russia and could the working class and its party assume the leading role in the revolution? The policy of the Mensheviks rejected this in deeds. And precisely this rejection led the Mensheviks more and more into the camp of the enemies of the proletarian revolution.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Bolshevik party, said Lenin, \u201cneed not be afraid of inflicting blows upon the enemy hand in hand with the revolutionary bourgeois democracy under the absolute provision: not to amalgamate the organizations ; to march separately and strike unitedly ; not to conceal the conflict of interests ; to watch its allies as much as its enemy,\u201d etc., etc. (Volume VI, page 130.)\nIt is just this \u201cabsolute provision\u201d that we have no right to forget in China now, otherwise we leave the road of Bolshevism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOf the Kuo Min Tang as a party we can say now, with the necessary modifications, what was said by Marx and Engels on the petty bourgeois-democratic party of Germany and on the attitude of the working class to it:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe relationship of the revolutionary workers\u2019 party to the petty bourgeois democracy is: it marches together with it against the faction whose overturn it aims at ; it opposes it in everything with which this fraction seeks to consolidate itself.\u201d (Karl Marx, Enth\u00c3\u00bcllungen fiber den Kommunistenprozess in K\u00c3\u00b6ln , page 129.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cBy the side of the new official governments, they [the workers] must at the same time set up their own revolutionary workers\u2019 governments, be it in the form of communal committees, communal councils, by means of workers\u2019 clubs or workers\u2019 committees, so that the bourgeois democratic governments not only instantly lose the backing of the workers but find themselves from the very beginning under the supervision and threats of authorities behind whom stands the whole mass of the workers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn a word: from the first moment of victory our distrust must no longer be directed against the vanquished reactionary party but against our former allies, against the party which seeks to exploit the common victory by itself . . . The arming of the whole proletariat with rifles, guns, arms and ammunition must be carried out immediately, the revival of the old bourgeois militia, directed against the workers, must be opposed . .", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn this connection [the nomination of candidates against the bourgeois democrats] they should not permit themselves to be duped by the phrases of the democrats as, for example, that the democratic party is thereby being split and the reaction is being given the possibility to triumph. All these phrases are calculated, in the last analysis, to trick the proletariat . .", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut they [the workers] themselves must do the greater part of the work for their final victory by enlightening themselves on their class interests, by adopting as quickly as possible their independent party position, by refusing to be diverted for an instant from the independent organization of the party of the proletariat by the hypocritical phrases of the democratic petty bourgeoisie.\u201d (Ibid ., pages 133, 134, 137.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSuch are the general principles which the Communists must adopt in order to solve the most important questions of the Chinese revolution, especially of the questions of the relations of the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuo Min Tang.\n5. The Chinese Bourgeoisie and Its Present Role in the Revolution\nThe basic problem of the Chinese revolution is the question: which class shall lead the peasantry?\nCan the Chinese bourgeoisie lead the peasantry behind it?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese bourgeoisie is not homogeneous: It is above all a trading bourgeoisie plus the usurer. Thanks to a whole series of reasons, in the first place thanks to the fact that foreign capital has applied the brakes to an appreciable degree to the development of this bourgeoisie, the capital accumulated in trade has been concentrated on landed property and has thereby preserved the feudal roots of the exploitation of the Chinese peasantry.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn certain districts, seventy-five percent of the total cultivated land belongs to tradesmen. The usurers take from one hundred and twenty percent to three hundred and sixty percent annual interest from the peasants. Trading capital has completely subordinated home work and hand work in the village, above all textile home work which plays a colossal role in China", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese landowner who applies feudal forms of exploitation to the peasantry, appears in the city as a merchant who is connected with the other sections of the Chinese bourgeoisie. But the civil war has begun in the village", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe peasantry is organizing itself into peasants\u2019 Leagues which already embrace five million people, it is creating its armed defense detachments, and has already entered into armed struggles against the usually firmly organized large landowners and gentry and their armed brigades, the Min Tuan.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe civil war in the village is thus already a fact and there is no doubt that the front of this war will rapidly be extended and that in this war, important sections of the city trading bourgeoisie, not to speak of the large landowners in their pure form, are already to be found on the other side of the revolutionary barricades and are grouping themselves around the Right Kuo Min Tang .", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the city, an ever more intense struggle of the proletariat against the native industrial bourgeoisie is taking place, which has burst out in an unusually broad strike wave. In the first two and a half months since the occupation of Wuhan by the national revolutionary army, 200,000 workers struck there, achieving only a thirteen-hour working day instead of seventeen, and a ten and a half hour working day instead of eleven", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUnder the pressure of the working class, which is organizing ever more strongly into trade unions, the Chinese bourgeoisie moves away from the national revolution, makes alliances with the large landowners and agrees to compromises with foreign imperialism in which it strives to unite with it for the suppression of the working class and the peasant movement.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese big bourgeoisie cannot solve the agrarian question, it cannot lead the peasantry behind it, because it is itself in large measure connected with landed property, it is leagued politically with the class of large landowners, which means that the Chinese bourgeoisie cannot lead the peasantry, that it cannot advance the revolution. The Chinese bourgeoisie is being transformed, with the development of the workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 movement, into a counterrevolutionary factor.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe crisis in the government and in the C. C. of the Kuo Min Tang is only the beginning of the political appearance of the civil war in the village and class struggle in the town. The national revolutionary government can only be partisan in this civil war, i. e., either the government of the working class, the peasantry and the city poor (and to that extent an anti-imperialist government) or else the government of the big landlords and the bourgeoisie, that is, of agreements with foreign imperialism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n6. What is the Kuo Min Tang?\nWhat is the Kuo Min Tang? We must be completely clear on this score, otherwise enormous mistakes are possible.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe organization of the party dates back to 1922, when the Communists entered the Kuo Min Tang. It found expression at the Reorganization Convention of the Kuo Min Tang in January 1924. Already at that time, the Leftward development of the Kuo Min Tang, expressed in the attempt to base itself on the masses of workers, peasants and city poor, provoked an uprising of the Canton bourgeoisie (uprising of the \u201cPaper Tigers\u201d) against this line of the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe suppression of the Canton bourgeoisie in 1924 with the aid of workers and peasants brought about an influx of these elements into the party. These elements at present form the majority of the Kuo Min Tang. The organization in Canton numbered 150,000 members in December 1926, including 32,000 workers, 30,000 students and 64,000 peasants", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf we cross out about 25 percent from the figure for the peasants, under whose flag gentry and large landowners have smuggled their way in, we still obtain an absolute majority of radical Left elements. But this Left majority does not lead the party. It is led by the Right bourgeois minority which bases itself on the commanding staff of the national revolutionary army, thanks to which the Right Kuo Min Tang continues to rule all over the territory occupied by the Southern troops", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe bourgeoisie and the large landowners not only take the state apparatus in their hands with the aid of the army staff, but they go so far as to disperse Kuo Min Tang committees that do not pursue a purely bourgeois line (Li Ti Sin\u2019s coup de force in Canton). This is how the Kuo Min Tang becomes an amorphous organization under the Right wing leadership. Meetings are almost never called together by the organizations and questions of political action and the building up of the state are not discussed", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSince there are no meetings, the members have no means of influencing the policies of the authorities. These circumstances have led to a situation where the Kuo Min Tang is largely a party that stands objectively in opposition to the Right wing which keeps the party leadership in its hands and has the supreme power locally. The Chinese Communists base themselves to a large degree on this Left majority of the party", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTogether with the Left majority they must overthrow the Right elements and remove them from the party as well as from the government. Such a purging is connected with the arming of the workers and peasants, since the Right Kuo Min Tang, which is supported by the staff of the national revolutionary army, will undoubtedly oppose with arms any attempt of the Left to take power in the state or the party. To this day the worker pickets are either unarmed or they are being disarmed by the authorities (Canton)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe peasants\u2019 leagues are armed chiefly with bamboo sticks. To arm them requires time. Therefore manceuvers from above are necessary until the revolution is better armed. At present they assume the form of giving support to Tan Shen Shi against Chiang Kai-Shek. Such manceuvers are unavoidable", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut even Tan Shen Shi will solve nothing in the question of the Leftward development of the government, for he is an even more reactionary general than Chiang Kai-Shek, a large landowner attached to Japanese imperialism, who hooked up with the Kuo Min Tang in 1926.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe official ideology of the Kuo Min Tang is the doctrine of Sun Yat Sen. Lenin characterized Sun Yat Senism as a peculiarly Chinese populism. In actuality, Sun Yat Senism \u201cin its pure form\u201d is a peculiar populism adapted to Chinese conditions, plus nationalism. Lenin called Sun Yat Sen\u2019s party a liberal party. Sun Yat Senism is the Chinese doctrine of Social Revolutionism as it existed in Russia, plus nationalism, plus Cadetism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn distinction from the Mensheviks, Lenin perceived in Russian populism not only its petty bourgeois and reactionary nature (it was a petty bourgeois. \u201cRussian socialism\u201d) but also its progressive bourgeois democratic essence, in so far as it was an expression of the maturing agrarian revolution in Russia. We must see not only its petty bourgeois national \u201csocialist\u201d, reactionary content but also its progressive and democratic essence. Sun Yat Senism expresses", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nprimarily the striving for the national unification of China, thence also to a certain degree the tendency toward the peasants\u2019 revolution. This national movement becomes in even larger measure a peasants\u2019 movement. But in Sun Yat Senism (as in the Russian populist movement in its time) the intellectuals play an important role, and in the present Kuo Min Tang they form a strong and influential wing that represents the interests of the national bourgeoisie.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn 1894, Sun Yat Sen founded the \u201cLeague for the Renovation of China\u201d (Sing Hun Fu). The party was almost exclusively bourgeois. In 1905, Sun Yat Sen organized a new party, the Tung Men Fu, which already looked for support, up to a certain point, among the peasants. In 1911, shortly before the first Chinese revolution, Sun Yat Sen laid the foundation for the present peoples\u2019 revolutionary party, the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nHe drew in the liberal bourgeoisie, the intellectuals, broad sections of the city petty bourgeoisie and the home workers, and at the same time sought connections with the working class and the peasantry.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAn honest democrat, a sincere friend of the oppressed masses, Sun Yat Sen nevertheless accorded the working class a very insignificant role in his teachings. For many years he was an enthusiastic admirer of American democracy, saw in President Lincoln his ideal and declared the social order established in the Hawaiian Islands by American imperialism to be a sort of paradise.\nJust as little elaborated in the teaching of Sun Yat Sen is the peasant question.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly in the last two years of his life, under the influence of the Russian revolution and the growth of the working class in China, did Sun Yat Sen begin to devote more attention to the labor movement and to be convinced that the working class would play a great role in the Chinese revolution.\nThe three main slogans of Sun Yat Senism are, as is known: 1. Nationalism, 2. Democracy, 3. State Socialism. Taken together they represent a nebulous petty bourgeois \u201csocialism\u201d.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is obvious that this petty bourgeois ideology can in no case be the ideology of the Chinese proletariat, whose vanguard already stands on the foundation of Marxism-Leninism. The memory of Sun Yat Sen as a sincere revolutionist who rendered inestimable services to the national liberation movement of China, can and should be honored. Sun Yat Sen can and should be regarded as an ally of the proletarian revolution at a certain stage of the movement in China", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut it must be clearly seen that Sen Yat Senism cannot be the ideology of the Chinese proletariat, only Marxism- Leninism can and should be that. Marxism or Sun Yat Senism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is often said that the present national armies are Red armies. But that is not the case. They should be compared neither with the Red Guard in our revolution nor with the Red Army, for they are neither purely proletarian detachments, as were our Red Guards, nor a peasant army, led by workers and the proletarian party, as is the case with our Red Army. The national armies are extremely heterogeneous. Their Canton nucleus has been increased by various badly organized detachments that joined it", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOf the 40 corps at present, 35 are composed of those who went over to the side of the South during the struggle. These armies consist of mercenaries with only a small percentage of volunteers. But the general situation transforms them into an excellent peasant army, revolutionary and eager for the struggle. The role of the commanding staff is unusually great. But the staff is very little to be relied on", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe commanders of the national armies are mostly elements alien not only to the workers, but also to the peasants\u2019 movement, belonging to the bourgeoisie and the large landowners. A whole host of commanders in the national army were only a short time ago in the service of the North. The Communists are a very small handful in the Army", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek belongs to the Rights, that is, to the bourgeois elements of the Kuo Min Tang, and has already repeatedly shown himself to be an open enemy of the proletarian movement, a man capable of betraying the Chinese revolution. His last declaration (March 1927), which was extolled as a \u201cvictory\u201d of the Communists and the Left wing of the Kuo Min Tang, is in reality a diplomatic chess move", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is the same language that Kerensky used for a long time towards the Central Committee of -the Social Revolutionists, when this Central Committee still sought to maintain a Centrist position, with this difference, that there is now much more real power in the hands of Chiang Kai-Shek than there was then in the hands of Kerensky", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe first coup d\u2019\u00c3\u2030tat made by Chiang Kai-Shek on March 20, 1926, was not a \u201cstruggle of ambition\u201d between Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Chin Wei (as the political philistines picture it) but a reflection of the class struggle. The victory of Chiang Kai-Shek led to the victory of reaction in Kwantung. The armed counter-revolutionary detachments (the so-called Min Tuani) hastened to break up the peasant leagues and to disarm the peasants. The old officials were brought back into the government", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe national government, up to very recently, was a tool in the hands of the generals. Only the pressure of the masses tempered the Right tendencies of the government and made some more or less radical elements enter the government (the minister for foreign affairs, Eugene Chen, is a sort of Fabian)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe national government frequently comes out openly against the workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 movement, in a whole series of places it has suppressed workers\u2019 strikes and strangled the peasants\u2019 movement, does not permit it to grow, restricts it, resorts to dissolutions and arrests and endeavors to throw the movement of the peasants and the bandits\u2019 \u201cmovement\u201d into one pot, supports strike-breakers\u2019 organizations against the workers. It rejects the most just and most elementary demands of the peasantry", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWithout granting the peasantry anything serious \u201cfrom above\u201d, at the same time it does not permit this movement to develop from below. Up to 1925, the big bourgeoisie has played first fiddle in the national movement.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nCanton was, up to a very short time ago, the main point of support of the national movement. The national government was located here for a long time. That is why it is especially important to know the attitude of the national government to the labor movement in Canton. The real wages of the Canton worker have fallen about fifty percent since 1917. The average wage of the worker in Canton varies between 3 and 10 dollars a month", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly a small number of skilled industrial workers who form the labor aristocracy (a small handful of the 200,000 workers in Canton) receives between 15 and 27 dollars a month. It is just this group of the labor aristocracy that has formed the Mechanics\u2019 Union, which does not affiliate to the class trade unions but follows the Right Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUnder the slogan of \u201ccivil peace\u201d, the national government demands of the workers that they refrain from striking \u201cbehind the front of the national-revolutionary armies\u201d, and submit all economic conflicts to the decision of governmental arbitration commissions. The workers did this readily ; but in the vast majority of cases the arbitration of the government operated in the interests of the employers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe government labor bureau draws out its arbitration decisions, subjecting the workers to starvation, save where it ranges itself deliberately on the side of the capitalists. In the Kuo Min Tang there is a \u201cworkers\u2019 department\u201d and in addition a \u201cmerchants\u2019 department\u201d, The bourgeoisie exerts its pressure on the merchants\u2019 department and in the vast majority of cases draws the official organs of the Kuo Min Tang over to its side.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOn the pretext of resisting an alleged \u201cRed terror\u201d, the bourgeoisie organizes its armed bands. In recent times it has even reached the point of the lynching of workers by employers, not to speak at all of those who are sacked from their jobs. The national government of Canton has not only frequently closed its eyes to these exploits of the employers, but even encouraged the building of yellow labor organizations under the leadership of former labor leaders who went over to the side of the employers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe government opposes arming the workers. On August 6, 1926, the generalissimo of the national-revolutionary army, Chiang Kai-Shek, ordered the disarming of the workers, their arrest and the court martial for those workers who would use their arms against the mercenary bands of the employers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn December 1926, after the departure of the government and the Central Committee of the Kuo Min Tang for Wuhan, a similar order was issued, and the workers were energetically disarmed by a mobilization of the troops for this purpose.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAfter the departure of the government from Canton, the \u201crevolutionary\u201d general Li Ti Sin dispersed the Canton committee of the Kuo Min Tang where the \u201cLeft\u201d had a \u201cfar too great\u201d influence, and he actually installed a Right wing committee. Of the 50,000 members of the Kuo Min Tang there remained only 13,000; the workers dropped away. But there are Communists in this committee also", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAnd in spite of that, this \u201crevolutionary general\u201d arranges ceremonial receptions for the delegation of the Communist International that comes to Canton. By their participation, however, the Communists cover up all these exploits of Li Ti Sin, who is the real master of Canton.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe police of the national government have continually defended the strike-breakers\u2019 unions against the real labor unions. Under the protection of the police, the employers have repeatedly suppressed strikes. In October 1926, a detachment of armed soldiers of the 25th regiment of the 3rd army swarmed into the railway car shops late at night and opened fire upon the workers., leaving a number of dead and wounded", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis \u201cincident\u201d took place in connection with a peaceful industrial conflict on the railroads, in which the provocation of the Right Kuo Min Tang people played no small part.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhat is happening in Canton, is also taking place over all the territory occupied by the national armies. The provincial governments imitate the Canton central government. In July 1926, the shooting of workers and arrest of Communists took place in Wutchau, Kwangsi province. The pretext was that the striking workers were disorganizing the rear of the Northern Expedition. Among those shot were three workers who had participated in the Hong-Kong strike.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe same things happen to the peasant organizations. In Tun Yang Sen, a detachment of the peasant guard was mercilessly destroyed.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the province of Hupeh, there were a series of cases in October and November 1926 where peasants organizations were dissolved. In Ma Tchin Tan, for example, ten men were fatally wounded in the dispersal of a demonstration of workers and peasants. In Hunan, during the dissolution of a peasant organization, one of the leaders of this organization was hung", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Right Kuo Min Tang people actually direct the most important governmental organs and army corps and utilize them to smash the workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 movement. The district captains and commanders of the army corps in various localities act in concert against the workers and peasants, while the courts and the press of the Kuo Min Tang wink at it.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe official government demands that all politics shall be excluded from the program of the peasant leagues. The peasant organizations are labelled \u201crobber bands\u201d, In the organs of the Kuo Min Tang the following declarations can be read: In June 1926, the journal THE RIGHTS OF MAN wrote: \u201cWhat is the present misfortune ... We believe it lies in the robber bands and the organizations of the peasantry mixed up with them", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Republican Gazette writes in the leading article of its issue for July 17, 1926: \u201cThe peasant organizations continue to incite only unrest, they destroy the peace of the villages.\u201d The Go HUA likewise assails the peasant organizations.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe reduction of farm rents by 25 percent was \u201cdecided\u201d while Sun Yat Sen was still alive. But it has not yet been carried through, for the whole apparatus of the national government and the Kuo Min Tang is connected by a thousand threads with the bourgeoisie, and through it with the large landowners.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe national government has pursued an impermissible policy towards the workers in the most recent times. On January 5, 1927, the Canton government, in accordance with a decision of the Central Committee of the Kuo Min Tang, published a new law on strikes which forbids the workers to carry weapons during demonstrations, prohibits special strike pickets, and sets up compulsory arbitration for the workers in almost every trade", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe representatives of the national government have repeatedly decided directly in favor of the bourgeoisie against the workers, the merchants against the commercial employees., and so forth, in the proceedings of the compulsory arbitration commissions. A whole series of cases are known where the followers of Chiang Kai-Shek dispersed workers\u2019 meetings (in Hankow) which did not suit him, etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nEven the existence of the trade unions has not yet been recognized, and the workers\u2019 organizations in Canton and elsewhere under the national government can be considered to this day as \u201cillegal organizations\u201d.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe revolution has not only not assured the working class the eight-hour day, but has not even assured him one day of rest in the week, nor labor insurance, nor broad social legislation. The master and the factory owner can still subject the coolie and the worker to corporal punishment. The position of the industrial worker in China is even now still extremely miserable, only very little better than that of the coolie.\nThat is how matters stand with the labor question.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Kuo Min Tang formally numbers 300,000 members. The government officials enter the party \u201cout of reasons of service\u201d, Its organization is indefinite in the extreme. No one can say exactly what is the basic unit of the party, or where the party begins and where it ends. The influence of the average party member on the policy of his leaders is extremely weak. but the Central Committee has extensive powers and is at the same time politically unreliable in the extreme.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nActually, an almost unlimited power rests in the hands of Chiang Kai-Shek and the other generals.\nPerhaps the reorganization of the Central Committee undertaken at the last Plenum of the Kuo Min Tang will mean a few improvements. But the fact is that besides the Political Bureau there has been created a \u201cspecial committee\u201d with very far-reaching and little defined full powers.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn social questions, the Central Committee of the Kuo Min Tang has frequently had a policy that recalls the policy of the Cadet party in old Russia. The government has granted few real economic improvements to the workers and peasants. The political legislation of the Kuo Min Tang is equally niggardly and steeped in bourgeois principles.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn our Communist press, especially in the press of our party, the real essence of the Kuo Min Tang, unfortunately has up to now been painted in glowing colors. The Kuo Min Tang government has been explained among us and continues to be explained as a \u201cgovernment of the whole population of China\u201d or as a \u201cbloc of the four classes\u201d, etc.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAs though Marxism no longer applied to China, and as though a government \u201cstanding above the classes\u201d could exist there! The average reader of our press must have received the impression that the Kuo Min Tang people are \u201calmost\u201d Communists (who differ with us only on \u201cdetails\u201d) and that what is taking place in China at present is already all but a socialist revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nEven the putsch of Chiang Kai-Shek on March 20, 1926, when the Russian Communists were arrested in China, was not mentioned by a single word in our press, and the workers of the U. S. S. R., just as the whole international proletariat, knew nothing about this event. Only very recently, in March 1927, did the first article appear in the review of the E. C. C. I., which lifts the curtain a bit over what is happening in the Kuo Min Tang. In this editorial article, we read:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe national government is already in the hands of the Center, which has lately been tending in most cases outspokenly toward the Right. To an even higher degree is this the case with the provincial governments of the South China state . . . To the Right Kuo Min Tang belong important statesmen, representatives of the bourgeois strata of China and the like", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBy their past, their present, their social and political connections, the Right Kuo Min Tang people are predestined to reach agreements with the imperialists, to reject thoroughgoing social reforms, to stem a further development of the revolutionary workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 movement\u201d Die Kommunistische Internationale , No. 12, March 22, 1927, page 554.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the same article we read that the Kuo Min Tang and the national government are seriously concerned over the growth of the labor movement and are issuing laws which are really directed against the right to strike.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhen, after all this, the leading article of Die Kommunistische Internationale declares that \u201cthe Kuo Min Tang is now suffering from a lack of revolutionary workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 blood. The Chinese Communist Party must concern itself with an appropriate blood supply, then the situation will change radically\u201d (Ibid ., page 557)\u2014such a unique diagnosis and peculiar manner of treating anaemia only attests the profoundly erroneous attitude of the editors of the review themselves.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe recent victories of the national armies have greatly extended the territory of the Kuo Min Tang, by including Hankow and Shanghai, two centers of large laboring populations. Under favorable circumstances, this can lead to a strengthening of the Left wing of the Kuo Min Tang. But even now there is also noticeable a parallel strengthening of the Right wing", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOne part of the Chinese bourgeoisie, doubtlessly with the full approval of the foreign imperialists, is revising its attitude to the Kuo Min Tang, is going over to its side, endeavors to enter it with the aim of getting at the head of the organization in order to behead the organization.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe bourgeoisie is streaming into the ranks of the Kuo Min Tang, which is also gaining other new members from the commanders of the new troops. that flow into the national army. These two sources lead to the strong growth of the Right wing. Without having the masses at their disposal, the Rights are strong through their close connection with the whole state and military apparatus\u201d (from an article by L. Heller, the official representative of the R. I. L. U. in China).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut one must not lose sight of the fact that in the process of the victories of the Canton armies they have been joined by many camp-followers who can easily be utilized against the interests of the worker and peasant masses, if the Communist party and the revolutionary Left wing of the Kuo Min Tang will not be constantly on guard for the interests of the revolution,\u201d writes Rafes (The Revolution in China , page 131), even Rafes, who together with Martinov, sinks back most obviously into Menshevism in the problems of the Chinese revolution.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTo compare the present Kuo Min Tang with the workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 Soviets, even if only of the February 1917 period and the remaining of the Chinese Communists within it with the participation of the Russian Communists in the Soviets, of that time, is to make a gross error. In the first place, the Kuo Min Tang has in its ranks only 300,000 members (out of a population of 400,000,000) while tens of millions of people were represented in the February Soviets", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the second place, the Bolsheviks, when they went into the February Soviets, maintained the complete independence of their own party, which is not the case in China. In the third place, if the Kuo Min Tang is the same thing as the Soviets were, then why raise objections to the slogan of Soviets in China?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe Kuo Min Tang is a cross between party and Soviets \u201d, said comrade Bucharin in the meeting of the Moscow functionaries on April 4, 1927.\n\u201cThe Kuo Min Tang is a sort of revolutionary parliament, with its Pr\u00c3\u00a6sidium, the Central Committee,\u201d said comrade Stalin in the same meeting, and added: \u201cChiang Kai-Shek is a head higher than Tseretelli and Kerensky, for by force of circumstances he is leading a war against the imperialists.\u201d\nThe one assertion is as false as the other!", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf the Kuo Min Tang is a cross between party and Soviets , then why would it not accept the slogans of Soviets? The present leaders of the Kuo Min Tang will surely be against this slogan.\nIf the Kuo Min Tang is a revolutionary parliament, the struggle of the parties there is inevitable and necessary. Then why does not the Chinese Communist Party enjoy complete political and organizational independence in this revolutionary parliament?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTo \u201cspeak Russian\u201d, the Kuo Min Tang can sooner be compared with the old party of the Social Revolutionists (plus part of the \u201cLeft\u201d Cadets) of the days when this party was still progressive.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut it would be more correct to compare the present Kuo Min Tang with the Kemalist party of 1920. At that time, the Kemalist party posed strenuously as a revolutionary, \u201calmost\u201d Bolshevik party, coquetted with the workers, called the peasant masses to its side, permitted collaboration with the Communists, called its government a \u201cCouncil of People\u2019s Commissars\u201d, etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut after it had bided its time, it drove the Communists into illegality, slit the throats of a number of their leaders (the murder of comrade Soubkhi and others) and formed a bourgeois national government with a conservative internal policy.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNaturally, Turkey is not to be compared in everything with China. Above all, there exists a numerous working class in China which is capable of playing a great revolutionary role. This basic difference must not be forgotten for a moment. But the working class of China will be able to play this role politically only when it becomes an independent force, when it ceases to be an appendage to the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThen the fate of the Kuo Min Tang also, with a correct tactic on our part, will be different from the fate of the Kemalist party. There are many honest supporters of an alliance of the proletariat and the peasantry among the Left Kuo Min Tang people. With a more correct tactic, the Left Kuo Min Tang people would make the final break with the Right, and thereby be enabled to create a mass organization capable of playing a great revolutionary role", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? \u201d That is how the imperialists put the question (Peking-Tientsin Times , March 6, 1927). The greatest danger for the world revolution, especially for the U. S. S. R.., would be such an evolution of the Kuo Min Tang, that is, a victory of its Right wing and a compromise of this \u201cKemalist\u201d wing, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek or some one else, with American or Anglo-American imperialism. Such a conclusion would be worse than the situation we had before the taking of Shanghai", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt would open the Chinese markets to \u201cpeaceful\u201d conquest by international imperialism, which would serve to consolidate capitalist stabilization. It would free the hands of imperialist England and hasten the moment of a possible expedition of international imperialism against the U. S. S. R. The danger of such a conclusion must absolutely be seen.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOn this ground alone, we absolutely have the duty: to tell ourselves and the whole working class the whole truth about the present Kuo Min Tang, to keep the whole international proletariat well informed on this matter, to make no attempt to give diplomatic solutions to questions arising in reality out of the class struggle. The utilization of one general against another in the interest of the revolution, is necessary", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut this game with the antagonisms and rivalries among generals cannot replace a class line. Our orientation is towards the masses. Just as the struggle between the Right and Left Social Revolutionists had a tremendous significance at a certain stage of our revolution, so the present struggle between the Left and Right Kuo Min Tang also possesses no small significance. But in any case, we need a Chinese Communist Party which is independent of both the Right and the Left Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese party is comparatively young. Only after the four month political strike in Shanghai (June to October 1924) and the almost one and a half year boycott strike of the Hong Kong workers (beginning in June 1925), did the Chinese Communist Party begin to grow till it reached 15,000 members (and about as many in the Young Communist League). In the Chinese trade unions, however, there are about one and a half million workers and the young Communist party exerts a strong influence upon them", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese Communist Party also has a certain influence upon the peasants\u2019 leagues, which, under somewhat favorable conditions and a correct policy, will grow even more rapidly.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese Communist Party is a component part of the Kuo Min Tang under exceedingly ambiguous conditions. It assumes the obligation not to criticize Sun Yat Senism, a teaching that has nothing in common with Marxism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAs a T. A. S. S. telegram of March 23, 1927 reports, (this telegram was not made public in our press) the Plenum of the Kuo Min Tang of March 13, 1927, decided among other things: \u201cNothing shall be published in the organs of the Communist party that disturbs the collaboration of the Chinese Communist Party with the Kuo Min Tang.\u201d Such a formulation signifies in reality the prohibition of criticism of the Kuo Min Tang by the Communist Party of China", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Communist organizations are really pretty amorphous. In the eyes of the people, the Communists share the responsibility for all the actions of the Kuo Min Tang, including those directed against the workers and against the peasants, for they abstain from any sharp criticism of the Kuo Min Tang. In their agitation among the masses of the people the Communists never, or almost never, appear in the name of their own party but in the name of the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn this manner the Communist face of the party is frequently lost in its contact with the masses. Despite the collosal scope of events, the Communist party does not possess its own daily paper to this very day, or in general, any widely circulated Bolshevist press, although it already has ministers in the National government. The lack of a Communist daily paper really signifies the lack of a Communist organizing center. In a word, the Communist party is really transformed into an annex of the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis is so true, that even in the Chinese party \u201cthere are people who do not consider it possible to kindle the revolution in the village, since they are afraid that to draw the peasantry into the revolution will disrupt the anti-imperialist united front\u201d, (Stalin at the Seventh Plenum of the E. C. C. I.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe political and organizational dependence of the Communist Party of China on the Kuo Min Tang makes it impossible for the party to fulfill its duty either to the working class or the peasantry.\nThe political line of the Communist Party of China is an extreme zig-zag. Its basic orientation is neither clear nor stable. The June 1926 Plenum of the C. C. of the Communist Party of China, for example, adopted the following resolution:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe alleviation of all these sufferings is an urgent demand of the Chinese people. This\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 is not Bolshevism. It can however be said that this is a Bolshevism in the name of our people but not in the name of Communism. . . .", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThey [the bourgeoisie] do not understand that such a minimum of class struggle as is expressed in workers\u2019 organization and strikes in no way weakens the fighting capacity of the anti-imperialist and antimilitarist forces. What is more, they do not understand that the welfare of the Chinese bourgeoisie depends upon the success of the war carried on together with the proletariat against the imperialists and militarists, and not upon the continuation of the class struggle of the proletariat.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis viewpoint is absolutely non-Bolshevik ; it is really a Menshevik standpoint. With such a policy of the Communist party the defeat of the working class in the Chinese revolution is guaranteed. But simultaneous with this ultra-Right deviation we also observe ultra-Left moods among the Chinese communists. Declarations something like this: \u201cThe Kuo Min Tang died on March 20, 1926, and since May 15 it has putrified", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSo why should we support this rotting corpse with our hands?\u201d (Die Kommunistische Internationale , March 1, 1927, page 409) are naturally false. As a Communist organization the Kuo Min Tang could not die, for it never was one. As a petty bourgeois organization, which has a strong bourgeois kernel at its center, it is by no means dead", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSuch ultra-Left moods are explicable only as a reaction to the false ultra-Right, almost Menshevik policy, to which the erroneous political attitude of the Communist Party of China is leading.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAbove all the Communist Party of China must apply in their entirety the theses of Lenin adopted up by the Second Congress of the C. I., for they alone give a correct orientation which assures the victory.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Communist Party of China must be legalized in the territory occupied by the national army. For the most part the Communist party is illegal even here, for the leaders of the army suppress the Communists at every opportunity. A Communist mass press must be created. The Communists must speak to the masses in their own name.\n8. The Communist Party of China and the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFor the Communist Party of China to remain in the Kuo Mia Tang at all costs radically contradicts the theses by Lenin adopted by the Second Congress of the C. I. The advocates of this course apparently imagine the line of development as follows: first we will drive ahead to the complete victory of the national army, i. e., to the unification of China, then we will begin to separate the Communist party from the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn other words: first let us make the bourgeois revolution in alliance with the bourgeoisie, and then the proletariat will start acting as an independent class force with a fully independent working class party, etc. This is a Menshevik conception through and through.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOne national unification can be entirely different from another. It is well known that after the revolution of 1911 China was unified under Yuan Shi Kai (a cross between a Chinese Stolypin and a Witte). Then, China was unified under Wu Pei Fu (the Tchihli period), the present ally of Chang Tso Lin. It is well known how ephemeral was the unification of China under Sun Yat Sen in the beginning of the revolution of 1921, for there were not yet any real class forces capable of assuring this unification.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the course of the struggle for unification itself, the Chinese proletariat must conquer the leading role. For if the unification is to proceed under the leadership of the bourgeoisie (even the most democratic) the conditions for the further struggle of the proletariat will become much worse. The entrenched national bourgeoisie can impose far more unfavorable conditions upon the proletariat than at present", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe proletariat must serve the cause of China\u2019s unification\u2014 that is the formula of the Chinese bourgeoisie. The national unification of China must serve the cause of the Chinese and international proletariat\u2014that should be the formula of the working class. For the proletariat cannot free itself without freeing the whole world.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe bourgeois revolution and the socialist revolution in China are not separated by a \u201cChinese wall\u201d, But the bourgeois revolution can grow and finally develop into a socialist revolution only if the proletariat conquers an ever greater leading r\u00c3\u00b6le in the bourgeois revolution itself. Lenin insisted on this point:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe C. I. should establish temporary agreements, even an alliance, with the revolutionary movement in the colonies and the backward countries, but it must not merge with it, rather it must absolutely maintain the independent character of the proletarian movement\u2014be it only in its embryonic form.\u201d Moreover, in China the proletarian movement is no longer in an embryonic form. The internal contradictions in China, as in every great revolution, are maturing very swiftly.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Communists can and must support the national armies and the National government. The Communists can and must, under certain conditions, even enter the National government. Lenin was for the entry of the Bolsheviks into a provisional revolutionary government but naturally he was against entry into a provisional government like that of Prince Lvov or Kerensky.\nThe Chinese Communists can enter the National government upon the following conditions:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n1. Complete political and organizational independence of the Communist Party of China; full opportunity for it to carry on its agitation, propaganda, organizational work, arming of the workers, etc.\n2. Full opportunity for the Communists to criticize the half-measures and mistakes of the Kuo Min Tang before the masses.\n3. Strictest control by the Communist party itself and the Communist International over its representatives in the National government.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n4. Full opportunity for the Chinese Communists to raise the slogan of Soviets and to defend this slogan before the masses the moment the party judges it opportune.