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The **640s** decade ran from January 1, 640, to December 31, 649. Events ------ ### 640 #### By place ###### Europe * February 27 – Pepin the Elder, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, dies and is succeeded by his son Grimoald. He becomes the head of the Frankish household, and the most powerful man in the Frankish Kingdom (approximate date). * King Chintila dies of natural causes after a 3-year reign, in which he permitted the bishops wide authority in Hispania, Septimania and Galicia. He is succeeded by his son Tulga, who becomes ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date). * At the request of Porga of Croatia, one of the first dukes or princes (Croatian: *knez*) of Dalmatian Croatia, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius sends Christian missionaries to the Croatian Provinces (approximate date). * The French city of Lille (according to the legend) is founded by Lydéric. He kills Phinaert in a duel to avenges his parents' deaths (approximate date). ###### Britain * King Eadbald of Kent dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his sons, Eorcenberht and Eormenred, who jointly rule the Kingdom of Kent (now South East England). * Hartlepool Abbey in Northumbria (Northern England) is founded. Wooden huts surrounding a church are built in Saxon style. ###### Africa * May – Siege of Babylon Fortress: The Rashidun army lays siege to Babylon Fortress in the Nile Delta (near Cairo). The next two months' fighting remain inconclusive, the Byzantines having the upper hand by repulsing every Muslim assault. * July 6 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army (15,000 men) under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeats the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt). Amr divides his troops into three parts, surrounding the Byzantines. * December 21 – Muslim Arabs capture Babylon after a seven-month siege; during a night assault Arab warriors open the city gates. The Thebaid region (Upper Egypt) is annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate. * December 22 – On orders of the Saracen leader, Amar, the Serapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the destruction of the Library of Alexandria, is burned down, along with its collection of 500,000 manuscripts. This story may be apocryphal. ###### Asia * Emperor Taizong of Tang begins the military campaigns against the Western Regions states in the Tarim Basin. General Hou Junji captures the kingdom of Gaochang, to solidify Tang rule in Central Asia. * Nestorian missionaries build the Daqin Pagoda in Chang'an (Shaanxi). *Daqin* is the name for the Roman Empire or the Near East. #### By topic ###### Religion * Disibod, Irish monk and hermit, arrives as a missionary in Francia. He begins his religious work in the Vosges and Ardennes. * May 28 – Pope Severinus succeeds Honorius I as the 71st pope. He dies in Rome only two months after being consecrated. * December 24 – Pope John IV succeeds Severinus as the 72nd pope. His election is accepted by the Exarchate of Ravenna. ###### Economy * A surge in atmospheric lead in ice core drilled in the Colle Gnifetti Glacier in the Swiss Alps signals an increase in silver mining because of economic recovery, after natural disasters in 530s and 540s. ### 641 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and much of Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas. * The Muslim conquest of Egypt continues, with the siege of Alexandria. * May – Constantine III, age 29, dies of tuberculosis after a four-month reign, leaving his half-brother Heraklonas sole emperor. Rumors spread that Constantine has been poisoned by Heraclius's second wife (and niece) Martina. * September – The Byzantine Senate turns against Martina and her son Heraklonas, who are both mutilated, and exiled to Rhodes. Supported by general Valentinus, Constantine's son Constans II, age 10, succeeds to the throne. * Constans II establishes a new civil-military defensive organisation, based upon geographical military districts. Byzantine forces maintain the frontier, along the line of the Taurus Mountains (Southern Turkey). ###### Europe * Aega, Mayor of the Palace and regent (alongside of queen mother Nanthild) of Neustria and Burgundy, dies during the reign of King Clovis II. He is replaced by Erchinoald, a relative of Dagobert I's mother. * The Lombards under King Rothari conquer Genoa (Liguria), and all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower Po Valley, including Oderzo (*Opitergium*). * Arechis I, duke of Benevento (northeast of Naples), dies after a 50-year reign and is succeeded by his son Aiulf I. ###### Britain * Prince Oswiu of Bernicia conquers Gododdin (or "The Old North") as far north as Manau (modern Scotland), on behalf of his half-brother, King Oswald (approximate date). * King Bridei II dies after a 5-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Talorc III as ruler of the Picts. ###### Africa * November 8 – Siege of Alexandria: Muslim Arabs under 'Amr ibn al-'As capture Alexandria after a six-month siege. Byzantine officials formally capitulate to Amr, turning the city over to Arab hands. * The city of Fustat (later Cairo) is founded in Egypt. It becomes the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule. ###### Asia * Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (China) instigates a civil war in the Western Turkic Khaganate, by supporting Isbara Yabghu Qaghan. * November 17 – Emperor Jomei of Japan, age 48, dies after a 12-year reign. * Uija becomes the last king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### 642 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Constans II marries Fausta. ###### Europe * April 30 – Chindasuinth, a Gothic warlord (already 79 years old), commences a rebellion and deposes King Tulga in Toledo, Spain. He is proclaimed king by the Visigothic nobility and anointed by the bishops. Tulga is tonsured and sent out to live his days in a monastery. * Radulf, a Frankish aristocrat, revolts against King Sigebert III of Austrasia and defeats his army, taking the title of *rex* or king of Thuringia. ###### Britain * August 5 – Battle of Maserfield: King Penda of Mercia defeats and kills King Oswald of Northumbria, age 38, at Oswestry (West Midlands). He commands a united British and Mercian force, which includes the Welsh army of Kings Cadafael Cadomedd of Gwynedd and Cynddylan of Pengwern. The Mercians become dominant in the English Midlands. * Oswiu succeeds his half-brother Oswald as king of Bernicia. He strengthens his position by marrying Eanflæd, daughter of King Edwin of Northumbria, then in exile in the Kingdom of Kent. This marriage takes place between 642 and 644. ###### Persia * Battle of Nahāvand: The Rashidun army (30,000 men) under Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas defeats the Persians at Nahāvand (modern Iran). The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounts an ill-prepared attack. The Arabs retreat to a safe area, where they outmanoeuvre and destroy the Persians in a narrow mountain valley. ###### Africa * Battle of Dongola: 'Amr ibn al-'As sends an Arab expedition of 20,000 horsemen, under his cousin Uqba ibn Nafi, to Makuria (Southern Egypt). The Nubians strike hard against the Muslims near Dongola with hit-and-run attacks. The Arab incursions into Nubia are temporarily halted. ###### Asia * Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty issues a decree throughout China, that increases the punishment for men who deliberately inflict injuries upon themselves (most commonly breaking their own legs) in order to avoid military conscription. This decree is an effort to eradicate this practice that has grown as a trend since the time of the rebellion against the Sui Dynasty. * Taizong supports a revolt by Turkic tribes against the rebellious Tu-lu Qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate. * Empress Kōgyoku ascends to the throne of Japan, after her husband (and uncle) Emperor Jomei's death in 641. * Winter – Yeon Gaesomun seizes power over Goguryeo (Korea), and places King Bojang on the throne. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * The earliest surviving dated Arabic-language papyrus (PERF 558), found in Heracleopolis (Egypt), and the earliest known Arabic text with diacritical marks is written. ###### Architecture * Arabs begin construction of the Mosque of Amr at Cairo, the first mosque built in Egypt and in all of Africa. ###### Religion * October 12 – Pope John IV dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by a Jerusalem-born cleric of Greek descent, Theodore I, as the 73rd pope of Rome. * A monastic settlement is founded in Hampshire (England) which later becomes Winchester Cathedral. ### 643 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Constans II recognises Theodore Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia, after his successful campaign against the Muslims. He names him commander (*nakharar*) of the Armenian army. * Maurikios names himself *dux of Rome*, and revolts against exarch Isaac (Exarchate of Ravenna). He declares Rome's independence from the Exarchate and from the Byzantine Empire. ###### Europe * King Rothari of the Lombards issues the *Edictum Rothari*, which is the first codification of Lombard law (written in Latin). The edict guarantees rights only for Lombard subjects. * Duke Leuthari II has Otto, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, murdered. He is succeeded by Grimoald the Elder, the eldest son of Pepin of Landen. ###### Britain * King Cynegils of Wessex dies after a 32-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Cenwalh (who is still pagan); he marries the sister of King Penda of Mercia (approximate date). ###### Persia * Peroz III, son of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of Persia, flees to territory under the control of the Tang Dynasty in China (approximate date). ###### Africa * Arab–Byzantine War: Arab armies continue their military expansion into North Africa and lay siege to Tripoli. The city is captured after one month. * 'Amr ibn al-'As sends a detachment to Sabratha (modern Libya). The city puts up feeble resistance, but soon surrenders and agrees to pay Jizya. ###### Asia * Chinese prefectural government officials travel to the capital of Chang'an, to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts. Emperor Taizong discovers that many have no proper quarters to rest in, and are renting rooms with merchants. Therefore, Taizong orders the government agencies in charge of municipal construction to build every visiting official his own private mansion in the capital. * A Chinese embassy is sent to the North Indian Empire. They are invited by Emperor Harsha, who holds a Buddhist convocation at the capital Kannauj, which is attended by 20 kings and thousands of pilgrims. * Taizong commissions artist Yan Liben to paint the life-size portraits of 24 government officials in the Lingyan Pavilion, to commemorate their service and contributions to the founding of the Tang Dynasty. #### By topic ###### Religion * Æbbe establishes a monastery at Ebchester, known as Kirk Hill at St Abb's Head near Coldingham (Scotland). ### 644 #### By place ###### Asia * Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty sends a Chinese expeditionary force, to invade and annex the Tarim Basin kingdom of Karasahr in Xinjiang, a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate. The oasis state is conquered, and Western Turks sent to assist Karasahr are defeated by the Tang forces. * Zenkoji, a Buddhist temple and landmark spot in Nagano, Japan, officially built by Empress Kogyoku. ###### Britain * Oswine, son of the late king Osric of Deira, manages to establish himself as king of Deira (Northern England) despite armed objections from King Oswiu of Bernicia. His succession, probably the choice of the people of Deira, splits the Kingdom of Northumbria. ###### Byzantine Empire * Valentinus, Byzantine general, attempts to usurp the throne of his son-in-law Constans II. He appears at the gates of Constantinople with a contingent of Byzantine troops, and demands to be crowned emperor. His claim is rejected, and Valentinus is lynched by the populace. ###### Islamic Empire * November 3 – The second caliph Umar, r. 634–644, dies of wounds inflicted by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz at Medina. On his death bed he appoints a committee to determine his successor. They select Uthman ibn Affan, who becomes the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. ### 645 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Alexandria revolts against Arab rule, at the appearance of a Byzantine fleet of 300 ships, and Byzantine forces recapture the city. Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, Arab governor of Egypt, mounts an assault and retakes it. He begins building a Muslim fleet. ###### Europe * Plato, exarch (imperial governor) of Ravenna, invades the southern Po Valley. The Lombards under King Rothari defeat him on the banks of the Panaro River (near Modena); 8,000 imperial troops are killed. ###### Britain * King Cenwalh of Wessex is driven from his kingdom by his brother-in-law, King Penda of Mercia (according to Bede). He flees to the court of king Anna of East Anglia, and is baptised while in exile. Penda overruns Wessex. * Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would-be king Cadwaladr Fendigaid flees to Brittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date). ###### Japan * July 10 – Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka, during a *coup d'état* at the imperial palace. * Empress Kōgyoku is forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her younger brother Kōtoku, age 49, who becomes the 36th emperor of Japan. * Naka-no-Ōe becomes crown prince and prime minister. Supporters of the semi-legendary regent Prince Shōtoku gain supremacy in Japan. * Emperor Kōtoku establishes the Taika Reform: a land reform based on Confucian ideas and philosophies from China (approximate date). * Kōtoku creates a new city at Naniwa, and moves the capital from Yamato Province. The capital has a sea port, establishing foreign trade and diplomatic relations. ###### China * May 1 – First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War: A Chinese expeditionary army under Emperor Taizong of Tang crosses the Liao River into Goguryeo (one of the Three kingdoms of Korea). * July 18 – Tang forces under Li Shiji heading southeast toward the Yalu River put the strategic fortress of Ansi City (in the province of Liaoning) under siege. * September – Taizong is unable to capture the Ansi fortress defended by Korean general Yang Manchun. Food supplies running low, he withdraws his forces, ending the Siege of Ansi. * October 13 – Emperor Taizong is compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo. #### By topic ###### Religion * Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns to China after a 16-year pilgrimage to India. He is greeted with much honor by Emperor Taizong. * The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple, Xi'an (Shanxi) is first erected during the Tang dynasty (approximate date). ### 646 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Arab-Byzantine War: Alexandria is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs, after a Byzantine attempt (see 645) to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 years of rule by Greco-Roman states in the city. * Gregory the Patrician, Byzantine exarch of Africa, begins a rebellion against Constans II, and proclaims himself emperor; the revolt finds broad support among the populace. ###### Arabian Empire * Caliph Uthman ibn Affan founds the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) on the coast of the Red Sea. He establishes a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required *Hajj* to Mecca. ###### Africa * Battle of Nikiou: The Rashidun army (15,000 men) under Amr ibn al-'As defeats a smaller Byzantine force, near the fortified town of Nikiou (Egypt). * Amr ibn al-'As builds fortifications in Alexandria and quarters a strong garrison in the vicinity, which twice a year is relieved from Upper Egypt. ###### China * Summer – Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty destroys the Xueyantuo state, during the campaign against the Xueyantuo (Central Asia). ###### Japan * Emperor Kōtoku makes a decree about the policies of building tombs. He discontinues the old customs of sacrificing people in honor of a dead man, and forbids ill-considered rituals about purgation. * A Great Reform edict changes Japan's political order. It will lead to the establishment of a centralized government with Kōtoku ruling from his palace, Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace, in Osaka. #### By topic ###### Religion * Xuanzang completes his book *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions*, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India. ### 647 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Arab–Byzantine War: An Arab army (20,000 men) under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad invades the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa. It conquers Tripolitania and the city of Sufetula, 150 miles (240 km) south of Carthage. * Self-proclaimed emperor Gregory the Patrician is killed during the Arab invasion at Sufetula. Africa returns to imperial allegiance after his death, but the foundation of Byzantine rule is fatally undermined. ###### Asia * Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty sends a Chinese mission to study Indian techniques of sugar manufacturing, at Bihar in the Ganges Valley. * Taizong establishes a Chinese military government to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extends to the Altai Mountains in the west. * Emperor Harsha, ruler of northern India, dies after a 41-year reign. His kingdom disintegrates into smaller states. * Jindeok becomes queen of the Korean kingdom of Silla after the death of Queen Seondeok. #### By topic ###### Astronomy and science * A stone tower astronomical observatory (named Cheomseongdae) at Gyeongju is constructed in Silla (South Korea) around this time. ###### Religion * Hilda of Whitby, age 33, is persuaded by Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne, to enter the monastic life at Hartlepool Abbey (Northumbria). ### 648 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Constans II issues an imperial edict forbidding Monothelitism to be discussed, to quiet the intense controversy caused by the Monothelete doctrine. This edict, distributed by patriarch Paul II in Constans' name, is known as the *Typos*. ###### Europe * King Sigebert II of Austrasia is advised by Remaclus to establish a double-monastery, at Stavelot and Malmedy. As a missionary bishop, he founds an abbey on the River Amblève (modern Belgium). ###### Britain * King Cenwalh of Wessex returns from a 3-year exile in East Anglia, to reclaim his kingdom. He gives 3,000 hides of land around Ashdown to his nephew Cuthred, possibly sub-king of Berkshire (England). * Cenwahl invites bishop Birinus to establish under his direction the Old Minster in Winchester. Together they have a small stone church built. ###### Asia * Tang general Ashina She'er re-establishes Tang control of Karasahr, and leads a military campaign against the Tarim Basin kingdom of Kucha in Xinjiang, a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate. ###### Americas * In an early skirmish in the run up to the Second Tikal-Calakmul War, B'alaj Chan K'awiil scores a military victory, apparently over his half-brother, who had galled him by using the same royal emblem (or emblem glyph) as he did. * Dos Pilas breaks away from Tikal and becomes a vassal state of Calakmul. #### By topic ###### Literature * The *Book of Jin* is compiled in China during the Tang Dynasty. Its chief editor is the chancellor Fang Xuanling, who dies in this year as well. ###### Religion * Pope Theodore I excommunicates Paul II of Constantinople. ### 649 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Arab–Byzantine War: Arab naval forces under Abdullah ibn Saad conquer Cyprus, sacking the capital Constantia after a short siege, and looting the rest of the island. The Cypriots agree to pay the same revenue as they have done to Emperor Constans II. * Constans II orders Olympius, exarch of the Exarchate of Ravenna, to arrest Pope Martin I on the ostensible grounds that the pope's election has not been submitted to the emperor for approval, but in fact because of the Lateran Council of 649's condemnation of Monothelitism and the Type of Constans. Olympius attempts to gain the support of the citizens of Rome and the bishops, with little success, and perhaps considers the assassination of the Pope. ###### Europe * January 20 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. ###### Arabian Empire * Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, governor of Syria, develops an Arab navy in the Levant and uses it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea. It is manned by Monophysitise Christian, Coptic and Syrian Christian sailors. ###### China * January 19 – The Tang campaign against Kucha ends after the forces of Kucha surrender, following a 40-day siege led by general Ashina She'er, establishing Chinese control over the northern Tarim Basin (Xinjiang). * July 10 – Emperor Taizong dies after a 23-year reign, in which he has restored the civil administration in China. He is succeeded by his son Gaozong, age 20, who becomes ruler of the Tang dynasty. ###### Japan * Emperor Kōtoku has Soga no Kurayamada accused of treason. He strangles himself at the temple of Yamada-dera. Other relatives of the Soga clan are captured and executed. #### By topic ###### Religion * May 14 – Pope Theodore I dies after a 7-year reign, in which he has shown generosity to the poor. He is succeeded on July 5 by Martin I as the 74th pope. * October 5 – The Lateran Council of 649, summoned by Theodore and carried forward by Martin, opens. It strongly condemns Monothelitism and the Type of Constans. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **640** * Al-Akhtal, Arab poet (approximate date) * Arikesari Maravarman, king of the Pandyan Empire (approximate date) * Asparukh, ruler of the Bulgarian Empire (approximate date) * Godeberta, Frankish abbess (approximate date) * Isonokami no Maro, Japanese statesman (d. 717) * Kilian, Irish bishop (approximate date) * Luo Binwang, Chinese poet (d. 684) * Musa ibn Nusayr, Arab general (d. 716) * Winnoc, Welsh abbot (approximate date) * Wulfhere, king of Mercia (approximate date) * Wulfram, archbishop of Sens (approximate date) **641** * Asparukh, ruler (*khan*) of the First Bulgarian Empire (d. 701) **642** * Ceolfrith, Anglo-Saxon abbot (approximate date) * Hasan al-Basri, Arab theologian (d. 728) * Julian, archbishop of Toledo (d. 690) * Máel Ruba, Irish abbot (d. 722) * Mujahid ibn Jabr, Muslim scholar (or 645) **643** * Fazang, Chinese Buddhist patriarch (d. 712) * Li Zhong, prince of the Tang Dynasty (d. 665) **644** * K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II, ruler of Palenque * Li Jiao, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 713) **645** * Æthelred, king of Mercia (approximate date) * Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria (approximate date) * Jitō, empress of Japan (d. 703) * John of Damascus, Syrian church father (or 676) * Mujahid ibn Jabr, Arabic scholar (or 642) * Yazid I, Muslim Caliph (d. 683) **646** * Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Muslim Caliph (d. 705) * Gudula, Frankish saint * Li Sujie, prince of the Tang Dynasty (d. 690) * Sun Guoting, Chinese calligrapher (d. 691) * Tonyukuk, military leader of the Göktürks (approximate date) **647** * Al-Abbas ibn Ali, Muslim martyr (d. 680) * Itzamnaaj B'alam II, ruler of Yaxchilan (d. 742) **648** * Kōbun, emperor of Japan (d. 672) * Redbad, king of Frisia (d. 719) * Tōchi, Japanese princess (d. 678) **649** * Approximate date – Wang Bo, Chinese poet (d. 676) * Xue Ne, Chinese general and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 720) Deaths ------ **640** * February 27 – Pepin the Elder, Mayor of the Palace * August 2 – Pope Severinus * September 12 – Sak K'uk', queen of Palenque * Alena, Frankish martyr (approximate date) * Arnulf of Metz, Frankish bishop and saint * Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, companion of Muhammed * Chintila, king of the Visigoths (approximate date) * Dushun, Chinese (Buddhist) patriarch (b. 557) * Eadbald, king of Kent (approximate date) * Eanswith, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date) * Li Xiaogong, prince of the Tang Dynasty (b. 591) * Romanus, bishop of Rouen (approximate date) * Tysilio, Welsh prince and bishop * Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Arab general **641** * February 11 – Heraclius, Byzantine emperor * November 17 – Emperor Jomei of Japan (b. 593) * Aega, Mayor of the Palace (Neustria and Burgundy) * Arechis I, duke of Benevento (Italy) * Bridei II, king of the Picts * Emperor Constantine III of the Byzantine Empire * Mu, king of Baekje (one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) * Ouyang Xun, Confucian scholar and calligrapher (b. 557) * Zaynab bint Jahsh, wife of Muhammad **642** * August 5 or 641 – Oswald, king of Northumbria * October 12 – Pope John IV * Emma, Anglo-Saxon queen * Eowa, king of Mercia (English Midlands) * Domnall Brecc, king of Dál Riata * Domnall mac Áedo, high king of Ireland * Flaochad, Mayor of the Palace (Burgundy) * Heraklonas, Byzantine emperor (approximate date) * Khalid ibn al-Walid, Arab general (b. 592) * Mardanshah, Persian general * Nanthild, Frankish queen * Pulakeshin II, king of Chalukya (India) * Willibad, patrician (of duke) of Burgundy * Yeongnyu, king of Goguryeo (Korea) * Yuwen Shiji, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty **643** * April 29 – Hou Junji, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty * September 19 – Goeric, bishop of Metz * Cynegils, king of Wessex (approximate date) * Maurikios Chartoularios, Byzantine rebel leader * Otto, mayor of the palace (Austrasia) * Wei Zheng, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 580) **644** * January 17 – Sulpitius the Pious, French bishop and saint * October 10 – Paulinus, Archbishop of York * Otto, mayor of the palace (Austrasia) * Radulf, king of Thuringia (approximate date) * Trudpert, Irish missionary (or 607) * Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, assassin of Umar I * Umar I, Muslim caliph (r. 634–644) * Valentinus, Byzantine general and usurper **645** * April 26 – Richarius, Frankish hermit and monk * July 10 – Soga no Iruka, statesman of Japan * October 21 – Zhenzhu Khan, khan of Xueyantuo * *unknown dates* + Al-Khansa, Arabic poet (b. 575) + Cen Wenben, chancellor and editor of the *Book of Zhou* (b. 595) + Li Chengqian, crown prince of the Tang Dynasty + Soga no Emishi, statesman of Japan (b. 587) + Yan Shigu, Chinese author of the Tang Dynasty (b. 581) **646** * January 17 – Sulpitius the Pious, bishop of Bourges * January 19 – Liu Ji, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty * *unknown dates* + Gallus, Irish missionary (approximate date) + Zhang Liang, general of the Tang Dynasty **647** * Æthelburh of Kent, queen of Northumbria * Felix of Burgundy, bishop of Dunwich (or 648) * Gao Shilian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 576) * Gregory the Patrician, Exarch of Africa * Harsha, emperor of Harsha (India) * Li Baiyao, Chinese official and historian (b. 564) * Seondeok, queen of Silla (Korea) * Xiao Yu, prince of the Liang Dynasty (b. 574) * Yang Shidao, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty **648** * Fang Xuanling, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 579) * John III of the Sedre, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. * Ma Zhou, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 601) * Xiao, empress of the Sui Dynasty **649** * March – John Climacus, Syrian monk and writer (b. c.579) * May 2 – Marutha of Tikrit, Persian theologian and Maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Church (b. 565) * May 14 – Pope Theodore I, Jerusalem-born Greek pontiff * July 2 – Li Jing, Chinese general and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 571) * July 6 – Goar of Aquitaine, Catholic priest and hermit (b. c.585) * July 10 – Taizong, Chinese Tang dynasty emperor (b. 598) * December 3 – Birinus, French-born Bishop of Dorchester in Wessex (b. c.600) * Rogallach mac Uatach, Irish king of Connacht (murdered) * Soga no Kurayamada, Japanese udaijin * Songtsen Gampo, founder of the Tibetan Empire ### Sources * Bede. "Book III". *Ecclesiastical History of the English People*. Internet History Sourcebooks Project. * Graff, David (2002). *Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900*. London: Routledge. pp. 197–198. ISBN 0-415-23955-9. Retrieved 2016-11-03. * Kirby, D. P. (2000). *The Earliest English Kings* (revised ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8. * Muir, William (1898). *The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall, from Original Sources* (3rd ed.). London: Smith, Elder.

640s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/640s

The **400s** decade ran from January 1, 400, to December 31, 409. Events ------ ### 400 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 9 – Emperor Arcadius gives his wife Aelia Eudoxia the official title of *Augusta*. She is able to wear the purple paludamentum and is depicted in Roman currency. * Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East, is sent on an embassy to the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, to congratulate King Yazdegerd I on his accession the year before. * A riot breaks out in Constantinople; the Great Palace is burned to the ground. Gainas, a Gothic leader, attempts to evacuate his soldiers out of the city, but 7,000 armed Goths are trapped and killed by order of Arcadius. After the massacre, Gainas tries to escape across the Hellespont, but his rag-tag *ad hoc* fleet is destroyed by Fravitta, a Gothic chieftain in imperial service. * Winter – Gainas leads the remaining Goths back to their homeland across the Danube. They meet the Huns and are defeated; the Hunnic chieftain Uldin sends the head of Gainas to Constantinople, where Arcadius receives it as a diplomatic gift. ###### Europe * The Paeonians (Illyricum) lose their identity (approximate date). ###### Asia * Richū, the eldest son of Nintoku, becomes the 17th Emperor of Japan. #### By topic ###### Art * Resurrection and "Two Marys with Angel near the Empty Tomb", panel of a diptych, found in Rome, is made. It is now kept at Castello Sforzesco, Milan (approximate date). ###### Literature * The Vergilius Vaticanus, an illuminated manuscript containing fragments of Virgil's *Aeneid* and *Georgics*, is made in Rome. * The *Yoga Sutras of Patanjali* are composed. ###### Medicine * Caelius Aurelianus, Roman physician, is practising his work *"De morbis acutis et chronicis"* (*Concerning Acute and Chronic Illness*), a guide to acute and chronic diseases. ###### Physics * Hypatia, Greek philosopher, distinguishes herself as one of the first women scientists, and becoming head of the Neo-Platonist school at Alexandria. ###### Religion * The mausoleum of Galerius in Salonica (Greece) is converted into a church. * Bishops from Gaza (Palestine) arrive at Constantinople to ask Arcadius that he close the pagan temple of Marnas. ### 401 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Arcadius sends many gifts to the Hunnish chieftain Uldin, in appreciation of his victory over the Goths and Gainas. Arcadius then allies himself with the Huns. * Piracy is committed by slave-traders from Galatia (Turkey), along the coasts of Africa. * The old Legio II Adiutrix, part of which had always been stationed at Aquincum (modern Budapest), is divided into two *comitatenses*, and shipped to Britannia. * Stilicho, Roman general (*magister militum*), leads his army in an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia (Switzerland). * The Temple of Artemis near Selçuk in Ephesus is dismantled. * November 18 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * Emperor Honorius begins to use the city of Ravenna as a temporary center for certain administrative and military functions. The city is chosen because of its proximity to the bulk of the Western Roman army and due to the fact that its relative poverty makes it a less tempting target for barbarian invaders than cities such as Rome or Milan. This event is often misinterpreted as the establishment of Ravenna as a capital. In reality, the capital of the Western Roman Empire was not truly established at Ravenna until 408. ###### Black Sea * The *Chronicon Pachale* (Paschal Chronicle) reports that the Black Sea is completely frozen. ###### China * Kumarajiva, Kuchean Buddhist monk, arrives in Chang'an and begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese. #### By topic ###### Religion * December 19 – Pope Anastasius I dies at Rome after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by Innocent I as the 40th pope proclaiming his universal power over the whole of Christendom. * The Mahabharata, an Indian Sanskrit epic, is finalised. ### 402 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Visigoths advance on Mediolanum (modern Milan) and besiege Asti in Liguria. King Alaric I sends envoys to negotiate a peace, but the Roman government refuses to make deals with "barbarians." * April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children. * Emperors Arcadius and his younger brother Honorius become Roman consuls. ###### Asia * King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) defeats the forces of Later Yan, seizing some of their border fortresses. * The Avars, led by Shelun (Chö-louen), having defeated the Gaoju Dingling (Kao-kiu Ting-ling) near Kobbo, establish a nomadic empire that ranges from Mongolia to the Irtysh. * Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, makes a pilgrimage to India, initiating Sino-Indian relations. Stirred by his faith to Buddhism, he visits the sites of Siddhartha Gautama's life. * Silseong becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. #### By topic ###### Religion * Jerome writes *"Apologiae contra Rufinum"* and *"Liber tertius seu ultima responsio adversus scripta Rufini"*. * The Pure Land school of Buddhism founds a monastery upon the top of Mount Lushan. * Cynegius, acting for Emperor Arcadius at the insistence of Bishop Porphyry, orders the destruction of pagan temples in Gaza. ### 403 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum. * Emperor Honorius and Stilicho are honored with a triumphal march, for the victories against the Goths and Vandals. This becomes the last victory celebrated in Rome. * Theodosius II, age 2, becomes consul of the Eastern Roman Empire. ###### Asia * Hui Yuan argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor. * Asin of Baekje allies with Silla against Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea). #### By topic ###### Religion * The Synod of the Oak deposes and banishes John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, but shortly afterward he is recalled only to be banished again. ### 404 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 1 – Last known gladiator fight in Rome: This date is usually given as the date of the martyrdom of Saint Telemachus, a Christian monk who was stoned by the crowd for trying to stop a gladiators' fight in a Roman amphitheatre. * October 6 – Empress Eudoxia has her seventh and last pregnancy, which ends in a miscarriage. She is left bleeding and dies of an infection shortly after. * Fravitta, a Goth serving the Eastern Roman Empire as a high-ranking general, is executed on the behest of a powerful official named Ioannes. Fravitta is executed because he accused Ioannes of pitting Emperor Arcadius and Emperor Honorius (of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, respectively) against each other. The execution of Fravitta results in the Eastern Roman Empire losing one of their most loyal and competent generals. (404 or 405) ###### Asia * Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) attacks Liaodong and takes the entire Liaodong Peninsula. * The Chinese Buddhist monk Huiyuan, who founded the Pure Land Buddhism sect and the monastery on Mount Lushan, writes the book *On Why Monks Do Not Bow Down Before Kings* in this year. In his book he argues that although the Buddhist clergy should remain independent and undisturbed by politics, the Buddhist laymen nonetheless make good subjects under monarchs, due to their fear of retribution of karma and desire to be reborn in paradise. #### By topic ###### Religion * Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople. ### 405 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Honorius closes the Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum), in an austerity move that abolishes amusements. * Stilicho, Roman general (*magister militum*), orders the Sibylline Books to be burned, according to the Roman poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus. * Stilicho crushes a coalition of Asding Vandals, Ostrogoths and Quadi with an army raised from forces of the Rhine frontier, leaving this sector dangerously weakened. * King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses the Alps. He spends the winter in the Po Valley and is observed by Stilicho, who lacks sufficient strength to prepare an offensive against the invading German tribes. The exact numbers of the migration are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes. * Flavius Aetius is sent as a child hostage at the court of Alaric I, king of the Visigoths. ###### Asia * The Khitan are first mentioned in Chinese chronicles. They wander along the boundaries of Kara-muren, and form part of the Donghu (Tong-hou) confederation. * Jeonji becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. #### By topic ###### Arts and Sciences * The Armenian alphabet is devised by Mesrop Mashtots. * The Japanese court officially adopts the Chinese writing system (approximate date). * Theon of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, dies at age 70 (approximate), having been helped in his work by his daughter Hypatia. ###### Religion * Jerome's Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin is completed by his translations of the Tanakh from the Hebrew language. * In the Roman province of Africa, Augustine of Hippo opposes Donatism as a heresy. ### 406 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Radagaisus is forced to retreat into the hills of Fiesole. There he tries to escape, but is captured by the Romans. * August 23 – Radagaisus is executed; 12,000 "barbarians" are incorporated into the Roman army, or sold as slaves. * Autumn – The remaining Roman legions in Britain decide to mutiny. The usurper Marcus is proclaimed emperor. * The Vandals, led by Godigisel, are intercepted and defeated by the Franks under Marcomir. Godigisel is killed in battle and succeeded by his son Gunderic. * December 31 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz), beginning an invasion of Gaul (traditional date, this may have occurred in 405). ###### Asia * Faxian, Chinese traveler, arrives in India. He visits the major seats of Buddhist learning (Udyana, Peshawar, and Taxila). * Hanzei succeeds his brother Richu, and becomes the 18th emperor of Japan. #### By topic ###### Agriculture * Cultivation of rye, oats, hops, and spelt (a wheat used for livestock feed) is introduced in Europe by the native Vandals, Alans, and Sciri, who also introduce a heavy wheeled plow to be used for farming. ###### Religion * Stained glass is used for the first time in churches in Rome. ### 407 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Gratian, Roman usurper, is installed as emperor after the death of Marcus. According to Orosius, he is a native Briton of the urban aristocracy. * Gratian is assassinated and Constantine III, a general (*magister militum*), declares himself Roman emperor. To extend his dominion over Gaul and Spain, he takes practically all the Roman garrisons from Britain and crosses the English Channel. Constantine occupies Arles and establishes tenuous authority over Gaul, sharing control with marauding "barbarians". This is generally seen as the beginning of Rome's withdrawal from Britain. * End of Roman rule in Britain: After 360 years of occupation, the local regional British-Roman leaders raise their own levies for defence against Saxon sea rovers. They cultivate oysters, having learned the technique from the Romans. ###### China * Liu Bobo (Xia Wuliedi) founds the state of Xia, and claims the title "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*). ### 408 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * May 1 – Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople, after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent. * Summer – Emperor Honorius marries Thermantia, second daughter of Stilicho, his famous general (*magister militum*). * The Roman usurper Constantine III establishes his headquarters at Arles (Southern Gaul) and elevates his eldest son, Constans, to the rank of *Caesar*. He sends him with an expeditionary force under Gerontius to Hispania, in order to suppress the revolt of some members of the House of Theodosius, who are loyal to Honorius. * August 22 – Stilicho is accused of treason against Honorius and is decapitated at Ravenna. His Hun bodyguard is killed; mass murders of Vandal soldiers follow. * The Hexamilion wall is constructed. Fortifications are built across the Isthmus of Corinth, guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from Greece. * September – King Alaric I of the Visigoths crosses the Julian Alps with an army of 30,000 men, and marches into the Roman heartland. He lays siege to Rome, and Gothic auxiliaries desert to join Alaric's forces. After much bargaining, the Senate agrees to pay him a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, and 3,000 hides dyed scarlet. * Alaric also demands, and obtains, the freedom of 30,000 people who had been enslaved in Rome. * The Huns under Uldin cross the lower Danube and attack the Eastern Roman Empire, setting fire to frontier forts and taking control of the Castra Martis (modern Bulgaria). The Romans negotiate for peace, but Uldin demands an exorbitant gold tribute in return for his withdrawal. This demand is rejected and Anthemius forces the Huns back across the Danube. * Attila, age 2, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Rome and in return, the Romans sent Flavius Aetius to the Huns. ###### Persia * King Yazdegerd I of Persia maintains cordial relations with the Roman Empire. He becomes an executor of Arcadius' will and is entrusted with the care of the young Theodosius II until he comes of age. #### By topic ###### Medicine * Alaric I exacts a tribute from Rome that includes 3,000 pounds of pepper. The spice is valued for alleged medicinal virtues and for disguising spoilage in meat that is past its prime. ### 409 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring – Gerontius, Roman general (*magister militum*), who had been a partisan of Constantine III, revolts in Hispania. He elevates Maximus, his *domesticus*, as emperor. * October 13 – The Vandals, led by King Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as *foederati*, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia. * The Visigothic king Alaric I lays siege to Rome a second time, bringing the inhabitants close to starvation. Emperor Honorius, safe in inaccessible Ravenna, refuses to negotiate for peace, despite repeated offers from Alaric, who then comes to terms with the Senate and sets up a rival emperor, Priscus Attalus, prefect (*praefectus urbi*) of the city. * Honorius agrees that sons of prominent families at court in Ravenna be sent beyond the Danube as hostages; in return, later he calls up ten thousand Hun mercenaries. * Famine strikes Hispania, Gaul and the Italian Peninsula. * Bacaudic Rebellion: Peasants in Armorica, northwestern Gallia launch a revolt. The unrest continues until 417. ###### Asia * Mingyuan, age 17, succeeds Daowu as emperor of the Chinese Northern Wei (one of the Northern dynasties). * Battle of Linqu: Southern Yan is defeated by Eastern Jin. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **400** * Aspar, Alan patrician and general (*magister militum*) (approximate date) * Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae (modern Chaves, Portugal) (approximate date) * Salvian, Christian writer (approximate date) * Sozomen, Christian Church historian **401** * April 10 – Theodosius II, Roman emperor (d. 450) * Aelia Eudocia, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius II (approximate date) * Leo I, Byzantine Emperor (d. 474) **403** * Hilary, bishop of Arles (d. 449) * Yuan He, official of the Northern Wei Dynasty (d. 479) **405** * Ricimer, *de facto* ruler of the Western Roman Empire (approximate date) * Salvian, Christian writer (approximate date) * Yuan Qigui, empress and wife of Wen of Liu Song (d. 440) **406** * Attila the Hun, ruler of the Hunnic Empire (approximate date) (d. 453) * Shao Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 424) **407** * Wen Di, Chinese emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 453) **408** * Tai Wu Di, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (d. 452) **409** * Daniel the Stylite, Christian saint (approximate date) * Liu Yikang, prince of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 451) Deaths ------ **400** * Castor of Karden, Christian priest and hermit * Duan, Chinese empress and wife of Murong Bao * Gainas, Gothic chieftain and general (*magister militum*) * Li Lingrong, empress and mother of Jin Xiaowudi * Lü Guang, emperor of the Di state Later Liang (b. 337) * Lü Shao, "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*) of Later Liang * Oribasius, Greek medical writer and physician **401** * December 19 – Pope Anastasius I * Duan Ye, prince of the Chinese state Northern Liang * Lü Zuan, emperor of the Di state Later Liang * Murong Sheng, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan (b. 373) * Empress Yang, wife of Lü Zuan **402** * Empress Dowager Ding, mother of Murong Sheng * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, Roman consul and intellectual * Sima Yuanxian, regent during the Jin Dynasty (b. 382) * Tufa Lilugu, prince of the Xianbei state Southern Liang **403** * Epiphanius of Salamis, Church Father * Severin, bishop of Cologne * Sima Daozi, regent of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 364) **404** * January 1 – Telemachus, Christian monk and martyr * February – Flavian I, Patriarch of Antioch * June 19 – Huan Xuan, warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 369) * October 6 – Aelia Eudoxia, Roman Empress and wife of Arcadius * Claudian, Roman poet (approximate date) * He Fani, empress of the Jin dynasty (b. 339) * Paula, Desert Mother and saint (b. 347) **405** * June 26 – Saint Vigilius, bishop of Trent (b. 353) * November 11 – Arsacius of Tarsus, archbishop of Constantinople * Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (b. 330) * Murong De, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan (b. 336) * Richu, emperor of Japan (approximate date) * Theon of Alexandria, last director of the Library of Alexandria (approximate date) **406** * August 23 – Radagaisus, Gothic king * Alban of Mainz, priest and martyr (approximate date) * Godigisel, king of the Vandals * Gu Kaizhi, Chinese painter (b. c. 344) * Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang (b. 346) **407** * Fu Xunying, empress of the Xianbei state Later Yan * Gratian, Roman usurper * John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople * Marcus, Roman usurper * Maria, empress consort and wife of Honorius * Murong Xi, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan (b. 385) * Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date) **408** * May 1 – Arcadius, Roman Emperor * May 4 – Venerius, bishop of Milan and Saint * August 22 – Stilicho, Roman general **409** * Daowu, emperor of the Northern Wei (b. 371) * Gao Yun, emperor of the Northern Yan * Li of Yan, empress, wife of Gao Yun (who died the same year) * Mallius Theodorus, Roman consul (approximate date) * Serena, noblewoman and wife of Stilicho