\n5. The platform of the government must be of a kind that does not hinder us in the \u201ceducation and organization of the peasantry and the broad masses of the exploited in a revolutionary spirit\u201d (Lenin).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe participation of the Communists in the National government without these conditions is pregnant with enormous dangers and may positively break the backbone of the young Communist Party of China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf we have a few ministers in the Kuo Min Tang movement, but not a single daily party paper, then such a situation is more than dangerous for the young Communist Party of China, and forces one to doubt that the Communist ministers will accomplish their responsible task. It can be said with certainty that the participation of the Communist ministers in the National government will compromise the party if it remains an annex to the Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is only from the leading article in Number 12 of the journal, Die Kommunistische Internationale (March 1927) that our party learns for the first time that\n\u201cThe June Plenum of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party decided on the following tasks with regard to the Kuo Min Tang:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201c1. to pass over from the policy of an alliance from within to the policy of a bloc; (2) to work out a clear independent political line; (3) to strive towards having the urban petty bourgeois democracy become the foundation of the Kuo Min Tang; (4) to see to it that the Kuo Min Tang is not built up as a centralized party, that its local organizations\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 should rather take on the form of clubs. (March 22, 1927, page 555.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFurther on it is reported that the Communist Party of China considers indispensable the organization of a Left faction in the Kuo Min Tang. The editorial of Die Kommunistische Internationale is of the opinion that \u201call these decisions must be revised\u201d, Yet the basic tendency of these decisions is undeniably correct. A \u201crevision\u201d is rather needed of the line that allows the Communist Party of China to remain an annex of the Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIs the entry of a Communist party into a non-Communist organization permissible in general? There are cases where it is admissible, where the peculiarity of the situation even makes such a participation necessary. We had such a situation, for example, with regard to the English Labor Party. The Comintern decided at its Second Congress that the English Communists must enter the Labor Party. Lenin motivated this necessity by the peculiarity of the situation.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nHe said: \u201cWe must keep in mind that the English Labor Party is under especially peculiar conditions: it is a very unique party, or more correctly, it is not at all a party in the ordinary sense of the word. It consists of the members of all the trade unions, which now number about four million adherents, and it gives all the political parties that belong to it ample enough freedom of movement.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe English Communists, Lenin continued, \u201chave sufficient freedom to write that these or those leaders of the Labor Party are traitors, that they defend the interests of the bourgeoisie and are their agents in the labor movement . . . When the Communists have such freedom ... they ought to join the Labor Party . . . under such conditions it would be a mistake not to enter the party.\u201d (Works , Volume XVII, page 303.) But only under such conditions.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBesides this, the following must not be lost sight of: Lenin did not express himself for the participation of the English Communist Party in the Labor Party at a time when a revolution was already under way in England, but in a relatively \u201cpeaceful\u201d period in English life. The example of the recent English general strike has shown that the relations between the Labor Party and the Communists immediately sharpen as soon as the movement rises.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nChina, however, is passing through a period of revolutionary rise. The movement is growing and the contradictions between the working class and the bourgeois section of the Kuo Min Tang are also growing.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNaturally, the Kuo Min Tang cannot simply be compared with the English Labor Party. On the one hand, workers predominate in the English Labor Party. There it is a question of the united front tactic with members of our own class. Despite this, we ought not forget the following words of Lenin on the English Labor Party:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cNaturally the Labor Party consists for the most part of workers; but it does not follow from this that every party composed of workers is politically a workers\u2019 party. That depends upon who leads it and upon the content of its actions and its political tactics. Only the latter determine whether we have before us a real political party of the proletariat", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFrom this only correct standpoint, the Labor Party on the contrary is a thoroughly bourgeois party, even if it is composed of workers, for it is led by reactionaries, and the very worst ones at that, and completely in the spirit of the bourgeoisie.\u201d (Works , Volume XVII, page 301.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOn the other hand, the Left Kuo Min Tang, in so far as it works together with the Communists, objectively plays the role of an anti-imperialist factor in the present period. Herein lies naturally a colossal difference. At the same time, however, it must also not be forgotten that worker elements do not predominate in the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUp to now, bourgeois elements have played a great role in the leadership of the Kuo Min Tang, elements who are capable even tomorrow of becoming allies and accomplices of imperialism in one form or another, to one degree or another. The Right Kuo Min Tang leaders are already the allies of imperialism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt must be remembered that the Kuo Min Tang as a whole fights against imperialism only up to a certain point. The Kuo Min Tang demands the annulment of the unequal treaties imposed upon China, the abolition of the crassest forms of customs dependence, but no more. It must be remembered that so far as customs dependence is concerned, England for example, considered it possible to meet India half way, and thereby disarmed a section of the Indian national bourgeoisie", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt must be clearly seen that the Right and the Center of the Kuo Min Tang are passionately steering towards a compromise with America, Japan and even England, that they will attempt to get loans from them, etc. It is entirely possible that the present struggle of the leading kernel of the Kuo Min Tang against imperialism will quickly give way to an agreement with imperialism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe should also have no illusions about the \u201cLeft\u201d leaders of the Kuo Min Tang, especially about Wang Chin Wei. At the decisive moment, they may prove to be not one whit better than the \u201cLeft\u201d leaders of the English Trade Union Council. But everything possible must be done to lead the Left Kuo Min Tang people on the revolutionary road, without being transformed into a tail of the Lefts, who are themselves the tail of the Rights.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn principle the question must stand so: The Chinese Communists can and must adhere to the Kuo Min Tang, but only under the conditions which Lenin agreed to for the entry of the English Communist Party into the Labor Party. Up till now, this has not been the case.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn the present military and political situation, the Communist Party of China can and must remain in the Kuo Min Tang, but only in order to gather its forces, to begin immediately to rally the masses under its banner, to conduct a relentless struggle against the Right Kuo Min Tang and to strive for their expulsion and destruction", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOur slogan under the present circumstances is not withdrawal from the Kuo Min Tang, but the immediate announcement and realization of the complete and unconditional political and organizational independence of the Communist Party of China from the Kuo Min Tang, that is, the complete political and organizational autonomy of the Communist Party of China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Communist Party of China must declare openly that it no longer assumes any obligations which restrict its political and organizational independence in the slightest, and that so far as it has previously assumed such obligations it now annuls them. The Communist Party of China, in a manifesto and in a series of leaflets to the people, must set forth the grounds for such a declaration. The Communist Party of China must immediately create its daily press.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe line for the Communist party remaining in the Kuo Min Tang at any price leads not only to uncritical eulogies of the Kuo Min Tang, not only to cloaking the class struggle in the Kuo Min Tang, not only to the suppression of facts that cry to high heaven about the shooting of workers and peasants and the worsening of the material position of the workers, but also to the direct disorientation of the parties of the Comintern, including also the Communist Party of China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA big meeting called by the French Communists in Paris on March 23, 1927, at which the leaders of the Communist Party of France, Semard, Monmousseau, Cachin and others appeared, sent the following telegram to the Kuo Min Tang:\n\u201cThe workers of Paris greet the entry of the revolutionary Chinese army into Shanghai. Fifty-six years after the Paris Commune and ten years after the Russian, the Chinese Commune marks a new stage in the development of the world revolution.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe French Communist workers are apparently being told that the present Kuo Min Tang is the Chinese Commune!\nThe organ of the German Communists, Die Rote Fahne , prints a picture of Chiang Kai-Shek on March 17, 1927, and presents him as the leader of the revolutionary workers of China, without explaining to the German worker who Chiang Kai-Shek really is. Die Rote Fahne of March 18, 1927, reports that \u201cthree million Chinese workers are in the ranks of the Red International of Labor Unions\u201d.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOne of the largest papers of our Russian party, Worker Of Baku , interprets the position of our party in the Chinese question in such a way that it gives the National government the advice \u201cto carry on temporarily the policy of Brest-Litovsk on the field of international policy\u201d, (Worker Of Baku , April 5, 1927.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Worker Of Baku forgets that the \u201cpolicy of Brest\u201d was correct after the seizure of power by the proletariat, after the establishment of the Soviet republic. But our party could in no case have proposed the policy of Brest to the government of Kerensky, for example. The government of Scheidemann and Hasse, after the overthrow of Wilhelm, also embarked upon a \u201cpolicy of Brest\u201d, but this does not lead to the victory of the proletarian revolution but to the victory of the bourgeoisie", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe policy of Brest practised by social democrats signifies Versailles, and at the same time the victory of the bourgeoisie over the proletarian revolution. The policy of Brest carried through by Chiang Kai-Shek would signify the alliance with Anglo-American imperialism. The Worker Of Baku makes the \u201clittle\u201d mistake of identifying the government on the Kuo Min Tang with a proletarian government", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOf course, if this \u201clittle\u201d mistake is permitted, then the Kuo Min Tang may be allowed to crush workers\u2019 strikes, and it may also be called the \u201cChinese Commune\u201d, The Right and the moderate Kuo Min Tang people will be quite able to come to an agreement with Anglo-American imperialism without the Communists.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut the climax of the mistake is reached by the secretary of the Communist Party of China, comrade Tchen Du-Siu, when he signs the joint declaration of the Kuo Min Tang and the Communist Party of China on April 5, 1927. It says:\n\u201cEven if our basic views are not alike in all details , we must be united.\u201d The suppression of workers\u2019 strikes, the disarming of the workers and the shooting down of workers and peasants are merely \u201cdetails\u201d!", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe document denies the rumors that the \u201cCommunist party is preparing to organize a workers\u2019 government, that it wants to invade the concessions by force, and overthrow the government of the Kuo Min Tang.\u201d As if the occupation of the imperialist concessions by the workers were the same thing as the overthrow of the Kuo Min Tang government. It is absolutely false. In Hankow the workers occupied the concessions and that did not at all signify the overthrow of the Kuo Min Tang government", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nInstead of elevating the revolutionary elements of the Kuo Min Tang to the level of the vanguard of the working class, the Communist Party of China itself sinks in this appeal to the ideological level of the Kuo Min Tang leaders. Such a way of putting the question is pregnant with the greatest dangers.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAt the same time the appeal expresses the idea that the present form of collaboration of the Communist party inside the Kuo Min Tang may be replaced by the form of \u201calliance\u201d of the two parties. Obviously a section of the Communists insisted on that.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOur position is not at all the one of converting the Kuo Min Tang into a \u201cworkers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 \u201c party which is to replace and absorb the Communist party. The idea that we do not need workers\u2019 parties in the East, but workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 parties is a complete break with the ideas of Marx and Lenin. There never were any \u201cworkers\u2019 and peasants\u2019\u201d parties that could defend the cause of the workers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe ideal of a \u201cworkers\u2019 and peasants\u2019\u201d party was realized in Georgia by Na Jordania, but everyone knows what role Georgian Menshevism actually played. The Kuo Min Tang is a petty bourgeois organization which we are now supporting in so far as it fights imperialism . The peculiarity of the situation even permits our collaboration within the Kuo Min Tang, if only our political and organizational independence is assured one hundred percent", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut if the Kuo Min Tang leaders force things to a point where the Communist Party of China is not given the possibility of working together with the Kuo Min Tang under such conditions (that is, under the conditions of complete organizational and political independence), that is, if they expel the Communists from the Kuo Min Tang, the Communist party must not draw back in fear even from that", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nEven then, of course, it will apply the policy of a bloc towards the Kuo Min Tang, so long as the Kuo Min Tang will fight against the imperialists. But the complete political and organizational independence of the workers\u2019 party is something that must not be lost sight of for a single moment .", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is however entirely possible that with a correct tactic of the Comintern and the Communist Party of China, the Left Kuo Min Tang elements will be sufficiently strong to repel the Rights and create the possibility for the Communists to remain within the Kuo Min Tang under the conditions specified above", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut if the Communists do not immediately raise the question openly of their complete organizational and political independence, if the Communists relinquish aiding the Left Kuo Min Tang people to create their own faction against the Right, then the political victory of the Right Kuo Min Tang is not out of the question. This victory would have the most ruinous consequences for the whole Chinese revolution, and would do the greatest damage to the cause of the world revolution in general.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly such a policy can insure the leading role of the working class in the Chinese revolution, and the drawing over to its side of the peasantry and the whole petty bourgeoisie.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cTo the question whether the leading role of the proletariat in the bourgeois Russian revolution is possible, we answer: Yes, if the petty bourgeoisie inclines to the Left in the decisive moments, and it is being pushed towards the Left not only by our propaganda but by a series of objective factors of an economic, financial (the burdens of the war), military, and political nature, etc.\u201d (Lenin, Against the Stream.) That is how Lenin wrote in the year 1915.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly with a correct, independent class policy can the Communist Party of China help the petty bourgeoisie incline to the Left in the Chinese revolution, to the side of the proletariat.\n9. On the Slogan of Soviets", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAt the present moment, after the capture of Shanghai, now that the National government possesses a territory with 200,000,000 people and large workers\u2019 centers are at its disposal, after the great workers\u2019 strikes have aroused the peasants\u2019 movement, the time has arrived when the slogan of building Soviets can and must be issued, of workers\u2019, peasants\u2019 and toilers\u2019 councils, of Soviets in which the soldiers of the National army also must have their special representation, Soviets to which the representatives of the bourgeoisie should not be admitted", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Second Congress of the Comintern (compare above) already spoke of the necessity of propagating the Soviet idea even in the East, of creating them at the first opportunity. This moment has arrived in China. Only the building of Soviets is capable of preparing and assuring the non-capitalist road of development in China. Only the building of Soviets can create a better form for the working class leadership of the whole national liberation movement of China", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly the Soviets can shatter the old bourgeois governing apparatus and begin to create a new one, for up till now the old officials have in reality still been administering.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe present platform of the Soviets could be about as follows:\n1. Nationalization of landed property (this demand is also contained in the first program of Sun Yat Sen. It must be interpreted in a genuinely Bolshevik sense.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n2. Genuine agrarian revolution (not mere reform) with all its consequences, that is, the complete emancipation of the poor and small peasantry from rent payments and from their debts, destruction of all vestiges of feudalism, etc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n(the Kuo Min Tang program of recent date is extremely indefinite: (1) firm regulation of the tax rate ; (2) abolition of all special taxes ; (3) reorganization of rural administration; (4) improvement of the conditions of the peasantry; (5) disbandment of all armed detachments formed against the peasants; (6) prohibition of usury; (7) establishment of maximum rent payments, etc., etc. At all events this is not the program of an agrarian revolution.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n3. Nationalization of the railroads.\n4. Eight-hour day for the workers (and a whole series of other labor laws).\n5. Annulment of the \u201cunequal treaties\u201d, and also the raising of the question of foreign debts.\n6. Confiscation of the Chinese shops and factories (large and medium). Nationalization of the Chinese banks, if their owners combat the national revolution.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n7. As a perspective, the confiscation of the foreign shops and factories, the concessions, as well as of plantations and other landed property, etc. The buying out of those foreigners can be permitted who enter into an agreement, and the application of confiscation to those who participate in intervention.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n8. Creation of a regular and genuine Red army, that is,, a workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 army, which is led by workers and not by career officers (the latter must be drawn in and utilized in the spirit of the Russian experiences of the first years of the revolution).\n9. Arming of the workers.\n10. Emancipation of women.\n11. A series of laws that extirpate the remnants of feudalism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Soviets in China must of course be adapted to Chinese conditions, that is, wherever necessary \u201cto adapt them to pre-capitalist conditions\u201d (Lenin). Under present conditions, the immense majority of the population can and must have access to the Chinese Soviets, above all the immense majority of the peasantry", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Soviets in China cannot be an organ of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the present period, but an organ of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the peasantry and the poor city population.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAs the next slogans for the peasants we must now raise the following:\n1. Abolition of rent payments or at least their immediate reduction by fifty percent.\n2. Suppression of illegal taxes and collectives.\n3. Out with the gentry!\n4. Disarmament of the Min Tuan.\n5. Arming of the peasantry.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNecessary also is the organized arming of the revolution, that is, the creation of Soviets as real centers of the revolution (the Soviets can become the arena for the activity of the Kuo Min Tang as well as of the Communists) . The masses of the people who sympathize with the Kuo Min Tang will support the idea of building Soviets if we follow a correct policy", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWherever we succeed in conquering city administrations the Communists must do everything possible to arm the workers and to transform the municipal organs into points of support of the revolutionary movement, and deepen the movement against the bourgeoisie and against the large landowners.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is understood that in case of a victory of the Soviets in China, a \u201cChinese\u201d N. E. P. would also be necessary, with even greater concessions to the petty bourgeoisie in the beginning.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Communist Party of China must take the offensive with an open and broad propaganda for Soviets and the program indicated above, without in any way permitting the Kuo Min Tang to tie its hands in this regard. This would be a serious political test for the Left elements of the Kuo Min Tang. This would also signify the attainment of the real political and organizational independence of the Communist Party of China. It would also mean a real deepening of the workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 movement in China", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA real force would be created against the imperialists and a serious guarantee that the whole present struggle would not in the end be transformed into a mere struggle between the North and the South without any deep social content.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe numerous slaughters of the English and American imperialists cannot be brought to a halt by abandoning the attempt to raise the movement to a higher stage. The imperialists will be satisfied only if all affairs are turned over to the Right Kuo Min Tang people, that is, to the hands of the bourgeoisie, which will be transformed tomorrow into an agency of imperialism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe assault of imperialism can be brought to a halt only when still greater masses of workers and peasants are brought to their feet, when they are armed, when Soviets are created that can organize the resistance of tens and hundreds of millions of the Chinese people against imperialism under the slogan: Victory or death!", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese revolution is becoming the point of convergence of international imperialism. Here is the spot, here is the place where (for the time being to a small extent) the armed military forces of international imperialism have gathered. Here the possibility of a united front of the imperialists of the largest countries is beginning to appear in outline, although it is still far from being firmly established", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Nanking massacre shows how bestial international imperialism becomes as soon as it perceives the first great victories of the Chinese revolution.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe complete victory of the Chinese revolution threatens the imperialists:\n(a) with direct loss of billions (concessions, etc.) ;\n(b) with the loss of markets, particularly in an epoch when the problem of markets is becoming decisive ;\n(c) with the extension of the revolutionary \u201ccontagion\u201d to India, Indo-China, etc.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis also explains the fact that American imperialism, which up till now best understood how to mask its hostility towards the Chinese revolution by an outward benevolence, is apparently giving up its temporizing attitude.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe presence of considerable armed forces of international imperialism in the harbors of China, in the settlement of Shanghai, etc., creates a tremendously difficult situation for the Chinese revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut there is no doubt that with a correct and audacious policy on the part of the Chinese revolution, the imperialist brutalities will only unleash still greater forces in China, will only lead to the disintegration of the \u201creliable\u201d sections of the imperialist armies, and will call forth an outbreak of indignation among the workers of Europe and America. Only thus can the united front of the imperialists be forestalled", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cAnd India and China are seething. More than 700 million people live there. Add to them the Asiatic countries adjacent and similar to them, and they are more than half of the population of the earth", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThere the year 1905 is approaching, irresistibly and ever swifter, but with the essential and tremendous difference that the 1905 revolution in Russia (at least in the beginning) could pass away isolated, that is, without immediately drawing other countries into the revolution also, while the revolution maturing in India and China is already being drawn now into the revolutionary struggle, into the revolutionary movement, into the international revolution.\u201d (Works , Volume XVIII, Part 2, page 74.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf Lenin in 1922 was of the opinion that China \u201cis seething\u201d, what would he say about it now, in 1927?\nThe Chinese revolution can triumph only if it draws other countries into the revolution, if it draws them \u201cinto the international revolution\u201d.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly when it goes over to the struggle for the Soviets can the Chinese revolution get the highest degree of sympathy and support from the international proletariat. \u201cFor the Chinese Soviets\u201d\u2014this appeal will meet with much more understanding and support from the international proletariat than the slogan \u201cFor the Kuo Min Tang\u201d.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNo matter how great may be the vacillations, as well as the attempts to shift the Right Kuo Min Tang people to the foreground as more \u201cacceptable\u201d to international imperialism, as possible \u201cmediators\u201d, etc. \u2014all such attempts can only destroy the cause.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe whole Northern expedition was conceived by Chiang Kai-Shek not as an expedition of the revolution against the counter-revolution, but more as a strategic step that would ease the position of isolated Canton. It is no credit to Chiang Kai-Shek that the powerful movement of the workers and peasants transformed this expedition, in part at least, into an expedition of the revolution against the counter-revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe masses themselves, millions of workers and tens of millions of peasants, infused the national struggles with a social, revolutionary content, against the leaders of the Kuo Min Tang and in any case against the Right leaders of the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe events that accompanied the Northern expedition, the surging of the masses, their ebullition, show how much combustible material there is in China, what inexhaustible reservoirs of strength lie in the Chinese revolution, how great are the possibilities for deepening the Chinese revolution and giving it a tremendous impetus.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe foreign and domestic position of the Chinese revolution are closely connected.\nThe imperialists are extending their tactic in the present period on two fronts.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOn the other hand, they are preparing a direct war against the national revolutionary movement and have already begun it in part. In all the harbors of China a war fleet is being concentrated. The strategic points are being occupied. Troops are being brought in greater numbers. The bombardment of Nanking is not merely an episode, but signifies a bloody \u201cbeginning\u201d which may be followed by a terrifically bloody continuation", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFeverish military preparations are being made in the foreign settlements not only in Shanghai, but also in Canton. It is not out of the question that in the very next period the masks will be thrown off and foreign imperialism will undertake an open punitive expedition against the Chinese revolution, and without troubling itself about anything, will attempt to establish Tchang Tso-Lin and their other direct agents \u201cas the masters of China\u201d.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOn the other hand, the imperialists would rather come to an agreement with the \u201cmoderate\u201d (not merely the manifestly Right) elements of the Kuo Min Tang, and are working towards this end not only through bribery and \u201ccaresses\u201d but also through intimidation, ultimatums, etc.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAmerica, Japan and France would undoubtedly prefer a \u201cpeaceful\u201d agreement with the \u201cmoderates\u201d, a splitting of the national movement and a \u201ccompromise\u201d, so that the forms of the exploitation of China, but not the essence, would be somewhat changed. This road, in the final analysis, would also be preferred by the most responsible circles of English imperialism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe imperialist armies sent to Shanghai came too late to help Sun Tchuan Fang, but they can now become at the proper moment the allies of the Right Kuo Min Tang people.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThere is only one way to overcome both these dangers: to bring to their feet all the workers and tens and hundreds of millions of peasants, to impart a clearly expressed social character to the national movement, not to be afraid of scaring away the bourgeoisie, to step forward energetically on the road to the creation of Soviets, to drive the agrarian revolution forward immediately, to proclaim the eight-hour day immediately, to bring real aid immediately to the poor population in city and country at the cost of the rich and the well-to-do, to give the whole movement the strongest impetus by beginning to break through the bourgeois bounds", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnly thus can the offensive of the imperialists be repulsed. Only thus can the Rights and the \u201cmoderate\u201d betrayers in the camp of the Kuo Min Tang be rendered harmless. Only thus can the Chinese revolution be saved. Only such an avalanche can halt the foreign imperialists. The endeavors to act in such a manner as \u201cnot to scare away\u201d the Chinese bourgeoisie, as \u201cnot to rebuff\u201d the Rights and the moderate Kuo Min Tang leaders, as \u201cnot to irritate\u201d the foreign bourgeoisie, will only ruin everything", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAs soon as the imperialists will see such endeavors, they will become ten times more insolent and the bourgeois sections of the Kuo Min Tang will take the treasonable steps.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhile we are doing everything for the mobilization of the international proletariat against the war danger, we must at the same time help to Chinese revolution to step forward resolutely, to rise higher, without fear of flinging the Chinese bourgeoisie into the camp of reaction.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe argument that the Chinese bourgeoisie \u201ccannot\u201d betray the Chinese workers because it \u201cneeds them for the struggle against foreign imperialism\u201d, is a Menshevik argument. The Mensheviks always said that the Russian bourgeoisie would indeed like to betray the workers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nbut \u201ccould not\u201d because it \u201cneeds them for the struggle against czarism\u201d, (Martinov now that he has joined the Bolshevik party, repeats the same Menshevik platitudes with regard to the Chinese revolution that he preached with regard to the Russian revolution when he was a Menshevik.) In reality, the Chinese bourgeoisie has already begun to betray the national revolutionary movement (not to speak of the proletarian movement) as soon as it saw that the working class did not want to be only an instrument in its hands against the foreign bourgeoisie, but raised independent tasks of its own", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA consistent revolutionary policy against foreign imperialism presupposes a consistent revolutionary policy with regard to the leaders of the Chinese bourgeoisie, that is, the Right Kuo Min Tang people, and vice versa.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSo long as the supreme command remains in the hands of Chiang Kai-Shek, so long as the most important government posts remain in the hands of the Kuo Min Tang people, so long as these representatives of the bourgeoisie have their most serious point of support in the Central Committee of the Kuo Min Tang, so long does the cause of the revolution continually find itself in serious danger", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBetrayal from within (whether direct or indirect, rapid or slow) is under the present circumstances much more dangerous to the Chinese revolution than the bombardment of Nanking and the occupation troops of Shanghai", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf the former co-fighter of Sun Yat Sen, Chiang Tsu Ming, could go over to the counter-revolution, then why should this be impossible for Chiang Kai-Shek, who has already shown himself to be the enemy of the workers and the peasants, upon whom the whole imperialist press is staking, concerning whom the most influential organs of imperialism maintain that he is carrying on secret negotiations with Tchang Tso-Lin", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? Leave the supreme command in the hands of this person (even if under certain control) and it will be such indecisiveness that it is a symptom of the greatest internal dangers. If the Communists take even the slightest political responsibility for this, they are treading a very precipitous path. They must leave it immediately.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n11. The International Situation As A Whole\nThe events of the recent period confirm over and over again the whole relativity of the stabilization of international capitalism. The situation in China is as tant as a violin string. No matter how the next period may develop, the world equilibrium will in any case become ever more precarious. The perspective of a new war (or new wars) draws increasingly closer. Ever more blasting powder is accumulating in world politics.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe encirclement of the U. S. S. R. becomes ever more distinct. The last note of Chamberlain is not only a \u201cnewspaper feuilleton\u201d, is not only a \u201cbone thrown to the Diehards\u201d (the differences between the two factions of the English Conservatives should in general not be exaggerated), but is undoubtedly a diplomatic preparation for more energetic steps. This note is an \u201cincision\u201d whose purpose it is to permit English diplomacy at the proper moment to pass over to more sharply effective methods", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe united front being prepared by American and English imperialism in China can, under certain conditions, become pregnant with great misfortune for Europe also.\nA certain strengthening of the partial stabilization in Germany leads to the strengthening of the \u201cWestern\u201d sympathies of the German bourgeoisie. The more zealous German diplomacy is of late, the clearer it becomes that the moment is approaching when it may also join in the anti-Soviet front in one way or another.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nItalian Fascism has entered completely into the sphere of influence of England (recognition of the annexation of Bessarabia by Rumania). In Lithuania a fascist coup d\u2019\u00c3\u2030tat was carried through, without doubt with the approval of England. In Poland the class antagonisms are sharpening which can, all other conditions being equal, accelerate Pilsudski\u2019s adventurist designs", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUnder such conditions, the treaties of non-aggression concluded with Latvia and being prepared with Poland, are naturally not the slightest serious security for the U. S. S. R., although they do have a certain positive significance for the U. S. S. R.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe attacks upon the institutions of the U. S. S. R. in Peking and the other large cities of China were undoubtedly organized by England and also enjoyed in part the support of America. They are links in a whole chain of a deliberate policy of provocation with which, of course, the U. S. S. R. neither has had nor will have anything to do. The Peking coup was counted on to provoke sharp measures by the Soviet government in Manchuria, and thereby to draw Japan into the struggle against the U. S. S. R", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nand free the hands of England and America. But among other things it is also counted on to facilitate the work of the Right elements in the Kuo Min Tang and above all to frighten the most moderate leaders of the Kuo Min Tang", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is also not impossible that Chamberlain, by referring to \u201cdocuments\u201d which are being forged after the raids and the arrests of our comrades by the Northern troops, will take a new step in the struggle against us, will contrive a campaign in the whole bourgeois press of the world, and will perhaps go to the length of breaking of diplomatic relations with the U. S. S. R.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis will be all the easier for Chamberlain, since the General Council of the Trade Unions is obviously ready for any baseness. The day after the \u201chearty\u201d deliberations of the Anglo-Russian Committee in Berlin, the General Council, together with the Central Committee of the Labour Party, declared that it deplored the \u201cinsult to the British flag in China\u201d and proposed to submit the \u201cconflict\u201d with the National government to the League of Nations, that is, for the same Chamberlain to decide.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOur answer to the action of the imperialists in Peking must be twofold: (1) on the one hand, not to fall into the trap, to answer the provocation with calmness, restraint, and the continuation of the policy of peace; and (2) at the same time to do everything in China itself to deepen the mass movement, to arouse ever broader sections of the toilers against the imperialists, against their lackeys in the North and against the Right Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBy and large, the international situation is becoming tenser than it has been for a long time.\nThe Chinese question is becoming the main question of the immediate destiny of the world revolution. It may exercise a direct influence on the immediate destiny of the U. S. S. R. It is right now that the moment is arriving which Lenin foresaw when he wrote in his political testament:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cIn order to insure our existence until the next clash between the counter-revolutionary imperialist West and the revolutionary and nationalist East, between the civilized states of the world and the states that have remained backward in the Eastern manner but which form the majority, this majority must achieve its civilization. We are also lacking in civilization for passing directly over to socialism, although we possess the political prerequisites for this.\u201d(Works ,", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhether we \u201cget a breathing space for a second time\u201d (Lenin, Ibid.) whether the new crusade against the U. S. S. R. will fail, as it \u201cfailed as a result of the antagonisms in the camp of the Eastern and the Western exploiters, in the camp of Japan and America\u201d\u2014those are the things to which Lenin attached decisive significance.\nThat is why the very greatest responsibility, now rests upon our party and the whole Comintern.\nThe tactical problem of the present moment consists essentially of this:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n1. Along with rendering assistance from every point of view to the Chinese revolution, we must at the same time do everything possible to prevent the extension of an open intervention of international imperialism against the South.\n2. The U. S. S. R. must pursue, as before, a policy of peace, calling upon the toilers of every country to aid in defending the cause of peace which now finds itself in very serious danger.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n3. At the same time, everything possible must be done to drive the Chinese revolution forward as far as possible and to exert all forces so that it will not only have a merely national, but also a deep social character.\n4. To this end, we must endeavor to create genuine centers of the revolutionary movement of the worker and peasant masses of China, namely, Soviets.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n5. The Communist Party of China must be assisted to achieve real political and organizational independence at all costs. Everything must be destroyed that binds and limits the independence of the Communist Party of China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe disarming of the workers of Shanghai, the shootings of the Shanghai workers by the commanders of the National Armies, the arrest of the chairman of the Shanghai Trade Union Council, the disarming of the workers in other cities of China\u2014all these are events of the greatest significance.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe present leaders of the Kuo Min Tang are directly taking over the role of Chinese Cavaignacs. The shootings and disarming of the workers in Shanghai are leading directly, from an international viewpoint, to the embracing of the foreign imperialists. The latest events confirm completely the line that is developed in the accompanying document.\nMoscow, April 14, 1927 G. Zinoviev\nSpeech of Vuyo Vuyovitch\nDelivered at the eighth plenum of the E. C. C. I.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nComrade Bucharin began his speech with a historical presentation. Permit me to carry his historical exposition further from where he broke off, for the history of the great revolutionary movement in China does not end on the eve of the march to the North, on the contrary, it is precisely here that its most important phase begins.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBefore all, however, a few words on our policy in China up to the Sixth enlarged Plenum of the Communist International, that is, up to the spring of 1926. Yesterday, comrade Petrov, basing himself on numerous quotations, demonstrated here that the principal decisions and the policy of the Chinese party as well as the decisions drawn up by the E. C. C. I. before and after the Sixth Plenum were correct.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nI am very thankful to comrade Petrov for proving, on the basis of quotations, not only that comrade Zinoviev participated actively in the establishment of the political line in China up to the spring of 1926, but also that all the decisions of principle of the Chinese party and the Communist International at that time were correct.[1]\nThat is the best answer to the contentions of comrade Bucharin.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is highly gratifying that comrade Petrov wants to share the responsibility for the policy in China before the Sixth Plenum of the C. I. but he exaggerates when he asks that comrade Zinoviev assume the responsibility for the policy that was carried out in China since the Sixth enlarged Plenum of the E. C. C", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nI., that is, since the march to the North; for it is a notorious fact that all the decisions on the political independence of the Communist Party of China, on the necessity of preserving its own physiognomy, were practically trampled under foot only in order to maintain the bloc with Chiang Kai-Shek at any price.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nComrade Petrov even went so far as to adduce here quotations from the decisions of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in July 1926, in order to show that the Communist Party of China always had the intention of preserving its independence and an independent policy. Petrov, or perhaps comrade Martinov, submitted the decisions of this Plenum to a severe criticism in Number 11 of Die Kommunistische Internationale . The official organ of the E. C. C. I", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\ncondemned these decisions and proposed to the next congress of the Communist Party of China to revise them. Now, after the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek, comrade Petrov comes along and bases himself upon the decisions whose revision he had asked for, and he wants to prove thereby that the Communist Party of China had a correct policy. Surely, there is no greater hypocrisy than this.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe said in our theses, and we repeat it here: the Chinese Communist Party repeatedly endeavored to correct its line and to leave the bloc-at-any-price with Chiang Kai-Shek, and we proposed in our theses to send a telegram instantly to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, saying that the decisions of the July Plenum were correct in essence and that their realization must be begun immediately", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUnfortunately, all the attempts of the Chinese party to correct its political line and its false tactics, encountered the formal opposition of comrade Borodin and the representative of the E. C. C. I. in China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf you want to know what the practical execution of these decisions looked like, the decisions which comrade Petrov condemned two months ago but praised here yesterday, then have the letter of the three comrades from Shanghai laid before you and you will get a vivid picture of what went on in China and continues to go on. You will then grasp much more easily how the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek was possible.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut let us return to history. It was said here that the Opposition remained silent up to the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek and that it is now endeavoring to utilize this coup d\u2019\u00c9tat for its \u201cfactional\u201d purposes. How do matters really stand?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAfter the Sixth Plenum of the E. C. C. I., comrade Radek sent his first communication to the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in July 1926 and asked for an answer to a series of questions that were arising in China, so that he could bring his activity as rector of the Sun Yat Sen University in harmony with the political line of the party. This letter remained without an answer", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn view of the great events that were taking place in China, comrade Radek, at the beginning of the school year, sent a second letter to the Political Bureau with the request for enlightenment, the essential points of which were as follows:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201dThese are questions that require an answer:\n\u201d1. The establishment of a military dictatorship of Chiang Kai-Shek after March 20, 1926 and our attitude toward this dictatorship. The difficulty of this question lies in the fact that Chiang Kai-Shek is the leader of the Kuo Min Tang and that Borodin supports him formally. Our intervention against Chiang Kai-Shek has a very great political significance here.