400s (decade)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400s_(decade)

Year **456 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lactuca and Caeliomontanus** (or, less frequently, **year 298 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 456 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The first of the Athenian sculptor Phidias' monuments to Athena, the bronze *Athena Promachos*, is placed on the Athenian Acropolis, measuring about 9 metres high. * The temple of Zeus in Olympia is finished. Births ------ * Aristophanes, Greek playwright (d. c. 386 BC) Deaths ------ * Aeschylus, Greek playwright (b. 525 BC)

456 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/456_BC

Year **405 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Barbatus, Capitolinus, Cincinnatus, Medullinus, Iullus and Mamercinus** (or, less frequently, **year 349 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 405 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * After their victory in the Battle of Arginusae over the Spartans, the Athenian fleet follows the reappointed Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet under Admiral Conon is destroyed by the Spartans under Lysander in the Battle of Aegospotami in the Sea of Marmara and Conon flees to Cyprus. * The Spartan king Pausanias lays siege to Athens while Lysander's fleet blockades Piraeus. This action closes the grain route through the Hellespont, thereby starving Athens. * While the Peloponnesians besiege Athens, Theramenes tries to negotiate with Lysander. He is away for three months while Athens is being reduced to starvation. Then he heads the embassy that negotiates the terms of capitulation to the Spartans. #### Sicily * Dionysius the Elder rises to power as the tyrant of Syracuse. He makes peace with the Carthaginian general, Himilco (whose army has been weakened by the plague), and fortifies Syracuse. This treaty leaves Carthage in control of most of Sicily. * Dionysius the Elder ruthlessly consolidates and expands his power. He builds a wall around Syracuse and fortifies Epipolae. The Greek citizens of Naxos, Catana, and Leontini are removed from their cities; many of them are enslaved and their homes are given to Sicilian and Italian mercenaries. Dionysius prepares his army to fight against Carthage, which now occupies western and southern Sicily. ### By topic #### Drama * January – Aristophanes' play The Frogs is performed. * March/April – Euripides' *The Bacchae* and *Iphigeneia at Aulis* are performed posthumously as part of a tetralogy at the City Dionysia festival and win first prize. #### Art * The *Erechtheum*, which includes *The Porch of Maidens* (Caryatid Porch), is completed in the Ionian style on the Acropolis in Athens after 16 years of construction. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 480 BC)

405 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/405_BC

Year **523** (**DXXIII**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1276 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 523 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan (approximate date). #### Europe * King Chlothar I takes part in an expedition against Burgundy and captures the town of Autun. Now about 26, he makes plans to expand the territory he inherited from his late father, Clovis I. * King Sigismund of Burgundy is defeated by the invading Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I. He is captured and taken as prisoner to *Aurelianum* (modern Orléans). #### Africa * Hilderic succeeds his uncle Thrasamund after a 27-year reign, and becomes king of the Vandals and Alans. He favours Catholicism and grants the inhabitants religious freedom. * Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moor) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa. #### Asia * A revolt breaks out on the Six Frontier Towns, on the northern border of Northern Wei China ("Revolt of the Six Garrisons"). Tensions between the elite and the Tuoba-clan severely destabilise the state. * The Songyue Pagoda is completed during the Northern Wei era; the circular-based tower is still 40 m (131 ft) in height. * Seong becomes king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ### By topic #### Religion * August 6 – Pope Hormisdas dies at Rome after a 9-year reign, in which he has been instrumental in ending the Acacian Schism. He is succeeded by John I as the 53rd pope. Births ------ * Aurelianus, archbishop of Arles (d. 551) Deaths ------ * August 6 – Pope Hormisdas (b. 450) * Arethas, leader of the Christian community in Yemen * Muryeong, king of Baekje (Three Kingdoms of Korea) * Philoxenus of Mabbug, Syrian theologian * Thrasamund, king of the Vandals (b. 450)

523

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/523

Year **459** (**CDLIX**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ricimer and Patricius** (or, less frequently, **year 1212 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 459 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Leo I signs a peace treaty with the Ostrogoths. King Theodemir sends his son, Theoderic the Great, age 5, as a child hostage to Constantinople. He learns at court about Latin, military tactics and religion (until 469). #### Britannia * King Vortigern is burnt to death, while being besieged by a Romano-British force under Ambrosius Aurelianus at Ganarew (Herefordshire). #### Europe * The Franks conquer the city of Trier. The Frankish Kingdom becomes a military power and gets involved in Roman politics. * Remigius, age 22, is elected bishop of Reims (approximate date). #### Asia * King Dhatusena of Anuradhapura of the Moriyan dynasty rules over Sri Lanka. During his reign the Avukana Buddha statue is built. Births ------ * November 15 – B'utz Aj Sak Chiik, king of Palenque (Mexico) Deaths ------ * September 2 – Simeon Stylites, Christian pillar-saint * Hormizd III, king of the Sasanian Empire (approximate date) * Vortigern, king of the Britons (approximate date)

459

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/459

Year **408** (**CDVIII**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Philippus** (or, less frequently, **year 1161 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 408 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * May 1 – Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople, after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent. * Summer – Emperor Honorius marries Thermantia, second daughter of Stilicho, his famous general (*magister militum*). * The Roman usurper Constantine III establishes his headquarters at Arles (Southern Gaul) and elevates his eldest son, Constans, to the rank of *Caesar*. He sends him with an expeditionary force under Gerontius to Hispania, in order to suppress the revolt of some members of the House of Theodosius, who are loyal to Honorius. * August 22 – Stilicho is accused of treason against Honorius and is decapitated at Ravenna. His Hun bodyguard is killed; mass murders of Vandal soldiers follow. * The Hexamilion wall is constructed. Fortifications are built across the Isthmus of Corinth, guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from Greece. * September – King Alaric I of the Visigoths crosses the Julian Alps with an army of 30,000 men, and marches into the Roman heartland. He lays siege to Rome, and Gothic auxiliaries desert to join Alaric's forces. After much bargaining, the Senate agrees to pay him a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, and 3,000 hides dyed scarlet. * Alaric also demands, and obtains, the freedom of 30,000 people who had been enslaved in Rome. * The Huns under Uldin cross the lower Danube and attack the Eastern Roman Empire, setting fire to frontier forts and taking control of the Castra Martis (modern Bulgaria). The Romans negotiate for peace, but Uldin demands an exorbitant gold tribute in return for his withdrawal. This demand is rejected and Anthemius forces the Huns back across the Danube. * Attila, age 2, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Rome and in return, the Romans sent Flavius Aetius to the Huns. #### Persia * King Yazdegerd I of Persia maintains cordial relations with the Roman Empire. He becomes an executor of Arcadius' will and is entrusted with the care of the young Theodosius II until he comes of age. ### By topic #### Medicine * Alaric I exacts a tribute from Rome that includes 3,000 pounds of pepper. The spice is valued for alleged medicinal virtues and for disguising spoilage in meat that is past its prime. Births ------ * Tai Wu Di, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (d. 452) Deaths ------ * May 1 – Arcadius, Roman Emperor * May 4 – Venerius, bishop of Milan and Saint * August 22 – Stilicho, Roman general

408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/408

Year **425 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Atratinus, Medullinus, Cincinnatus and Barbatus** (or, less frequently, **year 329 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 425 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid king of Persia, is succeeded by his son Xerxes II. #### Greece * Demosthenes captures and fortifies the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus, giving Athens a strong base close to Sparta. Meanwhile, a Spartan army, commanded by Brasidas, lands on the nearby island of Sphacteria, but is repulsed by the Athenians. An Athenian fleet summoned by Demosthenes bottles up the Spartan navy in Navarino Bay. * Cleon joins Demosthenes in the invasion by Athenian troops of Sphacteria. The resulting Battle of Pylos results in an Athenian victory leading to the surrender of many of the Spartan troops. Pylos remains in Athenian hands, and is used as a base for raids into Spartan territory and as a refuge for fleeing Spartan helots. * Following the failure of peace negotiations between Athens and Sparta, a number of Spartans stranded on the island of Sphacteria after the Battle of Pylos are attacked by an Athenian force under Cleon and Demosthenes. The resulting Battle of Sphacteria leads to a further victory by the Athenians over the Spartans. The Spartans sue for peace, but the Athenian leader Cleon persuades Athens to refuse. #### China * Zhou wei lie wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. ### By topic #### Architecture * Callicrates starts to build the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens (approximate date). Between 410 and 407 BC the temple is surrounded by a parapet. #### Art * What some historians call the *Rich style* begins in Greece. #### Literature * Euripides' play *Hecuba* is performed. * Aristophanes' play *The Acharnians* is performed. Produced by Callistratus, it wins Aristophanes a first prize at the Lenaea. Births ------ * Artaxerxes III, king of the Persian Empire (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Artaxerxes I, king of the Persian Empire * Herodotus of Halicarnassos, Dorian Greek historian (b. 484 BC)

425 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/425_BC

Year **426 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cincinnatus, Albinus, Fusus and Cossus** (or, less frequently, **year 328 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 426 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Athenian leader Cleon and Athenian general Demosthenes revitalise the city's military and naval forces despite opposition from Nicias, a rich merchant and soldier, and his supporters. * Demosthenes unsuccessfully besieges the Corinthian colony of Leukas. As a result, he does not return to Athens, fearing for his life. However when, later in the year, Ambracia invades Acarnania, and the Acarnanians seek help from Demosthenes, who is patrolling the Ionian Sea coast with twenty Athenian ships, he reaches the Athenian naval base in the Gulf of Corinth at Naupactus and secures it just in time to defend it against a large Spartan army from Delphi under Eurylochus which has come to assist the Ambraciots. Demosthenes defeats the Spartan army and Eurylochus is killed during the Battle of Olpae. The Acarnanians and Ambraciots then sign a peace treaty. * An Athenian army under Nicias, Hipponicus and Eurymedon defeats a combined Tanagran and Theban army in the Battle of Tanagra. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Eurylochus, Spartan general (killed in battle) * Zhou kao wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

426 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/426_BC

Year **429** (**CDXXIX**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Florentius and Dionysius** (or, less frequently, **year 1182 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 429 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric ("Caesar King"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy. * Genseric seizes lands from the Berbers and destroys church buildings all over Mauretania. He goes on a rampage forcing Bonifacius, Roman governor, to retreat to the fortified coastal town of Hippo Regius (modern Annaba). * Bonifacius, weakened by the civil war against empress Galla Placidia, sues for peace and is elevated to the rank of supreme commander (*magister militum*) of Africa. * Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee to codify all Roman laws. All funds raised by Jews to support schools have to be turned over to the state treasury. * The Temple of Goddess Athena on the Acropolis of Athens is sacked. Athenian Pagans are persecuted. ### By topic #### Literature #### Religion * A Gaulish assembly of bishops dispatch Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain to visit the island. To satisfy pope Celestine I they combat the Pelagian heresy. * Hilary succeeds his kinsman Honoratus and becomes archbishop of Arles. * Domnus II, future patriarch of Antioch, is ordained as a deacon. Births ------ * Liu Jun, prince of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 453) * Zu Chongzhi, Chinese mathematician (d. 500) Deaths ------ * January 6 – Honoratus, archbishop of Arles * Heremigarius, military leader of the Suebi

429

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/429

Year **464 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Fusus** (or, less frequently, **year 290 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 464 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Sparta suffers the effects of a severe earthquake leading to a large loss of life. * When the Messenian helots (serfs) revolt against their Spartan masters following the severe earthquake, King Archidamus II organises the defence of Sparta. The helots fortify themselves at Mount Ithome. #### Persian Empire * Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan, who gains control of the Delta region and is aided by the Athenians. * Artaxerxes I succeeds Xerxes as king of the Persian empire. Births ------ Deaths ------ *

464 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/464_BC

Year **463 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Priscus and Helva** (or, less frequently, **year 291 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 463 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Rome * The Senate and People of Rome appoint Gaius Aemilius Mamercus interrex. #### Greece * In Athens, the democratic statesman Ephialtes and the young Pericles attempt to get the oligarchic Kimon ostracized for allegedly receiving bribes. Kimon is charged by Pericles and other democratic politicians with having been bribed not to attack the King of Macedonia (who may have been suspected of covertly helping the Thasian rebels). Though Kimon is acquitted, his influence on the Athenian people is waning. * Themistocles, who is in exile, approaches the Persian King Artaxerxes I seeking Persian help in regaining power in Athens. Artaxerxes is unwilling to help him, but instead gives him the satrapy of Magnesia. * After a two year siege, Thasos falls to the Athenians under Kimon who compels the Thasians to destroy their walls, surrender their ships, pay an indemnity and an annual contribution to Athens. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

463 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/463_BC

Year **423** (**CDXXIII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Marinianus and Asclepiodotus** (or, less frequently, **year 1176 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 423 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * August 15 – Emperor Honorius, age 38, dies at Ravenna of dropsy, perhaps pulmonary edema. With no children to claim the throne, Joannes, *primicerius notariorum* ("chief notary", head of the civil service), seizes the throne of the Western Roman Empire, and is declared emperor. Among his supporters are Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*). Joannes' rule is accepted in the dioceses of Gaul, Hispania and Italia, but not in Africa. * Winter – Emperor Theodosius II refuses to recognize Joannes as emperor, and prepares for war. He mobilizes an expeditionary force under command of Ardaburius, and his son Flavius Aspar. ### By topic #### Religion * Theodoret becomes bishop of Cyrrhus (Syria). He converts more than 1,000 Marcionites in his diocese. Births ------ * Theodosius the Cenobiarch, monk and founder of the Monastery of St. Theodosius (approximate date) Deaths ------ * August 15 – Honorius, Roman Emperor (b. 384) * December 23 – Ming Yuan Di, ruler of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (b. 392) * Eulalius, antipope of Rome * Tufa, Chinese princess and wife of Qifu Chipan * Xiao Wenshou, empress dowager of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 343)

423

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/423

Year **426** (**CDXXVI**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the **Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Valentinianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1179 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 426 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Theodosius II gives orders to destroy the buildings and pagan temples at Olympia (Greece). The statue of Zeus is brought to Constantinople. #### Europe * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), starts a 10-year campaign against the Visigoths in southern Gaul. * King Gunderic of the Vandals accepts the request of the Alans in Hispania to become their ruler (approximate date). #### Mesoamerica * K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' becomes the founder of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization at Copán (modern Honduras). #### Religion * Augustine of Hippo publishes the *De Civitate Dei*, City of God. * Sisinnius becomes Archbishop of Constantinople. Births ------ * Liu Shao, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 453) Deaths ------ * Fu Liang, official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 374) * Xie Hui, general of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 390) * Xu Xianzhi, official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 364) * Zhang, empress dowager of the Liu Song Dynasty

426

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/426

Year **469** (**CDLXIX**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Marcianus and Zeno** (or, less frequently, **year 1222 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 469 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Ostrogoth prince Theodoric, age 15, returns to Pannonia, after living as a child hostage at the court of Emperor Leo I in Constantinople (see 459). #### Europe * The Vandals invade Epirus (modern Greece). They are expelled from the Peloponnese (Greece) and in retaliation, the Vandals take 500 hostages at Zakynthos. On the way back to Carthage they[*clarification needed*]are slaughtered. * King Euric declares himself independent from the Western Roman Empire. He extends the Visigothic power in Hispania; conquering the cities of Pamplona, Zaragoza and Mérida. ### By topic #### Religion * The Vatican makes a pact with the Salian Frankish king Childeric I, agreeing to call him "the new Constantine" on condition that he accept conversion to Christianity. Births ------ * Zhou She, high official of the Liang Dynasty (d. 524) Deaths ------ * Dengizich, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae (approximate date)

469

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/469

Year **468** (**CDLXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Anthemius without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1221 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 468 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Leo I assembles a massive naval expedition at Constantinople, which costs 64,000 pounds of gold (more than a year's revenue) and consists of over 1,100 ships carrying 100,000 men. It is the greatest fleet ever sent against the Vandals and brings Leo near to bankruptcy. * Emperor Anthemius sends a Roman expedition under command of Marcellinus. He expels the Vandals from Sicily and retakes Sardinia. The Eastern general Heraclius of Edessa lands with a force on the Libyan coast, east of Carthage, and advances from Tripolitania. * Battle of Cape Bon: The Vandals defeat the Roman navy under Basiliscus, anchored at *Promontorium Mercurii*, 45 miles from Carthage (Tunisia). During peace negotiations Genseric uses fire ships, filling them with brushwood and pots of oil, destroying 700 imperial galleys. Basiliscus escapes with his surviving fleet to Sicily, harassed all the way by Moorish pirates. * August – Marcellinus is murdered in Sicily, probably at the instigation of his political rival, Ricimer. Heraclius is left to fight alone against the Vandals; after a 2-year campaign in the desert he returns to Constantinople. * Basiliscus returns to Constantinople after a disastrous expedition against the Vandals. He is forced to seek sanctuary in the church of Hagia Sophia to escape the wrath of the people. Leo I gives him imperial pardon, but banishes him for 3 years to Heraclea Sintica (Thrace). * Dengizich, son of Attila the Hun, sends an embassy to Constantinople to demand money. Leo I offers the Huns settlement in Thrace in exchange for recognition of his authority. Dengizich refuses and crosses the Danube. * Roman forces under Anagast defeat the Huns at the river Utus (Vit, Bulgaria). Dengizich is killed and his head is paraded through the streets of Constantinople. Stuck on the end of a wooden pole, it is displayed above the Xylokerkos Gate. * The Vandals reconquer Sicily, administering a decisive defeat to the Western forces. ### By topic #### Religion * February 29 – Pope Hilarius dies at Rome after a 6½-year reign, and is succeeded by Simplicius as the 47th pope. Births ------ * Nectan of Hartland, Welsh prince and saint (approximate date) Deaths ------ * February 29, – Pope Hilarius * Dengizich, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Gunabhadra, Indian Buddhist scholar-monk (b. 394) * Marcellinus, Roman general (*magister militum*)

468

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/468

Year **671** (**DCLXXI**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 671 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ * December 7 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from Tibet to the Maghreb. ### By place #### Europe * Perctarit returns to Lombardy from exile and reclaims his realm, which is being ruled on behalf of Garibald, since his father King Grimoald I died. He deposes the young king, and becomes the new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy. During his reign Perctarit makes Catholicism the official religion, but does not recognize papal authority. Grimoald is buried in the St. Ambrogio Church (Milan). #### Britain * Battle of Two Rivers: King Ecgfrith of Northumbria defeats the Picts under King Drest VI, in the vicinity of Moncreiffe Island, near Perth (Scotland). After the battle the Picts are reduced to slavery, and subject to the yoke of captivity for the next 14 years. #### Asia * Yijing, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels by boat from Guangzhou, and visits the capital of the partly Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Palembang (Indonesia). He stays for 6 months to study Sanskrit grammar and the Malay language. * June 10 – Emperor Tenji introduces a water clock (clepsydra) called *Rokoku*. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu in Japan. * Silla seizes control of the former Baekje capital of Sabi from the Tang Protectorate General to Pacify the East. Births ------ * Sigebert IV, Frankish prince (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Grimoald I, king of the Lombards

671

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/671

Year **415 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cossus, Vibulanus, Volusus and Cincinnatus** (or, less frequently, **year 339 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 415 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athenian orator and politician, Andocides is imprisoned on suspicion of having taken part in the mutilation of the sacred busts called "Hermae" shortly before the departure of Athens' military expedition to Sicily. These mutilations cause a general panic, and Andocides is induced to turn informer. Andocides' testimony is accepted, and those whom he implicates, including Alcibiades, are condemned to death. Andocides is sent into exile. * The Athenian expedition to Sicily sets sail under Nicias, Lamachus and Alcibiades. After his departure with the armada, Alcibiades is accused of profanity and is recalled to Athens to stand trial. * After learning that he has been condemned to death *in absentia*, Alcibiades defects to Sparta and Nicias is placed in charge of the Sicilian expedition. The Athenian forces land at Dascon near Syracuse but with little result. Hermocrates heads the Syracusan defence. * Alcibiades openly joins with the Spartans and persuades them to send Gylippus to assist Syracuse and to fortify Decelea in Attica. He also encourages Ionia to revolt against Athens. As a result, a Spartan fleet soon arrives to reinforce their allies in Syracuse and a stalemate ensues. * Construction of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens is completed. Construction had begun in 449 BC. ### By topic #### Drama * Euripides' play *The Trojan Women* is performed shortly after the massacre by Athenians of the male population of Melos. *

415 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/415_BC

Year **434** (**CDXXXIV**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aspar and Areobindus** (or, less frequently, **year 1187 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 434 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*) in the service of Emperor Valentinian III, begins to hold power in Rome (this will continue for 20 years). He allows the Huns to settle in Pannonia, along the Sava River. * Justa Grata Honoria, older sister of Valentinian, becomes pregnant from an officer in her household. Circles in the court at Ravenna assume inevitably that Honoria is planning to raise her paramour to imperial rank and challenge her brother. Valentinian then has him executed. * Summer – The Huns under Rugila devastate Thrace and move steadily towards Constantinople. The citizens prepare themselves for a long siege, depending on the strength of the Theodosian Walls. * Emperor Theodosius II bribes the Huns (after the death of Rugila) to keep the peace in the Eastern Roman Empire. #### Africa * The Vandals in North Africa defeat the Roman general Aspar and force him to withdraw. He serves as consul at Constantinople. #### Europe * Attila, king of the Huns, consolidates his power in the Hungarian capital, probably on the site of Buda (modern Budapest). He jointly rules the kingdom with his brother Bleda. ### By topic #### Religion * April 12 – Maximianus dies on Great and Holy Thursday. He is succeeded by Proclus, who becomes archbishop of Constantinople. Deaths ------ * April 12 – Maximianus, archbishop of Constantinople * Helian Chang, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia * Rugila, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar

434

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/434

Year **471** (**CDLXXI**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Novus and Probianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1224 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 471 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Emperor Leo I, returns from exile (see 468) and leads an imperial conspiracy against Aspar (*magister militum*), helping in his murder at Constantinople. #### Britannia * The army of King Ceretic of Strathclyde raids the Irish coast, carries off some of Saint Patrick's followers, and sells them into slavery (approximate date). #### Europe * The Visigoths under Euric conquer a large part of the Provence (Southern Gaul). The city of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne is besieged. * The Goths, led by Theodoric Strabo, revolt in Thrace after the assassination of Aspar. Leo I sends Basiliscus to suppress the uprising. * Theodoric the Great, age 17, succeeds his father Theodemir as king of the Ostrogoths, settling his people in lower Moesia (Balkans). #### Asia * The ruler of the nomadic Tuoba tribal state in Northern China adopts a Chinese surname, and will rule Northern Wei as Xiao Wen Di, until his death in 499. ### By topic #### Religion * Acacius becomes patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Gennadius I. Births ------ Deaths ------ * August 25 – Gennadius I, patriarch of Constantinople * Ardabur, Roman general and son of Aspar * Aspar, Alan patrician and general (*magister militum*) * Eudocia, Vandal queen and daughter of Valentinian III (approximate date) * Julius Patricius, Roman general and son of Aspar (approximate date)

471

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/471

Year **401 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Potitus, Cossus, Camillus, Ambustus, Mamercinus and Iullus** (or, less frequently, **year 353 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 401 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian empire * Cyrus the Younger uses a quarrel with Tissaphernes over the Ionian cities as a pretext for gathering a large army and also pretends to prepare an expedition to Pisidia, in the Taurus Mountains. Cyrus starts out with about 15,220 men, of whom 10,400 are Greek mercenaries. When he reaches the Euphrates River at Thapsacus, he announces that he is marching against Artaxerxes II. He advances unopposed into Babylonia; but Artaxerxes, warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes, hastily gathers an army. The two forces meet in the Battle of Cunaxa, north of Babylon, where Cyrus is slain. #### Greece * The Greek mercenaries fighting for Cyrus are left stranded after Cyrus' defeat. They fight their way north through hostile Persians, Armenians, and Kurds to Trapezus on the coast of the Black Sea under Xenophon, who becomes their leader when the satrap of Lydia, Tissaphernes, has Clearchus of Sparta and the other senior Greek captains captured and executed. * Agesilaus II becomes king of Sparta on the death of his stepbrother Agis II. #### China * Zhou an wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. ### By topic #### Literature * Sophocles' tragic play *Oedipus at Colonus* is performed posthumously. It is produced by his grandson (also called Sophocles) at the Festival of Dionysus in Athens. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Agis II, Eurypontid king of Sparta * Clearchus, Spartan general and mercenary * Cyrus the Younger, younger son of Darius II, King of Persia

401 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/401_BC

Year **477 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pulvillus and Lanatus** (or, less frequently, **year 277 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 477 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly. * Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea no longer wish to be under Spartan control and at Delos offer their allegiance, through Aristides, to Athens. They form the Delian League (also known as the Confederacy of Delos) with Cimon as their principal commander. #### Roman Republic * Roman forces in a stronghold on the Cremera River are defeated by an army of Veientes from the Etruscan city of Veii in the Battle of the Cremera. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Duke Dao of Qin, ruler of the state of Qin * Emperor Itoku of Japan, according to legend.

477 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/477_BC

The **430s** decade ran from January 1, 430, to December 31, 439. Events ------ ### 430 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring – The Vandals under King Genseric extend their power in North Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, and lay siege to Hippo Regius (where Augustine has recently been bishop). * Flavius Aetius gains appointment as master of both services (*magister utriusque militiae*), after gaining victories in Gaul over Visigoth and Frankish forces. * The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed. * Flavius Felix, his wife and a deacon are accused of plotting against Aetius. They are arrested in Ravenna and executed. Aetius is granted the title of *patricius* (Roman nobility). ###### Asia * Feng Ba abdicates as emperor of the Northern Yan, one of the states vying for control of China. He is succeeded by his brother Feng Hong. #### By topic ###### Religion * August 28 – Augustine dies during the siege of Hippo Regius at age 75, leaving behind his monumental work *The City of God* and other works that will have influence on Christianity. * Saint Patrick reaches Ireland on his missionary expedition (approximate date). * Peter the Iberian founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. ### 431 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier. * Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a *foederatus* of the Western Roman Empire. ###### Africa * Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage. * Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage. ###### Central America * March 10 – K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, comes to power and reigns until his death four years later in 435. * Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador. #### By topic ###### Arts and Sciences * Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens. ###### Religion * June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see. * October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople. * Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish. ### 432 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Battle of Rimini: Roman forces under command of Flavius Aetius are defeated near Rimini (Italy). His rival *comes* Bonifacius is mortally wounded and dies several days later. Aetius flees to Dalmatia and seeks refuge with the Huns. * Sebastianus, son-in-law of Bonifacius, becomes supreme commander (*magister militum*) of the Western Roman army. Empress Galla Placidia gives him considerable influence over imperial policy. ###### Europa * The Huns are united by King Rugila (also called Rua) on the Hungarian Plain. He exacts annual peace payments from the Eastern Roman Empire. #### By topic ###### Art * The Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine (Rome) is finished by Priest Petrus of Illyria. * Assembly begins on *The Parting of Lot and Abraham*, a mosaic in the nave arcade of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. ###### Religion * July 27 – Pope Celestine I dies after a 10-year reign in which he led a vigorous policy against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Sixtus III as the 44th pope. * Saint Patrick, Roman Britain-born missionary, is consecrated a bishop and converts the Irish to Christianity until his death around 460. * December 25 – Christmas is celebrated for the first time in Alexandria (approximate date). ### 433 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Flavius Aetius returns to Italy with the support of the Huns. He gains control over the young emperor Valentinian III, and becomes his "protector". * Petronius Maximus is appointed consul of the Western Roman Empire. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Sixtus III helps to settle a Christological dispute between the patriarchs Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch, that has continued since the First Council of Ephesus, two years ago. They sign the "Formula of Reunion", thus ending their conflict over Nestorianism. ### 434 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*) in the service of Emperor Valentinian III, begins to hold power in Rome (this will continue for 20 years). He allows the Huns to settle in Pannonia, along the Sava River. * Justa Grata Honoria, older sister of Valentinian, becomes pregnant from an officer in her household. Circles in the court at Ravenna assume inevitably that Honoria is planning to raise her paramour to imperial rank and challenge her brother. Valentinian then has him executed. * Summer – The Huns under Rugila devastate Thrace and move steadily towards Constantinople. The citizens prepare themselves for a long siege, depending on the strength of the Theodosian Walls. * Emperor Theodosius II bribes the Huns (after the death of Rugila) to keep the peace in the Eastern Roman Empire. ###### Africa * The Vandals in North Africa defeat the Roman general Aspar and force him to withdraw. He serves as consul at Constantinople. ###### Europe * Attila, king of the Huns, consolidates his power in the Hungarian capital, probably on the site of Buda (modern Budapest). He jointly rules the kingdom with his brother Bleda. #### By topic ###### Religion * April 12 – Maximianus dies on Great and Holy Thursday. He is succeeded by Proclus, who becomes archbishop of Constantinople. ### 435 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Roman general (*magister militum*) Flavius Aetius begins a campaign in Gaul against the Burgundians, following their raids into neighbouring Gallia Belgica by King Gunther. * November 14 – Emperor Theodosius II orders a new edict for the death penalty of all heretics and pagans in the Empire. Judaism is considered a legal non-Christian religion. ###### Africa * King Genseric concludes a peace treaty with the Romans, under which the Vandals retain Mauretania and a part of Numidia as *foederati* (allies under a special treaty) of Rome. * The Vandals use Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) as a port for their expeditions. Genseric establishes a merchant fleet to transport goods between Africa and the Italian mainland. * Huneric, eldest son of Genseric, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Ravenna to secure the alliance with the Western Roman Empire. ###### Central America * August 10 – A figure known to Mayanist scholars as "Casper" begins a 52-year reign in the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, and reigns until his death in 487. * December 8 – On the Mayan calendar, the era of the 9th Baktun begins. There is a change in political alliances just preceding the event when royal personages from the Mexican highland city of Teotihuacan consolidate power individually as Mayan kings. #### By topic ###### Religion * August 3 – Theodosius II exiles Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, to a monastery in the Libyan desert at the behest of his sister Pulcheria. * Ibas is elected bishop of Edessa. He becomes associated with the growth of Nestorianism and openly preaching heretical doctrines in public. ### 436 #### By place ###### Europe * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), attempts to put an end to Burgundian raids in Gaul. He calls in Hun mercenaries under command of Attila and his brother Bleda, which plunder *Augusta Vangionum*, killing some 20,000 Burgundians. The Kingdom of the Burgundians is destroyed; King Gunther and his family are killed (this epic disaster will later provide the source for the *Nibelungenlied*). * King Theodoric I besieges the city of Narbonne; the Visigoths obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea and the roads to the Pyrenees. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Buddhist Srimala Sutra is translated into Chinese by Gunabhadra. ### 437 #### By place ###### Europe * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), secures the besieged city of Narbonne (Southern Gaul) against King Theodoric I. He concludes a peace treaty with the Visigoths, and becomes consul for the second time. * July 2 – Valentinian III, age 18, rules as emperor over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence until her death in 450. * October 29 – Valentinian III cements an alliance with the eastern emperor, Theodosius II, by marrying his daughter Licinia Eudoxia in Constantinople. This marks the reunion of the two branches of the House of Theodosius. * Battle of Wallop: Ambrosius Aurelianus, leader of the Romano-British, defeats the Anglo Saxons under King Vortigern. He is given all the kingdoms of the western side of Britain (according to *Historia Brittonum*). ###### Mesoamerica * K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' dies after an 11-year reign. He is the founder and first ruler of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization centered at Copán (modern Honduras). #### By topic ###### Religion * A synod at Constantinople attempts to impinge on the Pope's rights in Illyria. Proclus tries to implement the synod's decisions, and Pope Sixtus III reminds the Illyrian bishops of their obligations to his vicar at Thessaloniki. ### 438 #### By place ###### Byzantium * Emperor Theodosius II forbids the divulging of secrets of naval carpentry, probably to avoid its spread to the rising Vandal power in North Africa. * February 15 – The *Codex Theodosianus*, a collection of edicts of Roman law, is published. * Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II, goes on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, bringing back with her holy relics to prove her faith. ###### Europe * The last gladiatorial fights are held in the Colosseum in Rome. * King Hermeric of the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia is forced to retire after a seven-year illness. He hands the government over to his son Rechila. ###### Persia * Bahram V dies after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Yazdegerd II, who becomes the fifteenth Sassanid king of the Persian Empire. #### By topic ###### Religion * Relics of John Chrysostom are transported to Constantinople. ### 439 #### By place ###### Europe * Battle of Guoloph: Vitalinus (possibly Vortigern) is defeated at the hands of Ambrosius Aurelianus, and a combined force of Romano-British forces from across southern Britain. * Litorius, Roman general (*Magister militum per Gallias*), lays siege to Toulouse. During the decisive battle before the walls he suffers a severe defeat and is killed, and only the heavy loss of Visigoths makes King Theodoric I decide to agree to a provisional restoration of the *status quo*. * Licinia Eudoxia, wife of emperor Valentinian III, is granted the title of *Augusta* following the birth of their daughter Eudocia. ###### Byzantium * Winter – Hun and Roman envoys meet at Margum (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), an important market town on the Sava River. After negotiations, Attila and his brother Bleda, who are present, accept a four-point peace plan. Trading rights between the two states are confirmed and emperor Theodosius II pays an annual tribute of 700 pounds of gold. ###### Africa * King Genseric breaks his treaty with the Western Roman Empire and invades Africa Proconsularis. * October 19 – Carthage falls to the Vandals. Genseric makes it his capital and establishes the Vandal Kingdom. * The Vandals establish a North African granary that enables them to enforce their will on other nations, who are dependent on North Africa for grain and other food staples. #### By topic ###### Religion * Isaac the Great, Armenian apostolic patriarch, dies at Ashtishat. He helped to develop a Greek-inspired alphabet, and translate the Bible, along with various Christian writings, into Armenian. * The *Historia Ecclesiastica* of Socrates of Constantinople is concluded, perhaps due to the author's death. * The monastery of Mar Saba is founded near Bethlehem (Palestine). Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **430** * Asclepigenia, Athenian philosopher and mystic (d. 485) * Julius Nepos, Western Roman Emperor (d. 480) * Marcia Euphemia, Roman Empress (approximate date) * Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop and diplomat (approximate date) * Syagrius, Roman official and son of Aegidius * Victor Vitensis, African bishop (approximate date) * Xiao Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 464) **431** * Anastasius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date) * Odoacer, first "barbarian" king of Italy (d. 493) **432** * Moninne, one of Ireland's early women saints **433** * Liu Bing, high official of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 477) **436** * Zangloo Zhenfeng, empress of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 479) **437** * Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks (approximate date) * Remigius, bishop of Reims (approximate date) **438** * Basina, queen of Thuringia (approximate date) * Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia (d. 496) **439** * Eudocia, Vandal queen and daughter of Valentinian III * Ming Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 472) * Sabbas the Sanctified, Christian monk and saint (d. 532) Deaths ------ **430** * August 28 – Augustine of Hippo, bishop and theologian (b. 354) * Abdas, bishop of Susa * Saint Aurelius, bishop of Carthage (approximate date) * Feng Ba, emperor of the Chinese state Northern Yan * Flavius Felix, Roman consul * Nilus of Sinai, bishop and saint (approximate date) * Octar, Hunnic ruler (approximate date) * Plutarch of Athens, Greek philosopher **431** * June 22 – Paulinus of Nola, Christian bishop and poet (b. 354) * Qifu Mumo, prince of the Chinese Xianbei state Western Qin **432** * July 26 – Pope Celestine I * Anicia Faltonia Proba, Roman noblewoman * Bonifacius, Roman general and governor in Africa * Helian Ding, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia * Saint Ninian, missionary in Scotland (approximate date) * Wang Hong, official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 379) **433** * Juqu Mengxun, prince of the Xiongnu state Northern Liang (b. 368) * Xie Lingyun, Chinese poet of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (b. 385) * Huiguo, Chinese Buddhist Abbess (b. 364) **434** * April 12 – Maximianus, archbishop of Constantinople * Helian Chang, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia * Rugila, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar **435** * John Cassian, Desert Father and theologian * Pelagius, British monk (approximate date) * Philip of Side, Christian church historian (approximate date) * Rabbula, bishop of Edessa **436** * April 9 – Tan Daoji, general of the Liu Song Dynasty * Chu Lingyuan, last empress of the Jin Dynasty (b. 384) * Gunther, king of the Burgundians (approximate date) **437** * Li Jingshou, princess of the Xiongnu state Northern Liang **438** * Bahram V, king of the Persian Empire * Feng Hong, last emperor of Northern Yan **439** * Isaac, patriarch of Armenia (b. 338) * Litorius, general of the Western Roman Empire * Sima Maoying, empress of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 393) * Spearthrower Owl, ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico)

430s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/430s

Year **422** (**CDXXII**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius** (or, less frequently, **year 1175 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 422 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * End of the Roman–Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100-year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war. He agrees to a *status quo ante bellum* ("the state in which things were before the war"), and both parties guarantee liberty of religion in their territories. * March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. He instructs landowners leasing towers in the Theodosian Walls to assist with the build-up of emergency goods. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns in order to buy peace. * Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon, military parade ground on the shores of the Propontis, just outside Constantinople. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), an inscription praises him as “everywhere and forever victorious.” * The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake. #### Europe * The Roman army invades Gaul; they capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family. #### Asia * Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di, succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China). ### By topic #### Art * Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of the Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date). #### Religion * September 4 – Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign that was interrupted for 15 weeks, by the faction of the antipope Eulalius. He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope. * Approximate date – A monastic community is established at the Maijishan Grottoes. Births ------ * August 8 – Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque * Genevieve, patron saint of Paris (approximate date) * Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (d. 493) Deaths ------ * September 4 – Pope Boniface I * Abraham of Cyrrhus, Syrian hermit and bishop * Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (approximate date) * Theudemeres, king of the Franks (approximate date) * Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 363)

422

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/422

Year **471 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Barbatus** (or, less frequently, **year 283 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 471 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athenian politician Themistocles loses the confidence of the Athenian people, partly due to his arrogance and partly due to his alleged readiness to take bribes. As a result, he is ostracized and retires to Argos. * The colony of Pixunte (*Pixous*) is founded in Magna Graecia. Births ------ * Thucydides, Greek historian (alleged date, however, 460 BC is more probable) (d. c. 395 BC) Deaths ------ *

471 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/471_BC

Year **424 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Crassus, Fidenas, Rutilus and Iullus** (or, less frequently, **year 330 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 424 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian empire * Xerxes II rules as King of Persia for only about 45 days until he is killed. He is reportedly murdered, while drunk, by Pharnacyas and Menostanes on the orders of Secydianus (or Sogdianus), the son of one of Artaxerxes I's concubines, Alogyne of Babylon. #### Greece * At the Congress of Gela, the statesman Hermocrates of Syracuse persuades the cities of Sicily to agree to make peace and urges the exclusion of foreign powers. As a result, the three-year war between his city and Sicily's pro-Athenian town ends and the Athenian forces, which had been sent to Sicily to support Greek settlements, are forced to withdraw. * Demosthenes and Hippocrates attempt to capture Megara, but they are defeated by the Spartans under their general Brasidas. Demosthenes then marches to Naupactus to assist in a democratic revolution, and to gather troops for an invasion of Boeotia. However, Demosthenes and Hippocrates are unable to coordinate their attacks and Hippocrates is defeated at the Battle of Delium by Pagondas of Thebes. During the battle, Socrates is said to have saved the life of Alcibiades. Demosthenes attacks Sicyon and is defeated as well. * After he frustrates the Athenian attack on Megara, Brasidas marches through Boeotia and Thessaly to Chalcidice at the head of 700 helots and 1000 Peloponnesian mercenaries to join the Macedonian king Perdiccas II. Refusing to be made a tool for the furtherance of Perdiccas' ambitions, Brasidas wins over the important cities of Acanthus, Stagirus, Amphipolis, and Torone as well as several minor towns. An attack on Eion is foiled by the arrival of Thucydides at the head of an Athenian squadron. * Brasidas' capture of the city of Amphipolis is a major reverse for Athens, for which the Athenian general (and future historian) Thucydides is held responsible and banished. This gives Thucydides the opportunity for undistracted study for his *History* and travel and wider contacts, especially on the Peloponnesian side (Sparta and its allies). * Nicias captures the Peloponnesian island of Cythera, from which to harry the Spartans. ### By topic #### Architecture * The temple to Athena Nike (also known as the Wingless Victory) on the Athenian Acropolis is completed. It has been designed by the Athenian architect Callicrates. #### Literature Aristophanes' play "Knights" was first produced in the late winter of 424 B.C. at the Lenaean Dionysia and took first prize, defeating Cratinus, who came in second with Satyrs.( From: Roche, Paul. “Aristophanes: The Complete Plays.” The New American Library) Births ------ 424/423 BC - estimated birth of Plato, a famous philosopher. Deaths ------ * Xerxes II, King of Persia.

424 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/424_BC

Year **475 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Republic, it was known as **year 279 *Ab urbe condita***. The denomination 475 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the indigenous inhabitants who are regarded as pirates. * The first recorded eruption of Mount Etna occurs. #### China * Zhou Yuan Wang becomes king of the Zhou Dynasty. ### By topic #### Arts * The painter Polygnotus of Thasos begins his work (approximate date). Births ------ Deaths ------ * Heraclitus of Ephesus, Greek philosopher (b. c. 535 BC) * Duke Ding of Jin, ruler of Jin in ancient China (r. 511–475 BC)

475 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475_BC

The **550s** decade ran from January 1, 550, to December 31, 559. Events ------ ### 550 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Justinian I appoints Bessas commander (*magister militum*) of Armenia, and entrusts him with the war in Lazica (Georgia). + Siege of Petra (550–551) * January 16 – Gothic War: The Ostrogoths under king Totila recapture Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison. * Summer – Totila plunders Sicily, after he subdues Corsica and Sardinia. He sends a Gothic fleet to raid the coasts of Greece. * Justinian I sends two Nestorian monks on a mission to Central Asia, to spread Christianity in the East (approximate date). ###### Europe * The Vendel era begins; the name is given to a region in Uppland (an important area of the sagas' account of a Swedish kingdom). ###### Persia * The Sassanid Empire, under the reign of King Khosrow I, controls the trade of silk destined for Europe and the Byzantine Empire. ###### Asia * The Eastern Wei Dynasty ends, and Wen Xuan Di becomes emperor of Northern Qi. He forces Xiao Jing Di to yield the throne. * Wen Xuan Di adopts a defensive policy towards the hostile northern tribes; he builds over 1,000 miles of walls on the border. * The Gupta Empire falls; India is again ruled by regional kingdoms (approximate date). ###### Americas * Construction of Quiriguá (Guatemala) begins (approximate date). * The last known eruption of Chimborazo (modern Ecuador) occurs. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * Hindu mathematicians give zero a numeral representation in a positional notation system. * Procopius writes the *Secret History* (approximate date). ###### Religion * The churches of Lazica (Georgia) and Armenia split. While the Armenian Church remains independent, the Georgian church unites with the Byzantine Empire. This ecclesiastical union deepens political and cultural contact between the two states. As a sign of Lazica's status vis-à-vis Byzantium, Lazic princes are vested with honorific titles of the Byzantine court, including *kouropalates*, or "minister of the imperial palace" (approximate date). * The main redaction of the Babylonian Talmud is completed under Rabbis Ravina and Ashi (approximate date). * Chararic, king of the Suevi, converts to Catholicism. * In Ireland, the Diocese of Tuam is erected. ### 551 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * After the death of his cousin Germanus, Justinian I appoints Narses new supreme commander, and returns to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, he assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force totaling 20,000 or possibly 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars. * Gothic War: Narses arrives in Venetia and discovers that a powerful Gothic-Frank army (50,000 men), under joint command of the kings Totila and Theudebald, has blocked the principal route to the Po Valley. Not wishing to engage such a formidable force and confident that the Franks would avoid a direct confrontation, Narses skirts the lagoons along the Adriatic shore, by using vessels to leapfrog his army from point to point along the coast. In this way he arrives at the capital Ravenna without encountering any opposition. He attacks and crushes a small Gothic force at Ariminum (modern Rimini). * Spring- 551 Malian Gulf earthquake. It took place in the vicinity of the Malian Gulf. It affected the cities of Echinus and Tarphe. * July 9 – Beirut is destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami. Its epicenter has an estimated magnitude of about 7.2 or 7.6, and according to reports of Antoninus of Piacenza, Christian pilgrim, some 30,000 people are killed. * Autumn – Battle of Sena Gallica: The Byzantine fleet (50 warships) destroys the Gothic naval force under Indulf near Sena Gallica (Senigallia), some 17 miles (27 km) north of Ancona. It marks the end of the Gothic supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea. ###### Europe * Athanagild revolts against the Visigothic king Agila. Their armies meet at Seville (Andalusia), and Agila is defeated. * 12,000 Kutrigurs appear in Europe led by Chinialus and others to assist the Gepids. ###### Persia * Spring – Lazic War - Siege of Petra (550–551): The Byzantine army and their Sabir allies (some 6,000 men) under Bessas recapture the strategic Byzantine fortress of Petra, located on the coast of the Black Sea. He orders the city walls razed to the ground. ###### Asia * Autumn – Xiao Dong, great-nephew of the rebellious general Hou Jing, succeeds Jianwen Di as emperor of the Liang Dynasty. Xiao Dong has no real power and Hou Jing controls the imperial government at the capital Jiankang. * Bumin Qaghan, chieftain of the Göktürks, founds the Turkic Khaganate. He unites the local Turkic tribes and throws off the yoke of the Rouran domination. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * Jordanes, Roman bureaucrat, publishes *"The Origin and Deeds of the Goths"* (approximate date). ### 552 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * July 1 – Battle of Taginae: Narses crosses the Apennines with a Byzantine army (25,000 men). He is blocked by a Gothic force under king Totila near Taginae (Central Italy). In a narrow mountain valley, Narses deploys his army in a "crescent shaped" formation. He dismounts his Lombard and Heruli cavalry mercenaries, placing them as a phalanx in the centre. On his left flank he sends out a mixed force of foot and horse archers to seize a dominant height. The Goths open the battle with a determined cavalry charge. Halted by enfilading fire from both sides, the attackers are thrown back in confusion on the infantry behind them. The Byzantine cataphracts (*Clibanarii*) sweep into the milling mass. More than 6,000 Goths, including Totila, are killed. The remnants flee, and Narses proceeds to Rome, where he captures the city after a brief siege. * Emperor Justinian I dispatches a small Byzantine force (2,000 men) under Liberius to Hispania, according to the historian Jordanes. He conquers Cartagena and other cities on the southeastern coast. * Justinian I receives the first silkworm eggs from two Nestorian monks at Constantinople. They were sent to Central Asia (see 550) and smuggled the precious eggs from China hidden in rods of bamboo. ###### Europe * Battle of Asfeld: The Lombards under King Audoin defeat the Gepids. * Cynric, king of Wessex, captures the fortress city of Old Sarum. * The Roman Catholic Diocese of Meath is established in Ireland. * Teia becomes the last king of the Ostrogoths in Italy. ###### Asia * July 11 – First year of the Armenian calendar. * Yuan Di succeeds Xiao Dong as emperor of the Liang dynasty. * Bumin Qaghan dies; the new khagan is Issik Qaghan of the Turkic Empire. * Buddhism in Japan is introduced, according to the Nihon Shoki. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Byzantine Church is able to make fabrics, with the intention of developing a large silk industry in the Byzantine Empire. * Eutychius becomes patriarch of Constantinople. ### 553 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Battle of Mons Lactarius: King Teia secretly marches to join forces with his brother Aligern in Campania, to relieve the siege of Cumae. Meanwhile at *Mons Lactarius* (modern Monti Lattari), Narses lays an ambush. The combined Gothic force is crushed in a hopeless last stand for two days (south of Naples), and Teia is killed in the fighting. Aligern escapes, but surrenders a few months later. * The Ostrogothic Kingdom ends after 60 years of rule in Italy. The Goths are allowed to return to their homes in peace and (re)settle in modern-day Austria. Some 7,000 people retreat to Campsas (Southern Gaul), and resist with minimal help from the Franks against the Byzantines until 554. * The Byzantines retreated from Telephis–Ollaria. ###### Europe * Gothic War: Frankish invasion — Two Frankish-Alemanni dukes, brothers Lothair and Buccelin, cross the Alps from Germany with a force of 75,000 men, mostly Frankish infantry. In the Po Valley, they win an easy victory over a much smaller Byzantine force at Parma, and are joined by remnants of the Gothic armies, bringing the total strength of the invaders to about 90,000 men. Narses, gathering his forces as quickly as possible, marches north to harass the Franks, but is not strong enough to engage them in battle. In Samnium (Southern Italy) the brothers divide their forces: Lothaire goes down the east coast, then returns to the north, to winter in the Po Valley. Buccelin follows the west coast into Calabria, where he spends the winter — his army being seriously wasted by attrition and disease. ###### Asia * King Seong of Baekje attacks the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Silla. However, under a secret agreement, Silla troops attack the exhausted Baekje army, and take possession of the entire Han River valley. * In the Turkic Khaganate Istemi is appointed governor (*yabgu*) in the west of the empire (modern Turkestan), and Muqan Qaghan succeeds his brother Issik Qaghan as emperor (*khagan*) of the Göktürks. #### By topic ###### Religion * May 5 – The Fifth Ecumenical Council is held in Constantinople. In an edict, Emperor Justinian I condemns the Three Chapters, causing further schisms and heresies of monoenergism and monothelitism. ### 554 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * August 13 – Byzantine Emperor Justinian I issues a pragmatic sanction reorganizing Italy, and rewards the praetorian prefect Liberius for over 60 years of distinguished service, granting him extensive estates in Italy. * August 15 – The 554 Anatolia earthquake takes place in the southwest coasts of Anatolia (Asia Minor). It affects the Güllük Gulf (Mandalya Gulf), and the island of Kos. * October – Battle of the Volturnus: In the spring Butilinus (Buccelin) has marched north; the Frankish army (infected by an epidemic of dysentery which kills their leader Leutharis (Lothair)) is reduced to about 30,000 men. The Byzantine army, with 18,000 men (including a contingent of Goths under Aligern), marches south to meet them at Casilinum (on the banks of the River Volturno). Byzantine eunuch general Narses sends a cavalry force under Chanaranges to destroy the supply wagons of the Franks. Outmanoeuvring Butilinus, he chooses a disposition similar to that at Taginae. After a frontal assault on the Byzantine centre, the Franks and the Alamanni are annihilated, thus effectively ending the Gothic War (535–554). Narses garrisons an army of 16,000 men in Italy. The recovery of the Italian Peninsula has cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. ###### Europe * Byzantine forces under Liberius seize Granada (Andalusia) and occupy the old province of Baetica. Justinian I calls Belisarius out of retirement, to complete the consolidation of reconquered regions of Southern Spain. * Athanagild is crowned as king of the Visigoths and succeeds Agila I. He acknowledges the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. ###### Asia * Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man is defeated and killed by the Ghassanids under al-Harith ibn Jabalah, at the battle of Yawm Halima; 'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir succeeds as king of the Lakhmids. * Gong Di succeeds his brother Fei Di as emperor of Western Wei. He is deposed by general Yuwen Tai who puts him to death. * The province of Jiangling (Central China) is captured; 100,000 inhabitants are enslaved and distributed to generals and officials. * Wei Shou completes compilation of the *Book of Wei*. * Baekje and the Gaya Confederacy wage war upon Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, but are defeated. * Wideok becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. * Muqan Qaghan succeeds his brother Issik Qaghan as emperor (*khagan*) of the Göktürks. * The second and larger of the two Buddhas of Bamyan is erected in central Afghanistan. #### By topic ###### Religion * Cassiodorus, Roman statesman, founds the Monastery at Vivarium (approximate date). ### 555 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * By this date, the Roman Empire under Justinian I has reached its height. Justinian I has reconquered many former territories of the Western Roman Empire, including Italy, Dalmatia, Africa and Southern Hispania. * An earthquake devastates the city of Latakia (modern Syria). ###### Europe * King Chlothar I annexes the Frankish territories of Metz and Reims, after the death of his great-nephew Theudebald. ###### Britain * King Erb of Gwent (in Southern Wales) dies; his kingdom is divided into Gwent and Ergyng (approximate date). ###### Persia * Summer – Lazic War: The Byzantine army under Bessas is repulsed, and forced to retreat out of Archaeopolis (Georgia). * King Gubazes II is invited to observe the siege of a Persian-held fortress, and is murdered by the Byzantine military staff after accusing them of incompetence. ###### Asia * Chinese Liang Dynasty: Jing Di, age 12, succeeds his father Yuan Di and is declared emperor by general Chen Baxian. * The Rouran Khaganate ends; it is defeated by the Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan, who expands his rule in Central Asia. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * Around this time, the historian Jordanes writes several books, among them *De origine actibusque Getarum* (*The origin and deeds of the Goths*). * Taliesin, British poet, becomes court bard to King Brochwel of Powys (approximate date). ###### Religion * June 7 – Pope Vigilius dies at Syracuse on his journey back home. His body is brought to Rome and buried in the San Martino ai Monti. * Cybi Felyn, abbot of Holyhead, dies at his monastery in Caer Gybi (approximate date). ### 556 #### By place ###### Europe * King Chlothar I suppresses a revolt of the Saxons and Thuringii in Saxony (Germany). For some time he exacts a tribute of 500 cows every year. ###### Britain * King Cynric and his son Ceawlin of Wessex fight against the Britons at Beranburh, now identified as Barbury Castle (Wiltshire) in South West England. ###### Persia * Lazic War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Justin retakes Archaeopolis (modern Georgia), and routs the Persian army. * Siege of Phasis: The Persians are defeated at the besieged town of Phasis in Lazica, held by the Byzantines. * King Khosrau I opens negotiations with Justinian I, leading to the establishment of a 50 year peace agreement in 562. #### By topic ###### Religion * April 16 – The diplomatic representative (*apocrisiarius*) to Constantinople is elected as Pope Pelagius I, succeeding Vigilius as the 60th pope of Rome. ### 557 #### By place ###### Europe * The Avars arrive in the northern region of the Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. They send envoys to the Byzantines in Lazica (modern Georgia). Like the Huns, the Avars are the former elite of a central Asian federation, which has been forced to flee westwards. ###### Byzantine Empire * December 14 – The 557 Constantinople earthquake occurs. ###### Asia * The Western Wei Dynasty ends: Yuwen Hu deposes emperor Gong Di, and places Yuwen Tai's son Xiaomin on the throne. Yuwen Hu becomes regent and establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China. * Ming Di is made emperor, after his younger brother Xiao Min Di is arrested while trying to assume power. Xiao Min Di is deposed and executed by Yuwen Hu. * The Liang dynasty ends: Chen Wu Di, a distinguished general, becomes the first emperor of the Chen dynasty in Southern China. * The Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan ally with the Persian Empire, and destroy the Hephthalites (White Huns) in Central Asia. #### By topic ###### Religion * King Chlothar I of the Franks founds the Abbey of St. Medard at Soissons (Northern France). * The Jiming Temple in Nanjing is built; the Buddhist pagoda is located near Xuanwu Lake. ### 558 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * May 7 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses due to an earthquake. Emperor Justinian I orders the dome to be rebuilt. ###### Europe * The Avars and the Slavs occupy the Hungarian Plain on the Balkans. The threat of Avar domination prompts the Lombards to migrate to Italy. * December 13 – King Chlothar I reunites the Frankish Kingdom after his brother Childebert I dies, becoming sole ruler of the Franks. * December 23 – Chlothar I is crowned King of the Franks. * Conall mac Comgaill becomes king of Dál Riata, a Gaelic overkingdom on the western coast of Scotland. ###### Asia * Istämi, ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, establishes diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire. #### By topic ###### Religion * December 23 – The Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés is dedicated by Germain, bishop of Paris. * The Bangor Abbey is founded by the Irish abbot Comgall in Northern Ireland (approximate date). ### 559 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Winter – The Kutrigurs and Huns under Zabergan cross the frozen Danube River, and invade the Balkans. They raid Thracia and Macedonia, but are driven back near Constantinople by a Byzantine force under Belisarius. * Battle of Melantias: Outside the city walls of Constantinople, Belisarius defeats the combined "barbarians" with his veteran cavalry (*bucellarii*), and a few thousand hastily raised levies. ###### Britain * Glappa succeeds his father Ida as king of Bernicia (North East England). During his rule, Anglian settlers expand their territory in what is now southeastern Scotland. ###### Asia * First successful human flight: a kite carrying Yuan Huangtou lands in the proximity of Ye, China. Emperor Wen Xuan Di sponsors the flight; Yuan is taken prisoner; other imprisoned kite flyers also fly, but those die and Yuan survives. Yuan is executed afterwards. * Wen Di, age 37, succeeds his uncle Chen Wu Di as emperor of the Chen Dynasty. During his reign, he consolidates the state against the rebellious warlords. * The city-state Ara Gaya, a member of the Gaya confederacy, surrenders to Silla in the Korean peninsula. * Pyeongwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **550** * *probable* + Pope Boniface IV (approximate date) + Finbarr of Cork, Irish bishop (approximate date) + Gallus, Irish missionary (approximate date) + Gaugericus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date) + John Moschus, Byzantine monk (approximate date) + Peter III of Callinicum, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date) **551** * Ashina, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 582) * Babai the Great, church father and theologian (approximate date) * Germanus, Byzantine pretender (approximate date) * Umako Soga, leader of the Soga clan (d. 626) **552** * Æthelberht, king (*bretwalda*) of Kent (approximate date) * John the Merciful, patriarch of Alexandria (approximate date) **553** * December 10 – Houzhu, emperor of the Chen dynasty (d. 604) **554** * *exact date unknown* + Fei (Chen Bozong), emperor of the Chen Dynasty (d. 570) + Suiko, empress of Japan (d. 628) * *probable* Wendelin of Trier, Germanic hermit and abbot **555** * Basolus, French Benedictine and hermit (approximate date) * Fatimah bint Asad, mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 626) * Khadija, wife of Islamic prophet Muhammad (approximate date) **556** * Gao Bainian, crown prince of Northern Qi (d. 564) * Amr Ibn Hashim, Arab pagan chieftain, and biggest enemy to the spread of early Islam **557** * Dushun, Chinese (Buddhist) patriarch (d. 640) * Gao Wei, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 577) * Ouyang Xun, Confucian scholar (d. 641) **558** * Gao Yan, prince of Northern Qi (d. 571) * Yu Shinan, calligrapher and official (d. 638) **559** * Reccared I, king of the Visigoths (d. 601) * Wu Shihuo, father of Wu Zetian (d. 635) * Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 580) Deaths ------ **550** * May 8 – Desideratus, French saint * *exact date unknown* + Aryabhata, Indian mathematician-astronomer (b. 476) + Buddhapālita, Indian Madhyamaka scholar (b. 470) + Drest V, king of the Picts + Germanus, Byzantine general (*magister militum*) * *probable* + Dubricius, British bishop and saint + Eustathius of Mtskheta, Orthodox Christian saint **551** * Jianwen Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 503) * Wen Di, emperor of Western Wei (b. 507) * Xiao Daqi, crown prince of Northern Qi (b. 524) **552** * February 5 – Dacius, archbishop of Milan * July 1 – Totila, king of the Ostrogoths * December 13 – Columba of Terryglass, Irish abbot and saint * Aba I, patriarch of the Church of the East * Anicius Maximus, Roman patrician * Aratius, Armenian general * Bumin Qaghan, ruler of the Göktürks * Hou Jing, regent of the Liang dynasty * Menas, patriarch of Constantinople * Turismod, prince of the Lombards * Wang Wei, chief strategist of the Liang dynasty * Xiao Dong, emperor of the Liang dynasty * Xiaojing, emperor of Eastern Wei (b. 524) **553** * August 5 – Xiao Ji, prince of the Liang dynasty (b. 508) * *exact date unknown* + Gelimer, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 480) + Issik Qaghan, ruler of the Turkic Khaganate + Teia, king of the Ostrogoths **554** * March - Agila I, king of the Visigoths * *exact date unknown* + Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man, king of the Lakhmids (Iraq) + Fei Di (Yuan Qin), emperor of Western Wei + Mermeroes, Persian general + Seong, king of Baekje (Korea) * *probable* + Liberius, Roman aristocrat + Yuwen, empress of Western Wei **555** * January 27 – Yuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 508) * June 7 – Pope Vigilius * September/October - Gubazes II, king of Lazica (Georgia) * *exact date unknown* + Helier, Flemish-born hermit and patron saint of Jersey + Ly Thien Bao, emperor of Vietnam (b. 499) + Theudebald, king of Austrasia + Wang Sengbian, general of the Liang Dynasty * *probable* + Cybi Felyn, Cornish bishop + Erb of Gwent, Welsh king **556** * February 22 – Maximianus, Bishop of Ravenna (b. 499) * Echu Tirmcharna, king of Connacht (Ireland) * Erzhu Ying'e, empress of Northern Wei * Romanos the Melodist, Syrian poet (approximate date) * Xiao Yuanming, emperor of the Liang Dynasty * Yuwen Tai, general of Western Wei (b. 507) **557** * March 14 – Leobinus, bishop of Chartres * *exact date unknown* + Saint Cyriacus the Anchorite, legendary centenarian (b. 448) + Xiao Min Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 542) **558** * May 1 – Marcouf, missionary and saint * May 13 – John the Silent, bishop and saint * May 15 – Hilary of Galeata, Christian monk * December 13 – Childebert I, king of the Franks * Abraham of Kratia, Christian monk (approximate date) * Empress Dugu, Northern Zhou consort * Gabrán mac Domangairt, king of Dál Riata * Jing Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 543) **559** * Chen Wu Di, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (b. 503) * Ida, king of Bernicia (approximate date) * Leonard of Noblac, Frankish abbot and saint * Wen Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 529) Bibliography ------------ * Bury, John Bagnell (1958). *History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2*. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-20399-9. * Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). *The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)*. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14687-9. * Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992). *The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641*. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5.

550s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550s

The **720s** decade ran from January 1, 720, to December 31, 729. Events ------ ### 720 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Summer – Emperor Leo III secures the Byzantine frontier, by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts of the Thracesian Theme (western Asia Minor). He undertakes a set of civil reforms, and reorganizes the theme structure in the Aegean region. Leo's 2-year-old son Constantine V is associated on the throne, and married to Tzitzak, daughter of the Khazar ruler (*khagan*) Bihar. ###### Europe * Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Governor Al-Samh continues his campaign; he makes Narbonne the capital city of Muslim Septimania (Southern France), and uses it as a base for razzias. King Ardo is killed, and becomes the last ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. Some Visigoths refuse to adopt the Muslim faith, and flee north to Aquitaine. This marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom. * Muslim forces under Al-Samh begin the prolonged siege of Carcassonne, a fortified Visigothic town located in the Languedoc-Roussillon. ###### Britain * King Ine of Wessex builds a stone church at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset (approximate date). ###### Arabian Empire * Umayyad conquest of Transoxiana: The first Turgesh attack on Muslim-Arabs in Transoxiana leads to the siege and relief of the Umayyad garrison at the fortress of Qasr al-Bahili, near Samarkand (or 721). * Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, former governor of Iraq, revolts and is defeated at Basra, by Umayyad forces under Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid and Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik. He is arrested and later executed. * February 10 – Caliph Umar II is poisoned by a servant, and dies in Aleppo (Syria) after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Yazid II. * The Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest extent in Spain, controlling all of it except a small region in the north controlled by the Kingdom of Asturias. ###### Asia * In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, the walls of a gated city ward collapse during the night, which unexpectedly forms a large pool out in the open. This is most likely caused by a sinkhole created when ground water eroded the limestone bedrock beneath. As a consequence of this, more than 500 homes are destroyed (approximate date). ###### Americas * The Third Tikal-Calakmul War begins. #### By topic ###### Literature * The Nihon Shoki (日本書紀), one of the oldest history books in Japan, is completed under the editorial supervision of Prince Toneri, and with the assistance of Ō no Yasumaro. ###### Religion * Contact between the Welsh Church and Yvi of Brittany is the last known link between two Celtic countries. After this, each nation goes its own separate way (approximate date). ###### Astronomy * A second series of gravitational interactions with Saturn, the second since 1664 BC, once again force the Centaur (minor planet) Chiron into a new orbit, shifting it from orbiting in the edges of the Solar System to orbiting near the inner regions. ### 721 #### By place ###### Europe * February 13 – King Chilperic II dies at Attigny (Ardennes), after a five-year reign. He is succeeded by Theuderic IV, infant son of Dagobert III, as Merovingian ruler of the Franks, under the control of the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel. * Summer – Charles Martel restores the authority of the Austrasian palace throughout the Frankish Kingdom, including against Frankish-claimed Aquitaine and Provence (Southern France). He exiles Rigobert, bishop of Reims, to Gascony. * June 9 – Battle of Toulouse: After besieging Toulouse for three months, Muslim forces under governor (*wali*) Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani are defeated by Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, preventing the extension of Umayyad control over Gaul. * Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi is appointed governor of Al-Andalus, after the death of Al-Samh. The Muslims under Abdul Rahman al-Ghafiqi withdraw to Narbonne. The Visigothic duke Amrus of the Lerida area recognises Umayyad rule. * Tervel, ruler (*khagan*) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by Kormesiy, possibly a son of Tervel, who is co-ruler and a descendant of the royal Dulo clan. * Prague is founded (according to legend) by Princess Libuše and her husband Přemysl, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty (approximate date). ###### Britain * King Ine of Wessex defeats Prince Cynewulf, an unknown relation making a push for the throne of Wessex. ###### Central America * May 31 – Wak Chanil Ajaw (Lady Six Sky), who had been the regent for her son Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak from 693 until his attainment of majority, becomes the new queen of the Mayan city state of Naranjo in Guatemala when K'ak Tiliw dies from unknown causes. She reigns until her death in 741. ###### China * Rains and heavy storms around the southern seaport of Yangzhou destroy over 1,000 ships and boats in the Grand Canal, during the Tang Dynasty (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * Prüm Abbey is founded by Bertrada, daughter of former king Theuderic III, and her son Charibert, count of Laon (approximate date). ### 722 #### By place ###### Europe * Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Visigothic nobleman Pelagius (Don Pelayo) defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the *Reconquista*, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 718). ###### Britain * King Ine of Wessex attempts a takeover of Dumnonia, but his armies are crushed, and he is forced to withdraw. Queen Æthelburg, wife of Ine, destroys the royal castle of Taunton, to prevent its seizure by rebels under Ealdbert. * The Battle of Allen is fought close by the Hill of Allen (Ireland) between the Laigin, led by King Murchad mac Brain Mut, and the forces of Fergal mac Máele Dúin (High King of Ireland). * Battle of Hehil: The West Saxons are defeated by a combined Viking and Cornish army, at Cornovii in Cornwall (approximate date). ###### Mesoamerica * January 3 – King K'inich Ahkal Mo' Naab III takes the throne of the Maya city-state of Palenque (southern Mexico). #### By topic ###### Religion * November 30 – Wessex-born Boniface is ordained as bishop of Germany by Pope Gregory II. Under the protection of Charles Martel (mayor of the palace), he concentrates his religious work in Hessia and Thuringia. * Emperor Leo III enforces the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the Byzantine Empire. ### 723 #### By place ###### Asia * Gunakamadeva, Lichhavi ruler (*rajah*), founds the city of Kathmandu (modern Nepal). During his reign, he transforms the agrarian society to an industrial city trading between India and Tibet. #### By topic ###### Religion * Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, fells Thor's Oak (a sacred tree) near Fritzlar in Hesse, marking the decisive event in the Christianization of the northern Germanic tribes (approximate date). * Boniface makes Büraburg, a fortified Frankish settlement, his temporary religious base. ### 724 #### By place ###### Europe * Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, revolts against Charles Martel. He is easily defeated, and Ragenfrid gives up his sons as hostages, in return for being allowed to keep his lands in Anjou. * Cináed mac Írgalaig, also known as "the one-eyed", becomes High King of Ireland. ###### Arabian Empire * January 26 – Caliph Yazid II dies of tuberculosis after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, who appoints Khalid al-Qasri as governor of Iraq. * The Turgesh Khaganate scores a major victory over the Arabs, in the "Day of Thirst" near Khujand (modern Tajikistan). * A Muslim fleet raids the Byzantine-ruled Balearic Islands, as well as Byzantine Sardinia and Lombard Corsica. ###### Japan * March 3 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne, in favor of her 23-year-old nephew Shōmu. He is the son of the late emperor Monmu, and becomes the 45th monarch of Japan. ###### Mesoamerica * K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat becomes king (*ajaw*) of the Maya city-state of Quiriguá (Guatemala), until his death in 785. #### By topic ###### Architecture * Shōmu orders that houses of the Japanese nobility be roofed with green tiles, as in China, and have white walls with red roof poles (approximate date). ###### Religion * Pirmin, Visigothic monk, is appointed abbot of Mittelzell Abbey at Reichenau Island, which he has founded. * Hugh of Champagne, grandson of Pepin of Herstal, is appointed bishop of Bayeux. ### 725 #### By place ###### Europe * Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (governor of Al-Andalus) capture the fortified town of Carcassonne, which has been under siege (see 720), as well as Nîmes in Septimania (the latter without resistance). * Summer – Anbasa leads a raiding force up the Rhône and Saône Valleys into Burgundy, taking Autun. Muslim raiders reach Sens, Luxeuil and Langres; the cities are devastated. Some Muslims might also have reached the Vosges Mountains. * Duke Eudes of Aquitaine seeks an alliance with Munuza, governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), currently in rebellion against the central Umayyad government at Córdoba in Andalusia (probably not cemented until 729). * Charles Martel invades Bavaria, and kills Duke Grimoald in battle. His son Hugbert submits to Frankish suzerainty, and Charles brings back the Agilolfing princess Swanachild, who becomes his concubine (later his wife). * King Liutprand puts Corsica, nominally under Byzantine authority, under Lombard government, defending it from Muslim raids (approximate date). ###### Britain * The exiled prince Ealdbert, possibly a nephew of King Ine of Wessex looking for recognition as his heir, seeks sanctuary in Sussex. Ine attacks the South Saxons and kills Ealdbert. * April 23 – King Wihtred of Kent dies after a 35-year reign. The kingdom is divided between his three sons: Æthelbert II as overking, Eadbert I in West Kent and Alric. ###### China * Yi Xing, Chinese Buddhist monk and astronomer, applies a clockwork escapement mechanism, to provide rotating motion to his astronomical armillary sphere. #### By topic ###### Literature * Bede, Northumbrian monk-historian, writes *The Reckoning of Time* (*De temporum ratione*), explaining how to calculate medieval Easter. ###### Religion * In Egypt, resentment of the Copts against Umayyad taxation (called *jizya*) leads to a revolt (approximate date). ### 726 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Leo III issues a series of edicts banning the veneration of images (726–729), and launching the iconoclastic controversies. Most of the clergy – particularly in Italy and Greece – are opposed to these edicts with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the Byzantine Empire the people refuse to obey his religious reforms. * Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim forces under Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik resume their expedition against Anatolia (modern Turkey). In a large-scale raid they plunder the fortress city of Caesarea. ###### Europe * Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim raiders under Abdul Rahman al-Ghafiqi, current governor of Septimania, devastate Avignon, Viviers, Valence, Vienne and Lyon (approximate date). * Marcello Tegalliano dies after a 9-year reign. Uprising in Venice against Byzantium. The cause of mass unrest was the iconoclastic decrees of Emperor Leo III. A few days later, political demands were put forward for wide autonomy within the Byzantine Empire and the right to appoint the ruler of the region - Doge. The rebels elect Orso Ipato the Doge of Venice. Desiring to preserve the proceeds of the treasury from the second most important port of the Byzantine Empire and not having the resources to cope with a well-fortified and armed region, Byzantium agrees with all the requirements put forward. Orso Ipato recognised by Leo III, who gives him the title *hypatos*. The Venetian fleet, led by Orso Ipato, frees Ravenna from the Lombards and restores the power of the Byzantine governor there. * Seismic activity in the Mediterranean Sea: The volcanic island of Thera erupts, while the city of Jerash (in present-day Jordan) suffers a major earthquake. ###### Britain * King Ine of Wessex resigns his crown, and travels on a pilgrimage to Rome. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law (and probably distant cousin) Æthelheard. * Dúngal mac Selbaig is deposed as king of Dál Riata (Scotland). He is succeeded by Eochaid mac Echdach (a son of former king Eochaid mac Domangairt). ###### Asia * The first annual Sumo tournament in Japan is held by Emperor Shōmu (approximate date). ###### Central America * October 22 – Itzamnaaj K'awiil, the ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala since 698, dies after a 28-year reign. #### By topic ###### Religion * Abbo of Provence, Frankish nobleman, founds Novalesa Abbey in Piedmont (Northern Italy). ### 727 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * A revolt breaks out in Greece against the religious policies of Emperor Leo III (see 726). A rebel fleet under Agallianos Kontoskeles sets out for Constantinople with Kosmas, an anti-emperor, but is destroyed by the Byzantine fleet through the use of Greek fire. * Siege of Nicaea: Muslim forces under Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (son of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) penetrate deep into Asia Minor, and sack the fortress city of Gangra, but unsuccessfully lay siege to Nicaea (northwestern Anatolia). ###### Europe * A revolt breaks out in Italy against Leo's Iconoclasm; this results in the independence of the Exarchate of Ravenna, after part of a Byzantine invasion force is lost in a storm in the Adriatic Sea, and the remainder of Byzantine troops are repulsed. * King Liutprand takes advantage of the anti-imperial turmoil. He conquers Bologna and other cities beyond the Po River (Northern Italy). The Lombards take *"Classis"*, the strategic seaport of Ravenna, and overrun the Pentapolis. ###### Asia * Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars drive back the Muslim invasion, led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, into Mesopotamia. Reinforced with Syrian troops, Maslama counterattacks and takes Georgia, establishing the northern frontier on the Caucasus. ###### Central America * January 6 – Ucha'an K'in B'alam becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala after the death of Itzamnaaj K'awiil and reigns until 741. #### By topic ###### Religion * July – Pope Gregory II condemns iconoclasm at Rome, causing Italy to break with the Byzantine Empire. He becomes the virtual temporal ruler of most Byzantine possessions. ### 728 #### By place ###### Europe * King Liutprand of the Lombards occupies all of the Exarchate of Ravenna. He advances towards Rome along the Via Cassia, and is met at the city of Sutri by Pope Gregory II, near the borders of the Duchy of Rome. Liutprand signs the Donation of Sutri, by which parts of Latium are given to the papacy (the first extension of papal territory in Italy). This marks the historical foundation of the Papal States. ### 729 #### By place ###### Europe * Battle of Ravenna: Byzantine troops under Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, are defeated by an Italian force, raised by Gregory II, in opposition to iconoclasm. * An alliance between Duke Eudes of Aquitaine and Munuza, the Moorish governor of Cerdanya, is cemented by marriage to Eudes' illegitimate daughter Lampégia. * In Denmark, construction of the Kanhave Canal across the island of Samsø is completed. Although the canal is only about 500 metres long, it is one of the largest engineering projects undertaken in Denmark during the Early Middle Ages. ###### Britain * King Osric of Northumbria nominates Ceolwulf, a distant cousin and brother of Coenred, as his successor. After Osric's death, Ceolwulf takes the throne. ###### Asia * Battle of Baykand: The Umayyad Arabs narrowly escape disaster when cut off from water by the Turgesh, and push through to reach Bukhara in Transoxiana. * Siege of Kamarja: A small Arab garrison defends the fortress of Kamarja against the Turgesh for 58 days, ending with a negotiated withdrawal to Samarkand. #### By topic ###### Food and drink * Chinese eating sticks are introduced in the next 20 years in Japan, where people heretofore have used one-piece pincers. The Japanese call them *hashi*. Significant people ------------------ * Yazid II * Hisham * Leo III the Isaurian * Pope Gregory II Births ------ **720** * Baizhang Huaihai, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 814) * Bernard, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) * Bertrada of Laon, wife of Pippin the Short (d. 783) * Modestus, Irish missionary (approximate date) * Thierry IV, Frankish nobleman (approximate date) **721** * Abul Abbas al-Saffah, Muslim caliph (approximate date) * Fujiwara no Uona, Japanese minister (d. 783) * Jābir ibn Hayyān, Muslim alchemist (approximate date) * Tachibana no Naramaro, Japanese statesman (d. 757) **722** * Fruela I, king of Asturias (approximate date) * Isma'il ibn Jafar, Shī‘ah Imām and scholar (or 719) **723** * Arbeo, bishop of Freising (approximate date) * Isonokami no Yakatsugu, Japanese nobleman (d. 781) **724** * Dong Jin, Chinese official and general * Fujiwara no Hamanari, Japanese noble and poet **725** * Paul the Deacon, Lombard monk (approximate date) * Stephen the Hymnographer, Syrian monk (d. 807) **726** * Grifo, Frankish duke and son of Charles Martel (d. 753) * Paulinus II, patriarch of Aquileia (approximate date) **727** * January 9 – Dai Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 779) * Fujiwara no Tsuginawa, Japanese statesman (d. 796) * Liu Peng, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 785) * Sakanoue no Karitamaro, Japanese general (d. 786) * Yang Yan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 781) **728** * Abu Ubaidah, Muslim scholar of Arabic philology (d. 825) * Du Huangchang, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (or 729) **729** * Du Huangchang, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (or 728) * Li Huaiguang, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 785) Deaths ------ **720** * Ardo, king of the Visigoths (or 721) * Aubert of Avranches, Frankish bishop * Fujiwara no Fuhito, Japanese statesman (b. 659) * Muhammad ibn Marwan, Muslim general (or 719) * Odile of Alsace, Frankish abbess (approximate date) * Tariq ibn Ziyad, Muslim general (b. 670) * Umar II, Muslim caliph (b. 682) * Xue Ne, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 649) * Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, Muslim governor (b. 672) * Yeh Fa-shan, Daoist wonder-worker (b. 631) * Jamila, Arabian qiyan-courtesan singer **721** * February 13 – Chilperic II, king of the Franks * May 7 – John of Beverley, bishop of York * December 29 – Genmei, empress of Japan (b. 660) * Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, Muslim general (approximate date) * Ardo, king of the Visigoths (or 720) * Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne * Headda, bishop of Lichfield (approximate date) * Liu Zhiji, Chinese historian (b. 661) * Tervel, ruler (*khagan*) of the Bulgarian Empire * Yao Chong, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 650) **722** * September 29 – Leudwinus, Frankish bishop * Beli II, king of Strathclyde (approximate date) * Fergal mac Máele Dúin, High King of Ireland * Máel Ruba, Irish abbot (b. 642) * Mujahid ibn Jabr, Muslim scholar **723** * October 3 – Elias I of Antioch, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. * Adalbert, duke of Alsace * Fachtna mac Folachtan, Irish abbot * Ō no Yasumaro, Japanese nobleman **724** * January 26 – Yazid II, Muslim caliph (b. 687) * Felix, archbishop of Ravenna * Fogartach mac Néill, High King of Ireland * Hababah, concubine singer of Caliph Yazid II. * Rotrude of Treves, wife of Charles Martel * Tonyukuk, military leader of the Göktürks (approximate date) **725** * April 23 – Wihtred, king of Kent * Ealdbert, prince of Wessex * Grimoald, duke of Bavaria * Gwylog ap Beli, king of Powys * Nothhelm, king of Sussex * Ruben of Dairinis, Irish scholar **726** * October 22 – Itzamnaaj K'awiil, a Maya ruler of Dos Pilas * Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, Muslim governor * Marcello Tegalliano, doge of Venice * Oda of Scotland, Christian saint (approximate date) * Smbat VI, Armenian prince * Tobias, bishop of Rochester **727** * April 18 – Agallianos Kontoskeles, Byzantine commander and rebel leader * May 30 – Hubertus, bishop of Liège * October 19 – Frithuswith or Frideswide, Anglo-Saxon princess and abbess * Murchad mac Brain Mut, king of Leinster (Ireland) * Paul, exarch of Ravenna * Yi Xing, Chinese astronomer and mechanical engineer (b. 683) **728** * Domnall mac Cellaig, king of Connacht (Ireland) * Dúnchad mac Murchado, king of Leinster (Ireland) * Hasan al-Basri, Arab theologian * Ine, king of Wessex (approximate date) * Jarir ibn Atiyah, Arab poet and satirist **729** * May 9 – Osric, king of Northumbria * Ecgberht of Ripon, bishop of Lindisfarne (b. 639) * Nagaya, Japanese prince and politician (b. 684) * Shen Quanqi, Chinese poet and official (b. 650)