\n\u201d2. The balance of the work of the Kuo Min Tang among the peasants.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201d3. The demand of the Kuo Min Tang that the Communists renounce their criticism of Sun Yat Senism.\n\u201d4. Should the Kuo Min Tang work among the proletariat?\n\u201d5. How should we support the Left elements of the Kuo Min Tang?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201d6. The question of the semi-Menshevik tone of the last manifesto of the Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Party of China, in which it says: we must carry on a minimum of class struggle and when the policy of the Communist party is designated as Bolshevik, it is not a matter of Bolshevism but of Bolshevism in the interests of the whole nation.\n\u201dI consider it my duty to raise these questions and beg you to call upon me to make a report.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAfter comrade Radek had sent the second letter in July 1926, he took up all these important questions again in September 1926. Absolute silence was the only answer of the Political Bureau.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn January 1927, comrade Radek again took up the most important questions of the Chinese revolution in a series of lectures which he gave in the Sverdlov University in accordance with instructions. But the course of events was so rapid and the dangerous mistakes had accumulated to such an extent, that af ter the Hankow crisis, comrade Radek considered it his duty to raise these questions openly. Only then did he finally speak in the Communist Academy, where he posed the questions in the following manner:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201dThe conclusive fate of the Chinese revolution will be decided in Hankow and not in Shanghai. Not the immediate military successes are decisive for the progress of the revolution but the issue of the class struggle inside the national revolutionary movement. Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019s generals are shooting the workers and peasants almost everywhere and are mobilizing for the decisive struggle", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Left Kuo Min Tang and the Communist party have to muster the courage and the necessary forces to drive away the Right wing and to take over the leadership of the movement", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTo this end, the workers and peasants must be armed immediately, workers\u2019 and peasants\u2019 detachments must be formed in the army, the agrarian revolution must be consummated, the social questions must be solved by fulfilling the demands of the workers and above all the organizational independence of the Communist party must be established, for this independence does not exist in reality and we must fight for the achievement of real homogeneity in the national-revolutionary movement.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhat was the answer of the historian Bucharin and of the other comrades of the majority who \u201cforesaw everything and whose prognoses were confirmed by the facts\u201d?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nInstead of examining seriously the questions raised by comrade Radek, they raised a cry about panic, and since just at that time there followed the settlement of the conflict with Chiang Kai-Shek, his \u201csubmission\u201d and his declaration of loyalty towards the Central Committee of the Kuo Min Tang, a great shout of victory was raised. But they forgot that in the revolution, as in every other thing, the bourgeoisie never submits to resolutions, but only to armed power.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA few days later Shanghai was taken, and a new shout of victory was raised.\nIn the meantime, the development of events showed that Chiang Kai-Shek\u2019s march on Shanghai was not a march against the imperialists but a march towards the imperialists in order to establish contact with the imperialist armies stationed in Shanghai, in order to provide himself with a rear guard, and in this way to prepare the execution of the coup d\u2019Etat that had ended in failure a month previously.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWhy did they raise a cry about panic, instead of adopting immediately the necessary measures for the dispatch of the enemy in our own ranks? Because of the false evaluation of the events in China, because of the underestimation of the bourgeoisie and the role it plays in the Chinese revolution. What were the most characteristic answers?", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n1. The bourgeoisie would already like to fight against the workers and peasants, but it cannot do it, because it is above all anti-imperialistic and it needs the workers and peasants for its struggle against the imperialists (Martinov).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n2. The big bourgeoisie wants to eliminate feudalism in China in order to create the economic foundation for the development of industry. Therefore, it marches against the feudal militarists of the North and against the imperialists who support the remnants of feudalism (Bucharin).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n3. The bourgeoisie is a minority in the revolutionary parliament which is constituted by the Kuo Min Tang. It subordinates itself to the majority composed of the Left wing and the Communists. It can do us no harm, we have all the means to utilize it in our own interests and then to cast it aside (Stalin).\nIn my opinion, there is no essential difference between these three viewpoints which, unfortunately, I have not the time to analyze.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut once I have assumed the role of historian, I would like to bring a really historic speech to your attention, which might otherwise remain unknown to history. That is the speech of comrade Stalin to the party workers of Moscow on April 6, 1927, that is, almost at the very moment when workers\u2019 blood flowed in streams in the streets of Shanghai", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nI take the risk of being accused of lack of loyalty, or of making personal attacks, for comrade Stalin did not touch upon the question yesterday, since he probably counts it among the personal questions. Nevertheless, I made exact notes and hope to render the content of this speech faithfully enough to preserve my calling as a former translator at congresses of the Comintern. Comrade Stalin will always have the opportunity of rectifying unintentional inaccuracies by laying his stenogram before us", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese revolution differs from the Russian revolution of 1905 by the fact that it is primarily anti-imperialistic. The essential error of comrade Radek consists of not comprehending that the tempo of development of the revolution in China cannot be so rapid as he would wish", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nHe is impatient; he would like the events to develop rapidly, he does not comprehend that the Russian revolution of 1917 had many difficulties to overcome although the imperialists were divided into two camps at that time which strove against each other; the Chinese revolution will have still greater difficulties, for the imperialists are making a united front in China. That is why the tempo of development will be slower", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nRadek appears here with very revolutionary slogans: Break with the Right Kuo Min Tang, drive away the Right\u2014a few more of such r-r-revolutionary slogans and the Chinese revolution is lost. Out of the false estimation of the international situation, of the Chinese revolution and its tempo of development, result all the other mistakes of Radek. The Kuo Min Tang is a bloc, a sort of revolutionary parliament with the Right, the Left and the Communists. Why make a coup d\u2019\u00c9tat", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe peasant needs an old worn-out jade as long as she is necessary. He does not drive her away. So it is with us. When the Right is of no more use to us, we will drive it away. At present, we need the Right. It has capable people, who still direct the army and lead it against the imperialists. Chiang Kai-Shek has perhaps no sympathy for the revolution, but he is leading the army and cannot do otherwise than lead it against the imperialists.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBesides this, the people of the Right have relations with the generals of Tchang Tso-lin and understand very well how to demoralize them and to induce them to pass over to the side of the revolution, bag and baggage, without striking a blow. Also, they have connections with the rich merchants and can raise money from them. So they have to be utilized to the end, squeezed out like a lemon and then flung away.\nThis, mind you, was said three days before the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat .", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Chinese revolution is being led by a broad revolutionary party, whose Central Committee forms a sort of revolutionary parliament. The hegemony belongs to the Communists. If the Communists\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 provoke the Kuo Min Tang, they will be beaten and the hegemony will be transferred to the Right, etc.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn what manner did comrade Stalin view the massacres of workers and peasants by the generals of the national armies, these \u201cindividual questions\u201d with which comrade Bucharin cannot occupy himself from Moscow? Comrade Stalin said: There have been such and there will be more of them. It would be ridiculous to think that a revolution which has lasted two years already, could proceed without that. Do we conceal this", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? No, that is not true. We do not conceal this, but we do not want to exaggerate it in our press, and Stalin concluded with the assurance that there are ways, other ways than those proposed by Radek, to achieve our aim, not so swift it is true, but more certain.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis speech was delivered a few days before the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat . It was never made public. We protest against the confiscation of the articles of the Opposition, against the silence imposed upon us, but we are democratic enough to protest also against the silence that comrade Stalin has imposed upon himself, against this self-confiscation, which in all likelihood is to replace self-criticism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAnd after all this, our new historian, comrade Bucharin, appears here and becomes indignant that comrade Zinoviev in 1925 did not foresee the course of events in 1927 and allowed Hu Han Min to speak before the enlarged Executive in 1926", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut comrade Bucharin forgets to read the very next paragraph of comrade Zinoviev\u2019s pamphlet, in which Zinoviev, already in 1925, launched the slogan of the arming of the workers and peasants, a slogan that could not be carried out by you, because you wanted to maintain the bloc with Chiang Kai-Shek at any price", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIf you had armed the workers and peasants of China at the right time, the course of the revolution would have been quite different and the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek would have been made impossible.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nTo be sure, the secret directions of the Political Bureau of March 3 were quoted here. If these directions actually signified a change of the political line in China, why did it not have any effect at all upon the attitude of our press and upon the content of the speeches which comrade Stalin and comrade Bucharin made a month later to the Moscow party workers", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? If it was really understood that the line was false, that it must be changed, that another attitude must be adopted towards the big bourgeoisie and Chiang Kai-Shek, why was confusion sown in the ranks of all our parties, why was there such a fear to admit the mistakes committed? The directions of March 3 only make the political responsibility of the majority and the responsible organs of the Comintern greater, for this body concerned itself with the Chinese questions, at any rate not the Praesidium.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nInstead of that, comrade Stalin, on April 6, 1927, accused comrade Radek of understanding nothing about the Chinese revolution, which was above all anti-imperialistic. The principal task consisted of triumphing over the militarists of the North; to break with the Right prematurely would signify the destruction of the revolution. We need not hurry, we need not insist, for the big bourgeoisie is obedient, and we are utilizing them", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA remark in passing: it was not we who utilized the big bourgeoisie, but they who utilized us, by hastening to occupy more than half the territory that the Kuo Min Tang held at that time and to slaughter thousands of proletarians so as to carry through the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek\u2026.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nUp to now, all the mistakes committed in China have been justified by saying that this was \u201ca special tactic\u201d, corresponding to the \u201cspecial conditions\u201d and due to the role of imperialism in China. Today, imperialism has completely disappeared from the presentation of comrade Stalin. Not a word on imperialism in China. The agrarian revolution has stepped into the place of imperialism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn its name, the attempt is now made to justify an equally false policy, in the same way that the false policy before the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek was justified by the role of imperialism in China.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut where was the agrarian question before the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek? Was not the agrarian revolution an essential point of the whole national revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? Because before the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat you had postponed the solution of the agrarian question, the completion of the agrarian revolution on the land and, in like manner, the arming of the workers and peasants, only in order to maintain the bloc with the bourgeoisie, which, according to Bucharin, was thoroughly anti-feudal and anti-imperialistic. Formerly, you wanted to use the bourgeoisie in order to beat the militarists of the North and to exterminate the feudal remnants. We have seen the successes", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt was demonstrated that the Chinese big bourgeoisie can fight against the remnants of feudalism just as well as the big bourgeoisie of other countries who have achieved the same level of capitalist development.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNow, comrades, you say that the agrarian revolution in China stands on the order of the day, and you contend that the Hankow government has been appointed to complete the agrarian revolution and to direct it. Formerly you said: Chiang Kai-Shek must not be driven away, he will not betray us. We, on the contrary, told you that the militarists of the North and the imperialists can be beaten only by removing the big bourgeoisie and Chiang Kai-Shek from the leadership of the Kuo Min Tang army", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis time, you are repeating the same mistake with the Hankow government, by contending that the petty bourgeoisie has been appointed and is in a position to carry through the agrarian revolution in China. You say: No Soviets before the agrarian revolution! Only after the Left Kuo Min Tang will have completed the agrarian revolution, only when we will have utilized them in this sense, will we be able to build Soviets in China", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe answer you and appeal to the Chinese workers and peasants: You will never have the agrarian revolution under the leadership of the petty bourgeoisie. You are continuing the same false and criminal policy that prepares a repetition of the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek and this time a coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of the vacillating Left leaders of the Kuo Min Tang and the generals of the national army of Hankow.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe government of Hankow will be able to accomplish the agrarian revolution only when the hegemony of the proletariat is guaranteed on this territory", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAnd the only means of achieving the hegemony of the proletariat in the Hankow government and in the Left Kuo Min Tang, does not lie in making concessions to the petty bourgeoisie, for it swings continuously to and fro between the proletariat and the big bourgeoisie and will finally go over to the stronger side; the only means lies in the organization of the forces of the proletariat and the peasantry and in investing it with an organizational form\u2014the Soviets\u2014that will not only make it possible for us to mobilize the broad masses, but also to conquer the leadership of these masses for the Communist party, in the Soviets as well as in the Kuo Min Tang.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nComrades, what you are doing in this case is only a continuation of the policy of concessions, but this time to the petty bourgeoisie. Comrade Bucharin could not cite a single concrete fact to show what the Hankow government has done, since the last session of the Central Committee of the party, or at least since the coup d\u2019\u00c9tat of Chiang Kai-Shek, really to arm the workers and peasants and to help the peasants take possession of the land.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nComrade Neumann, Chiang Kai-Shek also defeated the militarists of the North. We greet these victories with all our heart. But we repeat to you once more: The most essential thing is not the overthrow of the militarists of the North in general, but their defeat by the national armies, by the national movement, whose direction lies in the hands of the only class that is really in a position to accomplish the agrarian revolution, namely, in the hands of the proletariat.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe do not know what surprises the present generals of the Hankow government, Tan Shen Shi and Feng Yu-hsiang, are preparing for us tomorrow. You do not know, either. The former is a real feudal lord, and the latter entered the Kuo Min Tang only recently. The last number of the MANCHESTER GUARDIAN carries the report that Feng Yu-hsiang is sending telegrams to Chiang Kai-Shek in Shanghai to keep him informed on his military victories.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe only possible organization at present is the Soviet which mobilizes the masses of the workers and peasants and guarantees the hegemony of the Communist party in the Kuo Min Tang and on the territory of the national revolutionary movement.\n(Semard: That is full of contradictions!)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThere is no contradiction here. If the Hankow government is revolutionary, as you contend, if it is in a position to accomplish the agrarian revolution, then why should this Hankow government be against the Soviets and against the revolutionary organization of the workers and peasants", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? It is against them, because it will only help to accomplish the agrarian revolution when we are strong enough to consolidate the armed workers and peasants in the Soviets under the leadership of the Communist party. Only in this case will the petty bourgeoisie be able to accomplish the agrarian revolution. In the contrary case, however, it will finish by running over to the side of the big bourgeoisie.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nI conclude my speech with the remark that the Chinese comrade was right when he said today that the Chinese revolution will triumph only under the banner of Lenin. That is true, comrades; it is not under the banner of the Kuo Min Tang, so dear to our comrade Bucharin, that the revolution in China, even the agrarian revolution, will triumph, but only under the red banner of the Soviets and under the banner of Leninism.\nMoscow, May 1927 V. Vuyovitch", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n1. Vuyovitch, former secretary of the Young Communist International, was a supporter of the Zinovievist section of the united Opposition Bloc and as such sought to present Zinoviev\u2019s whole preceding course as correct. However, this view was not in harmony with the facts. Zinoviev\u2019s position on the problems of the Chinese revolution was not only in-correct\u2014and Quite in harmony with Stalin\u2019s and Bucharin\u2019s\u2014prior to 1927, but was extremely weak during the period of the Bloc", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAs can be seen from his theses, he actually defended a semi-Centrist position even at the time he was delivering a telling criticism of the official line. In their speeches and articles of that period, the apparatus supporters made much of the contrast they revealed between Zinoviev\u2019s position and that of Trotsky.\u2014Tr.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe referred above several times to the remarkable resolution of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (November 1927), precisely the one which the Ninth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International charged with \u201cTrotskyism\u201d, and about which Lominadze justified himself in such a variegated manner while Stalin very monotonously slunk off in silence", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn reality, this resolution is a combination of opportunism and adventurism, reflecting with perfect precision the policy of the Executive Committee of the Communist International before and after July 1927. In condemning this resolution after the defeat of the Canton insurrection, the leaders of the Communist International not only did not publish it but did not even quote from it. It was too embarrassing for them to show themselves in the Chinese mirror", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis resolution was published in a special Documentation, accessible to very few, printed by the Chinese Sun Yat Sen University (no.10).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNo. 14 of the same publication, which reached our hands when our work (The Chinese Question After the Sixth Congress) was already completed, contains a no less remarkable document, even though of a different, that is, of a critical character: it is a resolution adopted by the Kiangsu District Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on May 7, 1928, in connection with the decisions of the Ninth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis resolution, as has already been said, constitutes a truly remarkable document, in spite of the errors in principle and the political misunderstandings it contains. The essence of the resolution amounts to a deadly condemnation not only of the decisions of the Ninth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, but in general, of the whole leadership of the Comintern in the questions of the Chinese revolution", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nNaturally, in conformity with the whole r\u00e9gime existing in the Comintern, the criticism directed against the Executive Committee of the CI bears a camouflaged and conventionally diplomatic character. The immediate point of the resolution is directed against the Central Committee itself as against a responsible ministry under an irresponsible monarch who, as is known, \u201ccan do no wrong\u201d. There are even polite eulogies for certain parts of the resolution of the ECCI", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis whole way of approaching the question by \u201cmanoeuvring\u201d is in itself a harsh criticism of the r\u00e9gime of the Communist International; hypocrisy is inseparable from bureaucratism. But what the resolution says in essence about the political leadership and its methods has a much more damning character.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cAfter the August 7 (1927) conference,\u201d the Kiangsu Committee relates, \u201cthe Central Committee formulated a judgement on the situation which was tantamount to saying that even though the revolution had suffered a triple defeat, it is nevertheless going through a rising phase.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis appreciation is entirely in conformity with the caricature which Bukharin makes of the theory of the permanent revolution, a caricature which he applied first to Russia, then to Europe and finally to Asia. The actual events of the struggle, that is, the three defeats, are one thing and the permanent \u201crise\u201d is another.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Central Committee of the Chinese party draws the following conclusion from the resolution adopted by the Eighth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (in May):\n\u201cWherever this is objectively possible, we must immediately prepare and organize armed insurrections.\u201d\nWhat are the political premises for this? The Kiangsu Committee declares that in August 1927", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cthe political report of the Central Committee pointed out that the workers of Hunan, after the cruel defeat, are abandoning the leadership of the Party, that we are not confronted with an objectively revolutionary situation ... but in spite of this ... the Central Committee says plainly that the general situation, from the economic, political and social [precisely! \u2013 L.T.] point of view is favourable to the insurrection", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSince it is already no longer possible to launch revolts in the cities, the armed struggle must be transferred to the villages. That is where the centres of the uprising must be, while the town must be an auxiliary force.\u201d (p.4)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nLet us recall that immediately after the May Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, which entrusted the leadership of the agrarian revolution to the Left Guomindang, the latter began to exterminate the workers and peasants. The position of the ECCI became completely untenable. At all costs, there had to be, and that without delay, \u201cleft\u201d actions in China to refute the \u201ccalumny\u201d of the Opposition, that is, its irreproachable prognosis", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThat is why the Chinese Central Committee, which found itself between the hammer and the anvil, was obliged, in August 1927, to turn the proletarian policy topsy-turvy all over again. Even though there was no revolutionary situation and the working masses were abandoning the Party, this Committee declared that the economic and social situation was, in its opinion, \u201cfavourable to the insurrection\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn any case, a triumphant uprising would have been very \u201cfavourable\u201d to the prestige of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Given the fact that the workers were abandoning the revolution, it was therefore necessary to turn one\u2019s back to the towns and endeavour to launch isolated uprisings in the villages.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAlready at the May Plenum (1927) of the ECCI, we pointed out that the adventurist uprisings of Ho Lung and Ye Ting were inevitably doomed to defeat because of insufficient political preparation and because they were bound up with no movement of the masses. That is just what happened. The resolution of the Kiangsu Committee says on this subject:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cIn spite of the defeat of the armies of Ho Lung and Ye Ting in Guangdong, even after the November Plenum the Central Committee persists in clinging to the tactic of immediate uprisings and takes as its point of departure an estimation leading to the direct ascent of the revolution.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFor understandable reasons, the Kiangsu Committee passes in silence over the fact that this appreciation was also that of the Executive Committee of the Comintern itself, which treated as \u201cliquidators\u201d those who correctly estimated the situation, and the fact that the Chinese Central Committee was forced, in November 1927, on pain of being immediately overthrown and expelled from the Party, to present the decline of the revolution as its rise.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Canton insurrection sprang up by basing itself upon this tip-tilted manner of approaching the question; manifestly, this uprising was not regarded as a rearguard battle (only raging madmen could have urged passing over to the insurrection and to the conquest of power through a \u201crearguard battle\u201d); no, this uprising was conceived as part of a general coup d\u2019\u00e9tat. The Kiangsu resolution says on this point:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cDuring the Canton insurrection of December, the Central Committee decided once more to launch an immediate uprising in Hunan, Hupeh and Kiangsu in order to defend Guangdong, in order to extend the framework of the movement all over China (this can be verified from the information letters of the Central Committee, nos. 16 and 22). These measures flowed from a subjective estimation of the situation and did not correspond to the objective circumstances", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Canton experience frightened the leaders not only of China but also of Moscow. A warning was issued against putschism, but in essence the political line did not change. The orientation remained the same: towards insurrection. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party transmitted this ambiguous instruction to the lower bodies; it also warned against the tactic of skirmishes, while setting down in its circulars academic definitions of adventurism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cBut being given the fact that the Central Committee based itself in its estimation of the revolutionary movement, upon an uninterrupted advance,\u201d as the Kiangsu resolution says correctly and pointedly,", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cno modifications were brought into this question at the bottom. The forces of the enemy are far too greatly underrated and at the same time, no attention is paid to the fact that our organizations have lost contact with the masses. Therefore, in spite of the fact that the Central Committee had sent its information letter no.28 (on putschism) everywhere, it did not at the same time correct its mistakes.\u201d (p.5)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nOnce more, it is not a question of the Central Committee of the Chinese party. The February Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International introduced no modifications into its policy either. While warning against the tactics of skirmishes in general (in order to insure itself against all eventualities), the resolution of this Plenum pounced furiously upon the Opposition which spoke of the necessity of a resolute change in the whole orientation", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn February 1928, the course continued as before to lead towards insurrection. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party only served as a mechanism to transmit this instruction. The Kiangsu Committee says:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe Central Committee circular no.38, of March 6 [take careful note: March 6, 1928! \u2013 L.T.] shows very clearly that the Central Committee still finds itself under the influence of illusions about a favourable situation for general insurrection in Hunan, Hupeh and Kiangsu, and the possibility of conquering power throughout the province of Guangdong", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe radical quarrel over the choice of Changsha or Hankow as the centre of insurrection still continued between \u2013 the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the instructor of the Central Committee in Hunan and Hupeh.\u201d (p.5)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nSuch was the disastrous significance of the resolution of the February Plenum, not only false in principle, but deliberately ambiguous from the practical point of view. The thought concealed behind this resolution was always the same: if, contrary to expectations, the uprising extends itself, we shall refer to that part which speaks against the liquidators; if the insurrection goes no further than partisan affrays, we will point a finger at that part of the resolution which warns against putschism.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nEven though the Kiangsu resolution nowhere dares to criticize the Executive Committee of the Communist International (everybody knows what this costs), nevertheless, in none of its documents has the Opposition dealt such deadly blows to the leadership of the Comintern as does the Kiangsu Committee in its arraignment, aimed formally at the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAfter listing chronologically the policies of adventurism month after month, the resolution turns to the general causes for the disastrous course.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cHow is one to explain,\u201d asks the resolution, \u201cthis erroneous estimation of the situation established by the Central Committee which influenced the practical struggle and contained serious errors? It is to be explained as follows:\n\u201c1. The revolutionary movement was estimated as an uninterrupted ascent [the \u201cpermanent revolution\u201d \u00e0 la Bukharin-Lominadze! \u2013 L.T.].", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201c2. No attention was paid to the loss of contact between our party and the masses, nor to the decomposition of the mass organizations at the turning point of the revolution.\n\u201c3. No account was taken of the new regrouping of class forces inside the enemy camp during this turn.\n\u201c4. No consideration was given to leading the movement in the cities.\n\u201c5. No attention was paid to the importance of the anti-imperialist movement in a semicolonial country.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201c6. During the insurrection, no account was taken of the objective conditions, nor of the necessity of applying different methods of struggle in conformity with them.\n\u201c7. A peasant deviation made itself felt.\n\u201c8. The Central Committee, in its estimation of the situation, was guided by a subjective point of view.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIt is doubtful if the Kiangsu Committee has read what the Opposition wrote and said on all these questions. One can even say with certainty that it did not read it. As a matter of fact, if it had, it would have feared to formulate with such precision its considerations, coinciding entirely in this part with ours. The Kiangsu Committee repeated our words without suspecting it.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe eight points enumerated above, characterizing the false line of the Central Committee (that is, the Executive Committee of the Communist International) are equally important. If we wish to say a few words on the fifth point, it is simply because we have here a particularly striking confirmation \u201cby facts\u201d of the justice of our criticism in its most essential features", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Kiangsu resolution charges the policy of the Central Committee with neglecting the problems of the anti-imperialist movement in a semicolonial country. How could this happen", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? By the force of the dialectic of the false political line; mistakes have their dialectic like everything else in the world. The point of departure of official opportunism was that the Chinese revolution is essentially an anti-imperialist revolution, and that the yoke of imperialism welds together all the classes or at the very least \u201call the living forces of the country\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nWe objected that a successful struggle against imperialism is only possible by means of an audacious extension of the class struggle, and consequently, of the agrarian revolution. We rose up intransigently against the attempt to subordinate the class struggle to the abstract criterion of the struggle against imperialism (substitution of arbitration commissions for the strike movement, telegraphic advice not to stir up the agrarian revolution, prohibiting the formation of soviets, etc.)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThis was the first stage of the question. After Chiang Kai-shek\u2019s coup d\u2019\u00e9tat, and especially after the \u201ctreason\u201d of the \u201cfriend\u201d Wang Jingwei, there was a turn about face of 180 degrees. Now, it turns out to be that the question of customs independence, that is, of the economic \u201c(and consequently, the political)\u201d sovereignty of China is a secondary \u201cbureaucratic\u201d problem (Stalin).", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe essence of the Chinese revolution was supposed to consist of the agrarian upheaval. The concentration of power in the hands of the bourgeoisie, the abandonment of the revolution by the workers, the schism between the Party and the masses, were appraised as secondary phenomena in comparison with the peasant revolts", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nInstead of a genuine hegemony of the proletariat, in the anti-imperialist as well as in the agrarian struggle, that is, in the democratic revolution as a whole, there took place a wretched capitulation before the primitive peasant forces, with \u201csecondary\u201d adventures in the cities. However, such a capitulation is the fundamental premise of putschism. The whole history of the revolutionary movement in Russia, as well as in other countries, is witness to that", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn its estimation and its warnings, the Opposition took as its point of departure general theoretical considerations, basing itself upon official information, very incomplete and sometimes deliberately distorted. The Kiangsu Committee has as its point of departure facts which it observed directly at the centre of the revolutionary movement; from the theoretical point of view this Committee still writhes in the toils of Bukharinist scholasticism", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe fact that its empirical conclusions coincide completely with our own has, in politics, the same significance as, for example, the discovery in laboratories of a new element whose existence was predicted in advance on the basis of theoretical deductions has in chemistry. Unfortunately, the triumph from the theoretical point of view of our Marxian analysis, in the case before us, has as its political foundation mortal defeats for the revolution.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe abrupt and essentially adventurist turn in the policy of the Executive Committee of the Communist International in the middle of 1927 could not but provoke painful shocks in the Chinese Communist Party, which was taken off its guard by it. Here we pass from the political line of the Executive Committee of the Communist International to the r\u00e9gime of the Comintern and to the organizational methods of the leadership. Here is what the Kiangsu Committee resolution says on this point:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cAfter the conference of August 7 (1927), the Central Committee should have assumed the responsibility for the putschist tendencies, for it demanded rigorously of the local committees that the new political line be applied; if anybody was not in agreement with the new line, without further ceremony he was not permitted to renew his party card and even comrades who had already carried out this operation were expelled At this time, the putschist mood was making headway throughout the Party; if anybody expressed doubts about the policy of uprisings, he was immediately called an opportunist and pitilessly attacked", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe policy of the sudden, hastily improvised armed insurrection demanded a speedy overhauling and a regrouping of the entire Party. The Central Committee tolerated in the Party only those who silently acknowledged the course of armed insurrection in the face of an obvious decline of the revolution. It would be well to publish the instructions furnished by the Executive Committee of the Communist International during this period. They could be reduced to one: an instruction for the organization of defeat", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe Central Committee continues not to take notice of the defeats and the depressed mood of the workers; it does not see that this situation is the result of the mistakes of its leadership.\u201d (p.6.)\nBut that is not all:\n\u201cThe Central Committee accuses someone or other [just so! \u2013 L.T.] for the fact that:\n\u201ca) the local committees have not sufficiently well checked up on the reorganization;\n\u201cb) the worker and peasant elements are not pushed ahead;", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAll this happens abruptly, by telegraph: somehow or other, the mouth of the Opposition must be closed. But nevertheless since matters are in a bad way, the Central Committee asserts that: \u201cthe disposition of the masses would be entirely different if the signal for revolt had been given at least in one single province", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nDoes not this last indication bespeak a one hundred per cent putschism of the Central Committee itself?\u201d (page 6) asks the Kiangsu Committee with full justice, passing prudently over in silence that the Central Committee only executed the instructions of the Executive Committee of the Communist International.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFor five years the Party was led and educated in an opportunist spirit. At the present moment, it is demanded of it that it be ultra-radical and \u201cthat it immediately put forward\u201d worker-leaders. How? ... Very simply: by fixing a certain percentage of them. The Kiangsu Committee complains:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201c1. No account is taken of the fact that the ones who are to supplement the leading cadres should be advanced in the course of the struggle. Whereas the Central Committee confines itself to a formal establishment of a percentage fixed in advance of workers and peasants in the leading organs of the various organizations.\n\u201c2. In spite of the numerous failures, they do not examine the point to which our party is already restored, but they simply say formally that it is necessary to reorganize:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201c3. The Central Committee simply says dictatorially that the local organizations do not put forward new elements, that they do not rid themselves of opportunism; at the same time, the Central Committee makes baseless attacks upon the militants of the cadres and replaces them light-mindedly.\n\u201c4. Without paying attention to the mistakes of its own leadership, the Central Committee nevertheless demands the most severe party discipline from the rank-and-file militants.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nDoes it not seem as though all these paragraphs are copied from the Platform of the Opposition? No, they are copied from life. But since the Platform is also copied from life, there is no coincidence. Where then is the \u201cpeculiarity\u201d of Chinese conditions", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n? Bureaucratism levels down each and every peculiarity. The policy as well as the r\u00e9gime are determined by the Executive Committee of the Communist International, more exactly by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party drives both of them down into the lower organs. Here is how this takes place according to the Kiangsu resolution:", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe following declaration made by a comrade of a district committee is very characteristic: \u2018At present it is very difficult to work; but the Central Committee shows that it has a very subjective manner of regarding the problem. It pounces down with accusations and says that the Provincial Committee is no good; the latter in its turn accuses the rank-and-file organizations and asserts that the district committee is bad", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe latter also begins to accuse and asserts that it is the comrades working on the spot who are no good. And the comrades declare that the masses are not revolutionary\u2019.\u201d (p.8)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nEvery resolution of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, in registering new defeats, declares that on the one hand all had been foreseen and that on the other it is the \u201cexecutors\u201d who are the cause of the defeats because they did not understand the line that had been pointed out to them from above. It remains unexplained how the perspicacious leadership was able to foresee everything save that the executors did not measure up to its instructions", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe essential thing in the leadership does not consist of presenting an abstract line, of writing a letter without an address, but of selecting and educating the executors. The correctness of the leadership is tested precisely in execution. The reliability and perspicacity of the leadership are confirmed only when words and deeds harmonize", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nBut if chronically, from one stage to the other, in the course of many years, the leadership is obliged post factum to complain at every turn that it has not been understood, that its ideas have been deformed, that the executors have ruined its plan, that is a sure sign that the fault devolves entirely upon the leadership. This \u201cself-criticism\u201d is all the more murderous by the fact that it is involuntary and unconscious", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nAccording to the Sixth Congress, the leadership of the Opposition must be held responsible for every group of turncoats; but per contra the leadership of the Communist International should in no wise have to answer for the Central Committee of all the national parties in the most decisive historical moments. But a leadership which is answerable for nothing is an irresponsible leadership. In that is to be found the root of all the evils.", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nIn protecting itself against the criticism of the ranks, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party bases itself on the Executive Committee of the Communist International, that is, it draws a chalk line on the floor which cannot be stepped over. Nor does the Kiangsu Committee overstep it. But within the confines of this chalk line, it tells some bitter truths to its Central Committee which automatically extend to the Executive Committee of the Communist International", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n\u201cThe Central Committee says that the whole past leadership was exercised in accordance with the instructions of the Communist International. As if all these hesitations and errors depended only upon the rank-and-file militants. If one adopts such a manner of regarding the question, the Central Committee will itself be unable either to repair the mistakes or to educate the comrades to study this experience. It will not be able to strengthen its ties with the lower Party apparatus", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Central Committee always says that its leadership was right; it charges the rank-and-file comrades with all the mistakes, always especially underscoring the hesitations of the rank-and-file Party committees.\u201d", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nA little further on:\n\u201cIf the leadership only attacks light-mindedly the local leading comrades or organs by pointing out their errors, but without actually analysing the source of these mistakes, this only produces friction within the Party; such an attitude is disloyal [\u201crude and disloyal\u201d \u2013 L.T.] and can do no good to the revolution and to the Party. If the leadership itself covers up its errors and throws the blame on others, such conduct will do no good to the Party or to the revolution.\u201d (p.10)", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nThe Kiangsu resolution shows in an entirely exemplary manner how and by what methods the Chinese revolution was led to numerous defeats, and the Chinese party to the brink of catastrophe. For the imaginary hundred thousand members who figure on paper in the Chinese Communist Party only represent a gross self-deception. They would then constitute one-sixth of the total membership of the Communist parties of all the capitalist countries", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\nFurther decline is ahead. There will be great difficulty in rising again. Every false step will fling the Party into a deeper ditch. The resolution of the Sixth Congress dooms the Chinese Communist Party to errors and false steps. With the present course of the Communist International, under its present r\u00e9gime, victory is impossible. The course must be changed. This is what the resolution of the Kiangsu Provincial Committee says once more.\nHistory of the Paris Commune of 1871 16 Feb 1876", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution - Marxist.com\n[Classics] Fascism: What it is and how to fight it 15 Aug 1944\n[Classics] The Class, the Party and the Leadership 18 Dec 1940\n[Classics] In Defence Of Marxism 10 Mar 1940\nWhat Lies Behind Stalin Bid for Agreement with Hitler? 6 Mar 1939"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.insideoutpublishers.nl/home/hard_sayings.html