720s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/720s

Year **427 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ahala and Mugillanus** (or, less frequently, **year 327 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 427 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Sparta's King Archidamus II is succeeded by his son Agis II. * Following the surrender of Mytilene to Athens, the Athenian leader Cleon insists that the city be destroyed. In response to the pleadings of a number of Athenian citizens, Cleon's decree to destroy the population of Mytilene is reversed with only the ringleaders of the Mytilenean revolt being executed. * Plataea surrenders to the Spartans and Thebans after its garrison comes close to death from starvation. Over 200 prisoners are put to death and Plataea is destroyed. * The civil war in Corcyra, in which the Athenians and the Spartans have interfered ineffectually, results in a victory of the democrats (who support an alliance with Athens) over the oligarchs. * In an effort to blockade Sparta from access to Sicilian corn, Athens responds to a plea for help from a delegation from the city of Leontini led by Gorgias, the sophist and rhetorician. Leontini is being threatened by Syracuse which is allied to Sparta. However, the Athenian mission led by the Athenian general Laches is unable to offer much help. Laches is later prosecuted by Cleon for his unsuccessful mission to support Athenian interests in Sicily. #### Roman Republic * The Quaestorship is opened to the Plebs. Births ------ * Plato, Greek philosopher (d. c. 347 BC) Deaths ------ * Archidamus II, king of Sparta

427 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/427_BC

Year **550** (**DL**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 550 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Justinian I appoints Bessas commander (*magister militum*) of Armenia, and entrusts him with the war in Lazica (Georgia). + Siege of Petra (550–551) * January 16 – Gothic War: The Ostrogoths under king Totila recapture Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison. * Summer – Totila plunders Sicily, after he subdues Corsica and Sardinia. He sends a Gothic fleet to raid the coasts of Greece. * Justinian I sends two Nestorian monks on a mission to Central Asia, to spread Christianity in the East (approximate date). #### Europe * The Vendel era begins; the name is given to a region in Uppland (an important area of the sagas' account of a Swedish kingdom). #### Persia * The Sassanid Empire, under the reign of King Khosrow I, controls the trade of silk destined for Europe and the Byzantine Empire. #### Asia * The Eastern Wei Dynasty ends, and Wen Xuan Di becomes emperor of Northern Qi. He forces Xiao Jing Di to yield the throne. * Wen Xuan Di adopts a defensive policy towards the hostile northern tribes; he builds over 1,000 miles of walls on the border. * The Gupta Empire falls; India is again ruled by regional kingdoms (approximate date). #### Americas * Construction of Quiriguá (Guatemala) begins (approximate date). * The last known eruption of Chimborazo (modern Ecuador) occurs. ### By topic #### Arts and sciences * Hindu mathematicians give zero a numeral representation in a positional notation system. * Procopius writes the *Secret History* (approximate date). #### Religion * The churches of Lazica (Georgia) and Armenia split. While the Armenian Church remains independent, the Georgian church unites with the Byzantine Empire. This ecclesiastical union deepens political and cultural contact between the two states. As a sign of Lazica's status vis-à-vis Byzantium, Lazic princes are vested with honorific titles of the Byzantine court, including *kouropalates*, or "minister of the imperial palace" (approximate date). * The main redaction of the Babylonian Talmud is completed under Rabbis Ravina and Ashi (approximate date). * Chararic, king of the Suevi, converts to Catholicism. * In Ireland, the Diocese of Tuam is erected. Births ------ * *probable* + Pope Boniface IV (approximate date) + Finbarr of Cork, Irish bishop (approximate date) + Gallus, Irish missionary (approximate date) + Gaugericus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date) + John Moschus, Byzantine monk (approximate date) + Peter III of Callinicum, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date) Deaths ------ * May 8 – Desideratus, French saint * *exact date unknown* + Aryabhata, Indian mathematician-astronomer (b. 476) + Buddhapālita, Indian Madhyamaka scholar (b. 470) + Drest V, king of the Picts + Germanus, Byzantine general (*magister militum*) * *probable* + Dubricius, British bishop and saint + Eustathius of Mtskheta, Orthodox Christian saint

550

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550

Year **725** (**DCCXXV**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 725 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (governor of Al-Andalus) capture the fortified town of Carcassonne, which has been under siege (see 720), as well as Nîmes in Septimania (the latter without resistance). * Summer – Anbasa leads a raiding force up the Rhône and Saône Valleys into Burgundy, taking Autun. Muslim raiders reach Sens, Luxeuil and Langres; the cities are devastated. Some Muslims might also have reached the Vosges Mountains. * Duke Eudes of Aquitaine seeks an alliance with Munuza, governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), currently in rebellion against the central Umayyad government at Córdoba in Andalusia (probably not cemented until 729). * Charles Martel invades Bavaria, and kills Duke Grimoald in battle. His son Hugbert submits to Frankish suzerainty, and Charles brings back the Agilolfing princess Swanachild, who becomes his concubine (later his wife). * King Liutprand puts Corsica, nominally under Byzantine authority, under Lombard government, defending it from Muslim raids (approximate date). #### Britain * The exiled prince Ealdbert, possibly a nephew of King Ine of Wessex looking for recognition as his heir, seeks sanctuary in Sussex. Ine attacks the South Saxons and kills Ealdbert. * April 23 – King Wihtred of Kent dies after a 35-year reign. The kingdom is divided between his three sons: Æthelbert II as overking, Eadbert I in West Kent and Alric. #### China * Yi Xing, Chinese Buddhist monk and astronomer, applies a clockwork escapement mechanism, to provide rotating motion to his astronomical armillary sphere. ### By topic #### Literature * Bede, Northumbrian monk-historian, writes *The Reckoning of Time* (*De temporum ratione*), explaining how to calculate medieval Easter. #### Religion * In Egypt, resentment of the Copts against Umayyad taxation (called *jizya*) leads to a revolt (approximate date). Births ------ * Paul the Deacon, Lombard monk (approximate date) * Stephen the Hymnographer, Syrian monk (d. 807) Deaths ------ * April 23 – Wihtred, king of Kent * Ealdbert, prince of Wessex * Grimoald, duke of Bavaria * Gwylog ap Beli, king of Powys * Nothhelm, king of Sussex * Ruben of Dairinis, Irish scholar

725

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/725

Year **478 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mamercus and Structus** (or, less frequently, **year 276 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 478 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Despite Spartan opposition, Athens works on refortifying and rebuilding after the Persian destruction of the city in 479. * The Delian League is established * With the help of the Athenian statesman and general, Cimon, Aristides commands an Athenian fleet of 30 ships that the Spartan commander Pausanias leads to capture the Greek cities on Cyprus and Byzantium, taking them from the Persians and their Phoenician allies. * While Pausanias is occupying Byzantium, his arrogance and his adoption of Persian clothing and manners offends the allies and raises suspicions of disloyalty. Pausanias is recalled to Sparta, where he is tried and acquitted of the charge of treason, but he is not restored to his command. #### Sicily * Hiero I (Hieron) becomes the Tyrant of Syracuse following the death of his brother Gelo. #### China * A Temple of Confucius is established in (modern-day) Qufu. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Gelo, tyrant of the cities of Gela and Syracuse in Sicily

478 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/478_BC

Year **427** (**CDXXVII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Hierus and Ardabur** (or, less frequently, **year 1180 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 427 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), arrives in southern Gaul with an army (40,000 men) and defeats the Visigoths under King Theodoric I, who are besieging the strategic city of Arles. * Bonifacius, Roman governor (Last of the Romans), revolts in Africa against Emperor Valentinian III. Under the influence of Aetius, he is convicted of treason by empress-mother Galla Placidia. #### Europe * The Roman province of Pannonia Prima is finally assimilated into the Hunnic Empire. #### Asia * The Ephthalites (White Huns) invade Western Asia and reduce the Sasanian Empire threat to the Eastern Roman Empire. King Bahram V sends an expeditionary force into Khorasan. * King Jangsu transfers the Goguryeo capital from Gungnae City (modern Ji'an, Jilin) on the banks of the Yalu River to Pyongyang (modern Korea). * Biyu becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. Births ------ * Erbin of Dumnonia, Brythonic king (approximate date) * Qi Gaodi, Chinese emperor of the Southern Qi Dynasty (d. 482) * Wang Xianyuan, empress and wife of Song Xiaowudi (d. 464) Deaths ------ * December 24 – Sisinnius I, archbishop of Constantinople * Guisin, king of Baekje (Korea) * Tao Qian, Chinese poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 365)

427

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/427

Year **72 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Publicola and Lentulus** (or, less frequently, **year 682 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 72 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Third Servile War: Spartacus moves with his followers northward to the Po Valley. Roman forces under Lucius Gellius Publicola defeat a group of slaves (30,000 men) led by Crixus near Mount Gargano. He kills two-thirds of the rebels, including Crixus himself. * Summer – Spartacus and his followers defeat the Roman forces under Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and Gellius, forcing the Roman legions to retreat in disarray. Both consuls are recalled to Rome in disgrace and relieved of their duties. * Spartacus moves north again, to cross the Alps into Gaul and then to Thracia. Outside Mutina on the plain of the River Po he defeats the Roman forces under Gaius Cassius Longinus, governor of Gallia Cisalpina. * Autumn – Spartacus and his followers withdraw to the Bruttium peninsula. At one juncture he contemplates attacking Rome – but moves south. The Senate sends Marcus Licinius Crassus against Spartacus. * Winter – Spartacus decides to camp near Thurii. Marcus Licinius Crassus with 10 Roman legions tries to trap the rebels in the toe of Italy. He builds a trench and a low earth rampart (with a fortified palisade). * Battle of Cabira: Lucius Lucullus defeats King Mithridates VI and overruns Pontus. Mithridates flees to Armenia, ruled by his son-in-law Tigranes, who refuses to turn his father-in-law in to Lucius Lucullus. * Quintus Sertorius is assassinated by his subordinate, Marcus Perperna Vento, who is in turn defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius, thus ending the Sertorian War in Spain. #### Europe * The Suebi and other tribes under King Ariovistus invade Gaul. Deaths ------ * Crixus, Gaulish gladiator and military leader * Marcus Perperna Vento, Roman statesman

72 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72_BC

Year **446 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Barbatus and Fusus** (or, less frequently, **year 308 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 446 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Achaea achieves its independence from Athens, while Euboea, crucial to Athenian control of the sea and food supplies, revolts against Athens. Pericles crosses over to Euboea with his troops. * Megara joins the revolt against Athens. The strategic importance of Megara is immediately demonstrated by the appearance, for the first time in 12 years, of a Spartan army under King Pleistoanax in Attica. The threat from the Spartan army leads Pericles to arrange, by bribery and by negotiation, that Athens will give up its mainland possessions and confine itself to a largely maritime empire. * The Spartan army retires, so Pericles crosses back to Euboea with 50 ships and 5,000 soldiers, cracking down any opposition. He punishes the landowners of Chalcis, who lose their properties, while the residents of Histiaea are uprooted and replaced by 2,000 Athenian settlers. * After hearing that the Spartan army had accepted bribes from Pericles, Pleistoanax, the King of Sparta, is impeached by the citizens of Sparta, but flees to exile in Arcadia. His military adviser, Cleandridas also flees and is condemned to death in his absence. #### Sicily * Ducetius, the Hellenised leader of the Siculi, an ancient people of Sicily, returns from exile in Corinth to Sicily and colonises Cale Acte on the north coast with Greek and Siculi settlers. * Acragas declares war on Syracuse because of the return of Ducetius and is defeated by Syracuse in the Battle of the Himera River. #### Roman Republic * In the Battle of Corbione, Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus leads Roman troops to a victory over the Aequi of north-east Latium and the Volsci of southern Latium. Births ------ * Aristophanes, Greek playwright (approximate year) (d. c. 385 BC) * Marcus Furius Camillus, Roman soldier and statesman (traditional date) (d. 365 BC) Deaths ------ *

446 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/446_BC

From left, clockwise: Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon; Fire of Alexandria following a Roman siege; Assassination of Pompey the Great; Assassination of Julius Caesar. This article concerns the period **49 BC – 40 BC**. Events ------ ### 49 BC #### By place and Date ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Gaius Claudius Marcellus. * Caesar's Civil War commences: + January 1 – The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command. + January 10 – Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon, which separates his jurisdiction in Cisalpine Gaul from that of the Senate in Rome, and thus initiates a civil war. In response, the Senate invokes the *senatus consultum ultimum*. + February – Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate. + March 9 – Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain. + April 19 – Siege of Massilia: Caesar commences a siege at Massilia against the Pompeian Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He leaves the newly raised legions XVII, XVIII and XIX to conduct the siege. Decimus Brutus – victor over the Veneti (see 56 BC) – is in charge of the fleet to blockade the harbor. + June – Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius. + June 7 – Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Thessaloniki. + July 30 – Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda. + August 2 – Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar and are granted pardon. + August 24 – Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica) in the Battle of the Bagradas, after which he commits suicide. + September – Brutus defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces of the siege of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic Sea is defeated near Curicta (Krk). + September 6 – Massilia surrenders to Caesar, as he is coming back from Spain. + October – Caesar is appointed Dictator in Rome. ### 48 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus. Caesar is named consul for a period of five years. * Caesar's Civil War: + January 4 – Julius Caesar lands at Dyrrhachium (Durazzo). + March – Mark Antony joins Julius Caesar. + April – Siege of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar builds a fortified line of entrenchments and besieges Pompey the Great. + The Roman temple to Bellona on the Capitolinus outside Rome is burnt to the ground. + May – Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, co-consul with Julius Caesar, destroys Caelius's magistrate's chair on his tribunal. + July 10 – Battle of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia; he retreats to Thessaly. + August 9 – Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus, who flees to Egypt. Pompey's army by and large is pardoned. + Winter – Siege of Oricum: Julius Caesar captures the strategic city port of Oricum in Epirus (modern Albania). The garrison opens the town's gate and Lucius Manlius Torquatus surrenders to Caesar. + December – Battle of Nicopolis: King Pharnaces II of Pontus defeats the Roman forces under Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, a loyal partisan of Julius Caesar. ###### Egypt * September 28 – Pompey the Great is assassinated on the orders of King Ptolemy XIII, after landing in Egypt (may have occurred September 29, records unclear). * October – Julius Caesar reaches Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great. He is met by an Egyptian delegation from Ptolemy XIII. The Egyptians offer him gifts: the ring of Pompey and his head. * Queen Cleopatra VII returns to the palace rolled into a Persian carpet and has it presented to Caesar by her servant. The Egyptian princess, only twenty-one years old, becomes his mistress. * December – Battle in Alexandria: Forces of Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII and those of rival King Ptolemy XIII and Queen Arsinoe IV. The latter two are defeated and flee the city, but during the battle part of the Library of Alexandria catches fire. ###### Asia * Yuan becomes emperor of the Han Dynasty (until 33 BC). ### 47 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Quintus Fufius Calenus, Publius Vatinius. * Civil War: + August – Julius Caesar quells a mutiny of his veterans in Rome. + October – Caesar's invasion of Africa, against Metellus Scipio and Labienus, Caesar's former lieutenant in Gaul. ###### Egypt * January 13 – Queen Cleopatra VII promotes her younger brother Ptolemy XIV of Egypt to co-ruler. * February – Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile. Ptolemy is killed; Caesar, with the aid of Mithridates I of the Bosporus, then relieves his besieged forces in Alexandria. ###### Anatolia * August 2 – Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosphorus, in the Battle of Zela (the war Caesar tersely describes as *veni, vidi, vici*). ###### Judea * Battle at Mount Tabor in Judea: Roman troops, commanded by Gabinius, defeat the forces of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II of Judea, who is attempting to re-establish Judean independence. Some 10,000 Jews die at the hands of the Romans. ###### China * Feng Yuan becomes consort to Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty. ### 46 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. * Civil War: + January 4 – Titus Labienus fights Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. + April 6 – Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba I of Numidia at Thapsus. After the battle Caesar grants Legio V Alaudae the right to bear the elephant symbol on its shields and standards, for bravery against a charge of elephants. + April 20 – Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro "If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law." + Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, take up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber. + September 26 – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfillment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus. + November – Caesar leaves for Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance. + Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The *Julian Calendar* would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582. + Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir. + Caesar subdues a mutiny of his Tenth Legion. + Caesar celebrates his Gallic Triumph, after which Vercingetorix is executed. The celebrations run for forty days in Rome, and include public banquets, plays and gladiatorial games. #### By topic ###### Architecture * Marcus Vitruvius Pollio describes Etruscan and Roman architecture (approximate date). ### 45 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, without colleague. * January 1 – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing a solar calendar that is based on the Egyptian calendar of the day. * March 17 – Civil War: In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the younger in the Battle of Munda. Labienus dies in battle, Pompey the younger is executed, but Sextus Pompey escapes to take command of the remnants of the Pompeian fleet. * The veterans of Julius Caesar's Legions *Legio XIII Gemina* and *Legio X Equestris* demobilize. The veterans of the 10th legion are settled in Narbo, while those of the 13th are given somewhat better lands in Italia itself. * Caesar is named dictator for life. * Caesar probably writes his *Commentaries* in this year. ###### Asia * Possible first year of the Azes I Era. ### 44 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. * February – Rome celebrates the festival of the Lupercal. Mark Antony twice presents Caesar with a royal diadem, urging him to take it and declare himself king. He refuses this offer and orders the crown to be placed in the Temple of Jupiter. * March 15 (the *Ides of March*) – Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of senators, amongst them Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Caesar's Massilian naval commander, Decimus Brutus. * March 20 – Caesar's funeral is held. Marcus Antony gives a eulogy and in his speech he makes accusations of murder and ensures a permanent breach with the conspirators against Caesar. He snatches Caesar's bloody tunic and purple toga to show the crowd the stab wounds, the citizens tear apart the forum and cremate their Caesar on a makeshift pyre. Antony becomes the highest ranking politician in Rome. * April – Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to take up Caesar's inheritance, against advice from Atia (his mother and Caesar's niece) and consul Antony. * April 18–April 21 – Octavian engages in a charm offensive with consular Cicero who is fulminating against Mark Antony. * June – Antony is granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy). * September 2 + Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. + The first of Cicero's *Philippicae* (oratorical attacks) on Antony is published. He will make 14 of them over the next several months. * December – Antony besieges Brutus Albinus in Mutina (Modena), with Octavian, an ally of Decimus, who is one of his uncle's assassins, close by. * A Denarius with a portrait of Julius Caesar is made. It is now kept at the American Numismatic Society in New York. ###### Europe * Comosicus succeeds Burebista as king of Dacia. ### 43 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony. * January 7 – Octavian is given *imperium*, marking the start of his public career. * Marcus Junius Brutus proceeds to secure his position in Thrace and Macedonia. Gaius Cassius Longinus campaigns in Syria and defeats the army of Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Laodicea. * March – Vibius Pansa set out to link up with Hirtius and Octavian, bringing four legions of recruits, having left one, the *legio urbana*, to defend Rome. * April 14 – Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus Albinus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius does not die until after the Battle of Mutina). * April 16 – Octavian is first proclaimed *imperator* by his troops. * April 21 + Cicero's 14th and last *Philippic*. + Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year. * Antony marches to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crosses the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50 km (31 mi) south-west of Genoa, and joins with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands. The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria. * Summer – Gaius Cassius captures Rhodes after they refuse to pay tribute. Their fleet is defeated by Roman galleys in the Aegean Sea. He lands a military force on the island and plunders the city. Cassius puts to death 50 of the leading citizens and seizes all the gold he can lay hands on. * July–August – Antony is again at the head of a large army; Octavian enters Rome in force without opposition. It is clear that Cicero's plan to divide them against each other has failed. * August 19 – Octavian takes office as consul. He's prevailed to pass the *lex Pedia*, a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime. * November 26 – Octavian meets Antony and Lepidus in Bononia and the three enter into an official five-year autocratic pact, the Second Triumvirate (see *lex Titia*). To cement their reconciliation Octavian agrees to marry Claudia, a daughter of Antony's wife Fulvia by her former husband Publius Clodius Pulcher. * November – The triumvirs introduce proscriptions in which allegedly 130 senators and 2,000 *equites* are branded as outlaws and deprived of their property. * December 7 – Marcus Tullius Cicero is killed in Formiae in a litter going to the seaside, by a party led by Herennius (a centurion) and Popilius (a military tribune). His head and hands are displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum. ###### Gaul * Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon) is founded. * First reference to Cularo (Grenoble). ###### Asia * According to legend, Nagasena creates the Emerald Buddha figurine in Patna, India. ### 42 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * January – Publius Vatinius, governor of Illyricum, seizes Dyrrachium and is forced to surrender his army (three legions) to Marcus Junius Brutus. * Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refuse to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieges Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdraw into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) force the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens make a last stand by the temple of Sarpedon and, as night falls, the Roman army conquers the city. * The confederation of Lycia sends ambassadors to Brutus, promising to form a military league and contribute money for building ships. Gaius Cassius Longinus occupies Rhodes, and orders all the other cities of Asia to pay a tribute for 10 years. * July – Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, leaving Octavian ill at Dyrrachium, and marches to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus, with the Republican fleet (130 warships), blockades the Adriatic Sea. * August – Lucius Decidius Saxa and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus are appointed by Mark Antony, to lead an advanced force of eight legions to Macedonia along the Via Egnatia into Thrace. * September – Brutus and Cassius cross the Hellespont. They march to Doriscus but further progress is blocked by Saxa's occupation of the Corpili Pass. * Saxa retreats to link up with Norbanus at the Sapaei Pass. The Republicans outflank the enemy, forging an alternate route through the mountains in the north. * Brutus and Cassius advance to Philippi and build fortifications. Antony links up with Norbanus and Saxa at Amphipolis, Octavian arrives on a litter 10 days later. * In Sicily, Sextus Pompeius leads the naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea against the triumvirs. He blockades the grain routes from Spain and Africa. * October 3 – First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans, who have just arrived, are routed. Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' camp is captured by Antony's men and, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead, Cassius commits suicide. He orders his freedman Pindarus to kill him. Brutus, fearing the impact on morale, secretly buries his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy, in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs. * October 23 – Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian. The Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in their flank. After the battle, 14,000 legionaries lay down their arms. Brutus flees to the heights of Philippi, where he commits suicide the following day. After the victory, Brutus' body is brought to Antonius' camp, where he casts his purple paludamentum over his dead body and orders an honourable funeral for his erstwhile comrade. The Republican cause is crushed, and Rome rests in the hands of the Second Triumvirate. * Octavian returns to Rome and arranges for ± 40,000 veterans' settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria, and in northern Italy. ### 41 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Lucius Antonius and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus. * Perusine War: An armed resistance breaks out across Italy; the Umbrian city of Sentinum is captured and destroyed by Quintus Salvidienus Rufus. * Lucius Antonius occupies Perusia. He accepts the appeal of the local population. Lucius and Fulvia are defeated by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian in the Battle of Perugia. ###### Egypt * Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and forms an alliance. He returns to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41–40 BC. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she has Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. ### 40 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Gaius Asinius Pollio. * Siege of Perusia: trying a last attempt to break the siege, which fails; Lucius Antonius surrenders to Octavian. His life is spared, but the citizens are executed or sold into slavery. Fulvia flees with her children and is exiled to Sicyon, where she dies of a sudden illness. * Spring – Quintus Salvidienus Rufus marches to Transalpine Gaul to take command of the eleven legions, after the death of Quintus Fufius Calenus. Octavian divorces Claudia and marries Scribonia, a sister of Lucius Scribonius Libo and a follower of Sextus. * May – Gaius Claudius Marcellus, a distinguished member of the Claudii, dies. He leaves Octavia the Younger (the elder sister of Octavian) widowed. She will later marry Mark Antony. * Sextus Pompey dispatches Menas with four legions and captures Sardinia, driving out Octavian's governor Marcus Lurius. He seizes the capital, Caralis and occupies Corsica. Sextus besieges Cosenza in Bruttium and Thurii in Lucania, ravaging the territory with his cavalry. * Sextus' fleet raids the ports of Puteoli and Ostia. The populace hold the Triumvirs responsible for prolonging the war, provoking a riot on the Forum. Octavian, with the Praetorian Guard, goes to intercept the riot, and only escapes with his life because Antony summons troops to rescue his junior colleague. * Treaty of Brundisium: The Triumvirs agrees to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian styles himself "Imperator Caesar" and takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces; the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, is to serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa. The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia the Younger. #### Asia minor * Quintus Labienus occupies Cilicia and marches, with an army, into Anatolia. Most cities surrender without resistance, except for Alabanda and Mylasa. The Parthians restore their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire. Labienus proclaims himself "Parthian Emperor" of Asia Minor. ###### Egypt * Mark Antony leaves Alexandria. After receiving news of the outcome at Perusia while en route to Phoenicia, he sets sail for Italy meeting the ambassadors of Sextus Pompey in Athens. ###### Igodomigodo Kingdom * Ogiso Igodo dissolves the Ik’edionwere Council (western Africa). establishes the Royal Council with members of the disbanded Ik’edionwere Council and the Odibo-Ogiso group. He names his combined territories, Igodomigodo with its capital at Ugbekun. ###### Greece * Athenodorus, a philosopher, encounters a ghost in Athens. This popular story is one of the first poltergeist stories in history. ###### Parthia * Pacorus crosses, with the help of Quintus Labienus, the Euphrates and invades Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, and the Parthians take Phoenicia and Judea. However, they cannot besiege the fortified city of Tyre, because they have no fleet. * Parthians conquer Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is removed from power, while Antigonus the Hasmonean becomes king of Judea under Parthian rule. Herod the Great flees Jerusalem to Rome. There he is titled king of Judea by Mark Antony. ###### China * The *Ji Jiu Pian* dictionary, published about this year during the Han Dynasty, is the earliest known reference to the hydraulic-powered trip hammer device. riiz Significant people ------------------ * Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, term 46–44 BC) * Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (85–42 BC) * Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC) * Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC)—enters her twenties, has son Caesarion with Julius Caesar, before meeting Mark Antony * Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus, Roman politician and general (62 BC–AD 14) * Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC) * Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC) Births ------ **49 BC** * Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman consul (d. 25 AD) **48 BC** * Lady Ban, Chinese concubine and female poet * Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul (d. AD 32) * Publius Cornelius Scipio, Roman consul and governor **47 BC** * June 23 – Caesarion, prince of Egypt, later Ptolemy XV (d. 30 BC) * Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (d. 30 BC) **46 BC** * Antipater, son of Herod the Great (d. 4 BC) * Lucius Seius Strabo, Roman prefect of the Praetorian Guard (d. 16 AD) * Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman politician and general (d. 9 AD) **45 BC** * Iullus Antonius, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia; consul 10 BC (d. 2 BC) * Wang Mang, usurper of the Han Dynasty and Emperor of the Xin Dynasty (d. AD 23) **44 BC** * Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Roman statesman and governor (d. 20 AD) **43 BC** * March 20 – Publius Ovidius Naso (**Ovid**), Roman poet (d. AD 17/18) * Iotapa, princess of Media Atropatene (daughter of Artavasdes I) * Iullus Antonius, Roman consul (son of Mark Antony) (d. 2 BC) **42 BC** * November 16 – Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37 AD) * Marcus Claudius Marcellus, nephew of Augustus (d. 23 BC) **41 BC** * Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, Roman consul under Caesar Augustus (d. AD 33) **40 BC** * Ariobarzanes II, Roman client king of Armenia (d. 4 AD) * Cleopatra Selene (d. AD 6) and Alexander Helios (d. between 29 and 25 BC), twins of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony Deaths ------ **49 BC** * January 10 – Xuan of Han, emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 91 BC) * Aristobulus II, king and high priest of Judea * Gaius Memmius, Roman orator and poet (presumed). * Gaius Scribonius Curio, Roman politician * Jieyou, princess of the Han Dynasty (b. 121 BC) * Marcus Perperna, Roman politician * Zheng Ji, general of the Han Dynasty **48 BC** * September 28 – Pompey (**the Great**), Roman politician (b. 106 BC) * Afriana Carfania, Roman orator * Cotys I, Thracian client king of the Odrysian Kingdom * Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Roman statesman * Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Roman politician * Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, Roman politician * Titus Annius Milo, Roman politician * Zhang Chang, Chinese scholar and official **47 BC** * Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosporan Kingdom (b. c. 97 BC) * Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, king of Egypt (drowned in the Nile) * Alexander, Hasmonean prince (executed) **46 BC** * April 12 - Marcus Porcius Cato (**the Younger**), Roman politician (b. 95 BC) (commits suicide) * Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician and quaestor * Juba I, king of Numidia (killed after the Battle of Thapsus) * Saburra, General of Juba I (killed in battle by Publius Sittius) * Lucius Afranius, Roman consul and governor (b. 112 BC) * Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Roman politician and general * Marcus Petreius, Roman politician and general (b. 110 BC) (commits suicide) * Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, Roman consul and general (commits suicide) * Vercingetorix, Gaulish king and chieftain of the Arverni tribe **45 BC** * February – Tullia, daughter of Cicero (b. 79 BC or 78 BC) * March 17 + Titus Labienus, Roman general (killed in the Battle of Munda) (b. c. 100 BC) + Publius Attius Varus, Roman governor (killed in the Battle of Munda) * April 12 – Gnaeus Pompeius, son of Pompey the Great (executed after the Battle of Munda) * December 31 – Quintus Fabius Maximus, Roman general and politician * Nigidius Figulus, Roman scholar (b. 98 BC) * Publius Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician **44 BC** * March 15 – Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (assassinated in the Senate) (b. 100 BC) * July 26 – Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (approximate date) * Burebista, Thracian king of the Getae and Dacian tribes * Lucius Caninius Gallus, Roman politician * Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Roman consul * Publius Sittius, Roman Mercenary commander **43 BC** * April 22 – Gaius Vibius Pansa, Roman consul and general (killed in battle) * December 7 – Cicero, Roman statesman and orator (murdered) (b. 106 BC) * Antipater the Idumaean, Jewish founder of the Herodian dynasty (murdered) * Atia, niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Augustus (b. 85 BC) * Aulus Hirtius, Roman consul and historian (killed in battle) * Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Roman statesman (murdered) (b. c. 81 BC) * Decimus Laberius, Roman nobleman and Latin writer (b. c. 105 BC) * Gaius Trebonius, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Gaius Verres, Roman politician and governor (b. c. 120 BC) * Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul and governor (b. c. 100 BC) * Lucius Minucius Basilus, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar, murdered by his own slaves) * Lucius Roscius Fabatus, Roman politician (killed in battle) * Pontius Aquila, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Publius Cornelius Dolabella, suffect consul after the assassination of Julius Caesar (b. 70 BC) * Publilius Syrus, Syrian comic dramatist and Latin writer * Quintus Pedius, suffect consul after the assassination of Julius Caesar * Quintus Tullius Cicero, Roman statesman and general (b. 102 BC) * Servius Sulpicius Rufus, Roman politician and jurist (b. c. 106 BC) **42 BC** * October 3 – Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide) * October 23 – Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar) (b. 85 BC) * Gaius Antonius, Roman general and brother of Mark Antony (murdered) * Lucius Tillius Cimber, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, Roman nobleman and supporter of Brutus (suicide) * Marcus Porcius Cato, Roman nobleman and son of Cato the Younger (killed in battle) * Porcia, wife of Brutus (suicide) (approximate date) (b. c. 70 BC) * Publius Servilius Casca Longus, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Pacuvius Labeo, Roman jurist (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide) **41 BC** * Arsinoe IV, Egyptian princess and (half) sister of Cleopatra VII (b. 68 or 67 BC) * Pasherienptah III, Egyptian High Priest of Ptah (b. 90 BC) * Serapion, Egyptian general (*strategos*) and governor **40 BC** * Fulvia, wife of Publius Clodius Pulcher and Mark Antony (b. 77 BC) * Gaius Claudius Marcellus, Roman consul (b. 88 BC) * Lucius Decidius Saxa, Roman general and governor * Phasael, prince of the Herodian Dynasty of Judea * Quintus Fufius Calenus, Roman general and consul * Quintus Salvidienus Rufus, Roman general and advisor * Simeon ben Shetach, Pharisee scholar and prince (*Nasi*) * Tigellius, Sardinian lyric poet (close friend of Julius Caesar)

40s BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40s_BC

Year **484** (**CDLXXXIV**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Venantius and Theodoricus** (or, less frequently, **year 1237 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 484 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * July 19 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). Empress dowager Verina sends a letter to the governors of the Diocese of the East and the Diocese of Egypt for support. He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital. * Leontius raises a rebellion against emperor Zeno, who also faces a revolt from the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great. He sends an army to Syria, but is defeated by the Byzantine general Illus. * Zeno signs a peace treaty with Theodoric the Great. He appoints him to *magister militum* and becomes a consul. The Eastern Empire is saved by diplomatic negotiations, and the imperial army is strengthened behind the walls of Constantinople. #### Europe * King Gundobad proclaims the *Lex Burgundionum*, a law code of the Burgundians concerning marriage and inheritance, as well as regulating weregild and other penalties (approximate date). * December 28 – The Visigoth king Euric dies and is succeeded by his son Alaric II. Euric has built a rampart to protect the city of Carcassonne southeast of Toulouse, on a bend of the Aude River. #### Africa * February 24 – King Huneric passes the Edict of 484, a law banning Catholicism within the Vandal Kingdom. A few weeks later, King Huneric removes Catholic bishops from their offices and banishes some to Corsica. A few are martyred, including former proconsul Victorian along with Frumentius and other merchants. They are killed at Hadrumetum after refusing to become Arians. * December 23 – Huneric dies and is succeeded by his nephew Gunthamund, who becomes king of the Vandals. During his reign the Catholics are free from persecutions and he stabilises the kingdom's economy. #### Asia * The Hephthalites (White Huns) invade Persia. King Peroz I gathers an army of 50,000-100,000 men, and places his brother Balash at the head of the government in Ctesiphon. At the Battle of Herat, the Persians are ambushed and defeated. Peroz I is killed, his body is with dignity returned and buried with full honors. Balash is crowned and becomes king of Persia. * The Nvarsak Treaty is concluded between the Persians and Armenians. ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Felix III excommunicates Acacius of Constantinople and Peter III of Alexandria, for their role in having Zeno issue his Edict of Union (*Henotikon*) 2 years ago. He considers the edict to be heretical and the schism between the Church of Rome and the Church of Constantinople widens. The Acacian Schism will not be resolved until 519. Births ------ * Antonina, Byzantine patrikia and wife of Belisarius (approximate date) * Brendan, Irish abbot and saint (approximate date) Deaths ------ * December 23 – Huneric, king of the Vandals * Euric, king of the Visigoths * Peroz I, king of the Persian Empire * Seinei, emperor of Japan * Verina, wife of former emperor Leo I

484

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/484

Year **730** (**DCCXXX**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 730 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * King Liutprand contracts an alliance with Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, and agrees to support him in his attack on Rome, while subjugating the independent southern Lombard duchies of Benevento and Spoleto. * Tiberius Petasius proclaims himself emperor in Tuscia. Eutychius defeats him with the support of Pope Gregory II, and Tiberius is killed in Monterano, with his head sent to the Byzantine emperor Leo III as a gift. * Charles Martel defeats the last independent dukedom of Alamannia, and incorporates it into the Frankish Empire. He also launches raids on the Saxons beyond the Rhine. #### Arabian Empire * September - October – Umayyad forces sack the Byzantine fortress of Charsianon in central Anatolia (modern Turkey), which remains a contested stronghold during the next century of Byzantine–Arab warfare. * December 9 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars under Barjik invade the provinces of Jibal and Adharybaydjian. He defeats an Umayyad army (25,000 men) at Ardabil (Iran), killing al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah. #### China * Emperor Xuan Zong has four palace walls in the northeast sector of the capital city Chang'an dismantled and reassembled to construct a new Daoist abbey, the grounds of which are formally a large garden for the Bureau of Agriculture. ### By topic * In this decade Hops are first cultivated in Germany, in the Hallertau region. #### Religion * Leo III of the Byzantine Empire orders the destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. Many monks flee to Greece and Italy (taking smaller icons with them, hidden in their clothing); others flee to the caves of the Cappadocian desert. Births ------ * Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus, Arab minister (approximate date) * Autpert Ambrose, Frankish Benedictine monk (d. 784) * Beatus of Liébana, monk and theologian (approximate date) * Jia Dan, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 805) * Offa, king of Mercia (approximate date) * Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date) * Zhang Xiaozhong, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 791) Deaths ------ * December 9 – Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah, Arab general * Corbinian, Frankish bishop (approximate date) * Hugh of Champagne, grandson of Pepin of Herstal * K'inich Ahkal Mo' Naab III, Maya ruler of Palenque * Lantfrid, duke of Alamannia * Peter, duke of Cantabria * Selbach mac Ferchair, king of Dál Riata * Tiberius Petasius, Byzantine usurper * Yuwen Rong, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (or 731) * Zhang Yue, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 663)

730

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/730

Year **411 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mugillanus and Rutilus** (or, less frequently, **year 343 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 411 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * June 9 – The democracy of Athens is overthrown by the oligarchic extremists, Antiphon, Theramenes, Peisander and Phrynichus in an effort by the oligarchists to exert more control over the conduct of the war with Sparta and its allies. A "Council of Four Hundred" is set up. The total defeat of the Athenian expedition to Sicily and the consequent revolts of many of the subject-allies has weakened Athenian finances severely; the acknowledged purpose of the revolutionary movement is to revise the constitution to better run Athens' finances. However, its rule is high-handed and the Council of Four Hundred is only able to maintain itself for four months. * When a mutiny breaks out amongst the troops who are fortifying Piraeus (the harbour for Athens), the Council sends Theramenes to quell it. Instead, he puts himself at the head of the mutineers. After Phrynichus, the leader of the extremists, is assassinated, an ensuing meeting of the Athenian Assembly deposes the Council and restores the traditional constitution, but restricts some of the privileges of citizenship to a body called *the Five Thousand*. The Assembly resumes its old form in being a committee of all citizens. * The Athenian navy under Thrasybulus recalls Alcibiades from Sardis. Alcibiades' election is confirmed by the Athenians at the request of Theramenes. A Spartan fleet in the Hellespont at Cynossema is then defeated by an Athenian fleet commanded by Thrasybulus and Alcibiades. * Antiphon defends himself in a speech Thucydides describes as the greatest ever made by a man on trial for his life. Nevertheless, Antiphon is unable to persuade his accusers and he is executed for treason. ### By topic #### Literature * Euripides' play *Iphigenia in Tauris* is performed. * Aristophanes' plays *Lysistrata* and *Women Celebrating the Thesmophoria* are performed. Births ------ * Timoleon, Greek statesman and general (approximate date) (d. 337 BC) Deaths ------ * Antiphon, Athenian politician and orator (b. 480 BC) * Phrynichus, Athenian general (assassinated)

411 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/411_BC

Year **493 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Auruncus and Viscellinus** (or, less frequently, **year 261 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 493 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * A Phoenician-manned Persian fleet restores Persian control of Cyprus. #### Greece * The Athenian people elect Themistocles as archon, the chief judicial and civilian executive officer in Athens. He favours resistance against the Persians. * Themistocles starts the construction of a fortified naval base at Piraeus, the port town of Athens. * Among the refugees arriving from Ionia after the collapse of the Ionian Revolt is a chief named Miltiades, who has a fine reputation as a soldier. Themistocles makes him a general in the Athenian army. #### Roman Republic * The secession of the plebs concludes. * The Roman army, led by Postumus Cominius Auruncus defeats the Volsci and the Romans capture the towns of Longula, Pollusca and Corioli. Gaius Marcius distinguishes himself in the battle for Corioli, and earns the cognomen Coriolanus. * During his second consulate, the Roman consul Spurius Cassius Vecellinus concludes a treaty with the Latin League, the Foedus Cassianum, confirming Roman primacy in Latium. ### By topic #### Literature * The Athenian poet Phrynicus produces a tragedy on the *Fall of Miletus*. The Athenian authorities ban the play from further production on the grounds of impiety. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, former Roman consul. * Cleisthenes

493 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/493_BC

Year **451 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Augurinus** and the **First year of the decemviri** (or, less frequently, **year 303 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 451 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe, for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Persian fleet moves against a rebellious Cyprus to restore order. Kimon, who returns to favour, though not to power, in Athens, plans an expedition to help Cyprus. He gains Pericles' support. * An Athenian law sponsored by Pericles is passed giving citizenship only to those born of Athenian parents. This marks an end to the policy where residents who were from other cities could be given an honourable status. * Hostilities among the Greek states come to a formal end with the agreement to the Five Years' Truce. Kimon negotiates a five year truce with Sparta, in which Athens agrees to abandon its alliance with Argos, while Sparta promises to give up its alliance with Thebes. During the same year Argos signs the first "Thirty-Years Peace" with Sparta. #### Roman Republic * Following the report of a three-man commission into the design of Roman law, the patricians set up in Rome a Board of Ten, the Decemviri. The first Decemviri, composed entirely of patricians is led by consuls Appius Claudius Crassus and Titus Genucius Augurinus. The first ten codes of the Roman Law of the Twelve Tables are completed by the first Decemvirate. Births ------ Deaths ------

451 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/451_BC

Year **497 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Atratinus and Augurinus** (or, less frequently, **year 257 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 497 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Artybius ends the rebellion in Cyprus. * The Persians launch an expedition on the Hellespont and later Caria. #### Rome * December 17 – Consecration of the newly constructed Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum, and Saturnalia festival first celebrated. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Onesilus, King of Salamis

497 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/497_BC

Year **455 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vaticanus and Cicurinus** (or, less frequently, **year 299 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 455 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athens, under Athenian general Tolmides, sends 100 ships around the Peloponnesus and they set fire to the Spartan naval base at Gythion. As a result, Athens gains the agreement of the Achaean cities to join the Delian League. Athenian forces then go on to attack the Spartan allies on the Corinthian Gulf. Athens is now able to confine Sparta to the southern Peloponnesus. * The Athenians suffer a severe defeat in Egypt at the hands of the Persians. After being cut off in the Nile Delta, the Athenian fleet is defeated, and the Athenian army retreats across the Sinai Desert to Byblos before its remnants are rescued. The Egyptian rebel Inaros is crucified by the Persians. The Athenians decide against any further military activity in Egypt. #### China * Spring and Autumn period: The Battle of Jinyang begins with the armies of Zhi, Wei and Han laying siege to Jinyang. ### By topic #### Literature * Euripides presents his earliest known tragedy, *Peliades*, in the Athenian festival of Dionysia. Births ------ Deaths ------

455 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/455_BC

Year **491 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Atratinus** (or, less frequently, **year 263 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 491 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding "earth and water for vassalage" which Athens and Sparta refuse. * The Greek city of Aegina, fearing the loss of trade, submits to Persia. The Spartan king, Cleomenes I tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king, Demaratus, thwarts him. * Cleomenes I engineers the deposing of Spartan co-ruler Demaratus (and his replacement by Cleomenes’ cousin Leotychidas) by bribing the oracle at Delphi to announce that this action was divine will. The two Spartan kings successfully capture the Persian collaborators in Aegina. #### Sicily * Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, loses his life in a battle against the Siculi, the native Sicilian people. He is succeeded as Tyrant of Gela by Gelo, who had been his commander of cavalry. #### Roman Republic * During this year there was a famine in Rome. General Gais Marcius Coriolanus suggested that people should not receive grains unless they agree to abolish the Office of Tribune. Because of this, the Tribunes had him exiled. In response, Coriolanus takes refuge with the leader of the Volsci, eventually leading the Volscian army in a war against Rome. It was only due to entreaties from his mother and wife that he abandoned his war against Rome. * On the Via Latina, a main road leading out of Rome, the Temple of Fortuna Muliebras was finished. ### By topic #### Art * The construction of a relief begins in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis. The relief pictures Darius I and Xerxes I receiving tribute and is now displayed in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Deaths ------ * Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela

491 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/491_BC

Year **443 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Macerinus and Barbatus** (or, less frequently, **year 311 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 443 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * No consuls are elected in Rome, but rather military tribunes with consular power are appointed in their stead. While only patricians could be consuls, some military tribunes were plebeians. These positions had responsibility for the census, a vital function in the financial administration of Rome. So to stop the plebeians from possibly gaining control of the census, the patricians remove from the consuls and tribunes the right to take the census, and rather entrust it to two magistrates, called *censores* who were to be chosen exclusively from the patricians in Rome. #### Italy * Pericles founds the colony of Thurii near the site of the former city of Sybaris, in southern Italy. Its colonists include Herodotus and Lysias. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Duke Ligong of Qin, 22nd ruler of the Zhou Dynasty * Pindar, Greek poet (b. 522 BC)

443 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/443_BC

Year **423 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Atratinus and Ambustus** (or, less frequently, **year 331 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 423 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian empire * Ochus, satrap of Hyrcania and son of Artaxerxes I and a Babylonian concubine, seizes the Persian throne from his half brother Secydianus (or Sogdianus), whom he has executed. The new king rules as Darius II. #### Greece * The Athenian general, Laches, successfully moves in the Athenian Assembly for an armistice with Sparta to check the progress of Sparta's most effective general, Brasidas. However, the "Truce of Laches" has little impact on Brasidas and collapses within a year. * Brasidas ignores the proposed year-long truce and proceeds to take Scione and Mende in the hope of reaching Athens and freeing Spartan prisoners. Athens sends reinforcements under Nicias who retakes Mende. #### Rome * Gaius Sempronius Atratinus and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus are elected as consuls * Sextus Tempanius, Aulus Sellius, Sextus Antistius, and Spurius Icilius are chosen by the commons as tribunes ### By topic #### Drama * Aristophanes' play *The Clouds* is performed as is Sophocles' play *Maidens of Trachi* and *The Putine* (*The Bottle*), by Cratinus. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Sogdianus, King of Persia (assassinated) Frey, Wendy, and Diane Hart. *History Alive!* Palo Alto, CA: TCI, 2004. Print.

423 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/423_BC

Year **444 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Atratinus, Siculus and Luscus** and the **Year of the Consulship of Mugillanus and Atratinus** (or, less frequently, **year 310 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 444 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The conservative and democratic factions in Athens confront each other. The ambitious new leader of the conservatives, Thucydides, accuses the leader of the democratic faction, Pericles, of profligacy and criticises the way Pericles is spending money on his ambitious building plans for the city. Thucydides manages, initially, to gain the support of the ecclesia. Pericles responds by proposing to reimburse the city for all the expenses from his private property, on the condition that he would make the inscriptions of dedication in his own name. His stance is supported by the ecclesia, so Thucydides' efforts to dislodge Pericles from power are defeated. #### Persian empire * Nehemiah, the Jewish cupbearer to Artaxerxes I at Susa, is given permission by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem as governor of Judea, in order to rebuild parts of it. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Udayin, king of Magadha in ancient India.

444 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/444_BC

Year **775** (**DCCLXXV**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 775 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * September 14 – Emperor Constantine V dies while on a campaign in Bulgaria. In his 34-year reign he has suppressed monasticism and image worship, restored aqueducts, revived commerce, and repopulated Constantinople. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son Leo IV ("the Khazar"), who continues Constantine's campaigns against the Bulgars and Muslim Arabs. #### Europe * Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne holds a major assembly at Quierzy (Northern France). He leads a Frankish army into Saxony to retake the *castrum* of Syburg (near Dortmund), then rebuilds and garrisons fortified Eresburg. He reaches the Weser at a place called Braunsberg, where the Saxons stand for battle, but are defeated when Frankish troops cross the river. * Westphalian Saxons, probably commanded by Widukind, cross the Weser and fight an inconclusive battle at Hlidbeck (modern-day Lübbecke). Charlemagne claims victory, but perhaps in reality suffers a setback. He reunites his forces and inflicts a real defeat upon the Saxons, seizing considerable booty and taking hostages, though Widukind escapes. * Autumn – Charlemagne retakes the *Hellweg* (main corridor) along the Lippe Valley, establishing communications between Austrasia, Hesse and Thuringia. It is used as a trade route under Frankish supervision. * The German city of Giessen (Hesse) is founded. #### Africa * Andalusian merchants set up an emporium (trade settlement) on the Maghreb coast at Ténès (modern Algeria). It is early evidence of the revival of the maritime trade in the Western Mediterranean, after the chaos of the early 8th century. #### Arab Caliphate * April 25 – Battle of Bagrevand: The Abbasids put an end to an Armenian rebellion. Muslim control over Transcaucasia is solidified, while several major Armenian *nakharar* families, notably the Mamikonian, lose power and flee to the Byzantine Empire. * Caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) dies after a 21-year reign, in which he has made Baghdad the residence of the Abbasid Caliphate. He is succeeded by his son al-Mahdi. * At around this time, Baghdad becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Chang'an, capital of China. #### Asia * Tibet subdues her Himalayan neighbors, and concludes a boundary agreement with the Chinese Tang dynasty (approximate date). * King Dharmapala begins his reign of Bengal (South Asia). ### By topic #### Astronomy * A 1.2% growth of carbon-14 concentration recorded in tree rings suggests that a very strong solar storm may have hit Earth, in either 774 or 775. Births ------ * Amalarius, archbishop of Trier (approximate date) * Ebbo, archbishop of Reims (d. 851) * Einhard, Frankish scholar (d. 840) * Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, Japanese general (d. 826) * Hilduin, bishop of Paris (d. 840) * Leo V, Byzantine emperor (d. 820) * Rotrude, Frankish princess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 778) * Tahir ibn Husayn, 9th-century Persian Abbasid governor (or 776) * Theodosia, Byzantine empress (approximate date) * Theophanes the Branded, Byzantine monk (d. 845) * Wetti of Reichenau, German scholar (approximate date) Deaths ------ * April 25 + Smbat VII Bagratuni, Armenian noble + Mushegh VI Mamikonian, Armenian noble * September 14 – Constantine V, Byzantine emperor (b. 718) * October 6 – Al-Mansur, Muslim caliph (b. 714) * *date unknown* + Ciniod I, king of the Picts + Fujiwara no Kurajimaro, Japanese politician (b. 734) + Princess Inoe of Japan (b. 717) + Isma'il ibn Jafar, Shī‘ah Imām (approximate date) + Kibi no Makibi, Japanese scholar (b. 695) + Ruyuan, Chinese Buddhist abbess and master

775

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/775

Year **462 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tricipitinus and Cicurinus** (or, less frequently, **year 292 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 462 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Spartans try to conquer the mountain stronghold of Mt Ithome in Messenia, where a large force of rebellious helots have taken refuge. They ask their allies from the Persian Wars, including the Athenians, to help. * Kimon seeks the support of Athens' citizens providing help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintains that Sparta is Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Kimon's view prevails. Kimon then leads 4,000 hoplites to Mount Ithome. * After an attempt to storm Mt. Ithome fails, the Spartans start to distrust the Athenians over concerns that they may take the side of the helots. Retaining their other allies, the Spartans sent Kimon and his men home. This insulting rebuff causes the collapse of Kimon's popularity at Athens. Outrage over the dismissal swings Athenian opinion towards Ephialtes' views. * Ephialtes passes a law in the Athenian ecclesia, which reforms the Areopagus, limiting its power to judging cases of homicide and religious crimes. He considers the Areopagus to be the centre of conservatism and Ephialtes' victory is seen as a defeat for the conservatives and the members of the oligarchy. * Argos, taking advantage of Spartan preoccupation with the revolt of its helots, finally conquers Mycenae. The inhabitants of the town are dispersed, with some finding their way into Macedonia. * Pericles starts to effectively be the leader of Athens. ### By topic #### Philosophy * The Greek philosopher, Anaxagoras, moves to Athens and begins teaching there. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

462 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/462_BC

Year **774** (**DCCLXXIV**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 774 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Battle of Berzitia: The Bulgarian ruler (*khagan*) Telerig sends a small raiding army (12,000 men) to strike into the southwest of Macedonia, and capture Berzitia. Emperor Constantine V is informed about this raid by his spies in Pliska, and assembles an enormous force (80,000 men). He surprises the Bulgarians, who did not expect to find a Byzantine army there, and defeats them decisively. The Bulgars suffer heavy losses. * Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government. #### Europe * King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian I grants him the title of *patrician*. Charlemagne puts down immediate insurrections in Friuli. * June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of *Rex Langobardorum*. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself "Prince of Benevento". * Saxon Wars: Saxon raiders ravage much of northern Hesse (modern Germany), and burn the abbey at Fritzlar, putting the abbot and monks to the sword. Charlemagne hurriedly returns to Austrasia, assembles local troops, and recaptures Eresburg, before the approach of winter halts further operations. * King Aurelius dies after a 6-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin-in-law Silo, as ruler of Asturias (Northern Spain). #### Britain * Unrest in the Northumbrian Church appears to lead to the expulsion of King Alhred, who is driven from his capital York. He sails from Bamburgh into exile amongst the Picts, where he is received by King Ciniod I. He is replaced by Æthelred I, the 11-year-old son of the late king Æthelwald Moll. * King Offa of Mercia subdues the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Kent and Wessex (approximate date). ### By topic #### Astronomy * A 1.2% growth of 14 C concentration recorded in tree rings, along with corresponding spikes of 36 Cl and 10 Be recorded in ice cores, suggests that a very strong solar storm may have hit Earth in either 774 or 775. Births ------ * Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 835) Deaths ------ * *date unknown* + Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i, Muslim scholar (b. 707) + Abu Mikhnaf, Muslim historian (approximate date) + Amoghavajra, Chinese translator (b. 705) + Kim Daeseong, Korean minister (b. 700) * Aurelius, king of Asturias (Spain) * *probable* + Gummarus, Frankish nobleman and saint (b. 717) + Krishna I, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire

774

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/774

Year **42 BC** was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Plancus** (or, less frequently, **year 712 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 42 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * January – Publius Vatinius, governor of Illyricum, seizes Dyrrachium and is forced to surrender his army (three legions) to Marcus Junius Brutus. * Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refuse to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieges Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdraw into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) force the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens make a last stand by the temple of Sarpedon and, as night falls, the Roman army conquers the city. * The confederation of Lycia sends ambassadors to Brutus, promising to form a military league and contribute money for building ships. Gaius Cassius Longinus occupies Rhodes, and orders all the other cities of Asia to pay a tribute for 10 years. * July – Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, leaving Octavian ill at Dyrrachium, and marches to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus, with the Republican fleet (130 warships), blockades the Adriatic Sea. * August – Lucius Decidius Saxa and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus are appointed by Mark Antony, to lead an advanced force of eight legions to Macedonia along the Via Egnatia into Thrace. * September – Brutus and Cassius cross the Hellespont. They march to Doriscus but further progress is blocked by Saxa's occupation of the Corpili Pass. * Saxa retreats to link up with Norbanus at the Sapaei Pass. The Republicans outflank the enemy, forging an alternate route through the mountains in the north. * Brutus and Cassius advance to Philippi and build fortifications. Antony links up with Norbanus and Saxa at Amphipolis, Octavian arrives on a litter 10 days later. * In Sicily, Sextus Pompeius leads the naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea against the triumvirs. He blockades the grain routes from Spain and Africa. * October 3 – First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans, who have just arrived, are routed. Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' camp is captured by Antony's men and, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead, Cassius commits suicide. He orders his freedman Pindarus to kill him. Brutus, fearing the impact on morale, secretly buries his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy, in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs. * October 23 – Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian. The Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in their flank. After the battle, 14,000 legionaries lay down their arms. Brutus flees to the heights of Philippi, where he commits suicide the following day. After the victory, Brutus' body is brought to Antonius' camp, where he casts his purple paludamentum over his dead body and orders an honourable funeral for his erstwhile comrade. The Republican cause is crushed, and Rome rests in the hands of the Second Triumvirate. * Octavian returns to Rome and arranges for ± 40,000 veterans' settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria, and in northern Italy. Births ------ * November 16 – Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37 AD) * Marcus Claudius Marcellus, nephew of Augustus (d. 23 BC) Deaths ------ * October 3 – Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide) * October 23 – Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar) (b. 85 BC) * Gaius Antonius, Roman general and brother of Mark Antony (murdered) * Lucius Tillius Cimber, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, Roman nobleman and supporter of Brutus (suicide) * Marcus Porcius Cato, Roman nobleman and son of Cato the Younger (killed in battle) * Porcia, wife of Brutus (suicide) (approximate date) (b. c. 70 BC) * Publius Servilius Casca Longus, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Pacuvius Labeo, Roman jurist (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide)

42 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42_BC

Year **466 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Priscus and Albinus** (or, less frequently, **year 288 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 466 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Cimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Cimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border. #### Italy * The Tyrant, Thrasybulus, is driven out by the citizens of Syracuse, Sicily. The city moves to a democratic system of government. * The Greek colony of Taras, in Magna Graecia, is defeated by the native population of Apulia. As a result, the Tarentine monarchy falls, with the installation of a democracy. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * King Xerxes I of Persia.

466 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/466_BC

Year **460 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Poplicola and Sabinus** (or, less frequently, **year 294 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 460 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Egypt revolts against Persian rule. The Egyptian leader, Inaros, asks Athens for assistance, which is willingly provided as Athens has plans to trade with and colonise Egypt. A force of 200 Athenian triremes, which is campaigning in Cyprus, is immediately ordered to Egypt to render assistance. * Achaemenes, Persian satrap (governor) of Egypt, is defeated and slain in a battle at Papremis, on the banks of the Nile River, by Egyptian forces. * The construction of the ceremonial complex of Apadana (the audience hall of Darius I and Xerxes I) in Persepolis is completed. #### Greece * The First Peloponnesian War breaks out between the Delian League (led by Athens) and a Peloponnesian alliance (led by Sparta), caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. The Athenians have built long walls for the Megarans to their port at Nisaea, thereby earning the enmity of Megara's old rival Corinth. * Argos rises against Sparta. Athens supports Argos and Thessaly. The small force that is sent by Sparta to quell the uprising in Argos is defeated by a joint Athenian and Argos force at Oenoe. (Battle of Oenoe) #### Roman Republic * Conflicts arise between the Roman patricians and plebeians. There is also a revolt by Rome's slaves. During the revolt, the Campidoglio is held by the slaves for a lengthy period, along with the most important temples of Rome. It is during this revolt that consul Publius Valerius Publicola dies. The revolt only ends with the arrival of an army from Tusculum, led by Tusculan dictator Lucius Mamilius. Meanwhile, Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus is appointed as consul to replace Publicola. ### Siculi * Ducetius, a Hellenised leader of the Siculi, an ancient people of Sicily, takes advantage of the confusion that follows the collapse of the tyranny in Syracuse and other Sicilian states. With the support of the Syracusan democracy, he drives out the colonists of the former tyrant Hieron from Catana and restores it to its original inhabitants. ### By topic #### Arts * Polygnotos of Thasos decorates the Painted Stoa, on the north side of Ancient Agora of Athens (approximate date). * The construction of a sculpture of a *Young Warrior* (subsequently found in the sea off Riace, Italy) is begun and completed approximately ten years later. It is now preserved at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Reggio Calabria, Italy. * The sculpture *Apollo with battling Lapiths and centaurs* is built on the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus in Olympia (approximate date). Only fragments remain and are today preserved at the Archaeological museum in Olympia. * A metope relief of *Athena, Heracles and Atlas* are made on a frieze in the Temple of Zeus in Olympia (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Archaeological museum in Olympia. * A statue of Apollo is cast (approximate date), of which today remains one leg, preserved at the Louvre, and the head, known as the Chatsworth Head, preserved at the British Museum. Births ------ * Democritus of Abdera, Greek philosopher (d. 370 BC) * Hippocrates of Cos, Greek physician (d. 377 BC) Deaths ------ * Epicharmus, Greek poet (b. 550 BC) * Panini, Hindu Indian grammarian (b. 520 BC) * Themistocles, Athenian politician and naval strategist (b. 525 BC) * Achaemenes, Persian satrap (governor) of Egypt * Publius Valerius Publicola, Roman consul

460 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/460_BC

Year **465 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Barbatus** (or, less frequently, **year 289 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 465 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * King Xerxes I of the Persian Empire, together with his eldest son, is murdered by one of his Ministers, Artabanus the Hyrcanian. The Persian general, Megabyzus, is thought to have been one of the conspirators in the assassination. * Artabanus gains control of the Achaemenid state for several months. However, he is betrayed by Megabyzus and is killed by Xerxes' son, Artaxerxes. #### Greece * Thasos revolts from the Delian League. The revolt arises from rivalry over trade with the Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine. Athens under Kimon lays siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeats the Thasos fleet ### By topic #### Arts * Tholos, west side of Ancient Agora of Athens, is built (approximate date). * Phidias begins producing the sculpture called *The Athena Promachos* (*The Defender*) and completes it ten years later. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Xerxes I, king of Persia (murdered) (b. c. 519 BC) * King Goujian of Yue, king of the Chinese State of Yue

465 BC

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Year **431** (**CDXXXI**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Antiochus** (or, less frequently, **year 1184 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 431 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier. * Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a *foederatus* of the Western Roman Empire. #### Africa * Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage. * Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage. #### Central America * March 10 – K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, comes to power and reigns until his death four years later in 435. * Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador. ### By topic #### Arts and Sciences * Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens. #### Religion * June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see. * October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople. * Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish. Births ------ * Anastasius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date) * Odoacer, first "barbarian" king of Italy (d. 493) Deaths ------ * June 22 – Paulinus of Nola, Christian bishop and poet (b. 354) * Qifu Mumo, prince of the Chinese Xianbei state Western Qin

431

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Year **583** (**DLXXXIII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 583 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Maurice decides to end the annual tribute to the Avars, a mounted people who have swept across Russia and threatened the Balkan Peninsula. They capture the cities of Singidunum (modern Belgrade) and Viminacium (Moesia). #### Europe * King Liuvigild lays siege to Seville (Southern Spain), and forms an alliance with the Byzantines. He summons his rebellious son Hermenegild back to Toledo, and forces him to abandon the Chalcedonian Faith. * The city of Monemvasia (Peloponnese) is founded by people seeking refuge from the Slavs and Avars. * Eboric (also called Euric) succeeds his father Miro as king of the Suevi (Hispania Gallaecia). #### Arabia * Muhammad, age 12, accompanies his uncle Abu Talib during trading journeys to Syria. #### Mesoamerica * Yohl Ik'nal succeeds Kan B'alam I as queen of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico). ### By topic #### Medicine * Smallpox begins spreading from China to Japan and Korea (approximate date). Births ------ * Abu Ubaidah, companion of Muhammad (d. 639) * Liuva II, king of the Visigoths (d. 603) * Theodosius, Byzantine co-emperor (approximate date) * Umar, companion of Muhammad (d. 644) and second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate * Xiao Xian, prince of the Liang Dynasty (d. 621) Deaths ------ * February 1 – Kan B'alam I, ruler of Palenque (b. 524) * Miro, king of the Suevi (approximate date)

583

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Year **430 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Iullus** (or, less frequently, **year 324 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 430 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The army of Sparta loots Attica for a second time, but Pericles is not daunted and refuses to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again leads a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnesus, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him. * Potidaea finally capitulates to the siege by Athenian forces in the winter. * An outbreak of a plague hits Athens and the disease ravages the densely packed city (modern DNA analyses of material from ancient cemeteries suggest the mortal disease may have been typhus). The plague wipes out over 30,000 citizens, sailors, and soldiers as well as Pericles' two sons. Roughly one-quarter of the Athenian population dies. The fear of plague is so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica is abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy. * Pericles becomes ill from the plague but he recovers, temporarily. He is deposed from his position as General (or Strategos) but is later reappointed. ### By topic #### Art * Polyclitus completes one of his greatest statues, the *Diadumenos* (*Diadem-bearer*). * Approximate date – Sophocles' drama *Oedipus Rex* is first performed in Athens. #### Religion * Traditional date where scholars believe the Hebrew prophet known as Malachi writes the 39th and last book, and last of the prophetic books, of the Old Testament of the Biblical canon, the Book of Malachi, a prophetical book and was the thirty-ninth and final addition to the Old Testament. Biblical books written between now and the millennium will not be included in the Hebrew Bible and in some Christian traditions considered Biblical apocrypha. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Empedocles, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 490 BC) * Phidias, Greek sculptor (approximate date) (b. c. 480 BC) * Zeno of Elea, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 490 BC)

430 BC

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Year **465** (**CDLXV**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Hermenericus and Basiliscus** (or, less frequently, **year 1218 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 465 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Basiliscus, with the help of his sister Verina (wife of emperor Leo I), becomes a consul in the Eastern Roman Empire. * August 15 – Libius Severus, puppet emperor of the Western Roman Empire, dies after a 4-year reign. * September 2 – A fire begins in Constantinople and, over the next six days, destroys the buildings in eight of the 14 sections into which the Eastern Roman Imperial capital had been divided. * Ricimer, *de facto* ruler, establishes political control for 2 years from his residence in Rome. #### Britannia * Battle of Wippedesfleot: The Saxons under command of Hengist and Aesc are defeated by the Britons near Ebbsfleet (Kent). During the battle 12 Welsh leaders are killed (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). #### Europe * King Remismund establishes a policy of friendship with the Visigoths, and promotes the conversion of the Suebi into Arianism in Galicia (Northern Spain). #### China * Qian Fei Di, then Ming Di, becomes ruler of the Liu Song Dynasty after his nephew is assassinated. ### By topic #### Religion * November 19 – Pope Hilarius convokes a synod at Rome's Church of Santa Maria Maggiore. * Peter the Fuller becomes patriarch of Antioch (approximate date). Births ------ * July 5 – Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, Maya ruler of Palenque (d. 524) * Dubricius, bishop and saint (approximate date) * Liberius, Roman aristocrat (approximate date) * Procopius of Gaza, Christian sophist and rhetorician (approximate date) * Severus, patriarch of Antioch (approximate date) Deaths ------ * May 5 – Gerontius, Archbishop of Milan * June 20 – Wen Cheng Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 440) * August 15 – Libius Severus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * Buliugu Li, official of the Northern Wei dynasty * Eógan mac Néill, king of Tír Eoghain (Ireland) * Liu Chuyu, princess of the Liu Song Dynasty

465

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/465

Year **435** (**CDXXXV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Valentinianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1188 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 435 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Roman general (*magister militum*) Flavius Aetius begins a campaign in Gaul against the Burgundians, following their raids into neighbouring Gallia Belgica by King Gunther. * November 14 – Emperor Theodosius II orders a new edict for the death penalty of all heretics and pagans in the Empire. Judaism is considered a legal non-Christian religion. #### Africa * King Genseric concludes a peace treaty with the Romans, under which the Vandals retain Mauretania and a part of Numidia as *foederati* (allies under a special treaty) of Rome. * The Vandals use Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) as a port for their expeditions. Genseric establishes a merchant fleet to transport goods between Africa and the Italian mainland. * Huneric, eldest son of Genseric, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Ravenna to secure the alliance with the Western Roman Empire. #### Central America * August 10 – A figure known to Mayanist scholars as "Casper" begins a 52-year reign in the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, and reigns until his death in 487. * December 8 – On the Mayan calendar, the era of the 9th Baktun begins. There is a change in political alliances just preceding the event when royal personages from the Mexican highland city of Teotihuacan consolidate power individually as Mayan kings. ### By topic #### Religion * August 3 – Theodosius II exiles Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, to a monastery in the Libyan desert at the behest of his sister Pulcheria. * Ibas is elected bishop of Edessa. He becomes associated with the growth of Nestorianism and openly preaching heretical doctrines in public. Births ------ Deaths ------ * John Cassian, Desert Father and theologian * Pelagius, British monk (approximate date) * Philip of Side, Christian church historian (approximate date) * Rabbula, bishop of Edessa

435

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/435

Year **435 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **First year of the Consulship of Iullus and Tricostus** (or, less frequently, **year 319 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 435 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * A dispute arises between Epidamnus' oligarchs and democratic forces in the Greek colony. Most of the colony's inhabitants originate from Corinth or Corcyra (Corfu). Epidamnus' oligarchs are exiled and then appeal to Corcyra for help, while the democrats enlist the support of Corinth. Corcyra is then attacked by Corinth as the dispute heats up. ### By topic #### Art * A gold and ivory statue of Zeus, king of the gods, is completed at Elis by the Athenian sculptor Phidias for the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. The statue becomes one of the *Seven Wonders of the World*. The Olympian Zeus is about seven times life size (or 13 metres) and occupies the full height of the temple. Births ------ * Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (d. 380 BC) Deaths ------ *