Jeremiah 36:30: A Failed Prophecy?

["Jeremiah 36:30: A Failed Prophecy?\nKing Jehoiakim had personally taken his knife and cut off the scroll with the words of the Lord from Jeremiah the prophet, section by section, as it was being read. Each piece was then tossed into the fire. For this, Jeremiah had a new oracle of doom when he rewrote the scroll: No descendant of Jehoiakim would sit on the throne of David. Was this prediction fulfilled", "Jeremiah 36:30: A Failed Prophecy?\n? As it turned out, when Jehoiakim died in 597 B.C. , his son Jehoiachin took over for a mere three months, apparently without any official coronation ceremony, for Jerusalem was under siege from the king of Babylon. Jehoiachin was not allowed to remain on the throne; instead, his uncle Zedekiah was installed by the Babylonians in his place, as Jehoiachin and his sons were carted off to exile, where he remained until he died (see 2 Kings 24:6 and 2 Chron 36:9)", "Jeremiah 36:30: A Failed Prophecy?\nThe Hebrew verb yasab \"to sit [on the throne],\" when used of a king, carries with it a certain sense of permanence and stability, which a short reign of approximately ninety days hardly appears to properly signify. Jehoiakim's son was not allowed to remain on the throne, if he ever could properly be said to occupy it: he was unceremoniously removed", "Jeremiah 36:30: A Failed Prophecy?\nThus the king who \"cast\" the Word of God into the fire that was burning in the palace on that cold day would himself be \"cast\" (the same Hebrew word) out so that his dead body would be exposed to the heat by day and the frost by night."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.sorrentosilverstar.com/royal-palace-of-naples.html