435 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/435_BC

The **450s** decade ran from January 1, 450, to December 31, 459. Events ------ ### 450 #### By place ###### Byzantium * July 28 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 49, falls from his horse while hunting at Constantinople and dies soon afterward. He has reigned since 408, mostly under the domination of his Christian sister Pulcheria, who has been allowed to return to court (see 441). * August 25 – Pulcheria is forced to marry and co-rule the Eastern Roman Empire. She gives the imperial diadem to the Illyrian (or Thracian) officer and senator Marcian, age 58, and is crowned as empress in the Hippodrome at Constantinople, in the first religious coronation ceremony. * Marcian orders the execution (or assassination) of the unpopular court eunuch Chrysaphius. He discontinues the tribute payments to Attila. * All the Temples of Aphrodisias (City of Goddess Aphrodite) are demolished and its libraries burned down. The city is renamed Stauroupolis (City of the Cross). ###### Europe * Spring – Justa Grata Honoria, eldest sister of emperor Valentinian III, sends her ring to Attila the Hun in an effort to escape a marriage being forced upon her by her brother. Now about 34, she has had an affair with an officer in her household and has allegedly plotted to overthrow Valentinian, who has sent her to a convent at Constantinople. Attila announces his intention to marry her, says he expects to be given half the Western Roman Empire as her dowry, and gathers a large Hun invasion force. Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), musters an army in Gaul of Burgundians, Celts, Ripuarians, Salian Franks and Visigoths under the command of the Visigoth king Theodoric I. * Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain, marking the beginning of the Old English period (approximate date). * Remodelling of the Dome of Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna (Italy) begins (approximate date). ###### Persia * King Yazdegerd II summons the leading Armenian nobles to the Persian capital Ctesiphon, pressuring them to cut their ties with the Western Church. ###### Asia * Nalanda University (India) is founded (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Agriculture * Metal horseshoes come into more common use in the Near East and in Europe, increasing the efficiency of horsepower in agriculture and transportation. ### 451 #### By place ###### Europe * Spring – Attila gathers his vassals—Bastarnae, Gepids, Heruls, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians and Thuringians (among others), and smashes through Germany, causing widespread panic and destruction. He arrives in Belgica with an army (50,000 men) and crosses the Rhine. * April 7 – Attila's forces invade Gaul and sack Metz. The major cities of Strasbourg, Worms, Mainz, Trier, Cologne, Reims, Tournai, Cambrai, Amiens and Beauvais are destroyed by the Huns. * Eudocia, daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, marries Huneric in Ravenna. The engagement serves to strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom. * June – Attila approaches *Aurelianum* (modern Orléans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates, forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (*magister militum*) moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joins forces with Visigoth king Theodoric I. * June 20 – Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Châlons): Attila avoids a pitched battle near Orléans, and withdraws to the Catalaunian Plains (Champagne-Ardenne). The Roman coalition defeats the Huns, but Theodoric I is killed in the encounter. This is one of the last military victories of the Western Roman Empire, before the victories of Emperor Majorian against the Alemanni, Visigoths, Suebi and Burgundians, between 457 and 461. * Thorismund succeeds his father Theodoric I as king of the Visigoths. He is crowned in the capital at Toulouse, and extends the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. ###### Persia * May 26 – Battle of Vartanantz: King Yazdegerd II defeats the Armenian army (66,000 men) under their rebel leader Vartan Mamikonian on the Avarayr Plain (Armenia). Despite the loss of Mamikonian, who is killed, the Armenians consider this battle to have been a moral and religious victory, since Yazdegerd, out of respect for their efforts, allows them to remain Christian. The anniversary is a national and religious holiday. * Yazdegerd II issues a decree to abolish the Shabbat, and orders the execution of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch. #### By topic ###### Religion * October 8–November 1 – Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council of the Church: The monophysitism of Eutyches is repudiated, and the Chalcedonian Definition set forth. As a result of this council, the Oriental Orthodox Churches eventually become a separate communion. More immediately, Jerusalem becomes a Patriarchate, and Dioscorus of Alexandria is deposed as Patriarch of Antioch. ### 452 #### By place ###### Europe * The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade him to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (*magister militum*) is unable to raise a new army against him. * Rome is threatened by Attila but not attacked, due to a last-minute effort by Leo I. Threatened by news of reinforcements from the Eastern Roman Empire and the plague breaking out among the Huns, Attila is persuaded to withdraw. * The city of Venice is founded by fugitives from Attila's army. They flee to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon. * King Vortigern marries Hengist's daughter, Rowena, and becomes king of the Britons. The Anglo-Saxons increase their settlements in Britain (according to British legend). ###### China * Nan'an Yinwang succeeds his father Tai Wu Di, after he is assassinated by the eunuch Zong Ai. Later that year, Yinwang is murdered as well, and Ai is overthrown by a group of high officials. Wen Cheng Di, age 12, becomes the new emperor of Northern Wei. ### 453 #### By place ###### Byzantium * July – Empress Pulcheria dies of natural causes at Constantinople. She has commissioned many new churches in the city during her reign. Her death leaves Flavius Aspar (*magister militum*) as the dominant influence on her husband, Marcian. * Anthemius marries Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian, and is elevated to the rank of *comes*. He is sent to the Danubian frontier to rebuild the border defences. * The late Attila's other sons Dengizich and Ernakh, establish their kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine), supported by vassal states. ###### Europe * Attila the Hun is found dead in bed, after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildica. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood at age 47 (approximate). The Huns celebrate a *strava* (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila's son Ellac is appointed successor, which his brothers Dengizich and Ernakh refuse, dividing the Hunnic Empire * Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths, Thorismund having been murdered, after violating the alliance with the Western Roman Empire. ###### Asia * Ankō obtains the throne of his father Ingyō after the traditional order of succession and becomes the 20th emperor of Japan. His eldest brother Kinashi commits suicide, after being accused of an incestuous relationship with his sister Karu no Ōiratsume (according to the *Nihon Shoki*). ### 454 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * September 21 – Emperor Valentinian III stabs his commander-in-chief Flavius Aetius to death, during a meeting of the imperial council at Ravenna. He has accused Aetius of plotting against him to seize power. After his assassination, the Western Roman Empire has no effective defender against its hostile barbarian neighbors (Alans, Franks, Ostrogoths, Vandals and Visigoths). ###### Europe * Battle of Nedao: Allied forces of subjected peoples (Gepids, Heruli, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Sciri and Suebi), under the leadership of King Ardaric, defeat the Huns under Ellac, eldest son of Attila the Hun, in Pannonia. Ellac is killed during the battle and succeeded by his brother Dengizich. * Ardaric unites the Gepids with other Germanic tribes, and founds the Kingdom of the Gepids in the Pannonian Basin. * The Vandals conquer Malta. * Ireland: The Diocese of Clogher is erected. ### 455 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March 16 – Emperor Valentinian III, age 35, is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers of the late Flavius Aetius, while training with the bow on the Campus Martius (Rome), ending the Theodosian dynasty. His *primicerius sacri cubiculi*, Heraclius, is also murdered. * March 17 – Petronius Maximus, former *domesticus* ("elite bodyguard") of Aetius, becomes (with support of the Roman Senate) emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He secures the throne by bribing officials of the imperial palace. Maximus consolidates his power by a forced marriage with Licinia Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian III. * Maximus appoints Avitus, most trusted general, to the rank of *magister militum* and sends him on an embassy to Toulouse, to gain the support of the Visigoths. He elevates his son Palladius to *Caesar* and has him marry Eudocia, eldest daughter of Valentinian III. * May 31 – Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. A widespread panic occurs when many citizens hear the news that the Vandals are plundering the Italian mainland. * June 2 – Sack of Rome: King Genseric leads the Vandals into Rome, after he has promised Pope Leo I not to burn and plunder the city. Genseric sacks the city for a period of two weeks. Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, are taken hostage. The loot is sent to the harbour of Ostia and loaded into ships, from whence the Vandals depart and return to Carthage. * July 9 – Avitus is proclaimed Roman emperor at Toulouse, and later recognised by the Gallic chiefs in *Viernum* (near Arles). * September 21 – Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army. He restores the imperial authority in Noricum (modern Austria) and leaves a Gothic force under Remistus, Visigoth general (*magister militum*), at Ravenna. * The Ostrogoths conquer Pannonia and Dalmatia. ###### Britannia * Battle of Aylesford: Prince Vortimer rebels against the pro-Anglo-Saxon policies of his father, Vortigern. He is defeated in the battle at Aylesford (Kent). Hengist and his son Oisc become king of Kent. Horsa and Catigern, brother of Vortimer, are killed. The Britons withdraw to London (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). ###### Asia * Skandagupta succeeds Kumaragupta I as ruler of the Gupta Empire (India). During his reign he crushes the Hun invasion; however, the expense of the wars drains the empire's resources and contributes to its decline. * Gaero becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ###### Mesoamerica * Earliest recorded date at Chichen Itza on the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Commerce * Barter economy replaces organized trade as Romans and other citizens desert their towns for the countryside, where they will be less vulnerable to barbarian raids (approximate date). ###### Medicine * The city of *Vindobona* (Vienna) is struck by an epidemic that spreads through the Roman provinces. The disease is probably streptococcus or a form of scarlet fever with *streptococcus pneumoniae* (approximate date). ### 456 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March – Emperor Marcian sends an embassy to Carthage, to end the Vandal raids in the Mediterranean from their strongholds in North Africa, and quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier. * Emperor Avitus sends a Germanic naval expedition under command of Ricimer, to defend Sicily. They defeat the Vandals twice: on land at the Battle of Agrigentum (456), and in a sea battle off Corsica. * Summer – Capua is destroyed by the Vandals. Ricimer is unable to end piracy in the western Mediterranean. Backed by his popularity, he gains the consent of the Senate for an expedition against Avitus. * September 17 – Remistus, Roman general (*magister militum*), is besieged with a Gothic force at Ravenna and later executed in the Palace *in Classis*, outside the city. * October 5 – The Visigoths under King Theodoric II, acting on orders of Avitus, invade Spain with an army of Burgundians, Franks and Goths, led by their kings Chilperic I and Gondioc. They defeat the Suebi under King Rechiar on the Urbicus River, near Astorga (Gallaecia); this shatters the power of the Suebi. During the battle, Rechiar is captured and later executed. * October 17 – Battle of Placentia: Ricimer, supported by Majorian (*comes domesticorum*), defeats the usurper Avitus near Piacenza (northern Italy). They compel him to renounce the purple, and Avitus is obliged to become bishop of Piacenza. * October 28 – The Visigoths brutally sack the Suebi's capital of Braga (modern Portugal); churches are burnt to the ground. ###### Britannia * Saint Patrick leaves Britain once more to evangelise Ireland as a missionary bishop. * The Anglo-Saxons call the British nobles to a peace conference at Stonehenge, but turn on them and massacre almost everyone (approximate date). ###### Asia * After a 10-year reign, Emperor Ankō is assassinated by the 10-year-old Mayowa no Ōkimi (prince Mayowa), in retaliation for the execution of his father. He is succeeded by his brother Yūryaku who becomes the 21st emperor of Japan. ### 457 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 27 – Emperor Marcian dies at Constantinople, possibly of foot gangrene, an infection contracted during a long religious journey. He is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, together with his late wife Pulcheria. * February 7 – Leo I, a Thraco-Roman (or Dacian) high-ranking officer, becomes the new emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reigning for nearly 20 years. He is first to accept the Byzantine crown from the hands of the patriarch of Constantinople. * April 1 – Majorian is acclaimed emperor by the Roman army, after defeating 900 Alemanni near Lake Maggiore (Italy). * December 28 – Majorian is crowned emperor of the Western Roman Empire and recognized by Pope Leo I. His rule is accepted in Italy, Dalmatia and some territories in Northern Gaul. ###### Europe * According to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, 4,000 Britons are slain at Crecganford in battle against Hengist and his son Oisc of Kent. ###### Persia * Yazdegerd II dies after a 19-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd III who seizes the Persian throne. His elder brother Peroz I rebels against him in Sistan (Iran). After months of civil war he defeats Hormizd and becomes the seventeenth Sasanian king of the Persian Empire. #### By topic ###### Religion * Victorius of Aquitaine computes new tables for celebrating Easter. ### 458 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Majorian builds a Roman fleet at Miseno and Ravenna. He strengthens the army, by recruiting a large number of barbarian mercenaries (Bastarnae, Burgundians, Huns, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Scythians and Suebi). * Summer – The Vandals land in Campania, at the mouth of the Liri or the Garigliano River, and devastate the region. Majorian personally leads the Roman army and defeats the invaders near Sinuessa, destroying their ships on the seashore, loaded with booty. * Battle of Arelate: Majorian defeats the Visigoths under King Theodoric II at Arles (Southern Gaul), near the Rhone River. Theodoric is forced to sign a peace treaty and becomes a *foederatus* (pl. *foederati*) of the Western Roman Empire. * Winter – Majorian enters the Rhone Valley, and defeats the Burgundians under King Gondioc at Lugdunum. He forces the Bagaudae to join the western coalition against the Suebi in Spain. ###### Europe * Childeric I succeeds his father Merovech as king of the Salian Franks. He establishes his capital at Tournai (modern Belgium) and becomes a *foederatus* (pl. *foederati*) of the Western Roman Empire. ###### Asia * Jabi becomes the king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. #### By topic ###### Exploration and Colonization * The city of Tbilisi (Georgia) on the Kura River is founded by King Vakhtang I of Iberia. Its location gives it control of the trade routes between western and eastern Transcaucasia. ###### Religion * July 3 – Gennadius I becomes patriarch of Constantinople. ### 459 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Leo I signs a peace treaty with the Ostrogoths. King Theodemir sends his son, Theoderic the Great, age 5, as a child hostage to Constantinople. He learns at court about Latin, military tactics and religion (until 469). ###### Britannia * King Vortigern is burnt to death, while being besieged by a Romano-British force under Ambrosius Aurelianus at Ganarew (Herefordshire). ###### Europe * The Franks conquer the city of Trier. The Frankish Kingdom becomes a military power and gets involved in Roman politics. * Remigius, age 22, is elected bishop of Reims (approximate date). ###### Asia * King Dhatusena of Anuradhapura of the Moriyan dynasty rules over Sri Lanka. During his reign the Avukana Buddha statue is built. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **450** * February 2 – Justin I, Byzantine Emperor (d. 527) * Ariadne, Byzantine Empress (approximate date) * Avitus, archbishop of Vienne (approximate date) (d. 518) * Chilperic II, king of Burgundy (approximate date) * Gunthamund, king of the Vandals (d. 496) * Isidore, Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date) * Pope Hormisdas (approximate date) * Thrasamund, king of the Vandals (d. 523) **451** * Brigit of Kildare, Irish patron saint (approximate date) * Jacob of Serugh, Syrian poet and theologian (approximate date) **452** * Gundobad, king of the Burgundians (approximate date) * John the Silent, bishop and Saint (died 558) * Qi Mingdi, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 498) * Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (d. 489) * Yu Zhong, official and regent of Northern Wei (d. 518) **453** * Brigit of Kildare, Irish patron saint (d. 524) * Vedast, Frankish bishop (approximate date) **454** * Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths (d. 526) * Xian Wen Di, Chinese emperor of Northern Wei (d. 476) **455** * Rusticus, archbishop of Lyon (approximate date) * Wang Baoming, empress of the Southern Qi (d. 512) **456** * Liu Zixun, prince and pretender of Liu Song (d. 466) **457** * Leontia, Roman empress and wife of Anthemius (d. 479) * Medardus, bishop of Vermandois (approximate date) **458** * Damascius, Syrian neoplatonist (approximate date) * Xiao Zhangmao, crown prince of Southern Qi (d. 493) **459** * November 15 – B'utz Aj Sak Chiik, king of Palenque (Mexico) Deaths ------ **450** * July 28 – Theodosius II, Roman Emperor (b. 401) * July 31 – Peter Chrysologus, bishop of Ravenna * November 27 – Galla Placidia, Roman Empress (b. 392) * Chrysaphius, eunuch and chief minister * Cui Hao, prime minister of Northern Wei * Chlodio, semi legendary Frankish king and supposed great-grandfather of Clovis I (approximate date) (b.390) * Kālidāsa, Classical Sanskrit writer (approximate date) * Quodvultdeus, bishop of Carthage (approximate date) * Socrates Scholasticus, church historian (approximate date) * Sozomen, church historian (approximate date) **451** * July 29 – Tuoba Huang, prince of Northern Wei (b. 428) * Theodoric I, king of the Visigoths * Liu Yikang, prince of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 409) * Pei Songzhi, Chinese historian (b. 372) **452** * March 11 – Tai Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 408) * Drest I, king of the Picts (approximate date) * Nan'an Yinwang, emperor of Northern Wei * King Pithiya ...-452, sixth Dravidan King of Anuradhapura [Rajarata, Sri Lanka] 450-452 * Yujiulü, consort and wife of Tuoba Huang * Zong Ai, eunuch and high official **453** * July – Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress * Attila the Hun, ruler of the Hunnic Empire (b.406) * Helian, empress of Northern Wei * Ingyō, emperor of Japan (approximate date) * Kinashi, prince of Japan (approximate date) * Liu Jun, prince of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 429) * Liu Shao, emperor of Liu Song (b. 426) * Pan, concubine of Wen Di * Thorismund, king of the Visigoths * Wen Di, emperor of Liu Song (b. 407) * Yin Yuying, empress of Liu Song **454** * September 21 – Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*) * Ellac, king of the Huns * Justa Grata Honoria, sister of Valentinian III (approximate date) * Dioscorus the Great, patriarch of Alexandria **455** * March 16 + Valentinian III, emperor of the Western Roman Empire (b. 419) + Heraclius, Roman courtier (*primicerius sacri cubiculi* ) * May 31 – Petronius Maximus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * Biyu of Baekje, king of Baekje * Catigern, prince and son of Vortigern (approximate date) * Horsa, leader of the Anglo-Saxons (approximate date) * Kumaragupta I, ruler of the Gupta Empire (India) * Niall Noigiallach, High King of Ireland (approximate date) * Palladius, son of Petronius Maximus (approximate date) * Prosper of Aquitaine, disciple and Christian writer (approximate date) **456** * September 17 – Remistus, Roman general (*magister militum*) * Emperor Ankō of Japan (approximate date) * Eutyches, presbyter and archimandrite (approximate date) * Rechiar, king of the Suebi (captured and executed) * Talorc I, king of the Picts (approximate date) **457** * January 27 – Flavius Marcian, Roman emperor (b. 392) * October 28 – Ibas, bishop of Edessa (modern Turkey) * Avitus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * Merovech, king of the Salian Franks (approximate date) * Palladius, first bishop of Ireland (approximate date) * Saint Proterius, Patriarch of Alexandria * Theodoret of Cyrrhus, bishop and theologian * Valerian of Abbenza, bishop and saint (b. 377) * Yazdegerd II, king of the Persian Empire **458** * July 3 – Anatolius, patriarch of Constantinople * Nulji, king of Silla (Korea) **459** * September 2 – Simeon Stylites, Christian pillar-saint * Hormizd III, king of the Sasanian Empire (approximate date) * Vortigern, king of the Britons (approximate date)

450s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/450s

Year **432** (**CDXXXII**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aetius and Valerius** (or, less frequently, **year 1185 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 432 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Battle of Rimini: Roman forces under command of Flavius Aetius are defeated near Rimini (Italy). His rival *comes* Bonifacius is mortally wounded and dies several days later. Aetius flees to Dalmatia and seeks refuge with the Huns. * Sebastianus, son-in-law of Bonifacius, becomes supreme commander (*magister militum*) of the Western Roman army. Empress Galla Placidia gives him considerable influence over imperial policy. #### Europa * The Huns are united by King Rugila (also called Rua) on the Hungarian Plain. He exacts annual peace payments from the Eastern Roman Empire. ### By topic #### Art * The Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine (Rome) is finished by Priest Petrus of Illyria. * Assembly begins on *The Parting of Lot and Abraham*, a mosaic in the nave arcade of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. #### Religion * July 27 – Pope Celestine I dies after a 10-year reign in which he led a vigorous policy against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Sixtus III as the 44th pope. * Saint Patrick, Roman Britain-born missionary, is consecrated a bishop and converts the Irish to Christianity until his death around 460. * December 25 – Christmas is celebrated for the first time in Alexandria (approximate date). Births ------ * Moninne, one of Ireland's early women saints Deaths ------ * July 26 – Pope Celestine I * Anicia Faltonia Proba, Roman noblewoman * Bonifacius, Roman general and governor in Africa * Helian Ding, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia * Saint Ninian, missionary in Scotland (approximate date) * Wang Hong, official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 379)

432

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/432

Year **436 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Cornelius** (or, less frequently, **year 318 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 436 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Following Pericles' visit to the Black Sea, a large Athenian colony is founded at Amphipolis. This is disconcertingly close to an outpost of Corinthian influence at Potidaea in the Chalcidice. Corinth feels it is being indirectly pressured by Athens. Births ------ * Isocrates, Athenian orator (d. 338 BC) * Artaxerxes II, king of Persia (approximate date) (d. 358 BC) Deaths ------ * Zengcius, Chinese philosopher (b. 505 BC)

436 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/436_BC

Year **437 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Macerinus and Fidenas** (or, less frequently, **year 317 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 437 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Pericles, concerned for Athenian trade with Greek settlements to the East, and in order to counteract a new and possibly threatening Thracian–Scythian alliance, leads Athens' fleet to Pontus on the Black Sea and establishes friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region. ### By topic #### Architecture * Mnesikles starts to build Propylaia, Acropolis, Athens. The work is canceled in 432 BC, due to the Peloponnesian war, and thus is never finished. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

437 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/437_BC

Year **458** (**CDLVIII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maiorianus and Leo** (or, less frequently, **year 1211 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 458 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Majorian builds a Roman fleet at Miseno and Ravenna. He strengthens the army, by recruiting a large number of barbarian mercenaries (Bastarnae, Burgundians, Huns, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Scythians and Suebi). * Summer – The Vandals land in Campania, at the mouth of the Liri or the Garigliano River, and devastate the region. Majorian personally leads the Roman army and defeats the invaders near Sinuessa, destroying their ships on the seashore, loaded with booty. * Battle of Arelate: Majorian defeats the Visigoths under King Theodoric II at Arles (Southern Gaul), near the Rhone River. Theodoric is forced to sign a peace treaty and becomes a *foederatus* (pl. *foederati*) of the Western Roman Empire. * Winter – Majorian enters the Rhone Valley, and defeats the Burgundians under King Gondioc at Lugdunum. He forces the Bagaudae to join the western coalition against the Suebi in Spain. #### Europe * Childeric I succeeds his father Merovech as king of the Salian Franks. He establishes his capital at Tournai (modern Belgium) and becomes a *foederatus* (pl. *foederati*) of the Western Roman Empire. #### Asia * Jabi becomes the king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. ### By topic #### Exploration and Colonization * The city of Tbilisi (Georgia) on the Kura River is founded by King Vakhtang I of Iberia. Its location gives it control of the trade routes between western and eastern Transcaucasia. #### Religion * July 3 – Gennadius I becomes patriarch of Constantinople. Births ------ * Damascius, Syrian neoplatonist (approximate date) * Xiao Zhangmao, crown prince of Southern Qi (d. 493) Deaths ------ * July 3 – Anatolius, patriarch of Constantinople * Nulji, king of Silla (Korea)

458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/458

Year **45 BC** was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday (link will display the full calendar) (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and the first year of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar without Colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 709 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 45 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, without colleague. * January 1 – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing a solar calendar that is based on the Egyptian calendar of the day. * March 17 – Civil War: In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the younger in the Battle of Munda. Labienus dies in battle, Pompey the younger is executed, but Sextus Pompey escapes to take command of the remnants of the Pompeian fleet. * The veterans of Julius Caesar's Legions *Legio XIII Gemina* and *Legio X Equestris* demobilize. The veterans of the 10th legion are settled in Narbo, while those of the 13th are given somewhat better lands in Italia itself. * Caesar is named dictator for life. * Caesar probably writes his *Commentaries* in this year. #### Asia * Possible first year of the Azes I Era. Births ------ * Iullus Antonius, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia; consul 10 BC (d. 2 BC) * Wang Mang, usurper of the Han Dynasty and Emperor of the Xin Dynasty (d. AD 23) Deaths ------ * February – Tullia, daughter of Cicero (b. 79 BC or 78 BC) * March 17 + Titus Labienus, Roman general (killed in the Battle of Munda) (b. c. 100 BC) + Publius Attius Varus, Roman governor (killed in the Battle of Munda) * April 12 – Gnaeus Pompeius, son of Pompey the Great (executed after the Battle of Munda) * December 31 – Quintus Fabius Maximus, Roman general and politician * Nigidius Figulus, Roman scholar (b. 98 BC) * Publius Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician

45 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_BC

Year **59 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus** (or, less frequently, **year 695 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 59 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (known in jest as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar" due to Bibulus' Social withdrawal from public view to "consult the heavens" in an effort to invalidate Caesar's intended legislation). * Caesar makes the Acta Diurna (Daily News), the world's first daily newspaper, public. The Acta contains details of official decrees and appointments; births, deaths, and marriages. Even sport results—the outcome of the gladiatorial contests and chariot races at the capital. * The First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form an unofficial alliance (or 60 BC). * Caesar marries Calpurnia, in Rome. * The colonia of Florentia, modern Florence, founded. Births ------ * Artavasdes I, king of Media Atropatene (approximate date) * Livy, Roman historian and writer (approximate date) * Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (or 60 BC) * Livia, Roman empress as the second wife of Augustus Deaths ------ * Gaius Octavius, father of Caesar Augustus * He of Changyi, emperor of the Han Dynasty * Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer, Roman consul * Quintus Servilius Caepio, Roman tribune

59 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59_BC

The **470s** decade ran from January 1, 470, to December 31, 479. Events ------ ### 470 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Anthemius appeals to the Britons for military help against the Visigoths. A Breton force (12,000 men) under the Celtic leader Riothamus lands in Gaul, but is defeated by King Euric. He expands the Visigothic Kingdom further north, possibly as far as the Somme River. * The Santo Stefano Rotondo at Rome is consecrated (approximate date). ###### Europe * Odoacer becomes the leader of the Germanic tribes (Herulic – Scirian *foederati*) in Northern Italy (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * Mamertus, bishop of Vienne, introduces the Rogation days (a three days' procession involving prayer to invoke God's mercy). ### 471 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Emperor Leo I, returns from exile (see 468) and leads an imperial conspiracy against Aspar (*magister militum*), helping in his murder at Constantinople. ###### Britannia * The army of King Ceretic of Strathclyde raids the Irish coast, carries off some of Saint Patrick's followers, and sells them into slavery (approximate date). ###### Europe * The Visigoths under Euric conquer a large part of the Provence (Southern Gaul). The city of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne is besieged. * The Goths, led by Theodoric Strabo, revolt in Thrace after the assassination of Aspar. Leo I sends Basiliscus to suppress the uprising. * Theodoric the Great, age 17, succeeds his father Theodemir as king of the Ostrogoths, settling his people in lower Moesia (Balkans). ###### Asia * The ruler of the nomadic Tuoba tribal state in Northern China adopts a Chinese surname, and will rule Northern Wei as Xiao Wen Di, until his death in 499. #### By topic ###### Religion * Acacius becomes patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Gennadius I. ### 472 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Western Roman Empire enters a period of unrest. Relations between Ricimer, *de facto* ruler, and Emperor Anthemius deteriorate completely. Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia, negotiates a peace agreement. * July 11 – Anthemius, besieged in the part of Rome he controls until his troops are defeated, is caught while fleeing the city disguised as a supplicant in the Old St. Peter's Basilica (or at the church of Santa Maria in Trastevere), and later beheaded by Gundobad or Ricimer. Ricimer proclaims Olybrius emperor. Ricimer's nephew, the Burgundian general Gundobad, assumes command of the Western army and holds *de facto* power in the Empire. * August 18 – Ricimer dies at his palace of malignant fever, vomiting blood. * November 2 – Olybrius dies of dropsy. During his four months' rule he has been mainly interested in religion. * Mount Vesuvius erupts. During the volcanic eruption the whole of southern Europe is blanketed by ash. ### 473 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March 3 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Emperor Leo I refuses to recognize him, and chooses Julius Nepos as candidate to the Western throne. * October 25 – Leo I grants his grandson Leo II, age 6, the title of *Caesar* (approximate date). ###### Balkans * Theodoric Strabo signs a peace treaty with Leo I, and according to the terms the Goths are paid with an annual tribute of 2,000 pounds of gold. Leo gives him an independent state in Thrace and he obtains the rank of *magister militum*. * The Ostrogoths leave Pannonia, and migrate to Macedonia and Moesia, from whence they ravage the Balkans. ###### Europe * King Euric orders the invasion of Italy, but is defeated by Glycerius. The Visigoths withdraw to Gaul, and conquer the cities of Arles and Marseille. * Gundobad returns to Burgundy, where his father Gondioc has died, and becomes king of the Burgundians. ### 474 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 18 – Emperor Leo I dies of dysentery at Constantinople, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old grandson Leo II, who briefly becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire. * February 9 – Zeno, father of Leo II, is crowned as co-emperor (*Augustus*). He rules the empire together with his son, and stabilises the Eastern frontier. * June 24 – Julius Nepos arrives at Portus, and marches on Ravenna. He forces Glycerius to abdicate the throne, and proclaims himself emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * Glycerius is exiled to Dalmatia (Balkans) and becomes bishop of Salona. Neither the Senate nor the Gallo-Roman aristocracy decide to resist, and Nepos accepts the *imperial purple*. * November 17 – Leo II dies of an unknown disease (possibly poisoned by his mother Ariadne), after a reign of 10 months. Zeno becomes sole Eastern Emperor. * Winter – Zeno sends an embassy, to conclude a peace with King Genseric. He succeeds in an agreement with the Vandals, to secure the commercial routes in the Mediterranean. #### By topic ###### Art * A statue of a *Standing Buddha* from Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, (during the Gupta period) is made. It is now kept at the Sarnath Museum in India (source states the creation date as 1st to 2nd century BCE). ### 475 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 9 – Emperor Zeno abdicates under pressure, as his wife's uncle Basiliscus stages a coup d'état at Constantinople, with support from Zeno's trusted adviser and fellow Isaurian Illus. Basiliscus usurps the throne and is proclaimed new emperor (*Augustus*) of the Eastern Roman Empire. He begins a 20-month reign; Zeno and his supporters flee to Isauria. * April 9 – Basiliscus issues a circular letter (*Enkyklikon*) to the bishops of his empire, promoting the Miaphysite christological position. These religious views will make him highly unpopular. * Summer – Emperor Julius Nepos grants the Visigoth King Euric legal tenure of his conquests, which include Provence (region of Gaul), in exchange for full independence. * August 28 – *Magister Militum* Orestes takes control of the government in Ravenna, and forces Julius Nepos to flee to Dalmatia. * October 31 – Romulus Augustus is installed as emperor by his father Orestes, who becomes regent in effect of the Western Roman Empire (Augustus will ultimately rule for 9 months, as the last Western Emperor). ###### Asia * Bodhidharma, Buddhist monk, travels to China and, begins teaching the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (approximate date). * Gongju becomes the capital of Baekje, and is threatened by Goguryeo, who conquers the Han River valley (Korea). * Munju becomes king of Baekje. ###### Byzantine Empire * Great fire in Constantinople with loss of Palace of Lausus and - along with it - the famous Zeus from Olympia. #### By topic ###### Art * A *Bodhisattva* (detail of a wall painting in the Ajanta Caves) in Maharashtra (India) of the Gupta period) is made (approximate date). ###### Religion * The compilation of the Babylonian Talmud, the source of the majority of Jewish Halakha, is completed. * The Church of Saint Simeon Stylites is consecrated in Syria. ### 476 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Summer – Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic/Scirian *foederati*), visits the imperial palace at Ravenna. He petitions Orestes (*magister militum*) to reward his mercenaries for their services and their support of his rebellion a year earlier, by making good on his promise to grant them lands to settle permanently in Italy. Orestes refuses this proposal and Odoacer leads his tribesmen in a revolt. * August – Basiliscus, Roman usurper, is deposed and Zeno is restored as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. With the support of his adviser Illus, he besieges Constantinople, but the Senate opens the gates, allowing him to resume the throne. Basiliscus flees to sanctuary in a church, but surrenders himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus is sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where he later dies from starvation. * August 23 – Odoacer, age 43, is proclaimed *rex Italiae* ("king of Italy") by his troops. He leads his Ostrogoth army into the Po Valley, and advances to Ravenna while plundering the countryside. * August 28 – Orestes is arrested by Odoacer near Piacenza, and swiftly executed. * September 4 – Romulus Augustulus, Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed by Odoacer at Ravenna. Odoacer spares the boy's life and gives him a pension of 6,000 *solidi*, but exiles him to the *"Castellum Lucullanum"* (Castel dell'Ovo), on the island of *Megaride* in the Gulf of Naples. This event will later be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Western Rome, and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages. * Julius Nepos, *de jure* ruler, becomes legally the last "Western Roman Emperor." He governs Dalmatia (Balkans), Morocco, and Northwest Gaul until his death in 480, but has no effective power on the Italian Peninsula. * Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseilles, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians. * The Visigoths under King Euric march into Italy, and suffer defeat against the forces of Odoacer. Emperor Zeno concludes a peace treaty between the Goths and Odoacer surrenders the newly conquered territory in Gaul. Euric pledges himself to undertake no further hostilities. * The Roman Senate petitions Zeno to recognize Nepos as deposed and take the sole emperorship himself, abolishing the 81 year-long east/west division of the empire and recognizing Odoacer's authority in Italy. Zeno declines the first request, but names Odoacer *Patricius*, investing his rule with Imperial legitimacy. * Winter – Zeno recognizes the full extent of the Vandal Kingdom, including all of western Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. King Gaiseric gives Sicily, with the exception of the city of Lilybaeum, to Odoacer in return for tribute. ###### India * The birth of Aryabhata is traditionally regarded as the beginning of the classical period of Indian mathematics and astronomy. ###### China * Xian Wen Di, Retired Emperor of Northern Wei, is murdered by Empress Feng. She assumes regency over the young Xiao Wen Di. #### By topic ###### Religion * Peter the Fuller is restored as patriarch of Antioch. ### 477 #### By place ###### Africa * January 25 – Genseric, ruler of the Vandal Kingdom, dies a natural death at Carthage, and is succeeded by his eldest son Huneric. He maintains control over the islands in the western Mediterranean Sea with his Vandal fleet, and rescinds his father's policy of persecuting the Roman Catholics in Africa. * The independent Mauro-Roman Kingdom (Kingdom of the Moors and Romans) is formed by Christian Berbers in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis (present-day northern Algeria), bordering the Vandal Kingdom to the east. ###### Europe * Aelle, first king of the South Saxons, lands on the Sussex coast of England with his three sons near Cymenshore, according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*. The Britons engage him upon landing, but his superior force besieges them at Pevensey and drives them into the Weald. Over the next nine years, Saxon coastal holdings are gradually expanded. ###### Byzantine Empire * Armatus, Byzantine military commander (*magister militum*), is killed by order of emperor Zeno, being murdered by his own friend Onoulphus after supporting the rebellion of his uncle Basiliscus in 475. ###### China * Liu Zhun, age 10, becomes Emperor Shun of the Liu Song dynasty after his brother Houfei is assassinated by general Xiao Daocheng. He installs Shun as puppet ruler and sets himself up as regent. Xiao receives near-imperial powers, establishes Buddhism as the state religion and sets up the "Three Leaders" system, under which native hamlet, village and district officers are responsible for taxation and conscription. * Shaolin Monastery is founded (according to the *Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks* (645) by Daoxuan; the monastery is built on the north side of Shaoshi Mountain, the western peak of Mount Song, one of the four Sacred Mountains of China, by emperor Xiao Wen Di of the Northern Wei dynasty in 477. Yang Xuanzhi, in the *Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang* (547), and Li Xian, in the *Ming Yitongzh*i (1461), concur with Daoxuan's location and attribution. For alternate founding date, see 495 or 497). * Earliest date for the oldest known painted depiction of a horse collar, on a cave mural of Dunhuang, during the Northern Wei dynasty. ###### Asia * Samgeun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### 478 #### By place ###### Europe * Verina, mother-in-law of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno, attempts to kill Isaurian general Illus for turning against her brother Basiliscus. A major revolt is led by her son-in-law Marcian and the Ostrogoth warlord Theodoric Strabo, but Illus again proves his loyalty to Zeno by quashing the revolt in 479. ###### Asia * The first Shinto shrines are built in Japan. * The Liu Song dynasty ends in China. * Chinese chronicles record a memorial sent by the "King of Japan" (possibly Yūryaku), who describes himself as "Supreme Director of Military Affairs in Japan and Korea" to the Court of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Chinese emperor responds by confirming the Japanese dynasty in those titles. This is the earliest verifiable date in Japanese history. ### 479 #### By place ###### Britannia * Ambrosius Aurelianus, war leader of the Romano-British, is proclaimed king of the Britons (according to *Historia Regum Britanniae*). He rules probably in the south of Britain, and continues the war against the Anglo-Saxons. ###### Europe * King Theodoric the Great starts a 4-year campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The Ostrogoths ravage the Roman provinces (Moesia and Thrace), and threaten the capital of Constantinople itself. * Julius Nepos, former emperor of the Western Roman Empire, plots military plans in Dalmatia against Odoacer, hoping to regain control of Italy himself. ###### Asia * Summer – The Song Dynasty ends and the Southern Qi Dynasty begins in southern China. Emperor Shun Di is forced to abandon the throne and Qi Gao Di becomes the first ruler of Southern Qi. Later former Emperor Shun and empress Wang Zhenfeng are killed by the imperial guard, near the vicinity of the capital Jiankang. * Dongseong becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. * Soji becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **470** * Buddhapālita, Indian Madhyamaka scholar (d. 550) * Caesarius, bishop of Arles (approximate date) * Dionysius Exiguus, inventor of the Anno Domini era (approximate date) * Endelienta, Welsh princess and saint (approximate date) * Ferreolus of Rodez, Roman senator (approximate date) * Finnian of Clonard, Irish monastic saint (d. 549) * *approximate date* – Pope John I **472** * Emilian of Cogolla, Iberic abbot and saint (approximate date) **473** * Xiao Zhaoye, Chinese emperor of Southern Qi (known as the **Prince of Yulin**) (d. 494) * Kavad I, king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire from 488 to 531, with an interruption of two years **474** * Abraham of Kratia, Christian monk, saint (approximate date) * Anthemius of Tralles, Greek architect, mathematician (approximate date) * Clotilde, Christian wife of Clovis I, ancestress of the succeeding Merovingian kings (Approximate date) (d.545) * Magnus Felix Ennodius, bishop, Latin poet (approximate date) **475** * Íte of Killeedy, Irish nun (approximate date) * Ferreolus of Rodez, Roman senator (approximate date) **476** * December – Aryabhata, Indian mathematician and astronomer (d. 550) * Hilary of Galeata, Christian monk and saint (d. 558) **478** * Narses, Byzantine general (d. 573) **479** * Ruan Xiaoxu, bibliography writer (d. 536) Deaths ------ **470** * K'inich Popol Hol, king of the Maya city of Copán * Romanus, Roman usurper in the West Roman Empire (executed) **471** * August 25 – Gennadius I, patriarch of Constantinople * Ardabur, Roman general and son of Aspar * Aspar, Alan patrician and general (*magister militum*) * Eudocia, Vandal queen and daughter of Valentinian III (approximate date) * Julius Patricius, Roman general and son of Aspar (approximate date) **472** * July 11 – Anthemius, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * August 18 – Ricimer, *de facto* ruler of the Western Roman Empire * Ming Di, Chinese emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 439) * Olybrius, emperor of the Western Roman Empire **473** * Euthymius the Great, abbot and bishop (b. 377) * Gondioc, king of Burgundy (approximate date) **474** * January 18 – Leo I, Byzantine emperor (b. 401) * November 17 – Leo II, Byzantine emperor (b. 467) * Theodemir, king of the Ostrogoths (approximate date) **475** * May 27 – Eutropius, bishop of Orange * Flavius Magnus, Roman consul * Gaero, king of Baekje (Korea) * Mamertus, bishop of Vienne * Tonantius Ferreolus, praetorian prefect **476** * August + Basiliscus, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire + Marcus, co-Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire * August 28 – Orestes, Roman politician and regent * Xian Wen Di, Chinese Emperor of Northern Wei (b. 454) **477** * January 25 – Genseric, king of the Vandals and Alans * Armatus, Byzantine general (*magister militum*) * Basina, queen of Thuringia (Germany) * Houfei Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 463) * Liu Bing, high official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 433) * Munju, king of Baekje (Korea) * Timothy II, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria * Yuan Can, high official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 420) **478** * Lupus of Troyes, French bishop and saint (approximate date) * Shen Youzhi, Chinese general of Liu Song **479** * Samgeun, king of Baekje (Korea) * Shun Di, emperor of Liu Song (b. 467) * Wang Zhenfeng, empress of Liu Song (b. 436) * Yuan He, high official of Northern Wei (b. 403) * Yūryaku, emperor of Japan

470s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/470s

Year **474** (**CDLXXIV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Leo without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1227 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 474 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * January 18 – Emperor Leo I dies of dysentery at Constantinople, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old grandson Leo II, who briefly becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire. * February 9 – Zeno, father of Leo II, is crowned as co-emperor (*Augustus*). He rules the empire together with his son, and stabilises the Eastern frontier. * June 24 – Julius Nepos arrives at Portus, and marches on Ravenna. He forces Glycerius to abdicate the throne, and proclaims himself emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * Glycerius is exiled to Dalmatia (Balkans) and becomes bishop of Salona. Neither the Senate nor the Gallo-Roman aristocracy decide to resist, and Nepos accepts the *imperial purple*. * November 17 – Leo II dies of an unknown disease (possibly poisoned by his mother Ariadne), after a reign of 10 months. Zeno becomes sole Eastern Emperor. * Winter – Zeno sends an embassy, to conclude a peace with King Genseric. He succeeds in an agreement with the Vandals, to secure the commercial routes in the Mediterranean. ### By topic #### Art * A statue of a *Standing Buddha* from Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, (during the Gupta period) is made. It is now kept at the Sarnath Museum in India (source states the creation date as 1st to 2nd century BCE). Births ------ * Abraham of Kratia, Christian monk, saint (approximate date) * Anthemius of Tralles, Greek architect, mathematician (approximate date) * Clotilde, Christian wife of Clovis I, ancestress of the succeeding Merovingian kings (Approximate date) (d.545) * Magnus Felix Ennodius, bishop, Latin poet (approximate date) Deaths ------ * January 18 – Leo I, Byzantine emperor (b. 401) * November 17 – Leo II, Byzantine emperor (b. 467) * Theodemir, king of the Ostrogoths (approximate date)