The Royal Palace of Naples

["The Royal Palace of Naples\nRoyal Palace of Naples The Royal Palace of Naples was built as the king of Spain Philip III was supposed to be coming to visit Naples and it was felt that the other royal residences were not suitable for a king to stay in. The Royal Palace was designed by Domenico Fontana at the beginning of the XVII century as the viceroy Ferrante di Castro wanted to be built. But in the XVIII century it was restored by Luigi Vanvitelli", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nSome of the arches of the fa\u00e7ade were filled with niches as the architect Vanvitelli thought that the palace was in danger of collapsing as it wasn\u2019t stable. Later Gioacchino Murat and Carolina Bonaparte decorated the royal palace with neoclassical furniture and porcelain (China ware). In 1837 a fire broke out and damaged the building. That is the reason why it was restored by Gaetano Genovese. It was damaged also during the last war and then it was renewed once again", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nIn 1888 the king of Italy, Umberto I placed in the arches of the fa\u00e7ade 8 statues representing the most important kings of the various dynasties who ruled Naples over the centuries: Roger the Norman, Frederick II of Swabia, Charles I of Anjou, Alfonso I of Aragon, Charles V of Spain, Charles of Bourbon, Joachim Murat, Victor Emanuel II. Nowadays its first floor has been transformed into a museum and it houses the National Library", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nAs regards the museum, it is difficult to describe each room, but noteworthy in particular are the Theatre, The throne Room and the Great Capitan\u2019s Room.", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nIt was the Old Ball Room turned into the Royal Theatre by Ferdinando Fuga in 1768. Half destroyed by a bomb during the last war, it was restored in the middle of this century. It was transformed into the Royal Theatre when the king Ferdinand IV of Bourbon married Maria Carolina of Austria. It is decorated in rococ\u00f2 style and the paper-pulp statues surrounding the hall represent the Muses, Minerva, Apollon and Mercury. In 1994 the G7 members met in that room", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nTHE THEATRE It was the Old Ball Room turned into the Royal Theatre by Ferdinando Fuga in 1768. Half destroyed by a bomb during the last war, it was restored in the middle of this century. It was transformed into the Royal Theatre when the king Ferdinand IV of Bourbon married Maria Carolina of Austria. It is decorated in rococ\u00f2 style and the paper-pulp statues surrounding the hall represent the Muses, Minerva, Apollon and Mercury. In 1994 the G7 members met in that room.", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nThe Throne room is in Empire style and dates back to the year 1850. In the vault there are 14 female figures symbolizing the various districts of the Bourbon Kingdom. In front of the throne there is portrait of Ferdinand I of Bourbon who is pointing out the church of San Francesco di Paola, which is in front of the Royal Building. On the right and on the left of the throne two paintings represent the ambassadors of Tripoli and of Turkey", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nIn the same room another painting shows Victor Emanuel III, king of Naples, when he was a boy: he was born in that building in 1869. The chandelier is made of crystal from Bohemia.", "The Royal Palace of Naples\nTHE GREAT CAPITAN'S ROOM\nThis room is dedicated to Don Salvo de Cordoba, the Spanish captain who conquered the Kingdom of Naples in 1503. Since then Naples was no longer the capital of the kingdom but just the capital of one of the Spanish dominions. The vault was painted by Battistello Caracciolo and it represents the great captain. In the same room a precious portrait of Pier Luigi Farnese by Tiziano Vecellio is kept."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.coondawgs.com/breeds.html