474

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/474

Year **477** (**CDLXXVII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year after the Consulship of Basiliscus and Armatus** (or, less frequently, **year 1230 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 477 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Africa * January 25 – Genseric, ruler of the Vandal Kingdom, dies a natural death at Carthage, and is succeeded by his eldest son Huneric. He maintains control over the islands in the western Mediterranean Sea with his Vandal fleet, and rescinds his father's policy of persecuting the Roman Catholics in Africa. * The independent Mauro-Roman Kingdom (Kingdom of the Moors and Romans) is formed by Christian Berbers in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis (present-day northern Algeria), bordering the Vandal Kingdom to the east. #### Europe * Aelle, first king of the South Saxons, lands on the Sussex coast of England with his three sons near Cymenshore, according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*. The Britons engage him upon landing, but his superior force besieges them at Pevensey and drives them into the Weald. Over the next nine years, Saxon coastal holdings are gradually expanded. #### Byzantine Empire * Armatus, Byzantine military commander (*magister militum*), is killed by order of emperor Zeno, being murdered by his own friend Onoulphus after supporting the rebellion of his uncle Basiliscus in 475. #### China * Liu Zhun, age 10, becomes Emperor Shun of the Liu Song dynasty after his brother Houfei is assassinated by general Xiao Daocheng. He installs Shun as puppet ruler and sets himself up as regent. Xiao receives near-imperial powers, establishes Buddhism as the state religion and sets up the "Three Leaders" system, under which native hamlet, village and district officers are responsible for taxation and conscription. * Shaolin Monastery is founded (according to the *Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks* (645) by Daoxuan; the monastery is built on the north side of Shaoshi Mountain, the western peak of Mount Song, one of the four Sacred Mountains of China, by emperor Xiao Wen Di of the Northern Wei dynasty in 477. Yang Xuanzhi, in the *Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang* (547), and Li Xian, in the *Ming Yitongzh*i (1461), concur with Daoxuan's location and attribution. For alternate founding date, see 495 or 497). * Earliest date for the oldest known painted depiction of a horse collar, on a cave mural of Dunhuang, during the Northern Wei dynasty. #### Asia * Samgeun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. Births ------ Deaths ------ * January 25 – Genseric, king of the Vandals and Alans * Armatus, Byzantine general (*magister militum*) * Basina, queen of Thuringia (Germany) * Houfei Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 463) * Liu Bing, high official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 433) * Munju, king of Baekje (Korea) * Timothy II, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria * Yuan Can, high official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 420)

477

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/477

Year **473 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mamercus and Iullus** (or, less frequently, **year 281 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 473 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * The State of Wu is annexed by the State of Yue. #### Japan * The Hikawa Shrine is established in Saitama, Saitama. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * King Fuchai of Wu, the last king of Wu in Zhou Dynasty, China

473 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/473_BC

The **460s** decade ran from January 1, 460, to December 31, 469. Events ------ ### 460 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Majorian gathers an expeditionary force (Alans and other barbarians) in Liguria, and enters Aquitaine after a long march, where he visits King Theodoric II at Toulouse. * Majorian invades Hispania; his generals Nepotianus and Sunieric lead a Visigoth army into Gallaecia. The Suebi are defeated and Lusitania (modern Portugal) is conquered. * King Genseric, fearing a Roman invasion, tries to negotiate a peace with Majorian, who refuses. The Vandals devastate Mauretania and Moorish warriors poison the wells. * Majorian assembles a large fleet in Nova Carthago (Cartagena) in preparation for an invasion of the Vandal Kingdom in Africa. However, King Genseric organizes an attack on the fleet, using individuals sympathetic to the Vandals to conduct the raid. The fleet is destroyed and the expedition is abandoned. * Emperor Leo I founds the Excubitors (imperial guard) at Constantinople; this elite tagmatic unit (300 men) is recruited from among the warlike Isaurians (approximate date). ###### Europe * March 27 (night) – Swabians invade the Gallic city of Lugo. The governor is killed. ###### Asia * The Hepthalites (White Huns) conquer the remnants of the Kushan Empire and enter India. * A famine that will last for several years begins in the Persian Empire (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Art * The remodeling of the dome of Baptistry of Neon at Ravenna (Italy) is finished. * The Ajanta Caves (India) are completed (cut into the volcanic rock and elaborately painted). * The seated Buddha in the Yungang Grottoes, Datong (Shanxi), is made (approximate date). ###### Religion * The Coptic Orthodox Church (Egypt) splits from the Chalcedonian Orthodox Church of Alexandria. * Gennadius I, patriarch of Constantinople, banishes Timothy II, patriarch of Alexandria. ### 461 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * August 2 – Majorian is arrested near Tortona (Northern Italy), and deposed by Ricimer (*magister militum*) as puppet emperor. * August 7 – Majorian, having been beaten and tortured for five days, is beheaded near the Iria River (Lombardy). * King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage. * Olybrius becomes the second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia, who is being held in Vandal captivity. * November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. ###### Europe * The Visigoths under king Theodoric II recapture Septimania (Southern Gaul) after the assassination of Majorian, and invade Hispania again. * Aegidius becomes ruler over the Domain of Soissons (Gaul). He has friendly relations with the Romano-British (in Brittany). ###### Anatolia * 461 Apahunik' earthquake. It affected the province of Apahunik', located to the north of Lake Van, in Anatolia. #### By topic ###### Religion * November 10 – Pope Leo I dies at Rome, age 61 (approximate), after a 21-year reign in which he has resisted Manichaeism and defended the Church against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Hilarius as the 46th pope. * Mamertus is elected bishop of Vienne (Gaul). ### 462 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * September 1 – Possible start of the first Byzantine indiction cycle. * Emperor Leo I pays a large ransom for Licinia Eudoxia and Placidia. They return after seven years of captivity in Carthage. * The Monastery of Stoudios is founded in Constantinople. ###### Asia * The *Daming* calendar is introduced in China by mathematician Zu Chongzhi (approximate date). ### 463 #### By place ###### Europe * Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, allies with the Roman general Aegidius. During a battle near Orléans, the Visigoths under King Theodoric II are defeated by the Franks while crossing the Loire River. * The Suebi live under a diarchy, and fight a civil war over the kingship in Galicia (Northern Spain). ###### Asia * The Kibi Clan Rebellion against the Yamato state (Japan) in the Korean Peninsula begins. ### 464 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Olybrius is elected Roman consul by the Eastern court in Constantinople. ###### Europe * The Suevic nation in Galicia (Northern Spain) is unified under King Remismund. * King Theodoric II sends Remismund gifts (for recognizing his kingship), including weapons, and a Gothic princess for a wife. * Aegidius dies (possibly poisoned) and is succeeded by his son Syagrius, who becomes ruler of the Domain of Soissons (Gaul). ### 465 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Basiliscus, with the help of his sister Verina (wife of emperor Leo I), becomes a consul in the Eastern Roman Empire. * August 15 – Libius Severus, puppet emperor of the Western Roman Empire, dies after a 4-year reign. * September 2 – A fire begins in Constantinople and, over the next six days, destroys the buildings in eight of the 14 sections into which the Eastern Roman Imperial capital had been divided. * Ricimer, *de facto* ruler, establishes political control for 2 years from his residence in Rome. ###### Britannia * Battle of Wippedesfleot: The Saxons under command of Hengist and Aesc are defeated by the Britons near Ebbsfleet (Kent). During the battle 12 Welsh leaders are killed (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). ###### Europe * King Remismund establishes a policy of friendship with the Visigoths, and promotes the conversion of the Suebi into Arianism in Galicia (Northern Spain). ###### China * Qian Fei Di, then Ming Di, becomes ruler of the Liu Song Dynasty after his nephew is assassinated. #### By topic ###### Religion * November 19 – Pope Hilarius convokes a synod at Rome's Church of Santa Maria Maggiore. * Peter the Fuller becomes patriarch of Antioch (approximate date). ### 466 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Leo I repels the Hun invasion of Dacia (modern Romania). They ravage the Balkans but are unable to take Constantinople thanks to the city walls, which are rebuilt and reinforced. * Tarasicodissa, an Isaurian officer, comes with evidence that Ardabur (*magister militum*) is forming a conspiracy against Leo I. Ardabur is arrested for treason. * Tarasicodissa adopts the Greek name of Zeno and marries Ariadne, eldest daughter of Leo I (approximate date). ###### Europe * King Theodoric II is killed by his younger brother Euric, who succeeds him on the throne. He conquers Hispania and the harbor city of Marseille (Southern Gaul), adding them to the existing Visigothic Kingdom. * Euric sends an embassy to the Eastern Roman Empire for recognition of the Visigoth sovereignty. He forms an alliance with the Suebi and the Vandals. * A council of twelve townships emerges on the islands in the Venetian lagoon, to form a basic system of governance (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * Peter the Fuller is deposed as patriarch of Antioch; Julian is elected as his successor. ### 467 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * April 12 – Emperor Leo I has his general Anthemius elected emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He allies himself with Ricimer, *de facto* ruler of Rome, and marries his daughter Alypia to him, to strengthen the relationship and end the hostilities between the Eastern and Western Empire. * Summer – King Genseric extends his pirate raids in the Mediterranean Sea; the Vandals sack and enslave the people living in Illyricum, the Peloponnese and other parts of Greece. Leo I joins forces with the Western Empire. ###### Britannia * Ancient Hillforts in Britain are re-fortified, and the Wansdyke is built (approximate date). ###### Asia * Emperor Skandagupta dies after a 12-year reign, as Huns consolidate their conquests in western India. He is succeeded by his half-brother Purugupta. ### 468 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Leo I assembles a massive naval expedition at Constantinople, which costs 64,000 pounds of gold (more than a year's revenue) and consists of over 1,100 ships carrying 100,000 men. It is the greatest fleet ever sent against the Vandals and brings Leo near to bankruptcy. * Emperor Anthemius sends a Roman expedition under command of Marcellinus. He expels the Vandals from Sicily and retakes Sardinia. The Eastern general Heraclius of Edessa lands with a force on the Libyan coast, east of Carthage, and advances from Tripolitania. * Battle of Cape Bon: The Vandals defeat the Roman navy under Basiliscus, anchored at *Promontorium Mercurii*, 45 miles from Carthage (Tunisia). During peace negotiations Genseric uses fire ships, filling them with brushwood and pots of oil, destroying 700 imperial galleys. Basiliscus escapes with his surviving fleet to Sicily, harassed all the way by Moorish pirates. * August – Marcellinus is murdered in Sicily, probably at the instigation of his political rival, Ricimer. Heraclius is left to fight alone against the Vandals; after a 2-year campaign in the desert he returns to Constantinople. * Basiliscus returns to Constantinople after a disastrous expedition against the Vandals. He is forced to seek sanctuary in the church of Hagia Sophia to escape the wrath of the people. Leo I gives him imperial pardon, but banishes him for 3 years to Heraclea Sintica (Thrace). * Dengizich, son of Attila the Hun, sends an embassy to Constantinople to demand money. Leo I offers the Huns settlement in Thrace in exchange for recognition of his authority. Dengizich refuses and crosses the Danube. * Roman forces under Anagast defeat the Huns at the river Utus (Vit, Bulgaria). Dengizich is killed and his head is paraded through the streets of Constantinople. Stuck on the end of a wooden pole, it is displayed above the Xylokerkos Gate. * The Vandals reconquer Sicily, administering a decisive defeat to the Western forces. #### By topic ###### Religion * February 29 – Pope Hilarius dies at Rome after a 6½-year reign, and is succeeded by Simplicius as the 47th pope. ### 469 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Ostrogoth prince Theodoric, age 15, returns to Pannonia, after living as a child hostage at the court of Emperor Leo I in Constantinople (see 459). ###### Europe * The Vandals invade Epirus (modern Greece). They are expelled from the Peloponnese (Greece) and in retaliation, the Vandals take 500 hostages at Zakynthos. On the way back to Carthage they[*clarification needed*]are slaughtered. * King Euric declares himself independent from the Western Roman Empire. He extends the Visigothic power in Hispania; conquering the cities of Pamplona, Zaragoza and Mérida. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Vatican makes a pact with the Salian Frankish king Childeric I, agreeing to call him "the new Constantine" on condition that he accept conversion to Christianity. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **460** * Budic II, king of Brittany (approximate date) * Hilderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (approximate date) * Romulus Augustulus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire (approximate date) **461** * Hilderic, king of the Vandals (approximate date) * Romulus Augustulus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire **462** * Anicia Juliana, daughter of Olybrius * Muryeong, king of Baekje (Korea) **463** * Houfei Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 477) **464** * Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, great-grandfather of Mohammed (approximate date) * Wu Di, Chinese emperor of the Liang Dynasty (d. 549) **465** * July 5 – Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, Maya ruler of Palenque (d. 524) * Dubricius, bishop and saint (approximate date) * Liberius, Roman aristocrat (approximate date) * Procopius of Gaza, Christian sophist and rhetorician (approximate date) * Severus, patriarch of Antioch (approximate date) **466** * Arthur, king of the Britons (approximate date) * Clovis I, first king of the Franks (approximate date) * Xu Mian, high official of the Liang Dynasty (d. 535) **467** * October 13 – Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 499) * Cerdic, first king of Anglo-Saxon Wessex (approximate date) * Leo II, Byzantine emperor (d. 474) * Emperor Shun of Liu Song, Chinese emperor of Liu Song (d. 479) **468** * Nectan of Hartland, Welsh prince and saint (approximate date) **469** * Zhou She, high official of the Liang Dynasty (d. 524) Deaths ------ **460** * October 20 – Aelia Eudocia, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius II * Ardaric, king of the Gepids (approximate date) * Juqu Anzhou, prince of the Chinese Xiongnu states Northern Liang **461** * August 7 – Majorian, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * November 10 – Pope Leo I * Palladius, first bishop of Ireland (approximate date) **462** * Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (b. 422) * Lóegaire mac Néill, High King of Ireland **463** * Frumar, Suevic king of Galicia (approximate date) * Richimund, Suevic king of Galicia (approximate date) * Romanus of Condat, hermit and saint (approximate date) **464** * Aegidius, Roman general (*magister militum*) (approximate date) * Conall Gulban, king of Tir Chonaill (approximate date) * Wang Xianyuan, empress and wife of Xiao Wu Di (b. 427) * Xiao Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 430) **465** * May 5 – Gerontius, Archbishop of Milan * June 20 – Wen Cheng Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 440) * August 15 – Libius Severus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * Buliugu Li, official of the Northern Wei dynasty * Eógan mac Néill, king of Tír Eoghain (Ireland) * Liu Chuyu, princess of the Liu Song Dynasty **466** * January 1 – Emperor Qianfei, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 449) * Liu Zixun, prince and pretender of Liu Song (b. 456) * Lu Huinan, empress dowager of Liu Song (b. 412) * Theodoric II, king of the Visigoths * Yifu Hun, high official of Northern Wei **467** * Benignus of Armagh, Irish bishop (approximate date) * Skandagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire (India) **468** * February 29, – Pope Hilarius * Dengizich, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Gunabhadra, Indian Buddhist scholar-monk (b. 394) * Marcellinus, Roman general (*magister militum*) **469** * Dengizich, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae (approximate date)

460s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/460s

Year **478** (**CDLXXVIII**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Illus without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1231 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 478 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Verina, mother-in-law of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno, attempts to kill Isaurian general Illus for turning against her brother Basiliscus. A major revolt is led by her son-in-law Marcian and the Ostrogoth warlord Theodoric Strabo, but Illus again proves his loyalty to Zeno by quashing the revolt in 479. #### Asia * The first Shinto shrines are built in Japan. * The Liu Song dynasty ends in China. * Chinese chronicles record a memorial sent by the "King of Japan" (possibly Yūryaku), who describes himself as "Supreme Director of Military Affairs in Japan and Korea" to the Court of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Chinese emperor responds by confirming the Japanese dynasty in those titles. This is the earliest verifiable date in Japanese history. Births ------ * Narses, Byzantine general (d. 573) Deaths ------ * Lupus of Troyes, French bishop and saint (approximate date) * Shen Youzhi, Chinese general of Liu Song

478

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/478

**47** (**forty-seven**) is the natural number following 46 and preceding 48. It is a prime number. In mathematics -------------- Forty-seven is the fifteenth prime number, a safe prime, the thirteenth supersingular prime, the fourth isolated prime, and the sixth Lucas prime. Forty-seven is a highly cototient number. It is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form 3*n* − 1. It is a Lucas number. It is also a Keith number because its digits appear as successive terms earlier in the series of Lucas numbers: 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, ... It is the number of trees on 9 unlabeled nodes. Forty-seven is a strictly non-palindromic number. Its representation in binary being 101111, 47 is a prime Thabit number, and as such is related to the pair of amicable numbers {17296, 18416}. In science ---------- * 47 is the atomic number of silver. ### Astronomy * The 47-year cycle of Mars: after 47 years – 22 synodic periods of 780 days each – Mars returns to the same position among the stars and is in the same relationship to the Earth and Sun. The ancient Mesopotamians discovered this cycle. * Messier object M47, a magnitude 4.5 open cluster in the constellation Puppis * 47 Tucanae, the second brightest globular cluster in the sky, located in the constellation Tucana. * The New General Catalogue object NGC 47, a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. This object is also designated as NGC 58. In popular culture ------------------ ### Pomona College The number 47 has historical implications to Pomona College, a liberal arts college in Claremont, California, and has been incorporated into various aspects of campus life. The tradition began in the summer of 1964, when two students, Laurie Mets and Bruce Elgin, conducted a research project seeking to find out whether the number occurs more often in nature than would be expected by chance. They documented various 47 sightings, and professor Donald Bentley produced a false mathematical proof that 47 was equal to all other integers. The number became a meme among the class, which spread once the academic year began and snowballed over time. Notable 47 sightings include the fact that Pomona is located off of exit 47 of Interstate 10, and the fact that the largest residential building on campus, Mudd-Blaisdell (formally Florence Carrier Blaisdell and Della Mullock Mudd Hall, a title with 47 characters), was completed in 1947 and contains a staircase with 47 balusters. Many Pomona alumni have deliberately inserted 47 references into their work. Pomona hosts a community service–oriented celebration every April 7 (abbreviated 4/7 in the U.S.). In the early 2010s, the college's clock tower was set up to chime on the 47th minute of the hour. Calendar years -------------- * 47 BC * AD 47 See also -------- * List of highways numbered 47 Other ----- * Telephone dialing country code for Norway * The AK-47, also known as a Kalashnikov rifle, is one of the most widely used military weapons in the world. * The CH-47 Chinook, a helicopter. * 47 is the number of the French department Lot-et-Garonne. * The P-47 Thunderbolt was a fighter plane in World War II. * There are Forty-seven Ronin in the famous Japanese story. * There are 47 Prefectures of Japan. * The player protagonist of the *Hitman* video game franchise is called Agent 47.

47 (number)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47_(number)

Year **47 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Calenius and Vatinius** (or, less frequently, **year 707 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 47 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.... Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Quintus Fufius Calenus, Publius Vatinius. * Civil War: + August – Julius Caesar quells a mutiny of his veterans in Rome. + October – Caesar's invasion of Africa, against Metellus Scipio and Labienus, Caesar's former lieutenant in Gaul. #### Egypt * January 13 – Queen Cleopatra VII promotes her younger brother Ptolemy XIV of Egypt to co-ruler. * February – Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile. Ptolemy is killed; Caesar, with the aid of Mithridates I of the Bosporus, then relieves his besieged forces in Alexandria. #### Anatolia * August 2 – Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosphorus, in the Battle of Zela (the war Caesar tersely describes as *veni, vidi, vici*). #### Judea * Battle at Mount Tabor in Judea: Roman troops, commanded by Gabinius, defeat the forces of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II of Judea, who is attempting to re-establish Judean independence. Some 10,000 Jews die at the hands of the Romans. #### China * Feng Yuan becomes consort to Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty. Births ------ * June 23 – Caesarion, prince of Egypt, later Ptolemy XV (d. 30 BC) * Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (d. 30 BC) Deaths ------ * Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosporan Kingdom (b. c. 97 BC) * Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, king of Egypt (drowned in the Nile) * Alexander, Hasmonean prince (executed)

47 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47_BC

Year **444** (**CDXLIV**) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Aginatius** (or, less frequently, **year 1197 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 444 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), settles the Alans around Valence and Orléans, to contain unrest in Brittany. * Eudocia, eldest daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, is betrothed to Huneric, son of Vandal King Genseric (hostage in Italy). * Attila the Hun establishes his residence along the Tisza River (modern Hungary), and plans the coming campaign in the Balkans. * A "pestilence" that is probably cyprian plague strikes the British Isles, and makes the country vulnerable to internal revolts. * The Irish city of Armagh is founded by Saint Patrick the Great. ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Leo I extinguishes the Gallican vicariate. * Dioscorus I becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. Births ------ * Xiao Ni, prince of Southern Qi (d. 492) Deaths ------ * Bricius, bishop of Tours * Cyril of Alexandria, patriarch and theologian * Juqu Wuhui, prince of Northern Liang

444

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/444

Year **467** (**CDLXVII**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the **467th Year** of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 467th year of the 1st millennium, the 67th year of the 5th century, and the 8th year of the 460s decade. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pusaeus and Iohannes** (or, less frequently, **year 1220 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 467 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * April 12 – Emperor Leo I has his general Anthemius elected emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He allies himself with Ricimer, *de facto* ruler of Rome, and marries his daughter Alypia to him, to strengthen the relationship and end the hostilities between the Eastern and Western Empire. * Summer – King Genseric extends his pirate raids in the Mediterranean Sea; the Vandals sack and enslave the people living in Illyricum, the Peloponnese and other parts of Greece. Leo I joins forces with the Western Empire. #### Britannia * Ancient Hillforts in Britain are re-fortified, and the Wansdyke is built (approximate date). #### Asia * Emperor Skandagupta dies after a 12-year reign, as Huns consolidate their conquests in western India. He is succeeded by his half-brother Purugupta. Births ------ * October 13 – Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 499) * Cerdic, first king of Anglo-Saxon Wessex (approximate date) * Leo II, Byzantine emperor (d. 474) * Emperor Shun of Liu Song, Chinese emperor of Liu Song (d. 479) Deaths ------ * Benignus of Armagh, Irish bishop (approximate date) * Skandagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire (India)

467

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/467

Year **445 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Philo** (or, less frequently, **year 309 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 445 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower, looks for peace with the support of the Assembly. Athenian diplomat, Callias, goes to Sparta and after much bargaining arranges a peace treaty with Sparta and her Peloponnesian allies, thus extending the 5 year truce of 451 BC for another 30 years. According to this treaty, Megara is to be returned to the Peloponnesian League, Troezen and Achaea become independent, Aegina is to become a tributary to Athens but autonomous, and disputes are to be settled by arbitration. Each party agrees to respect the alliances of the other. * The Temple of Poseidon is completed south of Athens at Cape Sunion. #### Roman Republic * A new law, the *Lex Canuleia* removes the ban on inter-marriage of the Roman classes, i.e. plebeian with patrician. * The Plebeians demand the right to stand for election as consul but the Roman senate refused to grant them this right. Ultimately, a compromise is reached, and consular command authority is granted to Consular Tribunes ("Military Tribunes with Consular powers" or tribuni militares consulari potestate). Births ------ * Antisthenes, Athenian philosopher (d. c. 365 BC) Deaths ------ *

445 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/445_BC

**46** (**forty-six**) is the natural number following 45 and preceding 47. In mathematics -------------- **Forty-six** is * a Wedderburn-Etherington number, * an enneagonal number * a centered triangular number. * the number of parallelogram polyominoes with 6 cells. It is the sum of the totient function for the first twelve integers. 46 is the largest even integer that cannot be expressed as a sum of two abundant numbers. It is also the sixteenth semiprime. Since it is possible to find sequences of 46+1 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member, 46 is an Erdős–Woods number. In science ---------- * The atomic number of palladium. * The number of human chromosomes. * The approximate molar mass of ethanol (46.07 g mol−1) ### Astronomy * Messier object M46, a magnitude 6.5 open cluster in the constellation Puppis. * The New General Catalogue object NGC 46, a star in the constellation Pisces. In music -------- * Japanese idol group franchise Sakamichi Series, which consists of Nogizaka46, Keyakizaka46, Hinatazaka46, and Yoshimotozaka46 In sports --------- * Valentino Rossi, one of the most successful motorcycle riders of all time, uses 46 as his number in the MotoGP motorcycle world championship, and has been using this number in homage to his father since he started racing as a youngster. * The number of mountains in the *46 peaks* of the Adirondack mountain range. People who have climbed all of them are called "forty-sixers"; there is also an unofficial 47th peak. * The name of a defensive scheme used in American football; see 46 defense. In religion ----------- * The total of books in the Old Testament, Catholic version, if the Book of Lamentations is counted as a book separate from the Book of Jeremiah In other fields --------------- **Forty-six** is also: * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Sweden. * The number of samurai, out of 47, who carried out the attack in the historical Ako vendetta; sometimes referred to as *the 46 Ronins* to discount the one samurai forced to turn back. * In the title of the movie *Code 46*, starring Tim Robbins and Samantha Morton. * Several routes numbered 46 exist throughout the world. * Because 46 in Japanese can be pronounced as "yon roku", and "yoroshiku"（よろしく） means "my best regards" in Japanese, people sometimes use 46 for greeting. * 46 is the number of the City Chevrolet and Superflo cars driven by Cole Trickle in the movie *Days of Thunder*. * The number of the French department Lot. * 46 is the number that unlocks the Destiny spaceship on the Sci-Fi TV show *Stargate Universe*. Dr. Rush discovers that the number 46 relates to the number of human chromosomes and begins sequencing different genetic codes to finally gain control of the ship's operating system. The episode was called "Humans". * The number depicted in the first flag of Oklahoma (replaced in 1925), signifying the fact that Oklahoma was the 46th state to join the United States. * Joe Biden was inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States on January 20, 2021. See also -------- * List of highways numbered 46

46 (number)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46_(number)

The **480s** decade ran from January 1, 480, to December 31, 489. Events ------ ### 480 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Zeno officially dissolves the east/west co-emperorship, ruling as the first sole emperor of Rome in 85 years. The position of emperor is never again divided. ###### Balkans * Julius Nepos, former emperor of the Western Roman Empire, dies in exile in Dalmatia (he is murdered by his own soldiers, in his villa, near Salona). * December 9 – Odoacer occupies Dalmatia and prosecutes Nepos's killers. He later establishes his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate. ###### Europe * King Chilperic I dies and is succeeded by his nephew Gundobad, whose realm covers much of eastern Gaul and has two capitals, at Lyon and Geneva. He rules the Kingdom of Burgundy with his brothers Chilperic II, Gundomar and Godegisel. * Syagrius, ruler of Domain of Soissons, manages to maintain the Roman authority in northern Gaul. He defends his "kingdom" against the neighbouring Salian Franks. * The Visigoths under King Euric extend their rule from the Loire to Gibraltar (approximate date). * Ireland: The Diocese of Connor is erected. ###### Asia * Budhagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, establishes diplomatic relations with the Kannauj Kingdom and drives the Huns out of the fertile plains of northern India. * Prince Seinei succeeds his father Yūryaku and becomes the 22nd emperor of Japan. #### By topic ###### Religion * Constantius of Lyon begins his research for his book *Vita sancta Germani* ("on the Life of Germanus"). He also writes a hagiography of Germanus of Auxerre (approximate date). ### 481 #### By place ###### Europe * King Childeric I dies at Tournai after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his 15-year-old son Clovis, who becomes ruler of the Salian Franks in the province Gallia Belgica (modern Belgium) until his death in 511. * Theodoric Strabo defeats the Bulgars in Thrace, and moves with an army (13,000 men) towards Constantinople. After logistical problems, he is forced to return to Greece. In an encampment at Stabulum Diomedis, near Philippi, he falls from an unruly horse onto a spear and dies. ###### Persia * The Armenians revolt against Persian rule, in an uprising that continues until 484. Led by Vahan Mamikonian, nephew of the late Vartan, they obtain religious and political freedom in return for military aid. Vahan is installed as governor (*marzban*). ###### Asia * Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo (Korea). ### 482 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Zeno promulgates an Edict of Union (*Henotikon*), in an unsuccessful effort to soften the decision made at the Council of Chalcedon (451), and resolve differences between the Eastern and Western Churches. Zeno wishes to placate the Monophysite churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria for political reasons. ###### Eastern Europe * Kyiv is founded, on the banks of the Dnieper River. ###### China * Prince Qi Wudi succeeds his father Qi Gaodi, and becomes emperor of Southern Qi. ### 483 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Byzantine general Illus (*magister officiorum*), and Verina (widow of the late emperor Leo I), attempt to overthrow Emperor Zeno and place another general named Leontius on the throne. ###### Europe * The Ostrogoths are given status as *foederati*; they control a large part of Macedonia and Thrace (Balkans). #### By topic ###### Religion * March 10 – Pope Simplicius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign, and is succeeded by Felix III as the 48th pope. He is a widower with two children. ### 484 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * July 19 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). Empress dowager Verina sends a letter to the governors of the Diocese of the East and the Diocese of Egypt for support. He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital. * Leontius raises a rebellion against emperor Zeno, who also faces a revolt from the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great. He sends an army to Syria, but is defeated by the Byzantine general Illus. * Zeno signs a peace treaty with Theodoric the Great. He appoints him to *magister militum* and becomes a consul. The Eastern Empire is saved by diplomatic negotiations, and the imperial army is strengthened behind the walls of Constantinople. ###### Europe * King Gundobad proclaims the *Lex Burgundionum*, a law code of the Burgundians concerning marriage and inheritance, as well as regulating weregild and other penalties (approximate date). * December 28 – The Visigoth king Euric dies and is succeeded by his son Alaric II. Euric has built a rampart to protect the city of Carcassonne southeast of Toulouse, on a bend of the Aude River. ###### Africa * February 24 – King Huneric passes the Edict of 484, a law banning Catholicism within the Vandal Kingdom. A few weeks later, King Huneric removes Catholic bishops from their offices and banishes some to Corsica. A few are martyred, including former proconsul Victorian along with Frumentius and other merchants. They are killed at Hadrumetum after refusing to become Arians. * December 23 – Huneric dies and is succeeded by his nephew Gunthamund, who becomes king of the Vandals. During his reign the Catholics are free from persecutions and he stabilises the kingdom's economy. ###### Asia * The Hephthalites (White Huns) invade Persia. King Peroz I gathers an army of 50,000-100,000 men, and places his brother Balash at the head of the government in Ctesiphon. At the Battle of Herat, the Persians are ambushed and defeated. Peroz I is killed, his body is with dignity returned and buried with full honors. Balash is crowned and becomes king of Persia. * The Nvarsak Treaty is concluded between the Persians and Armenians. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Felix III excommunicates Acacius of Constantinople and Peter III of Alexandria, for their role in having Zeno issue his Edict of Union (*Henotikon*) 2 years ago. He considers the edict to be heretical and the schism between the Church of Rome and the Church of Constantinople widens. The Acacian Schism will not be resolved until 519. ### 485 #### By place ###### Britannia * Aelle of Sussex, king of the South Saxons, fights the Britons at the stream of Mercredesburne. The battle ends in a draw (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). * Period of Arthur's "twelve battles", during which he gains reputation for invincibility (approximate date). ###### Asia * Emperor Xiaowen institutes an "equal-field" system of agriculture (*juntian*), assigning each peasant family about 19 acres (140 mu) of land. The land will be part minority divided by the farmer to be kept indefinitely and rest will revert to the state if the farmer dies or retires. The population is then divided by each other with the role of supervising one another. The result of this reform is that farmers mostly did not sell their holdings to large landowners. This provided the fiscal basis for the formation of the Sui and Tang dynasties. * Prince Kenzō succeeds his adoptive father Seinei, and becomes the 23rd emperor of Japan. #### By topic ###### Religion * Peter the Fuller, patriarch of Antioch, is condemned and excommunicated by a synod of Western bishops at Rome. ### 486 #### By place ###### Europe * Battle of Soissons: Frankish forces under King Clovis I defeat the Gallo-Roman kingdom of Soissons (Gaul). Roman rule under Syagrius ends. The land between the Somme and the Loire becomes a part of the Frankish Empire. Syagrius flees to the Visigoths (under King Alaric II), but Clovis threatens war, and he is handed over for execution. * Clovis I establishes his new residence at Soissons. He appoints Ragnachar, Frankish petty king (*regulus*), as his deputy ruler. #### By topic ###### Religion * Persian Christians who follow Nestorianism gather in the second Council of Seleucia (modern Turkey). ### 487 #### By place ###### Europe * King Odoacer leads an army to victory against the Rugians in Noricum (modern Austria). ###### Asia * Emperor Kenzō of Japan, age 38, dies after a reign of only three years. ###### Central America * July 28 – Bʼutz Aj Sak Chiik becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico and reigns until his death in 501. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Lateran Council, convened by Pope Felix III, establishes conditions for readmitting to the Church those Christians who have been rebaptized by the Vandals. ### 488 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Zeno regains power from the usurper Leontius and the Isaurian patrician Illus, who are captured and executed, ending a 4-year rebellion (see 484). * Zeno orders Theodoric the Great to overthrow his rival Odoacer, who has established himself as king of Italy (see 476). He marches with an Ostrogoth army to the West. ###### Europe * According to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, Hengist dies and is succeeded by his son Oisc as king of Kent. * The East Roman Emperor Zeno tasks the King of the Ostrogoths, Theoderic the Great, with conducting a campaign against Odoacer, whom he initially had recognised as his representative in Italy. * Among the peoples who live on the south bank of the Danube in *Noricum ripense* and who are *de facto* ruled by the Rugii, whose empire has its centre near Krems on the north bank, are Romii who had been evacuated earlier from Danube settlements above the River Enns. They include members of the Severin convent. Because some of the Rugii want to fight for East Rome against Odoacer, they destroy the Rugian Empire and allow the Romii to be evacuated to Italy by his brother, Hunulf, in order to prevent the re-establishment of the Rugian Empire by a surviving prince. The northern Danubian Limes of the Roman Empire are effectively abandoned. Even the relics of Severinus of Noricum are carried with them. * The Gepids capture Belgrade. ###### Persia * Kavadh I is crowned by the nobles, and succeeds his blind uncle Balash as the 19th king of Persia. ###### Asia * Ninken, adopted heir of Seinei, succeeds his brother Kenzō and becomes new emperor of Japan. #### By topic ###### Religion * Peter the Fuller is succeeded by Palladius as patriarch of Antioch. * Fravitta becomes patriarch of Constantinople. ### 489 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa (modern Turkey) for their teaching of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars seek refuge at the Syriac Church of the East. ###### Europe * The Ostrogoths, led by king Theodoric the Great, invade Northern Italy (at the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno). The Gepids try to halt the advance, but Theodoric defeats them at the city of Sirmium (Pannonia) and continues on to cross the Julian Alps. * August 28 – Battle of Isonzo: Theodoric defeats the overwhelming forces of Odoacer at Soča (near Aquileia), forcing his way into Italy. * September 30 – Battle of Verona: Odoacer is defeated again by Theodoric for a second time. He retreats to the impregnable capital of Ravenna. * The Ostrogoths capture the cities Pavia and Milan. The majority of Odoacer's army, including his *magister militum* Tufa, surrenders to Theodoric. #### By topic ###### Religion * The first Temple of Confucius is constructed in Northern China (outside the ancestral temple at Qufu). Significant people ------------------ * Dongseong, King of Baekje (479–501) * Gundobad, King of Burgundy (473–516) * Zeno, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (476–491) * Acacius of Constantinople, Patriarch of Constantinople (471-488) * Fravitta of Constantinople, Patriarch of Constantinople (488-489) * Euphemius, Patriarch of Constantinople 489–495 * Emperor Xiaowen, Emperor of Northern Wei (471–499) * Emperor Gao of Southern Qi, Emperor of Qi (479–482) * Emperor Wu, Emperor of Qi (482–493) * Loarn, King of Dál Riata (474–500) * Erbin of Dumnonia, King of Dumnonia (443-480) * Gerren *Llyngesic* ab Erbin, King of Dumnonia (c. 480–514) * Jangsu, King of Goguryeo (413–490) * Buddha Gupta, Gupta Emperor (477–496) * Einion Yrth ap Cunedda, King of Gwynedd (c. 470–500) * Khingila I, Tegin of Hephthalite Empire (AKA White Huns) (c. 440-490) * Ernakh, Ruler of the Huns (469–503) * Vakhtang I, King of Iberia (447–522) * Lughaid mac Loeguire, High King of Ireland (479–503) * Odoacer, King of Italy (476–493) * Pope Simplicius, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 468–483 * Felix II (excluding Antipope Felix II), Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 483–492 * Emperor Seinei, Emperor of Japan (c. 480-c. 484) * Emperor Kenzō, Emperor of Japan (c. 485-c. 487) * Emperor Ninken, Emperor of Japan (c. 488-c. 498) * Hengist and Horsa, Co-Kings of Kent (455-488) * Oisc, King of Kent (488-512) * "Casper", Ajaw of Palenque (435–487) * B'utz Aj Sak Chiik, Ajaw of Palenque (487–501) * Skanda Varman IV, King of Pallava (460–480) * Nandi Varman I, King of Pallava (480–500) * Peroz I, Sassanid King (459–484) * Balash, Sassanid King (484–488) * Kavadh I, Sassanid dynasty King of Persia (488–496, 498–531) * Rhyddfedd Frych, King of Powys (c. 480–500) * Yujiulü Yucheng, Khan of the Rouran Khaganate (450-485) * Yujiulü Doulun, Khan of the Rouran Khaganate (485-492) * Childeric I, King of Salian Franks (457–481) * Clovis I, King of Salian Franks (481–509) * Soji, King of Silla (479–500) * Aelle, King of the South Saxons (c. 477–c. 514) and first Bretwalda of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (488-514) * Huneric, King of the Vandals and Alans (477–484) * Gunthamund, King of the Vandals and Alans (484–496) * Euric, King of the Visigothic Kingdom (466–484) * Alaric II, King of the Visigothic Kingdom (484–507) Births ------ **480** * Baderic, king of the Thuringii (approximate date) * Benedict of Nursia, monasticist (approximate date) * Boethius, Roman philosopher and writer (d. 524) * Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic (d. 540) * Eutharic, Visigothic prince (approximate date) * Gelimer, king of the Vandals and Alans (d. 553) * Scholastica, Christian nun (approximate date) * Xiao Zhaowen, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 494) * Zu Gengzhi, Chinese mathematician (d. 525) **482** * Justinian I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 565) **483** * Xiao Baojuan, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 501) * Xuan Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 515) * Yuan Xun, crown prince of Northern Wei (d. 497) * Zhu Yi, high official of Southern Liang (d. 549) **484** * Antonina, Byzantine patrikia and wife of Belisarius (approximate date) * Brendan, Irish abbot and saint (approximate date) **485** * Cassiodorus, Roman statesman and writer (approximate date) * Samson of Dol, bishop and saint (approximate date) * Theuderic I, king of the Franks (approximate date) **487** * Sacerdos of Lyon, French archbishop (d. 551) * Xiao Baoyin, prince of Southern Qi (d. 530) **488** * He Di, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 502) * Senán mac Geirrcinn, Irish saint * Yu, empress of Northern Wei (d. 507) Deaths ------ **480** * Chilperic I, king of Burgundy * Conall Cremthainne, king of Uisneach (Ireland) * Erbin of Dumnonia, Brythonic king (approximate date) * Julius Nepos, Western Roman Emperor * Nechtan I, king of the Picts * Tydfil, female saint (approximate date) **481** * Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks (or 482) * Sabinianus Magnus, Roman general * Theodoric Strabo, Ostrogothic chieftain * Timothy III, patriarch of Alexandria **482** * January 8 – Severinus of Noricum, monk and saint * Ailill Molt, High King of Ireland (approximate date) * Qi Gaodi, Chinese emperor of Southern Qi (b. 427) **483** * March 10 – Pope Simplicius * Crimthann mac Énnai, king of Leinster (Ireland) **484** * December 23 – Huneric, king of the Vandals * Euric, king of the Visigoths * Peroz I, king of the Persian Empire * Seinei, emperor of Japan * Verina, wife of former emperor Leo I **485** * April 17 – Proclus, Greek Neoplatonist philosopher (b. 412) * Abraham of Clermont, abbot and saint (approximate date) * Asclepigenia, Athenian philosopher and mystic (b. 430) * Fincath mac Garrchu, king of Leinster (Ireland) **486** * Syagrius, Roman official in Gaul (approximate date) **487** * Gao Yun, duke of Northern Wei (b. 390) * Kenzō, emperor of Japan (approximate date) * Syagrius, "king of the Romans" (approximate date) **488** * Balash, king of the Persian Empire * Hengest, leader of Kent * Illus, Byzantine general * Leontius, Byzantine usurper * Peter the Fuller, patriarch of Antioch **489** * Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople * Modest, bishop of Trier * Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop and diplomat * Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (b. 452)