Coonhound Breeds

["Coonhound Breeds\nKennels-Breeders\nCoonhound Breeds\nAmerican Leopard Hound\nAmerican Leopard Hounds are believed to be the descendants of dogs that were brought to the new world by Spanish conquistadors and crossed with native Mexican dogs. Early American settlers brought Leopard dogs from Mexico to hunt bear.\nThe Leopard Cur was recognized by UKC on November 1, 1998. The breed name was changed to American Leopard Hound May 1, 2008.\nClick here to read breed specifications", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe Black & Tan is one of many tracking breeds that was developed in the south of the United States. The breed can trace its immediate ancestry to the American Foxhound and the Virginia Foxhound of colonial days, with probably the introduction of some Bloodhound stock. This latter would explain not only the coloration of the Black & Tan, but its tendency toward being larger-boned than other breeds, its long ears, and its famous cold nose.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe American Black & Tan can probably be traced to the English Foxhounds, and before that to the Tolbot Hounds and St. Hubert hounds of France. These hounds were first brought to England following the Norman invasion in the 11th Century.\nThe American Black & Tan was the first coonhound breed to be admitted into registry with U.K.C. When they were first registered in 1900, and for several years after that, they were registered was American Black & Tan Fox Coonhounds.", "Coonhound Breeds\nIt is most likely that the Bluetick is principally descended from the quick foxhounds of England with some introduction of the blood of various French hounds which were used for hunting big game. The French dogs were known as being very cold nosed. George Washington received five such French hounds from General Lafayette.\nBlueticks were originally registered with U.K.C. as English. In 1946, at the request of the Bluetick fanciers, U.K.C. began registering Blueticks as a separate breed.", "Coonhound Breeds\nA person could almost say that the history of the English Coonhound is the history of all coonhounds - and he wouldn't be too far wrong. With the exception of the Plott Hound, all the U.K.C. breeds of coonhounds have a common ancestry that is deeply rooted in the English Foxhound.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe English was first registered by U.K.C. in 1905, under the name of English Fox & Coonhound. In those days the dogs were used much more on fox than they are today. The name also reflected this similarity that the breed had to the American Foxhound and the English Coonhound.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe variation in color brings us to another aspect of the English Coonhound history. Both the Treeing Walker and the Bluetick Coonhound were originally registered separate breed in 1945 and the Bluetick a year later. To this day there are still tri-colored and blueticked English hounds, though redticked dogs predominate.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe first mention we have of hounds in America appears in the diary of one of the men of the explorer DeSoto. He also mentions that the hounds were used for hunting Indians rather than fox, raccoon or rabbit.", "Coonhound Breeds\nIn 1650, the Englishman Robert Brooke brought his pack of hounds with him. Thomas Walker of Virginia imported hounds from England in 1742, and in 1770 George Washington, and avid fox hunter, had hounds imported from England. These dogs were the foundation of the \"Virginia Hounds\", from which our present day English Coonhound developed.", "Coonhound Breeds\nIt was however, for the Americans to adapt these animals to the much rougher American terrain and climate. And it was the Americans that, through careful breeding practices, adapted the hound to American game, the raccoon, opossum, cougar and various species of bear.\nEnglish hounds have excelled in both performance and conformation. The first major coonhound Field Trial of all time, the first Leafy Oak, was won by an English dog called \"Bones\", owned by Colonel Leon Robinson.\nPlott Coonhound", "Coonhound Breeds\nOf the six breeds of U.K.C. registered Coonhounds, only the Plott Hound doesn't trace its ancestry to the foxhound; and of all the breeds, we can be most certain of the Plott's heritage and the men most responsible for its development.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe ancestors of today's Plott were used for boar hunting in Germany many years ago. Jonathon Plott left his native Germany and came to this country in 1750. He brought a few wild boar hounds with him. These dogs had been bred for generations for their stamina and gameness. Plott and his family settled in the mountains of western North Carolina.\nIn those days there were no wild board in this country. Jonathon Plott used his dogs for hunting bears.", "Coonhound Breeds\nPlott supposedly kept his strain entirely pure, making no outcrosses. In 1780, the Plott pack passed into the hands of Henry Plott.", "Coonhound Breeds\nShortly after that time a hunter living in Georgia who had been breeding his own outstanding strain of \"leopard spotted bear dogs\" heard of the fame of the Plott Hounds and came to North Carolina to see for himself. He was so impressed that he borrowed one of Plott's top stud dogs for a year to breed to his own bitches. This single cross is the only known instance of new blood being introduced into the Plott Hound since the first came to this country.", "Coonhound Breeds\nOther crosses possibly took place around the year 1900. G.P. Ferguson, who was a neighbor of the Plott family in North Carolina days, was a major influence on the Plott breed. He made a careful study of the Blevins hounds and the Cable hounds of that era. To what extent he used these bloodlines in his Plott breeding program, is not known.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe Plott Hound was first registered with United Kennel Club in 1946. Today's Plotts are know for their great courage and stamina. They have a clear voice that carries well.", "Coonhound Breeds\nYears ago most coon hunters who owned a red dog of unknown ancestry, but proven ability in tracking and treeing raccoons, called his dog a \"Redbone\". Then a few serious breeders who were devoted both to the breed and the sport began a campaign of selective breeding to produce a hound with the necessary characteristics to make a superior coonhound and which would breed true to type in color and conformation.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe foundation stock of the modern day Redbone came from George F. L. Birdsong of Georgia, who was a noted foxhunter and breeder. He obtained the pack of Dr. Thomas Henry in the 1840's.", "Coonhound Breeds\nAs is the case with most of the other coonhound breeds, the ancestors of the Redbone were foxhounds. A Bloodhound cross is said to have been made, and it's also said that the blood of the Irish hounds was also introduced later. This latter cross is said to account for the white chest and feet markings which still occasionally show up in Redbone pups today.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe first dogs were commonly called \"Saddlebacks\". The background color was red, and most of them possessed black saddle markings. By selective breeding, the black saddle was bred out and the solid red dogs became known as Redbone Coonhounds.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe Redbone was the second coonhound breed to be registered with U.K.C., the first being registered in 1902, two years after the American Black & Tan. Of the six coonhound breeds, the Redbone is probably the most uniform as to type and size. The breed is distinguished by the medium build, pleading eyes and a \"sweet\" voice. The rich, deep red color makes the Redbone a striking dog to look at.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe Redbone is known to be a well-balanced breed, making them adaptable to various types of hunting and terrain. Their agility benefits them when hunting in fenced country or steep, rocky ground. Redbones are know to make excellent water dogs.\nA natural treeing instinct has been bred into the Redbone, making them specialists in coon hunting. But they are also proficient in trailing and treeing bear, cougar and bobcat. Often times, when used on big game, Redbones are hunted in packs.", "Coonhound Breeds\nThe Treeing Walker was developed from certain strains of English Walker Foxhounds. The credit for the development of the Walker Foxhound goes to two men - George Washington Maupin and John W. Walker. Both men were from Kentucky.", "Coonhound Breeds\nBefore that time Thomas Walker of Albemarle County, Virginia, imported hounds from England in 1742. George Washington, who was an avid fox hunter, also imported several hounds from England in 1770. These dogs became the foundation strains of the \"Virginia hounds\", which were developed into the Walker hounds.", "Coonhound Breeds\nAt least one major outcross was made in the 19th century that was to forever influence the breed. Strangely, the outcross was with a stolen dog from Tennessee of unknown origin, known as \"Tennessee Lead.\"\nLead didn't look like the Virginia strain of English Foxhounds of that day. But he had an exceptional amount of game sense, and plenty of drive and speed and a clear, short mouth.", "Coonhound Breeds\nWalkers were first registered with U.K.C. as part of the English Coonhound breed. Then in 1945, at the request of Walker breeders, U.K.C. began registering them as a separate breed - first as Walkers (Treeing) and then later as Treeing Walkers.\nCoonDawgs.com - Your One Stop Coon Dog Source for Coon Hunting!!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.epirusnet.eu/category/sights-el/churches-and-monasteries/?lang=en

Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa

["Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe website epirusnet.eu\nThe stay\n\u0398\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u2018Churches and Monasteries\u2019\nByzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nView of the Church", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa is in the centre of the city of Arta. It is about the most important byzanitne monument of Arta, a masterpiece of byzantine art built in basilica archtitecture. It was built between the years 1283 \u2013 1296 and opened as a monastery for the women. The monastery was built on the ruins of an ancient temple by Nikoforos I Komninos the Duke and his wife Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzini.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe architecture of the temple, the wallpaintings, its sculptures, the magnificent dome and generally the inside and outside decoration, are an excellent sample of the age of the Despotate of Epirus. This splendid church is dedicated to the Annunciation. For the history of the church there are many details in various book editions and papers.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nFrom the old monastery for women, have been saved: The church, the Altar, 16 cells and the Dining Hall (dining room) which has been reconstructed and houses findings from the ancient Amvrakia.\nThe monastery has been characterised preservable and is open to the public as a museum. It belong to the Ephorate VIII of Antiquities.\nMuseum phone number: +30 26810.28692\nMonastery of Virgin Mary of Vella in Vourgareli (Red Church)\nThe Red Church\nFrom the decoration", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Red Church is at the location of Palaiochori, close to Drosopigi (Vourgareli) of the prefecture of Arta, at a distance of 56 km. from the city of Arta. Its building dates back in the end of the 13th century, when Nikiforos I was the Despot of Arta (there is a sign about it inside the Church). The Red Church \u03bbis said that took its name from the colour of the bricks that the outside walls are built", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is also called \u201cBasilomonastery\u201d but also Virgin Mary of Vella, because close to it there was probably an ancient town named Vella or by the fact that it became later a glebe of the Monastery of Vella of Ioannina.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is an exceptional sample of Church archtitecture of Byzantine art, dedicated to the Birth of Virgin Mary and is maintained in an excellent condition until nowadays. It is a double columned church wirh a cross-shpaed roof and a plastering iconostasis. The outside decoration is similar to this of the church of St. Vasileios which is in the city of Arta. It is lightened by big arched windows.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nA sign mentions that the wallpaintings of the main church were painted in 1295 and 1296. \u039dowadays are saved only a few wallpaintings. In the main part of the church they are maintained in better condition, and there is also saved a very interesting wallpainting which shows Virgin Mary holding Christ surrounded by two couples of the founders of the church, of the couple of Theodoros Tzimiskis and his wife Maria who donated the wallpainting of the church and the couple of Ioannis Tzimiskis and his wife Anna", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThese portraits especially are considered to be the most ancient ones in Balkans. The byzantine door of the main part of the church is wooden and is still saved.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nMonastery of St. George of Riachovo\nThe location of the Monastery\nView of the Monastery\nThe iconostasis of the Monastery\nThe priest of Riachovo I. Besios\nAt the location of Dobritsi of Riachovo, which belongs to the region of Pogoni of the prefecture of Ioannina, is the Monastery of St. George of Riachovo, in a magnificent natural environment.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery was founded and started its building on March in 1998 and was complete on December in 2004, under the supervision and the care of the priest of Riachovo, I. Besios.\nThe monastery of Riachovo belongs to the Metropolis of Ioannina and in a little time after its opening has shown a significant effort of work.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIn the monastery besides the church, there are also available spaces for many kinds of activities, such as: an Amphitheatre for cultural events, entertainment places, basket court, playground, etc.\nIn the monastery there is also a guesthouse for the hosting of the abandoned elderly persons of the region and it can host 20 persons totally. The guesthouse has 8 double rooms and one triple room.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe region is very interesting for every visitor, as you can enjoy the nature with the beautiful forests of the region, the water from the springs of the region, etc. The region is especially appropriate for school trips.\nFor more information, Tel.: +30 26510.61315 & +30 6946 148308\nMonastery of Paganioi\nFrom the wallpaintings", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is close to the village Kallithea in a dominant position, into a wholegreen region. Its founder was the monk Ioakeim (1652) as it is written on the gate of the church. It is said that the monastery was a glebe of the big cave of Kalavryta. It was a wealthy monastery and a centre during the National Wars. Its history is not famous because its heirlooms and the records were hiiden in 1944 (during the Second World War) by the priest Chis and after were lost.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe architcture of the temple was initially basilica with a dome (that collapsed). The wallpaintings are from different periods, 17th and 19th century, and of excellent technique. The older ones are those of the holy gate (16th \u2013 17th century). The best of them is the icon of the Dormition of Virgin Mary.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe holy gate seems that was preserved by the older existing church during the renovation in 1652. Behind the temple is the cemetery of the bishops Iosif and Amvrosios. It was a monastery for men that was dstroyed in 1944, and it was abandoned until 1962, the year of its renovation. Moreover, recently it was renovated once again. The monastery celebrates on August 15th.\nMonastery of St. Nicolas of Flianthropinoi\nThe entrance of the church", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery of St. Nicolas of Filanthropinoi is at the island of Pamvotis lake. Next to the entrance you can see well-preserved cells and ruins of other buildings. The church is of on space with an arched roof.\nIt was built by Michael Filanthropinos in the year 1272. It is wallpainted with exceptional mural of 1542 painted with care by Ioasaf Filanthropinos.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIn the shape of \u201c\u03a0\u201d around the walls of church there are wallpaintings of 1560. It is distinguished for its value the wallpainting of the 7 wisemen of Greece, which is rare for the orthodox church (during the period when the monastery was open, the ancient greek language was taught in it).\nIt is also called monastery of Spanos because there taught the Master Spanos. During the period of the despotate of Epirus and after of Ali Passia, it was the most important Religious and Cultural centre.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nMonastery of St. Paraskevi of Monodendri\nIn the famous for its beauty village Monodendri of Zagori, at the cliff of the gorge of Vikos, there is the monastery of St. Paraskevi, which is one of the most ancient monasteries of Epirus.\nA beautiful stoned path built in 1412 by Michael, Voevodas of Thereanos, leads us to the entrance of the monastery. It is about a real monastery \u2013 fortress: Arched gate, stone buildings, well-built cells, well, trap door, etc. where leads the artistic buliding with stone.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe small church has some old wallpaintings and is also a church of one space with a wooden painted iconostasis. On the left side are painted the founder of the Monastery Voevodas, his wife and his daughter Paraskevi, who acoording to the tradition, passed her whole life in the monastery.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery with its caves by side was a safe shelter for the habitants of the region during the period of revolution against the Turks, Its wild beauty of the around space and the monastery, along with the magnificent Vikos gorge at the region of Monodendri, attracts a lot of tourists every year.\nMonastery of Virgin Mary of Kipina", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery of Kipina is close to the village Christoi of Pramanta . According to its history, it owes its name to the gardens close to the monastery that the monks cultivated. According to Serafeim Byzantious the monastery was built in 1212 by someone archbishop named Gregory and is dedicated to the Dormition of Virgin Mary.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is one the most impressive monasteries of Epirus because it is hanged on a high vertical rock. The paved road reaches to the base of the rock and from that point there is a path on the rock and a wooden bridge that lead to the monastery. During the revolution against the Turks the wooden bridge could be moved. The monks moved it with a lever so as to be protected by invasions.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe small church of the monastery has a lot of wallpaintings probably of the 17th century. The church has the bulk of the rock as roof which creates a perfect dome. Unfortunately many robers took from the monastery many of its holy heirlooms.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nAt the entrance of the chuch on the left side there is a deep dark cave. During the period of the revolution against the Turks the habitants of the nearby villages were hidden there fro thei safety. The length of the cave is 240 m. and was excavated in 1956 by the speleologist Anna Petrochilou, but it is not approachable.\nMonastery of Molyvdoskepasto\nThe entrance of the Monastery\nThe cells of the Monastery\nThe grave of the Metropolitan Sevastianos", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nClose to the village Molyvdoskepasto of the region of Konitsa, at the borders with Albania and at a distance of 72 km. from Ioannina, there is the walled monastery which is dedicated to the Dormition of Virgin Mary and celebrates on August 15th.\nIt owes its name, to its roof which in the past had stones of lead. Nowadays the roof of the monastery is made of grey stones.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe hall of the monastery is wallpainted. The woodcarving door is a real masterpiece. There are beautiful wallpaintings, woodcarving pilgrimage hall, arched windows with ceramic decoration. The woodcarving iconostasis is of the 16th century and of excellent technique.\nThe church has a cross-shaped roof, a high dome and its floor is stoned. The monastery was probably built by the Byzantine Emperor, Constantine Pogonatos.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe sign of the church mentions the year 1521. \u03a3In the yard of the church there is the simple grave of Sevastianos, the Despot of Konitsa \u2013 Dryinouples.\nMonastery of St. Dimitrios in Zalogo\nThe monastery of St. Dimitrios is under the famous rock of Zalogo with the imposing monument of the dancing women of Souli. It was founded in the middle of the 18th century by the abbot of the Monastery of St. Taxiarches, Dionysious, and from a glebe was turned into a monastery. It is a historical preservable monument.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt was painted by Chistodoulos and Ioannis, wallpainters from Koritiani, in 1816. The monastery \u03bbwas conquered and destroyed several times by the Turks, as well as an earthquake destroyed the monastery once again in 1924, but it was renovated.\nIt was always a monastery for men and not for women. It had a large property and did a lot of charities and donated many works. It had also a lot of glebes.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nNowadays is saved the church (basilica of one space with dome) of the monastery with beautiful wallpaintings inside and outside it, as well as in the cells of the monastery.\nMonastery of St. Panteleimon of Ioannina", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is in the island of Pamvotis lake and was founded on the 15th century. It is a historical preservable monument. Inside the monastery was written the end of the life of Ali Passia of Ioannina, who was sieged by the forces of Choursit Passa and under the orders of Sultan, who characterised him as a rebel. So Ali Passia hid here and in the end he was beheaded in 1822.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nHe was in the middle cell when he was shot \u03b1from the basement and the bullet injured him in his belly. It is also obvious the point where the bullet passed through the floor. Lady Vasiliki who was with him, was sent away and lived until her death at the village Aitoliko of Aitoloakarnania. Her grave is still saved behind the chuch of St. Taxiarches in Aitoliko.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nFrom the monastery are still saved the temple, the renovated building of the library and three cells which have been converted into a museum of greek history before the revolution (in the museum there are a lot of weavings, jewels, vessels, etc.).\nThe monastery was burnt in 1822 but it was rebuilt in 1925. Its temple is basilica of three spaces and a wooden roof. It has also a magnificent wooden iconostasis and a hall outside it. The main church is separated with columns in three spaces.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIn the outside space there are maginificent wallpaintings of the 15th century. There are also many significant portable icons of the 15th and the 19th century.\nMonastery of St. George in Vourgareli\nFrom the yard of the Monastery\nWallpaintings of the Monastery", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery of St. George is in a forest region, very close to the village Drosopigi (Vourgareli) of the prefecture of Arta. It is a monastery with walls around it and according to a sing its main church was built in 1690. The temple and the cells (the cells were built later) are saved in an excellent condition.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe church is of one space, basilica, cross-shaped with a big octagonal dome and outside the church stands on big butresses. The main church has wallpaintings from 1714 by painters from Kalarrytes, according to a relevant sign (there is also a version that says that the monastery was built in 1714, the same year of its wallpainting).", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe iconostasis is woodcarving and was painted in the beggining of the 18th century. The portable icons of the church are also from the 18th century, a piece of art of Epirus. The most significant heirloom of the monastery is a silver shrine of the 1859, carved by a silversmith from Kalarrytes.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is a historical monastery and it was a revolutionary and cultural centre during the revolution against the Turks. Here the abbot Christopher in front of the warriors (G. Karaiskakis, Gogos Mpakolas, Koutelisas, Iskos, Raggos, Koutsonikas) and other rebels, raised the flag of the revolution against the Turks.\nMonastery of St. Pelagia", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIn the village Kastrosykia of Preveza, close to the central road, there a sign leading us to the monastery of St. Pelagia. It is a well-preserved monastery, as the monks live there until today. It has old and new cells, and there is the church in the centre of it. It is one of the monasteries that financed in the past the schools of the region.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery was renovated in 1613 and in 1795. Various Roman ruins are distinguished. From the ruins were stolen many reliefs and placed in the Church, just like the two lions in the entrance. The Church is unplastered, built by flint with three spaces, basilica with dome. The High Altar is based on an old stand and on the columns of the dome are distinguished korinthian caps and an ionic base.\nByzantine church of St. Vasileios in the city of Arta", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Byzantine church of St. Vasileios \u0392is located close to the church of St. Theodora, inside the city of Arta, at the district \u201cTourkopazaro\u201d. It was built in the beggining of the 15th century, but because of its techique some claim that was probably built during the 13th century. Close to the main church there are also the churches of St. Gregory and Ioannis Chrysostomos, that commumicate inside with the central church.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nExcept for the wallpaintings \u03c3inside the Church significant is also the portable icon of Virgin Mary with Christ on the iconostasis, of Cretan art. It is about a church whose ceramic decoration, the glass tiles and its bivalve windows make it a real piece of work. Impressive are also the icons of glazed clay that show the Crucifixion and Three Ierarchs that there are on the top of the east side of the roof.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe wallpaintings of the church date back to the 17th century. Its roof was burnt in 1821. The only thing we know from its history is that in its yard was located the Manolakis school from 1662 to 1821.\nMetropolitan church of St. Athanasios\nThe Metropolitan Church of St. Athanasios \u03b2is close to the Metropolis of Ioannina and at Metropolis street in the city of Ioannina. We know that is was built before 1611 and was saved by the revolution of Dionysius the Philosopher. It was burnt in 1820 on 25th August.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe today\u2019s church was inaugurated in 1833 and it is a piece of work of the builders Liolis and Dosis from the village Vourbiani of Konitsa. The building is made of balck and white stone.\nThe architecture of the church is basilica, of three spaces with domes. Charecteristic of the church is that its floor is at a lower level than the ground.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIts iconostasis of walnut tree, the dome and its pulpit have carved pictures of animals and plants. The traveller Strangford mentions that the church is one of the most important sights in Ioannina.\nThe wallpaintings of the church date back to 1835. The dome was built in 1816, while the belltower was built in 1905 by the architector Pericles Melirrytos and is made of carrved stone. The arched main entrance is also beautiful.\nMonastery of Voutsa", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery of Voutsa is close the village Greveniti (44 km. from Ioannina) in Eastern Zagori. There is a path of 5 km. in the village leading to the monastery. It is dedicated to Virgin Mary and celebrates on 8th September.\nFounder of the Monastery of Voutsa seeme to be the Byzantine Emperos Constantine IV Pogonatos.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery was totally destroyed by the Turks during the 15th century and was built again in 1680 (according to a sign). The Germans burnt it in 1943 during the Second World War and the only was saved was the church. In 1950 all of its spaces were rebuilt.\nThe inner side of the church, with arches and croos-domed, is wallpainted by the priest Athanasios and the monks Antonios and Nikodimos (1680 \u2013 1769).\nMonastery of St. Nicolas of Metsovo\nWallpaintings inside the church", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is the monastery of St. Nicolas which loved and took care of it the nobleman Evagelos Averof \u2013 Tositsa. It located at the stream under Metsovo (at the road to Anilio).\nIt is unknown when the monastery was built. The year 1700 on a cornerstone refers probably at its renovation. It was a wealthy monastery (it was found a wooden tub that holded about 12.000 litres of wine).", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is about a big complex of buildings with kitchens, cells, warehouses, basements and it also has a hall where the writer Evagelos Averof wrote many of his books.\nThe belltower is wooden, the church is domed of one space with beautiful wallpaintings that were revealed. There are icons that date back in 1698 and 1703.\nIts iconostasis is woodcarving (from spieces of the olde one). The women seats have jalousies windows. It is one of the most important monasteries of the region and is well-preserved.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nMonastery of Avel in Vissani\nThe monastery of Avel\nThe golden-plated iconostasis\nThe monastery of Avel is close to the village Vissani in a beautiful location. It probably took its name by a landowner whose name was Avelio. He bulit or renovated the monastery during the last years of the byzantine period, in 1770 according to a sign.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe church of the monastery is of one space and basilica with a high dome. It was destroyed by the Turk-Albanians, was built and wallpainted again in 1779, by the painters Constantine and Michael from the village Chionades of Konitsa.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe wallpaintings of the monastery are still saved in good condition, while thee siginificant thimg of the monastery is the golden-plated iconostasis of walnut tree and excellent techique from the beggining of the 19th. century. From the around buildings nothing has been saved nowadays. The monastery of Avel is dedicated to the Dormition of Virgin Mary.\nByzantine Monastery of St. Theodora", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery of St. Theodora is in the city of Arta. The queen Theodora, Michael\u2019s II the Despot of Epirus, built on ruins of the old temple of St. George a monastery for women in 1270. She decorated the church, cloistered in there until 1281 and finally she was burried in this monastery.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nNowadays are saved the temple of the monastery, pieces of its decoration as well as the queen\u2019s grave. The church is of three spaces and of excellent technique with ceramic decoration. The entrance of the temple and the three spaces of the church are from the 13th century. The queen Theodora was declared saint and is the patron saint of Arta.\nThe temple is included in the most significant samples of byzantine art among the monuments of the city of Arta.\nMonastery of Giromeri\nThe church of the Monastery", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nView of the cells\nThe monastery of Giromeri is at a distance of 23 km. from Filiates of Thesprotia, close to the village Giromeri, in a nice location which is fortified. It is dedicated to the Dormition of Virgin Mary. Its spaces are imposing and has cells, guesthouses, etc.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt had a valuable library that was burnt in 1835. On 16th of April in 1775 talked here the national rebel Kosmas, in front of 11.000 people. The monastery was a national centre during the Ottoman period and is still saved the hall of the \u201csecret school\u201d.\nMonastery of Lekatsa\nThe cells", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery of Lekatsa is at a distance of 2 \u2013 3 km. after the village Myrsini of Preveza. It is built in a wholegreen place. It is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. It was probably built during the 8th century and was renovated twice, in 1600 and in 1774.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nNowadays are saved the church, the belltower and the guesthoouse and they are all renovated. The dome of the church fell in 1870. The wallpaintings of the church are whitewashed. It has a woodcarving iconostasis and its icons are from 1916 and Athanasios Tsoukas from Samarina painted them.\nMonastery of Virgin Mary of Spiliotissa", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nBetween the villages Aristi and Papigko of Zagori, 48 km. from Ioannina, next to Voidomatis river, is built on a rock the monastery of Virgin Mary of Spiliotissa that celebrates on the feast of Zoodochos Pigi.\nHere resorted and hid the habitants whenver they were in danger by the Turks. It was built in 1579 according to I. Lampridis. However, signs mention that it was built in 1665 by the monks Ioakeim and Sofronios and its wallpaintings date back to 1673 and they were painted by the monk Parthenios.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe foundation work of the buildings on the rock became with great success and art. The main chruch is at the east with an arched dome, while the rest temple is at the west and is cross-shaped. The woodcarving iconostasis and its wallpaintings are from the 17th century and are a sample of excellent art.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe abbey has a decoration of natural images, a work by the painter G. Anastasiou from Chios \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 who painted on March of 1874. During the period of the Ottoman Empire the monastery hepled a lot of schools of the around villages.\nMonastery of Romanos", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is located at the village Romanos of Laka Souli and is dedicated to the metamorphosis of Jesus Christ. It was founded in 1113 by the Abbot Ioasaf and was destroyed a lot of times, the last time was destroyed in 1611. Parthenios I from Moukovina renovated it in 1866 and made it a centre for activities as: school maintenance, mess for the poor, guesthouse for teachers, etc.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nHe was brave and daring and he saved a lot of times the monastery and its property by the Turks. It is one of the monasteries of Epirus that offered a lot of services even during the battles of Souliotes for their freedom.\nNowadays is well-preserved. It has an abbey, cells, warehouses and the beautiful stone-built church. Sheds cover the whole temple. The high belltower separates from the chuch. It was built in 1900 by Karavellas, a builder from Konitsa.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIn the main church there are seats for women. The main church has domes and its wallpaintings date back to 1907 and they were painted by Parthenios II. It has one of the most marvellous woodcarving iconostasis. During the Second World War it was a centre for the warriors of the National Resistance.\nMonastery of Tsouka\nView to the gorge", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery of Tsouka is located near the village Elliniko in Ioannina. The monastery was built by the Emperor Isaak Angel in 1190 and is dedicated to the Dormition of Virgin Mary. It was destroyed in 1736 and renovated in 1779.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery celebrates on 8th September. According to the tradition, it was found on the rock (Tsouka) where is built the monastery the icon of Virgin Mary. The habitants of the region put it in a church that they had built. However, the icon was always found on the rock. This was considered as a miracle and so the habitants built there the monastery.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt is walled and has an arched entrance. The cells and the whole building is made of stone. The church is of medium size, with arches and columns in it. The main part of the church is domed with wallpaintings.\nIt is th most importtant monastery of the prefecture of Ioannina. It developed a lot during the period of the Despotate of Epirus and it was a religious and national centre (in 1821 and during all the wars, it was the hiding place of the rebles and warriors).\nMonastery of Vella", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery of Vella is located at Kalpaki of Ioannina and was built on the 11th century. It is very close to the location of the ancient town \u201cPaliovella\u201d, which developed a lot during the byzantine period. Until 1713 it was the seat of the Bishop. It has a great view and close to it there is the spring of Vella of Kalamas river.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery of Vella is dedicated to the Dormition of Virgin Mary. In 1863 it belonged to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and in 1885 it turned into a parish church. It had also as glebe the Monastery of Metmorphosis of Jesus Christ in Romania. In 1936 it merged with the Metropolis of Dryinoupoli and Pogoniani and today belongs to the Metropolis of Ioannina.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIt worths mentioning that the monastery was on the 13th century and 400 years about a big cultural centre, and it also had a large property. It was devastated in 1817, when the monks refused to give their property to Ali Passia of Ioannina, they left for Corfu.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe Monastery of Vella from 1911 till 1989 operated as a seminary, where studied those who wanted to become teachers or priests, under the protection of the Bishop of Ioannina, Sp. Vlachos, of that time. Nowadays the Church High School is housed in another building along with a foster care.\nThe church of the monastery is built and splitted in three spaces and as we are informed by a sign it was built in 1745 and its wallpaintings are painted by Constantine and Ioannis Anastasiou.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nSignificant are also the wallpaintings of the Greek philosophers that are pictured here. The iconostasis is woodcarving and gold-plated with a majestic technique. The monastery celebrartes on 8th September every year.\nMonastery of Ragio\nEast side of the church\nThe outside entrance", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery of Ragio is at Ragio of Thesprotia, on a hill with forests. It is walled and is dedicated to the Dormition of Virgin Mary. According the tradition is probably built from the 11th century. A date of 1703 on a manuscript refers to the borders of the moanstery.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery suffered a lot of attacks and destruction. It is mentioned that in 1864 the monk Nathanail reconstructed it. It was a wealthy monastery, with one hundred and fifty monks on its developing period and donated many schools of the region. In 1909 belonged to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and in 1924 closed.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe \u03bdchurch of the monastery has a vestibule, the temple and the church. \u0395It is domed with an arch and an unusual dome. The dome is multilateral with apertures inside it for lightning.\nMonastery of Virgin Mary in Paramythia\nThe monastery with its belltower\nByzantine bath, close to the monastery\nThe Monastery of Virgin Mary of Paramythia is in the town of Paramythia of Thesprotia. It is about a temple with a cross-shaped dome and a ceramic external decoration. The monastery was built on the 14th century.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nMany things were added at the prinicpal temple with the most recent the belltower of four zones. There is a dooryard with two fountains and cells with an apart entrance. The monastery visited many patients for consolation, that\u2019s why it is called \u201cVirgin Mary of Paramythia\u201d. In th monastery there are also an old Gospel and a brocade epitaph brought by Meteora in 1588. Until 1960 it was a metropolitan church.\nMonastery of Rogkovos\nThe guesthouse of the monastery", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIn a beautiful location outside the village Tsepelovo of Zagori, 51 km. from Ioannina, is the monastery which is dedicated to the memory of St. Ioannis the Prodrome. After the bulidings of the gusethouse and the auxiliary rooms, there is the chucrh that was built by Poulcherias on the 11th century.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe fisrt temple was destroyed and on the premises was bulit the today\u2019s temple in 1749 as it is mentioned on the antrance (cast, the octangular dome). The gold-plated wooden iconostasis and the wallpaintings were made in 1765 by craftsmen from Kapesovo.\nMonastery of Apostolic Fathers\nThe magificent dome", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nThe monastery of Apostolic Fathers is close to Lithino village of the Municipality of Zitsa, into a wholegreen region. There is an outside wall with magificent ruins of the monks\u2019 cells. The high dome is a place of attraction for the church that is still saved.\nIt was built in 1590 (a sign on the South part of the wall). The church and is full of wallpaintings of the year 1631. It was a wealthy monastery and had of glebes to Russia and Romania.", "Byzantine Monastery of Parigoritissa\nIts valuable icons as well as the Sanctuary gate are kept for safety in the Metropolis of Ioannina.\n\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5: Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights, Sights | | \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1...\nTrips and excursions (17)\nWe suggest (26)\nSights (154)\nArchaeological sites (21)\nBulidings and monuments (6)\nChurches and Monasteries (28)"]

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[19348, 19639, 0.04810997], [19639, 19984, 0.0173913], [19984, 20097, 0.01769912], [20097, 20119, 0.09090909], [20119, 20147, 0.07142857], [20147, 20165, 0.05555556], [20165, 20423, 0.03875969], [20423, 20678, 0.02352941], [20678, 20699, 0.0952381], [20699, 20709, 0.1], [20709, 20965, 0.03515625], [20965, 21256, 0.02405498], [21256, 21296, 0.1], [21296, 21506, 0.05238095], [21506, 21802, 0.03040541], [21802, 22107, 0.00983607], [22107, 22336, 0.0349345], [22336, 22357, 0.0952381], [22357, 22735, 0.03174603], [22735, 22958, 0.02242152], [22958, 23194, 0.02966102], [23194, 23494, 0.04], [23494, 23514, 0.1], [23514, 23532, 0.05555556], [23532, 23763, 0.05627706], [23763, 24119, 0.02808989], [24119, 24329, 0.01904762], [24329, 24589, 0.01923077], [24589, 24608, 0.10526316], [24608, 24943, 0.0358209], [24943, 25320, 0.05835544], [25320, 25582, 0.02290076], [25582, 25874, 0.03767123], [25874, 26067, 0.02072539], [26067, 26285, 0.02293578], [26285, 26304, 0.10526316], [26304, 26328, 0.04166667], [26328, 26349, 0.04761905], [26349, 26622, 0.03663004], [26622, 26957, 0.0238806], [26957, 27142, 0.02162162], [27142, 27181, 0.1025641], [27181, 27214, 0.03030303], [27214, 27253, 0.02564103], [27253, 27466, 0.04225352], [27466, 27878, 0.02427184], [27878, 27900, 0.09090909], [27900, 27932, 0.03125], [27932, 28232, 0.03], [28232, 28487, 0.01176471], [28487, 28518, 0.09677419], [28518, 28538, 0.05], [28538, 28800, 0.03053435], [28800, 28987, 0.03208556], [28987, 29087, 0.04], [29087, 29343, 0.1171875], [29343, 29369, 0.03846154], [29369, 29385, 0.0625], [29385, 29398, 0.07692308], [29398, 29424, 0.03846154], [29424, 29452, 0.03571429], [29452, 29482, 0.06666667], [29482, 29507, 0.04], [29507, 29526, 0.05263158], [29526, 29550, 0.04166667]], \"rps_doc_ml_palm_score\": [[0, 29550, 0.8048296]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score\": [[0, 29550, null]], \"rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score\": [[0, 29550, 0.71668357]], \"rps_doc_books_importance\": [[0, 29550, 218.70401679]], \"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 29550, 619.25444775]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 29550, 1323.987759]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 29550, 333.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.com.ag/books?id=ihErzgEACAAJ&dq=editions:ISBN9798762439954&hl=de&output=html_text&lr=

The Tempest (Estudios Literarios)

["The Tempest (Estudios Literarios)\nThe Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare, probably written in 1610-1611, and thought to be one of the last plays that Shakespeare wrote alone. After the first scene, which takes place on a ship at sea during a tempest, the rest of the story is set on a remote island, where the sorcerer Prospero, a complex and contradictory character, lives with his daughter Miranda, and his two servants--Caliban, a savage monster figure, and Ariel, an airy spirit", "The Tempest (Estudios Literarios)\nThe play contains music and songs that evoke the spirit of enchantment on the island. It explores many themes, including magic, betrayal, revenge, and family", "The Tempest (Estudios Literarios)\nIn Act IV, a wedding masque serves as a play-within-the play, and contributes spectacle, allegory, and elevated language.Though The Tempest is listed in the First Folio as the first of Shakespeare's comedies, it deals with both tragic and comic themes, and modern criticism has created a category of romance for this and others of Shakespeare's late plays", "The Tempest (Estudios Literarios)\nThe Tempest has been put to varied interpretations--from those that see it as a fable of art and creation, with Prospero representing Shakespeare, and Prospero's renunciation of magic signaling Shakespeare's farewell to the stage, to interpretations that consider it an allegory of Europeans colonizing foreign lands."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://talkofnaija.com/policeman-shoots-his-colleague-dead-during-a-heated-argument-in-abia/?amp=1

Policeman shoots his colleague dead during a heated argument in Abia

["Policeman shoots his colleague dead during a heated argument in Abia\nPoliceman shoots his colleague dead during a heated argument in Abia\nAn Inspector of Police in Abia state has been shot dead by his colleague who is also an Inspector, during a heated argument in Umuahia, the state capital.\nBoth policemen were said to be attached to the Abia State House of Assembly member representing Isiala Ngwa North State Constituency, Hon. Ginger Onwusibe.", "Policeman shoots his colleague dead during a heated argument in Abia\nConfirming the incident, the spokesperson of the state police command, Geoffrey Ogbonna, said the victim, Inspector Ugwor Samuel, was shot dead by his colleague, Inspector Atule Benedict, both from SPU base 15, Anambra State, but attached to Hon. Onwusibe. It was gathered that the shooting to death followed an altercation between the two policemen over an undisclosed issue.", "Policeman shoots his colleague dead during a heated argument in Abia\nA source revealed that after the incident, efforts to disarm the assailant police inspector, who was said to have gone berserk, threatening to kill anybody who came his way as he fled, failed. The source further hinted that the suspect escaped with his AK-47 rifle to an unknown destination, but later handed himself over to the SCID Umuahia, where he is being detained.", "Policeman shoots his colleague dead during a heated argument in Abia\nThe police spokesperson added that the erring policeman is now in custody while the deceased body has been deposited in the morgue. He said the case was under investigation by state CID Umuahia."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.usacarry.com/origin-armed-citizenry/

The Origin of an Armed Citizenry

["The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nRecent events have shown that America is on the precipice of radically redefining her ancestral right to bear arms. Every major Democratic Presidential candidate has expressed intent to push through sweeping gun control legislation, and the Virginia legislature recently voted to enact an unprecedented policy of rifle confiscations, to name a few. It has become clear that a large segment of the population views the second amendment as an archaic tradition that has long outlived its use", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nA smaller minority sees it as the remnant of a racist history that should be abolished in the same vein as slavery or Jim Crowe. However, far too little has been said of the tradition that led to James Madison\u2019s inclusion of the Second Amendment in his bill of rights. Contemporary America often views the right to bear arms as something peculiar and unique to herself. This is a view that certainly has merit", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nA study by the New York Times found that only nine countries have ever included an explicit right to bear arms. Most of these were the nations liberated by Simon Bolivar in Latin America, and only the United States does not include a mitigating clause in her constitution. It is important to note that Bolivar was a man of the same temperament and character as Washington. He willingly abdicated power, promoted a virtuous citizenry, and advocated for limited government", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThe shared right to bear arms is likely more than a coincidence. Still, as any decent historian will admit, the Enlightenment ideals of individual sovereignty and personal responsibility may have found their fullest expression in the nation of George Washington, but their origins are in medieval England. This includes the second amendment", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nBefore any attempt is made to undermine a cornerstone of American liberty, one must examine the development of an armed citizenry, and determine if it is still relevant today.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThe earliest record of a populace being responsible for their own military equipment is Archaic Greece in the seventh century B.C. Wealthier citizens were expected to purchase and maintain armor, weapons, and the ever-important hoplon shield to fight for his mother polis in times of war. A similar but more formalized practice developed in Rome after the overthrow of Tarquinius and the establishment of the Republic in 509 B.C", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nMembers of the \u201ccensus class\u201d and higher with property worth more than thirty-five hundred sesterces were expected to provide their own equipment for campaigning. Of course, the high cost of quality weapons acted as a de facto form of restriction, but every citizen who could afford to do so had a patriotic duty to bear his own arms. The Greek system ended when Phillip II of Macedon defeated Thebes and Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 B.C", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nand assimilated a majority of the Greek city-states into the Corinthian League. Philip II employed a professional army, and after this point, there was a clear distinction between citizen and soldier, rather than soldiering being the responsibility of the citizen. The Macedonian military structure would endure throughout the Hellenistic Period. The Roman practice ended with the Marian Reforms in 107 B.C", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nIt is important to note that both cultures were the only real instances of large scale, majoritarian rule in the ancient world. While not entirely similar to the American concept of a right to bear arms, figures like Solon of Athens and Cincinnatus of Rome, both of whom were largely responsible for these examples of an armed citizenry, influenced much of the Founding Fathers\u2019 political philosophies", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nAnother important note is that the dissolution of the Roman system directly led to Caesar declaring himself \u201cdictator for life\u201d some sixty years later. And the Battle of Chaeronea marked the end of democratic sentiment in Greece until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nWhile Rome and Greece certainly influenced the Constitutional Convention of 1787, American liberty cannot be separated from English tradition. The Revolution was not a rejection of their mother country. Instead, it was an affirmation by the colonists that they would become more English than the Englishman.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThe American Revolution was not a fight between England and America. It was a war which resulted from an attempt of the arbitrary rulers of England, led by a king of German origin, to deny these rights and thus to destroy political liberty in America, as they had already destroyed it in England, and as other arbitrary rulers had already destroyed it on the continent of Europe. Source: McElroy, Robert. \u201cThe Culture of Democracy.\u201d Source Records of the Great War Volume I. 55", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nWilliam Pitt, one of the most notable English Prime Ministers, referred to the Continental Army as \u201cour armies in America,\u201d during a speech to Parliament. There is not a single American right or custom that cannot find Anglo-Saxon precedence, including the right to bear arms. By the twelfth century, European militaries were built around the mounted knight", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThese heavy cavalrymen were recruited from the noble caste and were augmented with poorly trained, lightly equipped peasants meant to fill out the ranks as needed. However, England resisted this trend, relying instead on archers. This required a population trained to use the longbow, a notoriously difficult weapon to master. Proclamations, such as the Assize of 1252, ensured monarchs would have a large enough population of proficient archers to draw from", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThis paid dividends at the onset of the Hundred Years\u2019 War. The outnumbered army of Edward III soundly defeated a French force at Cr\u00e8cy, largely because of the longbow. Later in his reign, he would expand on the Assize of 1252 with his own proclamation in 1363", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nIt stated, \u201cthat every man in (England), if he is able-bodied, shall, upon holidays, make use, in his games, of bows and arrows\u2026 and so learn and practice of archery.\u201d (Source: Readings in English Social History: From Pre-Roman Days to AD 1837) As more citizens became skilled archers, success in France continued. This culminated at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nHenry V led some seven thousand men, of whom six thousand were bowman, to humiliate an army of thirty thousand French soldiers, including ten thousand knights. Dan Simmons says it best in his novel Hyperion.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThe day of the armored man-at-arms, knight, the embodiment of chivalry, was over- hammered into history\u2019s coffin by a few thousand rag tag peasant archers carrying longbows. The ultimate insult to the noble-born French dead- if the dead could be further insulted- lay in the fact that the English archers were not only common men, common in the lowest, most flea-infested sense of the word, but that they were draftees. Doughboys. GIs. Grunts", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThe implication was clear. A trained, armed, and determined citizenry was not only an effective restriction against state power. It was absolutely necessary for the state to survive at all. One might suggest that the English would eventually be pushed back to their island, ultimately proving the armed citizenry ineffective. However, this was the result of Henry VI\u2019s atrocious rule, civil war in England, and if the Catholics are to be believed, divine intervention", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nIt is also worth noting that while a plucky group of armed commoners conquered France, it was another plucky, armed commoner, Joan of Arc, that saved it. This further illustrates the point rather than detracting from it.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nWhile the intent of training and arming the entire English countryside was a wartime precaution, the effect was quite predictable. The peasantry had the ability to resist any edict levied from the crown. A king could make whatever proclamation he desired, but his agents could no longer enforce it. Tax collectors called on dangerous citizens, not hapless farmers. The only way to govern England was with the consent of the people", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThis was less an explicit political philosophy and more a cultural conviction, but from that base, the commoner had finally become a force in his own government. Trial by jury, parliamentary power of the purse, and freedom of speech were all logical conclusions of the consent doctrine", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nWhile it would be wrong to state the fifteenth or sixteenth century Englishman enjoyed the same freedom as an eighteenth-century American, it would be correct to say he was freer than any peasant in history and certainly more free than his European contemporaries. One might say that the origin of English liberty is more complicated than the longbow, and one would be correct in saying so", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nHowever, it should be noted that the most iconic symbol of resistance against the tyrannical authority is the archer Robin Hood. Another famous rebel, William Wallace, used the arrow as his official seal, indicating he too was an archer. The people of England, armed with their longbows, demanded a degree of freedom unthinkable to their more docile cousins in France, Germany, or Austria.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nOne might point to the French Revolution in 1789, but the English had succeeded in executing their own king more than a century before. One should also remember that if the French peasant garnered any freedom with the storming of Bastille, it was short-lived. Despite their high minded rhetoric, the revolutionary governments of France were, to varying degrees, far more repressive than Louis XVI ever was.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThe traditional practice of an armed citizenry was intended to craft a formidable army, but it resulted in the common man developing his own ideas of rights and sovereignty. Of course, the Founding Fathers inverted these intentions. The right to bear arms was primarily a hedge against tyrannical state power and secondly a mechanism by which her military might be ready for war", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nFor a critic of the Second Amendment to claim it is outdated, he must prove that one or both of these intentions is not being properly served. This is an impossible point to make with regard to a strong military. During the first and second world wars, the American soldier proved himself a better rifleman than his adversaries or allies. The Germans were famously shocked that the \u201cgreen Yankees\u201d would take so quickly and fiercely to combat. However, the G.I", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nwas not \u201cgreen\u201d in the same way a European might be. He had prior experience with weaponry. If one reads the biography of any Medal of Honor winning American, the first chapter will almost always say some variation of, \u201che grew up hunting.\u201d Heroes like Audie Murphy and Sergeant York are prime examples of this. While the foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century has been more complicated than the first, the American infantryman has never found himself outmatched", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nUnits of the army or Marine Corps usually only suffer a tactical defeat when they are staggeringly outnumbered or because of a massive logistical collapse. That the AR-15 is the most popular rifle in America certainly contributes to the continued effectiveness of her fighting men in the same way the longbow once contributed to England\u2019s.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nA critic might then suggest that the primary intent of the Second Amendment, a hedge against tyranny, is no longer relevant. Eric Swalwell infamously joked that an armed uprising would be a \u201cshort war because the government has nukes.\u201d That this is a dubious statement is beside the point. Individual acts of defiance, not organized revolt is the most imposing deterrent to tyranny. The politician must think carefully before he passes any legislation because that legislation must be enforced", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThere is the ever-present risk that a citizen might choose to ignore that law. While the weight of the government is often able to force compliance anyway, it is not always able to do it quietly. Events like Waco blacken the reputation of responsible policy-makers. The public is outraged over the governmental overreach, and ambitious bureaucrats are quickly cowed. One could point to Venezuela or Hong Kong as obvious parables against disarmament, but it is not even necessary to go that far", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nEngland, whose people gave up their right to firearms in the twentieth century, has begun prosecuting citizens for \u201chate speech.\u201d Europe, as a whole, has seen their social and economic liberties dwindle. This is because politicians know that dissension can be crushed without devolving into a public spectacle. This is not true of the United States", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nOne could hardly imagine a Montana farmer allowing himself to be arrested for teaching a pug the Nazi Salute as happened in Scotland, and one could hardly imagine the official who ordered the arrest would retain his position. America remains the most heavily armed civilian population in the world, and for all her faults, she has remained the freest. These two facts are not unrelated.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nIt is clear that an armed citizenry in America has increased wartime effectiveness and maintained personal liberty. Far from being antiquated, the Second Amendment functions precisely as it was intended to. The AR-15 fills the same function as the longbow before it. Any argument for gun confiscation on the basis of changing times is not backed by history. Technology has evolved in the intervening centuries, but human nature has not", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nThe tension between the governor and governed will remain until we reach Kant\u2019s hypothetical Kingdom of Ends, and it is doubtful we ever will. Perhaps confiscating the broadly defined \u201cassault weapon\u201d will reduce the three percent of gun crimes committed with a rifle. However, the cost will be a drastic weakening of the military and a population reliant upon the honor of politicians to keep her ancestral rights.", "The Origin of an Armed Citizenry\nTags: armed citizenarmed citizenryhistorysecond amendment\nThe Importance of Ammunition Capacity: Law Enforcement versus Civilian Trends\nSelf-Defense and the Law: Some Introductory Thoughts\nShane Jone\nShane Jones is a history student at Southeastern Louisiana University. He is currently serving in the Marine Corps Reserves as an infantryman and lives in Madisonville, LA."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.sierratoysoldier.com/JJ-Future-October1_2021.asp

John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021

["John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nJohn Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nTHE TROJAN WARS\nTROY AND HER ALLIES\nFor this Tuesday we visit two different worlds. We continue with more information on the upcoming Trojan Wars collection. Then we travel to the American Civil War and introduce the 33rd Virginia Infantry.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nTraditionally, the Trojan War arose from a sequence of events beginning with a quarrel between the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Eris the goddess of discord, was not invited to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, and so arrived bearing a gift. A golden apple, inscribed \"for the fairest\". Each of the goddesses claimed to be the \"fairest\", and the rightful owner of the apple. They submitted the judgement to a shepherd they encountered tending his flock", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nEach of the goddesses promised the young man a boon in return for his favour. Power, wisdom, or love. The youth, in fact Paris, a Trojan prince who had been raised in the countryside, chose love, and awarded the apple to Aphrodite. As his reward, Aphrodite caused Helen, the Queen of Sparta, and the most beautiful of all women, to fall in love with Paris.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThe judgement of Paris earned him the ire of both Hera and Athena, and when Helen left her husband, Menelaus, the Spartan king, for Paris of Troy, Menelaus called upon all the kings and princes of Greece to wage war upon Troy.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nMenelaus' brother Agamemnon King of Mycenae, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the death of many heroes, including the Achaeans, Achilles, Ajax and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse.\nThe Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans, except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves. They desecrated the temples, thus earning the wrath of the gods.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nFew of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes, and many founded colonies in distant shores.\nThe Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, Aphrodite's son and one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.\nThe Trojans, too had their semi-divine heroes and these included Hector (son of Priam), Aeneas, Sarpedon, and Glaucus, just to name a few. They also had help from the gods, receiving assistance during the battle from Apollo, Aphrodite, Ares and Leto.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nHECTOR, SON OF PRIAM\nIn Greek mythology Hector was a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior for Troy in the Trojan War. He acted as a leader of the Trojans and their allies in the defence of Troy, killing countless Greek warriors.\nHe was ultimately killed by achilles.\nParis was the son of king Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy.\nHe is best known for his elopement with Helen, queen of Sparta, being one of the immediate causes of the Trojan War.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nLater in the war he fatally wounds Achilled in the heel with an arrow as foretold by Achilles' mother, Thetis.\nHomer's Iliad casts Paris as unskilled and cowardly. Although Paris readily admits his shortcommings in battle, his brother Hector scolds and belittles him after he runs away from a duel with Menelaus that was to determine the end of the war. His preference for bow and arrow emphasizes this, since he does not follow the code of honour shared by the other heroes.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nLater in the war, after Philoctetes mortally wounds Paris, Helen makes her way to Mount Ida where she begs Paris's first wife, the nymph Oenone to heal him. Oenone refuses, and Paris dies later the same day.\nAfter Paris's death, his brother Deophobus marries Helen, and was then killed by Menelaus in the sack of Troy.\nPANDARUS\nIn Homer's Iliad, Pandarus is a renowned archer and the son of Lycaon. He fought on the side of Troy in the Trojan War and led a contingent from Zeleia.\nTROJAN ARCHER", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThere will be Trojan archers to defend the Walls of Troy.\nThe Trojan army defending the great city of Troy, led by their king Priam, had assistance from a long list of allies. These included the Carians, Halizones, Kaukones, Kikones, Lycians, Maionians, Mysians, Paionians, Paphlagonians, Pelasgians, Phrygians, and Thracians.\nAfter Hector's death the Trojans were joined by two exotic allies, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, and Memnon, king of the Ethiopians and son of the dawn-goddess Eos.\nGLAUCUS", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nGlaucus, the son of Hippolochos, accompanied Sarpedon to Troy along with his troops from Xanthos. Himself a prominent warrior, Glaucus meets the Greek hero Diomedes on the battlefield, who is leading the Greek forces with the help of the goddess Athena. Glaucus and Diomedes exchange words and upon learning about each other's ancestry, the two warriors decide to not fight each other despite being on opposing sides. Coincidentally both their grandfathers shared a bond of friendship in the past", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nAfter the death of Sarpedon, Glaucus, filled with anguish and sorrow over his fallen commander and cousin, reminds Hector of his duty to the Trojan allies. Fierce fighting breaks out around the body of Sarpedon as both sides aim to claim the body of the Lycian commander. Just as Trojans take the armour from his body, Apollo appears, accompanied by Hypnos and Thanatos, to cleanse the body and ease it back to Lycia. Glaucus follows in the steps of Sarpedon by leading the Lycian troops after his death", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThe Trojan War is a huge project, and of course all the main protagonists, will be produced, including Helen, Priam, and Aeneus, as well as most of the main allied contingents.\nTHE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN, 1861.\nTHE 33rd VIRGINIA INFANTRY REGIMENT. COMPANY E, THE EMERALD GUARD.\nThe 33rd Virginia Infantry Regiment was raised in the commonwealth of Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army and was part of the famed \"Stonewall Brigade\".", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nWhen the Union and Confederate armies engaged near Manassas Junction, Virginia, on July 21st 1861, General Jackson and his brigade earned the nickname \"Stonewall\". Eight of the ten companies in the 33rd were present.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nBy late May 1861, the regiment was placed under the command of Col. Arthur C. Cummings, who was a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute who practiced law in Abington, Virginia at the far southernmost end of the valley and would twice represent Washington County, Virginia in the Virginia House of Delegates (first beginning in 1863 and again in 1871)", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nAt the height of the battle, it was Jackson's first brigade, and more specifically, the undersized regiment of Colonel Cummings that turned the tide of battle with a well-timed charge against an exposed artillery battery.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThe successful capture of the guns is thought to be largely because, due to the lack of formality in early war uniforms, Jackson's men were dressed in blue, just like their Federal counterparts. Though the 33rd Virginia succeeded in capturing the guns, the number of men that made the charge (only about 250) were unable to maintain possession and were forced to retreat. The charge had halted the steady advance of the Union Army up to that point, and precipitated further charges by Jackson's other regiments", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nBy day's end, the actions of the 33rd led to the complete rout of the Union Army, and played a major role in immortalizing the brigade.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThe cost of immortality for Cummings' regiment was high. Of the 450 men who were present at the battle, the 33rd would suffer 43 killed and 140 wounded.\nCompany E, The Emerald Guard, having participated in the battle, suffered 15 casualties including most of the company officers and NCO's. Captain Sibert was shot through both legs; Lt. Thomas C. Fitzgerald and 2d Lt. John Ireland were also wounded; in addition, Sgt. Michael Gavagan was wounded and Corp. John O. Sullivan was killed.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nCaptain Marion Sibert was born January 23, 1826 near the town of New Market, Shenandoah County. When the war began, he was thirty-four years old, stood 5'11\" and was described as \"handsome\" having a \"fair complexion, light hair and hazel eyes.\" Wyland's History of Shenandoah County suggest that Sibert and his family were in the hotel business prior to the war", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nFollowing John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859, Marion Sibert organized a volunteer artillery company in the New Market area known as the Tenth Legion Artillery. Despite their lack of cannon, they were called upon by the State Governor to perform guard duty at Shepherdstown on December 9, 1859 during Brown's trial. Having returned to New Market after the trial, Sibert would not have long to wait until another opportunity presented itself", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nOn April 18, 1861 war had erupted and Virginia, having voted in favor of secession, placed itself in danger of being invaded. When the Governor, John Letcher extended a call for certain counties to begin organizing companies for State defence in early May, Sibert once again put his business and homelife on hold and began recruiting a new company of men. This time, he targeted a distinct class of men that would form the nucleus of the company", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nRecruiting amongst the Irish laborers that had made their way to the Lower Valley through working on the Manassas Gap Railroad prior to the war. As the company formed and began to drill in earnest, a contemporary newspaper account provided a glimpse to its readers of this new company.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\n\"Through the energy and zeal of Maj. M.M. Sibert, a company of Irishmen, numbering about 60, has been raised and are in barracks at this place (New Market)", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThese men, impelled by devotion to their adopted country, patriotically and promptly responded to the call of their State, and are now hourly preparing themselves to resist the encroachments of the mercenary hordes, who are let loose upon us by our oppressors.\" As this quote and archival records suggest, the company never reached the regulation size of 100.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThe Emerald Guard was formed in and around the town of New Market during May and early June of 1861. It was organized by a thirty-four year old Shenandoah County native named Marion Marye Sibert. and as it's name implied was formed from the Irish laborers that worked in the Valley when the War began. The company would become among the most colorful and volatile companies of the famed \"Stonewall Brigade\"", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\n\"In their adopted sector,\" one historian would write, \"the Sons of Erin did not mesh easily with their conservative neighbors, most of whom were of German and Scotch-Irish descent. The Celts' predilection for hard liquor and their affinity for world-class brawling at the least provocation engendered a definite air of notoriety.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nMany of the Irishmen who joined the unit in May and June of 1861 were thought to be laborers who had been engaged on the construction of the Manassas Gap Railroad.", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nBy the middle of May, the company elected its officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Sibert naturally assumed the role of Captain of the Company. To compliment Sibert's militia experience, Thomas C. Fitzgerald proved to be a \"most valuable acquisition\" and was elected 1st Lieutenant of the company. Prior to his immigration to the United States, Fitzgerald boasted prior military experience with the British Army during the Crimean War", "John Jenkins Future Releases #1 - October 2021\nThe 33rd Virginia remained in the Stonewall Brigade in Thomas J. Jackson's Second Corps until the restructuring of the Army of Northern Virginia after his death in the spring of 1863. It was placed under Richard Ewell's command until the spring of 1864, when it dissolved following heavy losses at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.\nThe 33rd Virginia Infantry will be available spring of 2022... followed by some artillery"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/holbein-hans-elder

Hans Holbein the Elder (Augsburg 1460-1534 Augsburg)

["Hans Holbein the Elder (Augsburg 1460-1534 Augsburg)\nHans Holbein the Elder, son of the tanner Michael Holbein from Augsburg, was probably born in that city between 1460 and 1465. He is first documented in 1493, when he is mentioned as a citizen painter of Ulm, where he was to be found working with the sculptor Michel Erhart", "Hans Holbein the Elder (Augsburg 1460-1534 Augsburg)\nOver the next few years his name regularly appears in the Augsburg records and his workshop seems to have notably increased its activities as he is recorded as having apprentices in his charge during these years, including his younger brother, Sigmund Holbein", "Hans Holbein the Elder (Augsburg 1460-1534 Augsburg)\nOver the following years most of Holbein\u2019s commissions came from Germany but he was also involved in major projects outside Augsburg, such as the wings of the altarpiece for the high altar of the Dominican Klosterkirche in Frankfurt and the altarpiece for the Cistercian abbey at Kaisheim. In the execution of many of his works Holbein counted on the collaboration of sculptors, usually Gregor Erhart and Adolf Daucher, both of whom were related to him.", "Hans Holbein the Elder (Augsburg 1460-1534 Augsburg)\nAt the start of the new century Holbein was to be found working on one of his most important projects: the decoration of the high altar of Augsburg cathedral. Only a small number of the altarpieces that Holbein\u2019s studio produced during these years has survived. Although only a few painted portraits by the artist survive, we have a large number of portrait drawings and sketches by his hand, which reveal his interest in the physical appearance of his sitters.", "Hans Holbein the Elder (Augsburg 1460-1534 Augsburg)\nAround 1514 it would seem that the artist left Augsburg and was active in the Upper Rhine region in Alsace and Basel. His sons, Ambrosius and Hans the Younger (the latter to become one of the great names of German Renaissance art), followed their father\u2019s profession and initially worked as his assistants. In his last phase Holbein the Elder worked with his son Hans on a series of commissions in which it is difficult to distinguish their hands.\nHeade tote bag embroidery kit"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2