480s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/480s

Year **449** (**CDXLIX**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Astyrius and Romanus** (or, less frequently, **year 1202 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 449 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Emperor Valentinian III sends an embassy to Attila the Hun. The purpose of the meeting is a long-running dispute over spoils of war during the Danube offensive (441–442). Attila claims his lost property, but Valentinian and Flavius Aetius (*magister militum*) refuse this request. * Flavius Orestes, Roman aristocrat, is sent to Attila's court and becomes a high-ranking secretary (*notarius*). He is the father of the future emperor Romulus Augustulus. * Traditional date – Vortigern, supposed king of the Britons, invites Hengist and Horsa, by tradition chieftains of the Jutes, to form a military alliance against the Picts and Scoti, so contributing to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain (according to Bede). ### By topic #### Religion * August 3 – The Second Council of Ephesus opens, chaired by Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria. Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, and Domnus II, patriarch of Antioch, are deposed on August 8. * October – A Roman synod repudiates all the decisions of the Second Council of Ephesus. * Anatolius becomes patriarch of Constantinople. * Maximus II becomes patriarch of Antioch. Births ------ * February 25 – Liu Ziye, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 466) * Eugendus, abbot of Condat Abbey (approximate date) * Kavadh I, king of the Persian Empire (d. 531) Deaths ------ * August 11 – Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople * Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (approximate date) * Hilary, bishop of Arles (b. 403)

449

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/449

Year **482** (**CDLXXXII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severinus and Illus** (or, less frequently, **year 1235 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 482 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Zeno promulgates an Edict of Union (*Henotikon*), in an unsuccessful effort to soften the decision made at the Council of Chalcedon (451), and resolve differences between the Eastern and Western Churches. Zeno wishes to placate the Monophysite churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria for political reasons. #### Eastern Europe * Kyiv is founded, on the banks of the Dnieper River. #### China * Prince Qi Wudi succeeds his father Qi Gaodi, and becomes emperor of Southern Qi. Births ------ * Justinian I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 565) Deaths ------ * January 8 – Severinus of Noricum, monk and saint * Ailill Molt, High King of Ireland (approximate date) * Qi Gaodi, Chinese emperor of Southern Qi (b. 427)

482

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/482

Year **486 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Viscellinus and Rutilus** (or, less frequently, **year 268 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 486 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Egypt revolts against Persian rule upon the death of king Darius I. The revolts, probably led by Libyans of the western Delta, are crushed the next year by Xerxes, who reduces Egypt to the status of a conquered province. #### Roman Republic * Rome enters into a new treaty with the Hernici. * During his third consulate, the Roman consul Spurius Cassius Vecellinus proposes an agrarian law to assist needy plebeians. The proposal is vehemently opposed by the patricians including the other consul Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus, and the plebs turn against the patricians. In the following year Cassius is condemned and executed for high treason. #### China * The first part of the Grand Canal of China is built during the reign of King Fuchai of Wu. It links the Yangtze River with the Huai River, and is a measure to ship ample amount of supplies north for intended wars with the northern states of Song and Lu. ### By topic #### Art * The construction of a relief in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis, is finished. It shows Darius and Xerxes receiving tribute and is now kept in the Iranbustan Museum in Tehran. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Darius I, king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire (b. 550 BCE) * Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, Roman consul (executed)

486 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/486_BC

Year **453** (**CDLIII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Opilio and Vincomalus** (or, less frequently, **year 1206 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 453 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantium * July – Empress Pulcheria dies of natural causes at Constantinople. She has commissioned many new churches in the city during her reign. Her death leaves Flavius Aspar (*magister militum*) as the dominant influence on her husband, Marcian. * Anthemius marries Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian, and is elevated to the rank of *comes*. He is sent to the Danubian frontier to rebuild the border defences. * The late Attila's other sons Dengizich and Ernakh, establish their kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine), supported by vassal states. #### Europe * Attila the Hun is found dead in bed, after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildica. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood at age 47 (approximate). The Huns celebrate a *strava* (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila's son Ellac is appointed successor, which his brothers Dengizich and Ernakh refuse, dividing the Hunnic Empire * Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths, Thorismund having been murdered, after violating the alliance with the Western Roman Empire. #### Asia * Ankō obtains the throne of his father Ingyō after the traditional order of succession and becomes the 20th emperor of Japan. His eldest brother Kinashi commits suicide, after being accused of an incestuous relationship with his sister Karu no Ōiratsume (according to the *Nihon Shoki*). Births ------ * Brigit of Kildare, Irish patron saint (d. 524) * Vedast, Frankish bishop (approximate date) Deaths ------ * July – Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress * Attila the Hun, ruler of the Hunnic Empire (b.406) * Helian, empress of Northern Wei * Ingyō, emperor of Japan (approximate date) * Kinashi, prince of Japan (approximate date) * Liu Jun, prince of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 429) * Liu Shao, emperor of Liu Song (b. 426) * Pan, concubine of Wen Di * Thorismund, king of the Visigoths * Wen Di, emperor of Liu Song (b. 407) * Yin Yuying, empress of Liu Song

453

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/453

Year **722** (**DCCXXII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 722 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Visigothic nobleman Pelagius (Don Pelayo) defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the *Reconquista*, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 718). #### Britain * King Ine of Wessex attempts a takeover of Dumnonia, but his armies are crushed, and he is forced to withdraw. Queen Æthelburg, wife of Ine, destroys the royal castle of Taunton, to prevent its seizure by rebels under Ealdbert. * The Battle of Allen is fought close by the Hill of Allen (Ireland) between the Laigin, led by King Murchad mac Brain Mut, and the forces of Fergal mac Máele Dúin (High King of Ireland). * Battle of Hehil: The West Saxons are defeated by a combined Viking and Cornish army, at Cornovii in Cornwall (approximate date). #### Mesoamerica * January 3 – King K'inich Ahkal Mo' Naab III takes the throne of the Maya city-state of Palenque (southern Mexico). ### By topic #### Religion * November 30 – Wessex-born Boniface is ordained as bishop of Germany by Pope Gregory II. Under the protection of Charles Martel (mayor of the palace), he concentrates his religious work in Hessia and Thuringia. * Emperor Leo III enforces the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the Byzantine Empire. Births ------ * Fruela I, king of Asturias (approximate date) * Isma'il ibn Jafar, Shī‘ah Imām and scholar (or 719) Deaths ------ * September 29 – Leudwinus, Frankish bishop * Beli II, king of Strathclyde (approximate date) * Fergal mac Máele Dúin, High King of Ireland * Máel Ruba, Irish abbot (b. 642) * Mujahid ibn Jabr, Muslim scholar

722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/722

Year **450 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Second year of the decemviri** (or, less frequently, **year 304 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 450 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athenian general Cimon sails to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sends sixty ships to Egypt to help the Egyptians under Amyrtaeus, who are fighting the Persians in the Nile Delta. Cimon uses the remaining ships to aid an uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states against Persian control of the island. He lays siege to the Persian stronghold of Citium on the southern west coast of Cyprus. However, the siege fails and Cyprus remains under Phoenician (and Persian) control. * During the siege Cimon dies and command of the fleet is given to Anaxicrates, who leaves Citium to engage the Phoenician fleet in the Battle of Salamis in Cyprus. The Greek fleet is victorious against the Persians and their allies and then returns to Athens. * The Athenians reduce the tribute due from their subject city-states (i.e. members of the Delian League), and each city is allowed to issue its own coinage. * 5,000 talents are transferred to the treasury of the Delian League in Athens. #### Macedonia * Perdiccas II succeeds Alexander I as king of Macedonia (approximate date). #### Roman Republic * The success of the first Decemvirate prompts the appointment of a second Decemvirate which also includes plebeians amongst its members. This second decemviri adds two more headings to their predecessor's ten, completing the Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum), which will form the centrepiece of Roman law for the next several centuries. Nevertheless, this Decemvirate's rule becomes increasingly violent and tyrannical. #### Sicily * After minor preliminary successes (including the capture of Inessa from its Greek colonists), Ducetius, a Hellenised leader of the Siculi, an ancient people of Sicily, is decisively defeated by the combined forces of Syracuse and Acragas. Ducetius flees to exile in Corinth. ### By topic #### Arts * The Severe (Early Classical) period of sculpture ends in Ancient Greece and is succeeded by the Mature Classical period (approximate date). * Polykleitos of Argos develops a set of rules (*The Canon*) for constructing the ideal human figure (approximate date). * Polygnotos of Thasos ceases his work (approximate date). * The old bouleuterion, the west side of the agora in Athens, is built (approximate date). * Polykleitos starts making the bronze statue *Achilles* (also known as *The Spear Bearer* or *Doryphoros*), which he finishes about ten years later. A Roman copy of the original bronze is now kept in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, Italy (approximate date). * The grave stela from Paros, *Little girl with a bird*, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (approximate date). * The statue *Woman and maid* in the style of Achilles Painter, white-ground and black-figure decoration on a lekythos, with additional painting in tempera, starts being made (finished about ten years later). It is now kept at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (approximate date). * Myron makes a bronze statue called *The Discus Thrower* (Discobolus). A Roman copy is now kept at Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome (approximate date). * The Corinthian order makes its first appearance in Greek architecture (approximate date). * The red-figure decorations *A Painter*, *Assistants Crowned by Athena* and *Victories* are made on a hydria in Athens. They are now kept in a private collection (approximate date). Births ------ * Alcibiades, Athenian general and politician (d. 404 BC) Deaths ------ * Cimon, Athenian statesman and general (b. c. 510 BC) * Alexander I, king of Macedonia (approximate date)

450 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/450_BC

Year **453 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Quinctilius and Trigeminus** (or, less frequently, **year 301 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 453 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Pericles, the ruler of Athens, bestows generous wages on all Athens' citizens who serve as jurymen on the Heliaia (the supreme court of Athens). * Achaea, on the southern shore of the Corinthian Gulf, becomes part of what is effectively now the Athenian Empire. The Delian League had changed from an alliance into an empire clearly under the control of Athens. #### China * May 8 – The Chinese city of Jinyang is severely flooded in the Battle of Jinyang, where the elite families of Jin, Zhao, Zhi, Wei and Han fight. The Wei and the Han swap allegiances to side with Zhao and eliminate the Zhi house, ending the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Births ------ Deaths ------

453 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/453_BC

Year **490** (**CDXC**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Faustus and Longinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1243 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 490 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Spring – Odoacer receives reinforcements from the south and leaves Ravenna. He defeats the Ostrogoths near Faenza. * King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded. * Summer – The Burgundians, under King Gundobad, cross the Alps and plunder Liguria. Many Romans are taken into captivity. * King Alaric II supports Theodoric in his conquest of Italy, by dispatching a Visigoth army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia. * August 11 – Battle of Adda: Theodoric and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer, on the Adda River, near Milan. * Theodoric and his Ostrogoths lay siege to Ravenna. The cities of Cesena and Rimini retain their allegiance to Odoacer. #### Asia * Empress Feng of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty dies. She is buried with magnificent honors, in the Wenming Tomb. ### By topic #### Religion * Euphemius becomes patriarch of Constantinople. Births ------ * May 3 – K'an Joy Chitam I, ruler of Palenque (d. 565) * John Philoponus, Aristotelian commentator and philosopher (d. 570) * Romanos the Melodist, Syrian poet (approximate date) * Vigilantia, Byzantine princess (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Feng, Chinese empress and regent of Northern Wei (b. 442) * Peter III Mongus, patriarch of Alexandria * Theodora of Alexandria, Desert Mother

490

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/490

Year **496** (**CDXCVI**) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Paulus without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1249 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 496 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I has Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople, deposed and excommunicated. He appoints Macedonius II as his successor. Euphemius is sent into exile. #### Europe * Battle of Tolbiac: King Clovis I defeats the Alamanni at Zülpich (Germany). Gibuld, last king of the Alamanni, is killed in battle and the territory is incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom. * December 25 – Clovis I is baptized into the Catholic faith at Rheims, by Saint Remigius. The conversion strengthens the bonds between his Gallo-Roman subjects, led by their Catholic bishops. #### Africa * Thrasamund succeeds his brother Gunthamund after his death, and becomes king of the Vandals. Under his rule, he ends the persecution of the Catholics. #### Asia * King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne. * Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process, by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan. ### By topic #### Religion * November 21 – Gelasius I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by the Rome-born Anastasius II as the 50th pope. Births ------ * Childebert I, king of the Franks (d. 558) * Erzhu Tianguang, general of Northern Wei (d. 532) * Gao Huan, general of Northern Wei (d. 547) * Germain, bishop of Paris (d. 576) Deaths ------ * November 19 – Pope Gelasius I * Athanasius, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria * Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia (b. 438) * Gennadius of Massilia, priest and historian * Gibuld, king of the Alamanni * Gunthamund, king of the Vandals and Alans

496

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/496

Year **462** (**CDLXII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Leo** (or, less frequently, **year 1215 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 462 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * September 1 – Possible start of the first Byzantine indiction cycle. * Emperor Leo I pays a large ransom for Licinia Eudoxia and Placidia. They return after seven years of captivity in Carthage. * The Monastery of Stoudios is founded in Constantinople. #### Asia * The *Daming* calendar is introduced in China by mathematician Zu Chongzhi (approximate date). Births ------ * Anicia Juliana, daughter of Olybrius * Muryeong, king of Baekje (Korea) Deaths ------ * Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (b. 422) * Lóegaire mac Néill, High King of Ireland

462

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/462

Year **464** (**CDLXIV**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Olybrius** (or, less frequently, **year 1217 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 464 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Olybrius is elected Roman consul by the Eastern court in Constantinople. #### Europe * The Suevic nation in Galicia (Northern Spain) is unified under King Remismund. * King Theodoric II sends Remismund gifts (for recognizing his kingship), including weapons, and a Gothic princess for a wife. * Aegidius dies (possibly poisoned) and is succeeded by his son Syagrius, who becomes ruler of the Domain of Soissons (Gaul). Births ------ * Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, great-grandfather of Mohammed (approximate date) * Wu Di, Chinese emperor of the Liang Dynasty (d. 549) Deaths ------ * Aegidius, Roman general (*magister militum*) (approximate date) * Conall Gulban, king of Tir Chonaill (approximate date) * Wang Xianyuan, empress and wife of Xiao Wu Di (b. 427) * Xiao Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 430)

464

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/464

Year **73 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Longinus** (or, less frequently, **year 681 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 73 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Third Servile War: Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator, escapes with around 70 slave-gladiators from a gladiator school at Capua. They defeat a small Roman force and equip themselves with captured military equipment as well with gladiatorial weapons. Spartacus and his band of gladiators plunder the region surrounding Capua and retire to a defensible position on Mount Vesuvius. * Battle of Mount Vesuvius: Spartacus defeats a Roman militia force (3,000 men) under Gaius Claudius Glaber. The rebel slaves spend the winter of 73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, as well as expanding their raiding territory, which includes the towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii and Metapontum. Births ------ * Herod the Great, client king of Judea (d. 4 BC) * Marcus Porcius Cato, assassin of Julius Caesar (d. 42 BC) Deaths ------ * Devabhuti, king of the Shunga Empire * Gaius Aurelius Cotta, Roman statesman and orator * Heli, king of Britain (approximate date)

73 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73_BC

Year **483** (**CDLXXXIII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aginantius without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1236 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 483 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Byzantine general Illus (*magister officiorum*), and Verina (widow of the late emperor Leo I), attempt to overthrow Emperor Zeno and place another general named Leontius on the throne. #### Europe * The Ostrogoths are given status as *foederati*; they control a large part of Macedonia and Thrace (Balkans). ### By topic #### Religion * March 10 – Pope Simplicius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign, and is succeeded by Felix III as the 48th pope. He is a widower with two children. Births ------ * Xiao Baojuan, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 501) * Xuan Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 515) * Yuan Xun, crown prince of Northern Wei (d. 497) * Zhu Yi, high official of Southern Liang (d. 549) Deaths ------ * March 10 – Pope Simplicius * Crimthann mac Énnai, king of Leinster (Ireland)

483

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/483

Year **461** (**CDLXI**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severinus and Dagalaiphus** (or, less frequently, **year 1214 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 461 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * August 2 – Majorian is arrested near Tortona (Northern Italy), and deposed by Ricimer (*magister militum*) as puppet emperor. * August 7 – Majorian, having been beaten and tortured for five days, is beheaded near the Iria River (Lombardy). * King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage. * Olybrius becomes the second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia, who is being held in Vandal captivity. * November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. #### Europe * The Visigoths under king Theodoric II recapture Septimania (Southern Gaul) after the assassination of Majorian, and invade Hispania again. * Aegidius becomes ruler over the Domain of Soissons (Gaul). He has friendly relations with the Romano-British (in Brittany). #### Anatolia * 461 Apahunik' earthquake. It affected the province of Apahunik', located to the north of Lake Van, in Anatolia. ### By topic #### Religion * November 10 – Pope Leo I dies at Rome, age 61 (approximate), after a 21-year reign in which he has resisted Manichaeism and defended the Church against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Hilarius as the 46th pope. * Mamertus is elected bishop of Vienne (Gaul). Births ------ * Hilderic, king of the Vandals (approximate date) * Romulus Augustulus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire Deaths ------ * August 7 – Majorian, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * November 10 – Pope Leo I * Palladius, first bishop of Ireland (approximate date)

461

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/461

Year **744** (**DCCXLIV**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 744 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * February – King Liutprand of the Lombards dies of natural causes after a 32-year reign, in which he has defeated the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, bringing the Lombard Kingdom to the height of her power. He is succeeded by Hildeprand, called "the Useless" (nephew or grandson of Liutprand), as ruler of the Lombards. * October – Hildeprand is deposed by the council of nobles, for his incompetence as ruler. He is succeeded by Ratchis (formerly duke of Friuli) as king of the Lombards, who makes peace with Pope Zachary. * Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, invades the Swabian Jura (southwestern Germany), and chases Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia, from his mountain redoubt in Alsace. #### Switzerland * In 741 and 744, documents in the archives of St. Gallen Abbey describe the village of Kempraten as *Centoprato*, another document in 863 as *Centiprata*, inspired by the Latin name *Centum Prata*. * A nunnery given by the Alamannic noblewoman Beata on Lützelau Island is first mentioned, and is in this year sold to Einsiedeln Abbey. * Ufenau island in Switzerland is first mentioned in 741 as "Hupinauia", and in 744 as "Ubinauvia" — island of Huppan of Huphan. #### Britain * Wat's Dyke, a 40 mile (64 km) earthwork in present-day Wales, is constructed. The border between Mercia and Powys is set here. The date that Wat's Dyke was constructed is very uncertain, with some estimates linking the construction of the dyke to the 5th century and others to the early 9th century (approximate date). #### Arabian Empire * April 17 – Caliph Al-Walid II is besieged in his castle outside the city of Damascus. He is defeated and killed by Arab forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham. Al-Walid is succeeded by his cousin Yazid III, who dies shortly after of a brain tumor. * December – Marwan ibn Muhammad rebels against Yazid's designated successor Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, defeats the Umayyad forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham, and becomes caliph. #### Asia * Turkic subjects like Uyghur, Karluk and Basmyl, who are not the members of the Ashina clan, stage a coup. This ends the Turkic Empire and Ashina clan (except in Khazaria). * Autumn – Li Bai (also **Li Po**), Chinese poet and skilled calligrapher, meets Du Fu for the first time. * The Japanese imperial capital is moved from Kuni-kyō to Heijō-kyō. #### Central America * February 4 – In the Third Tikal-Calakmul War in what is now Guatemala, the Mayan city-state of Tikal conquers the state of Naranjo and captures its king, Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak, who is subsequently sacrificed. The conquest by Tikal destroys Calakmul's once powerful and extensive network of allies, vassal states and trade networks. ### By topic #### Religion * Synod of Soissons. Called at the instigation of Pepin the Short and Boniface, archbishop and metropolitan, it secures the condemnation of the Frankish bishop Adalbert. * Sturm, disciple of Boniface, establishes the Benedictine Abbey of Fulda (Hesse), as part of Boniface's mission to bring Christianity to the pagan tribes in Germany (or 742). * June – Pope Zachary gives his approval by sending Abel, Grimo and Hartbert their palliums for the metropolitan sees of Reims, Rouen and Sens. * Salih ibn Tarif proclaims himself a prophet among the Barghawata, a confederation of Berber tribes in modern-day western Morocco. Births ------ * Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi, Muslim caliph (or 745) Deaths ------ * April 17 – Al-Walid II, Muslim caliph (b. 706) * September 25 – Yazid III, Muslim caliph (b. 701) * He Zhizhang, Chinese poet * Hildeprand, king of the Lombards * Huoching, Alamannic nobleman * Kül-chor, ruler (*khagan*) of the Turgesh * Liutprand, king of the Lombards * Özmiş Qaghan, ruler of the Second Turkic Khaganate * Stephen IV, patriarch of Antioch Sources ------- * Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century". *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society*. New Series. **72** (4): 1–186. doi:10.2307/1006429. JSTOR 1006429. * Wickham, Chris (1981). *Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000*. London: Macmillan.

744

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/744

Year **467 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mamercus and Vibulanus** (or, less frequently, **year 287 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 467 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Quintus Fabius Vibulanus becomes consul of the Roman Republic for the first of three times. #### Sicily * After the death of his brother Hiero I, Thrasybulus becomes Tyrant of Syracuse. ### By topic #### Literature * Aeschylus writes *Seven Against Thebes* and wins the Dionysia. * Aeschylus' play, *The Persians* is produced in Sicily. #### Astronomy * The first recorded sighting of Halley's Comet occurs. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Hiero I, Tyrant of Syracuse

467 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/467_BC

Year **486** (**CDLXXXVI**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Basilius and Longinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1239 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 486 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Battle of Soissons: Frankish forces under King Clovis I defeat the Gallo-Roman kingdom of Soissons (Gaul). Roman rule under Syagrius ends. The land between the Somme and the Loire becomes a part of the Frankish Empire. Syagrius flees to the Visigoths (under King Alaric II), but Clovis threatens war, and he is handed over for execution. * Clovis I establishes his new residence at Soissons. He appoints Ragnachar, Frankish petty king (*regulus*), as his deputy ruler. ### By topic #### Religion * Persian Christians who follow Nestorianism gather in the second Council of Seleucia (modern Turkey). Births ------ Deaths ------ * Syagrius, Roman official in Gaul (approximate date)

486

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/486

The **500s** decade ran from January 1, 500, to December 31, 509. Events ------ ### 500 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I concludes treaties with a number of nomad tribes in northern Arabia. In return for tribute to the Byzantine Empire and military defense of these eastern territories, such tribes are permitted to settle and farm agricultural lands in Arabia (approximate date). Britannia * Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army, that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex or possibly Cerdic of Wessex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 517). This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur. * Possible date at which Fergus Mór begins his reign – the historicity of Mór is doubtful. * Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England. * Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex. * Approximate year of the invention of the bee skep in Ireland. ###### Europe * Battle of Dijon: A coalition of Franks and Burgundians crush the forces under Gundobad. King Clovis I pursues him to Avignon, where he surrenders and promises to pay a yearly tribute. * The Frankish Kingdom is formed (approximate date). * The monument of Ale's Stones is built in Sweden (approximate date). * Roman catacomb burials end (approximate date). ###### Africa * Thrasamund, king of the Vandals, marries Amalafrida (widowed sister of Theodoric the Great). She brings with her a large dowry and an elite Gothic force of 5,000 soldiers. * Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia. ###### Asia * Jijeung becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. ###### Mesoamerica * Tikal is founded (approximate date). * Uxmal is founded (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * The Arian Baptistry is erected by Theodoric the Great, at the same time as the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna). * The *Codex Argenteus*, Gothic manuscript of bishop Ulfilas's translation of the Bible, is written (approximate date). ### 501 #### By place ###### Britannia * Domangart Réti succeeds his father Fergus Mór, after he dies during a campaign against the Picts. He becomes the new king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland) (according to the *Annals of Tigernach*). ###### Europe * King Gundobad breaks his promise of tribute and regains his military power. He besieges his brother Godegisel at the city of Vienne (Burgundy), and murders him in an Arian church along with the bishop. ###### Asia * Dong Hun Hou is killed during a siege of the capital Jiankang. He is succeeded by his brother Qi He Di, who becomes emperor of Southern Qi (China). * Muryeong becomes king of Baekje (one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea). During his reign, the kingdom remains allied with Silla and expands its relationships with China and Japan. ###### Central America * June 5 – Ahkal Mo' Naab' I becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico and reigns until his death in 524. * The Maya are peaking in economic prosperity. The civilization at Teotihuacan begins to decline and its people are migrating to the greatest Mayan city, Tikal, bringing with them ideas about weaponry and new ritual practices. #### By topic ###### Medicine * The Sushruta Samhita medical book becomes a classic of medicine in India. The book contains descriptions of surgery, illnesses, medicinal plants, and a detailed study on anatomy (approximate date). ###### Religion * Pope Symmachus, accused of various crimes by secular authorities who support an ecclesiastical opponent, asserts that the secular ruler has no jurisdiction over him. A synod held in 502 will confirm that view. ### 502 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I refuses to pay a share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates, through which nomadic tribes have come for raids on Persia and the Byzantine Empire. King Kavadh I invades Armenia and captures Theodosiopolis. * Winter – Kavadh I besieges the fortress-city of Amida (modern Turkey). The defenders, although unsupported by Byzantine troops, repel the Persian assaults for three months before they are finally beaten. ###### Europe * March 29 – King Gundobad issues a new legal code (*Lex Burgundionum*) at Lyon, that makes Gallo-Romans and Burgundians subject to the same laws (approximate date). * The Bulgars ravage Thrace. A semi-nomadic people, they have absorbed the surviving Huns and meet no opposition from Byzantine forces. ###### China * The Liang Dynasty is founded by Xiao Yan, who marches on Jiankang (later Nanjing). Emperor He Di, age 14, is put to death. The Southern Qi Dynasty ends and Wu Di becomes ruler of the Liang Dynasty. * December 24 - Xiao Yan names Xiao Tong his heir designate. * The Nanhua Temple, located southeast of Shaoguan, is founded by the Indian monk Zhiyao Sanzang. The temple covers an area of 42,5 hectares (105 acres) and consists of a set of historical Buddhist buildings. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * The Persian philosopher Mazdak declares private property to be the source of all evil. ###### Literature * The Chinese *Book of Song* is finished. The text is one of the Twenty-Four Histories, a traditional collection of historical records during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. ###### Religion * Caesarius becomes bishop of Arles. His episcopal see, near the mouth of the Rhone River and close to Marseille, retains its ancient importance in the social and commercial life of Gaul for forty years. * October 23 – The *Synodus Palmaris*, called by Gothic king Theodoric the Great, clears Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius. ### 503 #### Byzantine Empire * War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I sends a Byzantine army (52,000 men) to Armenia, but is defeated. The Romans attempt an unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held city Amida, on the Tigris. King Kavadh I invades Osroene, and lays siege to the city of Edessa (Northern Mesopotamia). * May – Areobindus, Byzantine general (*magister militum*), is stationed as commander at Dara, with an army of 12,000 men to keep watch at the Persian stronghold of Nisibis (modern Turkey). #### Palestine * Mundhir III, king of the Lakhmids (Arab Christians), raids Palaestina Salutaris and Arabia Petraea. He captures a large number of Romans. #### Europe * King Ernakh, third son of Attila the Hun, dies after a 34-year reign. He is succeeded by his two sons (Utigur and Kutrigur), who share the power with the unified Bulgars. ### 504 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I gains the upper hand in Armenia, with the renewed investment of Amida. * King Kavadh I hands over the fortress-city of Amida, and agrees to an armistice with the Byzantine Empire. ###### Europe * King Theodoric the Great defeats the Gepids, and drives them out of their homeland (Pannonia). * The Ostrogoths sack Belgrade, on the Danube and Sava rivers (modern Serbia). ###### Mesoamerica * A major expansion of Copán's ceremonial center, the Acropolis complex, is undertaken by B'alam Nehn (**Waterlily Jaguar**), the seventh ruler (*ajaw*) of the southeastern Maya city (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * Theodoric the Great builds the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, originally dedicated to **Christ the Redeemer**. ### 505 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I agrees to pay his share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates, against nomadic invasions from East Asia. * Anastasius I decides to rebuild the village of Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He constructs a new strategic fortress to guard the frontier. * The white Huns (Hephthalites) from the Caucasus invade the Persian Empire. ###### Europe * The Colosseum (*Amphitheatrum Flavium*) in Rome suffers damage from an earthquake, as it did in 422. ### 506 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * November – Emperor Anastasius I accepts a peace agreement with the Sasanian Empire (Persia), based on the *status quo*. He upgrades the fortifications at Batnae, Edessa and Amida (Northern Mesopotamia). ###### Europe * February 2 – King Alaric II issues the *"Lex Romana Visigothorum"* or *Breviary of Alaric*, an abstract of Roman laws and imperial decrees, compiled by a commission appointed to provide a law code for Alaric's Roman subjects. The *"Lex Romana"* will be the standard for justice in the Visigothic realm. * The Visigoths capture the city of Dertosa in Catalonia. They arrest and execute the Roman usurper Peter, with his head being sent as a trophy to Saragossa (Spain). #### By topic ###### Religion * September 10 – Council of Agde: The bishops of Visigothic Gaul under the presidency of Caesarius of Arles meet. * Antipope Laurentius is persuaded by Theoderic the Great to resign his claim to the throne of Pope Symmachus, ending a schism in the Catholic Church; Laurentius then fasts until his death. ### 507 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I completes the strategic fortress at Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He raises the city walls to 30 feet (10 m), disregarding Persian protests. Alarmed by the depredations of Slavs and Bulgars in Thrace, he builds the Anastasian Wall from the Black Sea to Propontis, across the narrow peninsula near Constantinople (modern Turkey). ###### Europe * Battle of Vouillé: A Frankish army under command of Clovis I invades the Visigothic Kingdom, and defeats King Alaric II near Poitiers. The Visigoths refuse to be enslaved, and retreat to Septimania (Southern Gaul). Clovis annexes Aquitania, and captures Toulouse. * Gesalec succeeds his father Alaric II as king of the Visigoths. He establishes his residence at Narbonne and is supported by an alliance with the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. * Clovis I dictates the *Salic Law* (Code of the Barbaric Laws) to the Franks (a written codification of civil law for citizens of the Frankish Kingdom). * Hermanafrid, king of the Thuringii, marries Amalaberga. He begins his rule, shared with his brothers Baderic and Bertachar. * Wooden coffins and wooden tools are used in the burial places of the Alemanni. ###### Asia * The town of Guilin, China, is renamed Guizhou. * Keitai becomes the 26th emperor of Japan (according to the Nihon Shoki). * The first and smaller of the two Buddhas of Bamyan is erected in central Afghanistan. ###### Mesoamerica * A Mayan altar with the head of the death god is built in Copán, Honduras. ### 508 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I formally recognizes Clovis I of the Salian Franks, as ruler of Gaul. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 100 warships, to raid the coasts of Italy. ###### Britannia * Battle of Netley: King Cerdic of Wessex moves with an Anglo-Saxon army inland, and defeats the British king, Nudd-Lludd (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). * Winter – All the rivers in England are frozen for more than two months. ###### Europe * King Clovis I fails in an effort to take the walled city of Carcassonne (Southern Gaul). He establishes Paris (*Lutetia*) as his capital and gets baptized, making Roman Catholicism the official religion of the Kingdom of the Franks. * King Theodoric the Great sends an Ostrogoth army, led by his sword-bearer Theudis, drives the Franks out of Provence, and recovers Septimania (Languedoc) from the Visigoths. ### 509 #### By place ###### Europe * Clovis I (*Chlodowech*) becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks, uniting all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France), and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **500** * Antalas, Berber tribal leader (approximate date) * Aregund, queen of the Franks (approximate date) * Belisarius, Byzantine general (approximate date) * Bhavyaviveka, Indian Madhyamaka scholar (approximate date) * Clotilde, daughter of Clovis I (approximate date) * David, Welsh bishop (approximate date) * Erzhu Shilong, high-official of Northern Wei (d. 532) * Gildas, British cleric (approximate date) * Marcouf, missionary and saint (approximate date) * Nonnosus, abbot and saint (approximate date) * Octa, king of Kent (approximate date) * Procopius, Byzantine historian (approximate date) * Paul the Black, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date) * Theodora, Byzantine Empress (approximate date) * Theudebert I, king of Austrasia (or 495) * Tribonian, Byzantine jurist (approximate date) * Xie He, Chinese writer and art historian (approximate date) **501** * Lou Zhaojun, empress dowager of Northern Qi (d. 562) * Xiao Tong, crown prince of the Liang Dynasty (d. 531) **502** * Amalaric, king of the Visigoths (d. 531) **503** * October 17 – Lý Nam Đế, first emperor of Vietnam (d. 548) * December 2 – Xiao Gang, later Emperor Jianwen of Liang, emperor of the Chinese Liang dynasty (killed 551) * Chen Baxian, later Emperor Wu of Chen, first emperor of the Chinese Chen dynasty (d. 559) **505** * Belisarius, Byzantine general (d. 565) * Dorotheus of Gaza, Christian monk and abbot (approximate date) * Dynod Bwr, king of Hen Ogledd (approximate date) * Varāhamihira, Indian astronomer and mathematician (d. 587) * Saint Yared, Axumite composer (d. 571) **506** * Sanghapala, Mon-Khmer monk (d. 518) * Soga no Iname, leader of the Soga clan (d. 570) * Wei Shou, Chinese author (d. 572) * Zhang Yao'er, empress of Chen Dynasty China (d. 570) **507** * John of Ephesus, Armenian bishop (approximate date) * Wen Di, emperor of Western Wei (d. 551) * Xiao Zhuang Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 531) * Yuwen Tai, general of Western Wei (d. 556) **508** * September 16 – Yuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (d. 555) * Xiao Ji, prince of the Liang Dynasty (d. 553) **509** * Kinmei, emperor of Japan (d. 571) * Wei Xiaokuan, general of Western Wei (d. 580) Deaths ------ **500** * March 29 – Gwynllyw, Welsh king and religious figure * Dauí Tenga Uma, king of Connacht (Ireland) * Zu Chongzhi, Chinese mathematician (b. 429) **501** * April 25 – Rusticus, archbishop of Lyon * Dongseong, king of Baekje (Korea) * Fergus Mór, king of Dál Riata (Scotland) * Godegisel, king of the Burgundians * Pan Yunu, concubine of Xiao Baojuan * Ravina II, Jewish Talmudist and rabbi * Su Xiaoxiao, Chinese courtesan and poet * Xiao Baojuan, emperor of Southern Qi (b. 483) * Teudelinda, Burgundian queen consort **502** * Genevieve, patron saint of Paris (approximate date) * He Di, Chinese emperor of Southern Qi (b. 488) * Narsai, Syrian poet and theologian (approximate date) * Vakhtang I of Iberia, Georgian king (approximate date) **503** * Ernakh, king of the Huns **504** * Muyal Jol, ruler of Copan **505** * Eugenius, bishop of Carthage * John I, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria **506** * Buretsu, emperor of Japan * Peter, Roman usurper in Spain **507** * Alaric II, king of the Visigoths * Aprus, bishop of Toul * Domangart Réti, king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland) * Yu, empress of Northern Wei (b. 488) **508** * Geraint, king of Dumnonia (approximate date) * Natanleod, king of Wales * Yuan Xie, prince of the Northern Wei Dynasty * Yujiulü Futu, ruler (*khan*) of the Rouran (Mongolia) **509** * Chlodoric, king of the Ripuarian Franks * Sigobert the Lame, king of the Ripuarian Franks Bibliography * Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). *The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)*. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-14687-9. * Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006). *The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204*. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-15197-0.

500s (decade)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500s_(decade)

Year **492 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Macerinus and Augurinus** (or, less frequently, **year 262 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 492 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The first expedition of King Darius I of Persia against Greece commences under the leadership of his son-in-law and general, Mardonius. Darius sends Mardonius to succeed his satrap (governor) in Ionia, Artaphernes, with a special commission to attack Athens and Eretria. * The Persians under Mardonius subdue and capture Thrace and Macedonia. * Mardonius loses some 300 ships in a storm off Mount Athos, which forces him to abandon his plans to attack Athens and Eretria. * Tisicrates wins the stadion race for a second time at the 72nd Olympic Games. #### Sicily * When Camarina, a Syracusan colony, rebels, Hippocrates, the tyrant of Gela, intervenes to wage war against Syracuse. After defeating the Syracusan army at the Heloros River, he besieges the city. However, he is persuaded by the intervention of forces from the Greek mainland city of Corinth to retreat in exchange for the possession of Camarina. #### Rome * Following the conclusion of the secession of the plebs, a famine strikes Rome. The consuls avert the crisis by obtaining grain from Etruria. * War with the Volsci is averted because a pestilence affects the Volsci. Rome sends additional colonists to Velitrae and establishes a new colony in Norba. Births ------ Deaths ------

492 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/492_BC